99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this is ,volume ,,ii4 ,volume ,i is etext #cigcc at gutenberg4org4 ,near the beginning of that volume will be found lists of the abbreviations used in this text4 ,near the end of this ,volume ,,ii will be found a list of publications referenced in the footnotes4 ,the original publication has been replicated faithfully except as shown in the ,,transcriber',s ,,amendments near the end of the text4 ,to preserve the alignment of tables and headers1 this etext presumes a mono-spaced font on the user's device1 such as ,courier ,new1 but another font might be needed to render odd unicode characters better4 ,words in italics are indicated like this4 ,text emphasized with bold characters or other treatment is shown like this4 ,superscripts are indicated like this3 ,sta ,maria4 ,subscripts are indicated like this3 ,h#b,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cooley',s ,,cyclop,,dia ,,of ,,practical ,,receipts ,,and ,,collateral ,,information ,,in ,,the ,,arts1 ,,manufactures1 ,,professions1 ,,and ,,trades ,,including ,medicine1 ,pharmacy1 ,hygiene1 and ,domestic ,economy ,,designed ,,as ,a ,,comprehensive ,,supplement ,,to ,,the ,,pharmacop,,ia ,,and ,,general ,,book ,,of ,,reference ,,for ,,the ,,manufacturer1 ,,tradesman1 ,,amateur1 ,,and ,,heads ,,of ,,families ,,sixth ,,edition ,,revised ,,and ,,greatly ,,enlarged ,,by ,,richard ,v4 ,,tuson1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,professor ,,of ,,chemistry ,,in ,,the ,,royal ,,veterinary ,,college2 ,,formerly ,,lecturer ,,on ,,chemistry ,,at ,,the ,,charing ,,cross ,,hospital4 ,,vol4 ,,ii ,illustration ,,london ,j4 ,a4 ,,churchill1 ,,new ,,burlington ,,street #ahhj ,a ,,cyclop,,dia ,,of ,,practical ,,receipts1 c4 ,,volume ,,ii ,ink1 ,lithographic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,mastic 7in tears71 #h oz42 shell-lac1 #ab oz42 ,venice turpentine1 #a oz42 melt together1 add1 of wax1 #a lb42 tallow1 #f oz42 when dissolved1 further add of hard tallow soap 7in shavings71 #f oz42 and when the whole is perfectly combined add of lampblack1 #d oz42 lastly1 mix well1 cool a little1 and then pour it into moulds1 or upon a slab1 and when cold cut it into square pieces4 #b4 7,lasteyrie47 ,dry tallow soap1 mastic 7in tears71 and common soda 7in fine powder71 of each #cj parts2 shell-lac1 #aej parts2 lampblack1 #ab parts2 mix as last4 ,both the above are used for writing on lithographic stones4 #c4 7,,autographic47----a4 ,take of white wax1 #h oz41 and white soap1 #b to #c oz42 melt1 and when well combined1 add of lampblack1 #a oz42 mix well1 heat it strongly1 and then add of shell-lac1 #b oz42 again heat it strongly1 stir well together1 cool a little1 and pour it out as before4 ,with this ink lines may be drawn of the finest to the fullest class1 without danger of its spreading1 and the copy may be kept for years before being transferred4 b4 ,from white soap and white wax1 of each #aj oz42 mutton suet1 #c oz42 shell-lac and mastic1 of each #e oz42 lampblack1 #c-a_/b oz42 mix as above4 ,both the above are used for writing on lithographic paper4 ,when the last is employed1 the transfer must be made within a week4 ,obs4 ,the above inks are rubbed down with a little water in a small cup or saucer for use1 in the same way as common water-colour cakes or ,indian ink4 ,in winter the operation should be performed near the fire1 or the saucer should be placed over a basin containing a little tepid water4 ,either a steel pen or a camel-hair pencil may be employed with the ink4 ,see ,,lithography4 ,ink1 ,marking4 ,syn4 ,,indelible ,,ink1 ,,permanent ,i4 ,of this there are several varieties1 of which the following are the most valuable and commonly used3---- #a4 ,nitrate of silver1 #a_/d oz42 hot distilled water1 #g fl4 dr42 dissolve1 add of mucilage1 #a_/d oz42 previously rubbed with sap green or syrup of buckthorn1 q4 s4 to colour4 ,the linen must be first moistened with #8liquid pounce1' or #8the preparation1' as it is commonly called1 and when it has again become dry1 written on with a clean quill pen4 ,the ink will bear dilution if the writing is not required very black4 ,the ,,pounce or ,,preparation4 ,a solution of carbonate of soda1 #a-a_/b oz42 in water1 #a pint1 slightly coloured with a little sap green or syrup of buckthorn1 to enable the spots wetted with it to be afterwards known4 #b4 7,,without ,,preparation47 ,take of nitrate of silver1 #a_/d oz42 water1 #c_/d oz42 dissolve1 add as much of the strongest liquor of ammonia as will dissolve the precipitate formed on its first addition1 then further add of mucilage1 #a-a_/b dr41 and a little sap green1 syrup of buckthorn1 or finely powdered indigo1 to colour4 ,writing executed with this ink turns black on being passed over a hot ,italian iron1 or held near the fire4 #c4 ,terchloride of gold1 #a-a_/b dr42 water1 #g fl4 dr42 mucilage1 #b dr42 sap green1 q4 s4 to colour4 ,to be written with on a ground prepared with a weak solution of protochloride of tin1 and dried4 ,dark purple4 #d4 7,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade47 ,nitrate of silver1 #a oz41 tartaric acid 7pure71 #c dr41 are triturated together in a mortar in the dry state2 a little water is then added1 by which crystals of tartrate of silver are formed1 and the nitric acid set free2 the latter is then saturated with liquor of ammonia1 sufficient being added to dissolve all the newly-formed tartrate of silver1 avoiding unnecessary excess2 lastly1 a little gum and colouring matter is added4 #e4 7,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade47 ,to the last is added an ammoniacal solution of a salt of gold4 ,mr ,reade has used for this purpose the #8purple of ,cassius1' the hyposulphate1 the ammonio-iodide1 the ammonio-periodide of gold1 but any other compound of gold which is soluble in ammonia will do as well4 ,this ink is unacted on by nearly all those reagents which remove writing executed with solutions of the salts of silver alone1 as cyanide of potassium1 the chlorides of lime and soda1 c4 #f4 7,redwood47 ,nitrate of silver and pure bitartrate of potassa1 of each #a oz4 7or #d parts71 are rubbed together in a glass or ,wedgwood-ware mortar1 and after a short time liquor of ammonia1 #d oz4 7#af parts1 or q4 s471 is added2 when the solution is complete1 archil1 #d dr4 7or #b parts72 white sugar1 #f dr4 7or #c parts72 and powdered gum1 #aj dr4 7or #e parts71 are dissolved in the liquor1 after which sufficient water is added to make the whole measure exactly #f fl4 oz41 when it is ready to be bottled for use4 ,the last three are used in the same manner as ,no4 #b4 #g4 7,dr ,smellie47 ,from sulphate of iron1 #a dr42 vermilion1 #d dr42 boiled linseed oil1 #a oz42 triturated together until perfectly smooth4 ,used with type4 #h4 7,soubeiran47 ,nitrate of copper1 #c parts2 carbonate of soda1 #d parts2 nitrate of silver1 #h parts2 mix1 and dissolve in liquor of ammonia1 #ajj parts4 ,used like ,no4 #b4 #i4 7,ure47 ,a strong solution of chloride of platinum1 with a little potassa1 and sugar and gum1 to thicken4 #aj4 ,the fluid contained between the kernel and shell of the cashew nut4 ,on linen and cotton it turns gradually black1 and is very durable4 ,this has been called ,,anacardium or ,,cashew-,,nut ,,ink4 #aa4 ,sulphate of manganese1 #b parts2 lampblack1 #a part2 sugar1 #d parts2 all in fine powder1 and triturated to a paste with a little water4 ,used with types or stencil-plates2 the part1 when dry1 being well rinsed in water4 ,brown4 #ab4 ,black oxide of manganese and hydrate of potassa are mixed1 heated to redness in a crucible1 and then triturated with an equal weight of pure white clay1 and water1 q4 s4 to give it due consistence4 ,used like the last4 7,brown47 #ac4 7,aniline ,black ,marking ,ink47 ,this ink is prepared by means of two solutions1 one of copper1 the other of aniline1 prepared as follows3---- 7#a47 ,,copper ,,solution4 #heb grams of crystallised chloride of copper1 #ajfe grams of chlorate of soda1 and #ece grams of chloride of ammonium are dissolved in #fj grams of water4 7#b47 ,,aniline ,,solution4 #bj grams of hydrochlorate of aniline are dissolved in #cj grams of distilled water1 and to this are added #bj grams of solution of gum ,arabic 7#a part of gum to #b of water7 and #aj grams of glycerin4 ,by mixing in the cold #d parts of the aniline solution1 with #a part of the copper solution1 a greenish liquid is obtained which can be employed directly for the marking2 but as this liquid can only be preserved for a few days without decomposition1 it is advisable to keep the solution separately1 until the ink is required for use4 ,the ink may be used either with a pen1 or a stencil plate and brush2 if it do not flow freely from the pen it may be diluted with a little water without fear of weakening the intensity of the colour4 ,at first the writing appears of a pale green colour1 but after exposure to the air it becomes black1 or it may be changed to a black colour immediately1 by passing a hot iron over the back of the fabric1 or heating it over the flame of a spirit lamp4 ,as1 however1 a dry heat is apt to make the fibre saturated with the ink1 brittle1 it is preferable to hold the marked fabric over a vessel1 containing water in full ebullition2 the heat of the vapour is sufficient to determine almost immediately1 the reaction by which aniline black is formed4 ,after the steaming1 the writing should be washed in hot soapsuds1 which gives the ink a fine blue shade4 ,the ink is not acted upon by acids or alkalies1 and if care be taken that the fibres are well saturated with it1 there is no danger of its being removed by washing4 7#8,dingler's ,journal4'7 #ad4 ,in addition to the above formul1 the following of ,m4 ,henry may be worthy of attention in large establishments where economy is an object3----,take #a oz4 of iron filings and #c oz4 of vinegar1 or diluted acetic acid4 ,mix the filings with half the vinegar1 and agitate them continually till the mixture becomes thick1 then add the rest of the vinegar and #a oz4 of water4 ,apply heat to assist the action1 and when the iron is dissolved1 add #c oz4 of sulphate of iron1 and #a oz4 of gum previously dissolved in #d oz4 of water2 and mix the whole with a gentle heat4 ,to be used with brush and stencil plates4 #ae4 7,crimson ,marking ,ink47 ,dissolve #a oz4 of nitrate of silver1 and #a-a_/b oz4 of carbonate of soda in crystals1 separately in distilled water1 mix the solutions1 collect and wash the precipitate on a filter1 introduce the washed precipitate still moist into a ,wedgwood mortar1 and add to it tartaric acid #b dr4 and #dj gr41 rubbing together till effervescence has ceased2 dissolve carmine #f grains1 in liquor ammoni 7#hhb7 #f oz41 and add to it the tartrate of silver1 then mix in white sugar1 #f dr41 and powdered gum ,arabic1 #aj dr41 and add as much distilled water as will make #f oz4 7#8,pharm4 ,journal4'7 ,obs4 ,the products of the first two of the above formul constitute the marking ink of the shops4 ,they have1 however1 no claim to the title of #8,,indelible ,,ink1' 8which no art can extract without injuring the fabric0----as is generally represented4 ,on the contrary1 they may be discharged with almost as much facility as common iron-moulds4 ,this may be easily and cheaply effected by means of ammonia1 cyanide of potassium1 the chlorides of lime and soda1 and some of the hyposulphites1 without in the least injuring the texture of the fabric to which they may be applied4 ,the only precaution required is that of rinsing the part in clean water immediately after the operation4 ,the #8marking ink without preparation' is more easily extracted than that #8with preparation4' ,the former has also the disadvantage of not keeping so well as the latter1 and of depositing a portion of fulminating silver1 under some circumstances1 which renders its use dangerous4 ,the thinner inks1 when intended to be used with type or plates1 are thickened by adding a little more gum1 or some sugar4 ,ink1 ,marking4 ,syn4 ,,packer',s ,,ink4 ,ink bottoms4 ,used by packers for marking bales1 boxes1 c4 ,ink1 ,perpetual4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pitch1 #c lbs42 melt over the fire1 and add of lampblack1 #c_/d lb42 mix well4 #b4 ,trinidad asphaltum and oil of turpentine1 equal parts4 ,used in a melted state to fill in the letters on tombstones1 marbles1 c4 ,without actual violence1 it will endure as long as the stone itself4 ,ink1 ,printer's4 ,see ,,printing ,,ink4 ,ink1 ,purple4 #a4 ,a strong decoction of logwood1 to which a little alum or chloride of tin has been added4 #b4 7,normandy47 ,to #ab lbs4 of ,campeachy wood add as many gallons of boiling water1 pour the solution through a funnel with a strainer made of coarse flannel1 or #a lb4 of hydrate1 or acetate of deutoxide of copper finely powdered 7having at the bottom of the funnel a piece of sponge72 then add immediately #ad lbs4 of alum1 and for every #cdj galls4 of liquid add #hj lbs4 of gum ,arabic or gum ,senegal4 ,let these remain for three or four days and a beautiful purple colour will be produced4 ,ink1 ,red4 ,prep4 #a4 ,brazil wood 7ground71 #d oz42 white-wine vinegar 7hot71 #a-a_/d pint2 digest in glass or a well-tinned copper or enamel saucepan1 until the next day1 then gently simmer for half an hour1 adding towards the end gum ,arabic and alum1 of each #a_/b oz4 #b4 ,ground ,brazil wood1 #aj oz42 white vinegar1 #aj pints2 macerate for #d or #e days2 then boil as before to one half1 and add of roach alum1 #d-a_/b oz42 gum1 #e oz42 and when dissolved1 bottle for use4 #c4 ,as the last1 but using water or beer instead of vinegar4 #d4 ,cochineal 7in powder71 #a oz42 hot water1 #a_/b pint2 digest1 and when quite cold1 add of spirit of hartshorn1 #a_/d pint 7or liquor of ammonia1 #a oz41 diluted with #c or #d oz4 of water72 macerate for a few days longer1 and then decant the clear4 ,very fine4 #e4 7,buchner47 ,pure carmine1 #bj gr42 liquor of ammonia1 #c fl4 oz42 dissolve1 then add of powdered gum1 #ah gr4 ,half a drachm of powdered drop lake may be substituted for the carmine where expense is an object4 ,colour superb4 #f4 7,henzeler47 ,brazil wood1 #b oz42 alum and cream of tartar1 of each #a_/b oz42 rain water1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to one half1 strain1 add of gum 7dissolved71 #a_/b oz42 and when cold1 further add a tincture made by digesting powdered cochineal1 #a-a_/b dr41 in rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #g4 7,redwood47 ,garancine and liquor of ammonia1 of each #a oz42 distilled water 7cold71 #a pint2 triturate together in a mortar1 filter1 and dissolve in the solution1 gum ,arabic #a_/b oz4 ,ink1 ,sepia4 ,see ,,sepia4 ,ink1 ,silver4 ,from silver leaf or powdered silver1 as ,,gold ,,ink4 ,ink1 ,sympathetic4 ,syn4 ,,diplomatic ,,ink1 ,,invisible ,i4 ,fluids which1 when used for writing1 remain invisible until the paper is heated1 or acted on by some other chemical agent4 ,sympathetic inks have been frequently employed as the instruments of secret correspondence1 and have often escaped detection2 but by heating the paper before the fire until it begins to grow discoloured by the heat1 the whole of them may be rendered visible4 ,the following are the most common and amusing sympathetic inks3----#a4 ,sulphate of copper and sal ammoniac1 equal parts1 dissolved in water2 writes colourless1 but turns ,,yellow when heated4----#b4 ,onion juice2 like the last4----#c4 ,a weak infusion of galls2 turns ,,black when moistened with weak copperas water3----#d4 ,a weak solution of sulphate of iron2 turns ,,blue when moistened with a weak solution of prussiate of potassa1 and ,,black when moistened with infusion of galls4----#e4 ,the diluted solutions of nitrate of silver and of terchloride of gold2 become respectively ,,dark ,,brown and ,,purple when exposed to the sunlight4----#f4 ,aqua fortis1 spirits of salts1 oil of vitriol1 common salt1 or saltpetre1 dissolved in a large quantity of water2 turns ,,yellow or ,,brown when heated4----#g4 ,solution of chloride or nitromuriate of cobalt2 turns ,,green when heated1 and disappears again on cooling4 ,if the salt is pure1 the marks turn ,,blue4----#h4 ,solution of acetate of cobalt1 to which a little nitre has been added2 becomes ,,rose ,,coloured when heated1 and disappears on cooling4----#i4 ,a weak solution of the mixed chlorides of cobalt and nickel2 turns ,,green4 ,the last three are about the best of our sympathetic inks4----#aj4 ,solution of acetate of lead2 turns ,,brownish-,,black when exposed to the fumes of sulphuretted hydrogen4----#aa4 ,a weak solution of nitrate of mercury2 turned ,,black by heat and sulphuretted fumes4----#ab4 ,rice water or decoction of starch2 turned ,,blue by a solution of iodine in weak spirit1 and by the fumes of iodine1 if the paper is first slightly moistened by exposure to steam or damp air4 ,ink1 ,violet4 ,the same as ,,purple ,,ink1 but weaker4 ,ink1 ,yellow4 #a4 ,from gamboge 7in coarse powder71 #a oz42 hot water1 #e oz42 dissolve1 and when cold1 add of spirit1 #c_/d oz4 #b4 ,boil ,french berries1 #a_/b lb41 and alum1 #a oz41 in rain water1 #a quart1 for half an hour1 or longer1 then strain and dissolve in the hot liquor gum ,arabic1 #a oz4 ,ink1 ,zinc ,labels1 to write on4 ,syn4 ,,horticultural ,,ink4 #a4 ,dissolve #ajj gr4 of tetrachloride of platinum in a pint of water4 ,a little mucilage and lamp black may be added4 #b4 ,sal ammoniac #a dr42 verdigris1 #a dr42 lampblack1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #aj dr42 mix4 ,,ink ,,pow,,ders4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aleppo galls1 #d oz42 sulphate of iron1 #a-a_/b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 lump sugar1 #c_/d oz42 7all quite dry and in powder72 mix1 and divide into #c packets4 ,a pint of boiling water poured over one of them produces1 in a few hours1 a pint of excellent ink4 #b4 ,aleppo galls1 #c lbs42 copperas1 #a lb42 gum ,arabic1 #a_/b lb42 white sugar1 #a_/d lb42 all in powder2 mix1 and divide into two-ounce packets1 to be used as the last4 ,ink powders are very useful in travelling4 ,,ink ,,stains1 to remove4 ,see ,,spots4 ,,inocula,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,inoculatio1 ,l4 ,in medicine and surgery1 the application of poisonous or infectious matter to any part of the body for the purpose of propagating a milder form of disease1 and thus preventing or lessening the virulence of future attacks4 ,in this country the term is generally restricted to the artificial propagation of smallpox4 ,see ,,vaccination4 ,,inosin,,ic ,,acid4 ,an acid said by ,liebig to exist in the juice of the flesh of animals1 after it has deposited its kreatine4 ,,in,,osite4 ,a species of unfermentable sugar1 discovered by ,scherer in the juice of flesh4 ,it forms beautiful crystals4 ,,in,,sects4 ,syn4 ,,insecta1 ,l4 ,a class of invertebrate animals belonging to the subkingdom ,annuloso4 ,the true insect is defined as an articulated animal1 having six legs1 #b antenn1 #b compound eyes2 a small brain at the anterior extremity of a double medullary cord2 its circulation is effected by a pulsating dorsal vessel1 provided with numerous valves2 its respiration by trache1 which form #b lateral trunks1 and ramify through the body4 ,the generation of insects is oviparous4 ,there are two distinct sexes4 ,the adult state is attained through a series of metamorphoses4 ,in general1 every insect possesses #b pairs of wings2 the trunk in the adult animal is usually composed of #c chief parts----the head1 thorax1 and abdomen4 ,the trunk of an insect may also be described as consisting of #ac segments1 of which #a constitutes the head1 #c constitute the thorax1 and #i the abdomen4 ,insects are arranged in the following orders3----#a4 ,hymenoptera1 including bees1 wasps1 ichneumon-flies1 c4----#b4 ,coleoptera1 including all those kinds commonly called beetles4----#c4 ,neuroptera1 dragon-flies1 ephemer1 white ants1 c4----#d4 ,strepsiptera1 the stylops1 c4----#e4 ,lepidoptera1 the butterflies and moths4----#f4 ,diptera1 the house-fly and other #b-winged insects4----#g4 ,orthoptera1 crickets1 grasshoppers1 locusts1 earwigs1 c4----#h4 ,hemiptera1 bugs1 frog-hoppers1 aphides1 c4----#i4 ,aptera1 fleas1 c4 ,there are several animals belonging to the classes ,,myriopoda and ,,arachnida which are commonly but erroneously called #8insects4' ,of these the centipedes1 spiders1 and acarides1 or mites1 are well-known examples4 ,several useful products1 as ,,silk1 ,,wax1 ,,honey1 ,,cochineal1 ,,lac1 ,,cantharides1 c41 are supplied by insects4 ,the class includes numerous creatures which are extremely destructive1 and others which are regarded as domestic pests4 ,in the articles devoted to these offensive insects various methods of exterminating them are noticed4 ,a powder for destroying insects has recently been introduced into this country1 and has been found peculiarly efficacious4 ,this powder1 which is known under various names 7,,insects-,,destroying ,,powder1 ,,dumont',s ,,insecticide1 c471 is produced by the ,pyrethrum roseum ,caucasicum1 a composite flower growing wild in the ,caucasus4 ,the central or tubular florets of the disc are alone employed1 and when ground1 furnish the powder of commerce4 ,this powder1 though so destructive to insect life1 has no injurious effect upon man or domestic animals4 ,see ,,acari1 ,,ant1 ,,bee1 ,,bug1 ,,bites and ,,stings1 ,,cantharides1 ,,cochineal1 ,,lac1 ,,pediculi1 ,,silk1 c4 ,,insect,,icide ,,powder4 ,see ,,insects4 ,,intem,,perance4 ,under this head we refer to habitual indulgence in the use of spirituous or fermented liquors1 whether accompanied or not by fits of intoxication or drunkenness4 ,the pernicious influence of intoxicating liquors upon individuals and upon society has been so often and ably exposed by the clergy1 judges1 and magistrates1 and by philanthropists of every kind1 that it would be folly to do more than refer to it here4 ,fully one half of the dark or disreputable deeds of those who fill our gaols1 and fully an equal proportion of the poverty and wretchedness which pauperises our population and crowds our workhouses1 are traceable to this damning vice of the ,anglo-,saxon race----intemperance4 ,to cure ,,habitual ,,drunkenness various means have been proposed1 most of which are more ingenious than useful4 ,the following1 however1 deserves respectful notice3---- ,dr ,kain1 an eminent ,american physician1 recommends tartar emetic1 given in alterative and slightly nauseating doses1 for the cure of habitual drunkenness4 8,possessing10 he observes1 8no positive taste itself1 it communicates a disgusting quality to those fluids in which it is dissolved4 ,these liquors1 with the addition of a very small quantity of emetic tartar1 instead of relieving1 increase the sensation of loathing of food1 and quickly produce in the patient an indomitable repugnance to the vehicle of its administration4 ,my method of prescribing it has varied according to the habits1 age1 and constitution of the patient4 ,a convenient preparation of the medicine is #h gr41 dissolved in #d oz4 of boiling water2 #a_/b an oz4 7say a table-spoonful7 of the solution to be put into half a pint1 pint1 or quart of the patient's favorite liquor1 and to be taken daily in divided portions4 ,if vomiting and purging ensue0 7which is seldom the case71 8,i should direct laudanum to allay the irritation1 and diminish the dose4 ,in some cases the change suddenly produced in the patient's habits has brought on considerable lassitude and debility1 which1 however1 were of short duration4 ,in a majority of cases no other effect has been perceptible than slight nausea1 some diarrha1 and a gradual but very uniform distaste to the menstruum40 ,dr ,w4 ,marcet has described the more or less disordered state of the brain1 nerves1 muscles1 and stomach1 brought on by the continual use of alcohol1 even without intoxication being produced4 ,the symptoms of this state1 which he terms ,,chronic ,,alcoholism1 are quite distinct from those of ,,delirium ,,tremens1 which is an acute and violent disturbance of the nervous system4 ,from experiments on a large number of patients1 ,dr ,marcet has arrived at the important conclusion1 that oxide of zinc is the true antidote in cases of slow alcoholic poisoning4 ,it seems to act as a strong tonic on the nerves1 being at the same time a powerful sedative and antispasmodic4#a ,footnote #a3 #8,on ,chronic ,alcoholic ,intoxication4' ,by ,w4 ,marcet1 ,m4,d41 #ahfb4 ,the symptoms of actual intoxication1 or the disordered condition of the intellectual functions and volition1 produced by taking excessive quantities of alcoholic liquors1 need not be described4 ,among the remedies employed to remove the #8fit of drunkenness1' the preparations of ammonia1 and the vegetable acids1 are the most common and important4 ,about #b or #c fl4 dr4 of aromatic spirits of ammonia 7spirits of sal volatile71 or a like quantity of solution of acetate of ammonia 7mindererus spirit71 mixed with a wine-glassful of water1 will in general neutralise or greatly lessen the action of intoxicating liquors4 ,in some cases these fluids produced vomiting1 which is1 however1 a good symptom1 as nothing tends to restore an inebriated person so soon as the removal of the liquor from the stomach4 ,hence tickling the fauces with the finger or a feather1 until sickness comes on1 is a method very commonly adopted by drunkards to restore themselves to a sober state4 ,the use of aromatic water of ammonia was first suggested by ,mr ,bromly4 ,with a like intention1 some persons have recourse to soda water1 which acts by the free carbonic acid it contains1 and also as a diluent and1 from its coldness1 as a tonic on the coats of the stomach4 ,the carbonates and bicarbonates of soda and potassa are also favourite remedies with habitual drunkards4 ,among the vegetable acids1 acetic acid is the one that appears to possess the greatest power of removing intoxication2 and after this follow the citric1 tartaric1 malic1 and carbonic acids4 ,these substances are commonly taken by soldiers before going to parade4 ,the usual dose of vinegar is a small teacupful4 ,in the ,west ,indies lime juice and lemon juice are had recourse to4 ,both these juices act from the citric acid they contain4 ,the use of bitter almonds1 as a means of lessening or retarding the effects of fermented liquors was known to antiquity1 and is still common among heavy drinkers at the present day4 ,even small doses of medicinal prussic acid have been foolishly taken with a like intention4 ,see ,,abstinence1 ,,alcohol1 ,,effects ,,of1 ,,delirium ,,tremens1 c4 ,,intermit,,tent ,,fever4 ,syn4 ,,ague4 ,a disease consisting of paroxysms or periods of fever with perfect intermissions or periods without fever4 ,marsh miasmata1 or the effluvia arising from stagnant water or marshy ground1 when acted upon by heat1 are the most frequent causes of this malady4 ,for the prevention of ague in situations where it prevails endemically1 small doses of quinine should be taken two or three times a day1 and flannel clothing should be constantly worn4 ,symp4 ,each febrile paroxysm is of three periods or stages----the cold1 the hot1 and the sweating stage1 and these occur in regular succession4 ,the cold stage commences with great languor and aversion to motion2 a sense of coldness down the back soon follows2 then the extremities become cold1 the fingers shrunken1 and the nails blue2 the skin assumes that peculiar condition which is commonly known as #8goose-skin1' the patient shivers1 his teeth chatter1 and he is glad to draw close to the fire or envelop himself in blankets4 ,after this state of things has continued for a greater or less time1 the heat of the surface begins to return1 the patient has flushings and becomes warmer and warmer1 and ultimately the whole surface is of a dry burning heat2 intense thirst1 restlessness1 severe headache1 and sometimes delirium1 characterise this second or hot stage4 ,after this stage has continued for some time1 another change comes over the patient2 moisture appears on the face and forehead1 the harsh and hot skin becomes soft1 and at last a copious sweat breaks out over the whole surface4 ,this is the third or sweating stage1 and after it has passed1 the several functions of the system return to their ordinary condition4 ,the paroxysm may return daily 7,,quotidian ,,ague72 or every other day 7,,tertian ,a472 or every fourth day1 including that of the first attack 7,,quartan ,a474 ,treatm4 ,during the cold stage everything should be done to bring on the hot2 the patient should be placed in a warm bed1 with warm pans or bottles of water2 he may be allowed the free use of warm diluent drinks4 ,in the hot stage the opposite course should be adopted2 the coverings must be diminished and lemonade and other cooling drink administered4 ,in the sweating stage there is no occasion for any treatment beyond care to avoid checking the perspiration by premature exposure4 ,during the intermission the disease must be fought with the tonics1 ,peruvian bark1 or its chief alkaloid1 quinine4 ,the most effective form of this remedy is the sulphate1 which may be given in doses of from #b to #d gr4 every three hours1 the dose being greater for a quartan than for a quotidian4 ,see ,,ague-,,cake1 ,,fever1 c4 ,,intoxica,,tion4 ,see ,,intemperance4 ,,in,,ulin4 ,syn4 ,,inuline1 ,,alantine1 ,,dahline4 ,a peculiar starch-like substance1 first obtained by ,rose from the root of ,inula ,helenium or elecampane4 ,it has been found in several other vegetables4 ,prep4 ,from the rasped root1 by the same method that is adopted for arrow-root or potato farina2 or by boiling the sliced root in #g or #h times its weight of water1 and after filtration1 whilst hot1 allowing the decoction to repose for a short time4 ,prop41 c4 ,only very slightly soluble in cold water2 very soluble in boiling water1 but is nearly all deposited as the solution cools2 it is precipitated by alcohol4 ,inulin is distinguished from starch by giving a yellow or yellowish-brown instead of a blue colour with iodine2 in the decoction not being precipitated by either acetate of lead or infusion of galls2 and by the precipitate formed in the cold decoction by an infusion of gall-nuts not disappearing until the liquid is heated to above #bab1 whilst the precipitate from starch redissolves at #abb ,fahr4 ,it appears to be a substance intermediate between starch and gum4 ,i,,odate4 ,syn4 ,,iodas1 ,l4 ,a salt of iodic acid4 ,the iodates closely resemble the chlorates of the corresponding metals4 ,they are recognised by the development of free iodine when their solutions are treated with reducing agents2 thus1 sulphuretted hydrogen passed into a solution of iodate of potassium reduces this salt to an iodide1 iodine being liberated and sulphuric acid and water formed4 ,they deflagrate like the chlorates when heated with combustibles4 ,they are all of sparing solubility1 and many are quite insoluble in water4 ,they may be made by adding iodine to soluble hydrates or carbonates1 and crystallising the sparingly soluble iodate from the very soluble iodide4 ,see ,,iodic ,,acid1 ,,iodine1 and ,,potassium4 ,,iodhy,,dric ,,acid4 ,see ,,hydriodic ,,acid4 ,,iod,,ic ,,acid4 ,,hio#c4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,iodicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodate of sodium is dissolved in sulphuric acid in considerable excess1 the solution boiled for #ae minutes1 and then set aside to crystallise4 #b4 ,decompose iodate of barium by dilute sulphuric acid4 #c4 7,boursen47 ,iodine1 #a part2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ae71 #dj parts2 mix1 keep them at nearly the boiling temperature for several hours1 or until the iodine is dissolved1 then evaporate to dryness1 and leave the residuum in the open air at a temperature of about #ei ,fahr42 when1 by attracting moisture1 it has acquired the consistence of a syrup1 put it into a place where the temperature is higher and the air drier1 when in a few days very fine white crystals of a rhomboidal shape will form4 ,prop41 c4 ,iodic acid is a crystalline solid1 white or yellowish-white2 it is decomposed into oxygen and iodine by a heat of about #dej to #ejj ,fahr4----a property of which we avail ourselves for the conversion of the salts of this acid 7iodates7 into iodides4 ,it is very soluble in water1 and is rapidly decomposed when heated with inflammable bodies4 ,iodic acid is used as a test for morphia and sulphurous acid4 ,it has been employed as a tonic1 stimulant1 and alterative1 in catarrhal hoarseness1 strumous cases1 incipient phthisis1 c4----,dose1 #c to #f gr4 ,test4 ,when iodic acid is mixed with an equal quantity of an alkaloid 7preferably quinine71 on a capsule or watch-glass1 and a drop or two of water added1 several distinct explosions occur1 accompanied by the copious evolution of gas4 ,no other substance exhibits a similar reaction4 ,see ,,iodate4 ,i,,odide4 ,syn4 ,,ioduret991 ,,hydriodate991 ,,iodidum1 ,,ioduretum1 ,,hydriodas1 ,l4 ,a compound of iodine with a metal or other basic radical4 ,the iodides belong to the same class of bodies as the bromides and chlorides1 and may be1 for the most part1 made in the same manner4 ,all the principal iodides are noticed under the names of their respective bases4 ,see ,,iodine1 c4 ,i,,odine4 ,i4 ,syn4 ,,iodum1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,iodinium 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,iodineum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l42 ,,iode1 ,fr42 ,,iod1 ,ger4 ,an elementary substance accidentally discovered in #ahab1 by ,de ,courtois1 a saltpetre manufacturer at ,paris4 ,it was first examined and described by ,m4 ,clement1 in #ahac1 and its precise nature was soon afterwards determined by ,sir ,h4 ,davy and ,m4 ,gay-,lussac4 ,in #ahai1 some six years after its discovery1 iodine was first employed in pharmacy4 ,the merit of the introduction of this powerful curative agent into medicine is due to ,dr ,coindet1 a physician of ,geneva1 who in that year commenced a series of experiments upon it as a remedy for bronchocele or goitre4 ,it is found in each of the three kingdoms of nature1 but exists in greatest abundance in the vegetable family ,alg 7,seaweeds74 ,prep4 ,iodine is principally manufactured in the neighbourhood of ,glasgow1 from the mother-waters of kelp known as iodine lye4 #a4 ,kelp1 the half vitrified ashes of seaweed1 is exhausted with water1 and the solution filtered2 the liquid is then concentrated by evaporation until it is reduced to a very small volume1 the chloride of sodium1 carbonate of sodium1 chloride of potassium1 and other salts1 being removed as they successively assume the crystalline form2 oil of vitriol is now added1 in excess1 to the residual dark-brown mother-liquor 7iodine-lye71 and the evolved gases are either kindled or allowed to escape by a flue2 the liquid1 after standing some time1 is decanted or filtered1 heated to about #adj ,fahr41 and mixed with as much binoxide of manganese as there was oil of vitriol employed2 the whole is then introduced into a cylindrical leaden still1 furnished with a very short head and connected with #b or #c large globular glass receivers1 and heat is applied1 when fumes of iodine are evolved and condensed in the receivers4 ,during the distillation very great care is taken to watch the process1 and prevent the neck of the still becoming choked with condensed iodine4 ,for this purpose the head of the still is usually furnished with a movable stopper1 by which the process may be watched1 and additions of manganese or sulphuric acid made1 if required4 ,to render the product pure1 it should be pressed between blotting paper1 and then resublimed in glass or stoneware4 #b4 ,a solution of sulphate of copper1 #d parts1 and protosulphate of iron1 #i parts1 are added to the mother-liquid of the soda-works1 as long as a white precipitate is thrown down2 this precipitate 7iodide of copper7 is collected1 dried1 and mixed with its own weight of finely powdered black oxide of manganese1 and distilled by a strong heat in a retort1 when dry iodine passes over4 ,by the addition of sulphuric acid with the manganese1 a less heat is required1 but the product is wet with water1 like that of the last formula4 #c4 ,the residual liquor of the manufacture of soap from kelp 7or other iodine lye71 of the sp4 gr4 of #acgd1 is heated to #bcj ,fahr41 with sulphuric acid diluted with half its weight of water1 after which the liquor is allowed to cool1 and is either decanted or filtered2 to every #ab fl4 oz4 of the filtrate #ajjj gr4 of black oxide of manganese1 in powder1 are added2 the mixture is put into a glass globe or matrass with a wide neck1 over which is inverted another glass globe1 and heat is applied by means of a charcoal chauffer1 when iodine sublimes very copiously1 and condenses in the upper vessel2 as soon as the latter is warm1 it is replaced by another1 and the two globes are thus applied in succession1 as long as violet fumes are evolved4 ,the iodine is washed out of the globes with a little cold water4 ,a thin disc of wood1 having a hole in its centre1 is placed over the shoulder of the matrass1 to prevent the heat from acting on the globular receiver4 ,on the large scale1 a leaden still1 as before described1 may be employed1 and receivers of either stoneware or glass2 and the addition of the sulphuric acid is made in a basin or trough of stoneware or wood4 ,prod4 #ab oz4 yield #hj to #ajj gr4 #d4 ,another method of preparing iodine has been patented by a ,mr ,stanford1 which consists of compressing the wet weed1 drying in an oven1 and distilling at a high temperature4 ,the inventor claims that double the usual amount of iodine is obtained besides other useful products4 #e4 ,considerable quantities of iodine are now obtained from the mother-liquor of ,chilian saltpetre or nitre 7nitrate of soda74 ,in #ahgc1 a nitre refinery in ,peru which separates the iodine in combination with copper1 as cuprous iodide1 by means of bisulphide of soda and sulphate of copper1 produced #ae1jjj kilos of cuprous iodide1 corresponding to #ijjj kilos of iodine4 ,other methods of obtaining it from ,chilian nitre consist in treating the mother-liquors left after the salt has been crystallised out with sulphurous acid1 until the separated iodine begins to redissolve4 ,nitrous acid has also been substituted for sulphurous4 ,the iodine so procured is purified by sublimation1 whilst that which remains in the residual saline matter is removed by treatment with chlorine4 ,prop4 ,iodine is usually met with under the form of semi-crystalline lumps having a semi-metallic lustre1 or in micaceous1 friable scales1 somewhat resembling plumbago or gunpowder4 ,by carefully conducted sublimation1 or by the slow evaporation of its solution in hydriodic acid1 it may be obtained in rhombic plates an inch long4 ,it has a greyish-black colour1 a hot acrid taste1 and a disagreeable odour not much unlike that of chlorine4 ,it fuses at #bbe into a deep-brown liquid1 volatilises slowly at ordinary temperatures1 boils at #cdg1 forming a magnificent violet-coloured vapour1 when mixed with water it rapidly rises with the steam at #bab ,fahr4 ,it dissolves in about #gjjj parts of water1 and freely in alcohol1 ether1 solutions of the iodides1 liquid hydriodic acid1 chloroform1 petroleum1 bisulphide of carbon1 c4 ,most of these solutions have the brown colour of liquid iodine1 but some 7particularly those formed by the last three solvents named above7 have the beautiful violet colour of the vapour4 ,it bleaches like chlorine1 only more feebly4 ,iodine has an extensive range of affinity2 with the metals it forms compounds termed iodides1 of which several are used in medicine4 ,its principal compounds with oxygen are the iodic and periodic anhydrides4 ,sp4 gr4 #didf to #didh4 ,according to ,debaugne1 the addition of syrup of orange peel or tannin to water greatly increases its power of dissolving iodine4 #b gr4 of the latter will enable #f fl4 oz4 of water to take #aj gr4 of iodine4 ,a knowledge of these facts may prove useful to the pharmaceutist4 ,pur4 ,it is entirely soluble in rectified spirit1 and in a solution of iodide of potassium4 ,on applying heat to it1 it first liquefies1 and then 7wholly7 sublimes in violet-coloured vapour4 ,the iodine of commerce is usually that of the first sublimation1 and generally contains from #ab to #bj of water4 ,some of the foreign iodine1 prepared by precipitation with chlorine1 without subsequent sublimation1 even contains #a-dth part of water1 and has a dead leaden-grey colour1 and evolves a sensible odour of chlorine4 ,coal1 plumbago1 oxide of manganese1 crude antimony1 and charcoal1 are also frequently mixed with iodine to increase its weight4 ,water may be detected by the loss of weight it suffers when exposed to strong pressure between bibulous paper2 or more accurately by drying it in the manner directed below1----chlorine may be detected by the odour1 and the other substances mentioned above1 by their insolubility in rectified spirit and in a solution of iodide of potassium4 ,before use as a medicine it should be dried by being placed in a shallow basin1 of earthenware1 in a small confined space of air1 with #aj or #ab times its weight of fresh-burnt lime1 till it scarcely adheres to the side of a dry bottle1 or else prepared from the commercial iodine as follows3----,place it in a deep circular porcelain capsule1 and having covered it accurately with a glass matrass filled with cold water1 apply a water heat to the capsule for #bj minutes1 and then allow the whole to cool2 should the sublimate attached to the bottom of the matrass include acicular prism of a white colour1 and a pungent odour1 it must be scraped off with a glass rod1 and rejected2 the apparatus is then to be again exposed to a gentle and steady heat until the whole of the iodine has sublimed2 the sublimate is1 lastly1 to be collected from the bottom of the matrass1 and at once enclosed in a stoppered bottle4 ,tests4 ,free iodine may be recognised by the violet colour of its vapour1 by its imparting a violet colour to bisulphide of carbon1 and by its striking a blue colour with starch4 ,the latter test is so delicate1 that water containing only #a_/dejjjjth part of iodine acquires a perceptible blue tinge on the addition of starch4 ,free iodine may be eliminated from solutions of iodides by chlorine1 nitric acid1 concentrated sulphuric acid and peroxide of manganese1 and may be made evident by adding starch-paste4 ,this reagent serves to detect minute traces of iodine in insoluble as well as in soluble compounds of that element4 ,the substance under examination is mixed in a retort with concentrated nitric acid1 and a strip of white cotton cloth moistened with a solution of starch suspended from the stopper2 in a few hours the cloth will become coloured blue if the most minute trace of iodine be present4 ,by mixing the liquid containing the iodine with the starch and acid1 and lightly pouring thereon a small quantity of aqueous chlorine1 a very visible blue zone will be developed at the line of contact1 even in very dilute solutions4 ,iodides give a pale yellowish precipitate with nitrate of silver1 scarcely soluble in ammonia1 and insoluble in dilute nitric acid2 a bright yellow one with acetate of lead2 and a scarlet one with bichloride of mercury4 ,this distinguishes them from the iodates which give white precipitates with the same reagents4 ,in solutions of alkaline iodides1 chloride of palladium produces a black precipitate4 ,estim4 ,the proportion of free iodine in a mixture may be estimated3 by separating it by heat1 and collecting and weighing the sublimate2 by solution in rectified spirit1 adding water1 and collecting the resulting precipitate1 which must then be dried and weighed2 by dissolving it in a solution of iodide of potassium1 and then adding a standard solution of hyposulphite of sodium1 until the whole of the free iodine is taken up1 and the mixture no longer strikes a blue colour with starch4 #bdh gr4 of the hyposulphite are necessary to absorb #abg gr4 of free iodine2#b by comparing the tint of a solution prepared by chloroform with that of a standard solution containing a known quantity of iodine1 as in ,crum's process for estimating chlorine4 ,footnote #b3 ,for details of this and other methods of accurately determining the per-centage of iodine1 free or combined1 the reader is referred to ,sutton's 8,systematic ,handbook of ,volumetric ,analysis40 ,uses1 c4 ,iodine is chiefly used as a medicine1 a chemical test1 and in photography4 ,until within the last year it was largely used in the manufacture of the green coal-tar colours2 these latter are now chiefly made from anthracene4 ,in small doses it appears to be both alterative and tonic1 rapidly diffusing itself through the body1 and exerting a stimulating action on the organs of secretion4 ,it is also said to be diuretic1 and in some cases to have produced diaphoresis and salivation4 ,iodine has been exhibited in the following diseases1 as well as in most others depending on an imperfect action of the absorbents1 or accompanied by induration or enlargement of individual glands or organs3----,internally1 in bronchocele1 goitre1 ,derbyshire neck1 scrofula1 ovarian tumours1 enlargement or induration of the lymphatic1 prostate1 and parotid glands1 amenorrha1 leucorrha1 diseases of the muco-genital tissues1 phthisis1 chronic nervous diseases1 lepra1 psoriasis1 chronic rheumatism1 dropsies1 hydrocele1 c43----,externally1 in scrofula1 numerous skin diseases1 7especially the scaly71 erysipelas1 diseased joints1 chilblains1 burns1 scalds1 various wounds1 to check ulceration1 to promote absorption1 c4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 dissolved in spirit1 or in water by means of an equal weight of iodide of potassium4 ,it is seldom exhibited alone1 being usually combined with the last-named substance1 which1 in fact1 is now generally preferred by practitioners4 ,it is applied externally in the form of ointment1 solution1 or tincture4 ,iodine1 ,bromides of4 ,bromine and iodine unite rapidly by mere mixture4 ,by careful distillation a red vapour is obtained1 which1 on cooling1 condenses into red crystals1 of a form resembling fern leaves4 ,this is said to be the protobromide 7,i,br74 ,by adding more bromine1 these crystals are converted into a fluid1 said to be a pentabromide 7,i,br#e74 ,iodine1 ,chlorides of4 ,when dry chlorine is passed over dry iodine1 at common temperatures1 heat is evolved1 and a yellow solid terchloride 7,i,cl#c7 results when the iodine is fully saturated1 and an orange-red liquid protochloride 7,i,cl7 when the iodine is in excess4 ,they both absorb moisture in the air1 are volatile1 and very soluble in water4 ,iodine and ,hydrogen4 ,,hydriodic ,,acid1 ,,hi4 ,syn4 ,,iodhydric ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,hydriodicum1 ,l4 ,an acid compound of iodine and hydrogen4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,gaseous74----a4 ,into a glass tube1 closed at one end1 introduce a little iodine1 then a small quantity of roughly powdered glass moistened with water1 next a few small fragments of phosphorus1 and upon this some more glass2 this order 7iodine1 glass1 phosphorus1 glass7 is to be repeated until the tube is one half or two thirds filled2 a cork and delivery tube are then to be fitted1 a gentle heat applied1 and the gas collected by #8downward displacement' or over mercury4 ,if the gas be passed into water a solution of hydriodic acid will be obtained4 ,obs4 ,hydriodic acid gas can only be retained a short time over mercury1 owing to its action on that metal4 b4 ,pour a little water over some pentiodide of phosphorus1 previously put into a glass retort1 apply a gentle heat1 and collect the gas as before4 c4 ,heat together in a retort water1 iodide of potassium1 iodine1 and phosphorus1 and collect the gas as in b4 d4 ,place pure iodide of barium in a retort1 and decompose it with sulphuric acid4 #b4 7,,solution ,,of ,,hydriodic ,,acid47----a4 ,the gas prepared by either of the above methods passed into cold distilled water4 b4 ,iodine1 in fine powder1 is suspended in water1 and a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen passed through the mixture as long as sulphur is deposited1 or until it becomes colourless4 ,the liquid is then gently heated1 to expel the excess of sulphuretted hydrogen1 and either decanted or filtered4 ,a cheap and excellent process4 c4 7,,medicinal ,,hydriodic ,,acid47 ,dr ,buchanan4----,tartaric acid1 #bfd gr42 pure iodide of potassium1 #ccj gr42 dissolve each separately in #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 of water2 mix the solutions1 and when the precipitate has settled decant the clear liquid1 and add a sufficiency of water to make it up to #f-a_/d fl4 oz4 ,the liquid retains a little acid tartrate of potassium in solution1 but this does not interfere with its medicinal properties4 ,this preparation 8possesses all the therapeutic powers of iodine without its irritating properties40 7,pereira47----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr41 gradually increased to #b or #c fl4 dr41 twice or thrice daily4 ,prop41 c4 ,gaseous hydriodic acid is colourless1 fumes in the air1 is very soluble in water1 and has a density of about #dd4 ,liquid hydriodic acid1 when strong1 is very liable to decompose1 and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles4 ,both the gas and the solution are decomposed by potassium1 zinc1 iron1 and other metals1 with the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of salts called iodides4 ,,iodized ,,cotton ,,wool4 7,mehu47 ,prep4 ,finely powdered iodine 7#e to #aj per cent47 is strewn upon loose cotton wool in such a manner that the glass jar in which this operation is performed contains alternate layers of cotton wool and iodine4 ,the mixture is gently heated in the open jar on a water bath to expel the air2 when this is accomplished the jar is closed and the application of heat continued for about two hours1 during which the iodine vapour thoroughly penetrates the wool1 imparting to it a yellow colour4 ,,iodo,,form4 ,,chi#c4 ,syn4 ,,iodoformum1 ,l4 ,a solid1 yellow1 crystallisable substance1 obtained by the action of iodine on alcohol4 ,prep4 #a4 ,an alcoholic solution of potash is added to tincture of iodine1 carefully avoiding excess2 the whole is then gently evaporated to dryness1 the residuum is washed with water1 and then dissolved in alcohol2 the alcoholic solution yields crystals by evaporation4 #b4 7,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society47 ,pure carbonate of potash1 #b parts2 alcohol 7#hd7 #e parts2 distilled water1 #ae parts4 ,the potash1 water1 alcohol1 and the iodine reduced to powder are placed together in a flask1 and the whole heated in a water bath until the decoloration of the liquid4 ,another #a_/b part of iodine is then added and heat again applied1 and the addition of the element is repeated until the liquid remains slightly brown coloured4 ,it is then decolorised by the addition of one or two drops of caustic potash solution1 and upon cooling crystals of iodoform are obtained4 ,these are collected upon a filter1 washed lightly with cold distilled water1 then dried upon blotting paper and enclosed in well-stoppered bottle4 ,by the evaporation of the mother liquor iodide of potassium is obtained4 ,prop41 c4 ,nearly insoluble in water2 freely soluble in alcohol2 the solution is decomposed by caustic potassa into formic acid and iodide of potassa4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #c gr4 ,medicinal applications1 the same as those of iodine itself4 ,,ipecacuan,,ha4 ,syn4 7,,ipecacuanha1 ,l42 ,,ipecacuhan1 ,e41 ,b4 ,p47 ,,radix ,,ipecacuanh1 ,,ipecacuanha 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the dried root of ,cephalis ,ipecacuanha1 or the true ipecacuanha plant1 one of the ,cinchonace4 8,ashy coloured1 tortuous1 very much cracked1 and marked in rings with deep fissures1 having an acrid1 aromatic1 bitterish taste40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it occurs in pieces #c or #d inches long1 and about the size of a writing quill4----,dose4 ,as an emetic1 #aj to #bj gr41 assisted by the copious use of warm water2 as a nauseant1 #a to #c gr42 as an expectorant and sudorific1 #a_/b to #a gr4 ,it is undoubtedly the safest and most useful medicine of its class4 ,it has recently been highly recommended in dyspepsia1 combined with other bitters or aperients4 ,almond meal is sometimes used as an adulterant in ipecacuanha powder4 ,the following is ,bucholz's analysis of ipecacuanha root3---- ,emetic extractive 7emetina7 #dac ,soft resin #bdc ,wax #jge ,gum #beag ,starch #ijj ,woody fibre #ajhj ,bitter extractive #ajab ,sugar #bjj ,extractive1 gum and starch extracted by potash #cdhj ,loss #jhj ------------ #ajjjj ,the annexed process for the determination of the emetina in ipecacuanha is by ,zenoffsky3----,take #ae grammes of the root1 mix with #ae drops of dilute sulphuric acid1 and so much of #he per cent4 alcohol that the volume shall be #aee c4c4 ,digest #bd hours1 filter1 measure #ajj c4c4 of the filtrate1 evaporate the alcohol1 and add a deci-normal solution of iodo-hydrargyrate of potassium until no more reaction takes place4 ,the number of c4c4 of the reagent used multiplied by #jjahi 7#a_/ajjjjth of an equivalent of emetine7 gives the amount of emetine in the #aj grammes of root to which the #ajj c4c4 of liquid corresponds4 ,the deci-normal solution of iodo-hydrargyrate of potassium is made by dissolving #acedf grammes of mercuric chloride and #dih grammes of potassium iodide in water1 and making up to #a litre4 ,quantitative determination showed that one c4c4 of such a solution corresponds to #jjahi gramme of emetine4 ,to perform the volumetric estimation1 the standard solution is added to the liquid containing the alkaloid1 until no more turbidity is produced4 ,to determine the end of the reaction1 filter a few drops on to a watch-glass 7placed on black glazed paper7 and touch with a glass rod previously moistened with the standard solution4 ,to prevent loss both filter and filtrate should be returned to the liquor4 ,,irid,,ium4 ,ir4 ,a rare metal discovered by ,descotils in #ahjc1 and by ,tennant in #ahjd1 in the black powder left in dissolving crude platinum4 ,this powder is an alloy of iridium with osmium4 ,the metal is also found native and nearly pure amongst the ,uralian platinum ores4 ,prep4 ,the native alloy of iridium and osmium remaining after dissolving crude platinum in aqua regia is reduced to powder1 mixed with an equal weight of dry chloride of sodium1 and heated to redness in a glass tube1 through which a stream of moist chloride gas is transmitted4 ,the further extremity of the tube is connected with a receiver containing liquor of ammonia4 ,chloride of iridium and chloride of osmium are produced2 the former remains in combination with the chloride of sodium2 the latter1 being volatile1 is carried forward into the receiver1 where it is decomposed into osmic and hydrochloric acids1 which combine with the ammonia4 ,the contents of the tube1 when cold1 are treated with water to dissolve out the double chloride of iridium and sodium2 the solution thus formed is mixed with an excess of carbonate of sodium1 and evaporated to dryness4 ,the residue is ignited in a crucible1 boiled with water1 and dried2 it then consists of a mixture of sesquioxide of iron and a combination of oxide of iridium with sodium hydrate4 ,it is reduced by hydrogen at a high temperature1 and treated successively with water and strong hydrochloric acid1 which remove the alkali and the iron1 leaving metallic iridium in a divided state4 ,by strong pressure and exposure to a welding heat1 a certain degree of compactness may be given to the product4 ,prop41 c4 ,brittle1 white1 very hard1 only fusible by the strongest heat of ,deville's gas furnace4 ,in its pure state it is not acted upon by any of the acids1 but it is oxidised by fusion and nitre1 and by ignition to redness in the air4 ,an ingot of iridium1 weighing #bg-c_/d oz41 melted by ,deville's process1 was displayed in ,messrs ,johnson and ,matthey's case at the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb4 ,an alloy of iridium and osmium 7artificial or native7 has been employed for tipping the nibs of gold pens 7everlasting pens74 ,iridium1 ,chlorides of4 ,,dichloride4 ,ir,cl#b4 ,an olive-green powder formed by transmitting chlorine over powdered iridium1 heated to a dull red1 or by digesting the hydrated protoxide in hydrochloric acid4 ,,sesquichloride1 ,ir#b;,cl#f1 obtained by calcining iridium with nitrate of potassium1 digesting in nitric acid1 washing with water1 and solution in hydrochloric acid4 ,,tetrachloride1 ,ir,cl#d1 obtained in solution by adding hydrofluosilicic acid to the tetrachloride of iridium and potassium 7formed when chloride is passed over a heated mixture of iridium and chloride of potassium74 ,,hexachloride1 ,ir,cl#f1 obtained in combination with potassium by heating iridium with nitrate of potassium1 dissolving in aqua regia1 and evaporating to dryness4 ,iridium1 ,oxides of4 ,,monoxide1 ,ir,o1 prepared by adding potassium hydrate to the hexachloride of iridium1 and digesting the precipitate in an acid4 ,it is a heavy black powder1 insoluble in acid4 ,,sesquioxide1 ,ir#b,o#c1 is best prepared by fusing in a silver crucible a mixture of carbonate of potassium and the double chloride of iridium and potassium1 and boiling the product in water4 ,bluish-black ,,trioxide1 ,ir,o#c1 is produced when carbonate of potassium is gently heated with hexachloride of iridium4 ,a greyish-yellow hydrate1 containing alkali4 ,,iritis4 ,a very dangerous disease of the eye1 producing inflammation in the iris or coloured circle which surrounds the pupil4 ,iritis is frequently produced by rheumatism1 as well as by scrofula and gout1 and often places the sight in great peril4 ,the symptoms are pains around the ball of the eye and on the brow1 which increase at night1 cloudiness of the cornea1 difficulty1 and inequality of contraction in the pupil1 change of colour in the iris1 frequently disturbed vision1 and much pain in and watering from the eye when the patient is placed in the light1 particularly a strong light4 ,we have described the principal symptoms of this serious disorder in order that any one affected by them may at once seek the assistance of a skilful surgeon or oculist4 ,i,,ron4 ,fe4 ,syn4 ,,ferrum1 ,l42 ,,fer1 ,fr42 ,,eisen1 ,ger4 ,the history of this most important metal extends to the remote past4 ,the discovery of an iron rod in one of the ,assyrian bronzes brought to ,england by ,mr ,layard established the interesting fact that this metal was known and commonly employed1 where strength was required1 nearly #cjjj years ago4 ,rust of iron and scales of iron were used as medicines at a period equally remote4 ,sources4 ,iron in a metallic state 7native iron7 is of very rare occurrence2 but it invariably enters into the composition of meteorites4 ,combined with oxygen and other elements1 as iron ores1 it occurs in nearly every part of the earth4 ,these ores may be divided into the oxides and the carbonates4 ,the oxides may be again divided into four distinct classes1 viz4----7#a7 ,magnetic iron ore1 consisting of #ca protoxide and #fi sesquioxide1 with an insignificant proportion of silica2 7#b7 specular iron1 or iron glance1 composed of the sesquioxide1 with a small admixture of magnetic oxide2 7#c7 red hmatite1 consisting of the sesquioxide nearly in a state of purity2 and 7#d7 brown hmatite1 the hydrated sesquioxide of iron4 ,the carbonates are principally two1 viz4----7#e7 spathose iron1 the protocarbonate of iron in a sparry condition1 and 7#f7 clay ironstone or black band ironstone1 which consists of the protocarbonates associated with clay and carbonaceous matter4 ,swedish iron is made almost entirely from ,no4 #a1 which occurs in massive beds at ,arendahl and ,dannemora1 in ,sweden4 ,this iron is of great purity1 being perfectly free from sulphur and phosphorus4 ,the titaniferous iron sand found at ,taranaki1 in ,new ,zealand1 consists almost entirely of ,no4 #a and the metal titanium4 ,no4 #b found principally in the island of ,elba1 in the form of rhombohedral crystals4 ,the micaceous iron ore found in small quantities in ,wales and ,lancashire has nearly the same composition1 but crystallises in brilliant plates4 ,no4 #c occurs in radiated fibrous masses in different parts of the world4 ,it is found in large quantities in ,wales and ,lancashire1 some of the specimens from the latter locality containing nearly #ii of the sesquioxide4 ,it makes excellent iron4 ,no4 #d occurs in reddish-brown masses of a botryoidal form4 ,it is a valuable ore1 and is found in ,england1 ,wales1 and ,scotland4 ,no4 #e is found chiefly at ,siegen1 in ,prussia4 ,no4 #f is the principal ore of the ,staffordshire and ,scotch iron districts1 where it occurs in great abundance1 associated with the fuel and the flux required for smelting it4 ,iron is contained in plants1 and forms an essential component of the blood of the higher animals4 ,prep41 c4 ,iron is only prepared on the large scale1 and an account of the manufacture would be out of place here4 ,those requiring detailed information must consult the elaborate works of ,percy1 ,hunt1 ,fairbairn1 ,phillips1 and other metallurgists4 ,pure iron may be prepared by introducing fine iron wire1 cut small1 #d parts1 and black oxide of iron1 #a part1 into a ,hessian crucible2 covering with a mixture of white sand1 lime1 and carbonate of potassium 7in the proportions used for glass-making72 and1 after applying a closely fitting cover1 exposing the crucible to a very high degree of heat4 ,a button of pure metal is thus obtained1 the traces of carbon and silicon present in the wire having been removed by the oxygen of the black oxide4 ,prop41 c4 ,the properties and uses of iron are too well known to require description4 ,its applications are almost universal4 ,it is remarkably ductile1 and possesses great tenacity1 but is less malleable than many of the other metals4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #ghdd4 ,it is the hardest of all the malleable and ductile metals1 and when combined with carbon 7steel7 admits of being tempered to almost any degree of hardness or elasticity4 ,in dry air it does not oxidise at common temperatures2 but at a red heat it soon becomes covered with a scaly coating of black oxide1 and at an intense white heat burns brilliantly with the production of the same substance4 ,pure water1 free from air or carbonic acid1 does not tarnish the surface of polished iron1 but the combined action of air and moisture1 especially when a little acid vapour is present1 causes its surface to be soon covered with rust1 which is hydrated sesquioxide of iron 7ferric hydrate74 ,nearly all acids attack iron2 dilute sulphuric and hydrochloric acid do so with considerable energy and the evolution of hydrogen gas4 ,at a red heat iron decomposes water rapidly1 hydrogen being evolved1 and the black oxide of iron formed4 ,iron is magnetic up to a dull-red heat1 at which point it loses all traces of that property4 ,it melts at about #ccjj ,fahr4 ,with oxygen1 chlorine1 iodine1 the acids1 c41 it forms numerous important compounds4 ,as a remedial agent1 when properly exhibited1 iron acts as a genial stimulant and tonic1 and generally proves beneficial in cases of chronic debility1 unaccompanied with organic congestion or inflammation4 ,the carbonate 7ferrous carbonate71 as it exists in mineral waters1 held in solution by carbonic acid in excess1 appears to be the form most congenial to the human body2 and from its state of dilution is rapidly absorbed by the lacteals1 and speedily imparts a ruddy hue to the wan countenance4 ,iron is undoubtedly one of the most valuable articles of the materia medica1 and appears from the antiquity of its introduction into medicine1 and the number of its preparations1 to have been deservedly appreciated4 ,tests4 ,iron forms two classes of salts1 namely1 ferrous or proto salts1 in which iron exhibits a power of combining with two atoms of any monad element1 and the ferric or persalts in which iron has a capacity of uniting with three atoms of any monad element4 ,the ferrous or proto salts have generally a greenish colour1 but yield nearly colourless solutions1 except when concentrated4 ,their solutions are known by the following reactions3----,they are not precipitated by hydrosulphuric acid when acid1 and but incompletely when neutral4 ,sulphide of ammonium produces a black precipitate1 becoming brown on exposure to the air1 insoluble in alkalies1 but easily soluble in the mineral acids4 ,ammonia and potassa give a greenish-white precipitate1 gradually becoming green and then brown in the air4 ,this precipitate occasionally is of a bluish-black if excess of potassa is used4 ,the presence of ammoniacal salts interferes with the action of these tests4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium gives a nearly white precipitate1 becoming gradually blue in the air1 and immediately so on the addition of a little weak nitric acid or chlorine water4 ,ferricyanide of potassium produces a rich deep-blue precipitate1 insoluble in hydrochloric acid4 ,in highly dilute solutions the effect is only a deep bluish-green coloration4 ,phosphate of sodium produces a white precipitate1 which after a time becomes green4 ,the ferric salts1 which are also called the sesqui or persalts of iron1 have for the most part a reddish-yellow colour1 yielding deep-coloured solutions1 which exhibit the following reactions3----,they redden litmus paper4 ,hydrosulphuric acid in acid solutions reduces ferric to ferrous salts1 giving a white or yellow precipitate of sulphur only4 ,in alkaline solutions it yields a blackish precipitate1 consisting of sulphur and ferrous sulphide4 ,sulphide of ammonium gives similar reaction4 ,ammonia and potassa produce bulky reddish-brown precipitates insoluble in excess4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium gives a rich blue precipitate1 insoluble in hydrochloric acid1 and readily decomposed by potassa4 ,ferricyanide of potassium deepens the colour1 but does not give a blue precipitate1 as it does with ferrous salts 7proto salts74 ,sulphocyanide of potassium gives an intense ruby-red colour to neutral or acid solutions4 ,tincture and infusion of galls strike a black colour4 ,phosphate of sodium gives a white precipitate1 which becomes brown1 and finally dissolves on the addition of ammonia4 ,estim4 ,the iron may be thrown down in the state of ferric hydrate or hydrated sesquioxide1 washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #g1 indicates the weight of metallic iron4 ,fifty gr4 of the ore are reduced to powder1 dissolved in aqua regia1 with the aid of heat1 and the solution filtered in order to separate the silica and a little alumina which sometimes is left in an insoluble state2 an excess of ammonia is then added to the filtered liquor1 which produces a reddish-brown precipitate of ferric hydrate mixed with alumina which is collected on a filter1 washed1 and boiled with a solution of potassa1 in order to dissolve the alumina2 the whole is next thrown upon a filter1 washed1 dried1 carefully ignited1 and weighed4 ,the above is well adapted to determine the quantity of iron in clay ironstone1 the most common ferruginous ore in ,england4 ,the sulphur in cast and wrought iron1 and steel1 may be estimated by the following process1 invented by ,m4 ,koppmayer3----#aj grammes of iron1 finely produced and sifted1 are introduced into a bottle holding from #a_/b to #a_/crd litre4 ,the stopper has three holes4 ,through one of these passes a funnel with a ground-glass tap1 its neck reaching to the bottom of the bottle4 ,through the second passes the tube at right angles1 fitted with a tap and reaching also to the bottom of the bottle4 ,through the third hole passes a delivery tube1 connecting the bottle to the condensing apparatus4 ,this latter consists of a series of bulbs arranged like a staircase1 so as to permit the gas to come into the greatest possible contact with the standard solution of iodine in iodide of potassium1 with which the condenser is filled1 this solution ought not to be exposed to light4 ,when the apparatus is arranged as above1 the atmospheric air is first driven out of the bottle by means of a current of hydrogen gas1 introduced by the tube bent at right angles4 ,when it is considered that the air is entirely expelled1 the tap of this tube is closed4 ,the funnel is now filled with hydrochloric acid1 its tap is opened1 and by means of the application of heat the acid is allowed to run down upon the iron without allowing any common air to enter4 ,hydrogen and sulphuretted hydrogen are formed which pass into the condenser4 ,acid is thus added until all disengagement of gas ceases4 ,the bottle is then heated till its contents boil1 a little water having been first added by means of the funnel4 ,after these operations1 hydrogen is allowed to enter anew to sweep out all remaining gases4 ,the iodised solution is then poured out1 care being taken to rinse the bulb-tube thoroughly1 and titrated with hyposulphite of soda1 so as to find the remaining proportion of free iodine4 ,the difference between the original amount of free iodine present in the solution1 and the amount thus found1 shows the proportion of iodine which has been converted into hydriodic acid1 and which is proportional to the sulphur contained in the sample under examination4 ,iron1 ,preparations of3---- ,ferric ,acetate4 ,fe#b7;,c#b;,h#c,o#b7f4 ,syn4 ,,peracetate ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,sesquiacetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,ferric carbonate1 #a part2 acetic acid1 #f parts2 digest three days and filter4 ,a dark brownish-red1 uncrystallisable liquid1 very soluble and powerfully astringent4 ,the calcined sesquioxide of iron of the shops1 commonly sold as carbonate of iron1 does not answer well for this or any of the sesqui-compounds1 owing to its being with difficulty dissolved by acids1 especially by the weaker ones4----,dose4 7,of the last7 #aj to #be drops1 in water or wine4 ,ferric ,albuminate4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,albuminas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,precipitate a filtered solution of white of egg with another of ferric sulphate or persulphate of iron1 wash the deposit in water1 and dissolve it in alcohol holding potassium hydrate in solution4 ,this preparation is highly spoken of by ,m4 ,lassaigne as especially adapted by its nature1 on theoretical grounds1 for combining with the tissues of the body4 ,ferric ,citrate4 ,fe#b7;,c#f;,h#e,o#g7b4 ,syn4 ,,percitrate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,citrate ,,of ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,i41 ,,citrate ,,of ,i42 ,,ferri ,,citras4 ,prep4 ,by saturating a solution of citric acid in an equal weight of water with freshly precipitated moist hydrated ferric hydrate1 evaporating at #aej ,fahr4 to the consistence of a syrup1 and spreading on glass plates to dry4 ,by either of the methods adopted for the ,,ammonio-,,citrate1 merely omitting the addition of the ammonia4 ,it much resembles the ammonio-citrate1 but is only slightly soluble in water1 and has a rather less agreeable taste4----,dose1 #c to #e gr4 ,ferric and ,ammonium ,citrate4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio-,,citrate ,,of ,,iron3 ,,ammonio ,,ferric ,,citrate2 ,,ferri ,,ammonio ,,citras4 ,l4 ,there are several preparations in which the term #8citrate of iron' has been applied4 ,that commonly known under this name is really a double citrate of iron and ammonia1 and appears to be correctly called #8ammonio-citrate of iron4' ,b4 ,p4 ,liquor ,ferric ,persulphatis 7,b4 ,p471 #h2 liquor ammonia1 #ai-a_/b2 citric acid 7in crystals7 #d2 distilled water1 a sufficiency1 mix #ad of the solution of ammonia1 with #dj of water1 and all gradually2 the solution of ferric sulphate stir constantly and briskly2 let the mixture stand two hours1 and put into a calico filter and allow to drain4 ,wash well the precipitate until it no longer gives a precipitate with barium chloride4 ,dissolve the citric acid in #h oz4 of the water1 and having applied the heat of a water bath add the precipitate of ferric hydrate previously well drained1 stir them together until the whole or nearly the whole of the hydrate has dissolved4 ,let the solution cool1 then add #e-a_/b of the ammonia1 filter through flannel1 evaporate to the consistency of syrup1 and dry it in thin layers on flat porcelain or glass plates at a temperature not exceeding #ajj4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ferrous sulphate1 #ab oz42 carbonate of sodium1 #ab-a_/b oz42 dissolve each separately in boiling distilled water1 #f pints2 mix the solutions whilst still hot1 and allow the precipitate to subside2 after a time decant the supernatant liquor1 wash the precipitate frequently with water 7drain it71 add of citric acid 7in powder71 #f oz41 and dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat2 when the whole has cooled1 add of liquor of ammonia1 ,ph4 ,l41 #i fl4 oz41 and gently evaporate to the consistence of a syrup2 in this state spread it very thinly on flat earthenware dishes 7or sheets of glass71 dry by a gentle heat1 and when dry keep it in well-stoppered bottles4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,citric acid1 #d oz42 distilled water1 #af fl4 oz42 hydrated ferric oxide1 obtained from the sulphate1 #e oz42 liquor of ammonia1 #d fl4 oz41 or q4 s4 7,wholesale47 ,a mixture of iron filings and citric acid1 in powder1 with barely sufficient water to cover it1 is kept in a warm situation for some days1 occasionally stirring the mass1 and replacing the water as it evaporates4 ,a saturated solution is next made in distilled water1 there being previously added more citric acid 7about half the weight of the acid first used71 as required2 it is then neutralised with liquor of ammonia 7about #a-a_/d oz4 of liquor of ammonia1 sp4 gr4 #hhb1 to every gallon of the solution of sp4 gr4 #ajbe71 and the solution is concentrated by evaporation2 the process is then completed as in ,no4 #a4 ,the first part of this process produces a salt of the protoxide of iron1 or ferrous citrate1 which is afterwards converted1 by exposure to the atmosphere1 into a citrate of the magnetic acid1 or ferri1 ferro-citrate1 and1 lastly1 into citrate of peroxide of iron1 or ferric citrate4 ,b4 ,p4 ,liquor ,ferri ,persulphatis #h4 ,liquor ammoni #ai-a_/b4 ,citric acid 7in crystals7 #d4 ,distilled water1 a sufficiency4 ,mix #ad of the solution of ammonia with #dj of water1 and add gradually the solution of ferric sulphate4 ,stir constantly1 let the mixture stand #b hours and filter through calico1 and allow to drain4 ,wash until the washing ceases to precipitate barium chloride1 dissolve the citric acid in #h of water1 add the precipitated ferric hydrate1 and heat in a water bath until dissolved4 ,let the solution cool1 add #e-a_/b of the ammonia1 filter through flannel1 evaporate to the consistency of syrup1 and dry on flat porcelain plates in thin layers at a temperature below #ajj ,f4 ,obs4 ,pharmaceutical writers have been so diffuse in their disquisitions on the preparation of this salt1 as would lead to the inference that there is some difficulty attending it4 ,the contrary is1 however1 the case4 ,the only care necessary is to spread the syrup solution very thinly on warm sheets of glass to dry1 which it will rapidly do if they are placed in an atmosphere of warm dry air1 for which purpose a #8drying closet' is the most convenient4 ,the dry salt may then be easily detached from the glass1 and will form thin scales1 or lamell1 of great brilliancy and beauty4 ,it is also better to use a little more oxide than the acid will dissolve1 as the remainder will be employed in a future operation4 ,less water may be used1 or even a larger quantity than that mentioned2 but in the first case the liquid will become difficult to filter----in the latter it will require more evaporation4 ,boiling water dissolves about twice its weight of citric acid1 and there remains #ac_/bjths of this quantity in solution when cold1 and it takes rather more than twice the weight of the citric acid in moist hydrated protoxide of iron to produce saturation4 ,prop41 c4 ,this beautiful salt is of a rich ruby colour1 and forms glistening transparent scales1 very soluble in aqueous menstrua1 and the resulting solution is less easily decomposed by reagents than the solutions of most of the other salts of iron4 ,it is #8compatible' with the alkaline of carbonates and bicarbonates1 and several other salts1 and is nearly tasteless1 advantages which have been perhaps overrated by both prescriber and patient4 ,it is doubtful whether this article has not obtained a larger sale from its pleasing appearance than from its medicinal virtues4 ,several persons who have prepared it in lumps or powder1 by the simple evaporation of the solution to dryness1 have been unable to sell it under that form1 even at a lower price4 ,ammonio-citrate of iron is soluble in water2 the solution neither changes the colour of litmus nor turmeric2 nor is it turned blue by ferrocyanide of potassium2 but either potassium hydrate or lime water being added1 it throws down ferric hydrate1 and ammonia is evolved4 ,from #ajj gr4 dissolved in water1 potassium hydrate precipitates about #cd gr4 of ferric hydrate4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 in water1 wine1 or bitter infusions4 ,ferric and ,strychnine ,citrate4 7,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,et ,,strychni ,,citras4 ,prep4 ,citrate of iron and ammonia1 #ejj gr42 strychnia1 #e gr42 citric acid1 #e gr42 distilled water1 #i fl4 dr4 ,dissolve the citrate of iron and ammonia in #a oz4 of the water1 and the strychnia and nitric acid in #a dr4 of distilled water4 ,mix the two solutions1 evaporate the mixture over a water bath1 at #adj ,fahr41 to the thickness of a syrup1 and spread on glass plates1 so that the salt1 when dry1 may be obtained in scales4 ,ferric and ,magnesium ,citrate4 ,syn4 ,,citric ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,magnesia2 ,,ferri ,,magnesio ,,citras2 ,,ferri ,,et ,,magnesi ,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as the last1 but using carbonate of magnesium instead of ammonia to neutralise the solution4----,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 ,it has been recommended as a chalybeate in the dyspepsia of gouty and debilitated habits4 ,ferric and ,quinine ,citrate4 ,syn4 ,,citrate ,,of ,,quinine ,,and ,,iron2 ,,ferri-,,quinio-,,citras1 ,l4 ,as the ammonio-citrate1 but using quinine1 recently precipitated1 instead of ammonia1 to neutralise the acid4 ,b4 ,p4 ,pure ferric hydrate is prepared from liquor ferri persulphatis1 #d-a_/b pints1 and liquor ammoni1 #h pints1 as in the ferric and ammonium citrate4 ,sulphate of quinine #a is mixed with water #h1 and sulphuric acid #a-a_/b1 and when dissolved1 ammonia added until the quinine is precipitated4 ,the precipitate is collected and washed with #cj of water4 ,citric acid #c is dissolved in #h of water by the aid of a water bath1 and the ferric hydrate1 well drained1 added2 stir together until dissolved1 and add the quinine1 stirring well until all is dissolved1 and allow to cool2 add #a-a_/b of solution of ammonia diluted with #b of water1 stirring the solution briskly until the quinine at first thrown down by the ammonia is redissolved2 filter and evaporate to a syrup1 drying in thin layers on flat porcelain or glass plates at a temperature of #ajj4 ,ferric citrate1 #d parts2 citrate of quinine1 #a part2 distilled water1 q4 s42 dissolve1 gently evaporate1 and proceed as directed for ammonio-citrate of iron4 ,greenish golden-yellow scales when prepared by the ,b4 ,p4 process1 soluble in #b parts of water1 and somewhat deliquescent2 entirely soluble in ether2 taste bitter as well as chalybeate4----,dose1 #b to #f dr42 in cases where the use of both iron and quinine is indicated4 ,ferric and ,sodium ,citrate4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,sodio-,,citras1 ,,ferri ,,et ,,sod ,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from citric acid1 carbonate of sodium1 and iron or the hydrate1 as the ammonio-citrate or potassio-citrate4 ,ferric ,chloride4 ,fe#b;,cl#f4 ,syn4 ,,sesquichloride ,,of ,,iron1 ,,perchloride ,,of ,,iron1 ,,permuriate ,,of ,i42 ,,ferri ,,sesquichloridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,anhydrous47 ,by passing dry chlorine over heated iron filings4 ,brown scales4 7,hydrated47 ,dissolve ferric hydrate in hydrochloric acid1 evaporate to the consistence of a syrup1 and crystallise4 ,yellow or red scaly crystals4 ,the impure solution of this salt has been greatly used as a sewage deodoriser4 ,see ,,tincture4 ,ferric and ,ammonium ,chloride 7,fe#b;,cl#f,,nh#d;,cl4,aq74 ,syn4 ,,double ,,chlorides ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,ammonium1 ,,ammonio-,,chloride ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,ammonium ,,chloridum4 ,ferric oxide1 #c oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #a_/b pint2 digest in a sand bath until dissolved1 then add of ammonium #b-a_/b lbs41 dissolved in water1 #c pints2 filter the liquid1 evaporate to dryness1 and reduce the mass to coarse powder4 ,orange-coloured crystalline grains readily soluble in water4 ,ammonio-chloride of iron is tonic1 emmenagogue1 and aperient4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr42 in glandular swellings1 obstructions1 c4 ,ferric ,ferrocyanide4 7,fe#d7;,fe,cy#f7c4 #ah;,aq74 ,syn4 ,,sesquiferrocyanide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,prussian ,,blue2 ,,ferri ,,ferrocyanidum1 ,f4 ,,sesquiferrocyanidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,ferrous sulphate1 #d oz42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 add to the solution of nitric acid1 #f fl4 dr41 in small portions at a time1 boiling for a few moments after each addition2 next dissolve ferrocyanide of potassium1 #d-a_/b oz41 in water1 #a pint1 and add this last solution1 by degrees1 to the first liquid1 stirring well each time2 lastly1 collect the precipitate1 wash it with boiling water1 drain1 and dry it4----,dose1 #c to #e gr41 three or four times daily1 as an alterative1 febrifuge1 and tonic1 gradually increasing the quantity until some obvious effect is produced2 in agues1 epilepsy1 and neuralgia4 ,see ,,prussian ,,blue4 ,ferric ,hydrate4 ,fe#b7;,,ho7#f4 ,see under ,ferric ,oxide4 ,ferric ,iodide4 ,fe#b;,i#f4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,periodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,freely expose a solution of ferrous iodide to the air2 or digest iodine1 in excess1 on iron1 under water1 gently evaporate1 and sublime4 ,a deliquescent1 volatile red compound1 soluble in water and alcohol4 ,it is rarely employed in medicine4 ,ferric ,oxide4 ,fe#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,peroxide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,red ,,oxide ,,of ,i42 ,,ferri ,,sesquioxydum1 ,f4 ,,peroxydum1 ,f4 ,,oxydum ,,rubrum1 ,l4 ,this substance is found native under several forms1 but that employed in the arts is prepared by one or other of the following methods3---- ,from metallic iron4 ,from iron wire or clean iron filings cut into pieces1 moistened with water1 and exposed to the air until completely converted into rust2 it is then ground with water1 elutriated1 and dried1 in a similar way to that adopted for chalk4 ,for sale1 it is usually made up into small conical loaves or lumps4 ,by calcination3----7,,brown-,,red ,,colcothar1 ,,crocus1 ,,indian ,,red1 ,,rouge1 ,,jewellers' ,r42 ,,ferri ,,oxydum ,,rubrum1 ,l47----,calcine ferrous sulphate until the water of crystallisation is expelled1 then roast it with a strong fire until acid vapours cease to rise2 cool1 wash the residuum with water until the latter ceases to affect litmus1 and dry it4 ,ferrous sulphate1 #ajj parts2 common salt1 #db parts2 calcine1 wash well with water1 dry1 and levigate the residuum4 ,this process yields a cheap and beautiful product1 which is frequently sold for the ferri sesquioxydum2 but it is less soluble1 and therefore unfitted for a substitute for that preparation4 ,by precipitation2----,,ferri ,,sesquioxydum----,b4 ,p41 ,,ferri ,,oxydum ,,rubrum----,ph4 ,e4 ,l4 ,by precipitating a solution of ferric sulphate or chloride with ammonia1 in excess1 and washing1 drying1 and igniting in the resulting hydrate4 ,pure2 anhydrous4 ,ferrous sulphate1 #d lbs42 sodium carbonate1 #d lbs4 #b oz42 dissolve each separately in water1 #c galls42 mix the solution whilst hot1 set the mixture aside1 that the precipitate may subside1 and subsequently wash and dry it as before4 ,contains water1 and a trace of alkali4 ,,ferric ,,hydrate1 ,,ferri ,,peroxydum ,,hydratum----7,ph4 ,d41 ,,ferrugo----,ph4 ,e47----a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,ferrous sulphate1 #d oz42 sulphuric acid1 #c-a_/b fl4 dr42 water1 #a quart2 mix1 dissolve1 boil1 and gradually add of nitric acid1 #i fl4 dr42 stirring well and boiling for a minute or two after each addition1 until the liquor yields a yellowish-brown precipitate with ammonia2 it must then be filtered and precipitated with liquor of ammonia 7fort471 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 rapidly added and well mixed in2 collect the precipitate1 wash it well with water1 drain it on a calico filter1 and dry it at a heat not exceeding #ahj ,fahr4 ,when intended as an antidote for arsenic it should not be dried1 but kept in the moist or gelatinous state4 ,,ferric ,,peroxide1 ,,moist 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,peroxidum ,,humidum4 ,prep4 ,mix solution of persulphate of iron 7,b4 ,p471 #d fl4 oz41 with #a pint of distilled water1 and add it gradually to #cc fl4 oz4 of solution of soda 7,b4 ,p471 stirring constantly and briskly4 ,let them stand for two hours1 stirring occasionally2 then put on a calico filter1 and when the liquid has drained away1 wash the precipitate with distilled water till what passes through ceases to give a precipitate with chloride of barium4 ,lastly1 enclose the precipitate without drying it in a stoppered bottle1 or other vessel1 from which evaporation cannot take place4 ,,dry ,,hydrate ,,of ,,peroxide ,,of ,,iron 7,b4 ,p474 ,,ferri ,,peroxidum ,,hydratum4 ,dry the moist peroxide1 #a lb41 at a temperature not exceeding #bab ,fahr41 till it ceases to lose weight4 ,reduce to a fine powder4----,dose1 #e to #cj grains4 ,prop4 ,ferric oxide1 prepared by precipitation 7#a1 c71 is an impalpable powder1 of a brownish-red colour1 odourless1 insoluble in water1 freely soluble in acids1 and possessing a slightly styptic taste1 especially when recently prepared4 ,when exposed to heat its colour is brightened1 its sp4 gr4 increased1 and it is rendered less easily soluble in acids4 ,the oxide prepared by calcination is darker and brighter coloured1 less soluble1 and quite tasteless4 ,it has either a scarlet or purplish cast1 according to the heat to which it has been exposed4 ,the finest ,indian red1 or crocus1 usually undergoes a second calcination1 in which it is exposed to a very intense heat4 ,it is then known as #8purple brown4' ,the best jeweller's rouge is prepared by calcining the precipitated oxide until it becomes scarlet4 ,the hydrate is of a yellowish-brown colour1 and though it can be dried without decomposition1 it requires to be kept in a moist state4 ,it is best preserved in a well-stoppered bottle1 filled with recently distilled or boiled water4 ,pur4 ,medicinal ferric oxide or sesquioxide of iron 7,,ferri ,,sesquioxydum1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d47 is soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid1 scarcely effervescing1 and is again thrown down by potassa4 ,the strained liquor is free from colour1 and is not discoloured by the addition of either sulphuretted hydrogen or ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,the hydrate 7,,ferri ,,peroxydum ,,hydratum----,ph4 ,d41 ,,ferrugo----,ph4 ,e47 is entirely and very easily soluble in hydrochloric acid1 without effervescence2 if previously dried at #ahj ,fahr41 a stronger heat drives off about #ah of water4 ,uses1 c4 ,the precipitated oxide is employed in medicine as a tonic and emmenagogue1 in doses of #aj to #cj gr42 and as an anthelmintic and in tic douloureux1 in doses of #a to #d dr41 mixed up with honey4 ,it is also employed to make some preparations of iron4 ,the calcined oxide is employed as a pigment1 as an ingredient in a plaster1 c4 ,the hydrate is used medicinally as a tonic in doses of #aj to #cj gr42 and in much larger1 as an antidote in cases of arsenical poisoning4 ,we are indebted to ,bunsen and ,berthold for the introduction of this substance as an antidote to arsenic4 ,a table-spoonful of the moist oxide may be given every #e or #aj minutes1 or as often as the patient can swallow it4 7,pereira47 ,when this preparation cannot be obtained1 rust of iron or even the dry so-called carbonate 7sesquioxide7 may be given along with water instead4 ,according to ,dr ,maclagan1 #ab parts1 and to ,devergie1 #cb parts1 of the hydrate are required to neutralise #a part of arsenious acid4 ,fehling says that the value of this substance as an antidote to arsenic is materially impaired by age1 even when kept in the moist state4 ,the presence of potassium1 sodium1 ammonium1 hydrates1 sulphates1 chlorides or carbonates1 is not of consequence1 and1 therefore1 in cases of emergency1 time need not be lost in washing the precipitate1 which1 in such cases1 need only be drained and squeezed in a calico filter4 ,the magma obtained by precipitating ferrous sulphate with magnesia1 in excess1 and which contains free magnesia and magnesium sulphate1 besides ferric hydrate1 precipitates arsenious acid not only more quickly1 but in larger quantity1 than ferric hydrate does when alone4 ,it will even render inert ,fowler's solution1 and precipitate both the copper and arsenic from solutions of ,schweinfurt green in vinegar1 which the pure gelatinous oxide alone will not do4 ,soluble ,saccharated ,oxide of ,iron4 7,g47 ,syn4 ,,ferrum ,,oxydatum ,,saccharatum ,,solubile4 ,prep4 ,solution or perchloride of iron 7sp4 gr4 #adhj71 #b oz4 7by weight72 syrup1 #b oz4 7by weight72 mix1 and add gradually1 solution of caustic soda 7sp4 gr4 #accj72 #d oz4 7by weight72 and set aside for #bd hours2 then add to the clear liquid #cj fl4 oz4 of distilled hot water2 agitate and set aside4 ,pour off the supernatant liquid from the precipitate which will have formed1 and pour on fresh distilled water2 then collect the precipitate on a filter and wash thoroughly with distilled water4 ,put the drained precipitate into a porcelain vessel1 and mix with it #i oz4 of sugar in powder1 and evaporate to dryness with constant stirring over a water bath1 then mix in enough sugar in powder to make up #aj oz4 by weight2 reduce to powder and keep in a closed vessel4 ,one hundred parts contain three of metallic iron4 ,ferric ,nitrate4 ,fe#b7,,no#c7f4 ,syn4 ,,proto ,,nitrate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,pernitras1 ,l4 ,by digesting nitric acid 7diluted with about half its weight of water7 on iron or ferric hydrate4 ,a deep-red liquid1 apt to deposit a basic salt4 ,it is used in dyeing1 and has been recommended in dyspepsia1 calculous affections1 and chronic diarrha4----,dose1 #e to #aj or #ab drops4 ,ferric ,phosphate4 ,fe#b;,h#c7,,po#d7c4 ,syn4 ,,ferric ,,orthophosphate 7,odling72 ,,ferri ,,sesquiphosphas1 ,,phosphas ,,ferricus1 ,l4 ,a white powder obtained by precipitating ferric chloride by sodium phosphate4----,uses and dose4 ,as the last4 ,,ferric ,,pyrophosphate4 ,fe#f7,p#b,o#g7c4 ,a salt containing ferric iron combined with the radical of pyrophosphoric acid4 ,prep4 ,by precipitating a solution of ferric sulphate with one of pyrophosphate of sodium1 taking care to operate at a temperature below #ei ,fahr4 ,prop41 c4 ,a gelatinous precipitate which dissolves with facility in excess of pyrophosphate of sodium4 ,the citrate of ammonium is the most eligible solvent according to ,m4 ,robiquet1 who first called attention to this salt as a remedial agent4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,ferric ,sulphate4 ,fe#b7,,so#d7c4 ,syn4 ,,persulphate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,persulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding to a solution of ferrous sulphate exactly half as much sulphuric acid as it already contains1 raising the liquid to the boiling-point1 and then dropping in nitric acid1 until the liquid ceases to blacken by such addition4 ,the solution evaporated to dryness furnishes a buff-coloured mass1 slowly soluble in water4 ,prop41 c4 ,with the sulphates of ammonium and potassium it unites to form compounds to which the name #8iron alums' has been given4 ,it forms the active ingredient in the #8liquor oxysulphatis ferri' of ,mr ,tyson1 and is said by ,dr ,osborne to be a constituent of #8,widow ,welch's pills4' ,this salt is also formed when ferrous sulphate is calcined with free exposure to the air4 ,dissolved in water1 it is used as a test for hydrocyanic1 gallic1 and tannic acids4 ,ferric ,sulphide4 ,syn4 ,,persulphide ,,of ,,iron4 ,this compound is prepared in the hydrated state 7,,ferri ,,persulphuretum ,,hydratum7 by adding1 very gradually1 a neutral solution of ferric sulphate to a dilute solution of potassium sulphide1 and collecting1 c41 the precipitate1 as in the case of the hydrated ferrous sulphide4 ,proposed by ,bouchardat and ,sandras as a substitute for ferrous sulphide1 to which they say it is preferable4 ,ferric ,tannate4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,tannas1 ,,ferrum ,,tannicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tannin1 #a part2 boiling water1 #aej parts2 dissolve1 add of freshly precipitated ferric hydrate 7dried at #bab ,fahr471 #i parts2 evaporate by a gentle heat to one half1 filter1 add of sugar #a part1 complete the evaporation1 and at once put it into bottles4----,dose1 #c to #e gr41 thrice daily2 in chlorosis1 internal hmorrhages1 c4 ,double ,ferric and ,ammonium ,tartrate4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio ,,tartrate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,double ,,tartrate ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,ammonium2 ,,ammonio ,,ferric ,,tartrate1 ,,ferri ,,ammonio ,,tartrate2 ,,ferri ,,ammonio ,,tartras4 ,prep4 7,aikin47 ,tartaric acid1 #a part2 iron filings1 #c parts2 digest in a sufficient quantity of hot water to barely cover the mixture for #b or #c days1 observing to stir it frequently1 and to add just enough water to allow the evolved gas to escape freely2 next add ammonia1 in slight excess1 stir well1 dilute with water1 decant1 wash the undissolved portion of iron1 filter the mixed liquors1 and evaporate to dryness2 dissolve the residuum in water1 add a little more ammonia1 filter1 and again gently evaporate to dryness1 or to the consistence of a thick syrup1 when it may be spread upon hot plates of glass or on earthenware dishes and dried in a stove-room1 as directed for the corresponding citrate4 ,tartaric acid1 #f-a_/b oz42 water1 #g pints2 dissolve1 neutralise the selection with sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 and add #f-a_/d oz4 more tartaric acid2 to the solution heated in a water bath1 further add moist hydrated oxide of iron 7obtained from sesquioxide of iron1 #ec-a_/b dr41 dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 and precipitated by ammonia72 when dissolved1 filter1 and evaporate1 c41 as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,glossy1 brittle lamell1 or irregular pieces1 of a deep garnet colour1 almost black1 very soluble in water1 and possessing a sweetish and slightly ferruginous taste4 ,by repeated re-solution and evaporation its sweetness is increased1 probably from the conversion of a part of its acid into sugar4 ,it contains more iron than a given weight of the sulphate of the same base4 ,it is the most pleasant-tasted of all the preparations of iron except the ammonio-citrate1 last noticed4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 ,ferric and ,potassium ,tartrate4 ,syn4 ,,tartrate ,,of ,,potassa ,,and ,,iron1 ,,ferro-,,tartrate ,,of ,,potassa2 ,,ferric ,,tartrate ,,of ,p42 ,,ferri ,,tartaratum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,ferri ,,potassio-,,tartras 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,ferrum ,,tartarizatum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,ferri ,,tartarum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,ferri ,,et ,,potass ,,tartras 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prepare ferric hydrate from #d fl4 oz4 of liq4 ferri persulphas1 ,b4 ,p41 as in making the double citrate1 and add it to #b oz4 of the acid tartrate of potassium1 dissolved in #cj oz4 of water4 ,digest for #f hours at #adj1 allow to cool1 and decant off the clear solution1 which is to be evaporated down and dried on glass plates4----7,ph4 ,l47 ,ferrous sulphate1 #d oz41 is dissolved in water1 #a pint1 previously mixed with sulphuric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 heat is applied to the solution1 and nitric acid1 #a fl4 oz41 gradually added2 the solution is boiled to the consistence of a syrup1 and then diluted with water1 #d galls4 7less the pint already used72 liquor of ammonia1 #aj fl4 oz41 is next added1 and the precipitate washed1 and set aside for #bd hours2 at the end of this time1 the water being decanted1 the still moist precipitate is added1 gradually1 to a mixture of bitartrate of potassium1 #b oz41 and water1 #a_/b pint1 heated to #adj ,fahr42 after a time the undissolved oxide is separated by a linen cloth1 and the clear solution either gently evaporated to dryness or treated in the same manner as the citrate 7lastly1 preserve it in well-stoppered bottles74 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,e41 ,d41 ,u4 ,s41 are essentially the same4 ,the ,ph4 ,d4 orders a heat not beyond #aej ,fahr4 to be applied to the mixture of the oxide and bitartrate1 with occasional stirring for #f hours1 and the desiccation to be conducted at the same temperature4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is a double salt of potassium and iron2 it is therefore wrongly called #8tartrate of iron' as is commonly heard4 ,it is totally soluble in water2 the solution is neutral to litmus and turmeric1 unaffected by ferrocyanide of potassium1 and not precipitated by acids nor alkalies1 nor acted on by the magnet4 ,heated with potassa1 #ajj gr4 throws down about #cd gr4 of sesquioxide of iron4 ,entirely soluble in cold water2 taste freely chalybeate4 ,that of commerce has generally a feebly inky taste a slight alkaline reaction1 is slightly deliquescent1 dissolves in #d parts of water1 and is nearly insoluble in alcohol4 ,potassio-tartrate of iron is an excellent ferruginous tonic4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 made into a bolus with aromatics1 or dissolved in water or other convenient menstruum4 ,ferric ,valerianate4 ,syn4 ,,valerianate ,,of ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,valeriate ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,valerianas 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,by adding a solution of sodium valerianate to another of ferric sulphate1 and collecting and washing the precipitate1 which is to be dried by placing it for some days folded in bibulous paper1 on a porous brick2 after which it is to be carefully kept from the air4 ,prop41 c4 ,a reddish-brown amorphous powder2 nearly insoluble in water2 soluble in rectified spirit1 and in the dilute acids with decomposition4 ,citrate or tartrate1 flavoured with oil of valerian1 is frequently sold for it4----,dose1 #a to #c gr42 in anmia and chlorosis complicated with hysteria4 ,ferroso-,ferric ,hydrate4 ,fe#c7;,,ho7#f4 ,syn4 ,,hydrated ,,ferroso-,,ferric ,,oxide1 ,,hydrated ,,magnetic ,,oxide4 7,b4 ,p47 ,liquor ferri persulphas1 #e-a_/b2 ferri sulphas1 #b2 solution of soda1 #hj2 distilled water1 a sufficiency4 ,dissolve the ferrous sulphate in #dj of water1 add the solution of soda1 stirring them well1 boil the mixture1 let it stand for two hours1 put in a calico filter1 wash with distilled water until the washing gives no precipitate with barium chloride1 and dry at a temperature not exceeding #abj4 ,ferrous sulphate1 #f oz42 sulphuric acid1 #afj minims2 nitric acid1 #d fl4 dr42 stronger solution of ammonia1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 boiling water1 #c pints2 dissolve half of the sulphate in half of the water1 add the oil of vitriol1 boil1 add the nitric acid gradually1 boiling after each addition for a few minutes2 dissolve the remaining half of the sulphate in the rest of the boiling water2 mix the two solutions1 add the ammonia1 stirring well 7and boil for a short time72 collect the precipitate on a calico filter1 wash it with water until it ceases to precipitate a solution of nitrate of barium1 and dry at a heat not exceeding #ahc ,fahr4 ,the formul of ,gregory and ,dr ,jephson are similar4 ,ferrous sulphate1 #h oz41 dissolved in a mixture of water1 #aj fl4 oz41 and sulphuric acid1 #f fl4 dr41 is converted by means of nitric acid1 #d fl4 dr41 diluted with water1 #b fl4 oz41 into ferric sulphates2 this solution is then added to another1 formed by dissolving ferrous sulphate1 #d oz41 in water1 #a_/b pint2 the whole is then mixed with liquor of potassium hydrate1 #b-c_/d pints1 and after being boiled for #e minutes is collected on a calico filter1 and washed1 c41 as before2 and is to be preserved in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,prop41 c4 ,the hydrate is a black sand-like substance1 consisting of very minute crystals4 ,when pure it is attracted by the magnet1 and is entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid2 and ammonia added to the solution throws down a black precipitate4 ,the oxide is the chief product of the oxidation of iron at a high temperature in the air and in aqueous vapour4 ,it is more permanent than ferrous oxide1 but incapable of forming salts4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 two or three times a day4 ,ferroso-ferric ,oxide4 ,fe#c,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,magnetic ,o4 ,,of ,i42 ,,ferri ,,oxydum ,,nigrum1 ,f4 ,o4 ,,magneticum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,oxydum ,,ferroso-,,ferricum1 ,l4 ,this occurs native1 but that used in medicine is prepared artificially4 ,from the black scales of iron that fall around the smith's anvil1 by washing1 drying1 detaching them from impurities by means of a magnet1 and then treating them by grinding and elutriation1 as directed for prepared chalk4 ,the product of this process is inferior as a medicine to the hydrate obtained as below1 being less easily soluble in the juices of the stomach4 ,ferroso-ferric ,oxide4 ,fe#c,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,magnetic ,,oxide4 ,see ,,ferroso-,,ferric ,,oxide4 ,iron1 ,black ,oxide of4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,oxydum ,,magneticum2 ,,ferri ,,oxydum ,,nigrum2 ,,martial ,,thiops4 ,prep4 ,dissolve sulphate of iron1 #b oz41 in #b pints of distilled water1 and add solution of persulphate of iron 7,b4 ,p471 #e-a_/b fl4 oz41 then mix with solution of soda1 #d pints 7,b4 ,p471 stirring well together4 ,boil the mixture1 let it stand for #b hours1 stirring occasionally1 then put it on a calico filter1 and when the liquid has drained away wash the precipitate with distilled water till what passes through ceases to precipitate chloride of barium4 ,finally1 dry the precipitate at a temperature not exceeding #abj ,fahr4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,ferrous ,acetate4 ,fe7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,acetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from freshly precipitated ferrous carbonate dissolved in dilute acetic acid4 #b4 ,by adding a solution of calcium acetate to another of ferrous sulphate1 and evaporating the filtered liquid1 out of contact with the air4 ,small1 colourless1 or pale-greenish needles or prisms1 very soluble and prone to oxidation4 ,ferrous ,arsenate4 ,fe#c7;,as,o#d7b4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,arsenias1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from a solution of sodium arseniate1 added to a solution of ferrous sulphate1 the precipitate being collected1 washed in a little cold water1 and dried4----,dose1 #a_/bj to #a_/ab gr41 made into a pill2 in lupus1 psoriasis1 cancerous affections1 c4 ,externally1 combined with #d times its weight of ferrous phosphate and a little water1 as a paint to destroy the vitality of cancerous formations4 ,an ointment 7#bj to #cj gr4 to the oz47 is also used for the same purpose4 ,they are all dangerous remedies in non-professional hands4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,sulphate of iron1 #i oz42 arseniate of soda dried at #cjj ,f41 #d oz42 acetate of soda1 #c oz4 ,dissolve the arseniate and the acetate of soda in #b pints1 and the sulphate of iron in #c pints1 of boiling distilled water1 mix the two solutions1 collect the white precipitate which forms on a calico filter1 and wash until the washings cease to be affected by a dilute solution of chloride of barium4 ,squeeze the washed precipitate between folds of strong linen in a screw-press1 and dry it on porous bricks in a warm air-chamber whose temperature shall not exceed #ajj ,f4----,dose1 #a_/afth of a gr4 ,ferrous ,arsenite4 ,fe7,as,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,arsenis1 ,l4 ,from the potassium arsenite1 and ferrous sulphate1 as the last4 ,a yellowish-brown powder1 occasionally used in medicine as a tonic1 alterative1 and febrifuge4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/ab gr4 ,ferrous ,bromide4 ,fe,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,bromidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,moir47 ,bromine and iron filings1 of each #a part2 water1 #c parts2 mix in a stoppered phial1 set it aside1 occasionally shaking it1 for #b or #c days1 and when the colour of the bromine has disappeared1 and the liquid becomes greenish1 filter and evaporate to dryness4----,dose1 #a to #f gr41 as a tonic1 diuretic1 and resolvent1 in similar cases to those in which iodide of iron is given4 ,,ferrous ,,carbonate4 ,fe7,,co#c74 ,syn4 ,,protocarbonate ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,carbonas1 ,f4 ,,subcarbonas1 ,l4 ,this occurs in nature as ,,spathose ,,ore1 the chief constituent as of ,,clay ,,ironstone1 and in many ,,chalybeate ,,waters4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ferrous sulphate 7sulphate of iron71 #b2 ammonium carbonate1 #a-a_/d2 boiling distilled water1 #cbj2 refined sugar1 #a4 ,dissolve the sulphate and ammonium carbonate each in #a_/d of the water1 and mix2 allow to stand for #bd hours and decant1 of the clear solution1 add the remainder of the water to the precipitate1 stir well1 allow to settle1 and decant off4 ,collect the deposit in a calico filter1 press1 rub in the sugar in a porcelain mortar1 and dry at a temperature not exceeding #bab ,fahr4 ,small coherent grey lumps4 ,precipitate a solution of ferrous sulphate with a solution of sodium carbonate1 well wash the green powder with water which has been boiled1 and dry it out of contact with the air4 ,on the slightest exposure to air it is converted into ferrous hydrate or oxide4 ,this change is for the most part prevented by combining it with sugar1 as in the following preparation4 ,with sugar3 ,,ferri ,,carbonas ,,saccharata1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,saccharine ,c4 ,,of ,i42 ,,ferrum ,,carbonicum ,,saccharatum1 ,,ferri ,,carbonas ,,cum ,,saccharo----,ph4 ,l41 ,,ferri ,,carbonas ,,saccharatum----,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 ,l4----7,ph4 ,l47 ,ferrous sulphate1 #d oz42 sodium carbonate1 #d-a_/d oz42 dissolve each separately in quart of boiling water1 and mix the solutions whilst hot2 after a time collect the precipitate1 wash it frequently with water1 and add of sugar1 #b oz41 previously dissolved in water1 #b fl4 oz42 lastly1 evaporate the mixture over a water bath to dryness1 and keep it in a well-closed bottle4 ,prop41 c4 ,a sweet-tasted greenish mass or powder1 consisting chiefly of carbonate of iron4 ,it is one of the best of the chalybeates4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,when pure1 it should be easily soluble in hydrochloric acid with brisk effervescence4 ,ferrous ,chloride4 ,fe,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,protochloride ,,of ,,iron2 ,,muriate ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,chloridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,anhydrous47 ,by passing dry hydrochloric acid gas over ignited metallic iron4 ,the chloride sublimes in yellowish crystals4 #b4 7,hydrated47 ,dissolve iron filings or scale in hydrochloric acid1 evaporate and crystallise4 ,soluble green crystals4 ,ferrous ,citrate4 ,fe#c7;,c#f;,h#e,o#g7b4 ,syn4 ,,protocitrate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,citrate ,,of ,,protoxide ,,of ,,iron4 ,this salt is easily formed by digesting iron filings or wire with citric acid1 and evaporating the solution as quickly as possible out of contact with the air4 ,it presents the appearance of a white powder1 nearly insoluble in water1 and rapidly passing to a higher state of oxidation by exposure to the air4 ,its taste is very metallic4 ,it is exhibited under the form of pills1 mixed with gum or syrup1 to prevent it from being prematurely decomposed4 ,ferrous ,ferricyanide4 ,syn4 ,,ferridcyanide ,,of ,,iron4 ,prep4 ,by adding a solution of potassium ferricyanide 7#8red prussiate of potash'7 to a solution of ferrous sulphate 7or any other soluble ferrous salt71 and collecting and drying and precipitate4 ,a bright-blue powder4 7,see ,,turnbull',s ,,blue47 ,ferrous ,hydrate4 ,fe#b7;,,ho7#b4 ,see under ,,ferrous ,,oxide4 ,ferrous ,hydrate4 ,fe7,,ho7#b4 ,may be precipitated from ferrous solutions as a white powder1 by alkaline hydrates4 ,it rapidly absorbs oxygen1 and turns first green1 and then red1 by exposure to the air4 ,both the oxide and hydrate are very powerful bases1 neutralising the acids and forming stable salts1 which1 when soluble1 have commonly a pale green colour1 and a nauseous metallic taste4 ,ferrous ,hypophosphite4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,hypophosphis4 ,from the double decomposition of hypophosphite of lime and sulphate of iron1 as hypophosphite of potash4 ,ferrous ,iodide4 ,fe,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,protoiodide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,iodide ,,of ,,iron2 ,f4 ,,iodidum1 ,,ferri ,,hydriodas1 ,f4 ,,ioduretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fine iron wire1 #a2 iodine1 #b2 distilled water1 #aj4 ,introduce the iron1 iodine1 and #h of water into a flask1 heat it about ten minutes1 and boil until all the red colour is gone4 ,filter through paper into a polished iron dish1 washing with the rest of the water1 and boil until a drop of the solution taken out on iron wire solidifies on cooling4 ,pour on porcelain and cool4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,iodine1 #f oz42 iron filings1 #b oz42 water1 #d-a_/b pints2 mix1 boil in a sand bath until the liquid turns to a pale green1 filter1 wash the residuum with a little water1 evaporate the mixed liquors in an iron vessel at #bab ,fahr4 to dryness1 and immediately put the iodide into well-stoppered bottles4 ,iodine1 #a oz41 and clean iron filings or turnings1 #a_/b oz41 are put into a ,florence flask with distilled water1 #d fl4 oz41 and having applied a gentle heat for #aj minutes1 the liquid is boiled until it loses its red colour2 it is then at once filtered into a second flask1 the filter washed with water1 #a fl4 oz41 and the mixed liquid is boiled down1 until it solidifies on cooling4 ,with sugar3 ,,saccharine ,,iodide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,saccharum ,,ferri ,,iodidi1 ,,ferri ,,iodidum ,,saccharatum1 ,l4 ,iron 7in powder71 #a dr42 water1 #e dr42 iodine1 #d dr42 obtain a solution of iodide of iron1 as above1 and add to it of sugar of milk 7in powder71 #a-a_/d oz42 evaporate at a temperature not exceeding #abb ,fahr41 until the mass has a tenacious consistence1 then further add of sugar of milk1 #a oz41 reduce the mixture to powder1 and preserve it in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,every #f gr4 contains #a gr4 of iodide of iron4 ,from 8syrup of iodide of iron0 exposed in a shallow vessel1 in a warm place1 until it crystallises2 the crystals are collected1 dried1 and powdered4 ,a simpler plan is to gently evaporate the whole to dryness1 and to powder the residuum4 ,the saccharine iodide may be kept for some time in a corked bottle without undergoing decomposition4 ,obs4 ,the preparation of the above compound1 like that of the citrates1 has formed a fertile subject during some years for pharmaceutical amateurs to dilate upon4 ,there is in reality not the least difficulty in the process4 ,as soon as iodine and iron are mixed together under water much heat is evolved1 and if too much water be not used the combination is soon complete1 and the liquor merely requires to be evaporated to dryness1 out of contact with the air1 at a heat not exceeding #bab ,fahr4 ,this is most cheaply and easily performed by employing a glass flask1 with a thin broad bottom and a narrow mouth1 by which means the evolved steam excludes air from the vessel4 ,the whole of the uncombined water may be known to be evaporated when vapour ceases to condense on a piece of cold glass held over the mouth of the flask4 ,a piece of moistened starch paper occasionally applied in the same way will indicate whether free iodine is evolved2 should such be the case1 the heat should be immediately lessened4 ,when the evaporation is completed1 the mouth of the flask should be stopped up by laying a piece of sheet india rubber on it1 and over that a flat weight2 the flask must be then removed1 and when cold broken to pieces1 the iodide weighed1 and put into dry and warm stoppered wide-mouth glass phials1 which must be immediately closed1 tied over with bladder1 and the stoppers dipped into melted wax4 ,prop41 c4 ,ferrous iodide evolves violet vapours by heat1 and ferric oxide remains4 ,when freshly made it is totally soluble in water1 and from this solution1 when kept in a badly stoppered vessel1 ferric hydrate is very soon precipitated2 but with iron wire immersed in it1 it may be kept clear in a well-stoppered bottle4----,dose1 #a to #c gr41 or more1 as a tonic1 stimulant1 and resolvent4 ,it has been given with advantage in anmia1 chlorosis1 debility1 scrofula1 and various glandular affections4 ,ferrous ,lactate4 ,fe7,c#c;,h#e,o#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,protolactate ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,lactas1 ,,ferrum ,,lacticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,boil iron filings in lactic acid diluted with water1 until gas ceases to be evolved1 and filter whilst hot into a suitable vessel1 which must be at once closely stopped2 as the solution cools1 crystals will be deposited1 which after being washed1 first with a little cold water1 and then with alcohol1 are to be carefully dried4 ,the mother liquor1 on being digested1 as before1 with fresh iron1 will yield more crystals4 ,into sour whey1 #b lbs41 sprinkle sugar of milk and iron filings1 of each1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 digest at about #ajj ,fahr41 until the sugar of milk is dissolved1 then add a second portion1 and as soon as a white crystalline powder begins to form1 boil the whole gently1 and filter into a clean vessel2 lastly1 collect1 wash1 and dry the crystals as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,ferrous lactate is a greenish-white salt2 and when pure1 forms small acicular or prismatic crystals1 which have a sweetish ferruginous taste1 and are soluble in about #dh parts of cold and in #ab parts of boiling water4 ,it has been regarded by many high authorities as superior to every other preparation of iron for internal use1 as being at once miscible with the lactic acid of the gastric juice1 instead of having to be converted into a lactate at the expense of that fluid1 as it is asserted is the case with the other preparations of iron4----,dose1 #b to #f gr41 frequently1 in any form most convenient4 ,ferrous ,malate 7,impure74 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,malas ,,impurus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod41 #ahci47 ,porphyrised iron filings1 #a part2 juice of sour apples1 #h parts2 digest for #c days in an iron vessel1 evaporate to one half1 strain through linen whilst hot1 further evaporate to the consistence of an extract1 and preserve it from the air4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr41 where the use of iron is indicated4 ,ferrous ,nitrate4 7,fe,n,o#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,protonitrate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,protoxide ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,by dissolving ferrous sulphide in dilute sulphuric acid1 in the cold1 and evaporating the solution in vacuo4 ,small green crystals1 very soluble1 and prone to oxidation4 ,ferrous ,oxalate4 7,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,oxalas4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of iron1 #b oz42 oxalic acid1 #cif gr42 distilled water1 q4 s4 ,dissolve the sulphate in #cj oz4 7old measure71 and the acid in #ae oz4 7old measure7 of distilled water4 ,filter the solutions1 mix them1 shake together1 and set aside until the precipitate is formed4 ,decant the clear liquid1 wash the precipitate thoroughly1 and dry it with a gentle heat4 ,ferrous ,oxide4 ,fe,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,ferri ,,protoxydum1 ,l4 ,this substance is almost unknown in a pure state1 from its extreme proneness to absorb oxygen and pass into the sesquioxide4 ,ferrous ,phosphate4 ,syn4 ,,phosphate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,neutral ,p4 ,,of ,,protoxide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,bimetallic ,,ferrous ,,orthophosphate 7,odling72 ,,ferri ,,phosphas 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,a salt formed from ordinary or tribasic phosphoric acid4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ferrous sulphate1 #c2 sodium phosphate1 #b-a_/b2 sodium acetate1 #a2 boiling distilled water1 #hj2 dissolve the sulphate and sodium salts1 each in half the water1 mix1 and stir carefully1 filter through calico1 wash with hot distilled water until it ceases to give a precipitate with barium chloride1 dry at a heat not exceeding #abj ,fahr4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,ferrous sulphate1 #e oz42 sodium phosphate1 #f oz42 dissolve each separate in #b quarts of water1 mix the solutions1 and after repose for a short time wash and dry the precipitate4 ,prop41 c4 ,a slate-coloured powder2 insoluble in water2 soluble in dilute nitric and hydrochloric acid4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 in amenorrha1 diabetes1 dyspepsia1 scrofula1 c42 and externally1 as an application to cancerous ulcers4 ,ferrous ,sulphate4 ,fe,s,o#d4g;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,protosulphate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,copperas1 ,,green ,,vitriol1 ,,shoemaker',s ,,black2 ,,ferri ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,vitriolum ,,ferri4 ,the crude sulphate of iron or green vitriol of commerce 7,,ferri ,,sulphas ,,venalis1 ,ph4 ,l47 is prepared by exposing heaps of moistened iron pyrites or native bisulphuret of iron to the air for several months1 either in its unprepared state or after it has been roasted4 ,when decomposition is sufficiently advanced1 the newly formed salt is dissolved out with water1 and the solution crystallised by evaporation4 ,in this state it is very impure4 ,the ferrous sulphate or sulphate of iron employed in medicine is prepared as follows3---- ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,iron wire1 #d2 sulphuric acid1 #d2 distilled water1 #cj4 ,pour the water on the iron1 add the acid1 and when the disengagement of gas has nearly ceased1 boil for ten minutes4 ,filter through paper4 ,allow to stand twenty-four hours1 and collect the crystals4 ,sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #d pints2 mix1 and add of commercial sulphate of iron1 #d lbs42 iron wire1 #a oz42 digest with heat and occasional agitation until the sulphate is dissolved1 strain whilst hot1 and set aside the liquor that crystals may form2 evaporate the mother-liquor for more crystals1 and dry the whole4 ,dissolve the transparent green crystals of the impure sulphate of iron in their own weight of water1 acidulated with sulphuric acid1 and re-crystallise4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is similar4 ,dried2 ,,ferri ,,sulphas ,,exsiccata1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,ferri ,,sulphas ,,exsiccatum----,ph4 ,e41 ,f4 ,s4 ,,siccatum----,ph4 ,d4 ,from ferrous sulphate1 heated in a shallow porcelain or earthen vessel1 not glazed with lead1 till it becomes a greenish-grey mass1 and then reduced to powder4 ,the heat should be that of an oven1 or not exceeding #djj ,fahr4 ,five parts of the crystallised sulphate lose very nearly #b parts by drying4 ,granulated2 ,,ferri ,,sulphas ,,granulata1 ,l4 7,b4 ,p47 ,a solution of iron wire1 #d oz41 in sulphuric acid1 #d fl4 oz41 diluted with water1 #a-a_/b pint1 after being boiled for a few minutes1 is filtered into a vessel containing rectified spirit1 #h fl4 oz41 and the whole stirred until cold1 when the granular crystals are collected on a filter1 washed with rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz41 and dried1 first by pressure between bibulous paper1 and next beneath a bell-glass over sulphuric acid1 after which they are put into a stoppered bottle1 to preserve them from the air4 ,prop41 c4 ,ferrous sulphate forms pale bluish-green rhombic prisms1 having an acid1 styptic taste1 and acid reaction2 it dissolves in two parts of cold and less than one part of boiling water2 at a dull-red heat it suffers decomposition2 sp4 gr4 #ahb4 ,it is perfectly soluble in water2 a piece of iron put into the solution should not be covered with metallic copper4 ,by exposure to the air it effloresces slightly1 and is partly converted into a basic ferric sulphate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #d gr41 in pills or solution2 externally1 as an astringent or styptic4 ,in the arts1 as sulphate of iron 7copperas71 it is extensively used in dyeing1 and for various other purposes4 ,the dried sulphate 7ferri sulphus exsiccatum7 is chiefly used to make pills4 ,crude sulphate of iron is frequently contaminated with the sulphates of copper1 zinc1 manganese1 aluminium1 magnesium1 and calcium1 which1 with the exception of the first1 are removed with difficulty4 ,it also contains variable proportions of the neutral and basic ferric sulphates4 ,the preparation obtained by direct solution of iron in dilute sulphuric acid should1 therefore1 be alone used in medicine4 ,in commerce there are four varieties of crude sulphate of iron or copperas known1----greenish-blue1 obtained from acid liquors1----pale green1 from neutral liquors1----emerald green1 from liquors containing ferric sulphate1----and ochrey brown1 which arises from age and exposure of the other varieties to the air4 ,even the first two of these contain traces of ferric sulphate1 and hence give a bluish precipitate with ferrocyanide of potassium2 whereas the pure sulphate gives one which is at first nearly white4 ,ferrous ,sulphide4 ,fe,s4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,iron1 ,,sulphide ,,of ,i41 ,,protosulphide ,,of ,i42 ,,ferri ,,sulphuretum 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 ,expose a bar of iron to a full white heat1 and instantly apply a solid mass of sulphur to it1 observing to let the melted product fall into water2 afterwards separate the sulphide from the sulphur1 dry1 and preserve it in a closed vessel4 ,from sublimed sulphur1 #d parts2 iron filings1 #g parts2 mixed together and heated in a common fire till the mixture begins to glow1 and then removing the crucible from the heat1 and covering it up1 until the reaction is at an end1 and the whole has become cold4 ,hydrated2 ,,ferri ,,protosulphuretum ,,hydratum1 ,l4 ,by adding a solution of ammonium sulphide or of potassium sulphide to a neutral solution of ferrous sulphate made with recently distilled or boiled water2 the precipitate is collected on a filter1 washed as quickly as possible with recently boiled water1 squeezed in a linen cloth1 and preserved in the pasty state1 under water1 as directed under ferric hydrate4 ,prop41 c4 ,the sulphide prepared in the dry way is a blackish brittle substance1 attracted by the magnet4 ,it is largely used in the laboratory as a source of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,the hydrated sulphide is a black1 insoluble substance1 rapidly decomposed by exposure to the air4 ,proposed by ,mialhe as an antidote to the salts of arsenic1 antimony1 bismuth1 lead1 mercury1 silver1 and tin1 and to arsenious acid2 more especially to white arsenic and corrosive sublimate4 ,a gargle containing a little hydrated sulphide of iron will instantly remove the metallic taste caused by putting a little corrosive sublimate into the mouth4 7,mialhe47 ,on contact with the latter substance it is instantly converted into ferrous chloride and mercurous sulphide1 two comparatively inert substances4 ,it is administered in the same way as ferrous hydrate4 ,when taken immediately after the ingestion of corrosive sublimate1 it instantly renders it innocuous2 but when the administration is delayed until #ae or #bj minutes after the poison has been swallowed1 it is almost useless4 ,ferrous ,tartrate4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,tartras1 ,,ferri ,,prototartras1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from iron filings1 #b parts2 tartaric acid1 #a part2 hot water1 q4 s42 digest together until reaction ceases1 agitate the liquid1 pour off the turbid solution1 and collect1 wash1 and dry the powder as quickly as possible1 and keep it out of contact with the air4 #b4 ,crystallised potassium tartrate1 #acb parts2 ferrous sulphate1 #aci parts2 dissolve each separately1 mix the solutions1 and collect the precipitate as before4 ,a nearly insoluble powder2 seldom used4 ,obs4 ,by dissolving the corresponding hydrates in a solution of tartaric acid1 employing the former in slight excess1 and evaporating1 both the ferrous and ferric tartrate are easily obtained4 ,,iron ,,al,,um4 ,see ,,alums4 ,,iron ,,cement4 ,see ,,cements4 ,,iron1 ,,dialysed4 7,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society47 ,syn4 ,,ferrum ,,dialysatum4 ,,oxide ,,de ,,fer ,,dialys4 ,prep4 ,solution of ferric chloride 7sp4 gr4 #abde71 #ajj grams2 solution of ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #aafi71 #ce grams2 add the ammonia in small quantities to the ferric chloride2 at first the precipitate formed is redissolved very rapidly1 but afterwards disappears more slowly4 ,when the liquor has again become transparent1 it is introduced into the dialyser2 the distilled water in which the vessel containing the ferruginous solution is placed1 must be frequently renewed4 ,after a time the highly coloured solution is no longer precipitated by silver nitrate1 and gives no acid reaction4 ,it is then absolutely free from the disagreeable taste of certain ferruginous preparations4 ,a small quantity of hydrochloric acid always remains in the liquor1 which may be shown by precipitating the oxide of iron by a slight excess of ammonia1 filtering1 adding an excess of nitric acid1 and then silver nitrate4 ,ten c4c4 are evaporated1 and from the residue must be calculated how much distilled water is required to be added to produce a #aj per cent4 solution4 #b4 7#8,american ,journal of ,pharmacy4'7 ,take #aj parts of liq4 ferri perchlor4 7,b4 ,p471 precipitate by liquor ammoni1 and wash the precipitate thoroughly4 ,mix this with #ab parts of liq4 ferri perchlor4 7,b4 ,p471 and place in a dialyser4 ,the dialyser is placed in a suitable vessel with distilled water1 the water under it renewed every #bd hours4 ,the operation is continued until no trace of chlorine exists1 at which time the preparation is found to be neutral4 ,it usually takes from twelve to fifteen days to complete the process4 ,the resulting preparation1 which should be of a deep dark red colour1 contains about #e per cent4 of the oxide of iron4 ,if the solution after completion of the operation should contain more than #e per cent4 of iron1 it may be diluted with dialysed water till it reaches that point4 ,the above formula is said to furnish an article precisely similar to the original ,bravais' dialysed iron4 #c4 7,e4 ,b4 ,shuttleworth47 ,add ammonia to a solution of perchloride of iron as long as the precipitate formed is redissolved4 ,a solution is produced which contains ferric hydrate dissolved in ferric chloride1 with free chloride of ammonium4 ,either the liquor ferri perchlor4 fort4 7,b4 ,p471 or the liquor ferri chloridi 7,u4 ,s471 may be conveniently used1 and the liquor ammoni1 sp4 gr4 #iei or #ifj1 of either ,pharmacopia will be found a convenient strength4 ,if the ammonia be added to the strong solution of iron1 considerable heat is evolved1 and1 on cooling1 the preparation becomes gelatinised----often so much so that the vessel containing it may be inverted4 ,it is better to avoid this result1 and to such end the solution of perchloride must be diluted until of a sp4 gr4 of about #acjj4 ,this degree may be nearly enough approached by diluting two measures of the ,b4 ,p4 liquor with one of water2 or adding one measure of water to five of the ,u4 ,s4 preparation4 ,this solution will generally remain permanently bright and fluid4 ,the amount of liquor ammoni required will of course vary with the acidity of the perchloride4 ,the liquor ferri ,b4 ,p4 will sometimes bear as much as an equal volume4 ,a gelatinised solution1 even when made from the undiluted liquor1 will often become fluid when put upon the dialyser1 but1 as ,i have said before1 it is better to work with bright solutions4 #d4 7,dr ,pile47 ,dr ,pile1 noticing the fact that chloride of sodium is one of the most rapid crystalloids to dialyse1 used a solution of carbonate of sodium to add to the solution of ferric chloride in place of the ammonia so generally recommended1 and with great success4 ,the solution of ferric chloride 7,u4 ,s47 which has been neutralised by a cold solution of carbonate of sodium is poured into a floating dialyser4 ,starting with #a pint of solution of ferric chloride1 which on being treated with the sodium solution and ready to dialyse1 had a sp4 gr4 of #aage1 it had in #e days increased to #e pints4 ,the water in which the dialyser floated was changed daily4 ,at the end of five days it had passed through the membrane all the crystalloids1 was free from taste of foreign substances1 and owing to increase of bulk had now the sp4 gr4 of #ajbie1 and on evaporation yielded #e per cent4 dry oxide of iron4 ,too long dialysation will cause the solution of iron to become gelatinous4 ,mr ,shuttleworth#c says that an efficient dialyser may be made out of one of the flat hoops of an ordinary flour barrel1 a bell jar1 or even an inverted glass funnel4 ,he gives the preference to the former1 and limits its diameter to ten or twelve inches2 if it exceeds this1 the septum is liable to bulge in the centre1 and to make the layer of liquid too deep at that point4 ,footnote #c3 #8,canadian ,pharmaceutical ,journal1' ,oct41 #ahgg4 ,the parchment paper employed for the septum must be entirely free from holes2 this is an essential condition1 and if any should be discovered----by the simple process of sponging the upper surface of the paper with water1 and then carefully examining the under surface1----they must be stopped by means of a little white of egg1 applied and coagulated by heat1 or by a drop of collodion4 ,the parchment paper is not the kind ordinarily known under that name1 but a less porous description1 which has been made by previous immersion in dilute sulphuric acid4 ,well-washed bladder1 deprived of its outer coat1 also makes a good septum4 ,the septum should be tied around the hoop with twine1 but not too tightly1 and should be so arranged that its edges shall be left standing up around the hoop1 so as to absorb any liquid escaping from the hoop at its junction with the septum4 ,the dialyser being ready for use1 the liquid intended for dialysis is poured into it to a depth of not more than half an inch1 and the dialyser with its contents is then floated on the surface of some distilled water1 contained in a suitable receptacle4 ,the hoop must only be allowed to sink just below the level of the water2 if it gets below this point1 it will be necessary to keep it up by some support or the other4 ,it is necessary to change the water in the outer vessel daily4 ,for the first two or three days distilled water should always be used4 ,when this is not obtainable rain water should be employed4 ,when the water shows the absence of chlorides1 and the preparation ceases to have a ferruginous taste1 the operation may be regarded as finished4 ,the process generally occupies one or two weeks4 8,a pig's bladder1 completely filled with the iron solution1 securely tied1 and immersed in water frequently changed1 answers well for making this preparation4 ,the process requires a longer time than with a carefully regulated and properly conducted dialysis1 but it entails considerably less trouble4 ,i consider it an advantage to procure the bladder perfectly fresh1 as it is then easily cleaned by pure water1 and alkaline ley need not be used4 ,great care is necessary in tying the neck carefully4 ,this can be best accomplished by a few turns of iron wire4 ,above this may be secured a piece of twine1 to suspend the bladder1 by means of a stick1 or rod1 placed on the edge of the vessel containing the water4 ,the bladder should be perfectly full1 and immersed altogether in water4 ,the attraction of the solution for the water is so great1 that considerable pressure is manifested1 and should any parts or holes be in the bladder1 the liquid will be forced out1 water will take its place1 and failure result40#d ,footnote #d3 #8,canadian ,pharmaceutical ,journal1' ,oct41 #ahgg4 ,pretty general consent appears to have fixed the strength of the solution of dialysed iron at five per cent4 ,where it exceeds this1 the solution must be diluted with distilled water2 and where it falls short of the amount1 it will have to be reduced to the required volume by standing it in a warm and dry situation4 ,the employment of much heat must be particularly avoided as it very frequently leads to the destruction of the compound2 hence every care should be taken to render the evaporation of the fluid unnecessary4 ,there seems little doubt that the so-called 8dialysed iron0 is an oxychloride of the metal4 ,prof4 ,maisch#e believes it to be a very basic oxychloride of iron4 ,on the supposition that the oxychloride and chloride of iron are both present in the liquid put into the dialyser1 the origin of the oxychloride admits of easy explanation3----,the chloride being a crystalloid1 diffuses through the septum into the outer water1 and thus becomes separated from the oxychloride1 which being a colloid1 and incapable of a passage through the membrane1 remains in solution in the dialyser4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 ,oct41 #ahgg4 ,the comparative freedom from taste and easy assimilation of the oxychloride of iron render it a valuable therapeutic agent4 ,the dose of the five per cent4 solution is #ae to #ej drops daily1 in divided doses4 ,syrup forms a pleasant vehicle for its administration4 ,dialysed iron has been successfully employed in a case of arsenical poisoning4 ,the #8,american ,journal of ,pharmacy' for ,january1 #ahgh1 contains an interesting paper by ,dr ,mattison detailing a series of experiments1 which conclusively prove its value as an antidote to arsenic4 ,dr ,mattison recommends the administration of the iron to be immediately followed by a teaspoonful or more of common salt4 ,,iron ,,fi,,lings4 ,syn4 ,,ferri ,,ramenta 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf74 ,,ferri ,,limatura 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,ferri ,,scobs 7,ph4 ,d474 ,the usual method of preparing iron filings for medical purposes has been already noticed2 the only way1 however1 to obtain them pure1 is to act on a piece of soft iron with a clean file4 ,the ,fr4 ,cod4 orders them to be forcibly beaten in an iron mortar1 and to be separated from oxide and dust by means of a fine sieve1 and from the grosser parts by means of a coarse hair-sieve4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 in sugar or honey1 as a chalybeate2 in larger doses it is an excellent vermifuge1 especially for ascarides or the small thread-worm4 ,,iron ,,liq,,uor4 ,syn4 ,,pyrolignite ,,of ,,iron1 ,,dyer',s ,,acetate ,,of ,i41 ,,black ,,liquor1 ,,tar ,,iron ,l42 ,,ferri ,,acetas ,,venalis1 ,l4 ,this article1 so extensively used in dyeing1 is a crude mixed acetate of the protoxide and sesquioxide of iron4 ,it is usually prepared by one or other of the following methods3---- #a4 ,old scraps of iron 7hoops1 worn-out tin-plate1 c47 are left in a cask of pyroligneous acid1 occasional agitation being had recourse to1 until a sufficiently strong solution is obtained4 ,by keeping the acid moderately warm in suitable vessels it will become saturated with the iron in a few days4 ,with cold acid1 on a large scale1 forty days or more are required to complete the process4 #b4 ,a solution of pyrolignite or crude acetate of lime1 is added to another of green copperas1 as long as a precipitate is formed2 after repose1 the clear liquor is decanted4 ,,iron1 ,,reduced4 ,syn4 ,,quevenne ,,iron2 ,,ferrum ,,redactum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,ferri ,,pulvis1 ,l42 ,,fer ,,reduit1 ,f4 ,prep4 ,this preparation1 which consists of metallic iron in a fine state of division mixed with a variable amount of magnetic oxide of iron1 is made by passing perfectly dry hydrogen over peroxide of iron heated to redness in a gun-barrel4 ,prop4 ,a greyish-black powder1 attracted by the magnet1 and exhibiting metallic streaks when rubbed with firm pressure in a mortar4 ,rapidly absorbs oxygen1 and must1 therefore1 be preserved from the air in well-stoppered bottles4 ,it dissolves in hydrochloric acid with the evolution of hydrogen4 #aj grains added to an aqueous solution of #ej grains of iodine and #ej grains of iodide of potassium1 and digested with them in a small flask at a gentle heat1 should leave not more than #e grains undissolved1 which should be entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid4 ,uses4 ,in medicine it is chiefly given to restore the condition of the blood in all anmic states of the system4 ,there is no pulverulent state of iron so convenient as this for children1 as it has no taste1 and only a very small dose is required4----,dose1 #a to #e grains 7children1 #a_/d to #a grain71 in powder1 pill1 or between bread and butter4 ,iron reduced by ,electricity4 ,see ,,electricity1 ,iron reduced by4 ,iron1 to remove ,rust from ,polished4 ,rust of iron may be removed from a polished grate by means of emery paper1 or by scraping some ,bath-brick to a fine powder1 mixing it with a little oil and rubbing the spots well with a piece of flannel dipped in this mixture2 after which some whiting should be applied by diligent friction4 ,this operation requires daily repetition until the rust has disappeared4 ,steel fire-irons1 fenders1 c41 when put aside in the summer1 should be previously smeared thinly over with a species of paraffin1 known to druggists by the name of #8vaseline' or #8cosmoline1' or with grease1 mercurial ointment1 c4 ,iron1 to remove the ,stains of1 from ,marble4 ,rub on very cautiously 7confining it to the surface only occupied by the spot7 some strong hydrochloric acid1 removing it directly the spot disappears4 ,should this cause any diminution in the polish1 this may be restored by means of emery paper4 ,,iron ,,wire4 ,syn4 ,,ferrum ,,in ,,fila ,,tractum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,ferri ,,filum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,ferri ,,fila 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,this is the only form of metallic iron retained in the ,ph4 ,l4 ,it is used to make preparations of iron4 ,,isatine4 ,c#af;,h#aj,n#b,o#d4 ,a yellow crystalline body obtained by the oxidation of indigo4 ,when acted upon by potash it becomes converted into aniline4 ,isatine may be formed by heating indigo in a dilute solution of dichromate of potash and sulphuric acid1 or by treating indigo under proper conditions with nitric acid4 ,,ischu,,ria4 ,in pathology1 retention1 stoppage1 or suppression of the urine4 ,i,,singlass4 ,syn4 ,,ichthyocolla1 ,l4 ,the finest kinds of isinglass are obtained from various species of the genus ,acipenser1 or sturgeon1 that from the great sturgeon being perhaps the most esteemed4 ,it is the air-bag1 swimming bladder1 or sound1 dried without any other preparation than opening1 folding1 or twisting it4 ,the picked or cut isinglass of the shops consists of the lamps of staple isinglass picked in shreds by women and children1 or cut by machines4 ,prop41 c4 ,good isinglass is the purest natural gelatin known4 ,its quality is determined by its whiteness1 absence of the least fishy odour1 and ready and almost entire solubility in boiling water2 the solution forming a nearly white1 scentless1 semi-transparent1 solid jelly1 when cold4 ,it is soluble in weak acids1 and this solution is precipitated by alkalies4 ,the aqueous solution is not precipitated by spirit of the common strengths4 #a part of good isinglass dissolved in #be parts of hot water forms a rich1 tremulous jelly4 ,it is very commonly adulterated4 ,of the different varieties of isinglass1 the ,russian is the best and most soluble4 ,see ,,gelatin4 ,,isom,,erism4 ,in chemistry1 identity of composition1 with dissimilarity of properties4 ,isomeric compounds 7isomerides7 are such as contain the same elements in the same proportions1 but which differ from each other in their chemical properties2 thus1 formate of ethyl and acetate of methyl are isomeric1 having precisely the same ultimate composition1 though differing in the arrangement of their elements4 ,,isomor,,phism4 ,in chemistry1 the quality possessed by bodies differently composed of assuming the same crystalline form4 ,isomorphous substances are found to be closely allied in their chemical nature2 and the fact of two bodies crystallising in the same form has often led to the discovery of other points of similarity between them4 ,the alums1 for instance1 no matter what their components1 all crystallise in octahedra1 and a crystal of potassium-alum1 if transferred to a solution of chrome-alum1 will continue to increase with perfect regularity from the deposition of the latter salt4 ,,is,,sue4 ,syn4 ,,foniculus1 ,l4 ,in surgery1 a small artificial ulcer formed on any part of the body by means of caustic or the lancet1 and kept open by daily introducing an ,,issue ,,pea covered with some digestive or stimulating ointment2 the whole being duly secured by an appropriate bandage4 ,,issue ,,peas4 ,syn4 ,,pis ,,pro ,,fonticulis1 ,l4 ,those of the shops are the immature fruit of the orange tree 7,,orange ,,berries74 ,they are usually smoothed in a lathe4 ,issue peas are also #8turned' from orris root4 ,the following compound issue peas are occasionally employed3---- #a4 ,orris root 7in powder7 and ,venice turpentine1 of each #a part2 turmeric1 #b parts2 beeswax1 #c parts2 melted together and made into peas whilst warm4 #b4 ,beeswax1 #c parts2 melt1 add of ,venice turpentine1 #a part2 mix1 and further add1 of turmeric1 #b parts2 orris root 7in powder71 #a part2 mix well1 and form the mass into peas whilst warm4 ,more irritating than the common pea4 #c4 7,dr ,gray47 ,beeswax1 #ab parts2 verdigris and white hellebore1 of each #d parts2 orris root1 #c parts2 cantharides1 #b parts2 ,venice turpentine1 q4 s4 ,used to open issues instead of caustic1 but their employment requires care4 ,,issue ,,plas,,ters4 ,see ,,plasters4 ,,itch4 ,syn4 ,,youk1 ,,scotch ,,fiddle2 ,,psora1 ,,scabies1 ,l42 ,,gale1 ,fr4 ,in pathology1 a cutaneous disease1 caused by a minute insect lodging under the skin1 and readily communicated by contact4 ,there are four varieties of itch1 distinguished by nosologists by the names----scabies papuliformis1 or rank itch2----scabies lymphatica1 or watery itch2 scabies purulenta1 or pocky itch2 scabies cachectica1 a species exhibiting appearances resembling each of the previous varieties4 ,our space will not permit more than a general notice of the common symptoms1 and the mode of cure which is equally applicable to each species1 and will not prove injurious to other skin diseases simulating the itch4 ,the common itch consists of an eruption of minute vesicles1 principally between the fingers1 bend of the wrist1 c41 accompanied by intense itching of the parts1 which is only aggravated by scratching4 ,the usual treatment is repeated applications of sulphur ointment 7simple or compound71 well rubbed in once or twice a day1 until a cure is effected2 accompanying its use by the internal exhibition of a spoonful or more of flowers of sulphur1 mixed with treacle or milk night and morning4 ,where the use of sulphur ointment is objectionable1 a sulphur bath1 or a lotion or bath of sulphurated potash1 or of chloride of lime1 may be employed instead4 ,in the #8,canadian ,pharmaceutical ,journal' for #ahgb is a paper by ,professor ,rothmund recommending the employment of balsam of ,peru in this objectionable disease4 ,the writer states that one application generally effects a cure1 and that its use does away with the necessity of baths4 ,he recommends the balsam being rubbed all over the naked body4 ,carbolic acid is another and much cheaper remedy proposed by the same author4 ,to obviate its caustic action he advises the acid to be mixed with glycerin or linseed oil1 in the proportion of one scruple of the acid to two ounces of either excipient4 ,he considers the objection to this remedy may be that it enters too rapidly into the circulation4 ,another agent employed by ,professor ,rothmund is a lotion composed of one part of carbolate of sodium dissolved in #ab parts of water4 ,the affected parts of the skin are to be rubbed with this three times a day4 ,it is further recommended to continue this treatment #h or #aj days after the cure1 in order to kill any acari or their eggs that may have lurked among the clothes or bed-linen4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,lotion 7,itch71 ,,ointment1 ,,psoriasis1 c4 ,i,,vory4 ,the osseous portion of the tusks and teeth of the male elephant1 the hippopotamus1 wild boar1 c4 ,that of the narwhal or seahorse is the most esteemed1 on account of its superior hardness1 toughness1 translucency1 and whiteness4 ,the dust or shavings 7,,ivory ,,dust1 ,,ivory ,,shavings7 of the turner form a beautiful size or jelly when boiled in water4 ,,vegetable ,,ivory is the hard albumen of the seed of the ,phytelephas macrocarpa1 one of the ,palm family4 ,ivory may be dyed or stained by any of the ordinary methods employed for woollen1 after being freed from dirt and grease2 but more quickly as follows3---- #a4 ,,black4 ,the ivory1 well washed in an alkaline lye1 is steeped in a weak neutral solution of nitrate of silver1 and then exposed to the light1 or dried and dipped into a weak solution of sulphide of ammonium4 #b4 ,,blue4 ,steep it in a weak solution of sulphate of indigo which has been nearly neutralised with salt of tartar1 or in a solution of soluble ,prussian blue4 ,a still better plan is to steep it in the dyer's green indigo-vat4 #c4 ,,brown4 ,as for black1 but using a weaker solution of silver4 #d4 ,,green4 ,dissolve verdigris in vinegar1 and steep the pieces therein for a short time1 observing to use a glass or stoneware vessel2 or1 in a solution of verdigris1 #b parts2 and sal ammoniac1 #a part1 in soft water4 #e4 ,,purple4 ,steep it in a weak neutral solution of terchloride of gold1 and then expose it to the light4 #f4 ,,red4 ,make an infusion of cochineal in liquor of ammonia1 then immerse the pieces therein1 having previously soaked them for a few minutes in water very slightly acidulated with aquafortis4 #g4 ,,yellow4 a4 ,steep the pieces for some hours in a solution of sugar of lead1 then take them out1 and when dry1 immerse them in a solution of chromate of potassa4 b4 ,dissolve as much of the best orpiment in solution of ammonia as it will take up1 then steep the pieces therein for some hours2 lastly1 take them out and dry them in a warm place1 when they will turn yellow4 ,ivory is etched or engraved by covering it with an etching ground or wax1 and employing oil of vitriol as the etching fluid4 ,ivory is rendered flexible by immersion in a solution of pure phosphoric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aac71 until it loses1 or partially loses1 its opacity1 when it is washed in clean cold soft water1 and dried4 ,in this state it is as flexible as leather1 but gradually hardens by exposure to dry air4 ,immersion in hot water1 however1 restores its softness and pliancy4 ,according to ,dr ,ure1 the necks of some descriptions of ,,infants' ,,feeding ,,bottles are thus made4 ,ivory is whitened or bleached by rubbing it with finely powdered pumice-stone and water1 and exposing it to the sun whilst still moist1 under a glass shade1 to prevent desiccation and the occurrence of fissures2 observing to repeat the process until a proper effect is produced4 ,ivory may also be bleached by immersion for a short time in water holding a little sulphurous acid1 chloride of lime1 or chlorine1 in solution2 or by exposure in the moist state to the fumes of burning sulphur1 largely diluted with air4 ,cloez recommends the ivory or bones to be immersed in turpentine and exposed for three or four days to sunlight4 ,the object to be bleached should be kept an eighth or a fourth of an inch above the bottom of the bath by means of zinc supports4 ,for the preparation of ivory intended for miniature painting ,mr ,ernest ,spon in his useful work1 #8,workshop ,receipts1' says3 8,the bleaching of ivory may be more expeditiously performed by placing the ivory before a good fire1 which will dispel the wavy lines if they are not very strongly marked1 that frequently destroy the uniformity of surface40 ,ivory may be gilded by immersing it in a fresh solution of proto-sulphate of iron1 and afterwards in solution of chloride of gold4 ,ivory is wrought1 turned1 and fashioned in a similar manner and with similar tools to those used for bone and soft brass4 ,obs4 ,bone for ornamental purposes is treated in a similar way to ivory1 but less carefully1 owing to its inferior value4 ,the bones of living animals may be dyed by mixing madder with their food4 ,the bones of young pigeons may thus be tinged of a rose colour in #bd hours1 and of a deep scarlet in #c or #d days2 but the bones of adult animals take fully a fortnight to acquire a rose colour4 ,the bones nearest the heart become tinged the soonest4 ,in the same way logwood and extract of logwood will tinge the bones of young pigeons purple4 7,gibson47 #a4 ,ivory1 ,artificial4 ,let a paste be made of isinglass1 egg-shell in very fine powder1 and brandy4 ,give it the desired colour1 and pour it while warm into oiled moulds4 ,leave the paste in the moulds until it becomes hard4 #b4 7,l',union ,pharmaceutique47 ,two parts of caoutchouc are dissolved in #cf parts of chloroform1 and the solution is saturated with pure gaseous ammonia4 ,the chloroform is then distilled off at a temperature of #he ,c4 ,the residue is mixed with phosphate of lime or carbonate of zinc1 pressed into moulds and dried4 ,when phosphate of lime is used the product possesses to a considerable degree the nature and composition of ivory4 ,,ivory ,,black4 ,see ,,black ,,pigments4 ,,jaborandi4 ,syn4 ,,iaborandi1 ,,jamborandi4 ,the above names are given by the natives of ,brazil1 ,paraguay1 and other parts of ,south ,america to any indigenous plants possessing strongly stimulant1 diaphoretic1 and sialagogue properties1 which are principally employed in those countries as antidotes for the bites and stings of venomous snakes and insects4 ,as far as they have been examined1 all the plants known under the generic name #8jaborandi' have been traced to the two natural orders1 ,rutace and ,piperace4 ,those exercising the most marked physiological effects appear to belong to the former or the rutaceous division1 and are very probably different species of ,pilocarpus4 ,the drug was first introduced into ,europe by ,dr ,coutinho1 of ,pernambuco1 who some four years since sent a sample of it to ,dr ,gubler1 of ,paris1 by whom it was administered to some of the patients of the ,beaujon ,hospital there4 ,the jaborandi with which these experiments were made was identified by ,professor ,baillon1 of ,paris1 as belonging to the ,pilocarpus pinnatus 7pinnatifolius74 ,four to six grams of the bruised leaves and twigs were infused in a cup of water1 and the patient being put to bed1 in ten minutes after taking the draught1 finds himself bathed in a perspiration lasting for four or five hours1 this being so profuse as to render several changes of linen necessary during the time4 ,accompanying the diaphoresis are great salivary and bronchial secretions1 which sometimes will not permit the patient to speak without his mouth becoming filled with water4 ,the quantity of saliva is stated to have sometimes equalled a litre in measure4 ,these experiments have been repeated in this country with analogous effects2 in one case reported with jaborandi obtained from the ,beaujon ,hospital1 and in another from ,london2 results the similarity of which strongly point to a corresponding composition in the two specimens of the plant used1 if1 as seems not improbable1 they may have belonged to different species4 ,a case of impaired vision following the administration of jaborandi is also recorded2 but this seems evidently to have been the effect of an overdose of the drug4#f ,footnote #f3 #8,pharm4 ,journal1' #crd series1 ,v1 #cfd and #efa4 ,when jaborandi is administered in divided doses instead of producing salivation or sweating1 it acts as an active diuretic only1 increasing the flow of urine to nearly double the usual amount4 ,m4 ,albert ,robins says3----8,the effect of jaborandi on animals is very marked2 guinea-pigs are seized with salivation1 weeping and diarrha1 true ecchymoses being found in the intestines1 and dogs become instantly salivated1 their gastric secretion being also much increased40#g ,footnote #g3 #8,medical ,times and ,gazette4' ,drs ,coutinho and ,gubler affirm they have employed jaborandi in dropsy1 bronchitis1 diabetes1 and various other diseases1 and that they have found it fully answer their expectations2 and in one case of albuminuria it is narrated that a permanent diminution of albumen from #addj to #ab grammes followed its use4 ,an alkaloid has been obtained from the piperaceous jaborandi by ,parodi1 and named by him jaborandine4 ,some short time afterwards ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,gerrard succeeded in separating the alkaloid from the rutaceous jaborandi1 to which1 in accordance with ,mr ,holmes' suggestion1 and because ,parodi had anticipated him in the adoption of the previous title1 he gave the name pilocarpine4 ,mr ,gerrard recommends the following process for the preparation of pilocarpine3----8,prepare a soft extract either with leaf or bark1 with #ej per cent4 alcohol4 ,digest this with water1 filter and wash4 ,evaporate the filtrate to a short extract1 cautiously add ammonia in slight excess1 shake well with chloroform1 separate the chloroform solution1 and allow it to evaporate2 the residue is the alkaloidal pilocarpine with probably a small amount of impurity40 ,mr ,gerrard has also succeeded in preparing a crystalline nitrate and hydrochlorate of the alkaloid1 both of which possess the medicinal powers of the jaborandi4 ,illustration3 ,pilocarpus pinnatifolius4 a1 flower2 b1 flower with the petals removed2 c1 carpels4 ,the abridged description of a sample of jaborandi from ,pernambuco is from ,mr ,holmes' paper in the #8,pharmaceutical ,journal4'#h ,the cut is from the last edition of ,royle's #8,materia ,medica4' 8,the specimens of the plant examined appear to belong to a shrub about #e feet high4 ,the root is cylindrical1 hardly tapering at all1 nearly #c_/d inch in diameter for the first #ab inches1 and very sparingly branched4 ,bark of root of a pale yellowish brown1 about a line in thickness1 and has a short fracture4 ,the root has an odour like a mixture of bruised pea-pods and orange-peel4 ,its taste is first like that of green peas2 this soon disappears1 and gives rise to a tingling sensation4 ,the stem is #a_/b inch in diameter near the root1 narrowing to #a_/d inch in the upper branches4 ,the bark is thin1 greyish-brown1 longitudinally striated1 and in some specimens sprinkled over with a number of white dots4 ,the wood of the stem is yellowish-white and remarkably fibrous4 ,the leaves 7one of which is represented in the drawing7 are imparipinnate1 about #i inches long1 with from #c to #e pairs of opposite leaflets1 which are articulated to the rachis1 and have very short1 slightly swollen petiolates4 ,the rachis of the leaf is swollen at the base4 ,footnote #h3 #crd series1 ,v1 #eha4 ,the pairs of leaflets are usually about #a-a_/d inch apart1 the lowest pair being about #d inches from the base of the rachis4 ,the leaflets are very variable in size1 even on the same leaf4 ,their general outline is oblong-lanceolate4 ,they are entire1 with an emarginate or even retuse apex and an unequal base1 and texture coriaceous4 ,the veins are prominent on both sides of the leaf1 and branch from the midrib at an obtuse angle in a pinnate manner4 ,when held up to the light the leaflets are seen to be densely pellucidly punctate4 ,these pellucid dots1 which are receptacles of secretion1 are not arranged1 as in another kind of jaborandi1 in lines along the veinlets1 but are irregularly scattered all over the leaf1 and appear equally numerous in every part4 ,the whole plant is glabrous40 ,mr ,holmes says there appear to be two varieties1 if not species1 of this ,pilocarpus1 the one being perfectly smooth in every part1 as above described1 and the other having the stems1 petioles1 and under surface of the leaves covered with a dense velvety pubescence composed of simple hairs4 ,,jag,,gery4 ,syn4 ,,palm ,,sugar4 ,a coarse brown sugar made in ,india by the evaporation of the juice of several species of palms4 ,the following are the principal varieties of this product3---- #a4 ,,cocoa ,,jaggery4 ,from the juice of the ,cocoa-nut palm 7,cocos nucifera74 #b4 ,,malabar ,,jaggery4 ,from the juice of the ,gummuti palm 7,saguerus saccherifer74 #c4 ,,mysore ,,jaggery4 ,from the juice of the wild ,date-palm 7,phnix sylvestris72 #ag galls4 yields #df lbs4 #d4 ,,palmyra ,,jaggery4 ,from the juice of the ,palmyra palm 7,borassus flabelliformis72 #f pints yield #a lb4 ,,ja,,lap4 ,syn4 ,,jalap ,,radix1 ,,jalapa1 ,b4 ,p4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d47 ,,convolvuli ,,jalap ,,radix 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the dried tubercles of the ,exogonium purga1 ,i4 jalapa----7,royle47 ,jalap is a powerful stimulant and drastic purgative1 producing copious liquid stools2 but when judiciously administered1 both safe and efficacious4 ,it appears to be intermediate in its action between aloes and scammony4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 in powder2 in constipation1 cerebral affections1 dropsies1 obstructed menstruation1 worms1 c4 ,owing to its irritant properties1 its use is contra-indicated in inflammatory affections of the alimentary canal1 and after surgical operations connected with the abdomen and pelvis4 ,it is usually administered in combination with sulphate of potassa or bitartrate of potassa and ginger2 with mercurials1 as the case may indicate4 ,the powder is very generally adulterated4 ,jalap ,biscuits4 #a4 ,an ounce of jalap mixed with #af ounces of the materials for gingerbread or other kind of cake4 #b4 ,pure resin of jalap1 #ef grams1 powdered sugar and flour1 #ajjj grams2 tincture of vanilla1 #aj grams1 white of egg1 ,no4 #bj1 yolk of egg1 ,no4 #dj4 ,let the resin be emulsified with the yolks of the egg1 add successively the sugar1 tincture1 and flour1 and mix thoroughly into a paste1 with which thoroughly incorporate the whites of eggs1 previously beaten up4 ,let the mass be divided into #add biscuits1 and bake4 ,jalap1 ,resin of4 ,syn4 ,,resina ,,jalap1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,jalap4 #b4 7,nativelle47 ,jalap root is digested in boiling water for #bd hours1 and after being reduced to thin slices more water is added1 and the whole boiled for #aj minutes1 with occasional agitation2 the liquid is then expressed in a tincture press1 and the boiling and pressing repeated a second and third time 7these decoctions by evaporation yield ,,aqueous ,,extract ,,of ,,jalap72 the pressed root is next treated with rectified spirit1 q4 s41 and boiled for #aj minutes1 and then allowed to cool2 the tincture is then pressed out1 and the boiling with fresh alcohol and expression is repeated twice2 a little animal charcoal is added to the mixed tinctures1 and1 after thorough agitation1 the latter are filtered2 the liquid is now distilled until nothing passes over1 the supernatant fluid is poured off the fluid resin1 and the latter dried by spreading it over the surface of the capsule1 and continuing the heat4 ,the product is a friable and nearly colourless resin1 which forms a white powder resembling starch4 ,prod4 ,fully #aj of pure resin4 #c4 7,planche47 ,resinous extract of jalap is dissolved in rectified spirit1 the tincture agitated with animal charcoal1 and after filtration gently evaporated to dryness4 ,pur4 ,the jalap resin of commerce is generally adulterated with scammony1 gum1 guaiacum or resin4 ,when in a state of purity1 it does not form an emulsion with milk1 like scammony resin1 but runs into a solid mass4 ,it is insoluble in fixed oils and turpentine1 whilst the common resins are freely soluble in those menstrua4 ,its alcoholic solution1 dropped on a piece of absorbent white paper1 and exposed to the action of nitrous gas1 does not acquire a green or blue colour2 if it does1 guaiacum resin is present4 #b of this adulteration may be thus detected4 7,gobley47 ,it is insoluble in ether2 but guaiacum resin1 common resin1 and some others1 are so2 the decanted ether should not become opalescent when mixed with water1 and should evaporate without leaving any residuum4 ,powdered jalap resin placed in cold water does not dissolve1 but forms a semi-fluid1 transparent mass1 as if it had been melted4 ,dissolved in a watch-glass with a little oil of vitriol1 a rich crimson-coloured solution is obtained1 from which1 in a few hours1 a brown viscid resin separates4 ,these last two characteristics distinguish it from other resins4 ,obs4 ,earthenware or well-tinned copper vessels must alone be used in the above processes1 as contact with copper or iron turns the resin black1 and this tinge can only be removed by redissolving the resin in alcohol1 the addition of animal charcoal1 and re-evaporation4 ,jalap resin is an energetic cathartic4----,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,see ,,jalapin4 ,jalap1 ,factitious ,resin of4 ,syn4 ,,resin ,,jalap ,,factitia1 ,l4 ,a substance frequently sold for jalap resin is made by fusing a mixture of pale yellow resin and scammony resin1 and adding1 when it has cooled a little1 but still semi-fluid1 a few drops of balsam of ,peru or tolu2 the mixture is then poured into small paper capsules or tin moulds4 ,its effects resemble those of jalap resin1 but it inflames less4 7,landerer47 ,jalap1 ,soap of4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,jalap1 ,,sapo ,,jalapinus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,resin of jalap and ,castile soap1 of each #a part2 rectified spirit1 #b parts1 or q4 s4 to dissolve the ingredients softened by a gentle heat2 subsequently evaporate the mixture by the heat of a water bath until reduced to #d-a_/b oz41 or it has acquired the consistence of a pill-mass4 ,prop41 c4 ,a greyish-brown mass1 soluble in rectified spirit4 ,said to be milder in its action than the resin alone4----,dose1 #e to #ae oz4 ,,jalap,,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,odorous ,,principle ,,of ,,jalap4----,pereira4 ,prep4 ,add an alcoholic solution of acetate of lead to a similar solution of jalap resin1 collect the precipitate 7jalapate of lead71 and throw down the lead by means of sulphuretted hydrogen4 7,see ,,absinthic ,,acid47 ,a brownish1 soft1 greasy substance1 smelling strongly of jalap1 soluble in alcohol and alkali1 and slightly so in ether4 ,jalap resin contains about #ac of this substance4 ,,jal,,apin4 ,c#cd;,h#ef,o#af4 ,syn4 ,,jalapina4 ,jalap resin is commonly sold under this name1 but pure jalapin is prepared by one or other of the following formul3---- ,prep4 #a4 ,the liquid filtered from the jalapate of lead in preparing jalapic acid is a solution of acetate of jalapin1 which1 after any trace of lead is removed1 by adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid1 and filtration1 yields the whole of its jalapin1 as a precipitate1 on the addition of #e or #f times its volume of water2 this is collected1 washed with a little cold distilled water1 and dried by exposure to a current of warm dry air4 #b4 7,hume47 ,coarsely powdered jalap is digested in strong acetic acid for #ad days1 the tincture filtered ammonia added in excess1 and the whole agitated strongly2 the mixture is then filtered1 the deposit washed in cold water1 redissolved in acetic acid1 reprecipitated by ammonia1 and again washed and dried4 #c4 7,kayser47 ,pure jalap resin1 in powder1 is digested for some time in boiling ether1 by which means the jalapic acid is removed1 and pure jalapin remains undissolved4 ,prop41 c4 ,a transparent1 colourless1 scentless1 insipid resin1 very soluble in alcohol1 but insoluble in ether4 ,it is the active purgative principle of crude jalap resin4 ,,jamai,,cine4 ,syn4 ,,jamaicina4 ,a peculiar alkaloid obtained by ,huttenschmidt from the bark of the ,cabbage-tree 7,andira inermis74 ,prep4 ,the aqueous solution of cabbage-tree bark1 treated with sulphuretted hydrogen and evaporated4 ,prop4 ,yellow crystals soluble in water and1 to a limited extent1 in alcohol2 fusible1 and very bitter tasted4 ,it forms salts with the acids1 which1 in small doses1 produce restlessness and trembling2 and in larger ones1 purging4 ,it is said to be vermifuge4 ,,james',s ,,powder4 ,see ,,powders4 ,,jams4 ,syn4 ,,preserves4 ,conserves of fruit with sugar1 prepared by boiling4 ,in the latter respect they differ from the conserves of the apothecary4 ,prep4 ,the pulped or bruised fruit is boiled along with #a_/b to #b_/c of its weight of loaf sugar1 until the mixture jellies1 when a little is placed on a cold plate2 the semi-fluid mass is then passed through a coarse hair sieve whilst hot1 to remove the stones and skins of the fruit1 and as soon as it has cooled a little is poured into pots or glasses4 ,it is usual to tie these over1 when cold1 with paper which has been dipped in brandy4 ,the pots must then be placed aside in a dry and rather cold situation4 ,the following fruits are those from which jams are commonly prepared3----,apricots1 cherries 7various71 cranberries1 currants 7black1 red1 and white71 gooseberries 7ripe and green71 mulberries1 ,orleans plums1 raspberries1 and strawberries4 ,red currants are commonly added to the last1 to remove insipidity4 ,,japan4 ,see ,,varnish1 and below4 ,,japan,,ning4 ,the art of covering paper1 wood1 or metal1 with a coating of hard1 brilliant1 and durable varnish4 ,the varnishes or lacquers employed for this purpose in ,japan1 ,china1 and the ,indian ,archipelago1 are resinous juices derived from various trees belonging to the natural order ,anacardiace1 especially ,stagmaria verniciflua1 ,holigarna longifolia1 ,semecarpus ,anacardium1 and species of ,rus 7,sumach74 ,for use1 they are purified by a defecation and straining1 and are afterwards mixed with a little oil1 and with colouring matter1 as required4 ,in this country varnishes of amber1 asphaltum1 or copal1 or mixtures of them1 pass under the names of #8,,japan' and #8,,japan ,,varnish1' ,proc4 ,the surface is coloured or painted with devices1 c41 as desired1 next covered with a highly transparent varnish 7amber or copal71 then dried at a high temperature 7#ace to #afe ,fahr471 and1 lastly1 polished4 ,wood and paper are first sized1 polished1 and varnished4 ,for plain surfaces1 asphaltum1 varnish or japan is used4 ,see ,,varnishing4 ,,japon,,ic ,,acid4 ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#e4 ,when catechu is exposed to the air in contact with caustic alkalies1 black solutions 7alkaline japonates7 are formed2 with carbonated alkalies1 red solutions 7alkaline rubates72 the acid of the former may be separated4 ,it is a black powder1 insoluble in water1 soluble in alkalies1 and precipitated by acids4 ,buric acid forms red insoluble compounds with the earths and some other metallic oxides4 ,,jarave4 ,the ,spanish name for ,,sarsaparilla ,,beer4 ,see ,,beers 7in pharmacy74 ,,jasper4 ,syn4 ,,iaspis1 ,l4 ,a mineral of the quartz family1 occurring in rocky masses4 ,it takes various shades of red1 yellow1 brown1 and green1 and is occasionally banded1 spotted1 or variegated4 ,it was formerly used as an amulet against hmorrhages and fluxes4 ,it is now extensively worked up into rings1 seals1 snuff-boxes1 vases1 c41 for which it is well calculated from its extreme hardness and susceptibility of receiving a fine polish4 ,,jatro,,phic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,crotonic ,,acid1 ,,iatrophic ,a4 ,a peculiar fatty acid discovered by ,pelletier and ,caventon1 and originally regarded by them as the cathartic principle of croton oil and croton seeds1 but since shown by ,redwood and ,pereira to be nearly inert4 ,prep4 ,the oil is saponified by caustic potassa1 and the resulting soap is decomposed by tartaric acid2 the fatty matter which floats on the surface of the liquid is then skimmed off the aqueous portion1 and the latter submitted to distillation2 the liquid in the receiver is a solution of jatrophic acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,volatile2 very acid2 has a nauseous odour2 is solid at #bc1 and vaporizes at #ce ,fahr4 ,it forms salts with the bases1 none of which possess any practical importance4 ,,jau,,mange4 ,prep4 ,from isinglass1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #ab oz42 dissolve1 add of any sweet white wine1 #a_/b pint2 the yolks of #b eggs beaten to a froth1 and the grated yellow peel of two lemons2 mix well1 and heat the whole over the fire until sufficiently thickened1 stirring all the time2 lastly1 serve it up or pour it into moulds4 ,,jaun,,dice4 ,syn4 ,,icterus1 ,,morbus ,,luteolus1 ,l4 ,a disease characterised by a yellow colour of the eyes and skin1 deep-coloured urine1 and pale alvine evacuations4 ,it appears to arise from a disordered action of the biliary organs4 ,the treatment consists of the administration of saline aperients1 and small doses of blue-pill1 followed by tonics and diaphoretics4 ,the action of these remedies should be promoted by the copious use of diluents 7particularly saline water71 and exertion in the open air1 when possible4 ,when there is much pain and vomiting1 anodynes 7or opium1 morphia1 c47 may be administered4 ,jaundice is not in itself a dangerous disease1 but it sometimes lays the patient open to attacks of others which are so4 ,animals4----,jaundice affects cattle1 giving rise to a tawny hue of the skin and membranes4 ,pleuro-pneumonia is frequently followed by jaundice4 ,the best remedies are large doses of ,epsom salts combined with ginger2 and if these fail to remove the costiveness1 a drachm of calomel should be added4 ,if necessary1 the above purge must be repeated next day1 the action being assisted by giving the animal warm fluids4 ,tonics and stimulants are also sometimes superadded to the above treatment4 ,,jel,,ly4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina1 ,l4 ,a term now very loosely applied to various substances which are liquid or semi-liquid whilst warm1 and become gelatinous on cooling4 ,jellies are coloured by the addition of the usual stains used by confectioners1 and are rendered transparent by clarification with white of egg4 ,jelly1 ,almond4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,amygdalarum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from rich almond milk1 #a_/d pint2 thick hartshorn jelly1 #a_/b pint2 sugar1 #b oz42 with #b or #c bitter almonds and a little lemon peel1 to flavour1 heated together1 strained1 and moulded4 ,jelly1 ,arrow-root4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,marant1 ,l4 ,from arrow-root1 #a-a_/b oz41 to water1 #a pint4 ,tous les mois jelly is made in the same way4 ,jelly1 ,biscuit4 ,prep4 ,from white biscuit 7crushed beneath the rolling-pin71 #d oz42 cold water1 #b quarts2 soak for some hours1 boil to one half1 strain1 evaporate to #a pint1 and add1 of white sugar1 #c_/d lb41 red wine1 #d oz41 and cinnamon1 #a teaspoonful4 ,in weakness of the stomach1 and in dysentery and diarrha1 and in convalescence combined with rich beef gravy or soup4 ,jelly1 ,bladder-wrack4 7,dr ,russell47 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,fuci4 ,prep4 ,bladder-wrack 7,fucus vesiculosus71 #b lbs42 sea water1 #b lbs42 macerate for #ae days4 ,applied to glandular tumours4 ,jelly1 ,bread4 ,syn4 ,,panada2 ,,gelatina ,,panis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cut a ,french roll into slices1 toast them on each side1 and boil in water1 #a quart1 until the whole forms a jelly1 adding more water if required2 strain1 and add sugar1 milk1 c41 to palate4 ,it may be made with broth from which the fat has been skimmed1 instead of water4 ,used as the last4 ,jelly1 ,broth4 ,syn4 ,,soup-,,jelly4 ,from broth or soup from which the fat has been skimmed1 evaporated until it becomes gelatinous on cooling4 ,a few shreds of isinglass are commonly added4 ,see ,,soup 7,portable74 ,jelly1 ,calves' ,feet4 ,prep4 ,for each foot take of water #c pints1 and boil to one half2 cool1 skim off the fat1 and again boil for #b or #c minutes with the peel of a lemon and a little spice2 remove it from the fire1 strain through a jelly bag 7see ,,filtration71 add the juice of a lemon and a glass of wine1 and when it has cooled a little put it into glasses or #8forms4' ,obs4 ,if this jelly is required to be very transparent it must be treated as follows3----,after the fat is removed it should be gently warmed1 just enough to melt it1 next well beaten with the white of an egg and the seasoning1 and then brought to a boil for a minute or two1 when it will be ready for straining1 c4 ,the calves' feet should not be bought ready boiled1 but only scalded4 ,cows' feet 7#8,,cow ,,heels'7 make nearly as good jelly as that from calves' feet1 and are much more economical4 ,jelly1 ,ceylon ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,gracilari1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,sigmond47 ,boil ,ceylon moss 7,granularia lichenoides71 #a_/b oz4 in water1 #a quart1 for #be minutes1 or till the liquid jellies on cooling2 strain and flavour4 ,very nutritious2 recommended in irritation of the mucous membranes and phthisis4 ,jelly1 ,copaiba4 7,m4 ,caillot47 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,copaiba4 ,prep4 ,isinglass1 #d parts2 water1 #dj parts2 dissolve in a water bath1 and add #bj parts of sugar2 pour the clear liquid jelly into a warm mortar1 and add copaiba1 #fj parts2 triturate1 and pour in a vessel to jelly4 ,flavour with some aromatic essential oil or balsam of tolu4 ,jelly1 ,corsican ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,helminthocorti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,corsican moss 7,gracilaria ,helminthocorton71 #a oz42 water1 q4 s42 boil #a hour1 and strain #h fl4 oz42 to this add of isinglass 7previously soaked in a little water71 #a dr42 refined sugar1 #b oz42 white wine1 a wine-glassful4 ,vermifuge4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,jelly1 ,fruit4 ,under this head we include those jellies made from the juices of fruits4 ,prep4 ,the strained juice mixed with #a_/c to #a_/b its weight of refined sugar1 until it #8jellies' on cooling1 observing to carefully remove the scum as it rises4 ,the process should be conducted by a gentle heat1 and it is preferable not to add the sugar until the juice is somewhat concentrated1 as by lengthened boiling the quality of the sugar is injured4 ,obs4 ,jellies are sold in pots or glasses1 like ,,jams4 ,both jams and fruit jellies are refrigerant and laxative2 they are1 however1 mostly employed as relishes1 especially during fevers and convalescences4 ,the principal fruit jellies are3----,,apple1 ,,barberry1 ,,cherry 7from either ,cornelian or ,kentish cherries71 ,,currant 7black1 white1 and red71 ,,elderberry1 ,,gooseberry1 ,,plum1 ,,quince1 ,,raspberry4 ,see ,,lemon and ,,orange ,,jelly4 ,jelly1 ,glycerin4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,glycerini4 ,mix glycerin to the required consistence with compound tragacanth powder4 ,or take powdered gum ,arabic1 #a_/b oz42 syrup1 #d oz4 7#c oz4 of sugar to #a oz4 of water72 the yolks of #c eggs2 olive oil1 #d oz42 glycerin1 #b oz4 ,rub the gum and syrup well together1 add the yolks1 and when mixed add the oil and glycerine1 previously triturated together4 ,applied to chapped hands1 abrasions1 c4 ,see ,,glycerin ,,of ,,starch4 ,jelly1 ,gravy4 ,by evaporating meat gravies4 ,jelly1 ,hartshorn4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,cornu ,,cervi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,hartshorn shavings1 #h oz42 wash it in water1 then boil in clean water1 #c pints1 till reduced to one half2 strain1 press1 add of sugar1 #d oz41 the juice of one lemon1 and the white of an egg beaten up with a little cold water2 mix well1 clarify by heat1 evaporate till it jellies on cooling1 then add the peel of the lemon1 and set it in a cool place4 ,it may be flavoured with wine1 spices1 c4 ,very nutritious4 ,jelly1 ,iceland ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,lichenis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,iceland moss1 #b oz42 soak for #a or #b days in cold water1 then boil for #a hour in water1 q4 s4 to yield a strong solution2 strain1 decant the clear after repose1 apply heat1 and dissolve therein of isinglass1 #a dr42 evaporate the whole to a proper consistence1 put it into pots1 and set them in a cool place4 ,nutritious4 ,recommended in phthisis4 ,the jelly of ,iceland moss and cinchona 7,,gelatina ,,lichenis ,,cum ,,cinchona----,p4 ,cod47 is made by adding to the above syrup of cinchona1 #f fl4 oz4 ,jelly1 ,iceland ,moss 7,sweetened74 7,p4 ,c47 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,lichenis ,,saccharata4 ,prep4 ,saccharated ,iceland moss 7see ,,iceland ,,moss1 ,,saccharated71 #g-a_/b oz42 sugar1 #g-a_/b oz42 water1 #ae oz42 orange-flower water1 #a oz4 ,boil the first three substances and remove the scum which forms1 and then let the jelly flow into a vessel which contains the orange-flower water4 ,jelly1 ,irish ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,chondri1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from ,irish or carrageen moss4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,jelly1 ,isinglass4 ,syn4 ,,confectioners' ,,jelly2 ,,gelatina ,,ichthyocoll1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from isinglass dissolved in water by boiling1 and evaporated till it #8jellies' on cooling1 adding flavouring1 as desired4 #a-a_/b oz4 of good isinglass makes fully a pint of very strong jelly4 ,see ,,blancmange1 ,,isinglass1 ,,calves-,,feet ,,jelly1 c4 ,jelly1 ,lemon4 ,from isinglass1 #b oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil1 add of sugar #a lb41 clarify1 and when nearly cold add the juice of #e lemons1 and the grated yellow rinds of #b oranges and of #b lemons2 mix well1 strain off the peel1 and put it into glasses4 ,jelly ,noyeau4 ,as ,,punch ,,jelly1 but strongly flavoured with bitter almonds4 ,jelly1 ,orange4 ,from orange juice1 #a pint2 let it stand over the grated yellow rind of #c or #d of the oranges for a few hours1 then strain1 and add1 of loaf sugar1 #a_/b lb41 or more1 isinglass #a_/b oz41 dissolved in water1 #a pint2 mix1 and put it into glasses before it cools4 ,jelly1 ,punch4 ,from isinglass1 #b oz42 sugar1 #a-c_/d lb42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 add of lemon juice1 #a_/b pint2 the peels of #b lemons and of #b oranges2 rum and brandy1 of each #a_/d pint2 keep it in a covered vessel until cold1 then liquefy it by a very gentle heat1 strain1 and pour it into moulds4 ,a pleasant and deceptive way of swallowing alcohol4 ,jelly1 ,quince4 7,e4 ,p41 #agdd47 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,cydoniorum4 ,prep4 ,juice of quinces1 #c lbs42 sugar1 #a lb42 boil to a jelly4 ,jelly1 ,rice4 ,syn4 ,,cr,,me ,,de ,,riz4 ,from rice boiled in water1 sweetened1 and flavoured4 ,jelly1 ,sago4 ,prep4 ,soak sago in cold water for #a hour1 strain1 and boil in fresh soft water until it becomes transparent2 then add wine1 sugar1 clear broth1 milk1 or spices1 to flavour4 #a oz4 of sugar makes a pint of good jelly4 ,jelly1 ,salep4 7,soubeiran74 ,syn4 ,,gelatina ,,salep4 ,prep4 ,ground salep1 #d dr42 sugar1 #d oz42 water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,boil to #ab oz41 and flavour to the taste4 ,jelly1 ,tapioca4 ,as ,,sago ,,jelly1 but using tapioca in lieu of sago4 ,,jervine4 ,c#fj;,h#e,n#b,o#e ,an alkaloid discovered in #ahcg1 by ,simon1 in the root of the ,veratrum album1 and by ,mitchell1 in #ahgd1 in the root of the ,veratrum viride4 ,dr ,h4 ,c4 ,wood1 jun41 describing the physiological effects of jervine1 says they consist 8in general weakness1 lowering of arterial pressure1 a slow pulse1 profuse salivation1 and finally convulsions40 ,jervine was analysed by ,will1 who ascribed to it the above composition4 ,,jes,,uit',s ,,bark4 ,see ,,cinchona4 ,,jesuit',s ,,drops4 ,see ,,drops4 ,,jesuit',s ,,powder4 ,powdered cinchona bark4 ,,jet4 ,a variety of mineral bituminous carbon1 very hard1 and susceptible of a fine polish4 ,,jew,,els4 ,see ,,diamond1 ,,emerald1 ,,gems1 c4 ,,jewel,,ry4 ,the gold in articles of jewelry1 whether solid or plated1 which are not intended to be exposed to very rough usage1 is generally #8coloured1' as it is called in the trade4 ,this is done as follows3---- #a4 7,,red ,,gold ,,colour47 ,the article1 after being coated with the amalgam1 is gently heated1 and1 whilst hot1 is covered with gilder's wax2 it is then #8flamed' over a wood fire1 and strongly heated1 during which time it is kept in a state of continual motion1 to equalise the action of the fire on the surface4 ,when all the composition has burned away1 the piece is plunged into water1 cleansed with the #8scratch-brush' and vinegar1 and then washed and burnished4 ,to bring up the beauty of the colour1 the piece is sometimes washed with a strong solution of verdigris in vinegar1 next gently heated1 plunged whilst hot into water1 and then washed1 first in vinegar1 or water soured with nitric acid1 and then in pure water2 it is1 lastly1 burnished1 and again washed and dried4 #b4 7,,or-,,molu ,,colour47 ,this is given by covering the parts with a mixture of powdered hematite1 alum1 common salt1 and vinegar1 and applying heat until the coating blackens1 when the piece is plunged into cold water1 rubbed with a brush dipped in vinegar1 or in water strongly soured with nitric acid1 again washed in pure water1 and dried4 ,during this process1 the parts not to be dried in #8or-molu colour' should be carefully protected4 ,the frauds practised in reference to the #8fineness' of the metal used in jewelry is noticed under ,,gold 7,jeweller's74 ,see also ,,assaying1 ,,diamond1 ,,gems1 ,,gilding ,,liquor1 ,,gilding ,,wax1 c4 ,,jew',s ,,pitch4 ,see ,,asphaltum4 ,,journal ,,boxes1 ,alloy for4 ,copper1 #bd parts2 tin #bd parts2 antimony1 #h parts4 ,first melt the copper1 then add the tin1 and lastly the antimony4 ,,juice 7,spanish74 ,see ,,extract and ,,liquorice4 ,,ju,,jube4 ,a fruit resembling a small plum1 produced by various species of ,zizyphus4 ,combined with sugar1 it forms the ,,jujube ,,paste of the shops1 when genuine2 but that now almost always sold under the name is a mixture of gum and sugar1 slightly coloured and flavoured4 ,,ju,,lep4 ,syn4 ,,julap2 ,,julepum1 ,,julepus1 ,,julapium1 ,l4 ,a term usually regarded as synonymous with #8,,mixture'2 but according to the best authorities1 implying a medicine which is used as a vehicle for other forms of medicine4 ,the word comes through the ,french1 from a ,persian expression1 which signifies #8sweet drink4' ,a julep1 according to ,continental writers1 is a drink of little activity1 generally composed of distilled waters1 infusions1 and syrups1 to which mucilages and acids are sometimes added2 8but never powders or oily substances1 which could interfere with its transparency40 ,in ,england the juleps of old pharmacy are now classed under #8,,mixtures1' ,,ju,,niper ,,berries4 ,syn4 ,,juniperi ,,bacc1 ,j4 ,,communis ,,bacc 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,juniperus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,the fruit of the ,juniperus communis1 or common juniper tree4 ,in the old ,ph4 ,l4 ,d4 both the tops and berries 7,,juniperi ,,fructus ,,et ,,cacumina----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 ,,juniperus----,,bacc1 ,,cacumina----,ph4 ,d4 #ahfb7 were ordered4 ,the berries are stomachic and diuretic1 and have been long employed in dropsies1 either alone or combined with foxglove and squills4 ,the tops 7,,summitates7 have been highly praised in scurvy and certain cutaneous affections4----,dose1 #a to #b dr41 made into a conserve with sugar1 or in the form of infusion or tea4 ,douath found #ajj parts of the berries to contain---- ,water #bidd ,volatile oil #ia ,formic acid #ahf ,acetic acid #id ,malic acid 7combined7 #ba ,oxalic acid traces ,wax-like fatty matter #fd ,green resin 7from ethereal solution7 #hdf ,hard brown resin 7from alcoholic solution7 #abi ,bitter principle 7called juniperin7 #cg ,pectin #gc ,albuminous substances #dde ,sugar #bife ,cellulose #aehc ,mineral substances #bcc ------------ #igaa ,,jun,,ket4 ,syn4 ,,devonshire ,,junket1 ,,curd ,,jelly4 ,from warm milk put into a bowl1 and then turned with a little rennet2 some scalded cream and sugar are next added with a sprinkling of cinnamon on the top1 without breaking the curd4 ,much esteemed by holiday folk in the western counties during the hot weather of summer4 ,sometimes1 very strangely1 a little brandy finds its way into these trifles4 ,,jute4 ,this is the fibre yielded by the ,corchorus capsularis1 a lime tree growing in ,india and ,china4 ,it is the material of which sacks1 gunny bags1 and coarse thread are made4 ,it mixes even with linen or cotton1 and hence may not improbably be employed as a sophisticant of these substances4 ,the plates on page #icj exhibit the different microscopic appearances of the three substances4 ,,kaleidoscope4 ,syn4 ,,flower-,,glass4 ,a pleasing philosophical toy invented by ,sir ,david ,brewster1 which presents to the eye a series of symmetrical changing views4 ,it is formed as follows3----,two slips of silvered glass1 from #f to #aj inches long1 and from #a to #a-a_/b inch wide1 and rather narrower at one end than the other1 are joined together lengthwise1 by one of their edges1 by means of a piece of silk or cloth glued on their backs2 they are then placed in a tube of tin or pasteboard1 blackened inside1 and a little longer than is necessary to contain them1 and are fixed by means of small pieces of cork1 with their faces at an angle to each other that is an even aliquot part of #d right angles 7as the #a_/f1 #a_/h1 #a_/aj1 c474 ,the other end of the tube is then closed with an opaque screen or cover1 through which a small eyehole is made in the centre2 and the other end is fitted1 first with a plate of common glass1 and at the distance of about #a_/hth of an inch1 with a plain piece of slightly ground glass1 parallel to the former2 in the intermediate place or cell are placed the objects to form the images4 ,these consist of coloured pieces of glass1 glass beads1 or any other coloured diaphanous bodies1 sufficiently small to move freely in the cell1 and to assume new positions when the tube is shaken or turned round4 ,a tube so prepared presents an infinite number of changing and symmetrical pictures1 no one of which can be exactly reproduced4 ,this toy is so easily constructed1 is so very inexpensive1 and at the same time so capable of affording an almost inexhaustible fund of amusement to the young1 that we advise our juvenile friends to try their hands at its construction4 ,any common tube of tin or pasteboard may be used1 and strips of glass smoked on one side will answer for mirrors4 ,,ka,,li4 ,the name formerly applied to a species of ,salsola employed for making ,,barilla4 ,it is sometimes used as a designation for the crude alkalies1 and is the ,german synonym for #8potassa4' ,kali1 ,acidulated4 ,syn4 ,,lemon ,,and ,,kali1 ,,lemonated ,k4 ,a common preparation of the shops for making a pleasant effervescing draught4 ,it is sometimes incorrectly styled #8citrate of potash4' ,prep4 #a4 ,carbonate of soda and tartaric acid1 of each #e oz42 lump sugar1 #a lb42 all in the state of fine powder1 and separately dried by a very gentle heat1 after which they are mixed together1 flavoured with essence of lemon1 #a dr41 rubbed through a gauze sieve in a warm dry situation1 put into bottles1 and corked down immediately4 #b4 ,finely powdered white sugar1 #af lbs42 tartaric acid1 #d-a_/d lbs42 carbonate of soda1 #d lbs42 essence of lemon1 #a oz42 as the last4 ,keeps well4 ,a dessert-spoonful of either thrown into a glassful of water makes a pleasant effervescing draught4 ,,ka,,lium4 ,l4 ,potassium4 ,,kal,,ydor4 ,a cosmetic lotion2 it resembles #8,,gowland',s ,,lotion1' but is got up in a rather more pleasing style4 ,see ,,lotion4 ,,kamala4 ,a powder consisting of the minute glands obtained from the capsules of the ,rottlera tinctoria1 a plant belonging to the nat4 ord4 ,euphorbiace4 ,kamala is imported from ,india1 where it is known under the name of kameela4 ,the rottlera1 from which it is obtained1 is a tree from #ae to #bj feet in height1 indigenous to ,india and to many of the ,east ,indian ,islands4 ,kamala has long been employed in ,india as a remedy for tapeworm1 and within the last few years has been given for the same purpose in this country with very general success4 ,it may be administered in doses of from thirty grains to three drachms1 suspended in water1 rubbed up with mucilage1 or mixed with syrup4 ,in large doses1 such as three drachms1 it sometimes purges violently4 ,after the third or fourth motion the worm is generally evacuated dead4 ,a second dose may be taken in about four hours should the first fail to act2 or instead of a second dose1 some castor oil may be given4 ,kamala is also used externally by the natives of ,india in various skin complaints1 particularly in scabies4 ,it is also said to have proved useful in herpetic ringworm4 ,illustration3 ,,cotton1 ,,linen ,,and ,,jute4 ,dr ,anderson obtained from the resinous colouring matter1 which is the principal constituent of kamala1 a yellow crystalline substance1 to which he gave the name rottlerin4 ,the existence of rottlerin has since been confirmed by ,mr ,groves1 who found that it becomes changed by exposure1 a circumstance to which he attributes its non-detection in old specimens of the drug1 and to which may very reasonably be attributed ,leube's failure to find it4 ,the #8,british ,pharmacopia' ascribes the following #8characters' to kamala3----8,a fine granular mobile powder1 of a brick-red colour2 it is with difficulty mixed with water1 but when boiled with alcohol the greater part is dissolved1 forming a red solution4 ,ether dissolves most of it1 the residue consisting principally of tufted hairs4 ,it should be free from sand or earthy impurities40 ,kamala forms a very considerable article of export from ,india1 it being a valuable dye4 ,,ka,,olin4 ,syn4 ,,china ,,clay1 ,,porcelain ,c4 ,a fine white clay1 derived from the decomposition of the felspar of granitic rocks4 ,the potteries and porcelain works of this country are chiefly supplied with this substance from extensive tracts of it which occur near ,st ,austie1 ,cornwall4 ,see ,,clay4 ,elsner#i gives the following process for distinguishing kaolin from ordinary clay3----,he agitates it in a test-tube with pure strong sulphuric acid till a uniform mixture is produced1 decants the acid after subsidence1 dilutes it carefully with six volumes of water1 and supersaturates the cooled solution with ammonia4 ,footnote #i3 ,dingl41 #8,pot4 ,journ4' 7,watts74 ,kaolin thus treated separates but slowly from the strong acid1 and the diluted acid solution gives an immediate white precipitate with ammonia1 whereas ordinary clay is but slightly attacked by the acid1 separates quickly from it1 and the acid after dilution gives but an insignificant precipitate with ammonia4 ,,kap,,nomor4 ,syn4 ,,capnomor4 ,a colourless oil obtained from crude kreasote by distillation with potassa4 ,it boils at #cfj ,fahr41 has a peculiar odour1 and is insoluble in water1 but readily soluble in an alkaline solution of kreasote4 ,,katal,,ysis4 ,syn4 ,,catalysis1 ,,contact ,,action4 ,terms applied to a class of chemical actions in which the decompositions1 and the recombination of the elements of compound bodies1 is apparently excited by the mere presence of1 or contact with1 other bodies1 which do not themselves suffer such a change4 ,,kava-,,kava4 ,see ,,ava4 ,,kelp4 ,the alkaline ashes obtained by burning various species of sea-weed1 formerly much used for the preparation of carbonate of soda4 ,the weeds most valued for the purpose are the ,fucus vesiculosus1 nodosus1 and serratus1 and the ,laminaria bulbosa and digitata4 ,of late years the manufacture of kelp1 like that of barilla1 has been almost abandoned except as a source of iodine4 ,mr ,e4 ,c4 ,c4 ,stanford1 by carefully collecting and compressing the weed1 and afterwards submitting it to dry distillation1 doubles the yield of iodine and bromine1 and obtains in addition various valuable hydrocarbons4 ,see ,,barilla1 ,,iodine1 ,,soda1 c4 ,,ker,,mes4 ,syn4 ,,kermes-,,grains1 ,,alkermes2 ,,granum ,,tinctorium1 ,l4 ,the dried bodies of the female ,coccus ,ilicis of ,linnus1 a small insect of the order ,hemiptera1 which flourishes on the ,ilex oak4 ,it has been used as a red and scarlet dye-stuff ever since the time of ,moses2 but is now superseded in this country by cochineal1 which gives colours of much greater brilliancy4 ,,ker,,mes ,,min,,eral4 ,syn4 ,,kermes ,,minerale1 ,k4 ,,mineralis1 ,l4 ,an amorphous tersulphide of antimony1 containing a small admixture of teroxide of antimony and sulphuride of potassium4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,in ,,the ,,humid ,,way4----a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,carbonate of soda 7cryst471 #abh parts 7say #ba parts71 is dissolved in water1 #abhj parts 7say #baj parts71 contained in a cast-iron pan2 tersulphide of antimony 7in fine powder71 #f parts 7say #a part71 is next added1 and the whole boiled for an hour1 with constant agitation with a wooden spatula2 the boiling liquid is then filtered into a heated earthen pan containing a small quantity of very hot water1 and the solution is allowed to cool as slowly as possible2 the red powder which is deposited is collected on a cloth1 on which it is well washed with cold water1 and the superfluous water being removed by pressure1 the powder is dried by a gentle heat1 and is1 lastly1 passed through a fine silk-gauze sieve1 and preserved from light and air4 b4 7,wholesale47 ,from black sulphuride of antimony1 #d lbs42 carbonate of potassa1 #a lb42 boil in water1 #b galls41 for half an hour1 filter1 c41 as before4 ,the undissolved portion of sesquisulphuret of antimony may be boiled again several times with fresh potassa and water1 until the whole is dissolved4 ,inferior to the last4 c4 7,,cluzell',s ,,kermes47 ,from tersulphide of antimony1 #d parts2 crystallised carbonate of soda1 #ij parts2 water1 #ajjj parts2 boil1 c41 as in #a1 a1 and dry the powder1 folded up in paper1 at a heat not exceeding #ij ,fahr4 #b4 ,,in ,,the ,,dry ,,way4----a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #ajj parts2 tersulphide of antimony1 #ej parts2 sulphur1 #c parts2 mix1 fuse in a ,hessian crucible1 pour the melted mass into an iron mortar1 and when cold reduce it to powder2 next boil it in water1 #ajjj parts1 contained in an iron vessel1 filter the solution1 and otherwise proceed as before4 ,product3 large1 but of inferior quality4 b4 7,fownes47 ,from tersulphide of antimony1 #e parts2 carbonate of soda 7dry71 #c parts2 water1 #hj parts2 fuse1 c41 as before4 ,nearly equal to #a1 a4 c4 7,berzelius47 ,carbonate of potassa 7pure71 #c parts1 tersulphide of antimony1 #h parts2 water1 q4 s4 ,resembles the last4 ,prop41 c4 ,an odourless1 tasteless powder1 insoluble in both water and alcohol1 and1 when pure and carefully prepared1 entirely soluble in hydrosulphate of ammonia4 ,as prepared by the formul #a1 a1 and #a1 c1 it is a very dark crimson powder1 of a velvety smoothness2 but that from the other formul has a brownish-red colour1 more or less deep4 ,the secret of preparing this compound of a fine and velvety quality1 like that imported from the ,continent1 consists simply in filtering the solution whilst boiling hot1 and allowing it to cool very slowly1 by placing the vessel in an appropriate situation for that purpose4 ,another important point1 according to ,rose1 is to employ sufficient alkali to keep the whole of the teroxide of antimony in solution as the liquid cools1 instead of allowing a part of it to be deposited with the kermes4 ,this is the reason of the superior quality and mildness of that prepared according to the directions of the ,french ,codex4 ,the liquor decanted from the #8kermes mineral' yields the golden sulphide of antimony on the addition of an acid1 for which purpose the acetic is generally employed4 ,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #c or #d gr41 as a diaphoretic1 cathartic1 or emetic4 ,it occupies in foreign practice the place of our ,james's ,powder4 ,,ketch,,up4 ,syn4 ,,catchup1 ,,catsup1 ,,katchup4 ,the juice of certain vegetables strongly salted and spiced1 so as to be used as sauce2 or a simple sauce made without the natural juice as a substitute for the true ketchup4 ,the following are the principal varieties3---- ,ketchup1 ,camp4 ,prep4 ,take of good old beer1 #b quarts2 white wine1 #a quart2 anchovies1 #d oz42 mix1 heat it to the boiling-point1 remove it from the fire1 and add of peeled shalots1 #c oz42 mace1 nutmegs1 ginger1 and black pepper1 of each1 bruised1 #a_/b oz42 macerate for #ad days1 with frequent agitation1 then allow it to settle1 and decant and bottle the clear portion4 ,ketchup1 ,cucumber4 ,prep4 ,from ripe cucumbers1 in the same way as mushroom ketchup4 ,very luscious4 ,mixed with cream1 or melted butter1 it forms an excellent white sauce for fowls1 c4 ,ketchup1 ,marine4 ,prep4 ,take of strong old beer1 #a gall42 anchovies1 #a-a_/b lb42 peeled shalots 7crushed71 #a lb42 bruised mace1 mustard seed1 and cloves1 of each #a_/b oz42 bruised pepper and ginger1 of each #a_/d oz42 mushroom ketchup and vinegar1 of each #a quart2 beat the mixture to the boiling point1 put it into a bottle1 and macerate for #ad days1 frequently shaking2 then strain through flannel1 and bottle it for use4 ,excellent with anything2 like the last1 it makes good white sauce1 and keeps well4 ,ketchup1 ,mushroom4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sprinkle mushroom flaps1 gathered in ,september1 with common salt1 stir them occasionally for #b or #c days1 then lightly squeeze out the juice1 and add to each gallon cloves and mustard seed1 of each1 bruised1 #a_/b oz42 allspice1 black pepper1 and ginger1 of each1 bruised1 #a oz42 gently heat to the boiling-point in a covered vessel1 macerate for #ad days1 and decant or strain4 ,should it exhibit any indications of change in a few weeks1 bring it again to the boiling-point1 with a little more spice1 and a table-spoonful more salt4 #b4 ,take of mushroom juice1 #b galls42 pimento1 #b oz42 cloves1 black pepper1 mustard seed1 and ginger1 of each1 bruised1 #a oz42 salt1 #a lb4 7or to taste72 shalots1 #c oz42 gently simmer for #a hour in a covered vessel1 cool1 strain1 and bottle4 #c4 ,take of mushroom juice1 #ajj galls42 black pepper1 #i lbs42 allspice1 #g lbs42 ginger1 #e lbs42 cloves1 #a lb4 7all bruised72 salt1 q4 s42 gently simmer in a covered tin boiler for #a hour4 ,ketchup1 ,oyster4 ,prep4 ,pulp the oysters1 and to each pint add1 of sherry wine1 or very strong old ale1 #a pint2 salt1 #a oz42 mace1 #a_/d oz42 black pepper1 #a dr42 simmer very gently for #aj minutes1 strain1 cool1 bottle1 and to each bottle add a spoonful or two of brandy1 and keep them in a cool situation4 ,,cockle ,,ketchup and ,,mussel ,,ketchup are made in the same way4 ,used to flavour sauces when the fish are out of season2 excellent with rump steak1 c4 ,ketchup1 ,pontac4 ,prep4 ,take of the juice of elderberries and strong vinegar1 of each #a pint2 anchovies1 #a_/b lb42 shalots and spice1 q4 s4 to flavour2 boil for #e minutes1 cool1 strain1 and bottle4 ,used to make fish sauces4 ,ketchup1 ,tomato4 ,prep4 ,prepared from tomatoes or love apples1 like mushroom ketchup1 except that a little very strong ,chili vinegar is commonly added4 ,an admirable relish for #8high' or rich flavoured viands4 ,ketchup1 ,walnut4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of the expressed juice of young walnuts1 when tender1 #a gall42 boil #aj minutes1 skim1 add of anchovies1 #b lbs42 shalots1 #a lb42 cloves and mace1 of each #a oz42 #a clove of garlic1 sliced2 simmer in a covered vessel for #ae minutes1 strain1 cool1 and bottle1 adding a little fresh spice to each bottle1 and salt1 q4 s4 ,will keep good in a cool place for #bj years4 #b4 ,take of green walnut shells1 #af galls42 salt1 #e lbs42 mix and beat together for a week1 press out the liquor1 and to every gallon add1 of allspice1 #d oz42 ginger1 #c oz42 pepper and cloves1 of each #b oz42 all bruised2 simmer for half an hour1 and set aside in a closed vessel and in a cool situation until sufficiently clear4 #c4 ,take of walnut juice1 #a gall42 vinegar1 #a quart2 ,british anchovies 7sprats71 #c or #d lbs42 pimento1 #c oz42 ginger1 #a_/d oz42 long pepper1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 shalots1 #b oz42 boil and bottle1 as before4 #d4 ,from the juice of walnut shells1 #cj galls42 salt1 #a bushel2 allspice and shalots1 of each #f lbs42 ginger1 garlic1 and horse-radish1 of each #c lbs42 essence of anchovies1 #c galls42 as before4 ,ketchup1 ,wine4 ,prep4 ,take of mushroom or walnut ketchup1 #a quart2 chopped anchovies1 #a_/b lb42 #bj shalots2 scraped horse-radish1 #b oz42 spice1 q4 s42 simmer for #ae minutes1 cool1 and add of white and red wine1 of each #a pint2 macerate for #a week1 strain1 and bottle4 ,general ,remarks4 ,in preparing the above articles1 vessels of glazed earthenware1 or stoneware1 or well-tinned copper pans1 should alone be used to contain them whilst being boiled or heated1 as salt and vegetable juices rapidly corrode copper1 and render the ketchup poisonous4 ,nothing in the shape of copper1 lead or pewter should be allowed to touch them4 ,even a plated copper spoon left in a bottle of ketchup for some time will render its contents poisonous4 ,unpleasant and even dangerous fits of vomiting1 colic1 and diarrha have resulted from the neglect of this precaution4 ,see ,,sauce1 c4 ,,kibes4 ,the vulgar name for ulcerated chilblains4 ,,kid,,neys4 ,syn4 ,,renes1 ,l4 7,in anatomy47 ,the kidneys1 as almost every one knows1 are abdominal viscera which secrete the urine1 and form the great channels by which the effete nitrogenous matter is removed from the blood4 ,they are subject to various affections1 both functional and organic1 chronic and acute1 of which some are imperfectly understood1 and others only admit of alleviation1 but not of being cured4 ,see ,,urine and ,,urinary ,,affections4 ,kidneys4 7,in cookery47 ,soyer recommends kidneys to be dressed by gently broiling them1 having previously split them1 8so as nearly to divide them1 leaving the fat in the middle10 and 8run a skewer through them1 that they may remain open40 ,after being rubbed with a little butter1 and seasoned with salt and pepper1 8they may be served on toast1 or with any sauce40 8,you may also egg and bread-crumb them40 8,five minutes suffice for a sheep or lamb's kidney of common size40 7,soyer47 ,one or two lamb's kidneys1 plainly broiled and served up with the gravy in them1 eaten along with a little dry-toasted bread1 form a most excellent and appropriate luncheon or dinner for a dyspeptic or convalescent4 ,,kieserite4 ,a sulphate of magnesia found in the refuse salt 7abraumsalz7 of ,stassfurth1 near ,magdeburg4 ,it forms about #ab of the abraumsalz4 ,it is employed for washing wool and for the manufacture of #8permanent white' by treatment with chloride of barium2 also for the preparation of ,glauber salts1 and of hypochlorite of magnesia for bleaching linen4 ,see ,,linen4 ,,king',s ,,cup4 ,prep4 ,yellow peel of #a lemon2 lump sugar1 #a-a_/b oz42 cold water1 #a pint2 infuse #h or #aj hours1 and strain4 ,the addition of a teaspoonful of orange-flower water is a great improvement4 ,used as a diluent in cases where acid liquors are inadmissible4 ,see ,,lemonade4 ,,king',s ,,evil4 ,see ,,scrofula4 ,,king',s ,,yellow4 ,see ,,yellow ,,pigments4 ,,ki,,nic ,,acid4 ,,hc#g;,h#aa,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,quinic ,,acid1 ,,cinchonic ,,acid4 ,a peculiar monobasic acid occurring in the cinchona barks1 in which it exists associated with the alkaloids4 ,kinic acid is somewhat extensively diffused throughout the vegetable kingdom1 being found in the bark of every species of the true cinchonas1 as well as in the leaves of the oak1 the elm1 the ash1 the ivy1 the privet1 and the coffee plant and berries4 ,it occurs in the cinchona barks most probably combined with the alkaloids1 which therefore exist in the plant as kinates4 ,it is readily obtained from kinate of lime by the action of dilute sulphuric acid2 the filtered solution evaporated to the consistence of a syrup1 gradually deposits large crystals resembling those of tartaric acid4 ,henry and ,plisson give the following directions for the preparation of kinic acid3----,make a decoction of cinchona bark with water containing some sulphuric acid1 and filter whilst hot1 and to the filtrate add gradually freshly precipitated oxide of lead1 until the liquid becomes neutral1 and changes from a red to a pale yellow colour2 care must be taken to add sufficient oxide4 ,the filtrate is freed from lead by passing sulphuretted hydrogen through it1 and filtered milk of lime is then added to precipitate the quinine and cinchonine2 and the filtered liquid is evaporated to a syrup1 which yields on cooling crystalline calcic kinate4 ,to separate the acid from the calcic salt1 ,berzelius directs an aqueous solution of the salt to be made and to be precipitated by basic acetate of lead2 the washed precipitate1 suspended in water1 is then decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen1 and the solution filtered and evaporated4 ,or the calcium kinate may be decomposed by an aqueous or alcoholic solution of sulphuric acid4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,watts4 ,kinic acid is1 in the form of large tubular crystals1 fusible at #afa ,c4 ,these crystals dissolve in two parts of water2 they are also soluble in spirits of wine1 but scarcely1 if at all1 in ether4 ,it forms salts called kinates4 ,kinate of calcium is obtained from an acidulated infusion of cinchona bark1 by adding an excess of lime1 filtering1 evaporating to a syrup1 and setting the liquid aside to crystallise4 ,these crystals are purified by re-dissolving them1 treating the solution with a little animal charcoal1 and crystallising the salt as before4 ,the liquid from which the bark-alkaloids have been precipitated by hydrate of lime affords an almost inexhaustible supply of this salt4 ,see ,,kinone4 ,,ki,,no4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,kino2 ,,kino 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d47 ,the juice flowing from the incised bark of the ,pterocarpus ,marsupium or ,indian1 hardened in the sun4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 in powder2 as an astringent in chronic diarrha1 c4 ,kino1 ,factitious1 met with in the shops1 is made as follows3----,logwood1 #dh lbs42 tormentil root1 #af lbs42 madder root1 #ab lbs42 exhaust by coction with water1 q4 s42 to the liquor add of catechu1 #af lbs42 dissolve1 strain1 and evaporate to dryness4 ,prod4 #bd lbs4 ,extract of mahogany is also commonly sold for kino4 ,,kirsch,,wasser 7-vs ser7 ,ger44 ,syn4 ,,kirschenwasser4 ,a spirituous liquor distilled in ,germany and ,switzerland from bruised cherries4 ,from the rude manner in which it is obtained1 and from the distillation of the cherry-stones 7which contain prussic acid7 with the liquor1 it has often a nauseous taste1 and is frequently poisonous4 ,when properly made and sweetened1 it resembles noyeau4 ,,kish4 ,an artificial graphite occasionally produced in iron-smelting furnaces4 ,it occurs in brilliant scales1 and is said to possess peculiar efficacy in certain forms of anmia and chlorosis4 ,,kitch,,en4 ,the late ,alexis ,soyer set down as one of the crying faults of our countrymen the employment of an apartment for the kitchen which is either too small or inconveniently situated1 and which1 in general1 is not sufficiently provided with #8kitchen requisites4' 8,as a workman cannot work properly without the requisite tools1 or the painter produce the proper shade without the necessary colours1 in like manner does every person wishing to economise his food and to cook it properly require the proper furniture wherewith to do it40 ,the neglect of these matters1 which is so general1 is1 undoubtedly1 a mischievous and deceptive economy4 ,,knives1 to ,clean4 ,after being used all knives should be wiped on a coarse cloth1 so as to ensure their freedom from grease previous to being cleaned4 ,the practice of dipping the blades in hot water not only fails to remove any grease that may be on them1 but is almost sure to loosen the handles4 ,it is very essential to remove any grease from them1 since if this remain it will spoil the knife-board4 ,for cleaning knives1 a proper knife-cleaning machine1 purchased of a good maker1 is best4 ,but where this is not used1 the knife-board ought to be covered with very thick leather1 upon which emery powder should be placed4 ,the emery gives a good polish to the knives1 and does not wear them out so quickly as ,bath-brick4 ,when the points of the knives become worn very thin1 they should be rounded by the knife-grinder4 ,where the handles are good it will sometimes be worth while to fit them to new blades4 ,,knox',s ,,pow,,der4 ,prep4 ,from common salt1 #h parts2 chloride of lime1 #c parts2 mixed together4 ,an ounce of it dissolved in a tumblerful of water furnishes a solution which is similar to ,labarraque's disinfecting fluid4 ,k,,chlin',s ,,liquid4 ,prep4 ,from copper filings1 #if gr42 liquor of ammonia1 #b fl4 oz42 digested together until it turns of a full blue colour1 and then mixed with hydrochloric acid1 #e fl4 dr42 distilled water1 #e lbs4----,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls daily2 in scrofula4 ,it is poisonous in large doses4 ,,kooch,,la ,,nut4 ,see ,,nux ,,vomica4 ,,kou,,miss4 ,a liquor prepared by the ,calmucs1 by fermenting mare's milk1 previously kept until sour1 and then skimmed4 ,by distillation it yields a spirit called rack1 racky1 or araka4 #ba lbs4 of fermented milk yield about #c_/d pint of low wines1 and this1 by rectification1 gives fully #a_/d pint of strong alcohol4 ,it has lately come into use as a remedy for phthisis and general debility4 ,the following formula from the ,zeitschrift des ,oesterr4 ,apoth4 ,ver4 7#ahgf1 #ebf71 for the preparation of so-called ,,koumiss ,,extract1 is said to be a good one3---- ,powdered sugar of milk #ajj parts ,glucose 7prepared from starch7 #ajj 0 ,cane sugar #cjj 0 ,bicarbonate of potassium #cf 0 ,common salt #cc 0 ,dissolve these ingredients in #fjj parts of boiling fresh whey of milk1 allow the solution to cool1 then add #ajj parts of rectified spirit1 and afterwards #ajj parts of strained fresh beer yeast4 ,stir the mixture well and put into bottles containing a quarter of a litre each4 ,the bottles must be well corked and kept in a cool place4 ,for the preparation of ,koumiss add #e to #f tablespoonfuls of this extract to a litre of skimmed1 lukewarm milk1 contained in a bottle of thick glass2 cork well1 keep the bottle for half a day in a moderately warm room 7at #af-bj ,c471 and afterwards in a cool cellar1 shaking occasionally4 ,the bottle should be filled to within #c-d centimtres of the cork4 ,after two days the ,koumiss is ready for use4 ,,kous,,so4 ,syn4 ,,cusso1 ,,kosso4 ,this substance is the dried flowers of the ,brayera anthelmintica1 an ,abyssinian tree which grows to the height of about #bj feet1 and belongs to the natural order ,rosace4 ,it is one of the most effective remedies known for both varieties of tapeworm4 ,the dose for an adult is #c to #e dr41 in powder1 mixed with about half a pint of warm water1 and allowed to macerate for #ae or #bj minutes4 ,the method prescribed for its successful administration is as follows3----,the patient is to be prepared by a purgative or a lavement1 and the use of a very slight diet the day before4 ,the next morning1 fasting1 a little lemon juice is to be swallowed1 or a portion of a lemon sucked1 followed by the dose of kousso 7both liquid and powder71 at #c or #d draughts1 at short intervals of each other1 each of which is to be washed down with cold water acidulated with lemon juice4 ,the action of the medicine is subsequently promoted by drinking weak tea without either milk or sugar1 or water flavoured with lemon juice or toasted bread2 and if it does not operate in the course of #c or #d hours1 a dose of castor oil or a saline purgative is taken4 ,the flavour of kousso is rather disagreeable and nauseating4 ,its operation is speedy and effectual2 but at the same time it is apt to produce1 in large doses1 great prostration of strength1 and other severe symptoms1 which unfit it for administration to the delicate of both sexes1 or during pregnancy or affections of the lower viscera4 ,care should be taken not to purchase it in powder1 as1 owing to its high price1 it is uniformly adulterated4 ,the powdered kousso of the shops is1 in general1 nothing more than the root-bark of pomegranate1 coloured and scented4 ,,kre,,asote4 ,syn4 ,,creasote1 ,,creosote1 ,,kreosote2 ,,creasotum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,creazotum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,a peculiar substance1 discovered by ,reichenbach1 and so named on account of its powerful antiseptic property4 ,it is a product of the dry distillation of organic bodies1 and is the preservative principle of wood smoke and pyroligneous acid4 ,prep4 ,kreasote is manufactured from wood-tar1 in which it is sometimes contained to the amount of #bj to #ce1 and from crude pyroligneous acid and pyroxilic oil4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,wood-tar is distilled in a wrought-iron retort until white vapours of paraffin appear2 the heavy oily matter which forms the lower layer of the product is collected1 washed with water slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid1 and then distilled in a glass retort1 rejecting the first portions1 which are chiefly eupion2 the distillate is treated with a solution of potassa 7sp4 gr4 #aab71 the mixed liquids being shaken strongly together2 after it is settled1 the layer of eupion which forms is removed from the surface1 and the potash-solution of kreasote exposed to the air until it becomes black2 it is then saturated with dilute sulphuric acid1 the water liquid rejected1 and the remainder 7consisting of crude kreasote7 submitted to distillation in glass2 the treatment by exposure1 potassa1 sulphuric acid1 and distillation is repeated three times or oftener1 until the combination of kreasote and potassa ceases to become coloured by the action of the air2 it is1 lastly1 saturated with concentrated phosphoric acid1 and again distilled1 rejecting the first portion that comes over4 #b4 7,m4 ,simon47 ,a copper still1 capable of containing #hj ,berlin quarts1 is filled to one third with the oil of wood-tar1 and heat is applied2 first1 the more volatile matters pass over2 these do not contain kreasote1 and are1 therefore1 rejected2 but when1 by gradually increasing the temperature1 there passes over a very acid liquid1 which becomes turbid1 and at the same time an oil separates from it when mixed with water1 the product is collected1 and the distillation continued until the operator notices a squirting in the still1 when this part of the process is complete2 the distilled product is then nearly saturated with potassa and returned to the still1 which1 in the meantime1 has been well cleaned out1 and about half filled with water1 and the distillation is recommenced2 at first an oil comes over1 which floats on water1 and which consists chiefly of eupion1 and is1 therefore1 rejected2 as soon1 however1 as the oil begins to sink in the water which comes over with it1 it is charged with kreasote1 and is carefully collected2 the distilling aqueous fluid being reintroduced from time to time into the still1 and the distillation continued so long as any oil continues to come over with it2 the heavy oily distillate is now agitated with liquor of potassa1 sp4 gr4 #aabj2 the portion which remains undissolved is eupion1 and is skimmed off2 the potassa-solution of kreasote still1 however1 contains a considerable quantity of eupion1 the greater portion of which may be separated by dilution and distillation with an equal quantity1 or with at least #d_/eths of its volume of water1 fresh water being added from time to time1 as long as any eupion comes over with the distilled liquor2 when this has ceased to pass over1 sulphuric acid is poured into the still in quantity exactly sufficient to saturate #a_/crd only of the potassa formerly employed1 and the distillation is again renewed2 kreasote now distils over1 the first portions of which1 however1 still contain eupion1 after which pure kreasote follows2 that is to say1 8a kreasote which1 when mixed with #f or #h times its quantity of a solution of pure potassa1 furnishes a mixture which1 by the addition of any further quantity whatever of water1 does not become turbid40 ,the combination of kreasote remaining in the still is now mixed with sulphuric acid in slight excess1 and the distillation renewed1 the water coming over with it being from time to time returned into the still2 and when no further oil passes over with the water1 the process is complete4 ,the kreasote thus obtained is redistilled with the water which has passed over with it1 whilst the distilled water1 as before1 is allowed from time to time to run back into the still4 ,the kreasote thus obtained is then colourless2 but it contains a considerable quantity of water in solution1 which is separated by distillation in a glass retort4 ,the water distils first1 and then kreasote1 which1 after cleaning the neck of the retort from the water1 must be received in another dry receiver4 ,if the kreasote assumes a red colour after being exposed for some time to the air1 it must be re-distilled1 and then it keeps very well4 ,korne found that tar prepared from turf furnishes much more kreasote than that from fir-wood1 c4 #c4 7,ure47 ,in operating upon pyroligneous acid1 if we dissolve effloresced sulphate of soda in it to saturation1 at the temperature of #bfg ,fahr41 the kreasote separates1 and floats upon the surface2 it is then decanted1 and left in repose for some days1 during which it deposits a fresh portion of salt and vinegar2 it is next saturated whilst hot with carbonate of potassa1 and distilled along with water2 a pale yellow oily liquid passes over1 which is rectified with phosphoric acid1 c41 like the crude product of kreasote from tar4 ,prop4 ,kreasote is a colourless1 transparent liquid1 heavier than water1 of a peculiar unpleasant penetrating odour resembling that of smoked meat1 and a very pungent and caustic taste2 its vapour irritates the eyes2 it boils at #djj ,fahr41 and is still fluid at -#aff ,fahr42 it produces on white filter paper greasy spots1 which disappear if exposed to a heat of #bab ,fahr42 dissolves in #hj parts of water1 and mixes in all proportions with spirit of wine1 the essential and fatty oils1 acetic acid1 naphtha1 disulphide of carbon1 ammonia1 and potassa2 it dissolves iodine1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 resins1 the alkaloids1 indigo blue1 several salts 7especially the acetates and the chlorides of calcium and tin72 reduces the nitrate and acetate of silver2 is resinified by chlorine1 and decomposed by the stronger acids4 ,the aqueous solution is neutral1 and precipitates solutions of gum and the white of eggs4 ,it kindles with difficulty1 and burns with a smoky flame4 ,when quite pure1 it is unaltered by exposure to the air4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajga1 at #fh ,fahr4 ,a slip of deal dipped into it1 and afterwards in hydrochloric acid1 and then allowed to dry in the air1 acquires a greenish-blue colour4 ,it turns a ray of polarised light to the right1 whereas carbolic acid does not affect polarisation4 ,pur4 ,the fluid commonly sold in the shops for kreasote is a mixture of kreasote1 picamar1 and light oil of tar2 in many cases it is little else than impure carbolic acid1 with scarcely a trace of kreasote4 ,pure kreasote is perfectly soluble in both acetic acid and solution of potassa2 shaken with an equal volume of water in a narrow test-tube1 not more than the #a-hjth part disappears2 otherwise it contains water1 of which kreasote is able to assume #a-ajth without becoming turbid4 ,if it can be dissolved completely in #hj parts by weight of water1 at a medium temperature1 it then forms a perfectly neutral liquid4 ,an oily residue floating on the surface betrays the presence of other foreign products 7,,eupion1 ,,kapnomor1 ,,picamar71 which are obtained at the same time with the kreasote during the dry distillation of organic substances4 ,kreasote is 8devoid of colour1 has a peculiar odour1 and is soluble in acetic acid4 ,when it is dropped on bibulous paper1 and a boiling heat is applied for a short time1 it entirely escapes1 leaving no transparent stain40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,entirely and easily soluble in its own weight of acetic acid40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sp4 gr4 #ajdf 7,ph4 ,l471 #ajff 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d474 ,the density and boiling point of absolutely pure kreasote is given above4 ,when prescribed in pills with oxide of silver1 the mass will take fire unless the oxide be first mixed with liquorice or other powder4 7,squire47 ,uses4 ,kreasote has been recommended in several diseases of the organs of digestion and respiration1 in rheumatism1 gout1 torpid nervous fever1 spasms1 diabetes1 tapeworm1 c42 but its use has not1 in general1 been attended with satisfactory results4 ,it is given in the form of pills1 emulsion1 or an ethereal or spirituous solution4 ,externally it has been employed in various chronic diseases of the skin1 sores of different kinds1 mortifications1 scalds1 burns1 wounds 7as a styptic71 caries of the teeth1 c42 mostly in the form of an aqueous solution 7#a to #hj72 or mixed with lard 7#e drops to #a dr471 as an ointment2 dissolved in rectified spirit1 it forms a useful and a popular remedy for toothache arising from decay or rottenness4 ,in the arts1 kreasote is extensively employed to preserve animal substances1 either by washing it over them1 or by immersing them in its aqueous solution4 ,a few drops in a saucer1 or on a piece of spongy paper1 if placed in a larder1 will effectually drive away insects1 and make the meat keep several days longer than it otherwise would4 ,a small quantity added to brine or vinegar is commonly employed to impart a smoky flavour to meat and fish1 and its solution in acetic acid is used to give the flavour of whisky to malt spirit4 ,see ,,carbolic ,,acid4 ,,kre,,atin4 ,c#d;,h#i,n#c,o#b;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,creatin4 ,a crystallisable substance obtained from the juice of the muscular fibre of animals4 ,it was first obtained by ,chevreul1 but has recently been carefully studied by ,liebig4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,lean flesh is reduced to shreds1 and then exhausted with successive portions of cold water1 employing pressure2 the mixed liquid is heated to coagulate the albumen and colouring matter of the blood1 and is then strained through a cloth2 pure baryta water is next added as long as a precipitate forms1 the liquid is filtered1 and the filtrate is gently evaporated to the consistence of a syrup2 after repose for some days in a warm situation1 crystals of kreatin are deposited2 these are purified by redissolving them in water1 agitating the solution with animal charcoal1 and evaporating1 c41 so that crystals may form4 ,prop41 c4 ,brilliant1 colourless1 prismatic crystals2 readily soluble in boiling water1 sparingly so in cold water and in alcohol2 the aqueous solution is neutral1 bitter tasted1 and soon putrefies4 ,,kreat,,inin4 ,c#d;,h#g,n#c,o4 ,this substance exists in small quantities1 both in the juice of flesh and in conjunction with kreatin in urine4 ,it is also produced by the action of the stronger acids on kreatin4 ,it forms colourless prismatic crystals1 which are soluble in water1 and the solution has a strongly alkaline reaction4 ,it is a powerful organic base1 and produces crystallisable salts with the acids4 ,,kre,,nic ,,acid4 ,see ,,crenic ,,acid4 ,,krystal,,line4 ,the name originally applied by ,unverdorben to ,,aniline4 ,,kustitien',s ,,metal4 ,prep4 ,take of malleable iron1 #c parts2 beat it to whiteness1 and add of antimony1 #a part2 ,molucca tin1 #gb parts2 mix under charcoal1 and cool4 ,used to coat iron and other metals with a surface of tin2 it polishes without a blue tint1 is hard1 and has the advantage of being free from lead and arsenic4 ,,kyani,,zing4 ,a method of preserving wood and cordage from decay1 long known and practised2 patented by ,mr ,kyan many years since4 ,it consists in immersing the materials in a solution of corrosive sublimate1 #a part1 and water1 #ej or #fj parts1 either under strong pressure or the contrary1 as the urgency of the case or the dimensions of the articles operated on may require4 ,see ,,dry ,,rot4 ,,ky,,anol4 ,a substance obtained from coal-tar oil1 and at first thought to be an independent principle1 but since shown to be identical with ,,aniline4 ,,labarraque',s ,,fluid4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,soda4 ,,lab,,danum4 ,syn4 ,,ladanum4 ,an odorous1 resinous substance found on the leaves and twigs of the ,cystus creticus1 a plant growing in the island of ,candia and in ,syria4 ,it was formerly much used for making stimulating plasters4 ,the following compound is often vended for it3---- ,labdanum1 ,factitious4 ,prep4 ,from gum anime1 resin1 ,venetian turpentine1 and sand1 of each #f parts2 ,spanish juice and gum ,arabic1 of each 7dissolved in a little water71 #c parts2 ,canada balsam1 #b parts2 ivory black1 #a part2 balsam of ,peru1 q4 s4 to give a faint odour4 ,,la,,bels capable of resisting the action of ,,oils1 ,,spirits1 ,,water1 ,,syrups and ,,dilute ,,acids1 may be obtained as follows3----,lay a coat of strained white of egg over the label 7an ordinary paper one71 and immediately put the vessel into the upper portion of a common steam-pan1 or otherwise expose it to a gentle heat till the albumen coagulates and turns opaque1 then take it out and dry it before the fire1 or in an oven1 at a white heat of about #bab ,fahr42 the opaque white film will then become hard and transparent4 ,the labels on bottles containing ,,strong ,,acids or ,,alkaline ,,solutions should be either etched upon the glass by means of hydrofluoric acid1 or be written with incorrodible ink4 ,see ,,etching and ,,ink4 ,,lab,,oratory4 ,syn4 ,,laboratorium1 ,l4 ,a place fitted up for the performance of experimental or manufacturing operations in chemistry1 pharmacy1 and pyrotechny4 ,for full information respecting the best mode of fitting up a chemical laboratory1 the reader is referred to works especially devoted to chemical manipulation4#aa ,almost any well-lighted spare room may be fitted up as a small laboratory at very little expense4 ,the gas-furnaces and improved lamps introduced of later years have to a certain extent rendered chemists independent of brick furnaces4 ,a strong working bench1 fitted with drawers and cupboards1 and having gas-pipes at intervals for attaching different kinds of jets1 is an indispensable fixture4 ,a close cupboard or closet1 which is connected by a pipe with the chimney or the external air1 is required to receive vessels emitting corrosive or evil-smelling vapours2 the door of this closet should be of glass4 ,a sink1 with a copious supply of water1 must be at hand1 for washing apparatus4 ,a glass1 a stoneware barrel1 with a tap of the same material1 is required for holding distilled water4 ,shelves1 supports for apparatus1 and drawers1 should be provided in abundance4 ,the fine balances and other delicate instruments should be kept in a separate apartment4 ,with regard to apparatus1 we may state that the articles most frequently required in a laboratory are the gas or alcohol lamps2 iron pans for sand bath and water bath2 evaporating dishes2 precipitating jars1 funnels1 and wash-bottles2 retorts1 flasks1 and test-tubes2 mortars and pestles2 retort- and filtering-stands2 rat-tail and triangular files1 and glass rod and tubing4 ,footnote #aa3 ,the latest and best work is the #8,handbook of ,chemical ,manipulation1' by ,greville ,williams4 ,faraday's famous work on the same subject has long been out of print4 ,the principal philosophical instrument-makers sell chests or cabinets filled with apparatus and chemicals1 under the name of #8,,portable ,,laboratories1' ,those sold by ,mr ,j4 ,j4 ,griffin and by ,messrs ,jackson and ,townson are1 perhaps1 the most complete4 ,they are well adapted for illustrating all the more valuable facts of chemical science1 and performing all the ordinary operations of qualitative analysis4 ,,laburnine4 ,a poisonous alkaloid1 found in the unripe seeds of the laburnum plant1 associated with another poisonous alkaloid called ,cytisine4 ,,lac4 ,syn4 ,,lacca1 ,l4 ,a resinous substance combined with much colouring matter1 produced by the puncture of the female of a small insect1 called the ,coccus lacca or ficus1 upon the young branches of several tropical trees1 especially the ,ficus ,indica1 ,ficus religiosa1 and ,croton lacciferum4 ,the crude resinous exudation constitutes the ,,stick-,,lac of commerce4 ,,shell-,,lac or ,,shellac is prepared by spreading the resin into thin plates after being melted and strained4 ,,seed-,,lac is the residue obtained after dissolving out most of the colouring matter contained in the resin4 ,shell-lac is the kind most commonly employed in the arts4 ,the palest is the best1 and is known as #8orange-lac4' ,the darker varieties----#8liver-coloured1' #8ruby1' #8garnet1' c4----respectively diminish in value in proportion to the depth of their colour4 ,uses1 c4 ,lac was formerly much used in medicine2 its action1 if any1 is probably that of a very mild diuretic4 ,it is now chiefly used in ,,dentifrices1 ,,varnishes1 ,,lacquers1 and ,,sealing-,,wax4 ,lac1 ,bleached4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,lac2 ,,lacca ,,alba1 ,l4 ,by dissolving lac in a boiling lye of pearlash or caustic potassa1 filtering and passing chlorine through the solution until all the lac is precipitated2 this is collected1 well washed and pulled in hot water1 and1 finally1 twisted into sticks1 and thrown into cold water to harden4 ,used to make pale varnishes and the more delicate coloured sealing-wax4 ,,lac ,,dye4 ,syn4 ,,lac1 ,,lac-,,lake1 ,,indian ,,cochineal4 ,a colouring substance used to dye scarlet1 imported from ,india4 ,prep4 ,by dissolving out the colour of ground stick-lac by means of a weak alkaline solution1 and then precipitating it along with alumina by adding a solution of alum4 ,obs4 ,to prepare the lac for dyeing1 it is ground and mixed with diluted #8lac spirit1' and the whole allowed to stand for about a week4 ,the #8cloth' is first mordanted with a mixture of tartar and #8lac spirit1' and afterwards kept near the boil for three quarters of an hour1 in a bath formed by adding a proportion of the prepared lac dye to the mixture used for mordanting4 ,lac dye is only applicable to woollen and silk4 ,the colours it yields are similar to those obtained from cochineal1 but less brilliant4 ,,lac ,,spirit4 ,see ,,tin ,,mordants4 ,,lace4 ,this decorative fabric is made by interweaving threads of linen1 cotton1 or silk1 into various patterns and designs4 ,although in some instances lace is made by hand1 the greater part is now manufactured by machinery worked by steam or water4 ,the hand-made lace was called bone1 pillow1 or bobbin lace1 these two latter names having been given it from its having been woven upon a pillow or cushion by means of a bobbin4 ,the manufactured article is bobbin net4 ,lace and the machinery by which it is produced is of so complex a nature that ,dr ,ure says of one particular form of it 8it is as much beyond the most curious chronometer in the multiplicity of mechanical device as that is beyond a common roasting jack40 ,owing to the improvements in machinery introduced of late years1 it may be mentioned that a piece of lace which twenty years since could only be produced at a cost of #cs4 #f;d4 for labour1 may now be turned out for #a;d41 and a quantity of the fabric which sold for #ag1 now realizes only #gs4 ,a pair of curtains1 each four yards long1 may be made in one frame in two hours4 ,the following statistics relating to the ,british lace industry are of interest3----8,in #ahdc there were #cbjj twist net and #hjj warp frames1 returning #b1gdj1jjj that year2 in #ahea1 #cbjj bobbin net and #hjj warp1 giving a return of #c1hdf1jjj2 and in #ahff1 #ceeb bobbin and #djj warp1 returning #e1acj1jjj4 ,there has since been no actual census1 but about the same number is now at work1 and the returns and profits are greatly increased by improved quality and patterns of goods produced4 ,the returns of #ahgb were certainly #f1jjj1jjj at least2 and from advancing wages and demand for ,lever's laces1 must still rapidly increase4 ,men are now earning by making them from #d to #f for #ef hours' weekly labour40#ab ,footnote #ab3 #8,british ,manufacturing ,industries4' ,stanford4 ,lace1 ,gold and ,silver1 to ,clean4 ,reduce to fine crumbs the interior of a #b-lb4 stale loaf1 and mix with them #a_/d lb4 of powder blue4 ,sprinkle some of this mixture plentifully on the lace1 afterwards rubbing it on with a piece of flannel4 ,after brushing off the crumbs rub the lace with a piece of crimson velvet4 ,lace1 to ,scour4 ,take a perfectly clean wine bottle2 wind the lace smoothly and carefully round it2 then gently sponge it in tepid soap and water2 and when clean1 and before it becomes dry1 pass it through a weak solution of gum and water4 ,next pick it out and place it in the sun to dry4 ,if it be desired to bleach the lace1 it should be rinsed in some very weak solution of chloride of lime1 after removal from which it must be rinsed in cold water4 ,starch and expose it2 then boil and starch1 and again expose it if it has not become sufficiently white4 ,the following method is also said to whiten lace3----,it is first ironed slightly1 then folded and sewn into a clean linen bag1 which is then placed for #bd hours in pure olive oil4 ,afterwards the bag1 with the lace in it1 is to be boiled in a solution of soap and water for #ae minutes1 then well rinsed in lukewarm water1 and finally dipped in water containing a small quantity of starch4 ,the lace is then to be taken from the bag1 and stretched on pins to dry4 ,to scour point lace proceed as follows3----8,fix the lace in a prepared tent1 draw it tight and straight1 make a warm lather of ,castile soap1 and with a fine brush dipped in rub over the lace gently1 and when clean on one side do the same on the other2 then throw some clean water on it1 in which a little alum has been dissolved1 to take off the suds2 and1 having some thin starch1 go over with it on the wrong side1 and iron it on the same side when dry2 then open with a bodkin and set it in order4 ,to clean the same1 if not very dirty1 without washing1 fix it as before1 and go over with fine bread1 the crust being pared off1 and when done1 dust out the crumbs40 7,ernest ,spon47 ,black lace may be cleaned by passing it through warm water containing some ox-gall1 rinsing it in cold water1 and then passing it through water in which a small quantity of glue has been previously dissolved by means of heat2 it should then be taken out1 clapped between the hands1 and dried on a frame4 ,,lac,,quer4 ,a solution of shell-lac in alcohol1 tinged with saffron1 annotta1 aloes1 or other colouring substances4 ,it is applied to wood and metals to impart a golden colour4 ,see ,,varnish4 ,,lactalbu,,men4 ,see ,,casein4 ,,lac,,tate4 ,syn4 ,,lactas1 ,l4 ,a salt of lactic acid4 ,the lactates are characterised by yielding an enormous quantity of perfectly pure carbonic oxide gas when heated with #e or #f parts of oil of vitriol4 ,most of these salts may be directly formed by dissolving the hydrate or carbonate of the metal in the dilute acid4 ,,lacta,,tion4 ,see ,,infancy1 ,,nursing1 c4 ,,lactic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#f;,h#aj,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,of ,,milk2 ,,acidum ,,lacticum1 ,l4 ,a sour1 syrupy liquid1 discovered by ,scheele in whey4 ,it is also found in some other animal fluids1 and in several vegetable juices1 especially in that of beet-root4 ,lactic acid is by no means an unimportant constituent of the human organism4 ,it is contained in the gastric juice1 and is frequently formed in the sweat4 ,it has also been detected in the saliva of persons suffering from diabetes4 ,a modification of the acid1 termed sarkolactic acid1 occurs in the fluids of the muscular tissue4 ,it is likewise a product of the fermentation of many vegetable juices1 such as turnips1 carrots1 beet-root1 and cabbage1 which latter vegetable1 after undergoing the lactic fermentation1 becomes converted into the sauer kraut of the ,germans4 ,in the form of calcic lactate it occurs in nux vomica4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve lactate of barium in water1 precipitate the barium with dilute sulphuric acid1 carefully avoiding excess1 and gently evaporate to the consistence of a syrup1 or until it acquires the density #abae4 ,lactate of calcium may be used instead of lactate of barium1 in which case a solution of oxalic acid must be employed as the precipitant4 ,pure4 7,see ,no4 #e47 #b4 ,milk 7skimmed or stale71 #a gall42 bicarbonate of sodium1 #a_/b lb42 dissolve and expose the liquid to the air for some days1 until it becomes sour1 then saturate the excess of acid with some more bicarbonate of sodium1 and again expose it to the air2 repeat this as often as the liquid becomes sour2 next heat the liquid to the boiling point1 filter1 evaporate to dryness 7or nearly71 and exhaust the residuum with rectified spirit2 filter the alcoholic solution1 which contains lactate of sodium1 add sulphuric acid as long as it causes a precipitate to form1 again filter1 and concentrate the clear liquid by evaporation4 #c4 7,boutron and ,fremy47 ,milk1 #c or #d quarts2 sugar of milk1 #bjj to #cjj gr42 mix1 and expose for #b or #c days in an open vessel at #gj to #hj ,fahr41 then saturate with bicarbonate of sodium1 again expose at a moderate temperature1 saturate with more bicarbonate of sodium1 and repeat the process until the whole of the sugar of milk is decomposed2 then coagulate the casein by heat1 filter1 evaporate1 extract the acid lactate of sodium by alcohol of sp4 gr4 #haj1 and decompose it by the cautious addition of dilute sulphuric acid2 again filter1 distil off the alcohol1 and evaporate as before4 #d4 7,scheele47 ,evaporate sour whey to #a_/hth of its bulk1 saturate with slaked lime1 filter1 add #c or #d times the quantity of water1 cautiously precipitate the lime with a solution of oxalic acid1 filter1 and gently evaporate to dryness in a warm bath2 digest the residuum in strong rectified spirit1 and again filter and evaporate4 #e4 7,wackenroder47 ,sugar of lead1 #be parts2 finely powdered chalk1 #bj parts2 skimmed milk1 #ajj parts2 water1 #bjj parts2 digested together at about #ge ,fahr4 ,in six weeks the chalk will be dissolved2 the whole is then heated1 but not to boiling2 the cheese is strained off1 pressed1 and the decanted liquid is clarified by albumen and evaporated1 to let the lactate of calcium crystallise2 the salt is recrystallised and decomposed1 either by sulphuric acid or by the exact quantity of oxalic acid4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the most effective mode of preparing lactic acid4 #f4 7,wholesale47----a4 ,good raw cane-sugar1 #g lbs41 is dissolved in milk 7skimmed or stale71 #b galls41 and cheese 7in a moist or putrescent state71 #a_/b lb41 and chalk1 #d lbs41 previously rubbed to a cream with water1 #a-a_/b gall41 is then added2 the mixture is then exposed in a loosely covered jar1 at a temperature of #hj to #hf ,fahr41 with occasional stirring1 for #b or #c weeks1 or until the whole is converted into a semi-solid mass of crystals of lactate of calcium2 this is purified either by draining off and expressing the liquid portion1 dissolving the residue in water1 and evaporating the solution for crystals2 or the whole is put into a stoneware vessel and heated to the boiling-point1 by which the casein is coagulated1 and the lactate of calcium is dissolved2 the solution filtered whilst hot1 furnishes the salt in crystals on cooling2 these crystals are subsequently dissolved in water1 and the filtered solution decomposed by oxalic acid1 as before4 b4 ,from cane-sugar1 #d parts2 moist cheese1 #a part2 chalk1 #c parts2 water1 #bj parts2 as the last4 ,obs4 ,lactic acid prepared by any of the used formul may be rendered quite pure by dilution with water1 saturation with baryta1 evaporation1 crystallisation1 re-solution in water1 and the careful addition of dilute sulphuric acid1 as in ,no4 #a2 the liquid is1 lastly1 again filtered and evaporated4 ,another plan is to convert the acid into lactate of zinc1 by the addition of commercial zinc-white1 and to redissolve the new salt in water1 and then decompose the solution with a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,in all cases the evaporation should be conducted at a very gentle heat1 and1 when possible1 finished over sulphuric acid1 or in vacuo4 ,for particular purposes this last product must be dissolved in ether1 filtered1 and the ether removed by a very gentle heat4 ,care must also be taken to remove the solid lactate of calcium at the proper period from the fermenting liquid1 as otherwise it will gradually redissolve and disappear1 and on examination the liquid will be found to consist chiefly of a solution of butyrate of calcium4 ,prop4 ,the product of the above formul is a solution of lactic acid4 ,it may be concentrated in vacuo over a surface of oil of vitriol until it appears as a syrupy liquid of sp4 gr4 #abae2 soluble in water1 alcohol1 and ether2 exhibiting the usual acid properties1 and forming salts with the metals1 called ,,lactates4 ,heated in a retort to #bff ,fahr42 a small portion distils over1 and the residuum on cooling concretes into a yellowish1 solid1 fusible mass1 very bitter1 and nearly insoluble in water4 ,this is lactic acid1 which has lost half 7#a equiv47 of its basic water4 ,by long boiling in water this substance is reconverted into lactic acid4 ,heated to #dhj ,fahr41 it suffers decomposition1 lactide 7the anhydrous1 concrete1 or sublimed lactic acid of former writers7 and other products being formed4 ,this new substance may be purified by pressure between bibulous paper and solution in boiling alcohol from which it separates in dazzling white crystals on cooling4 ,by solution in hot water and evaporation to a syrup1 it furnishes common lactic acid4 ,uses4 ,lactic acid has been given in dyspepsia1 gout1 phosphatic urinary deposits1 c4 ,from its being one of the natural constituents of the gastric juice1 and from its power of dissolving a considerable quantity of phosphate of calcium1 it appears very probable that it may prove beneficial in the above complaints4----,dose1 #a to #e gr42 in the form of lozenges1 or solution in sweetened water4 ,,lac,,tic ,,fermenta,,tion4 ,the peculiar change by which saccharine matter is converted into lactic acid4 ,nitrogenous substances1 which in an advanced state of putrefactive change act as alcohol-ferments1 often possess1 at certain periods of their decay1 the property of inducing an acid fermentation in sugar1 by which that substance is changed into lactic acid4 ,thus1 the nitrogenised matter of malt1 when suffered to putrefy in water for a few days only1 acquires the power of acidifying the sugar which accompanies it2 whilst in a more advanced state of decomposition it converts1 under similar circumstances1 the sugar into alcohol4 ,the gluten of grain behaves in the same manner4 ,wheat flour1 made into a paste with water1 and left for four or five days in a warm situation1 becomes a true lactic acid ferment2 but if left a day or two longer1 it changes its character1 and then acts like common yeast1 occasioning the ordinary panary or vinous fermentation4 ,moist animal membranes1 in a slightly decaying condition1 often act energetically in developing lactic acid4 ,the rennet employed in the manufacture of cheese furnishes a well-known example of this class of substances4 ,in preparing lactic acid from milk1 the acid formed1 after a time1 coagulates and renders insoluble the casein1 and the production of the acid ceases4 ,by carefully neutralising the free acid by carbonate of sodium1 the casein becomes soluble1 and resuming its activity1 changes a fresh quantity of sugar into lactic acid1 which may be also neutralised1 and by a sufficient number of repetitions of this process all the sugar of milk present may1 in time1 be acidified4 ,this is the rationale of the common process by which lactic acid is obtained4 ,cane-sugar 7probably by previously becoming grape-sugar7 and the sugar of milk both yield lactic acid2 the latter1 however1 most readily1 the grape-sugar having a strong tendency towards the alcoholic fermentation4 ,if the lactic fermentation be allowed to proceed too far1 the second stage of the process of transmutation commences1 hydrogen gas and carbonic acid gas are evolved1 and the butyric fermentation1 by which oily acids are formed1 is established4 ,pasteur ascribes the lactic fermentation to the agency of a specific kind of ferment1 which occurs in the form of a greyish layer deposited upon the surface of the sediment formed during the fermentation of the sugar1 casein1 and chalk 7see ,lactic acid1 b71 in the manufacture of lactic acid4 ,if to a mixture of yeast1 or any nitrogenous substance1 and water1 sugar1 and then chalk1 be added1 and finally a very small quantity of this greyish substance1 taken from a portion of a liquid undergoing active lactic fermentation1 lactic acid fermentation is almost immediately set up1 the chalk disappears owing to the formation of calcic lactate1 and the greyish substance is copiously deposited4 ,when placed under the microscope this ferment is seen to be composed of 8little globules1 or very short articulations1 either isolated or in threads1 constituting irregular flocculent particles1 much smaller than those of beer yeast1 and exhibiting a rapid gyratory motion40 ,if these little particles be washed thoroughly in pure water1 and then placed in a solution of sugar1 lactic acidification immediately commences in the saccharine liquid1 and goes on steadily until stopped by the excess of free acid4 ,,lac,,tide4 ,see ,,lactic ,,acid4 ,,lac,,tin4 ,see ,,sugar ,,of ,,milk4 ,,lac,,tometer4 ,syn4 ,,galactometer4 ,an instrument for ascertaining the quality of milk4 ,milk may be roughly tested by placing it in a long graduated tube sold for the purpose1 and allowing it to remain until all the cream has separated and measured1 then decanting off the clear whey1 and taking its specific gravity2 the result of the two operations1 when compared with the known quantity of cream and the density of the whey of an average sample of milk1 gives the value of the sample tested4 ,see ,,milk4 ,a little instrument called a #8milk-tester' is sold in ,london at a low price4 ,it is essentially a hydrometer which sinks to a given mark on the stem in pure water1 and floats at another mark at the opposite end of the scale in pure milk4 ,the intermediate space indicates the quantity of water 7if any7 employed to adulterate the article4 ,as the sp4 gr4 of pure milk varies1 the indications of the #8tester' cannot be depended on4 ,,lac,,tose4 ,see ,,sugar ,,of ,,milk4 ,,lac,,tuca4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,lettuce4 ,the leaves and flowering tops of the wild indigenous plant ,lactuca virosa4 ,they are sedative1 narcotic1 and powerfully diuretic2 also mildly laxative and diaphoretic4 ,given in dropsy and visceral obstructions4 ,see ,,lettuce1 ,,extract ,,of4 ,,lactuca,,rium4 ,syn4 ,,lettuce ,,opium4 ,,thridace2 ,,lactucarium 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d474 ,the inspissated milky juice of the ,lactuca sativa 7common garden lettuce71 or the ,lactuca virosa 7strong-scented wild lettuce71 obtained1 by incision1 from the flowering stems1 and dried in the air4 ,the latter species yields by far the greatest quantity4 ,m4 ,arnaud1 of ,nancy1 adopts the following method of procuring this substance1 which appears to be the most productive and simple of any yet published3----,before the development of the lateral branches1 the stems of twelve plants are cut1 one after another1 a little below the commencement of these branches2 returning to the first one1 a milky exudation is found on the cut portion1 and on that which remains fixed in the earth2 this milky exudation is adroitly collected with the end of the finger 7or with a bone knife71 which is afterwards scraped on the edge of a small glass2 the same operation is performed on twelve other heads1 and so on2 on the third day it is repeated on every portion of the plant remaining in the ground1 a thin slice being first cut off the top2 this is done every day until the root is reached4 ,as soon as the lactucarium is collected it coagulates2 the harvest of each day is divided into small pieces1 which are placed on plates1 very near each other1 but without touching1 and allowed to dry for two days1 after which they are set aside in a bottle4 ,in this way #ae or #bj times the ordinary product is obtained4 ,prop41 c4 ,lactucarium is anodyne1 hypnotic1 antispasmodic1 and sedative1 allaying pain and diminishing the force of the circulation4 ,it has been recommended in cases in which opium is inadmissible1 and has been administered with advantage in chronic rheumatism1 colic1 diarrha1 asthma1 and troublesome cough of phthisis1 the irritability and watchfulness in febrile disorders1 c4----,dose1 #b to #e gr42 made into pills1 lozenges1 or tincture4 ,,lactu,,cin4 ,syn4 ,,lactucinum1 ,l4 ,this is the active principle of lactucarium1 and is found in the juice of several species of lettuce4 ,prep4 ,exhaust lactucarium with hot rectified spirit1 agitate the tincture with a little animal charcoal1 filter1 add a little milk of lime1 and evaporate to dryness2 digest the residuum in hot rectified spirit2 filter1 and evaporate by a gentle heat1 so that crystals may form4 ,prop41 c4 ,a nearly colourless1 odourless1 fusible1 neutral1 bitter substance2 sparingly soluble in cold water and in ether1 but freely soluble in alcohol4 ,it possesses feeble basic properties4 ,good lactucarium contains fully #bj of this substance4 ,,lad,,anum4 ,see ,,labdanum4 ,,laennec',s ,,contra-,,stimulant4 ,see ,,draught4 ,,lake4 ,syn4 ,,lacca1 ,l4 ,animal or vegetable colouring matter1 precipitated in combination with oxide of tin or alumina2 usually the latter4 ,the term was formerly restricted to red preparations of this kind1 but is now indiscriminately applied to all compounds of alumina and colouring matter4 ,the term #8,,lake1' when unqualified by an adjective1 is1 however1 understood to apply exclusively to that prepared from cochineal4 ,prep4 ,lakes are made----#a4 ,by adding a solution of alum1 either alone or partly saturated with carbonate of potassa1 to a filtered infusion or decoction of the colouring substance1 and after agitation precipitating the mixture with a solution of carbonate of potash4----#b4 ,by precipitating a decoction or infusion of the colouring substance made with a weak alkaline lye1 by adding a solution of alum4----#c4 ,by agitating recently precipitated alumina with a solution of the colouring matter1 prepared as before1 until the liquid is nearly decoloured1 or the alumina acquires a sufficiently dark tint4 ,the first method is usually employed for acidulous solutions of colouring matter1 or for those whose tint is injured by alkalies2 the second1 for those that are brightened1 or at least uninjured1 by alkalies2 the third1 for those colouring matters that have a great affinity for gelatinous alumina1 and readily combine with it by mere agitation4 ,by attention to these general rules1 lakes may be prepared from almost all animal and vegetable colouring substances that yield their colour to water1 many of which will be found to possess great beauty and permanence4 ,the precise process adapted to each particular substance may be easily ascertained by taking a few drops of its infusion or decoction1 and observing the effects of alkalies and acids on the colour4 ,the quantity of alum or of alumina employed should be nearly sufficient to decolour the dye liquor2 and the quantity of carbonate of potassa should be so proportioned to the alum as to exactly precipitate the alumina without leaving free or carbonated alkali in the liquid4 ,the first portion of the precipitate has the deepest colour1 and the shade gradually becomes paler as the operation proceeds4 ,a beautiful #8tone' of violet1 red1 and even purple1 may be communicated to the colouring matter of cochineal by the addition of perchloride of tin2 the addition of arseniate of potassa 7neutral arsenical salt7 in like manner gives shades which may be sought for in vain with alum or alumina4 ,after the lake is precipitated1 it must be carefully collected1 washed with cold distilled water1 or the purest rain water1 until it ceases to give out colour1 and then carefully dried in the shade4 ,in this state it forms a soft velvety powder4 ,that of the shops is generally made up into conical or pyramidal drops 7drop lake71 which is done by dropping the moist lake through a small funnel on a clean board or slab1 and drying it by a gentle heat as before4 ,a very little clear gum water is commonly added to the paste to give the drops consistence when dry4 ,lake1 ,blue4 ,syn4 ,,lacca ,c,,rulea1 ,l4 ,prepared from some of the blue-coloured flowers2 fugitive4 ,the name is also applied to lump archil 7lacca crulea71 to moist alumina coloured with indigo1 and to mixed solutions of pearlash and prussiate of potash1 precipitated with another solution of sulphate of iron and alum4 ,these are permanent and beautiful1 but are seldom used1 in consequence of indigo and ,prussian blue supplying all that is wanted in this class of colours4 ,lake1 ,brazil-wood4 ,syn4 ,,drop ,,lake2 ,,lacca ,,in ,,globulis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of ground ,brazil-wood1 #a lb42 water1 #d galls42 digest for #bd hours1 then boil for #cj or #dj minutes1 and add of alum1 #a-a_/b lb41 dissolved in a little water2 mix1 decant1 strain1 and add of solution of tin1 #a_/b lb42 again mix well and filter2 to the clear liquid add1 cautiously1 a solution of salt of tartar or carbonate of soda1 as long as a deep-coloured precipitate forms1 carefully avoiding excess2 collect1 wash1 dry1 c41 as directed above4 ,obs4 ,the product is deep red4 ,by collecting the precipitate in separate portions1 lakes varying in richness and depth of colour may be obtained4 ,the first portion of the precipitated lake has the brightest colour4 ,an excess of alkali turns it on the violet1 and the addition of cream of tartar1 on the brownish red4 ,the tint turns more on the violet red when the solution of tin is omitted4 ,some persons use less1 others more1 alum4 #b4 ,add washed and recently precipitated alumina to a strong and filtered decoction of ,brazil wood4 ,inferior to the last4 ,lake1 ,carminated4 ,syn4 ,,cochineal ,,lake1 ,,florence ,l41 ,,florentine ,l41 ,,paris ,l41 ,,vienna ,l42 ,,lacca ,,florentina1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the residuum of the cochineal left in making carmine is boiled with repeated portions of water1 until it is exhausted of colour2 the resulting liquor is mixed with that decanted off the carmine1 and at once filtered2 some recently precipitated alumina is then added1 and the whole gently heated1 and well agitated for a short time2 as soon as the alumina has absorbed sufficient colour1 the mixture is allowed to settle1 after which the clear portion is decanted1 the lake collected on a filter1 washed1 and dried1 as before4 ,the decanted liquor1 if still coloured1 is now treated with fresh alumina until exhausted1 and thus a lake of a second quality is obtained4 ,very fine4 #b4 ,to the coloured liquor obtained from the carmine and cochineal as above1 a solution of alum is added1 the filtered liquor precipitated with a solution of carbonate of potassa1 and the alum or alumina2 this brightens the lake collected and treated as before4 ,scarcely so good as the last4 ,obs4 ,some makers mix a little solution of tin with the coloured liquor before adding colour4 ,the above lake is a good glazing colour with oil1 but has little body4 ,it may be made directly from a decoction of cochineal4 7,see below47 ,lake1 ,cochineal4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cochineal 7in coarse powder71 #a oz42 water and rectified spirit1 of each #b-a_/b oz42 digest for a week1 filter1 and precipitate the tincture with a few drops of solution of tin1 added every two hours1 until the whole of the colouring matter is thrown down2 lastly1 wash the precipitate in distilled water1 and dry it4 ,very fine4 #b4 ,digest powdered cochineal in ammonia water for a week1 dilute the solution with a little water1 and add the liquid to a solution of alum1 as long as a precipitate falls1 which is the lake4 ,equal to the last4 #c4 ,coarsely powdered cochineal1 #a lb42 water1 #b galls42 boil #a hour1 decant1 strain1 add a solution of salt of tartar1 #a lb41 and precipitate with a solution of alum4 ,by adding the alum first1 and precipitating the lake with the alkali1 the colour will be slightly varied4 ,all the above are sold as ,,carminated or ,,florence ,,lake1 to which they are often superior4 ,lake1 ,green4 ,made by mixing blue and yellow lake together4 ,seldom kept in the shops1 being generally prepared extemporaneously by the artist on his palette4 ,lake1 ,lac4 ,prep4 ,boil fresh stick-lac in a solution of carbonate of soda1 filter the solution1 precipitate with a solution of alum1 and proceed as before4 ,lake1 ,lichen4 ,see ,,orcein4 ,lake1 ,madder4 ,syn4 ,,lacca ,,rubi1 ,l4 ,,columbina1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,sir ,h4 ,c4 ,inglefield47 ,take of ,dutch grappe or crop madder1 #b oz42 tie it in a cloth1 beat it well in a pint of water in a stone mortar1 and repeat the process with fresh water 7about #e pints7 until it ceases to yield colour2 next boil the mixed liquor in an earthen vessel1 pour it into a large basin1 and add of alum #a oz41 previously dissolved in boiling water1 #a pint2 stir well1 and while stirring1 pour in gradually of a strong solution of carbonate of potassa 7#8oil of tartar'71 #a-a_/b oz42 let the whole stand until cold1 then pour off the supernatant yellow liquor1 drain1 agitate the residue with boiling water1 #a quart 7in separate portions71 decant1 drain1 and dry4 ,product1 #a_/b oz4 ,the ,society of ,arts voted their gold medal to the author of the above formula4 #b4 ,add a little solution of acetate of lead to a decoction of madder1 to throw down the brown colouring matter1 filter1 add a solution of tin or alum1 precipitate with a solution of carbonate of soda or of potassa1 and otherwise proceed as before4 #c4 7,ure47 ,ground madder1 #b lbs42 water1 #a gall42 macerate with agitation for #aj minutes1 strain off the water1 and press the remainder quite dry2 repeat the process a second and a third time2 then add to the mixed liquors1 alum #a_/b lb41 dissolved in water1 #c quarts2 and heat in a water bath for #c or #d hours1 adding water as it evaporates2 next filter1 first through flannel1 and1 when sufficiently cold1 through paper2 then add a solution of carbonate of potassa as long as a precipitate falls1 which must be washed until the water comes off colourless1 and1 lastly1 dried4 ,if the alkali be added in #c successive doses1 #c different lakes will be obtained1 successively diminishing in beauty4 ,see ,,madder1 ,,madder1 ,,red1 c4 ,lake1 ,orange4 ,prep4 ,take of the best ,spanish annotta1 #d oz42 pearlash1 #c_/d lb42 water1 #a gall42 boil for half an hour1 strain1 precipitate with alum1 #a lb41 dissolved in water1 #a gall41 observing not to add the latter solution when it ceases to produce an effervescence or a precipitate2 strain1 and dry the sediment in small squares1 lozenges1 or drops4 ,the addition of some solution of tin turns this lake on the ,,lemon ,,yellow2 acids redden it4 ,see ,,lake1 ,,yellow4 ,lake1 ,red4 ,prep4 ,take of pearlash1 #a lb42 clean shreds of scarlet cloth1 #c-a_/b lbs42 water1 #e galls42 boil till the cloth is decoloured1 filter the decoction1 and precipitate with a solution of alum1 as before4 ,see the ,,lakes noticed above 7,brazil-wood1 ,carminated1 ,cochineal1 and ,madder74 ,lake1 ,yellow4 ,prep4 #a4 ,boil ,french berries1 quercitron bark1 or turmeric1 #a lb41 and salt of tartar1 #a oz41 in water1 #a gall41 until reduced to one half1 then strain the decoction1 and precipitate with a solution of alum4 #b4 ,boil #a lb4 of the dye-stuff with alum1 #a_/b lb42 water1 #a gall41 as before1 and precipitate the decoction with a solution of carbonate of potash4 ,see ,,lake1 ,,orange 7above74 ,,lamb in its general qualities closely resembles mutton1 of which1 indeed1 it is merely a younger and more delicate kind4 ,it is well adapted as an occasional article of food for the convalescent and dyspeptic2 but it is unequal for frequent use1 more especially for the healthy and robust1 to the flesh of the adult animal4 ,,lambs1 ,,diseases ,,of4 ,among other diseases1 these animals are particularly prone to one affecting the lungs1 in consequence of the existence of parasites 7,strongylus bronchialis7 in the air-passages4 ,see ,,parasites4 ,,lamp4 ,a contrivance for producing artificial light or heat by the combustion of inflammable liquids4 ,the term #8lamp' is also applied to a portable gas-burner 7,,gas-,,lamp71 and to a tubular candle-holder1 which1 by the aid of a simple mechanical device1 keeps the flame at one height 7,,candle-,,lamp74 ,,oil ,,lamps were employed for illumination among the nations of antiquity1 at the earliest period of which any record exists4 ,the ,assyrian1 ,greek1 and ,roman lamps preserved in our museums are generally noble specimens of art-workmanship4 ,though elegant in form1 and rich in external embellishment1 the ancient lamp was simply a vessel to contain the oil1 with a short depression or spout on the one side1 in which the wick is laid4 ,lamps of this rude construction are still in common use in many countries4 ,no important improvement in the principle and construction of lamps as a source of light occurred until a comparatively recent date2 the smoke1 dirt1 and disagreeable odour of the common lamp having previously led to its disuse among the superior classes in favour of candles4 ,at length1 in #aghi1 ,m4 ,argand made a revolution in illumination by the invention and introduction of the well-known lamp which bears his name4 ,in the ,,argand ,,lamp a hollow tubular wick of woven cotton replaces the solid bundles of fibres1 and is so arranged that air passes through it into the interior of the flame4 ,over the burner is placed a cylindrical glass chimney1 open at the bottom1 and surrounding the flame at a short distance from it1 by which another current of air is made to act on the exterior portion of the flame4 ,in this way a due supply of oxygen is secured1 and sufficient heat generated for the perfect combustion of the gaseous products of the oil1 and the smoke and soot which escape from the ordinary lamp are converted into a brilliant and smokeless flame4 ,the earliest table-lamps constructed on ,argand's principle had one serious defect----the oil vessels had to be placed almost on a level with the burners1 in a position which caused them to cast objectionable shadows4 ,this defect was almost entirely removed by making the oil vessel in the form of a flattish ring1 connected by slender tubes with the burner4 ,the more elegant contrivances1 known as the ,,moderator ,,lamp and ,,carcel ,,lamp1 which are now so much used for burning colza and similar oils1 cast no shadow4 ,in these the oil1 instead of being sucked up by the wick1 or descending to it by the force of gravity1 is driven up by mechanical means from the oil-reservoir contained in the foot or pedestal4 ,a spiral spring1 acting upon a piston1 elevates the oil in the #8moderator1' while a little pump worked by clockwork does the same duty in the #8,carcel4' ,the burner and wick in each are formed on ,argand's principle4 ,for burning the hydrocarbon oils distilled from coal and petroleum1 lamps of very simple construction are used4 ,these oils1 in consequence of their diffusive character1 rise to a considerable height up a wick1 and therefore do not require mechanical lamps4 ,the wicks of ,,hydro-,,carbon ,,lamps are usually flat1 but sometimes circular4 ,to cause perfect combustion1 a strong draught of air is created by placing over the flame a tall glass chimney1 usually much contracted above the flame4 ,a metallic cap1 with an orifice the shape of the flame1 is placed over the burner1 its use being to deflect the currents of air upon the flame4 ,the reservoirs of hydro-carbon lamps ought always to be constructed of some bad conductor of heat1 as glass or porcelain4 ,illustration ,for chemical operations1 many forms of lamp are used4 ,the ordinary glass ,,spirit-,,lamp1 fitted with a ground-glass cap1 is quite indispensable for minor experiments4 7,see engr4 #a47 ,stoneware wick-holders are preferable to those of brass1 which become greatly heated1 and endanger the splitting of the glass4 8,an effective spirit-lamp may at any time be constructed out of a vial having a glass tube passing through the cork1 a cover being formed from a test-tube inverted over the wick1 and fitting with moderate tightness on the superior extremity of the cork0 7,greville ,williams74 ,alcohol or wood spirit is the fuel used4 ,the ,,argand ,,lamp1 when intended as a source of heat for chemical purposes1 is so modified as to adapt it to burn either oil1 spirit of wine1 or wood-spirit1 and the combustion is greatly aided by the chimney1 which in this case is made of copper4 7,see engr4 #b and #c47 ,the lamp itself is also made of metal1 and furnished with ground caps to the wick-holder and aperture by which the spirit is introduced1 in order to prevent loss of spirit by evaporation when the lamp is not in use4 ,when in use this aperture must always be left open1 otherwise an accident is sure to happen1 as the heat expands the air in the lamp1 and the spirit is forcibly expelled4 ,in those situations in which coal-gas is cheap1 it may be used with great economy and advantage as a source of heat in most chemical operations4 ,retorts1 flasks1 capsules1 and other vessels1 can be thus exposed to an easily regulated and constant temperature for many successive hours4 ,small platinum crucibles may be ignited to redness by placing them over the flame on a little wire triangle4 ,of the various gas-lamps now used in the laboratory1 the first and most simple consists of a common ,argand gas-burner fixed on a heavy and low foot1 and connected with a flexible gas-tube of caoutchouc or other material4 7,see engr4 #d47 ,with this arrangement it is possible to obtain any degree of heat1 from that of the smallest blue flame to that which is sufficient to raise a moderately large platinum crucible to dull redness4 ,when gas mixed with a certain proportion of air is burnt1 a pale blue flame1 free from smoke1 and possessing great heating power1 is obtained4 ,a lamp for burning the mixture may easily be made by fitting a close cover of fine wire gauze over the top of the chimney of the last-mentioned contrivance4 ,the gas is turned on1 and after a few minutes ignited above the wire gauze4 7,see page #idf74 ,the ingenious and useful burners of ,bunsen and ,griffin are so constructed that gas and air mixed in any proportions1 or gas alone1 may be burnt at pleasure4 ,bunsen's is a most efficient and convenient form of burner4 7,see illustration on next page47 ,it consists of a gas jet1 surrounded by a metal tube1 about #f to #i inches high and about #a_/b inch in diameter2 having at the bottom four large holes4 ,on the admission of air1 when the gas is turned on1 the air rushes in by these orifices1 and mingling with the gas1 the mixture ascends to the top of the tube and is there ignited1 giving rise to a flame of great heat1 but without luminosity1 owing to the simultaneous combustion of the carbon and the hydrogen4 ,the burner1 however1 is so contrived that by shutting off the supply of air entirely1 or limiting it1 the flame may be made more or less luminous at pleasure4 ,to distribute the flame1 a rosette burner is placed on the top of the tube4 ,illustration ,an improved variety of this burner has been designed by ,bunsen1 and is figured below4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4----;,,improved ,,bunsen ,,burner4 ,it is so contrived as to give a flame that is a very much better substitute for the flame of the blowpipe1 than the ordinary ,bunsen's burner1 and may hence be employed for reducing1 oxidising1 fusing1 and volatilising1 as well as for the observation of coloured flames4 ,fig4 #a is a sheath which1 by turning round1 regulates the admission of air4 ,when it is used the conical chimney1 d d d d1 is placed in e e2 it is of a size sufficient to allow of the flame burning tranquilly4 ,in fig4 #a the flame is represented of half its natural size4 ,this flame it will be seen consists of three divisions1 viz4----#a1 a a a a the dark zone1 which is composed of cold gas mixed with about #fb per cent4 of air4 #b1 a c a b the mantle formed by the burning mixture of gas and air4 #c1 a b a1 the luminous tip of the dark cone1 which only appears when the orifices for the air are partially closed4 ,reductions may be performed in this part of the flame4 ,bunsen1 however1 divides the flame into six parts1 to which he attributes as many functions4 ,these six divisions of the flame he names as follows3---- #a4 ,the base at has a relatively low temperature1 because the burning gas is here cooled by the constant current of fresh air1 and also because the lamp itself conducts the heat away4 ,this part of the flame serves for discovering the colours produced by readily volatile bodies1 when less volatile matters which colour the flame are also present4 ,at the relatively low temperature of this part of the flame1 the former vaporises alone instantaneously1 and the resulting colour imparted to the flame is for a moment visible unmixed with other colours4 #b4 ,the ,fusing ,zone4 ,this lies at 1 at a distance from the bottom of somewhat more than one third of the height of the flame1 equidistant from the outside and the inside of the mantle1 which is broadest at this part4 ,this is the hottest part of the flame1 viz41 about #bcjj1 and it therefore serves for testing substances1 as to their fusibility1 volatility1 emission of light1 and for all processes of fusion at a high temperature4 #c4 ,the lower ,oxidising ,zone lies in the outer border of the fusing zone at 1 and is especially suitable for the oxidation of oxides dissolved in vitreous fluxes4 #d4 ,the upper ,oxidising ,flame at consists of the non-luminous tip of the flame4 ,its action is strongest when the air holes of the lamp are fully open4 ,it is used for the roasting away of volatile products of oxidation1 and generally for all processes of oxidation1 when the highest temperature is not required4 #e4 ,the lower ,reducing ,zone lies at 1 in the inner border of the fusing zone next to the dark cone4 ,the reducing gases are here mixed with oxygen1 and1 therefore1 do not possess their full power1 hence they are without action on many substances which are deoxidised in the upper reducing flame4 ,this part of the flame is especially suited for reduction on charcoal or in vitreous fluxes4 #f4 ,the upper ,reducing ,flame lies at 1 in the luminous tip of the dark inner cone1 which1 as already explained1 may be produced by diminishing the supply of air4 ,this part of the flame must not be allowed to get large enough to blacken a test tube filled with water and held in it4 ,it contains no free oxygen1 is rich in separated incandescent carbon1 and therefore has a much stronger action than the lower reducing zone4 ,it is used more particularly for the reduction of metals collected in the form of incrustations4 ,the subjoined is a drawing of the gauze burner1 which is an open cylinder with wire gauze at the top4 ,illustration3 ,argand's lamp1 with wire-gauze cap4 ,when this is placed over the gas burner1 a supply of air is drawn in at the bottom by the ascending current of gas1 and the mixture burns above the gauze1 with a very hot flame1 quite free from smoke1 the metallic meshes preventing the flame from passing down to the gas below4 ,see ,,illumination1 ,,fuel1 ,,furnace1 ,,gas1 ,,laboratory1 c4 ,lamp1 ,flameless4 ,syn4 ,,glow ,,lamp4 ,a coil of fine platinum wire is slipped over the wick of a spirit lamp1 the greater part being raised above the cotton2 the lamp is supplied with ether or alcohol1 lighted for a moment and then blown out4 ,the coil continues to glow in the mixed atmosphere of air and combustible vapour1 until the liquid in the lamp is exhausted4 ,lamp1 ,monochromatic4 ,a lamp fed with a mixture of a solution of common salt and spirit of wine4 ,it gives a yellow light1 and makes every object illuminated by it appear either yellow or black4 ,the human features are changed in a remarkable degree2 the countenance appearing truly ghastly and unearthly4 ,lamp1 ,safety4 ,syn4 ,,miner',s ,,lamp1 ,,davy1 ,,geordy4 ,the safety lamp of ,sir ,h4 ,davy and ,george ,stephenson are similar in principle1 and were independently invented about the same time4 ,that of ,sir ,h4 ,davy consists of a common oil lamp1 surmounted with a cylinder of wire gauze1 the apertures of which are not greater than the #a_/bjth of an inch square1 and the wire of which it is made to the #a_/djth to the #a_/fjth of an inch in diameter4 7,see engr47 ,the fire-damp 7carbonetted hydrogen7 along with air passes through the meshes into the interior of the gauze cylinder4 ,here it ignites1 but the flame which is produced by its combustion cannot explode a mixture of fire-damp and air by which the lamp may be surrounded4 ,the flame is prevented from passing to the exterior of the gauze by the cooling action of the metal of which it is constructed4 ,when this lamp is taken into an explosive atmosphere1 although the fire-damp may burn within the cage with such energy as sometimes to heat the metallic tissue to dull redness1 the flame is not communicated to the mixture on the outside4 ,these appearances are so remarkable1 that the lamp becomes an admirable indicator of the state of the air in different parts of the mine1 and if its admonitions are attended to1 gives the miner time to withdraw before an explosion takes place4 ,illustration ,lamp1 ,telescope4 ,this ingenious contrivance1 invented by ,messrs ,murray and ,heath1 is intended for microscopic illumination4 ,it consists of three brass tubes1 sliding one within the other1 the oil vessel being contained in the inner tube4 ,the height of the lamp is regulated to the greatest nicety by simply turning one tube in the other1 interior spiral guides preventing all chance of slipping4 ,the great advantage of this arrangement is absence of the stand and bar usually employed for raising and lowering the lamp1 which enables it to be used on all sides1 and to be brought much closer to the microscope than other lamps4 ,see engr41 below4 ,illustration ,,lamp ,,black4 ,see ,,black ,,pigments4 ,,lamp,,rey4 ,syn4 ,,great ,,lamprey1 ,,seal4 ,this fish is the ,petromizon marinus of ,linnus4 ,it generally quits the sea in the spring1 for the purpose of spawning1 and remains in our rivers for a few months4 ,its flesh is soft and glutinous1 and though esteemed a delicacy1 is extremely difficult of digestion1 if not otherwise unwholesome4 ,potted lampreys are usually so highly seasoned as to become a dangerous article of food4 ,henry ,i is said to have lost his life from the effects of a surfeit of lampreys4 ,,laudanine4 ,c#bj;,h#be,,no#c4 ,an alkaloid obtained by ,hesse from the aqueous extract of opium4 ,it is homologous with morphine and codeine4 ,it dissolves in strong sulphuric acid with a rose-red colour1 in strong nitric acid with an orange red colour1 and in ferric chloride with emerald green colour4 ,,lantha,,nium4 ,la#ib4 ,a rare metal1 discovered by ,mosander1 associated with oxide of cerium4 ,oxide of lanthanium is a pale salmon-coloured powder1 unaffected by ignition in open vessels4 ,according to ,zschiesche the atomic weight of lanthanium is #ijah4 ,see ,,cerium4 ,,lanthopine4 ,c#bc;,h#be,,no#d4 ,a base obtained by ,hesse in small quantity1 associated with other bases from the aqueous extract of opium4 ,it is homologous with papaverine4 ,strong nitric acid dissolves it1 giving rise to an orange red colour4 ,strong sulphuric acid gives with it a faint violet colour4 ,,la,,pis4 ,l4 ,a stone4 ,the term was much employed by the old chemists1 and is still commonly applied to several preparations used in medicine4 ,lapis ,causticus4 ,see ,,potassium4 ,lapis ,divinus4 ,syn4 ,,divine ,,stone2 ,,lapis ,,ophthalmicus1 ,l42 ,,pierre ,,divine1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,beer47 ,verdigris1 nitre1 and alum1 equal parts1 melted together4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alum1 nitre1 and blue vitriol1 of each #c oz42 camphor1 #a dr42 as last4 #c4 7,woolfuss47 ,blue vitriol1 nitre1 alum1 and camphor1 equal parts1 melted together1 adding the camphor last4 ,astringent and detergent4 #a oz41 dissolved in water1 #a pint1 formed a once celebrated lotion4 #a dr4 in water1 #a pint1 is still used as a collyrium4 ,lapis ,infernalis4 ,see ,,nitrate ,,of ,,silver4 ,lapis ,lazuli4 ,see ,,ultramarine4 ,lapis ,lydius4 ,syn4 ,,lydian ,,stone4 ,a siliceous slate1 used as a touchstone by jewellers4 ,lapis ,medicamentosus4 ,syn4 ,,medicinal ,,stone2 ,,lapis ,,mirabilis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,alum1 litharge1 and ,armenian bole1 of each #f oz42 colcothar of green vitriol1 #c oz42 vinegar1 #d fl4 oz42 mix1 and evaporate to dryness4 ,formerly used to make an astringent and detergent lotion3----#a oz4 to water1 #a pint4 ,once a popular application to ulcers1 and in other cases2 now disused4 ,lapis ,vulnerarius4 ,very similar to ,,lapis ,,divinus4 ,,larch ,,bark4 ,the inner bark of the ,larix ,europa1 the common larch1 has been lately introduced1 under the form of a tincture1 into the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,dr ,stenhouse obtained from the bark a peculiar volatile constituent1 possessed of acid properties for which the name of lariximic acid has been proposed4 ,the other trees of the pine family are deficient in this acid4 ,the young bark abounds most in it4 ,gum1 starch1 resin1 and that variety of tannic acid1 which forms olive green precipitates with the salts of iron1 have also been found1 in addition to other substances1 in larch bark4 ,the inner bark1 employed internally1 has a special action on the mucous membranes1 and acts as an astringent and mild stimulant4 ,it is said to have been given with excellent results in hmoptysis1 as well as in bronchitis attended with copious expectoration1 and in diseases of the urinary passages4 ,externally has been found serviceable in psoriasis1 chronic eczema1 and some other skin diseases4 ,it is best to combine its extract or tincture with glycerin when it is to be used outwardly4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,larch ,,bark4 ,,lard4 ,syn4 ,,hog',s ,,lard1 ,,axunge2 ,,adeps 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,axungia 7,ph4 ,e471 ,a4 ,,suillus 7,ph4 ,d471 ,a4 ,,porci1 ,a4 ,,pr,,paratus 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the fat of the pig 7,sus scrofa----,linn47 melted by a gentle heat1 and strained through flannel or a hair sieve4 ,the fat about the loins yields the whitest and hardest lard4 8,that which has been cured with chloride of sodium is not to be employed40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,it is not to be used without being first carefully washed with water40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahff47 ,used chiefly to make ointments1 and in cookery4 ,see ,,adeps4 ,,lard,,ing4 ,by many this is regarded as belonging to the higher style of cookery only1 and too troublesome and extravagant to be adapted to the kitchens of the middle classes and the poor4 ,this1 we are assured1 is not the case4 ,on the contrary1 8it is an economical process1 and will make lean meat go much farther than without it40 ,the process of larding is as follows3----8,get what is called a larding needle1 that is1 a piece of steel from #f to #i inches long1 pointed at one end1 and having four slits at the other to hold a small strip of bacon when put between them4 ,it will1 perhaps1 cost tenpence4 ,cut the bacon into pieces #b or #c inches long1 and #a_/d to #a_/b an inch square2 put each one after the other in the pin1 insert it in the meat1 and leave only about half an inch out2 using #h pieces to each pound40 7,soyer47 ,,lark4 ,the ,alauda arvensis 7,,skylark7 and the ,alauda cristata 7,,field-,,lark71 with several other species of the same genus1 form a light and nutritious article of food1 by many esteemed a delicacy4 ,the last1 according to ,galen and ,dioscorides1 eaten either roasted or boiled1 #8helps the colic4' ,the heart1 applied to the thigh1 was also regarded to possess the same virtue4 ,,laryngitis4 ,inflammation of the larynx1 or upper part of the windpipe4 ,the symptoms that indicate this most dangerous malady are sore throat1 accompanied with considerable pain in front of the throat1 difficulty in breathing and swallowing1 considerable hoarseness1 change or loss of voice1 a sense of suffocation1 fever1 restlessness1 flushing of the face1 and an eager desire for fresh air4 ,we have described the accompaniments of this dread disease1 in order that any one seized with an attack may know its nature1 and at once send for his medical attendant4 ,should circumstances prevent his doing so immediately1 as many leeches as possible should be applied to the centre of the throat4 ,,laud,,anum4 ,this name is now understood to denote1 exclusively1 the common tincture of opium of the ,pharmacopia2 but formerly the term was applied to several preparations of opium differing greatly from each other1 both in their strength and mode of preparation4 7,see below47 ,laudanum1 ,dutchman's4 ,from the flowers of bull's hoof or ,dutchman's laudanum 7,passiflora merucuja----,linn47 infused in rum4 ,narcotic4 ,used as a substitute for tincture of opium in the ,west ,indies4 ,laudanum1 ,ford's4 ,this is merely the common tincture of opium aromatised with a little cloves and cinnamon4 ,laudanum1 ,houlton's4 ,prep4 ,from opium #b-a_/b oz42 distilled vinegar1 #a-a_/b pint2 digested together for a week1 the filtered tincture gently evaporated nearly to dryness1 and then redissolved in weak spirit 7#a of rectified spirit to #g of water71 #a quart4----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops4 ,laudanum1 ,neumann's4 ,a fermented infusion of opium evaporated to the consistence of honey4 ,laudanum1 ,quince4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,cydoniatum1 ,,laudanum ,,cydoniatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract of opium made with quince juice2 a few drops of the oils of cinnamon1 cloves1 and mace being added before the mass cools4 ,now seldom used4 #b4 ,,laudanum1 ,,liquid-,,quince2 7,,laudanum ,,liquidum ,,cydoniatum1 ,l47 7,l4 ,c4 ,,paratum ,,fermentatione1 ,l47 ,a fermented infusion of opium prepared with quince juice1 aromatised with cloves1 cinnamon1 aloes wood1 and yellow sandal wood1 and evaporated so as to possess about twice the strength of the ordinary tincture4 ,now obsolete4 ,laudanum1 ,rousseau's4 ,wine of opium prepared by fermentation4 ,see ,,wine4 ,laudanum1 ,smith's ,concentrated4 ,resembles ,battley's ,,liquor ,,opii ,,sedativus1 but possesses about #f times its strength4 ,laudanum1 ,swediaur's4 ,prep4 ,from extract of opium1 #b parts1 dissolved in a mixture of alcohol1 #a part1 distilled water1 #h parts4 ,every #e drops contain #a gr4 of opium4 ,laudanum1 ,sydenham's ,liquid4 ,syn4 ,,laudanum ,,liquidum ,,sydenhami1 ,l4 ,similar to ,,wine ,,of ,,opium----,ph4 ,l41 but rather stronger1 and aromatised with a little cloves and cinnamon4 ,wine of opium is now always sold for it4 ,laudanum1 ,tartarised4 ,syn4 ,,laudanum ,,liquidum ,,tartarizatum1 ,l4 ,a tincture of opium prepared with spirit alkalised with salt of tartar1 and flavoured with aromatics4 ,obsolete4 ,,laugh,,ing ,,gas4 ,see ,,nitrous ,,oxide4 ,,laur,,el4 ,see ,,cherry ,,laurel1 ,,sweet ,,bay1 ,,oil1 c4 ,,la,,va4 ,the matter thrown out by volcanoes4 ,the beautiful ornamental vases1 jugs1 and other objects sold under the name1 are a superior sort of unglazed coloured porcelain4 ,,lave,,ment4 ,see ,,enema4 ,,lav,,ender4 ,the flowers or flowering tops of ,lavandula vera or common garden lavender4 ,an essential oil1 spirit1 and tincture1 prepared from it1 are officinal in the ,pharmacopias4 ,lavender ,dye 7for ,,cotton74 ,for #ajj yards of material4 ,take #a lb4 of logwood1 and #b lbs4 of sumach1 and scald them separately4 ,then decant them into a proper sized tub1 let them cool to #aej ,fahr41 and add #b gills of vitriol4 ,winch the goods in this #bj minutes2 lift1 and run them slightly through acetate of iron2 wash them in two waters2 then give #a lb4 of logwood as before1 raise with a pint of chloride of tin1 wash in two waters2 then in a tub of cold water put #d oz4 extract of indigo1 enter and winch in this #ae minutes1 lift2 give one water1 and dry4 ,lavender ,dye 7for ,,wool74 ,boil #e-a_/b lbs4 of logwood with #b lbs4 of alum4 ,then add #aj oz4 of extract of indigo4 ,when cold put in the goods1 and gradually raise to the boiling point4 ,for #ej lbs4 ,lavender1 ,red4 ,see ,,tincture4 ,lavender1 ,smith's ,british4 ,prep4 ,from ,english oil of lavender1 #b oz42 essence of ambergris1 #a oz42 eau de ,cologne1 #a pint2 rectified spirit1 #a quart4 ,very fragrant4 ,see ,,water 7,lavender74 ,lavender1 to ,dye ,silk4 7,mustpratt47 ,into a vessel with warm water1 as hot as the hand can bear1 dissolve a little white soap1 enough to raise a lather2 then add one gill of archil liquor1 and work the goods in this for fifteen minutes2 ring out and dry4 ,boil one ounce of cudbear1 and add the solution to the soap and water instead of archil1 which will give a lavender having a redder tint than with the archil4 ,if a still redder shade of lavender be required the soap may be dispensed with4 ,lavender ,water4 ,see ,,spirits1 ,,perfumed4 ,,lax,,atives4 ,syn4 ,,lenitives2 ,,laxativa1 ,,laxantia1 ,,lenitiva1 ,l4 ,mild purgatives or cathartics4 ,the principal of these are----almond oil1 cassia pulp1 castor oil1 confection of senna1 cream of tartar1 figs1 grapes1 honey1 phosphate of soda1 prunes1 salad oil1 tamarinds1 c4 ,,lay,,ers4 ,among gardeners1 a mode of propagating plants1 by laying down the shoots of young twigs1 and covering a portion of them with the soil1 without detaching them from the parent plant4 ,to facilitate the rooting of such layers1 the part beneath the soil is fractured by twisting or bruising it1 or it is partly cut through with a sharp knife1 immediately under a bud4 ,when the layer has taken root1 it is divided from the parent stem1 and transplanted or potted4 ,in this way1 with a little care1 nearly all plants may be multiplied4 ,,lead4 ,pb4 ,eq4 #bjg4 ,syn4 ,,plumbum4 ,this metal1 like gold1 silver1 and iron1 appears to have been known in the most remote ages of antiquity4 ,the ore from which it is almost exclusively extracted1 as being the only one found in abundance1 is the native sulphide or sulphuret of lead1 called by mineralogists galena4 ,prep4 ,on the large scale lead is obtained by roasting galena in a reverberatory furnace1 and smelting the residue along with coal and lime4 ,the lead thus obtained generally contains small quantities of both silver and gold1 which it often pays to extract1 by a method termed #8,pattinson's process4' ,this process is founded on the circumstance that1 when melted1 lead containing silver is allowed to cool4 ,the lead crystallises out first1 leaving an alloy of lead and silver still fused4 ,by removing the crystals of lead1 as formed1 until about four fifths are removed1 the residue is an alloy of lead and silver much richer than the original4 ,repeated several times1 this yields a rich alloy of silver and lead that is expelled and the silver obtained4 ,another method for the removal of silver from lead is one employed in ,glasgow1 and known as the #8,flack-,guillim' process4 ,it is thus described in #8,dingler's ,polytechnic ,journal1' ccxxxv1 #fg-gj1 and in #8,engineering' for ,september #aeth1 #ahgf4 8,eighteen tons of rich lead are melted1 and one per cent4 of zinc added4 ,the molten mass then allowed to cool1 the crust which forms is removed1 and the lead sweated out in a small pot4 ,the lead in the large pot is then treated with another half per cent4 of zinc in the same way4 ,a third addition of a quarter per cent4 of zinc suffices to remove the greater part of the remaining silver1 #e dwts4 being left in the lead per ton4 ,this lead is then run into the improving pan1 and the last traces of zinc oxidised out40 ,pure lead for chemical purposes may be obtained as follows1 although the lead of commerce is nearly pure3 ,by reducing nitrate of lead with charcoal4 ,by heating the oxide left by igniting pure acetate of lead with black flux4 ,prop41 c4 ,the general properties of lead are too well known to require notice here4 ,the sp4 gr4 of that of commerce is about #aace2 but in a state of absolute purity its greatest density is #aade4 ,it melts at about #fjj ,fahr41 and when very slowly cooled1 crystallises in octahedrons4 ,at a white heat it boils1 and is volatilised4 ,when exposed to moist air1 it soon becomes covered with a grey film4 ,it is scarcely acted on by hydrochloric or sulphuric acids1 although after some time both coat it with a film of chloride or sulphate4 ,it is rapidly acted on by nitric acid1 with formation of the nitrate4 ,pure water put into a leaden vessel and exposed to the air soon corrodes it1 and dissolves the newly formed oxide2 but river and spring water have little action upon lead1 provided there is no free carbonic acid present1 the carbonates and sulphates in such water destroying their solvent powers4 ,it has been found that a very small amount of phosphate of sodium or of iodide of potassium1 dissolved in distilled water1 prevents its corrosive action on this metal4 ,the lead in contact with such water gradually becomes covered with a superficial film of an insoluble salt of lead1 which adheres tenaciously1 and prevents further change4 ,from this it appears that ordinary water 7#8hard water'71 which abounds in mineral salts1 may be more or less safely kept in leaden cisterns2 but distilled water and rain water1 and all other varieties that contain scarcely any saline matter1 speedily corrode1 and dissolve a portion of lead1 when kept in vessels of that metal4 ,when1 however1 leaden cisterns have iron or zinc fastenings or braces1 a galvanic action is set up1 the preservative power of saline matter ceases1 and the water speedily becomes contaminated with lead1 and unfit for consumption as a beverage4 ,water containing carbonic anhydride also acts on lead1 and this is the reason why the water of some springs 7although loaded with saline matter71 when kept in leaden cisterns1 or raised by leaden pumps1 possesses unwholesome properties4 ,m4 ,fordos1 in a communication to the #8,journal de ,pharmacie et de ,chimie1' xix1 #bj1 states that in the course of some experiments on the applicability of lead for water pipes and cisterns he could not detect a trace of lead in ten litres of river water taken from the leaden cistern of one of the ,paris hospitals4 ,but upon shaking pure water with shot and air1 a coating of carbonate of lead was formed on the sides of the bottle1 which almost rendered the glass opaque4 ,on dissolving the film in nitric acid1 and estimating the lead1 it was found that one litre of water had produced five milligrammes of the carbonate4 ,wine and vinegar would also dissolve that film2 and as shot is commonly used for cleaning wine bottles1 lead frequently finds its way into wines1 a fact which may account for many of the cases of chronic poisoning by lead which occur in large towns4 ,the detection of small quantities of lead in forensic investigation would afford1 therefore1 no proof of any intentional poisoning4 ,orfila's erroneous statement that lead is a normal constituent of the human organism may also be accounted for in this way4 ,free carbonic acid is evolved during the fermentation or decay of vegetable matter1 and hence the absolute necessity of preventing the leaves of trees falling into water-cisterns formed of lead4 ,the #8eau de rose' and the #8eau d'orange' of commerce1 which are pure distilled water holding in solution small quantities of essential oil1 and are imported in leaden canisters1 always contain a small quantity of lead1 and deposit a sediment1 which is not the case when they are kept in glass or incorrodible vessels4 ,lead and all its preparations are highly poisonous2 and whether imbibed in almost infinitesimal quantities with our daily beverages and food1 or swallowed in larger and appreciable doses1 is productive of the most disastrous consequences1 the real cause being unfortunately seldom suspected4 ,mr ,g4 ,bischof#ac writes3----,some eight months ago a tube was passed in my laboratory1 which is supplied with water by the ,new ,river ,company1 into the slate cistern so as to act as a syphon to supply some apparatus with water4 ,the external surface of the tube inside the cistern was therefore alternately exposed to the action of air and water1 according to the level of water in the cistern4 ,footnote #ac3 #8,journal of the ,chemical ,society1' ,april1 #ahfg4 ,recently ,i noticed a white efflorescence on the greater part of the tube inside the cistern4 ,an adjoining cistern of sheet lead1 with a lead overflow pipe fixed into the bottom1 shows nowhere any such corrosion4 ,on cutting the tube it became evident that it is a composition tube1 that is to say1 a lead tube1 containing some antimony4 ,on analysis it was found to be composed of---- ,lead #ihc ,antimony #ag -------- #ajjj ,although the external diameter of the tube is only half an inch1 #jbi gram of efflorescence was obtained per foot by gentle rubbing4 ,this dried at #ajj ,c4 contained #ajb per cent4 of sulphuric acid1 corresponding with #da per cent4 of sulphate of lead4 ,the remainder1 except #aac per cent4 of a residue insoluble in nitric acid1 is carbonate of lead4 ,the alternate exposure to air and water appears not essential to the corrosion1 as ,i have observed a similar effect when the same tubing remained constantly under water4 ,the interior of the tube has also been corroded1 although of course no permanent efflorescence could be formed1 owing to the rapid flow of the water4 ,the frequent practice of plumbers of using composition tubing in connection with water supplies is therefore highly reprehensible1 being fraught with considerable danger to the health of those using the water for drinking or cooking4 ,mr ,louis ,siebold detected lead in eight out of ten samples of concentrated solution of acetate of ammonia as well as in a sample of the ordinary solution of the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,in pursuing his investigations ,mr ,siebold found that solutions of acetate of ammonium are capable of dissolving lead from glass4 ,he therefore advises that all forms of the solution1 more particularly the concentrated liquor employed by many chemists for making the weaker solutions1 should be kept in bottles free from lead4 ,with the acids lead or its oxides form salts1 usually white in colour1 and in the majority nearly insoluble in water1 but readily soluble in acids4 ,tests4 ,the oxides and salts of lead1 mixed with a little carbonate of soda1 and exposed on a charcoal support to the reducing flame of the blowpipe1 readily yield a soft and ductile globule of metallic lead1 and the charcoal1 at the same time1 becomes covered with a yellowish incrustation of oxide of lead4 ,both metallic lead and its oxides are soluble in nitric acid1 furnishing a solution which may be examined with ease4 ,solution of lead salts may be recognised by the following reactions3----,sulphuretted hydrogen1 sulphydrate of ammonium1 and the alkaline sulphides1 give black precipitates1 insoluble in the cold dilute acids1 alkalies1 alkaline sulphides1 and cyanide of potassium4 ,potassium and sodium hydrates give a white precipitate1 soluble in excess4 ,ammonia 7except with the acetate7 gives a white precipitate1 insoluble in excess4 ,the carbonates of potassium1 sodium1 and ammonium1 give a white precipitate1 insoluble in excess4 ,dilute sulphuric acid 7in excess71 and solutions of the sulphates give a white precipitate1 sparingly soluble in dilute acids1 but soluble in a hot boiling solution of potassium carbonate4 ,chromate and bichromate of potassium give yellow precipitates insoluble in dilute nitric acid1 and soluble in solution of potassium hydrate4 ,iodide of potassium gives a yellow precipitate1 soluble in great excess by heat1 and separating in small1 brilliant1 golden-yellow scales1 as the liquid cools4 ,a piece of polished zinc precipitates metallic lead in an arborescent form1 hence called the lead tree4 ,to prepare for these tests1 a solid supposed to contain lead should be digested in nitric acid1 when the solution1 evaporated to dryness and redissolved in water1 may be tested as above4 ,estim4 ,this has been already referred to under previous heads4 ,the ores of lead 7galena7 may be digested in nitric acid1 when the solution may be treated with sulphuric acid1 and the lead estimated from the weight of the precipitated sulphate4 ,this is called an assay in the wet way4 ,the method adopted by practical mineralogists is an assay in the dry way1 and is conducted as follows3----,a small but powerful air-furnace1 charged with coke1 is brought to as high a temperature as possible1 and a conical wrought-iron crucible plunged into the midst of it2 as soon as the crucible has attained a dull-red heat1 #ajjj gr4 of the galena1 reduced to powder1 are thrown into it1 and stirred gently with a long piece of stiff iron wire flattened at the one end1 in order to expose as large a surface of the powdered ore to the air as possible1 observing now and then to withdraw the wire1 to prevent it becoming red hot1 in which case some of the ore would permanently adhere to it1 and be reduced before the intended time2 the roasting is completed in #c or #d minutes1 and any portion of the ore adhering to the stirrer being detached by a knife1 and returned into the crucible1 the latter is covered up1 and allowed to attain a full cherry-red heat1 when about #b or #c spoonfuls of reducing flux are added1 and the whole brought to a full white heat2 in #ab to #ae minutes1 the portion of metal and scoria adhering to the sides of the crucible are scraped down into the melted mass with a small stick of moist green wood1 after which the crucible is again covered1 and the heat urged for #b or #c minutes longer1 so as to keep the mass in a perfectly liquid state during the whole time2 the crucible is then removed from the fire with the crucible-tongs1 and adroitly tilted so as to discharge its contents into a small1 ingot-mould of brass1 observing to rake the scoria from the surface to the sides of the crucible1 so as to allow the molten lead to be poured out without it2 the scoria is then reheated in the crucible with about #a_/b spoonful of flux1 and after being cleansed with a piece of green wood1 as before1 is at once poured into a second mould1 which is instantly inverted2 the little button of lead thus obtained is added to the lead in the other mould1 and the whole is accurately weighed4 ,the weight1 divided by #aj1 gives the per-centage of lead 7including silver1 if present7 in the ore examined4 ,one half of the lead thus obtained is put into a dry cupel of bone ash1 and placed in the cupelling furnace1 and treated as described in the article on assaying2 the metallic button left on the cupel is then detached and weighed4 ,the weight1 divided by #e1 gives the per-centage of pure silver4 ,obs4 ,the flux commonly employed in the above assay is composed of red argol1 #f parts2 nitre1 #d parts2 borax1 #b parts2 fluor spar1 #a part2 well pulverised and thoroughly mixed together4 ,when the ore is very refractory1 about a spoonful of carbonate of potassium should be added for each #ajjj grains of ore1 in which case the roasting may be dispensed with4 ,the quantity of silver in argentiferous galena varies from #c_/ajjjj to #a_/c part of the whole4 ,whenever this ore contains above #b parts of silver in the #ajjj1 it is found to be profitable to extract the latter4 ,indeed1 by ,pattison's process it is found that as small a proportion as #a in #hjjj can be extracted with profit4 ,uses4 ,the uses of lead in the arts are well known4 ,it enters into the composition of many important alloys 7pewter1 type-metal1 shot-metal1 solder1 c471 it furnishes us with several valuable pigments 7chrome yellow1 c471 and it is extensively used in dyeing4 ,some of its preparations are employed in medicine4 ,ant41 c4 ,administer an emetic of sulphate of zinc or sulphate of copper1 and1 if necessary1 tickle the fauces with the finger or a feather1 to induce vomiting4 ,should this not succeed the stomach-pump may be had recourse to4 ,epsom or ,glauber's salts1 or alum1 dissolved in water1 or water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 followed by tea1 water gruel1 or barley water1 are the proper antidotes1 and should be taken as soon after the poison has been swallowed as possible4 ,in poisoning by white lead1 ,dr ,alfred ,taylor recommends the administration of a mixture of sulphate of magnesium and vinegar1 as preferable to the sulphate alone4 ,when the symptoms are those of painter's colic1 the treatment recommended under that head should be adopted4 ,in paralysis arising from lead1 small doses of strychnine and its preparations may be cautiously administered4 ,a symptom of poisoning by lead is the formation of a narrow leaden blue line1 from #a_/bjth to #a_/fth of an inch wide1 bordering the edges of the gums1 attached to the neck of two or more teeth of either jaw4 7,dr ,burton47 ,this discoloration may often be detected or rendered more conspicuous by rinsing the mouth out with water holding a little sulphuretted hydrogen or sulphydrate of ammonium in solution4 ,chevallier and ,rayer recommend the use of sulphurous or hepatic mineral waters1 or of artificial solutions of sulphuretted hydrogen or alkaline sulphides in water1 both in cases of acute and chronic poisoning by lead2 but the practical success of this plan does not appear to have been in proportion to theoretical anticipations4 ,the moist and freshly precipitated sulphides of iron are said by their advocates to be infallible if taken sufficiently early4 ,lead in ,aerated ,water4 ,some time since ,sir ,robert ,christison condemned the use of syphons for lemonade1 owing to the action of free tartaric acid upon lead1 and the rapidity with which waters containing any free acid become charged with lead in syphons4 ,according to ,professor ,miller1 #jjage gr4 of lead per gallon is not an unusual amount for average cistern water4 ,mr ,john ,s4 ,thompson1 however1 reports to the ,edinburgh ,university ,chemical ,society that1 after such water has been aerated and put into a syphon1 the amount of lead dissolved in it begins to rise in a rapid manner4 ,thus in potash water1 drawn from a syphon1 #jjdjh grain of lead per gallon was found to be present1 being nearly #be times the quantity found in the same water before it entered the syphon4 ,pure aerated water again drawn in a similar manner from a syphon gave #jjhaf gr4 of lead per gallon1 or exactly double the amount found in the potash water1 showing at once the well-known protective action that salts of the alkalies and alkaline earths have on lead4 8,although10 says the #8,medical ,journal1' 8these results are sufficiently high and alarming2 still1 when the water is drawn off in small quantities at a time1 as is frequently the case with invalids1 the results are found to be still higher2 thus1 when potash water was so treated1 #jjdee gr4 of lead per gallon was found1 while aerated water1 drawn off in small quantities1 gave #jjicc gr4 of lead per gallon1 showing a very marked rise in both cases4 ,the cause of this increase in quantity of the lead appears to be owing1 not so much to the lengthened period of contact between the liquid and the metal as to the fact that the nozzle of the syphon1 being exposed to the atmosphere in a moist state1 becomes rapidly oxidised or carbonated1 and is left in the most suitable condition for entering into solution1 so that1 when merely small portions of the liquid are drawn off each time1 a comparatively concentrated solution of lead is obtained4 ,these results10 continues the same authority1 8compare accurately with those which were obtained by ,messrs ,savory and ,moore1 in examining the contents of a series of syphons of aerated water for ,dr ,george ,owen ,rees1 ,f4,r4,s41 whose attention was drawn to the subject by detecting symptoms of lead-poisoning in himself after he had been in the habit for some time of drinking such aerated water40 ,lead1 ,acetate of4 ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,plumbic ,,acetate1 ,,sugar ,,of ,,lead1 ,,plumbi ,,acetas4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,litharge 7in fine powder7 #bd2 acetic acid1 #dj2 distilled water1 #bj2 mix the acetic acid and the water1 add the litharge1 and dissolve with the aid of a gentle heat1 filter1 evaporate until a pellicle forms1 and crystallise4 ,drain and dry the crystal4 ,acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajhdc71 #bc parts1 is gently heated in a copper boiler rendered electro-negative by means of a large flat piece of lead soldered within it1 and litharge 7pure1 and in fine powder71 #ac parts1 is sprinkled in2 the heat is then continued1 with constant stirring1 until the acid is saturated1 when the mother-waters of a former process1 if any1 are added1 and the whole is heated to the boiling point1 and allowed to settle until cold2 the clear portion is now decanted1 and evaporated in a similar vessel until the liquor has the sp4 gr4 #abff or #abfg1 when it is run into salt-glazed stone-ware vessels 7the edges of which have been well smeared with candle grease71 and allowed to crystallise4 ,the product is #ch to #ch-a_/b parts of crystallised sugar of lead4 ,it is found to be advantageous to preserve a very slight excess of acid during the boiling and crystallisation1 to prevent the formation of any basic acetate the presence of which impedes the formation of regular crystals4 ,from litharge1 #aab lbs42 acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajeg71 #abh lbs4 ,prop4 #ahj to #ahd lbs4 ,prop4 ,pure acetate of lead forms colourless1 transparent1 prismatic crystals1 slightly efflorescent in dry air2 it is soluble in #h parts of alcohol and in #a-a_/d part of cold water2 the aqueous solution has a sweet astringent taste1 and feebly reddens litmus1 but turns turmeric and the juice of violets green2 when gently heated1 it melts in its water of crystallisation2 by continuing the heat1 the whole of the water is expelled1 and the dry acetate obtained2 at a higher temperature the salt suffers decomposition1 and acetic acid1 acetone1 c41 is given off4 ,commercial acetate of lead is in general a confused crystalline mass1 somewhat resembling broken lump sugar4 ,it is powerfully astringent and poisonous4 ,when pure it is completely soluble in distilled water acidulated with acetic acid forming a transparent colourless solution1 8#ch grains dissolved in water require for complete precipitation #bjj grains measures of the volumetric solution of oxalic acid40 7,b4 ,p47 ,uses1 c4 ,acetate of lead is extensively employed in dyeing and calico-printing4 ,in medicine it is used as an astringent1 styptic1 and hmostatic2 in pulmonary1 uterine1 and intestinal hmorrhage1 colliquative diarrha1 phthisical sweats1 c4 ,it is usually combined with morphia or opium1 and with acetic acid to prevent it passing into the state of the poisonous carbonate in the stomach4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr4 7,collier72 #a to #b gr4 to #h or #aj gr41 twice or thrice a day 7,pereira72 #c gr4 to #aj gr41 every #f or #h hours 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson74 ,externally1 as a collyrium1 #aj gr4 to water1 #h fl4 oz4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson72 as a lotion1 #bj gr4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson71 #a dr4 7,collier7 to water1 #h or #aj fl4 oz42 as an injection1 #dj gr4 to rose water1 #a_/b pint4 ,the lotion is cooling and sedative1 and is commonly used in excoriations1 local inflammations1 c4 ,basic ,acetates4 ,there are several of these salts1 but only one is of any importance4 ,tribasic ,lead ,acetate or ,double ,plumbic ,acetate1 and ,dioxide4 ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b #b,pb,o4 ,syn4 ,,subacetate ,,of ,,lead2 ,,basic ,,lead ,,citrate2 ,,goulard',s ,,acetate ,,of ,,lead2 ,,plumbi ,,subacetas 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,litharge1 #g2 acetate of lead1 #aj2 and distilled water1 #dj2 are boiled half an hour1 and evaporated down1 and allowed to crystallise out of contact with air4 ,used under the form of 8,plumbi subacetas liquor0 v4 7,b4 ,p47 ,lead1 ,arseniate of4 ,pb#c7;,as,o#d7b4 ,syn4 ,,arsenate ,,of ,l42 ,,plumbi ,,arsenias1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,gradually add a solution of acetate of lead to another of arseniate of sodium4 ,a white1 insoluble powder4 ,proposed as an external application in certain forms of cancer4 ,lead1 ,bromide of4 ,pb,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,bromidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by precipitating a solution of neutral acetate or nitrate of lead with a solution of bromide of potassium4 ,a white1 crystalline powder1 sparingly soluble in water4 ,it fuses by heat into a red liquid1 which turns yellow when cold4 ,it has been used in the same cases as iodide of lead4 ,lead1 ,carbonate of4 ,pb,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,carbonas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by precipitating a cold solution of either acetate or nitrate of lead with a solution of an alkaline carbonate1 observing to well wash the precipitate and dry it in the shade4 ,this preparation is seldom employed1 the commercial carbonate 7,,white ,,lead7 being substituted for it4 ,see ,,white ,,pigments4 ,lead1 ,chloride of4 ,pb,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,chloride ,,lead2 ,,plumbi ,,chloridum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf74 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf74 ,dissolve acetate of lead1 #ai oz41 in boiling water1 #c pints2 next dissolve chloride of sodium1 #f oz41 in boiling water1 #a pint2 mix the two solutions1 and when cold wash and dry the precipitate4 ,a white1 crystalline powder4 ,dissolve finely powdered litharge in boiling dilute hydrochloric acid1 and set aside the filtered solution to cool4 ,brilliant colourless needles4 ,prop4 ,soluble in #ace parts of cold and in #bb parts of boiling water2 it melts when heated1 and solidifies on cooling1 forming a horn-like substance 7horn lead2 plumbi corneum74 ,uses1 c4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 chloride of lead was ordered to be employed in the preparation of #8hydrochlorate of morphia4' ,mr ,tuson highly recommends it in cancerous affections1 to allay pain and restrain morbid action1 either in the form of a lotion or ointment4 ,various mixtures of lead chlorides and oxide are employed as a white pigment under the name of #8,pattison's white4' ,it is prepared by rapidly mixing a boiling solution of lead chloride with an equal volume of lime water4 ,another similar compound is called #8patent yellow' or #8,turner's yellow4' ,lead1 ,chromate of4 ,pb,cr,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,lemon ,,yellow1 ,,leipsig ,,yellow1 ,,paris ,,yellow4 ,prep4 ,by adding a filtered solution of acetate or nitrate of lead to a like solution of chromate of potassium1 as long as the precipitate forms1 which is collected1 washed with water1 and dried4 ,for information respecting the manufacture of this substance on the large scale1 as a colouring substance 7chrome yellow71 see ,,yellow ,,pigments4 ,lead1 ,dichromate of4 ,syn4 ,,chrome ,,orange1 ,,chrome ,,red4 ,pb,cr,o#d4,pb,o4 ,prep4 ,by adding to a solution of nitrate or acetate of lead a solution of chromate of potassium1 to which an equivalent of potassa has been added4 ,this compound is of a splendid scarlet colour4 ,see ,,red ,,pigments4 ,lead1 ,cyanide of4 ,pb,cy#b4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,cyanidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding hydrocyanic acid to a solution of acetate of lead1 as long as a precipitate forms1 which1 after being washed with distilled water1 is dried by a very gentle heat1 and preserved from the light and air4 ,sometimes used as a source of medicinal hydrocyanic acid4 ,lead1 ,iodide of4 ,pb,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,lead ,,iodide2 ,,plumbi ,,iodidum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d474 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,nitrate of lead1 #d2 iodide of potassium1 #d2 distilled water1 a sufficiency4 ,dissolve with the aid of heat the nitrate of lead in #cj of water1 and the iodide of potassium in #aj of water1 mix1 collect the precipitate1 wash1 and dry at a gentle heat4 ,prop41 c4 ,a rich yellow-coloured powder1 soluble in acetic acid1 alcohol1 and boiling water2 when heated1 it fuses and volatilises in yellow vapour1 but with a higher degree of heat1 violet vapours of iodine are evolved1 leaving a residuum 7lead7 which is wholly soluble in nitric acid4----,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #d gr4 or more1 made into a pill2 as a deobstruent and resolvent1 in enlargements of the cervical1 axillary1 and mesenteric glands1 and in scrofulous affections and scirrhous tumours4 ,lead1 ,nitrate of4 ,pb7,,no#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,nitras1 ,l4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,litharge 7in fine powder71 #a oz42 pure nitric acid1 #b fl4 oz41 diluted with water1 #a_/b pint2 mix1 apply a sand-heat1 and evaporate to dryness1 occasionally stirring2 boil the residuum in water1 #b-a_/b pints2 filter1 acidulate with a few drops of nitric acid1 evaporate to a pellicle1 and set the liquid aside to cool2 lastly1 dry the deposited crystals on bibulous paper1 and preserve them in a well closed bottle4 7,commercial47 ,by dissolving white lead in dilute nitric acid1 and crystallising4 ,uses1 c4 ,this salt is extensively used in calico printing1 and in the preparation of the iodide and other salts of lead4 ,it was formerly much esteemed in asthmas1 hmorrhages1 and epilepsy4 ,it is now often used in an external application in cancer1 ulcers1 wounds1 and various cutaneous affections4 ,it is the basis of ,liebert's celebrated #8cosmtique infallible1' and of ,ledoyen's #8disinfecting fluid4' ,a very weak solution is an excellent application to chapped nipples1 lips1 hands1 c4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a gr42 in the form of pill or solution1 washed down with a tablespoonful of water very slightly acidulated with nitric acid4 ,lead1 ,nitro-saccharate of4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,nitrosaccharas1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,s4 ,e4 ,hoskins47 ,nitric acid1 #a part2 water1 #ai parts2 mix2 in this dilute acid saccharate of lead 7in fine powder7 is to be dissolved1 and set aside that crystals may form1 which are to be dried by pressure between the folds of bibulous paper4 ,a weak solution of the salt1 acidulated with saccharic acid1 has been employed by ,dr ,hoskins as a solvent for phosphatic calculi1 with apparent success4 ,lead1 ,oxide of4 ,pb,o4 ,syn4 ,,monoxide ,,of ,,lead1 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,lead1 ,,yellow ,,oxide ,,of ,,lead1 ,,plumbi ,,oxydum 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,this substance is obtained perfectly pure by expelling the acid from nitrate of lead1 by exposing it to heat in a platinum crucible2 or1 still better1 by adding ammonia to a cold solution of nitrate of lead until the liquid becomes faintly alkaline1 washing the precipitate with cold water1 drying it1 and heating it to moderate redness for #a hour4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure protoxide of lead has a lemon-yellow colour1 and is the best of all the salts of lead4 ,it is very heavy1 slightly soluble in water1 and freely so in acids1 particularly when in the hydrated state2 the aqueous solution has an alkaline reaction2 at a red heat it melts1 and assumes a semi-crystalline form on cooling2 in the melted state it rapidly attacks and dissolves siliceous matter1 with which it unites to form glass 7flint glass72 when heated along with organic substances of any kind1 it is easily reduced to the metallic state4 ,on the commercial scale1 this oxide is prepared by heating the grey film or dross that forms on the surface of melted lead when freely exposed to the air4 ,when the process is arrested1 as soon as the oxide acquires a uniform yellow colour1 it is called massicot2 when the heat is still further increased1 until it fuses or partially vitrifies1 it forms litharge of which there are several varieties4 ,see ,,litharge1 ,,massicot4 ,lead1 ,red ,oxide of4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,lead1 ,,minium4 ,prep4 ,this is prepared by exposing unfused protoxide of lead to the air for a long time1 at a dull red heat4 ,it is a very heavy powder1 of a fine red colour1 decomposed by a strong heat into protoxide of lead1 and oxygen gas1 which is evolved4 ,somewhat uncertain in its composition1 but is generally of the composition ,pb#c,o#d or ,pb,o#bb,pb,o4 ,see ,,red ,,pigment4 ,lead1 ,dioxide4 ,pb,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,biniodide ,,of ,,lead1 ,,peroxide ,,of ,,lead1 ,,puce ,,oxide ,,of ,,lead4 ,prep4 ,by digesting red oxide of lead in dilute nitric acid2 or by infusing a mixture of protoxide of lead and chlorate of potassium at a heat a little below redness1 and washing the powdered mass in water2 or by transmitting a current of chlorine gas through a solution of neutral acetate of lead4 ,this oxide gives up half its oxygen at a red heat2 acids also decompose it4 ,its chief use is in chemical analysis1 to separate sulphurous acid from certain gaseous mixtures1 which it converts into sulphuric acid1 which it at the same time absorbs1 forming sulphate of lead4 ,it has recently been employed as an oxidising agent in the manufacture of the ,,aniline ,,dyes4 ,lead1 ,pyrolignite of4 ,sugar of lead made with rough pyroligneous acid4 ,used in dyeing1 chiefly for the preparation of acetate of alumina4 ,lead1 ,saccharate of4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,saccharas1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,s4 ,e4 ,hoskins47 ,nitric acid1 #b parts2 water1 #aj parts2 mix in a porcelain capsule1 add of sugar1 #a part2 and apply heat until reaction ceases2 then dilute the liquid with distilled water1 neutralise it with powdered chalk1 filter1 and add to the filtrate a solution of acetate of lead1 as long as a precipitate 7saccharate of lead7 forms2 lastly1 collect the precipitate on a filter1 wash and dry it4 ,used to make nitro-saccharate of lead1 and as a source of saccharic acid4 ,lead1 ,sulphate of4 ,pb,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,this salt occurs native in transparent octohedra 7lead vitriol71 and is obtained in large quantities as a by-product in the preparation of acetate of aluminum for dyeing4 ,prep4 ,by adding dilute sulphuric acid to a solution of a soluble salt of lead4 ,it is very sparingly soluble in water and in dilute sulphuric acid1 soluble in strong hydrochloric acid and bitartrate of ammonium4 ,lead1 ,sulphide of4 ,pb,s4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,sulphide4 ,this occurs abundantly in nature in the form of ,,galena4 ,prep4 ,by fusing metallic lead with sulphur or by passing sulphuretted hydrogen through a solution of a salt of lead4 ,lead1 ,tannate of4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,tannas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,precipitate a solution of acetate of lead with an infusion of galls1 and wash and dry the precipitate4 ,astringent1 sedative1 and hmostatic4----,dose1 #a gr4 and upwards1 made into a pill4 ,it has been highly recommended in the form of ointment and cataplasms1 in bed-sores1 chronic ulcers of the feet1 white swellings1 c4 ,lead1 ,tartrate of4 ,syn4 ,,plumbi ,,tartras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by precipitating acetate of lead1 by tartrate of ammonium1 washing and drying4 ,,lead ,,dust4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,plumbi1 ,,plumbum ,,divisum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by melting new lead1 adding bruised charcoal1 mixing with violent agitation1 which must be continued until the metal #8sets1' and then pounding and washing away the charcoal4 ,used by potters4 ,,lead1 ,,granulated4 ,prep4 ,by melting new lead1 and pouring it in a small stream from an iron ladle with a hole drilled in its bottom1 into a pail of water4 ,used to make solutions and alloys4 ,,lead1 ,,red4 ,see ,,red ,,pigments4 ,,lead1 ,,white4 ,see ,,white ,,pigment4 ,,lead ,,pyroph,,orus4 ,see ,,pyrophorus4 ,,leath,,er4 ,syn4 ,,corium1 ,,corius1 ,l4 ,leather is the skin of animals which has been prepared by one or other of several processes adopted for the purpose1 having the common object of preventing its spontaneous destruction by putrefaction1 besides other objects1 which are more or less peculiar to each variety of this useful substance4 ,leather is only prepared on the large scale1 and primarily either by the process of #8,,tanning' or #8,,tawing1' in the manner briefly described under these heads4 ,,curried ,,leather is leather which has been tanned1 and sold to the currier1 who1 after soaking it in water1 and rubbing it to soften it1 pares it even with a broad1 sharp knife1 rubs it with a piece of polished stone or wood1 and1 whilst still wet1 besmears it with oil or grease 7,,dubbing71 which gradually penetrates the leather as the moisture evaporates4 ,it next undergoes the operation of #8waxing1' which consists of first rubbing it on the flesh side with a mixture of oil and lamp black2 it is then #8black-sized' with a brush or sponge1 and1 when dry1 is lastly #8tallowed' with a proper cloth1 and #8slicked' upon the flesh side with a broad and polished lump of glass4 ,leather curried on the hair or grain side1 termed #8black on the grain1' is blackened by wetting it with iron liquor1 and rubbing it with an iron #8slicker' before applying the oil or grease4 ,the grain is finally raised by the #8pommel' or #8graining board' passed over it in various directions4 ,leather is dyed or stained by the application1 with an ordinary brush1 of any of the strong liquid dyes1 in the cold or only gently heated1 to the surface of the skin previously stretched on a board4 ,the surface1 when dry1 is commonly finished off with white of egg and the pommel or smoothing stick4 ,bookbinders generally employ copperas water as a black stain or sprinkle2 a solution of indigo as a blue one2 and a solution of salt of tartar or common soda1 as a brown one4 ,leather1 before being japanned or varnished1 as in the preparation of what is called #8,,enamelled' and #8,,patent ,,leather1' is carefully freed from grease by the application of absorbent substances or hard pressure between rollers1 and the surface is nicely shaved1 smoothed1 and polished by appropriate tools1 the varnish is then applied to the grain side for the former1 and the flesh side of the skin for the latter1 which is previously stretched out tight on a board to receive it4 ,the whole is1 lastly1 submitted to a gentle stove-heat to harden the varnish2 and the process is repeated1 if necessary4 ,uses1 c4 ,these are well known1 and are all but universal4 ,the leather manufacture of ,great ,britain is equal in importance and utility to any other department of our industry1 and inferior in point of value and extent only to those of cotton1 wool1 and iron4 8,if we look abroad on the instruments of husbandry1 on the implements used in most of the mechanic trades1 on the structure of a multitude of engines and machines2 or if we contemplate at home the necessary parts of our clothing----breeches1 shoes1 boots1 gloves----or the furniture of our houses1 the books on our shelves1 the harness of our horses1 or even the substance of our carriages2 what do we see but instances of human industry exerted upon leather8 ,what an aptitude has this single material in a variety of circumstances for the relief of our necessities1 and supplying conveniences in every state and stage of life6 ,without it1 or even without it in the plenty we have it1 to what difficulties should we be exposed80 7,dr ,campbell47 ,leather is a kind of natural felt1 but of much closer and firmer texture than that of artificial origin4 8,the thinner and softer kinds of leather are sometimes used as body-clothing2 but its special and proper purpose is the manufacture of coverings for the feet1 to protect them from cold and water40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,see ,,japanning1 ,,varnish1 c4 ,leather1 destruction of1 by ,gas4 ,it is well-known that the binding of books suffer considerable damage1 when the books are kept in apartments lighted by coal gas4 ,that the cause of this deterioration is due1 as was believed1 to the combustion of the bisulphide of carbon contained in the gas1 and its consequent oxidation into sulphuric acid1 is exemplified by the following interesting communication from ,professor ,church1 published in the #8,chemical ,news' for ,october #aith1 #ahgg4 ,he says3----8,vellum seems unaffected2 morocco suffers least2 calf is much injured1 and russia still more so4 ,the disintegration is most rapid with books on the upper shelves of a library1 whither the heated products of combustion ascend1 and where they are absorbed and condensed4 ,by comparing specimens of old leather1 with specimens of new1 it is quite clear that the destructive influence of gas is due mainly to its sulphur4 ,true there are traces of sulphates in the dye and size of new leather bindings1 but the quantity is insignificant and there is practically no free sulphuric acid4 ,that leather may be destroyed by the oil of vitriol produced by the burning of gas in a library is proved by the following observations and analyses4 ,the librarian of one of our public libraries forwarded to me the backs of several volumes1 which had been #8shed' by the books on the upper shelves in an apartment lighted by gas4 ,the leather of one of these backs 7a volume of the #8,archologia'7 was carefully scraped off so as to avoid any paper or size from underneath4 ,this task of scraping was easy enough1 for the leather was reduced to the consistency of ,scotch snuff4 ,on analysis of the watery extract of this leather1 the following figures were obtained3---- ,free sulphuric acid in decayed leather #fba per cent4 ,combined #bba 0 -------- #hdb ,,leav,,en4 ,dough which has become sour or run into a state of incipient putrefaction4 ,when a small quantity of it is added to recent dough1 it excites fermentation1 but is apt to produce a disagreeable taste and odour in the bread4 ,it is now superseded by yeast4 ,both these substances are used in the same way4 ,,leaves 7,medicated74 ,syn4 ,,folia ,,medicata1 ,l4 ,on the ,continent several preparations of this kind are in use4 ,in many cases the leaves of tobacco deprived of nicotine1 by soaking them in water1 are dried1 and then moistened or steeped in a tincture or infusion of the medicinal substance4 ,in this way belladonna1 camphor1 and henbane1 are often administered4 ,cruveilhier recommends opiated belladonna leaves for smoking in troublesome coughs1 phthisis1 spasmodic asthmas1 c41 to be prepared as follows3----,belladonna leaves1 #a oz41 are steeped in an infusion of opium1 #aj gr41 in water1 #a fl4 oz4 7or less71 and are then carefully dried in the shade4 8,,mustard ,,leaves 7,riggollot's7 consist of mustard moistened with water1 spread on paper1 and dried40 7,squire47 ,see ,,cigars 7in pharmacy71 and ,,vegetables4 ,leaves1 ,how to ,dissect4 8,for the dissection of leaves10 says ,mrs ,cussons1 8,i find the process of maceration too long and tedious1 to say nothing of the uncertainty as to the results4 ,i have therefore adopted the use of alkali in saturated solution1 the specimens to be introduced while the liquid is heated to the boiling point2 the time of immersion to be regulated by the character of the various leaves and the nature of the epidermis to be removed4 ,when the specimen is freed from epidermis and cellular tissue1 it must be subjected to the action of chlorine to destroy the colouring matter4 ,the introduction of peroxide of hydrogen not only serves to render the lace-like specimen purer in colour1 but also preserves it4 ,in destroying the colouring matter in ferns this also is invaluable2 added to the chlorine it gives a solidity to the bleached fronds1 and appears to equalise the action of the chlorine4 ,for skeletonising capsules the slow process of maceration by steeping in rain-water is alone available2 a moderate heat may be applied to hasten the process1 but alkali is useless4 ,the only known flower which can be dissected is the ,hydrangea japonica4 ,the fibrous nature of the petals renders it easy to skeletonise in the perfect truss in which it grows4 ,skeletonised leaves and capsules appear to gain in the process a toughness and durability not possessed by them in their natural state40 ,,lecanor,,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,orsellinic ,,acid4 ,,leech4 ,syn4 ,,hirudo 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the officinal leech of the ,pharmacopias is the ,sanguisuga medicinalis 7,hirudo medicinalis----,cuv471 familiarly known as the #8old ,english' or #8speckled leech4' ,it is also occasionally called the #8,hamburg grey' or #8,russian leech1' from being imported from those parts4 ,its characteristics are----,back1 greenish or olive green1 sometimes almost black or intense brown1 with #f rusty-red or yellowish longitudinal stripes1 which are mostly spotted with black4----,belly1 dirty yellow or light olive green1 spotted more or less with black4 ,the spots are very variable in size and number2 in some cases few1 in others so numerous as to form the prevailing tint of the belly4 ,this variety1 which is the most valuable of the commercial leeches1 is chiefly imported from ,hamburg4 ,another variety of leech1 the ,sanguisuga officinalis1 familiarly known as the #8,hamburg' or #8,french green leech1' is imported from ,bordeaux1 ,lisbon1 and ,hamburg4 ,its characteristics are----,back1 brownish olive-green1 with #f reddish or rusty yellow longitudinal bands4----,belly1 light dirty pea-green1 or yellowish green1 free from spots1 but exhibiting two lateral stripes4 ,this leech is vastly inferior to the preceding variety1 and some of those imported from ,france and ,portugal are absolutely useless1 from their indisposition to bite1 arising from the fraud practised by the collectors and dealers of gorging them with blood to improve their appearance before sending them to market4 ,the above are the species of leech commonly employed in medicine in this country1 but many others are noticed by writers on the subject4 ,leeches are best preserved in water obtained from a pond1 and occasionally changed2 when kept in spring water they soon die4 ,the introduction of a hand to which an ill-flavoured medicine or odour adheres into the water in which they are kept is often sufficient to poison them4 ,the application of saline matter to the skin of leeches1 even in very small quantities1 immediately occasions the expulsion of the contents of the stomach2 hence a few grains of common salt are frequently sprinkled over them1 to make them disgorge the blood which they have swallowed4 ,the frequent changing of the water in which leeches are kept is injudicious4 ,once a month in winter1 and once a week in summer1 is deemed sufficiently often by the large dealers1 unless the water becomes discoloured or bloody1 when it should be changed every day1 or every other day4 ,when clean pond water cannot be obtained1 clean rain water that has been well exposed to the air should alone be employed4 ,mr ,j4 ,r4 ,kenworthy recommends placing in the water a few balls of irregular lumps of pure clay1 about #b-a_/b inches in diameter2 a method which we can recommend as both simple and successful4 ,the plan adopted by ,m4 ,fe is as follows3----,place #g inches of a mixture of moss1 turf1 and charcoal1 in a marble or stone trough1 over which sprinkle some small pebbles4 ,at one end of the trough1 and about half way up1 place a thin shelf of stone or marble1 pierced with small holes1 on which put first some moss1 or portions of marsh horse-tail 7,equisetum palustre71 and on this a layer of pebbles to keep it down2 then pour in water sufficiently high just to moisten the moss and pebbles1 put in the leeches1 and tie over the mouth of the trough with a cloth4 ,another plan consists in keeping the leeches in a glass tank1 or aquarium1 provided with a pebbly bottom and a few healthy aquatic plants4 ,propag4 ,according to ,dr ,wagner1 an annual feast on living blood is necessary to render leeches able to grow and propagate4 ,these conditions can only be fulfilled by restoring to the breeding cisterns those which have been already employed4 ,all artificial methods of feeding them by bladders or sponges of blood have been found to fail4 ,he recommends the employment of two tanks1 with the bottom formed of loam1 clay1 or turf1 surrounded by an inner border of a similar substance1 and an outer one of sand----the one for leeches fit for medical use----and the other for breeding1 or for such leeches as have been applied4 ,no leeches are to be taken from the breeding tank until a year has elapsed after their having been applied and fed with human blood2 and their removal to the first tank should take place in ,september1 or ,october1 as by this time the breeding season is over4 ,by this plan all leeches that have been applied are to be carefully restored to the breeding tank1 without making them disgorge the blood they have swallowed4 ,,leech,,ing4 ,this consists in the application of leeches to any vascular part of the body1 for the purpose of withdrawing blood from it1 and thus allaying local inflammation1 distension of vessels1 c4 ,leeches are most conveniently applied by means of a common pill-box or a wine glass4 ,the part should be previously washed perfectly clean1 and if covered with hair should be closely shaved4 ,sometimes leeches are indisposed to bite2 in such cases1 allowing them to crawl over a piece of dry linen or calico1 rolling them in porter1 moistening the part with a little milk or sweetened milk1 or drawing a little blood by a slight puncture or scratch1 will usually make them bite freely4 ,to stop the bleeding from leech-bites various plans are adopted1 among which the application of nitrate of silver or creasote1 or gentle pressure for some hours with the finger1 are the most successful4 ,of late years a piece of matico leaf or soldier's herb1 applied in the same manner as a piece of lint1 has been commonly adopted to stop the bleeding of leech-bites4 ,,leek4 ,syn4 ,,porrum1 ,l4 ,the ,allium porrum 7,linn474 ,its general properties are intermediate between those of the onion and garlic4 ,the juice is said to be powerfully diuretic1 and capable of dissolving phosphate calculi4 ,,legu,,min4 ,vegetable casein4 ,it is found most abundantly in the seeds of leguminous 7podded7 plants1 e4g4 beans1 peas1 c41 as well as in the sweet and bitter almond4 ,in properties it closely resembles the casein of milk4 ,legumin may be obtained from peas or from almonds as follows3----,after digesting the crushed seeds for #b or #c hours in warm water1 the undissolved portion is removed by straining through linen1 and the strained liquid1 after depositing the starch suspended in it1 is next filtered and mixed with diluted acetic acid4 ,the white flocculent precipitate which is thus produced1 is then collected on a filter and washed4 ,it is afterwards dried1 powdered1 and digested1 first in alcohol1 and afterwards in ether4 ,rochleder considered that1 as thus obtained by ,dumas and ,cahours1 it was not absolutely pure1 since as it was not entirely soluble in a cold concentrated solution of potash1 he recommended the alkaline solution being decanted from the undissolved portion1 and again precipitated by the addition of acetic acid4 ,legumin as thus prepared was believed by ,rochleder to be pure1 and was found on analysis to give results analogous to those furnished by casein4 ,in the seed1 legumin occurs associated with considerable quantities of the phosphates of calcium1 magnesium1 and potassium4 ,rennet coagulates it like it does the casein of milk1 its similarity to which is exemplified by the manufacture of a kind of cheese from peas and beans by the ,chinese4 ,dried peas contain about a fourth of their weight of legumin4 ,,lem,,on4 ,syn4 ,,limo1 ,l4 ,the fruit of the ,citrus limonum or lemon tree4 ,the juice1 peel1 and essential oil are officinal4 ,see ,,oil1 and below4 ,,lem,,on ,,ac,,id4 ,see ,,citric ,,acid4 ,,lem,,on ,,fla,,vour4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,lemon4 ,,lem,,on ,,juice4 ,syn4 ,,limonis ,,succus 7,b4 ,p471 ,,succus ,,limonum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the juice of the lemon1 obtained by squeezing and straining4 ,when freshly expressed1 it is turbid1 owing to the presence of mucilage and extractive matter4 ,these substances render the juice liable to decomposition1 and various methods have from time to time been proposed for preserving it4 ,amongst these may be mentioned the addition to the fresh juice of one per cent4 of bisulphite of calcium1 or ten per cent4 of proof spirit4 8,we have examined the juice expressed from two varieties of lemons1 viz4 ,palermo and ,messina1 with the following results3 ,palermo4 ,messina4 8,ounces of juice yielded by #ajj lemons #ajh #if ,specific gravity of juice #ajddhe #ajchef ,percentage of citric acid #hab #gjd ,percentage of ash #jbhi #jcja 8#ajj parts of the ash of the juice of ,palermo lemons gave3 8,sulphuric acid #ajei ,carbonic acid #afcc ,chlorine #jha ,phosphoric acid #fgd ,ferric phosphate #acb ,lime #hhi ,magnesia #cjb ,potash #dghd ,soda #ccb ,silica #jgb ,loss #jdb ------------ #ajjjj 8,if lemons are kept a few months before squeezing1 the yield of juice is slightly increased1 but its specific gravity and percentage of citric acid remains unaltered4 ,it is erroneous to suppose that the acid of the lemon is1 by keeping1 changed into sugar4 ,we have kept lemons for #ab months1 and found that the percentage of acid was not diminished4 ,a certain proportion of sugar was formed1 but at the expense of the soluble starch contained in the cell-walls of the lemon4 ,lemon juice on being kept is found to decrease in density1 but the amount of acid remains the same40 7,harkness47 ,lemon juice may be preserved by heating it to #aej ,fahr41 filtering1 and setting it aside in bottles completely filled4 ,if this process be performed in the winter1 the juice1 it is said1 may be kept perfectly good for #ab months4 ,fresh lemon juice is prevented from decomposition and rendered fit for exportation by mixing it with #a_/ajth of alcohol4 7,schweitzer47 ,the ,merchant ,shipping ,act of #ahfg requires that after a ship has been at sea ten days #a oz4 of lime or lemon juice1 mixed with #a oz4 of sugar and #a_/b pint of water1 shall be served out to each of the crew between the hours of #ab and #a in the day4 ,adult4 ,lemon juice is frequently adulterated1 the adulterants being water1 sugar1 or gum1 and sulphuric or acetic acid4 ,the modus operandi is1 to dilute the genuine juice with water1 and then bring up the density with the sugar or gum1 and the percentage of acid with one or other of the above acids4 ,the examination of lemon and lime juice supplied to the navy is now conducted in the ,inland ,revenue ,laboratory1 ,somerset ,house1 and it speaks well for that department when we say that cases of scurvy on board ships are now of very rare occurrence4 ,no juice is passed unless it comes up to a certain standard in specific gravity1 and percentage of citric acid1 and any sample containing any other acid is at once rejected4 ,prop4 ,lemon juice is refrigerant and antiscorbutic1 and has long been extensively employed in the preparation of cooling drinks and effervescing draughts1 which are justly esteemed as wholesome summer beverages1 as well as palliatives in fevers1 nausea1 c4 ,in scurvy1 there is no remedy equal to freshly expressed lemon juice2 and in acute rheumatism and gout1 according to the united testimony of ,dr ,owen ,rees1 ,dr ,babington1 and numerous ,continental practitioners1 it has been exhibited with considerable success4 ,in agues1 dysentery1 ,english cholera1 nausea1 and vomiting1 heartburn1 putrid sore-throat1 hospital gangrene1 syphilis1 and numerous skin diseases1 it has proved most serviceable4 ,see ,,citric ,,acid1 ,,gout1 c4 ,lemon ,juice1 ,factitious4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,acidi ,,citrici1 ,,succus ,,limonum ,,factitius1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,citric acid1 #a-a_/d oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #de gr42 white sugar1 #b-a_/b oz42 cold water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 add the yellow peel of a lemon1 and in #bd hours strain through a hair sieve or a piece of muslin4 #b4 ,as the last1 but using #ae or #af drops of oil of lemon1 to flavour instead of the lemon peel4 ,obs4 ,the above is an excellent substitute for lemon juice1 and keeps well in a cool place4 ,tartaric acid1 and even vinegar1 are sometimes used instead of citric acid2 but it is evident that it then loses all claim to being considered as an imitation of lemon juice1 and to employ it in lieu of which would be absurd4 ,,lem,,on ,,peel4 ,syn4 ,,cortex ,,limonum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 8,the fresh outer part of the rind40 7,b4 ,p47 8,the fresh and the dried exterior rind of the fruit20 the latter dried 8in the month of ,april or ,may40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,candied lemon peel 7,,cortex ,,limonum ,,conditus7 is employed as a dessert1 and as a flavouring ingredient by cooks and confectioners4 ,it is reputed stomachic4 ,see ,,candying4 ,,lemon ,,pic,,kle4 ,see ,,sauce4 ,,lemonade4 ,syn4 ,,lemon ,,sherbet1 ,,king',s ,,cup2 ,,limonadum1 ,l42 ,,limonade1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lemons 7sliced71 #b in no42 sugar1 #b-a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix1 cover up the vessel1 and let it stand1 with occasional stirring until cold1 then pour off the clear through a piece of muslin or a clean hair sieve4 #b4 ,juice of #c lemons2 yellow peel of #a lemon2 sugar1 #a_/d lb42 cold water1 #a quart2 digest for #e or #f hours1 or all night1 and decant or strain as before4 #c4 ,citric acid1 #a to #a-a_/b dr42 essence of lemon1 #aj drops2 sugar1 #b oz42 cold water1 #a pint2 agitate together until dissolved4 ,obs4 ,lemonade is a pleasant1 cooling summer beverage1 and when made as above may be drank in large quantities with perfect safety4 ,it also forms an excellent refrigerant and antiseptic drink in fevers and putrid diseases generally4 ,tartaric acid is commonly substituted for citric acid1 from being cheaper2 it is1 however1 much1 inferior1 being less wholesome and less agreeable4 ,lemonade for icing is prepared as above1 only using a little more sugar4 ,orange sherbet1 or orangeade for icing is made in a similar way from oranges4 ,lemonade1 ,aerated4 ,syn4 ,,limonadum ,,aeratum1 ,l42 ,,limonade ,,gazeuse1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,water1 charged with #e times its volume of carbonic acid gas1 #a pint2 syrup of lemon1 #b oz42 mix4 #b4 7,without a bottling machine47----a4 ,into each bottle put lemon syrup1 #a to #a-a_/b oz42 essence of lemon1 #c drops2 sesquicarbonate of soda1 #a_/b dr42 water1 q4 s4 to nearly fill the bottle2 have the cork fitted and ready at hand1 then add of tartaric acid 7cryst471 #a dr42 instantly close the bottle1 and wire down the cork2 it should be kept inverted in a cool place1 and1 preferably1 immersed in a vessel of ice-cold water4 b4 ,as the last1 but substituting lump sugar1 #c_/d oz41 for the lemon syrup4 c4 ,from lump sugar1 #a oz42 essence of lemon1 #c drops2 bicarbonate of potassa1 #be gr42 water q4 s41 as ,no4 #a2 then add citric acid 7cryst471 #de gr41 and cork1 c41 as before4 ,the last is most wholesome1 especially for the scorbutic1 dyspeptic1 gouty1 and rheumatic4 ,obs4 ,the best aerated lemonade of the ,london makers is prepared by putting #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 of rich lemon syrup into each bottle1 which is then filled up with aerated water at the bottling machine4 ,lemonade1 ,antimoniated4 ,syn4 ,,limonadum ,,antimoniatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding tartar emetic1 #a gr41 to each pint of ordinary lemonade4----,dose4 ,a wineglassful every #a_/b hour or hour2 as a diaphoretic and expectorant4 ,see ,,antimony 7,potassio-tartrate74 ,lemonade1 ,aperient4 ,syn4 ,,limonadum ,,laxativum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sugar1 #a oz42 lemon juice1 #c_/d fl4 oz42 sulphate of soda1 #c dr42 water1 #h fl4 oz42 put them into a soda-water bottle without shaking1 have the cork ready fitted1 add of sesquicarbonate of soda 7in cryst471 #a_/b dr41 and instantly cork the bottle1 wire it down1 and keep it in a cool place1 inverted4 ,for a dose4 #b4 ,heavy carbonate of magnesia1 #a-a_/b dr42 refined sugar1 #a oz42 essence of lemon1 #e or #f drops2 water1 #h fl4 oz42 bottle as last1 then add of citric acid 7cryst471 #c dr41 and instantly cork1 c41 as before4 ,for a dose4 ,it should be kept for at least #bd hours before being taken4 ,lemonade1 ,lactic4 ,syn4 ,,limonadum ,,lacticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,lactic acid1 #a to #d dr42 syrup1 #b oz42 water1 #a pint2 mix4 ,recommended in dyspepsia1 c4 ,lemonade1 ,milk4 ,syn4 ,,limonadum ,,lactis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of sugar1 #a_/b lb42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 add the juice of #c lemons2 milk or whey1 #a_/b pint2 stir the whole together and strain through a hair sieve4 ,some persons add a glassful of sherry4 ,lemonade1 ,mineral4 ,syn4 ,,limonade ,,minerale1 ,fr4 ,on the ,continent this name is applied to various drinks consisting of water acidulated with the mineral acids and sweetened with sugar4 ,thus we have limonade chlorhydrique1 nitrique1 phosphorique1 sulphurique1 c41 all of which are used as cooling drinks in fevers1 inflammations1 skin diseases1 c4 ,lemonade1 ,portable4 ,see ,,powders4 ,,lemonade ,,powders4 ,see ,,powders4 ,,lemonated ,,kali4 ,see ,,kali1 ,,potassium 7,citrate71 c4 ,,len,,itives4 ,in medicine1 purgatives which act in a gentle manner1 and have a soothing effect4 ,see ,,laxatives4 ,,lens4 ,in optics1 a piece of glass or other transparent medium1 having one or two curved surfaces1 either convex or concave4 ,a description of the different kinds of lenses belongs to a work on optics4 ,it may1 however1 be useful to the chemical student to remark here that the ,,coddington and ,,stanhope ,,lenses1 which may now be bought at any of the opticians1 neatly mounted and of great power1 for a few shillings1 will be found of the greatest service in examining minute crystals1 precipitates1 c42 and for all ordinary purposes offer a cheap and efficient substitute for more complicated microscopes4 ,an extemporaneous instrument1 possessing considerable power1 may be made by simply piercing a small circular hole in a slip of metal1 and introducing into it a drop of water1 which then assumes a spherical form on each side of the metal1 while the latter is held in a horizontal position4 ,the ingenious little ,,toy ,,microscopes sold about the streets of ,london1 under the form of a perforated pill-box1 at one penny each1 consist of such a lens made with ,canada balsam instead of water1 which has the property of hardening without losing its transparency after exposure for a few hours to the air4 ,a still simpler substitute for a lens is a piece of blackened card-paper with the smallest possible needle-hole pierced through it4 ,any very small object held in a strong light1 and viewed through this hole at the distance of about an inch1 will appear quite distinct1 and from #aj to #ab times larger than its usual size4 ,we have often found this little instrument of incalculable service in situations and under circumstances in which a more powerful or complicated apparatus was unattainable or could not be applied4 ,another method for the manufacture of an extemporaneous lens1 by ,mr ,francis1 is the following3----,procure a piece of thin platinum wire1 and twine it once or twice round a pin's point1 so as to form a minute ring with a handle to it4 ,break up a piece of flint glass into fragments a little larger than a mustard seed2 place one of these pieces on the ring of wire1 and hold it in the point of the flame of a candle or of a gas-light4 ,the glass will melt and assume a complete lens-light or globular form4 ,let it cool gradually and keep it for mounting4 ,it may be mounted by placing it between two pieces of brass which have corresponding circular holes cut in them of such a size as to hold the edge of the lens4 ,,len,,til4 ,syn4 ,,lens1 ,l4 ,the seed of the ,ervum ,lens1 a plant of the natural order ,leguminos4 ,the lentil is considerably smaller than an ordinary pea1 and is of the shape of a double convex lens4 ,several varieties are cultivated on the ,continent of ,europe and in many parts of ,asia1 where they are largely consumed as human food4 ,lentils are more nourishing than any other description of pulse1 but are reputed difficult of digestion1 apt to disorder the bowels1 and injurious to the eyes4 ,several alimentary preparations1 sold at high prices as cures for dyspepsia1 constipation1 c41 contain lentil flour as the principal ingredient4 ,composition of ,lentils4 ,nitrogenous matter #beb ,starch1 c4 #efj ,cellulose #bd ,fatty matter #bf ,mineral matter #bc ,water #aae ------------ #ajjjj 7,,payen47 ,lentils on account of their difficult digestibility require to be very thoroughly cooked4 ,see ,,ervalenta and ,,revalenta4 ,,leprosy4 ,syn4 ,,lepra4 ,a disease of the skin distinguished by circular scaly patches4 ,,leptandrin4 ,a peculiar crystalline principle obtained from the root of ,leptandra ,virginica1 a ,north ,american plant belonging to the nat4 order ,scrophulariace4 ,leptandrin is chiefly employed in ,american medical practice as a cathartic and cholagogue1 in which latter function it has been recommended as a substitute for mercury4 ,it is stated to be very serviceable in cases of duodenal indigestion and chronic constipation4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b grain4 ,mr ,wayne obtained leptandrin by adding subacetate of lead to an infusion of the root1 filtering1 precipitating the excess of lead by carbonate of sodium1 removing the carbonate of lead by filtration1 passing the filtered liquid through animal charcoal to absorb all the active matter1 washing the charcoal with water till the washings began to be bitter1 then treating it with boiling alcohol1 and allowing the alcoholic solution to evaporate spontaneously4 ,by dissolving the powder thus obtained in water1 treating this with ether1 and allowing the ether to evaporate1 needle-shaped crystals were obtained1 which had the bitter taste of the root4 ,leptandrin is soluble in water1 alcohol1 and ether4 ,,leth,,argy4 ,syn4 ,,lethargus1 ,l4 ,a heavy1 unnatural sleep1 sometimes bordering upon apoplexy1 with scarcely any intervals of waking1 from which the patient is with difficulty aroused1 and into which he again sinks as soon as the excitement is withdrawn4 ,it frequently arises from plethora1 in which case depletion is indicated2 or from the suppression of some usual discharge or secretion1 which it should then be our business to re-establish4 ,it also often arises from over mental fatigue and nervous debility1 when relaxation from business1 the use of a liberal diet1 and ammoniacal stimulants and antispasmodics1 are found useful4 ,when depending on a determination of blood to the head1 cupping may be had recourse to1 and all sources of excitement avoided4 ,in all cases the bowels should be moved as soon as possible by means of mild purgatives4 ,,let,,tuce4 ,syn4 ,,lactuca1 ,l4 ,the early leaves or head of the ,lactuca sativa1 or garden lettuce1 forms a common and wholesome salad4 ,they are reputed as slightly anodyne1 laxative1 hypnotic1 and antaphrodisaic1 and have been recommended to be eaten at supper by those troubled by watchfulness1 and in whom there exists no tendency to apoplexy4 ,the leaves and flowering tops of ,l4 virosa are officinal in the ,b4 ,p41 the 8flowering herb0 7,,lactuca71 in the ,ph4 ,l42 the 8inspissated juice10 in the ,ph4 ,e42 and the 8inspissated juice and leaves10 in the ,ph4 ,d4 ,the 8inspissated juice0 of ,lactuca virosa1 or strong-scented wild lettuce1 is also officinal in the ,ph4 ,e42 and both the 8leaves and inspissated juice0 of the same variety are ordered in the ,ph4 ,d4 ,the last species is more powerful than the cultivated lettuce4 ,see ,,extract and ,,lactucarium4 ,,leucorrh,a4 ,syn4 ,,whites2 ,,catarrhus ,,vagin1 ,,fluor ,,albus1 ,l4 ,the symptoms of this disease are well known to most adult females4 ,the common causes are debility1 a poor diet1 excessive use of hot tea1 profuse menstruation or purgation1 late hours1 immoderate indulgence of the passions1 frequent miscarriages1 protracted or difficult labours1 or local relaxation4 ,occasionally it is symptomatic of other affections4 ,the treatment must be directed to the restoration of the general health1 and imparting tonicity to the parts affected4 ,tepid or sea bathing1 or shower baths2 bark1 chalybeates1 and other tonics2 with local affusions of cold water1 and mild astringent injections1 as those of black tea or oak bark1 are generally found successful in ordinary cases4 ,,levant ,,nut4 ,see ,,cocculus ,,indicus4 ,,leviga,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,levigatio1 ,l4 ,the process of reducing substances to fine powder1 by making them into a paste with water1 and grinding the mass upon a hard smooth stone or slab1 with a conical piece of stone having a flat1 smooth1 under surface1 called a #8muller4' ,levigation is resorted to in the preparation of paints on the small scale1 and in the elutriation of powders4 ,the term is also1 sometimes1 incorrectly applied to the lengthened trituration of a substance in a marble or ,wedgwood-ware mortar4 ,,levorace,,mic ,,acid4 ,see ,,racemic ,,acid4 ,,ley,,den ,,jar4 ,syn4 ,,leyden ,,phial1 ,,electrical ,,jar4 ,an instrument for the accumulation of the electric fluid4 ,its simplest form is that of a wide-mouthed jar of rather thin glass1 coated on both sides with tin-foil1 except on the upper portion1 which is left uncoated1 and having a cover of baked wood1 through which passes a brass wire1 terminating in a metallic knob1 and communicating with the inner coating4 ,to charge the jar1 the outer coating is connected with the earth1 and the knob put in contact with the conductor of an electrical machine4 ,the inner and outer surfaces of the glass thus become respectively positive and negative1 and the particles of the glass become strongly polarised4 ,on making connection between the two coatings with a conducting substance1 discharge takes place by a bright spark and a loud snap2 and if any part of the body be interposed in the circuit1 a shock is felt4 ,,libavius',s ,,liquor4 ,see ,,tin 7,,tin ,,chloride74 ,,li,,chen4 ,in pathology1 a dry papulous or pimply eruption of the skin1 terminating in scurfy exfoliations4 8,lichen exhibits great variety in its outward characters in different individuals2 in one the pimples are brightly red2 in another1 of debilitated constitution1 they are bluish and livid2 in a third they are developed around the base of hairs2 in a fourth they appear as circular groups1 and increase by their circumference1 while they fade in the centre1 forming so many rings of various size2 in a fifth1 a modification of the preceding1 they have the appearance of flexuous bands2 while in a sixth they are remarkable for producing intensity of suffering1 or unusual disorganisation of the skin4 ,they are all occasioned by constitutional disturbance1 sometimes referable to the digestive1 and sometimes to the nervous system4 ,in some instances1 however1 they depend upon a local cause4 ,i have had a crop of lichenous pimples on the backs of my hands from rowing in hot weather2 and in hot climates that annoying disorder called prickly heat is a lichen40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,the treatment of this affection is noticed under ,,eruptions 7,papular74 ,,lichens4 ,syn4 ,,lichenes----,juss41 ,,lichenales----,lind41 ,l4 ,in botany1 these are cryptogamous plants1 which appear under the form of thin1 flat crusts1 covering rocks and the barks of trees4 ,some of them1 like ,iceland moss 7,cetraria ,islandica71 are esculent and medicinal and employed either as medicine or food2 and others1 when exposed in a moistened state to the action of ammonia1 yield purple or blue colouring principles1 which1 like indigo1 do not pre-exist in the plant4 ,thus1 the ,rocella tinctoria1 the ,variolaria orcina1 the ,lecanora tartarea1 c41 when ground to a paste with water1 mixed with putrid urine or solution of carbonate of ammonia1 and left for some time freely exposed to the air1 furnish the archil1 litmus1 and cudbear of commerce1 very similar substances1 differing chiefly in the details of their preparation4 ,from these the colouring matter is easily extracted by water or very dilute solution of ammonia4 ,see ,,archil1 ,,cudbear1 and ,,litmus4 ,,lieber',s ,,herbs ,,of ,,health----,gesundeheitskruter ,liebersche----,blankenheimer ,thee----,blankenheimer ,tea----,herba ,galeopsidis ,grandiflor ,concisa 7,yellow ,hemp ,nettle74 ,,lig,,ature4 ,in surgery1 a small waxed piece of cord or string formed of silk or thread1 employed for the purpose of tying arteries1 veins1 and other parts1 to prevent hmorrhage1 or to cause their extirpation4 ,to be safe and useful they should be round1 smooth1 and sufficiently strong to permit of being tied with security without incurring the danger of breaking or slipping4 ,there are many cases recorded in which emigrants1 soldiers1 and travellers have lost their lives from the simple inability of those around them to apply a ligature4 ,,light4 ,syn4 ,,lumen1 ,,lux1 ,l4 ,light acts as a vivifying or vital stimulus on organised beings1 just as privation of light1 or darkness1 disposes to inactivity and sleep4 8,in maladies characterised by imperfect nutrition and sanguinification1 as scrofula1 rickets1 and anmia1 and in weakly subjects with dematous 7dropsical7 limbs1 c41 free exposure to solar light is sometimes attended with very happy results4 ,open and elevated situations probably owe part of their healthy qualities to their position with regard to it40 ,on the contrary1 8in diseases of the eye1 attended with local vascular or nervous excitement1 in inflammatory conditions of the brain1 in fever1 and in mental irritation1 whether attended or not with vascular excitement1 the stimulus of light proves injurious1 and1 in such cases1 darkness of the chamber should be enjoined4 ,after parturition1 severe wounds1 and surgical operations1 and in all inflammatory conditions1 exclusion of strong light1 contributes to the well-doing of the patient40 7,pereira47 ,,light1 ,,electric4 ,we believe we are correct in stating1 that within the last two or three years some #fjj registrations for patents1 more or less1 have been taken out for electricity applied to the purposes of artificial illumination4 ,conceding that many1 if not the greater part1 of these inventions may prove useless1 their number is nevertheless an index of the mental activity that has lately been directed to the subject of electric lighting2 and although we are far from affirming that the problem of the practical application of electricity to the lighting of our streets and dwellings may eventually be successfully thought out1 still1 we think1 looking upon these constant endeavours to accomplish the end in view as links in the chain of that experimental evolution and gradation which has characterised the course of most great discoveries1 we are justified in regarding them as not altogether improbable auguries and precursors of subsequent success4 ,shortly after ,faraday's discovery in #ahcj of electrical induction1 or the power of a bar of magnetised steel to set up in a certain direction a current of electricity in a coil of insulated wire when introduced into it1 ,pix1 reducing the result of ,faraday's researches to practice1 constructed an instrument1 which appears to have been the first dynamic magneto-electric machine4 ,by ,pix's contrivance a current of electricity was generated by means of the poles of a permanent horseshoe magnet being made to revolve across those of an electro1 or temporary magnet1 the induced electricity set up in which in its turn established in the surrounding helix a current of electricity1 which being made to escape by the terminals or ends of the wire coils could be applied to practical use4 ,the dynamic electro-magnetic machines of ,saxton and ,clarke1 which succeeded ,pix's1 may be regarded as modifications of this latter1 since they differed only in the arrangement of their parts and mode of action4 ,all three machines were chiefly in use in chemical and physical laboratories1 whence they have gradually been supplanted by the far more useful ,ruhmkorff's coil1 a very powerful variety of the electro-magnetic instrument4 ,in a small form ,clarke's is now chiefly used for medical purposes4 ,that electro-magnetic machines1 as cheaper and more convenient sources of electric force1 should have been applied to the purposes of telegraphy1 will be an obvious inference4 ,among the most important and effective of the various instruments for attaining this end1 it will suffice to mention the magneto-electric machine of ,messrs ,siemens and ,halske1 first brought into use in #ahed4 ,except1 however1 in the case of short distances1 or with telegraphs belonging to private persons or commercial firms1 these instruments have not met with very general adoption4 ,this is owing to the great tension of the induced current1 and the consequent difficulty of insulating the wire1 particularly for long distances1 objections from which the old galvanic apparatus is in a much greater measure free4 ,mr ,henley was the first to use the dynamic magneto-electric machine for working the electric telegraph soon after this instrument had been adopted in ,england2 but as we have seen1 the method1 except in the cases quoted1 have been in great measure abandoned4 ,a large magneto-electric machine has lately been invented by ,wheatstone1 the induced spark from which is used for firing mines4 ,the first electro-magnetic machine used for lighting purposes appears to have been one that was the joint invention of ,,mm4 ,nollet and ,van ,malderen1 of ,brussels1 a circumstance to which it probably owes its name of the #8,alliance ,machine4' ,nollet1 who brought out his invention 7which is a modification of ,clarke's7 in #ahej1 originally designed it for the electrolysis of water1 the hydrogen resulting from which it was proposed to pass through camphine1 or some other hydro-carbon illuminant1 and to burn as gas4 ,additionally it was designed to use the hydrogen as a source of motive power by exploding it in a suitably constructed engine4 ,owing to the improvements1 however1 effected in the machine by ,van ,malderen1 by which it became a powerful generator of magneto-electricity1 this purpose was abandoned4 #8,the ,alliance ,machine' consists of a cast-iron frame1 on the circumference of which #dj powerful horseshoe magnets1 each capable of supporting a weight of #abj to #acj lbs41 are fixed1 in eight series of #e magnets each4 ,a number of circular metal discs1 around the circumference of which are attached sixteen bobbins of insulated wire fixed to a horizontal shelf turned by a pulley1 are in such a position with regard to the magnets1 that with each revolution of the shaft each bobbin passes sixteen alternate poles of the magnets1 and will have had sixteen alternate currents set up or induced in it4 ,until replaced by the later and smaller magneto-electric machine1 the #8,alliance' has been the one mostly employed for the production of the electric light in ,france1 and it is still in use in the lighthouses of ,hve and ,grisnez1 as well as in those of many other places in that country4 ,in #ahef ,mr ,holmes took out a patent for a machine1 which differs from ,nollet's in increasing the number of bobbins by arranging them in concentric circles between two brass discs4 ,by this device the bobbins revolve more quickly in succession in front of the poles of the magnets1 a plan which ensures the generation of a greater number of currents for every revolution4 ,like the first application of ,nollet's1 ,holmes' machine was used for lighthouse illumination4 ,it was in work from ,december1 #aheh1 until ,june1 #ahfb1 at the ,south ,foreland lighthouse1 since which time it has been removed to ,dungeness1 in the lighthouse of which station it has been in use ever since4 ,when applied to lighting purposes1 both the #8,alliance' and ,holmes'1 and the other machines named1 are worked in conjunction with the carbon points1 which when arranged with proper machinery constitute the electric lamp4 ,wild's and ,ladd's are powerful dynamic magneto-electric instruments1 capable of yielding large quantities of the electric fluid4 ,artificial illumination by means of electricity has1 however1 been more or less occasionally practised for other than lighthouse purposes4 ,for instance1 in #ahed1 during the building of the ,napoleon ,docks at ,rouen1 when #hjj workmen were engaged nightly for four hours1 the electric light was used for several nights with perfect success1 the men being able to carry on their work at a distance of more than #ajj yards from the source of the light4 ,in #ahfb and #ahfc it was frequently employed in ,spain during the night in the construction of railways4 ,during the late ,franco-,german war in #ahgj it was applied to submarine illumination1 and more lately it has been used in a series of street illumination in ,st ,petersburg4 ,the electric light apparatus was placed on the tower of the ,admiralty ,buildings of that city1 and by means of it three of the larger streets were illuminated at night from #g until #aj o'clock4 ,in this latter case1 as well as in that of the ,rouen ,docks1 the lamps were supplied with the electric current generated in batteries4 ,it may be said1 however1 to have been only within the last two years that the question of electric lighting has developed into a burning one1 and that the light itself has become so much more generally and extensively adopted4 ,this new era in the history of artificial illumination may be said to date from the introduction of two forms of dynamic magneto-electric apparatus1 the one invented by ,dr ,siemens1 the eminent telegraphic engineer1 the other by ,m4 ,gramme1 of ,paris1 who1 from having been formerly a journeyman carpenter1 has now become the head of a manufacture which forms a most important branch of scientific industry4 ,in the apparatus of ,gramme and ,siemens three marked features and improvements over the older machines have been achieved3---- #a4 ,a great reduction in size1 and1 consequently1 in cost1 and requisite space for the machine4 #b4 ,the method of generating large quantities of electricity by the mutual action between the different parts of the same machine1 and the induction therein set up4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,this discovery was made independently and nearly simultaneously by ,drs ,siemens and ,sir ,charles ,wheatstone4 #c4 ,the production of the electric current at a much less expenditure of motive power4 ,on this latter point ,professor ,tyndall1 in his report to the elder brethren of the ,trinity ,house1 states that magneto-electric machines of old construction cost ten times more1 occupied twenty-five times the space1 and weighed fourteen times as much as the recent machines1 while they produced only one-fifth of the light with practically the same driving power2 which in effect amounts to this----that taking illuminating effect in each case into consideration1 the new machines cost one-fiftieth1 and are1 as regards space occupied1 #abe times more advantageous than the earlier forms4 ,in all the older and larger machines the current of electricity1 as it was given off from the wire and passed through the carbon points1 was alternate1 or first in one direction and then in the opposite----that is1 it was a momentary current1 first positive and then negative4 ,in ,siemens' machine1 and in one form of ,gramme's1 the current is direct----that is1 it pursues one uniform course in its passage through the carbon points of the lamp1 and in its circuit from the terminal of one wire to that of the other4 ,scientific opinion is somewhat at variance as to the disadvantages of the indirect current2 many electricians consider that it causes the partial destruction of the contacts1 and sets up unnecessary heat in the machine4 ,in magneto-electric machines employed in electro-metallurgic operations1 it is essential the current should be a direct one4 ,in the ,gramme machine the electro-magnet consists of a ring composed of soft iron wire attached to a horizontal spindle or axis1 which latter is turned by an endless strap revolving on a pulley4 ,around this iron ring are wound a number of coils1 each having #cjj turns1 of insulated copper wire1 each coil being bent inside the ring1 and fixed to an insulated piece of brass4 ,the wire being continuous1 each coil is connected with the adjacent one1 the whole of the coils thus forming a single conductor4 ,the series of pieces of brass to which the wire is soldered are formed into a circle1 which surrounds the axis of the machine1 each piece of brass being insulated from its neighbour4 ,the iron-wire ring with its attachments is so arranged1 that when the shaft or axis to which it is fixed is turned1 it revolves between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet in the same plane with it4 ,as it turns the ring gives rise in the coils to two different and diverse currents of electricity1 one in one half of the coils around the ring1 and the other in the other half4 ,these currents are made to pass to the circle composed of the insulated pieces of brass1 which are arranged radially to the axis of the machine4 ,two brass brushes press against these insulated brass radii1 one on each side4 ,these brushes are connected one to each terminal of the machine1 and so contrived as always to be in contact with the coils1 not becoming insulated from one coil until contact is established with the next one1 an arrangement which gives rise to a continuous current of electricity always1 and in the same direction4 ,the ,gramme1 although of very small dimensions1 is an extremely powerful machine4 ,it easily decomposes water1 and will heat an iron wire #h inches in length and a #beth of an inch in diameter to redness4 ,the following description of the ,siemens magneto-electric machine is from a paper read some few months back at the ,society of ,arts by ,dr ,paget ,higgs1 and is extracted from the journal published by that body3 8,in the latest form of construction of the ,siemens magneto-electric machine the armature1 as the revolving coil may be called1 consists of several lengths of insulated copper wire1 coiled in several convolutions upon a cylinder4 ,the whole surface of the cylinder is covered with wire1 laid on in sections1 each convolution being parallel to its longitudinal axis4 ,for about two thirds of its surface the wire cylinder is surrounded by curved iron bars1 there being just sufficient space left between these curved iron bars and the wire cylinder to allow of its free rotation4 ,the curved iron bars are prolongations of the cores of large1 flat electro-magnets2 the coils of these electro-magnets and the wire on the cylinder 7from brush to brush7 form a continuous electrical circuit4 ,on revolving the cylinder 7which is supported on a longitudinal axis in suitable bearings1 the axis carrying a pulley7 an initially weak current is generated into its wires by their passage through the magnetic field1 formed by the residual magnetism of the iron coils of the electro-magnets1 and the current being directed into the coils of the electro-magnets1 increases the magnetism of the cores1 which again induce a stronger current in the wire cylinder4 ,this material action may continue until the iron has attained its limit of magnetisation4 ,the maximum magnetic power acting upon each convolution is attained at every revolution of the armature1 when the convolution passes through the centre of both magnetic fields1 and gradually falls to zero as the convolution becomes perpendicular to that position4 ,each convolution has1 therefore1 a neutral position1 and a convolution leaving that position on the one side of the axis and advancing towards the north pole of the electro-magnet would be subject to a direct induced current1 and that portion of the convolution on the opposite side of the axis would be traversed by a current of opposite direction as regards a given point1 but of the same direction as regards circuit4 ,each of the sections of wire coiled upon the cylinder consists of two separate coils1 leaving four ends2 two of these ends are connected to each of the segments of a circular commutator divided into parts4 ,but all the coils are connected to the several segments of commutator in such a manner that the whole of the double sections form a continuous circuit1 but not one continuous helix4 ,two brushes placed tangentially to the segments of the commutator collect the electric currents2 these brushes are connected one to each electro-magnet1 and the two free ends of the electro-magnet coils are connected to the conducting wires leading to the lamp4 8,the dimensions1 weight1 number of revolutions made by the armature1 light equivalent in normal candles1 and horse-power required for driving1 are for the three sizes of machines as follows3---- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,dimension in ,inches4 ,weight ,revolutions ,candles',horse ,power4 --------------------in lbs4of cylinder4 ,light4 ,length4,width4,height4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #be #ba #hh #bih #aajj #a1jjj #a-a_/b to #b #bi #bf #ie #dai #fej #f1jjj #c-a_/d to #d #dd #bhc #abf #abgi #dhj #ad1jjj #i to #aj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 8,in the lamp which it is preferred to use with the ,siemens machine1 the points of the carbons after being separated are brought together again by the gravitation of the top carbon and its holder4 ,the descent of the top carbon actuates by means of the straight rack it carries at its lower end1 a large pinion1 the spindle of which carries a small pinion1 gearing into a second neck attached to the lower carbon holder1 the superior weight of the top carbon and holder1 in conjunction with the multiplying ratio of the two pinions1 producing a continual tendency of the carbons to approach each other4 ,the large and small pinions are connected to each other1 and to the spindle that carries them1 by an arrangement of friction discs1 and the object of this construction is to allow of the two racks being moved equally and simultaneously up or down for the purpose of focussing the light when required4 ,this movement is effected by means of bevelled gearing1 and actuated by a milled head1 which can be pressed into position when required4 ,on the spindle carrying the large and small pinions and the friction discs is placed a toothed wheel1 connected with the spindle by a pawl and ratchet4 8,this wheel is the first of a train of wheels and pinions driving a regulating fly in the usual way4 ,the pawl and ratchet are provided to allow of the rapid distancing of the carbon holders when it becomes necessary to introduce fresh carbons4 ,the spindle of the fly also carries a small finely-toothed ratchet wheel4 ,this ratchet wheel is actuated by a spring pawl1 carried at the end of a lever1 which lever is the continuation of the armature of the electro-magnet1 in such a manner that when the armature is attracted by the electro-magnet1 the spring pawl engages in the teeth of the ratchet wheel1 and causes the wheels in gearing therewith to act upon the racks of the carbon holders to draw them apart4 8,the action of the lamp is as follows3----,the current passes from the conductor to the top carbon holder1 thence through the carbons to the bottom carbon holder1 then to the coils of the electro-magnet situated in the base of the lamp4 ,from the coils of the electro-magnet the circuit is completed to the other conductor4 ,upon the current passing through the circuit1 the armature of the electro-magnet is attracted1 and the abutment from the armature lever caused to short-circuit the coils of the electro-magnet1 releasing the armature4 ,the armature being released1 the short-circuit is removed from the coils of the electro-magnet1 and the cycle of movement repeated2 in this manner an oscillatory motion is given to the armature lever1 which by the spring pawl actuates the ratchet wheel1 the train of clockwork1 and the racks of the carbon holders1 forcing the carbons apart until the distance between their points sufficiently weakens the current1 so that it no longer attracts the armature of the electro-magnet4 ,thus1 by the combined action of gravitation of the top carbon in drawing the carbons together1 and of the current to separate the carbons when they approach too closely1 a working distance is maintained between the points with perfect automatism40 ,siemens' lamp is at the present time employed in the ,lizard ,lighthouse1 in ,messrs ,siemens' ,engineering ,works in ,england and ,wales1 as well as in other localities or buildings requiring powerfully lighting up4 ,an interesting illustration of the value of the electric light to the sailor is furnished by the #8,telegraph ,journal' of ,april #eth1 #ahgh4 ,this publication contains a letter from the captain of the ,s4,s4 #8,faraday1' narrating how that vessel was by its means prevented from running into another vessel during a dense fog4 ,siemens' magneto-electric apparatus and lamp were used on the occasion above referred to4 ,in every form of contrivance for electrical illumination the lamp or lighting apparatus consists of carbon points separated by a very slight interval1 through which the current of electricity passes by means of terminal wires attached to the dynamo-electrical machine4 ,the lighting effect is produced by the passage of the electric spark through the small gap which separates the carbon points1 in which interval extremely minute but solid particles of carbon1 given off by the points1 are heated up to incandescence in the path of the spark1 and thus give rise to the intensely luminous focus known as #8the electric light4' ,the brilliancy of the light of course depends upon the quantity of electricity employed4 ,a very large number and variety of designs and patents for electric lamps have made their appearance in ,england1 ,america1 ,france1 and ,russia within the period following the invention of the small1 powerful1 and economic dynamo-electric machines of ,siemens and ,gramme4 ,the lighting apparatus generally attached to and worked by that variety of ,gramme's machine generating the continuous current is that known as the #8,serrin ,lamp4' ,two carbon electrodes placed vertically one above the other 7the positive being the upper one7 are fixed on brass holders1 which are so connected by a suitably contrived clockwork movement1 combined with the working of an electro-magnet in connection with the electric circuit1 as to maintain the two carbon poles during their combustion at the necessary distance from each other4 ,serrin's lamp differs in detail from ,siemens'1 but1 like this latter1 is automatic in principle4 ,in ,paris it was the one in general use until the introduction of the ,jablochkoff candle1 and1 with the ,duboscq lamp1 may be looked upon as the precursor of the various lamps and regulators now employed in electric lighting4 ,serrin's lamp or regulator1 with some slight modification in the machinery1 is also used in the ,lontin system of electric illumination1 by which separate lights are supplied by separate circuits of electricity4 ,lontin's method is that by which the ,gaiety ,theatre in the ,strand is lighted2 and is also used at the ,western ,railway ,station 7,gare1 ,st ,lazare7 at ,paris4 ,the ,jablochkoff candle1 which in ,paris has lately superseded the ,serrin lamp1 probably because its use renders unnecessary the use of automatic machinery1 is the invention of a ,russian engineer1 whose name it bears4 ,it consists of two sticks of gas carbon1 about #i inches long and #a_/eth of an inch thick1 which are placed vertically side by side1 and insulated from one another by a very thin strip of kaolin or china clay 7a silicate of alumina and potash71 the whole forming a candle4 ,each carbon rod is connected with one of the terminal wires of a ,gramme dynamo-electric machine1 the electric current from which1 however1 not being continuous1 sets up an alternate current between the tips or poles of the candles1 which are gradually consumed like an ordinary taper1 and with this only difference in action between ,serrin's and ,siemens' lamps1 that whereas in these latter the spark passes from the top to the bottom carbon point1 in the ,jablochkoff candle it jumps from side to side4 ,the inventor contends that the kaolin by becoming heated diminishes the resistance of the circuit1 and thus permits of the passage of the electric spark more easily through the carbons1 and also1 we believe1 asserts that the kaolin being electrolytically decomposed as the carbons are consumed1 becomes converted into silica1 which melts and drops down1 whilst the aluminium liberated contributes luminosity during combustion to the flame4 ,one of the chief advantages1 however1 claimed by ,m4 ,jablochkoff is1 that he can divide the circuit into a number of different lights1 as the resistance of the circuit is uniform4 ,a large number of ,jablochkoff candles are employed in the celebrated #8,magasins du ,louvre1' one of the most extensive commercial establishments in ,paris for the sale of silks1 ribbons1 gloves1 c41 and clothing of every description4 ,the pure white light diffused by electricity admirably adapts it for viewing colours of all kinds at night1 whether seen in pictures or on fabrics and raiments1 and more particularly blues and greens1 the hues of which are frequently indistinguishable from each other by gaslight4 ,the candle is also used to light the courtyard of the ,hotel du ,louvre1 a large building contiguous to1 and with its apartments running over1 the ,magasins1 as well as in several shops4 ,jablochkoff's system is also in work in ,paris in front of many public buildings1 and by its means the ,place and ,avenue de l',opera1 together occupying a space #ijj yards long by #cj wide1 are brilliantly illuminated every night4 ,that celebrated circus1 so well known to every visitor to ,paris1 the ,hippodrome1 is also lighted by it4 ,another form of electric lamp is that of ,m4 ,rapieff1 now in use in the machine-room of the #8,times' newspaper office4 ,in this lamp there are four carbon points instead of two4 ,m4 ,rapieff1 like ,m4 ,jablochkoff1 states that by means of his system he is enabled to supply several lamps with the same electric current4 ,in the ,wallace-,farmer lamp slabs of carbon instead of points are had recourse to4 ,in the lamps of ,m4 ,regnier in one variety two revolving carbon discs are used1 whilst in another a rod of carbon descends upon a disc of the same material1 an arrangement which the inventor states leads to the subdivision of the current and its separate utilisation by a number of such lights4 ,one of the latest and apparently most successful methods for dividing the electric current1 so that one and the same current shall be made simultaneously to supply and render incandescent a series of carbon points1 and in so doing give rise to as many effective electric illuminators1 is that of ,mr ,werdermann4 ,mr ,werdermann1 observing the disparity of consumption between the positive and negative poles of the electrodes1 found by experiment that when the sectional area of the negative pole was sixty-four times greater than the positive one1 the electric arc was so far reduced1 that the two carbons were in contact4 ,under these conditions the electric arc was infinitely small1 the negative electrode was not consumed1 whilst the positive one was incandescent4 ,two supplies of electric light1 therefore1 ensued1 one by the electric arc1 and the other by the incandescent carbon of the positive electrode4 ,under these circumstances1 if it were possible to devise a plan by which the positive pole as it consumed should be kept in uniform contact with the negative pole1 the difficulty which had hitherto proved the stumbling-block to using a series of lights from one current would be annihilated4 ,mr ,werdermann demonstrated the correctness of his premises by a practical illustration of his plan very lately 7,november1 #ahgh7 at the ,british ,telegraph ,manufactory1 #cgd1 ,euston ,road4 ,the current from a dynamo-electric ,gramme machine of #b-;horse power was conducted to two electric lamps1 each having an illuminating value equal to #cfj candles each4 ,the light so produced is described by a spectator as 8being soft and sun-like1 and as being capable of being looked at without discomfort1 though it was not shaded40 ,these being extinguished1 ten smaller lamps were ignited by means of the same current1 each one having an illuminating power equal to forty candles4 8,the lamps burned steadily with a beautiful soft and clear white light4 ,first one of the ten lights was then extinguished1 and afterwards a second1 the only effect on the remainder being that they became slightly more brilliant40#ae ,footnote #ae3 #8,daily ,news4' ,unlike ,mr ,edison1 ,mr ,werdermann does not believe in the indefinite divisibility of the electric light4 ,it will be observed that the candle power of the light becomes diminished by subdivision4 ,two lights gave a light equal to #gjj candles1 whereas the same current divided into ten lights gave an aggregate light of only #djj candles4 ,the following extract from the #8,times' of ,december #eth1 #ahgh1 illustrates the financial aspect of the electric light question3---- 8,at the usual weekly meeting of the ,society of ,arts1 held last evening1 ,dr ,c4 ,w4 ,siemens1 ,f4,r4,s41 in the chair1 a paper on electric lighting was read by ,mr ,j4 ,n4 ,shoolbred1 ,m4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,the object of the author was to present some results of the application of electric lighting to industrial purposes1 especially as regards cost4 ,he noticed first the ,holmes and the ,alliance magneto-electric machines1 giving alternating currents and single lights for lighthouse use4 ,secondly1 he referred to the dynamo-electric machines1 producing single lights for general industrial purposes1 as well as for lighthouses1 and including the ,siemens and the ,gramme machines4 ,in his third group the author included the machines used for producing divided lights1 each group indicating a marked period representing a clearly defined stage of progress in electric lighting4 ,with regard to cost1 ,mr ,shoolbred stated that in every instance his figures and particulars were those afforded by the users of the various lights1 and not by the inventors or their representatives4 ,in the case of the ,holmes machine the annual cost per lighthouse was about #ajce1 inclusive of interest1 repairs1 and wages4 ,with the ,siemens machine the annual cost was about #did per lighthouse1 including interest and the other expenses4 ,with the ,alliance machine as used at ,havre the cost was about #dgd per annum per lighthouse1 interest1 c41 included4 ,the single-light ,gramme machine has been in use in the ,paris goods station of the ,northern of ,france ,railway for two years4 ,six machines have been kept going with one light each1 and the cost is found to be #e;d4 per light per hour1 or with interest on outlay at #aj per cent41 #h;d4 per hour4 ,the same light at the ironworks of ,messrs ,powell at ,rouen was stated to cost #d;d4 per light per hour1 exclusive of interest and charge for motive power1 the latter being derived from one of the engines on the works4 ,in #ahgg a series of experiments were carried out with the ,lontin light at the ,paris terminus of the ,paris1 ,lyons1 and ,mediterranean ,railway4 ,the passenger station was lighted1 and the results were so satisfactory that the company have entered into a permanent contract with the proprietors of the ,lontin light for lighting their ,paris goods station with #ab lights1 at a cost of #e;d4 per light per hour4 ,the ,western of ,france ,railway ,company have had #f ,lontin lights in the goods station at the ,paris terminus1 ,st ,lazare1 since ,may last1 and #ab lights in the passenger station since ,june4 ,careful experiments have shown the cost to be #h;d4 per light per hour1 inclusive of interest4 ,referring to the ,jablochkoff light1 ,mr ,shoolbred placed before the meeting some particulars with regard to its application in the ,avenue de l',opra1 ,paris1 which were afforded him by ,m4 ,j4 ,allard1 the chief engineer of the lighting department of the ,city of ,paris4 ,it appears that the authorities pay the ,socit ,gnrale d'lectricit #cg;f4 #b;c4 per hour for the #fb lamps in use there4 ,these #fb lamps supersede #cdd gas-jets which were previously used1 and which cost the authorities #gbdd;f4 per hour4 ,the electric illumination1 however1 is considered as equal to #fhb gas-jets1 or about double the original illumination----that is1 to a cost of #adde;f4 per hour as against #cgb;f4 for the electric light1 the cost of which1 therefore1 is #bf times that of the gas4 ,the contract for lighting by electricity was terminated by the ,city of ,paris on the #cjth ult41 and the authorities have declined to renew it except at the price paid for gas1 namely1 #gbbd;f4 7or about #fs47 per hour1 and that only until the #aeth of ,january next4 ,these terms have been accepted by the ,socit1 so that the price paid to them will be at the rate of about #a-a_/h;d4 per light per hour4 ,mr ,shoolbred stated that the ,socit place their expenses at #ajf;f4 7or just #aa;d47 per light per hour1 which1 however1 they hope shortly to reduce by one half4 ,a series of careful photometric experiments carried out by the municipal authorities with the ,jablochkoff lights1 above referred to1 showed each naked light to possess a maximum of #cjj candles of intensity4 ,with the glass globe this was reduced to #ahj candles1 showing a loss of #dj per cent41 while during the darker periods through which the lights passed the light was as low as #ij candles4 ,the foregoing were the only authenticated particulars which the author could obtain as regards the working of the various electric systems of electric lighting4 ,in conclusion1 ,mr ,shoolbred referred to the ,rapieff light at the #8,times' office1 which1 he observed1 worked fairly and with regularity1 which could not be said of all others1 and it might therefore be entitled to take rank as an established application of electric illumination4 ,the paper was illustrated by the ,siemens1 ,rapieff1 ,serrin1 and other forms of electric light1 which were shown in operation40 ,that the electric light is eventually destined to supplant coal gas in illuminating the fronts of large buildings1 open spaces1 squares1 assembly rooms1 public halls1 theatres1 picture galleries1 workshops and factories1 c41 seems no very extravagant prediction4 ,we have already seen that it has for some years been employed in one lighthouse2 and we have the testimony of ,mr ,douglas1 of the ,trinity ,house1 at a very recent meeting of the ,society of ,arts1 that at the ,souter ,point ,lighthouse there had been only two stoppages in eight years1 once through a bad carbon breaking1 and once through the lighthouse-keeper going to sleep4 ,in addition to places above specified1 amongst other localities in which it is in work1 we may mention the chocolate factories of ,m4 ,menier1 at ,noiselle1 his india-rubber works at ,grenelle1 his sugar refinery at ,nice1 and ,messrs ,caille's works at ,paris4 ,in this country it was employed in the erection of the ,tay ,bridge1 as well as in the works of ,messrs ,head1 at ,stockton-on-,tees1 and in ,london it may be nightly seen burning before the ,gaiety ,theatre in the ,strand1 at ,billingsgate ,market1 and frequently lighting up the front of the ,stereoscopic ,company's premises in ,regent ,street4 ,further1 we may add that the ,metropolitan ,board of ,works are making the experiment of lighting the ,victoria ,embankment and the ,city authorities the ,holborn ,viaduct1 with the ,jablochkoff candle4 ,the former have placed a dynamo-electric apparatus1 worked by a steam engine of #bj-;horse power1 close to the foot of ,hungerford ,bridge1 from whence wires will be carried right and left towards ,westminster and ,blackfriars respectively4 ,we believe the main conducting wire is carried under the coping-stone of the parapet running along the ,embankment1 and that the carbon points are fixed on the top of a certain number of gas standards which now surmount the wall of the ,embankment4 ,that electricity is more economical as a method of artificial lighting than coal-gas the figures previously given seem to demonstrate1 and there can be no question as to the much greater luminosity and purity of the light over the gas flame1 qualities which render it an admirable substitute for the sunlight1 the absence of which it may be said to supply at night4 ,one disadvantage urged against its employment in weaving rooms is1 that it casts such dark and distinct shadows that these are frequently mistaken for the threads themselves1 an objection which is said to have been remedied by placing the light as near the ceiling as possible4 ,the non-generation of carbonic acid and sulphurous products such as are given off by burning gas1 although of slight importance when the light is employed in the open air1 becomes a great advantage when it is used in crowded assembly rooms or theatres1 since the atmospheric contamination caused by carbonic acid becomes of course considerably reduced4 ,the absence of sulphur compounds especially qualifies the light for use in large libraries4 ,if it be true that the light gives rise to an appreciable amount of ozone1 this constitutes another point in its favour4 ,opinion is at variance as to the possibility of the practical application of the electric light for illuminating private houses and dwellings in such a manner as to supply the place of the gas we now burn in them4 ,one serious impediment to the probable accomplishment of this result certainly seems to be the fact that electricity for lighting purposes can only practically be conveyed to short distances from its source1 which would necessitate the establishment and supervision of a number of generating machines near the houses to be lighted4 ,another obstacle1 which hitherto has not been overcome1 is the circumstance that the current when subdivided yields proportionately a greatly diminished amount of light4 ,for instance1 one light which had a certain photometric candle valve would yield when divided into two an aggregate amount of light considerably less than the one2 and if divided into three still less1 and so on4 ,this has been pointed out when noticing ,mr ,werdermann's invention for the divisibility of the light4 ,mr ,edison1 an ,american inventor1 asserts that he has conquered this difficulty1 and additionally perfected a machine for measuring the current used in the electric light4 ,he states that it consists of an apparatus placed in every house lighted by electricity1 which registers the quantity of electricity consumed1 and uses for the purpose #ajjjth part of the quantity employed in the building4 ,dr ,siemens1 no mean authority1 doubts the practicability of applying electric lighting to household illumination4 ,a matter of primary importance in connection with the successful working of the electric light is the quality of the carbon points4 ,in their manufacture gas carbon obtained from the necks of the retorts used in gas-making1 as being the hardest and purest1 is employed4 ,superior1 however1 as this form of carbon is to every other description of the substance1 it is never chemically pure1 and as any foreign substance imparts to the light the irregularity or flickering that sometimes accompanies it1 it is necessary the impurities should be removed4 ,to effect their separation the carbon has to undergo several processes1 such as soaking in caustic potash to remove the silica1 treatment with strong acids1 several washings1 grinding1 c4 ,it is then kneaded and put into moulds1 in which it is subjected to a pressure as high as #ab tons to the square foot4 ,subsequently the points so made are baked4 ,,lightning4 ,see ,,accidents4 ,,lig,,nin4 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,cellulose4 ,this is woody fibre deprived of all foreign matter4 ,it forms about #ie per cent4 of baked wood1 and constitutes the woody portion of all vegetable substances4 ,fine linen and cotton are almost entirely composed of lignin1 the associated vegetable principles having been removed by the treatment the fibres have been subjected to during the process of their manufacture4 ,pure lignin is tasteless1 inodorous1 insoluble in water and alcohol1 and absolutely innutritious2 dilute acids and alkaline solutions scarcely affect it1 even when hot2 oil of vitriol converts it into dextrin or grape sugar1 according to the mode of treatment4 ,when concentrated sulphuric acid is added very gradually to about half its weight of lint1 linen rag1 or any similar substance shredded small1 and contained in a glass vessel1 with constant trituration1 the fibres gradually swell up and disappear1 without the disengagement of any gas1 and a tenacious mucilage is formed1 which is entirely soluble in water4 ,if1 after a few hours1 the mixture be diluted with water1 the acid neutralised by the addition of chalk1 and1 after filtration1 any excess of lime thrown down by the cautious addition of a solution of oxalic acid1 the liquid yields1 after a second filtration1 and the addition of alcohol in considerable excess1 a gummy mass1 which possesses all the characters of pure dextrin4 ,if1 instead of at once saturating the diluted acid solution with chalk1 we boil it for #d or #e hours1 the dextrin is entirely converted into grape sugar1 which1 by the addition of chalk and filtration1 as before1 and evaporation by a gentle heat to the consistence of a syrup1 will1 after repose for a few days1 furnish a concrete mass of crystallised sugar4 ,by strong pressure between folds of porous paper or linen1 redissolving it in water1 agitation with animal charcoal1 and recrystallisation1 brilliant colourless crystals of grape sugar may be obtained4 ,hemp1 linen1 or cotton1 thus treated1 yield fully their own weight of gum1 and #a per cent4 of their weight of grape sugar4 ,during the above transformation1 the sulphuric acid is converted into sulpholignic acid1 and may be procured in a separate state4 ,a solution of oxide of copper in ammonia1 or solution of basic carbonate of copper in strong ammonia1 dissolves cotton1 which may then be precipitated by acids in colourless flakes4 ,,lig,,nite4 ,syn4 ,,brown ,,coal4 ,wood and other matter more or less mineralised and converted into coal4 ,the lignites are generally dark brown1 and of obvious woody structure4 ,they are distinguished from true coals by burning with little flame and much smoke4 ,those of ,germany are largely used as a source of paraffin and burning oils4 ,,lig,,num ,,vi,t4 ,see ,,guaiacum ,,wood4 ,,lime4 ,ca,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,calcium2 ,,chaux1 ,fr42 ,,kalk1 ,ger4 ,lime1 when pure1 and as a chemical and medical reagent1 will be found treated of under ,,calcium 7,oxide of74 ,it is prepared on the large scale for commerce by calcining chalk1 marble or limestone1 in kilns1 and is called quicklime1 caustic lime1 burnt lime1 stone lime1 c4 ,the lime kilns are usually of the form of an inverted cone1 and are packed with alternate layers of limestone and fuel1 and the burnt lime raked out from the bottom4 ,the lime thus obtained is a pale yellow powder1 combining eagerly with water1 and crumbling to a light white powder1 8slaked lime10 with the evolution of much heat4 ,lime which slakes well is termed 8fat lime10 while if it slakes badly is termed 8poor lime40 ,the slaked lime1 the ,,calcis ,,hydras of the ,b4 ,p41 is fresh lime sprinkled with water till it falls to powder4 ,lime1 ,salts of4 ,see under ,,calcium4 ,lime1 ,pyrolignite of4 ,an impure acetate of calcium used for making mordants in dyeing and calico printing1 as a substitute for the more expensive acetate of lead4 ,lime1 ,chloride of4 ,syn4 ,,bleaching ,,powder1 ,,chlorinated ,,lime1 ,,hypochlorite ,,of ,,calcium4 ,this article was formerly believed to be a compound of lime and chlorine 7,ca,o4,cl71 and consequently received the name of #8chloride of lime4' ,we now know1 however1 that it is not a definite substance1 but a mixture of calcium hypochlorite1 calcium chloride1 and calcium hydrate4 ,the value of this preparation is due to the readiness with which the calcium hypochlorite is decomposed by acids1 even by the carbonic acid of the air1 with the evolution of hypochlorous acid which abstracts hydrogen from many vegetable colouring matters1 badly smelling gases1 c43 the former are thereby bleached and the latter deodorised4 ,chloride of lime is most extensively used for bleaching linen1 calico1 and similar fabrics1 thousands of tons being made near ,newcastle alone every year4 ,it is also largely employed as a deodoriser4 ,prep4 ,freshly slaked lime is thinly spread out in a proper vessel and exposed to an atmosphere of chlorine gas until it is saturated4 ,now included in the ,materia ,medica4 ,slaked lime 7fresh71 #bj parts1 common salt1 #a part1 are mixed together1 and the powder placed in long earthenware vessels into which chlorine is passed until the mixture begins to grow damp1 or until one part of it1 dissolved in #acj parts of water1 is capable of decolouring #d-a_/b parts of sulphate of indigo 7see ,,chlorimetry71 when the whole is transferred to dry bottles4 7,wholesale47 ,the chlorine is generated from the usual materials mixed in leaden vessels1 heated by steam1 and the gas1 after passing through water1 is conveyed by a leaden tube into an apartment built of siliceous sandstone1 and arranged with shelves or trays1 containing dry fresh slaked lime1 placed one above another1 about an inch asunder4 ,the process1 to produce a first-class article1 is continued for #d or #e days4 ,during this time the lime is occasionally agitated by means of iron rakes1 the handles of which pass through boxes of lime placed in the walls of the chamber1 which thus act as valves4 ,the successful manufacture of bleaching powder is dependent upon the careful observance of a number of conditions1 such as the quality of the limestone1#af which should be free from iron2 the presence of magnesia at the time is also very objectionable1 since it gives rise to the formation and presence in the bleaching powder of deliquescent chloride of magnesium2 the apportionment of the water in slaking the lime is also a matter of no inconsiderable importance1 the lime forming into balls1 which fail to properly absorb the gas if the water be insufficient1 whilst if it be in excess1 it yields a powder deficient in chlorine4 ,when slaked1 the lime is passed through a sieve to free it from small pebbles4 ,after being slaked it is kept for #b or #c days before being used1 as it is found that under these circumstances it absorbs chlorine more readily than when recently prepared4 ,previous to its entrance into the lime chamber1 the chlorine is passed through water1 to free it from vapour1 and solid particles of chloride of manganese4 ,footnote #af3 ,a very pure kind of limestone1 and one which is largely used in the preparation of bleaching powder1 is found at ,buxton4 ,the temperature of the chamber into which the chlorine is passed ought not to exceed #fb ,f4 ,an excess of chlorine has been found to yield a powder deficient in hypochlorite4 ,bleaching powder1 unless protected from the air 7carbonic acid71 slowly parts with its chlorine4 ,in summer it has been estimated that it loses as much as #hf per cent4 of the gas1 and in winter about #bf per cent4 ,prop41 c4 ,chloride of lime is a pale1 yellowish-white powder1 generally more or less damp1 and evolving a chlorine-like odour of hypochlorous acid4 ,its soluble constituents dissolve in about #bj parts of water4 ,it is decomposed by acids with the evolution of chlorine and oxygen 7hypochlorous acid74 ,good chloride of lime should contain from #cb to #cf of chlorine1 of which1 however1 but #be to #cj can be easily liberated by an acid4 ,estim4 ,see ,,chlorometry4 ,uses4 ,chloride of lime is employed in medicine as a deodoriser and disinfectant4 ,an ointment of chloride of lime has been used in scrofula1 and a lotion or bath1 moderately dilute1 is one of the cleanest and readiest ways of removing the #8itch1' and several other skin diseases4 ,it is also in great use as a disinfectant1 and may be used either in substance or solution4 ,a small quantity of the powder spread on a flat dish or plate1 and placed on the chimney-piece1 and a like quantity in an opposite part of the room1 will continue to evolve sufficient chlorine or hypochlorous acid to disinfect 78 ,ed47 the air of an apartment for several days4 ,the evolution of chlorine is promoted by occasionally renewing the exposed surface1 by stirring it with a piece of stick1 and after it becomes scentless1 by the addition of a little acid1 as strong vinegar1 or hydrochloric acid1 or oil of vitriol1 largely diluted with water4 ,of late1 however1 it has been partly superseded by sulphurous acid1 carbolic acid1 c4 ,the most extensive consumption of chloride of lime is1 however1 for bleaching textile fabrics4 ,when employed for this purpose1 the goods are first immersed in a dilute solution of this substance1 and then transferred to a vat containing dilute sulphuric acid4 ,the chlorine thus disengaged in contact with the cloth1 causes the destruction of the colouring matter4 ,this process is generally repeated several times1 it being unsafe to use strong solutions4 ,white patterns may thus be imprinted upon coloured cloth2 the figures being stamped with tartaric acid thickened with gum water1 the stuff is immersed in the chloride bath1 when the parts to which the acid has been applied remain unaltered1 while the printed portions are bleached white4 ,concluding ,remarks4----,chloride of lime is now scarcely ever made on the small scale1 as it can be purchased of the large manufacturer of better quality and cheaper than it could possibly be made by the druggist4 ,the chief precaution to be observed in the manufacture of good bleaching powder is to maintain the ingredients at a rather low temperature4 ,,lime4 ,the fruit of ,citrus limetta4 ,it resembles the lemon1 but is smaller and has a smoother skin4 ,it is imported into ,great ,britain in a preserved state for use as a dessert4 ,its juice is also largely imported for the preparation of ,,citric ,,acid1 and for the prevention of scurvy on board ship 7see below74 ,,lime ,,juice4 ,syn4 ,,lemon ,,juice4 ,the juice of the fruits of various species of ,citrus1 principally ,,limes1 is known in commerce under these names4 ,it is very variable as to quality1 which depends upon the method of extraction1 the quality of the fruit1 and the honesty of the shipper4 ,we have examined the juice expressed from limes sent from the ,west ,indies1 from ,jamaica1 and from ,south ,africa1 with the following results3 ,w4 ,indies4 ,jamaica4 ,s4 ,africa4 ,specific gravity of juice #ajdacj #ajddah #ajddij ,per cent4 of citric acid #gif #hff #hej ,per cent4 of ash #jcba #jdja #jcfd ,the yield from limes is very small1 and the freshly expressed juice contains a large amount of pulp4 ,this1 however1 on standing a few weeks1 separates1 and a clear sherry-coloured liquid is obtained4 ,a concentrated lime or lemon juice is used by calico printers4 ,it is a 8dark1 treacly-looking fluid1 marking from #dh to #ed ,twaddell10 and contains about #cj per cent4 of pure citric acid4 ,adult4 ,see ,,lemon ,,juice4 ,estim4 ,lime juice is only valuable on account of the citric acid it contains4 ,if of good quality1 #ajj gr4 will neutralise from #gj to #gf gr4 of pure crystallised carbonate of soda4 8,for commercial purposes each grain of carbonate of soda neutralised may represent a half grain of crystallised citric acid 7equal to #ch gr4 of dry acid71 and the value of the lime juice be calculated in proportion40 7,o',neill47 ,as commercial lime juice contains variable proportions of vegetable extractive matter1 the indications of the hydrometer cannot be depended upon4 ,,acidimetry1 ,,citric ,,acid1 c4 ,,lime,,stone4 ,a general term applied to a great variety of rocks in which carbonate of lime is the principal constituent4 ,estim4 ,the value of chalk1 limestone1 marble1 c41 for hydraulic mortars and cements1 may be determined as follows3 ,a given weight 7say #ajj gr47 of the sample is reduced to powder and digested in hydrochloric acid dilated with about an equal weight of water1 with frequent agitation for an hour or longer2 the mixture is then diluted with thrice its volume of water1 thrown upon a filter1 and the undissolved portion washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,this weight indicates the per-centage of clay and silica or sand1 and the loss that of the lime or calcium oxide1 magnesium oxide1 and ferric oxide1 present in the substance examined4 ,in most cases these results will be sufficient to show the quality of the limestone for the purpose of making mortar or cement4 ,the filtrate and the washings are mixed together1 and ammonia is added in excess2 the bulky1 reddish-brown precipitate is collected1 washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,this gives the per-centage of ferric oxide4 ,the filtrate from last is then treated with oxalate of ammonium1 and the quantity of lime determined in the manner described under the head of ,,calcium4 ,the liquid filtered from the precipitate in last is boiled for some time with carbonate of potassium until ammoniacal fumes are no longer evolved2 the precipitate is then collected on a filter1 washed with hot water1 dried1 and strongly ignited for #c or #d hours1 and1 lastly1 weighed4 ,this gives the per-centage of magnesium4 ,,linc,,tus4 ,l41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,loch1 ,,lohoch1 ,,lincture1 ,,lambative2 ,,looch1 ,fr4 ,a medicine of the consistence of honey1 intended to be licked off a spoon4 ,this form of medicine is well adapted to females and children1 but is not much used in ,england at the present time4 ,those employed in modern pharmacy and prescribing are included under the heads ,,confection1 ,,conserve1 or ,,electuary4----,the ,dose1 when it is not otherwise stated1 is a teaspoonful occasionally4 ,linctus1 ,acid4 7,dr ,copland47 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,acidus4 ,prep4 ,honey of roses1 #aj dr42 hydrochloric acid1 #bj minims2 syrup of red poppies1 #b dr4 ,mix4 ,linctus of ,borax4 7,univ4 ,coll4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,boracis4 ,prep4 ,borax1 #c dr42 honey1 #a oz4 ,melt1 and stir together1 and then add syrup1 #a oz4 ,linctus1 ,cacao4 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,cacao1 ,l42 ,,cr,,me ,,de ,,tronchin1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from cocoa-butter1 #b oz42 white sugar 7in powder71 syrup of capillaire1 and syrup of tolu1 of each #a oz42 mix4 ,demulcent and pectoral2 in coughs1 sore throats1 hoarseness1 c4 ,linctus1 ,common4 ,prep4 ,from oil of almonds and syrup of tolu1 of each #a oz42 powdered white sugar1 #b dr4 ,as the last4 ,linctus1 ,cough4 ,syn4 ,,pectoral ,,linctus2 ,,linctus ,,pectoralis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,latham47 ,compound ipecacuanha powder 7,dover's powder71 #a_/b dr42 compound tragacanth powder1 #b dr42 syrup of tolu1 confection of hips1 and simple oxymel1 of each #a oz4----,dose1 #a teaspoonful1 #c or #d times a day4 8,this linctus has been extensively used1 as a remedy for coughs1 in the ,west-end of ,london1 having been found to be a safe and generally efficacious remedy40 7,redwood47 ,the preceding as well as the following are also useful preparations4 ,linctus1 ,demulcent4 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,demulcens ,l42 ,,looch ,,de ,,tronchin1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from oil of almonds1 syrup of capillaire1 manna and cassia pulp1 of each #b oz42 powdered gum tragacanth1 #bj gr42 orange-flower water1 #b fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 ,the above is the quantity for two days1 which is as long as it will keep4 ,linctus of ,egg4 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,ovi2 ,,lohoch ,,ovi4 ,prep4 ,oil of almonds1 #a_/b dr42 yolk of #a egg2 syrup of marshmallow1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,linctus1 ,emollient4 ,syn4 ,,oily ,,emulsion2 ,,lohoch ,,oleosum1 ,,emulsio ,,oleosa1 ,l42 ,,looch ,,huileux1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,oil of almonds1 powdered gum1 and orange-flower water1 of each #d dr42 syrup of marshmallow1 #a oz42 water1 #c fl4 oz4 or q4 s42 for an emulsion4 ,in troublesome coughs4 ,linctus1 ,expectorant4 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,expectorans1 ,,lohoch ,e41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oxymel of squills1 confection of hips1 syrup of marshmallow1 and mucilage of gum ,arabic 7thick71 equal parts4 ,demulcent and expectorant4 #b4 7,dr ,copland47 ,oil of almonds and syrup of lemons1 of each #a fl4 oz42 powdered ipecacuanha #f gr42 confections of hips1 #a oz42 compound powder of tragacanth1 #c dr4 #c4 7,zanetti47 ,kermes mineral1 #d gr42 manna1 #f oz42 oil of almonds1 syrup of squills1 and syrup of senega1 of each #b dr4 ,laxative1 demulcent1 and expectorant4 ,the above are useful in hoarseness1 tickling coughs1 sore throats1 c4 ,linctus1 ,green4 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,viride2 ,,lohoch ,,viride4 ,prep4 ,pistachio nuts 7or sweet almonds71 no4 #ad2 syrup of violets1 #a oz42 oil of almonds1 #a_/b oz42 gum tragacanth1 #ae gr42 tincture of saffron1 #a scruple2 orange-flower water1 #b dr42 water1 #d oz4 ,mix4 ,linctus of ,linseed4 7,e4 #agdd47 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,lini2 ,,lohoch ,,lini4 ,prep4 ,fresh drawn linseed oil1 #a oz42 syrup of tolu1 #a oz42 sulphur1 #b dr42 white sugar1 #b dr4 ,mix4 ,linctus of ,manna4 7,e4 #agdd47 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,mann2 ,,lohoch ,,mann4 ,prep4 ,equal parts of manna1 oil of almonds1 and syrup of violets4 ,mix4 ,linctus of ,naphthalin4 7,dupasquier7 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,naphthalini2 ,,lohoch ,,naphthalini4 ,prep4 ,to one common lohoch add from #h gr4 to #cj gr4 of naphthalin4 ,the latter must be well triturated with the gum4----,dose4 ,one teaspoonful1 as an expectorant4 ,linctus1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,fox ,,lungs2 ,,linctus ,,pectoralis1 ,,lohoch ,,pulmone ,,vulpium1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from spermaceti and ,spanish juice1 of each #h oz42 water1 q4 s4 to soften the liquorice2 make a thin electuary1 and add of honey1 #c lbs42 oil of aniseed1 #a oz42 mix well4 ,a popular and excellent demulcent in coughs4 ,it formerly contained the herb fox lungs1 but spermaceti is now substituted for that article4 ,linctus of ,poppies4 7,th4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,papaveris4 ,prep4 ,compound tincture of camphor1 syrup of poppies1 and syrup of tolu1 of each equal parts4 ,mix4----,dose1 #a fl4 dr4 ,linctus of ,spermaceti4 7,e4 #agdd47 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,cetacei2 ,,lohoch ,,cetacei4 ,prep4 ,spermaceti1 #b dr42 yolk of egg1 q4 s42 triturate1 and add gradually oil of almonds1 #a_/b oz42 syrup of tolu1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,linctus of ,syrup of ,white ,poppies4 7,p4 ,c47 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,syrupi ,,papaveris ,,albi2 ,,lohoch ,,syrupus ,,papaveris ,,albi4 ,prep4 ,white lohoch1 #e parts2 syrup of poppies 7,p4 ,c471 #a part4 ,mix4 ,linctus1 ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,stimulans1 ,l4 ,,terebinthin1 ,,lohoch ,,anthelminticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,recamier47 ,oil of turpentine1 #b dr42 honey of roses1 #c oz42 mix4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 night and morning1 followed by a draught of any weak liquid2 in worms1 more especially tape-worm4 ,linctus1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,linctus ,,albus1 ,,mistura ,,alba1 ,,lohoch ,,album1 ,l42 ,,looch ,,blanc1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,jordon almonds1 #d-a_/b dr42 bitter almonds1 #a_/b dr42 blanch them by steeping them in hot water and removing the skins2 add of white sugar1 #a_/b oz42 gum tragacanth1 #bj gr42 beat to a smooth paste1 and further add of oil of almonds and orange-flower water1 of each #d dr42 pure water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,a pleasant demulcent in tickling coughs4 ,,lin,,en4 ,syn4 ,,linteum1 ,l4 ,linen is a textile fabric made of the libre-fibres of the ,linum usitatissimum1 or common flax1 a plant which from time immemorial has been cultivated for this purpose4 ,it is remarkable for the smoothness and softness of its texture1 and is hence highly esteemed in temperate climates as an elegant and agreeable article of clothing to be worn next the skin4 ,its fibres are better conductors of heat1 more porous1 and more attractive of moisture1 than those of cotton1 which render it less adapted for body linen in cold weather1 as well as in hot weather and hot climates1 than calico4 ,the latter1 however1 lacks the luxurious softness and freshness of linen1 whilst the peculiar twisted and jagged character of its fibres render it apt to excite irritation in extremely delicate skins4 ,the common prejudice in favour of old linen and flax lint for dressing wounds is thus shown to have reason on its side1 and1 like many other vulgar prejudices1 to be supported by the investigations of science4 ,identif4 ,linen fabrics are commonly sophisticated with cotton1 which is a much less costly and a more easily wrought material4 ,various plans have been proposed to detect this fraud1 many of which are too complicated and difficult for practical purposes4 ,the following commend themselves for their simplicity and ease of application3---- #a4 ,a small strip 7a square inch1 for instance7 of the suspected cloth is immersed for #b or #c minutes in a boiling mixture of about equal parts of hydrate of potassium and water1 contained in a vessel of silver1 porcelain1 or hard glass2 after which it is taken out and pressed between the folds of white blotting paper or porous calico4 ,by separating #h or #aj threads in each direction1 their colour may be readily seen4 ,the deep yellow threads are ,,linen1 the white or pale yellow ones are ,,cotton4 #b4 ,a small strip of the cloth1 after having been repeatedly washed with rain water1 boiled in the water1 and dried1 is immersed for #a to #b minutes in sulphuric acid2 it is then withdrawn1 carefully pressed under water with the fingers1 washed1 immersed for a few seconds in ammonia1 solution of carbonate of potassium1 or solution of carbonate of sodium1 again washed with water1 and dried between filtering paper4 ,by this treatment the cotton fibres are dissolved1 while the linen fibres are merely rendered thinner and more translucent according to the duration of the experiment2 after a short immersion1 the cotton fibres appear transparent1 while the linen fibres remain white and opaque4 #c4 ,bttger recommends the linen stuffs to be dipped into an alcoholic solution of rosolic acid1 then into a concentration solution of sodium carbonate1 and finally washed with water4 ,the linen fibre assumes a pink colour1 whilst the cotton fibre remains unaltered4 ,illustration #d4 7,by the ,,microscope47 ,the indications afforded by both the previous tests1 although quite visible to the naked eye1 are rendered still more palpable by the use of a magnifying glass of small power1 as the common pocket lens4 ,under a good microscope the presence of cotton in a linen tissue is very perceptible4 ,the fibres of cotton present a distinctly flat and shrivelled appearance1 not unlike that of a narrow1 twisted ribbon1 with only occasional joints2 whilst those of flax are round1 straight1 and jointed4 ,the fibres of cotton1 after being exposed to the action of strong alkaline lyes1 untwist themselves1 contract in length1 and assume a rounded form1 but still continue distinct in appearance from the fibres of linen4 ,the engraving represents a fibre of linen 7#a7 and a fibre of cotton 7#b71 as they appear when magnified #aee diameters4 ,the difference between the two may be perceived1 although less distinctly through a good ,stanhope or ,coddington lens1 provided the object be well illuminated4 ,dyeing4 ,linen and cotton1 from the similarity of their behaviour with dye-stuffs1 are treated in nearly the same manner4 ,the affinity of their fibres for colouring matter is very much weaker than that of the fibres of silk and woollen4 ,on this account they are dyed with greater difficulty than those substances1 and the colours so imparted are1 in general1 less brilliant and permanent under similar conditions4 ,linen shows less disposition to take dyes than cotton4 ,the yarn or cloth1 after being scoured and bleached in the usual manner1 requires to have an additional tendency given to it1 by chemical means1 to condense and retain the materials of the dye-bath in its pores4 ,this is effected by steeping the goods in solutions 7mordants7 which have at once an affinity for both the fibres of the cloth and the colouring matter4 ,a similar process is employed in dyeing most other substances2 but with cotton and linen1 attention to this point is essential to the permanency of the dye4 ,these matters are more fully explained under the heads ,,dyeing and ,,mordant4 ,the following new process for bleaching linen1 having been omitted from our article on 8,bleaching0 is inserted here3---- ,mr ,hodges' process1 which is known in ,ireland as the 8,chemico-,mechanical ,process10 owing to the patentee turning to account the advantages derivable from the employment of mechanical contrivances driven by steam1 combined with the introduction of a new method of obtaining the hitherto little used hypochlorite of magnesia1 may be said to date from the discovery of the substance1 known as ,kieserite 7native sulphate of magnesia71 which occurs as an essential constituent of the ,abraumsalts of ,stassfurth4 ,for some time after the introduction of this substance into the market1 it was considered of little value except for the production of ,epsom salts2 but ,mr4 ,hodges1 in the course of some investigations in bleaching jute1 having had occasion to employ large quantities of hypochlorite of magnesia1 it occurred to him that kieserite might be substituted for the more expensive crude sulphate of magnesia2 and the importation into ,ireland of the sample for this purpose was the first that was ever sent into that country for the manufacture of a bleaching liquor1 or1 indeed1 for any other use4 ,mr4 ,hodges on experimenting with the kieserite1 found that it not only supplied the place of the crude sulphate1 but acted as a better precipitant for the lime of the bleaching powder1 which is employed in the production of the hypochlorite of magnesia2 and that it also produced a stronger and clearer solution4 ,without entering into a minute description of the process 7which is at present successfully carried out in a factory erected for the purpose in the neighbourhood of ,belfast71 the following outline will be sufficient to show the nature of the methods adopted4 ,the kieserite1 which is imported from ,germany in square blocks1 on arriving at the works1 is conveyed to a house1 on the ground-floor of which it is stacked until required1 when it is ground to a fine powder1 and placed in barrels1 is drawn up by means of a crane to a room at the top of the building1 at one end of which is a row of three tanks furnished with water taps1 agitators1 and false bottoms4 ,in one of the end tanks a definite quantity of the kieserite powder 7varying according to its strength1 is ascertained by analysis7 is placed and dissolved in a given quantity of water1 the solution being assisted by agitators1 and on settling the clear liquor is siphoned over into the middle tank4 ,in the third tank bleaching powder 7hypochlorite of lime71 varying in quantity according to the strength of the kieserite solution1 is placed4 ,the bleaching powder after being agitated with water is allowed to settle1 and the clear solution is siphoned over into the middle tank containing the clear kieserite solution1 the agitator being kept in motion1 not only during the mixing of the liquids1 but for some time after4 ,the mixed liquids are then allowed to remain undisturbed all night1 after which the clear hypochlorite of magnesia solution is siphoned into a large settling tank1 which is situated in the room below4 ,from this vessel it is conducted through wooden pipes 7which are so contrived that they can be opened and cleansed at will71 into a large cistern standing in the bleaching house4 ,this cistern is fitted with a ball-cock1 by which arrangement the liquid can be drawn off by a system of wooden pipes as required4 ,the bleaching house in which the cistern is situated is fitted up in an original manner1 and covers something more than an acre of ground2 whilst the reeling-shed1 which is the only part of the works our limits will permit us describe1 is #bdj feet long by #bd feet broad1 and contains ten steeps and twelve reel boxes4 ,each box is provided with water1 a solution of the bleaching agent1 and steam pipes1 and is capable of reeling at a time about #ejj lbs4 of yarn4 ,above the box is a line of rails or pillars4 ,a travelling crane runs along the reels1 and carries the reels from one box to another4 ,attached to this crane is a newly-invented hydraulic pump1 by means of which the reels with the yarn on them can be lifted in a few seconds from one box to another4 ,after the yarn has been boiled1 washed1 and passed through the squeezers in the usual manner1 it is put on to a wagon1 in which it is carried1 by means of a line of rails1 down to the first reel box4 ,here it is placed on to the reels1 which are made to revolve by means of steam2 first in one direction and then in another1 through a solution of carbonate of soda1 previously heated by means of the steam-pipes before mentioned4 ,the yarn having been sufficiently scalded and so saturated with soda1 the reels to which it is attached are raised by the hydraulic pump out of the box1 and the yarn allowed to drain for a few minutes1 after which the travelling crane carries it on to the next box4 ,into this box the yarn is again lowered by the pump and made to revolve as before1 but this time through a solution of the bleaching agent1 which immediately re-acting on the carbonate of soda with which the yarn is charged1 renders this bleaching agent free from the danger which attends the employment of chlorine1 or the ordinary bleaching powder used in the older methods of bleaching4 ,after the yarns have been brought to the desired shade in the solution of ,hodges' bleaching agent they are either removed as before to a new box1 and there washed before being scoured1 or they are thrown into one of the steeps filled with water for the night4 ,these operations are repeated with weaker solutions in the remaining reel boxes1 either once or twice according to the shade required4 ,mr ,hodges claims as the chief features of his invention that it consists1 first1 in the employment of a bleaching agent which has not hitherto been practically employed1 and a cheap method for its production2 second1 in the preparation of the yarn prior to being submitted to the action of the bleaching agent1 this preparation setting free not only the imprisoned chlorine of the hypochlorite1 but also another powerful bleaching agent1 oxygen2 third1 in new and improved machinery1 by which the work of bleaching the yarn is greatly shortened2 fourth1 in doing away with the tedious and expensive operation of exposing the yarn on the grass2 if this last were the only feature in ,mr ,hodges' invention1 the patentee would have greatly improved the process of bleaching1 not only1 however1 does the new process supplant the old long and tedious one1 but a great economy of time is additionally gained in other parts of the process1 added to these advantages it is stated that a superior finish is given to the yarns1 and that in consequence a much greater demand for them has arisen4 ,mr ,hodges contends that the absence of caustic lime from his new bleaching compound gives it great advantages over the old bleaching powder1 particularly in its application to finely woven fabrics1 such as muslins1 c4 ,he also says that fabrics bleached by it receive an increased capacity for imbibing and retaining colouring matter1 a fact of considerable importance to the dyer and calico-printer1 as they are thus enabled to communicate to the fabrics tints which have heretofore been considered impossible4 ,see ,,kieserite4 ,the domestic management of linen may here receive a few moments' attention4 ,fruit stains1 iron-moulds1 and other spots on linen1 may1 in general1 be removed by applying to the part1 previously washed clean1 a weak solution of chlorine1 chloride of lime1 spirits of salts1 oxalic acid1 or salts of lemons1 in warm water1 and frequently by merely using a little lemon juice4 ,when the stain is removed the part should be thoroughly rinsed in clear warm water 7without soap7 and dried4 ,recent iron-moulds or ink spots on starched linen1 as the front of a shirt1 may be conveniently removed by allowing a drop or two of melted tallow from a common candle to fall upon them before sending the articles to the laundress4 ,the oxide of iron combines with the grease1 and the two are washed out together4 ,if the spot is not entirely removed the first time1 the process should be repeated4 ,linen that has acquired a yellow or bad colour by careless washing may be restored to its former whiteness by working it well in water to which some strained solution of chloride of lime has been added1 observing to well rinse it in clean water both before and after the immersion in the bleaching liquor4 ,the attempt to bleach unwashed linen should be avoided1 as also using the liquor too strong1 as in that case the linen will be rendered rotten4 ,,ling4 ,the ,galus molua 7,linn471 an inferior species of the cod-fish tribe1 common in the ,northern seas1 and used as a coarse article of food by the poor4 ,,lin,,iment4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum1 ,l4 ,a semifluid ointment1 or soapy application to painful joints1 swellings1 burns1 c4 ,the term is also occasionally extended to various spirituous and stimulating external applications4 ,a preparation of a thinner consistence1 but similarly employed1 is called an #8,,embrocation1' ,these terms are1 however1 frequently confounded together1 and misapplied4 ,liniments are generally administered by friction with the hand or fingers1 or with some substance 7as a piece of flannel7 capable of producing a certain amount of irritation of the skin4 ,sometimes a piece of linen rag dipped in them is simply laid on the part4 ,in most cases in which liniments are found beneficial1 the advantage obtained from them is attributable rather to the friction or local irritation than to any medicinal power in the preparation itself4 ,the greater number of cerates and ointments may be converted into liniments by simply reducing their consistence with almond or olive oil1 or oil of turpentine4 ,liniment1 ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,acidum1 ,l4 ,,acidi ,,sulphurici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,salad oil1 #c oz42 oil of vitriol1 #a dr42 mix1 then add of oil of turpentine1 #a oz41 and agitate the whole well together4 ,as a counter-irritant1 in rheumatism1 stiff joints1 c4 ,it closely resembles the #8,,gulltonian ,,embrocation1' #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,olive oil1 #c oz42 oil of turpentine1 #b oz42 sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr4 ,an excellent alterative1 stimulant1 discutient1 and counter-irritant1 in chronic rheumatism1 stiff joints1 indolent tumours1 and various chronic diseases of the skin4 ,liniment of ,albumen4 7,dr ,christison47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,albuminis4 ,prep4 ,equal parts of white of egg and rectified spirit1 agitated together4 ,in excoriation from pressure4 ,liniment of ,amber-oil4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,succini1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from olive oil1 #c parts2 oils of amber and cloves1 of each #a part4 ,resembles #8,,roche',s ,,embrocation1' #b4 7,opiated2 ,,linimentum ,,succini ,,opiatum1 ,l47 ,from rectified oil of amber and tincture of opium1 of each #b fl4 oz42 lard1 #a oz4 ,anodyne1 antispasmodic1 and stimulant4 ,a once popular remedy in cramp1 stiff joints1 c4 ,liniment of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,ammoniacal ,,liniment1 ,,volatile ,l41 ,,oil ,,and ,,hartshorn2 ,,linimentum ,,ammoni 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,solution of ammonia1 #a2 olive oil1 #c2 mix4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,liquor of ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #ifj71 #a fl4 oz42 olive oil1 #b fl4 oz42 shake them together until they are mixed4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,to the last add of olive oil1 #a fl4 oz4 ,stimulant and rubefacient4 ,used in rheumatism1 lumbago1 neuralgia1 sore throat1 spasms1 bruises1 c4 ,when the skin is irritable more oil should be added1 or it should be diluted with a little water4 #d4 7,camphorated2 ,,linimentum ,,ammoni ,,camphoratum1 ,,embrocatio ,,amm4 ,,camphorata1 ,l47----a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,olive oil1 #c oz42 camphor1 #a_/b oz42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and when cold1 add of liquor of ammonia1 #a fl4 oz4 b4 ,soap liniment1 #b oz42 olive oil and liquor of ammonia1 of each #b dr4 ,as the last2 more especially for sprains1 bruises1 chilblains1 c4 #e4 7,compound2 ,dr ,,granville',s ,,counter-,,irritant ,,or ,,antidynous ,,lotion2 ,,linimentum ,,ammoni ,,compositum1 ,l4----,ph4 ,e47----a4 7,,stronger47 ,from liquor of ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #hhj71 #e fl4 oz42 tincture of camphor1 #b fl4 oz42 spirit of rosemary1 #a fl4 oz42 mix4 ,it should be kept in a well-stoppered bottle and in a cool situation4 b4 7,,weaker47 ,solution of ammonia 7#hhj71 #e fl4 oz42 tincture of camphor1 #c fl4 oz42 spirit of rosemary1 #b fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,the above formul are nearly identical with the original ones of ,dr ,granville2 the principal difference being in his ordering liquor of ammonia of the sp4 gr4 #hgb1 instead of #hhj4 ,they are counter-irritant1 rubefacient1 vesicant1 and cauterising1 according to the mode and length of their application4 ,the milder lotion is sufficiently powerful to produce considerable rubefaction and irritation in from #a to #e or #f minutes2 vesication1 in #h or #aj minutes2 and cauterisation1 in #d or #e minutes longer4 ,for the latter purpose the stronger lotion is generally employed4 ,according to ,dr ,granville1 these lotions are prompt and powerful remedies in rheumatism1 lumbago1 cramp1 neuralgia1 sprains1 swollen and painful joints1 headache1 sore throat1 and numerous other affections in which the use of a powerful counter-irritant has been recommended4 ,they are ordered to be applied by means of a piece of linen1 #f or #g times folded1 or a piece of thick1 coarse flannel wetted with the lotion1 the whole being covered with a thick towel1 and firmly pressed against the part with the hand4 ,the stronger lotion is only intended to be employed in apoplexy1 and to produce cauterisation4 ,see ,,counter-,,irritants4 #f4 7,from ,,sesquicarbonate ,,of ,,ammonia2----,,linimentum ,,ammoni ,,sesquicarbonatis----,ph4 ,l47 ,solution of sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #a fl4 oz42 olive oil1 #c fl4 oz42 shake them together until mixed4 ,this preparation resembles ordinary liniment of ammonia in its general properties1 but it is much less active1 owing to the alkali being carbonated4 ,it is the #8oil and hartshorn' and the #8volatile liniment' of the shops4 #g4 7,,with ,,turpentine47 7,dr ,copland47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,ammoni ,,cum ,,terebinthina4 ,prep4 ,liniment of ammonia1 #a-a_/d fl4 oz42 oil of turpentine1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,liniment1 ,anodyne4 ,see ,,liniments ,,of ,,belladonna1 ,,morphia1 ,,opium1 ,,soap1 c4 ,liniment1 ,antispasmodic4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,antispasmodicum1 ,l4 ,,cajeputi ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hufeland47 ,oils of cajeput and mint1 of each #a part2 tincture of opium1 #c parts2 compound camphor liniment1 #bd parts4 ,anodyne1 stimulant1 and rubefacient4 ,liniment1 ,arceus's4 ,compound elemi ointment4 ,liniment of ,arnica4 ,syn4 ,,arnica ,,opodeldoc1 ,,linimentum ,,arnic4 ,prep4 ,dissolve by heat ,castile soap1 #d parts1 and camphor1 #a part1 in rectified spirit1 #aj parts4 ,add tincture of arnica1 #e parts4 ,liniment of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,belladonn1 ,b4 ,p4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prepared the same as ,,linimentum ,,aconitii4 ,a fluid ounce is equal to a solid ounce4 ,prescribed with equal parts of soap liniment1 or compound camphor liniment1 and is an excellent topical application for neuralgic pain4 #b4 ,extract of belladonna1 #a dr42 oil of almonds1 #b oz42 lime water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in eczema1 and some other cutaneous affections1 to allay irritation1 c4 #c4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,extract of belladonna1 #d dr42 glycerine1 #a oz42 soap liniment1 #f oz4 ,as the last4 #d4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,extract of belladonna #a oz42 soap liniment1 #h fl4 oz4 #e4 7,phbus47 ,extract of belladonna1 #dj gr42 rectified ether1 #a dr42 cherry-laurel water1 #b fl4 oz4 ,as a friction to the abdomen in lead colic4 ,obs4 ,the above are reputed excellent stimulants1 anodynes1 antispasmodics1 and resolvents1 in various diseases1 as rheumatism1 neuralgia1 painful affections of the skin and joints1 tumours1 c4 c4 ,liniment of ,belladonna and ,chloroform4 7,mr ,squire47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,belladonn ,,et ,,chloroformi4 ,prep4 ,belladonna liniment1 #g fl4 dr42 belladonna chloroform 7made by percolating the root with chloroform7 #a fl4 dr42 sprinkled on piline and applied to the loins1 excellent in lumbago4 ,liniment of ,borax4 7,swediaur74 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,boracis4 ,prep4 ,borax1 #b dr42 tincture of myrrh1 #a oz41 distilled water1 #a oz42 honey of roses1 #b oz4 ,mix4 ,liniment of ,cajeput ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,olei ,,cajeputi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,copland47 ,compound camphor liniment and soap liniment1 of each #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 oil of cajeput1 #a fl4 oz4 #b4 7,dr ,williams47 ,oil of cajeput1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 castor oil1 #a fl4 dr42 olive oil1 #d-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,a warm1 antispasmodic1 diffusible stimulant and rubefacient2 in spasmodic asthma1 colic1 chronic rheumatism1 spasms1 chest affections1 c4 ,see ,,antispasmodic ,l4 7above74 ,linimentum ,calcis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,solution of lime1 #a2 olive oil1 #a2 mix4 ,the best liniment for burns and scalds4 ,liniment of ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,camphorated ,,oil1 ,,camphor ,,embrocation2 ,,linimentum ,,camphor 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,oleum ,,camphoratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,camphor1 #a2 olive oil1 #d2 dissolve4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,camphor1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #d fl4 oz42 gently heat the oil1 add the camphor 7cut small71 and agitate until dissolved4 ,the ,dublin ,college orders only #a_/b the above camphor4 ,stimulant1 anodyne1 and resolvent2 in sprains1 bruises1 rheumatic pains1 glandular enlargements1 c4 #c4 7,compound2 ,,linimentum ,,camphor ,,compositum----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d47----a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,camphor1 #e2 ,english oil of lavender1 #a_/d2 strong solution of ammonia1 #aj2 rectified spirit1 #bj4 ,dissolve the oil and camphor in the spirit and gradually add the ammonia4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,camphor1 #b-a_/b oz42 oil of lavender1 #a fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #ag fl4 oz42 dissolve1 then add of stronger liquor of ammonia1 #c fl4 oz41 and shake them together until they are mixed4 c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,liquor of ammonia1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz42 spirit of lavender1 #a pint2 distil off #a pint1 and dissolve in it camphor1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf was nearly similar4 d4 7,wholesale47 ,camphor 7clean71 #ba oz42 ,english oil of lavender1 #c-c_/d oz42 liquor of ammonia1 #b-c_/d lbs42 rectified spirit1 #g pints2 mix1 close the vessel1 and agitate occasionally1 until the camphor is dissolved4 ,powerfully stimulant and rubefacient4 ,it closely resembles1 and is now almost universally sold for1 ,ward's #8,essence for the ,headache4' e4 7,ethereal47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,camphor ,,ethereum4 ,prep4 ,camphor1 #a dr42 ether1 #a dr42 oil of vipers1 #b dr4 ,mix4 ,liniment of ,cantharides4 ,syn4 ,,liniment ,,of ,,spanish ,,flies2 ,,linimentum ,,lytt1 ,,lin4 ,,cantharidis 7,ph4 ,d4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,collier47 ,tincture of cantharides and soap liniment1 equal parts4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,cantharides 7in fine powder71 #c oz42 olive oil1 #ab fl4 oz42 digest for #c hours over a waterbath1 and strain through flannel1 with expression4 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,spanish flies1 #a oz42 oil of turpentine1 #h fl4 oz42 proceed as last4 ,the above are irritant and rubefacient2 but should be used cautiously1 lest they produce strangury4 ,liniment of ,capsicum4 #a4 7,dr ,copland47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,capsici4 ,prep4 ,compound camphor liniment1 #a fl4 oz42 volatile liniment1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of capsicum1 #c fl4 oz42 mix4 #b4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,capsicums1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #c fl4 oz4 ,macerate #g days1 and strain for use4 ,liniment of ,colchicum4 7,ear ,infirmary47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,colchici4 ,prep4 ,soap liniment1 #a fl4 oz42 wine of colchicum seed1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,liniment of ,colocynth4 7,heim74 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,colocynthidis4 ,prep4 ,tincture of colocynth1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 castor oil1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,liniment of ,chloride of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,calcis ,,chlorinat1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chloride of lime1 #a dr42 water 7added gradually71 #c fl4 oz42 triturate together in a glass mortar for #aj minutes1 pour off the liquid portion1 and add of oil of almonds #b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,kopp47 ,solution of chloride of lime 7ordinary71 #a part2 olive oil1 #b parts4 #c4 7,waller47 ,chloride of lime 7in fine powder71 #a part2 soft soap1 #b parts2 soft water1 q4 s4 to make a liniment4 ,obs4 ,the above are cleanly and excellent applications in itch1 scald head1 herpes1 lepra1 foul ulcers1 c4 ,liniment of ,chloroform4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,chloroformi1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,chloroform1 #a2 liniment of camphor1 #a2 mix4 ,the oil in the camphor liniment prevents the evaporation of the chloroform4 ,stimulating on application to a tender skin4 #b4 ,chloroform1 #a fl4 dr42 almond oil1 #g fl4 dr42 mix in a phial1 and agitate it until the two unite4 #c4 7,tuson47 ,chloroform1 #a fl4 dr42 soap liniment1 #b fl4 oz42 as the last4 ,used as an application in neuralgic pains1 rheumatism1 c4 ,liniment of ,cod-liver ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,olei ,,morrhu1 ,l4 ,o4 ,,jacoris ,,aselli1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,brach47 ,cod-liver oil1 #b fl4 oz42 liquor of ammonia1 #a fl4 oz42 mix4 ,resolvent1 dispersive2 applied to glandular tumours1 scrofulous enlargements1 c4 ,liniment of ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,crotonis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,,olei ,,crotonis1 ,l4 ,o4 ,,tiglii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,croton oil1 #a2 oil of cajeput1 #c-a_/b2 rectified spirit1 #c-a_/b2 mix4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,croton oil1 #a fl4 oz42 oil of turpentine1 #g fl4 oz42 mix by agitation4 #c4 7,j4 ,allen47 ,croton oil and liquor of potassa1 of each1 #a fl4 dr42 agitate until mixed1 then add of rose water1 #b fl4 oz4 #d 7,pereira47 ,croton oil1 #a part2 olive oil1 #e parts4 ,obs4 ,the above are used as counter-irritants2 in rheumatism1 neuralgia1 bronchial and pulmonary affections1 c4 ,when rubbed on the skin1 redness1 and a pustular eruption ensue1 and in general the bowels are acted on4 ,liniment1 ,diuretic4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,diureticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,calini47 ,squills 7in fine powder71 #a dr42 gastric juice of a calf1 #b oz42 mix4 #b4 7,dr ,christison47 ,soap liniment1 tincture of foxglove1 and tincture of squills1 equal parts4 ,in dropsies2 rubbed over the abdomen or loins twice or thrice a day4 ,liniment1 ,emollient4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,album1 ,l4 ,,emolliens1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from camphor1 #a dr42 ,peruvian balsam1 #a_/b dr42 oil of almonds1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve by heat1 add of glycerin1 #a_/b fl4 oz41 agitate well1 and1 when cold1 further add of oil of nutmeg1 #ae drops4 ,excellent for chapped hands1 lips1 nipples1 c4 ,liniment of ,foxglove4 7,dr ,royle47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,digitalis4 ,prep4 ,infusion of digitalis1 #b fl4 oz42 water of ammonia1 #b fl4 dr42 oil of poppy seed1 #d fl4 dr42 mix4 ,to be rubbed on the abdomen #c or #d times a day4 ,liniment of ,garlic4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,alii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from juice of garlic1 #b parts2 olive oil1 #c parts2 mix4 ,in hooping-cough1 infantile convulsions1 c4 ,liniment of ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,ginger1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #b parts2 make a tincture or essence4 ,for short-sightedness4 ,a few drops are occasionally rubbed on the forehead for #h or #aj minutes at a time4 ,how this tincture came to be called a liniment we are at a loss to determine4 ,liniment of ,glycerin4 7,mr ,startin47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,glycerini4 ,prep4 ,soap liniment1 #c oz42 glycerin1 #a oz42 extract of belladonna1 #a oz42 mix4 ,for gouty1 rheumatic1 and neuralgic pains4 ,a little veratrine is sometimes added4 ,liniment1 ,green4 7,dr ,campbell47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,viride4 ,camphor1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #f oz42 extract of hemlock1 #a oz42 spirit of ammonia1 #b oz4 ,mix4 ,liniment of ,hellebore4 7,dornbleuth47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,hellebori4 ,prep4 ,soft soap1 #d oz42 hellebore powder1 #b oz42 hot water1 q4 s4 ,liniment1 ,hungarian4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,hungaricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,powdered cantharides and sliced garlic1 of each #a dr42 camphor1 bruised mustard seed1 and black pepper1 of each #d dr42 strong vinegar1 #f fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #ab fl4 oz42 macerate a week1 and filter4 ,an excellent rubefacient and counter-irritant4 ,liniment of ,hydrochloric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,muriaticum1 ,l4 ,,acidi ,,muriatici1 ,l4 ,a4 ,,hydrochlorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,olive oil1 #b oz42 white wax1 #b dr42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 add of balsam of ,peru1 #a dr42 hydrochloric acid1 #b dr42 mix well4 ,an excellent application to chilblains before they break4 #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,olive oil1 #a_/d pint2 white spermaceti 7pure7 and camphor1 of each #a_/b oz42 mix with heat1 add of hydrochloric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz41 and proceed as before4 ,equal to the last1 and cheaper4 ,this was extensively employed among the seamen of the ,royal ,navy by ,mr ,cooley with uniform success4 ,liniment of ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,ioduretum ,,gelatinosum1 ,l4 ,,gel,e ,,pour ,,le ,,goitre1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,foy47 ,iodide of potassium1 #d dr42 proof spirit1 #b oz42 dissolve1 and add the liquid to a solution of curd soap1 #f dr41 in proof spirit1 #b oz41 both being at the time gently warmed2 lastly1 aromatise with rose or neroli1 pour it into wide-mouthed bottles1 and keep them closely corked4 ,in goitre1 c4 ,liniment of ,iodide of ,sulphur4 7,prof4 ,e4 ,wilson47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,sulphuris ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 ,iodide of sulphur1 #cj gr42 olive oil1 #a fl4 dr42 triturate together4 ,liniment of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,iodi 7,b4 ,p472 ,,ioduretted ,,liniment2 ,,linimentum ,,iodinii1 ,l4 ,,ioduretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,iodine1 #e2 iodide of potassium1 #b2 camphor1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #dj2 dissolve4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,compound tincture of iodine and laudanum1 equal parts4 #c4 7,dr ,copland47 ,soap liniment1 #a oz42 iodine1 #h to #aj gr4 #d4 7,guibourt47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 water1 #a fl4 dr42 dissolve1 and add to it white soap 7in shavings7 and oil of almonds1 of each #aj dr41 previously melted together4 ,some perfume may be added4 ,in scrofula1 glandular enlargements1 rheumatism1 c4 ,liniment of ,ipecacuanha4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,ipecacuanh4 ,prep4 ,ipecacuanha in fine powder1 #d dr42 lard1 #b dr42 olive oil1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,liniment of ,juniper4 7,dr ,sully47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,juniperi4 ,prep4 ,oil of juniper1 #a-a_/b oz42 lard1 #b oz42 oil of aniseed1 #f drops4 ,for scald-head4 ,liniment of ,labdanum4 7,quincy47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,labdani2 ,,linimentum ,,criniscani4 ,prep4 ,labdanum1 #f dr42 bear's grease1 #b oz42 honey1 #a_/b oz42 powdered southernwood1 #c dr42 oil of nutmeg1 #a dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #b dr42 mix4 ,to restore the hair4 ,liniment of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,plumbi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,gaozey47 ,acetate of lead1 #dj gr42 soft water1 #ab fl4 oz42 olive oil1 #f oz42 mix1 and agitate well4 ,astringent and refrigerant4 ,useful in excoriations1 especially when accompanied with inflammation4 ,liniment of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,liniment ,,for ,,burns1 ,,carron ,,oil2 ,,linimentum ,,calcis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,,aqu ,,calcis1 ,,oleum ,,lini ,,cum ,,calcis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from olive oil 7linseed oil----,ph4 ,e47 and lime water1 equal parts1 shaken together until they are mixed4 ,very useful in burns and scalds4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,linimentum ,,calcis ,,compositum1 ,l47----a4 7,camphorated----,w4 ,cooley47 ,camphor liniment and lime water1 equal parts4 b4 7,opiated----,w4 ,cooley47 ,lime water and camphor liniment1 of each #a oz42 extract of opium1 #e gr42 mix4 ,both are used as anodynes to allay pain and irritation in severe burns1 chilblains1 c41 for which purpose they are excellent4 ,all the above liniments with lime water should be used as soon as possible after being prepared1 as the ingredients separate by keeping4 ,liniment of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,mercurial ,,liniment2 ,,linimentum ,,hydrargyri 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,lin4 ,h4 ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ointment of mercury1 #a2 solution of ammonia1 #a2 liniment of camphor1 #a4 ,melt the ointment in the liniment1 add the ammonia1 and shake them together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,camphor1 #a oz42 spirit of wine1 #a fl4 dr42 sprinkle the latter on the former1 powder1 add of lard and mercurial ointment 7stronger71 of each #d oz42 rub them well together1 then gradually add of liquor of ammonia1 #d fl4 oz42 and mix well4 ,stimulant and discutient4 ,it resembles mercurial ointment in its effects2 but though milder in its operation1 it more quickly produces salivation4 ,liniment of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,morphi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,pure morphia1 #c gr42 put it into a warm mortar1 add very gradually1 of oil of almonds 7warm71 #a fl4 oz41 and triturate until the morphia is dissolved1 then add of camphor liniment1 #a oz4 ,an excellent topical anodyne and antispasmodic1 which often allays pain when other means have failed4 ,liniment of ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,sinapis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,flour of mustard 7best71 #a oz42 water1 tepid1 #b fl4 oz42 mix1 and add of glycerin1 liquor of ammonia1 and olive oil1 of each #a fl4 oz4 #b4 7,bral47 ,carbonate of ammonia 7in fine powder71 #a part2 camphor 7in powder71 #b parts2 oil of lavender1 #d parts2 tincture of mustard1 #f parts2 mix1 dissolve by agitation1 add of simple liniment 7warm71 #ef parts1 and again agitate until the whole is perfectly incorporated4 #c4 ,black mustard seed 7ground in pepper-mill or otherwise well bruised71 #a_/d lb42 oil of turpentine1 #a pint2 digest1 express the liquid1 filter1 and dissolve it in camphor1 #a_/b lb4 ,stimulant and rubefacient4 ,a popular and useful remedy in rheumatic pains1 lumbago1 colic1 chilblains1 c4 ,the last is a close imitation of ,whitehead's #8,essence of ,mustard4' #d4 7,,lin4 ,,olei ,,volatilis ,,sinapis47----a4 ,from volatile oil of black mustard seed1 #a_/b dr42 oil of almonds1 #a fl4 oz4 ,as a rubefacient4 b4 ,from volatile oil1 #a part2 alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hae71 #a to #b parts4 ,as a vesicant4 ,liniment of ,mustard 7,compound74 ,,linimentum ,,sinapis ,,compositum 7,b4 ,p474 ,oil of mustard1 #a dr42 ethereal extract of mezereon1 #dj gr42 camphor1 #b dr42 castor oil1 #e dr42 rectified spirit1 #cb dr42 dissolve4 ,liniment1 ,narcotic4 7,p4 ,codex47 ,syn4 ,,liniment ,,calmant2 ,,linimentum ,,narcoticum4 ,prep4 ,anodyne balsam1 #h parts2 compound wine of opium1 cold cream1 of each #a part4 ,mix4 ,liniment of ,nitrate of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,citrine ,,liniment2 ,,linimentum ,,hydrargyri ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sir ,h4 ,halford47 ,ointment of nitrate of mercury and olive oil1 equal parts1 triturated together in a glass mortar1 or mixed by a gentle heat4 ,this liniment is stimulant1 discutient1 and alterative1 and in its general properties resembles the ointment of the same name4 ,for most purposes the quantity of oil should be at least doubled4 ,liniment of ,nux ,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,tincture of nux vomica1 #a fl4 oz42 liquor of ammonia1 #b fl4 dr42 mix4 ,as a stimulating application to paralysed limbs4 ,the addition of #a_/b fl4 dr4 each of glycerin and salad oil renders it an excellent application in chronic rheumatism and neuralgia4 ,liniment of ,oil of ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,olei ,,ergot4 ,prep4 ,oil of ergot1 #a dr42 oil of almonds1 or sulphuric ether1 #c dr42 mix4 ,liniment of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,anodyne ,,liniment2 ,,linimentum ,,opii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,,opii or ,l4 ,,anodynum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,,saponis ,,cum ,,opio1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tincture of opium1 #a2 liniment of soap1 #a2 mix4 #b4 ,tincture of opium1 #b fl4 oz42 soap liniment1 #f fl4 oz42 mix4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,castile soap1 #f oz42 opium1 #a-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 digest for three days1 then filter1 add of camphor1 #c oz41 oil of rosemary1 #f fl4 dr41 and agitate briskly4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,soap liniment and tincture of opium1 equal parts4 #e4 7,wholesale47 ,soft soap1 #a-a_/d lb42 powdered opium and camphor1 of each #a_/d lb42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 digest a week4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is an excellent anodyne in local pains1 rheumatism1 neuralgia1 sprains1 c4 ,liniment of ,phosphorus4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,phosphoratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,augustin47 ,phosphorus1 #f gr42 camphor1 #ab gr42 oil of almonds1 #a oz42 dissolve by heat2 when cold1 decant the clear portion1 and add of strongest liquor of ammonia #aj drops4 ,a useful friction in gout1 chronic rheumatism1 certain obstinate cutaneous affections1 c4 ,liniment de ,rosen4 7,p4 ,c47 ,prep4 ,oil of mace1 #d parts2 oil of cloves1 #d parts2 oil of juniper1 #i parts4 ,mix4 ,liniment1 ,simple4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,simplex 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,white wax1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #d fl4 oz42 melt together1 and stir the mixture until it is cold4 ,emollient2 resembles spermaceti ointment in all except its consistence4 ,liniment of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,opodeldoc1 ,,camphorated ,,tincture ,,of ,,soap1 ,,balsam ,,of ,s42 ,,linimentum ,,saponis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d47 ,l4 ,,saponaceum1 ,,tinctura ,,saponis ,,camphorata1 ,,balsamum ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hard soap 7cut small71 #b-a_/b oz42 camphor1 #a-a_/d oz42 ,english oil of rosemary1 #c dr42 rectified spirit1 #ah oz42 distilled water1 #b oz42 mix the water and spirit1 add the other ingredients1 digest at a temperature not exceeding #gj ,fahr41 agitating occasionally for seven days1 and filter4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,castile soap 7cut small71 #b-a_/b oz42 camphor 7small71 #aj dr42 spirit of rosemary1 #ah fl4 oz42 water1 #b fl4 oz42 digest with frequent agitation until the solid substances are dissolved4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,castile soap1 #e oz42 camphor1 #b-a_/b oz42 oil of rosemary1 #f fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #a quart4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,castile soap 7in powder71 #b oz42 camphor1 #a oz42 proof spirit1 #af fl4 oz4 #e4 7,,liniment ,,savonneau----,p4 ,cod47 ,tincture of soap 7,p4 ,cod47 and rectified spirit 7#hfc or #da o4 p471 of each #h parts2 olive oil1 #a part4 ,obs4 ,this article1 prepared according to the directions of the ,pharmacopia1 from #8soap made of olive oil and soda' 7,castile soap71 is apt to gelatinise in cold weather1 and to deposit crystals of elaidate and stearate of lime4 ,this may be avoided1 when expense is not an objection1 by first well drying the soap1 employing a spirit of at least #he1 and keeping the preparation in well-closed bottles4 ,a cheaper and better plan is to substitute the #8soft soap' of the ,ph4 ,l4 7#8soap made with olive oil and potassa'7 for the ,castile soap ordered by the ,college4 ,the soft soap of commerce imparts to the liniment an unpleasant smell4 ,the following formula1 one of those commonly adopted by the wholesale druggists1 produces a very good article1 though much weaker than that of the ,pharmacopia4 #f4 7,wholesale47 ,camphor 7cut small71 #a-a_/b lb42 soft soap1 #g lbs42 oil of rosemary1 #c fl4 oz42 rectified spirit of wine and water1 of each #c-a_/b galls42 digest with occasional agitation for a week1 and filter4 ,this is the #8opodeldoc' or #8soap liniment' of the shops4 ,uses4 ,soap liniment is stimulant1 discutient1 and lubricating1 and is a popular remedy in rheumatism1 local pains1 swellings1 bruises1 sprains1 c4 #g4 7,with ,opium47 ,see ,,liniment ,,of ,,opium4 #h4 7,sulphuretted2 ,,linimentum ,,saponis ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,,sulphuro-,,saponaceum---- ,jadelot1 ,l47 ,sulphuret of potassium1 #c oz42 soap1 #ab oz42 water1 q4 s42 melt together1 and add of olive oil1 #ab oz42 oil of origanum1 #a fl4 dr42 mix well4 ,an excellent remedy for the itch1 and some allied skin diseases4 ,liniment of ,strychnia4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,strychni4 ,strychnia1 #cj gr42 olive oil1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,ten drops to be rubbed over the temples in amaurosis4 ,liniment of ,sulphide of ,carbon4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,carbonis ,,sulphureti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from bisulphide of carbon1 #a dr42 camphorated oil1 #a oz42 mix4 #b4 7,lampadius47 ,camphor1 #b dr42 bisulphuret of carbon1 #d fl4 dr42 dissolve1 and add of rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in rheumatism1 gouty nodes1 c4 ,liniment of ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,see ,,liniment1 ,,acid4 ,liniment1 ,tripharmic4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,tripharmicum 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of lead plaster and olive oil1 of each #d oz42 melt1 add of strong vinegar1 #a fl4 oz41 and stir until cold4 ,cooling and desiccative2 in excoriations1 burns1 c4 ,liniment of ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,kentish',s ,,liniment2 ,,linimentum ,,terebinthin 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,,terebinthinatum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil of turpentine1 #af2 camphor1 #a2 soft soap1 #b2 dissolve the camphor in the turpentine1 then add the soap1 and rub till thoroughly mixed4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,soft soap1 #b oz42 camphor1 #a oz42 oil of turpentine1 #aj fl4 oz42 shake them together until mixed4 ,stimulant2 in lumbago1 cholera1 colic1 c4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,resin cerate1 #f oz42 oil of turpentine1 #d fl4 oz42 mix4 ,an excellent application to burns4 #d4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,resin ointment1 #d oz42 camphor1 #d dr42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and stir in oil of turpentine1 #e fl4 oz4 #e4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of turpentine1 #e fl4 oz42 resin ointment1 #h oz42 mix by a gentle heat4 ,this forms ,dr ,kentish's celebrated application to burns and scalds4 ,the parts are first bathed with warm oil of turpentine or brandy1 and then covered with pledgets of lint1 smeared with the liniment4 #f4 7,compound----a4 ,b4 ,,linimentum ,,terebinthin ,,aceticum47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a2 acetic acid1 #a2 liniment of camphor1 #a2 mix4 b4 7,,linimentum ,,terebinthin ,,compositum1 ,l47 ,acetic3 ,,st ,,john ,,long',s ,,liniment2 7,,linimentum ,,terebinthin ,,aceticum1 ,l47 ,oil of turpentine1 #c oz42 rose water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 acetic acid1 #e dr42 oil of lemons1 #a dr42 yolk of egg1 #a2 make an emulsion4 ,as a counter-irritant in phthisis4 c4 7,ammoniated----,debreyne47 ,lard1 #c oz42 melt1 and add1 of oil of turpentine and olive oil1 of each #a oz42 when cold1 further add of camphorated spirit1 #d fl4 dr42 liquor of ammonia1 #a fl4 dr4 ,in sciatica1 lumbago1 c4 d4 7,opiated----,recamier47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 oil of chamomile1 #b fl4 oz42 tincture of opium1 #a fl4 dr4 ,in neuralgia1 c4 e4 7,sulphuric----,ph4 ,castr4 ,ruthena47 ,oil of turpentine1 #b oz42 olive oil1 #e oz42 mix1 and add of dilute sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,see ,,acid ,,liniment4 ,liniment of ,veratrine4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,veratri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,brande47 ,veratrine1 #h gr42 alcohol1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add of soap liniment1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in neuralgic and rheumatic pains1 gout1 c4 ,liniment of ,verdigris4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel ,,of ,,verdigris2 ,,linimentum ,,ruginis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,oxymel ,,ruginis 7,ph4 ,l4 #agch71 ,,oxymel ,,cupri ,,subacetatis 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,verdigris 7in powder71 #a oz42 vinegar1 #g fl4 oz42 dissolve1 filter1 through linen1 add of honey1 #ad oz41 and evaporate to a proper consistence4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is wrongly named a #8liniment4' ,the ,college1 after #8beating about the bush' for nearly a century1 found a right name for it in #aghh2 but1 as in many other cases1 soon abandoned it for another less appropriate4 ,oxymel of verdigris is stimulant1 detergent1 and escharotic4 ,it is applied to indolent ulcers1 especially of the throat1 by means of a camel-hair pencil2 and1 diluted with water1 it is used as a gargle4 ,care must be taken to avoid swallowing it1 as it occasions vomiting and excessive purging4 ,liniment1 ,vermifuge4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,anthelminticum1 ,l4 ,,vermifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,castor oil1 #a oz42 essential oils of wormwood and tansy1 of each #a_/b oz42 ,dr ,peschier's ethereal tincture of pennyroyal buds1 #bj drops2 mix4 ,employed in frictions on the abdomen in cases of worms in children4 ,its activity may be still further increased by the addition of a little garlic juice4 7#8,journ4 de ,md4'7 ,an excellent medicine4 ,liniment1 ,vesicating4 7,dr ,montgomery47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,vesicans4 ,for children4 ,prep4 ,compound camphor liniment1 #d fl4 dr42 oil of turpentine1 #b fl4 dr4 ,to produce immediate vesication in adults4 ,mix one part of the strongest liquor ammoni1 with two of olive oil1 and apply six drops on spongio-piline for ten minutes4 ,liniment1 ,ware's4 ,prep4 ,from camphor liniment1 #a oz42 solution of carbonate of potassa1 #a dr4 ,in amaurosis4 ,liniment1 ,white's4 ,the old name for spermaceti ointment4 ,liniment1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,album4 ,prep4 ,rectified oil of turpentine1 #b oz42 solution of ammonia1 #b oz42 soap liniment1 #c oz42 spirit of rosemary1 #a oz4 ,mix in the above order1 and gradually add with continual agitation1 distilled vinegar1 #h oz4 ,for chapped hands4 ,liniment1 ,wilkinson's4 ,prep4 7,phbus47 ,prepared chalk1 #bj gr42 sulphur1 lard1 and tar1 of each #a_/b oz42 mix1 and add of ,boyle's fuming liquor1 #aj or #ae drops4 ,in certain chronic skin diseases1 neuralgia1 c4 ,linimentum ,aconiti4 7,b4 ,p47 ,aconite root1 in powder1 #bj2 camphor1 #a2 rectified spirit1 to percolate1 #cj4 ,moisten the root for #c days1 then pack in a percolator1 and pour sufficient rectified spirit upon it to produce with the camphor #bj4 ,strength1 #a in #a4 ,applied with a camel-hair pencil1 alone or mixed in equal proportions1 with a soap liniment or compound camphor liniment1 and rubbed on the part4 ,seven parts of this1 and #a part of chloroformum belladonna1 and sprinkled thinly on impermeable piline1 is the best application for neuralgia or lumbago4 ,linimentum ,potassii ,iodidi cum ,sapone4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hard soap1 in powder1 #a-a_/b2 iodide of potassium1 #a-a_/b2 glycerin1 #a2 oil of lemon1 #a_/h2 water1 #a4 ,dissolve the soap in #g of water by heat of a water bath2 dissolve the iodide of potassium in the remainder of the water1 and mix by trituration the two solutions1 and when cold add the oil of lemon1 and mix thoroughly4 ,,linoleic ,,acid4 ,c#af;,h#bh,o#b4 ,this may be obtained by saponifying linseed oil4 ,it is a liquid acid1 and rapidly oxidizes when exposed to the air1 becoming converted into oxylinoleic acid1 which is incapable of solidification even at low temperatures4 ,,lin,,seed4 ,syn4 ,,flax ,,seed2 ,,lini ,,semina1 ,l4 ,the seed of ,linum usitatissimum 7,linn471 or common flax4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oily1 emollient1 demulcent1 and nutritive4 ,ground to powder 7linseed meal2 farina lini71 it is used for poultices4 ,the cake left after expressing the oil 7linseed cake7 contains1 when of average quality1 in #ajj parts1 moisture1 #abgj2 oil1 #aacb2 albumenoids1 #bhba2 mucilage1 c41 #bidb2 indigestible fibre1 #abdf2 ash1 #ehi4 ,it is used for feeding cattle4 ,under the form of tea or infusion it is used as a diluent1 and to allay irritation in bronchial1 urinary1 and other like affections4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,linseed4 ,,linseed ,,cake4 ,see ,,linseed4 ,,lint4 ,syn4 ,,linteum1 ,l4 ,white linen-cloth1 scraped by hand or machinery1 so as to render it soft and woolly4 ,the hand-made lint is now little used2 it was prepared from pieces of old linen-cloth4 ,the machine-made lint is prepared from a fabric woven on purpose4 ,a lint made from cotton 7cotton-lint7 is now largely manufactured2 it is much inferior to the true lint1 being a bad conductor of heat4 ,lint is used for dressing ulcers1 either alone or smeared with some suitable ointment or cerate4 ,lint1 ,medicated4 ,syn4 ,,linteum ,,medicatum1 ,l4 ,,nigrum1 ,l4 ,,infernale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate of silver1 #bj to #cj gr42 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve1 saturate dry lint1 #a_/b oz41 with the solution1 and expose it in a saucer or capsule to the light and air1 until it has become black and dry4 #b4 ,nitrate of silver and nitrate of copper1 of each #a_/b dr42 lint1 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 as the last4 ,used to dress old and indolent ulcers4 ,,lip ,,salve4 ,see ,,salve4 ,,liqua,,tion4 ,the process of sweating out by heat the more fusible metals of an alloy4 ,metallurgists avail themselves of this method in assaying and refining the precious metals and procuring antimony and some other metals from their ores4 ,,liquefa,,cients4 ,syn4 ,,resolvents2 ,,liquefacientia1 ,,resolventia1 ,l4 ,in pharmacy1 substances or agents which promote secretion and exhalation1 soften and loosen textures1 and promote the absorption or removal of enlargements1 indurations1 c4 ,to this class belong the alkalies1 antimony1 bromine1 chlorine1 iodine1 mercury1 sulphur1 c41 and their preparations4 ,,liquefac,,tion4 ,the assumption of the liquid form4 ,it is usually applied to the conversion of a solid into the liquid state1 which may arise from increase of temperature 7fusion71 absorption of water from the atmosphere 7deliquescence71 or the action of a body already fluid 7solution74 ,liquefaction of ,gases4 ,under the combined influence of pressure and cold1 all the gases may be liquefied1 and some even solidified4 ,the first satisfactory experiments in this direction were made by ,faraday1 who succeeded in reducing to the liquid condition eight bodies which had hitherto been regarded as permanent gases1 namely1 ammonia1 carbonic anhydride1 chlorine1 cyanogen1 hydrochloric acid1 nitrous oxide1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 and sulphurous anhydride4 ,his method of proceeding was very simple3----the materials were sealed up in a strong1 narrow1 glass tube1 bent so as to form an obtuse angle1 together with a little #8pressure gauge1' consisting of a slender tube closed at one end1 and having within it1 near the open extremity1 a globule of mercury4 ,the gas1 being disengaged by the application of heat or otherwise1 accumulated in the tube1 and by its own pressure brought about liquefaction4 ,the force required for this purpose was judged of by the diminution of volume of the air in the pressure gauge4 ,by employing powerful condensing syringes1 and an extremely low temperature1 ,faraday subsequently succeeded in liquefying olefiant gas1 hydriodic and hydrobromic acids1 phosphuretted hydrogen1 and the gaseous fluorides of silicon and boron4 ,he failed1 however1 with oxygen1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 nitric oxide1 carbonic oxide1 and coal-gas1 all of which refused to liquefy at the temperature of -#aff ,fahr41 while subjected to pressures varying in different cases from #bg to #eh atmospheres4 ,within the last year1 however1 viz4 toward the end of #ahgg1 these hitherto refractory gases have been reduced to the liquid1 and1 in the case of hydrogen1 to the solid state4 ,these results have been accomplished by subjecting the gases to a pressure considerably greater than that employed by ,faraday1 combined with the expedient of the sudden removal of this pressure1 whereby the escaping gas 7previously enormously reduced in temperature7 in the act of expansion robs the remainder of so much of its heat as to leave it in the fluid condition4 ,the liquefaction of oxygen was accomplished independently by ,m4 ,cailletet1 of ,paris1 and ,m4 ,pictet1 of ,geneva2 the ,french chemist having effected it on ,december #bnd1 #ahgg1 and the ,swiss one on the #bbnd of the same month4 ,simultaneously with ,cailletet's announcement of the liquefaction of oxygen1 that of carbonic oxide was made by the same chemist2 who1 about three weeks after at a meeting in the ,paris ,academy of ,sciences1 stated that he had also reduced hydrogen1 nitrogen1 and atmospheric air to the fluid state4 ,in the previous ,november he had been equally successful in converting gaseous nitric oxide into a liquid4 ,m4 ,cailletet1 in a communication to the ,paris ,academy of ,sciences1 read by ,m4 ,dumas at a meeting of that body on #bdth ,december1 #ahgg1 thus describes the process by which he liquefied the gases oxygen and carbonic oxide4 8,if oxygen or pure carbonic oxide be enclosed in a tube such as ,i have before described1 and placed in an apparatus for compression like that which has already been worked before the ,academy1#ag and the gas be then lowered in temperature to #bi ,c41 by means of sulphurous acid and at a pressure of about #cjj atmospheres1 the two gases preserve their gaseous state4 ,footnote #ag3 ,this apparatus1 which consists of a hollow steel cylinder1 to which is attached a strong glass tube1 is described in the #8,comptes ,rendus1' tome #he1 p4 #hea4 ,the gas is forced into it by means of a hydraulic pump with the intervention of a cushion of mercury4 8,but if they are allowed to suddenly expand1 this expansion1 according to the formula of ,poisson1 reducing them to a temperature at least #bjj ,c4 below their initial temperature1 causes them immediately to assume the appearance of an intense fog1 which is caused by the liquefaction and perhaps by the solidification of the oxygen or carbonic acid4 8,the same phenomenon is also observed1 upon the expansion of carbonic acid1 and of protoxide and binoxide of nitrogen1 when under strong pressure4 8,this fog is produced with oxygen1 even when the gas is at the ordinary pressure1 provided time is allowed for it to part with the heat it acquires in the mere act of compression4 8,this ,i demonstrated by experiments performed on ,sunday1 the #afth ,december1 at the ,chemical ,laboratory of the ,ecole ,normale ,suprieure1 before a certain number of savants and professors1 amongst whom were some members of the ,academy of ,sciences4 ,i had hoped to find in ,paris1 together with the materials necessary for the production of a high degree of cold 7protoxide of nitrogen or liquid carbonic acid71 a pump capable of supplying the place of my compression apparatus at ,chtillon-sur-,seine4 ,unfortunately a pump well fixed and suited to this sort of experiment could not be found in ,paris1 and ,i was obliged to send to ,chtillon-sur-,seine for the refrigerating substances for collecting the condensed matters on the walls of the tube4 8,to know whether oxygen and carbonic oxide are in a liquid or a solid state in the fog would necessitate an optical experiment more easy to imagine than to accomplish1 because of the form and the thickness of the tubes containing them4 ,furthermore1 chemical reactions will assure me that the oxygen is not transformed into ozone in the act of compression4 ,i shall reserve the study of all these questions till the apparatus ,i am now having made is complete4 8,under the same conditions of temperature and pressure1 even the most rapid expansion of pure hydrogen gives no trace of nebulous matter4 ,there remains for me only nitrogen to study1 the small solubility of which in water induces me to believe that it will prove very refractory to all change of condition40#ah ,footnote #ah3 #8,comptes ,rendus1' tome #e1 p4 #abac4 ,illustration ,m4 ,pictet's process for liquefying oxygen1 although differing in the method of working1 is similar in principle to that of ,m4 ,cailletet4 ,his paper1 which was read at the same sitting of the ,academy as ,m4 ,cailletet's1 thus describes it3---- 8,a and ,b1 in the accompanying figure1 are two double section and force pumps1 coupled together on the compound system1 one causing a vacuum in the other in such a manner as to obtain the greatest possible difference between the pressures of suction and forcing40 ,the pumps act on anhydrous sulphurous acid contained in the cylindrical receiver c4 ,the pressure in this receiver is such that the sulphurous acid is evaporated from it at a temperature of #fe ,c4 below zero4 ,the sulphurous acid is forced by the pumps into a condenser1 d1 cooled by a current of cold water2 here it liquefies at the temperature of #be above zero1 and at a pressure of about #b-c_/d atmospheres4 ,the sulphurous acid returns to the receiver ,c as it liquefies by the little tube d4 ,e and ,f are two pumps resembling the preceding1 and coupled in the same manner4 ,they act upon carbonic acid contained in a cylindrical receiver ,h4 ,the temperature in this latter receiver is such that the carbonic acid evaporates from it at a temperature of #adj ,c4 below zero4 ,the carbonic acid forced on by the pumps is driven into the condenser ,k1 enclosed in the sulphurous acid receiver ,c1 which has a temperature of #fe below zero2 the carbonic acid here becomes liquefied at a pressure of five atmospheres4 ,the carbonic acid1 in proportion as it liquefies1 returns to the receptacle ,h by the small tube k4 ,l is a retort of wrought iron1 sufficiently thick to resist a pressure of #ejj atmospheres4 ,it contains chlorate of potassium1 and is heated in such a manner as to give off pure oxygen4 ,it communicates by a tubulure with an inclined tube1 ,m1 made of very thick glass1 one metre in length1 which is enveloped by the receiver1 ,h1 containing carbonic acid at the temperature of #adj below zero4 ,a tap1 ,n1 situated upon the tubulure of the retort1 permits of the opening of an orifice1 ,p1 which leads into the surrounding air4 ,after the four pumps have been worked for several hours by means of a steam engine of #ae-;horse power1 and when all the oxygen has been disengaged1 the pressure in the glass tube is #cbj atmospheres1 and the temperature at #adj below zero4 ,upon suddenly opening the orifice1 ,p1 the oxygen escapes with violence1 producing1 in doing so1 so considerable an expansion and absorption of heat as to cause a liquefied portion to appear in the glass tube1 and to spirt out from the orifice when the apparatus is sloped4 ,it ought to be stated that the quantity of liquefied oxygen contained in the tube one metre long and #jja m4 in internal diameter1 occupied about a third of its length1 and issued from the orifice ,p in the form of a liquid jet4 ,in a communication to ,m4 ,dumas1 received two days after the above sitting1 ,m4 ,pictet described his experiments more fully1 prefacing the account by the following very interesting remarks3----8,the end to which ,i have been tending for the last #c years has been to seek to demonstrate experimentally that molecular cohesion is a general property of bodies without exception4 8,if the permanent gases cannot be liquefied1 it must be concluded that their constituent particles do not attract each other1 and are therefore independent of this law4 8,to succeed experimentally in bringing the molecules of a gas into the closest possible proximity1 and thus to obtain its liquefaction1 certain indispensable conditions are necessary1 which ,i thus sum up3 8#a4 ,to have a gas that must be perfectly pure and without a trace of foreign gas4 8#b4 ,to have at one's disposal very powerful means of compression4 8#c4 ,to obtain an intense degree of cold1 and the abstraction of heat at these low temperatures4 8#d4 ,to have a large surface of condensation maintained at these low temperatures4 8#e4 ,to have the power of utilising the expansion of the gas under considerable pressure to the atmospheric pressure1 which expansion added to the preceding means compels liquefaction4 8,with these five conditions fulfilled1 we may formulate the following problem4 8,when a gas is compressed at #ejj or #fjj atmospheres1 and kept at a temperature of -#ajj or #adj1 and then let expand to the pressure of the atmosphere1 one of two things must occur4 ,either the gas1 obeying the action of cohesion1 liquefies and yields its heat of condensation to the portion of the gas1 which expands and is lost in the gaseous form2 or under the hypothesis that cohesion is not a natural law1 the gas passes beyond absolute zero1 that is to say1 it becomes inert1 a dust without consistence4 ,the work of expansion would be impossible1 and the loss of heat absolute40 ,spite of ,m4 ,cailletet's supposition that nitrogen would prove a very incoercible gas1 his experiments showed the contrary1 since he found that it easily condensed under a pressure of about #bjj atmospheres and at a temperature of #ac ,c41 the conditions as to its sudden expansion being observed4 ,hydrogen1 the lightest of all the gases1 which ,m4 ,cailletet could only procure in the form of mist1 was unmistakably liquefied by ,m4 ,pictet within less than a fortnight afterwards1 under a pressure of #fej atmospheres and #adj of cold4 ,the tap which confined the gas at this pressure1 being opened1 a jet of a steel blue colour escaped from the orifice1 accompanied by a hissing sound1 like that given off when a red-hot iron is dipped into cold water4 ,the jet suddenly became intermittent1 and a shower of solid particles of the hydrogen fell to the ground with a crackling noise4 ,the hydrogen was obtained by the decomposition of formiate of potash by caustic potash1 the gas thus yielded being absolutely pure4 ,cailletet states that he succeeded perfectly in liquefying atmospheric air1 previously deprived of moisture and carbonic acid1 but he omits to mention the pressure and reduction of temperature to which the air was subjected4 ,he liquefied nitric oxide at the pressure of #ajd atmospheres and at a temperature of -#aa ,c4 ,carbonic anhydride is liquefied on the large scale by condensing it in strong vessels of gun-metal or boiler-plate4 ,thilorier was the first to procure it in a solid condition4 ,it requires a pressure of between #bg and #bh atmospheres at #cb ,f4 7,adams47 ,the liquefied acid is colourless and limpid1 lighter than water1 and four times more expansible than air2 it mixes in all proportions with ether1 alcohol1 naphtha1 oil of turpentine1 and sulphide of carbon2 and is insoluble in water and fat oils4 ,when a jet of liquid carbonic anhydride is allowed to issue into the air from a narrow aperture1 such an intense degree of cold is produced by the evaporation of a part1 that the remainder freezes to a solid 7solid carbonic anhydride71 and falls in a shower of snow4 ,this substance1 which may be collected1 affords a means of producing extreme cold4 ,mixed with a little ether1 and poured upon a mass of mercury1 the latter is almost instantly frozen4 ,the temperature of this mixture in the air was found to be -#ajf ,fahr42 when the same mixture was placed beneath the receiver of an air-pump1 and exhaustion rapidly performed1 the temperature sank to -#aff4 ,this degree of cold was employed in ,faraday's last experiments on the liquefaction of gases4 ,,liqueur4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,cordial4 ,a stimulating beverage1 formed of weak spirit1 aromatised and sweetened4 ,the manufacture of liqueurs constitutes the trade of the #8compounder1' #8rectifier1' or #8liquoriste4' ,the materials employed in the preparation of liqueurs or cordials are rain or distilled water1 white sugar1 clean flavourless spirit1 and flavouring ingredients4 ,to these may be added the substances employed as #8finings1' when artificial clarification is had recourse to4 ,the utensils and apparatus required in the business are those ordinarily found in the wine and spirit cellar2 together with a copper still1 furnished with a pewter head and a pewter worm or condenser1 when the method #8by distillation' is pursued4 ,a barrel1 hogshead1 or rum puncheon1 sawn in two1 or simply #8unheaded1' as the case may demand1 forms an excellent vessel for the solution of the sugar2 and #b or #c fluted funnels1 with some good white flannel1 will occasionally be found useful for filtering the aromatic essences used for flavouring4 ,great care is taken to ensure the whole of the utensils1 c41 being perfectly clean and #8sweet1' and well #8seasoned1' in order that they may neither stain nor flavour the substances placed in contact with them4 ,in the preparation or compounding of liqueurs1 one of the first objects which engages the operator's attention is the production of an alcoholic solution of the aromatic principles which are to give them their peculiar aroma and flavour4 ,this is done either by simple solution or maceration1 as in the manufacture of tinctures and medicated spirits1 or by maceration and subsequent distillation4 ,the products1 in this country1 are called ,,essences or ,,spirits1 and by the ,french ,,infusions1 and are added to the solution of sugar 7,,syrup or ,,capillaire7 or to the dulcified spirit1 in the proportions required4 ,grain or molasses spirit is the kind usually employed for this purpose in ,england4 ,as before observed1 it should be of the best quality2 as1 if this is not the case1 the raw flavour of the spirit is perceptible in the liquor4 ,rectified spirit of wine is generally very free from flavour1 and when reduced to a proper strength with clear soft water1 forms a spirit admirably adapted for the preparation of cordial liquors4 ,spirit weaker than about #de o4 p41 which has been freed from its own essential oil by careful rectification1 is known in trade under the title of #8pure1' #8flavourless1' #8plain1' or #8silent spirit4' ,before macerating the ingredients1 if they possess the solid form1 they are coarsely pounded1 bruised1 sliced1 or ground1 as the peculiar character of the substance may indicate4 ,this is not done until shortly before submitting them to the action of the menstruum2 as1 after they are bruised they rapidly lose their aromatic properties by exposure to the air4 ,when it is intended to keep them for any time in the divided state they should be preserved in well-corked bottles or jars4 ,the practice of drying the ingredients before pounding them1 frequently adopted by ignorant and lazy workmen for the sake of lessening the labour1 is1 of course1 even more destructive to their most valuable qualities than mere exposure to the air4 ,the length of time the ingredients should be digested in the spirit should never be less than #e or #f days1 but a longer period is preferable when distillation is not employed4 ,in either case the time may be advantageously extended to #aj days or a fortnight1 and frequent agitation should be had recourse to during the whole period4 ,when essential oils are employed to convey the flavour1 they are first dissolved in a little of the strongest rectified spirit of wine1 in the manner explained under ,,essence2 and when added to the spirit1 they are mixed up with the whole mass as rapidly and as perfectly as possible4 ,in managing the still1 the fire is proportioned to the ponderosity of the oil or flavouring substance1 and the receiver is changed before the faints come over2 as these are unfitted to be mixed with the cordial4 ,in many cases the addition of a few pounds of common salt to the liquor in the still facilitates the process and improves the product4 ,ingredients which are not volatile are1 of course1 always added after distillation4 ,the stronger spirit is reduced to the desired strength by means of either clear soft water or the clarified syrup used for sweetening4 ,the sugar employed should be of the finest quality1 and is preferably made into capillaire or syrup before adding it to the aromatised spirit2 and not until this last has been rendered perfectly #8fine' or transparent1 by infiltration or clarification1 as the case may demand4 ,some spirits or infusions1 as those of aniseed1 caraway1 c41 more particularly require this treatment1 which is best performed by running them through a clean wine bag1 made of rather fine cloth1 having previously mixed them with a spoonful or two of magnesia2 but in all cases clarification by simple repose should be preferred4 ,under proper management1 liqueurs or cordials prepared of good materials will be found perfectly #8clear' or #8bright' as soon as made1 or will become so after being allowed a few days for defecation2 but in the hands of the inexperienced operator1 and when the spirit employed is insufficient in strength or quantity1 it often happens that they turn out #8foul' or #8milky4' ,when this is the case1 the liquid may be #8fined down' with the whites of #ab to #bj eggs per hogshead2 or a little alum1 either alone or followed by a little carbonate of sodium or potassium1 both dissolved in water1 may be added1 in the manner described under ,,finings4 ,an excellent and easy way of manufacturing cordial liquors1 especially when it is inconvenient to keep a large stock on hand1 is by simply #8aromatising' and #8colouring1' as circumstances or business may demand1 spirit #fj or #fd u4 p41 kept ready sweetened for the purpose4 ,to do this to the best advantage1 two descriptions of sweetened spirit should be provided1 containing respectively #a lb4 and #c lbs4 of sugar to the gallon4 ,from these1 spirit of any intermediate sweetness may be made1 which may be flavoured with any essential oil dissolved in alcohol1 or any aromatised spirit or #8infusion' 7see below71 prepared either by digestion or distillation4 ,as a general rule1 the concentrated essences1 made by dissolving #a oz4 of the essential oil in #a pint of the strongest rectified spirit of wine1 will be found admirably adapted for this purpose4 ,these essences1 which should be kept in well-corked bottles1 are employed by dropping them cautiously into the sweetened spirit until the desired flavour is produced4 ,during this operation the liquor should be frequently and violently shaken to produce complete admixture4 ,if by any accident the essence is added in too large a quantity1 the resulting #8milkiness' or excess of flavour may be removed by the addition of a little more spirit1 or by clarification4 ,in this way the majority of the liqueurs in common use may be produced extemporaneously1 of nearly equal quality to those prepared by distillation4 ,for those which are coloured1 simple digestion of the ingredients is almost universally adopted4 ,the 8process by distillation0 should1 however1 be always employed to impart the flavour and aroma of volatile aromatics to the spirit1 when expense1 labour1 and time are of less importance than the production of a superior article4 ,the ,french liqueuristes are famed for the preparation of cordials of superior quality1 cream-like smoothness1 and delicate flavour4 ,their success chiefly arises from the employment of very pure spirit and sugar 7the former in a larger proportion than that adopted by the ,english compounder71 and in the judicious application of the flavouring ingredients4 ,they distinguish their cordials as #8eaux' and #8extraits' 7waters1 extracts71 or liqueurs which1 though sweetened1 are entirely devoid of viscidity2 and #8baumes1' #8crmes1' and #8huiles' 7balms1 creams1 oils71 which contain sufficient sugar to impart to them a syrupy consistence4 ,the greatest possible attention is given to the preparation of the aromatised or flavouring essences1 in ,france called #8infusions4' ,these are generally made by macerating the aromatic ingredients in spirit at about #b to #d u4 p4 7sp4 gr4 #ibb to #ibe71 placed in well-corked glass carboys1 or stoneware jars or bottles4 ,the maceration is continued1 with occasional agitation1 for #c1 #d1 or even #e weeks1 when the aromatised spirit is either distilled or filtered2 generally the former4 ,the outer peel of cedrats1 lemons1 oranges1 limettes1 bergamottes1 c41 is alone used by our ,continental neighbours1 and is obtained either by carefully peeling the fruit with a knife1 or by #8oleo-saccharum1' by rubbing it off with a lump of hard white sugar4 ,aromatic seeds and woods are bruised by pounding before being submitted to infusion4 ,the substances employed in ,france to colour liqueurs are1 for----blue1 soluble ,prussian blue1 sulphate of indigo 7nearly neutralised with chalk71 and the juice of blue flowers and berries2----amber1 fawn1 and brandy colour1 burnt sugar or spirit colouring2----green1 spinach or parsley leaves 7digested in spirit71 and mixtures of blue and yellow2----red1 powdered cochineal or brazil wood1 either alone or mixed with a little alum2----violet1 blue violet petals1 litmus1 or extract of logwood2----purple1 the same as violet1 only deeper2----yellow1 an aqueous infusion of safflower or ,french berries1 and the tinctures of saffron and turmeric4 ,a frequent cause of failure in the manufacture of liqueurs and cordials is the addition of too much flavouring matter4 ,persons unaccustomed to the use of strong aromatic essences and essential oils seldom sufficiently estimate their power1 and1 consequently1 are very apt to add too much of them1 by which the liqueur is rendered not only disagreeably high flavoured1 but1 from the excess of oil present1 also #8milky1' or #8foul1' either at once1 or1 what is nearly as bad1 on the addition of water4 ,this source of annoyance1 arising entirely from bad manipulation1 frequently discourages the tyro1 and cuts short his career as a manufacturer4 ,from the viscidity of cordials they are less readily #8fined down' than unsweetened liquor1 and often give much trouble to clumsy and inexperienced operators4 ,the most certain way to prevent disappointment in this respect is to use too little rather than too much flavouring2 for if the quantity proves insufficient1 it is readily #8brought up' at any time1 but the contrary is not effected without some trouble and delay4 ,a careful attention to the previous remarks will render this branch of the rectifier's art far more perfect and easy of performance than it is at present1 and will1 in most cases1 produce at once a satisfactory article1 #8fine1 sweet1 and pleasant4' ,the cordials of respectable ,british #8compounders' contain fully #c lbs4 of white lump sugar per gallon1 and are of the strength of #fj to #fd u4 p4 ,the baumes1 crmes1 and huiles imported from the ,continent are richer both in spirit and sugar than ours1 and to this may be referred much of their superiority4 ,mere sweetened or cordialised spirits 7eaux1 of the ,fr47 contain only from #a to #a-a_/b lb4 of sugar per gallon4 ,the purity of liqueurs is determined in the manner noticed under ,,brandy1 ,,wine1 c4 ,the following list embraces nearly all the cordials and liqueurs1 both native and imported1 met with in trade in this country3---- ,absinthe4 ,syn4 ,,extrait ,d',,absinthe ,,de ,,suisse2 ,,swiss ,,extract ,,of ,,wormwood4 ,prep4 ,from the tops of ,absinthum majus1 #d lbs42 tops of ,absinthum minus1 #b lbs42 angelica root1 ,calamus aromaticus1 ,chinese aniseed1 and leaves of dittany of ,crete1 of each #ae gr42 brandy or spirit at #ab u4 p41 #d galls42 macerate for #aj days1 then add water1 #a gall42 distil #d galls4 by a gentle heat1 and dissolve in the distilled spirit1 of crushed white sugar1 #b lbs4 ,tonic and stomachic4 ,alkermes4 ,this liqueur is highly esteemed in some parts of the ,south of ,europe4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bay leaves and mace1 of each #a lb42 nutmegs and cinnamon1 of each #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz4 7all bruised72 cognac brandy1 #c-a_/b galls42 macerate for #c weeks1 frequently shaking1 then distil over #c galls41 and add of clarified spirit of kermes1 #ah lbs42 orange-flower water1 #a pint2 mix well1 and bottle4 ,this is the original formula for the #8alkermes de ,santa ,maria ,novella1' which is much valued4 #b4 ,spice1 as last2 ,british brandy1 #d galls4 water1 #a gall42 macerate as before1 and draw over #d galls41 to which add1 of capillaire1 #b galls41 and sweet spirit of nitre1 #a_/d pint4 ,cassia is often used for cinnamon4 ,inferior to the last4 ,aniseed ,cordial4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from aniseed1 #b oz4 7or essential oil1 #a-a_/b dr471 and sugar1 #c lbs4 per gall4 ,it should not be weaker than about #de u4 p41 as at lower strengths it is impossible to produce a full-flavoured article without its being milky1 or liable to become so4 #b4 7,,anisette ,,de ,,bordeaux47----a4 7,foreign47 ,aniseed1 #d oz42 coriander and sweet fennel seeds1 of each #a oz4 7bruised72 rectified spirit1 #a_/b gall42 water1 #c quarts2 macerate for #e or #f days1 then draw over #g pints1 and add of lump sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs4 b4 7,english47 ,oil of aniseed1 #ae drops2 oils of cassia and caraway1 of each #f drops2 rub them with a little sugar1 and then dissolve it in spirit 7#de u4 p471 #c quarts1 by well shaking them together2 filter1 if necessary1 and dissolve in the clear liquor sugar1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,see ,,peppermint 7below74 ,balm of ,molucca4 ,prep4 ,from mace1 #a dr42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42 clean spirit 7#bb u4 p471 #a gall42 infuse for a week in a well-corked carboy or jar1 frequently shaking1 colour with burnt sugar q4 s41 and to the clear tincture add of lump sugar1 #d-a_/b lbs42 dissolved in pure soft water1 #a_/b gall4 ,on the ,continent this takes the place of the #8cloves' of the ,english retailer4 ,bitters4 ,these have generally from #a to #a-a_/b lb4 of sugar per gallon4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,see article ,,bitters4 ,caraway ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,generally from the essential oil1 with only #b-a_/b lbs4 of sugar per gall4 #a fl4 dr4 of the oil is commonly reckoned equal to #a_/d lb4 of the seed4 ,the addition of a very little oil of cassia1 and about half as much of essence of lemon or of orange1 improves it4 ,see ,,brandy 7,caraway74 ,cedrat ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,from essence 7oil7 of cedrat1 #a_/d oz42 pure spirit 7at proof71 #a gall42 dissolve1 add of water1 #c pints1 agitate well2 distil #c quarts1 and add an equal measure of clarified syrup4 ,a delicious liqueur4 ,see ,,cr,,me and ,,eau 7below74 ,cinnamon ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,this is seldom made with cinnamon1 owing to its high price1 but with either the essential oil or bark of cassia1 with about #b lbs4 of sugar to the gall4 ,it is preferred coloured1 and therefore may be very well prepared by simple digestion4 ,the addition of #e or #f drops each of essence of lemon and orange peel1 with about a spoonful of essence of cardamoms per gall41 improves it4 #a oz4 of oil of cassia is considered equal to #h lbs4 of the buds or bark4 #a fl4 dr4 of the oil is enough for #b-a_/b galls4 ,it is coloured with burnt sugar4 ,citron ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,from the oil or peel1 with #c lbs4 of sugar per gall41 as above4 7,see below47 ,citronelle4 ,syn4 ,,eau ,,de ,,barbades4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from fresh orange peel1 #b oz42 fresh lemon peel1 #d oz42 cloves1 #a_/b dr42 corianders and cinnamon1 of each #a dr42 proof spirit1 #d pints2 digest for #aj days1 then add of water1 #a quart1 and distil #a_/b gall42 to the distilled essence add of white sugar1 #b lbs41 dissolved in water1 #a quart4 #b4 ,essence of orange1 #a_/b dr42 essence of lemon1 #a dr42 oil of cloves1 and cassia1 of each #aj drops2 oil of coriander1 #bj drops2 spirit 7#eh o4 p471 #e pints2 agitate until dissolved1 then add of distilled or clear soft water1 #c pints2 well mix1 and filter it through blotting paper1 if necessary2 lastly add of sugar 7dissolved71 q4 s4 ,clairet4 ,syn4 ,,rossalis ,,des ,,sin ,,graines4 ,prep4 ,from aniseed1 fennel seed1 coriander seed1 caraway seed1 dill seed1 and seeds of the candy-carrot 7,athamantia cretensis----,linn471 of each 7bruised7 #a oz42 proof spirit #a_/b gall42 digest for a week1 strain1 and add of loaf sugar1 #a lb41 dissolved in water1 q4 s4 ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,clove ,,cordial4 ,prep4 ,from bruised cloves1 #a oz41 or essential oil1 #a fl4 dr41 to every #c galls4 of proof spirit4 ,if distilled1 some common salt should be added1 and it should be drawn over with a pretty quick fire4 ,it requires fully #c lbs4 of sugar per gall41 and is generally coloured with poppy flowers or burnt sugar4 ,the addition of #a dr4 of bruised pimento1 or #e drops of the oil for every oz4 of cloves1 improves this cordial4 ,see ,,balm ,,of ,,molucca 7above74 ,coriander ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,from corianders1 as the last4 ,a few sliced oranges improve it4 ,crme d',anis4 ,as ,,aniseed ,,cordial1 only richer4 ,crme des ,barbades4 ,as ,,citronelle1 adding some of the juice of the oranges1 and an additional lb4 of sugar per gall4 ,crme de ,cacao4 ,prep4 ,infuse roasted caracca-cacao nuts 7cut small71 #a lb41 and vanilla1 #a_/b oz41 in brandy1 #a gall41 for #h days2 strain1 and add of thick syrup1 #c quarts4 ,crme de ,cedrat4 ,syn4 ,,huile ,,de ,,cedrat4 ,prep4 ,from spirit of citron1 #a pint2 spirit of cedrat1 #a quart2 proof spirit1 #c quarts2 white sugar1 #af lbs41 dissolved in pure soft water1 #b galls4 ,crme de ,macarons4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from cloves1 cinnamon1 and mace1 of each 7bruised7 #a dr42 bitter almonds 7blanched and beaten to a paste71 #g oz42 spirit 7#ag u4 p471 #a gall42 digest a week1 filter1 and add of white sugar1 #f lbs41 dissolve in pure water1 #b quarts4 #b4 ,clean spirit 7at #bd u4 p41 sp4 gr4 #ide71 #b galls42 bitter almonds1 #c_/d lb42 cloves1 cinnamon1 and mace1 of each in coarse powder1 #a-a_/b dr42 infuse for #aj days1 filter1 and add of white sugar1 #h lbs42 dissolved in pure water1 #a gall42 lastly1 give the liqueur a violet tint with infusion or tincture of litmus and cochineal4 ,an agreeable1 nutty-flavoured cordial1 but1 from containing so much bitter almonds1 should be only drank in small quantities at a time4 ,the ,english use only one half the above quantity of almonds4 ,crme de ,naphe4 ,prep4 ,from sweetened spirit 7#fj u4 p47 containing #c-a_/b lbs4 of sugar per gall41 #g quarts2 orange-flower water 7foreign71 #a quart4 ,delicious4 ,crme de ,noyeau4 ,see ,,noyeau4 ,crme d',orange4 ,prep4 ,from oranges1 7sliced71 #c dozen2 rectified spirit1 #b galls42 digest for #ad days2 add1 of lump sugar1 #bh lbs4 7previously dissolved in water1 #d-a_/b galls472 tincture of saffron1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 and orange-flower water1 #b quarts4 ,crme de ,portugal4 ,flavoured with lemon1 to which a little oil of bitter almonds is added4 ,curaao4 ,prep4 ,from sweetened spirit 7at #ef u4 p471 containing #c-a_/b lbs4 of sugar per gall41 flavoured with a tincture made by digesting the #8oleo-saccharum' prepared from ,seville oranges1 #i in number2 cinnamon1 #a dr42 and mace1 #c_/d dr41 in rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,it is coloured by digesting in it for a week or #aj days ,brazil-wood 7in powder71 #a oz41 and afterwards mellowing the colour with burnt sugar1 q4 s4 ,delight of the ,mandarins4 ,from spirit 7#bb u4 p471 #a gall42 pure soft water1 #a_/b gall42 white sugar 7crushed small71 #d-a_/b lbs42 ,chinese aniseed and ambrette or musk seed1 of each 7bruised7 #a_/b oz42 safflower1 #a_/d oz42 digested together in a carboy or stone bottle capable of holding double1 and agitated well every day for a fortnight4 ,eau de ,cedrat4 ,syn4 ,,cedrat ,,water4 ,as ,,cr,,me ,,de ,,cedrat1 but using less sugar4 ,eau de ,chasseurs4 ,see ,,peppermint 7below74 ,eau de ,vie d',andaye4 ,syn4 ,,eau ,,de ,,vie ,d',,anis2 ,,aniseed ,,liqueur ,,brandy4 ,prep4 ,from brandy or proof spirit1 #a gall42 sugar1 #c_/d lb42 dissolved in aniseed water1 #a pint4 ,gold ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,from angelica root 7sliced71 #a lb42 raisins1 #a_/b lb42 coriander seeds1 #b oz42 caraway seeds and cassia1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42 figs and sliced liquorice root1 of each #d oz42 proof spirit1 #c galls42 water1 #a gall42 digest #b days1 and distil #c gallons by a gentle heat2 to this add1 of sugar1 #i lbs41 dissolved in rose water and clean soft water1 of each #a quart2 lastly1 colour the liquid by steeping in it of bay saffron1 #a-a_/d oz4 ,this cordial was once held in much esteem4 ,it derives its name from a small quantity of gold leaf being formerly added to it4 ,huile d',anis4 ,see ,,cr,,me ,d',,anis 7above74 ,huile de ,vanille4 ,flavoured with essence or tincture of vanilla4 ,it is kept in a decanter1 and used to flavour liqueurs1 grog1 c4 ,huile de ,venus4 ,prep4 ,from the flowers of the wild carrot1 #b-a_/b oz41 and sugar1 #c lbs4 to the gall4 ,it is generally coloured by infusing a little powdered cochineal in it4 ,jargonelle4 ,syn4 ,,jargonelle ,,cordial4 ,flavoured with essence of jargonelle pear 7acetate of amyl74 ,pine-apple cordial and liqueurs from some other fruits are also prepared from the new fruit essences4 ,see ,,essence4 ,lemon ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,digest fresh and dried lemon peel1 of each #b oz41 and fresh orange peel1 #a oz41 in proof spirit1 #a gall41 for a week2 strain with expression1 add of clear soft water q4 s4 to reduce it to the desired strength1 and lump sugar1 #c lbs4 to the gallon4 ,the addition of a little orange-flower or rose water improves it4 ,liquodilla4 ,flavoured with oranges and lemons1 of each1 sliced1 #c in number2 with sugar #b-a_/b lbs4 per gall4 ,lovage ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,from the fresh roots of lovage1 #a oz4 to the gallon4 ,a fourth of this quantity of the fresh roots of celery and sweet fennel are also commonly added4 ,in some parts a little fresh valerian root and oil of savine are added before distillation4 ,it is much valued by the lower classes in some of the provinces for its stomachic and emmenagogue qualities4 ,oil of ,cedrat4 ,see ,,cr,,me ,,de ,,cedrat 7above74 ,orange ,cordial4 ,like ,,lemon ,,cordial or ,,cr,,me ,d',,orange1 from fresh orange peel1 #a_/b lb41 to the gallon4 ,parfait ,amour4 ,syn4 ,,perfect ,,love4 ,prep4 ,flavoured with the yellow rind of #d lemons1 and a teaspoonful of essence of vanilla to the gallon1 with sugar1 #c lbs41 and powdered cochineal q4 s4 to colour4 ,peppermint4 ,syn4 ,,peppermint ,,cordial1 ,,sportsman',s ,c41 ,x4 ,,mint2 ,,eau ,,de ,,chasseurs1 ,fr4 ,this well-known compound is in greater demand in every part of the kingdom than all the other cordials put together4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from peppermint water and gin or plain spirit 7#bb u4 p471 of each #a pint2 lump sugar1 #c_/d lb4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,english oil of peppermint1 #e oz41 is added to rectified spirits of wine1 #c pints1 and the mixture is agitated well together for some time in a corked bottle capable of holding #d pints or more2 it is then emptied into a cask having a capacity of upwards of #ajj galls41 and perfectly white and flavourless proof spirit1 #cf galls41 is poured in1 and the whole well agitated for ten minutes2 a solution of the best double refined lump sugar1 #b-c_/d cwt41 in about #ce galls4 of pure filtered rain water1 is then added1 and the contents of the cask well #8rummaged up' in the usual manner for at least #ae minutes2 sufficient clear rain water to make up the whole quantity to exactly #ajj gallons1 and holding in solution alum1 #e oz41 is next added1 and the whole is again well agitated for at least a quarter of an hour1 after which the cask is bunged down1 and allowed to repose for a fortnight before it is #8broached' for sale4 ,obs4 ,the last formula produces a beautiful article provided the ingredients are of good quality4 ,care on this point is particularly necessary in reference to the essential oil1 which should only be purchased of some known respectable dealer4 ,the sugar should be sufficiently pure to dissolve in a wine-glassful of clear soft water without injuring its transparency1 and the cask should be a fresh-emptied gin pipe1 or one properly prepared for gin1 as1 if it gives colour1 it will spoil the cordial4 ,when these particulars are attended to1 the product is a bright transparent liquor as soon as made1 and does not require fining4 ,should there be the slightest opacity1 the addition of #b oz4 of salt of tartar1 dissolved in a quart of hot water1 will have the effect of #8clearing it down' in the course of a few days4 ,the product is #ajj galls4 of cordial at #fd u4 p4 ,pimento4 ,syn4 ,,pimento ,,cordial1 ,,pimento ,,dram4 ,rather strongly flavoured with allspice or pimento4 ,it has obtained a great repute in the ,west ,indies in diarrha1 cholera1 and bowel complaints generally4 ,raspberry ,cordial4 ,prep4 ,from raspberry brandy1 capillaire1 and water1 equal parts4 ,a similar article is prepared by flavouring sweetened spirit with the new #8raspberry essence4' ,ratifia4 ,the numerous liqueurs bearing this name are noticed in another part of this volume4 ,see ,,ratifia4 ,shrub4 ,see the article ,,shrub in another part of this work4 ,sighs of ,love4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from proof spirit flavoured with otto of roses and capillaire1 equal parts4 #b4 ,from sugar1 #f lbs41 pure soft water1 q4 s4 to produce a gallon of syrup1 to which add1 of eau de rose1 #a pint2 proof spirit1 #g pints4 ,it is stained of a pale pink by powdered cochineal4 ,a very pleasant cordial4 ,a drop or two 7not more7 of essence of ambergris or vanilla improves it4 ,tears of the ,widow of ,malabar4 ,prep4 ,as ,,balm ,,of ,,molucca1 but employing cloves 7bruised71 #a_/b oz41 mace 7shredded71 #a dr41 and a teaspoonful of essence of vanilla for flavouring4 ,some add of orange-flower water1 #a_/d pint4 ,it is slightly coloured with burnt sugar4 ,tent4 ,from plain spirit 7#bb u4 p47 and port wine1 of each #a quart2 sherry and soft water1 of each #a pint2 orange-flower water and lemon juice1 of each #a_/d pint2 essence of ambergris1 #b drops 7not more72 sugar1 #b lbs4 ,see ,,wine4 ,usquebaugh4 ,see the article ,,usquebaugh in another part of this work4 ,,liqueur ,,de ,,la ,,motte4 ,fr4 ,see ,,drops 7,golden7 and ,,tincture4 ,,liqueur ,,dor,e4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,take of cinnamon1 bitter orange peel1 and ,peruvian bark1 of each #a_/b oz42 hay saffron1 #a_/d oz42 brandy and ,malaga wine1 of each #c quarts2 digest for a week1 strain1 and add of lump sugar1 #b lbs4 ,tonic1 stomachic1 and stimulant2 chiefly used as an agreeable alcoholic dram4 ,,liqueur ,,de ,,pressavin4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from oxide of mercury 7freshly precipitated7 and cream of tartar1 of each #a oz42 hot water1 #a quart2 dissolve and filter4 ,for use #b spoonfuls of this liquor are added to #a quart of water4----,dose4 ,a wine-glassful #c or #d times a day1 avoiding the use of common salt4 ,this is simply a solution of potassio-tartrate of mercury1 and may be taken in the usual cases in which mercury is administered4 ,,liquodin,,na4 ,see ,,liqueur4 ,,liquid-,,ambar4 ,syn4 ,,copaib ,,balsam4 ,a fluid balsamic juice obtained from the ,liquidamber styraciflua1 an ,american tree4 ,it closely resembles ,,liquid ,,storax in its properties1 and may be applied to the same purposes4 ,see ,,styrax4 ,,liq,,uor4 ,syn4 ,,liquor1 ,l42 ,,liqueur1 ,fr4 ,this term is given in the ,london ,pharmacopia to those aqueous solutions commonly though improperly called #8,,waters1' ammoni liquor potass1 c4 ,it is now more correctly applied to the #8,,waters' of the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,see ,,solution4 ,the term #8liquor' has also1 of late years1 been applied to certain concentrated preparations1 most of which would be more correctly termed #8,,fluid ,,extracts1' as they merely differ from good extracts in their consistence1 and from ordinary extracts in containing less starchy matter1 albumen1 and gum4 ,there is also usually a little spirit added to them to prevent decomposition4 ,liquors of this kind may be prepared of the finest quality by the same processes that are required for the preparation of good soluble extracts2 observing to stop the evaporation as soon as the consistence of treacle is acquired1 and when cold1 to add #a-dth or #a-eth part of their weight 7after evaporation7 in rectified spirit4 ,the addition of #c or #d drops of the oils of cloves and mustard seed1 dissolved in the spirit1 will secure them from any risk of #8moulding' or fermenting2 in fact1 with this addition many of them will keep well without spirit1 provided they are evaporated sufficiently1 and kept in a cool place4 ,the liquors1 which are merely concentrated infusions or decoctions1 and which1 in their consistence1 do not even approximate to extracts1 may be made in the manner directed under those heads4 ,much confusion would be prevented if the terms #8concentrated decoction1' #8concentrated infusion1' c41 were adopted for those vegetable preparations possessing eight times the usual strength2 #8liquors' for those of a higher strength1 but still sufficiently liquid to be treated as such in dispensing1 c42 and #8fluid extracts' for those possessing considerable consistence1 and approaching the common extracts in their degree of concentration and mode of preparation4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,infusion1 ,,essence1 ,,extract1 ,,solution1 c4 ,the following formul present some illustrations of the preparation of this class of medicines4 ,liquor of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ammoni4 ,prep4 ,strong solution of ammonia1 #a pint2 distilled water1 #b pints2 mix and preserve in a stoppered bottle4 ,sp4 gr4 #iei4 ,liquor of ,ammonia1 ,stronger4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,fortior4 ,prep4 ,mix chloride of ammonium in coarse powder #c lbs41 and slaked lime #d lbs41 and introduce the mixture into an iron bottle1 placed in a metal pot surrounded by sand4 ,connect the iron tube which screws air-tight into the bottle in the usual manner1 by corks1 glass tubes1 and caoutchouc collars1 with a ,woulf's bottle capable of holding a pint2 connect this with a second ,woulf's bottle of the same size1 the second bottle with a matrass of the capacity of three pints1 in which #bb oz4 of distilled water are placed1 and the matrass by means of a tube bent twice at right angles1 with an ordinary bottle containing distilled water #aj oz4 ,bottles #a and #b are empty1 and the latter and the matrass which contains the #bb oz4 of distilled water are furnished each with a siphon safety-tube charged with a very short column of mercury4 ,the heat of a fire1 which should be very gradually raised1 is to be now applied to the metal pot1 and continued until bubbles of condensible gas cease to escape from the extremity of the glass tube which dips into the water of the matrass4 ,the process being terminated1 the matrass will contain about #dc fl4 oz4 of strong solution of ammonia4 ,bottles #a and #b will now include the first1 about #af1 the second1 about #aj fl4 oz4 of a coloured ammoniacal liquid4 ,place this in a flask closed by a cork1 which should be perforated by a siphon safety-tube containing a little mercury1 and also by a second safety-tube bent twice at right angles1 and made to pass to the bottom of the terminal bottle used in the preceding process4 ,apply heat to the flask until the coloured liquid it contains is reduced to three fourths of its original bulk4 ,the product now contained in the terminal bottle will be nearly of the strength of solution of ammonia1 and may be made exactly so by the addition of the proper quantity of distilled water1 or of strong solution of ammonia4 ,density #aia1 contains #cbe per cent4 of ammonia4 ,antidotes4----,vinegar and water followed by acidulated demulcent drinks4 ,liquor1 ,anodyne4 ,see ,,spirit ,,of ,,ether4 ,liquor1 ,antinephritic4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,antinephriticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,adams47 ,poppy heads1 #f oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to one third1 strain with pressure1 and add of nitrate of potassa1 #a oz4----,,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls night and morning2 in gravel and painful affections of the kidneys and bladder4 ,liquor1 ,antipodagric 7,beguin's74 ,syn4 ,,hoffmann',s ,,gout ,,liquid2 ,,liquor ,,antipodagricus ,,hoffmannii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from ,boyle's fuming liquor1 #a part2 spirit of wine1 #c parts4 ,sudorific4----,dose1 #bj to #cj drops2 or externally1 in gout1 and other painful affections1 either alone or combined with camphor4 ,see ,,ammonium1 ,,persulphide ,,of4 ,liquor ,antipsoric4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,antipsoricus1 ,,lotio ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,sulphuret of sodium1 #a-a_/b dr42 hydrochlorate of ammonia1 #ge gr42 dissolve each separately in water1 #a_/b pint1 mix the solutions1 and filter4 ,in itch and other moist skin diseases4 ,liquor1 ,bleaching4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,lime4 ,liquor1 ,blistering4 ,b4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,epispasticus1 ,,linimentum ,,cantharides4 ,prep4 ,mix cantharides in powder1 #h oz42 and acetic acid1 #d fl4 oz4 ,pack in a percolator1 and after #bd hours pass ether slowly through until #bj fl4 oz4 are obtained4 ,keep in a stoppered bottle4 ,liquor1 ,boyle's ,fuming4 ,the perhydrosulphate of ammonia4 ,liquor of ,calumba4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,calumb1 ,l4 ,same as ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,,calumba4 ,liquor of ,camphor4 ,see ,,essence4 ,liquor of ,chiretta4 ,same as ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,,chiretta4 ,liquor of ,cinchona4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,of ,,bark2 ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,,bark1 ,,inspissated ,i4 or ,b42 ,,inspissated ,i4 ,,of ,b42 ,,infusum ,,cinchon ,,spissatum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yellow cinchona bark 7bruised71 #c lbs41 is macerated in distilled water1 #f pints1 at two successive operations1 as directed under ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona----,ph4 ,l42 the mixed infusions are evaporated by the heat of a water bath to one fourth1 and placed aside to settle2 the clear portion is decanted1 the remainder strained1 and the mixed liquid again evaporated until its sp4 gr4 reaches #abjj2 to this1 when cold1 rectified spirit is dropped in1 by degrees1 8so that #c fl4 dr4 may be added to each fl4 oz4 of the liquor20 lastly1 allow it to repose for #bj days1 that the dregs may subside4 ,obs4 ,it is not at all clear whether the ,college means #c fl4 dr4 of spirit to be added to each fl4 oz4 of the liquid before its addition1 or that it is to be added so that each fl4 oz4 of the product shall contain that quantity4 ,we presume the former4 #a fl4 dr4 of this preparation is said to represent fully #d fl4 oz4 of the ,,infusion ,,of ,,cinchona----,ph4 ,l42 but it is obvious that it must be liable to great variations in strength4 8,in a general way #a fl4 dr4 may be considered equal to #c fl4 oz4 of the infusion40 7,pereira47 ,as commonly met with1 this preparation is nearly destitute of the cinchona alkaloids4 #b4 ,yellow cinchona bark1 bruised1 #ef lbs41 and water holding in solution sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b lb41 are macerated together1 with occasional agitation1 in a covered earthen vessel1 for #dh hours1 after which the liquor is expressed1 and the residuum or marc is treated with fresh water2 the mixed strained liquid is then evaporated as rapidly as possible in earthenware1 to exactly #f lbs42 to this rectified spirit1 #a-a_/d lb41 is added1 and the whole is set aside for a week or #aj days2 the clear portion is1 lastly1 decanted and preserved in well-closed bottles4 ,the product is very rich in quinine4 ,it is #if times as strong as the ,,decoction ,,of ,,cinchona----,ph4 ,l41 and #ab times as strong as the above preparation of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,this preparation resembles the #8,,liquor ,,cinchon' sold by certain houses in the trade at #bds4 per lb41 wholesale4 #c4 ,exhaust the bark as above by maceration in #c successive waters without acid1 filter1 evaporate the mixed liquors to #g lbs41 and proceed as before4 ,inferior to the last1 and less rich in the cinchona alkaloids4 ,very thick2 scarcely liquid4 #d4 ,from ,,pale ,,bark3----7,,liquor ,,cinchon ,,pallid2 ,,infusum ,,cinchon ,,spissatum----,ph4 ,l47 ,from pale bark1 as the last4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,cinchona4 ,liquor1 ,disinfecting4 ,see ,,solution 7,chlorides of ,lime1 ,soda1 and ,zinc71 and ,,disinfecting ,,compounds4 ,liquor of ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,ergot ,,of ,,rye1 ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,e42 ,,essentia ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,,liquor ,,ergot1 ,,infusum ,,ergot ,,concentratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,recent ergot of rye 7reduced to coarse powder by pounding1 or preferably by grinding it in a pepper-mill71 #a-a_/b lb41 and boiling distilled water1 #d lbs41 are digested together in a closed vessel1 with frequent agitation until cold1 and then put into a wide-mouthed bottle1 along with rectified spirit1 #b lbs42 the whole is then allowed to macerate for a week1 after which the liquor is expressed and filtered4 ,obs4 #d fl4 dr4 of this essence are equal to #a dr4 of ergot in substance4 ,it is #h times the strength of the ,,infusion 7as usually prepared according to the formula of ,pereira and others71 and #b-a_/b times the strength of the ,,tincture ,,of ,,ergot of the ,london ,apothecaries' ,hall4 ,this is the only ,,essence ,,of ,,liquor ,,of ,,ergot known in the wholesale trade4 ,liquor of ,flints4 ,see ,,solution4 ,liquor of ,gutta ,percha4 ,b4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,gutta ,,percha4 ,gutta percha in thin slices1 #a oz42 carbonate of lead in fine powder1 #a oz42 chloroform1 #h fl4 oz4 ,add the gutta percha to #f fl4 oz4 of chloroform in a stoppered bottle1 and shake them frequently till solution has been effected4 ,then add the carbonate of lead previously mixed with the remainder of the chloroform1 and having several times shaken the whole together set the mixture aside1 and let it remain at rest until the soluble matter has subsided4 ,lastly1 decant the clear liquid and keep in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,liquor1 ,libavius's4 ,bichloride of tin4 ,liquor of ,matico4 ,syn4 ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,,matico2 ,,liquor ,,maticonis1 ,,infusum ,,maticonis ,,concentratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from matico leaves1 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 distilled water1 #cb fl4 oz42 digest #aj days1 express1 and filter4 #a fl4 dr4 added to #g fl4 dr4 of water is equal to #a fl4 oz4 of the common ,,infusion4 ,liquor of ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,myrrh2 ,,liquor ,,myrrh1 ,,loco ,,liquaminis ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,extract of myrrh 7,ph4 ,bor471 #a oz42 distilled water1 #e fl4 oz42 mix thoroughly1 decant1 and strain4 ,it should be of a brownish-yellow colour1 and turbid4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr4 ,liquor of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,opii1 ,l4 ,o4 ,,concentratus1 ,l4 ,,opiatus1 ,l4 ,see ,,black ,,drop4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,under ,,drops1 p4 #eia4 #a4 7,messrs ,smith47 ,opium1 #d oz41 is made into an extract1 and #8denarcotised' by ether2 it is then dissolved in alcohol1 filtered1 evaporated nearly to dryness1 and redissolved in water q4 s4 to furnish #ab oz4 of solution2 to this is added1 of rectified spirit1 #b-c_/d oz41 with water q4 s4 to make the whole up to #af oz4----,dose1 #c to #ab drops4 #b4 7,acetic2 ,,liquor ,,opii ,,aceticus1 ,l47 ,see ,,laudanum 7,houlton's74 #c4 7,citric2 ,,liquor ,,opii ,,citricus1 ,l47----a4 ,powdered opium1 #a-a_/b oz42 lemon juice1 #a-a_/b pint2 evaporate to one half1 cool1 add of rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz41 and the next day decant or filter2 same strength as #8,,laudanum1' b4 7,,liquor ,,morphi ,,citratis----,dr ,porter47 ,opium1 #d oz42 citric acid1 #b oz42 triturate1 and add of boiling water1 #ae fl4 oz42 digest with agitation for #bd hours1 and filter4 ,this last has above three times the strength of #8,,laudanum1' ,it is sadly misnamed4 #d4 7,hydrochloric2 ,,solution ,,of ,,muriate ,,of ,,opium2 ,,liquor ,,opii ,,hydrochloricus1 ,l4----,dr ,nichol47 ,powdered opium1 #a-a_/b oz42 distilled water1 #a pint2 hydrochloric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 digest a fortnight1 and strain with expression4 ,same strength as #8,,laudanum1' ,according to ,dr ,nichol1 this is preferable to every other preparation of opium4 #e4 7,sedative2 ,,battley',s ,,sedative ,,solution ,,of ,,opium2 ,,liquor ,,opii ,,sedativus1 ,l47----a4 ,hard aqueous extract of opium 7bruised71 #c oz41 is boiled in water1 #a-a_/b pint1 until dissolved2 to the solution1 when cold1 rectified spirit1 #f oz4 is added1 together with water1 q4 s4 to make the whole measure exactly #a quart2 the liquor is1 lastly1 filtered4 b4 ,from hard extract of opium1 #bb oz42 boiling water1 #ac pints2 rectified spirit1 #c pints2 as the last4 c4 ,from extract of opium----,ph4 ,l41 #d-a_/d oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil till reduced to #cd fl4 oz42 cool1 filter1 and add of rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz41 and water1 q4 s4 to make up exactly #a quart4 ,obs4 ,the first two formul1 which vary only in their quantities1 are identical with that employed by ,mr ,battley4 ,as hard extract of opium is not always at hand1 we have introduced a formula in which the ordinary extract is ordered4 ,it gives a precisely similar product to the others1 provided the cold aqueous decoction is filtered before adding the spirit4 ,battley's ,,liquor ,,opii ,,sedativus is an excellent preparation1 less exciting than opium or laudanum4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops4 ,dr ,christison states that #bj drops of ,battley's solution are equal to #cj drops of the common tincture4 ,liquor1 ,pancreatic 7,van den ,corput74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,pancreatini4 ,pancreatin and carbonate of potash1 of each #aj gr42 balm water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #e dr4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 to #a fl4 oz4 ,liquor of ,pepsin4 7,mr ,squire47 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,pepsini4 ,prep4 #a drachm of ,boudault's pepsin in #a oz4 of distilled water4 ,salt must be added if it is to be preserved4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful4 ,liquor of ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,rhei1 ,,infusum ,,rhei ,,concentratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,rhubarb 7well bruised71 #f-c_/d oz42 water1 q4 s42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 proceed as for ,,infusion ,,of ,,calumba 7conc472 to produce a quart4 #h times the usual strength4 #b4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,rhubarb 7,concentrated74 #c4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,rhubarb 7,fluid74 ,liquor of ,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,sarsaparilla2 ,,liquor ,,sarz1 ,,essentia ,,sarsaparill1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,either the simple or the compound liquor of sarsaparilla may be made from the corresponding decoction1 or1 preferably1 the infusion prepared with water at #abe ,fahr41 by carefully evaporating it until sufficiently concentrated1 and then straining it through flannel1 and adding a little spirit4 ,jamaica sarsaparilla should be alone employed1 as the other varieties1 especially the ,honduras1 not only possess less medicinal virtue1 and yield less extract1 but are very liable to ferment and get mouldy1 unless an undue proportion of spirit is added to them4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,sarsaparilla 7,fluid74 ,liquor of ,senna4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,senn1 ,l4 ,both the ,,fluid ,,extract and the ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,,senna are called by this name1 but more generally the former4 ,the following are additional formul3---- #a4 7,duncan47 ,senna1 #ae lbs42 boiling water1 #e galls42 proceed by the method of displacement1 evaporate the product to #aj lbs41 add of molasses1 #f lbs4 7previously concentrated over a water bath until it begins to congeal on cooling71 dissolve1 and further add of rectified spirit1 #a-a_/d pint1 together with water q4 s4 to make the whole measure exactly #ab pints4 ,every fl4 oz4 represents #a oz4 of senna4 #b4 7,dr ,tweedy47 ,as the last1 but using tincture of ginger 7prepared with rectified spirit71 #a-a_/b pint1 instead of the spirit there ordered4 ,liquor of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,see ,,tincture4 ,liquor1 ,styptic4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,stypticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,slevico-,holsat4 #ahca47 ,alum and sulphate of copper1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 sulphuric acid1 #a oz42 water1 #a lb42 dissolve1 and filter4 ,liquor of ,taraxacum4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,dandelion2 ,,extractum ,,taraxaci ,,fluidum1 ,,liquor ,,taraxaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dandelion roots 7dried71 #bh lbs41 are rinsed in clean cold water to remove dirt1 and then sliced small1 and macerated in enough cold water to cover them for #bd hours2 the liquid is next pressed out1 and after the fecula has subsided the clear portion is decanted1 and heated to #ahj or #aij ,fahr41 to coagulate the albumen2 the liquid is then filtered while hot and evaporated by steam1 or preferably by a current of warm air1 until it is reduced to #bb-a_/b lbs42 to this rectified spirit1 #f lbs41 is added1 and after thorough agitation the vessel is set aside for a week or a fortnight1 after which the clear portion is gently poured from the sediment and preserved in well-closed bottles in a cool place4 ,a very fine article4 ,it represents an equal weight of the root4 #b4 ,the expressed juice of dandelion is heated to near the boiling point1 strained1 and evaporated1 as the last1 to a proper consistence2 #a_/dth or #a_/eth of rectified spirit is then added1 and the liquid is otherwise treated as before4 ,very odorous and pale coloured4 #c4 ,dried root 7coarsely powered71 #a lb42 water1 #a-a_/d pint2 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 digest a week1 express the liquor1 pass it through a hair sieve into a bottle1 and in #aj days decant the clear portion4 #d4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,extract of dandelion1 #c parts2 water1 #a part 7or q4 s472 triturated together4 #e4 7,w4 ,procter47 ,fresh root1 #b lbs41 is sliced and reduced to a pulp1 and macerated with #a_/fth of its bulk of rectified spirit for #bd hours2 it is then subjected to strong pressure1 the marc is treated with water containing a little spirit1 #a pint1 and the liquid is again expressed2 the mixed product is evaporated to #ab fl4 oz41 and when cold1 rectified spirit1 #d fl4 oz4 is added1 and the whole filtered4 ,obs4 ,liquor of taraxacum has a very large sale4 ,the dose is #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,see ,,extract4 ,liquor of ,valerian4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,valerian 7,fluid74 ,liquor of ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,vanilla2 ,,liquor ,,vanill1 ,,extractum ,v4 ,,fluidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vanilla 7sliced71 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #c pints2 prepare a tincture either by displacement or maceration1 and reduce it1 by distillation at the lowest possible temperature1 to #a-a_/b lb42 put this into a strong bottle whilst hot1 add of white sugar candy 7in powder71 #a_/b lb41 cork down1 and agitate the whole until it is nearly cold4 ,very fine4 ,used chiefly for its odour and flavour4 ,it represents half its weight of vanilla4 #b4 7,w4 ,procter47 ,vanilla 7cut into thin transverse slices71 #a oz42 sugar1 #c oz42 triturate until reduced to fine powder1 put it into a strong pint bottle1 along with syrup1 #a_/b pint2 water1 #b oz42 tie down the cork1 and set the bottle for half an hour in boiling water2 cool1 strain1 and treat the residue in a like manner with a mixture of water1 #f fl4 oz41 and rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz42 lastly1 mix the two products4 ,greatly inferior to the last4 ,,liq,,uorice4 ,syn4 ,,stick ,,liquorice2 ,,liquoritia1 ,,glycyrrhiz ,,radix 7,b4 ,p471 ,,glycyrrhiz ,,radix1 ,,glycyrrhiza 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,g4 ,,glabra 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 8,the root or underground stem of the ,glycyrrhiza glabra1 fresh and dried1 cultivated in ,britain40 8,the recent and the dried root of ,glycyrrhiza glabra10 or common liquorice4 8,the fresh root is to be kept buried in dried sand for use40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it has a sweetish taste1 and is slightly aperient1 expectorant1 and diuretic4 ,it is a popular demulcent and pectoral4 ,its extract and solution are much used as a domestic remedy for cough4 ,as a masticatory it allays thirst and irritation4 ,composition of the fresh root of liquorice3 ,glycyrrhizin #hfj ,gum #bffj ,matter soluble in alcohol1 chiefly resin #jge ,albumen #jig ,starch #bbia ,woody fibre #accf ,moisture #bfha ,ash1 #cjg per cent4 ---- ------------ #ajjjj 7,,hassall47 ,roussin asserts that the sweetness of liquorice root is not due to glycyrrhizin1 as has been hitherto assumed1 but to an ammoniacal compound of that substance4 ,glycyrrhizin1 when purified four successive times by dissolving it in alcohol1 and precipitating the foreign matter accompanying it by ether1 is a yellowish substance1 insoluble in cold water1 and almost tasteless4 ,treated with dilute solution of potash or soda1 it rapidly develops a sweet taste4 ,in liquorice root1 however1 it is not contained in combination with either of these two alkalies1 but appears to exist as an ammoniacal compound1 for solutions of potash and soda liberate ammonia1 both from the root and the extract4 ,in its compounds with the alkalies glycyrrhizin plays the part of an acid1 as it forms true salts capable of undergoing decomposition with most of the metallic salts1 and also with the salts of the organic alkaloids4 ,with ammonia it forms two compounds1 a basic salt1 which yields a deep yellow solution1 and another containing less ammonia1 the solution of which has an amber colour4 ,the former is produced by dissolving glycyrrhizin in water with an excess of ammonia4 ,upon evaporating the resulting deep yellow solution to dryness it leaves a yellowish1 scaly1 shining1 brittle1 non-hygroscopic residue1 which constitutes the second ammoniacal compound4 ,this is readily soluble in cold water1 to which it imparts a pale yellow colour and a very sweet taste4 ,the solution turns deep yellow on the addition of a few drops of solution of ammonia1 owing to the formation of the basic compound4 ,the pale yellow solution possesses1 in a marked degree1 the taste of liquorice root1 which1 indeed1 owes its sweetness to this glycyrrhizate of ammonia1 or ammoniacal glycyrrhizin1 as the author prefers to call it4 ,one gram of this compound imparts the sweet taste of the root to two litres of water4 ,the author gives the following process for the preparation of the ammoniacal glycyrrhizin in the pure state3 ,the carefully-selected roots1 freed from all portions presenting a dark fracture1 are scraped1 and then well pounded1 so as to reduce them to a kind of stringy tow4 ,this substance is macerated in cold distilled water for some hours1 pressed1 and treated a second time in the same manner4 ,the two liquors are mixed and allowed to stand for some time to deposit the starch4 ,the supernatant liquor is then boiled and filtered1 to separate the coagulated albumen4 ,after cooling1 sulphuric acid diluted with its weight of water is added gradually1 with brisk stirring1 until a precipitate is no longer formed4 ,the precipitate1 at first gelatinous and flocculent1 after standing some time1 forms a compact semi-solid mass at the bottom of the vessel4 ,the supernatant liquor is rejected1 and after roughly washing the precipitate several times with pure water it is finally kneaded repeatedly in distilled water until all trace of acidity has disappeared4 ,the mass is then well drained and agitated in a flask with three times its weight of #ij alcohol until dissolved1 when a similar quantity of #if to #ih alcohol is added to the syrupy liquid so produced4 ,a little pectic acid is thus precipitated1 which is removed by filtration4 ,ether is then added to the alcoholic liquor as long as a precipitate is formed4 ,after standing twenty-four or even forty-eight hours a blackish pitchy substance is deposited1 which adheres to the glass1 and allows of the clear liquor being decanted4 ,to this clear liquor is added1 in small quantities at a time1 alcohol of #ij charged with gaseous ammonia1 which determines the formation of a yellow1 rather heavy1 flocculent precipitate of glycyrrhizate of ammonia4 ,this precipitate is washed rapidly on a fine cloth with a mixture of equal parts of alcohol and ether1 pressed and dried in a current of warm air1 or over sulphuric acid4 ,the author suggests the addition of ammoniacal glycyrrhizin to pill masses1 powders1 or mixtures1 and states that its power of masking the taste of nauseous medicines is equal to #ajj times its weight of sugar4 ,sulphate of quinine1 sulphate of magnesia1 iodide of potassium1 and ipecacuanha1 lose much of their taste by such an addition4 ,a dose of cod-liver oil or syrup of iodide of iron is rendered more palatable by being preceded by a small dose of the solid ammoniacal glycerin4#ba ,its extract is the common ,,liquorice1 ,,spanish ,,liquorice1 or ,,spanish ,,juice1 of the shops4 ,see ,,extract1 c4 ,footnote #ba3 #8,journal de ,pharmacie et de ,chimie1' xii #f-aa4 ,,lisbon ,,diet ,,drink4 #a4 7,foy47 ,prep4 ,guaiacum wood1 rasped1 #a oz42 sarsaparilla1 bruised1 #c oz42 mezereon1 sliced1 #a_/b oz42 crude antimony 7in a rag71 #b oz42 water1 #ab pints4 ,boil down to #h pints1 and add----red sanders1 rasped1 white sandal1 rasped1 of each #c oz42 rosewood1 rasped sassafras bark1 sliced1 of each #a oz42 liquorice root1 sliced1 #a_/b oz4 ,infuse for four hours1 strain1 and add syrup according to taste4----,dose1 #a to #b pints a day4 #b4 7,pearson47 ,sarsaparilla1 bruised1 #d oz42 dried walnut peel1 #d oz42 guaiacum1 rasped1 #a-a_/b oz42 crude antimony 7in a rag71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #d pints4 ,boil down to #c pints4 ,,list4 ,the border or selvage torn off a piece of cloth4 ,it is used by the ,french polishers and law stationers to form their rubbers1 and for numerous other purposes4 ,,lith,,arge4 ,syn4 ,,semi-,,vitrified ,,oxide ,,of ,,lead2 ,,plumbi ,,oxydum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,plumbi ,,oxydum ,,semi-,,vitreum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,lithargyrum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the litharge of commerce is semi-vitrified protoxide of lead1 obtained chiefly by scraping off the drops that form on the surface of melted lead exposed to a current of air 7dross of lead2 plumbum ustum71 and heating it to a full red1 to melt out any undecomposed metal4 ,the fused oxide1 in cooling1 forms a yellow or reddish semi-crystalline mass1 which readily separates into scales2 these1 when ground1 constitute the #8powdered litharge' of the shops4 ,litharge is also prepared by exposing red lead to a heat sufficiently high to fuse it1 and #8,english litharge' is obtained as a secondary product1 by liquefaction1 from argentiferous lead ore1 when it is often called #8silver stone4' ,pur4 8,entirely1 or almost entirely1 soluble in dilute nitric acid4 ,this solution is blackened by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,potassa throws down a white precipitate1 which is redissolved by adding the same in excess4 ,if sulphate of soda be added to #ajj gr4 of this oxide dissolved in nitric acid1 #ace gr4 of sulphate of lead is precipitated40 7,ph4 ,l47 8#ej gr4 dissolve entirely1 and without effervescence1 in #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 of pyroligneous acid1 and the solution precipitated by #ec gr4 of phosphate of soda remains precipitable by more of the test40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the solution in both acetic and nitric acid should be colourless4 ,it is of great importance to the pharmaceutist to obtain pure litharge1 as the slightest impurity will often colour and spoil his lead plaster 7,,emp4 ,,plumbi71 and solution of diacetate of lead 7,,liq4 ,,plumbi ,,diacetatis74 ,uses4 ,litharge is employed in pharmacy1 to make plasters and several other preparations of lead2 by painters as a #8drier' for oils2 and for various other purposes in the arts4 ,obs4 ,the litharge of commerce is distinguished by its colour as ,,litharge ,,of ,,gold 7,,lithargyrum ,,auri1 ,l4 ,,aurium1 ,l4 ,,chrysitis71 which is dark coloured and impure1 and ,,litharge ,,of ,,silver 7,,silver ,,stone2 ,,lithargyrum ,,argenti1 ,l4 ,,argentum1 ,l4 ,,argyritis71 which is purer1 and paler coloured4 ,the dark colour of the former is generally said to be owing to the presence of red lead4 ,foreign litharge generally contains copper and iron2 and1 not infrequently1 a little silver and silica4 ,these are readily detected by the usual tests4 ,in grinding litharge1 about #a lb4 of olive oil is usually added to each #a cwt4 to prevent dust4 ,the best solvents of litharge are nitric acid and acetic acid4 ,as it slowly absorbs the carbonic acid of the air1 it generally effervesces slightly when treated with acids1 and this effervescence is stronger in proportion to its age4 ,see ,,lead4 ,,lith,,ium4 ,li4 ,the metallic base of ,,lithia1 first obtained by ,sir ,h4 ,davy by exposing hydrate of lithium in contact with mercury to galvanic action1 and decomposing the resulting amalgam by distillation4 ,it is now obtained by fusing pure chloride of lithium in a small1 thick1 porcelain crucible1 and decomposing it while in a fused state by a current of electricity4 ,it is a white metal1 like sodium1 very oxidisable1 fusing at #cef1 and having a sp4 gr4 of #ei4 ,it is the lightest metal known4 ,it belongs to the #8alkaline group1' of which potassium1 sodium1 csium1 and rubidium1 are the other members4 ,lithium forms salts analogous to those of sodium1 but usually somewhat less soluble4 ,they can be distinguished from those of potassium and sodium by the phosphate and carbonate1 being only sparingly soluble in water1----from those of barium1 strontium1 and calcium1 by forming crystallisable and soluble salts with sulphuric acid and oxalic acid1----and from those of magnesium1 by the solution of its carbonate exhibiting an alkaline reaction4 ,heated on platinum1 they tinge the flame of the blowpipe carmine red4 ,the salts of lithium may generally be formed by dissolving the hydrate or carbonate in dilute acids4 ,lithium1 ,benzoate4 ,li,c#g;,h#e,o#b1;,h#b,o4 7,paris ,pharm4 ,society47 ,benzoic acid1 #abb grams2 lithium carbonate1 #cg grams4 ,suspend the benzoic acid in #aj parts of water1 add the lithium carbonate1 and heat4 ,solution takes place with effervescence1 and upon evaporation1 handsome1 much flattened1 more or less elongated prismatic crystals are obtained4 ,lithium benzoate is very soluble in water4 ,one grain of the salt calcined1 and then treated with slight excess of sulphuric acid1 and heated to redness should give #jcgf gram of lithium sulphate4 ,lithium1 ,bromide of4 ,li,br4 ,to #cg grams of carbonate of lithium suspended in #bjj grams of distilled water1 #hj grams of bromine are added4 ,a current of sulphuretted hydrogen is then passed through the mixture until the whole of the bromide has disappeared4 ,hydro-bromic acid is thus formed1 which decomposes the carbonate of lithium1 bromide of lithium being produced and sulphur set free4 ,the mixture is then gently heated to drive off the excess of sulphuretted hydrogen and to agglutinate the sulphur4 ,after filtration the liquor is concentrated1 and if it be desired to obtain the bromide in crystals1 the desiccation is finished under a bell jar by means of sulphuric acid4 ,lithium1 ,carbonate of4 ,li#b;,,co#c4 ,syn4 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lithia2 ,,lithi ,,carbonas 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,to an aqueous solution of sulphate of lithium add a strong solution of carbonate of ammonium1 collect the precipitate1 drain1 and press1 wash with a little rectified spirit1 and dry4 ,by dissolving it in boiling water1 and slowly evaporating the solution1 crystals may be obtained4 ,prop41 c4 ,it resembles carbonate of magnesium in appearance2 is soluble in about #ajj parts of cold water1 and in considerably less of boiling water1 and is insoluble in alcohol4 ,the tests for its purity given in the ,b4 ,p4 are----in giving no precipitate with oxalate of calcium or lime water1 and leaving1 when #aj grains are neutralised with sulphuric acid and ignited1 #adhf grains of dry sulphate4 ,it has been proposed by ,m4 ,lipowitz1 ,dr ,garrod1 and others1 as a solvent for uric acid calculi4 ,according to ,biswanger1 #a part of carbonate of lithia in #abj parts of water takes up1 at blood-heat1 nearly #d parts of uric acid4 ,mr ,alexander ,ure recommends a dilute solution of this substance as an injection in lithic calculus1 as it is a better solvent of uric acid than either borax or the alkaline carbonates4 8,of all the various menstrua hitherto recommended1 none appear to promise more favorably than the carbonate of lithia40 8,if by means of injections0 7of this solution7 8we can reduce a stone at the rate of a grain or more an hour1 we shall not merely diminish the bulk of the calculus1 but further loosen its cohesion1 disintegrate it1 so to speak1 causing it to crumble down1 and be washed away in the stream of urine40 7,mr ,a4 ,ure47----,dose1 #b to #e gr41 twice or thrice a day2 as an injection1 #a gr4 to water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,lithium1 ,citrate of4 ,li#c;,c#f;,h#e,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,lithi ,,citras 7,b4 ,p474 ,a white deliquescent amorphous powder1 made by acting on #ej grains of lithium carbonate with #ajj of citric acid1 and is readily soluble in #b-a_/b parts of water4 ,tests1 c4 #bj grains burnt at a low red heat until white leave #ajf grains of carbonate of lithium4 ,its medical properties are similar to those of the carbonate4----,dose1 #e to #af grains1 largely diluted4 ,lithium1 ,citrate of1 ,effervescing4 7,paris ,pharm4 ,society47 ,citric acid1 #dj grams2 sodium bicarbonate1 #ej grams2 lithium bicarbonate1 #aj grams4 ,mix the powders and place them in a flat-bottomed vessel having a large surface2 heat to about #ajj ,c41 stirring the powder continually until it takes the granular form1 then by means of appropriate sieves obtain granules of suitable and uniform size1 and preserve the preparation in well-closed bottles4 ,lithium1 ,oxide of4 ,li#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,lithia4 ,an alkaline earth found in petalite1 c41 and in small quantities in most mineral waters4 ,prep4 ,petalite 7a silicate of aluminum and lithium7 in powder mixed with twice its weight of fluor spar is heated with strong sulphuric acid as long as acid vapours are given off4 ,the residue is treated with ammonia1 boiled1 and filtered1 evaporated to dryness1 and heated to redness4 ,the residue consists of sulphate of lithium1 from which the oxide is obtained by decomposing it with acetate of barium1 filtering and heating after having evaporated the solution to dryness4 ,this yields the so-called oxide1 which is in reality the hydrate1 ,li,h,o1 and is a white1 non-volatile1 soluble1 caustic solid4 ,the true oxide is a white powder decomposed by water forming the hydrate1 and obtainable by igniting the metal in oxygen4 ,lithia1 ,effervescing ,solution of4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,lithi ,,effervescens4 ,comp4 ,water charged with carbonic acid and holding in solution carbonate of lithium4 #aj fl4 oz4 contain #e grains of the carbonate4----,props4 ,colourless liquid1 possessing powerful diuretic properties4----,use4 ,antilithic1 for dissolving calculi of uric acid4----,dose1 #e to #aj fl4 oz4 ,,lithofracteur4 ,see ,,blasting ,,powders4 ,,lithog,,raphy4 ,the art of tracing letters1 figures1 and other designs1 on stone1 and transferring them to paper by impression4 ,our notice of this beautiful and useful art must necessarily be brief4 ,there are two methods of lithography in general use4 ,in the one1 a drawing is made on the stone with a lithographic crayon1 or with lithographic ink2 in the other method the design is made on lithographic paper1 which1 on being moistened and passed through the press1 leaves its design on the surface of the stone1 reversed4 ,in either method1 water acidulated with nitrous acid1 oil of vitriol1 or hydrochloric acid1 is poured over the stone1 and this1 by removing the alkali from the chalk or ink1 leaves the design on it in a permanent form1 at the same time that it #8etches' away a portion of the lights1 and renders the surface more absorbent of water4 ,the process of lithographic printing is as follows3----,water is thrown over the stone1 the roller charged with printing ink is passed over the surface1 the paper is applied1 and a copy is obtained by the action of the lithographic press4 ,the same process must be had recourse to for each copy4 ,the nature of the stone is such that it retains with great tenacity the resinous and oily substances contained in the ink or crayon employed to form the design and also absorbs water freely2 this1 combined with the peculiar affinity between resinous and oily substances1 and their mutual power of repelling water1 occasions the ink on the printing roller to adhere to the design1 and to leave untouched the lights4 ,the stones are prepared for lithography by polishing in the ordinary way2 the style of work for which they are intended determining the degree of labour bestowed upon them4 ,for crayon drawings the surface should have a fine grain1 but the finish of the stone must depend upon the desired softness of the intended drawing2 for writing or drawing on in ink the surface must receive a higher polish1 and must be finished off with pumice-stone and water4 ,the best lithographic stones are obtained from ,solenhofen1 near ,munich1 and from ,pappenheim1 on the banks of the ,danube4 ,the white lias which lies immediately under the blue1 near ,bath1 also yields good lithographic stones1 and furnishes the principal portion of those employed in this country4 ,see ,,crayons1 ,,ink and ,,paper4 ,,lithontryp,,tics4 ,syn4 ,,lithotryptics1 ,,lithontryptica1 ,l4 ,under this head are intended numerous substances 7,,lithics2 ,,lithica1 ,l47 used to prevent the formation of urinary calculi1 or to dissolve them when already formed4 ,those employed with the former intention are more correctly termed ,,antilithics 7,,antilithica1 ,l471 and those with the latter1 ,,lithontryptics1 or ,,lythonlytics 7,,lithontryptica1 ,,lithonlytica1 ,l474 ,the following are the principal substances included under this head by pharmacological writers3----,alkalies and their carbonates1 benzoic acid1 borax1 carbonate of lithia1 effervescing solution of lithia1 carbonic acid1 cinnamic acid1 diluents 7generally71 diuretics 7generally71 juniper1 malic acid1 ,malvern waters1 mineral acids1 nitrosaccharate of lead1 opium1 phosphate of soda1 phosphoric acid1 poppies1 turpentines1 uva ursi1 vegetable acids1 vegetable astringents1 vegetable bitters1 ,vichy waters1 wall pellitory1 water 7pure74 ,,lit,,mus4 ,syn4 ,,turnsole2 ,,lacmus1 ,,lacca ,c,,rulea1 ,l4 ,,musiva1 ,l4 ,,musci1 ,l4 ,a blue substance prepared by the united influence of water1 air1 ammonia1 and either potassa or soda1 from ,rocella tinctoria1 ,lecanora tartarea1 or any of the other tinctorial lichens capable of yielding archil1 by a process essentially similar to that adopted for the latter substance1 except that chalk is generally used to form the paste1 which is moulded into cakes and dried4 ,pur41 c4 8,soluble in both water and alcohol4 ,its blue colour is reddened by acids1 and is restored by the addition of alkalies40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,it is extensively used by the dyer as a red and crimson colouring matter1 and by the chemist as a test for acids4 ,the colouring matter of litmus1 when purified as much as possible1 may be kept for an indefinite period unaltered in glycerin4 ,litmus is treated with hot water1 and the solution1 after concentration1 is mixed with a sufficient quantity of alcohol 7of #hj per cent47 to precipitate the colouring matter4 ,after standing for twenty hours the alcohol is poured off1 and carries with it a dirty blue foreign substance1 which frequently occurs in litmus1 and is not altered by acids4 ,the sediment is treated with hot water1 which dissolves it on account of the potassium carbonate which is present4 ,to remove this carbonate1 sulphuric acid is added till the liquid assumes a faint wine tint2 it is then heated to boiling for a few minutes1 and again rendered blue by the addition of a few drops of lime water4 ,after the lapse of twenty-four hours the liquid is filtered1 and evaporated to a syrup1 and left all night in a cool place1 when the potassium sulphate crystallises out in the form of a crust4 ,it is then filtered through a moist cotton mixed with glycerin1 and carefully preserved from damp4#bb ,see ,,archil1 ,,cudbear1 c4 ,footnote #bb3 ,j4 ,c4 ,martenson1 from #8,chem4 ,centr41' translated into the #8,journal of the ,chemical ,society4' ,,live-,,long4 ,digestive candy4 ,see ,,candying4 ,,liv,,er4 ,syn4 ,,hepar1 ,l4 ,a large abdominal viscus1 the exclusive duty of which1 until recently1 was stated by physiologists to be to secrete bile2 but the secretion of sugar for combustion in the lungs or capillaries is now said to be one of its chief duties4 ,the liver is subject to several diseases1 both functional and organic1 among which inflammation 7hepatitis7 holds the most prominent place4 ,the acute form of this disease is ushered in with pain in the region of the liver1 with sickness1 costiveness1 and a strong1 hard1 and frequent pulse1 with great pain about the clavicle and shoulders4 ,there is cough1 oppressed breathing1 and often vomiting of bilious matter4 ,the urine is scanty1 and of a saffron-yellow colour1 and the skin and eyes are also tinged yellow4 ,the treatment consists chiefly in purging with salines accompanied with mercurials1 the use of antimonials1 and a blister applied over the region of the liver4 ,bitter tonics1 as calumba1 cascarilla1 and gentian may afterwards be had recourse to2 and if the patient resides in a hot climate a change to a temperate one should be made1 if possible4 ,chronic hepatitis requires similar treatment1 but of a less active character4 ,the more usual causes of diseases of the liver1 besides those common to the other viscera1 are residence in a hot climate1 and the excessive use of highly seasoned food and alcoholic liquors4 ,liver4 ,syn4 ,,hepar1 ,l4 ,in chemistry and pharmacy1 a term formerly applied to numerous substances1 on account of their colour2 as liver of antimony 7,,hepar ,,antimonii71 liver of sulphur 7,,hepar ,,sulphuris71 c4 ,liver1 ,edible4 ,the livers of animals1 such as the bullock1 the calf1 and the sheep1 contain a large amount of nitrogenous matter1#bc as may be seen from the following analysis by ,payen3 ,footnote #bc3 ,hence the instinct that leads man to cook it with a food rich in carbon----such as fat bacon4 ,composition of ,calf's ,liver4 ,nitrogenous matter #bjaj ,fat #ceh ,carbo-hydrates 7amyloid matter7 #jde ,saline matter #aed ,water #gbcc ------------ #ihjc ,they are generally regarded as indigestible articles of diet1 and as such should be avoided by dyspeptics4 ,it is of great importance to have the livers of animals thoroughly cooked1 so as to ensure the destruction of a dangerous parasite----the ,distoma hepatica1 the liver fluke----that frequently infests them4 ,the foie gras1 of which the celebrated ,strasbourg pie is made1 is the abnormally enlarged or1 rather1 diseased liver of the goose1 brought to its enormous size and fatty condition by subjecting the bird to close confinement in a hot place and overfeeding it4 ,,liver ,,and ,,bacon4 ,the liver must be washed1 not soaked1 then wiped dry and cut into slices4 ,flour each slice4 ,remove the rind from the bacon1 and cut it into rashers4 ,let the bacon be fried first1 then stand it in a hot dish before the fire during the time the liver is being fried in the melted fat from the bacon4 ,when the liver is cooked place it on the bacon4 ,next mix a dessert-spoonful of flour into a smooth paste with a cupful of water1 stir in it a pinch of pepper and salt1 and pour it into the frying-pan2 let it just boil1 stirring it meanwhile1 and1 lastly1 strain it over the liver and bacon4 ,,lixivia,,tion4 ,the process of dissolving out or extracting the saline matter of bodies1 more especially of ashes1 the residua of distillations1 c41 by means of ablution or digestion in water4 ,the solution so obtained is called a #8,,lye1' #8,,ley1' or #8,,lixivium1' and the salts resulting from the evaporation of such solutions #8,,lixivial ,,salts1' ,,lla,,ma4 ,syn4 ,,guanaco2 ,,lama1 ,l4 ,a genus of animals of the family ,bovid and tribe ,camelina4 ,the llama is confined to ,south ,america1 and may be regarded as the representative of the camel in the ,new ,world4 ,the most important species are ,lama vicugna 7the ,,vicuna7 and ,l4 ,guanacus 7the ,,guanaco74 ,the wool of llamas is woven into stuffs for ponchos1 and made into cords1 sacks1 c4 ,see ,,alpaca4 ,,load,,stone4 ,syn4 ,,lodestone1 ,,magnesian ,,stone1 ,,magnetic ,,ironstone4 ,native magnetic oxide of iron 7,fe#c,o#d74 ,it is often found massive1 frequently crystallised1 and occasionally in beds of considerable thickness4 ,its colour varies from reddish black to deep grey4 ,native magnets from ,arabia1 ,china1 and ,bengal are commonly of a reddish colour1 and are powerfully attractive4 ,those found in ,germany and ,england have the colour of unwrought iron2 those from ,macedonia are more black and dull4 ,,loam4 ,a native mixture of clay1 sand1 and oxide of iron1 with more or less chalk4 ,loamy soils are of this description4 ,they are called heavy or light1 according to the proportion of clay2 and sandy1 calcareous1 or gravelly1 just as sand1 gravel1 or chalk1 form a characteristic portion of them4 ,,lobel,,ia4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,tobacco2 ,,lobelia 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 8,the flowering herb of ,lobelia inflata0 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 or bladder-podded lobelia4 ,the herb has an unpleasant odour1 and an acrid1 burning1 nauseous taste1 somewhat resembling that of tobacco4 ,in small doses 7#a to #c gr47 it is expectorant and diaphoretic2 in larger doses 7#e to #ae gr47 nauseant and emetic2 and in excessive doses1 poisonous4 ,according to ,dr ,pereira1 its principal value is that of an anti-spasmodic4 ,it has been highly recommended by ,dr ,elliotson in spasmodic asthma4 ,he commences with small doses1 and gradually increases them unless headache or nausea occurs4 ,others give a full dose at or before the commencement of the fit4 ,it has been also tried in croup1 hooping-cough1 and other diseases of the respiratory organs1 with variable effect4 ,lobelia is the panacea of ,dr ,coffin1 the author of the pretended system of medicine irreverently called #8,coffinism4' ,,lobel,,ic ,,acid4 ,the acid existing in decoction of lobelia4 ,it closely resembles gallic acid4 ,it reddens litmus1 and is precipitated by several metallic salts4 ,,lobel,,ine4 ,syn4 ,,lobelina1 ,l4 ,a light yellowish-brown oily substance1 found by ,calhoun1 of ,philadelphia1 in ,lobelia inflata4 ,it is volatile1 soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and water2 and in oil of turpentine1 oil of almonds1 and some other fixed oils2 with the acids it forms crystallisable salts1 which are soluble4 ,it may be obtained from the seeds by the action of alcohol acidulated with acetic acid1 evaporating1 treating with magnesia and then with ether1 and again evaporating4 #a oz4 of the seeds furnishes #b gr4 ,when perfectly pure1 #a gr4 will kill a large dog4 ,,lob,,sters4 ,see ,,shell ,,fish4 ,,lock,,soy4 ,rice boiled to a paste and drawn into threads4 ,used to thicken soups4 ,it is imported from ,china4 ,,lodging-,,houses4 ,the following sections of the ,public ,health ,act of #ahge embody the regulations in force with regard to common lodging-houses3 7,s4 #gf47 ,every local authority shall keep a register1 in which shall be entered the names and residences of the keepers of all common lodging-houses within the district of such authority1 and the situation of every such house1 and the number of lodgers authorised according to this ,act to be received therein4 ,a copy of any entry in such register certified by the person having charge of the register to be a true copy shall be received in all courts and on all occasions as evidence1 and shall be sufficient proof of the matter registered without production of the register1 or of any document or thing on which the entry is founded2 and a certified copy of any such entry shall be supplied gratis by the person having charge of the register to any person applying at a reasonable time for the same4 7,s4 #gg47 ,a person shall not keep a common lodging-house or receive a lodger therein until the house has been registered in accordance with the provisions of this ,act1 nor until his name as the keeper thereof has been entered in the register kept under this ,act2 provided that when the person so registered dies his widow or any member of his family may keep the house as a common lodging-house for not more than four weeks after his death without being registered as the keeper thereof4 7,s4 #gh47 ,a house shall not be registered as a common lodging-house until it has been inspected and approved for the purpose by some officer of the local authority2 and the local authority may refuse to register as the keeper of a common lodging-house a person who does not produce to the local authority a certificate of character in such form as the local authority direct1 signed by three inhabitant house-holders of the parish respectively rated to the relief of the poor of the parish within which the lodging-house is situated1 for property of the yearly rateable value of #f or upwards4 7,s4 #gi47 ,the keeper of every common lodging-house shall1 if required in writing by the local authority so to do1 affix and keep undefaced and legible a notice with the words1 8,registered common lodging-house10 in some conspicuous place on the outside of such house4 ,the keeper of any such house who1 after requisition in writing from the local authority1 refuses or neglects to affix or renew such notice1 shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding #e1 and to a further penalty of #ajs4 for every day that such refusal or neglect continues after conviction4 7,s4 #hj47 ,every local authority shall from time to time make bye-laws3 #a4 ,for fixing from time to time1 varying the number of lodgers who may be received into a common lodging-house1 and for the separation of the sexes therein2 and---- #b4 ,for promoting cleanliness and ventilation in such houses2 and---- #c4 ,for the giving of notices and taking precautions in the case of any infectious disease2 and---- #d4 ,generally for the well-ordering of such houses4 7,s4 #ha47 ,where it appears to any local authority that a common lodging-house is without a proper supply of water for the use of the lodgers1 and that such a supply can be furnished thereto at a reasonable rate1 the local authority may by notice in writing require the owner or keeper of such house1 within a time specified therein1 to obtain such supply1 and to do all works necessary for that purpose2 and if the notice be not complied with accordingly1 the local authority may remove such house from the register until it is complied with4 7,s4 #hb47 ,the keeper of a common lodging-house shall1 to the satisfaction of the local authority1 limewash the walls and ceilings thereof in the first week of each of the months of ,april and ,october in every year4 ,penalty for neglect1 #b or less4 7,s4 #hc47 ,the keeper of a common lodging-house in which beggars or vagrants are received to lodge shall from time to time1 if required in writing by the local authority so to do1 report to the local authority or to such person as the local authority direct1 every person who resorted to such house during the preceding day or night1 and for that purpose schedules shall be furnished by the local authority to the person so ordered to report1 which schedules he shall fill up with the information required1 and transmit to the local authority4 7,s4 #hd47 ,the keeper of a common lodging-house shall1 when a person in such house is ill of fever or any infectious disease1 give immediate notice thereof to the medical officer of health of the local authority1 and also to the poor-law relieving officer of the union or parish in which the common lodging-house is situated4 7,s4 #he47 ,the keeper of a common lodging-house1 and every other person having or acting in the care or management thereof1 shall1 at all times when required by any officer of the local authority1 give him free access to such house or any part thereof4 ,penalty for refusing such access1 #e or less4 7,s4 #hf47 ,any keeper of a common lodging-house1 or other person having or acting in the care or management thereof1 who---- #a4 ,receives any lodger in such house without the same being registered under this ,act2 or---- #b4 ,fails to make a report after he has been furnished by the local authority with schedules for the purpose1 in pursuance of this ,act1 of the persons resorting to such house2 or---- #c4 ,fails to give the notices required by this ,act1 where any person has been confined to his bed in such house by fever or other infectious disease1---- ,shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding #e1 and in the case of a continuing offence to a further penalty not exceeding #b for every day during which the offence continues4 7,s4 #hg47 ,in any proceedings under the provisions of this ,act relating to common lodging-houses1 if the inmates of any house or part of a house allege that they are members of the same family1 the burden of proving such allegation shall lie on the persons making it4 7,s4 #hh47 ,where the keeper of a common lodging-house is convicted of a third offence against the provisions of this ,act relating to common lodging-houses1 the ,court before whom the conviction for such third offence takes place may1 if it thinks fit1 adjudge that he shall not at any time within five years after the conviction1 or within such shorter period after the conviction as the court thinks fit1 keep1 or have1 or act in the care or management of a common lodging-house without the previous licence in writing of the local authority1 may withhold or grant on such terms or conditions as they think fit4 7,s4 #hi47 ,for the purposes of this ,act the expression #8common lodging-house' includes1 in any case in which only part of a house is used as a common lodging-house1 the part so used of such house4 ,bye-laws as to ,houses let as ,lodgings4 7,s4 #ij47 ,the ,local ,government ,board may1 if they think fit1 by notice published in the #8,london ,gazette1' declare the following enactment to be in force within the district or any part of the district of any local authority1 and from and after the publication of such notice such authority shall be empowered to make bye-laws for the following matter 7that is to say73 #a4 ,for fixing the number1 and from time to time varying the number1 of persons who may occupy a house or part of a house which is let in lodgings1 or occupied by members of more than one family1 and for the separation of the sexes in a house so let or occupied4 #b4 ,for the registration of houses so let or occupied4 #c4 ,for the inspection of such houses4 #d4 ,for enforcing drainage and the provision of privy accommodation for such houses1 and for promoting cleanliness and ventilation in such houses4 #e4 ,for the cleansing and limewashing at stated times of the premises1 and for the paving of the courts and courtyards thereof4 #f4 ,for the giving of notices and taking of precautions in case of any infectious disease4 ,this section shall not apply to common lodging-houses within the provisions of this ,act1 relating to such houses4 ,,log,,wood4 ,syn4 ,,campeachy ,,wood2 ,h,,matoxylum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,h,,matoxyli ,,lignum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,lignum ,,campechense1 ,l4 ,,campechianum1 ,l4 ,the heart-wood of ,hmatoxylon ,campechianum1 a native of the coast of ,campeachy1 but now common in the ,west ,indies and ,india4 ,it is a valuable astringent1 and its decoction1 extract1 and infusion are useful remedies in chronic diarrha and dysentery1 and in hmorrhages1 c4 ,the extract is an efficient substitute for catechu and kino4 ,logwood is extensively employed in dyeing and calico printing1 for the production of reds1 violets1 purples1 blacks1 drabs1 c4 ,it readily yields its colour both to spirit and boiling water4 ,the colouring matter requires a large quantity of water to dissolve it1 but when dissolved can be concentrated to any degree by boiling down4 ,the infusion is of a fine red1 turning on the purple or violet2 acids turn it on the yellow1 and alkalies deepen it4 ,to stuffs mordanted with alum it gives various shades of violet and purple1 according to the proportions of the materials4 ,by using solution of tin as the mordant1 various shades of red1 lilac1 and violet1 may be obtained4 ,the addition of a little ,brazil wood is commonly made to brighten the red4 ,with a mordant of sulphate or acetate of iron it dyes black2 and with the addition of a little sulphate of copper greys of various shades4 ,it is1 however1 chiefly employed1 in conjunction with gall-nuts1 for blacks1 to which it imparts a lustre and velvety appearance4 ,silk is usually turned through the cold decoction1 but for wool the decoction is used either hot or boiling4 ,logwood is one of the cheapest and most easily managed of the dye stuffs4 ,it is also used to make ink4 ,see ,,hematoxylin1 ,,ink1 c4 ,,lo,,hoch4 ,see ,,linctus4 ,,lor,,ica4 ,a species of lute applied as a coating to chemical vessels before exposing them to the fire4 ,its application is called ,,lorication4 ,see ,,lute4 ,,lo,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,lotio1 ,l4 ,an external application1 or wash1 consisting of water holding in solution medicinal substances4 ,lotions may be prepared of any soluble medicaments that are capable of exerting their action by contact with the skin4 ,writers on pharmacology have arranged them in classes1 as sedative1 anodyne1 stimulant1 c41 according to their effects4 ,sedative and refrigerant lotions are commonly employed to allay inflammation2----anodyne and narcotic lotions1 to relieve pain2----stimulant lotions1 to induce the maturation of tumours1 c42----detergent lotions1 to clean foul ulcers2----repellent and resolvent lotions1 to discuss tumours1 remove eruptions1 c42----counter-irritant lotions1 to excite a secondary morbid action1 with the intention of relieving one already existing4 ,lotions are usually applied by wetting a piece of linen with them and keeping it on the part affected2 or1 in slight cases1 by moistening the part with the fingers previously dipped into them4 ,lotions are more agreeable if made with rose water1 but are not thereby rendered more efficacious4 ,in all cases1 distilled water1 or filtered soft water1 is alone admissible as the solvent4 ,as lotions are1 in general1 mere extemporaneous or magistral preparations1 it will1 of course1 be only necessary here to give the formul for a few of those which are the most useful or the most frequently employed4 ,these will serve as examples from which others may be prepared4 ,as a general rule1 the medium dose of any substance dissolved in a fluid ounce of distilled water1 forms a lotion of the proper strength1 under all ordinary circumstances2 or1 what is the same thing1 the medium dose in grains1 taken in scruples1 is sufficient for a pint of such a lotion4 ,thus1 the dose of sulphate of zinc is #a to #c gr41 therefore---- 7#a #c7_/b #b gr41 which is the proportion of sulphate of zinc to be taken for #a fl4 oz4 of water1 or #dj gr4 for #a pint4 ,again1 the dose of bichloride of mercury is #a_/h to #c_/d gr42 therefore---- 7#a_/hc_/d7_/b #g_/af gr42 or nearly #a_/b gr4 per fl4 oz41 and #h-a_/b gr4 per pint4 ,in this method extreme or unusual doses1 as1 for instance1 those of sulphate of zinc1 as an emetic1 in poisoning1 c41 are not taken into the calculation4 ,in all cases in which lotions are intended for extremely susceptible parts1 it is proper to dilute them with an equal bulk of water4 ,when intended for eye-waters 7,,collyria71 they should be diluted with at least #c to #d times their bulk of water4 ,see ,,embrocation1 ,,liniment1 c4 ,lotion of ,acetate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,ammoni ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,solution of acetate of ammonia1 #a part2 water1 #b parts4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,solution of acetate of ammonia1 rectified spirit1 and water1 equal parts4 ,discutient and refrigerant4 ,in ordinary inflammations4 ,lotion of ,acetate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,plumbi ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,acetate of lead1 #a dr42 distilled water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,sometimes a little vinegar is added4 ,in excoriations1 burns1 sprains1 contusions1 c4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,diacetate ,,of ,,lead4 #b4 ,acetate of lead1 #b gr42 distilled water1 #a oz4 7,ophthalmic ,hospital47 ,lotion of ,acetate of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,hydrargyri ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,acetate of mercury1 #a scruple2 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,mix4 ,lotion of ,acetate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,zinci ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bral47 ,acetate of zinc1 #a-a_/b dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,astringent2 similar to lotion of sulphate of zinc4 #b4 ,acetate of zinc1 #a to #b gr42 water1 #a oz4 ,an astringent collyrium in ophthalmia1 and as injection in gonorrha after the acute stage has passed4 ,neither tincture nor wine of opium gives a precipitate with this lotion4 ,lotion1 ,acetic4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,aceti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vinegar1 #a part2 water1 #b or #c parts4 ,for bruises1 contusions1 c41 and as a general refrigerant application to sound parts4 #b4 ,vinegar1 #a fl4 oz42 cold water1 #a_/b pint2 as a wash in chronic ophthalmia1 c4 ,lotion1 ,acid4 ,see ,,lotions ,,of ,,acetic1 ,nitric1 and ,,phosphoric ,,acid1 c4 ,lotion of ,aconitine4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,aconitin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,turnbull47 ,aconitine1 #h gr42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz4 ,in neuralgia2 applied by means of a small piece of sponge mounted at the end of a stick4 ,it must never be employed when the skin is broken or abraded2 and it would be wise1 in most cases1 to dilute it with double its volume of proof spirit4 ,lotion1 ,alkaline4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,alkalina1 ,l4 ,,potass ,,carbonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from salt of tartar1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,stimulant and detergent4 ,diluted with an equal bulk of water1 it forms an excellent cosmetic wash to remove scurf from the hair4 ,sometimes it is made with almond milk instead of water4 ,lotion1 ,almond1 ,alkaline4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson74 ,syn4 ,solution of potash1 #d fl4 oz42 emulsion of bitter almonds1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,to remove the scurf in porrigo furfurans1 applied twice a day diluted with warm water4 ,lotion of ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,aluminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from alum1 #a-a_/b dr42 distilled or rose water1 #a pint4 ,astringent4 ,for sore gums1 nipples1 excoriations1 c4 ,lotion1 ,ammonio-,camphorated4 ,syn4 ,,aqua ,,sedativa1 ,l4 ,,eau ,,sedative ,,de ,,raspail2 ,,eau1 ,,ou ,,lotion ,,ammoniacale ,,camphr,e4 ,no4 #a4 ,liquor ammoni 7#ibc71 #f parts2 camphorated spirit1 #a part2 salt1 #f parts2 water1 #aj parts4 ,no4 #b contains #h parts1 and ,no4 #c #aj parts of ammonia4 ,lotion1 ,ammoniacal4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,ammoni1 ,l4 ,,ammoniacalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,liquor of ammonia1 #c fl4 dr42 cold water1 #e fl4 oz4 ,as a stimulant to indolent ulcers1 and in certain skin diseases4 #b4 7,swediaur47 ,liquor of ammonia1 spirit of thyme1 and spirit of camphor1 equal parts4 ,in headaches2 applied to the forehead and temples1 and in other cases1 as a counter-irritant4 ,in most cases it should be used diluted4 #c4 7,opiated----,dr ,kirkland47 ,sal volatile1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of opium1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,anodyne1 stimulant1 and resolvent4 ,lotion1 ,antiphlogistic4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,antiphlogistica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,copland47 ,solution of diacetate of lead1 #c fl4 dr42 solution of acetate of ammonia1 #b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,refrigerant1 sedative1 and repellant4 ,used to allay inflammation1 c4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,opium1 #b dr41 distilled vinegar1 #a_/b pint4 ,anodyne and refrigerant2 in swelled joints1 c4 ,lotion of ,arnica4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,arnic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of arnica1 #a fl4 dr42 rose water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in contusions1 bruises1 extravasations1 c4 #b4 7,niemann47 ,arnica flowers1 #a_/b oz42 hot vinegar1 #c fl4 oz42 boiling water1 #e fl4 oz41 infuse until cold1 and strain4 ,in acute hydrocephalus2 or with water1 q4 s4 to measure a pint1 as a common lotion4 ,lotion1 ,arsenical4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,arsenicalis1 ,l4 ,,acidi ,,arseniosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,arsenious acid1 #e gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,in psoriasis1 c4 #b4 7,compound----,m4 le ,febre47 ,arsenious acid1 #h gr42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add of extract of hemlock1 #a oz42 solution of diacetate of lead1 #c fl4 oz42 tincture of opium1 #a fl4 dr4 ,every morning1 in cancer4 ,lotion1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,astringens1 ,l4 ,see ,,lotions ,,of ,,alum1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,zinc1 c4 ,lotion1 ,barlow's4 ,prep4 ,from sulphuret of potassium 7in powder71 #c dr42 soap 7sliced71 #a-a_/b dr42 lime water1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz42 proof spirit1 #b fl4 oz4 ,in itch1 ringworm1 c4 ,lotion1 ,bateman's4 ,prep4 ,from bichloride of mercury1 #b gr42 compound spirit of lavender1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add of distilled water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in obstinate cutaneous eruptions1 more especially those of a papular character4 ,lotion of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,graefe47 ,extract of belladonna1 #a_/b dr42 dilute solution of diacetate of lead1 #a_/b pint4 ,applied to tumours and glandular enlargements4 ,lotion of ,benzoin4 ,,lotio ,,benzoini4 ,tincture of benzoin1 #a2 rose water1 #dj4 ,a nice lotion to protect the face from the heat of the sun4 ,lotion of ,bichloride of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,hydrargyri ,,bichloridi1 ,l4 ,h4 ,,chloridi ,,corrosivi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #e to #aj gr42 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,the addition of #e or #f gr4 of hydrochlorate of ammonia1 or as many drops of hydrochloric acid1 increases the solvent action of the water1 and renders the preparation less liable to change4 ,some persons dissolve the sublimate in #a or #b fl4 dr4 of rectified spirit before adding it to the water2 but this is unnecessary4 ,in obstinate eruptions1 glandular swelling1 obstinate sores1 c42 also as an injection4 #b4 7,good47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a dr42 sal ammoniac1 #b dr42 nitre1 #d dr42 water1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,in itch1 c4 ,for use1 it should be diluted with about #c times its bulk of water4 #c4 7,,lotio ,,hydrargyri ,,amygdalina----,st ,b4 ,hosp47 ,blanched bitter almonds1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 make an emulsion1 and add of bichloride of mercury 7dissolved in a little rectified spirit71 #aj gr4 ,this resembles ,,gowland',s ,,lotion1 and may be used for it4 ,lotion of ,bismuth4 ,,lotio ,,bismuthi4 ,nitrate of bismuth1 #f gr42 corrosive sublimate1 #a_/b gr42 spirits of camphor1 #a-a_/b minim2 water1 #a oz4 ,a soothing lotion in chronic skin affections4 ,lotion1 ,black4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,mercurial4 ,lotion of ,borax4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,boracis1 ,l4 ,,boracica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,abercrombie47 ,borax1 #b-a_/b dr42 distilled vinegar1 #a_/d pint4 ,in ringworm4 #b4 7,copland47 ,borax 7in powder71 #a dr42 rose water and orange-flower water1 of each #c fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,a fragrant and effective application to sore gums1 sore nipples1 excoriations1 c4 #c4 7,dr ,johnson47 ,borax1 #b dr42 precipitated chalk1 #a oz42 rose water and rectified spirit1 of each #c oz4 ,for sore nipples4 #d4 7,dr ,meigs47 ,borax1 #a_/b oz42 sulphate of morphia1 #f gr42 rose water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,to allay itching and irritation1 especially pruritus vulv4 #e4 ,borax1 #a2 rose water1 #bd4 ,cosmetic4 ,lotion1 ,bromine4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,brominii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,glover47 ,bromine1 #a dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,as an application to scrofulous ulcers4 ,lotion for ,burns4 ,see ,,liniment4 ,lotion1 ,camphorated4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,evaporating4 ,lotion of ,capsicum4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,griffith47 ,tinctures of capsicum and camphor1 of each #d fl4 oz42 liquor of ammonia1 #b fl4 oz4 ,a powerful rubefacient and counter-irritant4 ,lotion of ,carbolic ,acid4 7,mr ,lister47 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,acidi ,,carbolici4 ,prep4 #a part of acid in #bj of water is used to promote the healing of wounds1 abscesses1 ulcers and burns4 ,a weaker solution of #a in #dj is in common use in the ,london hospitals4 #e drops to #a fl4 oz4 of glycerin forms a good application to eruptions of the skin4 ,lotion of ,carbonate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,sod ,,carbonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from carbonate of soda1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,to allay itching and irritation4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,alkaline4 ,lotion of ,cherry ,laurel4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,lauro-,,cerasi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cherry-laurel water 7distilled71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #a_/b pint4 ,anodyne2 useful to allay irritation1 c4 ,some persons with delicate skin employ it as a wash after shaving4 #b4 ,cherry-laurel water 7distilled71 #d oz42 rectified spirit and ether1 of each #a fl4 oz42 extract of belladonna1 #b dr42 agitate well together in the cold4 ,an excellent application in neuralgia1 painful tumours1 c4 ,lotion for ,chilblains4 ,see ,,chilblain1 ,,liniment1 c4 ,lotion of ,chlorate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,sod ,,chloratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,darling47 ,chlorate of soda1 #e dr42 water1 #a_/b pint4 ,in pruritus1 c4 ,lotion of ,chloride of ,ammonium4 ,,lotio ,,ammonii ,,chloridi4 ,chloride of ammonium1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a oz42 water1 #aj oz4 ,to this vinegar is sometimes added4 ,used as a dressing for bruises4 ,see also ,,lotion ,,of ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,ammonia4 ,lotion of ,chloride of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,plumbi ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,tuson47 ,chloride of lead1 #a dr42 hot distilled water1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,in cancerous ulcerations1 painful neuralgic tumours1 c4 ,lotion of ,chloride of ,tin4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,stanni ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,nauche47 ,chloride of tin1 #a gr42 distilled water1 #b to #c fl4 oz4 ,in cancerous ulcerations4 ,lotion of ,chloride of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,zinci ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chloride of zinc1 #aj gr4 7or solution1 #a_/b fl4 dr472 water1 #a pint4 ,as a disinfectant and preventive lotion4 #b4 7,voght47 ,chloride of zinc1 #h gr42 extract of aloes1 #dj gr42 distilled water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in atonic and foul ulcers4 ,lotion1 ,chlorinated4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,chlorinata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,lotio ,,calcis ,,chlorinat47----a4 ,from chloride of lime1 #c dr42 water1 #a pint2 agitate together for some time1 and strain through muslin4 b4 7,derheims47 ,chloride of lime1 #a oz42 water1 #a quart2 triturate and filter4 #b4 7,,lotio ,,sod ,,chlorinat47 ,from chloride of soda1 as the last4 ,they are both excellent washes for foul ulcers1 the itch1 c42 and1 when diluted for the teeth1 to sweeten the breath1 remove the smell of tobacco smoke1 to prevent infection1 and for various purposes4 ,when intended for application to very tender or abraded surfaces1 they must be largely diluted with water4 ,lotion of ,chloroform4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,chloroformi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,chloroform 7pure71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 rectified spirit and cold distilled water1 of each #a_/b pint4 ,anodyne4 ,a piece of oiled silk should be laid over the rag to prevent evaporation4 ,the lotion made with water1 as commonly prescribed1 is inert4 ,lotion for ,corns4 ,see ,,corn4 ,lotion of ,creasote4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,creasoti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,creasote1 #b fl4 dr42 liquor of potassa1 #c fl4 dr42 water1 #a_/b pint4 #b4 ,creasote1 #c fl4 dr42 vinegar and water1 of each #a_/b pint4 ,in burns1 itch1 phagedenic ulcerations1 ringworm1 chancre1 c4 ,lotion of ,cyanide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,potassi ,,cyanidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,cazenave47 ,cyanide of potassium1 #aj gr42 emulsion of bitter almonds1 #f fl4 oz4 ,in chronic eruptions and other cases attended with much itching or irritation4 #b4 7,foy47 ,cyanide of potassium1 #h gr42 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in neuralgia1 acute rheumatism1 c42 applied by means of compresses of linen4 ,both the above are poisonous if swallowed4 ,lotion of ,delphinine4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,delphini1 ,,embrocatio ,d41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,delphinine1 #bj to #fj gr42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz4 ,used as ,,lotion ,,of ,,veratria4 ,lotion of ,diacetate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,goulard',s ,,lotion2 ,,lotio ,,plumbi ,,diacetatis1 ,l4 ,the dilute liquor of diacetate of lead 7,,liq4 ,,plumbi ,,diacetatis ,,dilutus----,ph4 ,l474 ,see ,,solution4 ,also ,solution of subacetate of lead 7,b4 ,p471 #c minims1 with #g minims to #a oz4 water4 ,lotion1 ,evaporating4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,evaporans1 ,l4 ,,vaporans1 ,l4 ,,spiritus ,,diluti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,copland47 ,sulphuric ether1 rectified spirit1 and solution of acetate of ammonia1 of each #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 rose water1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,rectified spirit1 #a part2 water1 #e parts4 #c4 7,erasmus ,wilson47 ,rectified spirit1 #a part2 water1 #d to #f parts4 #d4 7,,camphorated----,ware47 ,camphor1 #a_/b dr42 elder flowers1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #d oz42 digest #bd hours1 and strain4 ,obs4 ,the above are soothing and refrigerant1 if allowed to evaporate by free exposure2 stimulant1 if the evaporation is prevented by covering the part with the hand1 or a piece of oiled silk4 ,they are useful applications in nervous headaches1 restlessness1 itching and irritability of the skin1 c4 8,a little rose water added to the simple water makes an agreeable addition1 and sometimes camphor water 7julep71 or a little ,goulard's extract1 may be deemed advantageous1 when a greater degree of calming effect is required40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,eau de ,cologne1 diluted with an equal quantity of water1 is often used as an evaporating lotion4 ,lotion of ,gall-nuts4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,gall1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from gall-nuts 7bruised71 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse until cold1 and strain4 ,astringent4 ,an excellent application to sore nipples1 or to strengthen them before suckling2 spirit of wine1 #c fl4 oz41 may be advantageously added to the cold infusion1 and a like portion of water omitted1 ,see ,,decoction4 ,lotion of ,glycerin4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,glycerini1 ,l4 ,,glycerini1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,glycerin1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,to allay itching1 and remove dryness1 c41 in various skin diseases2 also in chaps of the nipples1 lips1 and hands4 ,for the latter purpose the addition of #b to #c dr4 of borax is recommended by some writers4 #b4 ,glycerin1 #a oz42 thick mucilage1 #b oz42 lime water1 #g oz4 ,in burns1 scalds1 chaps1 excoriations1 c4 #c4 7,startin47 ,glycerin1 #a oz42 extract of belladonna1 #a dr42 soap liniment1 #c oz42 triturate together4 ,in bruises1 sprains1 and swelled joints2 gouty1 neuralgic1 and rheumatic pains1 c4 #d4 7,startin47 ,trisnitrate of bismuth1 #a_/b dr42 tincture of foxglove and dilute nitric acid1 of each #a fl4 dr42 glycerin1 #d dr42 rose water1 #h-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,to allay the itching in prurigo1 and some other skin diseases4 ,obs4 ,various lotions may be prepared by dissolving active medicinal substances in glycerin4 ,lotion1 ,goulard's4 ,,see ,,lotion ,,of ,,diacetate ,,of ,,lead4 ,lotion1 ,gout4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,antarthritica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,glycerin1 #a oz42 extract of belladonna1 #c dr42 veratrine1 #aj gr41 dissolved in rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz42 mix1 and further add1 of water1 #ag fl4 oz4 ,it is poisonous if swallowed4 #b4 7#8,,scudamore',s ,g4 ,l4'7 ,from camphor mixture1 #i fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #c fl4 oz4 ,the above are applied on rags or compresses1 or are poured on the surface of poultices4 ,lotion1 ,gowland's4 ,this celebrated nostrum is prepared as follows3----,take of ,jordan almonds1 #a oz42 bitter almonds1 #a_/b oz42 blanch them1 and make an emulsion in soft water1 #a pint2 to this add of bichloride of mercury1 #ae gr42 previously dissolved in rectified spirit1 #b fl4 dr41 together with enough water to make the whole measure #a pint1 and put it into bottles4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is chiefly used as a cosmetic to improve the complexion2 and also as a wash for obstinate eruptions and minor glandular swellings and indurations4 ,as a beautifier of the complexion1 it is employed by simply wetting the skin with it1 either by means of the corner of a napkin or the fingers dipped into it1 after which it is gently wiped off with a dry cloth4 ,dr ,paris represents this nostrum to contain #a_/b dr4 of corrosive sublimate in every pint1 which is not the case4 ,lotion1 ,granville's ,counter-irritant4 ,see ,,liniment ,,of ,,ammonia 7,compound74 ,lotion1 ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,lotii ,,conii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,extract of hemlock1 #c dr42 opium1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 digest until cold1 and strain4 ,anodyne and resolvent2 in glandular enlargements1 painful ulcers1 cancer1 indurations1 rheumatism1 neuralgia1 c4 ,lotion1 ,hooping-cough4 7,struve's47 ,,lotio ,,antipertussica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,paris47 ,potassio-tartrate of antimony1 #a dr42 tincture of cantharides1 #a oz42 water1 #b oz4 ,this is a powerful counter-irritant1 and should be used with caution2 as it is apt to induce a troublesome eruption on the parts to which it is frequently applied4 ,lotion of ,hydrochlorate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,ammoni ,,hydrochloratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,weaker47 ,from sal ammoniac1 #a to #d dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,as a wash in itch1 ulcers1 tender feet1 swelled joints1 c4 #b4 7,,stronger47 ,from sal ammoniac1 #a to #b oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,in contusions1 chronic tumours1 extravasations1 chilblains1 c41 when the skin is not broken4 ,both are stimulant and resolvent or discutient4 ,vinegar is often substituted for the whole or part of the water1 and sometimes a fifth or sixth part of rectified spirit is added4 ,see also ,,lotion ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,ammonium4 ,lotion1 ,hydrochloric4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,acidi ,,hydrochlorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,in lepra1 and several other skin diseases4 #b4 7,foy47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a part2 water1 #af parts4 ,in chilblains1 when the skin is unbroken4 ,lotion1 ,hydrocyanic4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,hydrocyanici1 ,l4 ,,acidi ,,hydrocyanici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,magendie47 ,medicinal hydrocyanic acid1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 lettuce water1 #a pint4 ,in hepatic affections4 #b4 7,sneider47 ,medicinal acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #f fl4 oz4 #c4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,medicinal acid and rectified spirit1 of each #b fl4 dr42 acetate of lead1 #af gr42 distilled water1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in impetigo1 c4 ,obs4 ,lotions of prussic acid are employed to allay pain and irritation in various chronic skin diseases1 especially the scaly and itchy eruptions2 and in cancer1 c41 with variable success4 ,see ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 ,lotion of ,hyposulphite of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,sod ,,hyposulphitis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,startin47 ,hyposulphite of soda and alum1 of each #a-a_/b dr42 eau de ,cologne1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 rose water1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz42 in the advanced stages of acne4 ,lotion of ,iodide of ,arsenic and ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,arsenici ,,et ,,hydrargyri ,,hydriodatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from ,donovan's solution1 #a part2 water1 #i parts4 ,in lepra1 psoriasis1 and other scaly skin diseases4 ,see ,,solution4 ,lotion of ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,potassii ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from iodide of potassium1 #a to #b dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,in the usual cases in which ioduretted preparations are employed4 #b4 7,dr ,o4 ,ward47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 water1 #c_/d pint4 ,in itch4 7,see below47 ,lotion of ,iodide of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,zinci ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ross47 iodine1 #a-a_/b dr42 zinc filings1 #a dr42 water1 #h fl4 oz42 digest with heat until the liquid becomes coloured1 then filter4 ,in enlarged tonsils4 ,lotion of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,iodinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from iodine1 #b gr42 rectified spirit1 #a fl4 dr42 dissolve1 well agitate the solution with distilled water1 #a pint1 and filter4 ,an excellent wash for scrofulous ulcers1 and in chronic ophthalmia1 cutaneous scrofula1 and several chronic skin diseases1 particularly in highly sensitive habits4 ,lotion of ,iodine ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,iodi ,,comp41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodide of potassium1 #hj gr42 iodine1 #fj gr42 water1 #a oz4 #b4 7,cazenave47 ,iodide of potassium and iodide of sulphur1 of each #a dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,in itch2 either alone or diluted with an equal bulk of water4 #c4 7,dauvergne47 ,iodine1 #c dr42 iodide of potassium1 #f dr42 water1 #c fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and label the bottle ,no4 #a4 ,sulphuret of potassium1 #d oz42 water1 #h fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,for use1 a teaspoonful of ,no4 #a1 and a table-spoonful of ,no4 #b1 are to be added to about a pint of water4 ,in itch1 and several other skin diseases4 #d4 7,lugol47 ,iodine1 #a to #b gr42 iodide of potassium1 #c to #f gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,in scrofulous ophthalmia1 fistulas1 c42 and as a wash in numerous skin diseases4 #e4 7,righini47 ,chloride of lime1 #d dr42 water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 triturate together1 filter into a stoppered bottle1 and add of tincture of iodine1 #a dr4 ,with a pint of water it forms an effective application in itch4 #f4 7,soubeiran47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a oz42 iodine1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #f oz42 dissolve4 ,used as iodine paint2 also as a caustic to touch the surfaces of scrofulous ulcers1 and the eyelids in scrofulous ophthalmia4 #g4 ,iodide of potassium1 #a_/b dr42 iodine1 #af gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,this is the common and best form of iodine lotion1 but for certain purposes it is used much stronger4 7,see above47 ,lotion of ,iron with ,conium4 ,,lotio ,,ferri ,,cum ,,conio4 ,sulphate of iron1 #h gr42 extract of conium1 #h gr42 water1 #a oz4 ,lotion1 ,itch4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,antipsorica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cazenave47 ,sulphuret of potassium1 #a dr42 soft soap1 #b dr42 water1 #h fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,an excellent remedy for the itch4 ,it leaves little smell behind1 and does not soil the linen4 7,see above47 ,lotion1 ,kirkland's4 ,see ,,lotion ,,of ,,myrrh4 ,lotion of ,lemon ,juice4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,succi ,,limonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the freshly expressed juice of lemon1 diluted with #d or #e times its bulk of water4 ,to render it more agreeable1 rose water may be employed1 or a few drops of eau de ,cologne added4 ,it is cooling and detergent1 and forms an excellent application to foul ulcers1 and to allay the itching in numerous cutaneous affections4 ,lotion of ,lime ,water4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,calcis ,,spirituosa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,rectified spirit1 #d oz42 lime water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,see ,,evaporating ,,lotion 7above47 ,lotion1 ,mammillary4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,balsami ,,peruviani ,,composita1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,iverg47 ,balsam of ,peru1 #a dr42 yolk of #a egg2 make an emulsion1 and add of spirit of wild thyme1 #c fl4 oz4 ,for sore nipples2 to be followed1 whilst still wet1 by a #8dusting' with a powder composed of ,peruvian bark1 #a dr42 gum ,arabic1 #b dr4 ,lotion1 ,mercurial4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,black ,,wash1 ,,black ,,lotion1 ,,mild ,,phagedenic ,l42 ,,lotio ,,nigra 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,,hydrargyri ,,cinerea1 ,l4 ,h4 ,,nigra1 ,l4 ,h4 ,,chloridi ,,cum ,,calce1 ,l4 ,,mercurialis ,n41 ,,aqua ,,phaged,,nica1 ,,mitis1 ,l47 a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,from calomel1 #c gr42 lime water1 #a oz42 well shaken together4 b4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,to the last add of thick mucilage1 #a fl4 oz4 c4 7,guy's ,hospital47 ,from calomel1 #a dr41 lime water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,black wash is a favourite application to all kinds of syphilitic and scrofulous sores4 ,the bottle should be well shaken before the lotion is applied4 #b4 ,,yellow ,,wash1 ,y4 ,,lotion1 ,,phagedenic ,l42 7,,lotio ,,flava1 ,l4 ,,phaged,,nica1 ,,aqua ,p41 ,,lotio ,,hydrargyri ,,flava1 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bichloridi ,,cum ,,calce1 ,l47----a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #ah gr42 lime water1 #aj oz42 well shaken together4 b4 7,st ,b4 ,hosp47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #bj gr42 lime water1 #f fl4 oz4 ,used as the last1 but it is stronger and more active1 from containing a little undecomposed bichloride4 ,lotion of ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,kirkland',s ,,lotion2 ,,lotio ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,kirkland47 ,tincture of myrrh and lime water1 equal parts4 ,in scorbutic ulcers and gums4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,lotio ,,myrrh ,,composita1 ,l4----,ph4 ,chirur47 ,honey of roses and tincture of myrrh1 of each #b fl4 dr42 lime water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,as ,no4 #a2 also used as a dentifrice4 ,lotion of ,nitrate of ,bismuth4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,bismuthi ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,subnitrate or trisnitrate of bismuth1 #a_/b dr42 corrosive sublimate1 #ab gr42 spirit of camphor1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,in itch1 and some other eruptions4 ,lotion of ,nitrate of ,silver4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,argenti ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate of silver1 #ae gr42 nitric acid1 #aj drops2 distilled water1 #a_/b pint4 ,as a wash for indolent ulcers1 sore legs1 c4 #b4 7,jackson47 ,nitrate of silver1 #aj gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,for bed-sores2 applied1 at first1 twice or thrice a day4 #c4 7,schreider47 ,nitrate of silver1 #a_/b dr42 nitric acid1 #aj drops2 water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in chilblains1 soft corns1 c4 ,lotion of ,nitrate of ,silver 7,strong74 ,,lotio ,,argenti ,,nitratis ,,fortis4 ,nitrate of silver1 #fj gr42 distilled water1 #a oz4 ,lotion of ,nitrate of ,silver1 ,etherial4 ,,lotio ,,argenti ,,nitratis ,,therea4 ,nitrate of silver1 #bj gr42 distilled water1 #a dr42 spirit of nitrous ether1 #a oz4 ,lotion of ,nitre4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,potass ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #c dr42 vinegar1 #a_/d pint2 water1 #c_/d pint4 #b4 ,nitre1 #b dr42 sal ammoniac1 #a dr42 vinegar and water1 of each #a_/b pint4 ,in sprains1 contusions1 extravasations1 tender feet1 chilblains1 c4 ,diluted with an equal bulk of water1 it is a popular application to #8black eyes4' ,lotion of ,nitric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,acidi1 ,l4 ,,acidi ,,nitrici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,nitric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,in lepra1 and other scaly skin diseases4 #b4 7,phbus47 ,nitric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 rose water1 #a_/b pint4 ,for venereal ulcers4 ,lotion of ,nitromuriatic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,lotion ,,of ,,aqua ,,regia4 ,prep4 7,copland47 ,nitromuriatic acid1 #a-a_/d dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,in gangrene and mortification4 ,lotion of ,nux ,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,alcoholic extract of nux vomica1 #aj gr42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in amaurosis4 #b4 7,radius47 ,alcoholic extract of nux vomica1 #h gr42 liquor of ammonia 7stronger71 #a_/b fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz4 ,in paralysed limbs4 ,lotion of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,opii1 ,l4 ,,opiata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,christison47 ,opium1 #dj gr42 water1 #a_/d pint2 infuse1 add to the filtered liquid a solution of sugar of lead1 #dj1 in water1 #a_/d pint1 and filter4 #b4 7,st ,b4 ,hosp47 ,opium1 #a-a_/b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 triturate and strain4 ,anodyne2 the first is also refrigerant and discutient4 ,lotion of ,oxide of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,zinci ,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,augustin47 ,oxide of zinc1 #a dr42 elder-flower water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in pustular erysipelas4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,oxide of zinc1 #a_/b dr42 mucilage1 #b fl4 dr42 water1 #f fl4 dr4 ,as an astringent and desiccant1 in scrofulous eruptions1 excoriations1 moist chaps1 c4 ,lotion1 ,phagedenic4 ,see ,,mercurial ,,lotion 7above74 ,lotion of ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,acidi ,,phosphorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pereira47 ,dilute phosphoric acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #a_/b pint4 ,in caries and fistula4 ,lotion of ,potassa4 ,see ,,lotio ,,potass1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from liquor of potassa1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,detergent2 in scorbutic eruptions1 and foul ulcers1 and to prevent infection4 ,lotion of ,potassio-tartrate of ,antimony4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,antimonialis1 ,l4 ,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,tartratis1 ,l4 ,,rubefaciens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tartar emetic1 #a dr42 tincture of camphor1 #b fl4 dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,as a local stimulant4 ,diluted with twice or thrice its weight of water1 it is employed as a collyrium in chronic ophthalmia1 and in specks on the cornea4 #b4 7,sir ,wm4 ,blizard47 ,tartar emetic1 #bj gr42 boiling water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,used to cleanse foul ulcers1 to repress fungous growths and warts1 and in ringworm1 c4 #c4 7,pereira47 ,tartar emetic1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,employed as a local irritant instead of the ointment4 ,all the above are rubefacient and counter-irritant4 ,see ,,antimony4 ,lotion of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,quin1 ,,embrocatio ,q41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from disulphate of quinine1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz4 ,applied over the spine in intermittents4 ,lotion1 ,saponaceous4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,,saponacea 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from liquor of carbonate of potassa1 #a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #d oz42 rose water1 #ab oz42 agitate together4 ,emollient2 chiefly as a cosmetic4 ,lotion1 ,saviard's4 ,prep4 7,foy47 ,caustic potassa1 #a dr42 camphor1 #bj gr42 sugar1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,as a wash for indolent ulcers4 ,lotion1 ,struve's4 ,see ,,hooping-,,cough ,,lotion4 ,lotion of ,sulphate of ,copper4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,cupri ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,blue vitriol1 #a dr42 camphor julep1 #a pint4 ,for phagedenic ulcers1 and in itch1 c4 #b4 7,dr ,graves47 ,sulphate of copper1 #aj gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in chilblains1 ringworm1 c4 #c4 7,lloyd47 ,sulphate of copper1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,in itch2 either alone or diluted4 ,lotion of ,sulphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,ferri ,,sulphatis4 ,sulphate of iron1 #b gr42 water1 #a oz4 ,lotion of ,sulphate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,zinci ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #c_/d dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,astringent2 in some chronic skin diseases1 as a wash for loose1 flabby granulations1 and for ulcers that discharge profusely1 c4 #b4 7,collier47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #b dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,as a counter-irritant in pains of the joints1 periosteum1 old sprains1 c4 ,lotion of ,sulphuret of ,sodium4 7,dr ,barlow47 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,sodii ,,sulphureti4 ,prep4 ,sulphide of sodium1 #b dr42 white soap1 #b-a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #b dr42 lime water1 #g oz4 ,for ringworm4 ,lotion of ,tannin4 7,mr ,druitt47 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,tannini4 ,prep4 ,tannic acid1 #e gr42 distilled water1 #a oz42 mix4 ,on lint1 covered with oil silk1 to sore nipples4 ,lotion of ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,saunders47 ,quicklime1 #f oz42 water1 #b-a_/b pints2 slake1 add of tar1 #d oz41 and boil to one half4 ,this liquid may be advantageously employed in various chronic skin diseases1 especially those affecting the heads of children4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,tar4 ,lotion of ,valerian4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,valerian1 ,,embrocatio ,,antihysterica1 ,e4 ,,emmenagoga1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tincture of valerian and proof spirit1 equal parts4 ,in hysteria1 suppressions1 c4 ,lotion of ,veratrine4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,veratri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,veratrine1 #bj to #fj gr42 rectified spirit1 #b oz4 ,in gout1 rheumatism1 c4 ,it is extremely poisonous1 and must only be used where the skin is sound1 and then with great caution4 ,lotion of ,verdigris4 ,syn4 ,,lotio ,,ruginis1 ,l4 ,,cupri ,,citratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from verdigris1 #c dr42 vinegar1 #a_/d pint2 water1 #c_/d pint4 ,as a wash for indolent1 scrofulous1 and venereal ulcers4 ,lotion of ,vinegar4 ,see ,,acetic ,,lotion 7above74 ,lotion1 ,yellow4 ,see ,,mercurial ,,lotion 7above74 ,,louse4 ,syn4 ,,pediculus4 ,there are several species of this offensive parasite infesting the bodies of man and domesticated animals4 ,the three varieties of lice found on the human skin are3----7#a7 ,the ,pediculus corporis1 7#b7 the ,p4 capitis1 7#c7 the ,p4 pubis4 7#a47 ,the ,p4 corporis1 the body louse1 is of a dirty white colour1 and varies from half to two lines in length4 ,its body is broad and elongated1 with the margins divided into lobes1 and covered with minute hairs2 but it has a narrow thorax1 furnished on each side with three legs1 which terminate in claws4 ,this creature produces great irritation of the skin1 giving rise to a number of little pimples on it1 which frequently discharge a watery fluid4 ,it multiplies with extraordinary rapidity4 7#b47 ,the ,p4 capitis1 the head louse1 is much smaller than the above4 ,it is devoid of hairs1 with legs large in proportion to its body4 ,it gives rise to a very troublesome eruption1 attended with a watery discharge4 ,it is propagated by means of the ova or nits1 which are glued to the hairs of the head4 7#c47 ,the ,p4 pubis1 the crab louse1 is a small1 round variety1 which attaches itself with considerable tenacity to the hairs of the stomach and lower part of the body more particularly1 and1 like the preceding parasite1 glues its eggs to the hairs4 ,various applications have been recommended for the destruction of these loathsome parasites2 amongst which we may mention sulphur1 stavesacre1 white precipitate1 and cocculus indicus1 in the form of ointments2 carbolic acid and perchloride of mercury lotions1 and tobacco4 ,benzoic acid has been found of service in allaying the irritation4 ,diligent washing with soap and water should be had recourse to previous to applying any of the above remedies1 and should the head be infested1 the hair should be cut short1 and frequently combed with a small toothcomb4 ,pediculi are sometimes conveyed from filthy to cleanly persons by means of dirty water-closets1 chairs1 sheets1 brushes and combs1 and in various other ways4 ,school children frequently obtain them in consequence of their heads being brought into too close contact with the heads of other children infested by them4 ,,loz,,enge4 ,syn4 ,,troche2 ,,trochiscus1 ,,tabella1 ,l42 ,,tablette1 ,fr4 ,a small cake1 often medicated1 consisting principally of powdered sugar1 made into a mass with some glutinous liquid1 without the aid of heat1 and dried4 ,the form given to lozenges 7,,troche1 ,,tabell1 ,,trochisci1 ,,tablettes7 is generally that of a small round tablet or flattened cylinder2 but originally they were exclusively made in the shape of a lozenge or rhomb1 from which circumstance their familiar name is derived4 ,,lozenges are distinguished from ,,drops ,,or ,,pastilles by the non-employment of heat in their preparation2 and from ,,pastes1 by the latter being formed of vegetable juice or pulp1 and having a softer consistence4 ,in the preparation of lozenges the dry ingredients1 separately reduced to a very fine powder1 are first perfectly mixed together1 and then beaten into a stiff paste with the glutinous liquid employed to give them form2 the mass is next rolled out to a desired thickness1 and cut into pieces of the proper shape by means of a small cylinder or punch of steel or tin-plate1 called a #8lozenge-cutter4' ,the newly formed lozenges are lastly dried by placing them on an inverted sieve or frame covered with paper in a dry1 warm1 and airy situation1 and are frequently turned until they become hard and brittle1 due care being taken to preserve them from dust and dirt4 ,to prevent the mass adhering to the fingers and utensils during the process of manufacture1 a little finely powdered starch1 or a very little olive oil1 scented with the same aromatic as that contained in the lozenges1 may be used4 ,mucilage of gum ,arabic or of gum tragacanth1 thin isinglass size1 or the strained white of egg1 are the substances usually employed to make the pulverulent materials adhere together4 ,a strained decoction of ,irish moss is now frequently used for the same purpose1 for inferior qualities4 ,the larger the proportion of gum which enters into the composition of lozenges1 the slower they dissolve in the mouth2 hence powdered gum is frequently added to the other materials to increase their quality in this respect1 as well as to give an additional solidity to those which1 like chalk1 for instance1 are of a peculiarly dry or crumbly nature4 ,starch and potato flour are often added to lozenge-masses in lieu of a portion of the sugar1 and even plaster of ,paris is not unfrequently employed to give them weight2 frauds which are readily detected in the manner noticed under ,,gum and ,,sugar4 ,as a general rule1 ,,medicated ,,lozenges should weigh from #h to #aj gr4 each1 and a medium dose of their active ingredient should be distributed through the bulk of #f to #h of them1 in which case #c to #e of them may be safely taken as a dose1 or sucked during the lapse of #c or #d hours4 ,this will be useful in the preparation of those for which no established proportions are given4 ,in #8sending out' compounds of this class containing active medicaments1 as morphia or opium1 the retailer as well as the manufacturer should be careful that the quantity contained in each lozenge is plainly marked on the label4 ,in lozenges intended for ,,mouth ,,cosmetics or to perfume the breath1 ambergris is generally regarded as the most appropriate perfume2 but hard smokers frequently prefer cloves and cinnamon1 and some ladies give the preference to roses1 orange flowers1 and orris or violets4 ,lozenges are coloured with the same stains as are used for liqueurs and sweetmeats4 ,lozenges1 as well as all other similar articles of confectionery1 should be preserved in well-closed glass bottles1 or jars1 or in tin canisters1 so as to be perfectly excluded from the air and damp4 ,lozenges1 ,absorbent4 ,,trochisci ,,antacidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of precipitated chalk1 #a_/d lb42 gum ,arabic1 #b oz42 double refined white sugar1 #ad oz42 all in impalpable powder2 oil of nutmeg1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 pass the mixture through a fine sieve1 beat it up with mucilage q4 s41 roll the mass into a thin sheet1 and cut it into lozenges2 lastly1 dry them by exposing them on a sheet of white paper to the air1 out of contact with dust4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting heavy carbonate of magnesia1 #a-a_/b oz41 for an equal weight of chalk4 ,in diarrha1 heartburn1 acidity1 c4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,chalk1 ,,magnesia1 ,l41 ,,soda1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,acacia4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,gum4 ,lozenges1 ,acidulated4 ,syn4 ,,acidulated ,,lemon ,,lozenges1 ,,tartaric ,,acid ,l42 ,,trochisci ,,acidi ,,tartarici 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tartaric acid1 #b dr42 oil of lemon1 #aj drops2 white sugar1 #h oz42 mucilage1 q4 s4 to make a lozenge mass4 ,the same ingredients mixed with heat form ,,acidulated or ,,acid ,,drops4 ,both are useful in coughs1 hoarseness1 sore throats1 c4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,cayenne1 ,,citric ,,acid1 ,,rose1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,alkaline4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,soda1 ,,vichy1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,aluminis1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a-a_/b gr4 of alum4 ,as an astringent4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,astringent4 ,lozenges1 ,aniseed4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,anisi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of aniseed1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 finest white sugar1 #a lb42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,carminative and stomachic4 ,in colic1 griping1 c42 and as a pectoral4 ,lozenges1 ,anthelmintic4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,worm4 ,lozenges1 ,antimonial4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,antimoniales1 ,,morsuli ,,stibii ,,kunkelii1 ,l42 ,,tablettes ,,de ,,kunkel1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,levigated sulphuret of antimony and cardamom seeds1 of each #a oz42 almonds 7blanched71 #b oz42 cinnamon1 #a_/b oz42 sugar1 #ac oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 to be divided into #ae-;gr4 lozenges4 ,as an alterative4 ,lozenges1 ,aperient4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,aperientes1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 each of calomel and scammony1 and #b gr4 of jalap2 or1 instead of the last1 #a_/d gr4 of jalapine4 #b to #c for a dose4 ,lozenges1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,astringentes1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a-a_/b gr4 of alum and #b gr4 of catechu4 ,in spitting of blood1 relaxed uvula1 sore throat1 c4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,alum4 ,lozenges1 ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,cinchon1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,cinchona1 #b oz42 cinnamon1 #b dr42 white sugar1 #ad oz42 mucilage of gum tragacanth1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #af-;gr4 lozenges4 ,tonic4 ,lozenges1 ,bath4 ,syn4 ,,dawson',s ,,lozenges4 ,from extract of liquorice and gum ,arabic1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 sugar1 #ag oz4 ,it is both rolled into lozenges and formed into pipes4 ,demulcent2 in tickling coughs1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,benzoic ,acid4 7,th4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,acidi ,,benzoici4 ,prep4 ,benzoic acid in powder1 #age gr42 tragacanth in powder1 #gj gr42 refined sugar in powder1 #bhj gr42 red currant paste1 a sufficient quantity to make #a lb4 ,divide into #cej lozenges1 and dry at a moderate heat in a hot-air chamber4 ,a valuable stimulant and voice lozenge in nervomuscular weakness of the throat4 ,lozenges1 ,bicarbonate of ,soda4 ,,trochisci ,,sod ,,bicarbonatis4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 in powder1 #cfjj gr4 7#h-a_/d oz472 refined sugar1 #be oz42 gum acacia1 in powder1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz42 distilled water1 #a oz42 mix1 and form in #gbj lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #e gr4 of bicarbonate of soda4----,dose1 #a to #f lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,bismuth4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,bismuthi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,subnitrate of bismuth1 #cdf gr42 carbonate of magnesia1 #d oz42 precipitated chalk1 #f oz42 sugar1 #bi oz42 gum acacia1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz42 rose water1 a sufficiency2 make #gbj lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #b gr4 of subnitrate of bismuth4----,dose1 #a to #f lozenges4 #b4 7,trousseau47 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of subnitrate of bismuth4 ,tonic and antispasmodic2 in chronic dyspepsia1 gastrodynia1 nausea1 cramp of the stomach1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,black ,currant4 ,,trochisci ,,ribis ,,nigri1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from inspissated juice of black currants and sugar1 of each1 in powder1 #a lb42 tartaric acid1 #a_/d oz42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,in hoarseness1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,borax4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,boracis1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #c gr4 of borax4 ,one occasionally in aphthous sore mouth1 sore throat1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,bromide of ,ammonium4 ,each lozenge contains #b gr4 of bromide of ammonium4----,dose1 #a to #c lozenges4 ,in hooping-cough4 ,lozenges1 ,burnt ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,spongi1 ,t4 ,s4 ,,ust1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,burnt sponge1 #d oz42 sugar1 #ab oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 divide into #ab-;gr4 lozenges4 ,in scrofula1 glandular enlargements1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,cacao4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,butyri ,,cacao1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a-crd of its weight of pure cacao butter4 ,in habitual constipation2 and in phthisis1 scrofula1 c41 instead of cod-liver oil2 taken ad libitum4 ,they are usually scented with roses4 ,lozenges1 ,caffeine4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,caffein1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/d gr4 of caffeine and #a_/b gr4 of citric acid4 ,in hemicrania1 hypochondriasis1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,calomel4 ,syn4 ,,worm ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,calomelanos1 ,t4 ,,hydrargyri ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of calomel4 ,alterative1 c4 ,they afford a simple way of introducing mercury into the system4 ,during their use salt food and acid liquors should be avoided4 ,when given for worms they should be followed1 in a few hours1 by a purge4 ,lozenges1 ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,camphor1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #c_/d gr4 of 7finely powdered7 camphor4 ,they must be kept in a well-corked bottle4 ,lozenges of ,carbolic ,acid4 7,th4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,acidi ,,carbolici4 ,prep4 ,carbolic acid1 #cej gr42 gum ,arabic1 #bbj gr42 refined sugar1 #ab-a_/b oz42 mucilage1 #a oz42 distilled water q4 s4 to make #a lb4 ,divide into #cej lozenges1 and finish as with benzoic acid lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,carbonate of ,lime4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,chalk4 ,lozenges1 ,catechu4 ,syn4 ,,cachou ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,catechu 7,b4 ,p471 ,t4 ,,de ,,terra ,,japonica1 ,l42 ,,tablettes ,,de ,,cachou1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,catechu1 #b oz42 tragacanth1 #a_/b oz42 white sugar1 #ab oz42 rose water1 q4 s4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,extract of catechu1 #d oz42 sugar1 #af oz42 mucilage of gum tragacanth q4 s42 for #aj-;gr4 lozenges4 #c4 7,,tro4 ,,catechu ,,et ,,magnesi----,p4 ,cod47 ,magnesia1 #b oz42 powdered catechu1 #a oz42 sugar1 #ac oz42 mucilage of gum tragacanth 7made with cinnamon water71 q4 s4 to mix4 #d4 7,,perfumed47 ,see ,,cachou ,,aromatis and ,,pastils4 #e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pale catechu1 in powder1 #gbj gr42 refined sugar1 in powder1 #be oz42 gum ,arabic1 in powder1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz42 distilled water1 a sufficiency2 divide into #gbj lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of catechu4----,dose1 #a to #c lozenges4 ,obs4 ,all the above are taken in diarrha1 in relaxation of the uvula1 in irritation of the larynx1 and as cosmetics to fasten the teeth1 and disguise a fetid breath4 ,the one containing magnesia 7,no4 #c7 is also sucked in dyspepsia1 acidity1 and heartburn4 ,lozenges1 ,cayenne4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,flavoured with essence or tincture of capsicum or cayenne1 with a very concentrated ,chili vinegar1 or a little pure soluble cayenne pepper4 #b4 7,,acidulated47 ,to each lb4 add of tartaric acid1 #a_/b oz4 ,both are used in dyspepsia1 and to promote digestion and create an appetite4 ,they have also been recommended in temporary deafness arising from exposure to cold4 ,they are generally tinged of a light pink or red colour4 ,lozenges1 ,chalk4 ,syn4 ,,heartburn ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,cret2 7,ph4 ,e471 ,t4 ,,cardialgici1 ,,tabell ,,cardialgic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,prepared chalk1 #d oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 nutmeg1 #a dr42 white sugar1 #f oz42 rose or orange-flower water1 q4 s4 ,antacid and absorbent4 #c or #d sucked ad libitum2 in heartburn1 dyspepsia1 diarrha1 acidity of the stomach and bowels1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,charcoal4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,carbonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prepared charcoal1 #d oz42 white sugar1 #ab oz41 mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,in diarrha1 cholera1 dyspepsia1 c4 #b4 7,,tro4 ,,carbonas ,,cum ,,chocolat----,m4 ,chevallier47 ,charcoal and white sugar1 of each #a oz42 chocolate1 #c oz42 mucilage of gum tragacanth1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,nutritious2 used as the last4 ,lozenges1 ,ching's ,worm4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,yellow47 ,from saffron1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse1 strain1 add1 of calomel1 #a lb42 powdered white sugar1 #bh lbs42 mix well1 make a mass with mucilage of tragacanth1 and divide it into #gjjj lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of calomel4 #b4 7,,brown47 ,from calomel1 #g oz42 resinous extract of jalap1 #c-a_/b lbs42 white sugar1 #aj lbs42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #fabe lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/b gr4 of calomel and #c-a_/b gr4 of resinous extract of jalap4 #a to #f of the yellow lozenges over night1 as a vermifuge1 followed by an equal number of the brown ones the next morning fasting4 ,lozenges1 ,chlorate of ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,potass ,,chloratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,each lozenge contains #a-a_/b gr4 of chlorate of potassa4 ,in phthisis1 sore throat1 c4 #f to #ab a day4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,chlorate of potash1 in powder1 #cfjj gr4 7#h-a_/d oz472 refined sugar1 in powder1 #be oz42 gum acacia1 in powder1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz41 distilled water1 #a oz41 or a sufficiency2 mix the powders1 and add the mucilage and water to form a proper mass2 divide in #gbj lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #e gr4 of chlorate of potash4----,dose1 #a to #f lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,chloride of ,ammonium4 ,each lozenge contains #b to #c gr4 of chloride of ammonium4 ,used in bronchitis4----,dose1 #b to #d lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,chloride of ,gold4 #a4 7,,trochisci ,,auri ,,chloridi1 ,l47 ,each lozenge contains #a_/dj gr4 of neutral chloride of gold4 #b to #d daily2 in scrofula1 cancer1 c4 #b4 7,with ,,soda2 ,,trochisci ,,auri ,,et ,,sodii ,,chloridi1 ,t4 ,,sodii ,,auro-,,chloridi1 ,l4----,chrestien47 ,each lozenge contains #a_/afth gr4 of soda-chloride of gold4 ,two daily2 as the last4 ,lozenges1 ,chloride of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,calcis ,,chloridi1 ,t4 ,c4 ,,chlorinat1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/d gr4 of dry chloride of lime4 ,they are frequently tinged with a little carmine4 ,used to sweeten the breath and whiten the teeth4 ,they do not keep well4 ,lozenges of ,chlorinated ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,sod ,,chlorinat4 ,prep4 ,solution of chloride of soda1 #a fl4 dr42 sugar1 #aj dr42 gum ,arabic1 #b dr42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 7#a_/b dr4 of camphor may be added74 ,to be held in the mouth during infection4 ,lozenges1 ,chocolate4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,chocolat1 ,l4 ,from vanilla chocolate pressed into sheets1 and cut into pieces whilst hot4 ,lozenges1 ,cinchona4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,cinchon ,,extracti1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a-a_/b gr4 of dry extract of bark4 ,a little cinnamon or nutmeg is often added4 ,see ,,bark ,,lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,cinnamon4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,cinnamoni1 ,l4 ,from cinnamon 7in fine powder71 #a oz41 or the essential oil1 #a fl4 dr41 to each lb4 of sugar4 ,carminative and stomachic4 ,,cassia ,,lozenges are made in the same way1 and are frequently substituted for them4 ,lozenges1 ,citrate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ferri ,,citratis1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a-a_/b gr4 of ammonio-citrate of iron4 ,as a mild chalybeate tonic4 ,they are sometimes made with equal parts of sugar and vanilla chocolate4 ,lozenges1 ,citrate of ,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,magnesi ,,citratis1 ,l4 ,each #ae-;gr4 lozenge contains #e gr4 of pure citrate of magnesia4 ,laxative4 ,lozenges1 ,citric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,acidi ,,citrici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,citric acid1 #c dr42 sugar1 #af oz42 essence of lemon1 #af drops2 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #ab-;gr4 lozenges4 ,in coughs1 hoarseness1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,clove4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,caryophilli1 ,l4 ,from cloves 7powdered along with sugar71 #b oz41 or essential oil1 #a fl4 dr41 to each lb4 of sugar4 ,they are frequently coloured4 ,carminative and stomachic2 also used as a restorative after fatigue1 added to chocolate to improve its flavour1 and sucked to sweeten the breath4 ,lozenges1 ,cough4 ,syn4 ,,pectoral ,,lozenges1 ,,pulmonic ,l42 ,,trochisci ,,anticatarrhales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,black-currant lozenge-mass1 #a lb42 ipecacuanha 7in very fine powder71 #b dr4 ,for #ab-;gr4 lozenges4 #b4 ,to the last add of powdered opium and camphor1 #a-a_/b dr4 #c4 ,to either ,no4 #a or #b add of oil of aniseed1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 #d4 7,,tablettes ,,de ,,tronchin47 ,from powdered gum ,arabic1 #h oz42 oil of aniseed1 #af drops2 extract of opium1 #ab gr42 kermes mineral1 #a dr42 pure extract of liquorice1 #b oz42 white sugar1 #cb oz42 water1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #aj-;gr4 lozenges4 #e4 7,,tablettes ,,de ,,vandamme47 ,from benzoic acid1 #a dr42 orris powder1 #b dr42 gum ,arabic 7powdered71 #a oz42 starch1 #b oz42 sugar1 #af oz42 water1 q4 s42 mix and divide into #ae-;gr4 lozenges4 #f4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/b gr4 of lactucarium1 #a_/h gr4 of powdered ipecacuanha1 and #a_/ab gr4 of powdered squills1 together with #a_/crd of their weight of pure extract of liquorice4 ,obs4 ,to render the above serviceable in coughs1 hoarseness1 c41 the bowels should be kept gently open with some mild aperient1 and a light diet adopted1 with abstinence from stimulating liquors4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,emetine1 ,,ipecacuanha1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,crotonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,croton oil1 #e drops2 powdered starch1 #dj gr42 white sugar1 #a dr42 chocolate1 #b dr42 divide into #cj lozenges2 #e or #f generally prove cathartic4 ,lozenges1 ,cubebine4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,cubebini1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,hamb47 ,copaiba and extract of cubebs1 of each #f oz42 yolks of #c eggs2 mix1 add of powdered marshmallow root1 #f oz42 make it into pipes of #ab gr4 each1 and roll them in sugar4 ,in gleet1 c41 and in affections of the mucous membranes of the throat and fauces4 ,lablonye orders them to be made of sugar1 and flavoured with oil of peppermint4 ,lozenges1 ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,spitta47 ,cubebs1 #b dr42 balsam of tolu1 #f gr42 mix1 and add of extract of liquorice1 #a oz42 syrup of tolu1 #a dr42 powdered gum1 q4 s42 divide into #aj-;gr4 lozenges4 ,one of these1 allowed to melt gradually in the mouth1 is said to alleviate the obstruction in the nose1 in coryza4 #b4 7,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,oleoresin of cubebs1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 o4 m42 oil of sassafras1 #a fl4 dr42 extract of liquorice in powder1 #d oz42 gum ,arabic in powder1 #c oz42 sugar in fine powder1 #c oz42 syrup of tolu1 q4 s4 ,divide into #dhj lozenges4 ,lozenges of ,cyanide of ,gold4 7,chrestien47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,auri ,,cyanidi4 ,prep4 ,cyanide of gold1 #b gr42 chocolate paste1 #a oz4 ,made into #bd lozenges4 ,from #a to #d in the day4 ,lozenges1 ,d,arcet's4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,vichy4 ,lozenges1 ,digestive4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,rhubarb1 ,,ginger1 ,,candy1 ,,digestive1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,edinburgh4 ,prep4 ,from extract of poppies1 #b oz42 powdered tragacanth1 #d oz42 sugar1 #aj oz42 rose water1 q4 s4 to form a lozenge-mass4 ,lozenges1 ,emetine4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,emetin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47----#a4 ,from impure or coloured emetine1 #cb gr4 7or pure emetine1 #h gr472 white sugar1 #b oz42 mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix2 divide into #fd lozenges4 ,emetic4----,dose1 #a for a child1 and #d for an adult4 ,they are generally tinged of a pink colour with carmine4 #b4 ,from impure or coloured emetine1 #cb gr4 7or pure emetine1 #h gr472 sugar1 #d oz42 mucilage1 q4 s42 divide into #bef lozenges4 ,pectoral4 ,one every hour1 or oftener1 for an adult4 ,the last are intended to take the place of ipecacuanha lozenges1 but are rather stronger4 ,lozenges1 ,escharotic4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,escharotici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #b dr42 starch1 #d dr42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #c-;gr4 oat-shaped granules4 ,for external use only4 ,see ,,caustic 7,zinc74 ,lozenges1 ,ferrocyanide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ferri ,,ferrocyanidi1 ,t4 ,c,,rulei1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a-a_/b gr4 of pure ,prussian blue4 ,alterative1 febrifuge1 and tonic2 in epilepsy1 intermittents1 diseases of the ganglionic system1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,fruit4 ,prep4 ,from juice of black currants 7boiled to the consistence of an extract71 #a lb42 juice of red currants 7similarly treated71 #a_/b lb42 powdered gum tragacanth1 #a_/d lb42 sugar1 #c lbs42 raspberry syrup1 q4 s42 pear essence1 a few drops4 ,resemble black currant lozenges1 but are more agreeable4 ,lozenges1 ,garana4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,paullinia4 ,lozenges1 ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the best unbleached ,jamaica ginger and gum ,arabic1 of each1 in very fine powder1 #a-a_/b oz42 double refined lump sugar1 #a lb42 rose water 7tinged with saffron71 q4 s4 ,a still finer quality may be made by using an equivalent proportion of essence of ginger1 instead of the powder4 ,inferior qualities are prepared with coarser sugar to which some starch is often added4 ,ginger lozenges are carminative and stomachic1 and are useful in flatulency1 loss of appetite1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,auri1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/af gr4 of pulverulent gold4 ,lozenges1 ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,acaci 7,ph4 ,e471 ,t4 ,,gummi ,,arabici1 ,t4 ,,gummosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,gum ,arabic1 #d oz42 starch1 #a oz42 white sugar1 #ab oz4 7all in very fine powder72 rose water1 q4 s4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,gum ,arabic1 #a lb42 sugar1 #c lbs42 orange-flower water1 #b fl4 oz4 #c4 7,transparent47 ,from the same materials1 but employing a gentle heat4 ,demulcent2 used to allay tickling coughs4 ,lozenges1 ,guaiacum4 7,th4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,guaiaci4 ,prep4 ,guaiacum resin in powder1 #gjj gr42 tragacanth1 #gj gr42 sugar1 #bhj gr42 black currant paste1 q4 s4 ,divide into #cej lozenges1 and finish as benzoic acid lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,gum ,tragacanth4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,tragacanth1 ,t4 ,,gummi ,t41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,compound powder of tragacanth1 #c oz42 sugar1 #ab oz42 rose water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,resemble the last1 but are more durable in the mouth4 ,lozenges1 ,heartburn4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,chalk1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,iceland ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,lichenis1 ,l4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,contain half their weight of dried and powdered lichen jelly4 ,resemble gum lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,indian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,cannabis1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,indici1 ,l4 7,ebriard47 ,each lozenge contains #a_/ab gr4 of extract of ,indian hemp4 ,lozenges1 ,iodide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ferri ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/b gr4 of dry iodide of iron4 #ab to #bj daily2 in amenorrha1 chlorosis1 scrofulous debility1 c4 ,they are generally flavoured with a little nutmeg or cinnamon4 ,lozenges1 ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,potassi ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of iodide of potassium1 flavoured with nutmeg or cinnamon4 #aj to #ae daily2 in scrofula1 indurations1 c4 ,one of the best ways of taking iodide of potassium4 ,lozenges1 ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ipecacuanh21 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix ipecacuanha in powder1 #ahj gr42 refined sugar in powder1 #be oz42 gum acacia in powder1 #a oz42 add mucilage of acacia1 #b fl4 oz41 and distilled water1 #a oz41 or sufficient to form a proper mass4 ,divide into #gbj lozenges1 and dry in a hot-air chamber with a moderate heat4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/d gr4 of ipecacuanha4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod41 ,hamb4 do41 and ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,each lozenge contains #a_/d gr4 of ipecacuanha4 #c4 7,,tro4 ,,ipecac4 ,,cum ,,camphor47 ,each lozenge contains #a_/b gr4 of camphor1 and #a_/d gr4 of ipecacuanha4 #d4 7,,tro4 ,,ipecac4 ,,cum ,,chocolat----,p4 ,cod47 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of ipecacuanha1 and #ab gr4 of chocolate la vanilla4 ,the above are pectoral and expectorant1 and are very useful in tickling and chronic coughs1 hoarseness1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,ipecacuanha and ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ipecacuanh ,,et ,,morphi 7,b4 ,p474 ,each lozenge contains #a_/ab gr4 ipecacuanha and #a_/cf gr4 hydrochlorate morphia4----,dose1 #a to #f lozenges4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,morphia ,,and ,,ipecacuanha4 ,lozenges1 ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ferri1 ,t4 ,,chalybeati1 ,l4 #a4 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of ,quevenne's iron4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,reduced ,,iron4 #b4 7,,tro4 ,,ferri ,,carbonatis47 ,each lozenge contains #a-a_/b gr4 of saccharine carbonate of iron4 ,they are both mild and excellent chalybeates4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,steel4 ,lozenges1 ,jujube4 ,see ,,paste1 ,,jujube4 ,lozenges1 ,kermes ,mineral4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,kermetis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,each lozenge contains #a_/f gr4 of kermes mineral1 and about #c_/d gr4 of gum1 made up with sugar and orange-flower water4 ,diaphoretic and expectorant4 #b4 7,compound47 ,as the last1 but with the addition of #a_/f gr4 of opium1 #a_/d gr4 of squills1 and #a_/b gr4 of ipecacuanha4 ,anodyne and expectorant2 both are very useful in catarrhs4 ,lozenges1 ,lactate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ferri ,,lactatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cap47 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of lactate of iron4 ,tonic4 ,useful in debility1 accompanied with a diseased state of the organs of digestion4 ,lozenges1 ,lactic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,acidi ,,lactici1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of lactic acid to about #ab gr4 of sugar4 ,they are best flavoured with vanilla or nutmeg4 ,in dyspepsia1 c41 especially in gouty subjects4 ,those prepared by ,magendie's formul contain a larger proportion of acid1 but are much too sour for frequent use4 ,lozenges1 ,lactucarium4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,lactucarii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,prepared with lactucarium in the same manner as the opium lozenges1 ,ph4 ,e4 ,each of these lozenges contains from #a_/f to #a_/g gr4 of lactucarium4 ,anodyne and demulcent4 ,used to allay tickling coughs1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,lavender4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,lavandul1 ,l4 ,from #c_/d fl4 dr4 of ,mitcham oil of lavender to each lb4 of sugar1 and tinged red with liquid lake or carmine2 or violet1 with litmus or indigo4 ,used chiefly to scent the breath4 ,those of the shops are generally deficient in odour4 ,lozenges1 ,lemon4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,limonis1 ,t4 ,,limonum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 of oil of lemon to each lb4 of double refined white sugar4 #b4 7,acidulated47 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,citric and ,,tartaric4 ,obs4 ,lemon lozenges and drops are agreeable sweetmeats1 and those that are acidulated are often very useful to promote expectoration in coughs1 c4 ,the last are also made into drops as well as lozenges1 when they form the #8,,acidulated ,,lemon ,,drops' of the shops4 ,those that are made of citric acid are by far the most wholesome4 ,both lemon lozenges and drops are generally coloured with infusion of saffron or turmeric4 ,lozenges1 ,lettuce4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,lactuc1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from extract of lettuce1 extract of liquorice1 gum1 and sugar1 equal parts4 ,anodyne and demulcent2 in obstinate cough without expectoration4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,lactucarium4 ,lozenges1 ,lichen4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,iceland ,,moss4 ,lozenges1 ,liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,black ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,glycyrrhiz1 ,t4 ,g4 ,,glabr1 ,t4 ,,bechici ,,nigri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,extract of liquorice and gum acacia1 of each #f oz2 white sugar1 #ab oz42 dissolve in water1 q4 s42 evaporate into a paste1 and form into lozenges4 ,pectoral and demulcent4 ,useful to allay tickling coughs and remove hoarseness4 #b4 7,with ,,opium47 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,opium4 ,lozenges1 ,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,heartburn ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,magnesi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #f oz42 powdered white sugar1 #c oz42 oil of nutmeg1 #bj drops2 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 to mix4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,calcined magnesia1 #d oz42 sugar1 #ab oz42 nutmeg1 #a dr42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 for #aj-;gr4 lozenges4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,calcined magnesia1 #c oz42 powdered gum tragacanth1 #a oz42 double refined lump sugar1 #c_/d lb42 rose or orange-flower water1 q4 s4 to make a lozenge mass4 ,obs4 ,magnesia lozenges are very useful in heartburn1 acidity1 and indigestion4 ,the confectioners generally omit the nutmeg1 and make their mucilage with either rose or orange-flower water1 or else add the dry gum to the mass1 and then mix up the powders with one or other of these liquids4 ,it is also an improvement to use calcined magnesia1 which is about twice as strong as the carbonate1 and consequently less need be employed4 ,lozenges1 ,manna4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,mann1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,powdered tragacanth1 #a dr42 white sugar1 #ab oz42 manna1 #c oz42 orange-flower water1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,demulcent1 and in large numbers slightly laxative4 ,lozenges1 ,marshmallow4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,alth1 ,l42 ,,tablettes ,,de ,,guimauve1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,marshmallow root 7decorticated and finely powdered71 #b oz42 sugar1 #ad oz42 mucilage of tragacanth 7made with orange-flower water71 q4 s4 ,demulcent and expectorant4 ,useful to allay the irritation in cough1 c4 ,the preparations of marshmallow have always been highly esteemed as pectorals by the vulgar4 ,lozenges1 ,minium4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,minii 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from red lead1 #a dr42 corrosive sublimate1 #b dr42 crumb of bread1 #a oz42 rose water1 q4 s42 to be made up into oat-like grains4 ,for external use only4 ,lozenges1 ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,morphi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,t4 ,m4 ,,hydrochloratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #bj gr42 tincture of tolu1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 powdered white sugar1 #be oz42 dissolve the hydrochlorate in a little warm water1 mix it with the tincture and the sugar1 make a mass with mucilage of gum tragacanth1 q4 s41 and divide it into #ae-;gr4 lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains about #a_/dj gr4 of hydrochlorate of morphia4 ,used as opium lozenges1 but are pleasanter4 ,the morphia lozenges of the shop generally contain #a_/bd gr4 of hydrochlorate of morphia4 7,pereira47 #b4 7,with ,,ipecacuanha1 ,,trochisci ,,morphi ,,et ,,ipecacuanh----,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last1 adding of ipecacuanha1 #a dr4 ,each lozenge contains about #a_/dj gr4 of hydrochlorate of morphia1 and #a_/ac gr4 of ipecacuanha4 ,anodyne and expectorant2 in tickling coughs1 c41 and to allay pain4 #c4 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #bj gr42 tincture of tolu1 #a_/b oz42 refined sugar1 in powder1 #bd oz42 gum ,arabic1 in powder1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz41 or a sufficiency2 boiling distilled water1 #a_/b oz4 ,divide the mass into #gbj lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/cf gr4 of hydrochlorate of morphia4----,dose1 #a or #b occasionally1 for cough4 ,lozenges1 ,morphia and ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,morphi ,,et ,,ipecacuanh 7,b4 ,p47 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #bj gr42 ipecacuanha1 in fine powder1 #bd oz42 tincture of tolu1 #a_/b oz42 refined sugar1 in powder1 #bd oz42 gum ,arabic1 in powder1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz41 or a sufficiency2 distilled water1 #a_/b oz42 divide the mass into #gbj lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/cf gr4 of hydrochlorate of morphia and #a_/ab gr4 of ipecacuanha4----,dose1 #a or #b occasionally1 for cough4 ,lozenges of ,naphthalin4 7,dupasquier47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,naphthalini4 ,prep4 ,naphthalin1 #e scruples2 sugar1 #bj oz42 oil of aniseed to flavour2 form a mass with mucilage of tragacanth1 and divide into lozenges of #ae gr4 each4 ,expectorant1 and may be taken to the extent of #bj a day4 ,lozenges1 ,nitre4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,nitrici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #aghc47 ,nitre1 #c oz42 white sugar1 #i oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,diuretic2 but chiefly sucked1 without swallowing1 to remove incipient sore throat4 #b4 ,camphorated2 ,,trochisci ,,nitri ,,camphorati1 ,l4----,chaussier4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/h gr4 of opium1 #a_/b gr4 of camphor1 and #a gr4 of nitre4 ,in hoarseness1 sore throat1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,nutmeg4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,myristic1 ,l4 ,from oil of nutmeg1 #a fl4 dr41 to each lb4 of sugar1 and coloured with infusion of saffron4 ,carminative and stomachic2 in colic1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,anodyne ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,opii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,t4 ,,glycyrrhiz ,,cum ,,opio1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e47 ,opium 7strained71 #b dr42 tincture of tolu1 #a_/b oz42 triturate together1 add of powdered sugar1 #f oz42 extract of liquorice 7soft7 and powdered gum acacia1 of each #e oz42 mix1 and divide into #aj-;gr4 lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/f to #a_/g gr4 of opium4 ,used to allay tickling cough and irritation of the fauces1 and as an anodyne and hypnotic4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,opium 7in fine powder71 #b dr42 extract of liquorice1 gum ,arabic1 and sugar1 of each #e oz42 oil of aniseed1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 water1 q4 s42 divide into #f-;gr4 lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/aj gr4 of opium4 ,as the last4 #c4 ,extract of opium1 #gb gr42 tincture of tolu1 #a_/b oz42 refined sugar 7in powder71 #b oz42 extract of liquorice1 #f oz42 distilled water1 a sufficiency4 ,divide the mass into #gbj lozenges4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/aj gr4 of extract of opium4----,dose1 #a to #b lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,orange4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,from oil of orange1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 to each lb4 of sugar1 and infusion of saffron for colouring4 ,by adding nitric or tartaric acid1 #c dr4 #8,,acidulated ,,orange ,,lozenges' will be formed4 ,lozenges1 ,orange-flower4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,aurantii ,,florum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,powdered sugar1 #a lb42 neroli1 #a dr42 orange-flower water1 q4 s42 make it into drops 7pastilli72 or1 omit the water1 and make it into lozenges with mucilage of tragacanth made with orange-flower water4 ,delightfully fragrant4 ,lozenges1 ,orris-root4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,iridis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from orris-root 7in very fine powder71 #a oz42 sugar1 #a lb42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,used to perfume the breath4 ,lozenges ,oxalate of ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,potass ,,oxalatis1 ,t4 ,p4 ,,super-,,oxalatis1 ,l4 ,as ,,acidulated ,,lozenges1 but using quadraoxalate of potassa 7salt of sorrel7 instead of tartaric acid4 7,see below47 ,lozenges1 ,oxalic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,acidi ,,oxalici1 ,l4 ,as ,,acidulated ,,lozenges1 but using oxalic acid instead of tartaric acid4 ,the last two are refrigerant1 but their use is objectionable1 especially for patients who labour under the oxalic diathesis4 ,in large quantities they are poisonous4 ,lozenges1 ,paregoric4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,paregorici1 ,l4 ,medicated with #b fl4 oz4 of paregoric and #b dr4 of tartaric acid1 to each lb4 of sugar1 and tinged of a pink colour with lake or cochineal4 ,as a pectoral in catarrhs1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,paullinia4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,paullini1 ,t4 ,,guaran1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,gavrelle47 ,each lozenge contains nearly #a_/b gr4 of extract of garana or paullinia1 and is flavoured with vanilla4 #ab to #bj daily1 as an alterative and tonic2 in chlorosis1 diarrha4 ,lozenges1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,pectorales1 ,t4 ,,bechici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,grunn47 ,powdered squills1 #d parts2 extract of lettuce1 #h parts2 ipecacuanha1 #ah parts2 manna1 #abe parts2 sugar1 #bej parts2 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 to mix4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,emetine4 #c4 7,,black2 ,t4 ,,bechici ,,nigri47 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,liquorice4 #d4 7,,white2 ,t4 ,,bechici ,,albi47 ,orris root1 #d dr42 liquorice powder1 #f dr42 starch1 #a-a_/b oz42 sugar1 #ah oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 to make a lozenge-mass4 #e4 7,,yellow2 ,t4 ,,bechici ,,flavi47 ,powdered orris root1 #f dr42 starch1 #d dr42 liquorice powder1 #c dr42 saffron1 #b dr42 sugar1 #h oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,obs4 ,all the above are used as demulcents in coughs1 colds1 c4 ,nos4 #a and #b are anodyne as well as demulcent4 ,for other formul see ,,lozenges1 ,,cough1 ,,liquorice1 ,,opium1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,pellitory4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,pyrethri1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from pellitory1 mastic1 and tragacanth1 of each in fine powder1 equal parts2 orange-flower water1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,in toothache4 ,lozenges1 ,peppermint4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,menth ,,piperit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,oil of peppermint1 #a dr42 powdered sugar1 #af oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,oil of peppermint1 #a fl4 dr42 sugar1 #ab oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 #c4 7,wholesale47 #a fl4 dr4 of the finest ,mitcham oil of peppermint to each lb4 of the finest double refined white sugar1 with mucilage of either gum ,arabic or tragacanth to mix4 ,obs4 ,the best peppermint lozenges are made of the very finest double refined sugar and of ,english oil of peppermint only2 carefully mixed up with very clean mucilage4 ,the commoner qualities are made by employing inferior lump sugar and foreign oil of peppermint1 or1 what is better1 ,english oil of peppermint1 but in a less proportion than for the better sorts4 ,the addition of starch1 in quantity varying from #a_/f to #b_/i of the whole mass1 is also commonly made to them2 and in the cheapest varieties even plaster of ,paris or chalk is occasionally introduced by unprincipled makers4 ,the addition of a very small quantity of blue smalts1 reduced to an impalpable powder1 is commonly made to the sugar1 to increase its whiteness4 #8,,transparent' or #8,,semi-,,transparent ,,peppermint ,,lozenges' are made from the same materials as the opaque ones2 but the sugar is not reduced to quite so fine a powder1 and the cake is rolled thinner before cutting it4 ,a little oil of almonds or of olives is also occasionally mixed with the ingredients1 to promote the transparency2 but it tends to render the lozenges less white4 ,peppermint lozenges and drops are useful in flatulency1 nausea1 and griping2 and judging from the enormous and constantly increasing demand for them1 they are more highly esteemed by the public than all other lozenges and confections4 ,lozenges1 ,pontefract4 ,these are made of the purest refined juice or extract of liquorice1 and have long been esteemed as a demulcent4 ,lozenges1 ,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,papaveris1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from extract of poppies1 #c oz42 sugar1 #ae oz42 powdered gum tragacanth1 #b oz42 rose water1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,used in coughs as an anodyne and demulcent1 in lieu of opium lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,pulmonic4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,cough1 ,,pectoral1 ,,wafers1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,trochisci quinin sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,each lozenge contains about #a_/aj gr4 of sulphate 7disulphate7 of quinine4 ,tonic and stomachic in dyspepsia1 c42 but to render them useful1 the quantity of the alkaloid should be doubled4 ,lozenges1 ,reduced ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ferri ,,redacti4 7,b4 ,p47 ,reduced iron1 #gbj gr42 refined sugar1 in powder1 #be oz42 gum ,arabic1 in powder1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz42 distilled water1 #a oz41 or a sufficiency4 ,mix the iron1 sugar1 and gum1 and add the mucilage and water to form a proper mass4 ,divide into #gbj lozenges1 and dry them in a hot-air chamber with a moderate heat4 ,each lozenge contains #a gr4 of reduced iron4----,dose1 #a to #f lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,reduced ,iron1 with ,chocolate4 7,bouchardat47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,chocolat ,,et ,,ferri4 ,prep4 ,fine chocolate1 #ad oz42 iron reduced by hydrogen1 #a oz4 ,soften the chocolate by heat1 mix with the iron1 and divide into lozenges of #ae-a_/b gr4 each4 ,levigated iron filings are sometimes substituted for the reduced iron2 others direct the peroxide4 ,lozenges of ,rhatany4 7,th4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,krameri4 ,prep4 ,extract of rhatany in powder1 #ajej gr42 tragacanth1 #gj gr42 sugar1 #bhj gr42 red currant paste1 q4 s4 ,mix1 and divide into #cej lozenges1 and finish as in benzoic acid lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,digestive ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,rhei1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,powdered rhubarb1 #a oz42 sugar1 #aa oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 divide into #ab-;gr4 lozenges4 ,stomachic and laxative4 ,sucked before dinner1 they excite the appetite1 and1 after it1 promote digestion4 ,they are frequently aromatised with a little cinnamon or vanilla4 ,see ,,candy 7,digestive74 ,lozenges1 ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ros1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,acidulated2 ,t4 ,r4 ,,acid47 ,from otto1 #e to #aj drops2 citric or tartaric acid1 #c dr42 sugar1 #a lb42 mucilage1 q4 s4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdf47 ,red-rose leaves 7powdered71 #a oz42 sugar1 #ab oz42 mucilage1 q4 s4 #c4 7,p,,te ,,de ,,rose ,,lozenges47 ,as ,no4 #a1 omitting one half of the acid4 #d4 7,,red2 ,t4 ,r4 ,,rubri47 ,as ,no4 #a2 but coloured with liquid lake1 or infusion of cochineal4 ,obs4 ,some makers add of starch1 #d oz41 substitute oil of rhodium for otto of roses1 and use mucilage made with rose water2 but the quality of course suffers4 ,they are chiefly used to perfume the breath4 ,lozenges1 ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,croci1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from hay saffron 7in fine powder71 #a oz42 white sugar1 #a lb42 mucilage of gum tragacanth1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,anodyne1 pectoral1 and emmenagogue2 but chiefly used to raise the spirits in hypochondriasis4 ,lozenges1 ,santonine4 ,syn4 ,,tasteless ,,worm ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,santonini1 ,l4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/b gr4 7nearly7 of santonine4 #e to #aj daily1 as a vermifuge4 ,lozenges1 ,scammony4 7,bourires47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,scammonii4 ,prep4 ,resin of scammony1 #d dr42 calomel1 #d dr42 sugar1 #f oz42 tragacanth1 #a_/b dr42 tincture of vanilla1 #dj minims4 ,make into #cjj lozenges4 #a or #b for a child2 #b to #d for an adult4 ,lozenges1 ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,sod ,,bicarbonatis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #a oz42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #a_/b oz42 sugar1 #c oz42 mucilage1 q4 s4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from bicarbonate of soda and powdered gum tragacanth1 of each #b oz42 double refined lump sugar1 #c_/d lb42 rose water1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,in acidity1 heartburn1 c4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,vichy4 #c4 7,with ,,ginger72 ,,trochisci ,,sod ,,et ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,to the last1 add of ginger 7in very fine powder71 #a-a_/b oz42 powdered gum1 #a_/b oz4 ,lozenges of ,soluble ,tartar4 7,guibort47 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,tartari ,,solubilis4 ,prep4 ,borotartrate of potash1 #a oz42 sugar1 #g oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 flavoured with lemon4 ,lozenges1 ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,scill1 ,l4 #a4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/h gr4 of powdered squills and #b gr4 of extract of liquorice4 #b4 7,with ,,ipecacuanha72 ,,trochisci ,,scill ,,et ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,as the last1 adding for each lozenge #a_/d gr4 of powdered ipecacuanha4 ,both the above are useful cough lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,starch4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,alimy1 ,t4 ,,bechici ,,albi4 ,l4 ,see ,,pectoral ,,lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,steel4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,ferri1 ,t4 ,,chalybeati1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,levigated iron filings1 #a oz42 sugar1 #aj oz42 cinnamon1 #b dr42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #dhj lozenges4 ,tonic4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,iron4 ,lozenges1 ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,sulphuris1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from sulphur 7pure precipitate71 #b oz42 sugar1 #af oz42 mucilage of tragacanth 7made with rose water71 q4 s4 to mix4 ,useful in piles and some skin diseases4 ,lozenges1 ,tannic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,acidi ,,tannici 7,b4 ,p47 ,tannic acid1 #cfj gr42 tincture of tolu1 #a_/b oz12 refined sugar1 #be oz42 gum acacia1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #b oz42 distilled water1 #a oz4 ,dissolve the tannic acid in the water2 add first the tincture of tolu previously mixed with the mucilage1 then the gum and the sugar1 also previously well mixed4 ,form the whole into a proper mass1 divide into #gbj lozenges1 and dry them in a hot-air chamber with a moderate heat4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/b gr4 of tannic acid4----,dose1 #a to #f lozenges4 ,lozenges1 ,tartaric ,acid4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,acidulated4 ,lozenges1 ,tolu4 ,syn4 ,,balsamic ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,tolutani1 ,t4 ,,balsamic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,balsam of tolu and rectified spirit1 of each #a oz42 dissolve1 add of water1 #b fl4 oz41 heat the mixture in a water bath1 and filter2 make a mucilage with the filtered liquid1 and gum tragacanth 7in powder71 #hj gr42 add of sugar1 #af oz42 make a mass1 and cut it into lozenges4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,as the last1 but using only one half the weight of balsam of tolu4 ,pectoral and balsamic4 ,lozenges1 ,tronchin's4 ,syn4 ,,tablettes ,,de ,,tronchin1 ,fr4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,cough4 ,lozenges1 ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,vanill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,essence of vanilla1 #c fl4 dr41 to each lb4 of sugar4 #b4 7,guibourt47 ,from vanilla triturated to a fine powder with #g times its weight of sugar4 ,antispasmodic1 nervine1 and stomachic4 ,used to sweeten the breath1 to flavour chocolate1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,vichy4 ,syn4 ,d',,arcet',s ,,lozenges2 ,,trochisci ,,sod1 ,l42 ,,pastilles ,,de ,,vichy1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #a oz42 powdered sugar1 #ai oz42 mucilage of gum tragacanth1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #bj-;gr4 lozenges4 #b4 7,d',arcet47 ,as the last1 adding a little oil of peppermint to give a slight flavour4 ,antacid or absorbent2 in heartburn1 c4 ,lozenges1 ,violet4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,viol1 ,t4 ,,violarum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,orris lozenges coloured with the juice of violets4 ,lozenges1 ,wistar's ,cough4 ,prep4 ,gum ,arabic1 extract of liquorice1 and sugar1 of each #b-a_/b oz42 powdered opium1 #a dr42 oil of aniseed1 #dj drops2 for #fj lozenges4 ,one1 three or four times a day4 ,lozenges ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,anthelmintici1 ,,morsuli ,,contra ,,vermes1 ,l4 ,most of the advertised nostrums under this name have a basis of calomel 7about #a gr4 per lozenge71 and require to be followed by a purge a few hours afterwards4 #a4 7,ph4 ,austr4 #ahcf47 ,ethereal extract of wormseed1 #a dr42 jalap1 starch1 and sugar1 of each #b dr42 mucilage of gum tragacanth1 q4 s42 divide into #fj lozenges4 #b4 7,ph4 ,dan4 #ahdj47 ,wormseed1 #a oz42 ethiops mineral and jalap1 of each #c dr42 cinnamon1 #b dr42 sugar1 #g oz42 rose water1 q4 s4 ,see ,,lozenges1 ,,calomel1 ,,ching',s1 ,,santonin1 c4 7above74 ,lozenges1 ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,trochisci ,,zinci1 ,t4 ,z4 ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copland47 ,each lozenge contains #a_/b gr4 of sulphate of zinc4 ,antispasmodic1 expectorant1 and tonic1 and in quantity emetic4 ,,lubricating ,,compounds4 ,see ,,anti-,,attrition4 ,,lu,,cifers4 ,see ,,matches4 ,,lumba,,go4 ,rheumatism of the loins4 ,it is distinguished from nephritis1 or inflammation of the kidneys1 by the pain being aggravated on stooping4 ,the treatment consists of strong stimulant embrocations or liniments1 or of blisters over the parts affected1 with active aperients1 warmth1 and diaphoretics 7as ,dover's powder7 at bedtime4 ,the hot or vapour bath often gives almost immediate relief4 ,see ,,liniment ,,of ,,belladonna and ,,chloroform4 ,see ,,rheumatism4 ,,lu,,minous ,,phial4 ,see ,,phosphorus4 ,,lu,,na1 ,,cornea4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,horn ,,silver4 ,fused chloride of silver4 ,,lu,,nar1 ,,caustic4 ,fused nitrate of silver4 ,see ,,caustic and ,,silver4 ,,luncheons1 ,,hot1 by the ,river ,side4 ,we extract the following from #8,land and ,water'3----8,in cold weather1 by river side or on mountain or moor1 when not too far from home1 a hot lunch is often a desideratum1 but one not easily accomplished without a more or less complicated apparatus and the trouble of lighting a fire----often an impossibility from the want of dry wood4 ,a hot1 substantial meal at the end of a hard day's work is often difficult to get when the time of return home may depend entirely on the humour of the fish2 and for either purpose nothing will beat the homely ,hot ,pot1 or #8,pat de ,lancashire1' as ,i have seen it pretentiously termed1 though the latter name does not convey any of the comforting1 cheering sensation to the inner man contained in the simpler denomination4 ,i have never seen a good recipe for it1 so append my own4 ,take a strong glazed earthenware jar of a cylindrical form1 ten inches deep and twelve broad4 ,at the bottom of this place a layer1 about an inch thick1 of potatoes cut into pieces1 sprinkle with a little salt2 on these place a layer of four or five mutton chops1 season with salt and pepper1 and a teaspoonful of ,worcester sauce4 ,pour in enough broth1 stock1 or water to nearly cover the chops2 then add another layer of potatoes 7rather thicker than the first71 on which place two or three chops1 and two kidneys1 cut into smallish pieces for the sake of the gravy4 ,if mushrooms are procurable1 add a few with each layer of meat1 or1 in place of these1 a few oysters4 ,season1 and continue the meat and potatoes in alternate layers until within an inch of the top1 when cover with small potatoes whole1 or large ones cut into halves or quarters2 bake slowly in the oven till the potatoes are quite soft inside1 and brown and well cooked at the top1 when the dish is ready4 ,if it is not wanted at once1 it may easily be kept hot1 and the addition of a little stock will prevent its getting dry4 ,to serve out-of-doors1 wrap up in cloths1 and carry in a small hamper lined with straw1 when it will keep steaming hot for an hour or more4 ,one of the great excellences of this dish lies in the fact that all the aroma of the meat is retained1 while the potatoes absorb any superfluous gravy4 ,sliced onions will improve the flavour for those who like them1 especially when mushrooms cannot be got4 ,i have tested the appreciation of this dish among a grouse-driving party on the ,yorkshire moors on a raw ,december day1 and there was no dissentient voice as to its merits when thankfully discussed over the subsequent pipe4 ,i have found it not ungrateful1 after a long day's fishing1 nearly up to my waist in water1 when the dinner ordered for six1 with a view of taking an evening basket1 would have been ruined before my arrival at eleven1 had it consisted of aught else2 nay1 ,i have assisted at more than one bachelor supper in chambers1 where it formed the dish of the evening1 and mid-day1 evening1 or night ,i have always found it good40 ,,lungs4 ,in anatomy1 the organ of respiration occupying the thorax or chest4 ,see ,,respiration4 ,,lu,,pulin4 ,syn4 ,,lupulina1 ,,lupuline4 ,under this name two products are known1 namely1 #a4 7,,lupulinic ,,grains1 ,l4 ,,glands47 ,the yellow powder obtained from the dried strobiles or catkins of the hops1 by gently rubbing and sifting them4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 as an anodyne1 tonic1 c4 #b4 ,the aromatic bitter principle of hops4 ,prep4 ,the aqueous extract of the yellow powder or lupulinic grains of the strobiles1 along with a little lime1 are treated with rectified spirit2 the filtered tincture is evaporated to dryness1 redissolved in water1 and the solution is again filtered1 and evaporated to dryness2 the residuum is1 lastly1 washed with ether1 and allowed to dry4 ,prop41 c4 ,the latter product is a yellowish-white1 bitter1 uncrystallisable substance1 soluble in #bj parts of water1 very soluble in alcohol1 and slightly so in ether4 ,the yellow powder above alluded to 7,no4 #a7 is improperly called lupulin2 a name which appears more appropriate to the pure bitter principle than to the lupulinic grains4 ,adult4 ,the lupulin sold to brewers is largely adulterated with quassia4 ,in some samples1 lately examined1 the quassia amounted to #gj per cent4 ,,lu,,pus4 ,in pathology1 a disease affecting the skin1 remarkable for eating away the parts which it attacks with extreme rapidity4 ,it is generally confined to the face1 and commences with small1 spreading ulcerations1 which become more or less concealed beneath bran-like scabs1 and end in ragged ulcers1 which gradually destroy the skin and muscular tissue to a considerable depth4 ,,lus,,tre4 ,see ,,plumbago4 ,,lute4 ,syn4 ,,luting2 ,,lutum1 ,c,,mentum1 ,l4 ,a composition employed to secure the joints of chemical vessels1 or as a covering to protect them from the violence of the fire4 ,prep4 #a4 ,linseed meal1 either alone or mixed with an equal weight of whiting1 and made into a stiff paste with water4 ,it soon becomes very hard and tough4 #b4 ,ground almond cake1 from which the oil has been pressed1 mixed up as the last4 ,both the above are much used for stills1 retorts1 and other vessels that are not exposed to a heat higher than about #cbj ,fahr4 ,they are capable of resisting the action of the fumes of volatile oils1 spirits1 weak acids1 c41 for some time4 #c4 ,fresh-slaked lime made into a paste with strained bullock's blood or size4 ,as the last4 #d4 ,plaster of ,paris made into a paste with water1 and at once applied4 ,it bears a nearly red heat1 but becomes rather porous and friable4 #e4 ,powdered clay or whiting made into putty with water and boiled linseed oil4 ,this is commonly known as #8fat lute4' #f4 ,a mixture of powdered clay and ground bricks1 made up with water or a solution of borax4 ,for joining crucibles1 c41 which are to be exposed to a strong heat4 #g4 ,pipe-clay and horse-dung1 made into a paste with water4 ,as a coating for glass vessels1 to preserve them from injury from exposure to the fire4 ,this composition is used by the pipe-makers1 and will stand unharmed the extremest heat of their kiln for #bd hours4 ,it is applied by spreading it on paper4 #h4 ,as the last1 but employing shredded tow or plumbago for horse-dung4 ,obs4 ,for the joints of small vessels1 as tubes1 c41 especially those of glass or earthenware1 pieces of vulcanized ,indian tubing1 slipped over and tied above and below the joint1 are very convenient substitutes for lutes1 and have the advantage of lasting for a long time1 and bearing uninjured the heat at which oil of vitriol boils4 ,flat rings or 8washers0 of vulcanised rubber are also excellent for still heads1 c41 whenever the parts can be pinched together by screws or clamps4 ,,lycopo,,dium4 ,the fine powder known in commerce under this name consists of the minute spores of the common club moss1 or ,lycopodium clavatum4 ,it is exceedingly combustible2 thrown suddenly from a powder-puff or bellows across the flame of a candle1 it produces the imitation flashes of lightning of our theatres4 ,the powder is also employed as a #8dusting powder' in excoriations1 and to roll up boluses and pills4 ,according to ,m4 ,paul ,cazeneuve1 pine pollen is occasionally substituted for lycopodium4 ,,macaro,,ni4 ,this only differs from ,,vermicelli in the size of the pipes1 which are about as large as a goose-quill4 ,when properly dressed it is very wholesome and nutritious4 ,a pleasant dish may be made by boiling macaroni in water until soft1 either with or without a little salt1 draining off the water1 and then stewing it with a little butter1 cream1 or milk1 and grated cheese1 adding spice to palate4 ,it may be made into a #8form' and browned before the fire4 ,,mac,,aroons 7,english74 ,prep4 ,take of sweet almonds1 #a lb42 blanch and beat them to a paste1 add of lump sugar #a-a_/d lb42 whites of #f eggs2 the grated yellow peel of #b lemons2 mix well1 make it into #8forms1' cover with wafer paper1 and bake in a moderate oven4 ,,mace4 ,syn4 ,,macis1 ,l4 ,the tough membranous1 lacerated covering 7ariliode7 of the ,,nutmeg4 ,it has a flavour and odour more agreeable than that of nutmeg1 which in its general properties it resembles4 ,it is used as a flavouring by cooks1 confectioners1 and liqueuristes2 and in medicine as a carminative4 ,see ,,oil1 c4 ,,macera,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,maceratio1 ,l4 ,the steeping of a substance in cold water1 for the purpose of extracting the portion soluble in that menstruum4 ,the word is also frequently applied to the infusion of organic substances in alcohol or ether1 or in water1 either alkalised or acidulated4 ,,mackerel4 ,the ,scomber ,scombrus 7,linn471 a well-known spiny-finned sea-fish1 much esteemed at certain seasons for the table4 ,though nutritious1 it is very apt to disagree with delicate stomachs1 and occasionally induces symptoms resembling those of poisoning4 ,,mad,,der4 ,syn4 ,,rubia1 ,,rubi ,,radix1 ,l4 ,the root of ,rubia tinctorum 7,linn471 or dyer's madder4 ,the best madder has the size of a common goose-quill1 a reddish appearance1 and a strong odour4 ,as soon as the roots are taken from the ground they are picked and dried2 and before use they are ground in a mill4 ,levant1 ,turkey1 and ,smyrna madder is imported whole2 ,french1 ,dutch1 and ,zealand madder1 ground4 ,the finest quality of ground madder is called #8crop' or #8grappe1' #8ombro' and #8gamene' are inferior sorts1 and #8mull' the worst4 ,madder contains several distinct principles as----madder red1 or alizarin2----madder purple1 or purpurin2----madder orange1 or rubiacin2 madder yellow1 or xanthin1 c4 ,the first of these 7noticed below7 is by far the most important4 ,pur4 ,madder is frequently adulterated with logwood1 ,brazil wood1 and other dye-stuffs of inferior value2 and also1 not unfrequently1 with brickdust1 red ochre clay1 sand1 mahogany sawdust1 bran1 c4 ,these admixtures may be detected as follows3---- #a4 ,when dried at #bab ,fahr41 and then incinerated1 not more than #aj to #ab of ash should be left4 #b4 ,it should not lose more than #ej to #ef by exhaustion with cold water4 #c4 ,when assayed for alizarin 7see below71 the quantity of this substance obtained should be equal to that from a sample of the same kind of madder which is known to be pure1 and which has been treated in precisely the same manner4 ,the operation may be conducted as follows3----#ejj gr4 of the sample are weighed1 and1 after being dried by the heat of boiling water or steam1 are gradually added to an equal weight of concentrated sulphuric acid1 contained in a glass vessel1 and stirred with a glass rod2 after a few hours the charred mass is washed with cold water1 collected on a filter1 and dried by the heat of boiling water2 the carbonised mass 7#8garacine'7 is next powdered1 and treated with successive portions of rectified spirit1 to which a little ether has been added1 at first in the cold1 and afterwards with heat1 until the liquid is no longer coloured by it1 when the mixed tincture is filtered1 and evaporated 7distilled7 to dryness2 the weight of the residuum1 divided by #e1 gives the percentage of red colouring matter present4 ,or1----,the dried carbonized matter is exhausted by boiling it in a solution of #a part of alum in #e or #f parts of water1 and the decoction1 after being filtered whilst in the boiling state1 is treated with sulphuric acid as long as a precipitate falls1 which is washed1 dried1 and weighed as before4 ,uses1 c4 ,madder has been given in jaundice and rickets1 and as an emmenagogue4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr41 twice or thrice a day4 ,it is principally employed as a dye-stuff4 ,see ,,red ,,dyes1 ,,ivory1 ,,purpurin1 c41 also below4 ,,madder ,,red4 ,syn4 ,,alizarin4 ,c#ad;,h#h,o#d4 #b;,aq4 ,the red colouring principle of madder1 first obtained in a separate form by ,robiquet4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the aqueous decoction of madder is treated with dilute sulphuric acid as long as a precipitate falls1 which1 after being washed1 is boiled in a solution of chloride of aluminum as long as it gives out colour2 the liquid is then filtered1 precipitated with hydrochloric acid1 and the precipitate washed and dried4 ,it may be purified from a little adhering purpurin1 by dissolving it in alcohol1 again throwing it down with hydrate of aluminum1 boiling the precipitate with a strong solution of soda1 and separating the alizarin from its combination with alumina by means of hydrochloric acid2 it is lastly crystallised from alcohol4 #b4 7,meillet47 ,alum1 #c parts1 is dissolved in water at #adj ,fahr41 #cj parts1 and madder1 #ac parts1 added to the solution2 the whole is then gently boiled for #cj or #dj minutes1 after which it is thrown upon a filter1 and submitted to strong pressure2 this treatment is repeated with fresh solutions a second and a third time2 the mixed filtrates are then decanted1 and when nearly cold1 oil of vitriol1 #a part1 diluted with twice its bulk of water1 is added1 care being taken to stir the liquid all the time2 the supernatant fluid is next decanted1 and the residuum well washed1 and1 lastly1 dried in the air4 ,if required quite pure1 it is dissolved1 whilst still moist1 in a solution of #a-a_/b times its weight of carbonate of potassa in #ae parts of water1 and1 after reprecipitation with sulphuric acid1 is washed and dried as before4 #c4 7,robiquet ,colin47 ,powdered madder is exhausted with water of a temperature not exceeding #fh ,fahr41 and1 after being dried1 #a part of it is boiled for #ae or #bj minutes in a solution of alum1 #h parts1 in water1 #dj parts2 the liquid is filtered whilst boiling1 the marc well washed with a fresh solution of alum1 the mixed liquids precipitated with sulphuric acid1 and the precipitate washed and dried1 as before4 ,obs4 ,alizarin has recently been produced artificially by ,graebe and ,liebermann from anthracene 7,c#ad;,h#aj71 a liquid hydrocarbon existing in coal-tar4 ,for a description of the process see ,,alizarin1 ,,artificial4 #d4 ,madder exhausted by #b or #c macerations in #e or #f times its weight of cold water1 is submitted to strong pressure1 to remove adhering water1 and the marc1 whilst still moist1 is mixed with half its weight of oil of vitriol diluted with an equal quantity of water2 the whole is kept at the temperature of #bab for an hour1 and after being mixed with cold water is thrown on a linen strainer1 well washed with cold water1 and dried4 #e4 ,from powdered madder and oil of vitriol1 equal parts1 without heat1 as described under ,,madder4 #f4 7,f4 ,steiner47 ,the #8used madder' of the dye-works is run into filters1 and precipitated with sulphuric acid2 the matter thus obtained is put into bags and rendered as dry as possible by hydraulic pressure2 the pressed cake is next crumbled to pieces1 placed in a leaden vessel1 and treated with #a-eth of its weight of oil of vitriol1 afterwards assisting the action of the acid by introducing steam to the mixture2 the resulting dark brown carbonized mass is1 lastly1 well washed1 dried1 powdered1 and mixed with about #e of carbonate of soda1 when it is ready for sale4 ,obs4 ,the last three formul produce the #8,,garance' or #8,,garancine' of commerce1 now so extensively used in dyeing4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure anhydrous alizarin crystallises in magnificent orange-red crystals1 which may be fused and sublimed2 it is freely soluble in alkaline solutions1 which it colours purple or violet2 and1 in oil of vitriol1 giving a rich red colour2 water throws it down from the last unchanged2 it is also soluble in hot alcohol1 a hot solution of alum1 and1 less freely1 in hot water4 ,hydrated alizarin occurs in small scales resembling mosaic gold4 ,when impure1 it generally forms shining reddish-brown scales4 ,commercial #8garancine' is a deep-brown or puce-coloured powder1 and will probably1 ere long1 entirely supersede crude madder for dyeing4 ,the properties of garancine as a dye-stuff are precisely similar to those of madder4 ,a solution of alum added to a solution of alizarin1 and precipitated by carbonate of potassa1 furnishes a rose lake2 which1 after being washed with water and dried1 possesses a most charming tint4 ,,magilp4 ,syn4 ,,megellup4 ,a mixture of pale linseed oil and mastic varnish1 employed by artists as a #8vehicle' for their colours4 ,the proportions vary according to the work4 ,it is thinned with turpentine4 ,,mag,,istery4 ,syn4 ,,magisterium1 ,l4 ,the old name of precipitates4 ,the following are the principal substances to which this term has been applied3----,,magistery ,,of ,,alum1 hydrate of alumina2 ,m4 ,,of ,,bismuth1 sub-nitrate of bismuth2 ,m4 ,,of ,,diaphoretic ,,antimony1 washed diaphoretic antimony2 ,m4 ,,of ,,opium 7,ludolph's71 crude morphia2 ,m4 ,,of ,,lapis ,,calaminaris or ,m4 ,,of ,,zinc1 hydrated oxide of zinc4 ,,magnesia4 ,see ,,magnesium1 ,,oxide ,,of4 ,magnesia1 ,hydrate of4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,magnesi ,,hydras4 ,obtained by boiling magnesia in #bj or #cj times its weight of water for #bj minutes1 draining on a linen cloth and drying4 ,it contains #ca per cent4 of water4 ,magnesia1 ,lactate of 7,ph4 ,ger47 ,syn4 ,,magnesi ,,lactas4 ,prep4 ,mix #a oz4 7by weight7 of lactic acid in #aj oz4 of distilled water1 just made slightly warm1 and add light carbonate of magnesia enough to neutralise it4 ,filter and evaporate till crystals form4 ,,magne,,sian ,,ape,,rient 7,effervescing74 ,prep4 #a4 ,heavy carbonate of magnesia1 #b lbs42 tartaric acid and double refined lump sugar1 of each #a-a_/b lb42 bicarbonate of soda 7dried without heat71 #a lb42 each separately dried and in very fine powder2 essential oils of orange and lemon1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr42 mix well in a warm1 dry situation1 pass the whole through a sieve1 put it into warm1 dry bottles1 and keep them well corked4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting calcined magnesia1 #a lb41 for the heavy carbonate1 and adding sugar1 #c_/d lb4 ,the preceding furnish a very pleasant effervescing saline draught4 #c4 7,,moxon',s47----a4 ,take of sulphate of magnesia1 #b lbs42 dry it by a gradually increased heat1 powder1 add of tartaric acid 7also dried and powdered71 #a-a_/d lb42 calcined magnesia1 #a_/b lb42 finely powdered white sugar1 #c lbs42 bicarbonate of soda 7dried without heat71 #a lb42 essence of lemon1 #a dr42 mix1 and proceed as before4 b4 7,durande47 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #a part2 bicarbonate of soda1 tartrate of soda and potassa 7sel de ,seignette71 and tartaric acid1 of each #b parts2 mix as before4 c4 7,pharm4 ,journ47 ,sulphate of magnesia and bicarbonate of soda1 of each #a lb42 tartaric acid1 #a_/b lb42 mix as before4 ,the last two are much less agreeable than the others4 #d4 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #b parts2 calcined magnesia1 #d parts2 citric acid1 #ac parts2 lump sugar1 #be parts2 essence of lemon1 q4 s4 to flavour4 ,very agreeable4 ,this is known as #8,,rog,s ,,purgatif1' ,obs4 ,the above are very useful and popular medicines in indigestion1 heartburn1 nausea1 habitual costiveness1 dyspepsia1 c4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b dessert-spoonfuls1 thrown into tumbler #c parts filled with cold water1 rapidly stirred and drank whilst effervescing1 early in the morning fasting1 or between breakfast and dinner4 ,,magnesian ,,lemonade4 ,see ,,citrate ,,of ,,magnesia and ,,lemonade 7,aperient74 ,,magnesium4 ,mg4 ,syn4 ,,magnium1 ,,talcium4 ,the metallic radical of magnesia4 ,the existence of this metal was demonstrated by ,sir ,h4 ,davy in #ahjh2 but it was first obtained in sufficient quantity to examine its properties by ,bussy in #ahcj4 ,prep4 #e or #f pieces of sodium1 about the size of peas1 are introduced into a test-tube1 and covered with small fragments of chloride of magnesium2 the latter is then heated to near its point of fusion1 when the flame of the lamp is applied to the sodium1 so that its vapour may pass through the stratum of heated chloride2 when the vivid incandescence that follows is over1 and the whole has become cold1 the mass is thrown into water1 and the insoluble metallic portion collected and dried4 ,commercial magnesium is prepared by evaporating solution of the chlorides of sodium and magnesium1 in the proportion of #a to #c1 to dryness1 mixing with one quarter of its weight of fluor spar and a like amount of sodium1 and heating to bright redness in an iron crucible of proper construction4 ,on a larger scale it is prepared by heating to redness a mixture of chloride of magnesium1 #i parts2 fused chloride of sodium1 #a-a_/b parts2 fluoride of calcium1 #a-a_/b parts2 and sodium in slices1 #a-a_/b parts4 ,prop41 c4 ,in colour and lustre it resembles silver1 but in chemical properties is more like zinc2 its sp4 gr4 is only #agdc2 it is malleable2 fusible at a red heat1 and can be distilled like zinc2 unaffected by dry air and by cold water2 burns with brilliancy when heated to dull redness in air or oxygen gas1 yielding oxide of magnesium2 inflames spontaneously in chlorine1 yielding chloride of magnesium2 it dissolves in the acids with the evolution of hydrogen gas1 and pure salts of magnesium result4 ,it has been used somewhat extensively as an illuminating agent for photographing at night1 and also for the purpose of affording a brilliant light for microscopic and magic lantern effects4 ,magnesium1 ,bromide4 ,syn4 ,,magnesii ,,bromidum4 ,to bromide of iron in solution add calcined magnesia in excess1 heat the mixture1 filter1 and evaporate the clear solution to dryness4 ,magnesium1 ,carbonate of 7,light74 ,syn4 ,,light ,,carbonate ,,of ,,magnesia2 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,magnesia2 ,,magnesia2 ,,magnesi ,,carbonas ,,levis 7,b4 ,p474 #c,mg,c,o#c4,mg,o4#e;,h#b,o4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sulphate of magnesium1 #d lbs41 and carbonate of sodium1 #d lbs4 #i oz42 boiling distilled water1 #d galls42 dissolve the salts separately in one half the water1 filter1 mix the solutions1 and boil for #b hours1 constantly stirring with a spatula1 distilled water being frequently added to compensate for that lost by evaporation2 lastly1 the solution being poured off1 wash the precipitated powder with boiling distilled water1 and dry it4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 are essentially the same1 except that the ebullition is limited to from #aj to #bj minutes4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,similar to the foregoing except that precipitation takes place in the cold4 ,the formula of this compound is 7,mg4,,co#c7c4 ,mg7,,ho7#b4d7;,h#b,o74 #c4 7,,henry',s47 ,ordinary carbonate of magnesia1 the washing of which has been finished with a little rose water4 #d4 ,add a solution of carbonate of potassium or sodium to the bittern or residuary liquor of the sea-salt works1 and well wash and dry the precipitate as before4 ,this is known in commerce as #8,scotch magnesia4' ,obs4 ,the carbonate of magnesia of commerce is usually made up into cakes or dice while drying2 or it is permitted to drain and dry in masses1 which are then cut into squares with a thin knife4 ,it is powdered by simply rubbing it through a wire sieve4 ,the presence of iron in the solution of the sulphate of magnesium1 when the crude salt is employed1 and which is destructive to the beauty of the preparation may be got rid of by the addition of lime water until the liquor acquires a slight alkaline reaction1 and subsequent decantation after repose4 ,magnesium1 ,carbonate of 7,heavy74 ,syn4 ,,heavy ,,carbonate ,,of ,,magnesia2 ,,magnesi ,,carbonas 7,b4 ,p474 #c,mg,c,o#c4,mg,o4#e;,h#b,o4 ,prep4 #a4 ,apothecaries' ,hall4 ,a saturated solution of sulphate of magnesium1 #a part1 is diluted with water1 #c parts1 and the mixture heated to the boiling point2 a cold saturated solution of carbonate of sodium1 #a part 7all by measure71 is then added1 and the whole is boiled with constant agitation until effervescence ceases2 boiling water is next freely poured in1 and after assiduous stirring for a few minutes1 and repose1 the clear liquid is decanted1 and the precipitate thrown on a linen cloth and thoroughly washed with hot water2 it is1 lastly1 drained1 and dried in an iron pot4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,dissolve sulphate of magnesium1 #aj oz41 in boiling distilled water1 #a_/b pint2 and carbonate of sodium 7cryst471 #ab oz41 in boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 mix the two solutions1 and evaporate the whole to dryness by the heat of a sand bath2 then add of boiling water #a quart1 digest with agitation for half an hour1 and wash the insoluble residuum as before2 lastly1 drain it1 and dry it at the temperature of boiling water4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,white granular powder precipitated from a boiling solution of sulphate of magnesium by a solution of carbonate of sodium1 the whole evaporated to dryness1 and the dry residue digested in water1 collected on a filter1 and washed4 ,prop4 ,the ordinary or light carbonate of magnesia is a white1 inodorous1 tasteless powder1 possessing similar properties to calcined magnesia1 except effervescing with acids1 and having less saturating power4 ,an ounce measure is filled by #de to #dh gr4 of the powder lightly placed in it4 ,the heavy carbonate is sometimes fully thrice as dense 7see below71 but in other respects is similar4 ,dose4 ,as an antacid1 #a_/b to a whole teaspoonful1 #c or #d times daily2 as a laxative #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 ,it is commonly taken in milk4 ,it is apt to produce flatulence1 but in other respects is preferable to calcined magnesia4 ,general ,remarks4 ,although commonly called #8carbonate of magnesia1' the above substance1 whether in the light or heavy form1 appears to be a compound of carbonate with hydrate1 in proportions which are not perfectly constant4 7,for ,b4 ,p4 formula see preceding article47 ,on account of the excess of base in its composition it was formerly regarded as a subsalt 7subcarbonate of magnesia74 ,a great deal has been written uselessly respecting the preparation of these carbonates1 about which1 however1 there is neither mystery nor difficulty1 as some writers would lead their readers to suppose4 ,if the solutions are very dilute1 the precipitate is exceedingly light and bulky2 if otherwise1 it is denser4 ,by employing nearly saturated solutions1 and then heating them and mixing them together whilst very hot1 a very heavy precipitate is obtained1 but it is apt to be gritty or crystalline4 ,the same occurs when cold solutions are mixed1 and no heat is employed4 ,the lightest precipitate is obtained from cold1 highly dilute solutions1 and subsequent ebullition of the mixture4 ,mr ,pattinson1 a chemist of ,gateshead1 prepares a very beautiful and pure heavy carbonate from magnesian limestone4 ,the latter is calcined at a dull red heat 7not hotter7 for some time1 by which the carbonic anhydride is expelled from the carbonate of magnesium1 but not from the carbonate of calcium1 which hence continues insoluble4 ,the calcined mass is next reduced to a milk with water in a suitable cistern1 and the carbonic anhydride resulting from its own calcination forced into it under powerful pressure4 ,the result is a saturated solution of carbonate of magnesia1 the lime remaining unacted on so long as the magnesium is in excess4 ,the solution by evaporation yields the heavy carbonate1 whilst carbonic anhydride is expelled1 and may be again used in the same manufacture4 #aed to #afj gr4 of the heavy carbonate are required to fill an ounce measure when lightly placed in it1 by which it appears to be fully thrice as dense as the light carbonate4 ,the bicarbonate of magnesium 7magnesi bicarbonas1 ,l47 exists only in solution4 ,the so-called #8fluid magnesias' of ,murray1 ,dinneford1 ,husband1 c41 are solutions of this salt4 ,the small prismatic crystals which are deposited when #8fluid magnesia' is exposed to the air for some time consist of hydrated neutral carbonate1 and not bicarbonate1 as is sometimes stated4 ,magnesium1 ,chloride of4 ,mg,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,magnesii ,,chloridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,by dissolving magnesia in hydrochloric acid1 evaporating to dryness1 adding an equal weight of chloride of ammonium1 projecting the mixture into a red-hot platinum crucible1 and continuing the heat till a state of tranquil fusion is attained4 ,on cooling1 it forms a transparent1 colourless1 and very deliquescent mass1 which is anhydrous1 and soluble in alcohol4 ,obs4 ,without the addition of the chloride of ammonium it is impossible to expel the last portion of the water without at the same time driving off the chlorine1 in which case nothing but magnesia is left4 ,the fused mass should be poured out on a clean stone1 and when solid broken into pieces1 and at once transferred to a warm1 dry bottle4 ,the ,p4 ,cod4 orders the solution to be evaporated to the sp4 gr4 #achd1 and to be put1 whilst still hot1 into a wide-mouthed flask to crystallise4----,dose1 #a to #d dr42 as a laxative4 ,magnesium1 ,citrate of4 ,mg#c7;,c#f;,h#e,o#g7b4 ,syn4 ,,magnesi ,,citras4 ,l4 ,prep4 ,there is some difficulty in obtaining this salt in an eligible form for medicinal purposes4 ,when precipitated from a solution it is insoluble4 ,the following formul can be highly recommended4 #a4 7,parrish47 ,dissolve crystallised citric acid1 #ajj gr41 in water1 #ae drops1 and its own #8water of crystallisation' by the aid of heat2 then stir in calcined magnesia1 #ce gr42 a pasty mass will result1 which soon hardens1 and may be powdered for use4 ,obs4 ,the chief practical difficulty in this process results from the great comparative bulk of the magnesia1 and the very small quantity of the fused mass with which it is to be incorporated4 ,a part of the magnesia is almost unavoidably left uncombined1 and the salt is consequently not neutral4 ,the uncombined earth should be dusted off the mass before powdering the latter4 ,a high temperature must be avoided4 #b4 7,robiquet47 ,citric acid1 #ce-a_/d parts1 is powdered and dissolved in boiling water1 #aj-e_/h parts2 when the solution is cold1 and before it crystallises1 it is poured in a wide earthen vessel1 kept cold by surrounding it with water2 then1 by means of a sieve1 carbonate of magnesium1 #ba-a_/f parts1 is distributed evenly and rapidly over the surface without stirring2 when the reaction ceases the mixture is beaten rapidly as long as it retains its pasty consistence4 ,the salt should be dried at a temperature not exceeding #gj ,fahr4 #c4 7,effervescing2 ,,magnesi ,,citras ,,effervescens1 ,l47----a4 ,citric acid 7dried and powdered71 #g parts2 heavy carbonate of magnesium1 #e parts2 mix1 and preserve in well-corked bottles4 b4 7,ellis47 ,mix powdered citric acid1 #b-a_/b oz41 with powdered sugar1 #h oz42 triturate to a fine powder1 and drive off the water of crystallisation by the heat of a water bath2 add citrate of magnesium 7prepared by fusion71 #d oz41 and oil of lemons1 #aj drops1 and mix intimately2 then add bicarbonate of sodium1 #c oz41 and again triturate until the whole forms a fine powder1 which must be preserved in stoppered bottles4 ,from #a to #c tablespoonfuls1 mixed in a tumbler of water1 furnishes an effervescing draught in which the undissolved portion is so nicely suspended1 that it can be taken without inconvenience4 c4 7,ph4 ,germ47 ,light carbonate of magnesia1 #be oz42 citric acid1 #ge oz42 distilled water1 q4 s42 mix into a thick paste and dry at #hf ,fahr4 ,with #ad oz4 of the dried mass mix bicarbonate of soda1 #ac oz42 citric acid1 #f oz42 sugar1 #c oz4 ,sprinkle over the mixture enough rectified spirit so as to make it sufficiently moist to be granulated by rubbing through a tinned iron sieve4 d4 7,extemporaneous47 ,citric acid 7cryst471 #bj gr42 carbonate of magnesium1 #ad gr42 mix in a tumbler of cold water1 and drink the mixture whilst effervescing4 ,a pleasant saline4 ,obs4 ,a dry white powder1 sometimes sold as citrate of magnesia in the shops1 is quite a different preparation to the above1 and does not contain a particle of citric acid4 ,the following formula is that of a wholesale ,london drug-house that does largely in this article3---- ,calcined magnesia1 magnesium oxide1 #a-a_/d lb4 7or carbonate1 #b lbs472 powdered tartaric acid1 #a-a_/b lb42 bicarbonate of sodium1 #a lb42 dry each article by a gentle heat1 then mix them1 pass the mixture through a fine sieve in a warm dry room1 and keep it in well-corked bottles4 ,a few drops of essence of lemon and #c lbs4 of finely powdered sugar are commonly added to the above quantity4 ,this addition renders it more agreeable4 ,prop41 c4 ,citrate of magnesium is a mild and agreeable laxative2 its secondary effects resemble those of the carbonate4----,dose4 ,as a purgative1 #a_/b to #a oz4 ,the dose of the effervescing citrate must depend on the quantity of magnesia present4 ,a solution of this salt in water1 sweetened and flavoured with lemon1 forms magnesian lemonade4 ,magnesium1 ,boro-citrate of4 ,syn4 ,,magnesi ,,boro-,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cadet47 ,boracic acid 7in powder71 #aac gr42 oxide of magnesium1 #hj gr42 mix in a porcelain capsule1 and add enough of a solution of citric acid1 #bfj gr41 in water1 #c-a_/b pints1 to form a thin paste2 then add the remainder of the citric solution1 and gently evaporate1 with constant stirring1 to dryness4 ,a cooling saline1 and1 in small doses1 emmenagogue and lithontriptic4----,dose4 ,as an aperient1 #c to #f dr4 ,magnesium1 ,oxide of4 ,mg,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,magnesium1 ,,calcined ,,magnesia1 ,,magnesia 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l474 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,magnesium carbonate1 heated in a crucible until all the carbonic anhydride is driven off4 ,prop41 c4 ,white heavy powder1 scarcely soluble in water1 but readily soluble in acids without effervescence4 ,its solution in hydrochloric acid1 neutralised by a mixed solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride1 gives a copious crystalline precipitate when sodium phosphate is added to it4 ,see next preparation4 ,magnesia levis 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,light ,,magnesia4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 #a4 ,light carbonate of magnesium heated in a ,cornish crucible until all the carbonic anhydride is driven off4 ,a bulky white powder1 differing from the magnesia 7,b4 ,p47 only in its density1 the volume occupied by the same weight being #c-a_/b to #a4 ,the properties of the two varieties of magnesium oxide are identical1 and are used in medicine as antacids1 laxatives1 and antilithics1 and much used in dyspepsia1 heartburn1 c4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 as an antacid and #bj to #fj gr4 as a purgative4 ,magnesium1 ,phosphate of4 ,mg,h,p,o#d4f;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,magnesi ,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the mixed solutions of phosphate of sodium and sulphate of magnesium1 allowed to stand for some time4 ,small1 colourless1 prismatic crystals1 which1 according to ,graham1 are soluble in about #ajjj parts of cold water4 ,phosphate of magnesium exists in the grains of the cereals1 and in considerable quantity in beer4 ,it is also found in guano4 ,magnesium and ,ammonium1 ,phosphate of4 ,mg,n,h#d4,,po#d1 #f ,aq4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio-,,phosphate ,,of ,,magnesia2 ,,magnesi ,,et ,,ammoni ,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,this compound falls as a white crystalline precipitate whenever ammonia or carbonate of ammonium is added1 in excess1 to a solution of a salt of magnesium which has been previously mixed with a soluble phosphate1 as that of soda4 ,it subsides immediately from concentrated solutions1 but only after some time from very dilute ones4 ,prop41 c4 ,ammonio-phosphate of magnesium is very slightly soluble in pure water2 when heated1 it is resolved into pyrophosphate of magnesium1 and is vitrified at a strong red heat4 ,it is found in wheaten bran1 guano1 potatoes1 c41 and occasionally forms one of the varieties of urinary calculi4 ,magnesium1 ,silicates of4 ,there are several native silicates of magnesia1 more or less pure1 of which1 however1 none is directly employed in medicine4 ,meerschaum and steatite or soapstone are well-known varieties4 ,serpentine is a compound of silicate and hydrate of magnesium4 ,the minerals augite and hornblende are double salts of silicic acid1 magnesium1 and calcium with some ferrous oxide4 ,the beautiful crystallised mineral called chrysolite is a silicate of magnesium1 coloured with ferrous oxide4 ,jade is a double silicate of magnesium and aluminum1 coloured with chromic oxide4 ,magnesium1 ,sulphate of4 ,mg,s,o#d1 #g ,aq4 ,syn4 ,,epsom ,,salt1 ,,magnesi ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p4 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,sal ,,epsomensis1 ,l4 ,this compound was originally extracted from the saline springs of ,epsom1 ,surrey1 by ,dr ,grew1 in #afie4 ,it is now exclusively prepared on the large scale1 and from either magnesian limestone or the residual liquor of the sea-salt works4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from dolomite or magnesian limestone4----a4 ,the mineral1 broken into fragments1 is heated with a sufficient quantity of dilute sulphuric acid to convert its carbonates into sulphates2 the sulphate of magnesium is washed out of the mass with hot water1 and the solution1 after defecation1 is evaporated and crystallised4 b4 ,the #8limestone1' either simply broken into fragments or else calcined 7burnt71 and its constituents quicklime and oxide magnesium converted into hydrates by sprinkling 7slaking7 it with water1 is treated with a sufficient quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid to dissolve out all the calcium hydrate without touching the magnesium hydrate2 the residuum of the latter1 after being washed and drained1 is dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid1 and crystallised as before4 #b4 ,from bittern4----a4 ,the residual liquor or mother-water of sea-salt is boiled for some hours in the pans which are used during the summer for the concentration of brine2 the saline solution is then skimmed and decanted from some common salt which has been deposited1 after which it is concentrated by evaporation1 and1 finally1 run into wooden coolers2 in about #cf hours1 #a-hth part of ,epsom salts usually crystallises out4 ,this is called #8singles4' ,by re-dissolving this in water1 and re-crystallisation1 #8doubles1' or ,epsom salts fit for the market1 are obtained4 ,a second crop of crystals may be procured by adding sulphuric acid to the mother-liquor1 and re-concentrating the solution1 but this is seldom had recourse to in ,england4 ,bittern yields fully #e parts of sulphate of magnesia for every #ajj parts of common salt that has been previously obtained from it4 b4 ,a concentrated solution of sulphate of sodium is added to bittern1 in equivalent proportion to that of the chloride of magnesium in it1 and the mixed solution is evaporated at the temperature of #abb ,fahr4 7,ure72 cubical crystals of common salt are deposited as the evaporation proceeds1 after which1 by further concentration and repose1 regular crystals of sulphate of magnesia are obtained4 c4 ,a sufficient quantity of calcined and slaked magnesian limestone is boiled in bittern to decompose the magnesium salts1 and the liquid is evaporated1 c41 as before4 ,this is a very economical process4 ,prop4 ,small acicular crystals1 or 7by careful crystallisation7 large four-sided rhombic prisms2 colourless2 odourless1 transparent2 slightly efflorescent2 extremely bitter and nauseous2 when heated1 it fuses in its water of crystallisation1 the larger portion of which readily passes off1 but one equivalent of water is energetically retained2 at a high temperature it runs into a species of white enamel2 it dissolves in its own weight of cold water1 and in #c-dths of that quantity of boiling water2 it is insoluble in both alcohol and ether4 ,sp4 gr4 #aff4 ,pur4 ,sulphate of magnesium is soluble in an equal weight of water at #fj ,fahr41 by which it may be distinguished from sulphate of sodium1 which is much more soluble4 ,an aqueous solution in the cold is not precipitated by oxalate of ammonium4 ,the precipitate given by carbonate of sodium from a solution of #ajj gr4 should1 after well washing and heating to redness1 weigh #afbf gr4 7,b4 ,p47 ,digested in alcohol1 the filtered liquid does not yield a precipitate with nitrate of silver nor burn with a yellow flame1 and evaporates without residue4 8,not deliquescent in the air40 7,ph4 ,l47 #ajj gr4 of the pure crystallised sulphate yields #af-a_/d gr4 of calcined magnesium oxide4 7,pereira47 #aj gr41 dissolved in #a fl4 oz4 of water1 and treated with a solution of carbonate of ammonium1 are not entirely precipitated by #bhj minims of solution of phosphate of sodium4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,uses1 c4 ,sulphate of magnesium is an excellent cooling purgative1 and sometimes proves diuretic and diaphoretic4----,dose1 #a dr4 to #a oz41 as a purgative1 or an antidote in poisoning by lead4 ,large doses should be avoided4 ,instances are on record of their having proved fatal4 ,dr ,christison mentions the case of a boy #aj years old who swallowed #b oz4 of salts1 and died within #aj minutes4 ,the best antidote is an emetic4 ,a small quantity of ,epsom salts1 largely diluted with water 7as a drachm to #a_/b pint or #c_/d pint71 will usually purge as much as the common dose4 ,this increase of power has been shown by ,liebig to result rather from the quantity of water than the salt4 ,pure water is greedily taken up by the absorbents2 but water holding in solution saline matter is rejected by those vessels1 and consequently passes off by the intestines4 ,obs4 ,oxalic acid has occasionally been mistaken for ,epsom salt1 with fatal results4 ,they may be readily distinguished from each other by the following characteristics3---- ,,epsom ,,salt4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4 ,tastes extremely bitter ,tastes extremely sour4 and nauseous4 ,volatilises when heated ,does not volatilise on platinum foil4 when heated on platinum foil4 ,does not ,produces milkiness produce milkiness when dissolved in when dissolved in hard water4 hard water4 ,magnesium1 ,tartrate of4 ,syn4 ,,magnesi ,,tartras1 ,,magnesia ,,tartarica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by saturating a solution of tartaric acid with carbonate of magnesium1 and gently evaporating to dryness4 ,it is only very slightly soluble in water4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gr41 or more2 in painful chronic maladies of the spleen4 7,pereira1 ex ,radmacher47 ,the effervescing tartrate of magnesium1 commonly sold under the name citrate1 has already been noticed4 ,magnesium and ,potassium1 ,tartrate of4 ,syn4 ,,potassio-,,tartrate ,,of ,,magnesia2 ,,magnesi ,,potassio-,,tartras1 ,m4 ,,et ,,potass ,,tartras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from acid tartrate of potassium 7in powder71 #g parts2 carbonate of magnesium1 #b parts2 water1 #afe parts2 boiled until the solution is complete1 and then evaporated and crystallised4 ,a mild aperient4----,dose1 #a to #e dr42 in scurvy1 c4 ,,mag,,net4 ,syn4 ,,magnes1 ,l4 ,besides its application to the loadstone1 this name was formerly given to several compounds used in medicine4----,,arsenical ,,magnet 7,,magnes ,,arsenicalis71 a substance once used as a caustic1 consisted of common antimony1 sulphur1 and arsenious acid1 fused together until they formed a sort of glass4 ,,magnes ,,epilepsi was native cinnabar4 ,,mahog,,any4 ,this is the wood of ,swietenia ,mahogoni 7,linn471 a native of the hotter parts of the new world4 ,it is chiefly imported from ,honduras and ,cuba4 ,the extract is astringent1 and has been used in tanning1 and as a substitute for cinchona bark4 ,the wood is chiefly employed for furniture and ornamental purposes1 and1 occasionally1 in ship-building4 ,imitations of mahogany are made by staining the surface of the inferior woods by one or other of the following methods3 #a4 ,warm the wood by the fire1 then wash it over with aquafortis1 let it stand #bd hours to dry1 and polish it with linseed oil reddened by digesting alkanet root in it2 or1 instead of the latter1 give the wood a coat of varnish1 or ,french polish which has been tinged of a mahogany colour with a little aloes and annotta4 #b4 ,socotrine aloes1 #a oz42 dragon's blood1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and apply #b or #c coats to the surface of the wood1 previously well smoothed and polished2 lastly1 finish it off with wax or oil tinged with alkanet root4 #c4 ,logwood1 #b oz42 madder1 #h oz42 fustic1 #a oz42 water1 #a gall42 boil #b hours1 and apply it several times to the wood boiling hot2 when dry1 slightly brush it over with a solution of pearlash1 #a oz42 in water1 #a quart2 dry1 and polish as before4 #d4 ,as the last1 but using a decoction of logwood1 #a lb41 in water1 #e pints4 ,the tint may be brightened by adding a little vinegar or oxalic acid1 and darkened by a few grains of copperas4 ,stains and spots may be taken out of mahogany furniture with a little aquafortis or oxalic acid and water1 by rubbing the part with the liquid by means of a cork till the colour is restored2 observing afterwards to well wash the wood with water1 and to dry it and polish it as before4 ,,maize4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,corn4 ,the seeds of ,zea ,mays 7,linn474 ,like the other corn plants1 it belongs to the ,grass family 7,graminace71 and has albuminous grains sufficiently large and farinaceous to be ground into flour4 ,maize is extremely nutritious1 and although it is poorer in albumenoid matters than wheat1 it is1 of all the cereal grains1 the richest in fatty oil1 of which it contains about #i4 7,dumas and ,payen47 ,it is remarkable for its fattening quality on animals1 but is apt to excite slight diarrha in those unaccustomed to its use4 ,its meal is the #8,,polenta' of the shops4 ,the peculiar starch prepared from it is known as #8,,corn ,,flour1' ,in ,america the young ears are roasted and boiled for food4 ,the centesimal composition of maize is as follows3----,flesh formers 7albumenoid bodies71 #ii2 heat and fat formers 7starch1 dextrin1 and fat71 #gab1 fibre1 #dj2 ash1 #ad2 water1 #ace4 ,letheby says of maize3 8,the grain is said to cause disease when eaten for a long time1 and without other meal----the symptoms being a scaly eruption upon the hands1 great prostration of the vital powers1 and death after a year or so1 with extreme emaciation4 ,these effects have been frequently observed amongst the peasants of ,italy1 who use the meal as their chief food1 but ,i am not aware of any such effects having been seen in ,ireland1 where it is often the only article of diet for months together40 ,millions of bushels are grown every year in the ,united ,states of ,america1 and large quantities are continually imported into ,england1 where it is held in high esteem by cattle breeders1 it being much cheaper than many of our home-grown productions4 ,it is occasionally given to horses as a substitute for oats4 ,,malag,,ma4 ,in pharmacy1 a poultice or emollient application4 ,,ma,,lic ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#d;,h#c,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,malicum1 ,l4 ,this acid exists in the juice of many fruits and plants1 either alone or associated with other acids1 or with potassa or lime4 ,in the juice of the garden rhubarb it exists in great abundance1 being associated with acid oxalate of potassa4 ,prep4 7,everitt47 ,the stalks of common garden rhubarb are peeled1 and ground or grated to a pulp1 which is subjected to pressure2 the juice is heated to the boiling point1 neutralised with carbonate of potassa1 mixed with acetate of lime1 and the insoluble oxalate of lime which falls is removed by filtration2 to the clear and nearly colourless liquid1 solution of acetate of lead is next added as long as a precipitate 7#8malate of lead'7 continues to form2 this is collected on a filter1 washed1 diffused through water1 and decomposed by sulphuric acid1 avoiding excess1 the last portion of lead being thrown down by a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen2 the filtered liquid is1 lastly1 carefully evaporated to the consistence of a syrup1 and left in a dry atmosphere until it becomes converted into a solid and somewhat crystalline mass of malic acid4 ,if perfectly pure malic acid is required1 the malate of lead must be crystallised before decomposing it with sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,prod4 #bj1jjj gr4 of the peeled stalks yield #ab1ejj gr4 of juice1 of which one imperial gallon contains #aa1aci-a_/d gr4 of dry malic acid4 ,obs4 ,by a similar process malic acid may be prepared from the juice of thee berries of the mountain ash 7,sorbus aucuparia71 just when they commence to ripen1 or from the juice of apples1 pears1 c4 ,prop41 c4 ,malic acid is slightly deliquescent1 very soluble in water1 soluble in alcohol1 and has a pleasant acidulous taste4 ,the aqueous infusion soon gets mouldy by keeping4 ,when kept fused for some time at a low heat1 it is converted into fumaric acid2 and when quickly distilled1 it yields maleic acid1 while fumaric acid is left in the retort4 ,with the bases malic acid forms salts called malates4 ,of these the acid malate of ammonia is in large1 beautiful crystals2 malate of lead is insoluble in cold water1 but dissolves in warm dilute acid1 from which it separates on cooling in brilliant silvery crystals2 acid malate of lime also forms very beautiful crystals1 freely soluble in water2 neutral malate of lime is only sparingly soluble in water2 the first is obtained by dissolving the latter in hot dilute nitric acid1 and allowing the solution to cool very slowly4 ,,malleabil,,ity4 ,the peculiar property of metals which renders them capable of extension under the hammer4 ,,malt4 ,syn4 ,,bina1 ,,byne1 ,,brasium1 ,,maltum1 ,l4 ,the name given to different kinds of grain1 such as barley1 bere or bigg1 oats1 rye1 maize1 c41 which have become sweet1 from the conversion of a portion of their starch into sugar1 in consequence of incipient germination artificially produced4 ,barley is the grain usually employed for this purpose4 ,var4 ,independently of variations of quality1 or of the grain from which it is formed1 malt is distinguished into varieties depending on the heat of the kiln employed for its desiccation4 ,when dried at a temperature ranging between #ij and #abj ,fahr41 it constitutes #8,,pale ,,malt1' when all the moisture has exhaled1 and the heat is raised to from #abe to #ace1 #8,,yellow1' or #8,,pale ,,amber ,,malt1' is formed2 when the heat ranges between #adj and #afj1 the product receives the name of #8,,amber ,,malt1' at #afj to #ahj1 #8,,amber-,,brown1' or #8,,pale ,,brown ,,malt1' is obtained4 ,,roasted1 ,,patent1 or ,,black ,,malt1 and ,,crystallised ,,malt1 are prepared by a process similar to that of roasting coffee4 ,the malt is placed in sheet-iron cylinders over a strong fire1 and the cylinders made to revolve at the rate of about #bj revolutions per minute if roasted malt is required1 or #abj for crystallised malt4 ,in the former case the finished malt has a dark brown colour2 in the latter1 the interior of the grain becomes dark brown1 whilst the husk assumes a pale amber hue4 ,the temperature must never exceed #dbj1 or the malt will become entirely carbonised4 ,qual4 ,good malt has an agreeable smell and a sweet taste4 ,it is friable1 and when broken discloses a floury kernel4 ,its husk is thin1 clean1 and unshrivelled in appearance1 and the acrospire is seen extending up the back of the grain1 beneath the skin4 ,the admixture of unmalted with malted grain may be discovered1 and roughly estimated1 by throwing a little into water1 malt floats on water1 but barley sinks in it4 ,the only certain method1 however1 of determining the value of malt is to ascertain the amount of soluble matter which it contains1 by direct experiment4 ,this varies from #fb to #gj1 and for good malt is never less than #ff to #fg4 ,if we assume the quarter of malt at #cbd lbs41 and the average quantity of soluble matter at #ff1 then the total weight of soluble matter will be fully #bac-c_/d lbs4 per quarter2 but as this1 8in taking on the form of gum and sugar0 during the process of mashing1 8chemically combines with the elements of water1 so the extract1 if evaporated to dryness1 would reach very nearly #bca lbs42 and this reduced to the basis of a barrel of #cf gallons1 becomes in the language of the brewer1 #hg lbs4 per barrel1 which1 however1 merely means that the wort from a quarter of malt1 if evaporated down to the bulk of a barrel of #cf gallons1 would weigh #hg lbs4 more than a barrel of water40 7,ure47 ,assay4 #a4 ,a small quantity of the sample being ground in a coffee or pepper mill1 #ajj gr4 are accurately weighed1 and dried by exposure for about #a hour at the temperature of boiling water4 ,the loss in weight1 in grains1 indicates the quantity of moisture per cent4 ,this1 in good malt1 should not exceed #f-a_/b gr4 #b4 ,a second #ajj gr4 is taken and stirred up with about #a_/b pint of cold water2 the mixture is then exposed to the heat of boiling water for about #dj minutes2 after which it is thrown on a weighed filter1 and the undissolved portion washed with a little hot water2 the undissolved portion1 with the filter1 is then dried at #bab ,fahr41 and weighed4 ,the loss in weight1 less the percentage of moisture last found1 taken in grains1 gives the percentage of soluble matter4 ,this should not be less than #ff gr4 ,the same result will be arrived at by evaporating the filtered liquid and #8washings' to dryness1 and weighing the residuum4 #c4 ,a third #ajj gr4 is taken and mashed with about #a_/b pint of water at #afj ,fahr41 for #b or #c hours2 the liquid is then drained off1 the residue gently squeezed1 and the strained liquid evaporated to dryness1 as before1 and weighed4 ,this gives the percentage of saccharine matter1 and should not be less than about #ga gr41 taking the above average of malt as the standard of calculation4 ,uses1 c4 ,malt is chiefly employed in the arts of brewing and distillation4 ,both roasted and crystallised malt are merely used to colour the worts produced from pale malt4 #a lb4 of roasted malt1 mashed with #gi lbs4 of pale malt1 imparts to the liquor the colour and flavour of #8porter4' ,the paler varieties of malt contain the largest quantity of saccharine matter4 ,after the malt has been kiln-dried1 the rootlets may be removed by means of a sieve4 ,before malt is mashed for beer it must be broken up1 and the law requires that it be bruised or crushed by smooth metal rollers1 and not ground by millstones4 ,it has also been proposed to employ malt1 instead of raw grain1 for fattening domestic animals1 and as food for their young and those in a sickly state4 ,infusion of malt 7sweet wort1 malt tea7 is laxative1 and has been recommended as an antiscorbutic and tonic4 ,it has been given with great advantage in scurvy2 but for this purpose good1 well-hopped1 mild beer is equally serviceable and more agreeable4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,distillation1 ,,fermentation1 c4 ,,malt ,,liq,,uors4 ,the qualities of ale1 beer1 and porter1 as beverages1 the detection of their adulteration1 and the methods of preparing them1 are described under their respective names and in the article upon #8,,brewing'2 the present article will1 therefore1 be confined to a short notice of the cellar management1 and the diseases of malt liquors generally4 ,,age4 ,the appearance and flavour to which this term is applied can1 of course1 be only given to the liquor by properly storing it for a sufficient time4 ,fraudulent brewers and publicans1 however1 frequently add a little oil of vitriol 7diluted with water7 to new beer1 by which it assumes the character of an inferior liquor of the class #a or #b years old4 ,copperas1 alum1 sliced onions1 ,seville oranges1 and cucumbers1 are also frequently employed by brewers for the same purpose4 ,,bottling4 ,clean1 sweet1 and dry bottles1 and sound and good corks1 should be had in readiness4 ,the liquor to be bottled should be perfectly clear2 and if it be not so1 it must be submitted to the operation of #8fining4' ,when quite fine1 and in good condition1 the bung of the cask should be left out all night1 and the next day the liquor should be put into bottles1 which1 after remaining #ab or #bd hours1 covered with sheets of paper to keep out the flies and dust1 must be securely corked down4 ,porter is generally wired over4 ,the wire for this purpose should be #8annealed1' and not resilient4 ,if the liquor is intended for exportation to a hot climate1 the bottles should remain filled for #b or #c days1 or more1 before corking them4 ,the stock of bottled liquor should be stored in a cool situation2 and a small quantity1 to meet present demands only1 should be set on their sides in a warmer place to ripen4 ,october beer should not be bottled before ,midsummer1 nor ,march beer till ,christmas4 ,,cloudiness4 ,add a handful of hops boiled in a gallon of the beer1 and in a fortnight fine it down4 ,,fining4 ,see ,,clarification and ,,brewing4 ,,flatness4 ,when the liquor is new1 or has still much undecomposed sugar left in it1 a sufficient remedy is to remove it into a warmer situation for a few days4 ,when this is not the case1 #b or #c pounds of moist sugar 7foots7 may be #8rummaged' into each hogshead4 ,in this way a second fermentation is set up1 and in a few days the liquor becomes brisk1 and carries a head4 ,this is the plan commonly adopted by publicans4 ,on the small scale the addition of a few grains of carbonate of soda1 or of prepared chalk1 to each glass1 is commonly made for the same purpose2 but in this case the liquor must be drunk within a few minutes1 else it becomes again flat and insipid4 ,this may be adopted for home-brewed beer which has become sour and vapid4 ,,foxing ,,or ,,bucking4 ,the spontaneous souring of worts or beer during their fermentation or ripening1 to which this name is applied1 may generally be remedied by adding to the liquor some fresh hops 7scalded71 along with some black mustard seed 7bruised74 ,some persons use a little made mustard1 or a solution of alum or of catechu1 and in a week or #aj days afterwards further add some treacle1 or moist sugar4 ,frosted beer is recovered by change of situation2 by the addition of some hops boiled in a little sweet wort2 or by adding a little moist sugar or treacle to induce a fresh fermentation4 ,,heading4 ,this is added to thin and vapid beer to make it bear a frothy head4 ,the most innocent1 pleasant1 and effective addition of this sort is a mixture of pure ammonio-citrate of iron and salt of tartar1 about equal parts in the proportion of only a few grains to a quart4 ,,improving4 ,this is the trade synonym of #8,,adulteration' and #8,,doctoring1' ,nevertheless there are cases in which #8improvement' may be made without affecting the wholesome character of the liquor4 ,of this kind is the addition of hops1 spices1 c41 during the maturation of beer that exhibits a tendency to deteriorate4 ,for this purpose some persons cut a half quartern loaf into slices1 and after toasting them very high1 place them in a coarse linen bag along with #a_/b lb4 of hops1 and #b oz4 each of bruised ginger1 cloves1 and mustard seed1 and suspend the bag by means of a string a few inches below the surface of the beer 7a hogshead71 which is then bunged close4 ,the addition of a little ground capsicum in the same way is also a real improvement to beer1 when judiciously made4 ,,mustiness4 ,to each hogshead1 racked into clean casks1 add #a lb4 of new hops boiled in a gallon of the liquor1 along with #g lbs4 of newly-burnt charcoal 7coarsely bruised1 and the fine dust sifted off71 and a #d-lb4 loaf of bread cut into thin slices and toasted rather black2 #8rouse up' well every day for a week1 then stir in of moist sugar #c or #d lbs41 and bung down for a fortnight4 ,,recovering4 ,this is said of unsaleable beer when rendered saleable1 by giving it #8head' or removing its #8tartness4' ,,ripening4 ,this term is applied to the regular maturation of beer4 ,it is also used to express the means by which liquors already mature are rendered brisk1 sparkling1 or fit and agreeable for immediate use4 ,in the language of the cellar1 malt liquors are said to be #8up' when they are well charged with gaseous matter1 and bear a frothy head4 ,these qualities depend on the undecomposed sugar undergoing fermentation1 which1 when active1 can only be of comparatively short duration1 and should1 therefore1 be repressed rather than excited in beers not required for immediate consumption4 ,when we desire to give #8briskness' to these liquors1 whether in cask or bottle1 it is only necessary to expose them for a few days to a slight elevation of temperature1 by removing them1 for instance1 to a warmer apartment4 ,this is the plan successfully adopted by bottlers4 ,the addition of a small lump of white sugar to each bottle of ale or beer1 or a teaspoonful of moist sugar to each bottle of porter1 just before corking it1 will render it fit for drinking in a few days in ordinary weather1 and in #b or #c days in the heat of summer4 ,a raisin or a lump of sugar candy is often added to each bottle with a like intention4 ,the ,parisians bottle their beer one day and sell it the next4 ,for this purpose1 in addition to the sugar as above1 they add #b or #c drops of yeast4 ,such bottled liquor must1 however1 be drunk within a week1 or else stored in a very cold place1 as it will otherwise burst the bottles or blow out the corks4 ,,ropiness4 ,a little infusion of catechu or of oak bark1 and some fresh hops1 may be added to the beer1 which in a fortnight should be rummaged well1 and the next day #8fined' down4 ,,sourness4 ,powdered chalk1 carbonate of soda1 salt of tartar1 or pearlash1 is commonly added by the publicans to the beer1 until the acidity is nearly removed1 when #d or #e lbs4 of moist sugar or foots per hogshead are #8rummaged' in1 together with sufficient water to disburse double the amount of the outlay and trouble4 ,such beer must be soon put on draught1 as it is very apt to get flat by keeping4 ,oyster shells and egg shells are also frequently used by brewers for the same purpose4 ,to remove the acidity of beer1 on the small scale1 a few grains of carbonate of soda per glass may be added just before drinking it4 ,,storing4 ,the situation of the beer-cellar should be such as to maintain its contents at a permanently uniform temperature1 ranging between #dd and #ej ,fahr41 a condition which can only be ensured by choosing for its locality an underground apartment1 or one in the centre of the basement portion of a large building4 ,,vamping4 ,half fill casks with the old liquor1 fill them up with some newly brewed1 and bung close for #c weeks or a month4 ,,maltin4 ,a nitrogenous ferment obtained from malt1 which it is believed by ,dubrunfaut to be the active principle1 and is more energetic than diastase4 ,the above chemist states it may be precipitated from extract of malt1 by the addition of two molecules of alcohol at #ij per cent4 ,according to ,dubrunfaut maltin exists in all cereal grains1 and in the water of rivers and brooks2 but not in the well water of ,paris4 ,,malting4 ,the method of converting barley1 wheat1 oats1 or any other description of grain into malt4 ,there are four successive stages in the process of malting1 viz41 steeping1 couching1 flooring1 and kiln-drying4 #a4 ,steeping or moistening4----,the grain is placed in a large wooden or stone cistern1 and sufficient water run in to cover it4 ,here it remains for a period of from #dj to #fj hours1 depending on the temperature of the weather1 or until it becomes soft enough to be easily pierced with a needle1 or crushed between the thumb and finger without yielding a milky juice4 ,while in steep the grain swells1 increasing nearly one fifth in bulk1 and about #ej per cent4 in weight4 ,the water is then drained off1 and the grain is ready for the next operation4 #b4 ,couching or germinating4----,from the cistern the swollen barley is thrown out into the couch frame to the depth of from #ad or #bj inches1 where heat is generated and germination induced4 ,here it is allowed to remain for from #bj to #cj hours1 according to the state of the weather1 until the acrospire or pumule shoots forth4 ,were the grain to remain long in the couch1 particularly in warm weather1 it would be either unduly forced or turn sour4 ,whilst in couch it rises in temperature about #ae degrees1 and gives off some of its extra moisture4 ,this is called sweating1 and as the rootlets now begin to shoot out1 means must be taken to check the germination4 #c4 ,flooring or regulating4----,this consists in spreading the heated barley on the floor at different depths1 according as it is required to increase or retard germination4 ,during this stage of the operation the art of the maltster may be more properly said to commence1 as now all his judgment is brought into requisition4 ,the grain must be turned three or four times a day1 and at each turning the layer is spread out more and more1 until it is reduced to the depth of about three or four inches4 ,the chief object to be attained by this operation is a regular germination of the grain4 #d4 ,kiln-drying4----,the sprouted barley is next spread in a thin layer on the malt kiln1 and heat applied4 ,the temperature to which the kiln is raised varies according to the purpose for which the malt is required1 the difference between pale1 amber1 and brown malt depending solely on the degree of heat to which each has been subjected1 and the manner in which the heat has been applied 7see ,,malt74 ,if the malt were not kiln-dried it would not keep1 but would become mouldy4 ,by the process of drying1 the vitality of the seed is destroyed1 and it may then be preserved without suffering further change4 ,product4----,good barley yields about #hj by weight and #aji by measure1 of dried and sifted malt4 ,of the loss by weight #ab must be referred to water existing in the raw grain4 ,,man,,ganese4 ,mn4 ,syn4 ,,manganesium1 ,l4 ,a hard1 brittle metal1 discovered by ,gahn in the black oxide of manganese of commerce4 ,prep4 ,reduce manganous carbonate to fine powder1 make it into a paste with oil1 adding about #a-ajth of its weight of calcined borax1 place the mixture in a ,hessian crucible lined with charcoal1 lute on the cover1 and expose it to the strongest heat of a smith's forge for #b hours2 when cold1 break the crucible and preserve the metallic button in naphtha4 ,obs4 ,the product is probably a carbide of manganese1 just as steel is a carbide of iron4 ,deville has lately prepared pure manganese by reducing the pure oxide by means of an insufficient quantity of sugar charcoal in a crucible made of caustic lime4 ,prop4 ,as prepared by ,deville1 metallic manganese has a reddish lustre1 like bismuth2 it is very hard and brittle2 when powdered1 it decomposes water1 even at the lowest temperature4 ,dilute sulphuric acid dissolves it with great energy1 evolving hydrogen4 ,sp4 gr4 #gac4 ,in an oxidised state manganese is abundant in the mineral kingdom1 and traces of it have been found in the ashes of plants and in mineral waters4 ,the salts of manganese may be easily prepared in a state of purity by dissolving the precipitated carbonate in the acids4 ,most of them are soluble1 and several are crystallisable4 ,tests4 ,manganous salts are distinguished as follows3----,the hydrates of potassium and sodium give white precipitates insoluble in excess1 and rapidly turning brown4 ,the presence of ammonium salts interferes with these tests4 ,ammonia gives similar results4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium gives a white precipitate4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen gives no precipitate in acid solutions1 and precipitates neutral solutions only imperfectly2 but in alkaline solutions it gives a bright1 flesh-coloured1 insoluble precipitate1 which becomes dark brown on exposure to the air4 ,sulphide of ammonium1 in neutral solutions1 also yields a similar precipitate1 which is very characteristic4 ,a compound of manganese fused with borax in the outer flame of the blowpipe gives a bead1 which appears of a violet-red colour whilst hot1 and upon cooling acquires an amethystine tint2 this colour is lost by fusion in the inner flame4 ,heated upon platinum foil with a little carbonate of sodium1 in the outer flame1 it yields a green mass whilst hot1 which becomes bluish green when cold4 ,manganous ,acetate4 ,mn7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,of ,,protoxide ,,of ,,manganese2 ,,manganii ,,acetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by neutralising concentrated acetic acid with manganous carbonate1 and evaporating the solution so that crystals may form4 ,prop41 c4 ,the crystals1 when pure1 are of a pale red colour2 permanent in the air2 soluble in alcohol1 and #c-a_/b parts of water1 and possess an astringent and metallic taste4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 as an alterative1 hmatinic1 c4 ,manganous ,carbonate4 ,mn,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,protoxide ,,of ,,manganese2 ,,manganesii ,,carbonas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,reduce the black oxide of manganese of commerce to fine powder1 and after washing it in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 dissolve it in strong hydrochloric acid1 and evaporate the resulting solution to dryness2 dissolve the residue in water1 and add to the solution sufficient sodium carbonate to precipitate all the iron present2 digest the mixed precipitate in the remainder of the liquid1 filter1 add ammonium sulphide until it begins to produce a flesh-coloured precipitate1 then filter1 and add sodium carbonate as long as a precipitate falls2 lastly1 well wash the newly-formed carbonate in water1 and dry it by a gentle heat4 #b4 ,by directly precipitating a solution of the chloride with sodium carbonate1 and washing and drying the powder as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,a pale buff or cream-coloured powder2 insoluble in water2 freely soluble in acids2 exposed to a strong heat1 it loses its carbonic acid1 absorbs oxygen1 and is converted into the red oxide4 ,it is chiefly employed in the preparation of the other salts of manganese4 ,manganous ,chloride4 ,mn,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,protochloride ,,of ,,manganese1 ,,muriate ,,of ,m42 ,,manganesii ,,chloridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by saturating hydrochloric acid with manganous carbonate2 the solution is greatly concentrated by evaporation1 when crystals may be obtained1 or it is at once evaporated to dryness2 in either case the product must be placed in warm1 dry1 stoppered bottles1 and preserved from the air4 #b4 ,from the dark brown residual liquid of the process of obtaining chlorine from binoxide of manganese and hydrochloric acid2 this liquid is evaporated to dryness1 and then slowly heated to dull redness in an earthen vessel1 with constant stirring1 and kept at that temperature for a short time2 the greyish-looking powder thus obtained is treated with water1 and the solution separated from the ferric oxide and other insoluble matter by filtration2 if any iron still remains1 a little manganous carbonate is added1 and the whole boiled for a few minutes2 the filtered solution is then treated as before4 ,this is the least expensive and most convenient source of this salt4 ,prop41 c4 ,rose-coloured tabular crystals2 inodorous2 very soluble both in water and alcohol2 very deliquescent2 when gradually heated to fusion the whole of the water is expelled1 and at a red heat it slowly suffers decomposition4 ,astringent1 tonic1 hmatinic1 and alterative4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr42 in scorbutic1 syphilitic1 and certain chronic cutaneous affections2 anmia1 chlorosis1 c4 ,manganous ,hydrate4 ,mn7,,ho7#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydrated ,,protoxide ,,of ,,manganese4 ,prep4 ,formed by adding potassium hydrate to manganous sulphate1 and filtering and drying the precipitate in vacuo4 ,white powder rapidly absorbing oxygen and burning first green and then brown from formation of higher oxides4 ,manganous ,iodide4 ,mn,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,manganesii ,,iodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by dissolving the carbonate in hydriodic acid and evaporating the filtered liquid in vacuo or out of contact with air4----,dose1 #a to #c gr42 in anmia1 chlorosis1 c41 occurring in scrofulous subjects4 ,manganous ,oxide4 ,mn,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,manganese4 ,prep4 ,by passing a current of hydrogen over manganous carbonate heated to whiteness in a porcelain tube4 ,olive-green powder rapidly oxidising on exposure to air1 and soluble in acids forming manganous salts4 ,there are four other oxides and two oxyhydrates that may be treated of here1 but of which only the peroxide and the manganates and permanganates are of practical importance4 ,manganous-manganic ,oxide4 ,mn#c,o#d1 or ,mn,o4,mn#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,oxide ,,of ,,manganese1 ,,protosesquioxide ,,of ,,manganese4 ,found native as 8,hansmanite04 ,it is produced by igniting manganous carbonate1 or manganic oxide1 or manganic peroxide4 ,reddish-brown1 coloured crystals or powder1 and communicates an amethyst colour to glass when fused with it4 ,manganous-manganic ,peroxide4 ,mn#d,o#g or ,mn,o#c4,mn#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,intermediate1 ,,oxide ,,of ,,manganese4 ,found native as 8,varvicile10 as a black hard crystalline mass4 ,decomposed when heated into a lower oxide and oxygen4 ,manganous ,phosphate4 ,mn,h4,,po#d #f;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,phosphate ,,of ,,protoxide ,,of ,,manganese2 ,,manganesii ,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by precipitating a solution of manganous sulphate with a solution of sodium phosphate4 ,it must be preserved from the air4----,dose1 #c to #ab gr42 in anmia1 rickets1 c4 ,manganous ,sulphate4 ,mn,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,protoxide ,,of ,,manganese2 ,,manganesii ,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by dissolving manganous carbonate in dilute sulphuric acid1 and evaporating the filtered solution so that crystals may form1 or at once gently evaporating it to dryness4 ,pure4 #b4 7,commercial47 ,by igniting manganic peroxide 7pyrolusite7 mixed with about #a-ajth of its weight of powdered coal in an iron crucible or gas-retort1 and digesting the residuum of the calcination in sulphuric acid1 with the addition after a time of a little hydrochloric acid2 the solution of manganous sulphate thus obtained1 after defecation1 is evaporated to dryness1 and heated to redness as before2 the mass1 after ignition1 is crushed small1 and treated with water2 the solution is nearly pure1 the whole of the iron having been reduced into the state of insoluble peroxide4 ,used by the calico printers4 ,cloth steeped in the solution1 and afterwards passed through a solution of chloride of lime1 is dyed of a permanent brown4 ,prop41 c4 ,pale rose-coloured crystals of the formul ,mn,s,o#d1 #g;,aq42 ,mn,s,o#d1 #e;,aq42 or ,mn,s,o#d1 #d;,aq42 according to the method of crystallising1 furnishing a solution of a rich amethystine colour4 ,with sulphate of potassa it forms a double salt 7#8manganese alum'74----,dose4 ,as an alterative and tonic1 #e to #aj gr42 as a cholagogue cathartic1 #a to #b dr41 dissolved in water1 either alone or combined with infusion of senna4 ,according to ,ure1 its action is prompt and soon over2 #a dr4 of it occasions1 after the lapse of an hour or so1 one or more liquid bilious stools4 ,in large doses it occasions vomiting1 and in excessive doses it destroys life by its caustic action on the stomach4 7,dr ,g4 ,c4 ,mitscherlich47 ,it has been administered with manifest advantage in torpor of the liver1 gout1 jaundice1 syphilis1 and certain skin diseases2 and1 combined with iron1 in anmia1 chlorosis1 rickets1 c4 ,manganous ,tartrate4 ,mn,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,manganesii ,,tartras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by saturating a solution of tartaric acid with most manganous carbonate4 ,alterative and tonic4----,dose1 #d to #ab gr4 ,manganate of ,barium4 ,ba,mn,o#d4 ,green insoluble powder1 obtained by fusing barium hydrate1 potassium chlorate1 and manganic peroxide together1 and washing the product4 ,manganate of ,potassium4 ,k#b,mn,o#d4 ,finely powdered manganic peroxide1 potassium chlorate1 and potassium hydrate1 made into a thick paste with water1 and heated to dull redness4 ,the fused product is treated with a small quantity of water1 and crystallised by evaporation in vacuo4 ,dark green1 almost black crystals1 readily soluble in water1 but decomposed by excess1 or by acids into manganic peroxide1 and potassium permanganate4 ,manganate of ,sodium4 ,na#b,mn,o#d4 ,prepared on the large scale by heating a mixture of manganic peroxide and sodium hydrate to redness in a current of air4 ,used in strong solution as a disinfectant under the name of 8,condy's green fluid40 ,manganic ,acid4 ,h#b,mn,o#d4 ,this acid has not yet been obtained free1 but some of its salts are extensively employed as disinfectants1 as 8green ,condy's fluid40 ,the chief compounds are the following3---- ,manganic ,hydrate4 ,mn#b7;,,ho7#f4 ,syn4 ,,hydrated ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,manganese4 ,found native as 8manganite10 in reddish-brown crystals4 ,prep4 ,by passing a current of air through recently precipitated and moist manganous hydrate4 ,soft dark brown powder converted into the oxide by heat4 ,manganic ,oxide4 ,mn#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,manganese4 ,found native as 8,braumite10 and readily formed by exposing manganous hydrate to the action of air1 and drying1 or by gently igniting the peroxide brown or black powder decomposed by heat4 ,manganic ,peroxide4 ,mn,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,permanganic ,,oxide1 ,,binoxide ,,of ,,manganese1 ,,peroxide ,,of ,,manganese1 ,,black ,,oxide ,,of ,,manganese1 ,,oxide ,,of ,,manganese1 ,,manganesii ,,oxidum ,,nigrum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,manganesii ,,binoxydum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,manganese ,,oxydum 7,ph4 ,e474 ,it is the only oxide of manganese that is directly employed in the arts4 ,it is a very plentiful mineral production1 and is found in great abundance in some parts of the ,west of ,england4 ,the manganese of the shop is prepared by washing1 to remove the earthy matter1 and grinding in mills4 ,the blackest samples are esteemed the best4 ,it is chiefly used to supply oxygen gas1 and in the manufacture of glass and chlorine2 in dyeing and to form the salts of manganese4 ,it has been occasionally employed in medicine1 chiefly externally in itch and porrigo1 made into an ointment with lard4 ,it has been highly recommended by ,dr ,erigeler in scrofula4 ,others have employed it as an alterative and tonic with variable success4 ,when slowly introduced into the system during a lengthened period1 it is said to produce paralysis of the motor nerves4 7,dr ,coupar47----,dose1 #c to #ab gr41 or more1 thrice daily1 made into pills4 ,pur4 ,native binoxide of manganese 7pyrolusite7 is usually contaminated with variable proportions of argillaceous matter1 calcium carbonate1 ferric oxide1 silica1 and barium sulphate1 all of which lower its value as a source of oxygen1 and for the preparation of chlorine4 ,the richness of this ore can1 therefore1 be only determined by an assay for its principal ingredient4 ,assay4 ,there are several methods adopted for this purpose1 among which the following recommend themselves as being the most accurate and convenient4 #a4 ,a portion of the mineral being reduced to very fine powder1 #ej gr4 of it are put into the little apparatus employed for the analysis of carbonates described at page #djf1 together with about #a_/b fl4 oz4 of cold water1 and #ajj gr4 of strong hydrochloric acid1 the latter contained in the little tube 7b72 #ej gr4 of crystallised oxalic acid are then added1 the cork carrying the chloride of calcium tube fitted in1 and the whole quickly and accurately weighed or counterpoised2 the apparatus is next inclined so that the acid contained in the small tube may be mixed with the other contents of the flask1 and the reaction of the ingredients is promoted by the application of a gentle heat2 the disengaged chlorine resulting from the mutual decomposition of the hydrochloric acid and the manganic peroxide converts the oxalic acid into carbonic acid gas1 which is dried in its passage through the chloride of calcium tube before it escapes into the air4 ,as soon as the reaction is complete1 and the residual gas has been driven off by a momentary ebullition1 the apparatus is allowed to cool1 when it is again carefully and accurately weighed4 ,the loss of weight in grains1 if doubled1 at once indicates the percentage richness of the mineral examined in manganic peroxide2 or1 more correctly1 every grain of carbonic anhydride evolved represents #aihb gr4 of the peroxide4 #b4 7,fresenius and ,will47 ,the apparatus employed is the #8alkalimeter' figured at page #cj4 ,the operation is similar to that adopted for the assay of alkalies1 and is a modification of the oxalic acid and sulphuric acid test for manganese1 originally devised by ,m4 ,berthier4 ,the standard weight of manganic peroxide recommended to be taken by ,fresenius and ,will is #bia grammes1 along with #fe to #g grammes of neutral potassium oxalate4 ,the process1 with quantities altered to adapt it for employment in the laboratories of these countries1 is as follows3----,manganic peroxide 7in very fine powder71 #ej gr42 neutral potassium oxalate 7in powder71 #abj gr42 these are put into the flask ,a 7see engr41 p4 #ca71 along with sufficient water to about #a-dth fill it2 the flask ,a and ,b 7the latter containing the sulphuric acid7 are then corked air-tight1 and thus connected in one apparatus1 the whole is accurately weighed4 ,the opening of the tube b being closed by a small lump of wax1 a little sulphuric acid is sucked over from the flask ,b into the flask ,a2 the disengagement of oxygen from the manganese immediately commences and this reacting upon the oxalic acid present1 converts it into carbonic anhydride gas1 which passing through the concentrated sulphuric acid in the flask ,b1 which robs it of moisture1 finally escapes from the apparatus through the tube d4 ,as soon as the disengagement of carbonic acid ceases1 the operator sucks over a fresh portion of sulphuric acid1 and this is repeated at short intervals1 until bubbles of gas are no longer disengaged4 ,the little wax stopper is now removed1 and suction is applied at h until all the carbonic acid in the apparatus is replaced by common air4 ,when the whole has become cold it is again weighed4 ,the loss of weight1 doubled1 indicates the amount of pure manganic peroxide1 in the sample1 as before4 #c4 7,otto47 #ej gr4 of the sample reduced to very fine powder are mixed in a glass flask1 with hydrochloric acid #a-a_/b fl4 oz41 diluted with #a_/b oz4 of cold water1 and portions of ferrous sulphate1 from a weighed sample1 immediately added1 at first in excess1 but afterwards in smaller doses1 until the liquid ceases to give a blue precipitate with red prussiate of potash1 or to evolve the odour of chlorine2 heat being employed towards the end of the process4 ,the quantity of ferrous sulphate consumed is now ascertained by again weighing the sample4 ,if the peroxide examined was pure1 the loss of weight will be #cag gr42 but if otherwise1 the percentage of the pure peroxide may be obtained by the rule of three4 ,thus3 suppose only #bih gr4 of the sulphate were consumed1 then #cag 3 #ajj 33 #bih 3 #id1 and the richness of the sample would be #id4 ,the percentage value of the oxide for evolving chlorine may be obtained by multiplying the weight of the consumed ferrous sulphate by #behh1 which1 in the above case1 would give #gf of chlorine4 ,for this purpose1 as well as for chlorometry1 the ferrous sulphate is best prepared by precipitating it from its aqueous solution with alcohol1 and drying it out of contact with air until it loses its alcoholic odour4 ,obs4 ,before applying the above processes it is absolutely necessary that we ascertain whether the peroxide examined contains any carbonates1 as the presence of these would vitiate the results4 ,this is readily determined by treating it with a little dilute nitric acid3----if effervescence ensues1 one or more carbonates are present1 and the sample1 after being weighed1 must be digested for some time in dilute nitric acid in excess1 and then carefully collected on a filter1 washed1 and dried4 ,it may then be assayed as before4 ,the loss of weight indicates the quantity of carbonates present1 with sufficient accuracy for technical purposes4 ,the determination of this point is the more important1 as these contaminations not merely lessen the richness of the mineral in pure manganic peroxide1 but also cause a considerable waste of acid when it is employed in the manufacture of chlorine4 ,permanganic ,acid4 ,h,mn,o#d4 ,obtained by distilling cautiously potassium permanganate and sulphuric acid4 ,dark violet-black liquid1 green by reflected light1 and rapidly absorbing water forming a violet solution4 ,oxidises organic matter with explosive violence4 ,permanganate of ,barium4 ,ba7,mn,o7#de4 ,black soluble prisms1 formed by decomposing silver permanganate by means of barium chloride1 and cautiously evaporating4 ,permanganate of ,potassium4 ,k,mn,o#d4 ,prep4 ,potassium chlorate1 or nitrate1 and potassium hydrate are made into a paste with water1 and manganic peroxide added2 the mass is dried and heated to redness4 ,the residue is boiled with water1 filtered through asbestos1 and evaporated down and recrystallised4 ,dark purple1 red1 almost black anhydrous long prisms1 readily soluble in #af pints of water4 ,decomposed in presence of acids by most organic matter4 ,permanganate of ,silver4 ,ag,mn,o#d4 ,prep4 ,precipitate a strong solution of silver nitrate by means of a concentrated solution of potassium permanganate4 ,small black prisms1 soluble in #ajj parts of water1 with a purple colour4 ,permanganate of ,sodium4 ,na,mn,o#d4 ,obtained as a dark purple liquid by passing a current of carbonic anhydride through sodium manganate4 ,condy's red fluid is chiefly a sodium permanganate dissolved in water4 ,,mange4 ,an eruptive disease1 corresponding to the itch in man1 resulting from the burrowing into the skin of minute animalcules 7mites or acari71 and common to several domestic animals1 more especially the dog and horse4 ,like the itch1 it is contagious4 ,the causes are confinement1 dirt1 and bad living4 ,the treatment should consist in the immediate removal of the cause1 the frequent use of soft soap and water1 followed by frictions with sulphur ointment1 solution of chloride of lime or sporokton1 the administration of purgatives1 and a change to a restorative diet4 ,dun states that in ,india a very efficient remedy for mange is employed by the native farriers1 which consists of castor oil seeds well bruised1 steeped for twelve hours in sour milk1 and rubbed into the skin1 previously thoroughly cleansed with soap and water4 8,the itchiness disappears almost immediately and the acari are speedily destroyed40 ,a dressing consisting of #a oz4 of chloride of zinc 7,burnett's disinfectant fluid7 and #a quart of water may also be applied with advantage4 ,,man,,gel ,,wur,,zel4 ,syn4 ,,mangold-,,wurzel1 ,,hybrid ,,beet1 ,,root ,,of ,,scarcity4 ,the ,beta vulgaris1 var4 campestris1 a variety of the common beet4 ,the root abounds in sugar1 and has been used in ,germany as a substitute for bread in times of scarcity4 ,in these countries it is chiefly cultivated as food for cattle4 ,the young leaves are eaten as spinach4 ,the percentage composition of mangold wurzel is as follows3----,flesh-formers 7albumenoid bodies71 #aed2 heat and fat-formers 7sugar1 c47 #hfj2 indigestible fibre1 #aab2 ash1 #jif2 #hggh4 ,,man,,heim ,,gold4 ,a gold-coloured brass4 ,see ,,gold 7,dutch74 ,,man,,na ,syn4 ,,manna 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,a concrete exudation from the stem of ,fraxinus ornus and ,f4 rotundifolia1 obtained by incision4 7,b4 ,p47 8,the juice flowing from the incised bark0 of 8,fraxinus rotundifolia and ,f4 ornus1 hardened by the air40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the finest variety of this drug is known as flake manna1 and occurs in pieces varying from #a to #f inches long1 #a or #b inches wide1 and #a_/b to #a inch thick4 ,it has a yellowish-white or cream colour2 an odour somewhat resembling honey1 but less pleasant1 a sweet1 mawkish taste2 and is light1 porous1 and friable4 ,it is laxative in doses of #a to #b oz4 ,manna ,factitious1 made of a mixture of sugar1 starch1 and honey1 with a very small quantity of scammony to give it odour and flavour1 and to render it purgative1 has been lately very extensively offered in trade1 and met with a ready sale4 ,,man,,nacroup4 ,a granular preparation of wheat deprived of bran1 used as an article of food for children and invalids4 7,brande47 ,,man,,nite4 ,c#f;,h#ad,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,manna ,,sugar1 ,,mushroom ,s42 ,,mannita1 ,l4 ,a sweet1 crystallisable substance1 found in manna and in several other vegetable productions4 ,it has been formed artificially by the action of sodium-amalgam upon an alkaline solution of cane sugar4 ,prep4 #a4 ,digest manna in boiling rectified spirit1 and filter or decant the solution whilst hot2 the mannite crystallises as the liquid cools in tufts of slender1 colourless needles4 #b4 7,ruspini47 ,manna1 #f lbs42 cold water 7in which the white of an egg has been beaten71 #c lbs42 mix1 boil for a few minutes1 and strain the syrup through linen whilst hot2 the strained liquid will form a semi-crystalline mass on cooling2 submit this to strong pressure in a cloth1 mix the cake with its own weight of cold water1 and again press it2 dissolve the cake thus obtained in boiling water1 add a little animal charcoal1 and filter the mixture into a porcelain dish set over the fire2 lastly1 evaporate the filtrate to a pellicle1 and set the syrup aside to crystallise4 ,large quadrangular prisms2 perfectly white and transparent4 ,prop41 c4 ,mannite has a powerfully sweet and agreeable taste2 dissolves in #e parts of cold water and about half that quantity of boiling water2 freely soluble in hot1 and slightly so in cold alcohol2 fuses by heat without loss of weight2 with sulphuric acid it combines to form a new acid compound4 ,it is distinguished from the true sugars by its aqueous solution not being susceptible of the vinous fermentation1 and not possessing the property of rotary polarisation4 ,when pure1 it is perfectly destitute of purgative properties4 ,it is now extensively imported from ,italy1 and is chiefly used to cover the taste of nauseous medicines1 and as a sweetmeat4 ,,manures4 ,substances added to soils to increase their fertility4 ,the food of vegetables1 as far as their organic structure is concerned1 consists entirely of inorganic compounds2 and no organised body can serve for the nutrition of vegetables until it has been1 by the process of decay1 resolved into certain inorganic substances4 ,these are carbonic acid1 water1 and ammonia1 which are well known to be the final products of putrefaction4 ,but even when these are applied to vegetables1 their growth will not proceed unless certain mineral substances are likewise furnished in small quantities1 either by the soil or the water used to moisten it4 ,almost every plant1 when burned1 leaves ashes1 which commonly contain silica1 potassa1 and phosphate of lime2 often1 also1 magnesia1 soda1 sulphates1 and oxide of iron4 ,these mineral bodies appear to be essential to the existence of the vegetable tissues2 so that plants will not grow in soils destitute of them1 however abundantly supplied with carbonic acid1 ammonia1 and water4 ,the carbon of plants is wholly derived from carbonic acid1 which is either absorbed from the atmosphere1 and from rain water1 by the leaves1 or from the moisture and air in the soil1 by the roots4 ,its carbon is retained and assimilated with the body of the plant1 while its oxygen is given out in the gaseous form2 this decomposition being always effected under the influence of light at ordinary temperatures4 ,the hydrogen and oxygen of vegetables1 which1 when combined with carbon1 constitute the ligneous1 starchy1 gummy1 saccharine1 oily1 and resinous matters of plants1 are derived from water chiefly absorbed by the roots from the soil4 ,the nitrogen of vegetables is derived chiefly1 if not exclusively1 from ammonia1 which is supplied to them in rain1 and in manures1 and which remain in the soil till absorbed by the roots4 ,according to the celebrated #8mineral theory' of agriculture advanced by ,liebig a soil is fertile or barren for any given plant according as it contains those mineral substances that enter into its composition4 ,thus1 8the ashes of wheat-straw contain much silica and potassa1 whilst the ashes of the seeds contain phosphate of magnesia4 ,hence1 if a soil is deficient in any one of these1 it will not yield wheat4 ,on the other hand1 a good crop of wheat will exhaust the soil of these substances1 and it will not yield a second crop till they have been restored1 either by manure or by the gradual action of the weather in disintegrating the subsoil4 ,hence the benefit derived from fallows and from the rotation of crops4 8,when1 by an extraordinary supply of any one mineral ingredient1 or of ammonia1 a large crop has been obtained1 it is not to be expected that a repetition of the same individual manure next year will produce the same effect4 ,it must be remembered that the unusual crop has exhausted the soil probably of all the other mineral ingredients1 and that they also must be restored before a second crop can be obtained4 8,the salt most essential to the growth of the potato is the double phosphate of ammonia and magnesia2 that chiefly required for hay is phosphate of lime2 while for almost all plants potassa and ammonia are highly beneficial40 ,from these principles we 8may deduce a few valuable conclusions in regard to the chemistry of agriculture4 ,first1 by examining the ashes of a thriving plant1 we discover the mineral ingredients which must exist in a soil to render it fertile for that plant4 ,secondly1 by examining a soil1 we can say at once whether it is fertile in regard to any plants the ashes of which have been examined4 ,thirdly1 when we know the defects of a soil1 the deficient matters may be easily obtained and added to it1 unmixed with such as are not required4 ,fourthly1 the straw1 leaves1 c41 of any plant1 are the best manure for that plant1 since every vegetable extracts from the soil such matters alone as are essential to it4 ,this important principle has been amply verified by the success attending the use of wheat-straw1 or its ashes1 as manure for wheat1 and of the chippings of the vines as a manure for the vineyard4 ,when these are used 7in the proper quantity7 no other manure is required4 ,fifthly1 in the rotation of crops1 those should be made to follow which require different materials2 or a crop which extracts little or no mineral matter1 such as peas1 should come after one which exhausts the soil of its phosphates and potassa40 7,liebig47 ,the experiments of ,messrs ,lawes and ,gilbert have forced upon them opinions differing from those of ,baron ,liebig on some important points in relation to his #8mineral theory1' which endeavours to prove that 8the crops on a field diminish or increase in exact proportion to the diminution or increase of the mineral substances conveyed to it in manure40 ,the results obtained by the ,english investigators appear to prove that it is impossible to get good crops by using mineral manures alone1 and that nitrogenous manures 7farm-yard manure1 guano1 ammoniacal salts1 c47 are fertilising agents of the highest order4 ,of the chemical manures now so much used bone-dust is1 perhaps1 the most important1 as it supplies the phosphates which have been extracted by successive crops of grass and corn1 the whole of the bones of the cattle fed on these crops having been derived from the soil2 its gelatin also yields ammonia by putrefaction4 ,guano acts as a source of ammonia1 containing much oxalate and urate of ammonia1 with some phosphates4 ,nightsoil and urine1 especially the latter1 are most valuable for the ammonia they yield1 as well as for the phosphates and potassa2 but are very much neglected in this country1 although their importance is fully appreciated in ,belgium1 ,france1 and ,china4 ,nitrate of soda is valued as a source of nitrogen4 ,all organic substances may be employed as manures2 preference being1 however1 given to those abounding in nitrogen1 and which readily decay when mixed with the soil4 ,the analysis of manures1 soils1 and the ashes of plants1 for the purpose of ascertaining their composition and comparative value1 is not easily performed by the inexperienced2 but a rough approximation to their contents1 sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes1 may be generally made by any intelligent person with proper care and attention4 ,see ,,agriculture1 ,,bone-,,dust1 ,,guano1 c4 ,manures1 ,artificial4 ,various formul belonging to this head will be found dispersed1 under their respective names1 throughout this work4 ,the following are additional ones3---- #a4 7,anderson47 ,sulphate of ammonia1 common salt1 and oil of vitriol1 of each #aj parts2 chloride of potassium1 #ae parts2 gypsum and sulphate of potassa1 of each #ag parts2 saltpetre1 #bj parts2 crude ,epsom salts1 #be parts2 sulphate of soda1 #cc parts4 ,for clover4 #b4 7,huxtable47 ,crude potash1 #bh lbs42 common salt1 #a cwt42 bone-dust and gypsum1 of each #b cwt42 wood-ashes1 #ae bushels4 ,for either corn1 turnips1 or grass4 #c4 7,johnstone47 ,sulphate of soda 7dry71 #aa lbs42 wood-ashes1 #bh lbs42 common salt1 #c_/d cwt42 crude sulphate of ammonia1 #a cwt42 bone-dust1 #g bushels4 ,as a substitute for guano4 #d4 7,lawes' #8,superphosphate4'7 ,see ,,coprolite4 #e4 7,fertilising powder47 ,a mixture of very fine bone-dust1 #ah parts2 calcined gypsum1 and sulphate of ammonia1 of each #a part4 ,the seed is ordered to be steeped in the #8drainings' from a dunghill1 and after being drained1 but whilst still wet1 to be sprinkled with the powder1 and then dried4 ,see ,,flowers1 ,,lime 7,superphosphate71 c4 ,,manuscripts1 ,faded1 to ,restore4 ,one of the methods in use for the restoration of old or faded writing is to expose it to the vapours of hydrosulphate of ammonia 7hydrosulphide of ammonium7 until the ink becomes darkened by the formation of sulphide of iron4 ,another consists in carefully washing1 or sponging1 the faded manuscript over with a weak solution of the ammonic sulphide1 and as soon as the characters become legible1 soaking it in water so as to remove the remaining sulphide1 and then drying it between folds of blotting paper4 ,a third plan1 and one attended with less risk to the paper1 is to brush over the manuscript with a moderately strong aqueous solution of gallo-tannic acid1 to wash with water1 and afterwards to dry it at a temperature of about #aej ,fahr4 ,the solution of gallo-tannic acid may be obtained by making a strong infusion of bruised nutgalls in boiling water1 and when cold1 straining it4 ,some old and medival manuscripts are written in inks made of carbon4 ,to such the above treatment is inapplicable2 being suited only to those traced in ordinary writing ink4 ,for parchments the latter method is preferable4 ,,maps4 ,these1 as well as architect's and engineer's designs1 plans1 sections1 drawings1 c41 may be tinted with any of the simple liquid colours mentioned under #8,,velvet ,,colours1' preference being given to the most transparent ones1 which will not obscure the lines beneath them4 ,to prevent the colours from sinking and spreading1 which they usually do on common paper1 the latter should be wetted #b or #c times with a sponge dipped in alum water 7#c or #d oz4 to the pint71 or with a solution of white size1 observing to dry it carefully after each coat4 ,this tends to give lustre and beauty to the colours4 ,the colours for this purpose should also be thickened with a little gum water4 ,before varnishing maps after colouring them1 #b or #c coats of clean size should be applied with a soft brush----the first one to the back4 ,,maraschi,,no 7-kno74 ,syn4 ,,marasquin1 ,fr4 ,a delicate liqueur spirit distilled from a peculiar cherry growing in ,dalmatia1 and afterwards sweetened with sugar4 ,the best is from ,zara1 and is obtained from the marasca cherry only4 ,an inferior quality is distilled from a mixture of cherries and the juice of liquorice root4 ,,mar,,ble4 ,syn4 ,,limestone1 ,,hard ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lime2 ,,marmor1 ,,calcis ,,carbonas ,,durus1 ,m4 ,,album 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,marbles are merely purer and more compact varieties of limestone1 which admit of being sawn into slabs1 and are susceptible of a fine polish4 ,white marble is employed for the preparation of carbonic acid and some of the salts of lime4 ,it contains about #fe of lime4 ,sp4 gr4 #bgj to #bhe4 ,the tests of its purity are the same as those already noticed under ,,chalk4 ,marble is best cleaned with a little soap-and-water1 to which some ox-gall may be added4 ,acids should be avoided4 ,oil and grease may be generally removed by spreading a paste made of soft soap1 caustic potash lye1 and fullers earth over the part1 and allowing it to remain there for a few days2 after which it must be washed off with clean water4 ,or1 equal parts of ,american potash 7crude carbonate of potash7 and whiting are made into a moderately stiff paste with a sufficiency of boiling water1 and applied to the marble with a brush4 ,at the end of two or three days the paste is removed and the marble washed with soap-and-water4 ,any defect of polish may be brought up with tripoli1 followed by putty powder1 both being used along with water4 ,marble is mended with one or other of the compounds noticed under ,,cements4 ,marble may be stained or dyed of various colours by applying coloured solutions or tincture to the stone1 made sufficiently hot to make the liquid just simmer on the surface4 ,the following are the substances usually employed for this purpose3---- ,,blue4 ,tincture or solution of litmus1 or an alkaline solution of indigo4 ,,brown4 ,tincture of logwood4 ,,crimson4 ,a solution of alkanet root in oil of turpentine4 ,,flesh ,,colour4 ,wax tinged with alkanet root1 and applied to the marble hot enough to melt it freely4 ,,gold ,,colour4 ,a mixture of equal parts of white vitriol1 sal ammoniac1 and verdigris1 each in fine powder1 and carefully applied4 ,,green4 ,an alkaline solution or tincture of sap green1 or wax strongly coloured with verdigris2 or the stone is first stained blue1 and then the materials for yellow stain are applied4 ,,red4 ,tincture of dragon's blood1 alkanet root1 or cochineal4 ,,yellow4 ,tincture of gamboge1 turmeric1 or saffron2 or wax coloured with annotta4 ,success in the application of these colours requires considerable experience4 ,by their skilful use1 however1 a very pleasing effect1 both of colour and grain1 may be produced4 ,,marbling 7of ,books1 c474 ,the edges and covers of books are #8marbled' by laying the colour on them with a brush1 or by means of a wooden trough containing mucilage1 as follows3----,provide a wooden trough1 #b inches deep1 #f inches wide1 and the length of a super-royal sheet2 boil in a brass or copper pan any quantity of linseed and water until a thick mucilage is formed2 strain this into the trough1 and let it cool2 then grind on a marble slab any of the following colours in table beer4 ,for----blue1 ,prussian blue or indigo2----red1 rose-pink1 vermilion1 or drop lake2----yellow1 king's yellow1 yellow ochre1 c42----white1 flake white2----black1 ivory black1 or burnt lampblack2----brown umber1 burnt u41 terra di sienna1 burnt s42 black mixed with yellow or red also makes brown2----green1 blue and yellow mixed2----purple1 red and blue mixed4 ,for each colour provide two cups----one for the ground colours1 the other to mix them with the ox-gall1 which must be used to thin them at discretion4 ,if too much gall is used the colours spread2 when they keep their place on the surface of the trough1 on being moved with a quill1 they are fit for use4 ,all things being in readiness1 the prepared colours are successively sprinkled on the surface of the mucilage in the trough with a brush1 and are waved or drawn about with a quill or a stick according to taste4 ,when the design is thus formed1 the book1 tied tightly between cutting boards of the same size1 is lightly pressed with its edge on the surface of the liquid pattern1 and then withdrawn and dried4 ,the covers may be marbled in the same way1 only the liquid colours must be allowed to run over them4 ,the film of colour in the trough may be as thin as possible2 and if any remains after the marbling1 it may be taken off by applying paper to it before you prepare for marbling again4 ,this process has been called ,,french ,,marbling4 ,to diversify the effect1 a little sweet oil is often mixed with the colours before sprinkling them on1 by which means a light halo or circle appears round each spot4 ,in like manner spirit of turpentine1 sprinkled on the surface of the trough1 produces white spots4 ,by staining the covers with any of the liquid dyes1 and then dropping on them1 or running over them1 drops of the ordinary liquid mordants1 a very pleasing effect may be produced4 ,vinegar black1 or a solution of green copperas1 thus applied to common leather1 produces black spots or streaks1 and gives a similar effect with most of the light dyes4 ,a solution of alum or of tin in like manner produces bright spots or streaks1 and soda or potash water dark ones4 ,this style has been called ,,egyptian ,,marble4----,,soap ,,marbling is done by throwing on the colours1 ground with a little white soap to a proper consistence1 by means of a brush4 ,it is much used for book-edges1 stationery1 sheets of paper1 ladies' fancy work1 c4----,,thread ,,marble is given by first covering the edge uniformly of one colour1 then laying pieces of thick thread irregularly on different parts of it1 and giving it a fine dark sprinkle4 ,when well managed the effect is very pleasing4----,,rice ,,marble is given in a similar way to the last by using rice4----,,tree ,,marble is done on leather book-covers1 c41 by bending the board a little in the centre1 and running the marbling liquid over it in the form of vegetation4 ,the knots are given by rubbing the end of a candle on those parts of the cover4----,,wax ,,marble is given in a similar way to thread marble1 but using melted wax1 which is removed after the book is sprinkled and dried2 or a sponge charged with blue1 green1 or red may be passed over4 ,this1 also1 is much used for stationery work1 especially for folios and quartos4 ,the #8vinegar black' of the bookbinders is merely a solution of acetate of iron1 made by steeping a few rusty nails or some iron filings in vinegar4 ,all the ordinary liquid colours that do not contain strong acids or alkalies may be used1 either alone or thickened with a little gum1 for marbling or sprinkling books4 ,,sprinkling is performed by simply dipping a stiff-haired painter's brush into the colour1 and suddenly striking it against a small stick held in the left hand over the work4 ,by this means the colour is evenly scattered without producing #8blurs' or #8blots4' ,,paper1 ,,pasteboard1 c41 in sheets1 are marbled and sprinkled in a similar manner to that above described1 but in this case the gum trough must1 of course1 be longer4 ,,margar,,ic ,,acid4 ,this term was formerly applied to a mixture of palmitic and stearic acids1 produced by decomposing the alkaline soaps of solid fats with an acid1 but it is now given to a fatty acid which can only be obtained artificially4 ,,mar,,garin4 ,syn4 ,,margarate ,,of ,,glyceryl4 ,a constituent formerly supposed to exist in solid fats1 but now regarded as a mixture of stearin and palmitin4 ,,marine ,,acid4 ,see ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4 ,,marl4 ,a natural mixture of clay and chalk1 with sand4 ,it is characterised by effervescing with acids4 ,according to the predominance of one or other of its component parts1 it is called argillaceous1 calcareous1 or sandy marl4 ,it is very generally employed as a manure for sandy soils1 more particularly in ,norfolk4 ,see ,,soils4 ,,mar,,malade4 ,originally a conserve made of quinces and sugar2 now commonly applied to the conserves of other fruit1 more especially to those of oranges and lemons4 ,prep4 ,marmalades are made either by pounding the pulped fruit in a mortar with an equal or a rather larger quantity of powdered white sugar1 or by mixing them together by heat1 passing them through a hair sieve whilst hot1 and then putting them into pots or glasses4 ,the fruit-pulps are obtained by rubbing the fruit through a fine hair sieve1 either at once or after it has been softened by simmering it for a short time along with a little water4 ,when heat is employed in mixing the ingredients1 the evaporation should be continued until the marmalade #8jellies' on cooling4 ,see ,,conserves1 ,,confections1 ,,electuaries1 ,,jams1 ,,jellies1 and below4 ,marmalade1 ,apricot4 ,from equal parts of pulp and sugar4 ,marmalade1 ,mixed4 ,from plums1 pears1 and apples1 variously flavoured to palate4 ,marmalade1 ,orange4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from oranges 7either ,seville or ,st ,michael's1 or a mixture of the two71 by boiling the peels in syrup until soft1 then pulping them through a sieve1 adding as much white sugar1 and boiling them with the former syrup and the juice of the fruit to a proper consistence4 #b4 ,by melting the confection of orange peel 7,ph4 ,l471 either with or without the addition of some orange or lemon juice1 and then passing it through a sieve4 #c4 7,,candied ,,orange ,,marmalade47 ,from candied orange peel1 boiled in an equal weight each of sugar and water1 and then passed through a sieve4 #d4 7,,scotch ,,marmalade47----a4 ,seville orange juice1 #a quart2 yellow peel of the fruit1 grated2 honey1 #b lbs42 boil to a proper consistence4 b4 ,seville oranges1 #h lbs42 peel them as thinly as possible1 then squeeze out the juice1 boil it on the yellow peels for #a_/d of an hour1 strain1 add white sugar1 #g lbs41 and boil to a proper consistence4 ,marmalade1 ,quince4 ,syn4 ,,diacydonium4 ,from quince flesh or pulp and sugar1 equal parts2 or from the juice 7miva cydoniorum1 gelatina c471 by boiling it to half1 adding an equal quantity of white wine and #b_/crds of its weight of sugar1 and gently evaporating the mixture4 ,marmalade1 ,tomato4 ,like ,,apricot ,,marmalade1 adding a few slices of onion and a little parsley4 ,,marmora,,tum4 ,finely powdered marble and quicklime1 well beaten together2 used as a cement or mortar4 ,,mar,,row 7,beef74 ,this is extensively employed by the perfumers in the preparation of various pomades and other cosmetics1 on account of its furnishing an exceedingly bland fat1 which is not so much disposed to rancidity as the other fats4 ,it is prepared for use by soaking and working it for some time in lukewarm water1 and afterwards melting it in a water bath1 and straining it through a piece of muslin whilst hot4 ,when scented it is esteemed equal to bear's grease for promoting the growth of the hair4 ,,marsh ,,gas4 ,light carbonetted hydrogen4 ,,marsh',s ,,test4 ,see ,,arsenious ,,acid4 ,,marshmallow4 ,syn4 ,,alth,a 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the root 7leaves and root----,ph4 ,e47 of ,altha officinalis1 ,linn41 or common marshmallow4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it is emollient and demulcent2 the decoction is useful in irritation of the respiratory and urinary organs1 and of the alimentary canal4 ,the flowers as well as the root are reputed pectoral4 ,,martin',s ,,powder4 ,a mixture of white arsenic and the powdered stems of ,orobanche virginiana 7,linn471 a plant common in ,virginia4 ,an ,american quack remedy for cancer4 ,,mass4 ,syn4 ,,massa1 ,l4 ,this term is commonly applied in pharmacy and veterinary medicine to certain preparations which are not made up into their ultimate form4 ,thus1 we have #8ball-masses1' #8pill-masses1' c42 of which1 for convenience1 large quantities are prepared at a time1 and are kept in pots or jars1 ready to be divided into balls or pills1 as the demands of business may require4 7,see below47 ,,masses 7,veterinary74#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,reprinted from ,tuson's #8,veterinary ,pharmacopia4' ,massa ,aloes4 ,,mass ,,of ,,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,cathartic ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take of ,barbadoes aloes1 in small pieces1 #h parts2 glycerin1 #b parts2 ginger1 in powder1 #a part2 melt together in a water bath1 and thoroughly incorporate by frequent stirring4----,use4 ,cathartic for the horse4----,dose4 ,from #f to #h dr4 ,massa ,aloes ,composita4 ,,compound ,,mass ,,of ,,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,alterative ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take of ,barbadoes aloes1 in powder1 #a oz42 soft soap1 #a oz42 common mass1 #f oz42 thoroughly incorporate by beating in a mortar1 so as to form a mass4----,use4 ,alterative for the horse4----,dose1 #a oz4 ,massa ,antimonii ,tartarata ,composita4 ,,compound ,,mass ,,of ,,tartarated ,,antimony4 ,syn4 ,,fever ,,ball4 ,prep4 ,take of tartrated antimony1 in powder1 #a_/b dr42 camphor1 in powder1 #a_/b dr42 nitrate of potash1 in powder1 #b dr42 common mass1 a sufficiency2 mix so as to form a bolus4----,use4 ,febrifuge for the horse4----,dose4 ,the above mixture constitutes #a dose4 ,massa ,belladonn ,composita4 ,,compound ,,mass ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,cough ,,ball4 ,prep4 ,take of extract of belladonna1 #a_/b to #a dr42 ,barbadoes aloes1 in powder1 #a dr42 nitrate of potash1 in powder1 #b dr42 common mass1 a sufficiency2 mix so as to form a bolus4----,use4 ,for the horse in chronic cough4----,dose4 ,the above mixture constitutes #a dose4 ,massa ,cathechu ,composita4 ,,compound ,,mass ,,of ,,catechu4 ,syn4 ,,astringent ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take of extract of catechu1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 cinnamon bark1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 common mass1 #f oz42 mix4----,use4 ,astringent for the horse4----,dose1 #a oz41 in the form of a bolus4 ,massa ,communis4 ,,common ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take of linseed1 finely ground1 and treacle1 of each equal parts2 mix together so as to form a mass4----,use4 ,an excipient for medicinal agents when they are to be administered in the form of bolus4 ,massa ,cupri ,sulphatis4 ,,mass ,,of ,,sulphate ,,of ,,copper4 ,syn4 ,,tonic ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take of sulphate of copper1 finely powdered1 #a oz42 ginger1 in powder1 #a oz42 common mass1 #f oz42 mix4----,use4 ,tonic for the horse4----,dose1 #f to #h dr4 ,massa ,digitalis ,composita4 ,,compound ,,mass ,,of ,,digitalis4 ,syn4 ,,cough ,,ball4 ,prep4 ,take of ,barbadoes aloes1 in powder1 #b oz42 digitalis1 #a oz42 common mass1 #ac oz42 mix4----,use4 ,for the horse in chronic cough4----,dose1 #a oz4 once or twice a day4 ,massa ,ferri ,sulphatis4 ,,mass ,,of ,,sulphate ,,of ,,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tonic ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take of sulphate of iron1 in powder1 #b oz42 ginger1 in powder1 #a oz42 common mass1 #e oz42 mix4----,use4 ,tonic for the horse4----,dose1 #f to #h dr4 ,massa ,resin ,composita4 ,,compound ,,mass ,,of ,,resin4 ,syn4 ,,diuretic ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take of resin1 in powder1 nitrate of potash1 in powder1 hard soap1 of each equal parts2 mix4----,use4 ,diuretic for the horse4----,dose1 #a oz4 ,massa ,zingiberis ,composita4 ,,compound ,,mass ,,of ,,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,cordial ,,mass4 ,prep4 ,take of ginger1 in powder1 gentian root1 in powder1 treacle1 of each equal parts1 a sufficiency2 mix so as to form a mass4----,use4 ,stomachic for the horse4----,dose1 #a oz4 ,,mas,,sicot4 ,syn4 ,,masticot1 ,,yellow ,,protoxide ,,of ,,lead2 ,,plumbi ,,oxydum ,,flavum1 ,,cerussa ,,citrina1 ,l4 ,the dross that forms on melted lead exposed to a current of air1 roasted until it acquires a uniform yellow colour4 ,artists often apply the same name to white lead roasted until it turns yellow4 ,used as a pigment4 ,,mas,,tic4 ,syn4 ,,mastich1 ,,gum ,,mastic2 ,,mastiche1 ,l4 ,the 8resin flowing from the incised bark of ,pistacia ,lentiscus1 var4 ,chia40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it occurs in pale yellowish1 transparent1 rounded tears1 which soften between the teeth when chewed1 and giving out a bitter1 aromatic taste4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajg4 ,it is soluble in both rectified spirit and oil of turpentine1 forming varnishes4 ,it is chiefly used as a #8masticatory1' to strengthen and preserve the teeth1 and perfume the breath4 ,mastic4 ,fine mortar or cement used for plastering walls1 in which the ingredients1 in a pulverulent state1 are mixed up1 either entirely or with a considerable portion of linseed oil4 ,it sets very hard1 and is ready to receive paint in a few days4 ,see ,,cements4 ,,mastica,,tion4 ,the act of chewing food1 by which it not only becomes comminuted1 but mixed with the saliva1 and reduced to a form fit for swallowing4 ,it has been justly regarded by the highest authorities as the first process of digestion1 and one without which the powers of the stomach are overtasked1 and often performed with difficulty4 ,hence the prevalence of dyspepsia and bowel complaints among persons with bad teeth1 or who #8bolt' their food without chewing it4 ,,mas,,ticatories4 ,syn4 ,,masticatoria1 ,l4 ,substances taken by chewing them4 ,they are employed as intoxicants1 cosmetics1 and medicinals2 generally with the first intention4 ,the principal masticatory used in this country is tobacco4 ,in ,turkey1 and several other ,eastern nations1 opium is taken in a similar manner4 ,in ,india1 a mixture of areca nut1 betel leaf1 and lime1 performs the same duties2 whilst in some other parts of the world preparations of the cacao are employed4 ,as cosmetics1 orris root1 cassia1 cinnamon1 and sandal wood are frequently chewed to scent the breath4 ,among medicinals1 mastic and myrrh are frequently chewed to strengthen the teeth and gums2 pellitory1 to relieve the toothache2 and rhubarb1 ginger1 and gentian1 to relieve dyspepsia and promote the appetite4 ,prep4 #a4 7,augustin47 ,mastic1 pellitory 7both in powder71 and white wax1 of each #a dr42 mixed by heat and divided into #f balls4 ,in toothache1 loose teeth1 c4 #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,mastic1 myrrh1 and white wax1 of each #a part2 rhubarb1 ginger1 and extract of gentian1 of each #b parts2 beaten up with tincture of tolu1 q4 s41 and divided into boluses or lozenges of #aj gr4 each4 ,one or two to be chewed an hour before dinner2 in dyspepsia1 defective appetite1 c4 #c4 7,quincy47 ,mastic1 #c oz42 pellitory and stavesacre seed1 of each #b dr42 cubebs and nutmegs1 of each #a dr42 angelica root1 #a_/b dr42 melted wax1 q4 s4 to make it into small balls4 ,as a stimulant to the gums1 and in toothache4 #d4 ,opium1 ginger1 rhubarb1 mastic1 pellitory of ,spain1 and orris root1 of each #a dr42 melted spermaceti1 q4 s4 to mix2 for #f-;gr4 pills4 ,as the last1 and in toothache and painful gums4 ,,mas,,ticot4 ,see ,,massicot4 ,,matches 7,cooper's74 ,syn4 ,,sweetening ,,matches4 ,these are made by dipping strips of coarse linen or canvas into melted brimstone4 ,for use1 the brimstone on one of them is set on fire1 and the match is then at once suspended in the cask1 and the bung loosely set in its place4 ,after the lapse of #b or #c hours the match is removed and the cask filled with liquor4 ,some persons pour a gallon or two of the liquor into the cask before #8matching' it4 ,the object is to allay excessive fermentation4 ,the operation is commonly adopted in the ,western ,counties for cider intended for shipment1 or other long exposure during transport4 ,it is also occasionally employed for inferior and #8doctored' wines4 ,,matches 7,instantaneous ,light74 ,of these there are several varieties1 of which the one best known1 and most extensively used1 is the common phosphorus match1 known as the #8congreve' or #8lucifer4'#be ,we need not describe the #8chemical matches1' #8phosphorus bottles1' and #8prometheans1' in use during the early part of the present century1 as these are quite obsolete4 ,we will simply sketch the general process of manufacture now in use for phosphorus matches3 ,footnote #be3 ,the original #8,,lucifers1' or #8,,light-,,bearing ,,matches1' invented in #ahbf1 consisted of strips of pasteboard1 or flat splints of wood1 tipped first with sulphur1 and then with a mixture of sulphide of antimony and chlorate of potassa1 and were ignited by drawing them briskly through folded glass-paper4 ,they required a considerable effort to ignite them1 and the composition was apt to be torn off by the violence of the friction4 ,the term #8lucifer' having become familiar1 was applied to the simpler and more effective match afterwards introduced under the names of #8,,congreve' and #8,,congreve ,,light1' ,manuf4 ,the wooden splints are cut by steam machinery from the very best quality of pine planks1 perfectly dried at a temperature of #djj ,fahr4 ,english splints are of two sizes----#8large' and #8minnikins1' the former #b-a_/d inches longer1 and the latter somewhat shorter4 ,in the manufacture double-lengths are used1 so that each splint may be coated with the igniting composition at both ends1 and then cut asunder in the middle to form two matches4 ,in ,england the splints are usually cut square in form1 but in ,germany they are cylindrical1 being prepared by forcing the wood through circular holes in a steel plate4 ,the ends of the double splints having been slightly charred by contact with a red-hot plate1 are coated with sulphur by dipping them to the requisite depth in the melted material4 ,in some cases the ends are saturated with melted wax or paraffin instead of sulphur4 ,the splints are then arranged in a frame between grooved boards in such a manner that the prepared ends project on each side of the frame4 ,these projecting ends are then tipped with the phosphorus composition1 which is spread to a uniform depth of about #a_/h inch on a smooth slab of stone1 kept warm by means of steam beneath4 ,when partially dry1 the tipped splints are taken from the frames1 cut through the middle1 and placed in heaps of #ajj1 ready for #8boxing4' ,the different compositions for tipping the matches in use in different countries and factories all consist essentially of emulsions of phosphorus in a solution of glue or gum1 with or without other matters for increasing the combustibility1 for colouring1 c4 ,in ,england the composition contains a considerable quantity of chlorate of potassa1 which imparts a snapping and flaming quality to the matches tipped with it1 and but little phosphorus1 on account of the moisture of the climate4 ,in ,germany the proportion of phosphorus used is much larger1 and nitre1 or some metallic peroxide1 replaces chlorate of potassa4 ,the ,german matches light quietly with a mild lambent flame1 and are injured quickly by damp4 ,the following formul have been selected3 #a4 7,,english47 ,fine glue1 #b parts1 broken into small pieces1 and soaked in water till quite soft1 is added to water1 #d parts1 and heated by means of a water bath until it is quite fluid1 and at a temperature of #bjj to #bab ,fahr4 ,the vessel is then removed from the fire1 and phosphorus1 #a-a_/b to #b parts1 is gradually added1 the mixture being agitated briskly and continually with a #8stirrer' having wooden pegs or bristles projecting at its lower end4 ,when a uniform emulsion is obtained1 chlorate of potassa1 #d to #e parts1 powdered glass1 #c to #d parts1 and red lead1 smalt1 or other colouring matter1 a sufficient quantity 7all in a state of very fine powder7 are added1 one at a time1 to prevent accidents1 and the stirring continued until the mixture is comparatively cool4 ,according to ,mr ,g4 ,gore1 the above proportions are those of the best quality of ,english composition4 ,the matches tipped with it deflagrate with a snapping noise4 7,see above47 #b4 7,,german47----a4 7,bttger47 ,dissolve gum ,arabic1 #af parts1 in the least possible quantity of water1 add of phosphorus 7in powder71 #i parts1 and mix by trituration2 then add of nitre1 #ad parts2 vermillion or binoxide of manganese1 #af parts1 and form the whole into a paste1 as directed above2 into this the matches are to be dipped1 and then exposed to dry4 ,as soon as the matches are quite dry they are to be dipped into very dilute copal varnish or lac varnish1 and again exposed to dry1 by which means they are rendered waterproof1 or at least less likely to suffer from exposure in damp weather4 b4 7,bttger47 ,glue1 #f parts1 is soaked in a little cold water for #bd hours1 after which it is liquefied by trituration in a heated mortar2 phosphorus1 #d parts1 is now added1 and rubbed down at a heat not exceeding #aej ,fahr42 nitre 7in fine powder71 #aj parts1 is next mixed in1 and afterwards red ochre1 #e parts1 and smalt1 #b parts1 are further added1 and the whole formed into a uniform paste1 into which the matches are dipped1 as before4 ,cheaper than the last4 c4 7,diesel47 ,phosphorus1 #ag parts2 glue1 #ba parts2 red lead1 #bd parts2 nitre1 #ch parts4 ,proceed as above4 ,obs4 ,matches tipped with the above 7a1 b1 and c7 inflame without fulmination when rubbed against a rough surface1 and are hence termed #8noiseless matches' by the makers4 #c4 7,,safety ,,matches47 ,the latest improvement of note in the manufacture of matches is that of ,landstrom1 of ,jonkoping1 in ,sweden1 adopted by ,messrs ,bryant and ,may 7,patent74 ,it consists in dividing the ingredient of the match-mixture into two separate compositions1 one being placed on the ends of the splints1 as usual1 and the other1 which contains the phosphorus1 being spread in a thin layer upon the end or lid of the box4 ,the following are the compositions used by the patentee3----a4 7,for the splints47 ,chlorate of potassa1 #f parts2 sulphuret of antimony1 #b to #c parts2 glue1 #a part4----b4 7,for the friction surface47 ,amorphous phosphorus1 #aj parts2 sulphuret of antimony or peroxide of manganese1 #h parts2 glue1 #c to #f parts2 spread thinly upon the surface1 which has been previously made rough by a coating of glue and sand4 ,by thus dividing the composition the danger of fire arising from ignition of the matches by accidental friction is avoided1 as neither the portion on the splint nor that on the box can be ignited by rubbing against an unprepared surface4 ,again1 by using the innocuous red or amorphous phosphorus1 the danger of poisoning is entirely prevented4 ,,mat4 ,syn4 ,,paraguay ,,tea4 ,this is the dried leaf of a small shrub1 the ,ilex ,paraguayenses1 or ,brazilian holly1 growing in ,paraguay and ,brazil2 by the inhabitants of which places1 as well as ,south ,america generally1 it is largely employed in the form of a beverage as tea4 ,its active ingredient1 ,paraguaine1 formerly supposed to be a distinct principle1 has from further researches into its composition been discovered to be identical with theine and caffeine----the alkaloids of tea and coffee4 ,mr ,wanklyn ascribes the following composition to mat3---- ,moisture #fgb ,ash #ehf ,soluble organic matter #beaj ,insoluble organic matter #fbcb ------------ #ajjjj ,,mate,,ria ,,med,,ica4 ,a collective name of the various substances1 natural and artificial1 employed as medicines or in the cure of disease4 ,in its more extended sense it includes the science which treats of their sources1 properties1 classification1 and applications4 ,the materia medica of the ,pharmacopia is a mere list1 with occasional notes1 8embracing the animal1 vegetable1 and chemical substances1 whether existing naturally1 prepared in officinal chemical preparations1 or sold in wholesale trade1 which we 7the ,college7 direct to be used either in curing diseases or in preparing medicines40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,,mat,,ico4 ,syn4 ,,soldier',s ,,herb2 ,,mateco 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d472 ,,matica1 ,,herba ,,matic1 ,l4 ,the dried leaves of a ,peruvian plant1 generally believed to be the ,artanthe elongata1 one of the ,piperace4 ,the leaves have been employed with considerable success as a mechanical external styptic2 applied to leech-bites1 slight cuts1 and other wounds1 c41 and pressed on with the fingers1 they seldom fail to arrest the bleeding4 ,matico has also been much lauded as an internal astringent and styptic1 in hmorrhages from the lungs1 stomach1 bowels1 uterus1 c42 but as it is nearly destitute of astringent properties1 its virtues in these cases must have been inferred from its external action4 ,as an aromatic1 bitter stimulant1 closely resembling the peppers1 it has been proposed as a substitute for cubebs and black pepper1 in the treatment of diseases of the mucous membranes1 piles1 c4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr42 in powder2 or under the form of infusion1 tincture1 or boluses4 ,,matura,,tion4 ,growing ripe4 ,amongst surgeons this term is applied to the process of suppuration1 or that which succeeds inflammation1 and by which pus or matter is collected in an abscess4 ,warmth1 irritation1 and a liberal diet promote this change2 cold1 sedatives1 and depletion1 retard it4 ,the maturation of fermented liquor is noticed under ,,brewing1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,wines1 c4 ,,mead4 ,syn4 ,,mellina1 ,l4 ,an old ,english liquor1 made from the combs from which the honey has been drained1 by boiling them in water1 and fermenting the saccharine solution thus obtained4 ,it is commonly confounded with metheglin4 ,some persons add #a oz4 of hops to each gallon2 and1 after fermentation1 a little brandy4 ,it is then called sack mead1 ,see ,,metheglin4 ,,meal4 ,the substance of edible grain ground to powder1 without being bolted or sifted4 ,barley meal and oat meal are the common substances of this class in ,england4 ,in ,north ,america the term is commonly applied to ground ,indian corn1 whether bolted or not4 7,goodrich47 ,the four resolvent meals of old pharmacy 7quatuor farin resolventes7 are those of barley1 beans1 linseed1 and rye4 ,,meals4 ,the 8periods of taking food1 usually adopted1 in conformity with convenience and the recurrences of hunger1 are those which are best adapted to the purposes of health2 namely1 the morning meal1 the midday meal1 and the evening meal40 8,that these are the proper periods for meals is evident from the fact of their maintaining their place amid the changes which fashion is constantly introducing40 8,if we look at these periods in another point of view1 we shall find an interval of four hours left between them for the act of digestion and subsequent rest of the stomach4 ,digestion will claim between two and three hours of the interval2 the remaining hour is all that the stomach gets of rest1 enough1 perhaps1 but not too much1 not to be justly infringed40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,,mea,,sles4 ,syn4 ,,rubeola1 ,,morbilli1 ,l4 ,this very common disease is characterised by feverishness1 chilliness1 shivering1 head-pains1 swelling and inflammation of the eyes1 shedding of sharp tears1 with painful sensibility to light1 oppressive cough1 difficulty of breathing1 and sometimes vomiting or diarrha4 ,these are followed about the fourth day by a crimson rash upon the skin1 in irregular crescents or circles1 and by small red points or spots1 which are perceptible to the touch1 and which1 after four or five days1 go off with desquamation of the cuticle4 ,the fever1 cough1 c41 often continue for some time2 and unless there have been some considerable evacuations1 either by perspiration or vomiting1 they frequently return with increased violence1 and occasion great distress and danger4 ,treat4 ,when there are no urgent local symptoms1 mild aperients1 antimonial diaphoretics1 and diluents1 should be had recourse to2 but when the inflammatory symptoms are emergent1 and the lungs are weak1 especially in plethoric habits1 blood may be taken4 ,the cough may be relieved by expectorants1 demulcents1 and small doses of opium2 and the diarrha by the administration of the compound powder of chalk and opium2 the looseness of the bowels1 however1 had better not be interfered with1 unless it be extreme4 ,measles are most prevalent in the middle of winter1 and though common to individuals of all ages1 are most frequent amongst children4 ,the plethoric1 and those of a scrofulous habit1 or one which has a syphilitic taint1 suffer most from them4 ,like the smallpox1 the measles are contagious1 and seldom attack the same person more than once during life4 ,see ,,rash4 ,,measure4 ,syn4 ,,mensura1 ,l4 ,the unit or standard by which we estimate extension1 whether of length1 superficies1 or volume4 ,the following tables represent the values and proportions of the principal measures employed in commerce and the arts3---- ,,table ,i4 ,english ,lineal ,measures4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,inches4 ,feet4 ,yards4 ,poles4 ,furlongs4 ,miles4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a #jhc #jbh #jjeje #jjjabfbf #jjjjaeghbh #ab #a #ccc #jfjfj #jjaeaeae #jjjahici #cf #c #a #ahah #jjdede #jjjefhah #aih #afe #ee #a #jbe #jjcabe #gibj #ffj #bbj #dj #a #abe #fccfj #ebhj #agfj #cbj #h #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,the unit of the above table is the yard1 of which no legal standard has existed since that established by the statute of #ahbd was destroyed by the fire which consumed the two ,houses of ,parliament in #ahcd4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,english ,measures of ,superficies4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,square ,square ,poles4 ,roods4 ,acres4 ,feet4 ,yards4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #aaaa #jjcfgcji #jjjjiahbg #jjjjbbieg #i #a #jccjegi #jjjhbfddh #jjjbjffab #bgbbe #cjbe #a #jbe #jjfbe #ajhij #abaj #dj #a #be #dcefj #dhdj #afj #d #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,table ,,iii4 ,english ,measure of ,volume4----,the ,,imperial ,,standard1 and the relative value of its divisions1 including those used in ,medicine1 with their ,,equivalents in avoirdupois and troy weight4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ minims f f ,o4 ,oij4 ,c4 ,minims ,equivalents in or ,fluid ,fluid distilled water1 at drops4 ,drachms4 ,ounces4 ,pints4 ,quarts4 ,gallons4 ,pecks4,bushels4 ,quarters4 #fb ,fahr41 in ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------_/---------_/---------- ,troy ,avoird4 grains4 weight4 ---------------------- #a #jaffffff #jjbjhccc #jjjajdaf #jjjjebjh #jjjjacjb ---- ---- ---- #iaadf #fj #a #abe #jjfbe #jjcabe #jjjghabe ---- ---- ---- #edfhge lb4 oz4 #dhj #h #a #je #jbe #jjfbe ---- ---- ---- #dcge #a #ifjj #afj #bj #a #e #abe #jfbe #jaefbe #jjaiecabe #hgej #a #d #aibjj #cbj #dj #b #a #be #abe #jcabe #jjcijfbe #agejj #b #h #gfhjjabhj #afj #h #d #a #e #abe #jaefbe #gjjjj #aj #befj #cbj #af #h #b #a #be #jcabe ---- #bj #abhj #fd #cb #h #d #a #abe ---- #hj #eab #bef #fd #cb #h #a ---- #fdj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,the standard unit of the above table is the gallon1 which is declared1 by statute1 to be capable of 8containing ten pounds avoirdupois weight of distilled water1 weighed in the air at the temperature of #fb ,fahr41 the barometer being at #cj inches40 ,the pound avoirdupois contains #gjjj grains1 and it is declared that a cubic inch of distilled water1 under the above conditions1 weighs #bebdeh grains2 hence the capacity of the imperial gallon and its divisions are as follows3---- ,imperial gallon #bggbgd cubic inches4 0 quart #ficahe 0 0 pint #cdfeibe 0 ,fluid ounce #agcbif 0 0 drachm #baffb 0 ,the imperial gallon is #a-eth larger than the old wine gallon1----#a-fjth smaller than the old beer gallon1 and----#a-cbnd larger than the old dry-measure gallon4 ,,table ,,iv4 ,french ,metrical or ,decimal ,measures of ,length4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,equivalents in _/---------------------_/--------------- -------- ,names4 ,eq4 in ,english ,inches1 ,english ,long ,measure1 ,mtres4 at #cb ,fahr4 at #fb ,fahr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,miles4 ,fur4 ,yds4 ,feet4 ,inch4 ,millimtre #jja #jcicg ,centimtre #ja #cicga ,dcimtre #a #cicgjh ,mtre #a #cicgjgi #a #j #ccg ,decamtre #aj #cicgjgij #aj #b #ig ,hectomtre #ajj #cicgjgijj #aji #a #ajgh ,kilomtre #ajjj #cicgjgijjj #d #bac #a #ajc ,myriamtre#ajjjj #cicgjgijjjj #f #a #aef #j #iag ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,the standard unit of the above table is the mtre1 which has been determined to be #cicgjgi inches1 at #cb ,fahr4 7,capt4 ,kater72 the ,english foot is taken at #fb ,fahr4 ,the true length of the mtre1 reduced to the latter temperature1 is #cicgjjia ,english inches2 a number which varies from that in the table only at the fourth decimal figure4 ,it will be perceived that the principle of nomenclature adopted in applying the names1 was to prefix the ,greek numerals to the decimal multiples1 and the ,latin numerals to the decimal subdivisions4 ,,table ,v4 ,french ,metrical or ,decimal ,measures of ,volume4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,names4 ,eq4 in ,eq4 in ,litres4 ,english ,equivalent in ,english ,measures4 ,cubic ,inches ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gall4 ,pints4 ,oz4 ,dr4 ,minims4 ,millilitre #jja #jfaj #afi ,centilitre #ja #fajc #b #di ,decilitre #a #fajbh #c #d #ajcf ,litre #a #fajbh #a #ae #a #dcfi ,decalitre #aj #fajbh #b #a #ab #a #afi ,hectolitre #ajj #fajbh #bb #j #a #d #di ,kilolitre #ajjj #fajbh #bbj #j #af #f #dj ,myrialitre#ajjjj #fajbhj #bbja 7#bge-a_/h bushels74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,the standard unit in the above table is the litre1 or the cube of the #a_/aj of a mtre4 ,the ,french centiare contains #a square mtre1----the are1 #ajj do41----the hectare1 #aj1jjj do4 ,the old ,paris pint is equal to #afgh ,english imperial pint4 ,the capacity of solids and ariform fluids is taken in cubic inches1 or feet1 in ,england4 ,in ,france1 the stere1 or mtre cube1 equal to #cecafeh ,english cubic feet1 is the standard unit4 ,,table ,,vi4 ,miscellaneous ,measures and their ,equivalents3 ,tea or coffee spoonful 7average7 #a fl4 dr4 ,dessert spoonful 0 #b 0 ,table spoonful 0 #d 0 ,wine-glassful 0 #b fl4 oz4 ,tea-cupful 0 #e 0 ,breakfast-cupful 0 #h 0 ,tumblerful 0 #h 0 ,basinful 0 #ab 0 ,thimbleful 0 #c_/d fl4 dr4 ,pinch 7of leaves and flowers7 0 #a dr4 ,handful 7of leaves and flowers7 0 #aj 0 ,cubic inch of water1 at #fb ,fahr4 #bebdeh gr4 ,cubic foot of water1 at #fb ,fahr4 #fbcbajf lb4 -------- ,line #a_/ab inch4 ,barleycorn #a_/c 0 ,hand #d 0 ,chain #d poles or #bb yards4 ,,meat4 ,the muscular tissue or flesh of the principal animals constituting the food of man may be said to be composed of the same proximate principles1 and1 given an equal digestibility and power of being assimilated1 may be also said to have an equally nutritive value4 ,since meat1 however1 is generally eaten with a certain amount of fat1 which accompanies it in varying quantity1 the capacity of the meat for forming muscle will1 of course1 be in inverse proportion to the amount of fat it contains2 on the contrary1 its power of raising the bodily temperature will be in direct proportion4 ,moleschott 7quoted by ,parkes7 gives the following as the mean composition of fresh beef1 as determined by all the ,continental chemists3---- ,water #gcd ,soluble albumen and hmatin #bbe ,insoluble albuminous substances #aebj ,gelatinous substances #ccj ,fat #bhg ,extractive matter #ach ,creatin #jjfh ,ash #af ,dr ,parkes remarks of the amount of fat given in the above analysis 8that it is evidently too low40 ,in the above table we recognise in the albuminous and gelatinous substances the source of the muscular tissue of the human organism4 ,the ash contains the chlorides1 carbonates1 and phosphates of potassium1 sodium1 and calcium4 ,from these salts are derived the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice1 the sodium of the bile1 and the calcium phosphate and carbonate of the skeleton4 ,iron is also present1 and this finds its way into the blood4 ,the flavour of meat is much influenced by the food of the animal4 ,the flesh of the ,pampas pig is found to be rank and disagreeable when the animal is killed in its wild state2 if1 however1 the food be changed for the better1 the flesh becomes altogether different and quite eatable4 ,the pork of pigs fed on flesh is said to give off a strong odour1 the fat at the same time being unusually soft4 ,soft fat is also said to form in animals that have been fed on oily foods4 ,when meat is roasted1 the fire gradually coagulates the albumen of the joint1 the coagulation commencing at the surface1 and spreading by degrees to the interior4 ,unless the roasting be continued long enough1 sufficient heat will not reach the parts nearest the centre to effect their coagulation2 and if under these circumstances the meat be removed from the fire1 the uncoagulated or inner parts will present the well-known red and juicy appearance known as #8underdone4' ,although a certain quantity of the gravy 7which consists of the soluble and saline ingredients7 escapes in the process1 the greater part is retained4 ,the brown agreeably sapid substance formed on the outside of the meat is known as osmazome1 and which is concentrated gravy4 ,the melting fat which collects below forms the dripping4 ,the loss in the meat is principally water4 ,the chemical effects of boiling are explained under the article devoted to that subject4 ,meat generally loses from #cj to #dj per cent41 and sometimes as much as #fj per cent4 in weight1 by cooking4 ,the amount of bone varies1 being seldom less than #h per cent4 ,it amounts in the neck and brisket to about #aj per cent4 and from one third to sometimes half the total weight in shins and legs of beef4 ,the most economical parts are the round and thick flank1 next to these the brisket and sticking-piece1 and lastly1 the leg4 ,in choosing mutton and pork1 selection should be made of the leg1 after this of the shoulder4#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,letheby4 8,oxen10 says ,m4 ,bizet1 8yield of best quality beef #eg per cent4 of meat1 and #dc per cent4 waste4 ,the waste includes the internal viscera1 c4 ,second quality of beef1 #ed per cent4 meat and #df per cent4 waste2 third quality beef1 #ea per cent4 meat and #di per cent4 waste4 ,in milking-cows1 #df per cent4 meat and #ed per cent4 waste4 ,calves yield #fj per cent4 meat1 and #dj per cent4 loss2 and sheep yield #ej per cent4 meat1 and #ej per cent4 loss40 ,dr ,parkes differs from ,bizet as to the latter's value of the meat of the calf4 ,he says the flesh of young animals loses from #dj to #ej per cent4 in cooking4 ,it seems to be agreed1 however1 that animals when slaughtered should be neither too young nor too old4 ,the flesh of young animals1 although more tender1 is less digestible than that of older ones2 it is also poorer in salts1 fat1 and an albuminous substance called syntonin4 ,consumption of ,meat4 ,dr ,letheby1 writing in #ahfh1 says that in ,london 8the indoor operatives eat it to the extent of #adh oz4 per adult weekly2 #gj per cent4 of ,english farm labourers consume it1 and to the extent of #af oz4 per man weekly2 #fj per cent4 of the ,scotch1 #cj of the ,welsh1 and #bj of the ,irish also eat it4 ,the ,scotch probably have a larger allowance than the ,english1 considering that braxy mutton#bg is the perquisite of the ,scotch labourer2 but the ,welsh have only an average amount of #b-a_/b oz4 per adult weekly2 and the ,irish allowance is still less4 ,it is difficult to obtain accurate returns of the quantity of meat consumed in ,london2 but if the computation of ,dr ,wynter is correct1 it is not less than #cj-c_/d oz4 per head weekly1 or about #d-a_/b oz4 per day for every man1 woman1 and child4 ,in ,paris1 according to ,m4 ,armand ,husson1 who has carefully collected the octroi returns1 8it is rather more than #di oz4 per head weekly1 or just #g oz4 a day40 ,bondin states that throughout ,france the consumption is about #ej grammes daily1 or under #a-c_/d oz4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see further on4 ,dr ,letheby1 in his work #8,on ,food1' gives the following as the characteristics of good meat3---- 8#ast4 ,it is neither of a pale pink colour nor of a deep purple tint1 for the former is a sign of disease1 and the latter indicates that the animal has not been slaughtered1 but has died with the blood in it1 or has suffered from acute fever4 8#bnd4 ,it has a marked appearance from the ramifications of little veins of fat among the muscles4 8#crd4 ,it should be firm and elastic to the touch1 and should scarcely moisten the fingers----bad meat being wet1 and sodden and flabby1 with the fat looking like jelly or wet parchment4 8#dth4 ,it should have little or no odour1 and the odour should not be disagreeable1 for diseased meat has a sickly cadaverous smell1 and sometimes a smell of physic4 ,this is very discoverable when the meat is chopped up and drenched with warm water4 8#eth4 ,it should not shrink or waste much in cooking4 8#fth4 ,it should not run to water1 or become very wet on standing for a day or so1 but should1 on the contrary1 dry upon the surface4 8#gth4 ,when dried at a temperature of #bab or thereabout1 it should not lose more than from #gj to #gd per cent4 of its weight1 whereas bad meat will often lose as much as #hj per cent4 8,other properties of a more refined character will also serve for the recognition of bad meat1 as that the juice of the flesh is alkaline or neutral to test-paper1 instead of being distinctly acid1 and the muscular fibre1 when examined under the microscope is found to be sodden and ill-defined40 ,unsound meat----diseased meat4 ,dr ,letheby1 in his #8,lectures on ,food1' published in #ahfh1 states that the seizure and condemnation1 in ,london1 of meat unfit for human food1 during a period extending over seven years1 amounted to #gjj tons per annum1 or to about #a-gejth of the whole quantity consumed4 ,these #gjj tons he dissects into lbs4 as follows3----8#hje1fec lbs4 were diseased1 #efh1cge lbs4 were putrid1 and #aic1ghb lbs4 were from animals that had not been slaughtered1 but had died from accident or disease4 ,it consisted of #ffdj sheep and lambs1 #ajbe calves1 #bhif pigs1 #iajd quarters of beef1 and #ba1igf joints of meat40 ,he admits1 however1 that this amount1 owing to the difficulties and inefficiency of the mode of supervision1 bears a very insignificant proportion to the actual quantity which escaped detection1 and which was1 therefore1 partaken of as food4 ,professor ,gamgee says that one fifth of the meat eaten in the metropolis is diseased4 ,in #ahfc the bodies of an enormous number of animals suffering from rinderpest1 as well as from pleuro-pneumonia1 were consumed in ,london2 and we know that thousands of sheep die every year1 in the country1 of rot2 the inference from which latter fact is that1 since the carcases are neither eaten there nor buried on the spot1 they are sent up to1 and thrown upon1 the ,london markets4 ,the worst specimens find their way to the poorer neighbourhoods1 where1 as might be expected1 their low price ensures a ready sale for them4 ,these sales1 it is said1 mostly take place at night4 ,the above statements1 which1 if we exclude ,professor ,gamgee's figures1 do not solve the problem as to the quantity of unsound meat consumed in ,london1 not unreasonably justify the assumption that it is very considerable2 and this being admitted1 we should be prepared to learn that it was a fertile source of disease of a more or less dangerous character4 ,there is1 however1 such extensive divergence in the various data bearing upon this point1 that no satisfactory solution of it can be said to be afforded4 ,thus1 ,livingstone states that1 when in ,south ,africa1 he found that neither ,englishmen nor natives could partake of the flesh of animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia without its giving rise to malignant carbuncle1 and sometimes1 in the case of the natives1 to death1 and ,dr ,letheby attributes the increased number of carbuncles and phlegmons amongst our population to the importation from ,holland of cattle suffering from the same disease4 ,on the contrary1 ,dr ,parkes says he was informed1 on excellent authority1 that the ,caffres invariably consume the flesh of their cattle that die of the same epidemic1 without the production of any ill effects4 ,again1 there are numerous well-attested cases in which the flesh of sheep which have died from braxy 7a disease that makes great ravages amongst the flocks in ,scotland7 is constantly eaten without injurious results by the ,scotch shepherd4 ,the malady causes death in the sheep from the blood coagulating in the vital organs1 and the sheep that so dies becomes the property of the shepherd1 who1 after removing the offal1 is careful to cut out the dark congealed blood before cooking it4#bh ,sometimes he salts down the carcase4 ,in cases1 however1 where thorough cooking or an observance of the above precautions have been neglected1 very dangerous and disastrous consequences have ensued4 ,during the late siege of ,paris large quantities of the flesh of horses with glanders appear to have been eaten with no evil consequences3 and ,mr ,blyth1 in his #8,dictionary of ,hygine1' quotes a similar case from ,tardieu1 who states that #cjj army horses affected with glanders 7morve7 were led to ,st ,germain1 near ,paris1 and killed4 ,for several days they served to feed the poor of the town without causing any injury to health4 ,footnote #bh3 ,letheby4 ,a similar exemption from any evil effect following the consumption of diseased flesh is recorded by ,professor ,brucke1 of ,vienna4 ,not many years since the cattle of a locality in ,bohemia1 being attacked by rinderpest1 were ordered by the ,government to be slaughtered1 after which they were buried4 ,the poor people dug up the diseased carcases1 cooked the meat1 and ate it1 with no injurious result4 ,parent ,duchtelet cites a case where the flesh of seven cows attacked with rabies was eaten without injury2 and ,letheby states that pigs with scarlet fever and spotted typhus have been used for food with equally harmless results4 ,the flesh of sheep with smallpox had been found to produce vomiting and diarrha1 sometimes accompanied with fever4 ,one obvious suggestion of the immunity from disease recorded in part of the cases above given is that the injurious properties of the flesh had been destroyed by the heat to which it had been subjected in the process of cooking1 combined with the antiseptic and protective power of the gastric juice4 ,the subject1 however1 has not been sufficiently examined to warrant the conclusion that every kind of unsound meat may be rendered innocuous by culinary means4 ,but even were this so the idea of partaking of meat which had once been unsound1 from whatever cause1 and1 as in the instances above quoted1 with the pustules of smallpox1 the spots generated by typhus1 and the rash of scarlet fever upon it1 becomes unspeakably repulsive and revolting4 ,but we must not be misled because of the difficulty of reconciling the contradictory statements above given1 nor by the evidence some of them appear to afford as to the innocuous character of diseased meat1 since it is just possible that closer and more prolonged observation of the facts may have led to different conclusions4 ,thus1 for example1 pork1 infested with that formidable entozoon1 the ,trichina spiralis1 had been partaken of for years1 under the impression that it was a perfectly healthy food1 until ,dr ,zencker1 of ,dresden1 discovered that the parasite was the cause of a frightful disease1 which he called ,trichinosis1 and which had hitherto baffled all attempts to find out its origin4 ,dr ,letheby1 writing on this subject1 says3 8,i have often had occasion to investigate cases of mysterious disease1 which had undoubtedly been caused by unsound meat4 ,one of these1 of more than ordinary interest1 occurred in the month of ,november1 #ahfj4 ,the history of it is this3----,a forequarter of cow-beef was purchased in ,newgate ,market by a sausage-maker who lived in ,kingsland1 and who immediately converted it into sausage-meat4 ,sixty-six persons were known to have eaten of that meat1 and sixty-four of them were attacked with sickness1 diarrha1 and great prostration of vital powers4 ,one of them died2 and at the request of the coroner ,i made a searching inquiry into the matter1 and ,i ascertained that the meat was diseased1 and that it1 and it alone1 had been the cause of all the mischief40#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,letheby1 #8,lectures on ,food1' ,longman and ,co4 ,here are two instances in which but for subsequent investigation the evil effects narrated would not have been debited to diseased meat1 but to some other cause4 8,one of the principal and by far the most prolific sources of food-poisoning is the sausage1 the eating of which1 in ,germany more particularly1 has caused the death of a number of persons4 ,the sausages in which these poisonous qualities occasionally develop themselves are the large kinds made in ,wurtemburg1 in which district alone they have caused the deaths of more than #aej out of #djj persons during the last fifty years4 ,the poisonous character of the sausage is said to develop itself generally in the spring1 when it becomes musty1 and also soft in the interior4 ,it is then found to be acid to test paper1 and to have a very disagreeable and tainted flavour4 ,should it be eaten when in this state1 after from about twelve to twenty-four hours the patient is attacked with severe intestinal irritation in the form of pains in the stomach and bowels by vomitings1 and diarrha4 ,to these symptoms succeed great depression1 coldness in the limbs1 weak and irregular pulse1 and frequent fainting fits4 ,should the sufferer be attacked with convulsions1 and difficult respiration1 the seizure generally ends in death4 ,the nature of the poisonous substance that gives rise to these effects in the sausage has not yet been determined4 ,liebig believed them to be due to the presence in the meat of a particular animal ferment1 which he conceived acted on the blood by catalysis1 and thus rendered it diseased4 ,others have surmised that a poisonous organic alkaloid may have been produced in the decaying meat2 and others again that the effects may have been caused by some deleterious substance of a fatty nature4 ,m4 ,van den ,corput was of opinion that the mischief was due to the presence in the meat of a poisonous fungus1 which he calls a sarcina botulina4 ,this last theory receives support from the fact that a peculiar mouldiness is always to be observed in these dangerous sausages1 and that this is coincident with the development of their poisonous qualities4 ,several effects have been produced by other kinds of animal food----as veal1 bacon1 ham1 salt-beef1 salt-fish1 cheese1 c41 and the food has usually been in a decayed and mouldy condition4 ,it would be tedious if ,i were to detail1 or even to enumerate the cases recorded by medico-legal writers2 but ,i may perhaps refer to a few of them4 ,in #ahci there was a popular fte at ,zurich1 and about #fjj persons partook of a repast of cold roast veal and ham4 ,in a few hours most of them were suffering from pain in the stomach1 with vomiting and diarrha2 and before a week had elapsed nearly all of them were seriously ill in bed4 ,they complained of shiverings1 giddiness1 headache and burning fever4 ,in a few cases there was delirium1 and when they terminated fatally there was extreme prostration of the vital powers4 ,careful inquiry was instituted into the matter1 and the only discoverable cause of the mischief was incipient putrefaction and slight mouldiness of the meat40 ,a case is recorded by ,dr ,geisler of eight persons who became ill from eating bacon which was mouldy2 and another by ,m4 ,ollivier of the death of four persons out of eight1 all of whom had partaken of partially decomposed mutton4 ,if some of the foregoing statements fail to demonstrate that the act of partaking of diseased meat is a necessary source of danger to health1 there can be no such doubt as to the pernicious and perilous consequences which ensue when meat is consumed containing in its tissues the ova and larv of certain parasitic creatures4 ,if the fleshy part of a piece of measly pork be carefully examined1 it will be found to be more or less dotted about with a number of little bladder-like spots1 in size about as large as a hemp-seed4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,see article 8,cysticerci40 ,if now we carefully rupture one of these little bodies or cysts1 there will be found in it a minute worm1 which under the microscope will be seen to have a head from which proceed a number of little hooks that perform a very disagreeable office should the parasite be taken into the human stomach by any one making a meal off measly and undercooked pork4 ,for1 then1 being liberated from its sac1 or nidus1 by the action of the gastric juice of the stomach on this latter1 the creature passes into the intestines4 ,to these it attaches itself by means of the hooklets on its head1 and instantly becomes a tapeworm1 which grows by a succession of jointed segments it is able to develop1 and each one of which is capable of becoming a separate and prolific tapeworm filled with countless eggs4 ,these eggs reach the land through the agency of manure 7for they are found in the intestines of the horse71 and from this source they get into the stomachs of pigs and oxen1 where they hatch not into tapeworm1 or tenia1 but1 travelling through the animal's stomach1 burrow into its muscular tissue4 ,here they establish and envelop themselves in the little cyst or small bladder-like substance1 whose presence1 as explained1 constitutes the condition called 8measly0 pork1 and here they remain dormant until such time as1 taken into the stomach1 they may again become tapeworms1 to be again expelled and to perpetuate by their ova the round of metamorphosis4 ,from the circumstance of their being met with enclosed in little sacs or cysts1 these parasites have been termed ,cysticerci4 ,the variety of them we have just been considering as occurring in pork is called the ,cysticercus cellulos1 whilst the tapeworm to which it gives rise is known as the ,tinea solium4 ,another variety of ,cysticercus is met with in the flesh of the ox1 the cow1 and the calf4 ,in the human body this also develops into a tapeworm called the ,tinea mediocanellata4 ,tapeworm is a very common disease in ,russia and ,abyssinia1 and its prevalence is no doubt due to the habit of giving the children in those countries raw meat to suck1 under the impression that the child is strengthened in consequence4 ,from experiments made by ,dr ,lewis it was found that a temperature of #aej ,f41 maintained for five minutes1 was sufficient to destroy these cysticerci4 ,another and more formidable entozoon1 communicable by unsound meat1 is the ,echinococcus hominis1#ca which represents one of the metamorphoses of the ,tinea echinococcus1 the tapeworm of the dog4 ,in ,iceland1 where a sixth of the population are said to suffer from the ravages of the ,echinococcus hominis1 it is the custom to feed the dogs on the flesh of slaughtered animals affected with this parasite1 which in the body of the dog develops into a tapeworm4 ,the innumerable eggs which the worm produces are1 however1 incapable of being hatched in the dog's intestines4 ,they have to find another and more suitable habitat1 and this is secured for them as follows3----,segments of the tapeworm1 with their countless ova1 being voided with dog's excrement1 fall into the running water1 and on to the fields and pastures1 whence they gain their entrance into the stomachs of human beings1 oxen1 and sheep4 ,here the eggs become hatched1 not into tapeworms1 but into ,echinococci hominis1 or prospective tapeworms4 ,burrowing through the membranes of the stomach1 the echinococcus establishes itself most commonly in the liver1 but not unfrequently in the spleen1 heart1 lungs1 and even the bones of man4 ,in the animal economy they enclose themselves in little sacs or cysts1 and give rise to the most alarming and painful diseases1 which hitherto have proved incurable4 ,they attack the brain in sheep1 and are the cause of the disease known as 8staggers40 ,sheep are also infested by another parasite known as the ,distoma hepatica1 the ravages of which give rise in the sheep to that devastating disease----8the rot40 ,the creature is also known by the name of the 8liver-fluke10 since it principally attacks this important organ in the animal4 ,the liver-fluke is of constant occurrence in the livers of diseased sheep1 and unless destroyed by thorough cooking will of course pass into the human economy4 ,the embryo fluke gains admission to the sheep's body through the instrumentality of small snails1 to the shells of which it attaches itself4 ,in wet weather the snails crawl over the grass of the meadow which forms the pastures of the sheep1 and are swallowed by it4 ,once in the sheep's stomach the embryo becomes a fluke1 and commences its depredations on the animal's liver4 ,after this1 the reason why the rot attacks sheep after a continuance of wet weather will be evident4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see article 8,echinococcus hominis40 ,the most terrible of all the meat parasites is a minute worm about #a_/cjth of an inch long1 found in the flesh of pork4 ,this creature1 which is named the ,trichina spiralis 7from the form it assumes when coiled up in the little cyst or capsule which encloses it71 when it gets conveyed into the human stomach with improperly cooked or underdone pork1 soon becomes liberated from its confinement owing to the destruction of its envelope by the gastric juice4 ,once in the stomach the parasite grows rapidly1 giving birth to innumerable young trichin1 which1 by first boring through the membranes of the alimentary canal1 pierce their way through the different parts of the body into the muscular tissue1 where they become encysted1 and where they remain until conditions favorable to their liberation again occur4 ,until such time1 however1 as they have become enclosed in the cyst1 their movements give rise to indescribable torture1 and to a disease known as trichinosis1 of which it has been estimated more than #ej per cent4 of those attacked by it die4 ,the symptoms of trichinosis commence with loss of appetite1 vomiting1 and diarrha1 succeeded after a few days by great fever----resembling1 according to ,dr ,aitken1 that of typhoid or typhus4 ,as might be expected the pains in the limbs are extreme4 ,boils and dropsical swellings are not unusual concomitants of the malady4 ,hitherto this frightful disease has been mostly confined to ,germany1 where there have been several outbreaks of it since its discovery in #ahfj by ,dr ,zencker4 ,feidler says that only free trichin are killed by a temperature of #aee ,f42 and that when they are in their cysts a greater heat may be necessary4 ,from what has been said the importance of efficient cooking must become manifest4 ,there must always be risk in underdone pork1 whether boiled or roasted4 ,in the pig1 the trichina1 if present1 may always be found in the muscles of the eye4 ,in ,germany the makers of pork sausages are now said to have these muscles subjected to a microscopic examination previous to using the meat1 which1 of course1 is rejected if the examination has been unfavorable4 ,the trichin1 if present in the flesh of pork1 may be seen as small round specks by the naked eye1 the surrounding flesh itself being rather darker than usual owing to the inflammation set up in it4 ,all doubt1 however1 on this point may be removed by having recourse to the microscope4 ,dr ,parkes says a power of #ej to #ajj diameters is sufficient1 and that 8the best plan is to take a thin slice of flesh1 put it into liquor potass 7#a part to #h of water71 and let it stand for a few minutes till the muscle becomes clear2 it must not be left too long1 otherwise the trichin will be destroyed4 ,the white specks come out clearly and the worm will be seen coiled up4 ,if the capsule is too dense to allow the worm to be seen1 a drop or two of weak hydrochloric acid should be added4 ,if the meat be very fat a little ether or benzine may be put on it in the first place40 ,legislation relative to meat inspection and seizure4----,the law recognising the importance of the supply of pure and wholesome meat gives considerable powers to the different sanitary officers who are appointed to inspect it4 ,see ,,food1 ,,inspection ,,of4 ,,meat1 ,,australian4 ,see ,,meat ,,preserving4 ,,meat ,,biscuits4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the flour is mixed up with a rich fluid extract of meat1 and the dough is cut into pieces and baked in the usual manner4 #b4 ,wheaten flour 7or preferably the whole meal71 #c parts2 fresh lean beef or other flesh 7minced and pulped71 #b parts2 thoroughly incorporate the two by hand-kneading or machinery1 and bake the pieces in a moderately heated oven4 ,both the above are very nutritious2 the last more especially so4 #a oz4 makes a pint of good soup4 ,,meat1 ,,cold1 to ,stew4 ,let the cold meat be cut into slices about half an inch thick4 ,take two large-sized onions1 and fry them in a wineglass of vinegar2 when done1 pour them on to the meat2 then place the whole in a stewpan1 and pour over sufficient water to cover it4 ,after stewing about half an hour add sufficient flour and butter to thicken the gravy1 and also pepper1 salt1 and ketchup1 to flavour2 then let it simmer gently for another half an hour4 ,serve up with a little boiled rice around it4 ,,meat ,,extracts4 ,some preparations of this nature have been already noticed under the heads ,,essence and ,,extract2 the following are additional and highly valuable formul3---- ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,breslau47 ,young ox-flesh 7free from fat7 is minced small1 and well beaten in a marble mortar1 at first alone1 and afterwards with a little cold or lukewarm water2 the whole is then submitted to the action of a press1 and the solid residuum is treated in the same manner1 with a little more cold water2 the juice 7reddish in colour7 is now heated to coagulate the albumen1 strained1 and finally evaporated in a water bath to the consistence of an extract4 ,as ordinary flesh contains only #a of kreatine1 while that of the heart1 according to ,dr ,gregory1 contains from #acg to #ada1 this is the part employed by ,dr ,breslau4 ,the product possesses an agreeable odour and taste2 and is easily soluble in water4 #b4 7,falkland47 ,fresh lean beef 7or other flesh71 recently killed1 is minced very fine1 and digested1 with agitation1 in cold water1 #a pint1 to which hydrochloric acid1 #f drops1 and common salt1 #a dr41 have been added2 after about an hour the whole is thrown upon a fine hair sieve1 and the liquid portion allowed to drain off without pressure1 the first portions that pass through being returned until the fluid1 at first turbid1 becomes quite clear and transparent2 when all the liquid has passed through1 cold water1 #a_/d pint1 is gently poured on1 in small portions at a time1 and allowed to drain through into that previously collected4 ,the product is about #c_/d pint of cold extract of flesh1 having a red colour1 and a pleasant1 soup-like taste4 ,it is administered cold to the invalid----a teacupful at a time1 and must on no account be warmed1 as the application of even a very slight heat causes its decomposition and the separation of a solid mass of coagulated albumen4 ,this cold extract of flesh is not only much more nutritious than ordinary beef tea1 but also contains a certain quantity of the red colouring matter of blood1 in which there is a much larger proportion of the iron requisite for the formation of blood-particles4 ,the hydrochloric acid also greatly facilitates the process of digestion4 ,this formula is a modification of the one recently recommended by ,liebig for the preparation of a highly nutritive and restorative food for invalids4 #c4 7,,extractum ,,sanguinis ,,bovis----,dr ,mauthner47 ,pass fresh blood 7caught from the slaughtered animal7 through a sieve1 evaporate it to dryness in a water bath1 and when cold rub it to powder4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 or more1 per diem1 in a little water4 ,obs4 ,the above preparations are intended to supersede the inefficient compounds----beef tea1 meat soups1 c4----during sickness and convalescence4 ,,mm4 ,breslau and ,mauthner describe their extracts of flesh and blood as being peculiarly advantageous in scrofulous exhaustion1 exhaustion from anmia1 diarrha1 c4 ,the extract of ,falkland or ,liebig is represented as having been employed both in the hospitals and in private practice at ,munich with the most extraordinary success4 ,it is said to be capable of assimilation with the least possible expenditure of the vital force4 ,meat1 ,fluid4 ,this preparation consists of lean meat1 in which the albumen has been changed so as to be non-coagulable by heat1 and the fibrin and gelatin from their normal insoluble condition to one admitting of their being dissolved in water4 ,in this soluble condition1 the first stage effected in stomach digestion1 the several bodies are known as peptones or albuminose1 and the proportion of their simple constituents remains the same as in ordinary fibrin1 albumen1 and gelatin4 ,the alteration is effected by finely mincing meat and digesting it with peptone1 hydrochloric acid1 and water1 at a temperature of about #ajj ,fahr41 until dissolved4 ,the solution is then filtered1 the bitter principle1 formed during the digestion1 removed by the addition of a little pancreatic emulsion1 and the liquor1 which has been neutralised by the addition of carbonate of soda1 evaporated to a thick syrup or extractive consistence4 ,fluid meat is the only preparation which entirely represents1 and yields the amount of nourishment afforded by1 lean meat2 it differs altogether from beef tea and extracts of meat1 as all these contain only a small portion of the different constituents of meat4 ,a patent has been granted to its inventor1 ,mr ,darby4 ,meat1 ,liebig's ,extract of4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,flesh1 ,,extractum ,,carno4 ,this preparation is an aqueous infusion evaporated to the consistence of a thick paste1 of those principles of meat which are soluble in water4#cb ,footnote #cb3 8,altered as they be by the ,application of ,heat40 ,deane and ,brady1 #8,pharmaceutical ,journal1' ,oct4 #ahff4 ,it is chiefly composed of alkaline phosphates and chlorides1 a nitrogenous crystalline base known as kreatine1 various extractive matters1 which it has been surmised may have originated in the decomposition of certain nitrogenous bodies1 and possibly of a small quantity of lactic acid1 as it contains neither albumen nor fibrin1 two of the most important and nutritious ingredients of flesh2 it must not1 therefore1 be regarded as a concentrated form of meat4 ,liebig says that it requires #cd lbs4 of meat to yield #a lb4 of this extract----a statement which1 as ,dr ,pavy justly remarks1 shows how completely the substance of the meat which constitutes its real nutritive portion must be excluded4 ,this absence of direct nutrient power1 now admitted by physiologists1 whilst disqualifying the extract as a substitute for meat1 does not1 however1 preclude its use in certain cases of indisposition requiring the administration of a stimulant or restorative1 in which circumstances it has been found a useful and valuable remedy1 and has been suggested as a partial substitute for brandy where there is considerable exhaustion or weakness1 accompanied with cerebral depression and lowness of spirits4 ,in this latter respect its action seems analogous to strong tea4 ,in the vast pastures of ,australia and the pampas of ,south ,america are countless herds of oxen and sheep1 whose numbers far exceed the food requirements of the comparatively sparse population of those districts4 ,the fat1 horns1 hoofs1 bones1 skins1 and wool of these cattle1 which form the chief part of the wealth of those countries1 are exported principally to ,europe4 ,until within a few years1 however1 no means had been adopted for the utilisation of the superfluous flesh of the animals1 beyond employing it as a manure4 ,by manufacturing it1 however1 into 8extract of meat10 this waste has been remedied1 and immense works for its preparation are now erected both in ,south ,america and in ,australia4 ,the process followed by the different makers1 although varying in some particulars1 is essentially the same1 and consists in extracting by water1 either hot1 cold1 or in the form of the steam1 those portions of the meat which are soluble in that fluid1 and subsequently evaporating the solution so obtained until it becomes of a proper consistence to be put into jars4 ,the extract so obtained keeps well 7if all the fat and gelatin are removed71 and is most conveniently adapted for exportation4 ,it is said that the extract as being obtained from cattle that have had ,english progenitors possesses a flavour superior to that which comes from ,south ,america1 where the animals are of a different and inferior breed4 ,the following interesting description of the manufacture of 8,liebig's ,extract of ,meat0 is taken from the ,buenos ,ayres #8,standard' of ,september1 #ahfg4 ,the establishment1 of which it is a description1 is at ,fray ,bentos1 on the ,uruguay1 ,south ,america4 8,the new factory is a building which covers about #bj1jjj square feet1 and is roofed in iron and glass4 ,we first enter a large flagged hall1 kept dark1 cool1 and extremely clean1 where the meat is weighed1 and passed through apertures to the meat-cutting machines4 ,we next come to the beef-cutting hall1 where are four powerful meat-cutters1 especially designed by the company's general manager1 ,m4 ,geibert2 each machine can cut the meat of #bjj bullocks per hour4 ,the meat being cut is passed to #8digerators' made of wrought iron2 each one holds about #ab1jjj lbs4 of beef2 there are nine of these digerators1 and three more have to be put up4 ,here the meat is digerated by high-pressure steam of #ge lbs4 per square inch2 from this the liquid which contains the extract and the fat of the meat proceeds in tubes to a range of #8fat separators' of peculiar construction4 ,here the fat is separated in the hot state from the extract1 as no time can be lost for cool operation1 otherwise decomposition would set in in a very short time4 8,we proceed downstairs to an immense hall1 sixty feet high1 where the fat separators are working2 below them is a range of five cast-iron clarifiers1 #ajjj gallons each1 worked by high-pressure steam through ,hallet's tube system4 8,each clarifier is provided with a very ingenious steam-tap4 ,in the monstrous clarifiers the albumen1 fibrin1 and phosphates are separated4 ,from hence the liquid extract is raised by means of air-pumps1 driven by two thirty horse-power engines1 up to two vessels about twenty feet above the clarifiers2 thence the liquid runs to the other large evaporators4 ,now we ascend the staircase reaching the hall1 where two immense sets of four vacuum apparatus are at work1 evaporating the extract by a very low temperature2 here the liquid passes several filtering processes before being evaporated in vacuo4 ,we now ascend some steps and enter the ready-making hall1 separated by a wire gauze wall1 and all the windows1 doors1 c41 guarded by the same to exclude flies and dust4 ,the ventilation is maintained by patent fans1 and the place is extremely clean4 ,here are placed five ready-making pans constructed of steel plates1 with a system of steel discs revolving in the liquid extract4 8,these five pans1 by medium of discs1 #ajj in each pan1 effect in one minute more than two million square feet evaporating surface4 8,here concludes the manufacturing process4 ,the extract is now withdrawn in large cans and deposited for the following day4 8,ascending a few steps we enter the decrystallising and packing hall1 where two large cast-iron tanks are placed1 provided with hot water baths under their bottoms2 in these tanks the extract is thrown in quantities of #aj1jjj lbs4 at once1 and here decrystallising is made a homogeneous mass and of uniform quality4 ,now samples are taken and analysed by the chemist of the establishment1 ,dr ,seekamp1 under whose charge the chemical and technical operations are performed4 8,it may be mentioned that the company's butcher killed at the rate of #hj oxen per hour2 separating by a small double-edged knife the vertebr1 the animal drops down instantaneously on a waggon1 and is conducted to a place where #aej men are occupied dressing the meat for the factory1 cutting each ox into six pieces2 #djj are being worked per day40 ,mr ,tooth at a meeting before the 8,food ,committee0 held at the ,society of ,arts in ,january1 #ahfh1 said that he did not claim any difference in the composition of his article 7which was made in ,australia7 as compared with that made by the ,south ,american ,company4 ,in the annexed table the composition of some of the extracts of meat of commerce is given3---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,liebig's ,tooth1,french ,company1,whitehead4,twentyman4 ,company4 ,sydney4,south ,america4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,water #ahef #afjj #agjf #afej #bddi #bjha ,extractive1 soluble in alcohol #dedc #ecjj #eabh #bhjj #bbjh #accg ,extractive1 insoluble #acic #acjj #ajeg #dfjj #dddg #eiaj ,mineral matter #bbjh #ahjj #baji #iej #hif #fgb ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ajjjjajjjjajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,the following are the characteristics of extract of meat of good quality4 ,it should always have an acid reaction1 its colour should be a pale yellowish brown1 and it should have an agreeable meat-like odour and taste4 ,it should be entirely soluble in cold water1 and should be free from albumen1 fat1 and gelatin4 ,meat ,pie4 ,stew #b lbs4 of beef steak with one small onion1 the gravy from which is to be thickened with flour1 and flavoured with pepper and salt4 ,put it into a baking dish1 and cover with a lard crust4 ,it should be baked for one hour4 ,the addition of two kidneys will greatly improve the pie4 ,meat 7,australian7 ,pie4 ,take #b lbs4 of ,australian meat1 or #a-a_/b lb4 of meat and #a_/b lb4 of kidney4 ,season to taste1 pour in a little water1 cover with a lard crust1 and bake not more than half an hour4 ,,meat ,,preserving4 8,the ,belgian ,muse de l',industrie notes the following methods of preserving meats as the most deserving of attention amongst those communicated to the ,french ,academy of ,sciences1 and published in the ,comptes ,rendus4 #a4 ,m4 ,bundet's method1 by which the meat is kept in water acidulated with carbolic acid in the proportion of #a to #e parts of acid per #ajjj of water4 ,a series of experiments proved that all kinds of meat could thus be kept fresh for lengthened periods1 without acquiring an ill taste or odour4 8,the meat may be placed in barrels or air-tight tin cases1 filled with acidulated water of the strength above specified1 and headed up2 or the pieces may be packed in barrels or cases in alternate layers with charcoal1 pounded small1 and saturated with water containing #e_/ajjj of carbolic acid4 ,the charcoal serves as a vehicle for the antiseptic fluid1 and as an absorbent of any gaseous matters given off by the meat4 ,the latter should be wrapped in thin linen covers to prevent the charcoal working its way into the tissues4 8,this method1 it is suggested1 might be employed in curing pork in place of #8salting1' or of the more lengthy and costly process of #8smoking1' and also for the preservation of poultry1 game1 butter1 eggs1 c4 8#b4 ,in the case of ,south ,american meat ,m4 ,baudet proposes the use of large sacks of caoutchouc4 ,the meat should be packed in them1 with alternate layers of charcoal as above described1 and each sack1 when filled1 should be hermetically closed by drawing another empty caoutchouc sack1 cap-wise1 over it4 ,the caoutchouc1 it is supposed1 would fetch enough in the market----its low price notwithstanding----to cover expenses of packing and freight1 and so permit the meat to be sold in ,europe at a very small advance on cost price4 ,if intended for use a second time1 the empty bags should be steeped in boiling water for a few minutes1 to remove any organic impurities adhering to them4 8#c4 ,m4 ,gorge's method1 which is in use in ,la ,plata1 consists in washing and drying the meat1 and afterwards steeping in successive waters containing hydrochloric acid and sulphite of soda1 and then packing it in air-tight cases holding #a1 #e1 or #aj kilog4 each4 ,meat thus treated requires to be soaked in warm water for about half an hour before use4 8#d4 ,m4 ,leon ,soubeiran has recommended braying and drying1 in the fashion adopted by the ,chinese and ,mongols1 as described by ,m4 ,simon1 ,french consul in ,china1 in a communication made by him to the ,socit d',acclimatation4 ,the pemmican of our ,arctic voyagers and the charqui of ,south ,america are familiar examples of meat preserved by analogous processes4 ,the late ,m4 ,payen1 a distinguished member of the ,academy1 insisted upon the great perfection to which this system might be carried by the aid of hot-air stoves and suitable apparatus40 ,besides the foregoing1 numerous patents have from time to time been taken out1 and processes proposed for the preservation of meat2 so as to enable it to be sent from those distant countries1 such as ,south ,america1 ,australia1 ,canada1 c41 where it is greatly in excess of the wants of the population1 to other lands1 in which the supply is as much below the demand1 and the meat at such a price as to preclude its being regularly used as an article of food by the body of the people4 ,as the putrefactive changes set up in dead flesh are dependent upon the combined influences of moisture1 air1 and a certain temperature1 it follows that most of the various methods of meat preservation resolve themselves into so many different efforts to remove the meat from the operation of one of the conditions above specified as necessary for its decomposition4 ,the charqui or jerked beef of ,south ,america affords an example of meat preserved by means of being deprived of moisture4 ,it occurs in thongs or strips which have been prepared by placing freshly killed meat between layers of salt and drying them in the sun4 ,charqui1 although it retains its soundness for a great length of time1 and is rendered eatable by soaking in water and prolonged cooking1 is difficult of digestion and wanting in flavour1 and if any fat be associated with it1 this is liable to become rancid4 ,pemmican is meat which1 after being dried and powdered1 is mixed with sugar and certain spices1 both of which assist to preserve the meat as well as to improve its flavour1 and to remove the tendency to rancidity caused by any fat that may be accidentally present4 ,another process for the preservation of meat by means of desiccation is that of ,,mm4 ,blumenthal and ,chollet1 who1 in #ahed1 obtained a patent for preparing tablets composed of dried meat and vegetables1 which1 after being several times dipped into rich soup1 were dried in warm air after each immersion4 ,at a meeting of the ,food ,committee1 held at the ,society of ,arts1 in ,may1 #ahfh1 specimens of dried beef and mutton in powder1 from ,brisbane1 were shown by ,mr ,orr1 who said they had been dried on tinned plates by means of steam4 ,dr ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor1 ,f4,r4,s41 who examined the sample1 found it perfectly fresh and good4 ,it had been prepared at least six months previously4 ,at a subsequent meeting1 the ,committee reported that the soup prepared from this desiccated meat1 with the addition of a small quantity of vegetables1 was considered very successful1 and the ,committee were of opinion that meat so preserved was likely to prove a valuable and cheap addition to the food resources of the people4 ,the specimen from which the soup was made had been in the ,society's possession1 and formed part of the contents of a tin opened upwards of two years ago4 ,the preservation was perfect4 ,we have only space briefly to describe some of the more prominent of the processes which have been devised for the preservation of meat by excluding atmospheric air4 ,mr ,tallerman1 a large importer of ,australian meat1 stated in evidence before the ,food ,committee of the ,society of ,arts1 in ,may1 #ahgj1 that in the preservation of the meat he sent over to this country he had recourse to a very old practice1 which was that of packing the joints in fat1 the meat being previously salted or cured4 ,instead of the meat being packed in brine1 the casks with the meat are filled up with melted fat4 ,in ,mr ,warrington's patent1 which dates from #ahdf1 it is proposed that animal substances shall be preserved by enveloping them in a layer of glue1 gelatin1 or concentrated meat gravy1 or otherwise by dipping them in warm solutions of such substances1 or by wrapping them in waterproof cloth1 or by covering them with caoutchouc1 gutta percha1 or varnish1 or thin cream of plaster of ,paris1 which when set was saturated with melted suet1 wax1 or stearin4 ,the patent of ,prof4 ,redwood1 which resembles ,mr ,warrington's in seeking to exclude atmospheric air by surrounding the meat with an impervious substance1 claimed the use of paraffin for this purpose1 the paraffin being afterwards coated with a mixture of gelatin and treacle1 or gelatin and glycerin4 ,the paraffin is easily removed from the meat by plunging this latter into boiling water1 which dissolves the outer coating of gelatin mixture1 and at the same time melts the paraffin and liberates the enclosed joint4 ,messrs ,jones and ,trevethick's patent consisted in exhausting of air the vessel containing the meat1 then forcing into it a mixture of nitrogen and sulphurous acids1 and subsequently soldering the apertures4 ,dr ,letheby says meat1 fish1 and poultry preserved in this manner have been found good after seven or eight years2 and specimens of them were exhibited in the ,london ,exhibition of #ahfb4 ,the removal1 however1 of atmospheric air from the vessels containing the meat it is designed to preserve is now principally accomplished by means of steam4 ,the germ of this idea originated with ,m4 ,pierre ,antonie ,angilbert more than half a century ago1 but the modification of ,angilbert's process1 which in principle is that generally adopted by the importers of ,australian and ,south ,american cooked meat1 as well as by the ,english preparers of the article1 originated with ,messrs ,goldner and ,wertheimer1 nearly forty years since1 and1 briefly1 is as follows3----,the freshly killed meat is placed in tins1 with a certain quantity of cold water4 ,the tins and their contents are then securely soldered down1 with the exception of a small opening not larger than a pin-hole1 which is left in the lid4 ,the tins are next placed in a bath of chloride of calcium1 the effect of which is to heat the water in them up to the boiling point1 and after a certain time to more or less cook the meat contained in them4 ,when the meat is thought to be sufficiently cooked1 and whilst the steam arising from the boiling water is escaping from the aperture1 this last is carefully soldered down1 the steam not only having driven out all the atmospheric air from the vessel1 but in the act of escaping having prevented the ingress of any from without4 ,to still further guard against the entrance of air1 the tins are covered over with a thick coating of paint4 ,previously to their being allowed to leave the preserving works they are tested by being placed for some time in an apartment in which the temperature is sufficiently high to set up putrefactive action in the meat if any air has been left in the tins1 the evidence of which would be the bulging out of the tins1 owing to the liberation of certain gaseous products of decomposition4 ,when no distension from inside takes place1 the result is considered satisfactory1 and the vessels are regarded as properly and hermetically sealed4 ,in some cases the vessels1 instead of being heated in a bath of chloride of calcium1 are exposed to the action of steam4 ,if the operation be successfully performed1 the meat so prepared will keep perfectly good avid sound for years4 ,mr ,richard ,jones effects the removal of the air from the vessels containing the meat as follows3----,the meat is put into the tins and entirely soldered up1 with the exception of a small tube about the size of a quill1 which is soldered on the top of the tin4 ,this tube is placed in connection with a vacuum chamber1 and the air exhausted from the tin by means of it4 ,in cooking the meat he also employs a chloride of calcium bath4 ,dr ,letheby1 in one of his ,canton ,lectures on ,food1 delivered in #ahfe1 speaking on this part of the subject1 and on the above method of meat preservation1 says3----8,to-night1 through the kindness of ,messrs ,crosse and ,blackwell1 ,i am able to show you a specimen of preserved mutton which has been in the case forty-four years1 and you will perceive that it is in excellent condition4 ,it formed part of the stores supplied by ,messrs ,donkin and ,gamble1 in #ahbd1 to ,his ,majesty's ,exploring ship ,fury1 which was wrecked in ,prince ,regent's ,inlet in #ahbe1 when the cases were landed with the other stores1 and left upon the beach4 8,eight years afterwards1 in ,august1 #ahcc1 they were found by ,sir ,john ,ross in the same condition as they were left2 and he wrote to ,mr ,gamble at the end of that year1 saying1 #8that the provisions were still in a perfect state of preservation1 although annually exposed to a temperature of #ib below and #hj above zero4' ,some of the cases were left untouched by ,sir ,john ,ross2 and after a further interval of sixteen years the place was visited by a party from ,her ,majesty's ship ,investigator1 when1 according to a letter from the captain1 ,sir ,james ,ross1 #8the provisions were in excellent condition1 after having lain upon the beach1 exposed to the action of the sun1 and all kinds of weather1 for a period of nearly a quarter of a century4' ,messrs ,crosse and ,blackwell have placed the original letters in my hands for perusal1 and they show beyond all doubt that meat preserved in this manner will keep good for nearly half a century----in fact1 the case of boiled mutton now before you has been preserved for forty----four years40 ,the generality of the samples of preserved meat from ,australia are excellent in quality and flavour1#cc except that in most cases the meat has been overcooked1 which has arisen from the too prolonged contact of the meat with the steam1 which it is judged necessary shall be generated in such quantities as to ensure the certainty of the exclusion of the air4 ,another inconvenience attending the process1 viz4 the liability of the sides of the tin to collapse1 owing to the vacuum formed in its interior1 has been remedied by the introduction into the vessel of some inert gas1 such as carbonic acid1 or nitrogen4 ,footnote #cc3 ,the ,food ,committee of the ,society of ,arts1 who have carefully and impartially examined numerous samples of ,australian and ,south ,american preserved meat1 say3 8,it is perfectly sweet and fresh1 but somewhat insipid from overcooking1 and it seems likely the flavour could be improved if the duration of exposure to heat could be shortened without endangering the preservation40 ,preserved meat at the present time forms a very considerable article of export both from ,australia and ,south ,america4 ,in the former country there are several establishments of a colossal character1 where the work of tinning the meat is carried on1 in many of which establishments hundreds of cattle are slaughtered daily4 ,the largest establishments of the kind are at ,sydney and ,melbourne1 whence extensive shipments are being constantly made4 ,the following figures are taken from the ,board of ,trade returns3---- ,value of ,meat preserved otherwise than by ,salting4 ,imports from ,total ,australia4 ,imports4 #ahga #dha1jic #faj1bbh #ahgb #feg1ide #haf1dfc #ahgc #eeg1eeb #gcc1cca #ahgd #eji1fih #geg1jja #ahge #bdi1faa #eib1aif ,since #ahgf tinned meat has been imported from ,north ,america4 ,several methods have been proposed for the preservation of meat by subjecting it to such conditions that the surrounding temperature should be sufficiently low to arrest putrefaction4 ,in ,mr ,harrison's process the reduction of temperature was effected by the application of melting ice and salt1 made to run down the outside of the iron chambers containing the meat4 ,it is affirmed that although the joints submitted to this treatment were solidly frozen1 no loss of either flavour or immediate decomposition of the meat took place4 ,mr ,harrison's experiment was perfectly successful in ,australia1 but broke down during the voyage of a large cargo of meat shipped from ,australia in #ahgc1 owing to a defect in the construction of the ice chamber of the vessel and the failure of the supply of ice4 ,of other forms of refrigeration applied for this purpose we may mention the process of ,m4 ,tellier1 by which he proposes to place 7on ship-board or elsewhere7 joints of meat in a chamber through which a current of air charged with ether or other volatile substance may be passed1 with a view to reduce the temperature to #cj ,f4 ,also that of ,m4 ,poggiale1 from whose report to the ,paris ,academy of ,medicine it appears that in chambers contrived on principles similar to ,m4 ,tellier's1 all kinds of butcher's meat and poultry have been hung for ten weeks1 at the end of which time they were found perfectly fresh and wholesome4 ,the agent used in the latter case for the production of cold was methylic ether4 ,the process1 however1 of refrigeration which has proved not only the most1 but in every respect successful1 was first satisfactorily carried out since #ahgf1 in which time large cargoes of dead meat have been constantly sent to our metropolitan markets1 as well as to ,glasgow1 from ,new ,york4 ,the following extract from the #8,dundee ,advertiser' gives some interesting details of this process3---- 8,as to dead meat1 the first sale was held on the #eth of ,june1 when #ajj carcases of beef and #gb of mutton were disposed of4 ,since then there has never been a smaller supply1 and on the average about #aej carcases have been sold weekly4 ,last week #baj carcases were sold1 and on ,wednesday evening there were no fewer than #cc lorries1 each laden with three tons of butcher's meat4 ,the freight paid for carriage to ,glasgow1 ,liverpool1 and ,london1 last week amounted to #aijj4 ,altogether1 since the importation began1 a million and a quarter pounds of dead meat have been sold in ,glasgow4 ,the result of this importation has been a reduction in retail price of #a;d4 per lb41 instead of an increase in price1 which must have taken place without the increased supply4 8,the oxen are collected chiefly in the states of ,illinois and ,kentucky4 ,they are there reared in enormous numbers on the prairies4 ,before they reach ,new ,york they are driven over railway for fully a thousand miles4 ,those animals the carcases of which are to be sent to this country are killed the day before the departure of the steamer4 ,as soon as the carcases are dressed they are put into a cooling room capable of containing #ejj1 and subject to a constant current of cold air1 supplied by means of a #be horse-power engine4 ,this sets the beef and extracts the animal heat4 ,each carcase is next cut into quarters1 and these are sewn up in canvas1 and during the night transferred on board the vessel4 ,six of the ,anchor ,line mail steamers have been fitted up with refrigeration compartments1 constructed on a patented principle specially for the conveyance of meat4 8,after the quarters have been hung up in the room the door is hermetically closed4 ,adjoining the compartment is a chamber filled with ice4 ,air tubes are connected with the beef room1 and through them the animal heat ascends1 and by means of a powerful engine it is blown across the ice1 and returned to the beef room in a cold state4 ,a temperature of about #ch is thus maintained in the beef-room4 ,if it were to get so low as #cb----;freezing-point----the meat would be seriously injured4#cd ,the heat is1 therefore1 regulated by a thermometer1 and when the temperature gets too low1 the speed of the engine is slackened1 the normal degree of cold being thus maintained almost without variation during the voyage4 ,cattle killed on ,thursday in ,new ,york are sold that day fortnight in ,glasgow40 ,footnote #cd3 ,mr ,harrison's experiments make this statement doubtful4 ,the first patent for the preservation of food by means of ice was granted to ,mr ,john ,ling in #ahde4 ,lastly1 mention must not be omitted of another method for the preservation of meat1 which consists in the application to it of certain antiseptic substances1 the action of which in preventing putrefaction is due to their power of destroying minute parasitic organisms of low animal or vegetable life1 that would otherwise attack and set up decomposition in the meat4 ,our ordinary salted meats owe their immunity from decay1 as is well known1 to the presence in their tissues of common salt4 ,meat preserved1 however1 by this means is tough1 indigestible1 and wanting in many of its most important soluble constituents1 which1 dissolving part of the salt1 run off from the meat and are lost4 ,amongst other agents which have been found serviceable as antiseptics1 and for which from time to time numerous patents have been taken out1 are nitrate of potash1 acetate and hydrochlorate of ammonia1 the sulphates of soda and potash1 and bisulphate of lime4 ,the writer remembers partaking1 some years since1 of some ,canadian turkey1 which had been preserved by means of this latter substance1 and the turkey having been killed some two months before being eaten4 ,it was perfectly sound and of excellent flavour4 ,in this instance the bird had been sent from ,canada1 with several others1 packed in waterproof casks1 filled up with a weak solution of bisulphite of lime4 ,in some cases the saline solution is merely brushed over the outside of the meat2 whilst in others it is injected into the substance of the flesh4 ,thiebierge's process consists in dipping the joints for five minutes into dilute sulphuric acid1 of the strength of about ten of water to one of acid4 ,the meat after being taken out is carefully wiped and dried1 and is then hung up for keeping4 ,sulphurous acid also forms the subject of several patents for the preservation of meat4 ,in the process of ,laury1 for which a patent was taken out in #ahed1 the gas was introduced into the vessels containing the food4 ,in that of ,belford1 for which a provisional specification was granted the same year1 the meat was soaked for #bd hours in a solution of sulphurous and hydrochloric acids 7the latter being in the proportion of a hundredth of the volume of the former74 ,the addition of the hydrochloric acid was made with the intention of decomposing any alkaline sulphites that might be formed by the combination of the alkaline salts of the meat with the sulphurous acid4 ,dr ,dewar's process1 which is very similar to the foregoing1 proposes1 instead of exposing the meat to sulphurous acid fumigation1 to immerse it in a solution of the acid of the same strength as that of the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,on being taken out of the liquid the meat1 or other article1 is1 as speedily as possible1 dried at a temperature not exceeding #adj ,f41 so that the albumen may be preserved simply in a desiccated1 and not in a coagulated condition4 ,in the patent of ,demait1 which dates from #ahee1 the meat was directed to be hung up in a properly constructed chamber1 and exposed for some time to the action of the gas4 ,more recently1 ,professor ,gamgee has taken out a patent1 which is a modification of ,demait's1 and which consists in hanging up the carcase of the animal1 previously killed when under the influence of carbonic oxide1 in a chamber filled with this latter gas1 to which a little sulphurous acid has been added1 the chamber having been first exhausted of air4 ,the carcase is allowed to remain in the chamber from #bd to #dh hours1 after which it is hung in dry air4 ,it is stated that meat subjected to the above treatment has been found perfectly sound and eatable after an interval of five months4 ,m4 ,lanjorrois proposes to preserve animal substances from decay by the addition to them of #a per cent4 of magenta4 ,he states the process had been applied to slices of beef1 which1 after being kept for several months1 yielded1 after being washed and boiled1 very good soup4 ,commenting on this suggestion for the preservation of meat1 the #8,chemical ,news' very sensibly and properly remarks3 8,it is to be hoped the magenta employed will be free from arsenic40 ,the patent of ,m4 de la ,peyrouse 7which dates from #ahgc7 also consists in excluding the air by enveloping meat in fat4 ,in this process1 however1 the fat is mixed1 when in a melting condition1 with a certain quantity of the carbonates of sodium1 potassium1 and ammonium1 as well as with some chlorides of magnesium and aluminium1 with the object of preventing the fat becoming rancid and decomposing1 and thus imparting a disagreeable flavour to the meat4 ,in ,m4 ,george's process the meat is partially dried1 and then steeped in successive waters containing hydrochloric acid and sulphate of soda4 ,,mecon,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#g;,,ho#g4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,meconicum1 ,l4 ,a peculiar acid1 first obtained by ,sertuerner from opium1 in #ahjd4 ,prep4 ,meconate of lime is suspended in warm water1 and treated with hydrochloric acid4 ,impure meconic acid crystallises on cooling1 and may be purified by repeated treatment in the same way with hydrochloric acid4 ,its purity is ascertained by its leaving no residue when heated in a platinum or glass capsule4 ,prop4 ,meconic acid forms beautiful pearly scales2 possesses a sour astringent taste2 is soluble in boiling water1 and to a less extent in cold2 it is also soluble in alcohol4 ,with the acids it forms salts called #8meconates1' most of which are crystallisable4 ,meconate of lime is obtained by heating a solution of chloride of calcium with an infusion of opium made with cold water1 and neutralised by powdered marble1 and collecting the precipitate4 ,meconate of potassa is prepared by direct solution of the base in the impure acid obtained from meconate of lime till the liquor turns green1 heat being applied1 when the salt crystallises out as the liquid cools2 it may be purified by pressure and recrystallisation4 ,tests4 ,meconic acid is characterised by----#a4 ,turning ferric salts red1 and the red colour not being destroyed by the action of corrosive sublimate4----#b4 ,precipitating a weak solution of ammonio-sulphate of copper green4----#c4 ,with acetate of lead1 nitrate of silver1 and chloride of barium1 it gives white precipitates1 which are soluble in nitric acid4----#d4 ,it is not reddened by chloride of gold4 ,,mec,,onin4 ,c#aj;,h#aj,o#d4 ,a white1 crystalline1 odourless1 neutral substance1 discovered by ,couerbe in opium4 ,,meco,,nium4 ,see ,,opium4 ,,med,,icines4 ,however skilful the medical practitioner may be1 and however judicious his treatment1 both are interfered with1 and their value more or less neutralised1 if the remedies he orders are not administered precisely according to his instructions4 ,it is the duty of the attendant on the sick to follow implicitly the directions of the physician1 as well in exactly complying with his orders as in doing nothing that she has not been ordered to do4 ,at the same time there are exceptions to this rule1 in which a suspension of the remedy1 or a deviation from the order of the physician1 is not only allowable1 but is absolutely required4 ,thus1 from idiosyncrasy or some other cause1 the remedy in the doses ordered may have no effect1 or may produce one widely different from that intended or expected4 ,in such cases it is evident that a strict adherence to the direction of the physician would be productive of evil2 but he should be immediately apprised of the circumstance4 ,the common practice of neglecting to administer the doses of medicine at the prescribed time1 or after prescribed intervals1 and then1 to compensate for the omission1 giving the medicine more frequently or in larger doses1 cannot be too severely censured1 as destructive to the welfare of the patient and injurious to the credit of the physician4 ,for the purpose of disguising the taste of medicine1 or lessening their nauseating properties1 ,dr ,pollio has recommended a means founded on the physiological fact that a strong impression on the nerves 7whether of vision1 hearing1 or taste7 renders that which follows less perceptible than under the usual circumstances4 ,instead1 therefore1 of applying to the mouth agreeable substances after swallowing nauseous medicines1 we should prepare it beforehand1 in order that the taste of the medicine may not be perceived4 ,aromatic substances1 as orange or lemon peel1 c41 chewed just before taking medicine1 effectually prevent castor oil1 c41 being tasted4 ,in preparing the mouth for bitters1 liquorice is the only sweet that should be used1 the others creating a peculiarly disagreeable compound taste4 ,we have noticed already the effect of oil of orange peel in correcting the nauseating qualities of copaiba4 ,see ,,dose and ,,prescribing4 ,,medicines ,,for ,,passenger ,,ships4 ,the annexed scale of medicines1 medical stores1 and instruments for ships clearing under the ,passengers ,acts1 other than steamships engaged in the ,north ,atlantic trade1 has been issued and caused to be published by the ,board of ,trade1 and is intended to supersede the scales hitherto in force4 ,the quantities mentioned in the scale are for every #ajj passengers1 when the length of the passage1 computed according to the ,passengers ,act1 is #ajj days and upwards4 ,half the quantity of medicines indicated1 but the same kind and quantity of medical stores should be taken when the passage is less than #ajj days4 ,n4,b4----,there is a separate scale for ,north ,atlantic steam passenger ships4 ,the medicines are to be prepared according to the ,british ,pharmacopia1 to be plainly labelled in ,english1 and the average doses for an adult stated1 according to the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,all bottles are to be stoppered1 and all medicines indicated thus 7997 are to be marked with a red poison label4 ,all fluid quantities are to be measured by fluid lbs41 oz41 or dr4 ,lbs4 oz4 dr4 ,acid1 ,acetic #j #f #j 99,acid1 ,carbolic #j #a #j 99,acid1 ,carbolic 7a powder containing not less than #bj per cent4 of pure carbolic or cresylic acid7 #aab #j #j ,acid1 ,citric #j #c #j ,acid1 ,gallic #j #a #j ,acid1 ,hydrocyanic ,dil4 #j #j #d ,acid1 ,nitric #j #a #j ,acid1 ,sulph4 ,dil4 #j #f #j ther #j #a #j ,alumen #j #a #j ,ammon4 ,carb4 #j #f #j ,amylum #a #j #j ,argent4 ,nit4 7,stick7 #j #j #b ,calx ,chlorate #g #j #j ,camphor #j #f #j ,charta ,epispatica1 #d sq4 ft41 in case 99,chlor4 of ,zinc 7,burnett's sol4 of7 #af #j #j 99,chloroform #j #h #j ,copaiba #j #h #j ,creosote #j #j #b ,cupri ,sulph4 #j #a #j ,emp4 ,cantharidis #j #a #j ,ferri et ,quini ,cit4 #j #a #j ,ferri ,sulph4 #j #j #d ,glycerin #j #f #j ,glycerin ,acid4 ,tannic #j #d #j 99,hydrat4 ,chloral #j #a #f ,hydrarg4 cum ,cret #j #j #d ,hydrarg4 ,subchloridi #j #j #d ,lini ,farina #f #j #j ,lin4 ,camph4 #j #h #j ,lin4 ,opii #j #b #j ,lin4 ,saponis #a #j #j 99,liq4 ,atropi #j #j #a ,liq4 ,calcis #a #j #j 99,liq4 ,morphi ,acetatis #j #a #j 99,liq4 ,plumbi ,subacetatis #j #b #j ,liq4 ,potass #j #b #j 99,liq4 ,potass ,permanganatis 7,b4 ,p4 or ,condy's ,crimson ,fluid7 #c #j #j ,magnes4 ,sulph4 #d #j #j ,mist4 ,senn ,co4 7omit ,extract of ,liquorice and substitute ,aromatic ,spirit of ,ammonia1 #a oz4 to #a pint of the mixture7 #c #j #j ,ol4 ,croton #j #j #a ,ol4 ,lini #j #h #j ,ol4 ,menth ,pip4 #j #j #b ,ol4 ,morrhu #c #j #j ,ol4 ,oliv #a #j #j ,ol4 ,ricini #b #j #j ,ol4 ,terebinthin #a #j #j 99,opium #a #j #j ,plumbi ,acetatis #j #a #j ,potass ,bicarb4 ,pulv4 #j #d #j ,potassii ,iodid4 #j #b #j ,pulv4 ,antimonialis #j #j #c 99,pulv4 ,astringens 7double the quantity indicated to be taken to all tropical ports4 ,pulv4 ,catechu ,co41 ,pulv4 ,cret ,arom4 cum ,opi----equal parts7 #a #j #j ,pulv4 ,cret ,arom4 cum ,opi4 #j #b #j ,pulv4 ,ipecac4 #j #b #j ,pulv4 ,ipecac4 ,co4 #j #b #j ,pulv4 ,jalap ,co4 #j #c #j ,pulv4 ,potass ,nitratis #j #d #j ,pulv4 ,rhei ,co4 #j #d #j ,pulv4 ,scammon4 ,co4 #j #j #f ,quini ,sulph4 7double the quantity indicated to be taken to all tropical ports7 #j #a #j ,sod ,bicarb4 #a #j #j ,sp4 ther4 ,nitrosi #j #h #j ,sp4 ,ammon4 ,arom4 #j #h #j ,sp4 ,rectif4 #j #d #j ,sp4 ,sulphur ,sublimatum #c #j #j ,syr4 ,ferri ,iodidi #j #d #j 99,sol4 ,morphi ,acetat4 7a neutral solution containing #d grains in a drachm1 and so marked4 ,to be labelled----for hypodermic injection7 #j #j #d ,tr4 ,arnic #j #f #j ,tr4 ,camphor ,co4 #j #h #j ,tr4 ,digitalis #j #j #f ,tr4 ,ergot #j #f #j ,tr4 ,ferri ,perchloridi #j #d #j 99,tr4 ,opii #j #f #j ,tr4 ,scill #j #b #j ,tr4 ,valerian4 ,ammon4 #j #c #j ,ung4 ,cetacei #a #j #j ,ung4 ,hydrargyri #j #b #j ,ung4 ,hydrargyri ,ox4 ,rub4 #j #a #j ,ung4 ,sulph4 #a #j #j ,ung4 ,zinci #j #b #j ,vin4 ,colchici #j #a #j ,vin4 ,ipecac4 #j #a #j ,zinci ,sulphatis #j #a #j ,desiccated ,soup #d #j #j ,all pills to be made and marked #e grains4 ,pil4 ,aloes cum ,myrrh #b doz4 ,pil4 ,col4 c4 ,hyoscy #d doz4 ,pil4 ,hydrarg4 #c doz4 ,pil4 ,ipecac4 cum ,scill #e doz4 ,pil4 ,quini #f doz4 ,pil4 ,sapon4 ,co4 #f doz4 ,medical ,stores4 ,lint #aj oz4 ,tow #a lb4 ,adhesive ,plaster #c yds4 ,male ,syringe #a ,male ,syringe ,glass #a ,female ,syringe #a ,phials 7assorted7 #b doz4 ,phial corks #f doz4 ,sponges #c ,bed-pan #a ,paper of ,pins #a ,hernia ,truss1 #cf in41 reversible #a ,paper of ,pill ,boxes #a ,gallipots #f ,leg and ,arm ,bandages #f ,calico #c yds4 ,flannel ,bandages1 #g yds4 long1 #f in4 wide #b ,flannel #b yds4 ,triangular ,bandages1 base #dh in41 sides #cc in4 each #b ,minim ,measures #b #a oz4 ,measures #a #b oz4 ,measures #a ,set of ,splints #a ,waterproof sheeting #d yds4 ,oiled ,silk #a yd4 ,enema ,syringe and ,stomach ,pump #a ,box of ,small ,scales and ,weights #a ,wedgwood ,mortar and ,pestle #a ,wedgwood ,funnel #a ,spatulas #b ,authorised ,book of ,directions for ,medicine ,chests #a ,british ,pharmacopia #a ,one set only of these articles required1 irrespective of number of passengers4 ,n4,b4----,only one set of instruments required1 without regard to the number of surgeons1 passengers1 or the length of the voyage4 ,instruments4 ,i #a ,tenaculum4 n #a ,artery ,forceps4 #a ,operating ditto4 ,p #a ,finger ,knife4 o #a ,curve ,bistoury1 ,probe ,point4 c #a ,curve ,bistoury1 ,spear ,point4 k #b ,probes4 e #a ,silver ,director4 t #a ,caustic ,case4 #a ,scissors4 ,c #a ,spatula4 a #ab ,needles4 s #a ,skein ,ligature ,silk4 e #c ,lancets4 #a ,amputating ,saw4 #b ,amputating ,knives4 #a ,bone ,forceps4 #c ,tooth ,forceps4 #a ,skull ,forceps4 #a ,trephine4 #a ,elevator4 #a ,hey's ,saw4 #a ,trephine ,brush4 #b ,scalpels4 #a ,hernia ,knife4 #b ,trocars and ,canulas4 #a ,aneurism ,needle4 #a ,hernia ,director4 #a ,tourniquet4 #b ,silver ,catheters 7,nos4 #d and #h74 #d ,elastic ,gum ,catheters 7,nos4 #c1 #e1 and #g74 #a ,clinical ,thermometer4 #a ,hypodermic ,syringe4 #a dozen charged ,tubes for ,vaccination4 #a ,set of ,midwifery ,instruments4 ,,meer,,schaum4 ,syn4 ,,ecume ,,de ,,mer1 ,l4 ,a native silicate of magnesia4 ,it has a sp4 gr4 ranging between #bf to #cd2 is readily acted on by acids1 and fuses before a powerful blowpipe into a white enamel4 ,the finest qualities are found in ,greece and ,turkey4 ,its principal application is to the manufacture of tobacco-pipes4 ,the ,germans prepare their pipes for sale by soaking them in tallow1 then in white wax1 and1 finally1 by polishing them with shavegrass4 ,genuine meerschaum pipes are distinguished from mock ones by the beautiful brown colour which they assume after being smoked for some time4 ,of late years some of the pipemakers have produced a composition clay pipe1 which closely resembles meerschaum in appearance1 and is 8warranted to colour well40 ,the composition1 which is comparatively valueless1 is made up into pipes of suitable patterns1 which are frequently sold to the ignorant for 8meerschaums40 ,see ,,cements1 ,,hydraulic4 ,,me,,grim4 ,syn4 ,,meagrim1 ,,hemicrania1 ,l4 ,a pain affecting one side of the head only1 often periodic1 like an ague1 and generally of a nervous1 hysterical1 or bilious character4 ,it is clavus when there is a strong pulsation1 conveying the sensation of a nail piercing the part4 ,see ,,headache4 ,,meg,,rims4 ,syn4 ,,meagrims1 ,,vertigo4 ,in veterinary medicine this term is applied to horses which when at work reel1 then stand for a minute dull and stupid1 or fall to the ground1 and lie partially insensible for a few minutes4 8,horses subject to this affection should be driven with a breastplate or pipe collar1 so as to prevent pressure on the veins carrying the blood from the head2 the bowels should be kept in good order2 an occasional laxative is advisable1 and a course1 either of arsenic or quinine1 or of arsenic and iron40 7,dun47 ,,mel,,ancholy4 ,see ,,hypochondriasis and ,,insanity4 ,,melis,,sic ,,alcohol4 ,a substance obtained by ,brodie from beeswax4 ,by oxidation it yields #8melissic acid4' ,,mella,,go4 ,the old name for a medicine having the consistence of honey1 with a somewhat sweetish taste4 ,mellago taraxaci is fluid extract of dandelion4 ,,melting-,,point4 ,the temperature at which solids assume the liquid form4 ,,men,,struum4 ,l4 ,a solvent or dissolvent4 ,the principal ,,menstrua employed in chemistry and pharmacy to extract the active principles of bodies by digestion1 decoction1 infusion1 or maceration1 are water1 alcohol1 oils1 and solutions of the acids and alkalies4 ,,mercu,,rial ,,bal,,sam4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury4 ,,mercu,,rial ,,disease4 ,syn4 ,,morbus ,,mercurialis1 ,,hydrargyriasis1 ,l4 ,this results from the injudicious or excessive use of mercury1 or exposure to the fumes of this metal4 ,the common and leading symptoms are a disagreeable coppery taste2 excessive salivation2 sponginess1 tumefaction1 and ulceration of the gums2 swollen tongue2 loosening of the teeth2 exfoliation of the jaws2 remarkably offensive breath2 debility2 emaciation2 ending 7when not arrested7 in death from exhaustion4 ,fever1 cachexia1 violent purging and griping1 a species of eczema 7,,eczema ,,mercuriale1 ,,lepra ,,mercurialis71 and other forms of skin disease1 are also phases of the same affection1 the first of which occasionally proves fatal under the influence of sudden and violent physical exertion4 ,the treatment1 in ordinary cases1 may consist in free exposure to the open air1 avoiding either heat or cold2 the administration of saline aperients1 as ,epsom salts1 phosphate of soda1 c42 the free use of lemon juice and water as a common drink2 with weak gargles or washes of chloride of soda or chloride of lime to the gums1 mouth1 and throat4 ,severe cases often resist every variety of treatment1 and instances are recorded in the medical journals in which the use of even small doses of mercurials1 administered by the faculty1 have1 owing to the peculiar idiosyncrasy of the patients1 been followed by the most horrible sufferings1 terminating in death4 ,,mer,,cury4 ,hg4 ,syn4 ,,quicksilver1 ,,hydrargyrum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 and ,d472 ,,mercure1 ,,vif ,,argent1 ,fr42 ,,quecksilber1 ,ger4 ,a remarkable metal1 which has been known from a very early period4 ,the ,romans employed it as a medicine externally1 as did the ,arabs2 but the ,hindoos were probably the first to prescribe it internally4 ,sources4 ,the most important are the mines of ,idria1 in ,carniola2 ,almaden1 in ,new ,castile2 and ,new ,almaden1 in ,california1 where it exists combined with sulphur1 under the form of cinnabar4 ,from this ore the pure metal is obtained by distilling it with lime or iron filings1 in iron retorts1 by which the sulphur it contains is seized and retained1 while the mercury rises in the state of vapour1 and is condensed in suitable receivers4 ,quicksilver is commonly imported in cylindrical iron bottles2 containing #a_/b cwt4 to #a cwt4 each4 ,it is also imported in small quantities from ,china1 contained in bamboo bottles holding about #bj lbs4 each4 ,prep4 ,mercury1 as imported1 is usually sufficiently pure for medicinal purposes without any further preparation4 ,mere mechanical impurities1 as floating dust1 dirt1 c41 may be got rid of by squeezing the metal through chamois leather or flannel1 or by filtering it through a small hole in the apex of an inverted cone of paper4 ,it can be further cleaned by shaking well with a little strong nitric acid1 washing with distilled water1 and drying by blotting paper1 or filtering through warm chamois leather4 ,prop41 c4 ,mercury1 at all common temperatures1 is a heavy liquid1 possessing a nearly silver-white colour1 and a brilliant metallic lustre2 solidifies 7freezes7 at -#dj ,fahr41 and is then ductile1 malleable1 and tenacious2 boils at #ffb ,fahr41 and escapes in colourless transparent vapour1 of great density2 it also volatilises slowly at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere4 ,the presence of minute quantities of lead and zinc greatly retard its evaporation at its boiling heat4 ,it unites with oxygen1 chlorine1 iodine1 c41 forming numerous compounds4 ,with the metals it unites to form ,,amalgams4 ,the only acids which act directly on metallic mercury are the sulphuric and nitric1 but for this purpose the former must be heated and concentrated4 ,nitric acid1 however1 even when dilute and in the cold1 dissolves it freely4 ,pure mercury is unalterable in the air at ordinary temperatures4 ,sp4 gr4 #acei at #fj ,fahr42 about #ad when in the solid state4 ,uses1 c4 ,mercury is applied to various purposes in the arts2 as the amalgamation of gold and silver1 #8wash gilding1' the silvering of looking-glasses1 the manufacture of barometers and thermometers1 and the preparation of several very valuable medicines4 ,in its metallic state it appears to be inert when swallowed1 unless it meets with much acidity in the alimentary canal1 or is in a state of minute division2 its compounds are1 however1 all of them more or less poisonous4 ,mercury has been employed in one or other of its forms in almost all diseases2 but each of its numerous preparations is supposed to have some peculiarity of action of its own1 combined with that common to all the compounds of this metal4 ,the mercurials form1 indeed1 one of the most important classes of the materia medica4 ,tests4 #a4 ,metallic mercury is detected by its liquid condition and volatility2 and1 when in a finely divided or pulverulent state1 by the microscope1 or by staining a piece of copper white when the two are rubbed together4 ,mercury1 when present in combination1 can be detected as under3 ,when intimately mixed with anhydrous sodium carbonate1 and heated in a small test-tube1 under a layer of the carbonate1 decomposition ensues1 and a crust of grey sublimate forms on the cooler portion of the tube4 ,when examined by a lens this crust is seen to consist of minute metallic globules4 ,by friction with a bright glass or iron rod these are united into globules1 which are visible to the naked eye4 ,a perfectly clean and bright piece of copper1 immersed in a slightly acid solution of mercury1 becomes in a short time covered with a grey or whitish stain1 which assumes a silvery lustre when gently rubbed with a piece of soft cork or leather1 and is removed by the subsequent application of heat4 ,a single drop of liquid may be tested on a bright copper coin in this way4 ,the plate of copper with the deposit of mercury1 obtained as above1 after being washed with a weak solution of ammonia1 and in distilled water1 and dried by pressure between the folds of bibulous paper1 may be cut into small pieces1 and heated in a test-tube1 in order to obtain metallic globules4 ,when the suspected solution contains organic matter1 bright copper filings may be employed1 and the process modified so as nearly to resemble ,reinsch's test for arsenious acid4 ,according to ,orfila1 8scraped copper plate0 is capable of detecting the presence of #a_/hjjjjth part of corrosive sublimate in a solution4 ,,mm4 ,trousseau and ,reveil state that a plate of yellow copper 7brass7 is even more susceptible than one of red copper4 7,smithson's electrolytic test47 ,this consists in the use of a polished wire or plate of gold or copper round which a strip or thread of zinc or tin is wound in a spiral direction4 ,the suspected liquid is acidulated with a few drops of hydrochloric acid1 and after immersion for a longer or a shorter period 7as half an hour to an hour or two71 the gold will have become white if any mercury is present4 ,the coil of zinc or tin is then removed from the gold1 and the latter1 after being washed and dried between the folds of bibulous paper1 is heated in a test-tube1 to obtain metallic globules1 as before4 ,an ingenious extemporaneous application of the electrolytic test may be made as follows3----,place a drop or two of the suspected liquid on a clean and bright gold or copper coin1 and apply a bright key1 so that it may at once touch the edge of the coin and the solution4 7,see engr47 ,an electric current will then be established as before1 and a white spot of reduced mercury will appear on the surface of the metal1 which may be recognised in the manner already explained4 ,illustration3 a4 ,a gold or copper coin4 b4 ,drop of suspected solution4 c4 ,a bright key4 ,the salts of mercury are divided into two classes----mercurous1 where mercury is a monad element1 and unites with one atom of chlorine2 and mercuric salts1 where it plays the part of a dyad element1 or unites with two atoms4 ,the latter of these will be taken first4 ,mercury1 ,pure4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4 ,,hydrargyrum ,,purum4 ,place commercial mercury1 #c lbs41 in a glass retort or iron bottle1 and applying heat cause #b-a_/b lbs4 of the metal to distil over into a flask employed as a receiver4 ,boil on this for five minutes hydrochloric acid1 #c dr41 diluted with distilled water1 #i fl4 dr41 and having by repeated affusions of distilled water1 and decantations1 removed every trace of acid1 let the mercury be transferred to a porcelain capsule1 and dried first by filtering paper1 and finally on a water bath4 ,mercuric ,salts4 ,tests4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen and ammonium sulphide1 added in very small quantities1 produce on agitation a perfectly white precipitate1 which acquires successively a yellow1 orange1 and brownish-red colour1 as more of the test is added2 and1 ultimately1 when the test is added in considerable excess1 an intensely black colour4 ,this precipitate is insoluble in excess of the precipitant1 potassium hydrate1 potassium cyanide1 hydrochloric acid1 or nitric acid1 even when boiling2 but it dissolves readily and completely in potassium sulphide and in #8aqua regia' with decomposition4 ,these reactions are characteristic4 ,ammonia gives a white precipitate4 ,potassium hydrate gives a reddish precipitate1 turning yellow when the test is added in excess4 ,the presence of ammonia causes the precipitate to be white1 and when the solution contains much acid both reactions are imperfect4 ,alkaline carbonates give a brick-red precipitate4 ,potassium iodide gives a scarlet precipitate1 which is soluble in excess1 and in alcohol1 and solution of sodium chloride4 ,the alkaline bicarbonates either do not disturb the solution1 or only cause a slight degree of opalescence4 ,mercuric ,acetate4 ,hg7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,protacetate ,,of ,,mercury4 ,prep4 ,by dissolving mercuric oxide in warm acetic acid4 ,it crystallises in brilliant micaceous lamina1 soluble in their own weight of cold water1 and somewhat more soluble in boiling water4 ,according to ,robiquet1 this is the basis of ,keyser's antivenereal pills1 which do not contain subacetate of mercury1 as has been asserted4 ,mercuric ,bromide4 ,hg,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,protobromide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,hydrargyri ,,bibromidum4 ,prep4 ,two equal parts of bromine and mercury and sublime4 ,soluble reddish mass2 resembles the iodide in its action4----,dose1 #a_/bj to #a_/h gr4 ,mercuric ,chloride4 ,hg,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,protochloride ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,perchloride ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,bichloride ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,corrosive ,,sublimate2 ,,hydrargyri ,,perchloridum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,hydrargyri ,,bichloridum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,sublimatus ,,corrosivus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,sublimatum ,,corrosivum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,hydrargyri ,,chloridum ,,corrosivum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,,hydrargyri ,,murias ,,corrosivus1 ,l4 ,this is the #8corrosive sublimate' of the shops4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mercury1 #b lbs42 sulphuric acid1 #ba-a_/b fl4 oz42 boil to dryness1 and rub the residuum1 when cold1 with sodium chloride1 #a-a_/b lb41 in an earthenware mortar2 lastly1 sublime by a gradually increased heat4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,mercury1 #d oz42 sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 oz4 #c fl4 dr42 pure nitric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 dissolve1 add of sodium chloride1 #c oz41 and sublime as before4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 #8,persulphate of mercury' 7mercuric sulphate71 #b parts2 dried sodium chloride1 #a part2 triturate1 c41 as before4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,reduce sulphate of mercury1 #bj oz41 and chloride of sodium1 dried1 #af oz41 each to fine powder1 and having mixed them add black oxide of manganese1 in fine powder1 #a oz41 thoroughly by trituration in a mortar1 place the mixture in an apparatus adapted for sublimation1 and apply sufficient heat to cause vapours of perchloride of mercury to rise into the less heated part of the apparatus arranged for their condensation4 ,obs4 ,in preparing corrosive sublimate1 as well as calomel1 by the common process1 the solution of the mercury is usually made in an iron pot1 set in a furnace under a chimney1 to carry off the fumes2 and the sublimation is conducted in an earthen alembic placed in a sand bath1 or in an iron pot1 covered with a semi-spherical earthen head4 ,corrosive sublimate may also be made by the direct solution of mercuric oxide in hydrochloric acid1 or by bringing its constituents together in the state of vapour4 ,the latter plan was patented by the late ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson4 ,prop4 ,the mercuric chloride of commerce occurs in white1 semi-transparent1 crystalline masses1 of considerable density2 it possesses an intense coppery taste1 is soluble in about #af parts of cold1 and in #c parts of boiling water2 the boiling solution deposits its excess of salt in long white prisms as it cools2 soluble in alcohol and ether1 in the latter so much so that it has even the property of withdrawing it from its aqueous solutions2 the addition of hydrochloric acid1 ammonious chloride or camphor1 increases its solubility in all these menstrua4 ,it is decomposed by contact with nearly all metallic bodies1 and in solution by various organic substances1 and by exposure to light4 ,sp4 gr4 #eb 7#ead to #edb----,liebig74 ,it melts at about #eji ,fahr41 and boils and volatilises at a higher temperature4 ,tests4 ,the presence of mercuric chloride may1 under most circumstances1 be readily detected by the tests given4 ,to distinguish it from other salts1 special tests for chlorine or hydrochloric acid must be applied4 ,if on filtering the solution1 acidulating it with dilute nitric acid1 and testing it with silver nitrate1 a cloudy white precipitate be formed1 which is insoluble in excess of the precipitant1 and in nitric acid1 but soluble in ammonia water1 and blackened by lengthened exposure to light1 corrosive sublimate is shown to be present in the substance examined4 ,calomel1 the only compound of mercury with chlorine besides corrosive sublimate1 is an insoluble powder1 which could not1 therefore1 be found in the filtered liquid4 ,calomel1 or the white precipitate formed by the mercurous salt1 with hydrochloric acid and the soluble chlorides1 is soluble in excess of the precipitant1 and is not only insoluble in liquor of ammonia1 but is immediately blackened by it4 ,for the purpose of demonstrating the presence of corrosive sublimate in a highly coloured liquid1 or one loaded with organic matter1 it is necessary to agitate it for some minutes with an equal volume of ether4 ,after repose for a short time1 the ethereal solution is decanted1 and allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,the residuum 7if any7 contains the corrosive sublimate1 which1 after being dissolved in distilled water1 is readily recognised by the above characteristics4 ,when the substance under examination consists of food1 or the contents of the digestive canal1 or of animal tissue1 it is in general necessary to destroy the organic matter in a nearly similar way to that described under ,,arsenious ,,acid4 ,the process adopted by ,devergie for this purpose consists in dissolving the substance in concentrated hydrochloric acid1 and passing a stream of chlorine through the liquid4----,flandin first carbonises the mass with #a_/c or #a_/b its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid1 at #bab ,fahr41 and then saturates the acid in the cold1 with dry #8chloride of lime1' added in fragments1 assisting the action by stirring1 and further adding1 by degrees1 as the matter thickens and becomes white1 a sufficient quantity of distilled water4----,lassaigne boils the suspected mixture for some time with a solution of sodium chloride2 a method which1 according to ,orfila1 is not sufficiently delicate to withdraw minute portions of mercury from flesh4----,millon agitates organic liquids 7more especially blood1 milk1 c47 in large flasks containing gaseous chlorine1 which is frequently renewed4----,orfila either dissolves the matter in aqua regia1 and passes a stream of chlorine through the liquid1 or he carbonises it by means of concentrated sulphuric acid1 in close vessels4----,personne proceeds by a similar method1 but avoids raising the temperature of the substances operated on4----,reveil employs either the last method or that of ,millon4 ,in all cases it is advisable to operate in close vessels1 on account of the volatility of the bichloride2 ,orfila's apparatus consists of a matrass1 provided with a bent tube1 the one end of which is plunged into a jar of cold distilled water4 ,the corrosive sublimate is found both in the volatilised matter and in the carbonised residuum1 and is extracted from the latter by boiling it for #ae or #bj minutes in aqua regia4 ,when the organic matter has been destroyed by any of the above processes1 and a colourless and filtered solution in distilled water obtained1 the usual tests may be at once applied4 ,but in this way we can only detect the presence of mercury1 but are unable to decide in what way it has entered the system1 although we may infer it from other circumstances4 ,it is1 therefore1 absolutely necessary1 in all medico-legal investigations1 to previously employ ether 7see above71 in order that we may be enabled to examine the deleterious matter in its original form1 or that in which it was swallowed4 ,uses1 c4 ,mercuric chloride is employed as an alterative1 diaphoretic1 and resolvent1 in the chronic forms of secondary syphilis1 rheumatism1 scrofula1 cancer1 old dropsies1 numerous skin diseases1 c42 and externally1 as a caustic1 in cancer1 and made into an ointment1 lotion1 or injection1 in a vast number of skin diseases1 ulcers1 gleet1 c41 and as a preventive of contagion4 ,it acts quicker than the other preparations of mercury1 and it is less apt to induce salivation2 but it has been said that its effects are less apparent4----,dose1 #a_/aj to #a_/d gr41 either made into a pill1 or in solution4 ,it is highly poisonous1 and must be exhibited and handled with the greatest caution4 ,its use is contra-indicated in cases complicated with pulmonary affections or nervous derangement4 ,pois4----#a4 ,symptoms4 ,strong coppery or metallic taste2 intense pain in the mouth1 pharynx1 sophagus1 stomach1 and intestines2 nausea1 vomiting 7often bloody71 diarrha1 and 7sometimes7 violent dysentery 7these evacuations are generally more frequent than in poisoning by other metallic compounds74 ,after a certain time there is generally an abatement of the severity of the symptoms2 the circulation becomes slower1 the pulse small and thready1 the respiration gentle1 and the skin cold2 syncope then supervenes1 and great general insensibility1 always commencing at the pelvic extremities2 and sometimes convulsions occur2 the secretion of urine is generally diminished1 sometimes even entirely suppressed2 but the patients always urinate if the sublimate has been employed in a very diluted state1 and if drinks have been administered4 ,death often appears to result from the shock to the nervous system1 from intense exhaustion1 or from mortification or intense inflammation of the prim vi4 ,poisoning by corrosive sublimate is distinguished from that by arsenic1 by the countenance being flushed1 and even swollen2 whereas1 in poisoning by arsenic1 it is wholly contracted and ghastly1 and by the whitened condition of the epithelium of the mouth4 #b4 ,antidotes4 ,white of egg1 hydrated ferric sulphide or ferrous sulphide1 and gluten1 are each of them powerful antidotes4 ,white of egg has proved efficacious in numerous cases4 ,it requires the white of one egg to decompose #d gr4 of corrosive sublimate4 7,peschier47 ,the recently precipitated protosulphuret of iron is1 however1 according to ,mialhe1 the antidote par excellence1 not only to corrosive sublimate1 but to the salts of lead and copper4 ,the gluten of wheat has also been recommended 7,taddei72 or1 what is equally efficacious1 wheat flour mixed up with water4 ,when any of the above are not at hand1 copious draughts of milk may be substituted4 ,iron filings have been occasionally used as an antidote4 ,all these substances should be taken in considerable quantities2 the dose should be frequently repeated1 and the general treatment similar to that in cases of poisoning by arsenic4 ,vomiting should be1 in all cases1 immediately induced1 to remove1 if possible1 the poisonous matter from the stomach4 ,mercuric-ammonium ,chloride4 ,hg,n,h#b;,cl4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio-,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,ammoniated ,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,white ,,precipitate1 ,,lemery',s ,w4 ,p41 ,,cosmetic ,,mercury2 ,,hydrargyri ,,ammoniatum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,hydrargyri ,,ammonio-,,chloridum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,hydrargyrum ,,precipitatum ,,album 7,ph4 ,e47 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mercuric chloride1 #f oz42 distilled water1 #c quarts2 dissolve1 with heat1 and when the solution has cooled1 add of liquor of ammonia #h fl4 oz41 frequently shaking it2 lastly1 wash the precipitate with water1 and dry it4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 are nearly similar4 #b4 ,mercuric chloride and ammonium chloride1 of each #a_/b lb42 water1 #c quarts2 dissolve1 and precipitate with solution of potassium hydrate1 q4 s4 ,prop41 c4 ,a white1 inodorous1 light mass1 or powder2 insoluble in alcohol1 partially soluble in boiling water1 and wholly dissolved by sulphuric1 nitric1 and hydrochloric acids1 without effervescence4 ,it is totally dissipated by heat4 ,when heated with solution of potash1 it exhales ammonia1 and assumes a yellow colour4 ,used to make an ointment1 which is employed in herpes1 porrigo1 itch1 and other skin diseases1 c42 and by the lower orders as a dusting powder to destroy pediculi1 an application which1 from its liberal employment1 is not always a safe one4 ,it is highly poisonous1 and must not be swallowed4 ,mercuric and ,ammonium ,chloride4 ,,nh#d;,cl1,hg,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury ,,and ,,ammonium1 ,,sal ,,alembroth2 ,,hydrargyri ,,et ,,ammonii ,,chloridium1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from mercuric chloride and ammonium chloride1 equal parts1 triturated together4 8,the object in adding the ammonium chloride here is to render the corrosive sublimate more soluble in water4 ,the action of the latter is not otherwise altered40 7,redwood47 ,it is chiefly used for lotions and injections4 ,mercuric and ,quinine ,chloride4 ,syn4 ,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury ,,and ,,quinine2 ,,hydrargyri ,,et ,,quin ,,chloridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m',dermott47 ,from mercuric chloride1 #a part2 quinine chloride1 #c parts2 separately formed into saturated solutions with water and then mixed2 the crystalline precipitate is collected and dried by a gentle heat4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a_/b gr41 made into a pill with crum of bread2 daily1 as an alterative in debilitated habits2 or combined with opium thrice daily1 to produce salivation4 ,mercuric ,cyanide4 ,hg,cy#b or ,hg7,,cn7#b4 ,syn4 ,,cyanide ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,hydrargyri ,,cyanidum1 ,h4 ,,bicyanidum1 ,h4 ,,cyanuretum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pb4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,ferric ferrocyanide 7pure ,prussian blue71 #h oz42 mercuric oxide1 #aj oz42 distilled water1 #d pints2 boil for half an hour1 filter1 evaporate1 and crystallise2 wash what remains frequently with boiling distilled water1 and again evaporate1 that crystals may form4 ,this is ,proust's process4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is similar4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,prussian blue 7pure71 #f parts2 mercuric oxide1 #e parts2 distilled water1 #dj parts2 as the last4 #c4 7,desfosses47 ,potassium ferrocyanide1 #a part1 is boiled for #a_/d hour with mercuric sulphate1 #b parts1 and distilled water1 #h parts2 the deposit is separated by filtration1 and the liquid evaporated to crystallising point4 #d4 7,winckler47 ,saturate dilute hydrocyanic acid with mercuric oxide2 evaporate and crystallise4 ,pure4 ,prop41 c4 ,heavy1 colourless1 inodorous1 square prisms2 tasting strongly metallic2 soluble in #h parts of cold water2 slightly soluble in alcohol4 ,those made by the first two formul are of a pale yellow colour4 ,it is transparent and totally soluble in water4 ,the solution1 on the addition of hydrochloric acid1 evolves hydrocyanic acid1 known by its smell2 and a glass moistened with a solution of nitrate of silver1 and held over it1 gives a deposit soluble in boiling nitric acid4 ,when heated it evolves cyanogen1 and runs into globules of metallic mercury4 ,it has been administered in some hepatic and skin diseases1 and has been proposed as a substitute for corrosive sublimate4 7,parent47 ,it has been said to act directly on the skin and bones1 and to have proved useful in allaying the pain of nodes and in dispersing them4 7,mendaga47 ,it is1 however1 principally used as a source of cyanogen and hydrocyanic acid4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr4 7beginning with the smaller quantity71 made into pills with crum of bread1 or in alcoholic solution2 as a gargle or lotion1 #aj gr4 to water1 #a pint2 as an ointment1 #aj or #ab gr41 to lard1 #a oz4 ,mercuric ,iodide4 ,hg,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,protiodide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,red ,,iodide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,iodide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,biniodide ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,hydrargyri ,,iodidum ,,rubrum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,hydrargyri ,,iodidum1 ,h4 ,,biniodidum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,h4 ,,iodidum ,,rubrum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mercuric chloride 7corrosive sublimate71 #d2 potassium iodide1 #e2 boiling distilled water1 #hj4 ,dissolve the mercuric chloride in #fj of water1 and the potassium iodide in the remainder1 and mix the two solutions4 ,allow to stand1 decant the supernatant liquor1 and collect the precipitate on a filter1 wash twice with cold water1 and dry at #bab ,f4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,mercury1 #a oz42 iodine1 #aj dr42 rectified spirit1 q4 s4 7#b or #c fl4 dr472 triturate until the globules of mercury disappear1 and the mixture assumes a scarlet colour1 then dry it in the shade1 and preserve it in a well-stoppered vessel4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,mercury1 #b oz42 iodine1 #b-a_/b oz42 spirit1 q4 s42 triturate together as last1 dissolve the product1 by brisk ebullition1 in concentrated solution of sodium chloride1 #a gall41 filter whilst boiling hot1 wash the crystals that are deposited as the solution cools1 and dry them4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,mercuric chloride1 #a oz42 hot distilled water1 #be fl4 oz42 dissolve potassium iodide1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #e fl4 oz42 dissolve2 when the solutions are cold1 mix them1 collect the precipitate on a paper filter1 drain it1 wash it with distilled water1 #aj fl4 oz41 and dry it at a heat not above that of boiling water4 ,prop41 c4 ,a bright scarlet powder1 insoluble in water1 but soluble in alcohol and ether1 and in the solutions of several of the iodides and chlorides4 ,it is also soluble in cod-liver oil1 and in several other fixed oils4 ,readily sublimed4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr41 dissolved in alcohol or made into a pill2 in the same cases as the subiodides1 from which it differs chiefly in its greater energy and poisonous qualities4 ,mercuric ,oleate4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,oleate ,,of ,,mercury4 ,mercuric and ,potassium ,iodide4 ,hg,i#b4,,ki4 ,syn4 ,,iodide ,,of ,,mercury ,,and ,,potassium1 ,,iodo-,,hydrargyrate ,,of ,,potassium2 ,,hydrargyri ,,et ,,potassii ,,iodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,boullay47 ,mercuric iodide1 potassium iodide1 and water1 equal parts2 dissolve by heat1 and crystallise by evaporation or refrigeration1 or gently evaporate to dryness4 #b4 7,puche47 ,from mercuric iodide and potassium iodide1 equal parts1 triturated together4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/h gr41 dissolved in water2 in the same cases as the biniodide1 and in chronic bronchitis1 hooping-cough1 inflammatory sore throat1 c4 ,mercuric and ,potassium ,iodo-cyanide4 ,syn4 ,,hydrargyri ,,et ,,potassii ,,iodo-,,cyanidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,to a concentrated solution of mercuric cyanide add a rather strong solution of potassium iodide1 and dry the precipitate by a gentle heat4 ,prop41 c4 ,small1 white1 pearly1 crystalline plates or scales4 ,it is chiefly used as a test of the purity of hydrocyanic acid4 ,when put into this liquid it is instantly turned red if any mineral acid is present4 ,mercuric ,nitrate4 ,hg7,,no#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,protonitrate ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,pernitrate ,,of ,,mercury4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,neutral47 ,this is obtained by solution of mercuric oxide1 in excess of nitric acid4 ,the solution1 evaporated in a bell-jar over sulphuric acid1 yields crystals which are neutral4 ,the same compound is obtained as a crystalline powder when the syrupy liquid is dropped into strong nitric acid4 7,basic47 #ast4 #b;,hg7,,no#c7;,,ho4,h#b,o4 ,prep4 a4 ,by saturating hot dilute nitric acid with mercuric oxide4 ,the salt1 which is bibasic1 crystallises on cooling4 b4 ,by dissolving mercury in excess of nitric acid1 with heat1 until the solution1 when diluted with distilled water1 ceases to give a precipitate with common salt4 ,it is now a mixed solution of the neutral and bibasic pernitrates2 but by evaporation crystals of the latter salt only are deposited4 ,the acid solution 7before evaporation7 is used as a caustic in cancerous1 syphilitic1 and other ulcerations2 but it frequently produces intense pain1 and occasionally the usual constitutional effects of mercury4 ,it was formerly given in similar cases to those in which the bichloride is now employed4----,dose 7of the dry salt71 #a_/bj to #a_/ab gr4 ,this is the preparation ordinarily referred to under the name #8pernitrate of mercury4' #bnd4 #b;,hg7,,no#c7;,,ho4,hg,o4 c4 ,by saturating strong nitric acid with mercury1 by heat1 throwing the solution into cold water1 and collecting and drying the precipitate4 ,this salt1 which is tribasic1 is also formed when the preceding crystallised salts are put into hot water4 ,obs4 ,this last preparation is a heavy1 yellow powder1 but the shade varies according to its basicity1 which increases with the temperature of the water employed to effect the precipitation1 until1 at the boiling temperature1 the colour is a dull red4 ,it is extensively employed for the extemporaneous preparation of the ointment of nitrate of mercury1 according to the formula on the following label which accompanies each bottle3----8,hydrarg4 subnitras40 8,two scruples1 mixed with one ounce of simple cerate1 make the ung4 hydrarg4 nit4 of the ,london ,pharmacopia40 ,we need scarcely add that this statement1 so unblushingly uttered1 is a dangerous falsehood4 ,an ointment so made possesses neither the quantity of mercury nor of nitric acid employed in the ,pharmacopia preparation1 besides wanting many of its most sensible and valuable properties4 ,mercuric ,oxide4 ,hg,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,red ,,oxide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,oxide ,,of ,m41 ,,binoxide ,,of ,m41 ,,deutoxide ,,of ,m41 ,,peroxide ,,of ,m42 ,,hydrargyri ,,oxydum1 ,h4 ,o4 ,,rubrum1 ,b4 ,l4 ,there are several methods by which this substance may be prepared4 ,the following are those which have been ordered at different times in the ,pharmacopias3---- #a4 ,by precipitation 7,,hydrargyri ,,binoxydum----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf474 ,mercuric chloride 7corrosive sublimate71 #d oz42 distilled water1 #f pints2 dissolve and add of liquor of potass1 #bh fl4 oz42 drain the precipitate1 wash it in distilled water1 and dry it by a gentle heat4 ,obs4 ,a bright orange-red powder4 ,it usually contains a little combined water2 hence its readier solubility in acids than the oxide prepared by heat4 ,when heated sufficiently it yields oxygen1 and the mercury either runs into globules or is totally dissipated4 ,it is entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,the preparation of the shops has frequently a brick-red colour1 and contains a little oxychloride1 arising from too little alkali being used4 #b4 ,by calcination of the nitrate 7,,red ,,precipitate2 ,,hydrargyri ,,nitrici ,,oxydum ,ph4 ,l4 ,,hydrargyri ,,oxidum ,,rubrum1 ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,ph4 ,d47 ,prep4 ,b4 ,p4 ,mercury1 by weight1 #h2 nitric acid1 #d-a_/b2 water1 #b4 ,dissolve half the mercury in the water and acid1 evaporate to dryness1 and triturate with the rest of the mercury until well blended4 ,heat in a porcelain capsule1 repeatedly stirring1 until acid vapours cease to be evolved4 ,mercury1 #c lbs42 nitric acid1 #ah fl4 oz4 7#a-a_/b lb41 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf72 water1 #b quarts2 dissolve by a gentle heat1 evaporate to dryness1 powder1 and calcine this in a shallow vessel1 with a gradually increased heat1 until red vapours cease to arise4 ,the process of the ,ph4 ,e4 and ,d4 are similar1 except that the ,dublin ,college directs the evaporation and calcination to be performed in the same vessel1 without powdering or stirring the mass4 ,obs4 ,bright red crystalline scales1 which usually contain a little undecomposed pernitrate of mercury2 in other respects it resembles the last two preparations4 ,it is more generally used as an escharotic and in ointments than the precipitated oxide4 ,it is volatilised by heat without the evolution of nitrous vapours4 ,according to ,mr ,brande it contains about #b-a_/b per cent4 of nitric acid4 ,according to ,mr ,barker the process of the ,ph4 ,d4 yields the finest coloured product2 but ,mr ,brande states that 8the nitrate requires to be constantly stirred during the process1 which is usually performed in a cast-iron pot40 ,on the large scale1 the evaporation is generally conducted in a shallow earthen dish1 and as soon as the mass becomes dry a second dish is inverted over it1 and the calcination is continued1 without disturbance1 until the process is concluded4 ,the heat of a sand bath is employed4 #abj lbs4 of mercury1 and #dh lbs4 of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adh7 yields #aab lbs4 of red precipitate4 7,brande47 ,uses1 c4 ,red oxide of mercury1 whether obtained by calcination or precipitation1 possesses the same general properties4 ,it is very slightly soluble in water1 but sufficiently so to give that fluid an alkaline reaction1 and a metallic taste4 ,it was formerly employed in medicine to induce salivation2 but is now chiefly used as an escharotic1 either in the form of powder or made into an ointment4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a gr41 combined with opium4 ,it is very poisonous4 ,mercuric ,sulphide4 ,hg,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,protosulphate ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,hydrargyri ,,sulphas 7,ph4 ,b471 ,h4 ,,persulphas1 ,h4 ,,bipersulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,neutral47----a4 ,by boiling together sulphuric acid and metallic mercury until the latter is wholly converted into a heavy1 white1 crystalline powder2 the excess of acid is removed by evaporation4 ,equal weights of acid and metal may conveniently be employed4 b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,dissolve mercury1 #f parts1 in a mixture of sulphuric acid1 #f parts1 and nitric acid1 #a part1 by boiling them in a glass vessel1 and continue the heat until the mass becomes perfectly dry and white4 ,used to make calomel4 c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,place #bj oz4 of quicksilver in a porcelain capsule with #ab fl4 oz4 of sulphuric acid1 and apply heat until nothing remains but a white1 dry1 crystalline salt4 ,used to make perchloride and chloride of mercury4 #b4 7,basic47 ,hg,s,o#d1b;,hg,o4 ,syn4 ,,tribasic ,,sulphate ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,turpeth ,,mineral1 ,,turbith ,m41 ,,queen',s ,,yellow1 ,,subsulphate ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,tribasic ,,persulphate ,,of ,m42 ,,hydrargyri ,,subsulphas1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,flavus1 ,,terpethum ,,minerale1 ,l4----a4 ,dissolve mercury in an equal weight of sulphuric acid by boiling them to dryness1 fling the mass into hot water1 and wash and dry the resulting yellow powder4 b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,mercuric sulphate1 #a part2 warm water1 #bj parts2 triturate together in an earthen mortar1 wash well with distilled water1 drain1 and dry it4 ,prop41 c4 ,a heavy1 lemon-yellow powder1 soluble in #bjjj parts of cold1 and about #fjj parts of boiling water4 ,by long-continued washing with very hot water it loses all its remaining acid1 and is at length converted into red oxide of mercury4----,dose4 ,as an alterative1 #a_/h to #a_/b gr42 as an emetic1 #c to #e gr42 as an errhine1 #a gr42 mixed up with a pinch of liquorice powder or fine snuff4 ,it is a powerful poison1 and one of the least useful of the mercurial preparations4 ,obs4 ,the temperature of the water employed to decompose the neutral sulphate influences the shade of colour of the resulting salt in a similar manner to that pointed out under the nitrate4 ,it is now superseded as a pigment by chrome yellow and orpiment1 which are not only more beautiful1 but cheaper preparations4 ,mercuric ,sulphide4 ,hg,s4 ,syn4 ,,protosulphide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,red ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,factitious ,,cinnabar1 ,,vermilion1 ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,sulphide ,,of ,m41 ,,bisulphuret ,,of ,m42 ,,hydrargyri ,,bisulphuretum 7,ph4 ,b4 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,cinnabaris 7,ph4 ,e471 ,h4 ,,sulphuretum ,,rubrum4 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,quicksilver1 #bd oz42 sulphur1 #e oz42 melt together1 and continue the heat till the mixture swells up1 then cover the vessel1 remove it from the heat1 and when cold1 powder and sublime it4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,quicksilver1 #b lbs42 sulphur1 #e oz4 ,prop41 c4 ,mercuric sulphide has a dark-red semi-crystalline appearance in the mass1 but acquires a brilliant scarlet colour by powdering4 ,it is tasteless1 odourless1 and insoluble4 ,it is chiefly used as a pigment2 but it is occasionally employed in medicine as a diaphoretic and vermifuge1 and in some cutaneous diseases and gout4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 as a fumigation1 about #a_/b dr4 is thrown on a plate of iron heated to dull redness4 ,for the last purpose it is inferior to mercurous oxide1 owing to the more irritating nature of its vapour4 ,tests4 ,,mercurous ,,salts4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen and ammonium sulphide give black precipitates1 insoluble in dilute acids1 ammonium sulphide1 potassium cyanide1 and hot nitric acid1 but slightly soluble in sodium sulphide1 and decomposed by nitro-hydrochloric acid4 ,potassium hydrate and ammonia give black grey or black precipitates1 which are insoluble in excess of the precipitant4 ,hydrochloric acid and the soluble metallic chlorides occasion a precipitate1 which assumes the form of a very fine powder of dazzling whiteness1 insoluble in excess1 but soluble in aqua regia and liquid chlorine4 ,potassium hydrate and ammonia turn it dark grey or black4 ,potassium iodide gives a greenish-yellow precipitate1 soluble in ether1 and subliming in red crystals when heated4 ,mercurous ,acetate4 ,hg7,c#b;,h#c,o#b74 ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,subacetate4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,dissolve mercurous nitrate1 #a part1 in water 7slightly acidulated with nitric acid71 #d parts1 and precipitate the liquid with a solution of sodium acetate1 gradually added1 until in slight excess2 carefully wash the precipitate with cold water1 and dry it in the shade4 ,prop41 c4 ,small1 white1 micaceous1 flexible scales2 insoluble in alcohol2 soluble in about #cjj parts of water2 blackened by light2 and carbonised by a strong heat4 ,it has been said to be one of the mildest of the mercurials2 but this cannot be the case1 as it occasionally acts with great violence on both the stomach and bowels1 producing much pain and prostration4----,dose1 #a_/f to #a gr41 night and morning1 gradually increased4 ,mercurous ,bromide4 ,hg,br4 ,syn4 ,,subbromide ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,hydrargyrum ,,bromidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,by precipitating a solution of mercurous nitrate by another of potassium bromide4 ,it closely resembles calomel in both its appearance and properties4----,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,mercurous ,chloride4 ,hg,cl or ,hg#b;,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,calomel1 ,,subchloride ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,mercury ,,chloride2 ,,hydrargyri ,,subchloridum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,hydrargyri ,,chloridum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,h4 ,c4 ,,mite 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,,calomelas 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,this substance is one of the best known1 and probably the most valuable1 of all the mercurials4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mercury1 #b lbs42 sulphuric acid1 #ba-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 boil to dryness 7in a cast-iron vessel71 and when the resulting mass has cooled1 add of mercury1 #b lbs41 and triturate the ingredients in an earthenware mortar until they are well mixed2 then add of sodium chloride1 #a-a_/b lb41 and again triturate until the globules are no longer visible2 next sublime the mixture1 reduce the sublimate to the finest possible powder1 diligently wash it with boiling distilled water1 and dry it4----,prod4 #aag or #aah of the weight of mercury employed4 #b4 7,ph4 ,f47 ,mercury1 #d oz41 is dissolved in a mixture of sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 oz4 #c fl4 dr41 and nitric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz41 by the aid of heat2 when cold1 mercury1 #d oz41 is added1 and the remainder of the process is conducted as before4 #c4 7,,calomelas ,,sublimatum4----,ph4 ,d47 ,sulphate of mercury1 #aj parts2 mercury1 #g parts2 dry sodium chloride1 #e parts2 triturate1 c41 as before1 and afterwards resublime it into a large chamber or receiver4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,same as ,dublin4 #e4 7,apothecaries' ,hall47 ,quicksilver1 #ej lbs41 and sulphuric acid1 #gj lbs41 are boiled to dryness in a cast-iron vessel2 of the dry salt1 #fb lbs4 are triturated with quicksilver1 #dj-a_/b lbs41 until the globules are extinguished1 when sodium chloride1 #cd lbs41 is added1 and after thorough admixture the whole is sublimed1 c41 as before4----,prod4 #if to #ajj lbs4 #f4 7,jewel's ,patent47 ,the receiver1 which is capacious1 is filled with steam1 so that the calomel vapour is condensed in it in a state of extremely minute division4 ,the engr4 represents the apparatus now usually employed when this plan is adopted4 ,the product is extremely white1 and of the finest quality4 ,it is sometimes called #8hydrosublimed calomel' and #8hydrosublimate of mercury4' ,the #8flowers of calomel1' of old pharmacy1 were prepared in a nearly similar manner4 ,illustration3 a4 ,furnace4 b4 ,an earthenware retort1 having a short and wide neck1 containing the ingredients for making calomel4 c4 ,an earthen receiver1 having three tubulatures4 d4 ,a vessel containing water4 e4 ,a steam-boiler4 #g4 7,soubeiran47 ,the crude calomel mixture is heated in an earthen tube in a furnace1 and a current of air is directed uninterruptedly into the tube by means of a small ventilator4 ,this sweeps away1 as it were1 the vapours of calomel1 and in a straight tube will carry them a distance of #fj feet1 to avoid which the end of the recipient is immersed in water1 by which means the calomel is moistened and falls down4 ,this plan1 slightly modified1 is now extensively adopted in this country4 #h4 7,,precipitated ,,calomel2 ,,calomelas ,,pr,,cipitatum1 ,l47 ,digest pure quicksilver1 #i parts1 in nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajb to #abe71 #h parts1 until no more metal will dissolve1 applying heat as the effervescence ceases2 then mix the hot liquid quickly with a boiling solution of sodium chloride1 #h parts1 dissolved in water 7slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid71 #fd parts2 lastly1 well wash the precipitate in boiling distilled water1 and dry it4 ,the product1 when the process is skilfully managed1 is perfectly white and pure4 ,prop4 ,a heavy1 white1 tasteless powder2 insoluble in water1 alcohol1 and cold dilute nitric acid2 volatilises at a temperature below redness1 and yields a white or yellowish-white sublimate2 hot nitric acid oxidises and dissolves it2 alkalies1 the alkaline carbonates1 and lime water1 decompose it1 with the production of the black oxide2 ammonia converts it into a dark slate-grey coloured powder 7,,black ,,precipitate----,kane74 ,sp4 gr4 #gad 7,boullay2 #gaef----,pelouze and ,fremy2 #gagf----,ure74 ,pur4 ,calomel is frequently contaminated with small quantities of corrosive sublimate1 which may be detected by digesting a little in alcohol1 decanting the clear portion1 and testing it with a drop or two of potassium hydrate1 when a reddish precipitate will be formed if any mercuric chloride be present4 ,it is pulverulent1 whitish1 and sublimes entirely by heat4 ,it becomes black on the addition of potassium hydrate1 then1 heat being applied1 it runs into globules of mercury4 ,neither silver nitrate1 lime water1 nor sulphuretted hydrogen1 being added to the water in which it has been washed1 or boiled throws down anything4 ,uses4 ,calomel is one of the milder mercurials1 and in this respect takes its position immediately after blue pill1 mercury with chalk1 and the grey oxide2 but it probably ranks before all the other salts of mercury4 ,universal experience appears to show it to be a most valuable alterative when judiciously administered4 ,with this intention it is given in doses of #a_/d to #a gr41 generally combined with antimonials1 as in ,plummer's pill1 and repeated every night1 or every other night1 for some time1 followed by a mild saline aperient in the morning4 ,as a purgative1 #b to #e gr41 either combined with or followed by other purgatives1 as jalap1 rhubarb1 senna1 colocynth1 ,epsom salts1 c4 ,as a vermifuge1 #b to #e gr41 over-night1 followed by a sufficient dose of castor oil next morning4 ,combined with opium it is frequently used in various complaints to produce salivation1 or bring the system under the influence of mercury4 ,it is also employed as a sedative and errhine1 and in a vast number of other indications4 ,it is1 indeed1 more frequently used1 and in a greater variety of complaints1 than probably any other medicine4 ,obs4 ,of the two methods of preparing calomel1 that by precipitation is not only the best1 but the most economical4 ,that by sublimation is1 however1 the one generally adopted in ,england4 ,mr ,brande states that 8a small portion of sodium chloride is apt to remain combined with it1 which might affect its medical uses40 ,such a contamination is not found in carefully prepared precipitated calomel1 although we doubt whether the quantity of it which exists in any of the samples we have met with 7being merely a trace7 would at all interfere with its therapeutical action2 more especially when it is recollected that alkaline chlorides are present in1 not merely the prim vi1 but also in every part of the animal body4 ,the late ,mr ,fownes1 a chemist who was unsurpassed in the accuracy of his researches1 and the caution and delicacy with which he expressed his opinions1 once assured us that calomel was more easily and cheaply prepared of the best quality by precipitation than by sublimation1 and that if1 from careless manipulation1 it occasionally contained a minute quantity of common salt1 this was of much less importance than the contamination of corrosive sublimate1 which was frequently present in samples of sublimed calomel4 ,to produce a superior article of calomel in the dry way is a somewhat difficult task1 and the process frequently fails in the hands of inexperienced operators4 ,the solution of the mercury is best made in an iron vessel1 and the sublimation should be conducted 7preferably7 in an earthenware retort with a short but very wide neck1 and fitted in a spacious receiver1 having a large flat bottom1 also of earthenware1 and containing a little cold water4 ,on the small scale the heat may be applied by means of a sand bath4 ,the form above given for calomel1 by precipitation1 produces a large product1 perfectly free from corrosive sublimate and mercurous nitrate1 and is consequently free from the objections frequently raised against that mode of preparing it4 8,the form in which calomel sublimes depends much upon the dimensions and temperature of the subliming vessels4 ,in small vessels it generally condenses in a crystalline cake1 the interior surface of which is often covered with beautiful quadrangular prismatic crystals1 transparent1 and of a texture somewhat elastic or horny4 ,in this state it acquires1 by the necessary rubbing into powder1 a decided yellow or buff colour1 more or less deep1 according to the degree of trituration it has undergone4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the calomel be sublimed into a very capacious and cold receiver1 it falls in an impalpable and perfectly white powder1 which requires only one elutriation to fit it for use2 it then remains perfectly colourless40 7,brande47 ,the long-continued action of steam on calomel in a state of minute division is attended by the formation of a small quantity of corrosive sublimate4 7,righini47 ,boiling water1 hot air1 and light1 also produce a like effect4 ,mercurous ,iodide4 ,hg,i4 ,syn4 ,,subiodide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,green ,,iodide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,mercurous ,,iodide2 ,,hydrargyri ,,iodidum ,,viride 7,b4 ,p471 ,,hydrargyri ,,subiodum1 ,h4 ,,iodidum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,h4 ,i4 ,,viride 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mercury1 #a oz42 iodine1 #bgh gr42 rectified spirit1 a sufficiency4 ,rub the iodine and mercury in a porcelain mortar1 moistening occasionally with a few drops of spirit1 and continue the trituration until the mass assumes a uniform green colour1 and no metallic globules are visible4 #b4 ,precipitate a solution of mercurous nitrate by another of mercurous potassium iodide2 wash the precipitate1 first in a solution of sodium chloride1 and then in pure water2 lastly1 dry it in the shade4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mercury1 #a oz42 iodine1 #e dr42 triturate together1 gradually adding of rectified spirit1 q4 s4 7about #a to #b fl4 dr471 until globules are no longer seen2 dry the powder1 by a gentle heat1 in the shade1 as quickly as possible1 and preserve it in a well-stoppered black glass vessel4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,d4 is similar4 ,prop41 c4 ,a heavy1 greenish-yellow powder2 insoluble in water1 alcohol1 and a solution of common salt2 soluble in ether1 and slightly so in an aqueous solution of iodide of potassium4 8,freshly prepared1 it is yellowish4 ,heat being cautiously applied1 it sublimes in red crystals1 which quickly turn yellow1 and1 on access of light1 blacken4 ,it is insoluble in a solution of chloride of sodium40 ,the process of the ,ph4 ,l4 and ,f4 ,p4 does not answer when larger quantities than #d or #e oz4 are prepared at once1 owing to the great heat generated by the reaction of the ingredients1 and the consequent volatilisation of a portion of the iodine1 by which the colour of the product suffers4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a gr41 made into pills2 8in syphilis and scrofula1 especially where they occur in the same individual40 ,it is also used externally1 in the form of ointment4 ,it is very poisonous4 ,mercurous ,nitrate4 ,hg,n,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,subnitrate ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,hydrargyri ,,subnitras1 ,h4 ,,nitras1 ,h4 ,,protonitras1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,neutral47 ,by digesting mercury in excess of cold dilute nitric acid1 observing to remove the short prismatic crystals within a short time after they are formed2 these1 when drained1 and redissolved in water slightly acidulated with nitric acid1 furnish crystals of pure neutral mercurous nitrate by cautious evaporation4 #b4 7,basic47 ,deposited after some time1 when excess of mercury has been employed as above4 ,a fine crystallised salt4 ,prop41 c4 ,both the above are decomposed by water1 but the former may be dissolved in a very small quantity without decomposition4 ,when the neutral salt is triturated with an excess of sodium chloride1 and water subsequently added1 the whole of the mercury is thrown down as calomel1 and the filtered supernatant liquid does not contain corrosive sublimate4 ,if this salt is detected1 the salt examined contained mercuric nitrate1 and if any basic mercurous nitrate was present1 the newly formed calomel has a grey or black colour1 due to presence of oxide4----,dose4 ,of the neutral salts1 #a_/af to #a_/h gr4 ,it is seldom used internally4 ,a solution is sometimes employed as a mild caustic to ulcers2 and1 more dilute1 as a lotion in lepra1 porrigo1 psoriasis1 etc42 or made into an ointment1 in the same diseases4 ,mercurous ,oxide4 ,hg#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,suboxide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,grey ,o4 ,,of ,m41 ,,black ,o4 ,,of ,m41 ,,mercurous ,o41 ,,dioxide ,,of ,m41 ,,protoxide ,,of ,m42 ,,hydrargyri ,,suboxydum1 ,h4 ,,oxydum1 ,h4 ,o4 ,,cinereum1 ,h4 ,o4 ,,nigrum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,calomel1 #a oz42 lime water1 #a gall42 mix1 agitate well together1 decant the clear liquid after subsidence1 and well wash the sediment with distilled water2 lastly1 drain and dry it1 wrapped in bibulous paper1 in the air4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,sublimed calomel1 #a part2 solution of potassium hydrate 7warm71 #d parts2 triturate together1 c41 as last4 #c4 ,briskly triturate calomel in a mortar with pure potassium hydrate1 in excess2 wash it with water1 and dry it in the shade4 ,prop41 c4 ,a very dark grey or black powder1 suffering decomposition by exposure to light and air1 becoming olive coloured1 from a portion being resolved into metallic mercury and binoxide4 ,digested for a short time in dilute hydrochloric acid1 it remains undissolved1 and the filtered liquid is not affected by potassium hydrate1 or by ammonium oxalate4 ,it is totally soluble in acetic acid1 and entirely dissipated by heat4 ,as a medicine pure mercurous oxide is one of the mildest of the mercurials1 and is used both internally and externally2 but chiefly as a fumigant1 or made into an ointment4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #c gr4 twice a day4 ,mercurous ,phosphate1 ,syn4 ,,hydrargyri ,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add a solution of mercurous nitrate 7slightly acidulated with nitric acid7 to a solution of sodium phosphate1 and wash and dry the precipitate which forms4 ,in its physical characters it closely resembles calomel1 than which it is said to be more appropriate in certain cases1 especially in secondary syphilis4 ,alkalies turn it black4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a gr41 made into a pill with sugar and aromatics4 ,mercurous ,sulphate4 ,hg#b,,so#d4 ,syn4 ,,subsulphate ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,the ,,suboxide ,,of ,m41 ,,protosulphate ,,of ,m42 ,,hydrargyri ,,subsulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding sulphuric acid to a solution of mercurous nitrate4 ,the salt falls as a white crystalline powder4 ,mercurous ,sulphide4 ,hg#b,s4 ,syn4 ,,subsulphate ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,hydrargyri ,,subsulphuretum ,,cum ,,sulphure1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,nigrum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pure47 ,this falls as a black precipitate when a solution of mercurous nitrate is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen or ammonium sulphide4 #b4 7,impure2 ,,ethiops ,,mineral2 ,,hydrargyri ,,sulphuretum ,,cum ,,sulphure1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,nigrum----,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf72 7,,thiops ,,mineralis----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 7,quicksilver and sulphur1 equal parts1 triturated together in a stoneware mortar----,ph4 ,d47 until globules are no longer visible4 ,prop41 c4 ,the last preparation of mercurous sulphide is alone employed medicinally4 ,it is a heavy1 insoluble1 black powder4 ,it is frequently met with imperfectly prepared1 and sometimes adulterated4 ,it is said to be a mixture of mercurous sulphide and sulphur1 in variable proportions depending on the length of the trituration4 ,on the large scale it is generally made by melting the ingredients together1 and afterwards reducing the mass to a fine powder in a mill or mortar4 ,it is said to be vermifuge and alterative1 and has been used in some cutaneous and glandular diseases1 but appears to be nearly inert4----,dose1 #e to #cj gr4 ,mercurous ,tartrate4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,proto-,,tartrate ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,hydrargyri ,,tartras4 ,made by adding a solution of proto-nitrate of mercury in water1 slightly acidulated with nitric acid1 to a solution of tartrate of potash as long as a precipitate forms4 ,wash it with distilled water1 dry it in the shade1 and keep it in bottles covered with black paper4----,dose1 #a to #b gr4 ,,mercury1 ,other ,preparations of4 ,mercury1 ,hahnemann's4 ,syn4 ,,hahnemann',s ,,soluble ,,mercury1 ,h4',s ,,black ,,oxide ,,of ,m41 ,,black ,,precipitate ,,of ,m42 ,,hydrargyri ,,pr,,cipitatum ,,nigrum1 ,,mercurius ,,solubilis ,,hahnemanni1 ,l4----a4 ,by dropping weak ammonia into a solution of mercurous nitrate as long as the precipitate formed is of a black colour2 the powder is washed1 dried in the shade without artificial heat1 and then preserved from the light and air4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,solution of mercurous nitrate 7recent2 sp4 gr4 #aa71 #i-a_/d oz42 distilled water1 #b lbs42 mix1 filter1 and add to the solution of ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #ifj71 #a_/b oz41 diluted with water1 #d fl4 oz42 collect the powder immediately on a filter1 wash it with water1 #c fl4 oz41 and dry it1 c41 as before4 ,a very black powder4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a gr4 ,mercury1 ,precipitates of4 #a4 ,,black ,,precipitate1 ,hahnemann's soluble mercury 7basic mercurous and ammonium nitrate74 #b4 ,,green ,p4 7,,mercurius ,,pr,,cipitatus ,,viridis1 ,,lacerta ,,viridis71 from equal parts of mercury and copper1 separately dissolved in nitric acid1 the solutions mixed1 evaporated to dryness1 and then calcined until red fumes cease to arise4 ,caustic4 #c4 ,,red ,p41 mercuric oxide4 #d4 ,,white ,p41 ammonio-chloride of mercury4 ,mercury1 ,ward's4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio-,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,hydrargyri ,,ammoni ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,to nitric acid1 #d parts1 contained in a spacious bolt-head or matrass1 add1 gradually1 ammonium sesquicarbonate1 #b parts2 afterwards add of mercury1 #a part1 and digest in a gentle heat1 until the solution is complete4 ,mercury with ,chalk4 ,syn4 ,,hydrargyrum ,,cum ,,cret4 ,,grey ,,powder 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,rub #a oz4 7by weight7 of mercury1 and prepared chalk1 #b oz41 in a porcelain mortar1 until metallic globules cease to be visible to the naked eye and the mixture acquires a uniform grey colour4----,dose4 ,from #c to #h gr4 ,a little water is said to aid in the extinction of the mercury4 ,mr ,bottle suggests a slight departure from the ,grey modus operandi followed by the ,british ,pharmacopia in the above preparation4 ,he proposes to substitute for the tedious process of trituration in a porcelain mortar the agitation of the mercury with the chalk in a wide-mouthed glass bottle2 by which means the metal may be minutely subdivided1 at a considerably less expenditure of time and labour4 ,mercury with ,magnesia4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,syn4 ,,hydrargyrum ,,cum ,,magnesi4 ,pure mercury1 #a oz41 carbonate of magnesia1 #b oz4 ,rub together in a porcelain mortar until the globules cease to be visible and the mixture acquires a uniform1 grey colour4----,dose1 #c to #h grains4 ,mercury1 ,yellow ,oxide of4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4 ,,hydrargyri ,,oxydum ,,flavum4 ,prep4 ,perchloride of mercury1 #d oz42 solution of soda 7,ph4 ,b471 #b pints2 distilled water1 q4 s4 ,dissolve the perchloride in #d pints of distilled water1 adding the solution by the application of heat1 and add this to the solution of soda4 ,stir them together1 allow the yellow precipitate to subside1 remove the supernatant liquor by decantation1 thoroughly wash the precipitated oxide on a calico filter with distilled water1 and finally dry it by the heat of a water bath4 ,,mes,,lin4 ,a mixture of various kinds of grain4 7,brande47 ,,metagal,,lic ,,acid4 ,obtained by heating dry gallic acid1 by a quick fire1 to about #dhj ,fahr41 or until it froths1 melts1 and becomes black and solid1 then dissolving the residuum in an alkali1 filtering1 and precipitating by an acid4 ,an insoluble1 black powder4 ,,me,,tal4 ,syn4 ,,metallum1 ,l4 ,see ,,metals4 ,,metal,,lica4 ,l4 ,preparations of the metals4 ,one of the divisions of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,,metal,,lic ,,trees4 ,see ,,vegetation 7,metallic74 ,,metal,,lo-,,chromes4 ,a name given by ,nobili to extremely thin films of peroxide of lead deposited by electrolytic action upon plates or polished steel1 so as to produce an iridescent play of colours4 ,the effect is often very beautiful4 ,,met,,alloids4 ,a name sometimes applied to the ,,non-,,metallic ,,elements4 ,,metal,,lurgy4 8,the art of extracting metals from their ores1 and adapting them to various processes of manufacture40 7,percy47 8,notwithstanding the striking analogy which exists between common chemical and metallurgic operations1 since both are employed to isolate certain bodies from each other1 there are essential differences which should be carefully noted4 ,in the first place1 the quantity of materials being always very great in metallurgy1 requires corresponding adaptations of apparatus1 and often produces peculiar phenomena2 in the second place1 the agents to be employed for treating great masses must be selected with a view to economy1 as well as chemical action4 ,in analytical chemistry1 the main object being exactness of result and purity of product1 little attention is bestowed upon the value of the reagents1 on account of the small quantity required for any particular process4 ,but in smelting metals upon the large scale1 profit being the sole object1 cheap materials and easy operations are alone admissible40#ce ,footnote #ce3 #8,ure's ,dict4 of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and ,mines1' #dth edit4 ,the limits of this work do not permit of more than a general reference to the leading operations of metallurgy under this head4 ,these are----digging1 picking or sorting1 stamping or crushing1 and washing1 included under the general term1 #8dressing ore1'----roasting or calcination1 which is either performed with the fuel in contact with the ore1 or in reverberatory furnaces2 and the liquation or reduction to the reguline form4 ,the application of these processes is noticed under the leading metals4 ,those who desire to study the subject minutely are referred to the treatises of ,dr ,percy1 ,robert ,hunt1 ,karsten1 and ,le ,play4 ,,met,,als4 ,syn4 ,,metalla1 ,l4 ,metals are elementary bodies1 which are generally distinguished by their lustre and power of conducting heat and electricity4 ,when their solutions are electrolysed1 the metals always appear at the electro-negative surface1 and are hence termed electro-positive elements4 ,formerly1 when science was much less advanced than at present1 the metals constituted a well-defined class4 ,the properties which were regarded as specially characteristic were physical1 and were not founded on chemical relations2 thus1 lustre and high specific gravity were considered to be essential characters of all metals4 ,but we are now acquainted with metals which have a lower specific gravity than water 7lithium1 sodium1 c471 and with so-called non-metallic elements which present a strong metallic lustre 7carbon in the state of graphite1 crystallised silicon74 ,it will therefore be seen that the term #8metal' is rather conventional than strictly scientific4 ,by far the greater number of elementary bodies at present known are metals4 ,their physical characters and leading chemical properties are noticed under each of them in its alphabetical place4 ,the following table exhibits some useful particulars3---- ,,table of some of the properties of some of the metals4 ,names arranged in the order of their _/-----------------------_/------------- --------- ,ductility4 ,malleability4 ,gold4 ,gold4 ,silver4 ,silver4 ,platinum4 ,copper4 ,iron4 ,tin4 ,nickel4 ,platinum4 ,copper4 ,lead4 ,zinc4 ,zinc4 ,tin4 ,iron4 ,lead4 ,nickel4 ,names arranged in the order of their _/-----------------------_/------------- --------- ,power of conducting ,power of conducting ,heat4 ,electricity4 ,silver4 ,silver4 ,copper4 ,copper4 ,gold4 ,gold4 ,tin4 ,zinc4 ,iron4 ,iron4 ,lead4 ,tin4 ,bismuth4 ,lead4 ,antimony4 ,bismuth4 ,,metantimon,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#d,sb#b,o#g4 ,the name given by ,m4 ,fremy to that variety of antimonic acid obtained by decomposing pentachloride of antimony with excess of water4 ,it differs from common antimonic acid in being tetra1 and forming two different classes of salts with the acids4 ,the acid metantimoniate of potassium is the only reagent which yields a precipitate with the sodium salts1 and is therefore of great value in chemical analysis4 ,it is prepared by fusing antimonic acid with excess of potassa1 in a silver crucible1 dissolving the fused mass in a little cold water1 and allowing it to crystallise in vacuo4 ,the resulting crystals 7metantimoniate of potassa71 by solution in pure water1 are resolved into free potassa and the acid salt4 ,see ,,antimony4 ,,metapec,,tic ,,acid4 ,see ,,pectin4 ,,metapec,,tin4 ,see ,,pectin4 ,,metaphosphor,,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,,metheg,,lin4 ,syn4 ,,hydromeli1 ,h4 ,,vinosum1 ,,mellis ,,vinum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from honey1 #a cwt42 warm water1 #bd galls42 stir well until dissolved2 the next day add of yeast1 #a pint1 and hops1 #a lb41 previously boiled in water1 #a gall42 along with water q4 s4 to make the whole measure #a barrel2 mix well1 and ferment the whole with the usual precautions adopted for other liquors4 ,it contains on the average from #g to #h of alcohol4 ,see ,,mead4 ,,me,,thyl4 ,,ch#c4 ,the hypothetical radical of ,,pyroxylic ,,spirit 7,,wood-,,spirit1 ,,methylic ,,alcohol7 and the methyl series4 ,it forms a number of compounds analogous to those of ethyl4 ,,methylamine4 ,syn4 ,,methylia4 ,,ch#c;,h#b,n4 ,a colourless gas possessing a very powerful odour of ammonia1 and a strongly alkaline reaction4 ,it differs from ammonia1 however1 in being non-inflammable4 ,in other respects it bears a considerable resemblance to it4 ,water at #ee ,fahr4 dissolves more than eleven hundred times its bulk of methylamine4 ,it may be easily condensed to a liquid by means of a freezing mixture4 ,to obtain it nascent hydrogen is made to react on prussic or formic acid4 ,methylia exists in herring brine1 and is a frequent product of the destructive distillation of substances containing nitrogen4 ,most of its salts are very soluble in water4 ,,methylated ,,spirit4 ,a mixture of #a part of methylic alcohol 7wood spirit7 and #i parts of ethylic alcohol 7spirit of wine74 ,see ,,spirit4 ,,methylene ,,chloride4 ,,ch#b;,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,methylene ,,bichloride4 ,there are various methods of obtaining this compound3----#a4 ,by heating chloroform with zinc filings and dilute sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,by acting on methylene iodide with chlorine4 ,in this process prolonged treatment with chlorine1 at ordinary temperatures1 is required to remove the last traces of iodine4 7,buttlerow47 ,chloride of methylene is a colourless mobile fluid1 having a smell like chloroform1 and a burning taste4 ,it is used as an ansthetic in place of chloroform4 ,according to ,dr ,armstrong1 the substance known as ,,methylene ,,ether is a mechanical mixture of bichloride of methylene and ethylic ether4 ,dr ,richardson says of this latter it is not so quick in its action as the methylene chloride1 but that it is safer4 ,see ,,an,,sthetics4 ,,methylic ,,alcohol4 ,see ,,wood ,,spirit4 ,,meze,,reon4 ,syn4 ,,garou2 ,,mezereon ,,bark1 ,,mezerei ,,cortex 7,b4 ,p472 ,,mezereon----,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d4 ,the dried bark of the ,daphne ,mezereum1 mezereon2 or ,daphne ,laureola1 spurge1 or wood-laurel4 ,the 8bark of the root of ,daphne ,mezereum10 or spurge olive4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a stimulant and diuretic4 ,it is employed as a sudorific and alterative1 in syphilis1 rheumatism1 scrofula1 and chronic cutaneous diseases1 usually in conjunction with sarsaparilla4 ,it has also been used as a masticatory in toothache1 paralysis of the tongue1 c4 ,on the ,continent it is used as a vesicant4 ,for this purpose it is softened by soaking it in hot vinegar1 and is then bound on the part1 and renewed after intervals of some hours1 until vesication is produced4 ,,mice4 ,see ,,rats4 ,,mi,,crosmic ,,salt4 ,na,n,h#d;,,hpo#d1 ,syn4 ,,tribasic ,,phosphate ,,of ,,sodium ,,and ,,ammonium4 ,prep4 #a4 ,phosphates of soda and ammonia1 equal parts2 water1 q4 s42 dissolve separately1 mix the solutions1 evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,a slight excess of phosphate of ammonia aids the crystallisation4 #b4 7,fownes47 ,phosphate of sodium1 #f parts2 water1 #b parts2 liquefy by heat1 and add of sal ammoniac 7in powder71 #a part2 common salt separates1 and after its removal the liquid is concentrated so that crystals may form4 ,used as a flux in blowpipe assays4 ,,mi,,croscope4 ,the value of the microscope in chemistry and the collateral sciences is now so generally acknowledged that it would be folly to do more than merely allude to the subject here4 ,in the ,,compound ,,microscope1 which has quite superseded the #8simple microscope' as an instrument of research1 the object is magnified in the first instance by the object-glass1 and then remagnified by the eye-piece4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that the magnifying power of the instrument may be increased either by increasing the power of the object-glass or that of the eye-piece4 ,it must be borne in mind1 however1 that in increasing the power of the eye-piece we do not magnify the object itself in a greater degree1 but simply increase the image of the object formed by the object-glass4 ,any imperfections which may exist in the latter are thus greatly increased4 ,at first the great drawback to the use of the compound microscope was its deficiency in achromatism2 but the researches of ,mr ,lester and ,dr ,goring led to the achromatising of the object-glass1 which was the first of the rapid strides towards perfection made by this instrument during the last twenty years4 ,the two most useful object-glasses are the #8quarter-inch1' which should magnify from #bjj to #bbj diameters1 and the #8inch1' which should magnify from #cj to #dj diameters4 ,the definition of these glasses should be good1 and they should transmit plenty of light4 ,any lines in a structure examined by them should appear sharp and distinct1 and there should be no coloured fringes around the object4 ,it is of great importance that the object-glasses are kept perfectly free from dust4 ,a few shreds of wash-leather of the finest quality should be kept in a pill-box for cleaning them4 ,before rubbing them with the leather they may be breathed upon1 but no whiting or liquid of any kind should be used1 as each object-glass1 being achromatic1 is a very delicate piece of workmanship1 consisting of two lenses of flint and crown-glass cemented together by ,canada balsam4 ,compound microscopes are now sold by the best ,london makers at very low prices4 ,a really good instrument1 adapted to most of the wants of the chemical1 pharmaceutical1 or medical student1 may be obtained for five guineas4 ,the following formul for the preparation of the chief substances1 together with the principal reagents required in the working of the microscope1 are from ,dr ,lionel ,beale's valuable book1 #8,how to ,work with the ,microscope1'#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,harrison1 #ei1 ,pall ,mall4 ,reagents---- #a4 ,alcohol1 of various strengths4 #b4 ,ether1 to dissolve oil globules4 #c4 ,nitric acid 7#a part of strong acid to #e of water7 #d4 ,sulphuric acid 7#a to #e74 #e4 ,hydrochloric acid4 #f4 ,acetic acid1 glacial and dilute 7#a to #e74 #g4 ,chromic acid1 very dilute1 to harden tissues4 #h4 ,solution of potash1 saturated and dilute 7#a to #aj74 #i4 ,solution of soda 7#be gr4 of fused soda to #a oz474 #aj4 ,ammonia 7#a part of the strongest solution to #c of water74 #aa4 ,nitrate of baryta1 a cold saturated solution of4 #ab4 ,nitrate of silver 7#abj gr4 to #b oz474 ,these two are for the mineral acids4 #ac4 ,oxalate of ammonia in solution4 ,test for lime4 #ad4 ,solution of iodine saturated1 i4e4 #a to #gjjj parts of water4 ,another solution is----#a gr4 of iodine and #c of iodide of potassium in #a oz4 of distilled water4 #a4 ,cements4----#a4 ,brunswick ,black4 ,boil together #a_/d lb4 foreign asphaltum and #d-a_/d oz4 of linseed oil 7previously thickened with litharge71 then mix to a proper consistence with oil of turpentine 7about #a pint74 #b4 ,gold ,size4 ,boil #be parts of linseed oil with #a of minium and #a_/crd part of umber for #c hours2 pour off the clear fluid1 and mix with equal parts of powdered white lead1 and yellow ochre1 added in small successive portions4 ,then boil well the whole again1 and pour off the clear fluid4 ,it dries slowly1 but firmly4 ,both this and the last are dissolved by turpentine4 #c4 ,goadby's ,marine ,glue4 ,dissolve separately in coal naphtha equal parts of shell-lac and india rubber4 ,mix thoroughly with heat4 #d4 ,sealing-wax ,varnish4 ,dissolve the best sealing-wax in enough strong spirit of wine to reduce it to the proper consistence4 ,this is brittle4 #e4 ,canada ,balsam4 ,this dries spontaneously4 ,solutions of shell-lac1 gum1 and various other cements and glues are employed by microscopic manipulators4 ,preservative ,fluids4 ,canada balsam1 spirit and water1 glycerin1 solution of gelatin1 saturated solution of alum1 chloride of zinc1 and chloride of calcium1 are all used to preserve microscopic objects4 ,the following formul will be found useful3---- #a4 ,goadby's ,solution4 ,bay salt1 #d oz42 alum1 #b oz42 corrosive sublimate1 #d gr42 boiling water1 #d pints4 ,mix and filter4 ,it may often be more diluted4 #b4 ,thwaite's ,fluid4 ,mix spirit of wine1 #a oz41 with creosote sufficient to saturate it2 rub up with chalk to form a thin paste1 and mix gradually with #af oz4 of water4 ,to this may be added an equal quantity of water1 saturated with camphor4 #c4 ,simple ,creosote ,solution4 ,dissolve creosote1 #a dr41 in pyroligneous acid1 #a dr41 and mix gradually with cold water1 #a pint4 #d4 ,passini's ,solution4 ,for blood-globules1 nerves1 and white tissues generally4 ,perchloride of mercury1 #a part2 chloride of sodium1 #b parts2 glycerin1 #ac parts2 distilled water1 #aac parts4 ,,mil,,dew4 ,syn4 ,,rust1 ,,blight4 ,the mouldy appearance on the leaves of plants produced by innumerable microscopic fungi4 ,the hop1 wheat1 and the choicest garden fruit trees1 are those most commonly attacked4 ,the causes are said to be excess of moisture1 and absence of the free circulation of air and sunshine4 ,on the small scale1 finely powered sulphur is occasionally dusted over the parts affected1 as a remedy4 ,,mil,,iary ,,fever4 ,syn4 ,,miliaria1 ,l4 ,among the other symptoms are----anxiety and frequent sighing1 the perspiration has a strong and peculiar smell1 and there is a sensation of pricking on the neck and breast1 followed by an eruption of small red pimples1 which in two or three days become white vesicles1 dry up1 peel off1 and are succeeded by others4 ,the moist weather of spring and autumn are the periods in which it is most prevalent2 and delicate females1 particularly in child-bed1 are those most liable to its attacks4 ,sometimes it assumes a malignant character4 ,the treatment of this affection consists chiefly in combating the depression of the system by a supporting diet2 but everything that heats or stimulates the skin should be avoided4 ,the apartment should be kept cool and well ventilated1 and cooling saline laxatives and bitter tonics1 with cooling drinks1 should also be had recourse to4 ,,milk4 ,syn4 ,,lac1 ,l4 ,the value of milk as an article of food is clearly shown by the fact of it being sufficient to support1 and to increase the growth of1 the young of every species of the mammalia2 at once supplying materials for the formation of the osseous1 fleshy1 and liquid portions of the body4 8,the substances present in milk are wonderfully adapted to its office of producing materials for the rapid growth and development of the animal frame4 ,it contains an azotised matter1 casein1 nearly identical in composition with muscular flesh1 fatty principles1 and a peculiar sugar1 and1 lastly1 various salts1 among which may be mentioned phosphate of lime1 held in complete solution in a slightly alkaline liquid4 8,the white and almost opaque1 appearance of milk is an optical illusion4 ,examined by a microscope of even moderate power1 it is seen to consist of a perfectly transparent fluid1 in which float about numbers of minute transparent globules2 these consist of fat surrounded by an albuminous envelope1 which can be broken mechanically1 as in the churning1 or dissolved by the chemical action of caustic potassa1 after which1 by agitating the milk with ether1 the fat can be dissolved40 7,fownes47 ,comp4 ,,cows' ,,milk1 of average quality1 contains from #aj to #ab of solid matter when evaporated to dryness by steam heat1 and has the mean sp4 gr4 #ajcj2 while that of the skimmed milk is about #ajce2 and of the cream1 #ajbdd4 7,ure47 ,the average ,,cream of cows' milk contains #de of butter1 #ce of curd1 and #ib of whey4 7,berzelius47 ,the ,,skimmed ,,milk consists of water1 #ibi2 curd1 #b2 sugar of milk1 #ce2 lactic acid1 lactate of potassa1 and a trace of lactate of iron1 #f1 chloride of potassium1 phosphate of potassa1 and earthy phosphates 7lime71 #b4 7,berzelius47 ,the following analysis of fresh milk is by ,m4 ,haidlen3---- ,water #hgcjj ,butter #cjjj ,casein #dhbj ,milk sugar #dcij ,phosphate of lime #bca ,phosphate of magnesia #db ,phosphate of iron #jg ,chloride of potassium #add ,chloride of sodium #bd ,soda in combination with casein #db ---------------- #ajjj4 ,professor ,wanklyn has devised and published in his excellent little manual #8,milk ,analysis'#cg a process by which a very thorough chemical examination of milk may be accomplished with great facility and expedition4 ,footnote #cg3 ,trubner and ,co4 ,in his preliminary remarks he condemns1 as utterly unreliable and misleading1 the inferences to be drawn from those hydrometric instruments1 the lactometer or lactodensimeter1 and creamometer4 8,a very little consideration10 he says 8will suffice to make intelligible the obliquity of the indications of the lactometer and to show how untrustworthy it must be4 ,the lactometer1 as of course will be understood1 is simply the hydrometer applied to milk2 and readings of the instrument are neither more nor less than specific gravities4 ,the more milk-sugar1 and casein1 and mineral matter there is in a given specimen of milk1 the greater 7other things being equal7 will be its density or specific gravity1 and the higher the lactometer reading4 8,if1 however1 fat globules 7as happens in the instance of milk7 be diffused through the fluid1 then1 because fat is lighter than water1 the effect of the other milk solids on the gravity of the liquid1 will be more or less neutralised4 ,the density of milk-fat is about #ji1 water being #aj4 ,now1 if a solution of casein and milk-sugar1 of specific gravity #ajcj1 be sufficiently charged with fat globules1 its specific gravity may be sent down even below the gravity of water4 ,how much would be required to bring about such a result is a matter of simple calculation4 8,this being understood1 it will be obvious that if the specimens of milk differ in specific gravity1 there must be two distinct and equally valid ways of accounting for the difference4 8,the milk with the lower gravity may be milk let down with water1 or let down with fat1 i4 e4 milk let down by being enriched40 ,in support of this last assertion ,professor ,wanklyn quotes corroborative instances afforded by the examination of different specimens of milk known as #8strippings1' these being the last portions of milk yielded by the cow at the termination of the milking4 ,all these #8strippings' had a lower specific gravity than normal milk4 ,further1 ,professor ,wanklyn points out that the specific gravity of organic fluids is a fallacious index of the amount of solids they may contain1 as is illustrated by the fact1 that whilst a #aj per cent4 solution of chloride of potassium has a specific gravity of #ajfe at #ae ,c41 and a #aj per cent4 solution of casein and milk sugar1 has a specific gravity of only about #ajce4 ,the creamometer meets with equal condemnation in ,professor ,wanklyn's little book1 since different specimens of milk vary considerably in their yield of cream1 and a perfectly pure sample of milk may yield less cream than one which has been tampered with4 ,a complete analysis of milk involves the determination of the water1 the fat 7the essential constituent of the cream71 the casein1 milk-sugar1 and ash4 ,the following is an outline of ,professor ,wanklyn's neat and ingenious method of analysis3---- ,by means of an accurately graduated pipette1 he first places #e cubic centimetres of the milk in a small weighed platinum dish 7about #ad grammes in weight7 just previously ensuring the sample from which the milk is taken being thoroughly mixed4 ,the dish is then placed over a water-bath 7the water in which must be kept vigorously boiling the whole time7 for three hours1 at the end of which time all the water having been driven off1 there will remain in the dish a completely dried up residue4 ,the increase in weight between the empty dish and the residue1 will give the weight of the #8milk solids' from #e c4c4 of milk4 ,of course1 if this weight be multiplied by #bj1 the yield from #ajj c4c4 of milk will be obtained4 ,to reduce this to a percentage statement it is necessary to remember that #ajj c4c4 of average milk weigh #ajbi grammes4 ,the next proceeding consists in the determination of the fat4 ,this is done by treating the dried milk solids resulting from the #e c4c4 of milk with ether4 ,there are several important minuti necessary to be observed in connection with this part of the process1 for the particulars of which the reader is referred to ,professor ,wanklyn's book4 ,suffice it to say1 that if properly performed1 the whole of the fat is dissolved by the ether1 and being separated from the non-fatty portion of the residue is weighed and calculated as #8fat4' ,if1 then1 the amount found as fat be deducted from the whole of the milk solids previous to their treatment with ether1 the #8milk solids1 not fat1' will be arrived at4 ,professor ,wanklyn estimates the casein#ch as follows3----,he treats the milk solids1 not fat1 with hot alcohol1 by which means he dissolves out from them1 and removes the milk-sugar and the soluble chlorides4 ,the remaining residue1 consisting of casein and phosphate of sodium 7chemically combined with the casein71 is dried on a water-bath until it ceases to lose weight4 ,it is then weighed along with the vessel containing it1 and ignited4 ,the combined weight of the vessel and phosphate of sodium remaining after ignition being deducted from the weight previous to ignition1 the difference is the casein4 ,footnote #ch3 ,under the head 8,casein0 ,prof ,wanklyn includes the entire nitrogenous materials of milk4 ,another and quicker method1 recommended by ,professor ,wanklyn1 for the determination of the casein1 is to measure it by the amount of albuminoid ammonia it is capable of yielding when subjected to the #8albuminoid ammonia process1' invented by ,messrs ,wanklyn1 ,chapman1 and ,smith4 ,the alcoholic solution filtered off from the combined casein and phosphate of sodium1 contains the milk sugar and soluble chlorides4 ,it is evaporated to dryness on a water-bath1 and the residue with the vessel containing it1 is weighed4 ,it is then gently ignited1 and the weight of the remaining residue being deducted from the total weight before ignition1 gives the yield of milk sugar4 ,or the milk sugar may be determined by titration with a standard copper solution4 ,for the determination of the ash it is only necessary to ignite the milk solids from #e c4c4 of milk1 in the small platinum dish1 by which operation all the organic matter being driven off1 that which remains behind constitutes the #8ash' and is weighed as such4 ,it will be obvious that in order to determine with anything like rigid accuracy the quality of any sample of milk by analysis1 not only must a normal standard for the purpose of comparison be adopted1 but such normal standard must represent very closely and with but little variation the definite composition of all sound and genuine milk4 ,professor ,wanklyn says that 8the following1 which is the result of several concordant analyses of country-fed milk1 may be taken as representing normal milk4 ,in #ajj grammes of milk---- ,solids 7dry at #ajj ,c7 #abe grammes4 ,water #hge ------------ #ajjj 8,the #abe grammes consist of #ic grammes of #8solids which are not fat1' and #cb grammes of fat40 ,the above data1 which are founded on the examination of a very large number of different samples of milk1 are confirmed by the researches of ,mller and ,eisenstuck1 who were employed by the ,royal ,agricultural ,society of ,sweden in a similar investigation4 ,the labours of these chemists extended over a twelvemonth1 and the result of them was to show that the milk yielded day by day1 for a whole year1 by a herd of cows was remarkably constant in composition4 ,professor ,wanklyn gives the following formul for the calculation and statement of the results of milk analysis4 ,he says1 treating the question quite rigidly1 which ,i believe is the proper way of dealing with it1 we arrive at the following3---- ,problem #a4 ,given the percentage of #8solids1 not fat' 7 a71 in a specimen of sophisticated milk 7i4 e4 milk1 either watered1 or skimmed1 or both7----required the number of grammes of genuine milk which was employed to form #ajj grammes of it4 ,answer4 ,multiply the percentage of #8solids1 not fat' by #ajj1 and divide by #ic4 ,or---- 7#ajj _/ #ic7;a4 ,problem ,,ii4----,given the percentage of #8solids1 not fat' 7 a71 also the percentage of fat 7 b71 in a specimen of sophisticated milk----required the number of grammes of fat which have been removed by skimming from the genuine milk which was employed to form #ajj grammes of it4 ,answer4---- 7#cb _/ #ic77;a - b74 ,in translating fat into cream1 the rule is that a removal of #jb gramme of fat equals a removal of #aj gramme of cream4 ,this rule is directly founded on experiment4 ,i do not1 however1 claim a high degree of accuracy for the measurement of the cream4 ,finally1 a slight refinement may be noticed4 ,if a specimen of sophisticated milk has been produced by both skimming and watering1 it will be obvious1 on consideration1 that the extraneous waters employed in manufacturing #ajj grammes of it is equal to the difference between #ajj and the quantity of genuine milk employed to make #ajj grammes of sophisticated milk1 together with a quantity of water equal to that of fat removed by skimming4 ,extraneous water #ajj7ajj _/ #ic7;a 7#cb _/ #ic77;a - b7 #ajj7ajj #cb7 _/ #ic7;a - b7 ,save for the purpose of finding out the presence of matters other than an excess of water in the milk 7a contingency regarded as very improbable71 the estimation of the casein and milk sugar is unnecessary4 ,the determination of the ash is for the object of learning if foreign mineral matters1 such as chalk or any other inorganic impurity1 are present4 ,professor ,wanklyn says he believes that such like extraneous bodies are never employed4 ,the chief1 if not the sole1 form of dishonesty are watering and skimming4 ,the amount of ash1 however1 is a good criterion as to the extent of dilution that has been practised1 a deficient amount being1 of course1 confirmatory of a watered milk4 ,the determination of the amount of #8solids1 not fat1' is1 in almost every instance1 all that is necessary to enable an opinion to be arrived at as to whether the sample of milk has had water added to it or not4 ,out of fifty-six samples of milk supplied to the different ,london unions in #ahgc1 ,professor ,wanklyn reports that he found only fifteen unwatered1 or nearly unwatered4 ,of these fifteen samples nine had been skimmed1 leaving only six that were at once unwatered and unskimmed4 ,these figures1 therefore1 show that only about #aj per cent4 of the milk supplied in the above year to the ,metropolitan unions was genuine4 ,he adds----8,it is curious to compare the language of the contract under which 7as it appears from ,mr ,rowsell's report7 the dealer supplied the various unions with milk1 with the quality of the article as exhibited by the analysis4 #8,new unskimmed milk unadulterated1' #8genuine as from the cow1' #8best new unskimmed milk1 to produce #aj per cent4 of cream1' occur in these contracts40 ,prop4 ,these are well known4 ,perfectly fresh milk is slightly alkaline1 but soon becomes acid on exposure to the air1 and after a time white coagula of casein 7,,curds7 separate from it4 ,this change is immediately effected by the addition of rennet or an acid4 ,that from the first1 when dried and pressed1 constitutes cheese4 ,pur41 ,tests1 c4 ,the common frauds practised by the milk-dealers are the addition of water and the subtraction of part of the cream4 ,sometimes potato starch is added to the milk1 to give it a creamy or rich appearance1 and this addition is still more frequently made to cream1 to increase its consistence and quality4 ,the presence of potato starch may be determined by boiling some of the milk with a little vinegar1 and after separating the coagulum by a strainer1 and allowing the liquid to become cold1 testing it with solution or tincture of iodine4 ,if it turns blue1 starch1 flour1 or some other amylaceous substance1 has been used to adulterate it4 ,in most cases it will be sufficient to apply the test to the unprepared suspected milk4 ,it has frequently been stated that chalk1 plaster of ,paris1 gum1 gelatin1 sugar1 flour1 mucilage of hemp-seed1 the brains of animals1 and other similar substances1 are often added to ,london milk1 but there is no reason to suppose there is any truth in these assertions1 as some of these articles are too costly to be used1 and the presence of others would so alter the flavour or appearance of the milk1 or would so soon exhibit themselves by subsidence1 as to lead to their detection4 ,pres4 ,milk may be preserved in stout bottles1 well corked1 and wired down1 by heating them1 in this state1 to the boiling-point1 in a water bath1 by which means the oxygen of the small quantity of enclosed air becomes absorbed4 ,it must be afterwards stored in a cool situation4 ,by this method1 which is also extensively adopted for the preservation of green gooseberries1 green peas1 c41 milk will retain its properties unaltered for years4 ,a few grains of carbonate of magnesia1 or1 still better1 of bicarbonate of potassa or soda1 may be advantageously dissolved in each bottle before corking it4 ,under ,bethel's patent the milk or cream is scalded1 and1 when cold1 strongly charged with carbonic-acid gas1 by means of a soda-water machine1 and the corks are wired down in the usual manner4 ,the bottles should be kept inverted1 in a cool place4 ,an excellent method of preventing milk from turning sour1 or coagulating1 is to add to every pint of it about #aj or #ab gr4 of carbonate or bicarbonate of soda4 ,milk thus prepared may be kept for eight or ten days in temperate weather4 ,this addition is harmless1 and1 indeed1 is advantageous to dyspeptic patients4 ,according to ,d',arcot1 #a_/bjjjth part of the bicarbonate is sufficient for the purpose4 ,an excess of alkali used in this manner may be detected by the milk turning turmeric paper brown1 even after it has been kept some hours1 and by the ash obtained by evaporating a little to dryness1 and then heating it to dull redness1 effervescing with an acid4 7,see below47 ,milk should not be kept in lead or zinc vessels1 as it speedily dissolves a portion of these metals1 and becomes poisonous4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the principal difference between cows' milk and human milk consists in the former containing more casein and less sugar of milk than the latter4 ,the remarkable indisposition to coagulate is another character which distinguishes human milk from cows' milk4 ,prof4 ,falkland1 who has practically investigated the subject has prepared a nutritive fluid for infants from cows' milk1 closely resembling that of the healthy adult woman4 ,his process is1 however1 unnecessarily complicated1 and1 therefore1 unsuited to those who would have to employ it in the nursery4 ,to remove this objection we have adopted the following formula3----,sugar of milk1 #b oz42 hot water1 #a_/d pint2 dissolve1 and1 when the liquor has become quite cold1 add it to fresh cows' milk1 #c_/d pint1 and stir them together4 ,this quantity1 prepared morning and evening1 will constitute the proper food for an infant of from #e to #h months old4 ,more may be allowed it if it #8craves' it2 but there must be no #8cramming4' ,at first it will be advisable to remove a little of the cream from the milk before adding to it the saccharine solution2 but after a few days this will be found to be unnecessary1 and1 indeed1 injurious4 ,one very important particular to be attended to is1 the employment of pure cows' milk1 obtained from a healthy grass-fed animal only4 ,with this precaution1 and the use of a good ,,feeding-,,bottle1 the infant will thrive nearly as well as on the breast of any human female1 excepting its mother's4 7,see below47 ,,asses' ,,milk closely resembles human milk in colour1 smell1 and consistence1 but it contains rather less cream4 7,see below47 ,,ewes' ,,milk closely resembles cows' milk1 than which1 however1 it is slightly richer in cream4 ,,goats' ,,milk1 for the most part1 resembles cows' milk1 but its consistence is much greater1 and it contains much more solid matter4 7,see below47 ,,mares' ,,milk1 in consistence2 is between that of cows' and human milk4 ,its cream is not converted into butter by agitation4 ,see ,,butter1 ,,cheese1 ,,lactic ,,acid1 c4 ,milk as a cause or carrier of disease4----,milk of a mother labouring under strong mental emotion is1 as is well known1 capable of seriously endangering the health of the suckling babe4 ,payne narrates the case of a woman suffering under a nervous affection whose milk1 two hours after an attack of the disease1 became viscid1 like the white of an egg4 ,similarly1 a deterioration and consequent alteration in properties is induced in the milk of the cow if she be over driven1 exhausted1 or harassed4 ,the food of the animal likewise exercises an influence on the quality of its milk2 thus when cows are fed on turnips1 wormwood1 decayed leaves1 and plants of the cabbage or onion families1 the flavour of these substances is imparted to their milk4 ,the milk of animals that have fed on poisonous or deleterious plants is capable of setting up toxic symptoms in human beings partaking of it4 ,in ,june1 #ahge1 the inhabitants of a certain quarter of ,rome were attacked with an epidemic1 distinguished by great gastro-intestinal irritation4 ,the cause of the outbreak was traced to the use of goats' milk1 yielded by goats that had eaten of the meadow saffron1 the ,colchicum autumnale4 ,it also appears that in the ,western ,states of ,america the milk of cows that have fed on the poison-oak1 the ,rhus toxicodendron1 has on several occasions given rise to attacks of illness in children1 marked by extreme weakness1 vomiting1 fall in bodily temperature1 swollen and dry tongue1 and constipation4 ,boiling seems to remove the dangerous properties of the milk4 ,milk1 as has been shown by ,fuchs1 is sometimes infested by a fungus1 the ,oidium lactis or ,penicillium1 which is capable of giving rise to gastric irritation1 and sometimes to severe febrile gastritis4#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,parkes4 ,although the evidence as to the power of the milk of animals affected with epizootic diseases to convey the particular affection to human beings is contradictory1 there is little reason to doubt that soured milk may become a carrier of infection from the ailing or convalescent subject to the healthy one4 ,typhoid and scarlet fever have been known to have originated in this manner4 ,the outbreak of the former malady in ,marylebone in #ahgd was traced to the contamination of milk by the remains of the water which had been used in rinsing the milk pans4 ,this water had been obtained from a well into which the excrete from a typhus patient had percolated from a privy4 ,at ,leeds a similar outbreak was caused by the absorption by the milk of the typhoid effluvium4 ,in the case of scarlet fever the malady has been conveyed by means of the throat-discharges and cuticle falling into the milk from the persons of servants and others employed in dairies4 ,milk1 ,almond4 ,see ,,emulsion and ,,mixture4 ,milk1 ,arrowroot4 ,prep4 ,from arrowroot1 #a table-spoonful1 first wetted and stirred with a little cold water1 afterwards adding1 gradually1 of boiling water1 #a_/d pint2 and1 lastly1 of boiling milk1 #a_/b pint2 with sugar1 spice1 wine1 c41 to palate4 ,very nutritious1 and excellent in chronic diarrha4 ,some persons employ all milk4 ,milk1 ,chocolate4 ,prep4 ,dissolve chocolate 7scraped71 #a oz41 in boiling new milk1 #a pint4 ,nutritious2 but apt to offend delicate stomachs4 ,milk1 ,coffee4 ,prep4 #a4 ,coffee1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a_/d pint2 infuse for #aj or #ae minutes in a warm situation1 and add the strained liquid to boiling milk1 #c_/d pint4 #b4 ,coffee1 #a oz42 tie it loosely in a piece of muslin1 and simmer it for #ae minutes in milk1 #a pint4 ,both the above have been recommended for persons of spare habits1 and for those disposed to affections of the lungs1 more especially for the asthmatic4 ,milk1 ,factitious4 ,syn4 ,,artificial ,,milk4 ,of the numerous compounds which have been proposed as substitutes for natural milks1 the following are examples3---- #a4 7,,factitious ,,asses' ,,milk2 ,,lac ,,asininum ,,factitium1 ,,lac ,a4 ,,artificiale1 ,l47----a4 ,cows' milk1 #a quart2 ground rice1 #a oz42 oringo root 7bruised71 #a dr12 boil1 strain1 and add sugar candy 7or white sugar71 #a oz4 b4 ,whites of #b eggs2 lump sugar1 #a oz42 cows' milk 7new71 #c_/d pint2 mix1 then add syrup of tolu1 #c_/d oz4 c4 ,water1 #a pint2 hartshorn shavings1 #a oz42 boil to a jelly2 then add lump sugar1 #b oz42 cool1 add new milk1 #a pint2 syrup of tolu1 #a_/b oz4 ,used as substitutes for asses' milk1 taken freely as a beverage4 ,a cupful1 with or without a spoonful of rum1 #c or #d times daily1 is a popular remedy in consumption and debility4 #b4 7,f4 ,,goats' ,,milk----,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,fresh mutton suet 7minced71 #a oz42 tie it in a muslin bag1 and boil it in cows' milk1 #a quart2 lastly1 add of sugar candy1 #b gr4 ,in scrofulous emaciation1 and in the latter stages of phthisis4 ,the proportion of suet in the above may be advantageously increased a little4 ,the ,,lac ,,cum ,,sero of ,guy's ,hospital is a similar preparation4 #c4 7,f4 ,,human ,,milk2 ,,lac ,,humanum ,,factitium1 ,l47----a4 ,see above4 b4 7,rosenstein47 ,almonds 7blanched71 #b in number2 white sugar1 #a dr42 water1 #d fl4 oz42 make an emulsion1 strain1 and add of fresh cows' milk1 #f fl4 oz4 ,as a substitute for the breast in nursing4 ,milk1 ,preserved4 ,syn4 ,,milk ,,powder2 ,,lactis ,,pulvis1 ,,lac ,,pulveratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fresh skimmed milk1 #a gall42 carbonate of soda 7in very fine powder71 #a-a_/b dr42 mix1 evaporate to #a_/crd by the heat of steam or a water bath1 with constant agitation1 then add of powdered white sugar1 #c-a_/b lbs41 and complete the evaporation at a reduced temperature2 reduce the dry mass to powder1 add the cream 7well drained7 which was taken from the milk1 and after thorough admixture put the whole into well-stoppered bottles or tins1 which must be at once hermetically sealed4 #b4 7,legrip47 ,carbonate of soda1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve1 add of fresh milk1 #a quart2 sugar1 #a lb42 reduce it by heat to the consistence of a syrup1 and finish the evaporation on plates by exposure in an oven4 ,obs4 ,about an ounce of the powder agitated with a pint of water1 forms an agreeable and nutritious drink1 and a good substitute for milk at sea4 ,it may also be used for tea or coffee in a solid form4 ,this process1 which is very old1 has been recently patented4 ,see ,,milk 7above74 ,the condensed or preserved milk1 now in such general use1 and which is met with in tins as milk which has been more or less deprived of water by evaporation in vacuo4 ,it occurs in the market in two forms----in one simply as condensed milk1 and in the other as condensed milk mixed with a large quantity of sugar4 ,milk preserved as above without sugar will keep only for two or three days2 whereas with sugar it may be preserved for an almost indefinite time4 ,either variety mixed with the proper quantity of water becomes normal milk again1 the sweetened kind being1 of course1 milk with the addition of a considerable amount of cane sugar4 ,professor ,wanklyn says he has examined the principal brands of preserved and condensed milk sent to the ,london market1 and finds they contain their due proportion of fat4 ,he gives the following analyses of the produce of the ,english ,condensed ,milk ,company3 ,,preserved ,,milk4 ,in #ajj parts by weight4 ,water #bje ,fat #ajd ,casein #aaj ,ash #bj ,cane and milk sugar #efa ------------ #ajjj ,,condensed ,,milk4 ,water #eaab ,fat #abaa ,casein #acfd ,milk sugar #bjcf ,ash #bgg ------------ #ajjjj ,roses1 ,milk of4 ,syn4 ,,lac ,,ros1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,english47----a4 ,almonds 7blanched71 #a oz42 oil of almonds and white soft soap1 of each #a dr42 rose water1 #a pint2 make an emulsion4 b4 ,from liquor of potassa and oil of almonds1 of each #a fl4 oz42 hot water1 #b fl4 oz12 agitate together until mixed1 then add of rose water and distilled or filtered soft water1 of each #a_/d pint1 and again agitate well4 c4 ,as the last1 but using half a tea-spoonful of salt of tartar for the liquor of potassa4 d4 7,redwood47 ,blanched almonds1 #h oz42 rose water1 #c pints2 make an emulsion1 add of white ,windsor soap1 white wax1 and oil of almonds1 of each #a_/b oz42 previously melted together by a gentle heat2 triturate until united1 and strain2 lastly1 add a solution of oil of bergamot1 #a_/b oz42 oil of lavender1 #a dr42 and attar of roses1 #a_/b dr42 7dissolved in7 rectified spirit1 #ab oz4 #b4 7,,french47----a4 ,from rose water1 #a quart2 tinctures of benzoin and styrax1 of each #a fl4 oz42 spirit of roses1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 mix4 b4 7,augustin47 ,tincture of benzoin1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 liquor of carbonate of potassa1 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 rose water1 #a_/b pint2 agitate well together4 ,as a lotion in acne4 c4 7,gianinni47 ,tincture of benzoin1 #a dr42 tincture of balsam of ,peru1 #bj drops2 rose water1 #a pint2 as the last4 d4 7,schubarth47 ,almond paste1 #c dr42 rose water1 #a_/b pint2 tincture of benzoin1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,as before4 ,the addition to the last #c of a little rectified spirit is an improvement4 #c4 7,,german47 ,from dilute solution of diacetate of lead 7,goulard water71 and spirit of lavender1 of each #a fl4 oz42 rose water1 #f fl4 oz42 soft water1 #a pint4 ,obs4 ,all the above are used as cosmetic washes1 and to remove scurf1 pimples1 and eruptions1 in slight cases4 ,milk1 ,sago4 ,syn4 ,,lac ,,sago1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,sago1 #a oz42 cold water1 #a pint2 macerate half an hour1 pour off the water1 add of milk1 #a-a_/b pint1 and boil slowly until the sago is dissolved4 ,very nutritious2 also in lieu of arrow-root milk4 ,milk of ,sulphur4 ,see ,,sulphur 7,precipitated74 ,milk1 ,thick4 ,mix one table-spoonful of flour with a pint of milk1 and boil for ten minutes1 stirring it well the whole time4 ,it may be flavoured either with a little salt1 or sugar4 ,milk1 ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,lac ,,vanill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,essence of vanilla1 #ab drops2 lump sugar1 #a oz42 triturate1 and add gradually1 new milk1 #a pint4 #b4 7,bral47 ,vanilla sugar1 #a_/b oz42 milk1 #af oz42 dissolve4 ,,milk ,,fever4 ,syn4 ,,febris ,,lactea1 ,l4 ,a febrile condition of the system that sometimes occurs at the time the milk begins to be secreted after parturition4 ,it often assumes a malignant character4 ,see ,,puerperal ,,fever4 ,,mil,,let4 ,syn4 ,,milium1 ,l4 ,several varieties of grain are known by this name4 ,that commonly referred to under the name is the produce of ,panicum miliaceum 7#8,indian millet'74 ,the husked seeds 7,,milium ,,mundatum7 are used to make gruel1 and are ground for flour4 #8,turkish millet1' or #8,guinea corn1' is produced by ,sorgham vulgare2 and the #8,german' and #8,italian millet' by species of ,setaria4 ,in some parts of the world millet flour is used for bread1 but it is chiefly cultivated as food for domestic animals4 ,letheby says millets are a little more nutritious than rice4 ,in the subjoined table1 is given the composition of three different samples of millet meal1 free from bran4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,panicum ,penicillaria ,sorghum miliaceum1 spicata vulgare1 common a kind of ,dharra of millet4 millet1 the ,arabs1 much used ,goar of in ,india ,india4 under the name of ,bajia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,water #abbb #aah #aaie ,nitrogenous substances #ibg #ajac #hfd ,dextrin #iac 444 #chb ,sugar #ahj 444 #adf ,fat #gdc #dfb #cij ,starch #eijd #gage #gjbcdj ,silicin #jaa 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,footnote #dj3 ,with husks4 ,,mince ,,meat4 ,prep4 ,from stoned raisins1 currants1 sugar1 and suet1 of each #b lbs42 sultana raisins and boiled beef 7lean and tender71 of each #a lb42 apples #d lbs42 juice of #b lemons2 the rind of #a lemon1 chopped very fine2 mixed spice1 #a_/d lb42 candied citron and lemon peel1 of each #b oz42 brandy1 a glassful or two2 the whole chopped very fine4 ,it may be varied by adding other spice or flavouring1 and by the addition of eggs1 or the substitution of chopped fowl or veal for beef1 according to the state of the cuisinier4 ,,mince ,,pies4 ,take #c apples1 #c lemons1 #a lb4 of raisins1 #c_/d lb4 of currants1 #a lb4 of suet1 #a_/d lb4 of raw beef1 #b lbs4 of moist sugar1 #a_/d lb4 of mixed candied peel1 #a_/d of a rind of a fresh orange1 #a teaspoonful of powdered mixed spice1 composed of equal parts of cloves1 cinnamon1 and nutmeg1 #a_/b pint of brandy1 and #a glass of port wine4 ,peel the apples and cut out the cores very carefully1 and then bake the pieces until they are quite soft4 ,the raisins must be carefully stoned1 and the currants well washed1 dried1 and picked4 ,chop the suet very finely1 as well as the raw meat and lemon-peel4 ,mix all the ingredients thoroughly together1 add the brandy last of all1 and press the whole down into a stone jar1 and place a piece of paper soaked in brandy on the top4 ,remove the paper and stir up the mixture thoroughly every three days1 replacing the paper4 ,if this is done the mincemeat will keep a long time4 ,to make the pies1 roll out some thin puff-paste1 butter a small round tin1 and line it with a piece of paste1 then put in a generous quantity of the mincemeat1 cover it over with a similar piece of puff paste1 and bake it in a moderate oven4 ,mince pies are none the worse for being warmed up1 but pray take care they are sent to table hot4 7,cassell47 ,,mindere,,rus' ,,spirit4 ,see ,,ammonia 7,acetate of71 and ,,solution4 ,,mineral ,,chame,,leon4 ,prep4 ,from a mixture of binoxide of manganese and potassa and nitre1 equal parts1 heated to redness4 ,it must be preserved in a well-corked bottle until required for use4 ,prop41 c4 ,when dissolved in water1 its solution1 at first green1 passes spontaneously through all the coloured rays to the red1 when1 if potassa be added1 the colour retrogrades until it reaches the original green4 ,the addition of oil of vitriol1 or of chlorine1 renders the solution colourless4 ,the addition of a weak acid1 or even boiling or agitating the liquid1 turns it from green to red4 ,see ,,manganic ,,acid4 ,,min,,ralisers4 ,substances which1 by association with metallic bodies1 deprive them of their usual properties1 and impart to them the character of ores4 ,their removal belongs to metallurgy4 ,the term #8,,mineralised' has been applied to caoutchouc1 gutta percha1 bitumen1 c41 which has been combined with sulphur1 silica1 or metallic matter4 ,,min,,im4 ,syn4 ,,minimum1 ,l4 ,a measured drop1 of which #fj are equal to a fluid drachm4 ,the size of drops vary so greatly with different liquids and are also so much influenced by the size and shape of the vessels from which they are poured1 that they afford no reliable measure of quantity for medicinal purposes4 ,the poured drop has1 in some cases1 only #a_/crd the volume of the measured drop1 or minim2 whilst1 in others1 it is nearly #c times as large4 ,according to ,mr ,durande1 8liquids which contain a small proportion of water1 afford a small drop2 while1 on the contrary1 liquids containing a large quantity of water furnish a large drop40 8,among liquids containing a large proportion of water1 those which are not charged with remedial substances1 give a larger and heavier drop than the same liquids when containing extraneous bodies in solution40 ,in all cases in which the word #8drop' is mentioned in this work a minim is intended1 and the quantity should be determined by means of a graduated minim measure4 ,,min,,ium4 ,see ,,red ,,pigments4 ,,mint4 ,syn4 ,,spearmint1 ,,green ,m42 ,,mentha ,,viridis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 8,the recent and the dried flowering herb0 of ,mentha viridis4 ,it is aromatic and carminative1 but its flavour is less agreeable than that of peppermint4 ,it is employed in flatulence1 colic1 nausea1 diarrha1 c42 also to make sauce4 ,,mir,,rors4 ,see ,,amalgam 7,silvering71 ,,silvering1 ,,speculum ,,metal1 c4 ,,mites4 ,see ,,acari4 ,,mith,,ridate4 ,syn4 ,,damocrate',s ,,confection2 ,,mithridatium1 ,,confectio ,,damocratis1 ,l4 8,this composition originally consisted of but few ingredients2 viz4 #bj leaves of rue1 #b walnuts1 #b figs1 and a little salt4 ,of this we are informed that ,mithridates took a dose every morning1 to guard himself against the effects of poison4 ,it was afterwards altered1 and the number of the ingredients increased to sixty-one4 ,in this more complex form it contained opium1 and was1 in effect1 an aromatic opiate1 of which the confection of opium of the present day may be considered as a simplification4 ,the #8mithridate' is still prepared in some shops1 and is occasionally1 though very rarely1 prescribed40 7,med4 ,lex47 8,the formul for ,,confection or ,,electuary ,,of ,,catechu may be considered as the representatives1 in our modern ,pharmacopias1 of the once celebrated recipes for ,,confectio ,,damocratis and ,,theriaca ,,andromachi40 7,redwood47 ,mithridate was formerly conceived to be good for nearly every disease1 and an antidote for every known poison4 ,,mixture4 ,syn4 ,,mistura1 ,l4 ,a compound liquid medicine1 taken in divided doses4 ,mixtures are usually extemporaneous preparations1 and in prescribing them care should be taken not to bring together substances that decompose each other1 nor to order heavy powders1 that speedily separate from the body of the liquid by subsidence4 ,,emulsions1 ,,juleps1 and ,,mucilages1 are included in the #8,,mistur' of the ,london ,pharmacopia4 ,mixtures are usually dispensed in flat octagonal #f-or #h-oz4 bottles1 with long necks2 or in regular #8octagons' with short necks1 having the doses marked on the glass1 to which the strength of the medicine is made to correspond4 ,our remarks respecting #8,,draughts' equally apply here4 ,by putting the active ingredients of six draughts into a #f-oz4 mixture bottle1 and filling it up with distilled water1 a mixture will be made of corresponding properties1 of which the dose will be #b table-spoonfuls4 ,when the formula for the draughts includes a decoction or infusion as the vehicle1 instead of water1 four of them only must be taken1 which will then fill the #f-oz4 bottle1 and the proper dose will be #c table-spoonfuls1 or a small wine-glassful4 ,the following formul embraces the whole of the #8,,mistur' of the ,british ,pharmacopia1 as well as a few others in general use4 ,these will serve as examples for the like preparations of medicinals which are not included in the list4 7,see also ,,draught1 ,,emulsion1 ,,julep1 ,,water1 c47 ,mixture1 ,absorbent4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,antacid4 ,mixture1 ,acacia4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,gum4 ,mixture1 ,acetate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,mindererus',s ,,mixture2 ,,mistura ,,ammoni ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from solution of acetate of ammonia1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 nitre1 #dj gr42 camphor mixture1 #f fl4 oz42 rose syrup1 #a_/b fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls1 every third or fourth hour1 as a diaphoretic in inflammatory fevers1 c4 ,mixture of ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,acidi ,,acetici4 ,prep4 ,distilled vinegar1 #b fl4 dr42 syrup1 #d fl4 dr42 water1 #b fl4 oz4 ,a fourth part every three hours4 ,for children with scarlatina4 ,mixture of ,aconite4 7,mr ,fleming47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,aconiti4 ,prep4 ,tincture of aconite1 #a fl4 dr42 carbonate of soda1 #a-a_/b dr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #f oz4 ,a table-spoonful when the pain is urgent4 ,in gastralgia this should only be administered under medical supervision or advice4 ,mixture1 ,alkaline4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,antacid4 ,mixture1 ,almond4 ,syn4 ,,emulsion ,,of ,,almonds1 ,,milk ,,of ,a42 ,,mistura ,,amygdal 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,lac ,,amygdal1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,confection of almonds1 #b-a_/b oz42 distilled water1 #a pint2 gradually add the water to the confection while triturating1 until they are mixed2 then strain the liquid through linen4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from almond confection1 #b oz41 and water1 #a quart2 as the last4 ,or1 from sweet almonds 7blanched71 #aj dr42 white sugar1 #e dr42 mucilage1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 7or powdered gum1 #c dr472 made into an emulsion with water1 #a quart4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sweet almonds 7blanched71 #e dr42 refined sugar1 #b dr42 powdered gum1 #a dr42 distilled water1 #h fl4 oz42 as the last4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,compound powder of almonds 7sweet71 #a2 water1 #h2 triturate and strain4 ,obs4 ,the last formula produces the article usually employed in dispensing in the shops4 ,the addition of a little more sugar renders it more pleasant2 and #b or #c bitter almonds1 as in the formula of the ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf1 or #a or #b fl4 dr4 of rose or orange-flower water1 may occasionally be added1 to diversify the flavour4----,dose1 #b or #c table-spoonfuls1 ad libitum2 as a demulcent and emollient in coughs and colds1 or as a vehicle for more active medicines4 ,mixture of ,ammonia1 ,muriate of4 7,sir ,g4 ,lefevre47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,ammoni ,,muriatis4 ,prep4 ,muriate of ammonia1 #fj gr42 extract of liquorice1 #c dr42 tartarised antimony1 #b gr42 distilled water1 #h oz4 ,a tablespoonful every #b hours in pleurisy1 congestion of mucous membranes1 c4 ,mixture1 ,ammoniacum4 ,syn4 ,,emulsion ,,of ,,ammoniacum1 ,,milk ,,of ,a42 ,,mistura ,,ammoniaci 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,lac ,,ammoniaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prepared ammoniacum1 #e dr42 distilled water1 #a pint2 rub the ammoniacum with the water1 gradually added1 until they are perfectly mixed4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,ammoniacum1 #a_/d oz42 water1 #h fl4 oz42 as the last1 but straining through muslin4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ammoniacum1 #a_/d oz42 rubbed down with water1 #h oz41 and strain4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a gr4 ,obs4 ,the last formula produces the best and most effective mixture1 owing to the use of the raw instead of the strained drug4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 either alone or combined with squills or ipecacuanha2 as an expectorant and demulcent in chronic coughs1 humoral asthma1 c4 ,mixture1 ,anodyne4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,anodyna1 ,,julepum ,,calmans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,prepared chalk1 #b dr42 syrup of poppies1 #a oz42 fetid spirit of ammonia1 #a-a_/b dr42 oils of dill and aniseed1 of each #c drops2 water1 #d-a_/d fl4 oz4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful #c or #d times a day2 in the diarrha and colic of infancy4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syrup of opium1 #b dr42 syrup of orange flowers1 #f dr42 lettuce water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,to allay pain1 induce sleep1 c4 ,dose1 #a table-spoonful4 #c4 7,vicat47 ,ammoniated alcohol1 #c_/d fl4 oz42 powdered opium1 #a dr42 powdered camphor1 #a_/b dr42 proof spirit1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 digest1 with agitation1 for #c or #d days1 and filter4 ,in toothache arising from caries1 and as a lotion to the temples in headache4 ,mixture1 ,antacid4 ,syn4 ,,absorbent ,,mixture1 ,,alkaline ,m42 ,,mistura ,,alkalina1 ,m4 ,,antacida1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,liquor of potassa and spirit of nutmeg1 of each #b fl4 dr42 tincture of rhubarb1 #c fl4 dr42 tincture of opium1 #a fl4 dr42 water1 #e fl4 oz4 ,in dyspepsia1 heartburn1 c41 accompanied with flatulence4 #b4 ,spirit of sal volatile and orange-flower water1 of each #a fl4 oz42 simple syrup1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz2 water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in acidity1 c41 accompanied with languor and low spirits4 #c4 ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #b dr42 syrup of orange peel and tincture of gentian1 of each #a fl4 oz42 water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in dyspepsia1 heartburn1 c41 arising from excessive indulgence in spirituous or fermented liquors4 ,it also possesses considerable stimulating properties1 and will partially remove the fit of drunkenness4 #d4 7,collier47 ,prepared chalk1 #b dr42 tincture of ginger1 #b fl4 dr42 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 pimento water1 #f fl4 oz4 ,in diarrha accompanied with acidity4 #e4 7,collier47 ,chalk mixture1 #e fl4 oz42 tinctures of catechu and cinnamon1 of each #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in chronic diarrha4 #f4 7,ryan47 ,liquor of potassa1 #b fl4 dr42 tincture of opium1 #a fl4 dr42 calcined magnesia1 #a dr42 oil of peppermint1 #e drops2 lime water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,in dyspepsia accompanied with acidity1 flatulence1 and constipation4 ,mixture1 ,anticroupal4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,seneg1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,jadelot47 ,infusion of senega1 #d oz42 syrup of ipecacuanha1 #a oz42 oxymel of squills1 #c dr42 tartarised antimony1 #a-a_/b gr42 mix4 ,by spoonfuls1 in croup4 ,mixture1 ,anti-emetic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,anti-,,emetica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,creasote1 #ab drops2 acetate of morphia1 #a-a_/b gr42 camphor1 #aj gr4 rectified spirit1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 distilled vinegar1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in sea-sickness1 c4----,dose1 #a table-spoonful on the approach of vomiting1 and repeated at intervals of half an hour until the vomiting ceases4 #b4 7,dr4 ,barker47 ,compound tincture of camphor1 #a fl4 dr42 burnt brandy1 #a fl4 oz42 sugar1 #a_/b oz42 infusion of mint1 #f fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a table-spoonful1 every #a_/d hour1 until the vomiting ceases4 ,mixture1 ,anti-epileptic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,anti-,,epileptica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,lemoine47 ,liquor of ammonia1 #ab drops2 syrup of orange flowers1 #a oz42 distilled water of linden flowers1 #b oz42 do4 of cherry laurel1 #a_/b oz42 mix4 ,according to ,m4 ,lemoine1 this is a specific in epilepsy4----,dose1 #a table-spoonful1 or more4 ,mixture1 ,antihysteric4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,antihysterica1 ,l42 ,,potion ,,antihysterique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,dr ,josat47 ,cyanide of potassium1 #a-c_/d gr42 distilled lettuce water1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup of orange flowers1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a or #b teaspoonfuls every ten minutes1 when the fit is expected2 during the fit it may be given in double doses4 ,dr ,josat declares its efficacy to have been indisputably proved in upwards of #ee cases4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,cyanide of potassium1 #b gr42 lettuce water 7distilled71 #d oz42 syrup of marshmallow1 #b oz4 ,resembles the last4 #c4 7,dr ,paris47 ,assaftida1 #a dr42 peppermint water1 #e fl4 oz42 make an emulsion1 and add of ammoniated tincture of valerian1 #b fl4 dr42 tincture of castor1 #c fl4 dr42 sulphuric ether1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4----,dose1 #a table-spoonful1 #c or #d times a day1 or oftener4 #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syrup of wormwood1 #a oz42 tincture of castor1 #a_/b dr42 valerian water and orange-flower water1 of each #b oz42 ether1 #a dr4 ,as the last4 ,mixture1 ,antimonial4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,contra-,,stimulant4 ,mixture1 ,antipertussic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,antipertussiens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,cochineal 7powdered71 #b dr42 carbonate of potassa1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse for #a hour1 strain1 and add of lump sugar1 #a-a_/b oz4 #b4 7,dr ,bird47 ,extract of hemlock1 #ab gr42 alum1 #be gr42 syrup of red poppies1 #b fl4 dr42 dill water1 #c fl4 oz4 #c4 7,dr ,reece47 ,tincture of assaftida1 #a fl4 dr42 tincture of opium1 #aj or #ab drops2 powdered ipecacuanha1 #aj gr42 water1 #b fl4 oz4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful every #c hours1 in hooping cough1 for a child #b or #c years old1 and other ages in proportion4 ,mixture1 ,antiscrofulous4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,antiscrofulosa1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tincture of bichloride of gold1 #cj drops2 tincture of iodine1 #dj drops2 tincture of gentian1 #a fl4 dr42 simple syrup1 #g fl4 dr42 rose water1 #e fl4 oz4----,dose4 ,a dessert-spoonful1 #c or #d times daily1 in a wine-glassful of water2 observing to shake the bottle before pouring out the liquid4 ,mr ,cooley states that he has seen repeated instances of the excellent effects of this medicine in scrofula1 syphilis1 and various glandular diseases1 even under all the disadvantages of a salt-meat diet and confinement on shipboard4 ,mixture1 ,antispasmodic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,antispasmodica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of castor1 #f fl4 dr42 sulphuric ether and laudanum1 of each #a fl4 dr42 syrup of saffron1 #a fl4 oz42 cinnamon water1 #d fl4 oz4 #b4 7,dr ,collier47 ,assaftida and camphor mixtures1 of each #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of valerian1 #a fl4 oz4 #c 7,p4 ,cod47 ,lime or linden-flower water and orange-flower water1 of each #b oz42 syrup of orange flowers1 #a oz42 ether1 #a_/b dr4----,dose4 7,of each of the above7 #a to #b table-spoonfuls4 ,mixture1 ,aperient4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,aperiens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,abernethy47 ,sulphate of magnesia1 #a oz42 manna1 #a_/b oz42 infusion of senna1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of senna1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 mint water1 #b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #d fl4 oz42 mix4 ,this is the true #8,,abernethy ,,black ,,draught1' #b4 7,dr ,christison47 ,sulphate of magnesia1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add1 of tincture of senna1 #a fl4 oz42 infusion of roses1 #d fl4 oz4----,dose4 ,a wine-glassful hourly1 until it begins to operate4 #c4 7,dr ,collier47 ,sulphate of iron1 #bj gr42 ,epsom salts1 #a oz42 pennyroyal water1 #a pint2 dissolve4----,dose4 ,a wine-glassful twice a day1 in atonic amenorrha4 ,mixture1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,aromatica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syrup of clove gilliflowers1 #a oz42 spirit of cinnamon1 #a_/b oz42 confection of hyacinth1 #b dr42 peppermint water and orange-flower water1 of each #b oz4 #b4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,aromatic confection 7,ph4 ,l41 in powder71 #c dr42 peppermint water1 #i fl4 oz4 ,sometimes a little tincture of calumba is added4 #c4 7,st ,barth4 ,hosp47 ,aromatic confection1 #b-a_/b dr42 water1 #e fl4 oz42 pimento water1 #c fl4 oz42 mix4 ,the last two are excellent aromatic absorbents in diarrha1 heartburn1 flatulence1 acidity1 c4----,dose1 #a or #b table-spoonfuls every #b or #c hours1 or as required4 ,mixture1 ,aromatic ,iron4 ,pale bark1 in powder1 #d2 calumba1 in powder1 #b2 cloves1 bruised1 #a2 iron wire1 #b2 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #ab2 tincture of orange peel1 #b2 peppermint water1 #ej2 macerate the first four ingredients in the last one for three days1 agitating occasionally1 filter1 add the tinctures1 and make up to #ej4 ,used as a tonic4----,dose1 #a to #b oz4 ,mixture1 ,arsenical4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,arsenicalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from liquor of arsenite of potassa----,ph4 ,l41 #b fl4 dr42 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #d fl4 dr42 cinnamon water1 #b fl4 oz42 pure water1 #c fl4 oz42 mix4----,dose4 ,a small table-spoonful1 twice a day1 after a full meal2 in agues1 periodic headaches1 lepra1 psoriasis1 chronic rheumatism1 c4 ,it should be exhibited with caution1 and its effects watched2 and after #e or #f days the dose should be reduced to half the quantity4 ,mixture1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,astringens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pradel47 ,tannin1 #ab gr42 tincture of rhatany1 #a dr42 simple syrup1 #g dr42 mucilage1 #a oz42 camphor mixture1 #d oz4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,extract of catechu1 #b dr4 7or tincture #a oz472 cinnamon water1 #h oz42 dissolve4----,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls1 after every liquid dejection1 in diarrha and dysentery4 ,mixture1 ,atrophic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,atrophica1 ,l42 ,,potion ,,atrophique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,iodide of potassium1 #d dr42 lettuce water1 #h oz42 peppermint water1 #b dr42 syrup of marshmallow1 #a oz4----,dose1 #a tablespoonful1 twice a day2 in hypertrophy 7enlargement7 of the heart4 ,sometimes #a to #b dr4 of tincture of foxglove is added to the mixture4 ,mixture1 ,balsamic4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,balsamica4 ,prep4 ,balsam copaiba1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #b oz42 syrup of tolu1 #b oz42 peppermint water1 #d oz42 nitric ether1 #b dr4 ,mix the alcohol and ether1 add the balsam1 then the syrup and water4 ,mixture1 ,barley4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,hordei1 ,l4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,mixture of ,bismuth4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,bismuthi4 ,prep4 ,subnitrate of bismuth1 #aj gr42 compound powder of tragacanth1 #e gr42 water1 #a oz4 ,for #a dose4 ,mixture of ,bisulphide of ,carbon4 7,clarus47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,bisulphureti ,,carbonis4 ,prep4 ,bisulphide of carbon1 #bj minims2 sugar1 #b dr42 milk1 #f oz4----,dose1 #a_/b oz4 #d times a day4 ,mixture of ,boracic ,acid4 7,chaussier47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,acidi ,,boracici4 ,prep4 ,camphor mixture1 #d oz42 boracic acid1 #fj gr42 syrup of orange peel1 #a oz4 ,mixture of ,burnt ,hartshorn4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,white4 ,mixture1 ,brandy4 ,syn4 ,,mixture ,,of ,,spirit ,,of ,,french ,,wine1 ,,egg ,,flip2 ,,mistura ,,spiritus ,,vini ,,gallici 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,brandy and cinnamon water of each #d fl4 oz42 yolks of #b eggs2 white sugar1 #a_/b oz42 oil of cinnamon1 #b drops2 mix4 ,a valuable stimulant and restorative in low fevers1 and in extreme exhaustion from hmorrhages1 c42 but scarcely a fitting subject for the labours of the ,college of ,physicians1 since almost every cook and housewife could produce a better compound than the product of the ,college formula4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,brandy1 #d gr42 cinnamon water1 #d oz42 the yolks of #b eggs2 sugar1 #a_/b oz42 mix4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b oz41 in prostration and last stages of fever4 ,mixture of ,caffein4 7,vanden-,corput47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,caffein4 ,prep4 ,caffein1 #g gr42 distilled water1 #c oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #b drops2 syrup of orange-flower water1 #a_/b oz42 mix4----,dose1 #a tablespoonful4 ,mixture1 ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,julep1 ,,camphor ,,water2 ,,mistura ,,camphor 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,emulsio ,,camphor 7,ph4 ,e47 ,,mistura ,,camphorata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,camphor1 #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #aj drops2 triturate together1 gradually adding of water1 #a pint2 and strain through linen4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,tincture of camphor1 #a fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #c pints2 agitate well together1 and after #bd hours filter through paper4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,see ,,emulsion4 ,uses1 c4 ,camphor julep is chiefly used as a vehicle for other medicines4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful4 #d4 7,with ,,magnesia3 ,,mistura ,,camphor ,,cum ,,magnesia----,ph4 ,e4 ,d41 ,,aqua ,,camphor----,ph4 ,u4 ,s47----a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,camphor1 #aj gr41 carbonate of magnesia1 #be gr42 triturate together1 then gradually add of water1 #f fl4 oz41 still continuing the trituration4 b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,camphor1 #ab gr42 carbonate of magnesia1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #f fl4 oz42 as last4 c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,camphor1 #b dr42 rectified spirit1 #dj drops2 triturate1 add of carbonate of magnesia1 #d dr41 and again triturate1 adding1 gradually1 of water1 #cb fl4 oz4 ,antacid1 antispasmodic1 and anodyne4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls4 ,used without straining4 ,it is stronger than the simple mixture4 d4 ,,carbonated ,,camphor ,,mixture4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,camphor ,,carbonica4 ,water strongly charged with carbonic acid gas1 agitated with powdered camphor and strained4 ,mixture1 ,carminative4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,carminativa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,paris47 ,calcined magnesia1 #a_/b dr42 peppermint water1 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 compound tincture of lavender1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 spirit of caraway1 #d fl4 dr42 syrup of ginger1 #b fl4 dr42 mix4 ,antacid and carminative4 ,for #a or #b doses4 ,mixture of ,cassia4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,cassi1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,de ,,casse1 ,f4 ,cassia pulp1 #b oz42 hot water1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,may be taken by the wineglass4 ,laxative4 ,mixture of ,cassia1 ,antimoniated4 7,foy47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,cassi ,,antimoniata1 ,,eau ,,de ,,casse4 ,emitise4 ,prep4 ,pulp of cassia1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,macerate1 strain1 and add sulphate of magnesia1 #a oz42 emetic tartar1 #c gr4 ,by cupfuls4 ,in painters' colic4 ,mixture1 ,cathartic4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,aperient1 ,m4 ,,senna1 c4 ,mixture1 ,chalk4 ,syn4 ,,cretaceous ,,mixture2 ,,mistura ,,cret 7,b4 ,p471 ,,mistura ,,creta 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,m4 ,,cretacea1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prepared chalk1 #a_/b oz42 sugar1 #c dr42 mixture of acacia 7mucilage71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz41 triturate together1 then add of cinnamon water1 #ah fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,prepared chalk1 #aj dr42 white sugar1 #e dr42 mucilage1 #c fl4 oz2 spirit of cinnamon1 #b fl4 oz42 water1 #a quart2 as the last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,prepared chalk1 #b dr42 syrup and mucilage1 of each1 #a_/b oz42 cinnamon water1 #g fl4 oz4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prepared chalk1 #a2 gum ,arabic1 in powder1 #a2 syrup1 #b2 cinnamon water1 #cj2 mix by trituration4----,dose1 #a to #b gr41 with astringent tinctures and opium4 ,obs4 ,the above are antacid and absorbent4----,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls1 either alone or combined with aromatic confection2 in heartburn1 and in diarrha after every liquid motion4 ,in the latter affection1 a little tincture of catechu or laudanum is often added2 and when there is vomiting or nausea1 either peppermint or spearmint water is generally substituted for the whole or a part of the simple water ordered in the above formul4 ,mixture of ,chlorine4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,chlorinii4 ,dr ,watson prescribes #b fl4 dr4 of the solution to #a pint of water4 ,the dose of the mixture is #d fl4 dr4 every #c hours1 according to age1 in scarlatina4 ,mixture of ,chloroform4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,chloroformi4 ,prep4 ,chloroform1 #a_/b oz4 7by weight72 camphor1 #a dr42 yolk of #a egg2 water1 #f oz4 ,rub the yolk first by itself1 then with the camphor1 previously dissolved in the chloroform1 and lastly1 with the water gradually added4 ,mixture1 ,cinchona4 ,syn4 ,,bark ,,mixture2 ,,mistura ,,cinchon1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,copland47 ,confection of roses1 #a_/b oz42 boiling decoction of bark1 #a fl4 oz42 triturate1 in #aj minutes strain1 and add diluted sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 spirit of nutmeg1 #d fl4 dr4 ,febrifuge1 tonic1 and stomachic4----,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls1 #b or #c times a day4 ,mixture of ,citrate of ,caffein4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,caffein ,,citratis1 ,,potion ,,contre ,,migrain4 ,syrup of citrate of caffein1 #a fl4 oz42 water 7or any agreeable diluent71 #e oz4 ,a table-spoonful frequently4 ,mixture1 ,colchicum4 ,syn4 ,,gout ,,mixture2 ,,mistura ,,antarthritica1 ,m4 ,,colchici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sir ,s4 ,scudamore47 ,magnesia1 #a-a_/b dr42 vinegar of colchicum and syrup of orange peel1 of each #d fl4 dr42 peppermint water1 #c fl4 oz4 ,a table-spoonful every #c or #d hours during the fit of gout4 ,mixture1 ,contra-stimulant4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,contra-,,stimulans1 ,,julepum ,c41 ,m4 ,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,tartratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,laennec47 ,tartar emetic1 #c gr42 infusion of orange leaves1 #h fl4 oz42 syrup of do41 #a fl4 oz4----,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 or more1 every #b hours2 in inflammation of the lungs1 hooping-cough1 c4 ,mixture of ,copaiba4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,copaib4 ,prep4 ,balsam of copaiba1 #c dr42 solution of carbonate of potash1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,rub together and gradually add decoction of barley1 #h oz42 spirit of nitric ether1 #c dr4----,dose1 #a oz4 #c times a day4 ,see ,,mixtures1 ,,balsamic4 ,mixture1 ,cough4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,bechica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,almond mixture1 #d fl4 oz42 oxymel of squills1 #a fl4 oz42 ipecacuanha wine and syrup of tolu1 of each #a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 ,tincture of tolu1 #a_/h fl4 oz42 paregoric elixir and tincture of squills1 of each #a fl4 oz42 syrup of poppies1 #c fl4 oz42 water1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz4 #c4 ,mixture of ammoniacum1 #d fl4 oz42 syrup of squills1 #b fl4 oz4 ,in the coughs of old persons4 #d4 ,antimonial wine1 #c fl4 dr42 syrup of poppies1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in dry1 husky coughs4----,dose 7of each of the above71 #a table-spoonful1 #b or #c times a day1 or oftener4 #e4 7,dr ,monro47 ,paregoric1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 sulphuric ether and tincture of tolu1 of each #a_/d oz4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful in water1 night and morning1 or when the cough is troublesome4 #f4 7,dr ,radcliff47 ,syrup of poppies1 syrup of squills1 and paregoric1 equal parts4----,dose4 ,as the last4 ,in all cases the bowels should be kept gently moved by some mild aperient4 #g4 7,dr ,wood's ,brown ,mixture47 ,extract of liquorice1 #b dr42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #d oz42 dissolve1 and add antimonial wine1 #b dr42 laudanum1 #bj minims4----,dose4 ,a table-spoonful occasionally4 ,a popular ,american remedy4 ,mixture1 ,creasote4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,creasoti1 ,m4 ,,creazoti 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,creasote and acetic acid1 of each #af drops2 mix1 then add of compound spirit of juniper and syrup1 of each #a fl4 oz42 water1 #ad fl4 oz42 and agitate well together4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful1 in nausea and vomiting1 especially to prevent or relieve sea-sickness4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,creasote1 #af minims2 glacial acetic acid1 #af minims2 spirit of juniper1 #a_/b dr42 syrup1 #a oz42 distilled water1 #ae oz42 mix4----#a to #b oz4 ,mixture of ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,cubeb4 ,powder of cubebs1 #a oz42 sugar1 #b dr42 mucilage1 #b oz42 cinnamon water1 #f oz4----,dose1 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz4 ,mixture1 ,demulcent4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,demulcens1 ,l4 ,see ,,almond ,,mixture1 ,,gum ,m41 c4 ,mixture1 ,diaphoretic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,diaphoretica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,solution of acetate of ammonia1 #c fl4 oz42 antimonial wine1 #b fl4 dr42 tincture of henbane1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #c fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a table-spoonful every #c or #d hours2 in fevers1 c4 #b4 ,to the last add of sweet spirit of nitre1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,as above4 ,mixture for ,diarrha4 7,board of ,health47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,pro ,,diarrh,a4 ,aromatic powder1 #c dr42 compound spirits of ammonia1 #c dr42 tincture of catechu1 #aj dr42 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #f dr42 tincture of opium1 #a dr42 chalk mixture to make #bj oz4----,dose4 ,for an adult1 #a oz42 for a child of #ab years of age1 #a_/b oz42 for #g years1 #a_/d oz42 after each liquid stool4 ,mixture1 ,diarrha4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,chalk1 c4 ,mixture1 ,diuretic ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,diuretica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate of potassa1 #b dr42 sweet spirit of nitre1 #c fl4 dr42 syrup of squills1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 peppermint water1 #d fl4 oz4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,infusion of foxglove1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of foxglove1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 acetate of potassa1 #b dr42 spirit of juniper1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of opium1 #a_/b fl4 ,in dropsy4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 every #b or #c hours4 ,the last must be used with caution4 ,mixture1 ,effervescing4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,effervescens2 ,,potion ,,gazeuse ,,de ,,rivi,,re4 ,prep4 ,dissolve #a_/b dr4 of bicarbonate of potash in #b oz4 of water1 and add #d dr4 of syrup4 ,mix also #a_/b dr4 of citric acid with #a_/c oz4 of syrup of citric acid and #b oz4 of water4 ,mix an equal quantity of each1 and give it while effervescing4 ,mixture of ,elaterium4 7,dr ,ferriar47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,elaterii4 ,prep4 ,elaterium1 #a gr42 spirit of nitric ether1 #b fl4 oz42 tincture of squills1 #a_/b oz42 oxymel of colchicum1 #a_/b oz42 syrup of buckthorn1 #a fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a dr4 #c times a day in water4 ,mixture1 ,emetic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,emetica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,copland47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #dj gr42 ipecacuanha wine and tincture of serpentary1 of each #d fl4 dr42 tincture of capsicum1 #dj drops2 oil of chamomile1 #ab drops2 peppermint water1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,as an excitant emetic2 in cases of poisoning by narcotics1 c4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,coloured emetine1 #d gr4 7or white emetine1 #a gr472 acetic acid1 #h drops2 mix1 and add of infusion of orange leaves or lime flowers1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup of marshmallows1 #a fl4 oz4 #c4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,ipecacuanha1 #a_/b dr42 tartar emetic1 #a gr42 tincture of squills1 #a fl4 dr42 water1 #f fl4 oz4 ,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 followed by half the quantity every #aj or #ae minutes1 until vomiting is produced2 at the same time assisting the action of the medicine by drinking copiously of warm water4 ,mixture1 ,emmenagogue4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,steel1 c4 ,mixture1 ,expectorant4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,expectorans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,oxymel of squills and mucilage1 of each #a oz42 syrup of marshmallows1 #b oz42 camphor julep1 #c fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 #b or #c times a day2 in coughs1 hoarseness1 asthma1 c4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,almond mixture1 #e fl4 oz42 ipecacuanha wine and tincture of squills1 of each #a fl4 dr42 syrup of tolu1 #f fl4 dr4----,dose1 #a table-spoonful2 in humoral asthma1 catarrh1 c41 when the cough is urgent4 ,mixture1 ,febrifuge4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,febrifuga1 ,l4 ,see ,,acetate ,,of ,,ammonia ,,mixture1 ,,diaphoretic ,m41 c4 ,mixture of ,gentian4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,gentian4 ,prep4 ,macerate gentian root1 sliced1 #a_/d oz42 bitter orange peel1 cut small1 and coriander fruit1 bruised1 of each #cj gr41 in proof spirit1 #b fl4 oz41 for #b hours4 ,add distilled water1 #h fl4 oz42 macerate again for #b hours1 and strain through calico4----,dose1 #a oz4 ,mixture1 ,gentian 7,compound74 ,gentian1 bruised1 #a-a_/b2 bitter orange peel1 bruised1 #c_/d2 cardamom seeds1 bruised1 #a_/d2 proof spirit1 #bj3 macerate for forty-eight hours with #ae of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 and then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #bj4----;,dose1 #a to #b drachms4 ,mixture1 ,gregory's4 ,see ,,powders4 ,mixture1 ,griffith's4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,steel4 ,mixture1 ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 ,,emulsion ,,of ,,guaiacum1 ,,mili ,,of ,g42 ,,mistura ,,guaiaci 7,b4 ,p471 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,lac ,g41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gum guaiacum1 #c dr42 white sugar1 #a_/b oz42 gum acacia1 #b dr4 7all in powder72 triturate together1 and to these1 whilst rubbing1 gradually add of cinnamon water1 #a pint4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,guaiacum1 #c dr42 sugar1 #a_/b oz42 mucilage1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 cinnamon water1 #ai-a_/b fl4 oz42 as before4----,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls1 #b or #c times a day2 in chronic rheumatism1 gout1 c4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,guaiac resin1 in powder1 #b2 sugar1 #b2 gum ,arabic1 in powder1 #a2 cinnamon water1 #hj2 triturate1 adding the cinnamon water gradually4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b oz4 ,mixture1 ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,mucilage2 ,,mistura ,,acaci 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,mucilago 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,mucilago ,,acaci 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,mucilago ,,arabici ,,gummi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gum acacia 7in powder71 #ac oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 rub the gum with the water1 gradually poured in1 until solution is complete4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,gum1 #i oz42 cold water1 #a pint2 macerate1 with occasional stirring1 until dissolved1 then strain through linen or calico4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,gum 7coarsely powdered71 #d oz42 water 7cold71 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and strain through flannel4 ,uses1 c4 ,mucilage of gum acacia is chiefly employed to render oily and resinous substances miscible with water4 8,oils require about #c_/d their weight2 balsams and spermaceti1 equal parts2 resins1 #b parts2 and musk1 #e times its weight10 for this purpose4 7,montgomery47 ,the ,,gum ,,mixture1 ,ph4 ,e41 will be found under #8,,emulsion1' ,mixture of ,hemidesmus4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,hemidesmi4 ,prep4 ,bruised root of hemidesmus1 #aj oz42 extract of liquorice1 #aj gr42 distilled water1 #aj oz4 ,digest for #ab hours1 heat the strained liquor to #ahj ,f41 and strain again4----,dose1 #a_/c part #c times a day4 ,mixture of ,hemlock1 ,compound4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,conii ,,composita4 ,prep4 ,extract of hemlock1 #a dr42 carbonate of soda1 #a-a_/b dr42 decoction of liquorice1 #aa oz42 spirit of pimento1 #f dr4----,dose1 #a oz4 to #b oz4 ,myrrh mixture is sometimes substituted for decoction of liquorice4 ,mixture of ,horseradish1 ,compound4 7,dr ,paris47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,armoraci ,,composita4 ,prep4 ,horseradish root1 #a_/b oz42 mustard seed1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,macerate for an hour1 and to #g oz4 of the strained infusion add aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #a fl4 dr42 spirit of pimento1 #a_/b oz4 ,in paralysis4 ,mixture1 ,hydrocyanic4 ,syn4 ,,mixture ,,of ,,prussic ,,acid2 ,,mistura ,,acidi ,,hydrocyanici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from medicinal prussic acid1 #ae drops2 simple syrup 7pure71 #a fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #e fl4 oz42----,dose1 #a table-spoonful1 #b or #c times daily4 ,each dose contains #a-a_/d drop of medicinal prussic acid4 ,the bottle should be shaken before pouring out the dose4 ,magendie's formul for this mixture are omitted1 because the acid which he orders is not kept in the shops in ,england4 ,mixture of ,iodine with ,sarsaparilla4 7,magendie47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,iodinii ,,cum ,,sarza4 ,prep4 ,decoction of sarsaparilla1 #a-a_/b pint2 iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 syrup of orange1 #b oz4 ,mixture1 ,iron4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,steel4 ,mixture1 ,iron 7,compound74 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,steel4 ,mixture1 ,marshmallow4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,alth 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,marshmallow root 7dried71 #d oz42 stoned raisins1 #b oz42 water1 #e pints2 boil to #c pints1 strain through linen1 and after the sediment has subsided1 decant the clear portion4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,see ,,decoction4 ,demulcent4----,dose4 ,a few spoonfuls ad libitum1 so as to take #a to #c pints in the #bd hours2 in strangury1 calculus1 coughs1 fevers1 c4 ,mixture of ,monesia4 7,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,monesi4 ,prep4 ,extract of monesia1 #b scruples2 water1 #g-a_/b oz42 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a_/b8 oz4 ,mixture of ,musk4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,moschi4 ,prep4 ,musk1 #c dr42 triturate it with white sugar1 #c dr42 gum acacia1 #c dr42 and gradually add rose water1 #a pint4----,dose1 #a to #b oz4 ,mixture of ,musk-seed4 7,dr ,reece47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,abelmoschi4 ,prep4 ,tincture of musk-seeds1 #a oz42 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #c fl4 dr42 compound spirit of lavender1 #d fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #f oz4----,dose1 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz4 ,mixture1 ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,emulsion ,,of ,,myrrh2 ,,mistura ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,copland47 ,myrrh1 #a-a_/b dr42 add to it gradually1 triturating all the time1 decoction of liquorice1 #f fl4 oz41 and strain4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 twice or thrice a day1 combined with carbonate of soda1 dilute hydrochloric acid1 or paregoric2 in debility1 and diseases of the digestive organs4 ,mixture1 ,narcotic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,narcotica1 ,m4 ,,febrifuga1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of henbane1 #b fl4 dr42 solution of acetate of ammonia1 #c fl4 oz42 water1 #b-c_/d fl4 oz42 mix4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 to relieve pain1 procure sleep in fevers1 c4 #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,laudanum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup of poppies1 sulphuric ether1 and spirit of cinnamon1 of each #a oz42 tincture of henbane1 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 tincture of capsicum1 #d fl4 dr42 water #b fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 at the commencement of the hot fit of ague4 ,mixture1 ,oleo-balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,oleo-,,balsamica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hamb4 ,cod47 ,oils of cedrat1 cinnamon1 cloves1 lavender1 mace1 and marjoram1 of each #bj drops2 oil of rue1 #aj drops2 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #aj oz42 digest and filter4 ,mixture of ,oxalic ,acid4 7,nardo47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,acidi ,,oxalici4 ,prep4 ,oxalic acid1 #h gr42 mucilage1 #c oz42 syrup1 #a oz4 ,in inflammation1 of the fauces and digestive tube4 ,mixture of ,phosphorus4 7,soubeiran47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,phosphorici4 ,prep4 ,phosphorated oil1 #b dr42 powdered gum acacia1 #b dr42 peppermint water1 #c oz42 syrup1 #b oz4 ,mix the gum with #aj dr4 of water1 and thin with the oil1 and gradually add the others4 ,contains #a gr4 of phosphorus4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,mixture of ,platinum ,chloride4 7,hoeffer47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,platini ,,chloridi4 ,prep4 ,perchloride of platinum1 #a-a_/b gr42 gum juleps1 #f oz4 ,mixture of ,potassium ,iodide4 7,cazenave47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,potassii ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 ,iodide of potassium1 #b dr42 distilled water1 #af oz42 syrup1 #b fl4 oz4 #b or #c table-spoonfuls per diem4 ,mixture1 ,purgative4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,cathartica1 ,m4 ,,laxativa1 ,m4 ,,purgans4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from any of the purging salts 7,epsom1 ,glauber1 tasteless1 c471 #b oz42 infusion of senna1 #e fl4 oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of ginger1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 spirit of pimento1 #b fl4 dr42 mix4----,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls1 early in the morning2 as an aperient in stomach complaints1 c4 #b4 7,dr ,copland47 ,manna1 #a-a_/b oz42 cream of tartar1 #a_/b oz42 whey1 #a quart4 ,by wine-glassfuls1 as an aperient drink1 in fevers1 c4 #c4 7,corvisart47 ,borotartrate of potassa 7soluble tartar71 #a oz42 tartar emetic1 #a_/b gr42 sugar1 #b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 dissolve4 ,by wine-glassfuls1 until it begins to operate4 ,this has been called #8,,napoleon',s ,,medicine1' from its having been frequently taken by ,napoleon ,i4 ,see ,,mixtures ,,of ,,scammony1 ,,senna1 c4 ,mixture of ,quinine and ,coffee4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,quini ,,et ,,caffe2 ,,caf ,,quinine4 ,prepare #e oz4 of infusion from #d dr4 of ground coffee by percolation1 and add #bd gr4 of neutral sulphate of quinine and #d dr4 of sugar4----,dose4 ,a tablespoonful4 ,the coffee conceals the bitterness of the quinine4 ,mixture of ,quinine with ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,quini ,,cum ,,ferro4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #a gr42 sulphate of iron1 #b gr42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #e minims2 water1 #a oz4 ,for #a dose4 ,mixture of ,rhubarb with ,magnesia4 7,st ,thom4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,rhei ,,cum ,,magnesia4 ,prep4 ,rhubarb1 #g-a_/b gr42 carbonate of magnesia1 #ae gr42 peppermint water1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,for #a dose4 ,mixture1 ,saline4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,salina1 ,l4 ,see ,,draught and ,,lemonade4 ,mixture1 ,scammony4 ,syn4 ,,scammony ,,milk2 ,,mistura ,,scammonii 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,resin of scammony1 #g gr42 unskimmed milk1 #c fl4 oz43 gradually mix1 triturating all the time1 so as to form an emulsion4 ,purgative4----,dose4 ,one half4 #b4 7,planche's ,,purgative ,,potion47 ,to the last add of white sugar1 #a_/d oz42 cherry-laurel 7or bitter-almond7 water1 #d or #e drops4 ,the above are the most tasteless and pleasant purgatives of an active character known4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,resin of scammony1 #d gr42 fresh milk1 #b oz42 triturate and form an emulsion4----,dose4 ,the quantity of the formula for an adult1 half for a child4 ,mixture1 ,senega1 with ,ammonia4 7,st ,th4 ,h47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,seneg ,,cum ,,ammonia4 ,prep4 ,infusion of senega1 #a oz42 carbonate of ammonia1 #d gr4 ,for #a dose4 ,mixture1 ,senna 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,black ,,draught1 ,,abernethy',s ,d41 ,,cathartic ,,mixture2 ,,mistura ,,senn ,,composita 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,infusion of senna1 #c_/d pint2 tincture of senna1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 ,epsom salts1 #d oz42 carbonate of ammonia1 #a_/b dr42 sugar1 #c oz42 agitate until the solids are dissolved4 #b4 ,senna1 #ac oz42 boiling water1 #b quarts2 digest for #d hours in a hot place1 then press out the liquor in a tincture press1 and add1 of compound tincture of senna1 #c_/d pint2 ,epsom salts1 #a lb4 #c4 ,east ,india senna1 #b lbs42 boiling water1 #i quarts2 tincture of senna and ,epsom salts1 of each #c-a_/d lbs42 as the last4 #d4 ,senna1 #h lbs42 boiling water1 #i galls42 ,epsom salts1 #af lbs42 tincture of senna1 #a-a_/b galls42 treacle and colouring1 of each #a quart4 #e4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,senna and mint1 of each #a-a_/d oz4 7say #a-a_/b oz472 boiling water1 #a quart2 ,epsom salts1 #g-a_/b oz4 7say #a_/b lb474 #f4 7,redwood47 ,infusion of senna1 #ah oz42 tincture of senna1 #c oz42 sulphate of magnesia1 #f oz42 extract of liquorice and spirit of sal volatile1 of each #c_/d oz42 oil of cloves1 #f drops4 #g4 7,b4 ,p47 ,infusion of senna1 #ad2 sulphate of magnesia1 #d2 extract of liquorice1 #a_/b2 tincture of senna1 #b-a_/b2 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a-a_/d3 dissolve and mix4----,dose1 #a to #a-a_/b oz4 ,obs4 ,as the above mixture contains very little spirit1 and from its great consumption being made in large quantities at a time1 it frequently spoils before the whole is sold especially in hot weather4 ,to avoid this1 #a-a_/b dr4 of cloves1 and #c dr4 of mustard seed1 both bruised1 may be added to every gall4 of the strained liquor at the same time with the salts1 spirit1 and colouring1 after which it must be shaken up repeatedly for a few days1 and then allowed to repose for a few days more when it will become quite clear4 ,it may be filtered through a flannel bag1 but there is much loss and delay1 owing to the consistence of the liquid4 ,it is purgative in doses of #a to #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,it is a singular circumstance1 that although an enormous quantity of this preparation is consumed in these countries1 there is no standard formula for it in the ,british ,pharmacopias4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,aperient1 c4 ,mixture1 ,steel4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,ferri ,,composita 7,b4 ,p471 ,,mistura ,,chalybeata1 ,l4 ,two compounds of this class are officinal3---- #a4 7,,griffith',s ,,mixture1 ,,compound ,,iron ,m42 ,,mistura ,,ferri1 ,m4 ,f4 ,,protoxydi1 ,m4 ,f4 ,,composita----,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d47 ,prep4----a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #a dr42 powdered myrrh1 #b dr42 spirit of nutmeg1 #a fl4 oz42 triturate together1 and whilst rubbing1 add gradually1 of sugar1 #b dr42 rose water1 #ah fl4 oz42 mix well2 then add of sulphate of iron 7powdered71 #ej gr42 and place it at once in a bottle1 which must be kept closely corked4 b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,powdered myrrh and sugar1 of each #a dr42 carbonate of potassa1 #a_/b dr42 essence of nutmeg1 #a fl4 dr42 rose water1 #g fl4 oz42 sulphate of iron1 #a_/b dr42 7dissolved in7 rose water1 #a fl4 oz42----,dose1 #a to #b oz41 #c or #d times a day1 as a mild and genial chalybeate tonic and stimulant2 in amenorrha1 chlorosis1 debility1 c41 when there is no determination of blood to the head4 #b4 7,,heberden',s ,,mixture1 ,h4',s ,,ink2 ,,atramentum ,,heberdii2 ,,mistura ,,ferri ,,aromatica----,ph4 ,d47 ,pale cinchona bark1 #a oz42 calumba root1 #c dr4 7both in coarse powder27 cloves 7bruised71 #b dr42 iron filings1 #a_/b oz42 peppermint water1 #af fl4 oz42 digest in a close vessel for #c days1 agitating frequently1 then strain1 and add of tincture of cardamoms 7comp471 #c fl4 oz42 tincture of orange peel1 #c fl4 dr4 ,bitter1 stomachic1 and aromatic4----,dose1 #a or #b table-spoonfuls1 or more1 #c or #d times a day4 ,it is very slightly chalybeated4 ,see also ,,mixture1 ,,aromatic ,,iron4 #c4 ,sulphate of iron1 #be gr42 carbonate of potash1 #cj gr42 myrrh1 #fj gr42 sugar1 #fj gr42 spirit of nutmegs1 #d dr42 rose water1 #i-a_/b oz4 ,reduce the myrrh to powder1 add the carbonate of potash of sugar1 and triturate them with a small quantity of rose water so as to form a thin paste1 then gradually add more rose water1 and the spirit of nutmegs1 continuing the trituration and further addition of rose water until about eight fluid ounces of milky liquid is formed1 then add the sulphate of iron previously dissolved in the remainder of the rose water and cork the bottle immediately4----,dose1 #a to #b oz4 as a stimulating tonic4 ,mixture of ,sulphuric ,acid4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,acidi ,,sulphurici2 ,,haller',s ,,elixir4 ,prep4 ,to #c oz4 7by weight7 of rectified spirit add gradually #a oz4 7by weight7 of pure sulphuric acid4----,dose1 #e to #bj drops diluted4 ,mixture1 ,tonic4 ,syn4 ,,strengthening ,,mixture2 ,,mistura ,,tonica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,infusion of cascarilla1 #e fl4 oz42 tincture of orange peel1 #g fl4 dr42 aromatic sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 dr4 #b4 7,collier47 ,decoction of bark1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of do41 #c fl4 dr42 aromatic confection1 #bj gr42 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #a fl4 dr4 #c4 7,thomson47 ,infusion of calumba1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 compound tincture of cinnamon and syrup of orange peel1 of each #b fl4 dr4----,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls1 #b or #c times a day2 in debility of the digestive organs1 loss of appetite1 to check nausea and vomiting1 c4 ,mixture of ,wine4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,vini4 ,white wine1 #f fl4 oz42 yolks of #b eggs2 sugar1 #a_/b oz42 oil of cinnamon1 #c drops4----,dose1 #a oz4 ,mixture1 ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,anthelmintica1 ,m4 ,,vermifuga1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,sulphate of iron1 #bj gr42 infusion of quassia1 #h fl4 oz4----,dose4 ,two table-spoonfuls every morning fasting4 #b4 7,copland47 ,valerian1 #b dr42 worm-seed1 #d dr42 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz42 macerate #a hour1 strain1 and add of assaftida1 #a dr41 previously triturated with the yolk of one egg4 ,as the last4 #c4 7,richard47 ,root of male fern1 #a oz42 water1 #i fl4 oz42 boil to #f fl4 oz41 strain1 and add1 of sulphuric ether1 #a dr42 syrup of tansy1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in tapeworm2 as above4 ,mixture1 ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,zinci1 ,m4 ,z4 ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,collier47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #e gr42 sulphate of quinine1 #aj gr42 compound infusion of roses1 #b fl4 oz4 ,tonic4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful #b or #c times a day1 in a glass of water4 ,said to be very efficacious in the cure of coughs of a spasmodic character4 ,,mixtures 7,arithmetic of74 ,the constantly recurring necessity in business and chemical manipulations of determining the value of mixtures1 and of producing articles and preparations of different strengths or prices to those already in stock1 has rendered a ready means of making such calculations an indispensable qualification in almost every department of trade and industrial art4 ,as we address ourselves to the intelligent operative and busy tradesman1 as well as to those more blessed by education and leisure1 we feel we are bestowing a boon on many of our readers in giving a short1 but sufficient1 outline of this useful branch of commercial arithmetic1 which is most intimately connected with the objects of the present work4 #a4 ,to determine the price of a mixture from the value and quantity of each ingredient of which it is composed4----,,rule4 ,divide the #8gross value' by the #8gross saleable' or #8useful quantity1' the quotient is the value or cost per gallon1 pound1 c41 as the case may be4----,example4 ,required1 the value per gallon of a hogshead of wine containing---- s4 d4 s4 d4 #cj gallons #aj #f #ae #ae #j #bj 0 0 #ab #f #ab #aj #j #ac 0 0 #ad #f #i #h #f ---- --------------- #fc divide into #cg #ac #f --------------- ,cost per gallon #j #aa #aa-a_/b #b4 ,to determine the proportions of substances or articles of different values or strengths which must be taken to prepare a mixture of any other value or strength4----,,rule4 ,arrange the #8prices' or #8strengths of the ingredients' in a column1 and link them together in pairs2 each of those above the required price being always connected with another below it4 ,then set the difference between the required price and these numbers1 alternately against those they are linked to2 when they will indicate the quantities to be taken1 as in the following examples3----a4 ,required the proportions of tea at #cs41 #ds41 #fs41 and #gs41 that must be taken to produce a mixture #es4 the pound4 ,here---- #c---- #a1 or #a lb4 #cs4 #d-------- #b1 0 #b 0 0 #ds4 #e #f---- #b1 0 #b 0 0 #fs4 #g----- #a1 0 #a 0 0 #gs4 b4 7,when the number of the ingredients or prices is odd47 ,required the proportions of teas at #cs41 #es41 and #fs41 the pound1 to sell at #ds4 ,here the odd number must be taken a second time3---- #c-------- #a #b or #c lbs #cs4 #d #e---- #a1 0 #a 0 0 #fs4 #f----- #a1 0 #a 0 0 #fs4 c4 7,when the number of the ingredients is not merely odd1 but the prices are unequally distributed either above or below the required price47 ,a dealer having wines of the same name at #gs41 #is41 #aas41 #abs41 and #ads41 per gallon1 wishes to produce a mixture of them worth #ajs4 per gallon3---- #g------- #a #d1 or #e galls4 #gs4 #i----- #b1 0 #b 0 0 #is4 #aj #aa---- #c1 0 #c 0 0 #aas4 #ab---- #a1 0 #a 0 0 #abs4 #ad------ #c1 0 #c 0 0 #ads4 ,it will be seen that by varying the manner of linking the numbers1 different answers may often be obtained to the same question4 ,it also often happens that the dealer or operator desires to use a given quantity of one particular article1 or to produce a certain quantity only of the mixture instead of those indicated by the above calculations4 ,in these instances he has simply to apply the common rule of #8practice' or the #8rule of three1' as the particular case may demand4 ,in the above manner the proportions of the constituents of a compound may be determined from their specific gravity1 when no change of volume has arisen from their admixture2 but when this is the case1 as in alloys1 alcoholic mixtures1 c41 it is either quite inapplicable or the results obtained are mere approximations to the truth4 ,it may1 however1 be conveniently employed for calculations connected with the #8mixing' and #8reduction' of spirits and other liquids1 by substituting their per-centage value in #8proof gallons' or other corresponding denomination1 for the prices in the above examples2 water1 when introduced be reckoned1 #j4 ,thus3----,a spirit merchant having two puncheons of rum of the strengths of #ag and #ba o4 p41 wishes to know what proportions of each and of water he must take to form a spirit #aj u4 up4 ,the proof value of #ajj gallons of these spirits are respectively equal to #aba1 #aag1 #ij1 and #j 7water74 ,therefore---- #j---- #bg #ca1 or #eh g4 water4 #ij #aag---- #ij1 0 #ij 0 rum #aag o4p4 #aba---- #ij1 0 #ij 0 rum 0 #aba 0 ,suppose the dealer required to use different proportions of the spirits referred to1 instead of equal measures1 he has only to take such aliquot parts of the quantities thus found referring to the smaller proportion2 or such multiples of those referring to the larger one1 as he wishes them to bear to each in the new mixture4 ,numerous other applications of this rule will occur to the ingenious reader4 ,questions in #8alligation1' as the department of arithmetic above referred to is called1 are very easily resolved by the #8method of indeterminate analysis1' even by persons but slightly conversant with rudimentary algebra2 of which1 indeed1 they form a simple class of problems1 often admitting of an almost indefinite number of solutions4 ,,mo,,hair4 ,the hair of a goat indigenous in ,asia ,minor4 ,it is dyed and manufactured by similar materials and in a similar manner to wool4 ,,moil4 ,see ,,cider4 ,,moir,e ,,metallique4 ,fr4 ,a beautiful crystalline appearance produced on the surface of tin plate by acids4 ,the tin plate is submitted for a few seconds1 whilst gently heated1 to the action of dilute aqua regia1 by which it acquires a variegated primrose appearance4 ,it is afterwards washed in hot water1 dried1 and lacquered4 ,the degree of heat and dilution of the acid modifies the beauty and character of the surface4 ,the effect is also varied by employing dilute sulphuric acid1 either alone or mixed with a portion of nitric or hydrochloric acid2 or by using a solution of citric acid or caustic potassa4 ,according to ,herberger1 the best metal for the purpose is plate iron1 which has been coated by dipping it into a tin bath composed of pure tin1 #bjj parts2 copper1 #c parts2 arsenic1 #a part4 ,the varnish should consist of copal in highly rectified spirit4 ,moire metallique is in much less demand now than formerly4 ,,mo,,lasses4 ,see ,,treacle4 ,,moles4 ,the small1 soft excrescences and discolorations of the skin which are popularly known under this name may1 when slight1 be removed by touching them every day with a little concentrated acetic acid1 by means of a hair pencil1 observing due care to prevent the application from spreading to the surrounding parts4 ,this does not discolour the skin4 ,the application of lunar caustic is also very effective1 but it turns the spot temporarily black4 ,in the pure mole there is always a considerable production of hair4 ,when other means fail1 they may be easily and safely removed by surgical means4 ,the operation is trifling2 and when judiciously performed no trace of such a proceeding is left behind4 ,,moluc,,ca ,,balm4 ,see ,,liqueur4 ,,molybdate ,,of ,,ammonium4 7,,nh#d7b ,mo,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,molybdenic ,,acid1 ,,peroxide ,,of ,,molybdenum2 ,,acidum ,,molybdicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,native sulphide of molybdenum1 after being well roasted1 is reduced to fine powder1 digested with ammonia1 and the mixture filtered1 and the filtrate evaporated to dryness2 the residue1 molybdate of ammonium1 is then dissolved in water1 purified by crystallisation2 and1 lastly1 decomposed by heat4 ,prop41 c4 ,small white scales1 soluble in #egj parts of water2 the solution reddens litmus paper2 dissolves in the alkalies1 forming alkaline molybdates1 from which it is again precipitated by strong acids4 ,it is used in the preparation of molybdenum blue1 and in calico-printing1 but its scarcity precludes its extensive employment in the arts4 ,molybdate of ammonium is the salt principally used in dyeing4 ,silks and cottons passed through a solution of this salt1 then through a bath soured with hydrochloric acid1 and1 lastly 7without washing71 through another of protochloride of tin1 are dyed of a rich and permanent blue colour4 ,a solution of molybdate of ammonia in excess of nitric acid forms a valuable agent as a test for phosphates1 with which it gives a beautiful yellow precipitate 7phospho-molybdate of ammonia74 ,see ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,,molyb,,denum4 ,mo4 ,a very rare metal1 having a white colour1 discovered by ,hielm in #aghb4 ,prep4 ,by exposing molybdic acid1 mixed with charcoal and placed in a covered crucible1 to the strongest heat of a smith's forge4 ,prop41 c4 ,it is brittle and very infusible2 when heated in contact with the air1 it is converted into molybdic anhydride1 ,mo,o#c4 ,,momor,,dicine4 ,see ,,elaterin4 ,,momraughan ,,for ,,harness1 c4 ,a correspondent of the #8,field' newspaper gives the following formul for momraughan1 a substance used in ,india for preserving saddles and every description of leather4 ,it is made as follows3----#a lb4 white wax1 #c lb4 mutton fat1 #a pint spirits of turpentine2 melt1 and mix well together while liquid4 ,the saddle or leather should be rubbed well with a lime in the sun1 then scrubbed with a brush with soap and water2 when thoroughly dry1 rub it well with the momraughan 7letting it soak in7 in the sun4 ,one tablespoonful will be enough for a saddle4 ,another recipe is3----#a pint neats-foot oil1 #b oz4 beeswax1 #b oz4 spirits of turpentine1 other directions as above4 ,this latter mixture1 with the addition of #a oz4 ,burgundy pitch1 makes a very good waterproof composition for boots4 ,,mone,,sia4 ,syn4 ,,monesia ,,bark1 ,,buranheim ,b42 ,,cortex ,,monesi1 ,l4 ,the bark of ,chrysophyllum ,buranheim1 a tree growing in the ,brazils4 ,the rough1 imported extract of this drug also commonly passes under the name of ,,monesia4 ,it is astringent1 and possesses no advantage over rhatany or catechu4----,dose 7of the latter71 #ah to #bj gr4 ,,mone,,sin4 ,a peculiar acrid principle1 analogous to saponin1 found in monesia bark1 to the extent of #dg4 ,,monobromated ,,camphor4 ,see ,,camphor1 ,,monobromated4 ,,monoma,,nia4 ,see ,,insanity4 ,,mor,,dant4 ,in dyeing and calico printing1 any substance employed to fix the colouring matter of dye-stuffs in the fibres of organic bodies1 and to give it brilliancy and permanency4 ,this it effects either by serving as a bond of union between the two1 owing to its attraction for each of them2 or it acts by uniting with the colouring particles in the minute pores of the fibres1 and rendered them insoluble in the alkaline1 soapy1 and other liquids1 to the action of which they will subsequently be exposed4 ,when an infusion of some dye-stuff1 as cochineal or madder1 for example1 is mixed with alum or acetate of alumina1 and a little alkali1 a precipitate immediately forms1 consisting of alumina in combination with colouring matter1 constituting a ,,lake4 ,it is by a similar reaction occurring within the fibres that the permanent dyeing of the cloth is effected4 ,here the colouring matter of the dyeing materials not only passes from the soluble to the insoluble form1 but it enters into chemical combination with other substances1 and in the new compounds it assumes greater brilliancy and permanency than it previously possessed4 ,annotta and safflower afford instances of the second mode of action above referred to1 by which substances operate as mordants4 ,the colouring matter of these dye-stuffs is soluble in alkaline lyes1 and into a solution of this kind the cloth is dipped4 ,it has now received an extremely fugitive colour only2 but by passing it through acidulated water the alkaline solvent is abstracted1 and the tinctorial matter is precipitated in an insoluble and minutely divided state within its pores1 and it becomes permanently dyed4 ,a similar reaction takes place in dyeing with the #8indigo vat1' in which atmospheric oxygen performs the part of a mordant4 ,it is believed that even in these cases the colouring principle1 during its transition from the liquid to the solid form1 enters into combination with the fibres of the organic substance1 and that1 in proportion to the affinity existing between the two1 is the integrity and excellence of the dye4 ,in wool and silk the affinity between their filaments and the tinctorial particles of the dye-bath is1 in general1 so considerable1 that a permanent stain is very easily communicated to them2 but with cotton and flax1 the materials of which calico and linen goods are made1 the reverse is the case1 and the intervention of a third material1 in the shape of a mordant1 is absolutely necessary to dye them of a permanent colour4 8,experience has proved that1 of all the bases1 those which succeed best as mordants are alumina1 tin1 and oxide of iron2 the first two of which1 being naturally white1 are the only ones which can be employed for preserving to the colour its original tint1 at least without much variation4 ,but whenever the mordant itself is coloured1 it will cause the dye to take a compound colour quite different from its own4 ,if1 as is usually said1 the mordant enters into a real chemical union with the stuff to be dyed1 the application of the mordant should obviously be made in such circumstances as are known to be most favorable to the combination taking place2 and this is the principle of every day's practice in the dye-house4 8,in order that a combination may result between two bodies1 they must not only be in contact1 but they must be reduced to their ultimate molecules4 ,the mordants to be united with stuffs are1 as we have seen1 insoluble in themselves1 for which reason their particles must be divided by solution in an appropriate vehicle4 ,now1 this solvent or menstruum will exert in its own favour an affinity for the mordant1 which will prove to that extent an obstacle to its attraction for the stuff4 ,hence we must select such solvents as have a weaker affinity for the mordants than the mordants have for the stuffs4 ,of all acids which can be employed to dissolve alumina1 for example1 vinegar 7acetic acid7 is the one which will retain it with the least energy1 for which reason the acetate of alumina is now generally substituted for alum1 because the acetic acid gives up the alumina with such readiness that mere elevation of temperature is sufficient to effect the separation of these two substances4 ,before the substitution of the acetate1 alum alone was employed2 but without knowing the true reason1 all the ,french dyers preferred the alum of ,rome1 simply regarding it to be the purest2 it is only within these few years that they have understood the real grounds of this preference4 8,the two principal conditions1 namely1 extreme tenuity of particles and liberty of action1 being found in a mordant1 its operation is certain4 ,but as the combination to be effected is merely the result of the play of affinity between the solvent and the stuff to be dyed1 a sort of partition must take place1 proportioned to the mass of the solvent1 as well as to its attractive force4 ,hence the stuff will retain more of the mordant when its solution is more concentrated1 that is1 when the base diffused through it is not so much protected by a large mass of menstruum2 a fact applied to very valuable uses by the practical man4 ,on impregnating1 in calico printing1 for example1 different spots of the same web with the same mordant in different degrees of concentration1 there is obtained in the dye-bath a depth of colour upon these spots intense in proportion to the strength of their various mordants4 ,thus1 with solution of acetate of alumina in different grades of density1 and with madder1 every shade can be produced from the fullest red to the lightest pink1 and with acetate of iron and madder1 every shade from black to pale violet40 7,ure47 ,in the employment of mordants in the ordinary processes of dyeing the goods are passed through the solution for a period varying1 under different circumstances1 according to the object in view4 ,the cloth is subsequently aired1 dried1 and well rinsed1 before immersing it in the colouring bath4 ,in calico printing the mordant is applied partially or topically to the cloth by means of wooden blocks1 or some similar contrivance2 or certain parts of the cloth are stopped out by a suitable preparation1 or #8resist1' by which means a pattern is produced1 as the colouring matter of the dye-bath is removed from the other portions by the washing or scouring to which it is subsequently subjected4 ,the substances used to thicken the mordant by the calico printers1 to prevent them spreading1 are starch and ,british gum4 ,the first is prepared for neutral solutions2 the last for acidulous ones4 ,the removal of the undecomposed particles of the mordant1 so as to preserve the other portion of the cloth from their action1 is effected by the process of ,,dunging 7which see74 ,the process of ,,galling or ,,rooting1 commonly employed as a preparation of cotton and linen for fast dyes1 consists in working the stuff for some time1 at a good hand heat1 in a decoction of galls or an infusion of sumach4 ,in this case the astringent matter plays the part of a mordant4 ,about #b-a_/b oz4 of galls1 or #e oz4 of sumach1 and #c or #d pints of water1 are commonly taken for every lb4 of cotton4 ,see ,,calico ,,printing1 ,,dyeing1 and the respective dye-stuffs and mordants4 ,mordant4 ,in gilding1 any sticky matter by which gold-leaf is made to adhere4 ,prep4 #a4 ,water or beer1 rendered adhesive by the addition of a little gum1 sugar1 or honey1 and tinged with a little gamboge or carmine1 to mark the parts to which it is applied4 ,used to attach gold leaf to paper1 taffety1 vellum1 c4 #b4 7,mixtion47 ,from asphaltum1 #a part2 mastic1 #d parts2 amber1 #ab parts2 fused together1 and then mixed with hot boiled oil1 #a pint4 ,used for gilding wood1 c4 ,see ,,gold ,,size4 ,,morphia4 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,morphine 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,morphina1 ,,morphium1 ,l4 ,the chief active principle of opium4 ,morphia was discovered by ,ludwig in #afhh1 but it was first obtained pure1 and its precise nature pointed out by ,sertuerner in #ahjd4 ,it is peculiar to the ,papaverace1 or poppy family4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,turkey opium 7cut into thin slices71 #a lb41 is macerated for #bd hours in water1 #a quart1 and the liquid portion decanted2 the residuum is macerated for #ab hours with a second quart of water1 and the process is repeated with a third quart of water1 after which the insoluble portion is subjected to strong pressure2 the mixed liquids are evaporated by water or steam heat to a pint1 and filtered through calico2 to the filtrate is added a solution formed of chloride of calcium1 #f dr41 dissolved in distilled water1 #d fl4 oz41 and the liquid is further evaporated until it is so far concentrated that nearly the whole of it becomes solid on cooling2 this is enveloped in a couple of folds of strong calico1 and subjected to powerful pressure1 the dark liquid which exudes being preserved for subsequent use2 the squeezed cake is next treated with about #a_/b pint of boiling water1 and the undissolved portion is washed on a paper filter2 the filtered solution is again evaporated1 and the solid portion thus obtained submitted to pressure1 as before2 if the product is not quite white1 this process is repeated a third time2 the squeezed cake is now dissolved in boiling water1 #f fl4 oz41 and the solution filtered through animal charcoal 7if necessary72 to the clear solution is added ammonia1 in slight excess2 the crystalline precipitate which forms as the liquid cools is collected on a paper filter1 washed with cold distilled water1 and1 lastly1 the filter is transferred to a porous brick1 in order that the morphia which it contains may become dry4 7,from the liquids reserved from the expressions more morphia may be obtained by dilution with water1 precipitation with ammonia1 re-solution in boiling water1 and treatment with a little animal charcoal1 c41 as before47 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #a oz41 is dissolved in distilled water1 #a pint2 and ammonia1 #e fl4 dr4 7or q4 s471 previously diluted with water1 #a fl4 oz41 is added1 with agitation2 the precipitate is well washed in distilled water1 and dried by a gentle heat4 ,by a similar process morphia may be obtained from its other salts4 #c4 7,merck47 ,a cold aqueous infusion of opium is precipitated with carbonate of sodium1 in excess2 the precipitate washed1 first with cold water1 and then with cold alcohol of sp4 gr4 #he2 the residuum is dissolved in weak acetic acid1 the solution filtered through animal charcoal1 and precipitated with ammonia2 the precipitate is again washed with cold water1 dissolved in alcohol1 and crystallised4 ,a good process where spirit is cheap4 #d4 7,mohr47 ,opium1 #d parts1 is made into a strong infusion with water1 q4 s42 lime1 #a part1 reduced to a state of milk with water1 is then added2 the mixture is next heated to boiling1 at once filtered through linen1 and treated1 whilst still hot1 with chloride of ammonium1 in fine powder1 in slight excess 7about #a oz4 to each lb4 of opium72 the morphia is deposited as the liquid cools1 and may be purified by a second solution in lime and precipitation by chloride of ammonium4 ,this process is remarkably simple1 and in many points is preferable to any other1 either on the small or large scale4 #e4 7,,pure47 ,a filtered solution of opium in tepid water is mixed with acetate of lead in excess2 the precipitate 7meconate of lead7 is separated by a filter1 and a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through the nearly colourless filtrate2 the latter is warmed1 to expel excess of the gas1 once more filtered1 and then mixed with a slight excess of ammonia1 which throws down narcotine and morphia2 these are separated by boiling ether1 in which the former is soluble4 ,prop4 ,the morphia of commerce is a white crystalline powder2 but when crystallised from alcohol1 it forms brilliant prismatic crystals of adamantine lustre1 and the formula ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c4;,h#b,o4 ,it exerts an alkaline reaction on test paper2 imparts a perceptible bitter taste to water2 requires #aafj parts of cold water1 and #id parts of boiling water1 for its solution2 insoluble in ether2 dissolves in #ij parts of cold and about #cj parts of boiling alcohol2 it also dissolves in the fixed and volatile oils1 and in solutions of the alkalies2 heated in close vessels1 it forms a yellow liquid1 like melted sulphur1 which becomes white and crystalline on cooling2 heated in the air1 it melts1 inflames like a resin1 and leaves a small quantity of charcoal behind4 ,with the acids it forms salts1 which are mostly soluble and crystallisable4 ,these may all be made by the direct solution of the alkaloid in the dilute acid4 ,the only ones of importance are the acetate1 hydrochlorate1 and sulphate4 ,pur4 ,commercial morphia and its preparations are often contaminated with codeine1 narcotine1 and colouring matter4 ,the proportion of the first two may be estimated by the loss of weight which the sample suffers when digested in ether2 or by dissolving out the morphine by digestion in weak liquor of potassa4 ,pure morphia 8is scarcely soluble in cold water1 sparingly so in boiling water1 and readily so in alcohol4 ,this solution is alkaline to test paper1 and by evaporation leaves crystals1 which are wholly dissipated by heat4 ,it is soluble in pure potassa40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,tests4 #a4 ,potassium hydrate and ammonia precipitate morphia from solution of its salts1 under the form of a white crystalline powder1 which is very soluble in excess of hydrate of potassium1 and1 with somewhat more difficulty1 in excess of ammonia4 ,the solution formed by excess of the first is precipitated on the addition of bicarbonate of potassium4 ,the precipitate in either case is soluble in a solution of chloride of ammonium1 and in dilute acetic acid1 and is insoluble in ether4 ,a careful inspection of the precipitate through a lens of small power shows it to consist of minute acicular crystals2 and seen through a glass which magnifies #ajj times1 these crystals present the form of right rhombic prisms4----#b4 ,the carbonates of potassium and sodium produce the same precipitate as hydrate of potassium1 and which is insoluble in excess of the precipitant4----#c4 ,the bicarbonates of potassium and sodium also give similar precipitates from neutral solutions1 insoluble in excess4 ,in each of the above cases stirring with a glass rod and friction on the sides of the vessel promote the separation of the precipitate4----#d4 ,if to a mixture of morphia and oil of vitriol a minute fragment of bichromate of potassium be added1 oxide of chromium is set free1 and a fine green colour developed4----#e4 ,a drop or two of solution of terchloride of gold added to a weak solution of morphia gives a yellow precipitate1 which is mostly redissolved on agitating the liquid1 which then assumes various hues 7green1 blue1 violet1 purple7 on the addition of a drop of liquor of potassa4----#f4 ,a minute fragment of terchloride of gold and of hydrate of potassium very gently dropped into the liquid1 occasion purple clouds or streaks in dilute solutions1 followed by a precipitate1 which is violet1 purple1 or blue-black1 according to the strength of the liquid4 ,another test1 given by ,siebold1#da is the following3----8,heat the substance which is believed to be1 or to contain1 morphia1 gently with a few drops of sulphuric acid1 add a very small quantity of pure perchlorate of potassium4 ,the liquid immediately surrounding the perchlorate will at once assume a deep brown colour1 which will soon spread and extend over the greater part of the acid4 ,warming increases the delicacy of the test4 #jjjja gramme of morphia can be distinctly recognised in this way1 and no other alkaloid is acted upon in a similar way by the substances named4 ,it is indispensable1 however1 for the success of the experiment that the perchlorate of potassium be absolutely free from chlorate40 ,see ,,alkaloids4 ,footnote #da3 #8,year ,book of ,pharmacy1' #ahgc4 ,the above are the most reliable precipitates for morphia2 the first two may1 indeed1 be regarded as characteristic1 and the remainder as almost so4 ,the following are often referred to by medical writers1 but are less exclusive and trustworthy3----,morphia and its salts are----#g4 ,reddened by nitric acid1 and form orange-red solutions1 darkened by ammonia in excess1 and ultimately turning yellow1 with the production of oxalic acid4----#h4 ,they are turned blue by ferric chloride1 either at once or on the addition of an alkali1 and this colour is destroyed by water and by alkalies1 or acids in excess4----#i4 ,iodic acid added to their solutions turns them yellowish brown1 by setting iodine free1 and the liquid forms a blue compound with starch4 ,uses4 ,morphia and its salts are exhibited either in substance1 made into pills1 or in solution1 generally the latter2 or externally1 in fine powder1 applied to the dermis denuded of the cuticle4 ,they are principally employed as anodynes and hypnotics in cases in which opium is inadmissible1 and are justly regarded as the most valuable medicines of their class4 8,in cases wherein both opium and the morphine salts are equally admissible1 ,i prefer the former1 its effects being better known and regulated2 moreover1 opium is to be preferred as a stimulant and sudorific1 and for suppressing excessive mucous discharges40 7,pereira47----,dose4 ,of pure morphia1 #a_/ab to #a_/f gr42 of its salts1 #a_/h to #a_/d gr42 externally1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b gr4 ,morphine is chiefly used for the preparation of the acetate1 and some of its other salts4 ,good opium yields from #aj to #ac of morphia4 ,see ,,opium4 ,morphia1 ,acetate of4 ,c#ag;,h#bj,,no#c;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,acetas 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,morphia1 #f dr42 acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #c fl4 dr42 distilled water1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve1 gently evaporate1 and crystallise4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #a part1 is dissolved in warm water1 #ad parts2 and the solution1 when cold1 is precipitated with ammonia1 in slight excess1 the precipitate is washed in cold water1 and dissolved by means of acetic acid1 in excess1 in warm water1 #ab parts2 from the solution crystals are obtained as before4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,morphia 7in fine powder71 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #h fl4 oz42 mix1 apply a gentle heat1 and add of acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajdd71 #d-a_/b fl4 dr4 or q4 s41 until a neutral or slightly acid solution is obtained2 evaporate this to the consistence of a syrup by steam or water heat1 and set aside the residuum for a few days until it solidifies4 #d4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,similar to the ,edinburgh process4 ,pur4 8,soluble in water and in rectified spirit0 7less so in the former than the latter72 8and when the spirit is distilled from the solution1 it yields crystals which are totally destroyed by heat40 7,ph4 ,l47 8#ajj measures of a solution of #aj gr4 in #a_/b fl4 oz4 of water1 and #e minims of acetic acid1 heated to #bab and decomposed by a very slight excess of ammonia1 yield by agitation a precipitate which1 in #bd hours1 occupies #ae-a_/b measures of the liquid40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,obs4 ,the acetate of morphia of commerce is usually in the form of a whitish powder1 and is prepared by the mere evaporation of the solution to dryness by a gentle heat4 ,during the process a portion of the acetic acid is dissipated1 and hence this preparation is seldom perfectly soluble in water1 unless it has been slightly acidulated with acetic acid4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahea this salt 7in crystals7 is included in the materia medica4 ,see ,,morphia 7above74 ,morphia1 ,hydriodate of4 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c1;,,hi4 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,hydriodas1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #b parts2 iodide of potassium1 #a part2 dissolve each separately in a little water1 mix the solutions1 wash the precipitate in a little very cold water1 press it in bibulous paper1 redissolve it in hot water1 and crystallise4 ,morphia1 ,hydriodate of1 with ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,hydriodas ,,cum ,,iodinio2 ,,bouchardat',s ,,iodure ,d',,iodhydrate1 c42 ,,morphine4 ,prep4 ,mix an acid solution of sulphate of morphia with an ioduretted solution of iodide of potassium1 keeping the liquid at the temperature of #adj for an hour4 ,pour off the liquid1 wash the scales1 and dry them4----,dose1 #c_/d gr4 at bedtime4 ,morphia and ,hydriodate of ,zinc with ,iodine4 7,bouchardat47 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,et ,,zinci ,,hydriodas ,,cum ,,iodinio4 ,prep4 ,boil #a scruple of ioduretted hydriodate of morphia with #b fl4 oz4 of water and #aj scruples of zinc4 ,after some days' action filter the boiling liquid1 which deposits the salt4 ,make #a-a_/b gr4 into #h pills1 with powdered marshmallow root and syrup4 ,morphia1 ,hydrochlorate of4 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c1;,,hi4 ,syn4 ,,muriate ,,of ,,morphia2 ,,morphi ,,hydrochloras 7,ph4 ,l4 ,ph4 ,b471 ,,morphi ,,murias 7,ph4 ,e41 ,d4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,macerate sliced opium1 #a lb41 in water1 #d pints1 for #cj hours2 then bruise it1 digest it for #bj hours more1 and press it2 macerate what remains a second and a third time in water until exhausted1 and as often bruise and press it2 mix the liquors1 and evaporate at #adj ,fahr4 to the consistence of a syrup2 add of water1 #c pints1 and after defecation decant the clear portion2 gradually add to this liquid crystallised chloride of lead1 #b oz4 7or q4 s471 dissolved in boiling water1 #d pints1 until it ceases to produce a precipitate2 decant the clear liquid1 wash the residuum with water1 and evaporate the mixed liquids1 as before1 that crystals may form2 press these in a cloth1 then dissolve them in distilled water1 #a pint1 add freshly burnt animal charcoal1 #a-a_/b oz41 digest at #abj1 and filter2 finally1 the charcoal being washed1 cautiously evaporate the mixed liquors1 that pure crystals of hydrochlorate of morphia may form4 ,to the decanted liquor from which the crystals were first separated1 add of water1 #a pint1 and drop in liquor of ammonia1 frequently shaking1 until all the morphine is precipitated2 wash this precipitate with cold distilled water1 saturate it with hydrochloric acid1 digest with animal charcoal1 #b oz42 filter1 wash the filtrate as before1 and evaporate the mixed liquors1 cautiously1 as above1 that pure crystals may be obtained4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,opium1 #bj oz41 is exhausted with water1 #a gall41 in the quantity of a quart at a time1 and the mixed liquors are evaporated to a pint2 chloride of calcium1 #a oz41 dissolved in water1 #d fl4 oz41 is added1 and1 after agitation1 the liquid is placed aside to settle2 the clear decanted liquid1 and the washings of the sediment1 are next evaporated1 so that they may solidify on cooling2 the cooled mass1 after very strong pressure in a cloth1 is redissolved in warm water1 a little powdered white marble added1 and the whole filtered2 the filtrate is acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 the solution again concentrated for crystallisation1 and the crystals submitted to powerful pressure1 as before2 the process of solution1 clarification1 with powdered marble and hydrochloric acid1 and crystallisation1 is repeated until a snow-white mass is obtained4 ,this is the process of ,gregory and ,robertson1 and is one of the easiest and most productive on the large scale4 ,to procure the salt quite white1 #b to #d crystallisations are required1 according to the power of the press employed4 ,the ,edinburgh ,college recommends1 on the small scale1 the solution1 after two crystallisations1 to be decoloured by means of animal charcoal2 but1 on the large scale1 to purify the salt by repeated crystallisations alone4 #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,macerate opium1 sliced1 #a lb41 for #bd hours with distilled water1 #b pints1 and decant4 ,macerate the residue for #ab hours with distilled water1 #b pints1 decant1 and repeat the process with the same quantity of water1 subjecting the insoluble residue to strong pressure4 ,unite the liquors1 evaporate on a water bath to the bulk of #a pint1 and strain through calico4 ,pour in now chloride of calcium1 #c_/d oz41 previously dissolved in #d fl4 oz4 of distilled water1 and evaporate until the solution is so far concentrated that upon cooling it becomes solid4 ,envelope the mass in a double fold of strong calico1 and subject it to powerful pressure1 preserving the dark fluid which exudes4 ,triturate the squeezed cake with about #a_/b pint of boiling distilled water1 and1 the whole being thrown upon a paper filter1 wash the residue well with boiling distilled water4 ,the filtered fluids having been evaporated as before1 cooled1 and solidified1 again subject the mass to pressure1 and if it be still much coloured1 repeat this process a third time1 the expressed liquids being always preserved4 ,dissolve the pressed cake in #f fl4 oz4 of boiling distilled water1 add purified animal charcoal1 #a_/d oz41 and digest for #bj minutes2 filter2 wash the filter and charcoal with boiling distilled water1 and to the solution thus obtained add solution of ammonia in slight excess4 ,let the pure crystalline morphia which separates as the liquid cools be collected on a paper filter1 and washed with cold distilled water until the washings cease to give a precipitate with solution of nitrate of silver acidulated with nitric acid4 ,from the dark liquids expressed in the above process an additional product may be obtained by diluting them with distilled water1 precipitating with solution of potash added in considerable excess1 filtering1 and supersaturating the filtrate with hydrochloric acid4 ,this acid liquid1 digested with a little animal charcoal1 and again filtered1 gives upon the addition of ammonia a small quantity of pure morphia4 ,diffuse the pure morphia obtained as above through #b oz4 of boiling distilled water placed in a porcelain capsule1 kept hot1 and add1 constantly stirring1 dilute hydrochloric acid1 #b fl4 oz41 or q4 s41 proceeding with caution1 so that the morphia may be entirely dissolved and a neutral solution obtained4 ,set aside to cool and crystallise4 ,drain the crystals and dry them on filtering paper4 ,by further evaporating the mother liquor1 and again cooling1 additional crystals are obtained4----,dose4 ,from #a_/hth to #a_/b gr4 #d4 7,mohr47 ,by dissolving the precipitate of morphia 7see ,,morphia1 ,prep4 #d7 in dilute hydrochloric acid1 and by crystallisation1 as before4 ,pur41 c4 ,it 8is completely soluble in rectified spirit1 and in water4 ,what is precipitated from the aqueous solution by nitrate of silver is not entirely dissolved1 either by ammonia1 unless added in excess1 or by hydrochloric or nitric acid40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,snowy white2 entirely soluble2 solution colourless2 loss of weight at #bab ,fahr4 not above #ac2 #ajj measures of a solution of #aj gr41 in water1 #a_/b fl4 oz41 heated to #bab1 and decomposed with agitation by a faint excess of ammonia1 yield a precipitate which1 in #bd hours1 occupies #ab-a_/b measures of the liquid40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,it takes #bj parts of cold and about its own weight of boiling water to dissolve it4 ,the hydrochlorate of morphia of the shops is usually1 like the acetate1 under the form of a white crystalline powder4 ,obs4 ,of all the salts of morphia1 this one appears to be that most suitable for medical purposes1 from its free solubility1 and from its solution not being liable to spontaneous decomposition1 at least under ordinary circumstances4 8,the opium which yields the largest quantity of precipitate by carbonate of sodium yields muriate of morphia1 not only in the greatest proportion1 but also with the fewest crystallisations40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,smyrna opium contains the most morphine4 ,morphia and ,codeia 7,hydrochlorate of74 ,syn4 ,,gregory',s ,,salt2 ,,morphi ,,et ,,codei ,,hydrochloras1 ,l42 ,,sel ,,de ,,gregory1 ,fr4 ,this is commercial ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,morphine prepared according to ,dr ,gregory's process4 ,morphia ,meconates of4 7,c#ai;,h#bj,,no#c7b1;,c#g;,h#b,o#g4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,neutral ,,meconate ,,of ,,morphine2 ,,morphi ,,meconas1 ,l47 ,by saturating an aqueous solution of meconic acid with morphia1 and evaporating the solution by a gentle heat1 so that crystals may be obtained4 7#b47 ,,bimeconate ,,of ,,morphine2 7,,morphi ,,bimeconas1 ,l47 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c;,,hc#g;,h#c,o#g4 ,meconic acid1 #aa parts2 morphia1 #ad parts2 dissolve each separately in hot water1 q4 s42 mix the solutions1 and either gently evaporate and crystallise1 or at once evaporate to dryness4 ,obs4 ,morphia exists in opium under the form of bimeconate1 and hence this preparation of that drug has been preferred by some practitioners4 ,a solution of this salt for medical purposes may be directly prepared from opium1 by treating its solution in cold water with a little animal charcoal1 filtering1 gently evaporating to dryness1 redissolving the residuum1 in cold water1 filtering1 and repeating the treatment with animal charcoal4 ,the dose of the dry bimeconate is #a_/d gr41 or more2 and of the meconate rather less4 8,a powder is also sold1 called #8bimeconate of morphia1' which is of the same strength as powdered opium1 and is given in similar doses4 ,it is obviously incorrect to apply this name to a powder which consists principally of foreign matter4 ,it is to be hoped that physicians will not prescribe this powder under the above name1 as such a practice might lead to fatal results1 if the prescription should be prepared with the substance which the name strictly indicates40 7,,redwood47 ,morphia1 ,nitrate of4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,nitras4 ,add morphia in slight excess to very dilute nitric acid1 filter1 concentrate by gentle evaporation1 and set aside that crystals may form4 ,morphia1 ,phosphate of4 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,phosphas4 ,as the nitrate1 substituting dilute phosphoric by nitric acid4 ,morphia1 ,sulphate of4 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,saturate very dilute sulphuric acid with morphia1 evaporate to one half1 add a little animal charcoal1 continue the evaporation for a short time longer at a gentle heat1 filter whilst hot1 and abandon it to spontaneous evaporation4 ,it is decomposed by driving off the water of crystallisation4 ,sulphate of morphia is included in the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,according to ,magendie1 this salt sometimes agrees with patients who cannot bear the acetate4 ,morphia1 ,tartrate of4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,tartras4 ,prep4 ,saturate a solution of tartaric acid with morphi1 concentrate by evaporation1 and set aside that crystals may form4 ,by using an excess of acid an acid tartrate may be formed4 ,,morphiom,,etry4 ,a name given to the process of determining the richness of opium in morphia4 ,see ,,opium4 ,,morison',s ,,pills4 ,see ,patent medicines4 ,,morsu,,li4 ,an old name applied to lozenges and masticatories4 ,it is still retained in some foreign ,pharmacopias4 ,,mor,,tar is the well-known cement1 made of lime1 sand1 and water1 employed to bind bricks and stones together in the construction of walls1 buildings1 c4 ,in the composition of mortar stone lime is preferred to that obtained from chalk1 and river sand to pit or road sand4 ,sea sand is unfitted for mortar until it has been well soaked and washed in fresh water4 ,sifted coal ashes are frequently substituted for the whole or a part of the sand4 ,,hydraulic ,,mortars or ,,cements are those which1 like ,roman cement1 are employed for works which are either constantly submerged or are frequently exposed to the action of water4 ,the poorer sorts of limestone are chosen for this purpose1 or those which contain from #h to #be of alumina1 magnesia1 and silica4 ,such limestones1 though calcined1 do not slake when moistened2 but if pulverised1 they absorb water without swelling up or heating1 like fat lime1 and afford a paste which hardens in a few days under water1 but in the air they never acquire much solidity4 8,the essential constituents of every good hydraulic mortar are caustic lime and silica2 and the hardening of this composition under water consists mainly in a chemical combination of these two ingredients through the agency of the water1 producing a hydrated silicate of lime4 ,but such mortars may contain other ingredients besides lime1 as1 for example1 clay and magnesia1 when double silicates of great solidity are formed2 on which account dolomite is a good ingredient in these mortars4 ,but the silica must be in a peculiar state for these purposes1 namely1 capable of affording a gelatinous paste with acids2 and if not so already1 it must be brought into this condition1 by calcining it along with an alkali or an alkaline earth1 at a bright red heat1 when it will dissolve and gelatinise in acids4 ,quartzose sand1 however fine its powder may be1 will form no water mortar with lime2 but if the powder be ignited with the lime1 it then becomes fit for hydraulic cement4 ,ground felspar or clay forms with slaked lime1 no water cement2 but when they are previously calcined along with the lime1 the mixture becomes capable of hardening under water4 8,all sorts of lime are made hydraulic1 in the humid way1 by mixing the slaked lime with solutions of common alum or sulphate of alumina2 but the best method consists in employing a solution of the silicate of potash1 called liquor of flints or soluble glass1 to mix in with the slaked lime or lime and clay4 ,an hydraulic cement may also be made which will serve for the manufacture of architectural ornaments1 by making a paste of pulverised chalk1 with a solution of the silicate of potash4 ,the said liquor of flints likewise gives chalk and plaster a stony hardness1 by merely soaking them in it after they are cut or moulded to a proper shape4 ,on exposure to the air they get progressively indurated4 ,superficial hardness may be readily procured by washing over the surface of chalk1 c41 with liquor of flints1 by means of a brush4 ,this method affords an easy and elegant method of giving a stony crust to the plastered walls and ceilings of apartments2 as also to statues and busts cast in gypsum mixed with chalk40 ,under ,prof4 ,kuhlman's patent1 dated ,april1 #ahda1 8instead of calcining the limestone with clay and sand alone1 as has been hitherto commonly practised1 this inventor introduces a small quantity of soda1 or1 preferably1 potash1 in the state of sulphate1 carbonate1 or muriate2 salts susceptible of forming silicates when the earthy mixture is calcined4 ,the alkaline salt1 equal in weight to about #a-eth that of the lime1 is introduced in solution among the earths40 7,ure47 ,the hardening of the common mortars and cements is in a great measure due to the gradual absorption of carbonic acid2 but even after a very great length of time this conversion into carbonate is not complete4 ,good mortar1 under favorable circumstances1 acquires extreme hardness by age4 ,attempts have been made at various times to introduce the use of bituminous cements into this country1 and thus to restore both to land and submarine architecture a valuable material which has now lain neglected for a period of fully thirty centuries2 but1 unfortunately1 owing to the interest of our great building and engineering firms lying in another direction1 these attempts have been hitherto unsuccessful4 ,see ,,asphaltum1 ,,cement1 ,,lime1 c4 ,,mortifica,,tion ,syn4 ,,gangrene2 ,,gangrena1 ,,mortification1 ,l4 ,local death2 the loss of vitality in one part of the animal body1 whilst the rest continues living4 8,the terms gangrene and mortification are often used synonymously2 but gangrene properly signifies the state which immediately precedes mortification1 while the complete mortification1 or absolute death of a part1 is called sphacelus4 ,a part which has passed into the state of sphacelus is called a slough4 ,,mosa,,ic ,,gold4 ,see ,,brass1 ,,gold1 c4 ,,mos,,ses4 ,syn4 ,,musci1 ,l4 ,several vegetables of the natural orders ,alg1 ,fungi1 ,lichenes1 and ,musci1 commonly pass under this name with the vulgar4 ,of these the following are the principal3---- ,,bog ,,moss 7,sphagnum palustre74 ,very retentive of moisture4 ,used to pack up plants for exportation4 ,,ceylon ,,moss 7,gracilaria candida74 ,very nutritive2 made into a decoction or jelly1 which is highly esteemed as an article of diet for invalids and children1 more especially for those suffering under affections of the mucous membranes or phthisis4 ,,club ,,moss 7,lycopodium clavatum74 ,see ,,lycopodium4 ,,corsican ,,moss1 ,c4 ,,worm ,m4 7,gracilaria ,helminthocorton74----,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr41 in powder1 mixed up with sugar2 as a vermifuge4 ,,cup ,,moss1 ,c4 ,,lichen 7,cladonia pyxidata74 ,astringent and febrifuge4 ,a cupful of the decoction1 taken warm1 generally proves gently emetic4 ,used in hooping-cough1 c4 ,,fir ,,club ,,moss 7,lycopodium ,selago74 ,violently emetic and purgative4 ,it is also irritant and narcotic4 ,,iceland ,,moss 7,cetraria ,islandica74 ,highly nutritious and easy of digestion4 ,the decoction is a favourite alimentary substance in affections of the lungs and digestive organs4 ,in ,iceland1 after the bitter has been removed by soaking it in hot water1 it is made into jelly1 or dried1 ground to flour1 and made into bread4 ,,irish ,,moss1 ,,pearl ,m41 ,,carrageen ,m4 7,chondrus crispus74 ,very nutritious4 ,the decoction or jelly is a useful and popular demulcent and emollient in pulmonary affections1 dysentery1 scrofula1 rickets1 c4 ,it is often employed by cooks and confectioners instead of isinglass1 and by painters to make their size4 ,,reindeer ,,moss 7,cladonia rangiferina74 ,esculent1 very nutritious4 ,,mother-,,of-,,pearl4 ,see ,,pearl4 ,,moth,,er ,,water4 ,see ,,crystallisation4 ,,moulds4 ,numerous materials and compositions are employed for the purpose of taking moulds1 among which are the following3 #a4 7,,compo'47----a ,from spermaceti1 stearine or hard tallow1 and white wax1 equal parts1 melted together4 ,for fine work1 as medals1 small casts1 c4 b4 ,from black resin1 #c_/d lb42 hard tallow1 #a_/b lb42 beeswax1 #f oz42 as the last4 ,for coarse work1 as architectural ornaments1 c4 ,the above are poured on the objects to be copied 7previously oiled7 whilst in the melted state4 ,articles in plaster of ,paris are first soaked in water1 observing that none of it remains on the surface so as to interfere with the design4 #b4 7,,elastic47----a4 ,flexible or elastic moulds may be made of gutta percha softened in boiling water1 and after being freed from moisture1 pressed strongly against the object to be copied by means of a screw press4 ,a ring or support should be employed to prevent undue lateral spreading4 b4 ,by the use of gelatin or glue1 elastic moulds are formed capable of reproducing1 with accuracy1 and in a single piece1 the most elaborately sculptured objects1 of exquisite finish and delicacy4 ,casts from these are now common in the streets4 ,the credit of the application of this substance to this purpose is due to ,m4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,the process of casting consists in simply dissolving a certain quantity of gelatin in hot water until it is reduced to the state of liquid paste1 when it is run over the object1 previously oiled1 intended to be reproduced4 ,as it cools1 the gelatin assumes a consistency offering a considerable degree of resistance1 and is highly elastic1 which latter quality enables it to be easily detached from the work on which it has been fitted4 ,in the hollow formed by the gelatin the finest plaster1 mixed to a thick cream with water1 is next run2 and when the plaster has acquired the requisite hardness1 the gelatin mould is detached in the same manner as from the original4 ,from this apparently fragile mould as many as six copies may be taken1 all reproducing the original with unerring fidelity4 #c4 7,,metallic47----a4 ,from fusible metal4#db ,footnote #db3 ,see ,,fusible ,,alloys4 b4 7,,clich,e ,,moulds47 ,from a fusible alloy formed of bismuth1 #h parts2 lead1 #e parts2 tin1 #d parts2 antimony1 #a part2 repeatedly melted together4 ,the above are poured out in the melted state on a plate or slab1 and after being stirred until in a pasty state1 the object to be copied is strongly pressed on the alloy at the moment it begins to solidify4 ,they are chiefly used for medals and other like objects4 c4 7,chameroy's ,patent47 ,by melting together one part of some easily fusible metal in a crucible1 and then mixing with it four parts of a metal far less readily fusible1 steeped in ammonia and reduced to powder4 ,such a compound is stated to be of great solidity1 hardness1 facility of soldering1 melts at a low temperature1 and has great tractability in moulding to any form2 and in casting takes the sharpest impressions1 whilst in its nature it is peculiarly unchangeable4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,mouth ,,cosmet,,ics4 ,see ,,breath1 ,,teeth1 ,,lozenge1 ,,paste1 ,,powder1 c4 ,,mox,,as4 ,substances burnt upon the body1 for the purpose of acting as counter-irritants1 and allaying deep-seated pains and inflammation4 ,they have been used in gout1 rheumatism1 c4 ,the small cone constituting the moxa is placed upon a part1 lighted1 and allowed to burn to its base4 ,the ,,chinese and ,,japanese moxas are made of the downy portion of the leaves of a species of wormwood 7,artemisia sinensis72 but various other substances1 as the pith of the sunflower1 cotton1 or paper1 soaked in a weak solution of nitrate1 chlorate1 or chromate of potassium1 answer as well4 ,larrey's moxas consist of lycopodium1 #d oz42 nitre1 #b oz42 formed into small cones1 with alcohol1 and dried for some days4 ,dr ,osborne used quicklime enclosed in a hoop of card1 and moistened with water4 ,the actual cautery is said to be preferable to any of them4 ,,mu,,cilage4 ,syn4 ,,mucilago1 ,l4 ,an aqueous solution of gum1 or other like substance1 that gives a considerable consistency to water4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,mixture1 c4 ,mucilage1 ,acacia4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,acaci4 ,put gum acacia1 in small pieces1 #d oz41 and distilled water1 #f oz41 into a covered earthen jar1 and stir frequently until the gum is dissolved4 ,if necessary1 strain through muslin4 ,mucilage1 ,fenugreek4 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,fenugreci4 ,digest #a oz4 of fenugreek seed with #a_/b pint of water for #ab hours1 boil1 and strain with pressure4 ,mucilage1 ,linseed4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,lini4 ,linseed1 #a oz42 warm water1 #f oz4 ,digest for #f hours1 stirring now and then1 and strain4 ,mucilage1 ,liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,glycyrrhiz4 ,from liquorice root1 as ,,marshmallow ,,mucilage4 ,mucilage1 ,marshmallow4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,alth4 ,marshmallow root1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #f oz42 digest for #f hours1 and strain4 ,mucilage1 ,quicksilver4 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,mercurialis ,,plenkii4 ,quicksilver1 #a dr42 gum ,arabic1 #c dr42 syrup of poppies1 #d oz4 ,mix4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 ,mucilage1 ,sassafras4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,sassafras4 ,infuse #b dr4 of pith of sassafras in #af oz4 7old measure7 of boiling water for #c hours1 and strain4 ,mucilage1 ,slippery-,elm ,bark4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,ulmi4 ,slippery-elm bark1 sliced and bruised1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #af oz4 ,infuse for #b hours4 ,mucilage1 ,starch4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,same as ,,decoction ,,of ,,starch 7,ph4 ,l471 which see4 ,mucilage1 ,tragacanth4 ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,tragacanth 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e41 and ,ph4 ,d #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tragacanth1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #i fl4 oz4 7#h fl4 oz4----,ph4 ,d472 macerate for #bd hours1 triturate1 and press through linen4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tragacanth1 in powder1 #fj gr42 distilled water1 #aj oz4 ,to the water contained in a pint bottle add the tragacanth1 agitate briskly for a few minutes1 and again at short intervals1 until the tragacanth is perfectly diffused1 and has finally formed a mucilage4----,dose1 #a oz4 7,should be made as required4 ,one part of tragacanth gives more viscosity to water than twenty-five parts of gum ,arabic----,squire47 ,used in medicine as a demulcent1 and as an application to burns1 c41 and in pharmacy in making up pills1 and to suspend heavy powders in liquids4 ,,mudar,,in4 ,syn4 ,,madarine4 ,a peculiar substance1 possessing powerful emetic properties1 extracted from the root bark of ,calotropis gigantea1 in which it exists to the extent of #aa4 7,duncan47 ,it is soluble in water and in alcohol1 and its aqueous solution1 unlike that of most other substances1 gelatinises by heat1 and becomes fluid again on cooling4 ,,muf,,fins4 ,prep4 ,take of fine flour1 #a_/d peck2 warm milk-and-water1 #a quart2 yeast1 a wine-glassful2 salt1 #b oz42 mix for #ae minutes1 then further add of flour1 #a_/d peck1 make a dough1 let it rise #a hour1 roll it up1 pull it into pieces1 make them into balls1 put them in a warm place1 and when the whole dough is made into balls1 shape them into muffins1 and bake them on tins2 turn them when half done1 dip them into warm milk1 and bake them to a pale brown4 ,,muf,,fle4 ,see ,,assaying4 ,,mul,,berry4 ,syn4 ,,morum1 ,l4 ,mulberries 7,,mora1 ,,mori ,,bacc7 are the fruit of ,morus nigra1 or black mulberry tree4 ,they are cooling and laxative2 but when eaten too freely are apt to disorder the stomach and bowels4 ,mulberry juice 7mori succus7 is officinal in the ,ph4 ,l4 ,a syrup 7,,syrupus ,,mori7 is made of it4 ,it is also1 occasionally1 made into wine4 ,,mul,,tum4 ,a mixture of extract of quassia and liquorice1 used by fraudulent brewers instead of malt and hops4 ,,mum4 ,a beverage prepared from wheat malt1 in a similar way to ordinary beer from barley malt4 ,a little oat and bean meal is frequently added4 ,it was formerly much drunk in ,england2 but its use at the present day is chiefly confined to ,germany1 and to ,brunswick more particularly4 ,,mumps4 ,syn4 ,,parotitis1 ,l4 ,inflammation of the parotid gland1 which is situated under the ear4 ,there is little constitutional derangement1 but the cheeks become swollen and painful1 and there is some difficulty in opening the mouth1 and in swallowing4 ,the treatment consists in simply keeping the part warm with flannel1 and the use of warm fomentations1 at the same time that the bowels are kept freely open with some mild laxative4 ,the mumps are said to be contagious1 as1 when the affection appears in a school1 it generally attacks every member of it4 ,low1 damp situations are those most favorable to this affection4 ,,murex,,id4 ,c#h,n#f;,h#h,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,purpurate ,,of ,,ammonium4 ,prep4 7,gregory47 ,alloxan1 #g parts2 alloxantin1 #d parts2 boiling water1 #bdj parts2 dissolve1 and add the solution to a cold and strong solution of carbonate of ammonia1 #hj parts2 crystals of murexid will separate as the liquid cools4 ,obs4 ,murexid can be obtained directly from uric acid by the action of nitric acid and subsequent treatment with ammonia4 ,this process is1 however1 very precarious1 and often fails altogether4 ,prop41 c4 ,it is only very slightly soluble in cold water2 freely soluble in solutions of ammonia and the fixed alkalies2 the first1 by exposure to the air1 becomes purple1 and deposits brilliant crystals of murexid4 ,these compounds are the purpurates of ,dr ,prout4 ,it forms iridescent crystals1 having a metallic lustre1 of a magnificent green colour by reflected light1 and an equally beautiful reddish purple by transmitted light4 ,it is soluble in boiling water1 only very slightly soluble in cold water1 and insoluble in alcohol and ether4 ,a few years ago murexid was extensively used in dyeing2 it is now almost superseded by rosaniline or magenta4 ,an analogous substance1 formed as above1 by treating amalic acid with ammonia1 is called #8caffein-murexid4' ,,mu,,riate4 ,an old name for hydrochlorate and chloride4 ,,muriatic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid1 which see4 ,,muride4 ,the name originally given to bromine by ,m4 ,balard4 ,,mur,,rain4 ,syn4 ,,black-,,leg1 ,,black-,,quarter4 ,a disease affecting meat cattle1 more especially young animals1 in the spring and autumn4 ,the common symptoms are swelling and discoloration of one of the hind quarters of the animal1 with consequent lameness and inability to move2 a peculiar emphysema and intumescence of various parts of the body1 particularly over the region of the spine1 accompanied with all the common indications of putrid fever4 ,in severe cases gangrene soon follows1 and death frequently ensues in from #ab to #bd hours4 ,the rapid progress of this disease admits of little being done in the way of cure4 ,extensive scarifications of the affected part1 charcoal or hot yeast poultices1 or fomentations1 and active purgatives1 appear to constitute the most useful treatment4 ,the following drenches have been recommended for this affection3---- #a4 7,blaine47 ,sweet spirit of nitre1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 powdered cascarilla1 #b oz42 solution of acetate of ammonia1 #d fl4 oz42 yeast1 #h fl4 oz42 given every #c or #d hours4 #b 7,clater47 ,laudanum and sweet spirit of nitre1 of each #a_/b fl4 oz42 solution of chloride of lime1 #a_/d fl4 oz42 prepared chalk1 #a oz42 warm gruel1 #a pint4 ,the apparent incurability of this disease renders it of the utmost importance to the farmer to adopt preventive measures4 ,these should consist of the supply of wholesome food and pure water1 the adoption of extreme cleanliness1 and the free access of pure air to all the stalls1 sheds1 and other buildings in which the cattle may be sheltered4 ,as the disease is regarded as contagious by many persons1 it is prudent to separate1 as speedily as possible1 the healthy animals from those affected4 ,the free use of sulphurous acid1 chloride of lime1 c41 as disinfectants1 is also advisable4 ,other and more immediate preventives consist of the occasional exhibition of a saline aperient1 and the introduction of a seton into the dewlap4 ,,muscular ,,power4 ,fick and ,wislicenus proved1 in #ahfe1 that muscular power is to a great extent produced by the oxidation of such non-nitrogenous substance as fat4 ,frankland has put the matter beyond dispute by a series of experiments determining the amount of potential energy locked up in muscle4 ,some of the conclusions at which he has arrived are extremely interesting4 ,he considers that a muscle is a machine for the conversion of potential energy into mechanical force2 that the mechanical force of the muscles is derived chiefly1 if not entirely1 from the oxidation of matters either contained in the blood or deposited around the muscular fibres1 and not from the oxidation of the muscles themselves2 that in man the chief materials used for the production of muscular power are non-nitrogenous2 but nitrogenous matters can also be employed for the same purpose1 and hence the greatly increased evolution of nitrogen1 under the influence of a flesh diet1 even with no increase of muscular exertion2 that like every other part of the body1 the muscles are constantly being renewed1 but this renewal is scarcely perceptibly more rapid during great muscular activity than during comparative quiescence2 that after the supply of sufficient albuminoid matters in the food of man to provide for the necessary renewal of the tissues1 the best materials for the production both of internal and external work are non-nitrogenous matters1 such as oil1 fat1 sugars1 starch1 and gum2 that the non-nitrogenous matters of food which find their way into the blood yield up all their potential energy as actual energy2 the nitrogenous matters1 on the other hand1 leave the body with a portion 7at least one seventh7 of their potential energy unexpended2 and1 lastly1 that the transformation of potential energy into muscular power is necessarily accompanied by the production of heat within the body1 even when the muscular power is exerted externally4 ,this is doubtless the chief1 and probably the only1 source of natural heat4 ,see ,,energy1 ,,exercise4 ,,mush,,rooms4 ,edible fungi4 ,the species commonly eaten in ,england are the ,agaricus campestris1 or common field or garden mushroom1 used to make ketchup1 and eaten either raw1 stewed1 or broiled2----the ,morchella esculenta1 or morel1 used to flavour soups and gravies2----and the ,tuber cibarium1 or common truffle1 also used as a seasoning4 ,several fungi1 which to the inexperienced closely resemble the common edible mushroom1 possess poisonous narcotic properties1 and their use has not unfrequently been productive of serious1 and1 in some cases1 even fatal results4 ,unfortunately1 no simple tests exist by which the edible and poisonous varieties can be distinguished from each other4 ,so strongly was the late ,professor ,l4 ,c4 ,richards1 the eminent botanist1 impressed with this feeling1 that though no one was better acquainted with the distinctions of fungi than he was1 yet he would never eat any except such as had been raised in gardens1 in mushroom beds4 8,this difficulty of distinguishing edible from poisonous and noxious fungi must not be ignored4 ,if only one out of a hundred1 or for the matter of that a thousand1 species were poisonous or noxious1 it would not be sound advice to say that we should eat all that come to hand1 and stand the chance of baneful results4 ,unfortunately it is the case that some of the most poisonous fungi are the most common1 and there is scarcely a field1 and perhaps not a single wood1 which does not abound with varieties of ,coprinus1 the ,agaricus fascicularis1 and the beautifully coloured ,thussula emetica1 and several other very undesirable species4 ,some writers1 and among them1 if we remember rightly1 the learned and enthusiastic mycologist1 ,dr ,badham1 deny the existence of any poisonous fungi in our islands1 and they account for the effects which are often produced by eating varieties different from our common mushroom by stating that some people1 through idiosyncrasy of constitution1 are injuriously affected by all fungi2 and in support of this statement they instance the well-known fact that some people experience the most unpleasant effects after eating the common edible mushroom1 which chemically contains noxious ingredients4 ,we all know that idiosyncrasy of constitution may account for much and for very strange phenomena2 for instance1 oysters are almost poison to some persons1 while roast beef will cause hysterics in other cases2 and to not a few certain odours1 harmless in themselves1 are causes of serious attacks of illness2 but the fact remains that persons who can eat with impunity and greatly enjoy the common mushroom are unpleasantly affected by other species of fungi4 ,not a year passes but deaths are recorded of persons----sometimes of whole families----after eating noxious fungi1 though they had no idiosyncrasy of constitution2 and shortly prior to the writing of this article a learned botanist and enthusiastic mycologist1 and a friend1 in experimenting on some specimens of fungi sent to him1 narrowly escaped death1 while another person who partook of the dish prepared actually succumbed4 ,a thousand and one tests have been given in writing from time to time whereby our ordinary mushroom is to be distinguished from species which resemble it----and one species is to be distinguished from another2 but we fear that practically they are not to be depended upon4 ,fungi differ in appearance according to the localities in which they grow1 and according to their age4 ,the common belief that the edible species never change colour when cut or bruised is untenable1 for three varieties at least are perfectly edible1 and yet assume different tints when injured in any way4 ,the test of taste1 too1 which is applied under the idea that those with a pleasant savour and an inoffensive smell are always wholesome1 is fallacious1 for a raw mushroom is quite a different thing from the stewed or grilled one1 and often what has an acrid taste when raw becomes perfectly savoury when cooked2 and1 vice vers1 a tasteless fungus may be poisonous1 but only develop its latent flavour when submitted to the cook4 ,dr ,christison declares that a sure test of poisonous fungus is an astringent1 styptic taste1 and a disagreeable pungent odour2 but this1 again1 cannot always be depended on4 ,nor1 again1 is the popular idea that a mushroom which will skin easily is wholesome altogether based on fact4 ,what1 then1 is to be done to enlarge the field of our mushroom gatherers and to bring about the utilisation of food now suffered to run to waste1 or1 in other words1 how is a knowledge of our fungi to be obtained8 ,the only answer is that knowledge on this matter is to be got1 generally speaking1 as knowledge on other matters----partly from books1 but more especially from oral instruction and demonstration4 ,such eminent authorities as ,dr ,badham1 the ,rev4 ,m4 ,berkeley1 ,mr ,cooke1 and ,mr ,worthington ,smith may be consulted with profit1 and works such as that on #8,domestic ,economy1' in which coloured plates bring accurately before the eye the different species of our fungi4 ,and here we may mention that the plates prepared by ,mr ,worthington ,smith1 which were once at the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 but now1 we believe1 at ,bethnal ,green1 have done much to help the ,londoner when in search for mushrooms in the country to distinguish between the good and bad species of fungi4 ,it might be well that in our schools1 where so many practically useless branches of knowledge are crammed into children both in town and country1 practical lessons on fungi should be given4 ,those1 too1 who wish to learn what is to be learned on this subject should avail themselves of opportunities now often given at exhibitions and botanical meetings4 ,at ,paris1 in #ahgf1 there was an exhibition of edible and poisonous fungi1 in a fresh and dry state1 together with books and drawings2 and a similar exhibition took place in ,aberdeen two years before2 and1 as most of our readers are probably aware1 there exists a ,fungus ,club1 or1 rather1 a botanical society which makes fungi a special study4 ,this is the ,woolhope ,club1 which has its head quarters at ,hereford1 and embraces in its scientific investigations all the district between ,shropshire and the ,bristol ,channel4 ,one day in each autumn is devoted to a fungus hunt1 and the numbers that are gathered by this enthusiastic band are something enormous4 ,the labours of the day are closed by a dinner1 at which the main dishes are composed of the spoils of the chase1 dressed in the most epicurean fashion1 and of other good things flavoured with the most appetising 7fungus7 sauces4 ,in the annual volume published of the transactions of the club there is a description of the fungi of the district1 and the best modes of cooking them4 ,it would be a great gain to the public if at least that part dealing with fungi were generally obtainable4 8,gastronomically the ordinary mushroom1 and a large number of our ,british fungi1 are most estimable1 and ketchup produced from them----not the ordinary ketchup #8of commerce1' which is often innocent of any fungi whatever----is to the cultivated taste of the gourmet the best of sauces4 ,many an epicurean has been heard to aver that after that of an oyster that of a mushroom is the finest in the whole world of gastronomy4 ,bacon1 in his #8,naturall ,historie1' says of mushrooms1 #8they yield a delicious meat1' and to these commendations it may be added that they can be cooked in almost as many ways as the ,french can cook eggs4 ,their alimentary value is also great1 for chemistry has revealed in them the presence of the leading principles which exist in the flesh of animals4 ,dr ,letheby says that #8the edible varieties are highly nutritious1' and that well-known dietist1 the late ,dr ,edward ,smith1 who was very chary of commending anything1 also has a good word for them4 8,our word #8mushroom' is evidently an adaptation of the ,french mousseron1 which1 of course1 is from mousse #8moss' 7,latin1 muscus72 but the suggestion of the learned ,salmasius1 that the ,french gave this name to the edible fungus #8because it grows only where the grass is the shortest and there is little else but moss1' strikes one as rather weak4 ,the mushroom1 like the moss1 is a cryptogamous plant2 but there is little connection in any way between the two4 ,perhaps1 then1 we must look to the ,greek word mucos1 though only used by the grammarians1 for the origin of the ,french word and so of our own4 ,this was one of the terms which signified a #8sponge1' and was probably applied to the #8fungi' because of their sponge-like growth4 ,it is evident that some of our more exact botanists1 or etymologists who compounded the word for them1 consider the ,greek word and not the ,latin as the origin of the mu in the ,english word and the mou in the ,french1 though1 according to analogy1 the u should have been changed into a y1 for the study of #8fungi' is termed by them mycology4 ,it is hardly necessary to add that the words #8fungology' and #8fungologist' are hybrid compounds of ,greek and ,latin1 which are simply intolerable to ears correct1 as are many other words similarly compounded1 and recently introduced into our language4 ,the ,latin fungus is plainly a weakened form of the ,greek spongos1 and goes to show that the idea of a #8sponge' was from the first associated with the fungi1 and that the ,greek mucos must be taken as the origin of the ,french mousseron and the ,english #8mushroom4' ,it is curious that the ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,english #8fungous' terms have all been used in a sense reflecting on some of our species4 ,the ,greek mucos represented a silly1 stupid fellow1 and the ,plautus couples the fungi----#8soft-pated'----with the #8fools1' #8stolid' and #8fatuous4' ,in like manner in our own language1 ,bacon speaks of certain persons as #8mushrooms and upstart weeds' because of their sudden growth from a lowly origin4 ,south1 in one of his sermons1 reflects on 8mushroom divines who start up of a sudden10 and whose success is #8not so good as to recommend their practice4' ,carrying out the same analogy1 the late ,albert ,smith1 if we recollect rightly1 spoke of #8stuck-up people' as springing like mushrooms suddenly into notice1 and1 like them1 from very questionable soil4 8,one word as to the connection between fungi and what are called #8fairy rings' in our meadows4 ,these fairy rings unfortunately lose all their poetry when it is known that they are simply produced by the growth of various kinds of fungi4 ,the fungi start from a centre1 owing to some peculiarity of the soil and decaying vegetable matter in it1 and when they have exhausted the spot on which they originally sprang up1 they enlarge their borders1 as it were1 and thus form circles1 giving a darker tinge to the herbage affected by them4 ,these rings increase in size annually1 and thus they vary considerably in circumference4 ,this is a prosaic but truthful explanation of the phenomenon which so often attracts the attention of children and puzzles the heads of older persons40#dc ,footnote #dc3 #8,daily ,telegraph4' ,in cases of poisoning by fungi1 vomiting should be immediately induced by an emetic and tickling the fauces with the finger or a feather2 after which a purgative clyster or a strong cathartic should be administered1 with #a_/b to #a fl4 dr4 of ether in a glassful of water or weak brandy4 ,as an antidote1 a solution of tannin1 #a_/b dr41 in water1 #a-a_/b pint1 or a decoction of #a_/b oz4 of powdered galls1 or of #a oz4 of powdered cinchona bark1 in a like quantity of water1 has been strongly recommended by ,m4 ,chansarel4 ,alexis ,soyer recommended the excellent method of cooking mushrooms by baking them under a glass or basin on toast1 along with scalded or clotted cream1 or a little melted butter1 with one clove1 and salt1 pepper1 c41 to taste4 ,they take about #a_/d of an hour in a gentle oven or before the fire4 ,when they are taken up1 do not remove the glass for a few minutes1 by which time the vapour will have become condensed and gone into the bread2 but when it is1 the aroma1 which is the essence of the mushroom1 is so powerful as to pervade the whole apartment4 ,,musk4 ,syn4 ,,moschus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,a secretion deposited in a follicle of the prepuce of ,moschus moschiferus1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l471 an animal inhabiting the mountains of ,eastern ,asia4 ,it is imported from ,bengal1 ,china1 and ,russia2 and1 latterly1 from the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,that known as ,,tonquin ,,musk is the most esteemed for its odour2 but that from ,russia is the only kind which reaches us in perfect bags1 or which has not been tampered with4 ,,pod ,,musk 7,,moschus ,,in ,,vesicis7 is the bag in its natural state1 containing the musk4 ,the average weight of one of the pods is about #f dr42 that of the grain musk which it contains1 about #b-a_/b dr4 ,pur1 c4 ,the musk of the shops is generally adulterated4 ,dried bullock's blood or chocolate is commonly employed for this purpose1 along with a little bone-black4 ,the extent of these additions varies from #be to #ge of the gross weight of the mixture4 ,the blood is dried by the heat of steam or a water bath1 then reduced to coarse powder1 and triturated with the genuine musk in a mortar along with a few drops of liquid of ammonia4 ,it is then either replaced in the empty pods1 or it is put into bottles1 and sold as grain musk4 ,there are only three certain ways of detecting this fraud1 viz4----by the inferiority of the odour1 by an assay for the iron contained in the blood1 or----by the microscope4 ,genuine musk often becomes nearly inodorous by keeping1 but recovers its smell on being exposed to the vapour of ammonia1 or by being moistened with ammonia water4 ,the perfumers sometimes expose it to the fetid ammoniacal effluvia of privies for the same purpose4 ,pure musk1 by trituration or digestion with boiling water1 loses about #ge of its weight1 and the boiling solution1 after precipitation with nitric acid1 is nearly colourless4 ,a solution of acetate of lead1 and a cold decoction of galls1 also precipitate the solution2 but one of corrosive sublimate does not disturb it4 ,the ashes left after the incineration of pure musk are neither red nor yellow1 but grey1 and should not exceed #e to #f4 ,the ,chinese appear to be the most skilful and successful adulterators of musk4 ,one of the best solvents for musk is ether4 ,uses1 c4 ,musk is chiefly employed for its odour4 ,as a medicine it is a powerful stimulant and antispasmodic1 and is a valuable remedy in various diseases of a spasmodic or hysterical character1 or attended with low fever4----,dose1 #e to #aj grains made into an emulsion4 ,musk1 ,factitious4 ,syn4 ,,resin ,,of ,,amber2 ,,resina ,,succini1 ,,moschus ,,artificialis1 ,m4 ,,factitius1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of amber1 #a fl4 dr42 nitric acid1 #c-a_/b fl4 dr42 digest in a cold tumbler1 and after #bd hours1 wash in cold water the orange-yellow resinous matter which has formed1 and carefully dry it4 #b4 7,elsner47 ,from oil of amber1 #a part2 fuming nitric acid1 #c parts2 as the last1 but employing artificial cold to prevent any portion of the oil being carbonised4 ,obs4 ,resin of amber smells strongly of musk1 and is said to be antispasmodic and nervine4 ,a tincture 7,,tinctura ,,resin ,,succini7 is made by dissolving #a dr4 of it in rectified spirit1 #aj fl4 dr41 of which the dose is #a fl4 dr42 in hooping-cough1 low fevers1 c4 ,dr ,collier mentions an artificial musk1 prepared by digesting for #aj days nitric acid1 #a_/b oz41 on fetid animal oil1 obtained by distillation1 #a oz42 then adding of rectified spirit1 #a pint1 and digesting the whole for a month4 ,,musk ,,seed4 ,syn4 ,,grains ,d',,ambrette4 ,the seed of ,abelmoschus moschatus1 or musk mallow4 ,they are chiefly used for their odour1 in perfumery1 hair powder1 coffee1 c4 ,,mus,,sel4 ,see ,,shell-,,fish4 ,,must4 ,syn4 ,,mustum1 ,l4 ,the expressed juice of ripe grapes1 before fermentation4 ,when boiled to #b-c dr4 it is called ,,carenum2 when boiled to #a_/b1 it is called ,,sapa4 ,on further concentration1 it yields a species of granular sugar 7grape sugar47 ,must1 ,factitious4 ,syn4 ,,mustum ,,factitium1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,dissolve cream of tartar1 #c_/d oz41 in boiling water1 #g pints2 when cold1 add of lump sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs42 raisins 7chopped small71 #a_/b lb42 digest for #c or #d hours1 strain through flannel as quickly as possible1 and add of lemon juice1 #a_/b pint4 ,,mus,,tard4 ,syn4 ,,sinapis1 ,l4 8,the seed of ,sinapis nigra and ,s4 alba40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,flour of the seeds of ,sinapis nigra1 generally mixed with those of ,sinapis alba1 and deprived of fixed oil by expression40 7,ph4 ,e47 8,the flour of the seeds40 7,ph4 ,d47 8,the seeds of the ,sinapis nigra and ,s4 alba reduced to powder and mixed40 7,b4 ,p47 ,that of the shops is very frequently adulterated with wheat flour4 ,when this is the case it does not readily make a smooth paste with water1 but exhibits considerable toughness1 and somewhat of a stringy appearance1 especially when little water and much heat is employed4 ,the common proportions taken by some grocers are----dried common salt1 wheat flour1 and superfine mustard1 equal parts2 with turmeric1 to colour1 and cayenne1 q4 s4 to give it piquancy and fire4 ,uses1 c4 ,pure flour of mustard is used in medicine1 to make stimulating poultices1 pediluvia1 c4 ,as a condiment it is useful in torpor and coldness of the digestive organs4 ,a few years since the use of mustard seed1 by spoonfuls1 ad libitum1 was a common and fashionable remedy in torpor or atony of the digestive organs4 ,the practice was a revival of that recommended by ,dr ,cullen2 but it has now again sunk into disuse4 ,sir ,john ,sinclair also approved of the use of mustard seed in this way1 especially for the preservation of the health of the aged4 7#8,lancet1' ,jan41 #ahcd47 ,see ,,poultices1 c4 ,mustard for the ,table4 ,the common practice of preparing mustard for the table with vinegar1 or still more1 with boiling water1 materially checks the development of those peculiar principles on which its pungency or strength almost entirely depends4 ,to economise this substance1 we should use lukewarm water only2 and when flavouring matter is to be added to it1 this is better deferred until after the paste is made4 ,the following forms for #8made mustard' are much esteemed for their flavour3---- ,prep4 #a4 ,mustard 7ground71 #c-a_/b lbs42 water1 q4 s4 to form a stiff paste2 in #a_/b hour add of common salt 7rubbed very fine71 #a lb42 with vinegar1 grape juice1 lemon juice1 or white wine1 q4 s4 to reduce it to a proper consistence4 #b4 ,to the last add a little soluble cayenne pepper or essence of cayenne4 #c4 7,lenormand47 ,best flour of mustard1 #b lbs42 fresh parsley1 chervil1 celery1 and tarragon1 of each #a_/b oz42 garlic1 #a clove2 #ab salt anchovies2 7all well chopped72 grind well together1 add of salt1 #a oz42 grape juice or sugar q4 s4 to sweeten2 with sufficient water to form the mass into a thinnish paste by trituration in a mortar4 ,when put into pots1 a red-hot poker is to be thrust into each1 and a little vinegar afterwards poured upon the surface4 #d4 7,,moutarde ,a ,l',,estragon47 ,from black mustard seed 7gently dried until friable1 and then finely powdered71 #a lb42 salt1 #b oz42 tarragon vinegar1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,in a similar way the ,french prepare several other #8mustards1' by employing vinegars flavoured with the respective substances1 or walnut or mushroom ketchup1 or the liquors of the richer pickles4 #e4 7,,moutarde ,,superbe47 ,salt1 #a-a_/b lb42 scraped horseradish1 #a lb42 garlic1 #b cloves2 boiling vinegar1 #b galls42 macerate in a covered vessel for #bd hours1 strain1 and add of flour of mustard1 q4 s4 #f4 7,patent47 ,black ginger 7bruised71 #ab lbs42 common salt1 #ah lbs42 water1 #ae galls42 boil1 strain1 and add to each gallon flour of mustard1 #e lbs4 ,mustard ,leaves 7,rigollot's7 are made by spreading moistened mustard on paper1 and drying4 ,,mus,,tiness4 ,see ,,malt ,,liquors and ,,wines4 ,,mu,,tage4 ,the term applied to the #8matching' of grape must to arrest the progress of fermentation4 ,see ,,antiferment1 ,,matches1 c4 ,,mut,,ton4 ,the flesh of sheep4 ,that of the first quality is 8between four and five years old2 but at present it is rarely got above three1 and often under two4 ,the flesh ought to be of a darkish1 clear1 red colour1 the fat firm and white1 the meat short and tender when pinched1 and it ought not to be too fat40 ,the flesh of the #8,southdown wether' is esteemed the finest flavoured4 ,mutton is one of the most wholesome of the #8red meats1' and in commercial importance is second only to beef4 ,see ,,meat4 ,,my,,cose4 ,a peculiar variety of sugar1 extracted by alcohol from ergot of rye4 ,it crystallises in colourless prisms1 and is distinguished from cane sugar by not reducing the acetate of copper1 when boiled with a solution of that salt4 ,,mylabris4 ,syn4 ,,mylabris ,,cichorii2 ,,chinese ,,blistering ,,fly4 ,an insect found on the flowers of the succory plant in ,india and ,china4 ,it is about an inch and a quarter in length2 sheath-wings black1 each presenting anteriorly two almost quadrate1 brownish-yellow spots2 behind these two brownish-yellow bands1 each of which equals about one sixth of the length of the sheath-wings4 ,its vesicant properties are due to the presence of cantharidin4 ,its physiological actions are the same as those of cantharides1 except that it is said not to affect the kidneys when topically applied4 ,,myricin4 ,the portion of beeswax which is least soluble in alcohol1 and saponified with difficulty4 ,,myristic ,,acid4 ,,hc#ad;,h#bg,o#b4 ,a monobasic fatty acid1 obtained by the saponification of myristin4 ,it melts at #abj ,fahr4 ,,myris,,tin4 ,c#de;,h#hf,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,sericine4 ,the white1 solid portion of the expressed oil of nutmegs1 which is insoluble in cold alcohol4 ,see ,,myristic ,,acid4 ,,myroles4 ,in ,french pharmacy1 solutions of oleaginous or resinous substances in the volatile oils4 ,,myron,,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#aj;,h#ah,,ns#b,o#aj4 ,bussy has given this name to an inodorous1 bitter1 non-crystallisable acid1 obtained by him from black mustard1 in which it exists as myronate of potassium4 ,it is soluble in water and alcohol4 ,,myrosin4 ,syn4 ,,emulsin ,,or ,,black ,,mustard4 ,a name given by ,bussy to a peculiar substance1 soluble in water1 and which possesses the power of converting myronic acid1 in the presence of water1 into the volatile oil of mustard seed4 ,,myrospermin4 ,the name given by ,richter to the portion of the oil of balsam of ,peru1 which is soluble in alcohol4 ,,myrox,,ilin4 ,the name given by ,richter to the portion of the oil of balsam of ,peru which is insoluble in alcohol4 ,by oxygenation it forms myroxilic acid4 ,,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,myrrha 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,gum resin exuded from the bark of ,balsamodendron myrrha40 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l47 ,pur4----#a4 ,triturate a small quantity of the powder of the suspected myrrh with an equal amount of chloride of ammonium1 adding water1 gradually2 if the whole is readily dissolved1 the myrrh is genuine2 otherwise it is sophisticated with some inferior substance4 7,righini47----#b4 ,when incinerated it should not leave more than #c-a_/b to #d of ashes4 ,uses1 c4 ,myrrh is a stimulating aromatic bitter and tonic1 and is given in several diseases accompanied by relaxation and debility2 especially in excessive secretions from the mucous membranes1 and in disorders of the digestive organs4 ,externally1 as an ingredient in dentifrices and rashes1 in caries of the teeth1 spongy and ulcerated gums1 c4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 either alone or combined with aloes or chalybeates4 ,,nails 7,the7 should be kept clean by the daily use of the nail-brush and soap-and-water4 ,after wiping the hands1 but whilst they are still soft from the action of the water1 the skin1 which is apt to grow over the nails1 should be gently loosened and pressed back1 which will not only preserve them neatly rounded1 but will prevent the skin cracking around their roots 7agnails1 nail-springs71 and becoming sore4 ,the free ends or points of the nails should be pared about once a week2 and biting them should be particularly avoided1 as being at once destructive to their beauty and usefulness4 8,the 7free7 edge of the scarf-skin should never be pared1 the surface of the nail never scraped1 or the nails cleaned with any instrument whatever saving the nail-brush40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,the consequences of wearing a shoe that is obviously too short for the foot are thus described by the above authority3----8,in this case ,nature gives us warning1 by means of her agent1 pain1 that such a proceeding is contrary to her laws4 ,we stop our ears1 and get accustomed to the pain1 which1 perhaps1 is not severe1 and soon goes off2 the shoes get a scolding for their malice1 and we forget all about it for a time4 ,but does ,nature check her course to suit the convenience of thoughtless men8 ,no1 no4 ,in a short time we find that the nail1 intercepted in its forward course1 has become unusually thick and hard1 and has spread out so much upon the sides1 that it is now growing into the flesh1 and so makes a case for the doctor4 ,or1 perhaps1 the continuance of pressure may have inflamed the sensitive skin at the root1 and caused a sore and painful place there4 ,and instances are by no means infrequent in which the power of production of the nail at the root becomes entirely abrogated1 and then it grows in thickness only40 ,when the nails are stained or discoloured1 a little lemon juice1 or vinegar-and-water1 is the best application4 ,occasionally1 a little pumice-stone1 in impalpable powder1 or a little #8putty powder1' may be used along with water and a piece of soft leather or flannel for the same purpose4 ,the frequent employment of these substances is1 however1 injurious to the healthy growth of the nail4 ,,nankeen4 ,the coloured cotton cloth which bears this name was originally brought from ,nankin1 the ancient capital of ,china1 and was prepared from a native cotton1 of a brownish-yellow hue4 ,it is now successfully imitated in ,england1 and at the present time the ,english manufacturers supply the ,canton market4 ,in this country the colour is generally given to the cloth by successive baths of sulphate of iron and crude carbonate of soda or lime water4 ,,nankeen ,,dye4 ,the liquid sold under this name in the shops is a solution of annotta4 ,it is employed to dye white calicoes of a nankeen colour2 but chiefly to restore the colour of faded nankeen clothing4 ,,naph,,tha4 ,syn4 ,,mineral ,,naphtha2 ,,naphtha1 ,l4 ,a name given to the limpid and purer varieties of ,,petroleum 7which see71 or ,,rock ,,oil1 which exudes from the surface of the earth in various parts of the world4 ,prop4 ,naphtha possesses a penetrating odour and a yellow colour1 but may be rendered colourless by distillation2 it usually begins to boil at a temperature of about #ahj ,fahr41 but1 being a mixture of several different hydrocarbons1 it has no fixed boiling-point2 it is very inflammable2 it does not mix with water1 but imparts to that fluid its peculiar taste and smell2 mixes with alcohol and oils1 and dissolves sulphur1 phosphorus1 camphor1 iodine1 most of the resins1 wax1 fats1 and spermaceti2 and forms with caoutchouc a gelatinous varnish1 which dries with very great difficulty4 ,pur4 ,mineral naphtha is very frequently adulterated with oil of turpentine1 a fraud which may be detected by----#a4 ,the addition of some oil of vitriol1 which will1 in that case1 thicken and darken it4----#b4 ,hydrochloric acid gas passed through the liquid for an hour1 will occasion the formation of hydrochlorate of camphine1 either at once or after a few hours' repose1 even if only #e of oil of turpentine is present4 7,dr ,bolley47----#c4 ,if a few grains of iodide of potassium and a little water are rubbed with the suspected sample1 the colour of the water should continue unchanged2 the presence of #a_/cjjth part of oil turpentine will cause it to assume a red or orange colour4 7,saladin47 ,uses4 ,naphtha is chiefly employed for the purposes of illumination1 as a solvent for india rubber1 and in the preparation of a very superior black pigment4 ,it has been highly spoken of as a remedy for cholera1 by ,dr ,andreosky1 a ,russian physician4 ,see ,,petroleum1 and below4 ,naphtha1 ,coal-tar4 ,syn4 ,,naphtha1 ,,coal ,n4 ,a mixture of volatile hydrocarbons1 obtained by distilling coal-tar4 ,it is one of the first products which comes over1 and flows from the still as crude coal naphtha4 ,to obtain rectified coal naphtha1 this crude liquid is distilled1 and the product agitated with #aj of concentrated sulphuric acid2 when cold1 the mixture is treated with #e of peroxide of manganese1 and the upper portion is submitted to further distillation4 ,the specific gravity of this purified product is #hej4 ,it is extensively used as a solvent of caoutchouc1 and other allied substances1 also of resins for the preparation of varnishes4 ,by repeated purification and fractional distillation1 benzol1 the chief and most important constituent of coal naphtha1 is obtained4 ,see ,,benzol4 ,naphtha1 ,wood4 ,see ,,pyroxylic ,,spirit4 ,,naph,,thalin4 ,c#aj;,h#i4 ,syn4 ,,naphthaline1 ,,naphthalene4 ,a white crystallisable1 odorous1 volatile substance1 obtained from coal-tar4 ,prep4 ,the last portion of the volatile oily product is collected separately1 and allowed to repose1 when crude naphthalin separates in the solid state4 ,by pushing the distillation until the residuum in the still begins to char1 a further portion of dark-coloured naphthalin may be obtained4 ,it is purified by resublimation a second1 or even a third time4 ,prop41 c4 ,soluble in alcohol and ether2 slightly soluble in boiling water2 melts at #agf ,fahr42 boils at #dab2 highly inflammable1 burning with a red and smoky flame2 with sulphuric acid1 it unites to form sulpho-naphthalic acid4 ,by the action of nitric acid upon naphthalin1 numerous substances may be formed1 the most interesting being nitro-naphthalin4 ,naphthalin has lately been extensively employed as a stimulating expectorant4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr42 or1 preferably1 #a_/b gr41 frequently4 ,externally1 made into an ointment1 in dry tetters1 psoriasis1 c4 #cj gr4 may be mixed with #a oz4 of lard4 ,,na,,ples ,,yel,,low4 ,see ,,yellow ,,pigments4 ,,nar,,ceia4 ,c#bc;,h#bj;,g#i4 ,syn4 ,,narceina1 ,,narceia4 ,a peculiar substance discovered by ,pelletier in opium4 ,it is obtained from the aqueous solution of opium1 after it has been freed from morphia1 and narcotina1 by ammonia1 by adding to it hydrate of lime1 or preferably1 baryta4 ,on boiling the filtered solution1 to expel the ammonia1 and evaporating the liquid1 crystals of narceine are gradually deposited4 ,it may be purified by solution in hot alcohol and recrystallisation4 ,prop41 c4 ,white1 silky1 acicular prisms2 neutral2 inodorous2 bitter2 pungent2 soluble in #cge parts of water at #fj1 and in #ccj parts at #bab ,fahr42 insoluble in ether2 does not neutralise the acids1 and is destitute of basic properties4 ,it is distinguished from morphia by its easier fusibility 7#aij71 and by forming a blue liquid with the dilute mineral acids1 which on gradual dilution changes to violet and rose red1 and ultimately becomes colourless4 ,it does not strike a blue colour with ferric chloride1 like morphia1 but forms a blue compound with iodine1 which is decomposed by boiling water4 ,it appears to be inert1 and has not been applied to any useful purpose4 ,,nar,,cotics4 ,syn4 ,,stupefacients2 ,,narcotica1 ,,stupefacientia1 ,l4 ,medicines which produce drowsiness1 sleep1 and stupor4 ,in small doses1 narcotics mostly act as stimulants1 but in larger ones they produce calmness of mind1 drowsiness1 and torpor2 and in poisonous doses1 delirium1 coma1 and death4 ,the general objects in the administration of these agents are the production of sleep and the alleviation of pain4 ,their action is modified to a greater degree by idiosyncrasy and habit than that of1 perhaps1 any other class of medicines4 ,hence the care necessary in their administration4 ,alcohol1 camphor1 chloroform1 chloral hydrate1 ether1 foxglove1 hemlock1 henbane1 morphia1 opium1 and tobacco1 are narcotics4 ,,nar,,cotina4 ,c#bb;,h#bc,,no#g4 ,syn4 ,,narcotine1 ,l42 ,,sel ,d',,opium1 ,,mati,,re ,,de ,,derosne1 ,fr4 ,a peculiar crystalline substance1 found by ,derosne in opium1 and on which its stimulant property was at first supposed to depend4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from opium exhausted of soluble matter by cold water1 by treating it with water acidulated with acetic or hydrochloric acid1 filtering1 neutralising1 with ammonia1 and dissolving the washed precipitate in boiling alcohol2 the narcotine is deposited as the liquid cools1 and may be purified by solution in ether4 #b4 ,by acting on opium1 previously exhausted by cold water1 with ether4 ,prop41 c4 ,white1 inodorous1 fluted1 or striated prisms2 neutral to test paper2 insoluble in cold water2 sparingly soluble in boiling water2 freely soluble in boiling alcohol and in ether4 ,it is only feebly basic4 ,narcotine is distinguished from morphia by its insipidity1 solubility in ether1 insolubility in alkalies1 giving an orange tint to nitric acid1 and a greasy stain to paper when heated on it over a candle4 ,another test for narcotina1 said by ,orfila to be characteristic1 is to add to a little of the suspected substance a drop or two of oil of vitriol1 and then to add a very small fragment of nitrate of potassium2 the liquid speedily acquires a deep blood-red colour if narcotina is present4 ,morphia treated in the same way strikes a brown or olive-green colour4 ,obs4 ,the physiological action of narcotina is differently stated by different authorities4 #a gr4 of it1 dissolved in olive oil1 killed a dog in #bd hours3 but #bd gr4 dissolved in acetic acid were given with impunity4 7,magendie47 ,in the solid state it is inert2 #abj gr4 at a dose scarcely produce any obvious effects4 7,bally47 ,scruple doses have been given without injury4 7,dr ,roots47 ,it has been recently proposed as a substitute for quinine in the cure of agues4 ,for this purpose the sulphate or hydrochlorate is preferable4 #bjj cases of intermittent and remittent fevers have been thus successfully treated in ,india4 7,dr ,o',shaughnessy47----,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 as an antiperiodic sedative1 c4 ,turkey opium contains about #a1 and ,east ,indian opium about #c1 of narcotine4 ,,na,,trium4 ,see ,,sodium4 ,,na,,tron4 ,native carbonate of soda4 ,,nau,,sea4 ,see ,,sickness4 ,,nau,,seants4 ,syn4 ,,nauseantia1 ,l4 ,substances which induce an inclination to vomit1 without effecting it4 ,see ,,emetics4 ,,navel1 ,starting of4 ,to remedy this1 take a slice of cork about the circumference of a shilling1 and a little thicker2 and having covered the projecting navel with a small circular piece of clean1 soft linen1 place the cork on the linen1 strapping it into position by means of cross strips of white sticking plaster 7simple lead plaster7 over which the usual roller is to be adjusted4 ,be careful to have the plaster of sufficient length1 and to see that it adheres tightly to the skin4 ,,nec,,tar4 ,the fabled drink of the mythological deities4 ,the name was formerly given to wine dulcified with honey2 it is now occasionally applied to other sweet and pleasant beverages of a stimulating character4 ,the following ,,liqueurs are so called3---- ,prep4 #a4 ,chopped raisins1 #b lbs42 loaf sugar1 #d lbs42 boiling water1 #b galls42 mix1 and stir frequently until cold1 then add #b lemons1 sliced2 proof spirit 7brandy or rum71 #c pints2 macerate in a covered vessel for #f or #g days1 occasionally shaking1 next strain with pressure1 and let the strained liquid stand in a cold place for a week to clear2 lastly1 decant the clear portion1 and bottle it4 #b4 ,red ratafia1 #c gall42 oils of cassia and caraway1 of each #be drops 7dissolved in72 brandy1 #a_/b pint2 orange wine1 #a gall42 sliced oranges1 #f in no42 lump sugar1 #b lbs42 macerate for a week1 decant and bottle4 ,see ,,arrack 7,factitious47 ,,ne,,gus4 ,a well-known beverage1 so named after its originator and patron1 ,colonel ,negus4 ,it is made of either port or sherry wine1 mixed with about twice its bulk of hot water1 sweetened with lump sugar1 and flavoured with a little lemon juice and grated nutmeg1 and a small fragment only of the yellow peel of the lemon4 ,the addition of about #a drop of essence of ambergris1 or #h or #aj drops of essence of vanilla1 distributed between about a dozen glasses1 improves it4 ,,nepen,,the4 ,a drink calculated to banish the remembrance of grief4 ,in the 8,odyssey0 ,homer describes ,helen as administering it to ,telemachus4 ,nothing is known respecting the composition of the ancient nepenthe4 ,the name is applied to a preparation of opium by many old writers1 and is now employed by a ,bristol firm to designate a preparation resembling in all essential points ,battley's #8,,liquor ,,opii ,,sedativus1' ,,ner,,vousness4 ,the indescribable derangement of health1 and the complication of disagreeable sensations which are popularly described under this name1 quite as much deserve the serious attention of both patient and physician as any other affection to which the human frame is liable4 ,although1 in itself1 not a definite disease1 it is indicative of the vital system being out of order1 that its energies are failing or overtasked1 and that the functions of some of its organs are languidly or imperfectly performed4 ,this condition1 if not removed1 may gradually lead to the development of actual disease1 and imperil life if the conditions whereon it is dependent be not detected and subdued4 ,the treatment of nervousness consists mainly in restoring the healthy action of the stomach and bowels1 and in the use of proper exercise1 especially in the open air4 ,the stomach should not be overloaded with indigestible food1 and the bowels should be occasionally relieved by the use of some mild aperient4 ,mental as well as bodily relaxation should be sought1 and the pleasures without the vices of society should be indulged in as discretion and inclination may direct4 ,abernethy's injunction to a nervous and dyspeptic lady1 8,dismiss your servants1 madam1 and make your own beds10 should be recollected by all1 and may be taken as a proof of the importance that eminent surgeon attached to exercise2 his advice to the indolent and nervous dyspeptic should not be forgotten1 8,live on sixpence a day----and earn it40 ,see ,,exercise1 ,,flatulence1 ,,hypochondriasis1 ,,hysteria1 ,,indigestion1 c4 ,,nessler',s ,,test for ammonia1 c4 ,this1 the most delicate test for ammonia1 was devised by ,nessler4 ,it is prepared by saturating a solution of iodide of potassium with the biniodide of mercury1 and then adding a weak solution of hydrate of sodium4 ,the addition of a few drops of this solution1 to one containing ammonia1 produces a yellowish tint when only a trace of ammonia is present1 but a dark brown precipitate when the ammonia is present in larger quantity4 ,the composition of the precipitate may be represented thus3----,n,hg#b;,i4 ,a modification of this test is applied to the detection of wood spirit in common alcohol4 ,a dilute solution of the iodides in question in pure alcohol is formed1 in the proportion of #b or #c gr4 of the salts to #ajj c4c4 of alcohol4 ,about #d c4c4 of the suspected alcohol are taken1 to which are added #b or #c drops of the test solution1 a few drops of alcoholic ammonia1 and1 lastly1 a little alcoholic potash2 if wood spirit be present1 the solution will remain clear1 but if the alcohol be pure1 the characteristic reddish brown precipitate will appear4 ,the precipitate is soluble in acetone1 which is always present in wood spirit4 ,professor ,wanklyn gives the following formul for the preparation of the ,nessler test3----,mercuric chloride in powder1 #ce grammes2 iodide of potassium1 #ij grammes2 water1 #a-c_/d litres2 heat gently till dissolved 7say #bj minutes7 in a large basin4 ,then add of stick caustic potash1 #cbj grammes1 and #ej c4c4 of saturated solution of mercuric chloride4 ,the above will be ready for use in #b hours1 and gives maximum colour in #c minutes4 ,,nests1 ,,edible4 ,these dietetic curiosities1 which are esteemed as great gastronomic luxuries by the ,chinese1 are formed by several species of swallows frequenting the ,indian ,seas4 ,the so-called nests chiefly abound in ,java1 ,borneo1 and the ,celebes1 being found in the caverns both inland and on the sea-shores of those islands4 ,they are not in reality birds' nests1 but merely supports1 by which the bird is enabled to sustain and also to attach its nest to the rock4 ,the nests themselves consist of grass1 leaves1 and seaweed2 the latter of which substances it was for a long time erroneously considered formed the esculent2 whereas it is the support which exclusively constitutes this ,eastern table luxury4 ,this1 in great part1 consists of a peculiar mucus1 of a gelatinous nature1 which it has been ascertained the bird secretes and discharges from its mouth in large quantities4 ,the ,chinese mostly use it in the form of soup1 and believe it to be possessed of considerable nutrient power4 ,as many as #h1djj1jjj of edible nests are said to be annually imported into ,canton4 8,the finest and whitest kind sells for #e or #f the lb42 but it requires about fifty nests to make up one pound4 ,the brackets or supports are moved three times1 the best being obtained in ,july and ,august40#dd ,footnote #dd3 ,church4 ,,net,,tle ,,rash4 ,see ,,rash4 ,,neural,,gia4 ,literally1 pain in a nerve4 8,various parts of the body are liable to be affected with excruciating pain1 which is quite independent of any inflammation of the part1 and which may often be traced in the course of the nerves40 ,these affections constitute neuralgia4 ,one of the most distressing forms of this disease is ,,facial ,,neuralgia or ,,tic ,,douloureux 7,,neuralgia ,,facialis71 which1 when it assumes a marked intermittent character1 is popularly known as #8,,face ,,ague1' ,sometimes it attacks the nerves of the female breast2 or those of the hand1 feet1 hip1 or loins1 in which cases it is often confounded with acute rheumatism of those parts1 occurring towards the inner extremity of the eyebrow and extending over the forehead1 it is known as 8,brow-ague40 ,the treatment1 when neuralgia is symptomatic of any other affection1 must be directed to the primary disease4 ,when it is idiopathic1 or an independent affection1 powerful tonic medicines and powerful local counter-irritation are generally found the most successful remedies4 ,of tonics1 carbonates of iron and bark 7both in very large doses7 are generally preferred2 the last more particularly when the affection is of an intermittent kind4 ,as a counter-irritant1 caustic ammonia has been much relied on4 ,when all other means fail1 a current of mild streaming electricity through the part will often give immediate relief4 ,in the present day quinine in large doses is much depended on1 although the affection should not present the intermittent type4 ,plain ,advice to the ,neuralgic by a ,family ,doctor4#de----;,here1 reader1 are two facts1 which are patent to every thinking medical man3 first1 this agonising complaint1 called neuralgia1 is very much more common or prevalent in our day than it was in the days of our forefathers2 and secondly1 those among us who are most apt to suffer from it are they who live in luxury1 or who live too fast1 and neglect to keep their bodies up to the proper health-pitch4 ,the poor1 too1 are often afflicted in the same way1 and those who are much confined in workshops1 and badly ventilated factories4 ,from this it is not difficult to perceive a lesson may be learned4 ,footnote #de3 ,the article entitled 8,plain ,advice to the ,neuralgic10 which appeared in #8,cassell's ,family ,magazine1' is so good that we reprint it verbatim4 ,little need is there to describe the symptoms of neuralgia1 whether it takes the form of tic douloureux or faceache1 hemicrania or half headache 7sometimes1 but wrongly1 called sun-pain71 or sciatica1 in which the pain follows the course of a nerve running down the back of the leg1 even at times as far as the toes4 ,the pain when fully established is of a terribly acute kind1 and indescribable burning and shooting----torture1 in fact4 ,it generally comes on without any warning at all1 in one sharp twinge1 which soon recurs and keeps on increasing1 till the poor patient is half distracted1 and his pale anxious face is beaded with perspiration4 ,of the three kinds of neuralgia1 the most common by far is tic1 or faceache4 ,this pain seems to #8come out1' as ,i have heard patients describe it1 from a spot between the ear and temple1 and spread itself over one side of the face1 adown the jaws along one side of the nose1 and into the eye itself4 ,the fits of pain seem at times induced by the most trifling causes1 such as a sudden start1 a loud1 quick sound1 as the slamming of a door1 or the slightest draught of cold air1 a mouthful of hot tea or cold water4 ,sometimes the patient will get ease if he keeps in bed1 with the face entirely buried in warm soft flannel1 but contact with the pillow will at once induce a paroxysm4 ,sleep banishes the pain entirely for the time1 or perhaps altogether1 if the slumber has been natural1 and not induced by weakening1 enervating narcotics4 ,now let us see for a moment what are the usual causes of neuralgia4 ,if we know these1 it will assist us materially in laying down rules for the general treatment of the complaint4 ,and here let me premise that some cases are incurable1 because they depend upon pressure by tumours of some kind at the root of the nerve1 maybe a bit of bone growing into it4 ,for remember the nerves are extremely sensitive if pressed upon directly4 ,a kinder-hearted man than ,professor ,l----1 of ,aberdeen1 or #8,sandie' as he was familiarly termed1 never lived2 but he used to tell us students1 8,gentlemen1 in cutting down upon an artery1 in one of the extremities1 you will often find the artery1 the vein1 and the corresponding nerve lying in juxtaposition4 ,you can easily tell the vein1 but you may be puzzled to know which is nerve and which artery2 give one of them1 then1 a slight pinch with the forceps----if it is the former1 oh6 won't the patient holloa6 but if he doesn't holloa1 go on1 tie away40 ,and ,i have often seen this put in practice with the very happiest results1 so far as the operator was concerned4 ,i merely mention this to prove to you that pressure on the root of a nerve may cause an incurable form of neuralgia4 ,but do not think that ,i wish to frighten you6 ,i therefore hasten to tell the perhaps afflicted reader1 that these cases are very rare indeed1 and that the large majority of those who suffer from the malady may be cured for the time1 and the disease even prevented from returning4 ,i said that very often neuralgia gave no warning1 but came on suddenly1 but it more often comes on gradually1 and is preceded by some derangement of the general health1 such as indigestion4 ,from this fact1 again1 the wise may take a hint4 ,i do not say that strong men with robust constitutions never take neuralgia1 but all my experience1 and that ,i believe of nearly all medical men1 go to prove that it is more frequently an accompaniment of a weakened frame of body1 with a nervous system below par4 ,this may have been occasioned by bodily fatigue combined with want of sleep1 anxiety of mind1 worry1 c41 or from debility from whatever cause4 ,but ,i must not forget to say that indigestion is a frequent cause1 and excess in eating and drinking combined with late hours in hot rooms4 ,another hint1 please1 reader4 ,foul air1 especially living in malarious districts1 will also bring on neuralgia1 and in this case the attacks are generally of a periodical kind4 ,the great majority1 however1 of the cases of neuralgia which come under the notice of the practitioner1 are caused by decayed teeth4 ,and this fact gives us hint number three4 ,sciatica cases are at times exceedingly distressing4 ,i shall just mention one1 which ,i cured not long since2 and we may learn something from it because the cure was so simple4 ,a gentleman1 thirty-two years of age he was1 spare but wiry2 from errors in diet1 ,i elicited1 he had become troubled with indigestion and heartburn1 which lasted for months2 and1 moreover1 he had quite his own share of that heart-eating canker1 care4 ,for the heartburn he was in the habit of swallowing large quantities of the bicarbonate of soda4 ,now it is well known that antacids1 although they may palliate fits of indigestion1 cannot cure them2 and1 moreover1 the constant use of an antacid like soda never fails to bring on a state of debility and poverty of blood4 ,in the present case the pains in the limb were almost constant1 combined with stiffness of the muscles1 which necessitated the use of a staff in walking4 ,at about three or four o'clock every morning there were paroxysms of the most terrible agony1 during which the patient would leave his bed because1 he said1 8it wasn't level10 and1 rolled in a rug1 lie at full length on the floor1 bathed in pain-induced perspiration4 ,it was no wonder he was glad to take that dangerous narcotic1 hydrate of chloral1 to give him quiet nights4 ,but this only reduced his system more and more1 and gave the enemy a stronger hold thereon4 ,when ,i saw him he had been suffering thus for two months1 and was indeed in a pitiable plight4 ,but giving up both the chloral and the soda1 going for change of air1 using some simple tonic1 and being careful in his diet1 worked wonders for him4 ,the sciatica left him in one week1 and in six weeks he was well and hearty4 ,one of the most distressing things in connection with neuralgia is the length of time it sometimes lasts1 and its habit of returning periodically1 without giving1 perhaps1 any warning of its approach4 ,the depression1 too1 of the nervous system which it effects is very great2 even the mind to some extent suffers2 the patient becomes timid and irritable1 while at times even the muscles waste4 ,the sufferer1 if the complaint continues long1 seems positively to age under it4 ,that he soon recovers strength and spirits when the enemy has been driven from his stronghold1 is only a proof of the recuperative power of nature in our systems1 so long as youth or middle age is on our side4 ,some ancient physician has said that no one thinks of taking care of his health until death stares him in the face4 ,there is one exception1 however3 people very rarely die directly from neuralgia1 unless it be that dreadful form of it called angina pectoris1 or heart-cramp2 but so great is the pain and torture from tic douloureux or sciatica1 that sufferers therefrom are glad and willing to do anything that may present some hopes of relief4 ,the patient1 then1 who wishes to recover from this disease must first try to find out the cause of it1 in his or her particular case4 ,is the digestion good8 are the teeth good8 is the health below par8 are the spirits buoyant or the reverse8 is the kind of life led that which seems to conduce to health and longevity8----these are questions which he had better put to himself and think well over before commencing any treatment except the simple means of local relief which ,i shall presently mention2 for1 depend upon it1 whatsoever tends to place the system below par opens the door for the cruel foe's entrance4 ,and the converse is likewise true4 ,if you1 then1 suffer from tic douloureux1 see1 first and foremost1 that it does not arise from caries of the teeth4 ,only a dentist can find this out for you1 for a tooth may be sound enough to appearance1 and yet decayed within4 ,often the removal of one or two teeth will effect1 in an hour1 the complete cure of a case that has been going on for months4 ,the treatment for neuralgia may be fitly divided into the topical1 or that which gives relief at once1 without reference to permanent cure1 and the constitutional1 or that which tends to remove the cause and prevent any recurrence4 ,i shall mention the former of these first4 ,probably that which gives the greatest relief is the subcutaneous injection of morphia2 but as this tiny but comforting operation can only be performed by some one with skill1 ,i pass it by1 and tell you of the great good that may be done by twice a day smearing the track of the nerve with the aconitine ointment2 only remember1 it must not be applied to an abraded surface4 ,when it can be borne1 alternate douches of hot and cold water sometimes give relief1 and rubbing or shampooing the parts for some length of time may result in good4 ,but if the pain is at its worst1 and immediate relief is needed1 the inhalation of or smelling at a vial of chloroform will act like a charm4 ,take first a little good ,scotch whiskey1 with from #bj to #dj drops of the spirit of ether in it2 then have1 not one sniff1 but two or three good sniffs at the vial of chloroform4 ,it will not make you insensible1 but it will scare away the pain4 ,i often do good by administering one large dose of quinine4 ,i am rather chary of advising you1 however1 to try it1 because ten or fifteen grains of this invaluable medicine may work injury if either head or heart is easily affected4 ,people often complain of what they call rheumatism in the jaw1 where probably the whole of the teeth in one side1 not one more than another1 are affected4 ,now the drug called sal ammoniac 7chloride of ammonium7 is almost a specific for this kind of faceache4 ,it strikes me ,i have recommended this before----probably in my paper on the teeth----however1 it will bear repeating4 ,the dose is half a dram three or four times a day1 but if it doesn't do good after the fourth or fifth dose1 it may be stopped4 ,it is well worth a trial1 and is safe4 ,neuralgia and rheumatism are at times mysteriously allied1 and1 did space permit1 ,i could tell you of some very strange cures effected by the use of the dumb-bells----first1 ,i think1 recommended by ,dr ,arnott4 ,when the pain comes on1 the patient has recourse to these2 and whether it is the indomitable power of will or the effect on the circulation ,i know not----all ,i know is1 it often scares the tic away1 and that is something4 ,nothing probably gives more certain relief in cases of sciatica than a small blister1 not bigger than a penny-piece1 just over the spot where the nerve seems to come out1 i4 e4 where the pain begins1 and afterwards dusting not more than half a grain of morphia on the raw surface4 ,and now for constitutional remedies4 ,i will not allow any patient of mine to cuddle and fondle himself and his neuralgia over the fire or in bed one hour longer than is necessary4 ,the mind has a wonderful effect on nervous ailments1 and by letting it dwell on them you assuredly increase them2 besides1 the body is under par1 exercise is needed1 and pure air and many things besides2 and therefore ,i prescribe activity1 to begin with1 not senseless walk-taking1 but healthy exercise-with-a-purpose4 ,medicine must not be neglected2 but ,i assure you1 unless you not only take plenty of exercise1 regulate your diet1 and in some way alter for the better your usual mode of life1 it will just be as well1 if not better1 to pour the medicine down the nearest rat's hole4 ,that may be a plain way of putting it1 but it is very true notwithstanding4 ,now1 ,i think in most cases an occasional mild purgative will do good1 for tonics should never be taken unless the bowels are regular2 and as the liver is at times just a little to blame1 a claret-glassful of ,friedrichshall water may be taken twice a week with benefit4 ,your tonic1 unless there be great fulness of blood1 had better be an iron one1 combined with quinine1 which any chemist will compound you4 ,tell him you want the tincture of iron1 and a little dilute hydrochloric acid1 in a quinine mixture4 ,probably he will say the citrate of iron and quinine is better 7it is more easily compounded71 and then it will be for you to consider whether you will be advised by him or by your #8,family ,doctor4' ,here is a beautiful wee mixture1 which you can compound for yourself1 and the dose of which is a teaspoonful in a little water #c times a day3----,take #b oz4 of tincture of quinine1 #a_/b oz4 of tincture of ginger1 and the same quantity of pure glycerin1 and mix4 ,the following is a capital tonic to be taken after an attack of neuralgia and continued some weeks3----,liquor arsenicalis hydrochlorici1 #ajj drops2 quinine1 #cj gr42 elixir of vitriol1 #b dr42 ginger syrup1 #c oz42 mix4 ,and the dose is a teaspoonful after every meal in a drop of water4 ,when mentioning sal ammoniac1 ,i ought to have said that in those cases where good is done----and they are very many----whenever the pain is gone1 you should reduce the dose to #aj or #ae gr4 thrice a day for a week4 ,in some cases of sciatica1 where the subject is a gouty or rheumatic one1 good is done by a course of iodide of potassium in combination with tonics4 ,as for food1 the more nourishing it is the better----good meat1 plenty of eggs and milk1 c41 and perhaps a little brandy and ,apollinaris water4 ,give up tea and coffee for a time1 and use cocoa2 the less oily kind is the best4 ,my advice for the prevention of the return of neuralgia may be summed up in a few substantives----air1 exercise1 regularity1 temperance1 tonics1 cocoa1 and cod-liver oil4 ,,neutralisa,,tion4 ,the admixtures of an alkali or base with an acid in such proportions that neither shall predominate4 ,a neutral compound neither turns red litmus paper blue1 nor blue litmus paper red4 ,,neutralising ,,proportions1 ,table of4 ,table of the ,neutralising ,proportions of some of the ,acids and ,alkaline ,carbonates omitting minute fractions4 ,the best commercial preparations must be used4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,bicarb4 of ,carbonate ,sesqui- ,bi- ,tartaric,citric ,lemon ,cr4 ,carb4 ,soda and ,bicarb4 of of carbonate carbonate ,acid4 ,acid4 ,juice4of ,soda4 ,carb4 of ,potash4 ,magnesia4 of of ,potash4 ,ammonia4 ,ammonia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,grs4 ,grs4 ,grs4 ,grs4 ,grs4 ,grs4 ,grs4 ,grs4 #aj #i-a_/d #b-a_/f #ai #aa #ac-a_/b #f-a_/b #h-a_/d #aj-a_/b #aj-c_/d #aj #b-a_/c #bj-a_/b #ab #ad-a_/b #g #h-a_/b #aa-a_/b #ac #ab #b-d_/e #be #ad-a_/b #ag-a_/b #h-a_/d #aj #ac-a_/b #ae #ad #c-a_/d #bi #ag #bj-a_/c #i-a_/b #ab #af #ae-a_/b #ad-a_/b #c-a_/c #cj #ag-a_/d #ba #aj #ab-a_/d #af-a_/b #ah #ag #d #cd-a_/b #bj #bd-a_/d #aa-a_/b #ad #ai #bj #ah-a_/b #d-a_/c #ch-a_/b #bb-a_/c #bg #ab-c_/d #ae-a_/b #ba #bj-a_/b #ai #d-a_/b #dj #bc #bg-a_/b #ac #af #ba-a_/b #bf #bd #e-a_/b #ej #bi #ce #af-a_/b #ah-a_/d #bg #bg #be #e-e_/f #eb #cj #cf #ag #ba #bh-a_/b #cb #cj #g #fa #cf #dc #bj-a_/b #be #cc-a_/b #cf #cc-a_/b #g-e_/f #fi #dj #dh-a_/b #bc #bh #ch #dg #dd #aj-a_/d #ij #eb-a_/b #fc #cj #cg #di-a_/b #eb #dh-a_/baa-a_/c #ajj #eh #gj #cc #da #ee #fb #eh #ac-a_/b #abj #fi #hd #dj #di #fe-a_/b #gc #fh #ae-e_/f #adj #hb #ih #df-a_/b #eg #gg #ge #gj #af-a_/d #add #hd #aja #dh-a_/b #ei #gi #ij #hd #ai-a_/b #agb #aja #aba #eg-a_/b #ga #id-a_/b #ib #hf #bj #agg #ajc #abd #ei #gb #ig #ajj #ic #ba-b_/c #aib #aab #acd #fd #gh #aje-a_/b #ajh #ajj #bc-a_/c #bjf #abj #ade #fi #hd #aac #ahj #afh #ci-a_/e #cdd #bjb #bdb #aae #ada #aij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,new ,,berlin ,,sanitary ,,liqueur----,gesundheits-,liqueur1 neuer ,berliner 7,apotheker ,emil ,trotz74 ,an unpleasantly-tasting bitter spicey schnapps1 containing #ah per cent4 of sugar4 ,leaves an after-taste of aloes4 7,hager47 ,,nick,,el4 ,ni4 ,syn4 ,,nickelium1 ,l4 ,a metal obtained from kupfernickel1 a native arsenide of nickel found in ,westphalia2 also from nickel speiss1 an impure arsenio-sulphide of nickel left after the manufacture of cobalt blue from its ores4 ,prep4 ,the powdered ore is roasted first by itself1 and next with charcoal powder1 until all the arsenic is expelled1 and a garlic odour ceases to be evolved2 the residuum is mixed with sulphur #c parts1 and potassium hydrate1 #a part1 and the compound is melted in a crucible with a gentle heat2 the fused mass when cold1 is reduced to powder1 edulcorated with water1 dissolved in sulphuric acid mixed with a little nitric acid1 and precipitated with potassium carbonate2 the precipitate 7nickelous carbonate7 is washed1 dried1 mixed with powdered charcoal1 and1 lastly1 reduced by the heat of a powerful furnace4 ,when nickel predominates in the ore1 after the arsenic1 iron1 and copper have been separated1 ammonia is digested in the mixed nickelous and cobaltous oxides1 and the resulting blue solution1 after dilution with boiled pure water1 is treated with potassium hydrate until the colour disappears1 when the whole is put into an air-tight vessel1 and set it aside for some time4 ,the powder 7nickelous hydrate7 which subsides1 after edulcoration1 is mixed with charcoal1 and reduced by fusion in a crucible containing some crown glass4 ,on the small scale1 for chemical purposes1 pure nickel is best obtained by moderately heating nickelous oxalate in a covered crucible lined with charcoal4 ,prop4 ,white2 hard2 malleable2 magnetic2 capable of receiving the lustre of silver2 sp4 gr41 when hammered1 about #hhb2 fusibility between that of manganese and iron2 it is not oxidised in the air2 and is little attacked by dilute acids unless when nitric acid is present2 this last acid dissolves it freely4 ,with the acids1 c41 it forms numerous compounds1 most of which may be prepared by the direct solution of the carbonate4 ,a specimen of the metal reduced from the pure oxide in a current of hydrogen was beautifully white and silvery2 its sp4 gr4 was #hege1 and it was almost as soft as copper4 ,tests4 ,the salts of nickel in the anhydrous state are for the most part yellow2 when hydrated1 green1----and furnish solutions possessing a pale green colour4 ,solutions of its salts exhibit the following reactions3----,alkaline hydrates give a pale apple-green precipitate1 insoluble in excess1 but soluble in a solution of carbonate of ammonium1 yielding a greenish-blue liquid4 ,ammonia gives a similar precipitate1 soluble in excess1 yielding a deep purplish-blue solution4 ,the presence of ammonium salts or free acids interferes with this reaction4 ,cyanide of potassium produces a green precipitate1 soluble in excess1 forming an amber-coloured liquid1 which is reprecipitated by hydrochloric acid4 ,this last precipitate is scarcely soluble in excess of the acid in the cold1 but readily so upon boiling the liquid4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium gives a greenish-white precipitate4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen occasions no change in solutions of nickel containing free mineral acid2 but in alkaline solutions gives a black precipitate4 ,sulphide of ammonium in neutral solutions gives a black precipitate1 soluble with difficulty in hydrochloric acid2 but freely soluble in aqua regia4 ,estim4 ,nickel may be thrown down from its ore in the form of either carbonate or hydrate1 and after ignition may be weighed as oxide1 each grain of which is equal to #g_/h gr4 of pure nickel2 or1 more accurately1 #ghga gr4 ,according to ,rose1 nickel may be separated from cobalt as follows3----,the mixed metals are dissolved in considerable excess of hydrochloric acids1 and the solution is diluted with a very large quantity of water2 a current of chlorine is then passed through the liquor for several hours1 and the upper part of the flask is left filled with the gas after the current has ceased2 barium carbonate is next added1 in excess1 the whole digested together1 with frequent agitation for #ae or #ah hours1 and then thrown on a filter4 ,the filtrate yields pure nickelous oxide by precipitation with hydrate of potassium2 whilst the residuum on the filter1 after being washed in water1 dissolved in hot hydrochloric acid1 and the barium precipitated with sulphuric acid1 furnishes1 with hydrate of potassium1 a precipitate of cobaltous hydrate1 free from nickel1 which1 when washed and dried1 is reduced in a platinum or porcelain crucible by hydrogen gas4 ,uses4 ,nickel is chiefly employed in the manufacture of ,german silver4 ,some of its salts have been recently introduced into medical practice1 and appear likely to prove most valuable additions to the materia medica4 ,it has also been recently used for deposition by electrolysis on other metals1 forming a hard1 brilliant1 non-tarnishing coating4 ,nickelic ,oxide4 ,ni#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,nickel1 ,,peroxide ,,of ,,nickel4 ,prep4 ,by passing chlorine through water holding the hydrate in suspension2 or by mixing a salt of nickel with bleaching powder4 ,an insoluble1 black powder1 which is decomposed by heat4 ,nickelous ,acetate4 ,ni7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,nickelii ,,acetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by neutralising acetic acid with nickelous carbonate1 and gently concentrating by evaporation1 so that crystals may form4 ,small green crystals1 soluble in #f parts of water4 ,nickelous ,carbonate4 ,ni,c,o#c ,syn4 ,,nickelii ,,carbonas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,this salt may be obtained in the manner described above in connection with the preparation of metallic nickel1 or by simply adding carbonate of sodium to a solution of nickelous chloride of sulphate1 but in this case some hydrate is precipitated along with it4 ,the following is another formula which produces a nearly pure carbonate1 but one which may still contain a little cobalt1 the entire separation of which is a matter of extreme difficulty1 and can best be effected in the manner recommended by ,rose1 described above3---- ,the mineral 7crude speiss or kupfernickel7 is broken into small fragments1 mixed with from one fourth to one half its weight of iron filings1 and the whole dissolved in aqua regia2 the solution is gently evaporated to dryness1 the residue treated with boiling water1 and the insoluble ferrous arseniate removed by filtration2 the liquid is next acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 in excess1 to precipitate the copper1 and1 after filtration1 is boiled with a little nitric acid1 to bring back the iron into ferric salts2 to the cold and largely diluted liquid a solution of bicarbonate of sodium is gradually added1 and the ferric oxide separated by filtration2 lastly1 the filtered solution is boiled with carbonate of sodium in excess1 and the pale green precipitate of carbonate collected1 washed1 and dried4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is freely soluble in the acids1 and is chiefly employed to prepare the salts and other compounds of nickel4 ,nickelous ,chloride4 ,ni,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,nickelii ,,chloridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from nickelous carbonate and hydrochloric acid1 as the acetate4 ,small green crystals1 of the formula ,ni,cl#b1i;,aq41 which are rendered yellow and anhydrous by heat1 unless they contain cobalt1 when the salt retains a tint of green4 ,,double ,,chlorides4 ,nickelous chloride unites with the chlorides of ammonium1 potassium1 and sodium1 to form pale green crystallisable salts1 which have been used for depositing nickel in iron1 lead1 copper1 c4 ,nickelous ,hydrate4 ,ni7,,ho7#b4 ,by precipitating a soluble salt of nickel with caustic potassa4 ,hydrated4 ,an ash-gray powder1 freely soluble in acids1 forming the ordinary salts of nickel4 ,nickelous ,oxalate4 ,ni,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,nickelii ,,oxalas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding a strong solution of oxalic acid to a like solution of nickelous sulphate1 and collecting the pale bluish-green precipitate which forms after a time4 ,used to prepare both metallic nickel and its oxide4 ,nickelous ,oxide4 ,ni,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,nickel4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heating the nitrate1 carbonate1 or oxalate1 to redness in open vessels4 ,anhydrous4 ,nickelous ,sulphate4 ,ni,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,nickel4 ,prep4 ,dissolve nickelous carbonate or oxide in dilute sulphuric acid1 evaporate down1 and crystallise4 ,pale green prismatic crystals1 and of the formula ,ni,s,o#d1g;,aq41 or small pale green octahedrons1 when crystallised at a higher temperature1 containing ,ni,s,o#d1f;,aq4 ,nickelous and ,potassium ,sulphate4 ,ni,s,o#d ,k#b,,so#d1f;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,double ,,sulphate ,,of ,,nickel ,,and ,,potassium4 ,prep4 ,by crystallising a mixture of nickelous and potassium sulphates4 ,pale green crystals1 readily soluble in water4 ,sodium and ammonium sulphates form similar compounds with nickelous sulphate4 ,,nick,,el ,,sil,,ver4 ,see ,,german ,,silver4 ,,nic,,otine4 ,c#aj;,h#ad,n#b4 ,syn4 ,,nicotina1 ,,nicotia1 ,l4 ,a volatile base1 discovered by ,reiman and ,posselt in tobacco4 ,prep4 7,ortigosa47 ,infuse tobacco leaves for #bd hours in water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 strain1 evaporate to a syrup1 add #a_/f of its volume of a strong solution of potassa1 and distil in an oil bath at #bhh1 occasionally adding a little water to assist the process1 and prevent the too great concentration of the solution of potassa in the retort2 next saturate the distilled product with oxalic acid1 evaporate to dryness1 digest in boiling absolute alcohol1 evaporate the resulting tincture to a syrup1 and decompose the oxalate of nicotine thus obtained by adding potassa to it in a close vessel1 and agitate the mass with ether1 repeating the process with more ether until all the nicotine is dissolved out2 lastly1 distil the mixed ethereal solution in an oil bath4 ,at first ether comes over1 then water1 and1 lastly1 nicotina1 which1 towards the end of the process1 assumes a yellowish tint4 #b4 7,schloesing47 ,this chiefly differs from the preceding by directing the concluding distillation to be conducted in a retort1 by the heat of an oil bath1 at the temperature of #bhd ,fahr41 in a current of hydrogen1 for #ab hours2 after which1 by raising the heat to #cef ,fahr41 the nicotine distils over pure1 drop by drop4 #c4 7,kirchmann74 ,a tin vessel provided with two tubulures1 is filled with tobacco1 which is previously damped with sodium carbonate4 ,one of the tubulures admits a glass tube reaching nearly to the bottom of the vessel2 the other is provided with a glass tube merely penetrating the cork4 ,the vessel is made air-tight1 placed into a boiling hot steam bath1 and a rapid stream of carbonic acid gas passed through it1 entering the vessel by the longer and leaving it by the shorter tube2 the latter dips into a mixture of alcohol and dilute sulphuric acid4 ,in this manner a large yield of perfectly colourless nicotine is obtained4 ,in order to obtain the pure alkaloid1 caustic baryta is added to the solution1 the latter evaporated to dryness1 and the pure nicotine extracted with ether4 ,to estimate nicotine1 weigh out #ae gr4 of tobacco1 digest for twenty-four hours with alcohol of #he per cent4 acidified with #ae drops of sulphuric acid1 so as to make #aej cubic centimtres4 ,evaporate #ej cubic centimtres of the filtered liquid1 and add iododydrargyrate of potassium to the residue4 ,the number of cubic centimtres employed1 multiplied by #jjjdje 7#jjja of the equivalent of nicotine71 gives the quantity of alkaloid contained in #e grams of tobacco4 7,linoffsky47 ,prop41 c4 ,nicotina is a colourless1 volatile liquid2 highly acrid and pungent2 smelling strongly of tobacco2 boiling at #cge ,fahr4 7#dhb----,pereira72 soluble in water1 ether1 alcohol1 and oils2 and combining with the acids1 forming salts1 many of which are crystallisable4 ,it is a frightful poison2 #a_/d of a drop will kill a rabbit2 a single drop will kill a large dog4 ,nicotina is the substance which was employed by the ,count ,bocarm for the purpose of poisoning his brother-in-law1 ,gustave ,fougnies1 the particulars of which were developed in the celebrated trial1 in ,belgium1 of that nobleman1 in #ahea4 ,good ,virginia and ,kentucky tobacco1 dried at #bab ,fahr41 contain from #f to #g of nicotina2 ,havannah tobacco 7cigars7 less than #b4 7,schloesing47 ,,night,,mare4 ,syn4 ,,incubus1 ,,ephialtes1 ,l4 ,the common causes of nightmare are indigestion and the use of narcotic and intoxicating substances4 ,its prevention consists in the selection of proper food1 and in duly attending to the state of the stomach and bowels4 ,heavy and late suppers should be particularly avoided1 as well as all articles of diet that are of difficult digestion1 or apt to induce flatulency4 ,when it arises from strong drink1 tobacco1 or opium1 these should be abandoned1 or employed in smaller quantities4 ,a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia1 magnesia1 or bicarbonate of soda1 taken in a glass of cold water on going to bed1 is a good and simple preventive4 ,in cases accompanied by restlessness1 a few drops of laudanum or tincture of henbane may be added4 ,an occasional aperient is also excellent4 ,see ,,chamomile4 ,,night,,shade 7,deadly74 ,syn4 ,,belladonna 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d474 8,the leaf1 fresh and dried 7leaves and root----,ph4 ,d471 of ,atropa belladonna1 ,linn40 8,the fresh leaves and branches to which they are attached2 also the leaves separate from the branches1 carefully dried1 of ,atropa belladonna1 gathered1 when the fruit has begun to form1 from wild or cultivated plants in ,britain0 7,b4 ,p474 8,oval1 acute1 very perfect1 glabrous1 when bruised1 exhaling a disagreeable odour4 ,the herb which grows spontaneously in hedges and uncultivated places is to be preferred to that which is cultivated in gardens40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,belladonna is a powerful narcotic1 and is used as an anodyne1 antispasmodic1 and discutient1 in a variety of diseases1----neuralgia1 arthritic pains1 migratory rheumatic pains1 spasmodic rigidity and strictures1 angina pectoris1 hooping-cough1 fevers1 phthisis1 c42 also as a prophylactic of scarlet fever1 as a resolvent in enlarged and indurated glands1 to produce dilatation of the pupil1 c41 c4----,dose4 ,of the powder1 commencing with #a gr41 gradually and cautiously increased until dryness of the throat or dilation of the pupil occurs1 or the head is affected4 ,see ,,atropia4 ,,nightshade 7,woody74 ,syn4 ,,bittersweet2 ,,dulcamara 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the 8new shoots 7caules7 of ,solanum ,dulcamara1 ,linn40 8,the dried young branches of the ,solanum ,dulcamara 7,bittersweet7 from indigenous plants which have shed their leaves0 7,b4 ,p474 8,it is to be collected in autumn1 after the leaves have fallen40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,diaphoretic1 diuretic1 and 7in large doses7 narcotic4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,dulcamara4 ,,nio,,bium4 ,see ,,tantalum4 ,,nip,,ples 7,sore74 ,the most common form of this affection is that termed 8chapped nipples0 by nurses4 ,as a preventive measure1 the part may be moistened morning and evening1 for some weeks before the period of lactation1 with a little rum or brandy1 which is more effective if slightly acidulated with a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid4 ,some persons employ tincture of tolu1 or compound tincture of benzoin 7,friar's balsam7 for this purpose4 ,when chaps1 cracks1 or like sores1 arising from lactation1 are once developed1 one of the safest and most effective remedies is tincture of catechu1 applied #c or #d times a day1 by means of a camel-hair pencil4 ,the celebrated nostrum of ,liebert for cracked nipples1 8,cosmtique infaillible et prompt contre les gerures ou crevasses aux seins et autres10 is a lotion formed of #aj gr4 of nitrate of lead dissolved in #d fl4 oz4 of rose water1 and tinged with a little cochineal4 ,the parts are moistened with the liquid1 and are then covered with fine leaden nipple-shields1 two of which are provided for the purpose4 ,this is repeated soon after each time the child leaves the breast2 and the nipple is carefully washed with a soft sponge and lukewarm water1 and gently dabbed dry with a very soft towel1 before the infant is again applied to it4 ,this remedy is very successful1 and has acquired great popularity and patronage in ,brussels1 ,paris1 ,frankfort1 and other parts4 ,it must be recollected1 however1 that all applications of an active or poisonous nature should be employed with the greatest possible caution1 as1 unless unusual care is taken1 a portion of the remedy may remain concealed within the delicate pores of the skin1 and be sucked off by the infant1 to the serious disturbance of its health4 ,,nitran,,iline4 ,this substance is obtained by acting on nitrobenzol with a mixture of fuming nitric acid and oil of vitriol2 ,dinitro-benzol is formed1 which is dissolved in alcohol1 and the resulting solution subjected to the reducing action of ammonia and sulphuretted hydrogen1 as described under aniline4 ,nitraniline forms yellow1 acicular crystals1 little soluble in cold water1 but freely soluble in alcohol and ether4 ,its salts are crystallisable4 ,,ni,,trate4 ,syn4 ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,a salt of nitric acid 7e4g4 ,ag,n,o#c1 nitrate of silver74 ,the nitrates are very easily prepared by the direct solution of the metal1 or its oxide1 or carbonate1 in nitric acid1 which1 in most cases1 should be previously diluted with water4 ,by evaporation1 with the usual precautions1 they may be obtained either in the pulverulent or crystalline form4 ,the nitrates are characterised by deflagrating when thrown on red-hot charcoal2 also by their aqueous solutions1 after being mixed with half their bulk of strong sulphuric acid and thoroughly cooled1 yielding a brown cloud with a crystal or concentrated solution of ferrous sulphate4 ,see ,,nitric ,,acid1 and the respective metals4 ,,ni,,tre4 ,nitrate of ,potassa4 ,see ,,potassium4 ,,ni,,tric ,,acid4 ,,hno#c4 ,syn4 ,,azotic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,nitricum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d472 ,,aquafortis4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 and ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,purified nitre 7dried7 and sulphuric acid1 equal parts2 mix in a glass retort1 and distil with a moderate heat1 from a sand bath 7or naked gas flame----,ph4 ,e47 into a cool receiver1 as long as the fused materials continue to evolve vapours4 8,the pale yellow acid thus obtained may be rendered nearly colourless 7if desired7 by gently heating it in a retort40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sp4 gr4 #aejj4 ,in the present ,ph4 ,l4 this acid is included in the materia medica4 7,see below47 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,the nitrate of potassa is dissolved in water1 the solution treated with a little nitrate of silver1 filtered1 evaporated to dryness1 weighed1 and then treated as above4 #c4 ,nitrate of soda 7cubic nitre1 ,chili saltpetre7 is introduced1 in quantities varying between #d and #aj lbs41 into a cylindrical iron retort1 which it will only half fill1 and after the lid is luted on and the connection made with the condensers1 an equivalent of oil of vitriol is poured in through an aperture provided for the purpose1 and the charge is worked off with a gradually increased heat4 ,the condensing apparatus consists of a series of #e or #f salt-glazed stoneware receivers1 about #a_/fth part filled with cold water4 ,the product of this process is the strongest brown and fuming #8,,nitrous ,,acid' of commerce 7,,aquafortis1 ,,fuming ,,nitric ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,nitrosum2 ,,acidum ,,nitricum ,,fumans71 and has usually the sp4 gr4 #ade4 ,it is rendered colourless by gently heating it in a glass retort1 when it forms ,,commercial ,,nitric ,,acid 7sp4 gr4 #acg to #ad47 #d4 7,,pure ,,monohydrated ,,nitric ,,acid47 ,by mixing the strongest commercial acid with about an equal quantity of oil of vitriol2 redistilling2 collecting apart the first portion which comes over1 and exposing it1 in a vessel slightly warmed and sheltered from the light1 to a current of dry air made to bubble through it until the nitrous acid is completely removed4 ,prop4 ,pure liquid nitric acid is colourless1 highly corrosive1 and possesses powerful acid and oxygenising properties4 ,the sp4 gr4 of the strongest liquid acid 7monohydrated nitric acid7 has the sp4 gr4 #aeag at #fj ,fahr4 8,on boiling nitric acid of different degrees of concentration at the ordinary atmospheric pressure1 a residue is left boiling at #bdi ,fahr41 and #bi in4 barometer1 having a sp4 gr4 #adad at #fj ,fahr40 7,fownes47 ,acid of less density than #adad parts with water1 and gradually becomes stronger by boiling2 but acid of less sp4 gr4 than #adad is weakened by exposure to heat4 ,when exposed to intense cold1 liquid nitric acid freezes4 ,it is rapidly decomposed1 with loss of oxygen1 by contact with most organic and many metallic and non-metallic bodies4 ,in many cases these reactions occur with considerable violence1 and the production of light and heat4 ,pur4 ,the nitric acid of commerce is generally contaminated by hydrochloric acid1 nitrous acid1 sulphuric acid1 or chlorine1 or by their soda or potassa salts1 and1 occasionally1 iodine1 together with an excess of water4 ,the last is readily detected by the sp4 gr41 and the others by the appropriate tests4 8,colourless4 ,contains #gj of ,,hno#c4 ,sp4 gr4 #adb4 #ij gr4 by weight1 mixed with #a_/b oz4 of distilled water1 require for neutralisation #ajjj grain measures of the volumetric solution of soda4 ,evaporated1 it leaves no residue4 ,diluted with six volumes of distilled water1 it gives no precipitate with chloride of barium or nitrate of silver----indicating absence of sulphuric and hydrochloric acids40 7,b4 ,p47 #e measures of acid1 sp4 gr4 #ae1 mixed with #b of water1 condensed into #f-a_/b measures1 and makes the sp4 gr4 #adb4 8,free from colour4 ,sp4 gr4 #adb4 ,exposed to the air1 it emits very acrid vapours4 ,totally volatilised by heat4 ,diluted with #c times its volume of water1 it gives no precipitate with either nitrate of silver or chloride of barium4 #ajj gr4 of this acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb7 are saturated by #afa gr4 of crystallised carbonate of soda40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the ,ph4 ,e4 states the density of commercial nitric acid is #achj to #acij4 8,if diluted with distilled water it precipitates but slightly1 or not at all1 with solution of nitrate of baryta or nitrate of silver40 ,the best #8double aquafortis' of the shops 7aquafortis duplex7 has usually the sp4 gr4 #acf2 and the single aquafortis 7aquafortis simplex71 the sp4 gr4 #abb2 but both are commonly sold at much lower strengths4 ,tests4----#a4 ,it stains the skin yellow4----#b4 ,when mixed with a little hydrochloric acid or chloride of ammonium1 it acquires the power of dissolving gold leaf4----#c4 ,morphia1 brucia1 and strychnia1 give it a red colour1 which is heightened by ammonia in excess4----#d4 ,when placed in a tube1 and a solution of protosulphate of iron is cautiously added1 a dark colour is developed at the line of junction1 which is distinctly visible when only #a_/bd1jjjth part of nitric acid is present4 ,this test may be often conveniently modified by dropping into the liquid a crystal of protosulphate of iron2 the fluid immediately surrounding this crystal then acquires a dark brown colour1 which disappears upon simple agitation of the fluid1 or by heating it4----#e4 ,when mixed with a weak solution of sulphate of indigo1 and heated1 the colour of the latter is destroyed4----#f4 ,when saturated with carbonate of potassium or sodium1 and evaporated to dryness1 the residuum deflagrates when thrown on burning coals4----#g4 ,when the mixture of a nitrate with cyanide of potassium1 in powder1 is heated on a piece of platinum1 a vivid deflagration follows1 attended with distinct ignition and detonation4 7,fresenius47 ,it is stated that sulphate of aniline is an extremely delicate test for nitric acid4 ,the following is the method of its application3----,about a cubic centimtre of pure concentrated sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahd7 is placed in a watch-glass2 half a cubic centimtre of a solution of sulphate of aniline 7formed by adding ten drops of commercial aniline to #ej c4c4 of diluted sulphuric acid in the proportion of #a to #f7 is poured on1 drop by drop2 a glass tube is moistened with the liquid to be tested1 and moved circularly in the watch-glass4 ,by blowing on the mixture during the circular agitation1 when a trace of nitric acid is present1 circular stri are developed of a very intense red colour1 tinting the liquid rose4 ,with more than a trace of nitric acid the colour becomes carmine1 passing to a brownish red4 ,this process serves to detect the presence of nitric acid in the sulphuric acid of commerce4 ,it will also reveal the presence of nitrates in water4#df----h4 ,take a quantity of diphenylamine1 about the size of a mustard seed1 put it into a test-tube1 and pour a little sulphuric acid over it1 then add a drop or two of water1 so as to increase the temperature sufficiently to effect the solution of the diphenylamine1 and the test is ready for use4 ,now add very gently the solution to be tested1 and if only a trace of nitric or nitrous acid be present1 a beautiful and very permanent blue colouration is produced at the junction of the two liquids1 but if there be any quantity of the nitrogen compound1 the colour becomes almost black4 ,this reaction is so delicate and certain that1 in the case of a solution of nitric acid containing about #a part ,b4 ,p4 acid in #aj1jjj of water1 the reaction is most distinct2 one part of nitrite of potassium in #cj1jjj of water gives also almost unmistakable evidence of the presence of the nitrogen acid4 ,footnote #df3 #8,pharmaceutical ,year ,book4' ,the following process for the quantitative estimation of nitric acid is by ,fischer3#dg----;,indigotin prepared by reduction of indigo by means of grape sugar1 alcohol1 and caustic soda1 oxidation in the air1 and solution in sulphuric acid1 may be kept unchanged for years4 ,five c4c4 of such a solution1 diluted with water and mixed with #cj c4c4 of pure sulphuric acid1 is titrated by adding a standard nitric acid solution until the blue colour gives place to a light green2 the indigo solution is then diluted1 so that #a c4c4 shall be equal to #jjjbe milligramme equivalents of nitric acid1 or #jbebe milligramme of potassium nitrate4 ,if a water is being examined it is run into #d c4c4 of the titrated indigo solution1 mixed with #bj c4c4 of sulphuric acid1 until the blue colour changes to light green4 ,ten1 divided by the number of c4c4 of water used1 expresses the milligramme equivalents of nitric acid per litre2 thus1 if #d c4c4 of water are used1 there are #be milligramme equivalents of nitric acid1 equal to #bebe milligrammes of potassium nitrate per litre4 ,if a preliminary test with brucine has shown that the water contains very little nitric acid1 #b c4c4 only of the indigo solution must be used1 or sometimes as little as #a c4c4 ,if more than #h c4c4 of water is required to destroy the blue colour1 #ajj c4c4 must be evaporated down to the volume of #h c4c4 and then titrated4 ,the volume of sulphuric acid must be at least double the sum of the volumes of indigo and water2 the temperature must not sink under #aaj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,dingl41 #8,polyt4 ,journ4' ccxiii1 #dbc-dbg2 #8,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41' #bnd series1 xiii1 #dha4 ,the nitrates may all be tested as above by first adding a small quantity of pure sulphuric acid1 which will liberate the nitric acid of the salt4 ,estim4----,the strength of nitric acid may be roughly estimated by its sp4 gr42 but more accurately by ascertaining the amount of carbonate of sodium1 or other salt of known composition1 which is required to neutralise it4 ,to render this assay trustworthy1 it must be1 in all cases1 also tested to detect the presence of impurities4 ,see ,,acidimetry4 ,ant41 c4 ,see ,,acids4 ,uses4 ,nitric acid is employed in assaying1 in dyeing1 in etching on copper1 in the preparation of gun-cotton1 oxalic and sulphuric acids1 c4 ,in medicine it is used as a caustic to corns and warts2 and in doses of #a to #aj drops1 in a tumbler of water1 in liver complaints1 fevers1 dyspepsia1 syphilis1 to remove the effects of mercury1 or as a substitute for that drug1 c4 ,externally1 it is employed in the form of baths1 lotions1 and ointment4 ,dr ,collier states that a strong lotion of nitric acid is almost a specific in lepra1 and several other kindred skin diseases4 ,concluding ,remarks4----,the common source of nitric acid is nitrate of potassium1 but it may also be obtained from other nitrates by a similar process4 ,nitrate of sodium is frequently used instead of nitrate of potassium1 and is more convenient in some respects1 as the residuum is more easily dissolved out of the retort or cylinder4 ,the residuum of the common process with nitre 7#8sal enixum'7 is chiefly employed as a flux by the glass-houses1 and as a source of potash in the manufacture of alum4 ,by proper management nitre yields more than #b_/c of its weight of pure nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #aejj2 and nitrate of soda1 its own weight of acid1 sp4 gr4 #ad4 ,by the patent process of ,m4 ,mallet1 dried nitrate of soda is decomposed by dried or monohydrated boracic acid1 by heating the two together4 ,the products are liquid nitric acid1 which distils over1 and biborate of soda 7borax71 which remains in the retort4 ,the crude coloured nitric acid of commerce 7aquafortis7 was originally prepared by distilling a mixture of nitre and copperas1 and is still sometimes obtained in this way4 ,the nitric acid of commerce may be freed from the impurities alluded to above by one or other of the following methods3---- #a4 ,by the addition of a little nitrate of silver1 as long as it produces any cloudiness1 and1 after repose1 decanting the clear acid1 and rectifying it at a heat under #bab4 ,to ensure a perfectly colourless product1 a small portion of pure black oxide of manganese should be put into the retort4 7,murray47 #b4 ,by agitating the acid with a little red oxide of lead1 and then rectifying it1 as before4 #c4 ,by adding #a of bichromate of potassa to the acid before rectifying it4 ,this answers well for acid not stronger than sp4 gr4 #adh4 #d4 ,by rectification at a gentle heat1 rejecting the first portion that comes over1 receiving the middle portion as genuine acid1 and leaving a residuum in the retort4 7,ure47 ,according to ,apjohn and others1 the strongest liquid nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #aebj1 is a monohydrate2 that of the sp4 gr4 #aejj1 a sesquihydrate2 that of #adhf1 a binhydrate2 and that of #abdd1 a quadrihydrate2 or containing respectively #a1 #a-a_/b1 #b1 and #d atoms of water4 7,see below47 ,nitric ,acid1 ,anhydrous4 ,n#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,nitric ,,anhydride4 ,this interesting substance was first obtained in a separate form by ,m4 ,deville1 in #ahdi4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,deville47 ,nitrate of silver is dried by exposure to a current of dry carbonic acid at a temperature of #cef ,fahr41 and the tube containing it is then immersed in a water bath heated to #bjc ,fahr42 pure dry chlorine gas is next passed through the apparatus1 and1 as soon as the reaction commences1 the temperature is retraced to #aed or even #acf1 but not lower2 the production of crystals in the receiver1 which must be cooled by a powerful freezing mixture1 soon commences2 lastly1 the liquid portion of the product is removed by a current of dry carbonic-acid gas4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless prismatic crystals1 which melt at #hf ,fahr41 boil at about #aae1 and at #abb begin to suffer decomposition2 added to water1 much heat is generated2 it rapidly attacks organic bodies1 even caoutchouc2 sometimes it explodes spontaneously4 ,the process for its preparation is tedious and difficult4 ,nitric ,acid1 ,dilute4 ,,acidum ,,nitricum ,,dilutum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb71 #c fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #ag fl4 oz42 mix4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajhb4 8#a fl4 oz4 is saturated by #aed gr4 of the crystals of carbonate of soda40 ,it contains about #ab of pure anhydrous acid4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,nitric acid 7#aejj71 #a fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #i fl4 oz4 ,or1 commercial nitric acid 7#acij71 #a fl4 oz4 #e-a_/b dr42 water1 #i-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajgg4 ,it contains #aaaf of pure dry nitric acid4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,nitric acid 7#aejj71 #d fl4 oz42 water1 #bi fl4 oz4 ,contains about #ig of pure acid4 ,the above are used for convenience in dispensing4----,dose1 #ae drops to #a_/b fl4 dr41 or more4 ,the above must not be confounded with the acidum nitricum dilutum1 ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf1 which had the sp4 gr4 #abhj1 nor with the following3---- #d4 7,henry's47 ,sp4 gr4 #aadc2 equal in saturating power to hydrochloric acid sp4 gr4 #ajgd1 and sulphuric acid #aace4 ,used in assaying4 #e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,nitric acid1 #f2 distilled water sufficient to make the mixture when cooled to #fj ,fahr41 measure #ca4 ,contains #ae per cent4 of anhydrous nitric acid4 ,test4 ,sp4 gr4 #aaja4 ,six fluid drachms 7#cfac grains7 by weight require for neutralisation #ajjj grain measures of the volumetric solution of soda1 and1 therefore1 contain exactly one equivalent in grains of anhydrous acid1 namely1 #ed gr4----,use4 ,tonic1 astringent1 lithonlytic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 ,nitric ,acid1 ,fuming4 ,syn4 ,,nitrous ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,nitricum ,,fumans1 ,l4 ,the red fuming nitrous or nitric acid of commerce is simply nitric acid loaded with nitric peroxide 7which see74 ,that of the ,ph4 ,bor4 is distilled from nitre1 #b parts2 oil of vitriol1 #a part4 ,,ni,,tric ,,anhy,,dride4 ,see ,,nitric ,,acid1 ,,anhydrous4 ,,ni,,tric ,,oxide4 ,see ,,nitrogen1 ,,oxides ,,of4 ,,ni,,trite4 ,a salt of nitrous acid2 e4g4 ,,kno#b1 nitrite of potassium4 ,,nitro-,,ben,,zol4 ,c#b;,h#e,,no#b4 ,prep4 ,by treating benzol with strong fuming nitric acid1 with heat2 after the violence of the reaction is over1 the liquid is diluted with water1 and the heavy oily fluid which separates is collected1 washed1 and dried4 ,prop41 c4 ,yellowish1 very sweet2 smells of bitter almonds2 insoluble in water2 little affected by reagents2 boils at #dae ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #abji4 ,heated with an alcoholic solution of caustic potassa1 and the mixture submitted to distillation1 it yields a red1 oily liquid1 from which large red crystals of azobenzol separate4 ,these are nearly insoluble in water1 freely soluble in alcohol and ether1 melt at #adi ,fahr41 and boil at #eeid ,fahr4 ,,binitrobenzol is made by dissolving benzol in a mixture of equal volumes of the strongest nitric and sulphuric acids1 and boiling the liquid for a few minutes2 the crystals 7dinitrobenzol7 which form as it cools are insoluble in water1 but are freely soluble in alcohol4 ,nitro-benzol is extensively used as a substitute for the essential oil of bitter almonds1 in perfumery4 ,it is very poisonous1 a quality1 which ,letheby asserts1 it acquires owing to its conversion in the animal economy into aniline4 ,m4 ,ferrand states that the presence of nitro-benzol in essence of bitter almonds may be detected as follows3----,heat to ebullition1 in a test tube1 three or four c4c4 of a #bj per cent4 alcoholic solution of potash1 together with ten drops of the suspected essence4 ,if nitro-benzol be present1 the mixture takes a red colour2 if the essence of bitter almonds be pure1 it becomes a pale straw colour4 ,,ni,,trogen4 ,n4 ,syn4 ,,azote2 ,,nitrogenium1 ,,azotum1 ,l4 ,a gaseous elementary substance1 discovered by ,rutherford1 in #agbb1 and found to be a constituent of the atmosphere by ,lavoisier1 #agee4 ,it is found both in the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature2 it forms about #d_/e1 or #gh of the bulk of the atmosphere1 enters largely into the composition of most animal substances1 and is a constituent of gluten1 the alkaloids1 and other vegetable principles4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a small piece of phosphorus is placed in a capsule floating on the surface of the water of the pneumatic trough1 and after setting it on fire a gas or bell-jar is inverted over it2 as soon as the combustion is over1 and the fumes of phosphoric anhydride have subsided1 the residual gas is washed by agitation with recently boiled distilled water1 or with a solution of pure potassa4 ,it may be dried by either letting it stand over fused chloride of calcium1 or1 what is better1 by passing it through concentrated oil of vitriol4 #b4 ,a porcelain tube is filled with copper turnings1 or1 preferably1 with spongy copper 7obtained by reducing the oxide with hydrogen71 and is then heated to redness1 a stream of dry atmospheric air being at the same time directed through it4 ,by repeating the process with the same air1 and finally passing it over fragments of pumice moistened with strong solution of potassa to absorb carbonic anhydride1 the product is rendered quite pure4 #c4 ,chlorine gas is passed into a solution of pure ammonia1 care being taken to employ a considerable excess of the latter2 the evolved gas1 after being dried1 is pure nitrogen4 ,there is some danger of producing the explosive compound1 chloride of nitrogen1 with this process4 #d4 7,corenwinder47 ,from solution of nitrate of potassium1 #a volume2 concentrated solution of chloride of ammonium1 #c vols42 gently heated together in a flask1 and the evolved gas passed through sulphuric acid4 ,pure4 #e4 ,by boiling a solution of nitrite of ammonium1 or1 which amounts to the same thing1 a mixture of one measure of a solution of nitrite of potassium and three measures of a solution of chloride of ammonium4 ,both solutions must be concentrated4 ,this is the easiest method of preparing nitrogen and of obtaining the gas in a pure state4 ,note4----,the nitrite of potassium to be employed in this process is best prepared by passing nitrous anhydride1 evolved from starch and nitric acid1 into a solution of potassa 7sp4 gr4 #ach7 till it imparts an acid reaction to test-paper1 and then neutralising by the addition of potassa4 #f4 ,from lean flesh digested in nitric acid1 at a gentle heat4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure nitrogen is a colourless1 odourless1 tasteless gas1 neither combustible nor capable of supporting combustion or respiration4 ,it is neutral to test-paper1 does not affect lime water1 and is only slightly absorbed by pure water4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #igac4 ,it is recognised by its purely negative qualities4 ,nitrogen1 ,chloride of4 ,n,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,nitrogen ,,trichloride1 ,,terchloride ,,of ,,nitrogen4 ,this compound was discovered by ,dulong in #ahaa1 but its nature was first accurately determined by ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,dissolve chloride of ammonium1 #a oz41 in hot water1 #ab or #ad oz41 and as soon as the temperature has fallen to #ij ,fahr41 invert a wide-mouthed glass bottle full of chlorine over it4 ,the gas is gradually absorbed1 the solution acquires a yellowish colour1 and in the course of #ae to #bj minutes yellow1 oil-like globules of chloride of nitrogen form upon the surface of the liquid1 and ultimately sink to the bottom4 ,the globules1 as they descend1 should be received in a small leaden saucer1 placed under the mouth of the bottle for the purpose4 ,prop41 c4 ,chloride of nitrogen should consequently be only prepared in very small quantities at a time4 ,both its discoverer and ,sir ,h4 ,davy met with severe injuries while experimenting on it4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #afec2 it volatilises at #afj ,fahr41 and between #bjj and #bab fulminates violently4 ,contact with combustible bodies at ordinary temperatures immediately causes detonation4 ,the explosive power of this compound seems to exceed that of every known substance1 not even excepting fulminating silver3 ,a minute globule1 no larger than a grain of mustard seed1 placed on a platina spoon1 and touched with a piece of phosphorus stuck on the point of a penknife1 immediately explodes1 and shivers the blade into fragments1 at the same time that the vessel that contains it is broken to pieces4 ,olive oil1 naphtha1 and oil of turpentine1 have a similar effect4 ,see ,,nitrogen1 ,,iodide ,,of 7below74 ,nitrogen1 ,iodide of4 ,,ni#b4 ,syn4 ,,nitrogen ,,tri-,,iodide1 ,,teriodide ,,of ,,nitrogen4 ,a dark brown or black insoluble powder1 which is most safely and conveniently prepared by saturating alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #heb7 with iodine1 adding a large quantity of the strongest pure solution of ammonia1 and agitating the mixture2 water must now be added1 when iodide of nitrogen will be precipitated1 and must be carefully washed with cold distilled water4 ,the filter containing the precipitate should be spread out on a sheet of glass and torn into small pieces while the iodide is still moist4 ,the precipitate should be simply exposed to air only4 ,prop41 c4 ,it detonates violently as soon as it becomes dry1 by the slightest pressure or friction1 even that of a feather1 and often spontaneously2 but this explosion is scarcely so powerful as that of the chloride of nitrogen4 ,it also explodes whilst moist1 though less readily4 ,it should only be prepared in very small quantities at a time4 ,recent researches induce the belief that both the above compounds contain hydrogen4 ,nitrogen1 ,oxides of4 ,nitrogen forms #e distinct compounds with oxygen4 #a4 ,nitrous oxide4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,nitrogen2 ,,lauging ,,gas2 ,,nitrogenii ,,protoxydum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from fused nitrate of ammonium1 introduced into a glass retort1 or a flask furnished with a bent tube1 and then exposed1 over a spirit-lamp1 or charcoal-chauffer1 to a temperature of about #chi ,fahr42 the evolved gas may be collected in bladders1 gas-bags1 a gasometer1 or in the pneumatic trough over warm water4 ,the gas may be purified by pouring it through three wash-bottles1 one containing water1 one a solution of sulphate of iron1 and the other a solution of potassa4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless2 possesses an agreeable odour1 and a sweetish taste2 at #cb1 under a pressure of #cj atmospheres1 it is liquid2 this1 when exposed under the receiver of a powerful air-pump1 changes into a snow-like solid2 at -#ahj ,fahr41 it is a transparent1 colourless1 crystalline body2 it supports combustion1 and is absorbed by cold water4 ,sp4 gr4 #aebj4 ,its most remarkable property is its action on the system when inspired4 ,a few deep inspirations are usually succeeded by a pleasing state of excitement1 and a strong propensity to laughter and muscular exertion1 which soon subside1 without being followed by languor or depression4 ,its effects1 however1 vary with different constitutions4 ,from #d to #ab quarts may be breathed with safety4 ,it produces temporary insensibility to pain1 like chloroform or ether2 but its use is dangerous when affections of the heart1 lungs1 or brain are present4 ,this gas is now successfully and extensively employed as an ansthetic in dental surgery4 ,obs4 ,no particular caution is required in preparing the above compound1 except the use of too much heat4 ,the temperature should be so arranged as to keep the melted mass in a state of gentle ebullition1 and should not be allowed1 under any circumstances1 to exceed about #ejj ,fahr4 ,should white fumes appear within the retort after the evolution of the gas has commenced1 the heat should be at once lowered1 as1 when heated to about #fjj1 nitrate of ammonia explodes with violence4 ,nitrous oxide may also be made in the same way1 from crystallised nitrate of ammonia1 or by exposing nitric oxide for some days over iron filings moistened with water1 but1 without great care1 the product is not always fit for respiration4 ,when pure1 it is colourless1 has an agreeable odour1 and does not affect solution of nitrate of silver4 ,see ,,an,,sthetics4 #b4 ,nitric oxide4 ,,no4 ,syn4 ,,deutoxide ,,of ,,nitrogen1 ,,nitrous ,,gas1 ,,binoxide ,,of ,,nitrogen2 ,,nitrogenee ,,binoxydum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by pouring nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ab1 on metallic copper1 in the form of turnings1 clippings1 or wire4 ,effervescence ensues1 and nitric oxide is evolved1 and may be collected over water or mercury in the pneumatic trough4 ,the residual liquid yields crystals of nitrate of copper on evaporation4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless1 tasteless1 inodorous1 irrespirable1 and incombustible gas4 ,in contact with free oxygen1 it produces dense orange or red vapours of nitric peroxide 7,,no#b71 which are freely absorbed by water4 ,nitric oxide is absorbed by a solution of ferrous sulphate1 which it turns of a deep brown or nearly black colour1 which is removed by boiling4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajci4 ,nitrous ,anhydride4 ,n#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,nitrogen ,,trioxide1 ,,anhydrous ,,nitrous ,,acid4 ,the easiest method of obtaining this compound consists in heating #a part of powdered starch with #h parts of nitric acid of sp4 gr4 #abe1 and passing the evolved gases1 first through a drying tube two feet long containing fused chloride of calcium1 and then into a dry and empty ,u-tube cooled to #bj ,fahr4 by surrounding it with a mixture of pounded ice and crystallised chloride of calcium4 ,nitrous anhydride thus produced is a blue liquid which emits red fumes1 and which on admixture with water at ordinary temperatures is decomposed1 producing nitric acid and nitric oxide4 ,if nitrous anhydride be mixed with water at temperatures below #j ,fahr4 the two combine1 and a blue solution is formed which 7probably7 contains nitrous acid 7,,hno#b74 ,see ,,nitrous ,,acid4 ,nitrogen ,pentoxide4 ,n#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,nitric ,,pentoxide1 ,,nitric ,,anhydride1 ,,anhydrous ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,see ,,nitric ,,acid 7,,anhydrous74 ,nitrogen ,peroxide4 ,,no#b4 ,syn4 ,,nitric ,,peroxide1 ,,peroxide ,,of ,,nitrogen1 ,,nitrogen ,,tetroxide1 ,,hyponitric ,,anhydride4 ,this compound forms the chief constituent of the red fumes which develop on mixing nitric oxide with air or oxygen4 ,it is most readily prepared by heating thoroughly dried nitrate of lead in a retort1 and conducting the evolved gases into a ,u-tube surrounded with a freezing mixture of ice and salt for the purpose of condensing the nitric peroxide4 ,if the ,u-tube be perfectly dry1 and the cold intense1 the nitric peroxide obtained assumes the form of transparent crystals1 but the presence of the slightest trace of moisture prevents their formation and produces instead a colourless liquid which1 as the temperature rises1 acquires a yellow and ultimately a red colour4 ,nitric peroxide dissolves in nitric acid and turns it of a yellow or red hue4 ,the so-called #8nitrous acid' or #8fuming nitric acid' of commerce owes its deep red colour to the presence of this compound4 ,at very low temperatures water converts nitric peroxide into nitric and nitrous acids2 at ordinary temperatures it transforms it into nitric acid1 nitrous acid1 and nitric oxide4 ,,nitro-,,glycerin4 ,syn4 ,,glonoin1 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,glyceryl1 ,,trinitrite1 ,,nitroleum1 ,,fulminating ,,oil1 ,,tri-,,nitroglycerin4 ,this dangerously explosive compound1 from the use of which in mining1 quarrying1 and such like operations so many fatal accidents have occurred1 is glycerin in which #c atoms of hydrogen have been replaced by #c molecules of nitroxyl 7,,no#b71 as illustrated by the following formul3 ,glycerin4 ,nitro-glycerin4 ,c#c;,h#e 7,h 7 ,c#c;,h#e 7,h 7 ,o#c #c 7 ,o 7 ,o#c #c 7 ,o7 ,h#c 7,,no#b 7 7,,no#b7c 7,h 7 ,it was discovered in #ahdg by ,dr4 ,sobrero1 a pupil of ,pelouze4 ,kopp prepares nitro glycerin by mixing #c parts of sulphuric acid1 of sp4 gr4 of #agfg1 with #a part of fuming nitric acid4 #bhjj grammes of the mixed acids are added to #cej grammes of glycerin1 great care being necessary to avoid any elevation of temperature1 which would lead to a violent reaction1 resulting in the conversion of the glycerin into oxalic acid4 ,after standing #e or #aj minutes1 the mixture is poured into four or six times its bulk of very cold water to which a rotatory motion has been imparted4 ,the nitro-glycerin falls to the bottom of the vessel as an oily-looking liquid1 which is washed by decantation4 ,the manufacture of nitro-glycerin is attended with considerable danger1 since very slight friction or pressure is sufficient to determine its explosion4 ,hence many methods have been suggested for guarding against accidents from it during storage4 ,one of these consists in mixing it with finely powdered glass4 ,wurtz advises the nitro-glycerin to be mixed with solutions of nitrate of lime1 zinc1 or magnesia1 the solutions to have a sp4 gr4 equal to the nitro-glycerin4 ,by this means a harmless emulsion would be formed1 and the nitro-glycerin would be recoverable when required for use by simply adding water4 ,nobel's plan consists in dissolving it in wood spirit4 ,prop4 ,nitro-glycerin is a fluid of a yellow or brownish colour1 having a sp4 gr4 of #af4 ,it dissolves in alcohol1 ether1 and wood naphtha1 from all of which it may be recovered by the addition of water4 ,dissolved in either of these solutions it becomes converted into a crystalline mass when exposed to a low temperature4 ,if subjected to a blow it explodes with fearful violence1 a single drop placed upon paper1 and struck upon an anvil1 giving rise to a report that is almost deafening4 ,neither a spark nor the application of a lighted body is said to cause its ignition1 which takes place with difficulty even if it be applied to a thin layer of the substance4 #ajj parts of nitro-glycerin yield on combustion3 ,water #bj parts4 ,carbonic acid #eh 0 ,oxygen #ce 0 ,nitrogen #ahe 0 ------------ #ajjjdh ,footnote #dh3 ,wagner4 ,as the specific gravity of nitro-glycerin is #af1 one part by bulk will yield by combustion3---- ,aqueous vapour #eed volumes4 ,carbonic acid #dfi 0 ,oxygen #ci 0 ,nitrogen #bcf 0 ------------ #abihdh 0 ,other experimenters affirm that1 instead of free oxygen1 nitrous oxide is one of the products of the combustion of nitro-glycerin4 ,according to ,nobel the heat liberated when nitro-glycerin is exploded1 causes the expansion of the gases to be eight times their original bulk2 therefore1 one volume of the substance will yield #aj1chd volumes of gas1 whilst one part by bulk of gunpowder only yields #hjj volumes of gas4 ,if these data be correct the explosive force of nitro-glycerin is thirteen times greater than that of powder1 bulk for bulk1 and eight times greater weight for weight4 ,bttger has devised a process for the preparation of nitro-glycerin1 which being1 as he affirms1 entirely free from danger1 adapts it for lecture experiments3----,a few grains of pure glycerin1 free from water1 is poured into a test-tube1 which is surrounded by a freezing mixture1 and containing a mixture of one volume of the most concentrated nitric acid 7#aeb sp4 gr471 and two volumes of the strongest sulphuric acid 7#ahc sp4 gr474 ,then1 as quickly as possible1 the whole is poured into a larger quantity of cold water4 ,the nitro-glycerin1 which has formed like oil drops1 sinks rapidly to the bottom1 being specifically the heavier liquid4 ,it is then washed several times by decantation with fresh water1 and1 lastly1 with a weak solution of soda4 ,remove the water with a few pieces of fused chloride of calcium4 ,then the nitro-glycerin is in such purity that it may1 without danger1 be kept any length of time for lecture experiments4 ,,nitro-,,hydrochlo,,ric ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,nitro-,,muriatic ,,acid2 ,,aqua ,,regia1 ,,acidum ,,nitro-,,hydrochloricum 7,b4 ,p471 ,a ,,nitro-,,muriaticum1 ,l42 ,,eau ,r,,gale1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,nitric acid1 #c2 hydrochloric acid1 #d2 water1 #be4 ,mix the acids twenty-four hours before adding the water4 7,this precaution is necessary to allow of the development of the chlorine1 and the chloronitrous and chloronitric gases which result from the mutual decomposition of the two acids1 and upon which the therapeutic activity of the agent depends74 ,colourless4 ,keep the mixture in a cool and dark place4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf74 ,nitric acid1 #a part2 hydrochloric acid1 #b parts 7both by measure72 mix in a refrigerated bottle1 and keep the mixture in a cold and dark place4 ,used to dissolve gold and platinum2 and in medicine1 in liver complaints1 syphilis1 the exanthemata1 c41 either externally1 in doses of #e to #ae drops in water1 or externally1 as a foot- or knee-bath4 ,it is also occasionally employed as a caustic4 #c4 7,,aqua ,,regia ,,with ,,sal ,,ammoniac47 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ab71 #af fl4 oz42 sal ammoniac1 #d oz42 dissolve4 ,occasionally used by dyers2 does not keep well4 #d4 7,,dyers' ,,aquafortis47 ,colourless nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aag71 #aj lbs42 hydrochloric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aai71 #a lb42 mix4 ,used by dyers4 ,,nitro-,,prus,,sides4 ,a series of salts discovered by ,dr ,playfair1 and obtained by the action of nitric acid on the ferrocyanides and ferridcyanides4 ,the most important of these salts is the nitroprusside of sodium 7,,na#b 7,,no7 ,fe,cy#e4 #b;,aq474 ,prep4 ,dissolve #b parts of powdered ferrocyanide of sodium in #e parts of common nitric acid1 previously diluted with its own volume of water4 ,when the evolution of gas has ceased1 digest the solution on a water bath until it no longer yields a blue but slate-coloured precipitate with ferrous sulphate4 ,cool the liquid1 filter1 neutralise the filtrate with carbonate of sodium1 and again filter4 ,this filtrate1 on evaporation1 yields crystals consisting of a mixture of nitro-prusside of sodium and nitrate of potassium2 the former1 which may be recognised by their rhombic shape and their fine ruling colour1 should be picked out and preserved4----,use4 ,as a test for soluble sulphides1 with which nitro-prusside of sodium strikes a beautiful violet tint4 ,according to ,playfair this is the most delicate test for alkaline sulphides4 ,,ni,,trous ,,acid4 ,,hno#b ,see ,,nitrous ,,anhydride1 under ,,nitrogen1 ,,oxides ,,of4 ,,nitrous ,,oxide4 ,see ,,nitrogen1 ,,oxides ,,of4 ,,node4 ,syn4 ,,nodus1 ,l4 ,a hard tumour proceeding from a bone1 and caused by the swelling of its external membrane4 ,the bones of the leg1 forehead1 and forearm1 are those most commonly attacked4 ,nodes are generally accompanied with considerable pain1 and often with caries and loss of vitality4 ,,noli ,,me ,,tangere4 ,see ,,lupus4 ,,nomenclature 7,chemical74 ,the following information will doubtless prove useful to many of our readers1 as serving to explain terms which are necessarily of frequent occurrence in this work3 ,,acids4----a4 ,when a substance produces only one acid compound1 the name of this acid is formed by adding the termination -,,ic to that of the radical1 or to the leading or characteristic portion of it2 as sulphuric acid1 an acid of sulphur4 ,this is ,latinised by changing -,,ic into -,,icum2 as1 acidum1 sulphur,,icum4----b4 ,when a body forms two acid compounds containing oxygen1 the name of the one containing the smaller proportion of that substance ends in -,,ous2 as nitr,,ous acid1 which contains #a atom of nitrogen and #b of oxygen2 nitr,,ic acid1 containing #a atom of nitrogen and #c of oxygen4 ,in this case the ,latin name ends in -,,osum2 as1 acidum nitr,,osum4----c4 ,when a substance forms more than two acids with oxygen1 the ,greek preposition ,,hypo- 7below or under7 is prefixed to the name of the acid in -,,ous or -,,ic next above it2 as1 ,,hypochlorous acid4----d4 ,when a new acid compound of a substance is discovered1 containing more oxygen than another acid of the same substances already known1 the name of which ends in -,,ic1 the prefix ,,per- or ,,hyper- is added2 as1 ,,periodic acid4 ,this may be illustrated by the oxygen acids of chlorine3---- ,hypochlorous acid 7acidum hypochlorosum7 ,h,cl,o ,chlorous 0 7 0 chlorosum7 ,h,cl,o#b ,chloric 0 7 0 chloricum7 ,h,cl,o#c ,perchloric or ,hyperchloric 0 7 0 perchloricum7 ,h,cl,o#d ,,oxides4 ,the names of these have1 in general1 reference to the number of atoms of oxygen which they contain4 ,when a metal forms only one basic compound with oxygen1 this compound is simply called the oxide of such base2 but as most substances form more than one compound with oxygen1 certain prefixes are introduced to express the proportions4 ,in such cases it is generally found that one out of the number has a strongly marked basic character1 and contains #a atom of each of its constituents4 ,this is called the oxide1 protoxide1 or monoxide1 and forms the standard to which those both above and below it are preferred4 ,thus1 supposing ,m to be the metal1 we may have3---- ,suboxide or dioxide 7suboxydum1 dioxydum7 ,m#b,o ,oxide1 protoxide1 or monoxide 7oxydum1 protoxydum7 ,,mo ,sesquioxide 7sesquioxydum7 ,m#b,o#c ,binoxide1 dioxide1 or deutoxide 7binoxydum1 deutoxydum7 ,,mo#b ,teroxide or trioxide 7teroxydum1 tritoxydum7 ,,mo#c ,that containing the largest ,peroxide 7peroxydum7 proportion of oxygen4 ,,salts4----a4 ,acids having names ending in -,,ic give rise to salts whose names end in ,,ate2 thus nitr,,ic acid yields nitr,,ates1 e4g4 nitrate of silver4 -,,ate is ,latinised by -,,as1 e4g4 nitrate of silver becomes argenti nitr,,as4 b4 ,acids possessing names ending in -,,ous form salts having names ending in -,,ite2 thus sulphur,,ous acid produces sulph,,ites1 e4g4 sulphite of sodium4 -,,ite is ,latinised by -,,is2 e4g4 sulphite of sodium becomes sulph,,is4 c4 ,the preceding names are presumed to refer to neutral compounds4 ,in acid salts the prefixes noticed above are added to express the preponderance of the acid radical over the metal4 ,,khso#d is called acid sulphate of potassium1 ,,bisulphate of potassium1 or ,,bisulphate of potash1 the neutral sulphate being ,k#b,,so#d4 d4 ,in basic salts1 or those in which the metal is in excess of the acid radical1 the prefixes -,,sub and -,,di are employed2 e4g4 the formula of neutral acetate of lead is ,pb#b4 ,this salt1 when boiled with oxide of lead 7a base71 furnishes ,pb#b,pb,o and ,pb#bb,pb,o4 ,they are both1 therefore1 basic acetates2 and to distinguish one from the other the former is called ,,diacetate and the latter ,,triacetate of lead2 -di referring to the presence of two atoms of lead and -tri to three4 ,formerly the salts of the metals of the alkalies and alkaline earths received names which indicated the existence in them of the oxides of such metals4 ,thus1 the terms carbonate of soda1 nitrate of potash1 carbonate of lime1 sulphate of magnesia1 names by which these fluids are still designated by some chemists are now substituted by the more systematic and less speculative names of carbonate of sodium1 nitrate of potassium1 carbonate of calcium1 and sulphate of magnesium4 ,another1 and in the opinion of the editor1 a still better system of nomenclature is that in which the metallic or basic radical is mentioned first2 e4g4 calcium sulphate instead of sulphate of calcium1 ammonium chloride for chloride of ammonium4 ,when the same radicals form more than one series of salts1 each series is distinguished by appending the terminations -,,ic and -,,ous to that part of the name which refer to the basic radical2 e4g4 mercur,,ous chloride 7,hg,cl71 mercur,,ic chloride7,hg,cl#b72 ferr,,ous sulphate 7,fe,s,o#d71 ferr,,ic sulphate7,fe#b7,,so#d7c74 ,,non-,,metallic ,,bodies1 c4 ,the names of the compounds formed by the union of the non-metallic elements1 and certain other bodies1 with the metals and with each other1 either terminate in -,,ide1 ,latinised by -,,idum1 or in -,,uret1 ,latinised by -,,uretum2 as1 arsen,,ide or arseni,,uret 7arsen,,idum1 arseni,,uretum71 brom,,ide1 carb,,ide or carb,,uret1 chlor,,ide1 cyan,,ide fluor,,ide1 hydr,,ide1 iod,,ide1 sulph,,ide or sulph,,uret1 c4 ,the first of these terminations now prevails among ,english scientific chemists4 ,the prefixes already noticed are also employed here4 ,,metals4 ,the names of the metals 7those of them1 at least1 that have been given during the present century7 end in -,,ium or 7less frequently7 in -,,um2 as potass,,ium1 sod,,ium1 platin,,um4 ,the ,latin names of several of the non-metallic elementary bodies also end in -,,ium2 as1 iodin,,ium1 nitrogen,,ium1 c4 ,,alkaloids4 ,the names of the organic bases which resemble the alkalies in their properties end either in -,,ia1 -,,na1 or -,,ine2 as1 morph,,ia1 qui,,na1 strychn,,ine4 ,these terminations are now limited1 as much as possible1 to substances exhibiting basic properties1 but were formerly very loosely applied4 ,many chemists reject the first two terminations1 and apply -,,ine to every substance of this class2 as1 morph,,ine1 quin,,ine1 anil,,ine1 c4 ,,other ,,organic ,,substances4 ,the names of organic radicles generally terminate in -,,yl2 as1 eth,,yl1 meth,,yl1 benz,,oyl1 c42 they mostly contain carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen4 ,compounds corresponding to the electro-negative elements have the termination -,,ogen1 as cyan,,ogen1 amid,,ogen4 ,neutral compounds of carbon and hydrogen1 mostly liquid1 have the termination -,,ol1 or -,,ole2 as1 benz,,ol1 pyr,,ole4 ,other neutral substances1 generally solid1 have the termination -,,in2 as1 paraff,,in1 naphthal,,in4 ,compounds resembling ammonia1 and generally considered as #8substitution compounds' of that body1 terminate in -,,amine2 as1 ethyl,,amine1 propyl,,amine4 ,the ,latin genitive or possessive of the above compounds in---- -as is -atis -is 0 -itis -icum 0 -ici -osum 0 -osi -idum 0 -idi -etum 0 -eti -ium 0 -ii -um 0 -i -ia -a 0 - -na ,ex4 ,acetas 7acetate71 acetatis of acetate2 arsenis1 arsenitis2 citricum1 citrici2 arseniosum1 arseniosi2 iodidum1 iodidi2 sulphuretum1 sulphureti2 sodium1 sodii2 platinum1 platini2 morphia1 morphi2 quina1 quin2 narcotina1 narcotin4 ,the genitives of common names vary with the termination4 ,most of those ending in -a make 1 and most of those in -us and -um make -i2 but there are many exceptions1 among which cornu 7a horn7 and spiritus 7spirit7 which are unaltered in the genitive singular1 may be mentioned as examples4 ,,norfolk ,,fluid4 ,prep4 ,take of linseed oil1 #c pints2 black resin1 #a_/b lb42 yellow wax1 #ab oz42 melt1 and add1 of neat's-foot oil1 #a quart2 oil of turpentine1 #a pint4 ,used to preserve and soften leather4 ,,nor,,ium4 ,an unexamined metal1 the oxide of which1 according to ,svanberg1 exists in certain varieties of ,,zircon4 ,,nos,,trums4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines1 c4 ,,notices4 ,the following sections of the ,public ,health ,act refer to serving and delivery of notices under that ,statute3 7,s4 #bff47 ,notices1 orders1 and other such documents under the ,public ,health ,act may be in writing or print1 or partly in writing and partly in print2 and if the same require authentication by the local authority1 the signature thereof by the clerk to the local authority or their surveyor or inspector of nuisances shall be sufficient authentication4 7,s4 #bfg47 ,notices1 orders1 or any other documents required or authorised to be served under the said ,act may be served by delivering the same to or at the residence of the person to whom they are respectively addressed1 or where addressed to the owner or occupier of premises1 by delivering the same or a true copy thereof to some person on the premises1 or if there is no person on the premises who can be so served1 by fixing the same on some conspicuous part of the premises2 they may also be served by post by a prepaid letter1 and if served by post shall be deemed to have been served at the time when the letter containing the same would have been delivered in the ordinary course of post1 and in proving such service it shall be sufficient to prove that the notice1 order1 or other document was properly addressed and put into the post4 ,any notice required to be given to the owner or occupier of any premises may be addressed by the description of the #8owner' or #8occupier' of the premises 7naming them7 in respect of which the notice is given1 without further name or description4 ,enforcing the ,drainage of ,houses4 7,s4 #bc47 ,notice is to be given to the owner or occupier1 but in case of the failure of either to comply1 and the authority having to do the work1 the expenses fall on the owner4 ,insufficient ,privy ,accommodation4 7,,ss4 #cf and #cg47 ,the same procedure as under the above section4 ,the ,cleansing and ,whitewashing of ,houses4 7,s4 #df47 ,notice to the owner or occupier4---- ,the person on whom the notice is served is liable to a penalty if it is not complied with4 ,the ,removal of ,manure or ,filth1 c41 in an ,urban ,district4 7,s4 #di47 ,notice to be served on the person to whom the manure belongs1 or to the occupier of the premises whereon it exists4 ,if the urban authority have to remove it themselves1 the expense of removal falls upon the owner of the manure1 c41 or the occupier of the premises1 or where there is no occupier1 the owner of the premises4 ,in the case of ,nuisances4 7,s4 #id47 ,notice is to be served upon the person causing or permitting the nuisance to remain1 or1 if he cannot be found1 on the owner or occupier of the premises on which the nuisance arises2 but if the nuisance arises from the want or defective construction of any structural convenience1 or where there is no occupier1 notice is to be served on the owner4 ,in the case of ,houses1 c41 requiring ,disinfection4 7,s4 #abj47 ,notice is to be given to the owner or occupier1 and in case of non-compliance1 the person on whom the notice is served is liable to penalties1 and the expenses of the authority doing the necessary works falls upon that person 7with certain exceptions1 in case of poverty74 ,,novar,,gent4 ,prep4 ,from recently precipitated chloride of silver by dissolving it in a solution of either hyposulphite of sodium or of cyanide of potassium4 ,used chiefly to restore old plated goods4 ,the liquid is rubbed over the metal to be coated with a little prepared chalk1 and the part is afterwards polished off with a piece of soft leather4 ,a powder recently sold under the same name is formed by mixing the preceding article with chalk1 and drying the mass4 ,it is made into a paste with a little water1 spirit of wine1 or gin1 before applying it4 ,,novaur,,um4 ,from a solution of neutral trichloride of gold1 as the last4 ,,noyau4 ,syn4 ,,cr,,me ,,de ,,noyau4 ,this is a pleasant nutty-tasted liqueur2 but from the large proportion of prussic acid which it contains1 a small quantity only should be taken at a time4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bitter almonds 7bruised71 #c oz42 spirit 7#bb u4 p471 #a quart2 sugar1 #a lb42 7dissolved in7 water1 #c_/d pint2 macerate for #aj days1 frequently shaking the vessel2 then allow it to repose for a few days1 and decant the clear portion4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting apricot or peach kernels 7with the shells1 bruised71 for the almonds4 #c4 ,to either of the above1 add of coriander seed and ginger1 of each1 bruised1 #a dr42 mace and cinnamon1 of each #a_/b dr4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,to plain cordial1 at #ed to #fj u4 p41 containing #c lbs4 of sugar per gallon1 add1 gradually1 essence of bitter almonds1 q4 s4 to flavour4 #e4 7,,cr,,me ,,de ,,noyau ,,de ,,martinique47 ,loaf sugar1 #bd lbs42 water1 #b-a_/b galls42 dissolve1 add1 of proof spirit1 #e galls42 orange-flower water1 #c pints2 bitter almonds 7bruised71 #a lb42 essence of lemons1 #b dr42 as above4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,nuisance4 ,the following are the chief clauses of the ,public ,health ,act respecting nuisances3 ,definition of ,nuisances4 #a4 ,any premises in such a state as to be a nuisance or injurious to health4 #b4 ,any pool1 ditch1 gutter1 water-course1 privy1 urinal1 cesspool1 drain1 or ashpit1 so foul as to be a nuisance or injurious to health4 #c4 ,any animal so kept as to be a nuisance or injurious to health4 #d4 ,any accumulation or deposit which is a nuisance or injurious to health4 #e4 ,any house1 or part of a house1 so overcrowded as to be dangerous or injurious to the health of the inmates1 whether or not members of the same family4 #f4 ,any factory1 workshop1 or workplace 7not already under the operation of any general ,act for the regulation of factories or bakehouses7 not kept in a cleanly state1 or not ventilated in such a manner as to render harmless as far as practicable any gases1 vapours1 dust1 or other impurities generated in the course of the work carried on therein that are a nuisance or injurious to health1 or so overcrowded while work is carried on as to be dangerous and injurious to the health of those employed therein4 #g4 ,any fireplace or furnace which does not1 as far as practicable1 consume the smoke arising from the combustible used in such fireplace or furnace1 and is used for working engines by steam1 or in any mill1 factory1 dye-house1 brewery1 bakehouse1 or gaswork1 or in any manufacturing or trade process whatsoever2 and---- ,any chimney 7not being the chimney of a private dwelling-house7 sending forth black smoke in such quantity as to be a nuisance2 ,shall be deemed to be nuisances liable to be dealt with summarily under the ,public ,health ,act3 ,provided---- ,first4 ,that a penalty shall not be imposed on any person in respect of any accumulation or deposit necessary for the effectual carrying on any business or manufacture1 if it be proved to the satisfaction of the court that the accumulation or deposit has not been kept longer than is necessary for the purposes of the business or manufacture1 and that the best available means have been taken for preventing injury thereby to the public health4 ,secondly4 ,that where a person is summoned before any court in respect of a nuisance arising from a fireplace or furnace which does not consume the smoke arising from the combustible used in such fireplace or furnace1 the court may hold that no nuisance is created within the meaning of this ,act1 and dismiss the complaint1 if it is satisfied that such fireplace or furnace is constructed in such a manner as to consume as far as practicable1 having regard to the nature of the manufacture or trade1 all smoke arising therefrom1 and that such fireplace or furnace has been carefully attended to by the person having the charge thereof4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #ia47 ,the ,act also defines and specifies3----#a4 ,the duty and powers of a local authority to inspect a district with the view to an abatement of any nuisance4 #b4 ,the process of information to be pursued in representing a nuisance to any local authority4 #c4 ,procedure on failing to comply with notice4 #d4 ,the power of the court to make an order dealing with such nuisance4 #e4 ,the penalty for neglecting to obey such order4 #f4 ,the power of complaint by private individuals4 #g4 ,the power of the police to proceed in certain cases4 #h4 ,the cost and expense of executing the provisions relating to nuisances4 #i4 ,the power of sale of manure1 c4 #aj4 ,the supervision of nuisances caused by drains1 privies c4 #aa4 ,the proceedings to be taken in certain cases against nuisances in ships1 c4 ,,nur,,sing4 ,milk is the natural food of the mammalia during the earlier period of their existence4 ,it contains all that is necessary for the nourishment of their bodies1 and on it they thrive and grow4 ,its secretion only actively commences at the time when it is required for the sustenance of the offspring1 and it either materially lessens in quantity1 or wholly disappears1 as soon as the necessity of its existence has passed away1 and the little being who depended on it has acquired sufficient age and strength to exist on cruder aliment4 ,the nursing mother1 when in a state of perfect health1 and properly supplied with a sufficiency1 without excess1 of nutritious food1 elaborates this secretion in the fittest condition to ensure the health and vigour of her offspring4 ,her bosom is the fountain whence flows the beauty and stamina of the future adult1 and whilst giving strength and life to another1 she increases and prolongs her own4 ,the milk of woman varies with the food1 health1 age1 c41 of the nurse4 ,that produced from a mixed animal and vegetable diet1 neither acesces nor coagulates spontaneously1 like cows' milk2 and when gently evaporated in an open vessel1 8the last drop continues thin1 sweet1 and bland40 ,acids and rennet1 however1 coagulate it readily1 and so does the gastric juice of the infant1 as shown by the condition in which it is often ejected by the latter4 ,the milk of a woman who lives wholly on vegetable food acesces and coagulates with equal readiness and in a precisely similar manner to cows' milk4 ,the quality of the milk also varies with the progress of the digestion4 ,within the first hour or two after a meal it is thin and serous1 and then gradually improves in richness and flavour1 until at about the fourth or fifth hour it possesses these qualities in the highest degree4 ,this1 then1 is the period at which the infant should be applied to the breast1 which1 according to the present habits of society1 would be during the hour immediately preceding each meal1 except the breakfast4 ,after about the fifth or sixth hour the milk gradually loses its peculiar colour and odour1 until towards the tenth or twelfth hour after eating food it becomes yellowish1 bitter1 and often nauseous2 and in this condition is frequently refused by the infant4 ,this points out the impropriety of a nurse fasting longer than #d to #e hours1 except during the night1 when the period may be extended to #g or #h hours1 but never longer4 ,the time after accouchement is another matter that influences the character of human milk in respect of its wholesomeness for the infant4 ,the milk secreted soon after delivery is very thin and serous1 but in the course of a few days it becomes thicker1 richer1 and more nutritious2 and a gradual change in the same direction proceeds during the usual period of suckling4 ,when the mother suckles her own infant1 or the 8age of the milk10 as the nurses say1 corresponds to that of the child1 all goes on well2 but when the former much exceeds the latter1 the reverse is the case4 ,thus1 it is found that an infant is incapable of completely digesting the milk of a nurse whose own child is much older than itself2 and that an infant of a few weeks old will often starve on the milk intended by nature for one several times its age4 ,it is1 therefore1 necessary1 in selecting a wet-nurse1 to be certain that her condition1 in this respect1 closely corresponds to that of the mother of the infant1 or that it does not differ1 on this point1 more than #c or #d weeks4 ,in respect of the use of high-flavoured or improper food and beverages1 medicine1 c41 it appears that all these substances immediately affect the milk1 and impart to it more or less of their peculiar flavour and properties2 and1 except with remedies administered under medical advice1 in nearly all cases prove injurious to the infant4 ,the diet of a nurse should be nutritious and succulent1 and its healthy digestion should be promoted by exercise and pure air4 ,strong liquors1 more especially spirits1 act like slow poisons on the infant1 and their habitual use by a nurse should1 therefore1 be considered as a positive disqualification for the duties of her office4 ,the care of the mother or wet-nurse should be particularly directed to the maintenance of her own health and equanimity1 by which both the health and good temper of the infant will be1 as far as possible1 ensured4 ,a grieving1 irritable1 or angry mother forces her bad qualities on her offspring1 in the shape of fits1 convulsions1 or hopeless marasmus4 ,see ,,infancy1 ,,milk1 ,,infants1 ,,food ,,for1 c4 ,,nut,,meg4 ,syn4 ,,myristic ,,nucleus1 ,,nucista1 ,,nux ,,moschata1 ,n4 ,,myristica1 ,n4 ,,aromatica1 ,,myristica 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 8,the shelled seed of ,myristica officinalis 7,linn42 ,m4 moschata----,thunberg71or nutmeg-tree40 ,it is chiefly used as a spice and condiment1 but it is also esteemed as an aromatic in flatulency and diarrha4----,dose4 ,half a teaspoonful1 or more1 grated4 ,the distilled and expressed oils 7,,oleum ,,myristic7 are also officinal4 ,of the different varieties of nutmegs met with in commerce1 those known as ,penang are the most valuable4 ,next to these rank the ,dutch or ,batavian kind1 and after these the ,singapore nutmegs4 ,in the ,dutch or ,batavian variety the exterior is composed of a number of white furrows1 with brown projections1 which aspect is caused by their having been dusted over with lime previous to their exportation4 ,besides the above1 there is also a very inferior description1 known as the long or wild nutmeg1 which are met with either in the shell1 out of the shell1 or in the shell with the mace attached4 ,nutmegs are subject to the ravages of a worm which would seem to devour or destroy their aromatic principle1 since when attacked by this parasite they lose both their odour and taste4 ,in #ajj parts sound nutmegs contain---- ,volatile oil #fj ,liquid fat #gf ,solid fat #bdj ,acid #jh ,starch #bd ,gum #ab ,ligneous fibre #edj ,loss #dj ------------ #ajjj 7,,bonastre47 ,,nutri,,tion4 ,the phenomena of life are accompanied by the constant and unceasing waste of the materials of which the animal body is composed4 ,every act of volition1 every exertion of muscular power1 every functional action of the organism1 whether perceptible or imperceptible and involuntary1 every play of chemical affinity and decomposition1 even thought itself1 occasions the disorganisation and destruction1 as living matter1 of a portion of ourselves4 ,but the process of respiration1 and the various important changes with which it is connected1 tends1 more than all the other vital functions1 to waste the substance of the body1 the temperature of which it is its special office to support4 ,this loss1 this change1 which commences with life and terminates only with death1 is compensated for by the constant renewal of the whole frame by the deposition and assimilation1 or organisation1 of matter from the blood1 which thus becomes gradually thinner and impoverished1 unless1 in its turn1 it receives a corresponding supply of its vital elements4 ,this it does from the food1 which1 by the functions of digestion1 is converted into a #8chyle1' and after being taken up by the #8lacteals1' passes into the blood1 of which it then becomes a part1 and after being animalised and rendered similar to the being it is destined to nourish1 by the peculiar action of the vital affinities1 it attaches itself to those organs or tissues1 the loss of which it is intended to supply4 ,this constitutes nutrition4 ,the food of animals1 or1 rather1 the nutritious portion of that food on which we live1 is wholly organic matter1 and is either directly or indirectly produced by the powers of vegetation from the inorganic world4 ,the plant elaborates food for the herbivora1 and these1 in their turn1 serve as food for the flesh-eating animals4 ,in both cases the leading alimentary principles are the same2 the difference is in their proportions4 ,flesh is identical in composition with blood1 and with the body of the animal that blood is destined to nourish4 ,it abounds in albumen1 casein1 and fibrin4 ,the vegetable substances used as food also contain nitrogenised principles of a precisely similar character and chemical constitution to those found in flesh1 and which we are1 therefore1 bound to believe are absolutely the same4 ,the gluten of wheat1 when purified from gliadin1 presents all the characteristics of pure fibrin4 ,the albumen extracted from vegetable juices1 when coagulated by heat1 cannot be distinguished from the boiled white of egg in a divided condition4 ,the legumen or vegetable casein of almonds1 peas1 beans1 and many of the oily seeds1 bears the most striking resemblance to the casein of milk4 ,these facts clearly show that the leading nitrogenised principles of animal bodies pre-exist in vegetables1 and that the substances employed as food must have the same1 or nearly the same1 chemical composition as the body itself4 ,the striking contrast of animal and vegetable food1 as far as this point is concerned1 is more apparent than real4 ,the actual difference between the two is to be found in the existence of a large quantity of non-nitrogenised matter 7sugar1 starch1 c47 in the last1 which is not contained in the other----matter which abounds in carbon1 and which1 by its combustion in the system1 serves to support the animal heat at a less sacrifice of the organic fabric4 ,in the flesh-eating animal the waste of the organic tissues is very rapid1 and the tax upon the vital energies proportionate2 for the temperature of its body is kept up1 for the most part1 by the burning of the nitrogenised matter of which these tissues are composed4 ,the process of digestion is that by which the available portions of the food are reduced to a form adapted for absorption by the vessels by which it is introduced into the system4 ,in the flesh-eating animal this process is extremely simple1 and consists in the mere comminution of the food by the teeth1 and its reduction to the liquid state in the stomach1 after which1 from the nature of its composition1 it is nearly all taken up1 and at once conveyed into the blood4 ,in the herbivora1 however1 the process of digestion is much more complicated1 and occupies a longer period4 ,besides the ordinary principles of flesh1 their food contains starch1 sugar1 gum1 c41 mixed with much inert vegetable fibre and other useless substances1 from which it must be separated4 ,the first of these supply materials for the waste and growth of the body1 the second meet the requirements of respiration1 and the last pass unaltered through the alimentary canal4 ,the nature of the digestive process is not clearly established4 ,the principal objects effected appear to be the conversion of starch1 coagulated albumen1 fibrin1 casein1 c41 into a liquid form4 ,it is known that the saliva contains a peculiar principle 7ptyalin7 resembling diastase1 capable of transmuting starch into sugar1 and that when a little starch is held in the mouth for a short time this change actually occurs4 ,it is also known that the gastric juice contains a peculiar organic principle named #8pepsin1' and that this substance1 in conjunction with dilute hydrochloric acid1 which is likewise present in the stomach1 possesses the property of dissolving the albuminous principles of food4 7,see ,,pepsin47 ,these changes occur whenever these conditions are established out of the body1 and hence it is inferred that the process of digestion is effected by similar means4 ,of this1 however1 there is no direct evidence4 ,the use of food1 as already noticed1 is twofold4 ,it supplies the materials of nutrition to balance the waste of the tissues continually taking place in the body1 and it conveys into the system those elements which1 by their chemical combinations1 produce heat4 ,to effect this purpose in the most beneficial manner1 the food should not only be sufficient in quantity1 but the proportions of its nitrogenised and carbonaceous principles should bear such relations to each other as to amply meet the demands of the system for each1 without the existence1 however1 of an undue excess of either4 ,when the muscular movements of a healthy animal are restrained1 a genial temperature kept up1 and an ample supply of food containing much amylaceous or oily matter given1 an accumulation of fat in the system rapidly takes place2 this is well seen in the case of stall-fed cattle4 ,on the other hand1 when food is deficient1 and much exercise is taken1 emaciation results4 ,these effects are ascribed to differences in the activity of the respiratory function4 ,in the first instance1 the heat-food is supplied faster than it is consumed1 and hence accumulates in the form of fat2 in the second1 the conditions are reversed1 and the creature is kept in a state of leanness by its rapid consumption4 ,the fat of an animal appears to be the provision of nature for the maintenance of life during a certain period under circumstances of privation4 ,hence it is that a lean animal suffers more from cold than a fat one1 and is also sooner starved4 8,the origin of fat in the animal body has recently been made the subject of much animated discussion2 on the one hand1 it was contended that satisfactory evidence exists of the conversion of starch and saccharine substances into fat1 by separation of carbon and oxygen1 the change somewhat resembling that of the vinous fermentation2 it was argued1 on the other side1 that oily or fatty matter is invariably present in the food supplied to the domestic animals1 and that this fat is merely absorbed and deposited in the body in a slightly modified state4 ,the question has now been decided in favour of the first of these views1 which was enunciated by ,professor ,liebig1 by the very chemist who formerly advocated the second opinion4 ,by a series of very beautiful experiments1 ,,mm4 ,dumas and ,milne-,edwards proved that bees exclusively feeding upon sugar were still capable of producing wax1 which was pointed out as a veritable fact40 ,professor ,liebig divided the principles found in food into two classes3----plastic elements of nutrition1 or flesh-and-blood-making principles2 and elements of respiration1 or those which1 by their decomposition or combustion in the system1 generate heat4 ,they are as follows3---- ,elements of ,nutrition4 ,elements of ,respiration4 7,plastic or ,nitrogenous47 7,heat-producing47 ---------------- ---------------- ,animal flesh ,fat ,blood ,starch ,vegetable albumen ,gum ,vegetable casein ,cane sugar ,vegetable fibrin ,grape sugar ,milk sugar ,pectin sugar ,alcohol ,this division is in the main warranted by fact1 but1 no doubt1 the nitrogenous elements of food produce heat as well as the non-nitrogenous4 ,,nux ,,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,koochla ,,nut1 ,,poison ,n41 ,,vomit ,n42 ,,nuces ,,vomic1 ,,nux ,,vomica 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph41 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,the seed of ,strychnos ,nux vomica1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l471 imported from the ,east ,indies 7,b4 ,p474 ,this drug is chiefly known as a violent excitant of the cerebro-spinal system4 ,in small doses1 frequently repeated1 it is tonic1 diuretic1 and1 occasionally1 laxative2 in slightly larger ones1 it is emetic2 and1 in large doses1 it is an energetic and fearful poison4----,dose1 #a to #c gr42 in paralysis1 nervous affections1 impotence1 chronic dysentery1 chronic diarrha1 c4 ,its frequent use is said to render the system proof against the poison of serpents4 ,see ,,strychnine1 its active principle4 ,,oak4 ,the ,british oak is the ,quercus ,robur of ,linnus1 of which there are two varieties1 ,q4 peduncata and ,q4 sessiflora4 ,the wood of the oak is more durable than that of any other tree1 and 8for at once supporting a weight1 resisting a strain1 and not splintering by a cannon shot1 it is superior to every other kind40 ,it1 nevertheless1 8warps and twists much in drying2 and1 in seasoning1 shrinks about #a-cbnd of its width40 ,foreign oak is less durable1 but more brittle and workable4 ,the bark 7,,oak ,,bark2 ,,querc,s ,,cortex1 ,,quercus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47 is used as an astringent and febrifuge1 in doses of #cj to #abj gr41 frequently2 an astringent decoction is also made of it1 but its chief employment is in tanning leather4 ,the peculiar appearance of old oak or #8wainscoting' is given to the new wood by exposing it1 whilst very slightly damp1 to the fumes of ammonia4 ,,oat4 ,syn4 ,,avena1 ,l4 ,the common cultivated oat is the ,avena sativa 7,linn471 a graminaceous plant1 of which there are several varieties1 as the ,avena sativa alba1 or white oat2 ,a4 s4 nigra1 or black oat2 the potato oat1 c4 ,other species are also cultivated1 as ,avena nuda 7,linn471 pilcorn1 or naked oat2 ,a4 strigosa1 or ,spanish oat1 c4 ,the seed 7,,oats2 ,,caryopsides1 ,,semina ,,aven ,,cruda7 form the common horse-corn of this country1 but in the northern parts of the country it is extensively used as food for man4 ,the husked grain constitutes ,,groats1 and its meal ,,oatmeal4 ,the latter does not form a dough with water1 as wheaten meal or flour does4 ,oats consist of from #bd to #bh of husk1 and #gd to #gh of grain4 ,according to ,m4 ,payen1 they contain of starch1 #fjei2 azotised matter1 #adci2 saccharine and gummy matter1 #ibe2 fatty matter1 #eej2 cellulose1 #gfj2 silica and saline matter1 #cbe4 ,the husks contain between #f and #g of saline matter4 7,prof4 ,norton47 ,the ash amounts to #bah1 and consists of potassa and soda1 #bfah2 lime1 #eie2 magnesia1 #iie2 oxide of iron1 #dj2 phosphoric acid1 #dchd2 sulphuric acid1 #ajde2 chlorine1#bf2 silica1 #bfg2 alumina1 #jf4 7,johnston47 ,the yield of oats is from #bj bushels per acre in poor soils1 up to #fj1 #gj1 and even #hj bushels per acre in rich soils4 ,the weight per bushel varies from #ce to #de lbs41 and the product in meal is about one half the weight of the oats4 ,illustration3 ,white oat----,long1 sect41 #bnd and #crd coats not separable4 a4 ,compound grains x #ajj2 b4 ,one do4 x #ejj4 ,a large proportion of the oats given to horses passes off undigested4 ,it has hence been proposed to prevent this loss1 by either coarsely bruising them in a mill1 or by pouring boiling water over them1 and allowing them to macerate till cold1 when they are to be given to the horses without straining off the water4 ,it is stated on good authority that oats thus treated will not only fatten quicker1 but go twice as far as without preparation4 ,oat bruisers are now manufactured by most agricultural implement makers4 ,under the microscope the oat is seen to consist of two or three envelopes2 the outer being composed of longitudinal cells2 the second obliquely transverse and not very clearly seen2 in this1 the cells are wanting in part or pass into the cells of the third coat2 the third envelope consists of a layer1 usually single1 of cells1 like wheat4 ,before the envelopes are searched for the husks must be removed4 ,the starch-cells are small1 many sided1 and cohere into round composite bodies1 which are very characteristic1 and which1 by pressure1 may be divided into separate grains4 ,a high power is necessary for the examination of these latter4 ,the starch of the oat does not polarise light4 ,,oat,,meal4 ,syn4 ,,aven ,,farina1 ,f4 ,,ex ,,seminibus ,,aven 7,ph4 ,d71 ,l4 ,oatmeal is the grain of the oat deprived of the skin1 kiln-dried1 and afterwards ground4 ,it is regarded as one of the most nutritious of our cereals1 being rich in nitrogenous matter1 fat1 starch1 and sugar4 ,according to ,letheby it contains in #ajj parts3---- ,nitrogenous matter #abf ,carbo-hydrates #fch ,fatty matter #ef ,saline matter #cj ,water #aej ------------ #ajjj ,kreusler has shown that the nitrogenous principle of oatmeal contains gluten-casein1 a substance very similar to the legumin of peas and beans4 ,letheby points out that1 although it contains more nutrient material than wheat1 its higher price renders it less economical as an article of diet4 ,oatmeal forms the staple of the food of the farm labourer both in ,scotland and in ,england1 being consumed more largely by the ,scotch than the ,english peasant4 ,scotch oatmeal is superior to ,english in nutritive value4 ,oatmeal1 when mixed with water1 does not possess sufficient tenacity to enable it to be made into bread4 ,it can1 however1 be baked into excellent cakes1 which1 when made in ,yorkshire1 are leavened1 and when in ,scotland1 unleavened4 ,the qualities of indigestibility and a tendency to produce irritability of the bowels and skin1 have been ascribed to oatmeal2 before it was so prepared as to effectually remove from it the husk and hairs by efficient screening1 it was in ,scotland a frequent source of intestinal concretion4 ,these concretions1 the nature of which was unravelled by ,dr ,wollaston1 consisted principally of phosphate of lime mixed with the hairs and husks of the oat4 ,of thirty samples of oatmeal examined by the #8,lancet ,sanitary ,commissioner1' no fewer than sixteen samples1 or more than one half1 were adulterated4 ,the substance generally used for this purpose is barley meal1 which is only half the price of oatmeal4 ,husks of barley1 wheat1 and of the oat itself1 are also frequently used4 ,rice and maize are also sometimes added4 ,that supplied to the army1 navy1 and the workhouses1 was very commonly adulterated with whiting1 plaster of ,paris1 or ground bones4 ,the mineral sophisticant may be detected by the excess of ash1 which should not exceed #bcf per cent4 ,these frauds are readily detected by the microscope4 ,grits or ,groats are the decorticated grain of the oat1 which when bruised or crushed constitute ,embden groats4 ,flummery 7known in ,scotland as sowans7 is made by steeping the husks of the grain in water1 until they become slightly sour1 the strained liquid being boiled down to the consistence of gruel4 ,oatmeal soon becomes sour and rancid4 ,it should be purchased at such shops as have a quick sale for it4 ,see ,,acari1 ,,stir-,,about4 ,,obe,,sity4 ,syn4 ,,obesitas1 ,,polysarca1 ,l4 ,unhealthy or troublesome fatness or corpulency4 ,sometimes the secretion of fat1 and its accumulation in the adipose membrane1 is almost as rapid as that of water in anasarca2 on which account some of the old writers have called obesity a dropsy of fat4 ,persons in easy circumstances1 of indolent habits1 who live freely1 and who are of a cheerful and contented deposition1 are those most liable to obesity4 ,the treatment consists in the very gradual reduction of the diet1 until it falls rather below the average quantity required by a healthy adult2 the very gradual disuse of fermented liquors1 more especially beer2 the gradual abridgment of the time devoted to repose1 until it does not exceed #e or #f hours2 the employment of several hours daily in exercise in the open air1 at first moderate1 but increased day by day in energy1 until it becomes laborious2 and1 lastly1 arousing the mind from a state of lethargy to one of active or even harassing employment4 ,in some cases the accumulation of fat has been enormous4 ,bright1 of ,maldon1 weighed #gbh lbs42 ,daniel ,lambert1 of ,leicester1 #gci lbs42 a girl1 #d years old1 noticed in the #8,phil4 ,trans41' #ahac1 weighed #bef lbs4 ,persons affected with obesity are generally short-lived4 ,,obstruction ,,of ,,local ,,authority4 ,various penalties are mentioned in different sections of the ,public ,health ,act for the offence of obstructing officers1 c41 representing the local authority1 in carrying out the ,act4 ,the following section1 which we select1 deals with the subject generally3---- ,sec4 #cjf4 8,any person who wilfully obstructs any member of the local authority1 or any person duly employed in the execution of this ,act1 or who destroys1 pulls down1 injures1 or defaces any board on which any bye-law1 notice1 or other matter is inscribed1 shall1 if the same was put up by authority of the ,local ,government ,board or of the local authority1 be liable for every such offence to a penalty not exceeding #e4 8,where the occupier of any premises prevents the owner thereof from obeying or carrying into effect any of the provisions of this ,act1 any justice1 to whom application is made in this behalf1 shall by order in writing require such occupier to permit the execution of any works required to be executed1 provided that the same appear to such justice to be necessary for the purpose of obeying or carrying into effect the provisions of this ,act2 and if within #bd hours after the making of the order such occupier fails to comply therewith1 he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding #e for every day during the continuance of such non-compliance4 8,if the occupier of any premises1 when requested by or on behalf of the local authority to state the name of the owner of the premises occupied by him1 refuses or wilfully omits to disclose1 or wilfully misstates the same1 he shall 7unless he shows cause to the satisfaction of the court for his refusal7 be liable to a penalty not exceeding #e40 ,o,,chres4 ,these are native earthy compounds of clay1 coloured with oxide of iron1 with frequently a little chalk1 or magnesia4 ,the differences in the colour arise partly from the quantity of iron present1 and partly from the state of oxidation in which the iron is found4 ,several varieties are known in commerce----,,brown ,,ochre1 ,,french ,o41 ,,oxford ,o41 ,,red ,o41 ,,roman ,o41 ,,yellow ,o4 ,all these1 with the exception of the first and fourth1 have a yellow colour4 ,,armenian ,,bole1 ,,indian ,,red1 ,,venetian ,r41 and ,,spanish ,,brown1 are also ochres4 ,all the ochres are darkened by calcination4 ,the yellow ochres acquire a red or reddish-brown colour by this treatment4 ,the pigment called #8light red' is thus prepared from yellow ochre4 ,,odontal,,gia4 ,see ,,toothache4 ,o,,doraments4 ,syn4 ,,odoramenta1 ,l4 ,substances employed in medicine on account of their odour4 ,they differ from disinfectants1 in only disguising1 but not destroying1 noxious vapours1 c4 ,,ammonia1 ,,strong ,,vinegar1 and ,,pastilles1 furnish the most familiar examples of this class of substances4 ,see ,,disinfectants1 ,,perfumes1 c4 ,o,,dour4 ,the emanation of an odoriferous or scent-giving body4 ,see ,,perfumes4 ,,nan,,thic ,,ether4 ,see ,,ether 7nanthic74 ,,offic,,inal4 ,syn4 ,,officinalis1 ,l4 ,a term applied to substances or medicines ordered in the ,pharmacopia4 ,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,oleum1 ,l42 ,,huile1 ,fr4 ,this name is given to numerous liquid or semi-liquid substances1 expressed or drawn from animal or vegetable bodies2 to various products of the distillation of bituminous minerals2 and to several unctuous mixtures in perfumery and pharmacy4 ,to facilitate reference1 we have grouped the principal substances generally called #8oils' into classes1 under the following heads3----,,oils 7,drying72 ,,oils 7,empyreumatic73 ,,oils 7,fixed72 ,,oils 7,medicated72 ,,oils 7,mineral72 ,,oils 7,mixed72 ,,oils 7,perfumed72 ,,oils 7,volatile74 ,see these articles also below3---- ,oil1 ,consolidated4 ,syn4 ,,campticon1 ,,factitious ,,caoutchouc4 ,a substance having most of the properties of india rubber1 prepared by oxidising boiled linseed oil1 or any other oil that hardens on exposure to the atmosphere4 ,to obtain the solid oil1 plates of glass are dipped into linseed oil1 the films are then allowed to dry1 and the process is repeated again and again until the plates are coated with many layers of perfectly oxidised oil4 ,instead of plates of glass1 extensive surfaces of prepared cloth are employed when the manufacture is carried out on a large scale4 ,the solid oil1 having been scraped or peeled off the surfaces1 is worked with a small proportion of shell-lac1 by means of a mixing machine with hot rollers1 until a material singularly like caoutchouc is produced4 ,the consolidated oil can be rolled on to fabrics1 so as to form a waterproof cloth1 having the finish and flexibility of rubber-cloth4 ,by the action of heat the consolidated oil may be converted into a hard substance resembling vulcanite and ebonite4 ,its useful applications appear to be very numerous1 but its manufacture has not as yet made much progress4 ,,oil-,,gas4 ,a mixture of several gaseous hydrocarbons1 obtained by passing common whale fat1 resin1 the heavy petroleum or shale oil1 or the tarry residues left after the distillation of these two latter substances1 or other cheap animal oil1 through red-hot tubes1 or by allowing it to fall in drops on red-hot stones or bricks arranged in an iron retort1 or other suitable apparatus4 ,the gas has great illuminating power1 requires no purification1 and is quite free from the ammoniacal and sulphur compounds which vitiate coal-gas4 ,the sp4 gr4 of oil-gas varies with the heat employed in its production4 ,it averages from #jgf to #jij1 but it may rise as high as #aa4 ,the composition of coal gas1 as given by ,payen1 is as follows3---- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,gas from ,oil ,gas4 ,petroleum residues4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,olefiant gas and homologues #bbe #agd ,marsh gas #ejc #ehc ,hydrogen #gg #bdc ,carbonic oxide #aee ---- ,nitrogen #dj ---- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,oils 7,drying74 ,all the fixed oils have an attraction more or less powerful for oxygen1 and1 by exposure to the air1 they either become hard and resinous1 or they only thicken slightly1 and become sour and rancid4 ,those which exhibit the first property in a marked degree1 as the oils of linseed1 poppy1 rape1 and walnut1 are called #8drying oils1' and are used as vehicles for colours in painting4 ,the others are frequently termed #8glutinous' or #8non-drying oils4' ,the resinifying or drying property of oils is greatly increased by boiling them1 either alone or along with some litharge1 sugar of lead1 or white vitriol1 when the product forms the #8boiled oil' or #8drying oil' 7oleum desiccativum7 of commerce4 ,the efficacy of the process1 according to ,liebig1 depends on the elimination of substances which impede the oxidation of the oil4 ,the following formul are adopted for this purpose3---- #a4 ,linseed oil1 #a gall42 powdered litharge1 #c_/d lb42 simmer1 with frequent stirring1 until a pellicle begins to form2 remove the scum1 and when it has become cold and has settled decant the clear portion4 ,dark coloured2 used by house-painters4 #b4 ,linseed oil and water1 of each #a quart2 white vitriol1 in powder1 #b oz42 boil to dryness4 ,paler than the last4 #c4 ,pale linseed or nut oil1 #a pint2 litharge or dry sulphate of lead1 in fine powder1 #b oz42 mix1 agitate frequently for #aj days1 then set the bottle in the sun or a warm place to settle1 and decant the clear portion4 ,very pale4 #d4 ,linseed oil1 #ajj galls42 calcined white vitriol 7#8sulphate of zinc'71 in fine powder1 #g lbs42 mix in a clean copper boiler1 heat the whole to #bhe ,fahr41 and keep it at that temperature1 with constant stirring1 for at least one hour2 then allow it to cool1 in #bd hours decant the clear portion1 and in #c or #d weeks more rack it for use4 ,used for varnishes4 #e4 7,liebig47 ,sugar of lead1 #a lb41 is dissolved in rain water1 #a_/b gall42 litharge1 in fine powder1 #a lb41 is then added1 and the mixture is gently simmered until only a whitish sediment remains2 levigated litharge1 #a lb41 is next diffused through linseed oil1 #b-a_/b galls41 and the mixture is gradually added to the lead solution1 previously diluted with an equal bulk of water2 the whole is now stirred together for some hours1 with heat1 and is1 lastly1 left to clear itself by exposure in a warm place4 ,the lead solution which subsides from the oil may be used again for the same purpose1 by dissolving in it another lb4 of litharge1 as before4 #f4 7,wilks47 ,into linseed oil1 #bcf galls41 pour oil of vitriol1 #f or #g lbs41 and stir the two together for #c hours2 then add a mixture of fuller's earth1 #f lbs41 and hot lime1 #ad lbs41 and again stir for #c hours2 next put the whole into a copper1 with an equal quantity of water1 and boil for about #c hours1 lastly1 withdraw the fire1 and when the whole is cold1 draw off the water1 run the oil into any suitable vessel1 and let it stand for a few weeks before using it4 ,patent4 #g4 7#8,allg4 ,polytech4 ,zeitung4'7 ,binoxide of manganese 7in coarse powder1 but not dusty71 #a part2 nut or linseed oil1 #aj parts2 mix1 and keep the whole gently heated and frequently stirred for #bd to #cf hours1 or until the oil begins to turn reddish4 ,recommended for zinc paint1 but is equally adapted for other purposes for which boiled oil is employed4 ,obs4 ,there is often a difficulty in obtaining the oils #8bright' after boiling or heating them with the lead solutions2 the best way1 on the small scale1 is either to filter them through coarse woollen filtering paper1 or to expose the bottle for some time to the sun or in a warm place4 ,on the large scale1 the finer oils of this kind are often filtered through ,canton-flannel bags4 ,the litharge and sulphate of lead used in the above processes may be again rendered available for the same purpose1 by washing them in hot water1 to remove adhering mucilage4 ,,oils 7,empyreumatic47 ,syn4 ,,olea ,,empyreumatica1 ,l4 ,the 'empyreumatic oils' of the old pharmaceutical writers were oily fluids obtained by the dry distillation of various substances1 animal1 vegetable1 and mineral4 ,but few of them are in use at the present day1 though formul are given for them in some of the foreign pharmacopias4 ,two or three have useful applications in the arts1 and it is therefore necessary that we should briefly describe their preparation4 ,when the ingredients are of a liquid or pasty nature1 or become so when heated1 they are usually mixed with about twice their weight of sand1 powdered glass1 or other like substance1 to divide them1 and thus expose them more effectually to the action of the fire4 ,care must also be taken to provide a well-cooled receiver1 which must be furnished with a tube to carry off the non-condensable gases liberated at the same time as the oil4 ,the products of the first distillation are generally purified by rectification1 either alone or along with water4 ,in general1 they require to be preserved from the light and air4 ,the following are the principal substances belonging to this class3---- ,oil of ,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,aloetic ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,aloeticum1 ,l4 #a4 ,from ,socotrine or hepatic aloes distilled along with sand4 #b4 7,batavian----,cadet de ,gassincourt47 ,olive oil1 #a lb42 hepatic aloes and myrrh1 of each in powder1 #b oz42 olibanum1 #a_/b oz42 distil in a sand bath1 from a stoneware retort4 ,used as an external vermifuge for children2 a portion is rubbed #b or #c times a day over the umbilical regions4 ,oil of ,amber4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,succini1 ,l4 ,from coarse pieces of amber1 distilled in an iron retort1 either alone or reduced to powder and mixed with sand4 ,the oil is separated from the fetid liquor and succinic acid which passes over1 and rectified along with about #f times its volume of water1 by a gentle heat4 ,it then forms #8,,rectified ,,oil ,,of ,,amber' 7,,oleum ,,succini----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 ,o4 ,s4 ,,rectificatum----,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf1 ,o4 ,s4 ,,purissimum----,ph4 ,e4 #ahda74 ,prod4 #bj4 ,prop41 c4 ,it has a pale yellow colour1 a strong1 ungrateful odour1 and a hot1 acrid taste2 heat and air blacken and thicken it2 it boils at #ahf ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #geh at #ge ,fahr4 ,it is antispasmodic1 rubefacient1 and stimulant4----,dose1 #e to #ab drops1 made into an emulsion with mucilage2 in hysteria1 epilepsy1 and convulsive affections4 ,externally1 as a friction1 either alone or combined with laudanum or sweet oil1 in rheumatism1 tic douloureux1 hooping-cough1 c4 ,oil of ,amber1 ,oxydated 7,artificial ,musk74 ,pat into a cup #a dr4 of oil of amber1 and add to it1 drop by drop1 #c-a_/b fl4 dr4 of strong nitric acid2 let it stand for #cf hours1 then separate and wash the resinous matter4 ,antispasmodic and nervine4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,for children1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr4 ,oil1 ,animal4 #a4 7,empyreumatic or ,fetid2 ,,oil ,,of ,,hartshorn1 ,,dippel',s ,o42 ,,oleum ,,animale ,,empyreumaticum1 ,o4 ,,cornu ,,cervi1 ,o4 ,,dippelii1 ,l47 ,chiefly obtained as a secondary product in the manufacture of bone-black4 ,fetid and dark coloured4 ,used chiefly to make lampblack4 #b4 7,ethereal2 ,,rectified ,,oil ,,of ,,hartshorn2 ,,oleum ,,animale ,,stherium1 ,o4 ,,cornu ,,cervi ,,rectificatum1 ,,loco ,,olei ,,animalis ,,dippelii1 ,l47----a4 ,a finer kind of animal oil1 made by slowly distilling oil of hartshorn1 and collecting only the first portion that comes over4 ,pale and limpid4 ,exposure to light discolours it4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,fetid animal oil distilled in a sand bath1 and the product rectified with four times its volume of water4 ,white1 limpid1 fragrant4 ,light discolours it4 ,prop4 ,the refined product is said to be antispasmodic1 anodyne1 and diaphoretic4----,dose1 #e to #cj drops1 in water2 in large doses it acts as an irritant poison4 ,oil of ,birch4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,betul1 ,l4 ,from the inner bark of the birch1 by heating it in an earthen pot with a hole in the bottom1 to allow the oil to flow through into another jar sunk in the ground and luted to it4 ,thick1 balsamic1 fragrant4 ,used chiefly to dress russia leather4 ,oil of ,box-wood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,buxi1 ,o4 ,b4 ,,empyreumaticum 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71 ,l4 ,from box-wood sawdust4 ,reputed resolvent2 anodyne1 antispasmodic1 and diaphoretic4----,dose1 #e to #bj drops2 in convulsions1 epilepsy1 gonorrha1 c4 ,externally1 in toothache1 c4 ,oil of ,bricks4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lateritium 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71 ,l4 ,from olive oil1 mixed with brickdust1 and distilled2 or1 from hot bricks steeped in olive oil1 then broken to pieces1 and distilled4 ,oil of ,bricks 7,factitious74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lateritium ,,factitium1 ,l4 ,from linseed oil1 #a lb42 oil of turpentine1 #a_/b lb42 oil of bones or of hartshorn and ,barbadoes tar1 of each #a oz42 simply stirred well together4 ,this is generally substituted for the preceding in the shops4 ,oil of ,cade4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cadinum1 ,l42 ,,huile ,,de ,,cade1 ,fr4 ,from the ,juniperus oxycedrus or ,languedoc juniper4 ,used as oil of tar1 which is commonly sold for it4 ,oil of ,coal4 ,syn4 ,,coal ,,oil4 ,from the gas-works4 ,see ,,naphtha4 ,oil of ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,guaiaci1 ,o4 ,g4 ,,empyreumaticum1 ,l4 ,from guaiacum shavings or raspings4 ,reputed balsamic1 pectoral1 and resolvent4 ,oil of ,hartshorn4 ,bone oil and rectified bone oil are commonly sold for it1 but are inferior to it4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,animal 7above74 ,oil1 ,paper4 ,syn4 ,,rag ,,oil1 ,,pyrothonid2 ,,oleum ,,chart1 ,l4 ,on the small scale1 by burning paper on a cold tin plate1 and collecting the oil2 on the large scale1 by the destructive distillation of paper or linen rags4 ,in baldness1 toothache1 ear-ache1 c4 ,oil1 ,paraffin4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,mineral4 ,oil1 ,petroleum4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,mineral1 ,,petroleum4 ,oil1 ,rag4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,paper1 above4 ,oil1 ,rock4 ,see ,,naphtha1 ,,oils1 ,,mineral1 ,,petroleum4 ,oil1 ,shale4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,mineral4 ,oil of ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,fuliginis 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71 ,l4 ,from wood-soot4 ,fetid2 reputed antispasmodic and nervine4 ,oil of ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,t42 ,,oleum ,,pini1 ,o4 ,p4 ,,rubrum1 ,o4 ,t,d1 ,o4 ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,l4 ,by simple distillation from wood-tar4 ,reddish and strong scented4 ,by one or more rectifications it becomes colourless and limpid4 ,it soon gets thick4 ,used in ringworm and several other skin diseases1 made into an ointment with lard4 ,it is poisonous if swallowed in large doses4 ,oil of ,tobacco 7,empyreumatic74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,tabaci ,,empyreumaticum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,from tobacco1 in coarse powder1 gradually heated in a green-glass retort to dull redness1 and kept at that temperature as long as any oil passes over2 the oily portion is then separated from the water in the receiver1 and kept for use4 ,highly narcotic and poisonous4 ,oil of ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cer1 ,l4 ,from beeswax and sand distilled together2 the product is rectified once or oftener4 ,reputed diuretic4----,dose1 #c to #f drops4 ,,oils 7,fixed74 ,syn4 ,,fat ,,oils1 ,,unctuous ,o42 ,,olea ,,fixa1 ,o4 ,,expressa1 ,l42 ,,huiles ,,grasses1 ,fr4 ,the fixed oils are compounds of carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen 7oxyhydro-carbons71 obtained from the organic kingdom1 and characterised by their insipidity1 unctuosity1 insolubility in water1 and being lighter than that fluid4 ,olive oil1 which is obtained from the vegetable kingdom1 and spermaceti oil1 which is obtained from the animal kingdom1 may be taken as types of the rest4 ,the fixed oils are chiefly found in the fruit and seeds of plants1 and in thin membranous cells1 forming what is called the adipose tissue1 in the bodies of animals4 ,according to their consistence1 they may be classed into #8,,oils1' #8,,butters1' and #8,,tallows1' ,prop41 c4 ,among the best-known properties of the fixed oils are----the permanent stain they give to paper1 which they render translucid2 their non-volatility at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere1 or at that of boiling water1 or1 indeed1 at any temperature insufficient for their decomposition2 their constantly floating on the surface of water when added to it2 and1 lastly1 their inability to mix with that fluid4 ,some of them1 as palm oil and cocoa-nut oil1 are solid at ordinary temperatures2 but the majority are fluid1 unless they have been considerably cooled1 when they separate into two portions----the one solid1 consisting chiefly of stearin1 or some analogous substance1 and the other liquid1 consisting chiefly of olein or elain4 ,nearly all of them1 when exposed to the air1 absorb oxygen rapidly1 and either gradually harden or become rancid and nauseous4 ,from the first are selected the #8drying oil' used by painters2 the last are used as food1 in cookery1 and for machinery1 lamps1 c4 ,the whole of these oils1 when heated to their boiling points 7#ejj to #fjj ,fahr471 suffer decomposition1 yielding various hydrocarbons2 and when suddenly exposed to a red heat1 they furnish a gaseous product 7oil-gas71 which was formerly employed for illumination4 ,it is owing to this property of oil and liquid fats that candles and lamps give their light4 ,the wick is a gas-producing apparatus in miniature4 ,with the caustic alkalies and water the fixed oils unite to form soap4 ,when some of these oils are absorbed by porous bodies1 and thus expose a vastly increased surface to the air1 they absorb oxygen with such rapidity as to generate a considerable degree of heat4 ,paper1 tow1 cotton1 wool1 straw1 shavings1 c41 slightly embued with oil1 and left in a heap1 freely exposed to the air or sun1 often spontaneously inflame4 ,in this way many extensive fires have arisen4 ,the above is more particularly the case with linseed1 rape1 nut1 and olive oil4 ,the first1 made into a paste with manganese1 rapidly becomes hot1 and ultimately inflames spontaneously4 ,the specific gravities of the fixed oils range between #hfe and #igj1 water being #ajjj4 ,prep4 ,the fixed oils1 except where otherwise directed1 are obtained from the bruised or ground fruit or seed1 by means of powerful pressure1 in screw or hydraulic presses1 and are then either allowed to clarify themselves by subsidence or are filtered4 ,both methods are frequently applied to the same oil4 ,in some cases the impurities are removed by ebullition with water1 and subsequent separation of the pure oil4 ,heat is frequently employed to increase the liquidity of the oil1 and thus lessen the difficulty of its expulsion from the mass4 ,with this object the bruised mass1 placed in bags1 is commonly exposed to the heat of steam1 and then pressed between heated plates of metal4 ,this is always necessary with the #8butyraceous oils4' ,another method is by boiling the bruised seed in water1 and skimming off the oil as it rises to the surface4 ,this is the plan adopted for castor oil in the ,west ,indies4 ,in a few cases1 for medicinal purposes1 the bruised mass is mixed with #a_/b its weight1 or an equal weight1 of alcohol or ether1 and after #bd hours' digestion the whole is submitted to pressure1 and the alcohol or ether removed by distillation at a gentle heat4 ,the first menstruum is commonly employed for croton oil on the ,continent2 the second1 for that of ergot of rye4 ,purif4 ,several methods are adopted for refining or purifying the fixed oils1 among which are the following3---- #a4 ,the oil is violently agitated along with #a-a_/b to #b of concentrated sulphuric acid1 when it assumes a greenish colour1 and1 after about a fortnight's repose1 deposits much colouring matter1 becomes paler1 and burns with greater brilliancy1 particularly if well washed with steam or hot water1 and clarified by subsequent repose or by filtration4 ,this answers well for most of the recently expressed vegetable oils4 ,it also greatly improves most of the fish oils4 #b4 ,a modification of the last method is to well mix the acid with the oil1 then to blow steam through the mixture for some time1 and afterwards to otherwise proceed as before4 #c4 ,,fish ,,oil 7,,whale1 ,,seal1 c47 is purified by---- a4 ,violently agitating it with boiling water or steam1 by placing it in a deep vessel with perforated bottom1 through which high pressure steam is forced for some time2 it is afterwards clarified by repose1 and filtered through coarse charcoal4 b4 ,the oil is violently agitated with a boiling hot and strong solution of oak bark1 to remove albumen and gelatin1 and next with high-pressure steam and hot water2 it is1 lastly1 dried and filtered4 c4 ,the oil1 gently heated1 is stirred for some time with about #a of good chloride of lime1 previously made into a milk by trituration with water2 about #a-a_/b of oil of vitriol1 diluted with #bj times its weight of water1 is then added1 and the agitation renewed and maintained for at least #b hours2 it is1 lastly1 well washed with steam or hot water4 d4 ,mr ,davidson treats the oil first with a strong solution of tan1 next with water and chloride of lime1 then with dilute sulphuric acid1 and lastly1 with hot water4 e4 ,mr ,dunn's method1 which is very effective1 and admirable on account of its simplicity1 is to heat the oil by steam to from #ahj to #bjj ,fahr41 and then to force a current of air of corresponding temperature through it1 under a flue or chimney1 until it is sufficiently bleached and deodorised2 it is1 lastly1 either at once filtered or is previously washed with steam or hot water4 f4 ,another method1 formerly very generally adopted and still in use1 is to violently agitate the oil for some time with very strong brine1 or with a mixed solution of blue vitriol and common salt1 and then either to allow it to clarify by repose or to filter it through freshly burnt charcoal4 #d4 ,,almond1 ,,castor1 ,,linseed1 ,,nut1 ,,olive1 ,,rape1 and some other vegetable oils1 are readily bleached by either of the following processes3---- a4 ,exposure in glass bottles to the sun's rays1 on the leads or roofs of houses1 or in any other suitable position1 open to the south-east and south4 ,this is the method employed by druggists and oilmen to whiten their castor and linseed oils4 #ad to #ba days' exposure to the sun in clear weather during summer is usually sufficient for castor oil when contained in #b to #d-quart pale green glass bottles 7preferably the former71 and covered with white gallipots inverted over them4 ,the oil is filtered before exposing it to the light1 as1 if only in a slight degree opaque1 it does not bleach well4 ,almond and olive oil are1 when thus treated1 apt to acquire a slight sulphurous smell2 but this may be removed by filtration through a little animal charcoal1 or1 still better1 by washing the oil with hot water4 b4 ,another method employed to decolour these oils is to heat them in a wooden1 tinned1 or well-glazed earthen vessel along with some dry #8filtering powder' 7#a to #b lbs4 per gall471 with agitation for some time1 and lastly1 to filter them in the usual manner through an oil-bag4 ,in this way the ,west-end perfumers prepare their #8,,white ,,almond ,,oil' 7,,oleum ,,amygdal ,,album71 and their #8,,white ,,olive ,,oil' 7,,oleum ,,oliv ,,album74 ,formerly1 freshly burnt animal charcoal was used for this purpose1 and is still so employed by some houses4 #e4 ,mr ,bancroft refines ,,oils ,,for ,,machinery ,,and ,,lubricating ,,purposes generally1 by agitating them with a lye of caustic soda of the sp4 gr4 #ab4 ,a sufficient quantity is known to have been added when1 after repose1 a portion begins to settle down clear at the bottom4 ,about #d to #h is commonly required for lard oil and olive oil4 ,after #bd hours' repose the clear supernatant oil is decanted from the soapy sediment1 and filtered4 #f4 ,not only the oils above referred to1 but all other oils and fats1 may be rendered perfectly colourless by the use of a little chromic acid2 or1 what is the same1 by a mixture of a solution of bichromate of potassa and sufficient sulphuric1 hydrochloric1 or nitric acid1 to seize on all the alkali1 and thus liberate the chromic acid4 #g4 ,,palm ,,oil and ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,oil are generally refined and bleached by either chromic acid or chlorine1 or by heat3---- a4 ,the #8butyraceous oil' is liquefied by heat in a wooden vessel1 and #g to #i of good chloride of lime1 previously made into a smooth cream with water1 is added1 and the whole assiduously stirred until the ingredients appear united2 the mixture is then allowed to cool1 and is next cut up into small lumps1 which are exposed to a free current of air for #b1 #c1 or even #d weeks2 these are melted in a wooden vessel heated by high-pressure steam circulating through leaden pipes1 or in a cast-iron boiler lined with lead1 and an equal weight of oil of vitriol 7diluted with about #bj times its weight of water7 is poured in1 and the whole gently boiled until the oil is discoloured and runs clear2 the fire is then moderated1 and the whole allowed to settle2 lastly1 the fire is removed1 and the oil is left to cool very slowly4 b4 ,the process with chromic acid has been already noticed1 but is more fully explained below4 c4 ,the oil1 heated to the temperature of about #bej ,fahr41 is exposed to the action of high-pressure steam1 which is continuously #8blown' through it for #aj or #ab hours1 or even longer4 ,the process is greatly facilitated by the introduction of some chromic acid4 #h4 ,mr ,watt's methods of purifying fats and oils are very effective1 more especially for those intended for illumination4 ,they are as follows3---- a4 7,for ,,fish ,,oils47 ,each ton is boiled for #a_/b an hour with caustic soda1 #a_/b lb41 previously made into a weak lye with water2 or steam is blown through the mixture for a like period2 oil of vitriol1 #a_/b lb41 diluted with #f times its weight of water1 is next added1 the whole again boiled for #ae minutes1 and allowed to settle for an hour or longer1 when the clear oil is run off from the water and sediment into the bleaching tubs2 here solution of bichromate of potash1 #d lbs41 in oil of vitriol1 #b lbs41 previously diluted with water1 q4 s41 together with a little nitric acid and some oxalic acid1 are added1 and after thorough admixture of the whole1 by blowing steam through it1 strong nitric acid1 #a lb41 diluted with water1 #a quart1 is poured in1 and the boiling continued for #a_/b an hour longer2 a small quantity of naphtha or rectified spirit of turpentine is then mixed in1 and the oil is1 finally1 well washed with hot water1 and left to settle4 b4 7,for ,,palm ,,oil47 ,the oil is melted by the heat of steam1 and1 after it has settled and cooled down to about #acj ,fahr41 is carefully decanted from the water and sediment into the steaming tubs2 here a mixture of a saturated solution of bichromate of potash1 #be lbs41 and oil of vitriol1 #h or #i lbs41 is added1 and after thorough admixture1 hydrochloric acid1 #ej lbs41 is poured in2 the whole is then constantly stirred until it acquires a uniform greenish colour1 or is sufficiently decoloured1 a little more of the bleaching materials being added if the latter is not the case1 after which it is allowed to repose for half an hour to settle2 it is next run into a wooden vat1 where it is washed1 c41 as before4 c4 7,for ,,vegetable ,,oils47 ,these are treated with a solution of chromic acid1 or with a solution of bichromate of potassa1 or some mineral acid1 as noticed at ,no4 #f4 ,for ,,colza1 ,,linseed1 ,,mustard1 ,,nut1 and ,,rape ,,oil1 a little hydrochloric acid is added2 but for ,,almond1 ,,castor1 ,,olive ,,oil1 and ,,poppy ,,oil1 no such addition 7at least in excess7 is required4 #i4 ,,rancid ,,oils and ,,fats are recovered by boiling them for about #ae minutes with a little water and calcined magnesia2 or1 by filtering them through freshly burnt charcoal4 ,in reference to the above processes1 it may be useful to remark1 that chlorine1 the common bleacher and deodoriser of other substances1 cannot be well employed directly in the purification of oils1 as certain chemical reactions occur when these substances are brought together1 which increase the colour instead of removing it1 and are often otherwise injurious4 ,the same remarks apply to the use of the #8chlorides1' which frequently fails in unskilful hands1 and is1 indeed1 of questionable utility1 except1 perhaps1 in the case of palm oil4 ,even charcoal exerts little of its usual energy on the oils1 and whilst it removes or lessens their offensive odour1 sometimes increases their colour4 ,the addition of #a or #b of very pure and recently rectified naphtha or oil of turpentine 7camphine7 to lamp oil is a real improvement1 since it increases its combustibility and its illuminative power4 ,,oils ,,for ,,medical ,,purposes1 as ,,castor ,,oil1 ,,cod-,,liver ,,oil c41 must not be subjected to any process beyond mere clarification by subsidence1 filtration through ,canton flannel or porous paper1 or1 at the utmost1 washing with warm water1 as otherwise their active and valuable properties1 if not wholly removed1 will be considerably lessened4 ,see ,,filtration4 ,purity4 ,the fixed oils vary greatly in their value1 and hence the constant inducement which leads the unprincipled dealer to adulterate the more expensive ones with those of a similar character1 but of an inferior kind of grade4 ,various methods are adopted to detect these frauds1 among which the following are the most valuable of those capable of general application4 ,others referring to individual oils will be found under the respective heads4 #a4 7,from the odour47 ,the method of applying this test is to heat a few drops of the oil under examination in a small porcelain1 platinum1 or silver spoon or capsule 7a watch-glass answers well71 and to carefully compare the odour evolved with that arising from a known pure sample of the same kind and quality of the oil similarly treated4 ,the odour of the two1 when each is pure1 is precisely alike1 and immediately suggests the plant or animal from which it has been obtained4 ,the presence of ,,linseed1 ,,nut1 ,,rape1 ,,seal1 ,,train1 or ,,whale ,,oil1 is thus readily detected1 and the imperfections of the sample1 even if pure1 rendered much more perceptible4 #b4 7,from the density47----a4 ,according to ,m4 ,penot1 every oil supposed to come from the same plant1 or the same animal1 has its own particular density1 which1 at the same temperature1 never deviates more than a few thousandths4 ,to apply this test1 the relative density or specific gravity of the sample must be determined4 ,this may be done by means of a thousand-grain bottle or an ordinary #8,,areometer1' or1 more conveniently1 by an #8,,ela,,ometer' or #8,,oleometer1' constructed and graduated for the purpose4 #8,fischer's ,,ela,,ometer' or #8,,oil-,,balance' is much employed on the ,continent for this purpose1 and is a very useful instrument4 ,on the large scale1 the weight of an accurately measured imperial gallon of the oil may be taken4 b4 ,m4 ,lauret1 an eminent ,parisian chemist1 a short time since observed that the variations of the density of an oil from adulteration are rendered much more apparent when it is examined in a heated state4 ,to render this discovery practically available1 he plunges an #8elaometer1' graduated for the given temperature1 into a small tin cylinder nearly filled with the oil1 and then places this in a vessel containing boiling water2 as soon as the whole has acquired a uniform temperature1 he observes the point on the scale of the instrument at which it floats4 ,this point for---- ,colza oil is #j ,fish oil #hc ,poppy oil #abd ,hemp-seed oil #acf ,linseed oil #baj c4 ,by employing a specific gravity bottle or small glass globe1 fitted with a stopper in which is hermetically fixed a capillary tube of about #h or #i inches in length1 we may apply the above principle of ,m4 ,lauret with the greatest accuracy4 ,this little apparatus is filled with the oil1 and then immersed in boiling water for a sufficient length of time for it to acquire that temperature2 it is then removed and weighed4 ,the smallest adulteration is1 it is said1 in this way immediately detected4 ,when the density of the given sample has been taken1 and the name of the oil used to adulterate it is known1 the quantity of the latter present may be approximately determined from the specific gravities by the common method of alligation4#di ,footnote #di3 ,see ,,mixtures1 ,arithmetic of4 #c4 7,sulphuric-acid test47----a4 ,heidenreich was the first person who gave a useful and general application to the reactions which occur when oil of vitriol is mixed with the fatty oils4 ,as soon as these substances are placed together1 very intense chemical action commences1 the temperature of the mixture rises1 and the mass becomes coloured4 ,these changes are sufficiently varied in the case of the different oils to furnish us with the means of identifying many of them1 and of determining their purity4 ,the method of ,m4 ,heidenreich is to lay a plate of white glass over a sheet of white paper2 on the glass he places #aj or #ae drops of oil1 and then adds to it a small drop of concentrated sulphuric acid 7#8oil of vitriol'74 ,the appearances which follow differ with the character of the fatty oil examined1 and whether the acid is allowed to act on the oil undisturbed 7without stirring7 or the two are stirred together with a glass rod4 ,in many cases1 as with tallow oil1 a peculiar odour as well as a change of colour is developed1 and a further means of detection supplied4 ,m4 ,heidenreich has minutely described these reactions1 which1 for the most part1 closely resemble those given in the table1 p4 #aabi4 ,it is necessary1 however1 in order to ensure great accuracy1 to compare the effect of the reagent on the sample with those which it produces on pure oil of the same kind and character under precisely similar circumstances4 b4 ,m4 ,penot1 who has followed up the researches of ,m4 ,heidenreich with considerable success1 recommends the employment of #bj drops of oil1 instead of only #aj or #ae2 and the use of a small capsule of white porcelain1 instead of a plate of glass4 ,he also employs a saturated solution of bichromate of potash in sulphuric acid1 which he uses in the same proportion as before2 but in this case the oil and the reagent are always stirred together4 ,the observations of ,m4 ,penot have been repeated in many cases by ,mr ,cooley1 and the results1 with additions1 and rearranged1 are given in the table1 p4 #aabi4 8,by perusing this table10 writes ,m4 ,penot1 8it will be observed that the same oil does not1 under all circumstances1 yield precisely similar results with the same reagent4 ,this depends on the place of growth1 the age1 and the manner of pressing4 ,if1 however1 any oil be examined comparatively with a perfectly pure one1 the proof of adulteration may be rendered1 if not certain1 at least probable1 by noting the difference4 ,thus ,i obtained1 by adding #a part of either whale-train1 or linseed oil1 or oleic acid1 or #aj parts of rapeseed oil1 the following results3---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,,reagents4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,name ,,of ,,oil4 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,solution of ,bichromate of ,potash4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,not stirred4 ,stirred4 ,stirred4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,rape oil with ,more red ground ,brownish-olive,small reddish lumps whale-train oil than with rape oil coloured on a grey ground4 ,rape oil with ,no perceptible ,olive coloured,small and more linseed oil difference from numerous red lumps the rape oil on a very dark-green ground4 ,rape oil with olein,no perceptible ,greenish brown,small brownish or oleic acid difference from lumps on an the rape oil olive-coloured ground4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 8,the adulteration being ascertained as far as is possible1 the oil is then tested by endeavouring to discover the adulterating oil1 either by reagents or by its odour when gently heated1 as before described4 ,this having been found out1 small quantities of the suspected oil are added to a perfectly pure oil of the kind under examination4 ,every mixture is then tested by the reagents1 until precisely similar results are obtained as those yielded by the oil under examination4 ,thus1 the proportions of the two mixed oils will be discovered by approximation40 7,m4 ,penot47 ,a simpler method of finding the proportions of the so mixed oils is referred to above4 #d4 7,from increase of temperature47 ,m4 ,maumen proposed the increase of temperature arising from the admixture of monohydrated sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol1 sp4 gr4 #ahde7 with the fatty oils as a test of their purity1 but a sufficient number of observations have not yet been made to furnish data for a general application of this method4 ,according to ,,mm4 ,faisst and ,knauss1 who have re-examined the subject1 the following are the results when #ae grammes of oil are mixed with #e grammes of the acid3 ,rise of ,temperature4 ,almond oil #gbe ,olive oil #fhj ,poppy oil #abgj ,rape or colza oil #ajjj ,linseed oil 7with ,nordhausen or fuming acid only7 #accj ,the above method is less liable to error when a larger quantity of the substances are thrown together4 #e4 ,the presence of ,,fish ,,oil in the vegetable oils may be readily detected by passing a stream of chlorine through them2 the pure vegetable oils are not materially altered1 but a mixture of the two turns dark brown or black4 #f4 ,mr ,coleman states that the presence of mineral oils in animal or vegetable oils can be easily detected by two characteristic tests----7#a7 the fluorescent properties they impart to all animal or vegetable oils4 7#b7 ,the strongly marked aromatic burning flavour they communicate to mixtures containing them4 ,the first-mentioned property is brought out by smearing a metallic surface1 such as tin plate or steel1 with the oil1 and then viewing it at different angles in the open air or sunlight4 ,mr ,coleman suggests that1 in examining a dark-coloured oil1 it may first be necessary to refine the sample by successive treatments with concentrated sulphuric acid and weak soda solution or lime water1 so small a quantity as #b-a_/b per cent4 may then be detected by the bluish colour noticed on viewing the oil at certain angles and by tasting it4 ,the absence of resin oil must also be proved4 ,nitric acid is said to be a good test1 as the colour developed is much greater than in pure oils4 ,sometimes it may be detected by the smell4 ,the presence of #aj per cent4 of resin or mineral oil in non-drying oils delays their solidification with the nitrate of mercury test4#ej ,footnote #ej3 #8,journal of ,applied ,chemistry1' ,dec41 #ahgd4 #g4 ,miss ,kate ,crane#ea states that the cohesion figures of oils may be usefully employed as tests of the identity and purity of the oils4 ,she says1 8,a number of experiments on this subject have led her to the conclusion that a little patient practice will teach the eye of the observer in a short time to detect the characteristic differences of the figures4 ,to make these perfect it is necessary to observe the time in forming1 for at different periods some varieties form figures very like2 but with this precaution each is entirely characteristic4 ,footnote #ea3 #8,american ,journal of ,pharmacy1' iv1 #djf4 8,it is essential that the dish used1 c41 be perfectly clean1 so that when filled with water no dust or lint floats upon the surface1 as this materially interferes with the perfect formation of the figure4 8,a single drop is let fall from a burette or glass rod held steadily above the water1 upon the centre of the surface4 ,the experiments made with fixed oils are as follows3----,poppy-seed oil spreads instantly to a large figure1 retaining an entire outline1 and for a few seconds the surface is unbroken1 except the bare intimation of a beaded edge4 8,in a few moments little holes appear round the edge1 and soon the whole surface is broken in like manner2 these increase in size very slowly4 ,in fifteen minutes the edge begins to open1 forming indentations1 which gradually work their way across the figure4 ,as they increase in length these begin to curve1 and in three quarters of an hour have doubled themselves two or three times4 8,cod-liver oil spreads in a large film2 a little way from the edge a row of small holes appears1 and in a minute or two the surface is covered with them2 these gradually enlarge1 assuming irregular shapes1 soon separated by branching lines4 8,cod-liver oil with lard oil spreads very like the former1 but in a few moments the edge opens1 and the film separates partly across2 in a moment one of the projecting points begins to curve itself towards the centre1 bending more and more until it forms a coil2 meanwhile a few holes have appeared1 which spread irregularly1 throwing out projecting points4 8,castor oil spreads instantly1 the edge remaining entire2 openings appear quickly in thirty seconds1 and increase gradually1 but unevenly1 those nearer the edge being larger1 and lengthening out irregularly as they spread4 ,the figure lasts some time4 8,castor with a little lard oil makes a smaller figure1 and not nearly so much broken2 in five minutes the holes open into each other1 and the figure breaks up from the edge4 8,a mixture of castor and poppy-seed oils spreads to form a lacework border1 but smooths out to an entire edge soon1 and within a few seconds openings appear4 ,the figure1 in size and general appearance1 is more like castor oil alone1 but the holes spread less uniformly in a given time1 a few being larger1 but the greater portion much smaller4 ,in fifteen minutes there is a general tendency to break up4 8,castor with a little croton oil throws out a spray1 which in a few moments unites into a thin film4 ,the spray1 as it spreads1 draws out the inner portion into radiate points1 which open into a beautiful network1 the centre cohering closely4 8,croton oil throws out1 in spreading1 a fine spray in advance of the more closely cohering portion1 which follows quickly4 ,the outer edge breaks up unevenly into little indentations1 the border of the inside portion being quite broken1 but gradually becomes nearly entire4 ,the surface1 too1 has openings1 which increase quite rapidly in size1 the outer ones being much the larger4 ,in the final breaking up1 before the holes open one into another1 the outlines are beautifully fringed4 #h4 8,spontaneous combustion ensues when a handful of cotton waste is embued with oil and placed in an air bath at #acj to #bjj ,f4 ,boiled linseed oil required #a-a_/d hour2 raw linseed oil1 #d hours2 lard oil1 #d hours2 refined rape about #i hours40#eb ,footnote #eb3 ,j4 ,j4 ,coleman1 #8,journal of ,applied ,chemistry1' ,dec41 #ahgd4 ,mr ,gellatly found that an admixture of #bj per cent4 of mineral oil retarded combustion1 and #ej per cent4 prevented it completely4 ,m4 ,burstyn1#ec believing that the value of a fatty oil as a lubricant depends on the amount of acid it contains1 has invented a method for volumetrically determining the acidity4 ,the process is as follows3----,a tall cylindrical vessel1 provided with a ground-glass stopper1 and having two marks on it to indicate respectively #ajj cubic centimtres1 and #bjj cubic centimtres1 is filled to the first mark with the oil to be tested1 and to the second mark with #hh to #ij per cent4 alcohol4 ,the cylinder is then closed and well shaken4 ,equal quantities other than #ajj cubic centimtres can be employed without any other change in the process4 ,after standing two or three hours the oil settles1 and the clear alcohol1 which contains in solution the free acids and a little of the oil1 rises to the top perfectly clear2 #be cubic centimtres of the clear alcohol is taken from the top by means of a pipette4 ,a few drops of alcohol extract of turmeric is added1 and the acid determined by means of a standard solution of potash1 as in acetometry4 ,the change from yellow to brownish red takes place with great sharpness when neutralisation is reached4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ure's #8,dictionary of ,arts1' c4 ,the number of cubic centimtres of potash employed1 multiplied by four1 gives the quantity of normal solution requisite to neutralise the free acid in #ajj cubic centimtres of oil4 ,as it is not an individual acid1 but a variable mixture of acids1 it is not possible to calculate the percentage of acids present4 ,these numbers1 however1 may be taken as degrees of acidity4 ,for instance1 an oil of #c of acidity is one which contains enough free acid to neutralise #c cubic centimtres of normal alkali4 ,if we assume that oleic acid predominates1 which in most cases is the fact1 #a of acidity correspond to #jbh per cent4 by weight of oleic acid4 ,the olive oil of commerce has an acidity ranging from #jd to #ab4 ,the first passes as very fine1 and is called free from acid or salad oil1 while the latter is known by smell and taste as very rancid4 ,oil that has #d to #f of acidity has been found to answer very well as a lubricator4 ,what relation there exists between the degree of acidity and any injurious effect upon metals is shown by the following experiments3----,four shallow vessels of sheet brass1 having a surface of #dj square centimtres each1 at the bottom1 were filled to the depth of #b millimtres1 with oils of different acidity1 and exposed to the air at the ordinary temperature4 ,the vessels were soon more or less covered with green fatty salts1 and the oil too acquired a green colour4 ,oil and vessel ,no4 #a were the only ones in which no change could be perceived4 ,at the end of #c days the vessels were cleaned with ether and weighed4 ,the following table shows the amounts of action3 ,vessel ,no4 #a1 filled with oil of #jh lost #jjc gr4 0 ,no4 #b1 0 #df 0 #jbb 0 0 ,no4 #c1 0 #gh 0 #jcf 0 0 ,no4 #d1 0 #hh 0 #jjd 0 ,the quantity of metal destroyed1 in equal times and under equal conditions1 increases with the acidity of the oil4 ,the table on page #aabh1 by ,mr ,bottome1 describes the most striking physical properties of some of the principal fixed oils4 ,the following are the principal fixed oils met with in commerce1 or which are objects of interest or utility3 ,oil of ,almonds4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,amygdal 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l71 ,o4 ,,amygdalarum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,o4 ,,amygdali ,,communis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 8,the oil expressed from the kernels40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,bruise the fresh almonds in a stone mortar1 then put them into a hempen sack1 and express the oil1 without heat40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the oil of almonds ,b4 ,p4 and of commerce is obtained from either the bitter or sweet almond1 but chiefly from the first1 on account of their less value1 and the marc being employed in the manufacture of essential oil4 ,prop41 c4 ,oil of almonds is black1 demulcent1 emollient1 and nutritious2 possesses a purely oleaginous taste1 and is one of the most agreeable of the fixed oils2 when taken in quantity it is mildly laxative2 it is little affected by cold1 and congeals with difficulty2 is soluble in #ce parts of cold and #f parts of boiling alcohol2 ether dissolves it freely4 ,sp4 gr4 #iae to #iah4 ,av4 prod4 ,sweet almonds1 #df2 bitter a41 #da4 ,pur4 ,it is extensively adulterated with poppy1 nut1 and teel oil1 and not unfrequently with refined rape or colza oil4 7,see above47 ,oil of ,bay4 #a4 7,,expressed ,o4 ,,of ,b42 ,,oleum ,,lauri1 ,o4 ,,laurinum1 ,l47 ,by expression from either fresh or dried bayberries1 as castor oil4 ,limpid2 insipid4 #b4 7,by decoction2 ,,butter ,,of ,b42 ,,oleum ,,lauri ,,nobilis1 ,o4 ,l4 ,,verum1 ,l47 ,from the berries1 by boiling them in water1 and skimming off the oil4 ,green1 buttery2 chiefly imported from ,italy4 ,used by the vulgar in bruises1 sprains1 rheumatism1 deafness1 c4 ,prod4 #bj4 ,oil of ,beech4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,fagi1 ,l4 ,from the nuts of ,fagus sylvatica 7,linn47 or beech mast4 ,clear2 keeps well2 when washed with hot water1 it is used for salads1 and burnt in lamps4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibbe4 ,prod4 #af4 ,oil of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,belladonn ,,seminum1 ,o4 ,b4 ,,bacc1 ,l4 ,from the seeds or berries of ,atropa belladonna or deadly nightshade4 ,yellow2 insipid4 ,used for lamps in ,swabia and ,wurtemberg1 and as an application to bruises4 ,the marc is poisonous4 ,it freezes at #cd ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibej4 ,oil of ,ben4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,behen2 ,,oleum ,,balatinum4 ,from the seeds of ,moringa pterygosperma 7ben nuts74 ,scentless1 colourless2 keeps long without growing rank2 by standing1 it separates into two parts1 one of which freezes with difficulty1 and is hence much used in perfumery4 ,oil of ,benne ,seed4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,gingelly4 ,oil of ,brazil-nuts4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,bertholleti4 ,from the kernels of the fruit of ,bertholletia excelsa1 or ,brazil-nuts4 ,an oil of a bright amber colour1 congealing at #bd ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #iag4 ,it has been used as a substitute for olive oil in plasters and ointments4 ,oil of ,cacao4 ,syn4 ,,butter ,,of ,c42 ,,oleum ,,cacao ,,concretum1 ,,butyrum ,,cacao1 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,theobroma ,cacao1 or chocolate nuts1 gently heated over the fire1 and then decorticated1 and pressed between hot iron plates4 ,sp4 gr4 #hib4 ,column headings3 ,a4 ,name of ,oil4 ,b4 ,specific ,gravity at #ae;,c41 ,water #a1jjj4 ,c4 ,combustibility4 ,grms4 consumed per hour in a ,lamp with ,wick4 ,d4 ,freezing ,point in degrees ,centigrade4 ,e4 ,colour4 ,f4 ,taste4 ,g4 ,smell4 ,h4 ,limpidity4 ,time 7in seconds7 required to trickle a given distance4 ,i4 ,drying ,power4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,plum kernel #jiabgfh -#i ,brownish ,amygdalaceous,very slight #ic ,non-drying4 yellow ,rape seed #jiabhcj -#d ,yellow ,nauseous ,nauseous #aei ,non-drying4 ,colza #jiacfdj -#ibe,yellow ,nauseous ,nauseous #afb ,non-drying4 ,cabbage seed #jiacidhe -#h ,yellow ,nauseous ,nauseous #adh ,non-drying4 ,white mustard#jiadbbih-afbe,light ,pleasant ,very slight #aeg ,non-drying4 yellow ,ground nut #jiafc 8 -#c ,pale greenish,like peas ,like peas ,not ,non-drying4 yellow tested ,black mustard#jiagjbe -#age ,yellow ,pleasant ,very slight #ada ,non-drying4 ,olive #jiagffb -#fed,yellow ,sweet ,peculiar #aie ,non-drying4 ,sweet almond #jiahjebh-bae ,amber ,agreeable ,none #aej ,non-drying4 ,horse-radish seed #jiahgdc -#afbe,yellowish ,pleasant ,none #adc ,non-drying4 brown ,grape seed #jibjbcg -#afbe;,gold yellow ,sweet ,none #ii ,dries slowly4 ,beech nut #jibbeej -#age ,amber ,very sweet ,none #aeh ,non-drying4 ,pumpkin #jibcadc -#ae ,pale brown ,sweet ,none #ahe ,dries slowly4 yellow ,land-cress #jibdjdb -#ae ,brownish ,acrid ,disagreeable #ajc ,dries slowly4 yellow ,hazel nut #jibdbecd-aj ,amber ,sweet ,none #aff ,non-drying4 ,poppy #jibdcca -#ahee,pale yellow ,flat ,none #abc ,drying4 ,camelina #jibebcd -#ah ,yellowish ,peculiar ,peculiar #aai ,drying4 ,walnut #jibfjde -#bge ,light yellow ,flat ,none #hh ,drying4 ,sunflower #jibfbeah-af ,colourless ,sweet ,none #aad ,dries slowly4 ,hemp seed #jibgfdf -#bge ,dark greenish,disagreeable ,disagreeable #hg ,drying4 yellow ,cotton seed #jicaf 8 -#be ,reddish brown,strong ,none ,not tested,drying4 ,sesame #jicbj 8 -#e ,bright yellow,pleasant1 ,none ,not ,non-drying4 slightly tested piquant ,linseed #jicdgch -#bg ,dark greenish,strong ,disagreeable #hh ,drying4 yellow ,wood #jicehdd ,not ,green ,unpleasant ,none #gc ,drying4 noted ,spindle #jicfjfa -#bj ,reddish brown,acrid ,slight #adc ,non-drying4 ,castor #jifaadg -#ah ,colourless ,sickly ,very slight #a1hcj ,dries slowly4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,footnote #ed3 ,though these oils do not become quite solid till the point indicated is reached1 yet they begin to become grainy at #d ,c4 ,footnote #ee3 ,once solidified1 this oil does not liquify until the temperature reaches #b;,c4 ,,table giving the reactions of various ,,oils with ,,sulphuric ,,acid and with a saturated solution of ,,bichromate ,,of ,,potash in sulphuric acid4 ,re-arranged from ,m4 ,,penot's table1 with additions1 by ,mr ,,cooley4 ,the result indicated is obtained in each case by the action of one drop of the ,,reagent on twenty drops of ,,oil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,reagents ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,saturated ,solution of ,,name ,,of ,,oil ,sulphuric ,acid ,bichromate of ,potassa in ,sulphuric ,acid ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,not stirred ,stirred ,stirred ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,almond oil ,greenfinch yellow1 ,dirty green ,yellowish1 small lumps with orange spots ,castor oil ,yellow1 with ,little ,slightly green slight spots reaction ,cod-liver oil ,deep purple in ,deep purple1 ,reddish-brown clots1 7fine sample the centre1 passing into changing to a clear of pale oil7 rapidly turning purple brown1bright green brown1 whilst reddish violet or purple brown1 and clouds or streaks gradually spread out towardsdeepening to the circumference1an intense the colour of brown1 which remains approaching minutes after the black central portion turned nearly black ,hemp-seed oil ,small brown lumps ,greenish ,small yellow lumps or or clots on a brown clots on a green yellow ground ground ,linseed oil 7from the ,upper ,rhine7 ,dark reddish brown,brown small ,brown small lumps on lumps on a an almost colourless grey ground ground 7from ,paris7 ,reddish brown1 ,brown clots ,brown small lumps on a less dark colouredon a green green ground ground 7,english7 ,chestnut brown ,brown clots ,brown lumps on a on a greenish-grey ground greenish-grey ground ,liver-train oil ,dark red ,dark red ,dark red ,madia-sativa oil ,slightly reddish ,olive green ,light brown small lumps brown underneath on an olive-coloured a thin greyish ground film ,black-mustard oil ,bluish green ,olive green ,olive brown ,neat's-foot oil ,yellow slight ,dirty brown ,brown spots on a spots brownish ground ,nut oil 7recent7 ,yellowish brown ,clotted1 dark,small brown lumps or brown clots 7one year old7 ,yellow ,dirty brown1 ,small brown lumps less dark coloured 7still older7 ,orange yellow ,dirty brown ,small brownish lumps ,olein1 oleic acid1 lard1 or tallow oil ,reddish spots1 ,reddish brown,bright chestnut colour with reddish circles ,olive oil ,yellow ,dirty brown ,olive brown 7another sample7 ,orange yellow ,brownish grey,brown 7from fermented olives7 ,orange yellow ,brownish grey,brown ,poppy oil 7recent cold drawn7 ,yellow spots ,olive brown ,small yellow lumps on a white ground 7recent expressed with slight heat7 ,greenish-yellow ,olive brown1 ,small yellow lumps on a spots turning more greenish-grey ground on the green 7one year old1 expressed with heat7 ,greenish spots ,olive green ,small yellow lumps on a green ground ,rape or colza oil 7trade7 ,yellowish-brown ,brownish1 ,yellow small lumps on a streaks surroundedturning on green ground by a bluish-green the olive ring green 7recent7 ,green ,bluish green ,yellow small lumps on a green ground 7one year old7 ,green ,bluish green ,yellow lumps on a brighter green ground 7one year old1 rough hot-pressed7 ,green ,olive green ,small yellow lumps1 more numerous1 on an olive-green ground ,whale-train oil ,small reddish ,resembles ,small1 bright1 lumps on a wine lees chestnut-coloured lumps brownish ground on a brown ground ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,oil1 ,castor4 ,syn4 ,,ricini ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,castorei1 ,o4 ,,ricini 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,the oil prepared by heat1 or by pressure1 from the seed0 of 8,ricinis communis1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l471 the ,palma ,christi1 or ,mexican oil-bush4 ,the best castor oil 7,,cold-,,drawn ,,castor ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,ricini ,,sine ,,igne7is prepared by pressing the shelled and crushed fruit 7seed7 in hemp bags1 in an hydraulic press1 and heating the oil thus obtained along with water in well tinned vessels1 until the water boils and the albumen and gum separate as a scum2 this is carefully removed1 and the oil as soon as it has become cold is filtered through ,canton flannel1 and put into canisters4 ,the commoner kinds are prepared by gently heating the crushed seeds1 and pressing them whilst hot4 ,another method1 sometimes adopted1 is to put the crushed seed into loose bags1 to boil these in water1 and to skim off the floating oil4 ,prop4 ,it is the most viscid of all the fixed oils2 when pure it mixes in all proportions with alcohol and ether1 and also dissolves1 to a certain extent1 in rectified spirit1 but a portion of the oil separates on standing4 ,camphor and benzoic acid increase its solubility in spirit4 ,by long exposure to the air it becomes rancid1 thick1 and is ultimately transformed into a transparent yellow mass2 light hastens these changes4 ,exposed to cold1 a solid1 white crystalline fat separates from the liquid portion1 and when cooled to #j it congeals into a yellow transparent mass1 which does not again liquefy until the temperature rises to about #ah ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ifaa to #ifab1 at #fj2 #ifij1 at #ee 7,saussure72 #iege1 at #gg 7,saussure74 ,prod4 #ch to #dj 7#fb----,ure74 ,pur4 ,castor oil is sometimes adulterated with rape oil or with lard oil1 a fraud which may be detected by its diminished density2 and1 when the added oil exceeds #cc1 by its insolubility in its own weight of alcohol of #hbj4 ,in many cases croton oil is added to increase the purgative quality of the mixture4 ,a compound of this kind is vended in gelatine capsules under the name of #8,,concentrated ,,castor ,,oil1' the use of which is fraught with danger4 8,i have heard of several cases in which very violent and dangerous effects were produced by these capsules40 7,pereira47 ,the best is imported from the ,east ,indies in tin canisters4 ,the oil obtained from the seeds of ,ricinus viridis 7,willd471 or lamp-oil seeds1 is often mixed with or sold for castor oil4 ,uses1 c4 ,castor oil is an exceedingly useful mild purgative1 particularly when abdominal irritation should be avoided1 as in inflammations of the stomach and bowels1 pregnancy1 surgical operations1 c4----,dose1 #b fl4 dr4 to #a fl4 oz4 ,oil1 ,cocoa-nut4 ,syn4 ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,butter2 ,,oleum ,,cocois ,,nucifer1 ,l4 ,by expression from the kernels of the cocoa nut1 or fruit of the ,cocos nucifera4 ,oil1 ,cod-liver4 ,syn4 ,,morrhu ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,cod-,,fish ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,jecoris ,,aselli1 ,o4 ,,gadi1 ,o4 ,g4 ,,morrhu1 ,,oleum ,,morrhu 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 8,the oil extracted from the fresh liver of the ,gadus morrhua by a steam heat or water bath not exceeding #ahj ,fahr4 ,yellow40 8,the oil prepared from the liver of ,gadus morrhua1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the common cod-liver oil of commerce drains from the livers of the cod-fish when freely exposed to the sun1 and just beginning to putrefy4 ,it is dark coloured1 strong1 and nauseous1 and is now chiefly employed in this country by the curriers1 for dressing leather4 ,it is the #8,,oleum ,,jecoris ,,aselli ,,fuscum' of ,continental writers4 ,formerly1 the less fetid varieties of this crude oil1 after the impurities were removed1 either by subsidence or filtration1 constituted the only cod-liver oil used in medicine4 ,as its employment as a remedy increased1 its revolting flavour1 and its great tendency to permanently disorder the stomach and bowels1 was found1 however1 to be a serious obstacle to its general use4 ,it was observed that the oil as it exists in the liver of the cod is bland and nearly colourless1 and has only a slight fishy1 but not a disagreeable flavour4 ,the attention of persons interested was therefore immediately directed to the subject1 and improved methods of obtaining the oil were suggested1 and ere long adopted on the large scale4 ,the methods of preparing cod-liver oil are noticed in another part of this work1 but we think it advisable to add to these a description of the plan adopted by ,messrs ,charles ,fox and ,co41 of ,newfoundland1 ,scarborough1 and ,london1 the well-known manufacturers and importers of cod-liver oil3---- 8,the ,newfoundland fisheries are entirely carried on in small boats1 principally by the hand-line system1 and quite close to the shore4 ,the boats go out early in the morning1 and return about four o'clock in the afternoon4 ,the fish1 on landing1 are handed over to a #8fish-room keeper1' whose duty it is to split and open the fish1 and to deposit the livers in small tubs holding #ag or #ah gallons each4 ,the tubs are soon afterwards collected from the different #8fish-rooms1' and conveyed to the manufactory4 ,the livers are here thrown into tubs filled with clean cold water1 and1 after being well washed and jerked over1 are placed on galvanised iron-wire sieves to drain4 ,they are next put into covered steam-jacket-pans1 and submitted to a gentle heat for about three quarters of an hour1 after which the steam is turned off1 cold air again admitted1 and the whole allowed to repose for a short time1 during which the livers subside1 and the oil separates and floats on the top4 ,the oil is then skimmed off into tin vessels1 and passed through flannel strainers into tubs1 where it is left to subside for about #bd hours4 ,from these the purer upper portion of oil is run into a very deep1 galvanized-iron cistern1 and again left to clarify itself by defecation for a few days4 ,it is now further refined by carefully passing it through clean and very stout mole-skin filters1 under pressure4 ,the transparent filtered oil is received in a clean1 galvanised-iron cistern containing a pump1 from which the casks are filled for exportation4 ,the latter1 before being filled1 are carefully seasoned and cleaned1 to prevent their imparting either flavour or colour to the pure oil40 ,the superiority of the oil prepared as above consists essentially in every part of the process of extraction being performed whilst the livers are fresh1 and in no chemical means being adopted to give the oil a factitious appearance4 ,its natural pale colour is thus preserved from contamination1 and its medicinal virtues maintained intact4 ,much of the light brown oil of commerce is obtained from ,gadus callarius 7the dorse74 ,g4 carbonarius 7the coal-fish71 and ,g4 pollachius 7the pollack74 ,pur41 c4 8,the finest oil10 remarks ,dr ,pereira1 8is that which is most devoid of colour1 odour1 and flavour4 ,the oil1 as contained in the cells of the fresh liver1 is nearly colourless1 and the brownish colour possessed by ordinary cod-liver oil is due to colouring matters derived from the decomposition 7putrefying7 of hepatic tissues and fluids1 or from the action of the air on the oil 7age74 ,chemical analysis lends no support to the opinion1 at one time entertained1 that the brown oil was superior1 as a therapeutic agent1 to the pale oil4 ,chemistry has not discovered any substance in the brown oil that would confer on it superior activity as a medicine4 ,on the other hand1 the disgusting odour and flavour and nauseating qualities of the brown oil preclude its repeated use4 ,moreover1 there is reason to suspect that1 if patients could conquer their aversion to it1 its free use1 like that of other rancid and empyreumatic fats1 would disturb the digestive functions1 and be attended with injurious effects40#ef ,footnote #ef3 #8,elem4 ,mat4 ,med41' c41 #crd edit41 iii1 #bcci4 ,among the tests of purity1 that generally relied on is known as the #8sulphuric acid test4' ,see ,,oils 7,fixed73 ,purity4 ,,dorse ,,oil1 and other ,,fish ,,oil1 sold as #8,,light-,,brown ,,cod-,,liver ,,oil1' exhibit with this test much lighter reactions1 which closely resemble those of ,,liver-,,train and ,,whale-,,train ,,oil4 ,to detect the presence of combined iodine1 upon which1 by some1 the therapeutic value of cod-liver oil is thought to depend1 the sample is saponified by trituration with a little caustic potassa and hot water1 the resulting soap cautiously incinerated1 the ashes digested with water1 and the whole thrown on a filter4 ,the usual tests for iodine may be then applied to the filtered liquid4 ,the presence of iodine artificially added is best detected by agitating the oil with a little rectified spirit1 and then testing this last for iodine4 ,or1 a little solution of starch and a few drops of sulphuric or nitric acid may be at once added to the oil1 when a blue colour will be developed if iodine1 or an iodide1 has been mixed with the sample4 ,the sp4 gr4 of the pale oil is #ibcj to #ibch2 of the light-brown oil1 #ibdj to #ibde2 of the dark-brown oil1 #ibij to #icae4 ,the density is1 however1 apt to vary a little with the quantity of moisture present4 ,uses1 c4 ,cod-liver oil is a most valuable medicine in a great variety of diseases1 more especially in glandular indurations and enlargements1 scrofula1 phthisis1 rheumatism1 gout1 certain cutaneous diseases1 amenorrha1 chlorosis1 caries1 rickets1 c4 ,to be of service1 however1 its use must be continued for several weeks1 and the oil must be recent4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 #c or #d times daily1 or oftener4 ,oil1 ,colza4 ,from the seeds of ,brassica campestris1 var4 oleifera1 or colza de printemps1 a variety of ,brassica campestris 7,linn474 ,it may be regarded as a superior sort of rape oil4 ,burns well in lamps1 especially after being refined4 ,sp4 gr4 #iacf4 ,prod4 #ci4 ,the term #8colza oil' is commonly applied to ordinary refined rape4 ,oil1 ,cottonseed4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,gossipii ,,seminum1 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,gossypium ,barbadense4 ,drying4 ,oil1 ,croton4 ,syn4 ,,crotonis ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,crotonis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,o4 ,,tiglii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,from the shelled seeds of ,croton tiglium or ,molucca grains4 ,imported chiefly from the ,east ,indies4 ,it is one of the most powerful cathartics known1 and acts when either swallowed or merely placed in the mouth4 ,externally1 it is a rubefacient and counter-irritant1 often causing a crop of painful pustules1 like tartar emetic4----,dose1 #a to #b drops1 on sugar2 in apoplexy1 c4 ,it is poisonous in larger doses4 ,sp4 gr4 #idg to #iec4 ,prod4 ,unshelled seeds1 #bb to #be2 shelled do41 #cb to #ce4 ,pure croton oil is soluble in an equal volume of alcohol of #gif1 but in #b or #c days about #if of the oil separates4 ,in ,france the marc is exhausted with alcohol1 and the oil thus obtained is added to that previously obtained from the same seeds by expression4 ,the ,east ,indian oil 7,,oleum ,,crotonis ,,exoticum7 is usually of a pale yellow2 that pressed in ,england 7,o4 ,,crotonis ,,anglicanum7 is much darker4 ,oil of ,cucumber4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cucurbit1 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,cucurbita pepo or squash1 and the ,c4 melopepo or pumpkin4 ,pale2 used in lamps2 and1 sometimes1 as a soothing application to piles4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibca4 ,prod4 #bd4 ,oil of ,eggs4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ovi1 ,o4 ,o4 ,,vitelli1 ,o4 ,,ovorum1 ,l4 ,from the yolks of eggs1 gently heated until they coagulate and the moisture has evaporated1 and then pressed or broken up1 digested in boiling rectified spirit1 the tincture filtered whilst hot1 and the spirit distilled off4 ,bland2 emollient4 ,the common plan is to fry the yolks hard2 but the oil is then darker coloured and stronger4 ,the ,p4 ,cod4 orders them to be exhausted with ether1 by displacement4 ,formerly commonly used to #8kill' quicksilver1 and still held in great esteem in some parts of ,england for sore nipples and excoriations4 ,prod4 #aj to #ab eggs yield #a oz4 ,see ,,mixed ,,oils4 ,oil of ,garden ,cress4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lepidii ,,sativi1 ,l4 ,from the seed4 ,drying4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibdj4 ,prod4 #ed4 ,oil of ,garden ,spurge4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lathyris1 ,o4 ,,euphorbi ,l41 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,euphorbia lathyris or garden spurge4 ,cathartic4----,dose1 #c to #h drops4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibha4 ,prod4 #cj to #da4 ,croton oil mixed with #f times its weight of nut or rape oil is usually sold for it4 ,oil of ,gingelly4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,sesamum1 ,,benne ,,oil1 ,,teel ,o41 ,,tel ,o42 ,,oleum ,,sesami1 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,sesamum orientale 7,willd471 or gingelly4 ,pale2 bland4 ,used in salads1 paints1 c42 also to adulterate oil of almonds4 ,prod4 #df4 ,oil1 ,gourd4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,cucumber4 ,oil of ,ground ,nuts4 ,from the nuts of ,arachis hypoga4 ,glutinous4 ,oil of ,gurgun4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,gurgun4 ,oil of ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cannabis1 ,l4 ,from the seed of ,cannabis sativa 7,linn471 or common hemp4 ,mawkish4 ,sometimes used for frying1 but chiefly for paints1 soaps1 c4 ,freely soluble in boiling alcohol2 does not thicken until cooled to #e ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibgf4 ,prod4 #ah to #bd4 ,oil of ,jatropha4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,wild ,,castor ,,seeds2 ,,oleum ,,jatroph1 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,jatropha purgans4 ,somewhat resembles ,,croton ,,oil4 ,used for lamps in the ,east ,indies4 ,oil1 ,kundah4 ,syn4 ,,tallicoonah ,o42 ,,oleum ,,touloucoun1 ,l4 ,from the fruit of ,carapa ,touloucouna4 ,rancid1 nauseous1 vermifuge1 rubefacient1 emetic1 and purgative4 ,chiefly used in lamps4 ,oil1 ,lard4 ,syn4 ,,tallow ,o41 ,,crude ,,olein1 ,c4 ,,oleic ,,acid2 ,,oleum ,,adipis1 ,l4 ,by separating the olein of lard from the stearin by means of boiling alcohol4 ,only applicable where spirit is cheap4 ,the product is1 however1 excellent4 ,the crude oleic acid1 or lard oil of commerce1 is chiefly obtained as a secondary product in the manufacture of stearin4 ,it is purified by agitation with sulphuric acid1 and subsequently by steaming it1 or washing it with hot water4 ,burns well in lamps1 if the wick-tube is kept cool4 ,sp4 gr4 #ijjc4 ,oil1 ,linseed4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lini 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 #a4 7,,cold-,,drawn ,,linseed ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,lini ,,sine ,,igne47 ,from the seed of ,linum usitatissimum 7,linn471 or common flax1 bruised or crushed1 and then ground and expressed without heat4 ,pale1 insipid1 viscous2 does not keep so well as the next4 ,prod4 #ag to #bj4 #b4 ,as the last1 but employing a steam heat of about #bjj ,fahr4 ,amber coloured2 less viscous than the last2 congeals at #b2 soluble in #e parts of boiling and #dj parts of cold alcohol4 ,both are drying and cathartic4----,dose1 #a to #b oz42 in piles1 c4 ,chiefly used in paints1 varnishes1 c4 ,sp4 gr4 #icdg4 ,prod4 #bb to #bg4 #c4 7,,boiled ,,linseed ,,oil47 ,see ,,oils 7,drying74 ,oil of ,mace 7,expressed74 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,nutmeg 7,expressed74 ,oil of ,male ,fern4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,male ,,fern4 ,oil of ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,sinapis1 ,l4 #a4 7,,oil ,,of ,,white ,,mustard47 ,from ,sinapis alba1 or white mustard1 but chiefly from ,sinapis arvensis1 ,s4 chinensis1 ,s4 dichotoma1 ,s4 glauca1 ,s4 ramosa1 and ,s4 tori4 ,sweet4 ,used for the table4 ,sp4 gr4 #iadb 7#bafj----,ure74 ,prod4 #cf4 #b4 7,,oil ,,of ,,black ,,mustard2 ,,oleum ,,sinapis ,,nigri1 ,l47 ,from the #8hulls' of black-mustard seed4 ,viscid1 stimulant4 ,used in rheumatism1 ,sp4 gr4 #iafh to #iagj4 ,see ,,oils 7,volatile74 #c4 7,,oil ,,of ,,white ,,mustard2 ,,oleum ,,raphani1 ,l47 ,from the seed of ,raphanus raphanistrum 7,linn471 or jointed charlock or wild mustard4 ,prod4 #cj4 ,oil1 ,neat's-foot4 ,syn4 ,,nerve ,,oil1 ,,trotter ,o42 ,,oleum ,,bubulum1 ,o4 ,,nervinum1 ,,axungia ,,pedum ,,tauri1 ,l4 ,from neat's-feet and tripe1 by boiling them in water1 and skimming off the oil4 ,does not thicken by age4 ,used to soften leather1 to clean fire-arms1 and for other purposes4 ,,oil1 ,,nut4 ,syn4 ,,hazel-,,nut ,o42 ,,oleum ,,nucis1 ,o4 ,,coryli1 ,l4 ,from the kernels of ,corylus ,avellana 7,linn471 or hazel-nut tree4 ,pale1 mild tasted1 drying2 superior to linseed oil for paints and varnishes4 ,it is commonly sold for oil of almonds and oil of ben1 and is extensively employed to adulterate both4 ,walnut oil is also frequently sold for nut oil4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibfj4 ,prod4 #fc7,ure74 ,oil of ,nutmeg 7,expressed74 ,syn4 ,,expressed ,,oil ,,of ,,mace1 ,,butter ,,of ,m42 ,,oleum ,,myristic 7,,concretum7 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,myristic ,,adeps 7,ph4 ,e471 ,m4 ,,butyrum1 ,o4 ,,myristic ,,expressum 7,b4 ,p471 ,o4 ,,moschat1 ,o4 ,,nucist1 ,l4 8,the concrete oil expressed from the seed of ,myristica officinalis10 ,linn4 7,ph4 ,l471 or common nutmeg4 ,the nutmegs are beaten to a paste1 enclosed in a bag1 exposed to the vapour of hot water1 and then pressed between heated iron plates4 ,orange coloured1 fragrant1 spicy2 butyraceous1 or solid4 ,it is a mixture of the fixed and volatile oils of the nutmeg4 ,when discoloured and hardened by age1 it is called #8,,banda ,,soap' 7,,ol4 ,,macis ,,in ,,massis74 ,when pure1 it is soluble in #d parts of boiling alcohol and in #b parts of ether4 ,it has been used in rheumatism and palsy1 but is now chiefly employed for its odour and aromatic qualities4 ,from the ,east ,indies4 ,prod4 #ag to #bj4 ,oil1 ,olive4 ,syn4 ,,salad ,,oil1 ,,sweet ,o42 ,,oliv ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,olivarum1 ,o4 ,,oliv 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,the 8oil expressed from the fruit0 of 8,olea europa1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l471 or common olive4 ,five different methods are employed to obtain the oil1 from the fruit3 #a4 7,,virgin ,,oil2 ,o4 ,o4 ,,virgineum1 ,l472 7,,huile ,,vierge1 ,fr47 ,from olives1 carefully garbled1 either spontaneously or only by slight pressure1 in the cold4 ,that yielded by the pericarp of the fruit is the finest4 #b4 7,ordinary #8,,fine ,,oil1'7 ,this is obtained by either pressing the olives1 previously crushed and mixed with boiling water1 or by pressing1 at a gentle heat1 the olives from which the virgin oil has been obtained4 ,the above processes furnish the finer salad oils of commerce4 ,the cake which is left is called #8,,grignon1' #c4 7,,second ,,quality47 ,by allowing the bruised fruit to ferment before pressing it4 ,yellow2 darker than the preceding2 but mild and sweet tasted4 ,much used for the table4 #d4 7#8,,gorgon4'7 ,by fermenting and boiling the pressed cake or marc in water1 and skimming off the oil4 ,inferior4 #e4 7,,oil ,,of ,,the ,,infernal ,,regions2 ,,oleum ,,omphacinum7 is a very inferior quality of oil1 which is skimmed off the surface of the water in the reservoirs into which the waste water which has been used in the above operations is received1 and allowed to settle4 ,the last two are chiefly used for lamps1 and in soap-making1 c4 ,of the principal varieties of olive oil known in commerce1 and distinguished by the place of their production1 #8,,provence ,,oil' is the most esteemed2 #8,,florence ,,oil' and #8,,lucca ,,oil' are also of very fine quality2 #8,,genoa ,,oil' comes next1 and then #8,,gallipoli ,,oil1' which forms the mass of what is used in ,england2 #8,,sicily ,,oil1' which has a slightly resinous flavour1 is very inferior2 and #8,,spanish ,,oil' is the worst imported4 ,prop41 c4 ,olive oil is a nearly inodorous1 pale greenish-yellow1 unctuous fluid1 with a purely oleaginous taste1 peculiarly grateful to the palate of those who relish oil4 ,it does not suffer active decomposition at a heat not exceeding #fjj ,fahr42 and when cooled to #cf;it congeals into a granular solid mass4 ,it is very slightly soluble in alcohol1 but its solubility is increased by admixture with castor oil4 ,it is soluble in #a-a_/b part of ether4 ,when pure it has little tendency to become rancid4 ,sp4 gr4 #iagj to #iagc2 #iaib1 at #ec-a_/b 7,saussure72 #iagf1 at #ei 7,heidenreich72 and #iaji1 at #gg ,fahr4 7,saussure74 ,prod4 #cb1 of which #ba is furnished by the pericarp1 and the remainder1 which is inferior1 by the seed and woody matter of the fruit4 ,pur4 ,olive oil1 with the exception of that of almonds1 being the most costly of the ordinary fixed oils of commerce1 is1 consequently1 the one most subject to adulteration4 ,nut1 poppy1 rape1 and lard oil1 are those most commonly used for this purpose4 ,refined tallow olein1 including that obtained from the #8knackers' yards' of ,paris1 is said to have been used in the same way4 ,the addition of any other oil to olive oil renders it far less agreeable to the palate1 and1 by increasing its tendency to rancidity1 much more likely to offend and derange the stomach and bowels of those who consume it4 ,parties who indulge themselves in the use of this luxury would1 therefore1 do well to ascertain that what they purchase is pure4 ,when pure1 and also fresh1 olive oil is most wholesome as an article of food or us a condiment4 ,the detection of the sophistication of salad oil is a matter of no great difficulty4 ,the palate of the connoisseur will readily perceive the slightest variation in the quality of his favourite condiment4 ,other methods1 however1 of a more accurate and certain description1 and of more general application1 are adopted4 ,amongst these1 in addition to those mentioned above1 are the following3---- a4 ,when pure olive oil is shaken in a phial1 only half filled1 the #8bead' or bubbles rapidly disappear2 but if the sample has been mixed with poppy or other oil1 the bubbles continue longer before they burst4 b4 ,olive oil congeals at #cf ,fahr41 and is completely solidified when a small bottle containing it is surrounded by ice1 or a freezing mixture2 but when mixed with poppy oil1 it remains partly liquid1 even when the latter forms only #a-dth of the mass2 if more than #a-crd of poppy oil is present1 it does not solidify at all1 unless cooled much below the freezing point of water4 c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,when olive oil is 8carefully mixed with #a_/abth part of its volume of a solution of #d oz4 of mercury in #h fl4 oz4 #f dr4 of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 it becomes in #c or #d hours like a firm fat1 without any separation of liquid oil40 d4 ,m4 ,pontet recommends the mercurial solution to be made by dissolving #f parts of mercury in #g-a_/b parts of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ace71 without heat2 of this solution he adds #a part to every #dh parts of the oil1 and well shakes the mixture every #cj minutes1 until it begins to solidify4 ,this it does after about #g hours in summer and #d or #e hours in winter1 and when the oil is pure it will have formed1 in #bd hours1 a mass so hard that some little force must be employed to thrust a glass rod into it4 ,the other edible oils do not furnish a hard mass with nitrate of mercury4 ,the solidity of the mass is exactly in proportion to the quantity of foreign oil present4 ,when the sophistication is equal to #a-hth of the whole1 a distinct liquid layer separates2 when the mixture contains half its volume of an inferior oil1 one half only of the mixture becomes solid1 and the other half continues liquid4 ,a temperature of about #ij ,fahr4 is the best to cause the oil and coagulum to separate perfectly from each other4 ,when the oil has been adulterated with animal oil1 the mixture solidifies in about five hours2 but in this case the coagulum consists of the animal oil1 whilst the olive oil floats on the surface1 and may be decanted for further examination4 ,this coagulum1 on being heated1 exhales the well-known odour of rancid fat or melted tallow4 e4 ,dr ,ramon ,cordina ,langlies states that the best reagent for the examination of olive oil is that of ,hauchecorne4 ,this reagent is composed of three parts of pure nitric acid at #dj with one part of distilled water4 ,the following is ,dr ,langlies' process for proving that olive oil does not contain seed oil1 and more especially cotton oil3---- ,he mixes three grammes of the oil to be tested with one gramme of the reagent in a test tube1 or a small stoppered flask1 and heats the liquid in a water bath4 ,if the oil is pure the mixture becomes clearer1 and takes a yellow colour1 like purified oil2 if it is adulterated with seed oil1 it acquires the same transparency as the pure oil1 but becomes red4 ,with #e per cent4 of seed oil the reddish colouring is characteristic2 with #aj per cent4 it is decided4 ,the reaction does not require more than from #ae to #bj minutes4 ,the colouring of the oils lasts for three days4 ,uses1 c4 ,the dietetical uses of olive oil are well known4 ,in ,spain and ,italy it is commonly employed as a substitute for butter4 ,it is highly nutritious1 but is digested with difficulty by some persons1 and hence should be avoided by the dyspeptic4 ,like almond oil1 it is occasionally employed as a laxative and vermifuge1 and is1 perhaps1 one of the mildest known4 ,in pharmacy it is extensively employed in the preparation of cerates1 liniments1 ointments1 and plasters4----,dose4 ,for an adult1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful as a mild aperient2 for an infant1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 mixed up with an equal quantity of honey1 syrup of roses1 or syrup of violets4 ,the white fibrous sediment which forms in the recently expressed oil is the #8,,amurca' of ,pliny1 and was formerly highly esteemed in medicine4 ,oil1 ,olive1 ,droppings4 ,syn4 ,,sweet-,,oil ,d4 ,the #8foots' or #8deposits1' and the #8drippings' of the casks1 cisterns1 and utensils4 ,used for machinery1 making soap1 c4 ,oil1 ,olive 7,oxygenated74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,oliv ,,oxygenatum 7,ph4 ,batav471 ,l4 ,olive oil1 #af oz41 is placed in a receiver surrounded with ice or very cold water1 and chlorine is slowly transmitted through it for several days1 or until it becomes thick and viscid1 after which it is well washed with warm warm4 ,oil1 ,palm4 ,syn4 ,,palm ,,butter2 ,,oleum ,,palm21 ,l4 ,from the fruit of ,elais ,guineensis1 and ,e4 melanococca1 the ,guinea oil palms4 ,orange or red coloured2 butyraceous or solid2 smells of violets2 unchanged by alkalies2 bleached by sunlight1 age1 exposure1 chlorine1 chromic acid1 and oil of vitriol2 melts at #aag-a_/b ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ifh4 ,demulcent4 ,used to colour and scent ointments1 pomades1 c42 but chiefly to make soap and candles4 ,from ,africa4 ,oil1 ,piney4 ,syn4 ,,piney ,,tallow1 ,p4 ,,dammar1 ,p4 ,,resin4 ,from ,vateria ,indica 7,linn47 or pnoe tree4 ,resinous flavoured1 fragrant1 made into candles4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibf4 ,oil1 ,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,papaveris1 ,l42 ,,oliete1 ,,huile ,,blanche1 ,fr4 ,from the seeds of ,papaver somniferum 7,linn471 or white poppy4 ,sweet2 pale2 dries and keeps well4 ,used for salads1 paints1 and soaps2 also 7extensively7 to adulterate almond oil1 for the inferior qualities of which it is frequently sold4 ,it does not freeze until cooled to #j ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibdc to #ibde4 ,prod4 #dh to #ed4 ,oil of ,pumpkin4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cucurbit4 ,expressed from the seeds of the pumpkin2 a soothing application to piles4 ,oil1 ,rape4 ,syn4 ,,colza ,,oil1 ,,brown ,o42 ,,oleum ,,rap1 ,l4 ,from the seed of ,brassica napus 7,linn42 cole or rape71 and from ,brassica campestris 7,linn42 wild navew or rape74 ,glutinous2 buttery at #be ,fahr4 ,dries slowly2 makes soft soaps and good ointments1 but bad plasters2 smokes much in burning1 unless well refined4 ,sp4 gr4 #iace to #iacf4 ,prod4 #cb4 ,,oil1 ,,refined or ,,pale ,,rape 7,,oleum ,,rap ,,refinum1 ,,ol4 ,r4 ,,album7 is prepared from crude rape oil1 by agitating it with about #b of oil of vitriol1 previously diluted with about twice its weight of water1 and1 after #aj or #ab days' repose1 decanting the clear oil1 and filtering it through ,canton flannel or felt4 ,the quality is improved by washing it with hot water or steam before filtration4 ,used for lamps1 blacking1 and machinery2 also extensively employed to adulterate both almond and olive oil4 ,it forms the common #8,,sweet ,,oil' of the oilmen and druggists4 ,sp4 gr4 #iacf to #iadj4 ,oil1 ,seal4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,phoc1 ,l4 ,from the hood seal1 and harp seal1 and other species of ,phocid4 ,,pale ,,seal ,,oil is that which drains from the blubber before putrefaction commences1 and forms about #fj of the whole quantity of oil obtained4 ,it is very clear1 free from smell1 and1 when recently prepared1 not unpleasant in its taste4 ,,refined ,,seal ,,oil is the last1 washed and filtered4 ,ranks close after sperm oil4 ,,brown or ,,dark ,,seal ,,oil is that which subsequently drains from the putrid mass4 ,it is very strong-scented and nauseous1 and smokes in burning4 ,both are used for lamps and dressing leather4 ,a full-grown seal yields #h to #ab galls4 of oil2 a small one1 #d to #e galls4 ,oil of ,sesamum4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,gingelly 7above74 ,oil1 ,shark-liver4 ,the lightest of the fixed oils4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfe to #hfg4 ,oil1 ,skate4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ral1 ,l4 ,from the livers of ,raia batis 7,linn471 or common skate1 as cod-liver oil2 also from ,raia rhinobatus1 or white skate1 and ,raia clavata1 or thornback4 ,often sold and mixed with cod-liver oil4 ,oil1 ,spermaceti4 ,syn4 ,,sperm ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,cetacei1 ,l4 ,from the #8head matter' of ,physeter macrocephalus1 or spermaceti whale2 a species once common in all the principal seas1 but now chiefly confined to the ,southern ,ocean4 ,it is very limpid1 smells little1 and burns well2 and has long been reputed the best oil for lamps and machinery1 as it does not thicken by age or friction4 ,it is frequently adulterated with refined seal oil4 ,sp4 gr4 #hge4 ,oil1 ,sunflower4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,helianthi1 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,helianthus annuus and ,h4 perennis4 ,clear1 pale yellow1 tasteless2 thickens at #fj ,fahr4 ,used for salads and lamps4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibfa4 ,prod4 #ae4 ,oil1 ,teel4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,gingelly4 ,oil1 ,tobacco-seed4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,tabaci 7,,expressum71 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,nicotiana tabacum 7,linn471 or true tobacco plant4 ,pale2 dries well2 equal to nut oil4 ,its production has recently been carried on with considerable success in some parts of ,russia4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibcb4 ,oil of ,touloucouna4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,kundah4 ,oil1 ,train4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,whale4 ,oil1 ,walnut4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,juglandis1 ,o4 ,,nucis ,j41 ,l4 ,from the kernels of the nuts of ,juglans regia 7,linn471 or common walnut tree4 ,soon gets rank2 dries well4 ,used in paints1 and occasionally in plasters4 ,when #8cold drawn' and washed it is sometimes eaten with salad4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibfj to #ibfb4 ,prod4 #dh to #eb4 ,oil of ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,butter ,,of ,,wax2 ,,oleum ,,cer1 ,l4 ,from beeswax1 by quick distillation in a close vessel4 ,butyraceous4 ,by rectification along with quicklime it yields a liquid oil4 ,oil1 ,whale4 ,syn4 ,,train ,,oil1 ,,whale-,,train ,o42 ,,oleum ,,bal,n1 ,o4 ,,ceti1 ,l4 ,from the blubber of the ,balna mysticetus 7,linn471 or the common or ,greenland whale1 by heat4 ,coarse2 stinking4 ,,southern ,,whale ,,oil is the best4 ,used for lamps1 machinery1 c4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibca4 ,prod4 per fish1 about #a-a_/b ton for each foot of bone4 ,oil of ,wheat4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,tritici1 ,l4 ,from bruised ,colne wheat1 with heat4 ,in chilblains1 ringworm1 and several other skin diseases4 ,oil of ,wine-stones4 ,syn4 ,,grape-,,stone ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,vitis ,,vinifer ,,lapidum1 ,l4 ,from the seeds of grapes1 separated from the marc4 ,pale yellow1 bland1 emollient4 ,used for salads and lamps4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibjb4 ,prod4 #ad to #ah4 ,the numbers given above1 under #8products1' unless when otherwise stated1 refer to the respective fruits1 kernels1 nuts1 seeds1 c41 deprived of their husks1 pods1 shells1 and every other portion destitute of oil4 ,,oils 7,medicated74 ,syn4 ,,olea ,,cocta1 ,o4 ,,infusa1 ,o4 ,,medicata1 ,l4 ,these are prepared by infusion or decoction4 ,the bruised ingredients are either simply digested in #b to #d times their weight of olive oil for some days1 or they are gently boiled in it until they become dry and crisp1 great care being taken that the heat towards the end of the process is not greater than that of boiling water4 ,as soon as the process is complete1 the oil is allowed to drain from the ingredients1 which are then 7if necessary7 submitted to the action of the press4 ,the product is commonly run through flannel or a hair sieve whilst still warm1 after which it is allowed to repose for a week or ten days1 when the clear portion is decanted from the dregs4 ,the green or recent plants are usually employed for this purpose1 but1 in many cases1 the dried plants1 reduced to powder1 and digested for #f or #h hours in the oil1 at the heat of hot water1 with frequent agitation1 yield a much more valuable product4 ,they are nearly all employed as external applications only4 ,the following are the most important preparations of this class3---- ,oil of ,adder's ,tongue4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ophio ,,glossi1 ,l4 ,from the herb1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,a popular vulnerary4 ,oil of ,ants4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,formicarum4 ,digest #d oz4 of ants in #af oz4 7by weight7 of olive oil with a gentle heat1 and strain4 ,oil of ,balsam ,apple4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,balsamin4 ,prep4 ,balsam apple 7deprived of seeds71 #a oz42 oil of almonds1 #d oz42 digest and strain4 ,oil of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,belladonn 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the fresh leaves1 bruised1 #a part2 olive oil1 #d parts2 digested together at a gentle heat until the moisture is evaporated2 the oil is then strained off with pressure1 and filtered4 ,oil of ,cantharides4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cantharidis1 ,o4 ,,cantharidibus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod4 #ahci74 ,from ,spanish flies 7powdered71 #a part2 olive oil1 #h parts2 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,stimulant and rubefacient4 ,used as a dressing to indolent sores1 blisters1 c42 and in dropsy1 rheumatism1 gout1 c41 ,,oil ,,of ,,the ,,oil-,,beetle 7,meloe proscarabus----,linn47 is prepared in a similar manner4 ,oil of ,capsicum4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,from powdered capsicum or ,cayenne pepper1 #d oz41 olive oil1 #a pint2 digested together for #f hours1 with heat1 and strained4 ,stimulant2 rubefacient in colic1 cholera1 c4 ,oil of ,chamomile4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,anthemidis1 ,,ol4 ,,cham,,meli1 ,l4 ,from the dried flowers 7rubbed to pieces71 #a part1 olive oil1 #h parts2 digested together1 with heat1 for #f hours4 ,stimulant1 emollient1 and vermifuge4 ,oil of ,colocynth4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,colocynthidis1 ,l4 ,from the pulp1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,chamomile4 ,diuretic4 ,in dropsy1 neuralgia1 rheumatism1 worms1 c4 ,oil of ,earthworms4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lumbricorum4 7,e4 ,ph4 #agdd47 ,washed earthworms1 #a_/b lb42 olive oil1 #a-a_/b pint2 white wine1 #a_/b pint4 ,boil gently till the wine is consumed1 and press and strain4 ,oil of ,elder-flowers4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,oil ,,of ,,elder2 ,,oleum ,,sambuci ,,album1 ,o4 ,,sambucinum 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the flowers1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,chamomile4 ,emollient and discussive4 ,oil of ,elder-leaves4 ,syn4 ,,green ,,oil1 ,,green ,,oil ,,of ,,elder1 ,,oil ,,of ,,swallows2 ,,oleum ,,viride1 ,o4 ,,sambuci ,,viride1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,green elder leaves1 #a lb42 olive oil1 #a quart2 boil gently until the leaves are crisp1 press out the oil1 and again heat it till it turns green4 #b4 ,as before1 but by maceration1 at a heat under #bab ,fahr4 ,more odorous than the last4 #c4 ,elder leaves1 #a cwt42 linseed oil1 #c cwt42 as ,no4 #a4 ,obs4 ,the last form is the one usually employed on the large scale4 ,it is generally coloured with verdigris1 #a_/b lb4 to the cwt41 just before putting it into the casks1 and whilst still warm2 as1 without great skill and a very large quantity of leaves1 the deep-green colour so much admired by the ignorant cannot be given to it4 ,the oil is got from the leaves by allowing them to drain in the pan or boiler 7with a cock at the bottom71 kept well heated4 ,emollient2 in great repute among the vulgar as a liniment1 in a variety of affections4 ,oil of ,fenugreek4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,f,,nugr,,ci1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the seeds1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,cantharides or of ,,chamomile4 ,emollient and resolvent4 ,oil of ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,digitalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the fresh leaves1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,used as an application to chronic ulcers and indurations1 painful swellings c4 ,as usually met with1 it is nearly inert4 ,oil of ,garden ,nightshade4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,solani1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the leaves1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,anodyne and discussive4 ,oil of ,garlic4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,allii ,,infusum1 ,l4 ,from garlic1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,used as a liniment in deafness1 diarrha1 infantile convulsions1 palsy1 rheumatism1 c4 ,oil1 ,green4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,viridi1 ,l4 ,from bay leaves1 origanum1 rue1 sea wormwood1 and elder leaves1 of each #b-a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #a quart2 as ,,oil ,,of ,,elder4 ,detergent1 stimulant1 and resolvent4 ,green oil of elder is now usually sold for it4 ,oil of ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,conii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,anodyne and emollient2 in painful ulcers1 glandular tumours1 c4 ,oil of ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,used as the last1 in various painful local affections4 ,oil ,iodizeo1 ,marshall's4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,iodatum4 ,prep4 ,oil of almonds1 #ae parts2 iodine1 #a part4 ,triturate and digest till dissolved4 ,oil of ,juniper 7by ,infusion74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,juniperi ,,infusum1 ,l4 ,from the crushed berries1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,diuretic and vulnerary2 in frictions1 c4 ,oil of ,lilies4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,liliorum1 ,l4 ,from white lilies1 #a lb42 olive oil1 #c lbs42 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,emollient2 used to soften and ripen tumours1 indurations1 c4 ,oil of ,melilot4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,meliloti1 ,l4 ,as the last1 avoiding much heat4 ,emollient and resolvent4 ,oil of ,mucilages4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,mucilaginum1 ,o4 ,,cum ,,mucilaginibus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,marshmallow root1 #a_/b lb42 linseed and fenugreek seed1 of each1 bruised1 #c oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil #a hour1 add of olive oil1 #b quarts1 and boil until the water is consumed4 #b4 ,fenugreek seeds1 #h oz42 linseed oil1 #a quart2 infuse a week1 and strain4 ,once a highly popular emollient application in various local affections4 ,oil of ,mudar4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,mudaris1 ,l4 ,from mudar bark 7in coarse powder71 #a dr42 warm olive oil1 #a_/d pint2 digest #bd hours and strain4 ,used as an application to cutaneous ulcers1 the bites of venomous animals1 c41 and as a friction in worms4 ,oil of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,anodyne ,,oil1 ,,opiated ,o42 ,,oleum ,,opiatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from opium 7in powder71 #a dr42 olive oil1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 digest at a gentle heat1 with frequent agitation1 for #e or #f hours4 ,the powder should be rubbed in a mortar with a few drops of the oil before adding the remainder4 ,as a local anodyne4 ,the above is the only reliable formula for this preparation4 ,others are extant1 but whilst the products of several are much stronger1 those from others have only #a-eth or #a-fth the strength4 ,oils1 ,ozonised4 7,dr ,thompson47 ,syn4 ,,oleo ,,ozonata4 ,prep4 ,pass oxygen gas into the oil 7cocoa nut1 sunflower1 cod-liver oil1 c47 until it will dissolve no more4 ,then expose for a considerable time in the direct rays of the sun4 ,used in phthisis4 ,oil of ,pellitory4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,pyrethri1 ,l4 ,from bruised pellitory root1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,used as the last4 ,oil of ,black ,pepper 7by ,infusion74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,piperis ,,infusum1 ,l4 ,from black pepper1 in coarse powder1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,capsicum4 ,stimulant and rubefacient2 in frictions4 ,oil of ,poison ,oak4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,rhois ,,toxicodendri1 ,l4 ,from the leaves1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna ,externally2 in paralysis1 c4 ,oil of ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,rhei1 ,l4 ,from rhubarb 7in powder71 #a part2 oil of almonds1 #h parts2 digested together in a gentle heat for #d hours1 and strained1 with expression4 ,as an application to indolent ulcers1 and as a friction over the abdomen in diarrha1 ,english cholera1 c41 or as a laxative when the stomach will not bear medicine4 ,oil of ,roses4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ros1 ,o4 ,,rosaceum1 ,o4 ,r4 ,,infusum1 ,o4 ,,rosatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the fresh petals1 pulled to pieces1 crushed1 and digested for #b or #c days in the sun1 or a warm situation1 in #d times their weight of olive oil1 and then pressed2 the process being repeated with fresh roses4 ,ph4 ,e4 #agdd and ,p4 ,cod4 are nearly similar4 ,,almond1 ,,ben1 or ,,olive ,,oil1 coloured with ,,alkanet1 and scented with attar of roses1 is now almost universally sold for it4 ,used for the hair4 ,oil of ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,rut 7,,infusum71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from fresh rue1 bruised1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,chamomile4 ,reputed antispasmodic1 emmenagogue1 stimulant1 and vermifuge4 ,in frictions4 ,oil of ,st ,john's ,wort4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,hyperici 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf71 ,o4 ,h4 ,,simplex1 ,,balsamum ,h41 ,l4 ,from the flowers1 #a part2 olive oil1 #f parts2 digested together until the oil is well coloured4 ,antispasmodic1 stimulant1 and resolvent4 ,a mixture of equal parts of ,,rape ,,oil and ,,green ,,elder ,,oil is usually sold for it4 ,oil of ,scammony4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,scammonii1 ,o4 ,,purgans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,from scammony 7in powder71 #a dr42 hot oil of almonds1 #c fl4 oz42 triturate together until cold1 and the next day decant the clear portion4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a table-spoonful4 ,oil of ,stramonium4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,stramonii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the leaves of thorn apple or stramonium1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,anodyne and discussive2 as an application to painful tumours1 joints1 c4 ,oil of ,tobacco 7by ,infusion74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,tabaci1 ,o4 ,t4 ,,infusum1 ,l4 ,from fresh tobacco leaves 7bruised71 like ,,oil ,,of ,,chamomile4 ,as an application in ringworm1 irritable ulcers1 pediculi1 c42 and as a friction in itch1 neuralgia1 painful indurations1 c4 ,it must be used with extreme caution1 as it is poisonous4 ,oil of ,toothwort4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,squamari1 ,l4 ,from the herb of ,lathra squamaria 7,linn471 as ,,oil ,,of ,,st ,,john',s ,,wort4 ,astringent and vulnerary4 ,this must not be confounded with another preparation sometimes called #8,,oil ,,of ,,toothwort' 7,,oleum ,,plumbaginis ,,europ71and which has been occasionally used in itch1 as the latter is acrid and apt to cause much irritation4 ,oil of ,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,absinthii1 ,l4 ,from the fresh herb1 as ,,oil ,,of ,,lilies4 ,the ,p4 ,cod4 and ,ph4 ,wurtem4 order only part of the herb to #h parts of oil4 ,applied to the abdomen in dyspepsia1 diarrha1 heartburn1 worms1 c4 ,it is seldom used in this country4 ,,oils 7,mineral74 ,syn4 ,,hydrocarbon ,,oils4 ,an important class of liquids1 consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen----the elements of ordinary coal-gas1 and obtained by the distillation of coal1 lignite1 petroleum1 and other bituminous substances4 ,for the purposes of illumination1 many of these oils are in most respects superior to the fixed or fat oils containing oxygen4 ,they give a whiter and more brilliant light1 and are produced at a much lower cost4 ,the lamps in which they are burnt1 when properly constructed1 are less liable to get out of order than those adapted for the combustion of fat oils1 and require less attention when in use4 ,the experiments of ,dr ,frankland on the relative value of the ordinary illuminating agents#eg prove that the mineral oils are cheaper than all other portable illuminating agents in common use1 and that they give1 while burning1 the largest amount of light with the least development of heat1 and the smallest production of carbonic acid4 ,with the oils adapted for burning in lamps other oils are produced4 ,some are very volatile and highly inflammable1 and the safety of the burning oils depends on their proper extraction4 ,these volatile liquids1 when isolated1 are used in the arts as substitutes for spirits of turpentine1 as solvents for various substances1 and to increase the illuminating power of coal-gas4 ,others are of a greasy nature1 and are too heavy to be conveniently used in lamps4 ,these1 however1 are well adapted for lubricating fine machinery1 and are extensively employed instead of sperm oil by the cotton manufacturers of ,lancashire4 ,when the more volatile ingredients are separated from the burning oils1 the latter are perfectly safe4 ,most of the mineral burning oils now in use are1 we believe1 free from danger in this respect4 7,see ,tests1 below47 ,footnote #eg3 ,see article ,,illumination4 ,hist4 ,for many years the manufacture of burning oils by the distillation of bituminous schists has been extensively carried out on the ,continent1 but the discovery which formed the foundation of the modern manufacture was made nearly thirty years ago by our countryman1 ,mr ,james ,young4 ,this gentleman took the lease of a spring of petroleum in #ahdg1 and after numerous experiments succeeded in obtaining two useful oils from the crude liquid2 the one being adapted for lubricating machinery1 and the other for burning in lamps4 ,the almost total cessation of the flow of petroleum terminated the business after two years' working1 and led ,mr ,young to institute a series of experiments to try if petroleum could be produced artificially by the destructive distillation of coal4 ,these experiments resulted in the discovery of an oil which ,mr ,young named #8,paraffin oil1' as it had many of the chemical properties of the solid body of paraffin1 discovered twenty years before by ,reichenbach in beech-wood tar4 ,young's patent 7dated ,oct4 #g1 #ahej7 involved the slower distillation of coals1 at a lower temperature than had hitherto been employed for the purpose1 and this novelty in practice was followed by the novel result of a copious production of liquid hydrocarbons4 ,the gas or cannel coals were found to yield the liquids in largest quantities1 that variety known as ,boghead coal or ,torbane ,hill#eh mineral being specially adapted for the patented process4 7,see ,,paraffin ,,oil1 below47 ,soon after ,young's discovery native petroleum was brought from ,rangoon1 and purified by distillation1 so as to produce oils very similar to the coal products4 ,during the last few years1 however1 rich sources of petroleum have been discovered in ,north ,america1 and from whence are imported the greater part of the vast quantities of petroleum oil 7both for burning and lubricating purposes71 together with the paraffin spirit1 or naphtha1 which are consumed in this country4 ,footnote #eh3 ,this species of coal is now exhausted4----,,ed4 ,in the following table are given the quantities of these substances sent into ,england and ,scotland during the year #ahge3---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,refined burning,lubricating ,oil4,residuum4,petroleum ,spirit4 ,oil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,barrels4,cases4,barls4 ,casks4 ,barrels4 ,cases4 ,barrels4 ,london #afi1gfb #c1bej #b1eaa #a1jjj 444 #ec1agc ,liverpool #ie1hec #b1hcj #cjj #bi1ceh 444 #cj1iac ,hull #bj1bbf #h 444 444 444 444 ,bristol #cf1hhi #a1cib 444 444 444 #ag1bjc ,clyde and ,leith #d1bcc #d #ece #i1chg 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total #cbf1ifc #g1dhd #c1cdf #ci1gde 444 #aja1bhi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,this amounts to about #ag millions of gallons4 ,in #ahgd it exceeded #bj millions of gallons1 but the stock in hand at the end of #ahgd was about #e millions of gallons1 and the end of #ahge was only #a-a_/b million4 ,the difference was mainly due to overtrading in #ahgd1 which brought refined petroleum to the lowest price yet known in ,england1 viz4 #g-c_/d;d4 per gallon in ,december1 #ahgd1 and checked its subsequent importation4#ei ,footnote #ei3 ,w4 ,matthieu ,williams4 ,tests1 ,precautions4 ,the ,sanitary ,commission of the #8,lancet' took as the limit of safety an oil that gave off inflammable vapour when heated to #acj ,fahr41 and this has been generally accepted by dealers4 ,if an oil gives off inflammable vapours before being heated up to #acj1 it is considered unsafe for domestic use4 #a4 ,the plan for testing this1 recommended in the #8,lancet1' is to heat a portion of the suspected oil in a gallipot placed in boiling water1 ascertaining by a thermometer suspended in the oil the temperature at which it will take fire on the surface when a lighted wax vesta is applied to it4 ,this is a troublesome and dangerous process1 and has little practical value4 #b4 ,a rough-and-ready method of testing the inflammability of a sample is to pour a little out on a dry flat board1 and try whether it can be ignited readily by a lighted paper4 ,if it catches fire like turpentine or brandy1 the oil is dangerous4 #c4 ,the following plan1 proposed by ,mr ,tegetmeier1 requires no scientific knowledge and no apparatus but what is to be found in every house1 while it is sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes3---- 8,take an earthenware dish1 holding about half a pint 7a breakfast cup will do71 fill the cup full from a kettle of boiling water1 pour this into an earthenware quart jug1 then fill the same cup again with boiling water from the kettle1 and pour it also into the quart jug1 then fill the cup with cold water1 put it into the jug1 shake the jug to mix the hot and cold water1 then pour the tepid water from the jug into the cup till the cup is half full1 then pour about a table-spoonful of the oil to be tested on the tepid water in the cup1 take the oil-can with the oil out of the room1 then touch the surface of the oil in the cup with a lighted splinter of wood1 or a match without sulphur4 ,if the match causes a flash of flame to appear on the surface of the oil1 the oil is below the standard of safety1 and should not be used2 if no flame appears1 the oil is up to the standard4 ,we may mention that in this trial no time should be lost after pouring the boiling water from the kettle1 as the water may get too cold1 but the whole may be gone through in from two to three minutes4 ,it is well to have a saucer at hand1 and if the oil should be a bad oil1 and ignite with the match1 place the saucer on the mouth of the cup1 and the flame is extinguished4 ,this trial should be done by daylight1 and at a distance from a fire1 and the directions must be followed exactly in the order as given above40 #d4 ,provided that the oils to be examined have been produced by careful fractional distillation1 their relative volatility1 as indicated by their specific gravity1 shows to a great extent the facility with which they ignite4 ,the lightest oils are more volatile and more easily inflamed than those which are heavier4 ,oils much under #hjj inflame directly a lighted match is thrown into them1 whereas oils at about #hae to #hbc 7if unmixed products7 cannot be set on fire in this manner4 ,the specific gravity test cannot1 however1 be depended on to determine the inflaming point of any commercial oil4 ,a heavy oil1 badly rectified1 may contain a proportion of very volatile vapour1 and have a low inflaming point2 whereas a much lighter oil may be perfectly safe1 from its having the more volatile portions carefully removed4 #e4 7,van der ,weyde47 ,the oil to be tested is placed in a graduated tube closed at one end2 the open end is then closed with the finger1 and is then placed mouth downwards in a vessel of water that is heated from #dc----dd ,c4 ,the vapour from the portion volatilised at this temperature then collects in the upper part of this tube1 and expels a corresponding quantity of oil4 ,see ,,petroleum4 ,in ,great ,britain petroleum is defined by ,act of ,parliament as being any oil which gives off all inflammable vapour at a temperature less than #ajj ,f4 ,to prevent accidents with paraffin or petroleum lamps1 the following precautions ought to be observed3---- ,the lamps should be filled and trimmed by daylight4 ,they should never be overfilled2 the oil should not be allowed to come into contact with the metal work of the burner4 ,any portion of oil spilled on the outside of the lamp should be carefully wiped away4 ,when not in use the wick should be turned down into the wick-holder4 ,the principal products noticed below rank high among the numerous varieties of mineral oil now in the market1 but there are doubtless many others equally good and safe4 ,their properties are described in accordance with the results obtained by ,mr ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmeier1 who has devoted much time to the examination of the mineral oils3---- ,oil1 ,albertite4 ,from #8,albertite1' a lustrous black mineral found in ,new ,brunswick4 ,a sample was shown in the ,colonial ,department of the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb1 but the oil has not yet appeared in the ,english market4 ,prop4 ,odour very slight2 illuminating power high2 boiling point #cch ,fahr41 or #abf above that of water4 ,oil1 ,american4 ,see ,,petroleum ,,oil 7below74 ,oil1 ,apyroectic4 ,syn4 ,,non-,,explosive ,,oil4 ,a burning oil1 introduced by ,f4 ,tall1 of ,hull1 and prepared1 we believe1 from ,american petroleum4 ,prop4 ,slightly coloured2 perfectly limpid2 odour slight1 but not perceivable during combustion4 ,the most remarkable property of this oil is that1 in spite of its limpidity1 the point at which it gives off inflammable vapour is #ahj ,fahr41 or #hj above the requirements of the ,petroleum ,act4 ,oil1 ,belmontine4 ,from ,rangoon tar1 or ,burmese petroleum1 by distillation2 superheated steam being employed as the heating agent4 ,prop4 ,colourless2 odour not unpleasant2 sp4 gr4 #hdg2 but although so heavy1 the oil is altogether free from viscosity1 and will rise rapidly in a comparatively long wick2 inflaming point #acd ,fahr42 burns with an exceedingly white light1 and possesses a very high illuminating power4 ,obs4 ,the distillation of the ,rangoon tar is carried on by ,price's ,patent ,candle ,company under a patent4 ,besides the above lamp oil1 several beautiful and useful products are obtained4 ,at first there comes over a very volatile liquid1 termed ,,sherwood ,,oil1 used as a detergent for removing grease from fabrics1 cleaning gloves1 c42 then comes the ,,belmontine ,,oil1 already noticed2 then two lubricating oils1 the one light and the other heavy2 and1 last of all1 when the temperature is considerably elevated1 the beautiful white1 translucent solid known as ,,belmontine1 distils over4 ,this last is a kind of paraffin1 and is used for making ornamental candles4 ,oil1 ,cazeline4 ,an excellent burning oil1 probably prepared from ,american petroleum1 introduced by ,cassell1 ,smith1 and ,co41 of ,london4 ,prop4 ,bright1 limpid1 with scarcely a trace of colour2 odour very slight1 and quite free from any objectionable character2 sp4 gr4 #hje2 lowest point of ignition #add ,fahr42 burns with a pure white light1 free from smoke and smell4 ,oil1 ,colzarine4 ,a heavy hydrocarbon oil1 adapted for burning in lamps constructed from the old #8,moderators' and #8,carcels1' formerly so much used for the fat oils4 ,prop4 ,limpid2 quite inodorous2 of a pale amber colour2 sp4 gr4 about #hch2 temperature at which the vapour can be permanently ignited1 #bej ,fahr4 ,tested in the altered moderator1 it gives an intense white light1 without smoke or smell4 ,compared with vegetable colza oil1 its illuminating power is in the proportion of #c to #b4 ,obs4 ,this oil is manufactured by ,cassell1 ,smith1 and ,co41 under ,martin's patent for the modification of mineral oils1 to fit them for burning in lamps where #8colza' and other vegetable and animal oils have been usually consumed4 ,similar oils are prepared by other firms4 ,oil1 ,machinery4 ,syn4 ,,lubricating ,,oil1 ,,shafting ,o41 ,,spindle ,o4 ,the heavier hydrocarbon1 oils obtained in distilling coal1 shale1 and petroleum1 have almost superseded the fat oils for lubricating purposes4 ,they have no chemical action on the ordinary metals1 and are not affected by cold4 ,the lightest of these comparatively heavy oils are used for spindles1 or other kinds of rapid machinery2 the heaviest for the bearing parts of heavy machinery2 and those of an intermediate character for such things as printing-presses1 agricultural steam-engines1 c4 ,in ,america and on the ,continent this oil is also used for making gas4 ,the firm of ,whitmore and ,craddock is favorably known for the manufacture and purification of these machinery oils4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,belmontine 7above71 and ,,oil1 ,,paraffin 7below74 ,oil1 ,paraffin4 ,syn4 ,,paraffine ,,oil4 ,this name was given by ,mr ,young to the oil produced by the distillation of cannel coal1 ,boghead coal1 c41 at a temperature considerably lower than that employed in the manufacture of illuminating gas4 ,the following is a brief outline of ,mr ,young's process3---- ,manuf4 7,young's patent47 ,boghead coal1 broken into small fragments1 is introduced into perpendicular tubes or retorts1 about eleven feet in height1 by conical hoppers at their upper extremities4 ,four of these tubes constitute a set1 being built into one furnace1 and charged by a single workman4 ,they pass completely through the furnace1 and are closed below by dipping into shallow pools of water1 while the openings into the hoppers above may be shut by spherical valves4 ,the coal in each tube is gradually heated as it descends to that part which passes through the furnace1 and when it reaches the bottom of the tube it has parted with its volatile constituents1 and is raked away as refuse1 the coal from above descending as it is removed4 ,thus1 the action of these perpendicular retorts is continuous1 and the distillation goes on uninterruptedly both day and night4 ,the vapours produced are conducted by iron tubes to the main condensers1 which consist of a series of syphon pipes freely exposed to the air4 ,the quantity of incondensible gas formed is inconsiderable2 and it is this result1 so different from that obtained in the ordinary gasworks1 that marks the great value of ,young's process4 ,the crude oil1 a dark-coloured1 thick liquid1 is then distilled to dryness in large iron cylindrical stills1 and is thus freed from the excess of carbon which is left behind as coke4 ,the oil1 after distillation1 is further purified by being acted upon by strong sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol71 which chars the principal impurities1 and causes them to subside in the form of a dense black1 heavy acid tar4 ,to separate the remaining impurities1 and that portion of the sulphuric acid which remains in the oil1 it is next subjected to the action of caustic soda4 ,as thus purified1 the paraffin oil contains four distinct commercial products4 ,to effect their separation1 the process of fractional distillation is first employed4 ,the first elevation of temperature drives over the lighter and more volatile portions1 which1 when purified by a subsequent distillation1 yields the fluid known as #8paraffin naphtha1' #8petroleum spirit1' #8benzoline4' ,this product is used as a substitute for #8turps1' as a solvent for india rubber for cleaning gloves1 and for burning in those naphtha lamps so much employed by costermongers1 and workmen in railway tunnels and similar situations4 ,on the perfect separation of this naphtha the safety of the burning oil depends4 ,this burning oil1 the #8paraffin oil' of commerce1 comes over at a much higher temperature than the naphtha4 ,it is a perfectly safe lamp oil1 and has a greater illuminating value than any other oil in the market4 ,its properties are noticed below4 ,the third product in point of volatility is a comparatively heavy liquid 7machinery oil71 largely used for lubricating purposes in the ,lancashire factories4 ,from this oil1 and others which come over at a very high temperature1 the fourth commercial product is separated by the action of artificial cold4 ,this last product is the beautiful translucent solid1 paraffin1 now much used as a candle material4#fj 7,see ,,oil1 ,,paraffin1 ,,petroleum47 ,footnote #fj3 ,for a detailed account of the processes carried on at the ,bathgate works1 see ,mr ,tegetmeier's paper in #8,england's ,workshops1'----,groombridge and ,sons4 ,in the preparation of paraffin oil1 from native petroleum1 the oil is obtained by direct distillation from the petroleum1 and subsequently separated from the more or less volatile hydrocarbons 7the paraffin naphtha1 the lubricating oils and the solid paraffin7 that are associated with it by fractional distillation as in ,young's process2 whereas1 when procured from bituminous minerals1 it is derived from the tar or crude oil1 which has to be previously extracted from the bituminous matters by destructive distillation4 ,there are various methods for obtaining this tar or crude oil1 which1 although differing in detail1 are in general principles very similar to that described in ,young's patent4 ,thus1 whilst in many works closed horizontal retorts are employed1 in other establishments vertical ones1 to the bottoms of which are attached receptacles for the receipt of the exhausted coal or other material as it falls from the retort1 the same as in ,young's apparatus1 are extensively adopted4 ,when horizontal retorts are employed they are made of cast iron1 and vary in length from #h to #aj feet1 being from #bh to #cd inches wide and from #i to #ad inches deep4 ,the charge is introduced by an opening in the end of the retort1 by which aperture the exhausted residue is removed when necessary4 ,this aperture is closed by a tightly fitting cast iron cover while the distillation is going on4 ,at the other end of the retort is a pipe for carrying off the products of distillation4 ,this communicates with a larger pipe1 and this latter with the condensing apparatus4 ,a number of these retorts are set together in a row1 with a furnace at one end1 and flues extending beneath the retorts1 while the upper parts of the retorts are covered with brickwork1 to prevent the oil vapours from being decomposed by the heat of the waste furnace gas passing to the chimney through the flues above the retorts4 ,the gaseous products of the distillation of the tar1 leaving the retort by the exit tube already described1 are cooled by being made to pass through a number of iron pipes exposed to the air1 or surrounded by water1 and thus becoming condensed pass into a reservoir in the form of the oil1 which forms the material from which the various hydrocarbons are separated by fractional distillation4 ,accompanying the oil vapours are certain uncondensable gases2 these escape through a properly contrived outlet which is made in the condensing pipes2 in some works these escaping gases are utilised as fuel1 and in others for purposes of illumination4 ,in other works superheated steam is driven into the retorts during the process of distillation2 but although this has the effect of sweeping the oil vapour more quickly out of the retort into the condenser1 it is questionable whether this advantage covers the extra cost of the production of the steam4#fa ,footnote #fa3 ,payne's #8,industrial ,chemistry4' ,edited by ,dr ,paul4 ,in many parts of ,germany the extraction of the crude oil or tar from bituminous substances is effected in ovens4 ,in these ovens the bituminous body is thrown upon a layer of burning fuel which covers the bottom of the oven1 the result being that the bituminous matter is resolved into gaseous bodies which are lost1 and tar which flows downwards toward the burning fuel1 which being covered with a layer of clay is prevented from entering into violent combustion4 ,this method1 however1 is only had recourse to on a small scale1 since it is found that in most cases the tar obtained by means of it is not of a kind suited for yielding paraffin and paraffin oils4 ,the preparation of the tar or crude oil from fossil fuel1 of the character already specified1 constitutes one of the most delicate and difficult branches in the manufacture of paraffin oils1 and paraffin1 c4 ,the chief sources of failure to be avoided are the overheating of the oil vapour1 and its consequent decomposition 7varying in amount7 into useless gaseous products2 and its inefficient condensation4 ,it has been shown by ,vohl that even when the construction of the retorts is not of the best1 an average yield of tar may be obtained by the proper condensation of the vapours4 8,the complete condensation of the vapours of the tar is one of the most difficult problems the mineral oil and paraffin manufacturer has to deal with1 while the means usually adopted for condensation1 such as large condensing surfaces1 injection of cold water1 and the like1 have proved ineffectual4 ,it has often been attempted to condense the vapours of tar in the same manner as those of alcohol1 but there exist essential differences between the distillation of fluids and dry distillation4 ,in the former case the vapours soon expel all the air completely from the still and from the condenser1 and provided1 therefore1 that1 in reference to the size of the still and bulk of the boiling liquid1 the latter be large and cool enough1 every part of the vapour must come into contact with the condensing surfaces4 ,in the process of dry distillation the process is entirely different1 because with the vapours1 say of tar1 permanent gases are always generated4 ,on coming into contact with the condensing surfaces a portion of the vapours is liquefied1 leaving a layer of gas as a coating1 as it were1 on the condensing surface4 ,the gas being a bad conductor of heat prevents to such an extent the further action of the condensing apparatus1 that a large proportion of the vapours are carried on1 and may be altogether lost4 ,a sufficient condensation of the vapours of tar can be obtained only by bringing all the particles of matter which are carried off from the retorts into contact with the condensing surface1 which need neither be very large nor exceedingly cold1 because the latent heat of the vapours of tar is small1 and consequently a moderately low temperature will be sufficient to condense those vapours to the liquid state4 ,the mixture of gases and vapours maybe compared to an emulsion such as milk1 and as the particles of butter may be separated from milk by churning1 so the separation of the vapours of tar from the gases can be greatly assisted by the use of exhausters acting in the manner of blowing fans4 ,it is of the utmost importance in condensing the vapours of tar that the molecules of the vapours be kept in continuous motion1 and thus made to touch the sides of the condenser4 ,the condenser should not be constructed so that the vapours and gases can flow uninterruptedly in one and the same direction40#fb ,footnote #fb3 ,b4 ,wagner4 ,an important condition for the safe and quiet distillation of the tar or crude oil when obtained is that it should be free from water4 ,unless the removal of the water is effectually accomplished1 during its distillation1 the tar may boil over1 and coming into contact with the fire under the still may give rise to an alarming conflagration4 ,the dehydration of the tar is effected in an apparatus constructed for the purpose1 consisting of an iron tank placed within a larger tank1 a space of about two inches intervening between the two tanks is filled with water1 which is heated to1 and kept at a temperature of between #fj and #hj ,c41 for #aj hours1 by the end of which time the ammoniacal water having separated from the lighter tar is drawn off by a stop-cock placed at the bottom of the tank1 whilst the tar is decanted through a valve at the top4 ,in ,america the distillation of the natural petroleum oils is carried out in cylindrical stills capable of holding as much as #afjj gallons each4 ,the retorts employed in the distillation of the tar or crude oils obtained from shale and other bituminous compounds are often constructed of large cast-iron flanged pans1 each capable of containing from #a-a_/b to #c tons of the oil1 8and forming the body of the retort4 ,the pan is set in brickwork with flues running round the upper portion1 and beneath it is a perforated dome of brickwork1 through which the flame and hot gas from the furnace pass up round the bottom of the pan before entering the flues by which the upper portion of the pan is heated4 ,to the flange of the pan is fitted a flanged cover having on one side a discharge pipe through which the vapour is passed to the worm of the condenser4 ,in the centre of the cover is a manhole4 ,the oil condensed in the worm is discharged through a pipe into a receiver1 and the uncondensable gas escapes through an ascending pipe40#fc ,footnote #fc3 ,palen4 ,the processes to which the crude oil or tar and the natural petroleum are next submitted differ only in the degree of treatment with certain agents to which these products are subjected when1 after similar methods of fractional distillation1 they have been isolated from each other4 ,the benzoline and paraffin oils 7both for burning and lubricating purposes7 separately yielded by the natural oils seldom require purification1 or if so in a minor degree only1 whilst the same bodies as obtained from the crude shale oil or tar must be submitted to various processes of depuration before they are fit for the market4 ,thus1 the crude petroleum or burning oil derived from tar is characterised by a more or less dark colour and disagreeable smell----properties which are partly due to the presence of carbolic acid and its homologues4 ,by agitating the paraffin oil with a solution of caustic soda these objectionable substances are removed4 ,the oil1 being next separated from the alkali by subsidence1 and any remains of the soda being removed from it by washing with water1 is next mixed with an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid in the proportion of #e per cent4 of acid of sp4 gr4 #agj4 ,the acid removes from the oil certain basic substances derived from the tar1 which1 like the carbolic acid1 give to it a bad odour and a dark colour4 ,in this operation thorough admixture of the acid with the oil is important1 and this is generally effected by mixing the two in vessels furnished with puddles4 ,after a time1 and when the mixture has separated into two layers1 the upper one or the paraffin oil is drawn off from the lower or acid one1 and well washed with water2 in some instances lime water is used for the washing1 in others the water is impregnated with caustic alkali4 ,with some samples of crude paraffin oil the above operations have to be repeated two or three times1 and even redistilled before the oil becomes sufficiently pure and colourless for sale4 ,when redistilled1 the last portions which come over are often found to yield some solid paraffin in addition to that furnished by the first fractional distillation4 ,the #8paraffin1' #8naphtha1' #8petroleum1' #8spirit1' or #8benzoline' 7by all of which names it is known71 which forms the more volatile portion of the tar1 and which is the first to pass over from the retort1 is subjected to the same treatment as that used for burning oil2 as for the denser lubricating oil1 which passes over after the burning portion1 this being freed from any of the latter1 is set aside in a cool place1 in order that any solid paraffin it contains may crystallise out1 and be separated from it4 ,the waste carbolate of soda resulting from the treatment of the oil with the caustic alkali1 being decomposed by sulphuric acid1 the liberated carbolic acid is utilised either as a disinfectant1 or for saturating railway sleepers2 and sometimes as a source of certain tar colours2 or it may be used in the manufacture of gas1 the soda which remains in the coke being extracted by lixiviation4 ,the waste sulphuric acid combined with the ammoniacal liquors that always accompany the first stages of the distillation of the tar is made into sulphate of ammonia4 ,prop4 ,the paraffin oil of commerce is of a very pale amber colour2 is bright1 perfectly transparent1 and remarkably limpid4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #hbc4 ,its point of temporary ignition is #aej ,fahr41 that of permanent ignition being a few degrees higher4 ,its odour is very slight4 ,its rate of combustion is slow1 as may be inferred from the absence of the lighter oils1 as indicated by its high sp4 gr4 and inflaming point4 ,at the same time its limpidity proves the absence of the heavier oils1 and accounts for its rising through a long wick with freedom1 and burning without charring the cotton4 ,oil1 ,petroleum4 ,syn4 ,,kerosene ,,oil1 ,,refined ,,petroleum1 ,,paraffin ,,oil4 ,most of the burning oils now in the market are derived from ,american petroleum4 ,that obtained from natural petroleum is now manufactured solely in ,america4 ,the native petroleums vary greatly in properties1 and numerous methods of refining are employed by the manufacturers4 ,the ,canadian petroleum contains sulphuretted hydrogen1 which imparts to it a very disagreeable smell1 and is difficult of removal4 ,some make use of both acids and alkalies1 others employ alkalies alone1 and steam is applied at various degrees of heat4 ,some of the oils produced are of excellent quality1 but others are inferior1 and do not ascend the wick in sufficient quantity to afford a constant light4 ,none of the native petroleums contain carbolic acid and other impurities which exist in the oils distilled from coals and shales2 hence their purification is simple and comparatively cheap4 8,the oil prepared from petroleum is almost colourless2 it has a specific gravity of about #haj1 and when of good quality only a slight and rather aromatic odour40 7,payen47 ,see ,,petroleum1 and above4 ,oil1 ,shale4 ,as we have stated1 products analogous to those derived from cannel coal are obtained by the destructive distillation of bituminous shales and schists1 and lignites or brown coals4 ,on the ,continent the production of shale oils has of late years declined considerably1 owing to their unsuccessful competition1 in point of price1 with the ,american petroleum oils4 ,the oil obtained from bituminous shale or from coal is generally of higher specific gravity than that procured from petroleum2 it is deeper in colour1 and not so pleasant in smell4 ,,oils 7,mixed74 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,oils2 ,,olea ,,composita1 ,,olea ,,mixta1 ,l4 ,under these names are commonly included various mixtures of oils and other substances that possess an unctuous appearance4 ,when not otherwise stated1 they are prepared by simply agitating the ingredients together1 and1 after a sufficient time1 decanting the clear portion1 which1 in some cases1 is then filtered4 ,a few of them only possess any importance4 ,some of them are highly esteemed as remedies among the vulgar1 and the use of others is confined to veterinary medicine4 ,the following include the principal mixed oils of the shops1 to which the names of a few other compounds1 which are frequently called #8oils' by the ignorant1 are added1 for the purpose of facilitating a reference to them3---- ,oil of ,turpentine1 ,sulphurated4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,terebinthin ,,sulphuratum4 ,prep4 ,sulphurated linseed oil1 #a part2 oil of turpentine1 #c parts4 ,oil of ,turpentine 7for acoustic use74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,terebinthin ,,acousticum4 7,mr ,manle47 ,oil of almonds1 #d drams2 oil of turpentine1 #dj minims4 ,oil1 ,acoustic4 ,syn4 ,,ear ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,acousticum1 ,o4 ,,terebinthin ,,acousticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of turpentine1 #a part2 oil of almonds1 #f parts2 mix4 ,in atonic deafness1 accompanied with induration of the wax4 #a or #b drops are poured into the ear1 or on a piece of cotton wool1 which is then gently placed in it4 ,oil1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,nigrum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of turpentine1 #a pint2 rape oil1 #c pints2 oil of vitriol1 #a_/d lb42 agitate well together with care2 then add of ,barbadoes tar1 #c oz42 again agitate well1 and in #aj days decant the clear portion4 ,linseed oil is preferred for the above by many persons4 #b4 7,percivall47 ,sweet oil1 #a pint2 oil of turpentine1 #b oz42 mix1 add gradually of oil of vitriol2 #a-a_/d oz42 again mix1 and leave the bottle open until the next day4 ,detersive1 stimulant4 ,used by farriers for mange1 c4 ,oil1 ,british4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,oil ,,of ,,petre2 ,,oleum ,,britannicum1 ,o4 ,,petr ,,vulgare1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of turpentine1 #a quart2 ,barbadoes tar1 #a lb42 oils of rosemary and origanum1 of each #a oz4 ,stimulant4 ,formerly reputed to possess the most astonishing virtues4 ,oil1 ,camphorated4 ,liniment of camphor4 ,oil1 ,carron4 ,liniment of lime4 ,oil1 ,chabert's4 ,syn4 ,,chabert',s ,,empyreumatic ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,chaberti1 ,o4 ,,contra ,t,,niam ,,chaberti1 ,l4 ,oil of turpentine1 #c parts2 ,dippel's animal oil1 #a part2 mix1 and distil #c parts4 ,it must be preserved from the air and light4 ,used in tapeworm4----,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls1 in water1 night and morning1 until #e or #f fl4 oz41 or more1 have been taken2 a cathartic being given every third day4 ,oil1 ,exeter4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,excestrense4 7,gray47 ,green oil1 #af lbs42 euphorbium1 mustard seed1 castor1 pellitory1 of each #a oz42 digest and strain4 ,the original form is more complex4 ,the following is also used3----,rape oil1 #a-a_/b pint2 green oil1 #a_/b pint2 oils of wormwood1 rosemary1 and origanum1 of each half a dram4 ,oil1 ,furniture4 ,syn4 ,,mahogany ,,oil1 ,,oil ,,stain4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from refined linseed oil1 #a pint2 alkanet root1 #a_/d oz42 digested together in a warm place until the former is sufficiently coloured1 when it is poured off and strained4 #b4 ,pale boiled oil1 #a pint2 beeswax1 #a_/d lb42 melted together1 and coloured as before4 ,gives a superior polish1 which becomes very tough by age4 #c4 ,linseed or boiled oil1 #a pint2 ,venice turpentine 7pure71 #f oz42 as before4 ,the above are used for mahogany and other dark-coloured woods4 #d4 ,linseed oil1 #h oz42 vinegar1 #d oz42 oil of turpentine1 mucilage1 rectified spirit1 of each #a_/b oz42 butter of antimony1 #a_/d oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #a oz4 ,mix4 #e4 ,linseed oil1 #af oz42 black resin1 #d oz42 vinegar1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #c oz42 butter of antimony1 #a oz42 spirit of salts1 #b oz42 melt the resin1 add the oil1 take it off the fire1 and stir in the vinegar2 let it boil for a few minutes1 stirring it2 when cool put it into a bottle1 and add the other ingredients1 shaking all together4 ,the last two are specially used for reviving ,french polish4 #f4 7,pale47----a4 ,as the preceding1 omitting the alkanet4 b4 ,from nut oil1 #c_/d pint2 beeswax 7finest71 #c oz42 melted together4 c4 ,to the last add of copal varnish1 #c or #d oz4 ,the last three are employed for pale woods4 ,they are all applied by means of a rag1 and are #8polished off' with a #8woollen rubber' or #8furniture brush4' ,a little strong vinegar1 or a few drops of hydrochloric acid1 are sometimes added4 ,see ,,polish4 ,oil1 ,hair4 ,see ,,oil 7,perfumed74 ,oil and ,hartshorn4 ,liniment of ammonia4 ,oil1 ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ferri1 ,o4 ,,martis1 ,l4 ,the old name for the liquid formed when perchloride of iron is allowed to deliquesce by free exposure to the air4 ,it is excessively caustic and corrosive4 ,oil1 ,lime4 ,see ,,calcium 7,chloride74 ,oil1 ,macassar4 ,see ,,oils 7,perfumed74 ,oil1 ,marrow4 ,prep4 ,from clarified beef marrow1 #a part2 oil of almonds1 #c parts2 melted together1 and strained through muslin4 ,it is usually scented with ambergris1 cassia1 or mace1 and slightly tinged with palm oil or annotta4 ,used for the hair4 ,oils1 ,marshall's4 ,prep4 ,from linseed oil and rape oil1 of each #a lb42 green oil and oil of turpentine1 of each #a_/b lb42 oil of origanum1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 oil of vitriol1 #a_/d oz42 well shaken together4 ,oils1 ,mixed4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,mixtum ,,commune1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from linseed oil and green oil1 of each #a lb42 oil of turpentine1 #a_/b lb42 ,barbadoes tar and balsam of sulphur1 of each #b oz42 oils of spike and origanum1 of each #a oz4 ,stimulant and rubefacient4 ,used by farriers for sprains1 c4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,stamford',s 7below74 ,oils1 ,newmarket4 ,prep4 ,from oils of linseed1 turpentine1 and ,st ,john's wort1 of each #c lbs42 oil of vitriol1 #a-a_/b oz42 well shaken together1 and the clear portion decanted in a few days4 ,a favourite remedy for sprains in horses4 ,oils1 ,nine4 ,syn4 ,,old ,,mixed ,,oils2 ,,oleum ,,ex ,,omnibus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from train oil1 #a gall42 oil of turpentine1 #a quart2 oil of amber and oil of bricks1 of each #e oz42 oil of spike and oil of origanum1 of each #b oz42 ,barbadoes tar1 #b-a_/b lbs42 oil of vitriol1 #b oz42 camphorated spirit1 #a_/b pint1 mixed together as the last4 ,a favourite remedy with provincial farriers4 ,oil of ,petre4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,british 7above74 ,oil1 ,phosphorated4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,phosphoratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,phosphorus 7dried and sliced small71 #f gr42 oil of almonds1 #a oz42 mix1 place the phial in hot water1 agitate for some time1 and1 when cold1 decant the clear oil from the undissolved phosphorus4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,phosphorus 7sliced71 #a_/b dr42 almond oil1 #a oz42 macerate in the dark1 with frequent agitation1 for #ad days1 then1 after repose1 decant the clear portion1 and aromatise it with a little essence of bergamotte4 #c4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,take of phosphorus and oil of almonds1 of each q4 s4 ,heat the oil in a porcelain dish to #cjj ,f41 and keep it at this temperature for about #ae minutes1 then let it cool and filter it through paper4 ,put #d fluid ounces of this oil into a stoppered bottle capable of holding four and a half fluid ounces2 then add to it #ab grains of phosphorus4 ,immerse the bottle in hot water until the oil has acquired the temperature of #ahj ,f41 removing the stopper two or three times to allow the escape of expanded air1 then shake the oil and phosphorus together1 until the latter is entirely dissolved4----,dose1 #e to #aj minims4 ,obs4 ,a fl4 oz4 of oil dissolves rather less than #e gr4 of pure phosphorus4 ,the large excess ordered in the second formula must be merely for the purpose of increasing the extent of surface acted on4 ,it is1 however1 with the other precautions given1 quite unnecessary4 ,the products of both formul have the same strength4----,dose1 #e to #aj or #ab drops1 in milk1 barley water1 or gruel1 or made into an emulsion2 in chronic rheumatism1 gout1 c41 and as a powerful1 diffusible stimulant in various diseases with debility and general prostration of the vital powers1 c4 ,externally1 as a friction4 ,it is chiefly to the presence of phosphorus that cod-liver owes its wonderful remedial power in these affections4 ,oil1 ,quitter4 ,prep4 #a4 ,red precipitate1 #b dr42 aquafortis1 #a oz42 dissolve1 add of olive oil1 oil of turpentine1 and rectified spirit1 of each #b oz42 and agitate well and frequently for #c or #d hours4 #b4 ,ointment of nitrate of mercury 7,ph4 ,l471 #a part2 nut oil1 #c parts2 melt together1 and stir until the mixture is cold4 ,used by farriers for quitters1 c4 ,oils1 ,radley's4 ,from ,barbadoes tar1 #a_/b lb42 linseed oil and oil of turpentine1 of each #a_/d pint2 gently warmed1 and shaken together4 ,oil1 ,shaving4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,soap4 ,oil1 ,sheldrake's4 ,prep4 ,from pale boiled nut oil and copal varnish1 equal parts1 melted together by the heat of hot water1 and1 when perfectly mixed1 placed aside in a bottle for a week to settle1 after which the clear portion is decanted4 ,used by artists to grind their colours in to brighten them4 ,oil of ,spike4 #a4 7,,farrier',s74 ,from oil of turpentine1 #a quart2 ,barbadoes tar1 #a-a_/b oz42 alkanet root1 #a_/b oz42 digested together for a week4 ,used as a stimulating liniment by farriers4 #b4 7,,painter',s47----a4 ,from rectified oil of turpentine1 #c pints2 oil of lavender1 #a pint2 mix4 b4 ,oil of turpentine 7warm71 #e parts2 lavender oil bottoms 7genuine71 #c parts2 agitate well together1 and in a fortnight decant the clear away4 ,used by artists and enamellers4 ,oils1 ,stamford's4 ,syn4 ,,lord ,,stamford',s ,,mixed ,,oils4 ,prep4 ,dissolve camphor1 #a oz41 in rectified spirit of wine1 #a_/d pint2 add oil of origanum1 #b oz42 oil of turpentine1 #a_/b pint2 green elder oil1 #b lbs42 and agitate until mixed4 ,the rectified spirit is now generally omitted1 the camphor being dissolved in the green oil by aid of heat before adding the other ingredients4 ,stimulant4 ,used by farriers4 ,oil1 ,sulphurated4 ,syn4 ,,balsam ,,of ,,sulphur2 ,,oleum ,,sulphuratum1 ,,balsamum ,,sulphuris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,flowers of sulphur1 #a part2 olive oil1 #d parts2 boil together in a vessel lightly covered1 until they assume the consistence of a thick balsam4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,olive oil1 #af fl4 oz42 heat it in a sand bath1 and gradually add of washed sulphur1 #b oz42 stirring until they combine4 ,prop41 c4 ,balsam of sulphur is a dark1 reddish-brown1 viscid fluid1 having an extremely disagreeable and penetrating odour1 and a strong1 nauseous taste4 ,the local action of balsam of sulphur is that of an acrid and irritant2 its remote effects those of a stimulant1 expectorant1 and diaphoretic4 ,externally1 it is occasionally used as an application to foul ulcers2 and was formerly commonly employed internally in chronic pulmonary affections1 in doses of #bj to #ej drops4 ,it is now seldom given internally except in veterinary practice4 ,oils1 ,three4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,de ,,tribus 7,van ,mons71 ,l4 ,oils of brick1 lavender1 and turpentine1 equal parts4 ,as a stimulant liniment4 ,oil of ,vitriol4 ,sulphuric acid4 ,oils1 ,ward's4 ,syn4 ,,ward',s ,,white ,,oils4 ,from powdered camphor1 rape oil1 oil of turpentine1 rectified spirit1 and liquor of potassa1 equal parts1 agitated together for some time1 and again before use4 ,beef brine was formerly used instead of liquor of potassa4 ,oil1 ,watchmaker's4 ,prepared by placing a clean strip or coil of lead in a small white-glass bottle filled with pure almond or olive oil1 and exposing it to the sun's rays at a window for some time till a curdy matter ceases to be deposited1 and the oil has become quite limpid and colourless4 ,used for fine work2 does not become thick by age4 ,oil1 ,wedell's4 ,syn4 ,,bezoar ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,bezoardicum1 ,l4 ,from nut oil1 #a_/d pint2 camphor1 #a_/b oz42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and1 when cold1 add of essence of bergamot1 #a dr41 and let it stand over a little alkanet root until sufficiently coloured4 ,oils1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,egg-,,oils4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yolks of eggs1 #d in number2 oil of turpentine1 #a_/d pint2 mix1 add of liquor of ammonia1 #c fl4 oz42 oil of origanum1 #a_/b oz42 soaper's lye1 #a_/d pint2 water1 #c_/d pint2 agitate well1 and strain through a coarse hair sieve4 #b4 ,rape oil1 #c_/d pint2 liquor of ammonia and oil of turpentine1 of each #c oz42 agitate until they form a milk4 #c4 7,redwood47 ,whites and yolks of #b eggs2 oil of turpentine1 #a-a_/b oz42 triturate together1 add of ,goulard's extract1 #a_/b oz2 mix1 next add of distilled vinegar1 #a-a_/b pint1 and1 lastly1 of rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,stimulant and detergent4 ,used by farriers4 ,oil1 ,worm 7,canine74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,vermifugum ,,caninum4 ,prep4 ,from oil of turpentine and castor oil1 equal parts2 tinged yellow with a little palm oil or annotta4----,dose4 ,for a middle-sized dog1 #a_/b oz41 repeated in #b or #c hours if it does not operate4 ,,oils 7in ,perfumery74 ,syn4 ,,scented ,,oils2 ,,olea ,,fixa ,,odorata1 ,l4 ,the oils which usually form the basis of these articles are those of almonds1 ben1 or olives2 but others are occasionally used4 ,the methods adopted for their preparation vary with the nature of the substances whose fragrance it is intended to convey to the oil4 ,the ,continental perfumers employ three different processes for this purpose1 which they technically distinguish by terms indicative of their nature4 ,these are as under3---- #a4 ,a sufficient quantity of the essential oil of the plant1 or of the concentrated essence of the substance1 if it does not furnish an oil1 is added to the fixed oil which it is desired to perfume1 until the latter becomes agreeably fragrant2 the whole is then allowed to repose for a few days1 and1 if any sediment falls 7which should not be the case when the ingredients are pure71 the clear portion is decanted into another bottle4 ,when alcoholic essences are thus employed1 the fixed oil should be gently warmed1 and the admixture made in a strong bottle1 so as to permit of it being corked and well agitated with safety2 and in this case the agitation should be prolonged until the whole has become quite cold4 ,in this way all the ordinary aromatised and perfumed oils of the ,english druggists and perfumers1 as those of bergamotte1 cassia1 cloves1 lavender1 lemon1 mille-fleurs1 neroli1 nutmeg1 oranges1 roses1 c41 are made1 but those of a few of the more delicate flowers1 and of certain other substances1 can only be prepared of the first quality by one or other of the processes described below4 ,in general1 #a to #a-a_/b dr4 of the pure essential oil1 or #c to #d fl4 dr4 of the alcoholic essences1 are found sufficient to render #a pint of oil agreeably fragrant1 #a_/b dr4 of pure attar of roses is1 however1 enough for this purpose1 owing to the very powerful character of its perfume2 but even a less quantity than this is commonly employed1 on account of its costliness1 the deficiency being made up by a mixture of the oils of rhodium1 rosemary1 and bergamotte4 ,most of the oils of this class are intended for hair cosmetics4 #b4 7,by ,,infusion47 ,dry substances1 after being reduced to powder1 or sliced very small----flowers or petals1 after being carefully selected1 and picked from the stems and other scentless portions----and soft or unctuous matters1 as ambergris1 civet1 or musk1 after being rubbed to a paste with a little oil1 either with or without the addition of about twice their weight of clean sand or powdered glass1 to facilitate the reduction1 are digested in the fixed oil for about #a hour1 at a gentle heat obtained by means of a water bath1 continual stirring being employed all the time2 the mixture is then removed from the heat1 covered up1 and left to settle until the next day1 when the clear portion is decanted into clean bottles4 ,when flowers are employed1 the free oil is drained off1 and the remainder obtained by the action of a press4 ,the process is then repeated with fresh flowers1 #e or #f times1 or even oftener1 until the oil is sufficiently perfumed4 ,for ambergris1 musk1 or civet1 the digestion is generally continued for #ae to #bj days1 during which time the vessel is either freely exposed to the sunshine1 or kept in an equally warm situation4 ,the first quality of the oils of ambergris1 balsam of ,peru1 benzoin1 cassia1 cinnamon1 civet1 orange flowers1 orris1 roses1 styrax1 and vanilla1 are made by infusion4 #c4 7,,by ,,the ,,flowers47----a4 ,upon an iron frame a piece of white1 spongy1 cotton cloth is stretched1 and then moistened with almond or olive oil1 usually the latter2 on the cloth is placed a thin layer of the fresh-plucked flowers2 another frame is similarly treated1 and in this way a pile of them is made4 ,in #bd or #cj hours the flowers are replaced by fresh ones1 and this is repeated every day or every other day1 until #g or #h different lots of flowers have been consumed1 or the oil is sufficiently loaded with their odour4 ,the oil is then obtained from the cotton cloth by powerful pressure1 and is placed aside in bottles to settle1 ready to be decanted into others for sale4 ,sometimes thin layers of cotton wool1 slightly moistened with oil1 are employed instead of cotton cloth4 ,the oils of honeysuckle1 jasmin1 or jessamine1 jonquil1 may-blossom1 myrtle-blossom1 narcissus1 tuberose1 violet1 and1 in general1 of all the more delicate flowers1 are prepared in the above manner4 b4 ,the native perfumers of ,india prepare their scented oils of bela1 chumbul1 jasmin1 c41 in the following manner3----,a layer of the scented flowers1 about #d inches thick and #b feet square1 is formed on the ground2 over this is placed a layer of moistened tel or sesamum seeds1 #b inches thick1 and on this another #d-;inch layer of flowers4 ,over the whole a sheet is thrown1 which is kept pressed down by weights attached round the edges4 ,the flowers are replaced with fresh ones after the lapse of #bd hours1 and the process is repeated a third and even a fourth time1 when a very highly scented oil is desired4 ,the swollen sesamum seeds1 rendered fragrant by contact with the flowers1 are then submitted to the action of the press1 by which their bland oil is obtained strongly impregnated with the aroma of the flowers4 ,the expressed oil is then set aside in dubbers 7bottles made of untanned hides7 to settle4 ,we have employed poppy seed in this country1 in a similar manner1 with great success4 c4 ,the flowers are crushed in a mortar or mill1 with one half their weight of blanched sweet almonds1 and the next day the mass is gently heated and submitted to the action of a powerful press2 the liquid thus obtained is allowed to repose for a week1 when the upper portion of oil is decanted and filtered4 ,this plan is occasionally adopted in this country for the oils of roses and of a few other flowers4 7,see below47 ,the solution of a few grains of benzoic acid1 or of gum benzoin 7preferably the first71 in any of the above oils1 will materially retard the accession of rancidity1 if it does not prevent it altogether4 ,the oils of the last two classes 7#b and #c7 are chiefly used to impart their respective odours to the simple oils1 pomades1 c42 and in the manufacture of scented spirits or esprits4 ,the following formul are given as examples of both classes of preparations3---- ,oil of ,ambergris4 ,from ambergris1 #b dr42 oil1 #a pint2 by infusion4 ,oil of ,benzoin4 ,from gum benzoin1 #g dr42 oil1 #a pint2 by infusion4 ,oils for the ,hair4 ,syn4 ,,huiles ,,antiques1 ,fr4 ,these are numerous4 ,all those scented with the simple perfumes are prepared in the way explained under class #a 7above74 ,the selection depends entirely upon the judgment of the operator or the fancy of the purchaser4 ,in general1 a mixture of two or three perfumes is preferred in these countries to the pure fragrance of any single flower1 and a grossness of taste is exhibited in these matters which surprises our ,continental neighbours1 and the inhabitants of ,italy more particularly4 ,some of these oils are coloured4 ,a red tinge is given to them by allowing the oil to stand for a few hours over a little alkanet root 7#b dr4 to the pint7 before scenting it4 ,the application of a gentle heat facilitates the process4 ,yellow and orange are given by a little annotta or palm oil2 and green1 by steeping a little green parsley or lavender in them for a few days2 or by dissolving #b or #c dr4 of gum guaiacum in each pint by the aid of heat1 and1 when cold1 decanting the clear portion4 ,huile antique au jasmin1 ,huile antique la fleurs d'oranges1 ,huile antique la rose1 ,huile antique la tuberose1 ,huile antique la violette1 c41 are simple oils flavoured with the respective perfumes or their preparations4----,huile antique rouge la rose is the ordinary oil of roses coloured with alkanet root4----,huile antique verte is simple oil coloured green1 as above1 and scented4----,huile antique aux millefleurs is so scented with several perfumes that none predominate4 ,a mixture of bergamotte1 lemons1 lavender1 neroli1 pimento1 and ambergris or musk1 is commonly employed for the purpose4 ,oil1 ,macassar4 ,syn4 ,,huile ,,de ,,macassar4 ,prep4 #a4 7,rowland's47 ,oil of ben or almonds 7reddened by alkanet root71 #a pint2 oils of rosemary and origanum 7white71 of each #a dr42 oil of nutmeg and attar of roses1 of each #ae drops2 neroli1 #f drops2 essence of musk1 #c or #d drops4 #b4 7,de ,naquet47 ,oil of ben1 #a quart2 nut oil1 #a pint2 rectified spirit1 #a_/d pint2 essence of bergamotte1 #c-a_/b dr42 tincture of musk and esprit de ,portugal1 of each #b dr42 attar of roses1 #a_/b dr42 alkanet root1 q4 s4 to colour4 ,oil1 ,marrow 7,perfumed74 #a4 ,simple marrow oil1 scented at will4 #b4 7,,fluide ,,de ,,java47 ,marrow oil1 coloured with a little palm oil and scented4 #c4 7,,huile ,,comogene47 ,marrow oil1 #d oz42 spirit of rosemary1 #a-a_/b oz42 oil of nutmeg1 #ab drops4 #d4 7,,huile ,,philocome ,d',,aubril47 ,cold-drawn nut oil and marrow oil1 equal parts2 scent at will1 q4 s4 #e4 7,,huile ,,de ,,ph,,nix47 ,clarified beef marrow1 lard1 pale nut oil1 and expressed oil of mace1 of each #d oz42 melt together by the heat of hot water1 strain through linen into a warm stone mortar1 add1 of oils of cloves1 lavender1 mint1 rosemary1 sage1 and thyme1 of each #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #a oz41 in which has been dissolved by a gentle heat balsam of tolu1 #d dr42 camphor1 #a dr42 triturate until the whole is cold1 and then put it into bottles4 ,all the above are used to make the hair grow1 and to prevent it falling off4 ,oil of ,musk4 ,from grain musk1 #a dr42 ambergris1 #a_/b dr42 oil of lavender1 #bj drops2 oil1 #a pint1 by infusion4 ,a second quality is made by working the same ingredients1 after the oil is poured from them1 with #c_/d pint of fresh oil4 ,this also applies to ,,oil ,,of ,,ambergris and ,,huile ,,royale4 ,oil of ,musk and ,ambergris4 ,syn4 ,,huile ,,royale4 ,from ambergris1 #b dr42 grain musk1 #a_/b dr42 oils of cassia1 lavender1 neroli1 and nutmeg1 of each #aj drops2 oil1 #a pint2 by infusion4 7,see above47 ,oil of ,styrax4 ,from liquid styrax 7pure71 #e dr42 oil of nutmeg1 #aj drops2 ambergris1 #f gr42 oil1 #a pint2 by infusion4 ,oil of ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,huile ,,la ,,vanille4 ,from purest olive or almond oil1 #a-a_/b pint2 vanilla 7finest1 in powder71 #b oz42 oil of bergamotte1 #a dr42 attar of roses 7finest71 #ae drops2 by infusion4 ,,oils 7,volatile74#fd ,syn4 ,,olea ,,destillata1 ,,olea ,,distillata1 ,,olea ,,essentialia1 ,,olea ,,volatilia1 ,l42 ,,huiles ,,volatiles1 ,fr4 ,the volatile oils are an extensive and important class of bodies1 derived from the vegetable kingdom1 and found in almost every part of the majority of the plants which produce them1 except the cotyledons of the seeds1 in which1 in general1 the fixed oils are exclusively stored up4 ,their presence confers upon flowers1 leaves1 fruit1 seeds1 roots1 bark1 and woods their peculiar and characteristic odours2 but among these they are not equally distributed in the same individual1 and are often altogether absent from some of them4 ,to them we are indebted for our most delightful perfumes1 and our choicest spices and aromatics4 ,some of them are found to possess valuable medicinal properties1 and others are invested with the highest possible interest on account of their peculiar chemical constitution1 and the reactions which occur when they are brought into contact with other bodies4 ,footnote #fd3 ,although essential oils are volatile oils1 volatile oils are not always essential ones as the term is understood4 ,this is the case with the petroleum and paraffin oils obtained by the distillation of native petroleum and bituminous bodies4 ,to describe the two as synonymous is therefore incorrect4----,,ed4 ,the volatile oils are often called #8essences1' and the same loose and unmeaning term is also commonly applied to their alcoholic solutions4 ,prop4 ,the volatile or essential oils are usually more limpid and less unctuous than the fixed oils2 but some of them are butyraceous or crystalline4 ,nearly all of them consist of two or more oils1 differing in their sp4 gr4 and boiling points1 one of which is generally liquid1 the other1 in some cases1 crystalline4 ,all of them1 when perfectly pure1 are colourless1 though before rectification nearly the whole of them have a pale yellow tint1 and some of them are brown1 blue1 or green4 ,their odour is that of the plants which yield them1 and is usually powerful2 their taste is pungent and burning4 ,they mix in all proportions with the fixed oils1 dissolve freely in both alcohol and ether1 and are sparingly soluble in water1 forming #8perfumed' or #8medicated waters4' ,their boiling point usually ranges between #caj and #cbe ,fahr41 and is always considerably higher than that of water4 ,they resist saponification1 and 7excepting oil of cloves7 do not combine with the salifiable bases4 ,their density fluctuates a little on either side of water4 ,the lightest oil is that of citrons 7sp4 gr4 #hdg71 and the heaviest that of sassafras 7sp4 gr4 #ajif74 ,when cooled sufficiently1 they all solidify4 ,the common temperature of the atmosphere is sufficient for this with some of them1 as the oils of roses and aniseed2 whilst others require to be cooled below the freezing point of water before they assume the solid form4 ,in this state they appear to consist of a crystalline or semi-crystalline substance 7stearopten1 stearessence71 and a fluid portion 7eleopten1 oleiessence74 ,the two may be separated by pressing the concrete oil between the folds of bibulous paper1 in the cold4 ,by exposure to the air the volatile oils rapidly absorb oxygen1 and become partially converted into resin4 ,this is the cause of the deposit that usually forms in them 7especially in the expressed oil of orange7 when kept in an ill-corked vessel4 ,the solid crystalline matter which separates from them when kept in closed vessels is stearoptene4 ,class4 ,chemically considered1 the essential oils may be divided into three great classes3---- #a4 ,oils composed of carbon and hydrogen only 7binary volatile oils1 carbo-hydrogens1 hydro-carbons1 terebenes1 camphenes71 of which oil of turpentine may be regarded as the type4 ,these are characterised by being1 as a class1 less soluble in rectified spirit and in water than the other essential oils4 ,the oils of bergamot1 capivi1 cubebs1 elemi1 hops1 juniper1 lemons1 orange peel1 pepper1 the grass oil of ,india1 the laurel oil of ,guiana1 and some others1 belong to this class4 #b4 ,oils containing carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen 7oxygenated oils71 including most of those used in medicine and perfumery4 ,these1 as a class1 are more soluble in rectified spirit and in water than those containing carbon and hydrogen only4 ,to this class belong the oils of almonds1 aniseed1 cassia1 cedar-wood1 cinnamon1 cumin1 jasmin1 lavender1 meadow-sweet 7,spira ulmaria71 orange flowers1 pennyroyal1 peppermint1 spearmint1 rosemary1 rose-petals1 valerian1 winter green 7,gaultheria procumbens71 and others too numerous to mention4 ,a few of these oxygenated oils contain nitrogen4 #c4 ,oils containing sulphur 7sulphuretted oils74 ,these are characterised by their extreme pungency1 suffocating odour1 vesicating power1 property of blacking silver1 and being decomposed by contact with most other metallic bodies4 ,the oils of assaftida1 black mustard seed1 garlic1 horseradish1 and onions1 are of this kind4 ,some sulphuretted oils contain nitrogen4 ,prep4 ,the volatile oils are generally procured by distilling the odoriferous substances along with water2 but in a few instances they are obtained by expression1 and still more rarely by the action of alcohol4 ,according to the common method of proceeding1 substances which part freely with their oil are put into the still along with about an equal weight of water1 and are at once submitted to distillation4 ,those substances which give out their oil with difficulty are first soaked for #bd hours1 or longer1 in about twice their weight of water1 to each gallon of which #a lb4 of common salt has been added1 in order to raise its boiling point4 ,the distillation is conducted as quickly as possible1 and1 when one half the water has come over1 it is returned into the still1 and this cohobation is repeated1 when necessary1 until the distilled water ceases to be mixed with oil4 ,the heat of steam or a salt-water bath should be preferably employed4 ,when a naked fire is used1 the still should be deep and narrow1 by which means the bottom will be better protected by the gradually decreasing quantity of water towards the end of the process1 and empyreuma prevented4 ,when the distilled water is to be repeatedly cohobated on the ingredients1 a convenient and economical plan is to so arrange the apparatus that1 after the water has separated from the oil in the receiver1 it shall flow back again into the still4 ,an ordinary worm-tub1 or other like condensing apparatus1 may be employed2 but in the case of those oils which readily solidify1 the temperature of the water in the condenser must not fall below about #ee ,fahr4 ,the mixed vapours which pass over condense and fall as a milky-looking liquid into the receiver4 ,this separates after a time into two portions1 one of which is a solution of a part of the newly eliminated oil in water1 and the other is the oil itself4 ,the latter either occupies the upper or the lower portion of the receiver1 according as its specific gravity is less or greater than that of distilled water4 ,the separation of the oil and water is effected by allowing the mixed liquids to drop into a #8,florentine receiver' 7see engr47 when the oil is the lighter of the two1 by which means the latter accumulates at a1 and the water flows over by the spout b4 ,illustration ,the same receiver may be employed for oils heavier than water1 by reversing the arrangement2 but a glass #8separator' 7see engr47 is1 in general1 found more convenient4 ,in this case the oil accumulates at the bottom of the vessel1 and may be drawn off by the stop-cock provided for the purpose4 ,illustration ,the essential oils of lemons and oranges of commerce1 and of some other fruits1 are chiefly obtained by submitting the yellow rind to powerful pressure2 but in this way they are not so white1 nor do they keep so well1 as when distilled1 although in the case of the fruits referred to the oils are more fragrant than when prepared by any other method4 ,the ,london ,college excluded the usual directions for the preparation of the essential oils from their ,pharmacopia of #ahea1 on the ground that these substances are seldom prepared by the druggist or apothecary1 or at all on the small scale4 8,the fruit of anise1 caraway1 and juniper1 the flowers of chamomile1 lavender1 and elder1 the berries of allspice1 the tops of rosemary1 and the entire recent plants of the other herbs1 are to be employed40 8,put any one of these into an alembic1 then pour in as much water as will cover it1 and distil the oil into a large vessel1 kept cool40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,the ,edinburgh ,college directs----8,as much water only is to be employed as will prevent empyreuma during the distillation4 ,the distillation may be immediately commenced after a proper maceration1 and the oil afterwards separated from the water10 in the manner already noticed4 8,it is also necessary to observe1 in preparing these oils1 as well as the distilled waters1 that the quality of the substances1 their texture1 the season of the year1 and similar circumstances1 must occasion so many differences1 that it is scarcely possible to give any certain and general rules which shall strictly apply to every example4 ,many things1 therefore1 must be regulated by the judgment of the operator40 ,the ,dublin ,college directs the vegetable substances to be macerated in the still with about #e times their weight of water1 for #bd hours1 when one half of the water is to be drawn over4 ,the oil having been separated from this in the usual manner1 it is to be returned to the still1 and the same quantity drawn over1 as before1 from which the oil must again be separated4 ,chevallier gives the following rules for the distillation of essential oils3---- #a4 ,operate upon as large quantities as possible1 in order to obtain a greater product1 and one of finer quality4 #b4 ,conduct the distillation rapidly4 #c4 ,divide the substances minutely1 in order to facilitate the extrication of the oil4 #d4 ,employ only sufficient water to prevent the matter operated on from burning1 and the product from being contaminated with empyreuma4 #e4 ,for substances whose oil is heavier than water1 saturate or nearly saturate the water in the still with common salt1 to raise the boiling point1 and thus to enable the vapour to carry over more oil4 #f4 ,employ1 when possible1 water which has been already distilled from off the same substances1 and has thus become saturated with oil4 #g4 ,for oils naturally fluid1 keep the water in the refrigerator cool2 but for those oils which easily become solid1 preserve it at #hj to #ij ,fahr4787 ,to the above may be added---- #h4 ,collect the oil as soon as possible after it separates from the water with which it passes over1 and in its subsequent treatment keep it1 as much as possible1 from free contact with the air4 ,dr ,ure remarks1 8,the narrower and taller the alembic is1 within certain limits1 the greater will be the proportion of oil1 relative to that of the aromatic water1 from like proportions of aqueous and vegetable matter employed40 8,some place the plants in baskets1 and suspend these immediately over the bottom of the still1 under the water1 or above its surface in the steam2 but the best mode1 in my opinion1 is to stuff an upright cylinder full of the plants and drive down through them steam of any desired force1 its tension and its temperature being further regulated by the size of the outlet-orifice leading to the condenser4 ,the cylinder should be made of strong copper1 tinned inside1 and encased in the worst conducting species of wood1 such as soft deal or sycamore40 ,the newly distilled oils may be separated from adhering water1 which frequently renders them partially opaque or #8cloudy1' by repose in a temperature between #fj and #gj ,fahr41 and subsequent decantation2 but to render them quite dry 7anhydrous71 it is necessary to let them stand over some fragments of fused chloride of calcium4 ,this is not1 however1 required with the commercial oils4 ,the rectification of the volatile oils is commonly performed without water1 by the careful application of a heat just sufficient to make them flow over pretty rapidly1 so that they may be kept heated for as short a time as possible4 ,one half1 or at most two thirds only1 is drawn off1 that left in the retort being usually mixed with raw oil intended to be sold in that state4 ,this method often leads to much loss and disappointment1 and we have known more than one rather dangerous explosion result from its use4 ,a better plan is to rectify the oil from strong brine1 and then to separate any adhering water1 either by repose or chloride of calcium4 ,pres4 ,volatile oils should be preserved in well-closed and nearly full bottles1 in the shade1 and should be opened as seldom as possible4 ,by age they darken1 lose much of their odour1 increase in density1 and become thick and clammy4 ,it is then necessary to distil them1 by which the undecomposed portion is separated from the resin4 ,agitation along with animal charcoal will restore their clearness and original colour1 but nothing more4 ,pur41 ,tests4 ,the essential or volatile oils of commerce are very frequently adulterated with the fatty oils1 resins1 spermaceti1 or alcohol1 or with other essential oils of a cheaper kind or lower grade4 ,the presence of the first three of these may be readily detected by placing a drop of the suspected oil on a piece of white paper1 and exposing it for a short time to heat4 ,if the oil is pure1 it will entirely evaporate2 but if adulterated with one of these substances1 a greasy or translucent stain will be left on the paper4 ,these substances also remain undissolved when the oil is agitated with thrice its volume of rectified spirit4 ,the presence of alcohol may be detected by agitating the oil with a few small pieces of dried chloride of calcium4 ,these remain unaltered in a pure essential oil1 but dissolve in one containing alcohol1 and the resulting solution separates1 forming a distinct stratum at the bottom of the vessel4 ,when only a very little alcohol is present1 the pieces merely change their form1 and exhibit the action of the solvent on their angles or edges1 which become more or less obtuse or rounded4 ,another test for alcohol in the essential oils is the milkiness occasioned by agitating them with a little water1 as well as the loss of volume of the oil when it separates after repose for a short time4 ,a more delicate test of alcohol in the essential oils than either of the preceding is potassium1 as employed by ,m4 ,beral3----#ab drops of the oil are placed on a perfectly dry watch-glass1 and a piece of potassium1 about the size of an ordinary pin's head1 set in the middle of it4 ,if the small fragment of metal retains its integrity for #ab or #ae minutes1 no alcohol is present2 but if it disappears after the lapse of #e minutes1 the oil contains at least #d of alcohol2 and if it disappears in less than #a minute1 it contains not less than #be of alcohol4 ,boettger states that anhydrous glycerin possesses the property of dissolving in alcohol1 without mixing with the volatile oils4 ,the mode of applying the glycerin is as follows3----,the oil to be examined is well shaken in a graduated tube1 with its own volume of glycerin 7sp4 gr4 #abe74 ,upon being allowed to settle1 the mixture separates into two layers4 ,the denser glycerin separates rapidly1 and if the essence has been mixed with alcohol1 this is dissolved in the glycerin1 the augmentation in the volume of glycerin showing the proportion of alcohol present4 ,this species of adulteration is very common1 as it is a general practice of the druggists to add a little of the strongest rectified spirit to their oils1 to render them transparent1 especially in cold weather4 ,oil of cassia is nearly always treated in this way4 ,the admixture of an inferior essential oil with one more costly may be best detected by pouring a drop or two on a piece of porous paper or cloth1 and shaking it in the air1 when1 if occasionally smelled1 the difference of the odour at the beginning and the end of the evaporation will show the adulteration1 especially if the added substance is turpentine4 ,the presence of the latter may also be detected by agitating the oil with rectified spirit1 when it will remain undissolved4 ,the following method1 which may also be used as a test for the presence of turpentine1 is based upon its power of dissolving fats3----,take about #ej gr4 of oil of poppy in a graduated glass tube1 and add an equal quantity of the sample of essential oil4 ,shake the mixture up thoroughly and then allow it to stand2 if the essential oil be pure1 the mixture becomes milky1 and does not clear until after several days have passed1 whereas it will remain transparent if even so little as #e per cent4 of essence of turpentine be present4 ,the purity of essential oils may likewise1 in many cases1 be determined by taking their sp4 gr42 or1 with still greater accuracy and convenience1 by measuring their index of refraction1 as suggested by ,dr ,wollaston4 ,a single drop of oil is sufficient for the application of the last method4 ,the adulteration of a heavy oil with a light one1 or the reverse1 may be detected by agitating the suspected oil with water1 when1 in most cases1 the two will separate and form distinct strata4 ,miss ,crane believes that the cohesion figures afforded by the volatile oils1 like those of the fixed ones1 will be found useful indications of their purity4 ,the application of her method is precisely similar to that followed in her examination of the fixed oils as already described4 ,she finds that---- ,oil of ,turpentine1 by itself1 spreads instantly to the whole size of the plate 7a common soup plate71 and almost immediately the edge begins to break into irregular shapes1 when a rapid motion takes place over the surface of the film1 and there seems to be a contest between the cohesion of the oil particles and the adhesion between them and the water4 ,the oil makes repeated efforts to gather itself closer together1 when the water instantly reacts1 giving a wavy appearance to the whole figure4 ,the play of colours at this point is beautiful1 and serves to bring out the lines more perfectly4 ,in a few seconds innumerable little holes appear over the surface1 which soon are separated only by threaded lines1 and the figure is like the most exquisitely fine lace4 ,oil of ,cinnamon forms a figure not more than half the size of the last-named4 ,in a few seconds small portions are detached1 and shortly separate into distinct drops1 four or five larger1 and a number of smaller ones1 scattered about4 ,with mixtures in different proportions of oil of turpentine1 the figures formed differently1 taking more of the characteristics of the adulterant as it predominated4 ,oil of ,nutmeg forms a large figure instantly1 the edge showing a beaded line4 ,it gathers itself together and spreads again1 very like oil of turpentine1 but the surface presents more the appearance of watered silk4 ,within sixty seconds some holes appear1 and in eighty more the surface is covered with them2 these scarcely spread to more than a sixteenth of an inch in diameter1 but from the first each is bordered with a dotted edge4 ,the figure lasts some time without changing materially1 except the openings lengthen out into an oblong shape1 remaining entirely distinct4 ,the play of colours is very fine4 ,with the addition of one third of the oil of turpentine1 the first spreading is little different1 but openings appear in half the time1 and the dotted border does not come as soon2 in about four minutes the figure is most characteristically marked1 and soon breaks up entirely1 this being the distinctive difference between the pure oil and the mixture4 ,oil of ,peppermint spreads instantly to a large figure1 and in ten or fifteen seconds openings appear1 which increase rapidly in size4 ,at first they look somewhat like the last-named1 but are not nearly so numerous1 and the border soon is more like tiny drops4 ,in one and a half or two minutes they begin to run together1 and the figure breaks up4 ,with the addition of turpentine oil the figure forms more slowly1 and the breaking up is less rapid1 but in five minutes the outlines only remain4 ,oil of ,bergamot spreads instantly2 in thirty seconds tiny openings appear1 not very abundant1 and increase in size slowly2 in five minutes they are not larger than oil of nutmeg at one and a half minute4 ,at first they have a dotted border1 but as they increase in size this changes to a scalloped film1 which spreads1 until1 in eight or ten minutes1 they are joined together over the whole surface4 ,this1 with the turpentine oil1 gives a watered surface in spreading1 much more marked1 and with a fine play of colours4 ,uses1 c4 ,the volatile oils are chiefly used by perfumers and rectifiers1 and in medicine4 ,some of the cheaper kinds are largely employed as vehicles for colours1 and in the manufacture of varnishes4 ,the dose of the aromatic and carminative oils is from #a to #aj drops1 on sugar1 or dissolved in a little weak spirit4 ,this does not apply to oil of bitter almonds1 the dose of which is #a_/d to #a_/b a drop4 ,the following list includes short notices of nearly all the volatile oils which have been examined1 as well as of some other substances of a similar character1 which commonly pass under the name4 ,oil of ,alliaria4 ,from the roots of ,alliaria officinalis1 or sauce-alone4 ,identical with the oil of black mustard4 ,oil of ,allspice4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,pimento4 ,oil of ,almonds4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,bitter ,,almonds4 ,oil of ,american ,arbor ,vit4 ,syn4 ,,huile ,,cedre ,,blanc1 ,fr4 ,from the fresh tops of ,thuja occidentalis1 or ,american arbor-vit tree4 ,yellow2 fragrant2 stimulant4 ,used in frictions for rheumatism4 ,prod4 #a-a_/b to #b 7nearly74 ,oil of ,angelica4 ,from the dried root of ,angelica ,archangelica4 ,prod4 #be 7fully74 ,oil of ,aniseed4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,anisi 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,o4 ,,essentiale ,,anisi1 ,l4 ,from the fruit 7seeds7 of ,pimpinella anisum1 or anise4 ,nearly colourless4 ,it is very frequently adulterated with one or other of the cheaper oils1 in which case spermaceti or camphor is added to it1 to make it #8candy4' ,prop41 c4 ,when pure it congeals into a solid crystalline mass on being cooled to #ej ,fahr41 and does not melt again until heated to about #fc4 ,treated with iodine1 it quickly congeals into a solid hard mass1 with a perceptible increase of temperature1 and the development of orange-coloured and grey fumes4 ,sulphuric acid1 with heat1 turns it of a rich purple-red colour1 and the compound soon afterwards becomes inspissated and hard 7resinified74 ,in alcohol of #hjf it is soluble in all proportions1 but rectified spirit 7#hch7 dissolves only #db of this oil4 ,sp4 gr4 7recent7 #igfh2 7one year old7 #ihec to #ihee2 7old7 #ihef to #iijj4 ,the foreign oil is generally the heaviest4 ,oil of aniseed is carminative and pectoral2 and both itself and preparations have long been in favour with the masses in coughs1 colds1 c4 ,in preparing it care must be taken that the temperature of the water in the receiver and refrigerator does not fall lower than about #fh ,fahr4 ,prod4 7,from the dried fruit of commerce7 avoir4 #b 7nearly74 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,star-,,anise4 ,oil1 ,apple4 ,see ,,amyl 7,valerianate of71 and ,,essence ,,of ,,apple4 ,oil of ,arnica4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,arnic1 ,o4 ,a4 ,,radicum1 ,l4 ,from the roots of ,arnica montana4 ,yellowish brown4 ,sp gr4 #idj4 ,prod4 #af lbs4 yielded #a oz4 of oil4 ,the oil from the flowers of arnica is blue4 ,oil of ,asarabacca4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,asabi1 ,o4 ,,asari ,,liquidum1 ,l4 ,from the roots of ,asarum ,europum4 ,yellow2 glutinous4 ,two butyraceous oils pass over at the same time4 ,oil of ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,asaf,,tida1 ,l4 ,from the gum resin4 ,contains sulphur4 ,very fetid and volatile4 ,oil of ,balm4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,meliss1 ,l4 ,from the herb 7,melissa officinalis74 ,pale yellow2 fragrant4 ,sp4 gr4 #igj to #ige4 ,prod4 #ajj lbs4 of the fresh flowering herb yielding #a_/d oz4 of oil 7,m4 ,raybaud74 ,a mixture of oil of lemons and rosemary is commonly sold for it4 ,oil of ,balsam of ,peru4 ,see ,,cinnameine4 ,oil of ,bergamot4 ,syn4 ,,bergamot1 ,,essence ,,of ,b42 ,,oleum ,,bergamii1 ,o4 ,,bergamot1 ,l4 ,by expression from the yellow portion of the rind of the fruit of ,citrus ,bergamia1 or bergamot orange4 ,pale greenish yellow2 highly fragrant4 ,it is obtained purer by distillation1 but its perfume is then slightly less delicate4 ,sp4 gr4 #hge to #hhe4 ,prod4 ,the rind of #ajj bergamot oranges yielded by distillation nearly #c oz4 of oil4 7,m4 ,raybaud47 ,oil of bergamot is frequently adulterated with rectified spirit1 or with the oils of lemons1 oranges1 or turpentine4 ,the presence of these substances may be detected in the manner explained under ,,oils 7,volatile71 ,purity and ,tests 7ant71 as well as by the altered density of the oil4 ,pure bergamot oil is much more soluble in rectified spirit than either of the others1 and is further distinguished from them by its free solubility in solution of potassa1 forming a clear solution4 ,oil of ,bitter ,almonds4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,b4 ,a42 ,,oleum ,,amygdal ,,amar1 ,o4 ,a4 ,,essentiale1 ,l4 ,from the ground cake of bitter almonds from which the fixed oil has been expressed4 ,the common plan is to soak the cake 7crumbled to fragments7 for about #bd hours in twice its weight of water1 to which #a_/crd or #a_/dth of its weight of common salt has been added1 and then to submit the whole to distillation1 allowing the first half of the water that passes over to deposit its oil1 and to run back again into the still4 ,pale golden yellow2 colourless when rectified2 tastes and smells strongly nutty1 like peach-kernels4 ,it consists of #he to #ij of hydride of benzoyl and #h to #ab of hydrocyanic acid1 with a variable quantity of benzoic acid and benzoin4 ,the density varies a little with the age of the oil1 and the temperature and rapidity with which it has been distilled4 ,sp4 gr4 7recent7 #ajebe2 7trade crude oil7 #ajgi 7,g4 ,wippel72 7old7 #ajha 7#ajhcf----,pereira74 8,essential oil of almonds1 free from adulteration1 should have a sp4 gr4 at most of #ajeb40 7,ure47 ,according to ,prof4 ,redwood1 the density may vary from #ajebd to #ajhbb4 ,the light oil contains the most hydride of benzoyl1 and the heavy oil the most benzoin4 ,prod4 ,from less than #b to #e4 ,pur4 ,this oil is generally adulterated with cheaper oils1 and in nearly every case with alcohol4 ,when it is pure----,mixed with oil of vitriol1 it strikes a clear crimson-red colour1 without visible decomposition1----,mixed with an alcoholic solution of potassa1 crystals are eliminated4----,iodine dissolves only partially and slowly in it1 without further visible results4----,chromate of potassa does not affect it4----,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb7 causes no immediate reaction1 and in the course of #c or #d days crystals of benzoic acid begin to appear2 but if only #h or #aj of alcohol or rectified spirit is present1 a violent effervescence speedily commences1 and nitrous fumes are evolved4 ,by using nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ae1 the smallest quantity of alcohol may be detected4 ,obs4 ,this oil does not pre-exist in the almond1 but is formed by the action of water on a peculiar crystallisable substance1 called amygdalin4 ,it is essentially the hydride of benzoyl1 but it always contains a portion of hydrocyanic or prussic acid1 to which it owes its very poisonous properties4 ,it is occasionally employed as a substitute for hydrocyanic acid in medicine2 but its principal consumption is as a flavouring ingredient and a perfume by cooks1 confectioners1 liquoristes1 and perfumers4 ,for this purpose it is dissolved in rectified spirits4 ,see ,,essence4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a drop4 ,an oil closely resembling that from bitter almonds is obtained by distillation from the leaves of the peach and cherry-laurel1 the bark of the plum-tree1 the bruised kernels of cherries1 plums1 and peaches1 the pips of apples1 and from several other vegetable substances that possess a nutty odour and flavour4 ,a ,,non-,,poisonous ,,oil ,,of ,,almonds has been introduced4 ,this is simply the ordinary oil of commerce freed from hydrocyanic acid1 and is intended to be substituted for the crude1 poisonous oil for domestic purposes4 ,unfortunately1 the purified essence does not keep well1 and is often converted after a few months into little else than a solution of benzoic acid1 almost devoid of the usual odour and flavour of the bitter almond4 8,no wonder1 then1 under such circumstances1 that the public preferred the preparations they had been accustomed to1 which were not so liable to change40 7,redwood47 ,the following methods have been adopted for this purpose3---- #a4 7,liebig47 ,agitate the crude distilled oil with red oxide of mercury1 in slight excess1 and after a few days' contact1 rectify the oil from a little fresh oxide of mercury4 ,the product is quite pure1 when the process is properly managed4 ,the cyanide of mercury thus formed may be either employed as such1 or reconverted into mercury and hydrocyanic acid4 #b4 7,mackay47 ,commercial oil of almonds1 #a lb42 fresh-slaked lime1 q4 s4 to form a milk-like liquid2 afterwards add1 of solution of potassa1 #a-a_/b lb42 water1 #c pints2 agitate occasionally for #dh hours1 then distil over the oil1 and rectify it from a fresh mixture of lime and potassa4 #c4 7,redwood47 ,the oil is mixed with an equal quantity of water1 and the mixture is digested in a water bath with red oxide of mercury1 and small quantities of fresh-slaked lime and protochloride of iron1 with as little access of air as possible2 as soon as decomposition of the acid has taken place1 the whole is introduced into a copper retort1 and submitted to distillation4 ,the product is perfectly free from hydrocyanic acid4 ,the first process is1 however1 the simplest1 cheapest1 and best4 ,the sp4 gr4 of this non-poisonous oil is #ajea4 7,g4 ,whippell47 ,that of pure colourless hydride of benzoyl is #ajdc2 it boils at #cef ,fahr41 is soluble in #ce parts of water1 and in all proportions in alcohol and ether4 ,exposed to the air1 it greedily absorbs oxygen1 and becomes converted into a mass of crystallised benzoic acid4 ,the purified oil of almonds does the same1 only less rapidly4 ,oil of ,almonds 7,factitious74 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,mirbane1 ,,nitrobenzol4 ,the preparation of this article on the small scale is explained under ,,nitrobenzol4 ,it is now extensively prepared as a substitute for the oil of almonds obtained by distillation4 ,the following is ,mansfield's process3----,the apparatus consists of a large glass worm1 the upper end of which is divided into two branches1 gradually dilating so as to form two funnel-shaped tubes4 ,into one of these concentrated nitric acid is poured1 and into the other benzol1 which need not1 for this purpose1 be chemically pure4 ,these bodies meet at the point of junction of the two tubes1 and the rate of their flow is regulated by any appropriate means4 ,chemical reaction instantly takes place1 and the new compound is cooled by its passage through the worm1 which is refrigerated for the purpose4 ,it has then only to be washed with water or a very weak solution of carbonate of soda for the process to be complete4 ,the product has the sp4 gr4 #abji1 boils at #dae ,fahr41 has an intensely sweet taste1 and an odour closely resembling1 but not actually identical with1 that of oil of bitter almonds4 ,unlike genuine oil of almonds or hydride of benzoyl1 it is insoluble in water1 and does not distil without suffering partial decomposition4 ,it is chiefly used to scent soaps1 and to adulterate the genuine oil4 ,the benzol for this purpose is obtained from coal-tar4 ,see ,,benzol and ,,nitrobenzol4 ,oil of ,boxwood4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,buxi ,,empyreumaticum4 ,distilled from fragments of boxwood in a retort1 with a sand bath gradually increased in heat4 ,anodyne1 antispasmodic1 and diaphoretic4----,dose1 #aj to #bj drops4 7,jourdan says #d to #e drops in gonorrha47 ,it relieves toothache4 ,oil1 ,brandy4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,grape4 ,oil of ,buchu4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,barosm1 ,o4 ,,diosm1 ,l4 ,from the leaves of ,diosma crenata4 ,yellow2 lighter than water2 smells of the leaves4 ,oil of ,cajeput4 ,syn4 ,,cajeputi ,,oil1 ,,kyapootie ,o42 ,,cajeputi ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,cajeputi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,from the dried leaves of the ,melaleuca ,cajeputi 7,melaleuca minor1 ,b4 ,p474 ,colourless1 when pure 7that of commerce is usually green72 odorous2 aromatic2 taste hot and penetrating4 ,its odour has been compared to a mixture of those of camphor and cardamoms4 ,it boils at #cdc ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibe to #ibg4 ,when rectified1 about #c_/dths of the quantity passes over colourless1 and has the density #hig2 the remaining portion is green1 and has the density #ibj to #ibe4 ,its green colour is derived from chloride of copper1 the presence of which may be recognised by the red precipitate occasioned by agitating the oil with a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium4 7,guibourt47 ,from the ,east ,indies4 ,pure oil of cajeput is slightly soluble in water2 entirely and freely soluble in alcohol2 dissolves iodine2 and when dropped on water1 rapidly diffuses itself over the surface1 and soon completely evaporates4 ,a spurious kind 7,,factitious ,,oil ,,of ,,cajeput71 made of oil of rosemary1 flavoured with camphor and the oils of peppermint and cardamoms1 and coloured with verdigris1 is occasionally met with in the shops4 ,oil of cajeput is a powerful antispasmodic and diffusible stimulant4----,dose1 #c to #f drops1 on sugar2 in cholera1 colic1 epilepsy1 hysteria1 rheumatism1 spasms1 toothache1 c4 ,oil of ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,liquid ,,camphor2 ,,oleum ,,camphor1 ,o4 ,c4 ,,volatile1 ,l4 ,obtained from incisions in the wood of the camphor tree of ,borneo and ,sumatra 7,dryobalanops aromatica71 in which it exists in cavities in the trunk2 also by distillation from the branches of the ,camphora officinarum1 or laurel camphor tree4 ,colourless when rectified4 ,sp4 gr4 #iaj4 ,prod4 #fj lbs4 of the crude brown oil yields #dj lbs4 of pure white oil and #bj lbs4 of camphor4 ,it rapidly oxidises in the air4 ,used to scent soap4 ,see ,,camphor 7,liquid74 ,oil of ,caraway4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,carui 7,b4 ,p4 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 ,c4 ,,essentiale1 ,l4 ,from the fruit of ,carum ,carui 7caraway seeds74 ,nearly colourless2 aromatic2 carminative4 ,sp4 gr4 #idj2 7old7 #idf to #iej4 ,prod4 ,av4 #e 7nearly74 ,it is frequently adulterated with oil of cumin4 ,added to purgative medicines to prevent griping4 ,oil of ,cardamoms4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cardamomi1 ,o4 ,c4 ,,essentiale1 ,l4 ,from the seed of ,elettaria cardamomum1 or true cardamom4 ,colourless2 fragrant2 carminative4 ,sp4 gr4 #idc4 ,prod4 #e 7nearly74 ,the capsules 7#8lesser cardamoms'7 yield only about #a of oil4 7,m4 ,raybaud47 ,oil of ,cascarilla4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cascarill1 ,l4 ,from the bark of ,croton eleuteria 7,swartz471 or cascarilla tree4 ,very fragrant4 ,prod4 #d to #ge4 ,oil of ,cassia4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,china ,,cinnamon2 ,,oleum ,,cassi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,from cassia buds1 or from cassia bark1 ,golden yellow2 aromatic2 fragrant4 ,it is generally adulterated with rectified spirit4 ,nitric acid converts the pure oil into a crystalline mass4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajga to #ajgc2 7old7 #ajgh to #ajij ,prod4 ,from the buds of #a 7barely72 from the bark of commerce1 #ge4 ,it is frequently sold for oil of cinnamon4 ,oil of ,cebadilla4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,sabadilla2 ,,oleum ,,cebadill1 ,l4 ,a green butyraceous matter1 obtained from ,asagra officinalis4 ,oil of ,cedar-wood4 ,from the wood of a species of ,cedrus4 ,it consists of two hydrocarbons4 ,one1 a volatile liquid 7cedrene71 and the other a solid1 crystalline compound containing oxygen4 ,prod4 #b to #be4 ,oil of ,cedrat4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,cedra2 ,,oleum ,,cedri1 ,o4 ,,citri ,,finum1 ,l4 ,from the exterior yellow rind of the fruit of ,citrus medica 7,risso71 or citrons1 either by expression or distillation1 as oil of bergamot4 ,the first portion of oil that comes over is colourless2 the latter portion greenish4 ,very fragrant4 ,sp4 gr4 #hdg4 ,prod4 #ajj citrons yield nearly #a fl4 oz4 of pale1 and #a_/b fl4 oz4 of green oil4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,citron 7below74 ,oil of ,celery ,seed4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,apii4 ,l4 ,from the fruit 7seed7 of ,apium graveolens4 ,diuretic2 stimulant4 ,prod4 #c_/d to #a 7nearly74 ,oil of ,chamomile4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,roman ,,chamomile2 ,,oleum ,,anthemidis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 ,,cham,,meli1 ,o4 ,c4 ,,florum1 ,o4 ,,essentiale ,,ex ,,floribus ,c41 ,l4 ,from the flowers of ,anthemis nobilis4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l41 ,english oil of chamomile 7,,anthemidis ,,oleum ,,anglicum7 is ordered4 ,blue2 turns yellow and brown by exposure and age2 odour characteristic4 ,sp4 gr41 ,english 7from the flowers71 #ijhc2 foreign1 #ibhi4 ,prod4 ,fresh flowers1 #a 7barely72 recently dried 7finest commercial71 #e2 av4 of #f dried samples1 #be 7nearly74 ,if much water is employed1 even the above small quantities of oil will not be obtained4 ,oil of chamomile is reputed antispasmodic1 tonic1 and stomachic4 #a to #c drops on a lump of sugar1 taken just before retiring to rest1 is an excellent preventive of nightmare1 and will frequently induce quiet sleep where more active substances have failed4 ,unfortunately1 the oil of the shops is generally either adulterated or old1 and commonly both1 in which case the oil acts as an irritant4 ,a common plan is to mix it with old oil of lemons1 a fraud which may be detected by the lessened density of the oil1 and by its diminished solubility in rectified spirit4 ,oil of ,cherry-laurel4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lauro-,,cerasi1 ,l4 ,from the leaves of ,cerasus ,laurocerasus1 or common laurel4 ,closely resembles oil of almonds1 but is said to be weaker4 ,like that substance1 it is powerfully poisonous4 ,prod4 #ajj lbs4 fresh leaves 7undeveloped1 ,june71 #ajac oz42 do4 7half grown1 ,june71 #gb oz42 do4 7full-grown1 #h weeks on tree1 ,july71 #dif oz42 do4 7do41 #c months on tree1 ,sept471 #gjd oz42 do4 7#ae months on tree71 #bbd4 7,christison47 ,oil of ,chervil4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ch,,rophylli1 ,l4 ,from the bruised fresh herb1 macerated for #b or #c days in salt and water1 and then distilled4 ,oil of ,cinchona4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cinchon1 ,l4 ,from cinchona bark4 ,butyraceous2 smells of the bark4 #bj lbs4 yield only #b gr4 7,trommsdorff47 ,the odour of bark is imitated by a solution of turmeric in potash1 and by chloride of iron4 ,oil of ,cinnamon4 ,syn4 ,,hydride ,,of ,,cinnamyl2 ,,oleum ,,cinnamomi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 ,c4 ,,veri1 ,l4 ,from the bark of ,cinnamomum zeylanicum1 macerated for several days in salt and water1 and then distilled4 ,yellowish or red2 very aromatic2 both odour and taste resemble that of the bark4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajce4 ,prod4 #aa lbs4 yielded #a oz42 #ajj lbs4 yielded #aef oz4 7,m4 ,raybaud47 ,pur4 ,oil of cinnamon1 owing to its high price1 and the consequent premium for its adulteration1 can scarcely be obtained pure from the shops of this country4 ,oil of cassia and highly rectified spirit are the substances usually employed for this purpose4 ,the increased sp4 gr4 resulting from the first1 and the diminished sp4 gr4 from the second1 afford ready means of detecting these frauds4 ,the presence of oil of cassia may also be detected by an experienced person by the odour1 which differs a little from that of pure oil of cinnamon4 ,oil of cassia is less limpid than oil of cinnamon1 and it stands a greater degree of cold without becoming turbid or congealing4 8,wine-yellow1 when recent2 cherry-red1 when old2 odour purely cinnamonic2 nitric acid converts it nearly into a uniform crystalline mass40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,during this reaction the odour of bitter almonds is perceptible4 ,both oil of cassia and oil of cinnamon are thus converted into a brown balsam2 with oil of cassia1 however1 a brisk decomposition occurs sooner1 and at a slighter heat4 ,it also forms a crystalline compound with ammonia4 ,these reactions1 unfortunately1 are not characteristic4 8,the most distinguishing characteristic of the cinnamon oils is1 perhaps1 their relation to the alcoholic solution of caustic potash4 ,both dissolve in it readily and clear1 with a reddish1 yellowish-brown colour2 after some time1 however1 the solution becomes very turbid1 and a rather heavy undissolved oil precipitates1 when the solution gradually becomes clear again4 7,ure47 ,the palest oil is considered the best4 ,obs4 ,oil of cinnamon is chiefly imported from ,ceylon1 where it is distilled from bark that is unfit for exportation4 ,the dark coloured oil is usually rectified1 when two pale oils are obtained1 one lighter1 and the other heavier1 than water2 but #aj of oil is lost by the process4 ,the oil distilled from the root of the tree 7,o4 ,,cinnamomi ,,radicis7 is much weaker than that from the bark4 ,the oil from the leaves 7,o4 ,c4 ,,foliorum71 also imported from ,ceylon1 smells of cloves1 but has a less density than oil of cloves4 ,oil of cinnamon consists essentially of hydride of cinnamyl1 but1 unless when very recently prepared1 it also contains a variable proportion of cinnamic acid formed by the oxidation of the hydride4 ,oil of ,citron4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,citron2 ,,oleum ,,citri1 ,l4 ,from the lees of citron juice2 or1 from the peels1 as oil of lemons or bergamot4 ,the last generally goes by the name of oil of cedrat4 ,both are fragrant4 7,see above47 ,oil of ,citron-flowers4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,citri ,,florum1 ,l4 ,amber-coloured2 highly fragrant4 ,prod4 #fj lbs4 yield #a oz4 ,oil of ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,cloves2 ,,oleum ,,caryophyllorum1 ,o4 ,,caryophylli 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 ,,eugeni ,c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,from the unexpanded flowers 7cloves7 of the ,caryophylus aromaticus1 or ,molucca clove-tree1 soaked for some time in salt and water1 and then submitted to distillation2 the distilled water1 after having deposited its oil1 being returned #c or #d times into the still1 and again #8worked off' from the same materials4 ,nearly colourless1 when recent1 gradually becoming pale yellow and ultimately light brown1 by age2 highly aromatic1 with the characteristic odour and flavour of cloves4 ,it is the least volatile of all the essential oils4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajee to #ajfa 7#ajcd to #ajfa1 ,b4 ,p474 ,prod4 #af to #bb4 ,pur4 ,oil of cloves is frequently adulterated with inferior essential oils1 especially with those of pimento1 pinks1 and clove-gilly flowers1 and1 occasionally1 with castor oil4----#a4 ,pure oil of cloves forms a butyraceous coagulum when shaken with pure liquor of ammonia1 which crystallises after fusion by a gentle heat4----#b4 ,treated with an alcoholic solution of potassa1 it entirely congeals into a crystalline mass1 with total loss of its characteristic odour4----#c4 ,shaken with an equal volume of strong caustic soda lye1 it forms1 on repose a mass of delicate lamellar crystals----#d4 ,solution of chromate of potassa converts it into brown flakes1 whilst the salt loses its yellow colour4----#e4 ,chlorine turns it first green1 and then brown and resinous4----#f4 ,nitric acid turns it red1 and a reddish-brown solid mass is formed2 with heat1 it converts it into oxalic acid4----#g4 ,it dissolves freely in sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol71 yielding a transparent1 deep reddish-brown solution1 without any visible decomposition4----#h4 ,mixed1 gradually1 with about #a_/crd of its weight of oil of vitriol1 an acid liquor is formed1 together with a resin of a rich purple colour1 which1 after being washed1 is hard and brittle1 and forms a red tincture with rectified spirit1 which is precipitated of a blood-red colour by water4----#i4 ,it dissolves iodine freely1 without any marked reaction4----#aj4 ,it dissolves santaline freely4----#aa4 ,mix one drop of the oil with a small trace of solution of aniline by means of a glass rod1 and then shake with #e or #f c4c4 of distilled water4 ,by the addition of a few drops of sodium hypochlorite to the mixture the characteristic blue coloration due to phenol will be developed in a few minutes1 if the adulterant be present2 whereas with the pure oil nothing but the purplish-violet colour of aniline will be perceived4 ,stirring or shaking must be avoided after the addition of the hypochlorite4 ,the presence of #a per cent4 of phenol can thus be demonstrated in one drop of the oil4 ,obs4 ,clove oil contains a heavy oil1 sp4 gr4 #ajgi 7caryophyllic acid71 and a light oil1 sp4 gr4 #iah 7clove hydrocarbon72 by rectification1 much of the light oil is lost1 and the product becomes denser4 7#acfa----;,bonastre47 ,oil1 ,cognac4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,grape 7below74 ,oil of ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,capivi2 ,,oleum ,,copaib 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph41 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,balsam of capivi1 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 distil1 returning the water into the still1 until oil ceases to pass over4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from the crude oil which separates during the manufacture of #8specific solution of copaiba' and #8soluble capivi1' by distillation along with a little salt and water4 ,pur41 c4 ,colourless when pure2 that of commerce has frequently a greenish tinge1 derived from the copper utensils2 odour1 not disagreeable when recent4 ,sp4 gr4 #hgf to #hgh4 ,prod4 #ej to #ee4 ,when adulterated with oil of turpentine1 its solubility in rectified spirit is greatly diminished1 and the solution is turbid4----,dose1 #aj to #ae drops1 in sugar2 in the usual cases in which copaiba is ordered4 #bj to #fj minims1 three times a day 7,b4 ,p474 ,oil of ,coriander4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,coriandri1 ,l4 ,from the fruit 7seeds7 of ,coriandrum sativum4 ,yellowish2 aromatic2 carminative4 ,prod4 7,dried fruit7 #e-a_/b to #f4 ,oil1 ,corn4 ,the name given by ,mulder to a peculiar fatty compound found in the fusel oil of the distilleries of ,holland4 ,it has a very powerful odour1 resembling that of some of the umbelliferous plants1 and is unaffected by caustic potassa4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,fusel 7page #ggb74 ,oil of ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cubebaram1 ,o4 ,,cubeb 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,from the fruit of ,cubeba officinalis1 or cubebs1 coarsely ground4 ,aromatic1 hot1 and bitter tasted2 odour1 that of the fruit2 faintly green1 colourless when pure4 ,sp4 gr4 #abi4 ,prod4 #i to #aa4 ,pur41 c4 ,when pure1 iodine has little action on this oil1 and immediately gives it a violet colour1 without any very marked reaction2 nitric acid turns it opaque1 and the mixture changes to a pale red when heated2 sulphuric acid turns it of a crimson red4 ,when adulterated with oil of turpentine1 both its viscidity1 solubility in rectified spirit1 and its density1 are lessened2 when mixed with castor oil it leaves a greasy stain on paper4----,dose1 #aj to #ae drops1 in the usual cases in which cubebs in substance is given4 #e to #bj minims 7,b4 ,p471 suspended in water by mucilage and sugar4 ,oil of ,cumin4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,cumini1 ,o4 ,,cymini1 ,l4 ,from the fresh fruit 7seed7 of ,cuminum ,cyminum1 or cumin4 ,pale yellow2 smells and tastes strongly of the seeds4 ,sp4 gr4 #ige4 ,prod4 #b-a_/b to #c4 ,obs4 ,oil of cumin is a mixture of two oils differing in volatility1 and which may be separated by careful distillation4 ,the more volatile one has been named cymol2 the other1 cuminol4 ,oil of ,dill4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,anethi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,from the bruised fruit 7seed7 of ,antheum graveolens4 ,pale yellow2 odour1 that of the fruit2 taste1 hot and pungent2 carminative4 ,sp4 gr4 #ahh to #hhb4 ,prod4 #d 7nearly74 ,oil of ,elder4 ,syn4 ,,attar ,,of ,,elder ,,flowers2 ,,oleum ,,sambuci1 ,l4 ,from elder flowers 7,sambucus nigra74 ,butyraceous2 odour not very marked4 ,oil of ,elemi4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,elemi1 ,l4 ,from the resin4 ,isomeric with oil of turpentine4 ,oil of ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,ethereal ,o4 ,,of ,e42 ,,oleum ,,ergot1 ,o4 ,e4 ,,thereum1 ,o4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,l4 ,prepared by evaporating the ethereal tincture at a very gentle heat1 and1 preferably1 allowing the last portion of the ether to escape by spontaneous evaporation4 ,brownish-yellow2 lighter than water2 soluble in ether and solution of potassa2 only partly soluble in alcohol4 ,it appears to be a mixture of volatile and fixed oil1 with some resinous matter4----,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 in hmorrhages2 #aj or #ab drops every #c or #d hours1 in diarrha2 #bj to #ej drops1 as a parturifacient1 c4 ,externally1 in rheumatism1 toothache1 c4 ,obs4 ,the above is the oil of ergot now employed in medicine4 ,it must not be confounded with other preparations occasionally called by the same name1 but which differ from it in character4 ,among the latter are the following3 a4 ,a fixed oil obtained by distilling off the spirit from the alcoholic tincture4 ,it has the odour of rancid fish oil1 and the distilled spirit has also a putrid odour4 b4 ,a fixed oil1 obtained from coarsely powdered ergot by strong pressure between iron plates1 at a heat of about #bab ,fahr4 ,it is fluid1 coloured1 smells strongly of the drug1 but is nearly destitute of its leading qualities4 ,both the preceding contain some volatile oil and resinous matter4 c4 ,an empyreumatic oil obtained by distilling ergot per se4 ,it is light brown1 viscid1 acrid1 and nauseous4 d4 ,a volatile oil obtained by digesting powdered ergot in solution of potassa at #abe ,fahr41 diluting the saponaceous mass thus formed with one half to an equal weight of water1 neutralising the alkali with dilute sulphuric acid1 and then submitting the whole to distillation in a chloride of sodium or oil bath4 ,it is white1 adhesive1 butyraceous1 and tasteless4 ,it appears a product1 rather than a simple educt4 e4 ,this is the ethereal oil1 first described1 in its purest form4 ,it is colourless1 translucent1 oily1 and acrid-tasted1 with the odour of ergot2 it has a high boiling-point1 at which it suffers partial decomposition1 but may be volatilised at a lower temperature1 like the other oils4 ,by long exposure to heat1 it thickens and partly solidifies2 light and air darken it2 it is lighter than water1 very slightly soluble in water1 but sufficiently so to impart to it its peculiar odour2 it is soluble in pure alcohol1 in ether1 the volatile and fixed oils1 alkaline lyes1 liquor of ammonia1 creasote1 and naphtha4 ,the dilute mineral acids clear it but do not produce any marked reaction4 ,oil1 ,ethereal4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,wine 7below74 ,oil of ,eucalyptus4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4 ,see ,,eucalyptus4 ,oil of ,fennel4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,f,,niculi 7,ph4 ,l471 ,o4 ,f4 ,,officinalis 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 ,f4 ,,dulcis1 ,l4 ,from the fruit or seed of ,fniculum dulce1 or sweet fennel 7,ph4 ,l471 ,colourless2 odour that of the plant2 tastes hot and sweetish2 congeals at #ej ,fahr42 carminative and stomachic4 ,it consists of two oils2 the one solid and identical with that of oil of aniseed4 ,when treated with nitric acid1 it affords benzoin1 ,sp4 gr4 #iig4 ,prod4 ,dried fruit 7of commerce71 #c to #ce4 ,the flowering herb yields #ce of a similar oil4 ,obs4 ,the oil of fennel of the shops is the product of the fruit of ,fniculum vulgare1 or common1 wild1 or bitter fennel4 ,it closely resembles that of sweet fennel1 but is scarcely so agreeable either in taste or smell4 ,it is chiefly used to scent soaps4 ,oil of ,firwood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,pini ,,sylvestris4 ,an essential oil1 distilled from the leaves of ,pinus sylvestris4 ,oil of ,fleabane4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,erigeronis ,,canadensis4 ,an essential oil1 distilled from ,canada erigeron4----,dose1 #e minims in hmorrhage4 ,oil1 ,fusel4 ,noticed at page #ggb4 ,oil of ,galbanum4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,galbani 7,ph4 ,bor471 ,l4 ,from galbanum1 #b lb42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 distilled together4 ,yellow2 resembles oil of asaftida1 but milder4 ,oil of ,garlic4 ,syn4 ,,sulphide ,,of ,,allyl4 ,from the bruised bulbs or #8cloves' of ,allium sativum1 or garlic4 ,it possesses the peculiar odour1 taste1 and other properties of the bulbs1 in a highly exalted degree4 ,obs4 ,when a mixture of oil of black mustard and sulphide of potassium is exposed in a sealed glass tube to a temperature above that of #bab ,fahr41 sulphocyanide of potassium and garlic oil are formed4 ,on the other hand1 when the compound of garlic oil and chloride of mercury 7formed by adding to an alcoholic solution of the oil a like solution of the chloride7 is gently heated with sulpho-cyanide of potassium1 mustard oil1 with all its characteristic properties1 is called into existence4 ,oil of ,gaultheria4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,partridge ,,berry 7below74 ,oil of ,gentian4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,gentian1 ,l4 ,from the root4 ,butyraceous2 smells strongly of gentian4 #c cwt4 yield #a dr4 7barely74 ,oil of ,geranium4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,ginger ,,grass1 ,o4 ,,of ,,spikenard4 ,the oil of commerce which passes under this name and which was formerly imported from the ,east ,indies1 was not obtained from any species of ,geranium or ,pelargonium1 but probably from a species of ,andropogon4 ,of recent years1 however1 genuine geranium oil1 obtained from the rose geranium 7,pelargonium roseum7 has been and continues to be met with in our markets4 ,this essential oil is manufactured in immense quantities1 at ,la ,trappe de ,staonelli not far from the ,bay of ,sidi ,ferruch1 in ,algiers1 where about forty acres of the plant are in cultivation4 8,three harvests are gathered every year1 and each yields from #agj to #bjj kilograms of oil1 or equal to #ejj to #fjj kilograms per annum4 ,the value of this product never falls below forty francs the kilogram1 the average gross value being therefore from #bj1jjj to #be1jjj francs or at least #bj per acre4 ,seven distillatory apparatus are employed in this manufactory40#fe ,a finer oil is yielded by the rose geranium1 when grown in ,france1 but it is much dearer4 ,it is often employed to adulterate otto of roses4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,grass 7below74 ,footnote #fe3 8,the ,paris ,exhibition10 #8,pharmaceutical ,journal1' #crd series1 ,no4 #dcc4 ,oil of ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,from the dried root 7rhizome7 of ,zingiber officinale1 or ginger of commerce4 ,bluish-green2 possesses a less agreeable odour than that of good ginger1 without any pungency4 ,prod4 #aa_/af of #a 7,m4 ,raybaud74 ,oil of ,goosefoot4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,chenopodii4 ,distilled from the seeds of ,chenopodium anthelminticum4----,dose4 ,from #d to #h drops1 with treacle or milk1 for #c nights in succession1 for children4 ,for adult1 #a_/b dr4 ,vermifuge4 ,oil of ,grain-spirit4 ,syn4 ,,grain ,,oil4 ,two distinct substances are found in spirit distilled from fermented grain2 one of which is butyraceous and highly offensive 7corn oil of ,mulder--------871 the other liquid 7crude fusel oil74 ,the relative proportions of these substances to each other1 and to the spirits which they contaminate1 vary with the materials and the management of the process4 ,the #8,,grain ,,oil' of the ,london rectifiers consists chiefly of fusel or potato oil1 mixed with alcohol and water1 and with small and variable proportions of solid ethyl and amyl-compounds of certain fatty acids 7nanthic and margaric74 ,the latter are said to be similar to the butyraceous matter before referred to1 as well as the solid fat of the whisky distilleries conducted on the old plan4 ,according to ,mr4 ,rowney1 the fusel oil of the ,scotch distilleries contains capric acid4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,corn 7above71 and ,,fusel ,,oil4 ,oil1 ,grape4 ,syn4 ,,brandy ,,oil1 ,,cognac ,o4 ,this is essentially the sulphate of amyl4 ,it is prepared by dissolving the fusel oil of marc-brandy in strong rectified spirit1 and then adding concentrated sulphuric acid2 alcohol and excess of acid is removed by washing the newly formed compound with water4 ,dissolved in rectified spirit1 it forms #8,,brandy ,,essence1' which is used to impart the ,cognac flavour to plain spirit4 ,see ,,sulphate ,,of ,,amyl and ,,amyl-,,ether1 also ,,oil ,,of ,,marc-,,brandy 7below74 ,oil1 ,grass4 ,several of the grasses 7,graminace7 yield fragrant volatile oils4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,geranium1 ,,grass ,,oil 7of ,namur71 ,,oil ,,of ,,lemon-,,grass1 ,,oil ,,of ,,spring-,,grass1 c4 ,oil1 ,grass 7of ,namur74 ,syn4 ,,india ,,grass ,,oil4 ,from ,andropogon ,calamus aromaticus 7,royle71 supposed to have been the 8sweet cane0 and 8rich aromatic reed from a far country0 of ,scripture2 formerly supposed to be obtained from ,andropogon ,iwarancusa4 ,stimulant and highly fragrant4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,spikenard4 ,oil of ,hops4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lupuli1 ,l4 ,from commercial hops1 by distillation along with water4 ,it may also be collected during the brewing of beer4 ,odorous2 acrid2 narcotic2 soluble in water2 becomes resinous by exposure and age4 ,sp4 gr4 #iaj4 ,chiefly used to increase the aroma and flavour of old or damaged hops4 ,oil of ,horse-mint4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,monard 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,from the fresh herb of ,monarda punctata1 a plant indigenous in the ,u4,s4 of ,america4 ,dark amber-coloured2 fragrant2 pungent2 carminative2 rubefacient2 and vesicant4 ,oil of ,horse-radish4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,armoraci1 ,l4 ,from the fresh roots of ,cochlearia armoracia 7,linn471 or common horse-radish4 ,pale yellow2 heavier than water2 acrid2 vesicant2 identical with that from black mustard4 ,prod4 #e 7nearly74 ,oil of ,hyssop4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,hyssopi1 ,l4 ,from the flowering herb of ,hyssopus officinalis4 ,aromatic2 stimulant4 ,prod4 #be to #cc4 ,oil of ,jargonelle ,pear4 ,see ,,amyl 7,acetate74 ,oil of ,jasmin4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,jessamine2 ,,oleum ,,jasmini1 ,o4 ,j4 ,,volatile1 ,l4 ,from the flowers of ,jasminum grandiflorum and ,j4 ,fragrans1 carefully picked1 by placing them in alternate layers with cotton wadding imbued with olive oil1 in any suitable vessel1 and renewing the flowers till the fixed oil becomes strongly odorous1 and then distilling the wadding along with a little water4 ,the volatile oils of hyacinths1 jonquil1 tuberose1 violets1 and most of the more delicate flowers1 are obtained in the same way4 ,used in perfumery4 ,from the ,east ,indies4 ,oil of ,juniper4 ,syn4 ,,juniperi ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,juniperi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 4 ,,baccis ,j41 ,o4 ,,essentiale 4 ,b4 ,j41 ,l4 ,from either the wood1 tops1 or berries1 preferably the last4 ,the berries should be chosen fully grown1 but still slightly green1 and should be bruised before being placed in the still4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l41 ,english oil of juniper 7,o4 ,,juniperi ,,anglicum7 is ordered4 ,colourless1 or very pale greenish-yellow2 odour and taste1 sweet and terebinthinate2 rather viscid2 soluble in rectified spirit2 rendered opaque and resinous by exposure and age4 ,it is reputed carminative and diaphoretic1 and possesses powerful diuretic properties1 ,sp4 gr4 #iaa 7,english1 #hfhh2 foreign1 #hhcd----;,brande74 ,prod4 ,green berries1 #be2 ripe do4 7one year old71 #c_/d to #a 7fully74 ,pur4 ,it is frequently adulterated with oil of turpentine1 a fraud readily discovered by the lessened density1 viscidity1 and solubility1 in rectified spirit1 of the oil4 ,obs4 ,oil of juniper consists of two oils----one1 white and most volatile1 sp4 gr4 #hcic2 the other1 dark-coloured and less volatile1 sp4 gr4 #hghd2 together with some resin left in the retort4 ,oil1 ,krumholz4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,templinum1 ,l4 ,from ,hungarian balsam1 a terebinthinate exudation from the ,pinus pumilio1 or mountain pine of ,southern ,europe4 ,fragrant2 golden yellow2 tastes oily1 acidulous1 and resinous4 ,oil of ,laurel4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,sweet ,,bay2 ,,oleum ,,lauri ,,volatile1 ,o4 ,l4 ,,essentiale ,l4 ,from either the berries or leaves of ,laurus nobilis 7,linn471 or sweet bay-tree4 ,pale yellow1 clear1 odorous1 aromatic1 stimulant1 and narcotic4 ,sp4 gr4 #hga4 ,prod4 ,from the leaves1 #c_/d to #a 7fully74 ,oil of ,lavender4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,l42 ,,lavandul ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,lavandul 7,ph4 ,l471 ,o4 ,l4 ,,ver 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 ,l4 ,,spic1 ,o4 ,l4 ,,essentiale1 ,o4 ,l4 ,,florum1 ,l4 ,the oil 7,,oleum ,,lavandul ,,anglicum7 distilled from the flowers of #8,lavandula vera' 7,ph4 ,l474 ,very pale lemon-yellow2 highly fragrant2 taste1 warm and not disagreeable2 carminative1 antispasmodic1 and stimulant4 ,sp4 gr4 #hgg to #ije4 ,according to ,brande1 the sp4 gr4 of the oil obtained from the flowers only is #hifj2 that from the whole plant1 #ibjf4 ,the lightest is esteemed the best4 ,prod4 ,flowers1 #a-a_/b to #b 7nearly74 ,the whole of the flowering herb is commonly distilled4 ,according to ,raybaud1 the herb1 after flowering 7,sept471 yields the most oil4 ,pur4 ,alcohol is the substance commonly used to adulterate this oil2 but1 occasionally1 oil of bergamot is used for the same purpose4 ,if the density is below #hg1 there is reason to suspect adulteration4 ,when pure----#a4 ,sulphuric acid turns it reddish-brown1 and the reaction is accompanied by strong inspissation4----#b4 ,it fulminates quickly and violently with iodine1 and the thick syrupy residue possesses a pungent1 acid1 balsamic odour4 ,the oils of the other labiate plants fulminate much less powerfully with iodine4 ,the presence of alcohol weakens1 but does not destroy1 the action of this test1 unless it is added in an equal volume1 when only a lively effervescence and a disengagement of orange-coloured vapours are produced by the iodine1 without fulmination4----#c4 ,santaline is nearly insoluble in pure oil of lavender1 and exerts no marked action on it1 but is freely soluble in oil of lavender adulterated with alcohol or rectified spirit4 ,obs4 ,english oil of lavender possesses the purest fragrance2 and of this1 the variety known as 8,,mitcham ,,oil ,,of ,,lavender10 from the place of its preparation1 is esteemed the best4 ,the foreign oil of lavender is inferior4 ,this last is improved by rectification4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,spike4 ,oil of ,lemons4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,l42 ,,oleum ,,limonis 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,limonis1 ,o4 ,,limonum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d474 ,from the yellow portion of the rind1 grated1 placed in hair bags1 and exposed to powerful pressure2 also by distillation1 but the product is then less agreeably fragrant and sweet1 but keeps better4 ,nearly colourless2 odour that of the fruit4 ,sp4 gr4 #hgeb to #hghe4 ,expressed oil1 #heag1 distilled do41 #hde1 at #gb ,fahr4 7,ure47 ,prod4 #ajj lemons yield1 by expression1 #a-c_/d to #b oz4 7nearly72 by distillation #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b4 ,pur4 ,commonly adulterated with oil of turpentine1 and occasionally with nut or poppy oil4 ,these may be detected in the manner already explained4 ,when pure1 it is soluble in all proportions in absolute alcohol1 but rectified spirit only dissolves #af of it4 ,it also boils at #adh ,fahr41 whereas oil of turpentine boils at #cab1 and mixtures of the two at intermediate temperatures1 depending on the proportions4 ,oil of ,lemon ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,l4 ,g41 ,,indian ,,grass-,,oil1 ,,oil ,,of ,,verbena4 ,probably from ,andropogon citratum1 the ,indian lemon-grass4 ,pale yellow2 powerfully fragrant4 ,,citronelle ,,oil is also the product of this or of an allied species of ,andropogon4 ,oil of ,lemon ,thyme4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,serpylli1 ,l42 ,,huile ,,de ,,tain1 ,fr4 ,from the fresh flowering herb of ,thymus serpyllum1 the lemon or wild thyme of our hills and pastures4 ,very fragrant1 used to scent soaps c4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfg4 ,prod4 #ajj lbs4 yield #b-a_/b to #e-a_/b oz4 of oil4 ,when pure1 it is scarcely affected by iodine1 but solution of chromate of potassa acts on it with energy4 ,oil of ,lettuce4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lactuc ,,viros1 ,l4 ,from ,lactusa virosa 7,linn471 or strong-scented wild lettuce4 ,closely resembles the odorous matter of opium4 ,oil of ,limes4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,limett1 ,l4 ,from the rind of the fruit of ,citrus limetta1 or lime1 as oil of lemons1 which it somewhat resembles4 ,prod4 #ajj limes yield #b-a_/d to #b-a_/b oz4 of oil4 ,oil of ,lovage4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,levistici1 ,l4 ,from the leaves of fruit of ,levisticum officinale1 ,lovage4 ,pale yellow1 aromatic1 carminative4 ,prod4 ,fresh herb1 #a to #ae4 ,oil of ,mace4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,macidis1 ,o4 ,m4 ,,essentiale1 ,o4 ,m4 ,,stillatitium1 ,l4 ,from the arillus of ,myristica officinale 7commercial mace74 ,nearly colourless2 fragrant2 lighter than water2 closely resembles oil of nutmeg4 ,sp4 gr4 #ide4 ,prod4 #d-a_/b to #i4 ,oil of ,marc-brandy4 ,syn4 ,,fusel ,,oil ,,of ,m4-,b41 ,o4 ,,of ,,grape ,,spirit4 ,obtained after the spirit 7marc-brandy7 has passed over during the distillation of the fermented residuum of expressed grapes4 ,limpid2 odorous2 acrid2 offensive2 soon turns yellow in the air2 soluble in #ajjj parts of water1 and in all proportions in rectified spirit2 #f or #g drops will spoil a hogshead of brandy4 ,according to ,m4 ,balard1 this oil is a mixture of potato oil and nanthic ether4 ,oil of ,marjoram4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,sweet ,m42 ,,oleum ,,marjoran1 ,o4 ,,oriqani ,m4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,from the fresh flowering herb of ,origanum marjorana1 or sweet or knotted marjoram4 ,pale yellow2 odorous2 tonic2 stimulant4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibe 7#idj----;,baum74 ,prod4 #cc to #ce4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,origanum4 ,oil of ,meadow-sweet4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,spir ,,ulmari1 ,l4 ,from the flowers or flowering tops of ,spira ulmaria 7,linn471 or common meadow-sweet4 ,this oil is a native hydride of salicyl4 ,it is yellow1 sweet-scented1 and slightly soluble in water1 which then strikes a deep violet colour with the persalts of iron4 ,it boils at #che ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #aagb4 7,see below47 ,oil of ,meadow-sweet 7,factitious74 ,this is prepared as follows3----,salicin1 #a part1 is dissolved in distilled water1 #aj parts1 and being placed in a glass retort1 bichromate of potassa 7in powder71 #a part1 is added1 followed by oil of vitriol1 #b-a_/b parts1 previously diluted with #d times its weight of water2 a gentle heat is next applied to the retort1 and after the first effervescence resulting from the mutual reaction of the ingredients is over1 the heat is increased1 and the mixture is distilled for the oil in the usual manner4 ,the product is absolutely identical with the natural oil of meadow-sweet4 7,see above47 ,oil of ,milfoil4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,millefolii1 ,l4 ,from the flowers of ,achilla millefolium 7,linn471 or yarrow4 ,blue4 ,sp4 gr4 #heb4 ,prod4 #ad lbs4 of the dried flowers yield #c dr4 of oil4 ,oils1 ,mixed 7,essential74 ,syn4 ,,olea ,,mixta ,,essentialia4 ,from the oils of bergamot and lemons1 of each #a oz42 oils of lavender and pimento1 of each #a_/b oz4 ,used to scent #8sal volatile drops1' smelling-bottles1 c4 ,oil of ,mustard 7,volatile74 ,syn4 ,,sulpho-,,cyanide ,,of ,,allyl2 ,,oleum ,,sinapis ,,nigr1 ,o4 ,s4 ,,essentiale1 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,sinapis nigra7,linn471 or black mustard1 as oil of bitter almonds4 ,nearly colourless2 intensely acrid1 pungent1 rubefacient1 and vesicant2 slightly soluble in water2 boils at #bhi ,fahr4 ,it contains sulphur4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajce to #ajch2 #ajae1 at #fh ,fahr4 ,prod4 ,av4 #f 7fully74 ,obs4 ,this oil1 like that of bitter almonds1 does not pre-exist in the seed1 but is the result of the action of myronic acid on a peculiar substance1 myrosin1 in the presence of water4 ,oil of black mustard has been used as a stimulant or counter-irritant in palsy1 c42 and the distilled water1 or a solution of the oil in water1 is said to be an excellent and cleanly remedy for the itch4 ,oil of ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,myrrh1 ,o4 ,m4 ,,essentiale1 ,l4 ,colourless2 thin2 heavier than water2 stimulant2 smells strongly of the drug4 ,oil of ,myrtle 7,volatile74 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,m42 ,,oleum ,,myrt ,,essentiale1 ,l4 ,from the flowers and leaves of ,myrtus communis4 #ajj lbs4 of the fresh leaves yield #b-a_/b to #e oz4 ,oil of ,namur ,grass4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,grass 7,,namur74 ,oil of ,narcissus4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,jonquil2 ,,oleum ,,narcissi1 ,l4 ,as ,,oil ,,of ,,jasmine4 ,delightfully odorous4 ,oil of ,neroli4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,orange ,,flowers4 ,oil of ,nutmeg 7,volatile74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,myristic 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,o4 ,m4 ,,moschat 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,from the officinal nutmeg or kernel of the fruit of ,myristica moschata4 ,nearly colourless2 odour and flavour that of the fruit1 but more powerful4 ,by agitation with water1 it is separated into two oils----one lighter1 the other heavier1 than water2 the last is butyraceous4 ,sp4 gr4 #idh4 ,prod4 #d-a_/b to #g4 ,it is reputed to make the hair grow1 and to prevent baldness4 ,,oil ,,of ,,on',,ions4 ,from the bulbs of ,allium cepa1 or common onion4 ,contains sulphur1 and smells strongly of the herb4 ,oil of ,orange4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,o42 ,,oleum ,,aurantii1 ,o4 ,,aurantiorum1 ,o4 ,a4 ,,corticis1 ,l4 ,from the yellow portion of the rind of either the ,seville or sweet orange1 preferably of the last2 as oil of bergamot or lemons4 ,closely resembles oil of lemons1 but is more agreeably fragrant4 ,the expressed oil is very apt to become opaque1 and deposit a stearopten1 especially in cold weather1 unless well kept from the air4 ,sp4 gr4 #hge4 ,prod4 #ajj fruits yield #d to #e oz4 7,see below47 ,oil of ,orange ,berries4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,aurantii ,,bacc1 ,l4 ,from the small unripe fruit of the orange-tree4 ,does not keep well4 7,see below47 ,oil of ,orange ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,neroli1 ,,oil ,,of ,n41 ,,essence ,,of ,n42 ,,oleum ,,naph1 ,o4 ,,aurantii ,,florum1 ,,aurantii ,,oleum 7,ph4 ,e4 and ,d471 ,l4 ,from the flowers of either the bitter 7,seville7or sweet orange 7,citrus vulgaris or ,c4 aurantium71 by distillation with water4 ,that from the fruit is said to be preferred1 but there does not appear any actual difference between the two4 ,very fluid2 lighter than water1 in which it is slightly soluble2 it is delightfully aromatic and fragrant1 but the odour differs slightly from that of the flowers4 ,prod4 #ajj lbs4 of flowers gathered in ,may or ,december yield #c to #f oz4 of oil2 #f cwt4 of the fresh flowers yield #a lb4 of oil4 ,pur4 ,neroli is commonly adulterated with alcohol or essence de petit grain1 and generally with both of them4 ,the presence of the first is easily determined 7see above73 that of the second can only be discovered by comparing the odour evolved during the evaporation of a drop of the suspected oil1 placed on a piece of white paper1 with a like drop of pure neroli similarly treated4 7,see above and below47 ,oil of ,orange-leaf4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,aurantii ,,folii1 ,l42 ,,essence ,,de ,,petit ,,grain1 ,fr4 ,from the leaves of either the bitter or sweet orange2 that from the first being preferred4 ,delightfully fragrant4 ,extensively used to adulterate oil of neroli1 and is itself commonly sophisticated with both alcohol and oil of orange-berries4 7,see above47 ,oil of ,origanum4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,origani1 ,o4 ,o4 ,,essentiale1 ,l4 ,from the flowering herb of ,origanum vulgare1 or common or winter marjoram4 ,pale yellow colour2 fragrant2 acrid1 pungent1 and rubefacient4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibg 7#idj----;,baum74 ,prod4 #e to #ge4 ,the dark-coloured oil of origanum of the shops is obtained from ,thymus vulgare4 ,the oil of origanum 7,ph4 ,e47 is oil of ,origanum marjorana4 ,see ,,oils ,,of ,,marjoram1 ,,thyme1 and ,,lemon ,,thyme4 ,oil of ,orris4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,violet2 ,,oleum ,,iridis1 ,l4 ,from the dried rhizomes of ,iris ,florentina1 or ,florentine orris-root4 ,fragrant4 ,sold for oil and essence of violets4 ,oil of ,parsley4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,petroselini1 ,l4 ,from the fresh herb or dried fruit 7seed7 of ,apium petroselinum1 or garden parsley4 ,yellowish2 smells strongly of the plant4 ,it consists of two oils1 separable by agitation with water1 one of which is concrete1 and melts at #hj ,fahr42 the other1 liquid4 ,prod4 ,herb1 #ej to #a 7nearly74 ,oil of ,partridge-berry4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,winter-,,green1 ,,methylo-,,salycilic ,,ether1 ,,salicylate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,methyl2 ,,oleum ,,gaul-,,theri 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,from the leaves or the whole plant of ,gaultheria procumbens1 a herb common in ,north ,america1 and otherwise known by the names----,box-berry1 chequer-berry1 partridge-berry1 mountain tea1 winter-green1 c4 ,pale yellow1 growing brown by exposure and age2 aromatic2 sweet2 highly pungent2 when diluted1 agreeably fragrant2 mixed with a dilute solution of potassa1 it solidifies to a crystalline mass 7salicylate of methyl and potassa71 from which the oil may be again separated by the addition of an acid4 ,it is the heaviest of all the essential oils4 ,sp4 gr4 #aagc4 ,boils at #dab1 and1 when purified1 at #dce ,fahr4 ,oil of partridge-berry1 dissolved in rectified spirit1 is in common use in the ,united ,states of ,america as an antispasmodic1 carminative1 diuretic1 emmenagogue1 and stimulant2 chiefly as an adjunct to mixtures1 c42 and also with the view of increasing the flow of milk during lactation4 ,it is likewise extensively used in perfumery1 and is an object of great interest to the organic chemist1 on account of its peculiar constitution and reaction4 ,oil of ,partridge-berry 7,factitious74 ,see ,,salicylic ,,acid4 ,oil1 ,pearl4 ,see ,,amyle 7,acetate of71 and ,,essence ,,of ,,jargonelle ,,pear4 ,oil of ,pennyroyal4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,pulegii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,o4 ,,menth ,p4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 ,p4 ,,essentiale1 ,l4 ,from the flowering herb of ,mentha ,pulegium1 or the common pennyroyal of our gardens4 ,pale yellow1 growing reddish yellow by age and exposure2 antispasmodic1 carminative1 and emmenagogue4 ,boils at #cie ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibe to #ica4 ,prod4 #c_/d to #a4 7,see below47 ,oil of ,pennyroyal 7,american74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,hedeom 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,from ,hedeoma pulegioides1 as the last4 ,light yellow2 closely resembles oil of pennyroyal1 for which it passes in the ,u4 ,s4 ,sp4 gr4 #ide to #idh4 ,oil of ,pepper4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,black ,p42 ,,oleum ,,piperis1 ,o4 ,p4 ,,nigri1 ,l4 ,from bruised black pepper 7,piper nigrum74 ,colourless1 turning yellow2 odorous2 pungent2 not so hot as the spice4 ,sp4 gr4 #iicb4 ,prod4 #abe to #ae4 ,white pepper 7of commerce71 #a 7barely74 ,oil of ,peppermint4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,menth ,,piperit 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,o4 ,,essential ,m4 ,,piperitidis1 ,l4 ,from the fresh flowering herb of ,mentha piperita1 or garden peppermint4 ,nearly colourless1 or at most a very pale greenish yellow2 powerfully odorous2 tastes pungent1 at the same time imparting a sensation of coldness to the tongue and palate4 ,boils at #cfe ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ijb to #ije4 ,prod4 ,fresh flowering herb1 #be to #d2 dried do41 #a to #abe 7fully74 ,in a warm dry season1 #e lbs4 of the fresh flowering herb yield #a oz4 of oil2 in a wet and unfavorable one1 #aa lb4 yield barely the same quality4 ,pur4 ,the oil of commerce usually contains fully a third part of rectified spirit1 and is also frequently adulterated with the oils of rosemary1 spearmint1 and turpentine4 ,when pure----#a4 ,it is soluble in its own weight of rectified spirit4----#b4 ,mixed with #a-dth its volume of nitric acid1 a rich purple-red colour is developed4----#c4 ,chromate of potash1 in solution1 turns it of a deep reddish-brown colour1 and converts it into a soft coagulum1 which assumes a flaky form when divided with a glass rod1 whilst the solution of the salt loses its yellow colour or becomes greenish yellow4----#d4 ,with iodine it forms a homogeneous mass1 without fulmination4 ,if it explodes with iodine1 it contains turpentine4 ,the yellowish1 resinous oil1 sold under the name of #8,american' or #8crude oil of peppermint1' consists chiefly of oil of turpentine1 and on evaporation leaves a residuum of pine resin4 ,obs4 ,english oil of peppermint is the best1 a fact clearly shown by its price in the market being so greatly above that of the imported oil4 ,the oil distilled at ,mitcham1 in ,surrey 7,mitcham oil of peppermint71 is the most esteemed4 ,it has usually a very pale greenish colour1 which is often imitated by steeping a leaf or two of green mint or parsley in the oil4 ,old dark-coloured oils are commonly bleached by exposure to the light1 to the destruction of a portion of their other properties4 ,according to a recent and valuable report upon those articles in the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahgh1 more particularly interesting to the pharmacist1 the chemical manufacturer1 the perfumer1 c41 which lately appeared in the #8,pharmaceutical ,journal1' the above statement is open to question4 ,of late years it seems that a considerable industry has sprung up at ,arzin in the ,department du ,nord1 in ,france1 where large quantities of libiate plants are cultivated1 and subsequently submitted to distillation4 ,an acre of land generally yields every year from #c to #d tons of the peppermint plant2 and from #ejj parts of this1 one part of essential oil is usually obtained1 which it is alleged by ,m4 ,hanart1 the distiller of the oil in question1 after being carefully bottled and kept for some years1 successfully rivals the ,english oil both in quality and price4 ,of late years an essential oil of peppermint manufactured by ,messrs ,holchkiss1 of ,new ,york1 has lately come into considerable demand4 ,this1 which is said to be a very pure article1 differs from the other peppermint oils in becoming thick when first mixed with spirit of wine4 ,after a short time1 however1 the mixture clears and becomes perfectly bright4 ,oil of peppermint is stimulant1 antispasmodic1 and carminative1 and has always been a favourite remedy in flatulence1 nausea1 vomiting1 loss of appetite1 cramp of the stomach1 colic1 griping pains1 diarrha1 the early stage of cholera1 c4----,dose1 #a to #c drops1 on sugar4 ,oil of ,petroleum4 ,see ,,naphtha1 ,,oils 7,mineral71 ,,petroleum1 c4 ,oil of ,pimento4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,allspice2 ,,oleum ,,piment 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,from the bruised fruit of ,eugenia pimenta1 allspice1 or ,jamaica pepper4 ,pale yellow1 growing reddish brown by age2 odour1 a combination of cloves and cassia2 taste pungent4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajba4 ,prod4 #e to #h4 ,obs4 ,oil of pimento contains two oils similar to those found in clove oil4 ,when pure1 nitric acid turns it red1 with active effervescence and the assumption of a rusty brown colour4 ,it combines with the salifiable bases in a nearly similar manner to oil of cloves4 ,it is much used in perfumery1 especially in hair cosmetics4 ,oil of ,pimpernel4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,pimpinell1 ,l4 ,from the root of ,sanguisorba officinalis1 or pimpernel4 ,blue2 carminative4 ,oil1 ,pine-apple4 ,this artificial essential oil dates its commercial importance from the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea4 ,it is essentially butyric ether1 and may be regarded as simply the crude form of that substance4 ,on the large scale it is prepared by saponifying butter or crude butyric acid with a strong lye of caustic potassa1 and dissolving the resulting soap in the smallest possible quantity of hot alcohol2 to the solution is added a mixture of alcohol and oil of vitriol in excess1 and the whole is then submitted to distillation as long as the product has an aromatic fruity odour2 the product is rectified from dried chloride of calcium and a little litharge4 ,dissolved in rectified spirit it is much used as a flavouring substance by confectioners and liquoristes4 ,see ,,ether 7,butyric7 and ,,essence ,,of ,,pine-,,apple1 c4 ,oil of ,potato ,spirit4 ,see ,,fusel ,,oil4 ,oil of ,ravensara4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ravensar1 ,l4 ,from the roots of ,ravensara aromatica4 ,chiefly used to adulterate oil of cloves1 which it somewhat resembles4 ,oil of ,rhodium4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,rhodii1 ,l4 ,said to be derived from the wood of a species of ,rhodoriza4 ,very fluid and limpid2 pale yellow2 soon darkens by age and exposure2 tastes bitter and aromatic2 has a modified odour of roses4 ,chiefly used as a substitute for otto of roses in cheap perfumery1 and to adulterate it4 ,oil of sandal-wood is frequently sold for it4 ,prod4 #a to #af4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,roses 7below74 ,oil of ,roses4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,ros1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the petals of ,rosa sempervirens 7,linn471 or the musk rose1 as oil of cloves1 observing to keep the water in the worm-tub at #he ,fahr41 and afterwards subjecting the water in the receiver to refrigeration4 ,resembles otto of roses1 of which it is merely a variety4 ,prod4 #a_/bj to #a_/af of #a4 #b4 7,,attar ,,of ,,roses1 ,,otto ,,of ,r42 ,,oleum ,,ros----,ph4 ,e47 ,from the petals of ,rosa centifolia and ,rosa sempervirens 7damask and musk rose71 principally the first1 by saturating the water1 by returning it repeatedly on fresh flowers1 and then exposing it to a low temperature4 ,in the ,east ,indies it is obtained by stratifying gingelly seeds in alternate layers with rose petals1 for some days1 and repeating the arrangement with fresh roses till the seeds are saturated1 when the oil is expressed and distilled along with water4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,mecca the rose leaves are macerated in salt-and-water for #b or #c days1 and then distilled1 the water being received in separate receivers at different parts of the process4 ,the water is afterwards exposed in porous earthenware vessels1 tied over with linen1 in trenches dug in the earth1 and over which moistened straw is thrown1 when in a short time the otto separates and floats on the surface4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless1 or nearly so2 odour intense1 penetrating1 and diffusive1 and in a concentrated state far from pleasant1 but when dilute very agreeable2 taste1 bland and sweetish2 when pure1 it congeals at #hj1 and does not remelt until heated to fully #he ,fahr42 #ajjj parts of alcohol of #hjf dissolve only #g parts of otto at #eg ,fahr41 and only #cc parts at #gb4 ,sp4 gr4 #hcb at #ij1 to water #ajjj at #fj ,fahr4 ,prod4 #ajj lbs4 of roses yield #b to #c dr4 ,pur4 ,otto of roses is frequently adulterated with the oils of rhodium1 sandal-wood1 and geranium1 and with camphor2 and occasionally with spermaceti1 to give the spurious compound the usual crystalline appearance4 ,the following are reliable tests3----#a4 ,pure otto has a bland1 sweet taste2 if it is bitter1 it contains oil of rhodium or sandal-wood2 if it is pungent1 or #8bites1' the palate1 it contains either oil of geranium or camphor1 and probably both2 if it imparts an unctuous sensation1 it contains spermaceti4----#b4 ,exposed for some hours to the fumes of a small quantity of iodide under a bell-glass in the cold1 pure otto remains white1 and continues so when exposed to the air2 an adulterated sample1 on the contrary1 becomes yellow or brown1 and afterwards1 on exposure to the air1 continues to darken in colour1 until it becomes of a deep brown1 or even perfectly black1 according to the quantity of foreign oil present4 ,a single drop may be thus tested4----#c4 7,guibourt47 ,one or two drops of the suspected oil are put into a watch-glass2 the same number of drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are added1 and the two fluids are mixed with a glass-rod4 ,all the oils are rendered more or less brown by this proceeding2 but1 otto of roses retains the purity of its odour----oil of geranium acquires a strong and disagreeable odour1 which is perfectly characteristic----the odour of the oil of rhodium is increased1 and becomes somewhat unctuous1 and1 in general1 it acquires an odour distinctly like that of cubebs4 ,oil of ,rosemary4 ,syn4 ,,rosmarini ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,anthos1 ,o4 ,,rorismarini1 ,o4 ,,rosmarini 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,o4 ,,rorismarini ,,essential1 ,l4 ,from the flowering tops of ,rosmarinus officinalis4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 ,english oil of rosemary 7,o4 ,,rosmarini1 ,,anglicum7 is ordered1 as it is superior to that from abroad4 ,colourless2 strongly fragrant1 but scarcely agreeable unless compounded2 carminative and stimulant4 ,boils at #cfe ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #iaj2 recent1#hig2 rectified1 #hhhg4 ,prod4 #c_/d to #a 7nearly74 ,pur41 c4 ,it is frequently adulterated with oil of turpentine4 ,when pure it dissolves in all proportions in spirit of #hcj4 ,by age it deposits a crystalline stearoptene1 and acquires a terebinthinate odour4 ,it is chiefly used as a stimulant in liniments1 hair oil1 pomatums1 c4 ,oil of ,rosewort4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,rose-,,root2 ,,oleum ,,rhodiol1 ,l4 ,from the roots of ,rhodiola rosea4 ,yellowish2 odour resembles that of oil of rhodium1 for which it is often sold1 as well as the distilled water for rose water4 #a-a_/b lb4 yields about #a dr4 ,oil of ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,rut ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,rut 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the 8oil distilled from the fresh herb of ,ruta graveolens0 7,b4 ,p471 or common rue4 ,pale yellow1 turning brown by age1 and depositing a brownish1 resinous sediment2 congeals at about #dj ,fahr42 acrid1 bitter2 odour that of the plant2 stimulant1 antispasmodic1 and emmenagogue4 ,sp4 gr4 #iji to #iaa4 ,prod4 #a_/d to #a7nearly74 ,according to ,raybaud1 the recent dried seeds yield fully four times as much oil as the flowering herb4 ,pur4 ,nearly always adulterated4 ,when pure----#a4 ,it forms a clear solution with rectified spirit4----#b4 ,it does not form a camphor with gaseous hydrochloric acid4----#c4 ,iodine dissolves in it slowly1 without any apparent reaction1 beyond a darkening and a slight increase of viscidity4----#d4 ,it is unaffected by a solution of chromate of potassa4----#e4 ,nitric acid very slowly changes it into a greenish-yellow liquid balsam4----#f4 ,if it forms a reddish-brown solution with liquor of potassa and a still darker one with oil of vitriol1 or if it fulminates with iodine1 it is adulterated with the oil of some labiate plant4----#g4 ,it is more soluble in both rectified spirit and water than any of the oils used to adulterate it4 ,oil of ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,croci1 ,l4 ,from the pistils of ,crocus sativus 7saffron74 ,yellow2 heavier than water2 acrid1 pungent1 and narcotic2 decomposed by exposure to light and age1 with the formation of a white solid matter1 which is lighter than water4 ,oil of ,sage4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,salvi1 ,l4 ,from the herbaceous portion of ,salvia officinalis1 or common sage4 ,oil of ,sandal-wood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,santali1 ,o4 ,s4 ,,albi1 ,l4 ,from the wood of ,santalum album1 or sandal-tree1 and preferably from that of ,malabar4 ,it has an odour somewhat resembling that of oil of rhodium1 for which it is commonly used2 also used to adulterate otto of roses4 ,prod4 #i lbs4 yield #a oz42 #ajj lbs4 yield #e oz4 7,raybaud74 ,oil of ,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,sarz1 ,l4 ,from the root bark1 distilled along with salt-and-water4 ,acrid2 odour and flavour same as the root4 ,oil of ,sassafras4 ,syn4 ,,volatile ,,oil ,,of ,s42 ,,oleum ,,sassafras 7,ph4 ,e471 ,o4 ,,lauri ,s41 ,o4 ,s4 ,,officinalis1 ,l4 ,from bruised sassafras chips1 the sliced root of ,sassafras officinale1 as oil of cloves4 ,pale yellow2 highly odorous2 hot1 pungent1 rubefacient1 and stimulant2 reputed alterative1 sudorific1 and diuretic1 and1 as such1 occasionally given in rheumatism1 cutaneous affections1 c4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajid to #ajif4 ,prod4 #a-a_/b to #b 7fully74 ,pur41 c4----#a4 ,if the density is lower than #ajid1 it is adulterated4----#b4 ,nitric acid acts on this oil1 at first slowly1 merely turning it of an orange-red1 but afterwards with violence1 and a reddish-brown resin is formed4----#c4 ,mixed with about one half its weight of sulphuric acid1 a green colour is at first developed1 which1 by heat1 is changed to a blood red4 ,a large quantity of sulphuric acid acts at once violently1 white fumes are given off1 and mere charcoal is left4----#d4 ,with iodine it forms a permanently clear solution1 or at least one that remains so for some time4----#e4 ,by agitation with water1 it separates into two oils----one lighter1 the other heavier1 than that fluid4 ,oil of ,savine4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,sabin 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,juniperi ,,sabin1 ,o4 ,,sabin 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,from the fresh tops or leaves of ,juniperus sabina1 or common savin4 ,pale yellow2 limpid2 acrid1 pungent1 and stimulant4 ,it possesses the general properties of the plant in a highly exalted degree4 ,sp4 gr4 #iae4 ,prod4 ,fresh herb1 #abe to #ae2 dried do4 7recent71 #b-a_/b to #c4 ,dose1 #b to #f drops2 as an anthelmintic1 diaphoretic1 and emmenagogue4 ,its use must be carefully avoided during pregnancy or disease of the abdominal viscera4 ,pur41 c4 ,it is less frequently adulterated than the other volatile oils4 ,its high sp4 gr4 and free solubility in rectified spirit offer the means of detecting the presence of either oil of turpentine or alcohol1 the substances occasionally added to it4 ,a mixture of equal parts of oil of savin and oil of vitriol1 by distillation from milk of lime1 furnishes an oil apparently identical with oil of thyme4 7,winckler47 ,oil of ,senna4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,senn ,,volatile1 ,l4 ,possesses the nauseous odour and flavour of the leaves1 and1 as well as the distilled water1 is purgative4 ,oil of ,spearmint4 ,syn4 ,,english ,,oil ,,of ,,spearmint 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oil ,,of ,,mint1 ,,oil ,,of ,,green ,m42 ,,menth ,,viridis ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p472 ,,oleum ,,menth ,,viridis 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,o4 ,m4 ,,sativ1 ,o4 ,,essentiale ,,menth ,s41 ,l4 ,from the fresh flowering herb of ,mentha viridis 7,linn47 or garden spearmint4 ,pale yellow2 reddened by age2 odour and general properties resemble those of oil of peppermint1 but it is less grateful4 ,it boils at #cbj ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #iae 7#icid1 ,brande74 ,prod4 #b to #be4 ,its common adulterants are alcohol and oil of turpentine4 ,oil of ,spike 7,true74 ,syn4 ,,foreign ,,oil ,,of ,,lavender2 ,,oleum ,,spic1 ,o4 ,s4 ,,verum1 ,o4 ,,st,,chadis1 ,o4 ,,lavandul ,s41 ,l43 ,,huile ,d',,aspic1 ,fr4 ,chiefly from ,lavandula spica and ,l4 stchas1 or ,french and ,alpine lavenders4 ,it differs from ,english oil of lavender by its darker green colour and inferior odour4 ,from ,france4 ,used by artists to mix their colours in1 and to make varnishes4 ,oil of turpentine scented with lavender is commonly sold for it4 ,prod4 ,from ,l4 spica 7fresh71 #c_/d to #a-a_/b2 ,l4 stchas 7dried71 #c_/d to #a 7fully74 ,oil of ,spikenard4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,nardi1 ,l4 ,the precious oil mentioned under this name in ,scripture is supposed to have been derived from ,andropogon ,iwaracusa4 ,the commercial oil of geranium 7see above7 is also called by this name4 ,oil of ,spring ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,anthoxanthi ,,odorati1 ,l4 ,from ,anthoxanthum odoratum1 or sweet-scented vernal grass4 ,it is this oil that gives the very agreeable odour to new hay4 ,oil of ,star-anise4 ,syn4 ,,badian ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,badiani1 ,o4 ,,anisi ,,stellati1 ,l4 ,from the capsules of ,illicium anisatum1 or star-anise4 ,it continues liquid at #ce-a_/b ,fahr4 ,this1 and its weaker reaction with iodine1 distinguish it from the preceding compound1 which it is commonly used to adulterate4 ,prod4 #b 7fully74 ,oil of ,sweet ,fennel4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,fennel4 ,oil of ,sweet ,flag4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,acori1 ,o4 ,a4 ,,aromatica1 ,l4 ,from the rhizomes or roots of ,acorus calamus 7,linn471 or sweet flag4 ,yellow2 agreeably fragrant4 ,used to scent snuff1 aromatic vinegar1 c4 ,prod4 ,fresh rhizomes1 #c_/d to #a2 dried 7recent71 #a to #abe4 ,oil of ,tansy4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,tanaceti1 ,l4 ,from the flowering herb of ,tanacetum vulgare 7,linn471 or tansy4 ,pale greenish yellow2 very odorous2 bitter2 aromatic4 ,sp4 gr4 #idf to #iej4 ,prod4 ,fresh1 #be to #e2 dried 7recent71 #c_/d to #a7;fully74 ,oil of ,thyme4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,thymi2 ,,oil ,,of ,,origanum2 ,,oleum ,,origani 7of the shops74 ,from the flowering herb of ,thymus vulgaris 7,linn471 or garden thyme4 ,nearly colourless2 the imparted oil has a reddish colour1 which it loses by rectification2 very fragrant2 acrid2 hot tasted1 stimulant1 and rubefacient2 boils at #ced ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfg to #hge4 ,prod4 #e to #ge4 ,obs4 ,this is the dark-coloured #8,,oil ,,of ,,origanum' of the shops4 ,it is frequently adulterated with oil of turpentine4 ,it is occasionally used in toothache and in stimulating liniments2 but its chief consumption is in perfumery1 more particularly for hair oils1 pomatums1 and hair-washes1 as it is reputed to make the hair grow and to prevent baldness4 ,oil of ,tobacco 7,volatile74 ,from the leaves of ,nicotiana tabacum 7,linn471 or the tobacco plant4 ,concrete4 ,oil of ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,t41 ,,essence ,,of ,t41 ,,turps1 ,,camphene1 ,,camphine2 ,,terebinthin ,,oleum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,spiritus ,,terebinthin1 ,,essentia ,t41 ,,oleum ,,terebinthin 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,o4 ,t4 ,,purificatum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the oil of turpentine of commerce is obtained by distilling strained ,american turpentine along with water4 ,the residuum in the still is #8resin' or #8rosin4' ,the product in oil varies from #ad to #af4 ,the colleges order it to be rectified before being employed for medicinal purposes4 ,this is effected by redistilling it along with #c or #d times its volume of water1 observing not to draw over quite the whole4 ,the portion remaining in the retort 7balsam of turpentine7 is viscid and resinous4 ,a better plan is to well agitate it with an equal measure of solution of potassa or milk of lime before rectifying it4 ,this is the plan adopted for the camphine used for lamps4 ,by agitating crude oil of turpentine with about #e of sulphuric acid1 diluted with twice its weight of water1 and after repose and decantation rectifying it from #e or #f times its volume of the strongest lime water1 a very pure and nearly scentless oil may be obtained4 ,dr ,nimmo recommends oil of turpentine to be purified by agitation with #a_/hth part of rectified spirit1 after repose to decant the spirit1 and to repeat the process #c or #d times4 ,the product retains1 however1 fully #a_/eth part of spirit in solution1 and hence this method is objectionable1 except for medicinal purposes1 for which1 according to ,dr ,garrod1 it is better than the oil purified by rectification4 ,the sweet spirits of turpentine 7,,spiritus ,,terebinthin ,,dulcis71 vended of late years in the shops1 is simply the common oil which has been agitated with1 and rectified from1 somewhat dilute sulphuric acid4 ,prop4 ,pure oil of turpentine is colourless2 limpid2 very mobile2 neutral to test-paper2 has an odour neither powerful nor disagreeable when recently prepared1 but becoming so by exposure to the air2 dissolves #a_/eth part of alcohol of #hcj2 is soluble in #f parts of ether and in #g-a_/b parts of rectified spirit2 hot strong alcohol dissolves it freely1 but the greater part separates in globules as the liquid cools4 ,oil of vitriol chars it1 and strong nitric acid attacks it violently1 even with flame4 ,it congeals at #ad1 and boils at #cab ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfg2 that of the oil of the shops varies from #hgb to #hgh4 ,it possesses a very high refractive power4 ,at #gb it absorbs #afc times its volume of hydrochloric-acid gas 7if kept cool71 and in #bd hours from #bf to #dg of crystals 7,,kind',s ,,camphor7 separate4 ,these have a camphoraceous odour1 and1 after being washed with water1 and sublimed along with some dry chalk1 lime1 or charcoal1 assume the form of a white1 translucent1 flexible1 crystalline mass1 which is volatile1 soluble in alcohol1 and possesses a considerable resemblance to camphor4 ,a nearly similar substance is produced by the action of oxygen gas on oil of turpentine4 ,uses1 c4 ,oil of turpentine is extensively used in the manufacture of varnishes and paints4 ,under the name of #8camphine' it is occasionally employed for burning in lamps4 ,for the last purpose it must be newly rectified and preserved from the air4 ,by exposure it rapidly absorbs oxygen1 resin is formed1 its density increases1 and it gives a dull fuliginous flame4 ,in medicine it is employed as a diaphoretic1 stimulant1 vermifuge1 c4----,dose1 #f to #cj or #dj drops2 in rheumatism1 hemicrania1 c41 #a fl4 dr4 every four hours1 in combination with bark or capsicum2 in tapeworm1 #c fl4 dr4 to #a fl4 oz41 either alone or combined with a little syrup of orange peel1 every #h hours1 until the worm is expelled4 ,the common symptoms of large doses of this oil are dizziness and a species of temporary intoxication1 and occasionally nausea and sickness1 which subside after two or three alvine evacuations1 leaving no other effect1 when the oil is pure1 than a certain degree of languor for a few hours4 ,in tapeworm a little castor-oil may be advantageously combined with the second and subsequent doses4 ,oil of turpentine imparts a violent odour to the urine4 ,to prevent loss by evaporation and resinification1 this oil should be kept in tin cans or glass bottles4 ,for store vessels1 closely covered tin cisterns are the best4 ,to prevent accidents it is proper to caution the operator of the extremely penetrating and inflammable nature of the vapour of this oil1 even in the cold4 ,during the process of its distillation1 without the greatest precautions are taken1 an explosion is almost inevitable4 ,oil of ,valerian4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,valerian 7,ph4 ,bor471 ,l4 ,from the root of ,valeriana officinalis 7,linn471 or wild valerian4 ,yellowish2 viscid2 lighter than water2 smells strongly of the plant4 ,by exposure to the air it is partly converted into valerianic acid1 and more readily so under the influence of an alkali4 ,in its usual form it consists of valerol1 a neutral oily body2 borneene1 a volatile liquid hydrocarbon2 and valerianic acid4 ,it is powerfully antispasmodic1 emmenagogue1 tonic1 and stimulant1 and1 in large doses1 narcotic4----,dose1 #b to #f drops2 in epilepsy1 hysteria1 hemicrania1 hypochondriasis1 low fevers1 c4 ,prod4 #a-a_/d to #b 7nearly74 ,oil of ,verbena4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,verben1 ,l4 ,from the fresh flowering herb of ,verbena odorata4 ,prod4 #b to #e4 ,the #8,,oil ,,of ,,verbena' of the shops is imported from ,india1 and is obtained from ,andropogon citratum4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,lemon ,,grass4 ,oil of ,wine4 ,,syn4 ,,heavy ,,oil ,,of ,,wine1 ,,ethereal ,,oil1 ,,oily ,,ethereal ,,liquor1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ether ,,and ,,etherole2 ,,oleum ,,thereum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,oleum ,,vini1 ,,liquor ,,thereus ,,oleosus1 ,l4 ,this is an artificial production which1 for convenience1 may be included under this head4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,rectified spirit1 #b pints1 and sulphuric acid1 #cf fl4 oz41 are cautiously mixed together in a glass retort1 and submitted to distillation until a black froth appears1 when the retort is immediately removed from the fire 7sand heat72 the lighter1 supernatant1 liquor is next separated from the fluid in the receiver1 and exposed to the air for #bd hours2 it is then agitated with a mixture of solution of potassa and water1 of each #a fl4 oz41 or q4 s41 and1 when1 sufficiently washed1 is1 lastly1 separated from the aqueous liquid from which it has subsided4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf is nearly similar4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rectified spirit and oil of vitriol 7commercial71 of each #a-a_/b pint2 as the last1 employing a ,liebig's condenser1 and a capsule for the exposure to the air2 the oil is then transferred to a moistened paper filter1 and washed with a little cold water1 to remove any adhering acid4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,from the residuum in the retort after the process of preparing ether1 distilled to one half1 by a moderate heat1 and the oil treated as before4 #d4 ,from rectified spirit 7sp4 gr4 #hcc71 #b parts2 oil of vitriol1 #e parts2 mix and distil1 as before2 wash the product with distilled water1 and free it from adhering water and undecomposed alcohol by exposure in the vacuum of an air-pump1 between two open capsules1 the one containing fragments of solid potassa1 and the other concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,pure4 #e4 ,by distilling a mixture of ether and oil of vitriol1 and treating the product as before4 #f4 ,by the destructive distillation of dry sulphovinate of calcium2 the product is freed from alcohol1 c41 by washing it4 ,this process yields the largest product4 ,prop41 c4 ,an oily liquid1 nearly colourless1 neutral1 with an aromatic taste1 and an odour resembling that of oil of peppermint4 ,it is insoluble in water1 but freely soluble in both alcohol and ether2 boiling water converts it into sulphovinic acid1 and a volatile liquid called light or sweet oil of wine2 with an alkaline solution1 this effect is produced with even greater facility4 ,sp4 gr4 #aje 7,hennel ,ph4 ,l472 #aac 7,serullas74 ,boils at #edj ,fahr4 8,dropped into water1 it sinks1 the form of the globule being preserved40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prod4 #abe to #ae2 #cc lbs4 of rectified spirit1 and #fd lbs4 of oil of vitriol1 yield #ag oz4 of this oil 7,hennel74 ,uses4 ,oil of wine is reputed anodyne1 but is only used in the preparation of other compounds4 ,see ,,spirit ,,of ,,ether 7,compound71 c4 ,oil of ,wine 7,light74 ,syn4 ,,sweet ,,oil ,,of ,,wine4 ,see ,,etherin1 ,,etherole1 and above4 ,oil1 ,wood 7of ,india74 ,from the ,chloroxylon ,swietenia 7,de ,cand471 the tree which yields the satin-wood of the cabinet-makers4 ,another wood oil 7,g,,rjun ,,balsam7 is obtained by incision from various species of ,dipterocarpus4 ,this balsam yields about #ch of a volatile oil by distillation1 which in its general properties closely resembles ,,oil ,,of ,,copaiba4 7,o',shaughnessey47 ,oil of ,wormseed4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,chenopodii 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,from the seeds of ,chenopodium anthelminticum1 or ,jerusalem oak 7,american wormseed74 ,light yellow1 or greenish2 powerfully anthelmintic4 ,sp4 gr4 #ijh4----;,dose4 ,for an adult1 #be to #cj drops1 in sugar1 honey1 or milk1 night and morning1 for #c or #d days1 followed by a good dose of castor oil1 or some other suitable purgative4 ,oil of ,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,absinthii1 ,l4 ,from the herbaceous portion of ,artemisia absinthium1 or common wormwood2 green or brownish-green2 odorous2 acrid2 bitter2 stomachic4 ,sp4 gr4 #igjc 7,brisson72 #igbj 7,pereira72 #igbe 7,brande74 ,prod4 ,fresh herb 7picked71 #a_/d to #a_/c1 dry herb 7a year old71 #a_/b 7fully72 do4 7recent71 #c_/d to #a 7fully74 ,pur4 ,that of the shops is nearly always either adulterated or partly spoiled by age2 hence the discrepancies in the densities given for this oil by different authorities4 ,a specimen of this oil distilled by ,mr ,cooley from the green plant had the sp4 gr4 #igab2 but after being kept for #ab months1 it had increased to #igah4 ,nitric acid of #abe colours the pure oil first green1 then blue1 and1 lastly1 brown4 ,the positive character of these reactions is in direct proportion to the purity and freshness of the sample4 ,,oily ,,emul,,sion4 ,see ,,linctus 7,emollient74 ,,oily ,,ethe,,real ,,liq,,uor4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,wine 7above74 ,,oint,,ment4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum1 ,l4 ,any soft1 fatty substance applied to the skin by inunction4 ,the term is now commonly restricted to those which are employed in medicine4 ,ointments 7unguenta7 differ from #8cerates' chiefly in their consistence1 and in wax not being a constant or essential constituent2 and they are made and used in a nearly similar manner to that class of preparations4 ,their proper degree of solidity is that of good butter1 at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere4 ,when the active ingredients are pulverulent substances1 nothing can be more suitable to form the body of the ointment than good fresh lard1 free from salt2 but when they are fluid or semi-fluid1 prepared suet1 or a mixture of suet and lard1 will be necessary to give a due consistence to the compound4 ,in some instances wax is ordered for this purpose4 ,another excellent #8vehicle' for the more active ingredients is a simple ointment1 formed by melting together #a part of pure white wax with about #d parts of olive oil4 ,the use of the last excludes the possibility of the irritation sometimes occasioned by the accession of rancidity1 when inferior lard is employed4 ,in a few cases butter is employed to form the body of the ointment4 ,some ointments are made from recent vegetable substances by infusion or coction1 in the manner adopted for medicated oils4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,medicated4 ,the precautions to be used in the choice of lard are noticed in the article devoted to this substance4 ,lard is included in the ,materia ,medica of the ,london ,college4 ,in the last ,ph4 ,d4 lard for medicinal use 7,,adeps ,,suillus ,,pr,,paratus----,ph4 ,d47 is ordered to be prepared by melting it in twice its weight of boiling water1 stirring it constantly for some time1 then setting the mixture aside to cool2 and1 lastly1 separating the fat when it has solidified4 ,ointments are best preserved by keeping them in salt-glazed earthen or stoneware jars1 covered with tin foil1 in a cool situation4 ,the accession of rancidity in ointments and other unctuous preparations may be greatly retarded1 if not wholly prevented1 by previously dissolving in the fat about #b of gum-benzoin1 in fine powder1 or rather less quantity of benzoic acid by the aid of heat4 ,this addition renders the ointment peculiarly soothing to irritable or highly sensitive skins4 ,poplar buds act in a similar manner4 ,the formul for all the more useful and generally employed ointments are given below4 ,those not included in the list may be prepared of the proper strength for all ordinary purposes1 by combining about #ab to #ae times the medium dose of the particular medicinal with #a oz4 of lard or simple ointment4 ,for substances which possess little activity1 #a_/b to #a dr4 per oz41 or even more1 may be taken4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,fat1 c4 ,ointment of ,acetate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,plumbi ,,acetatis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,acetate of lead1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 simple ointment1 #bj oz42 mix them thoroughly 7by trituration74 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,ointment of white wax1 #a lb42 melt by a gentle heat1 then add1 gradually1 of acetate of lead1 in very fine powder1 #a oz41 and stir the mixture until it concretes4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,acetate of lead1 in fine powder1 #ab gr42 benzoated lard1 #a oz42 mix4 ,obs4 ,a useful1 cooling1 astringent1 and desiccative ointment4 ,for the formula of ,ph4 ,l41 see ,,cerate4 ,ointment1 ,acetic4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,vinegar4 ,ointment of ,aconite4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,aconiti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,alcoholic extract of aconite1 #a part2 lard1 #b parts2 carefully triturated together4 ,in neuralgia1 c4 #b4 7,ammoniated2 ,,unguentum ,,aconiti ,,ammoniatum----,turnbull47 ,ammoniated extract of aconite1 #a part2 lard1 #c parts4 ,in neuralgia1 paralysis1 old rheumatic affections1 c4 ,the use of the above preparations of aconite requires the greatest caution4 ,they are intended as substitutes for ,,ointment ,,of ,,aconitine1 a still more dangerous preparation4 ,ointment of ,aconitine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,aconitin1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,garrod47 ,pure aconitine1 #a gr42 lard1 #a dr42 mix by careful trituration4 #b4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,aconitine1 #b gr42 rectified spirit1 #f or #g drops2 triturate together1 then add of lard1 #a dr41 and mix well4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,aconitia 7aconitine71 #h gr42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b dr42 dissolve and add lard1 #a oz42 mix4 ,use1 c4 ,as a topical benumber in neuralgic affections1 rheumatic pains1 c4 ,its application generally occasions considerable tingling1 and sometimes redness of the part to which it is applied1 followed by temporary loss of sensation in the skin and the cessation of the pain4 ,for slight cases ,dr ,paris formerly employed only #a gr4 to the oz4 ,owing to the intensely poisonous nature of aconitine1 this ointment must be both prepared and used with great caution1 and must never be applied to an abraded surface4 ,it is seldom employed1 owing to its extreme costliness4 ,see ,,aconitia1 and above4 ,ointment1 ,ague4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,antiperiodic4 ,ointment1 ,albinolo's4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,ointment1 ,alkaline4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,alkalinum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,biett47 ,carbonate of soda1 #b dr42 fresh-slaked lime1 #a dr42 powdered opium1 #b gr42 lard1 #b oz42 mix by trituration4 ,in prurigo1 ringworm1 and some other cutaneous affections4 #b4 7,cazenave47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in psoriasis1 lepra1 and scorbutic eruptions4 #c4 7,devergie47----a4 ,from carbonate 7not sesquicarbonate7 of soda1 #aj to #ae gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in lichen4 b4 ,from carbonate of soda1 #bj to #cj gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in ichthyosis1 lepra1 psoriasis1 and some other scaly skin diseases4 c4 ,from carbonate of soda1 #a_/b to #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in porrigo favosa1 especially when occurring in adults4 #d4 7,soubeiran47 ,carbonate of soda1 #a to #b dr42 wine of opium1 #a fl4 dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in any of the above affections1 when there is much pain or irritation4 ,obs4 ,carbonate of potassa is thought to be preferable to carbonate of soda1 when the above affections occur in scorbutic habits4 ,a little camphor is also occasionally added4 ,ointment of ,aloes4 ,see ,,ointment ,,for ,,worms4 ,ointment of ,aloes1 ,compound4 ,see ,,ointment ,,for ,,worms4 ,ointment of ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,aluminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,alum1 in very fine powder1 #a dr42 lard1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,in piles4 #b4 ,to the last add of powdered opium1 #g gr4 ,in piles1 when there is much pain4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,banyer',s4 ,ointment1 ,ammoniacal4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ammoniacale1 ,u4 ,,ammoni1 ,l42 ,,liparole ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,,pommade ,,de ,,gondret1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,suet and lard1 of each #a oz42 melt in a strong wide-mouthed bottle1 add of liquor of ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #ibc71 #b oz41 at once close the bottle1 and agitate it until its contents concrete4 ,as little heat as possible should be employed1 to prevent unnecessary loss of ammonia4 #b4 7,gondret47 ,lard1 #c parts2 suet1 #b parts2 almond oil1 #a part2 strong solution of ammonia1 #f parts2 mix1 as before4 ,rubefacient1 vesicant1 and counter-irritant4 ,smeared over the skin and covered so as to prevent evaporation1 it raises a blister in #e or #f minutes4 ,its general effects and uses are similar to those of compound liniment of ammonia4 ,ointment of ,carbonate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ammoni ,,carbonatis1 ,u4 ,a4 ,,sesquicarbonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from carbonate of ammonia1 #a dr42 lard1 #i dr4 ,an excellent application to painful joints1 indolent tumours1 scrofulous sores1 c4 ,ointment of ,ammoniated ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,ammoniati 7,b4 ,p474 ,ammoniated mercury1 #fb gr42 simple ointment1 #a oz42 mix4 ,see next preparation4 ,ointment of ,ammonio-chloride of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,precipitate ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,ammonio-,,chloridi 7,ph4 ,l471 ,u4 ,h4 ,,precipitati ,,albi1 ,u4 ,,precip4 ,a4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,u4 ,h ,,submuriatis ,,ammoniati 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ammonio-chloride of mercury1 #b dr42 lard1 #c oz42 triturate together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last1 but employing heat4 ,uses1 c4 ,alterative2 detergent2 stimulant4 ,in itch1 scald-head1 and various other skin diseases2 in inflammation of the eyes2 as an application to scrofulous and cancerous tumours2 to destroy vermin on the body1 c4 ,it 8may be safely used0 7in small quantities7 8on infants40 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,ointment1 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,prep4 ,heat olive oil1 #a pint1 and beeswax1 #a_/d lb41 until the mixture acquires a reddish-brown colour2 then add red lead 7levigated71 #a_/d lb41 and continue the heat1 with constant stirring2 when the union appears complete1 add of amber and burnt alum1 of each1 in fine powder1 #a_/b oz42 lastly1 when considerably cooled1 add of powdered camphor1 #c dr4 ,as a dressing to foul ulcers4 ,ointment1 ,anodyne4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,opium1 ,,hemlock1 c4 ,ointment of ,anthracokali4 ,syn4 ,,pomade ,,de ,,anthracokali1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,dr ,polya47 ,anthracokali1 in very fine powder1 #a part2 lard1 #cj parts4 ,see ,,anthracokali4 ,ointment1 ,antiherpetic4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,antiherpeticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,alibert47 ,red sulphide of mercury1 #c dr42 powdered camphor1 #a dr42 lard1 #c oz4 #b4 7,chevallier47 #8,subsulphate of mercury' 7,turpeth mineral71 #b dr42 chloride of lime1 #c dr42 almond oil1 #f dr42 lard1 #b oz4 ,in herpes or tetters4 ,ointment1 ,antimonial4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,potassio ,,tartrate ,,of ,,antimony4 ,ointment1 ,antiperiodic4 ,syn4 ,,ague ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,antiperiodicum1 ,u4 ,,febrifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,disulphate of quinine1 #a-a_/b dr42 saccharine carbonate of iron1 #a dr42 oil of cajeput1 #cj drops2 fresh butter1 #a oz4 #b4 7,antonini47 ,sulphate of quinine1 #a oz42 rectified spirit and sulphuric acid1 of each q4 s42 lard1 #a oz4 ,uses1 c4 ,about #a_/d oz4 of either of the above to be rubbed on the vertebral regions once every #b or #c hours for #c or #d days1 in intermittent fevers1 more especially in those accompanied by vomiting2 or1 into the epigastrium1 in cholera1 diarrha1 or dysentery4 ,ointment of ,araroba4 ,see ,,araroba4 ,ointment1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,balsamum ,,stomachale ,,wackeri1 ,,unguentum ,,aromaticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,austr4 #ahcf47 ,simple ointment1 #b-a_/b lbs42 yellow wax and oil of laurel1 of each #c oz42 melt together1 and1 when considerably cooled1 add of oils of juniper1 mint1 lavender1 and rosemary1 of each #b dr4 ,anodyne1 balsamic1 and stimulant4 ,ointment1 ,arsenical4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,white ,,arsenic2 ,,unguentum ,,arsenicale1 ,u4 ,,arsenici1 ,u4 ,,acidi ,,arseniosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,arsenious acid 7levigated71 #c gr42 lard or simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,in lepra1 psoriasis1 malignant whitlows1 c4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,levigated white arsenic1 #ae to #bj gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a dressing for cancerous sores4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,white arsenic1 #a dr42 lard1 and spermaceti ointment1 of each #f dr4 ,in malignant cancer4 ,the above must be carefully prepared1 and used with great caution4 ,see ,,cerate4 ,ointment of ,arseniate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ferri ,,arseniatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,carmichael47 ,arseniate of iron1 #a_/b dr42 phosphate of iron1 #b dr42 spermaceti ointment1 #f dr4 #b4 7,dr ,pereira47 ,arseniate of iron1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,in cancer4 ,ointment of ,arseniate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,sod ,,arseniatis4 ,prep4 ,arseniate of soda1 #a dr42 lard1 #b oz4 ,mix4 ,ointment1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,astringens1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,triturate powdered catechu1 #a-a_/b dr41 with boiling water1 #b fl4 dr41 add1 gradually1 of spermaceti ointment 7melted71 #a-a_/d oz41 and continue the trituration until the mass concretes4 ,an excellent dressing for ill-disposed sores and ulcers1 especially during hot weather4 ,see the several ,,lead ,,ointments1 ,,ointment ,,of ,,galls1 c4 ,ointment of ,atropia4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,atropi 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,atropia1 #a-a_/b gr2 simple ointment1 #a dr42 mix by careful trituration4 #b4 7,dr ,brookes47 ,atropia1 #e gr42 lard1 #c dr42 otto of roses1 #a drop4 ,in neuralgia1 rheumatic pains1 c41 when the affection is not deeply seated4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,atropia1 #h gr42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz42 dissolve the atropia in the spirit and mix with the lard4 ,ointment1 ,bailey's4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,itch4 ,ointment of ,balsam of ,peru4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,balsami ,,peruviani1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lard or spermaceti ointment1 #a oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #a dr42 melt together by the heat of boiling water1 stir for #e or #f minutes1 allow it to settle1 and pour off the clear portion4 ,in chaps and abrasions4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,ung4 ,b4 ,p4 ,,compositum----,copland47 ,lard1 #a oz42 white wax1 #a_/d oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #a dr12 melt as before1 and when nearly cold1 add of oil of lavender1 #aj or #ab drops4 ,as the last1 and to restore the hair4 ,ointment1 ,banyer's4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,alum ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,aluminis ,,compositum1 ,u4 ,,calomelanos1 ,u4 ,,banyeri1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from burnt alum and calomel1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 carbonate of lead1 or litharge 7levigated71 #b oz42 ,venice turpentine1 #a_/b lb42 lard1 #b lbs42 carefully triturated together4 ,in milk-scald1 porrigo1 c4 ,ointment of ,bark4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,cinchona4 ,ointment1 ,basilicon4 ,syn4 ,,basilicon1 ,,yellow ,b42 ,,unguentum ,,basilicum2 ,u4 ,b4 ,,flavum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,olive oil1 #af fl4 oz42 yellow wax1 yellow resin1 and ,burgundy pitch1 of each #a lb42 melt1 remove the vessel from the fire1 and stir in of common turpentine1 #c oz4 ,this form is still occasionally employed in some shops1 but is generally superseded by the resin cerate and resin ointment of the ,pharmacopias4 ,a nearly similar preparation under the name of #8basilicon ointment1' is contained in the ,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg4 7,see below47 ,ointment1 ,basilicon 7,black74 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,pitch4 ,ointment1 ,basilicon 7,green74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,basilicum ,,viride1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf74 ,prepared verdigris1 #a oz42 yellow basilicon1 #h oz42 olive oil1 #c fl4 oz4 ,detergent4 ,used to keep down fungous growths1 to dress syphilitic ulcers1 c4 ,see ,,cerate and ,,ointment ,,of ,,verdigris4 ,ointment1 ,bateman's4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,itch4 ,ointment of ,bay-leaves4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,laurel4 ,ointment of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,belladonn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract of belladonna 7deadly nightshade71 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz42 mix by trituration4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,fresh belladonna leaves 7bruised71 #a part2 lard1 #b parts2 simmer together until the leaves become crisp1 and1 after digestion1 for a short time longer1 drain with pressure4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extract of belladonna1 #a2 rubbed with a few drops of water and mix with lard1 #e-a_/b4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a local anodyne1 in painful and indolent tumours1 nervous irritations1 c4 ,also as an application to the neck of the uterus in cases of rigidity4 7,chaussier47 #d4 ,compound2 ,,unguentum ,,belladonn ,,compositum1 ,l4----a4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,compound iodine ointment1 #g dr42 extract of belladonna1 #a dr4 ,powerfully discutient4 ,a most excellent application to all glandular tumours and indurations1 buboes1 c41 which it is desirable to disperse instead of mature1 more especially where there is much pain4 ,it is particularly suitable to cases occurring on shipboard1 and when its application 7at least twice a day7 is accompanied with the internal use of the mixture of iodine and gold 7,see ,,antiscrofulous ,,mixture71 this treatment has seldom failed1 even when the parties were dieted chiefly on salt food4 b4 7,debreyne47 ,extract of belladonna and lard1 of each #c dr42 powdered opium1 #a_/b dr4 ,as an external anodyne and benumber1 more especially in neuralgia1 painful cancerous tumours1 c4 ,a small piece is to be applied to the part1 and the friction continued for #f or #h minutes4 ,the above preparations are useless unless the extract employed is recent1 and of good quality4 ,ointment of ,benzoin4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,benzoin4 ,prep4 ,tincture of benzoin1 #b oz42 lard1 #af oz42 melt the lard over a water bath and add the tincture1 stirring constantly1 and when the spirit has evaporated1 remove from the water bath1 and stir whilst cooling4 ,ointment of ,bismuth4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,bismuthi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate of bismuth 7#8white bismuth'71 #a dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 #b4 7,fuller47 ,nitrate of bismuth1 #a dr42 spermaceti ointment1 #ai dr4 ,in itch1 and some chronic cutaneous diseases4 ,ointment1 ,blistering4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,cantharides1 and ,,vesicants4 ,ointment1 ,blue4 ,this is the vulgar name in ,england of mercurial ointment4 ,on the ,continent1 an ointment made of smalts and ,goulard water is commonly so called4 ,ointment of ,borax4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,boracis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from borax 7in very fine powder71 #a dr42 simple ointment or lard1 #g dr4 ,in excoriations1 chaps1 c4 ,ointment of ,bromide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,potassii ,,bromidi1 ,u4 ,,potass ,,hydrobromatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,bromide of potassium1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,resolvent2 in bronchocele1 scrofula1 c4 ,ointment of ,bromine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,brominii1 ,u4 ,b4 ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,bromide of potassium1 #bj gr42 bromine1 #f to #ab drops2 lard1 #a oz4 ,as the last1 but more active4 ,ointment1 ,brown4 ,syn4 ,,french ,,poor-,,man',s ,,friend2 ,,unguentum ,,fuscum1 ,u4 ,,hydrargyri1 ,f41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,nitric oxide of mercury 7levigated71 #a_/b dr42 resin ointment1 #a oz4 ,in ophthalmia 7cautiously71 after the inflammatory stage is over2 as an application to sore legs1 c4 ,ointment of ,cadmium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cadmii1 ,u4 ,c4 ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,sulphate of cadmium1 #a to #b gr42 pure lard1 #a dr42 carefully triturated together4 ,in specks on the cornea4 ,ointment of ,cadmium1 ,iodide of4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cadmii ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 ,mix thoroughly iodide of cadmium in fine powder1 #fb gr41 with simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,ointment of ,caffeine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,caffein4 ,prep4 ,citrate of caffeine1 #h gr42 lard1 #aj oz4 ,mix4 ,ointment of ,calamine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,calamin1 ,u4 ,,lapis ,,calaminaris1 ,u4 ,,zinci ,,carbonatis ,,impuri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,prepared calamine1 #a lb42 ointment of yellow wax1 #e lbs4 ,desiccative and healing4 ,this is the old ,dublin form for ,turner's cerate4 ,ointment of ,calomel4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,subchloridi 7,b4 ,p471 ,,unguentum ,,calomelanos1 ,u4 ,,hydrargyri ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from calomel1 #a dr42 lard1 or simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,obs4 8,were ,i required to name a local agent pre-eminently useful in skin diseases generally1 ,i should fix on this4 ,it is well deserving a place in the ,pharmacopia40 7,pereira47 ,dr ,underwood uses elder-flower ointment as the vehicle4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,unguentum ,,calomelanos ,,compositum----,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,calomel1 #a dr42 tar ointment1 #d dr42 spermaceti ointment1 #a oz4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calomel1 #a2 prepared lard1 #e-a_/b2 mix4 ,in lepra4 ,ointment of ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,camphor1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor1 #a to #b dr42 lard1 #a oz42 dissolve by a gentle heat and stir until the mass is nearly cold4 ,stimulant and anodyne2 in prurigo1 psoriasis1 c4 #b4 7,compound47 ,from powdered opium1 #a_/b dr42 powdered camphor1 #a-a_/b dr42 lard1 #a-a_/d oz42 mix by trituration4 ,as an anodyne friction in rheumatic pains1 swelled joints1 colic1 c4 ,ointment of ,cantharides4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cantharidis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,d41 ,u4 ,s471 ,u4 ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cantharides 7in very fine powder71 #c oz42 distilled water1 #ab fl4 oz42 mix1 boil to one half1 to the strained liquid add of resin cerate1 #a lb41 and evaporate to a proper consistence4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,liniment of ,spanish flies1 #h fl4 oz42 white wax1 #c oz42 spermaceti1 #a oz42 melt together with a gentle heat1 and stir until it concretes4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47----a4 ,,unguentum ,,infusui ,,cantharidis----,ph4 ,e4 ,powdered ,cantharides #a oz42 boiling water1 #a_/d pint2 infuse one night 7#ab hours71 strain with expression1 add of lard #b oz41 and boil until the water is expelled2 then add beeswax and resin1 of each #a oz41 and when these are liquefied1 remove the vessel from the fire1 and further add of ,venice turpentine1 #b oz4 b4 7,,unguentum ,,pulveris ,,cantharidis----,ph4 ,e47 ,resin ointment1 #g oz42 melt1 add of cantharides 7in fine powder71 #a oz41 and stir until the whole is nearly cold4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cantharides1 in fine powder1 #a2 olive oil1 #f2 yellow wax1 #a2 digest the cantharides in the oil for #ab hours1 and for #a_/d hour at #bab2 strain1 add the melted wax1 and stir till cold4 ,obs4 ,the above preparations are frequently called #8blister ointment' or #8epispastic ointment4' ,they are used to keep blisters open after they have been produced by stronger compounds4 ,the first three compounds are regarded as milder than the last 7#c1 b71 which contains the flies in substance4 ,the ,p4 ,cod4 contains an ointment 7,,ung4 ,,epispasticum ,,flavum7 which is weaker than the above1 prepared by digesting the bruised flies in lard1 for #c hours1 over a warm bath2 about #a_/fth part of wax is next added to the strained fat1 which is then coloured with turmeric1 and scented with oil of lemon4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,pommade1 ,,vesicants1 and below4 ,ointment of ,cantharides1 ,extract of4 7,m4 ,cap47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cum ,,extracto ,,cantharidis4 ,prep4 ,alcoholic extract of cantharides1 #h gr42 oil of roses1 #a dr42 beef marrow1 #b oz42 oil of lemon1 #dj minims4 ,to promote the growth of the hair4 ,ointment of ,cantharides with ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cantharidis ,,cum ,,hydrargyro4 ,prep4 ,lard1 #fe parts2 ,spanish flies1 #bi parts2 strong mercurial ointment1 #f parts4 ,mix4 ,used in ,normandy to indolent tumours4 ,ointment of ,cantharidine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cantharidin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,cantharidine1 #a gr42 white wax1 #a dr42 lard1 #g dr42 mix thoroughly4 7,see above47 ,ointment of ,capsicum4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,tincture of capsicum 7pure71 q4 s42 gently evaporate it until it begins to gelatinise1 then mix the extract with twice its weight of lard4 ,as a powerful stimulant and rubefacient4 ,when very freely used1 it vesicates4 ,ointment of ,carbonate of ,ammonia4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,ammoniacal4 ,ointment of ,carbolic ,acid4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,acidi ,,carbolici4 ,prep4 ,carbolic acid1 #fj gr42 simple ointment1 #dhj gr4 ,ointment of ,carbonate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,lead ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,plumbi ,,carbonatis 7,p4 ,b41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,u4 ,,ceruss1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,carbonate of lead1 #a oz42 simple ointment1 #e oz42 mix thoroughly4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,carbonate of lead1 #c oz42 ointment of white wax1 #a lb42 mix with heat4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,carbonate of lead1 in fine powder1 #a2 simple ointment1 #g4 ,mix4 #d4 ,,unguentum ,,plumbi ,,camphoratum----7,e41 #agdd74 ,add to the last #b scruples of camphor ground with a little oil4 ,uses1 c4 ,cooling2 desiccative4 ,useful to promote the healing of excoriated parts and slight ulcerations4 ,the camphorated white ointment of old pharmacy 7,,ung4 ,,album ,,camphoratum----,ph4 ,l4 #agdd7 was made by adding #dj gr4 of camphor to the first of the above4 ,ointment of ,catechu4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,catechu1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from alum1 #a oz42 catechu1 #c oz42 7both in very fine powder27 added to olive oil1 #a_/b pint1 and yellow resin1 #d oz41 previously melted together4 ,used to dress ulcers in hot climates1 where the ordinary fat ointments are objectionable2 also in this country during hot weather4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,astringent4 ,ointment of ,chalk4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cret4 ,prep4 ,prepared chalk1 #a oz42 lard1 #d oz4 ,mix4 ,ointment of ,chamomile4 7,m4 ,bazin47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,anthemidis4 ,prep4 ,freshly powdered chamomile flowers1 olive oil1 and lard1 in equal quantities4 ,for the cure of itch4 ,ointment of ,charcoal4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,carbonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,resin ointment1 #aj dr42 recently burnt charcoal 7levigated71 #c dr4 ,as a dressing to foul ulcers1 especially those of the legs4 #b4 7,caspar47 ,lime tree charcoal and dried carbonate of soda1 of each #b dr12 rose ointment1 #a oz41 or q4 s4 ,in scald-head4 #c4 7,radius47 ,animal charcoal 7recent71 #a part2 mallow ointment1 #b parts4 ,as a friction in glandular enlargements and indurations1 as a dressing to fetid ulcers1 c4 ,ointment of ,cherry-,laurel4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,lauro-,,cerasi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,essential oil of cherry-laurel1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,to alleviate the pain in cancer1 neuralgia1 and other local affections4 ,ointment1 ,chilblain4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ad ,,perniones1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from made mustard 7very thick71 #b parts2 almond oil and glycerine1 of each #a part2 triturated together4 ,to be applied night and morning4 #b4 7,cottereau47 ,acetate of lead1 camphor1 and cherry-laurel water1 of each #a dr42 tar1 #a-a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 #c4 7,devergie47 ,creasote and ,goulard's extract1 of each #ab drops2 extract of opium1 #a-a_/b gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,twice or thrice daily4 #d4 7,giacomini47 ,sugar of lead1 #b dr42 cherry-laurel water 7distilled71 #b fl4 dr42 lard1 #a oz4 #e4 7,linnus47 ,balsam of ,peru1 #a dr42 hydrochloric acid1 #b dr42 spermaceti ointment1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,obs4 ,for ,swediaur's1 ,vance's1 and ,wahler's ointments1 see article ,,chilblain4 ,ointment of ,chloral ,hydrate4 7,dowault47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,chloralis ,,hydras4 ,prep4 ,chloral hydrate1 #b parts2 lard1 #bj parts4 ,stimulant2 stronger if required as a rubefacient4 ,ointment of ,chloride of ,calcium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,calcii ,,chloridi1 ,u4 ,,calcis ,,muriatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sundelin47 ,chloride of calcium 7dry71 #a dr42 strong vinegar1 #dj gr42 foxglove 7recent1 in fine powder71 #b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in bronchocele1 scrofulous tumours1 c4 ,ointment of ,chloride of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,plumbi ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,tuson74 ,chloride of lead1 #a part2 simple cerate1 #h parts2 carefully triturated together4 ,in painful cancerous ulcerations and neuralgic tumours4 ,see ,,lead 7,chloride74 ,ointment of ,chloride of ,lime4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,hypochlorite ,,of ,,lime4 ,ointment of ,chloride of ,mercury4 ,see ,,ointments ,,of ,,calomel and ,,corrosive ,,sublimate4 ,ointment of ,chlorine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,chlorinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,augustin47 ,chlorine water1 #a part2 lard1 #h parts2 well triturated together4 ,in itch1 lepra1 ringworm1 fetid ulcers1 c4 ,ointment of ,chlor-iodide of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,chloriodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,recamier47 ,chloriodide 7iodo-chloride7 of mercury1 #c gr42 lard1 #e dr4 ,recommended as a powerful discutient or resolvent4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,iodo-,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury4 ,ointment of ,chloroform4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,chloroformi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,louis47 ,chloroform1 #a dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,in neuralgia and rheumatic pains1 c4 ,it must be kept in a stoppered1 wide-mouthed phial4 ,ointment of ,cinchona4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,bark2 ,,unguentum ,,cinchon1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,biett47 ,red cinchona bark 7in very fine powder7 and almond oil1 of each #a part2 beef marrow 7prepared71 #c parts4 ,in the variety of scald-head termed porrigo decalvans4 ,a little oil of mace or tar is a useful addition4 ,ointment1 ,citrine4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury4 ,ointment of ,cobalt1 ,oxide of4 7,amst4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,oxidi ,,cobalti4 ,prep4 ,simple cerate1 #af oz42 liquid subacetate of lead1 #d oz42 powdered smalt1 #d oz4 ,ointment of ,cocculus ,indicus4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cocculi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,kernels of ,cocculus indicus1 #a part2 beat them to a smooth paste in a mortar1 first alone1 and next with a little lard2 then further add of lard1 q4 s41 so that it may be equal to #e times the weight of the kernels4 ,used to destroy pediculi1 and in scald-head1 c4 ,ointment of ,cod-liver ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,olei ,,morrhu1 ,u4 ,o4 ,,jecoris ,,aselli1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cod-liver oil 7pale and recent71 #g parts2 white wax and spermaceti1 of each #a part2 melted together4 ,in ophthalmia and opacity of the cornea1 either alone or combined with a little citrine ointment2 as a friction or dressing for scrofulous indurations and sores2 in rheumatism1 stiff joints1 and in several skin diseases4 ,it often succeeds in porrigo or scald-head when all other remedies have failed4 ,scented with oil of nutmeg and balsam of ,peru1 it forms an excellent pomade for strengthening and restoring the hair4 ,ointment of ,colocynth4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,colocynthidis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,chrestien47 ,colocynth pulp 7in very fine powder71 #a part2 lard1 #h parts4 ,used in frictions on the abdomen as a hydragogue purgative1 in mania1 dropsy1 c4 ,ointment of ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from corrosive sublimate1 #b to #e gr42 rub it to powder in a glass or wedgwood-ware mortar2 add of rectified spirit1 #f or #g drops1 or q4 s42 again triturate2 lastly add1 gradually1 of spermaceti ointment 7reduced to a cream-like state by heat71 #a oz41 and continue the trituration until the whole concretes4 ,used as a stimulant1 detergent1 and discutient application in various local affections2 in lepra1 porrigo1 acne1 c41 and as a dressing to syphilitic and some other ulcers4 #b4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #aj gr42 yolk of #a egg2 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a dressing4 #c4 7,,pommade ,,de ,,cirillo----,p4 ,cod47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,caustic2 must not be confounded with the preceding4 ,ointment1 ,cosmetic4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cosmeticum1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,,de ,,la ,,jeunesse1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,quincey47 ,spermaceti1 #c dr4 7better1 #d-a_/b dr472 oil of almonds1 #b oz42 melt together1 and1 when cooled a little1 stir in of nitrate of bismuth 7#8white bismuth'71 #a dr42 and1 lastly1 of oil of rhodium1 #f drops4 ,in itch and some other cutaneous eruptions2 but chiefly as a pomade for the hair4 ,its frequent use is said to turn the latter black4 ,ointment of ,creasote4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,creasoti 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,creasote1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 lard1 #a oz42 triturate together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,lard1 #c oz42 melt it by a gentle heat2 add of creasote1 #a dr41 and stir the mixture until it is nearly cold4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,creasote1 #a fl4 dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g dr42 as the last4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,creasote1 #a2 simple ointment1 #h4 ,mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,in several skin diseases1 especially ringworm2 as a friction in tic-douloureux2 a dressing for scalds and burns2 an application to chilblains1 c4 ,ointment of ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,crotonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,croton oil1 #ae to #cj drops2 lard 7softened by heat71 #a oz42 mix well4 ,this is the usual and most useful strength to prepare the ointment4 ,rubefacient and counter-irritant2 in rheumatism and various other diseases4 ,when rubbed repeatedly on the skin1 it produces redness and a pustular eruption4 ,it also often affects the bowels by absorption4 ,the only advantage it possesses over other preparations of the class is the rapidity of its action4 #b4 7,,rubefacient ,,pomade----,caventou47 ,white wax1 #a part2 lard1 #e parts2 melt together1 and1 when quite cold1 mince it small1 add of croton oil1 #b parts1 and mix by trituration4 ,stronger than the last4 ,ointment of ,cyanide of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,cyanidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,cazenave47 ,cyanide of mercury1 #h gr42 lard1 #a oz42 carefully triturated together4 #b4 7,pereira47 ,cyanide of mercury1 #aj to #ab gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a dressing for scrofulous and syphilitic ulcers1 c42 as an application in psoriasis1 moist tetters1 and some other skin diseases1 c4 ,biett orders the addition of a few drops of essence of lemon4 ,ointment of ,cyanide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,potassii ,,cyanidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cazenave47 ,cyanide of potassium1 #ab gr42 oil of almonds1 #b dr42 triturate1 add of cold cream 7dry71 #b oz41 and mix by careful trituration4 ,as an anodyne in neuralgia1 rheumatism1 swelled joints1 c42 also as a friction over the spine in hysteria1 and over the epigastrium in gastrodynia1 c4 ,ointment of ,delphinine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,delphini1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,delphinine or delphinia1 #aj to #cj gr42 olive oil1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz42 mix as the last4 ,used as a friction in rheumatism1 and the other cases in which veratrine is employed4 ,ointment1 ,depilatory4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,depilatorium1 ,l4 ,see ,,depilatory 7,cazenave's74 ,ointment1 ,desiccative4 ,syn4 ,,drying ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,desiccativum1 ,u4 ,,exsiccans1 ,l4 ,see the ,,ointments ,,of ,,calamine1 ,,lead1 ,,zinc1 c4 ,ointment1 ,detergent4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,detergens1 ,l4 ,the ,,ointments ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,nitric ,,oxide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,tar1 ,,verdigris1 c41 when not too strong1 come under this head4 ,ointment1 ,digestive4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,digestivum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,venice turpentine1 #b oz42 yolks of #b eggs2 mix1 and add of oil of ,st ,john's wort1 #a_/b oz4 #b4 7,,digestif ,,anim----,p4 ,cod47 ,as the last1 with an equal weight of liquid styrax4 #c4 7,,digestif ,,mercuriel----,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,no4 #a1 with an equal weight of mercurial ointment4 #d4 7,,ung4 ,d4 ,,viride----,dr ,kirkland47 ,beeswax1 gum elemi1 and yellow resin1 of each #a oz42 green oil1 #f oz42 melt them together1 and1 when considerably cooled1 add of oil of turpentine #b dr4 ,ointment1 ,edinburgh4 ,two compounds are known under this name3----#a4 7,,brown47 ,from black basilicon1 #f parts2 milk of sulphur1 #b parts2 sal ammoniac1 #a part4 #b4 7,,white47 ,from white hellebore1 #c oz42 sal ammoniac1 #b oz42 lard1 #a lb4 ,both are used in itch4 ,ointment of ,eggs4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ovorum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yolk of #a egg2 honey and fresh linseed oil1 of each #a oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b dr42 mix well4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,beeswax1 #d dr42 oil of almonds1 #a-a_/b oz42 yolk of #a egg4 ,as an emollient and soothing dressing to excoriations1 irritable ulcers1 c4 ,ointment1 ,egyptian4 ,prep4 7,giordano47 ,burnt alum1 #a part2 verdigris1 #aj parts2 strong vinegar1 #ad parts2 purified honey 7thick71 #cb parts2 mix by heat and agitation4 ,as a detergent application to foul ulcers4 ,it is a modification of the #8,,unguentum ,,gyptiacum' of old pharmacy4 ,ointment of ,elder-flowers4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,elder-,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,sambuci ,,florum1 ,u4 ,,sambuci 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,elder flowers and lard1 of each #a lb42 boil them together until the flowers become crisp1 then strain1 with pressure1 through a linen cloth4 ,the same precautions must be observed as are necessary in the preparation of the medicated oils1 by infusion4 ,emollient2 less white and odorous than the following3---- #b4 7,wholesale47 ,take of lard 7hard1 white1 and sweet71 #be lbs42 prepared mutton suet1 #e lbs42 melt them in a well-tinned copper or earthen vessel1 add of elder-flower water #c galls41 agitate briskly for about #a_/b an hour1 and set it aside2 the next day gently pour off the water1 remelt the ointment1 and add of benzoic acid1 #e dr42 otto of roses1 #bj drops2 oil of bergamot and oil of rosemary1 of each #a dr42 again agitate well1 let it settle for #aj minutes1 and then pour off the clear portion into pots for sale4 ,very agreeable1 and keeps well4 ,obs4 ,the last formula is the one now generally adopted by the large wholesale houses4 ,ointment of ,elder-leaf4 ,syn4 ,,elder ,,ointment1 ,,green ,e4 ,o42 ,,unguentum ,,viride1 ,u4 ,,sambuci ,,viride1 ,u4 ,,sambuci 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,fresh elder leaves 7bruised71 #c lbs42 suet1 #d lbs42 lard1 #b lbs42 boil together1 as above4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,good fresh lard1 #a cwt42 fresh elder leaves1 #ef lbs42 boil till crisp1 strain off the oil1 put it over a slow fire1 add hard prepared mutton suet1 #ad lbs41 and gently stir it until it acquires a bright green colour4 ,obs4 ,the above ointment is reputed to be emollient and cooling1 and has always been a great favourite with the common people4 ,both elder-flower and elder-leaf ointment are1 however1 unnecessary preparations4 8,they are vestiges of the redundant practice of former times40 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,the above formul are those now almost exclusively employed in trade4 ,the ointment should be allowed to cool very slowly1 and after its temperature has fallen a little1 and it begins to thicken1 it should not be stirred1 in order that it may #8grain' well1 as a granular appearance is much admired4 ,it is a common practice to add powdered verdigris to deepen the colour1 but then the ointment does not keep well4 ,this dangerous fraud may be detected in the manner noticed under ,,cerate1 ,,savine4 ,ointment of ,elecampane4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,inul4 ,prep4 ,fresh elecampane root 7boiled till soft and pulped71 #a-a_/b oz42 lard1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,ointment of ,elemi4 ,syn4 ,,balsam ,,of ,,arc,,us1 ,,unguentum ,,elemi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,elemi1 #c oz42 suet1 #f oz42 melt them together1 remove the vessel from the fire1 and stir in of common turpentine1 #b-a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 lastly1 strain the whole through a linen cloth4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,resin of elemi1 #d oz42 ointment of white wax1 #a lb2 melt them together1 strain through flannel1 and stir the mixture constantly until it concretes4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,elemi1 #a2 simple ointment1 #d2 melt and strain4 ,uses1 c4 ,stimulant and digestive4 ,it is frequently employed to keep open issues and setons1 and as a dressing for old and ill-conditioned sores4 ,the #8,,ung4 ,,elemi ,,cum ,,rurine' of ,st ,george's ,hospital is made by adding #a dr4 of finely powdered verdigris to every #f oz4 of the ointment4 ,ointment of ,emetina4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,emetin4 ,prep4 ,emetine1 #ae gr42 rectified spirit1 q4 s42 lard1 #a_/b oz4 ,used as a rubefacient4 ,ointment ,escharotic4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,escharoticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a dr42 nitric oxide of mercury1 sulphate of copper1 and verdigris1 of each #b dr4 7all in very fine powder72 lard1 q4 s4 ,see ,,ointment1 and ,,cerate1 ,,arsenical4 ,ointment of ,euphorbium4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,euphorbii4 ,prep4 ,powdered euphorbium1 #be to #cj gr42 lard1 #a oz42 mix4 ,to keep up a discharge from issues4 ,ointment of ,glycerin4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,glycerini4 ,prep4 ,glycerin1 #d fl4 oz42 oil of almonds1 #h fl4 oz42 wax and spermaceti1 of each #a_/b oz4 ,ointment1 ,eye4 ,syn4 ,,eye ,,salve2 ,,unguentum ,,ophthalmicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,collier47 ,burnt alum1 #a_/b dr42 powdered opium1 #bj gr42 olive oil1 #a fl4 dr42 spermaceti ointment1 #b dr4 ,in inflammation of the eyelids1 purulent ophthalmia1 c4 #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,chloride of barium1 #f gr42 calomel1 #aj gr42 simple ointment1 #a oz42 otto of roses1 #a or #b drops4 ,in scrofulous ophthalmia4 #c4 7,dessault47 ,nitric oxide of mercury1 carbonate of zinc1 acetate of lead1 and dried alum1 of each #a dr42 corrosive sublimate1 #aj gr42 rose ointment1 #a oz4 ,in chronic ophthalmia1 profuse discharges1 c42 in general1 diluted4 #d4 7,dupuytren47 ,red oxide of mercury1 #aj gr42 sulphate of zinc1 #bj gr42 lard1 #b oz4 ,for chronic inflammation of the eyelids1 chronic ulcers1 c4 #e4 7,fricke74 ,nitrate of silver1 #aj gr42 zinc ointment1 #b dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b dr4 ,in ulceration of the cornea1 and in acute1 purulent1 and chronic ophthalmia1 c41 employing great caution in its use4 #f4 7,guthrie47 ,spermaceti ointment1 #a dr42 solution of diacetate of lead1 #ae drops2 nitrate of silver1 #b to #aj gr4 ,as the last1 and in cases wherein a direct caustic action is desired4 ,the stronger ointment often occasions intense pain4 #g4 7,hufeland47 ,black oxide of mercury1 #b gr42 spermaceti cerate and walnut oil1 of each #a dr4 ,in chronic affections of the eyes or eyelids1 particularly in those of a syphilitic character4 #h4 7,janin47 ,ammonio-chloride of mercury1 #a dr42 tutty and bole1 of each #b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in debility of the conjunctiva1 in chronic inflammation with excessive secretion1 c4 #i4 7,marshall47 ,see ,,cerate 7,marshall's74 #aj4 7,parker47 ,iodine1 #a gr42 iodide of potassium1 #e gr42 simple ointment1 #c dr4 ,in scrofulous ophthalmia1 thickening of the conjunctiva1 opacity of the cornea1 c4 #aa4 7,pellier47 ,nitric oxide of mercury and carbonate of zinc1 of each #a-a_/b dr42 tutty1 #a_/b dr42 red sulphuret of mercury1 #bj gr42 lard1 #b oz2 balsam of ,peru1 #ae drops4 ,in specks in the eye arising from small ulcers which have healed up2 in excessive defluxions1 c4 #ab4 7,ratier47 ,liquor of diacetate of lead1 #a_/b dr42 wine of opium1 #a dr42 lard1 #e dr4 ,in excoriations1 and the variety of chronic ophthalmia popularly termed #8blear eye4' #ac4 7,regent74 ,acetate of lead and red precipitate1 of each #a dr42 camphor1 #f gr42 washed fresh butter1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,as the last1 and in chronic ulcerations4 #ad4 7,singleton's ,,golden ,,ointment47 ,according to ,dr ,paris1 this compound consists of lard medicated with orpiment 7native yellow sulphuret of arsenic74 ,there appears1 however1 to be some mistake in this1 as that sold us under the name had nearly the same composition as the ,,ointment ,,of ,,nitric ,,oxide ,,of ,,mercury of the ,pharmacopia4 ,it did not contain even a trace of either arsenic or sulphur4 ,the action of this nostrum1 and the reputation which it has acquired1 fully justify this conclusion4 #ae4 7,smellome47 ,from verdigris 7levigated71 #a_/b dr42 olive oil1 #a fl4 dr42 triturate together2 add of yellow basilicon1 #a oz1 and again triturate until it begins to concrete4 ,a popular nostrum1 sometimes useful in chronic inflammation and ulcerations of the eyelids1 c41 especially in those of a scrofulous character4 #af4 7,spielmann47 ,acetate of lead1 #bj gr42 spermaceti cerate1 #e dr42 compound tincture of benzoin1 #dj gr4 ,cooling2 desiccative4 ,in inflamed eyelids1 excoriations1 c4 #ag4 7,st ,yve47 ,fresh butter 7washed71 #a oz42 white wax1 #a dr42 camphor1 #ae gr42 melt by a gentle heat1 and1 when cooled a little1 add of red precipitate 7levigated71 #a_/b dr42 oxide of zinc1 #bj gr4 ,in chronic inflammation of the coats of the eye1 or of the eyelids1 specks on the cornea1 c4 #ah4 7,thomson47 ,levigated oxide of zinc1 #a dr42 lard1 #i dr42 wine of opium1 #bj drops4 ,in chronic ophthalmia depending on want of tone in the vessels and integuments of the eye4 #ai4 7,velpeau47 ,precipitated sesquioxide of iron 7recent1 but dry71 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #e dr42 oil of almonds1 #a fl4 dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #ae drops4 ,as the last1 especially in #8blear eye4' #bj4 7,ware47 ,wine of opium1 #a fl4 dr42 simple ointment1 #c dr4 ,in ophthalmia1 after the inflammatory symptoms have subsided1 and the vessels remain red and turgid4 ,obs4 ,the ingredients entering into the composition of all the above ointments must be reduced to the state of impalpable powder before mixing them2 and the incorporation should be made by long trituration in a wedgwood-ware mortar1 or1 preferably1 for those that contain substances that are very gritty1 by levigation on a porphyry slab1 with a muller4 ,the most serious consequences1 even blindness1 have resulted from the neglect of these precautions4 ,they should all be employed in exceedingly small quantities at a time1 and they should be very carefully applied by means of a camel-hair pencil or a feather2 and1 in general1 not until acute inflammation has subsided4 ,the stronger ones1 in most cases1 require dilution with an equal weight to twice their weight of lard or simple ointment1 and should only be used of their full strength under proper medical advice4 ,various other formul for ,,ophthalmic ,,ointments will be found under the names of their leading ingredients4 ,ointment of ,figwort4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,scrophularia4 ,ointment of ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,digitalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from fresh foxglove as ointment of hemlock----,ph4 ,l4 ,as an application to chronic ulcers1 glandular swellings1 c4 #b4 7,rademacher47 ,extract of foxglove1 #b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in croup2 spread on lint1 and applied as a plaster to the throat4 ,ointment of ,fuligokali4 ,see ,,fuligokali4 ,ointment of ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,gall 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d474 ,gall-nuts 7in very fine powder71 #a dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g dr42 rub them together until a uniform mixture is obtained4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,galls1 in very fine powder1 #hj gr42 benzoated lard1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,an excellent application to piles1 either alone or mixed with an equal quantity of zinc ointment2 also highly useful in ringworm of the scalp4 ,ointment of ,galls and ,opium4 ,,unguentum ,,gall ,,cum ,,opio 7,b4 ,p472 ,,unguentum ,,gall ,,opiatum1 ,u4 ,,gall ,,compositum----,ph4 ,l41 ,u4 ,,gall ,,et ,,opii----7,ph4 ,e47----,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gall-nuts 7very finely powdered71 #f dr42 powdered opium1 #a-a_/d dr42 lard1 #f oz42 rub them together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,galls1 #b dr42 opium1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz42 as the last4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ointment of galls1 #a oz42 opium 7in powder71 #cb gr4 ,mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,a most valuable astringent and anodyne in blind piles1 slight cases of prolapsus ani1 c4 ,some practitioners add #a dr4 of camphor4 ,the ointment of the ,ph4 ,e4 is much the strongest4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,galls ,,with ,,morphia4 ,,unguentum ,,gall ,,et ,,morphi----7,dr ,paris47 ,morphia1 #b gr42 olive oil 7hot71 #b fl4 dr42 triturate1 add of zinc ointment 7,ph4 ,l471 #a oz42 powdered galls1 #a dr42 and mix thoroughly4 ,in piles4 ,the quantity of galls should be doubled4 ,ointment of ,galls with ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,gall ,,cum ,,camphor4 ,prep4 ,galls1 #b dr42 camphor1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,mix them4 ,ointment of ,garlic4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,allii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fresh garlic 7bruised71 #b parts2 lard1 #c parts2 simmer together for #a_/b an hour1 and then strain with expression4 ,rubbed on the abdomen in chronic diarrha and colic1 and over the chest and spine in hooping-cough4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,fresh garlic and lard1 equal parts2 beaten together4 ,applied to the feet in hooping-cough4 ,ointment1 ,giacomini's4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,chilblain4 ,ointment of ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,auri1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,d',,or1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,legrand47 ,gold 7in powder71 #ab gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a dressing for syphilitic ulcers2 and as a friction in glandular indurations1 c42 also endermically4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,amalgam of gold1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,for endermic use1 chiefly4 ,when the surface becomes dry1 the ointment of terchloride of gold is to be substituted as a dressing4 ,in rheumatic pains1 neuralgia1 c4 ,ointment1 ,golden4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,eye1 ,,citrine ,o41 c4 ,ointment1 ,gondret's4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,ammoniacal4 ,ointment1 ,goulard's4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,goulardi1 ,u4 ,,lithargyri ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,goulard's extract1 #a dr42 simple ointment1 #b oz4 ,see ,,cerate 7,lead74 ,ointment1 ,green4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,elder4 ,ointment of ,guarana4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,guaran4 ,prep4 ,one part of extract of guarana to eight parts of lard4 ,ointment of ,hellebore4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,white ,,hellebore2 ,,unguentum ,,veratri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,white hellebore 7in very fine powder71 #b oz42 lard1 #h oz42 oil of lemons1 #bj drops4 ,in itch1 lepra1 ringworm1 c42 and to destroy insects in the hair of children4 ,it should be used with caution1 and1 preferably1 diluted with an equal weight of lard4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,unguentum ,,veratri ,,compositum47----a4 7,rayer47 ,white hellebore1 #a oz42 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b oz42 lard1 #h oz4 ,used as the last4 b4 ,see ,,sulfur ,,ointment 7,compound7----,ph4 ,l4 ,ointment of ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,conii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,fresh hemlock leaves and lard1 of each #a lb42 boil them together 7very gently7 until the leaves become crisp1 then strain through linen1 with pressure4 ,see ,,oils 7,medicated74 #b4 ,extract of hemlock1 #a dr42 lard1 #i dr42 triturate together4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a local anodyne in neuralgic and rheumatic pains1 glandular enlargements1 painful piles1 c42 and as a dressing to painful and irritable ulcers1 cancerous sores1 c4 ,ointment of ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fresh henbane leaves1 #a lb42 lard1 #b lbs42 boil until nearly crisp4 #b4 7,taddei47 ,extract of henbane1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,anodyne2 in painful piles1 sores1 c41 as the last4 ,ointment1 ,holloway's4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,ointment of ,hops4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,lupuli1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,hops 7commercial71 #b oz42 lard1 #aj oz42 as extract of hemlock1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,in painful piles and cancerous sores4 ,ointment of ,hydriodate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ammoni ,,hydriodatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from hydriodate of ammonia 7iodide of ammonium71 #a_/b dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,used chiefly as an application to scrofulous tumour and ulcers1 in irritable subjects4 ,ointment of ,hydrochloric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,acidi ,,hydrochlorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,corrigan47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,as a dressing for scald-head1 after the scabs have been removed by emollient liniments or poultices4 ,ointment of ,hypochlorite of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,lime2 ,,unguentum ,,calcis ,,hypochloritis1 ,u4 ,c4 ,,chlorinat1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from chlorinated lime 7chloride of lime71 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz42 carefully triturated together4 ,in scrofulous swellings1 goitre1 chilblains1 indolent glandular tumours1 c4 #b4 ,chlorinated lime1 #a dr42 powdered foxglove1 #b dr42 simple ointment1 #b oz4 ,as an application to fetid and malignant ulcers1 c4 ,ointment of ,hypochlorite of ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,sulphuris ,,hypochloritis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copland47 ,hypochlorite of sulphur1 #a dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,it is generally scented with oil of almonds4 ,used in psoriasis inveterata1 and some other skin diseases4 ,ointment of ,iodide of ,arsenic4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,arsenici ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,biett47 ,iodide of arsenic1 #b to #c gr42 lard1 #a oz42 carefully triturated together4 ,in lepra1 psoriasis1 c42 and in corroding tubercular diseases4 ,it should be used with caution1 and not more than #a_/b dr4 applied at once4 ,ointment of ,iodide of ,barium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,barii ,,iodide1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,iodide of barium1 #c to #d gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a friction to scrofulous swellings and indurations4 ,the usual proportions are now #e gr4 to the oz4 ,ointment of ,iodide of ,iron4 7,pierquin47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ferri ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 ,iodide of iron1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,mix them4 ,ointment of ,iodide of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,plumbi ,,iodidi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodide of lead1 #a oz42 lard1 #h oz42 rub them together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,iodide of lead 7in fine powder71 #a dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g dr4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,iodide of lead1 in fine powder1 #fb gr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,an excellent application to scrofulous tumours and swelled glands1 especially when accompanied with pain4 ,ointment of ,green ,iodide of ,mercury4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,ointment ,,of ,,subiodide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,o4 ,,of ,,protiodide ,,of ,m4992 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,iodidi----,ph4 ,l47 a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,white wax1 #b oz42 lard1 #f oz42 melt them together1 add of iodide 7green iodide7 of mercury1 #a oz41 and rub them well together4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,green iodide of mercury1 #bc gr42 lard1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,uses1 c4 ,in tubercular skin diseases1 as a friction in scrofulous swellings and indolent granular tumours1 and as a dressing for ill-conditioned ulcers1 especially those of a scrofulous character4 ,ointment of ,red ,iodide of ,mercury4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,iodidi ,,rubri1 ,b4 ,p41 ,o4 ,,of ,,biniodide ,,of ,m4992 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,biniodidi199 ,u4 ,h4 ,,iodidi ,,rubri----7,ph4 ,d47----#a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,red iodide of mercury1 #a dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g dr42 mix by careful trituration4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,red iodide of mercury1 #bj gr42 lard1 #a-a_/b oz4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,red iodide of mercury 7in very fine powder71 #af gr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,similar to those of the preceding1 but it is much more stimulant1 and is regarded as better adapted for obstinate syphilitic sores4 ,largely diluted with lard or almond oil1 it is applied to the eyes in like cases4 ,ointment of ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,potassii ,,iodidi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodide of potassium1 #b dr41 dissolved in boiling distilled water1 #b fl4 dr42 lard 7softened by heat71 #b oz42 triturate together until united4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 distilled water1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g dr42 as before4 #c4 7,magendie47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 lard1 #ab dr4 #d4 7,le ,gros47 ,iodide1 #a-a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 #e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,iodide of potassium1 #fd gr42 carbonate of potash1 #d gr42 distilled water1 #a dr42 prepared lard1 #a oz42 dissolve the carbonate and the iodide in the water1 and mix thoroughly with the lard4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a friction in scrofula1 bronchocele1 glandular enlargements1 indurations1 c42 as a dressing to scrofulous ulcers1 as an application in scrofulous ophthalmia1 and in most of the other applications in which the employment of iodine is indicated4 ,the last formula has been successfully employed by ,m4 ,le ,gros in itch4 ,obs4 ,the strength of this ointment1 as prescribed by different parties varies greatly1 the proportions of the iodide ranging from #a_/cb to #a_/h of the whole1 to adapt it to particular cases4 ,when other ingredients are added1 the iodide must be used in a perfectly dry state1 and in fine powder1 instead of being dissolved in water4 ,this is particularly necessary when it is to be mixed with mercurial ointment4 ,ointment of ,iodide of ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,sulphuris ,,iodidi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodide of sulphur 7in fine powder71 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz42 mix by trituration4 #b4 7,cazenave47 ,iodide of sulphur1 #ab to #ae gr42 lard1 #a oz4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,iodide of sulphur1 #a2 lard1 #af4 ,mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a local stimulant and alterative in the chronic forms of lepra1 lupus1 porrigo1 psoriasis1 itch1 c42 also a remedy for acne punctata4 ,a few drops of oil of cloves or nutmeg are commonly added4 ,ointment of ,iodide of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,zinci ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from iodide of zinc1 #ab gr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,in scrofulous excoriations1 and in the chronic ophthalmia of scrofulous subjects1 arising from a relaxed state of the tissues and vessels4 #b4 7,dr ,ure47 ,iodide of zinc1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a friction to glandular tumours and indurations1 and as a dressing to flabby and obstinate scrofulous ulcers4 ,ointment of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,iodi 7,b4 ,p471 ,,unguentum ,,iodinii 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 #a4----7;,b4 ,p47 ,iodine1 #cb gr42 iodide of potassium1 #cb gr42 proof spirit1 #a dr42 rub together and add prepared lard1 #b oz4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,iodine 7,compound74 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,iodine1 #bj gr42 rectified spirit1 #bj drops2 rub them together1 then add of lard1 #a oz4 ,ointment of ,iodine 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,ioduretted ,,iodide ,,of ,,potassium2 ,,unguentum ,,potassi ,,iodidi ,,ioduretum ,u4 ,,iodinii ,,compositum----,ph4 ,l4 ,d41 ,u4 ,,iodinii----,ph4 ,e4----a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodine of potassium 7in very fine powder71 #a dr42 lard1 #b oz42 mix1 then add of iodine1 #a_/b dr41 dissolved in rectified spirit1 #a fl4 dr41 and mix all together4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,iodine 7,b4 ,p47 b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,iodine1 #a dr42 iodide of potassium1 #b dr42 rub them together1 then gradually add of lard1 #d oz4 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,pure iodine1 #a_/b dr42 iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 rub them well together in a glass or porcelain mortar1 then gradually add of ointment of white wax1 #ad-a_/b dr41 and continue the trituration until a uniform ointment is obtained4 ,uses1 c4 ,the compound ointment is an excellent friction in goitre1 and in enlarged or indurated glands or tumours1 more especially those of a scrofulous character2 in the quantity of #a_/b to #a dr41 night and morning4 ,it may be advantageously combined with extract of belladonna in the incipient bubo of scrofulous subjects1 and in the early stages of cancer2 and1 with an equal weight of mercurial ointment1 as a friction in cases of enlarged liver and spleen1 and ovarian dropsy4 ,the simple ointment of the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is generally regarded as weaker and less efficacious than the compound4 ,ointment of ,iodo-chloride of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,iodo-,,bichloridi991 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from iodo-chloride of ,mercury1 #af gr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,discutient2 probably one of the most powerful known in syphilitic cases complicated with scrofula4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,chloriodide ,,of ,,mercury4 ,ointment of ,iodoform 7,dr ,glover74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,iodoformi4 ,prep4 ,iodoform #a_/b to #a dram1 simple cerate #h drams4 ,mix4 ,ointment1 ,iodo-hydrargyrate of ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,potasse ,,iodo-,,hydrargyratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,lamothe47 ,iodo-hydrargyrate of potassa1 #bj gr42 lard1 #a oz4 #b4 7,puche47 ,red iodide of mercury and iodide of potassium1 of each #h gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a powerful stimulant discutient2 in tumours1 inflammatory sore throat1 c4 ,ointment1 ,iodo-narcotic4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,iodo-,,narcoticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,purvis47 ,iodine1 #bj gr42 iodide of potassium1 #b dr42 oil of tobacco 7by infusion71 #a-a_/b dr42 lard1 #c dr4 ,to relax rigid muscles4 ,ointment of ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr4 ,turnbull47 ,ipecacuanha 7in fine powder71 #b dr42 olive oil1 #b fl4 dr42 lard or simple ointment1 #d dr4 ,counter-irritant2 when frequently employed as a friction1 it occasions an eruption1 but one of a milder character than that from either croton oil or tartar emetic4 ,ointment1 ,issue4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,adfonticulos1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,golding ,bird47 ,ointment of cantharides 7,ph4 ,l471 #a-a_/b oz42 tartar emetic 7in impalpaple powder71 #h gr42 spermaceti ointment1 #b oz4 ,as a stimulating application to issues1 to promote the discharge4 ,see ,,elemi ,,ointment1 ,,cerate1 ,,plaster1 c4 ,ointment1 ,itch4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,antipsoricum1 ,l4 ,several excellent formul for itch ointments will be found under the names of their leading ingredients4 ,the following are additional ones1 including some nostrums3---- #a4 7,bailey47 ,from alum1 nitre1 and sulphate of zinc1 of each1 in very fine powder1 #a-a_/d oz42 vermilion1 #a_/b oz42 mix1 add gradually of sweet oil1 #a_/d pint2 triturate together until perfectly mixed1 then further add of lard 7softened by heat71 #a lb41 with oils of aniseed1 lavender1 and origanum1 q4 s4 to perfume4 #b4 7,bateman47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #a_/b oz42 rose water1 #a fl4 oz42 red sulphuret of mercury1 #a dr42 oil of bergamot1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 sublimed sulphur1 and hog's lard1 of each #aa oz42 mix them4 7,bateman1 #8,cutaneous ,diseases4'7 ,the nostrum vended under the name is made as follows3----,carbonate of potash1 #a oz42 vermilion1 #c dr42 sulphur1 #a lb42 lard1 #a-a_/b lb42 rose water1 #c fl4 oz42 oil of bergamot1 #a-a_/b dr4 #c4 7,french ,hosp47 ,chloride of lime1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 dr42 sweet oil1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 common salt and sulphur1 of each #a oz42 soft soap1 #b oz42 oil of lemon1 #bj drops4 ,cheap1 effectual1 and inoffensive4 #d4 7,de la ,harpe47 ,sulphur1 #b oz42 powdered white hellebore1 #a_/b oz42 sulphate of zinc1 #a_/d do42 soft soap1 #d oz42 lard1 #h oz4 #e4 7,jackson47 ,from palm oil1 flowers of sulphur1 and white hellebore of each #a part2 lard1 #b parts4 #f4 7,nugent47 ,from white lead1 #b oz42 orris root1 #a oz42 corrosive sublimate1 in very fine powder1 #a_/b oz42 palm oil1 #d oz42 lard1 #a-a_/b lb4 #g4 7,ph4 ,e41 #agdd47 ,elecampane root and sharp-pointed dock 7,rumex acutus----,linn471 of each bruised1 #c oz42 water1 #a quart2 vinegar1 #c_/d pint2 boil to one half1 add of water-cress1 #aj oz42 lard1 #d lb42 boil to dryness1 and stain with expression2 to the strained liquid add of beeswax and oil of bays1 of each #d oz42 and stir the mixture until nearly cold4 #h4 7,,ung4 ,a4 ,,comp4----,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,to each lb4 of the last add of strong mercurial ointment1 #b oz4 #i4 7,robertson47 ,soft soap1 #a oz42 rum1 #a table-spoonful2 chloride of lime 7dry and good71 #a_/d oz42 mix1 and add of lard1 #b oz4 #aj4 7,swediaur47 ,stavesacre 7in powder71 #a oz42 lard1 #c oz42 digest with heat for #c hours1 and then strain4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,bruns4 is nearly similar4 ,very useful in itch2 also to destroy pediculi4 #aa4 7,thomson47 ,chloride of lime and common salt1 of each1 in fine powder1 #a dr42 soft soap1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 dr42 mix1 add of lard1 #a oz42 and1 lastly1 of strong vinegar1 #c fl4 dr4 ,very cleanly and effective2 but should not be made in quantity1 as it does not keep well4 #ab4 7,vogt47 ,chloride of lime 7dry71 #b dr42 burnt alum1 #c dr42 lard1 #i dr4 ,to be mixed with an equal quantity of soft soap at the time of fusing it4 ,obs4 ,the products of the preceding formul are used by well rubbing them into the part affected1 night and morning1 as long as necessary1 the number of applications required depending greatly on the manner in which this is done4 ,ointment of ,ivy4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,heder1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the leaves of common ivy1 by infusion1 as ointment of henbane4 ,used as an application to soft corns1 in itch1 and as a dressing to indolent ulcers and tissues4 ,ointment of ,jatropha 7,,physic-,,nut74 ,the milky juice of the ,english ,physic nut 7,jatropha curcas7 mixed with half its weight of lard4 ,in piles4 ,ointment of ,juniper4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,juniperi4 ,prep4 ,juniper leaves1 #a part1 resin ointment1 #f parts2 boil gently and strain4 ,ointment of ,juniper-tar4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,olei ,,pyroligni ,,juniperi1 ,u4 ,,cadinum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,lard and suet1 of each #f parts2 beeswax1 #d parts2 liquefy by heat1 and add of pyroligneous oil of juniper 7#8huile de cade'7 #af parts2 with a few drops of any fragrant essential oil1 to conceal the smell4 ,in ringworm1 and as a stimulant ointment in some other skin diseases4 ,ointment1 ,kirkland's4 ,see ,,lead ,,ointment 7,compound74 ,ointment of ,labdanum4 7,quincy47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,criniscum4 ,prep4 ,labdanum1 #f dr42 bears' grease1 #b oz42 powdered southernwood1 #c dr42 oil of mace1 #a dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #b dr4 ,ointment of ,lard4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,adipis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,prepared lard1 #b lbs42 melt1 add of rose water1 #c fl4 oz42 beat the two well together1 then set the vessel aside1 and when the whole is cold1 separate the congealed fat4 ,a simple emollient4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,elder4 ,ointment of ,laurel4 ,syn4 ,,laurine ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,laurinum1 ,u4 ,,lauri ,,nobilis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,lusit47 ,suet 7softened by heat71 #h oz42 laurel oil 7expressed oil of bay71 #a lb42 oil of turpentine1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,this is the #8nervine balsam' and #8nervine ointment' of the shops in the ,peninsula1 and in some other parts of ,southern ,europe4 ,the ,ph4 ,bat4 #ahje added #a_/b oz4 of rectified oil of amber4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,fresh bay leaves and berries 7bruised71 of each #a lb42 lard1 #b lbs42 as hemlock ointment----,ph4 ,l4 ,highly esteemed on the ,continent as a stimulating friction1 in bruises1 strains1 stiff joints1 c42 and in deafness4 #c4 7,trade47 ,from fresh bay leaves1 #b lbs42 bay berries1 #a lb42 neat's-foot oil1 #e pints2 boil as last2 to the strained oil add1 of lard suet1 #c lbs41 true oil of bay1 #a_/d lb41 and allow it to cool very slowly1 in order that it may #8grain' well4 ,sold for laurel ointment and common oil of bay4 ,ointment of ,lavender 7,baume74 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,lavandul4 ,prep4 ,lard1 #b-a_/b lbs42 lavender flowers1 #aj lbs42 white wax1 #c oz4 ,melt the lard1 digest with #b lbs4 of the flowers for two hours1 and strain2 repeat this with fresh flowers till all are used2 melt the ointment and leave it at rest to cool2 separate the moisture and dregs1 and melt the ointment with the wax4 ,ointment of ,lead4 ,syn4 7,,unguentum ,,plumbi1 ,u4 ,,lithargyri----,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 #a4 ,litharge1 #c oz42 distilled vinegar1 #d oz42 olive oil1 #i oz42 mix with heat1 and stir until they combine4 ,camphor1 morphia1 and opium are common additions to lead ointment1 when an anodyne effect is desirable4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,neutral ,,ointment1 ,,higgin',s ,o41 ,,kirklands' ,o42 ,,unguentum ,,neutrale1 ,u4 ,,plumbi ,,compositum----,ph4 ,l47 ,lead plaster1 #b lbs42 olive oil1 #ah fl4 oz42 mix by a gentle heat1 and add of prepared chalk1 #f oz42 lastly1 add of dilute acetic acid1 #f fl4 oz41 and stir well until the mass has cooled4 ,as a dressing in indolent ulcers1 8but its utility is doubtful40 7,dr ,garrod47 ,obs4 ,it will be observed that the ,college has already modified the old formula of this ointment4 ,the vinegar is now the last ingredient added to the mass4 8,gradually add the chalk1 separately mixed with the vinegar1 the effervescence being finished1 and stir10 c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,see ,,acetate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,carbonate ,,of ,l41 ,,chloride ,,of ,l41 ,,iodide ,,of ,l42 ,,eye1 ,,goulard',s1 ,,le ,,mort',s1 and other ,,ointments containing lead4 ,ointment1 ,le ,mort's4 ,carbonate of lead1 corrosive sublimate1 litharge1 and ,venice turpentine1 of each #a oz42 alum1 #a_/b oz42 lard1 #a_/b lb42 vermilion1 q4 s4 to colour4 ,ointment of ,lupuline4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,lupulin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,lupuline1 #a part2 lard1 #c parts2 digest by the heat of a water bath for #e or #f hours1 and strain4 ,as an anodyne dressing to cancerous ulcers1 and as a friction to swollen and painful joints4 ,ointment of ,lycopodium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,lycopodii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,lycopodium1 #a dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,in chaps and excoriations4 ,ointment of ,mace4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,macidis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from mace 7beaten to a paste7 and palm oil1 of each #a lb42 purified beef marrow1 #c lbs42 gently melted together1 and strained4 ,emollient and stimulant2 chiefly used as a pomade for the hair4 ,sold for #8common oil of mace4' ,ointment of ,marshmallow4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,alth1 ,,dialth1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,oil of mucilages1 #b lbs42 beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 yellow resin1 #c oz42 melt them together1 then add of ,venice turpentine1 #a_/b oz42 and stir the mixture until it concretes4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from palm oil1 #a_/b lb42 yellow resin1 #a-a_/d lb42 beeswax1 #b-a_/d lbs42 pale linseed oil1 #i lbs4 7say #a gall472 melt together and stir until it is nearly cold4 ,uses1 c4 ,emollient and stimulant2 seldom used in regular practice1 but in great repute amongst the common people4 ,linseed oil is now almost universally substituted for the oil of mucilages4 ,ointment of ,master-wort4 ,syn4 ,,pommade ,,anti-,,canc,,reuse ,,de ,,milius2 ,,unguentum ,,imperitori1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,powdered master-wort 7,imperatoria ,ostruthium71 #a-a_/b oz42 tincture of master-wort1 #a oz42 lard1 #b oz4 ,ointment of ,matico 7,mr ,young74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,matico4 ,prep4 ,powdered matico1 #c drams2 opium1 #c gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,ointment1 ,mercurial4 ,syn4 7,strong ,,mercurial ,,ointment1 ,,blue ,o41 ,,neapolitan ,o42 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d41 ,u4 ,h4 ,,fortius1 ,u4 ,c,,ruleum47 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mercury1 #af2 prepared lard1 #af2 prepared suet1 #a2 rub together until metallic globules cease to be visible4 ,see also ,,ointment1 ,,mercurial 7,compound74 #b 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,mercury2 #a lb42 lard1 #aa-a_/b oz42 suet1 #a_/b oz42 rub the mercury with the suet and a little of the lard1 until globules are no longer visible2 then add the remaining lard1 and triturate altogether4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,pure mercury and lard1 of each #a lb42 as before4 ,pur41 c4 ,the #8stronger mercurial ointment' of the shops is usually made with a less quantity of mercury than that ordered by the ,colleges1 and the colour is brought up with finely ground blue black or wood charcoal4 ,this fraud may be detected by its inferior sp4 gr41 and by a portion being left undissolved when a little of the ointment is treated first with ether or oil of turpentine1 to remove the fat1 and then with dilute nitric acid1 to remove the mercury4 ,when made according to the instructions of the ,ph41 its sp4 gr4 is not less than #agha at #fj ,fahr4 ,it 8is not well prepared so long as metallic globules may be seen in it with a magnifier of #d powers40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,when rubbed on a piece of bright copper or gold1 it should immediately give it a coating of metallic mercury1 and a silvery appearance4 ,the ,ung4 hyd4 fort4 of the wholesale houses is generally made of mercury1 #ab lbs41 suet1 #a-a_/b lb41 and lard1 #af-a_/b lbs4 ,it thus contains only #a_/c instead of #a_/b its weight of mercury4 ,that of the same houses labelled #8,ung4 hyd4 partes quales' is prepared with mercury1 #ab lbs42 suet1 #a-a_/b lb42 lard1 #ac-a_/b lbs4 ,uses4 ,this ointment is chiefly used to introduce mercury into the system when the stomach is too irritable to bear it2 in syphilis1 hepatic affections1 hydrocephalus1 c4 ,for this purpose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 is commonly rubbed into the inside of one of the thighs until every particle of the ointment disappears4 ,this operation is repeated night and morning until the desired effect is produced1 and should be1 if possible1 performed by the patient himself4 ,during its administration the patient should avoid exposure to cold1 and the use of fermented or acidulous liquors1 and his diet should consist chiefly of toast1 broth1 gruel1 milk-and-water1 and other inoffensive matters4 ,this ointment has been employed to prevent the #8pitting' in smallpox2 and1 diluted with #c or #d times its weight of lard1 in several skin diseases1 as a dressing for ulcers1 to destroy pediculi1 c4 ,camphor is often added to this ointment to increase its activity4 ,with the addition of a little extract of belladonna1 or hydrochlorate of ammonia1 it forms an excellent anodyne and resolvent friction in painful syphilitic tumours and glandular enlargements4 ,obs4 ,the preparation of mercurial ointment according to the common plan is a process of much labour and difficulty1 and usually occupies several days4 ,the instructions in the ,pharmacopias are very meagre and unsatisfactory1 and1 so far as details go1 are seldom precisely carried out4 ,employers grumble1 and operatives become impatient1 when they find the most assiduous trituration apparently fails to hasten the extinction of the globules4 ,to facilitate matters1 various tricks are resorted to1 and various contraband additions are often clandestinely made4 ,among the articles referred to1 sulphur and turpentine are those which have been longest known1 and1 perhaps1 most frequently employed for the purpose2 but the first spoils the colour1 and the other the consistence1 of the ointment2 whilst both impart to it more or less of their peculiar and respective odours4 ,on the ,continent1 oil of eggs was formerly very generally used for the purpose1 and is even now occasionally so employed4 ,nearly half a century ago ,mr ,w4 ,cooley clearly showed that the difficulty might be satisfactorily overcome by simply triturating the quicksilver with #a_/h to #a_/d of its weight of old mercurial ointment1 before adding the lard2 and that the effective power of this substance was in direct proportion to its age1 or the length of time it had been exposed to the air4 ,his plan was to employ the #8bottom' and #8scraping' of the store pots for the purpose4 ,at a later period 7#ahad-ae7 ,mr ,higginbottom1 of ,northampton1 repeated this recommendation1 and at length the plan has been imported into the ,pharmacopia ,borussica4 ,about twenty years since1 8we reopened an investigation of the subject1 which extended over several months1 during which we satisfied ourselves of the accuracy of the assertion of ,m4 ,roux1 that the mercury in mercurial ointment exists entirely1 or nearly so1 in the metallic state1 and not in the form of oxide1 as was generally assumed4 ,we succeeded in preparing an excellent sample of mercurial ointment by agitating washed suet and quicksilver together in vacuo4 ,the quantity of oxide present at any time in this ointment is variable and accidental1 and is largest in that which has been long prepared2 but in no case is it sufficient to materially discolour the fat after the metallic mercury is separated from it4 ,we were led to conclude that the property alluded to1 possessed by old ointment1 depends solely on the peculiar degree of consistence or viscidity of the fat present in it1 and on the loss of much of the thoroughly greasy1 #8anti-attritive' character1 possessed by the latter in a recent state4 ,in practically working out this idea we obtained pure fats 7,,magnetic ,,adeps2 ,,sevum ,,pr,,paratum71 which1 without any addition1 were capable of reducing1 in a few minutes1 #h1 #af1 #cb1 and even #dh times their weight of mercury4 ,we also found that the formula of the ,pharmacopia might be adopted1 and that a perfect ointment might be readily obtained by skilful management in from half an hour to an hour1 even without these resources4 ,all that was necessary was to employ a very gentle degree of heat by either performing the operation in a warm apartment or by allowing the mortar to remain filled with warm water for a short time before using it4 ,suet or lard1 reduced either by gentle warmth or by the addition of a little almond oil to the consistence of a thick cream1 so that it will hang to the pestle without running from it1 will readily extinguish #g or #h times its weight of running mercury by simple trituration4 ,the exact temperature must1 however1 be hit upon1 or the operation fails4 ,this fact was afterwards noticed in the #8,ann4 de ,chim41' and some other journals40 7,a4 ,j4 ,cooley47 ,m4 ,pomonti has proposed a method of preparing strong mercurial ointment1 which1 modified to suit the ,english operator1 is as follows3----,fresh lard1 #h parts2 solution of nitre 7see below71 #a part2 mix by trituration1 add of mercury1 #cb parts1 and again triturate4 ,the globules disappear after a few turns of the pestle1 but reappear in a few minutes1 and then again disappear to return no more4 ,when this happens1 the trituration is to be continued for a few minutes longer1 when lard1 #bd parts1 is to be rubbed in1 and the ointment at once put into pots4 ,it is said that the globules are so completely extinguished as to escape detection1 even when the ointment is examined by a microscope of low power4 ,the ,,solution4----,nitre1 #ajj gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,this quantity is sufficient for a kilogramme of mercury4 ,m4 ,lahens strongly recommends for the rapid preparation of mercurial ointment the application of oil of almonds in the following proportions3----,mercury1 #ajjj parts2 oil of almonds1 #bj parts2 lard1 #ihj parts4 ,the mercury is first triturated with the oil for about fifteen minutes1 after which its globules are said to be no longer discernible by the naked eye2 #bjj parts of the melted lard are now added1 and the trituration continued to the complete extinction of the metal1 which is generally accomplished within an hour4 ,the ointment is then mixed with the remainder of the lard4 ,,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,mercury4 ,ointment1 ,mercurial 7,milder74 ,,milder ,,blue ,,ointment1 ,,trooper',s ,o41 ,,unction2 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,mitius1 ,u4 ,c,,ruleum ,,mitius4 ,prep4 #a4 ,stronger mercurial ointment1 #a lb42 lard1 #b lbs4 ,dose1 c4 ,in the itch and several other cutaneous diseases1 as a dressing to syphilitic ulcers1 to destroy pediculi on the body1 c4 ,each drachm contains #aj gr4 of mercury4 ,that of the shops generally contains considerably less4 #b4 7,with ,,soap2 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,saponaceum2 ,,savon ,,mercuriel74----a4 7,draper47 ,mercurial ointment 7softened by a gentle heat71 #a oz42 hydrate of potassa1 #a dr41 dissolved in water1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 triturate them together until the mass solidifies4 b4 7,swediaur47 ,milder mercurial ointment1 #h parts2 soft soap1 #b parts2 camphor1 #a part4 ,in periostitis1 engorgements of the testicles1 soft corns1 c4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury1 c4 ,ointment1 ,mercurial 7,compound74 7,b4 ,p47 ,mercurial ointment1 #f2 yellow wax1 #c2 olive oil1 #c2 camphor1 #a-a_/b4 ,melt the wax and oil1 and when the mixture is nearly cold1 add the camphor in powder and the mercurial ointment1 and mix4 ,ointment1 ,mercurial1 with ,hydrochlorate of ,ammonia4 7,dupuytren47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,cum ,,ammoni ,,muriate4 ,prep4 ,stronger mercurial ointment1 #b oz42 hydrochlorate of ammonia1 #a dr4 ,ointment1 ,mercurial1 with ,soda4 7,f4 ,h47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,cum ,,soda1 ,,savon ,,mercuriel4 ,prep4 ,mercurial ointment1 #c-a_/b oz42 solution of soda1 #c oz42 triturate until they combine4 ,ointment of ,mercury1 ,oleate of4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,linimentum ,,hydrargyri ,,oleatis1 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,oleatis4 7#aj per cent47 ,prep4 ,yellow peroxide of mercury1 #a dr42 pure oleic acid1 #aj dr4 ,to the oleic acid kept agitated in a mortar1 sprinkle in the peroxide gradually1 and triturate frequently during #bd hours1 until the peroxide is dissolved1 and a gelatinous solution is formed1 #bj per cent4 as above1 using double the quantity of yellow oxide4 ,to be applied with a brush1 or spread lightly over the part with the finger4 ,in persistent inflammation of the joints1 ,professor ,marshall adds to j of the above preparation1 #a gr4 of morphia----the pure alkaloid----not one of its salts1 which are insoluble in oleic acid4 ,in the preparation of ointment of oleate of mercury it is of the utmost importance that the mercuric oxide should be thoroughly dry1 and further that it should be sifted in small portions at a time upon the surface of the oleic acid1 each fresh portion being well incorporated before another is added4 ,solution should be promoted by frequent stirring1 at ordinary temperatures1 since experience has shown that all heating is positively injurious4#ff ,footnote #ff3 ,c4 ,rice4 ,ointment of ,mercury1 ,yellow ,oxide of4 7,u4 ,s4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri1 ,oxydi flavi4 ,prep4 ,yellow oxide of mercury1 #a dr42 simple ointment1 #dbj gr4 ,ointment of ,mezereon4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,mezerei1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hamb4 ,cod47 ,alcoholic extract of mezereon1 #b dr42 dissolve in rectified spirit1 q4 s42 add it to white wax1 #a oz42 lard1 #h oz41 and mix by a gentle heat4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,mezereon 7dried root-bark71 #d oz42 moisten it with rectified spirit1 bruise it well1 and digest it for #ab hours1 at the heat of boiling water1 in lard1 #ad-a_/b oz42 then strain with pressure1 and allow it to cool slowly2 lastly1 separate it from the dregs1 remelt it1 and add of white wax1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,used as a stimulating application to blistered surfaces and indolent ulcers4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,ethereal extract of mezereon1 #agf gr42 lard1 #i oz42 white wax1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a oz42 dissolve the extract in the alcohol1 add the lard and wax1 heat moderately1 stir until the spirit is driven off1 strain and stir till cold4 ,ointment of ,monesia4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,monesi4 ,prep4 ,oil of almonds1 #d parts2 white wax1 #b parts2 extract of monesia1 #a part2 water1 #a part4 ,ointment of ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,sinapis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,flour of mustard1 #c_/d oz42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 mix1 and add1 of resin cerate1 #b oz2 oil of turpentine1 #a_/b oz4 ,rubefacient and stimulant4 ,as a friction in rheumatism1 c4 #b4 7,frank47 ,flour of mustard1 #c oz42 oil of almonds1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 lemon juice1 q4 s4 ,in sunburn1 freckles1 c4 ,ointment of ,naphthalin4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,naphthalin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,emery47 ,naphthalin1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #g-a_/b dr4 ,in dry tetters1 lepra1 psoriasis1 c4 ,ointment1 ,neapolitan4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,mercurial4 ,ointment1 ,nervine4 ,syn4 ,,balsamum ,,nervinum1 ,,unguentum ,n41 ,l42 ,,baume ,,nerval1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,expressed oil of mace and ox marrow1 of each #d oz42 melt by a gentle heat1 and add1 of oil of rosemary1 #b dr42 oil of cloves1 #a dr42 camphor1 #a dr42 balsam of tolu1 #b dr42 7the last two dissolved in7 rectified spirit1 #d dr4 ,in rheumatism1 c4 ,a somewhat similar preparation was included in the ,ph4 ,e4 #agdd4 ,ointment1 ,narcotic and ,balsamic 7,g4 ,ph474 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,narcotico-,,balsamicum ,,hellmundi4 ,prep4 ,acetate of lead1 #aj drams2 extract of hemlock1 #cj drams2 wax ointment1 #cc oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #cj drams2 wine of opium1 #e drams4 ,ointment1 ,neutral4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,lead 7,compound74 ,ointment of ,nitrate of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,citrine ,,ointment1 ,,yellow ,o41 ,,mercurial ,,balsam2 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,nitratis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,u4 ,h4 ,n41 or ,u4 ,,citrinum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mercury1 #b oz42 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb71 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve and mix the solution1 whilst still hot1 with lard1 #a lb41 and olive oil1 #h fl4 oz41 melted together4 7,for the ,,milder ,,ointment1 see below47 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,mercury1 #d oz42 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #h fl4 oz4 #f fl4 dr42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 add the liquid to lard1 #ae oz12 olive oil1 #cb fl4 oz42 melted together1 and whilst the whole are still hot1 and mix them thoroughly4 8,if the mixture does not froth up1 increase the heat a little until this takes place4 ,keep the ointment in earthenware vessels1 or glass vessels1 secluded from the air40 ,this admirable formula is a modification of that originally introduced into ,pharmacy by the late ,dr ,duncan1 of ,edinburgh4 7,for the milder ointment1 see below47 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,mercury #a oz42 nitric acid1 7#aejj71 #a fl4 oz42 7diluted with7 water1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and add the liquid to lard1 #d oz42 olive oil1 #h fl4 oz42 melted together1 and still hot2 next 8let the temperature of the mixture be raised so as to cause effervescence1 and then1 withdrawing the heat1 stir the mixture with a porcelain spoon until it concretes on cooling40 #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,mercury1 #c parts2 nitric acid 7#acba71 #f parts2 lard and oil1 of each #bd parts2 as above4 #e4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,mercury1 #a oz42 nitric acid 7#adb71 #ad fl4 oz42 lard1 #c oz42 fresh neat's-foot oil1 #i fl4 oz42 mix the mercurial solution with the melted fat and oil at #bjj ,fahr4 #f4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mercury1 #d2 nitric acid1 #ab2 prepared lard1 #ae2 olive oil1 #cb2 dissolve the mercury in the nitric acid with the aid of a gentle heat2 melt the lard in the oil by a steam or water bath in a porcelain vessel capable of holding six times the quantity1 and while the mixture is hot add the solution of mercury1 also hot1 and mix them together thoroughly4 ,if the mixture does not froth up1 increase the heat till this occurs4 7,the heat required for this is from #agj to #ahj ,fahr47 ,uses1 c4 ,detergent and stimulant4 ,in ringworm1 herpes1 itch1 porrigo1 psoriasis1 and some other chronic skin diseases2 in various chronic affections of the eyes1 especially chronic inflammation and ulceration of the eyelids1 #8blear eye1' c4 ,it 8may almost be regarded as specific in psorophthalmia1 in the purulent ophthalmia of infants producing ectropium 7eversion of the eyelids71 and in ulcerations of the tarsi 7edges of the eyelids740 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,as a dressing to old ulcers1 more especially those of a syphilitic character1 it is superior to all the other ointments containing mercury2 in sore legs1 assisted by the internal use of the pill of soap with opium 7,,pil ,,saponis ,,cum ,,opio71 it often acts like a charm when all other modes of treatment have failed4 ,for most of these purposes it should be diluted with from twice to seven times its weight of some simple fatty matter4 ,one of the principal reasons why this ointment is in less general use than its merits deserve1 is the very inferior quality of that vended in the shops under the name1 arising from almost every druggist preparing some mess of his own1 instead of adhering to the ,college formul4 ,obs4 ,ointment of nitrate of mercury1 faithfully prepared according to the instructions in the ,pharmacopia1 possesses a rich golden-yellow colour1 and a buttery consistence1 and keeps well4 ,unfortunately1 clumsy and careless operators1 who regard the ,pharmacopia as a foolish book1 which it is quite unnecessary to look into1 often fail in their attempts to produce an article of good quality4 ,the difficulty is immediately surmounted by employing pure ingredients1 in the proportions ordered1 and mixing them at the proper temperature4 ,the acid should be of the full strength1 or1 if somewhat weaker than that directed1 an equivalent quantity should be employed4 ,a slight excess of acid is not injurious1 rather the contrary2 but a deficiency of acid1 in all cases1 more or less damages the quality of the product4 ,if1 on stirring the mercurial solution with the melted lard and oil1 the mixture does not froth up1 the heat should be increased a little1 as1 unless a violent frothing and reaction take place1 the ointment will not turn out of good quality1 and will rapidly harden and lose its colour4 ,the most favorable temperature for the union of the ingredients is from #ahe to #bjj ,fahr41 and in no case should it exceed #bab2 whilst below #ahj ,fahr41 the reactions are feeble and imperfect4 ,stoneware or glass vessels must alone be employed in the preparation of this ointment1 and the stirrers or spatulas should be either of glass or white deal4 ,the best plan is to keep the whole exclusively for the purpose1 and when out of use to preserve them from dust and dirt4 7,see below47 ,ointment of ,nitrate of ,mercury4 7,milder47 ,syn4 ,,milder ,,citrine ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,nitratis ,,mitius 7,ph4 ,l471 ,u4 ,h4 ,n4 ,m41 ,or ,u4 ,,citrinum ,m4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ointment of nitrate of mercury1 #a oz42 lard1 #g oz42 rub them together4 8,this ointment is to be used recently prepared40 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the stronger ointment1 ,ph4 ,e41 but using a triple proportion of oil and lard4 ,uses1 c4 ,see the ,,stronger ,,ointment 7above74 ,ointment of ,nitrate of ,silver4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,argenti ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,jobert47 ,nitrate of silver1 #b1 #d1 or #f parts2 lard1 #bj parts4 ,these ointments are respectively numbered #a1 #b1 and #c1 and are used in white-swelling4 #b4 7,macdonald47 ,nitrate of silver1 #a part2 lard1 #g to #h parts4 ,to smear bougies1 in gonorrha1 c4 #c4 7,mackenzie47 ,nitrate of silver1 #e gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in purulent and chronic ophthalmia1 ulcers on the cornea1 c4 #d4 7,velpeau47 ,nitrate of silver1 #a gr42 lard1 #a dr4 ,in acute ophthalmia1 c4 ,the above compounds require to be used with caution4 ,ointment of ,nitric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,oxygenised ,,fat2 ,,unguentum ,,oxygenatum1 ,u4 ,a4 ,,nitrici1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,d',,alyon1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,olive oil1 #a lb42 lard1 #d oz42 melt them together1 add1 gradually1 of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #e-a_/b fl4 dr41 and stir the mixture constantly with a glass rod until it concretes4 ,uses1 c4 ,in itch1 porrigo1 and some other chronic skin diseases2 and as a dressing for syphilitic and herpetic ulcers1 old sores1 c4 ,it is frequently employed as a substitute for the ointment of nitrate of mercury1 which it somewhat resembles in appearance2 but it is less active and useful4 ,ointment of ,nitric ,oxide of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,red ,,oxide ,,of ,,mercury 7,b4 ,p471 ,,red ,,precipitate ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,nitrico-,,oxydi 7,ph4 ,l471 ,u4 ,h4 ,,oxydi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,u4 ,h4 ,o4 ,,rubri 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,white wax1 #b oz42 lard1 #f oz42 mix1 by heat1 add of nitric oxide of mercury1 in very fine powder1 #a oz41 and rub them together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,nitric oxide of mercury1 #a oz42 lard1 #h oz42 mix by trituration4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,red oxide of mercury 7nitric oxide71 #a dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g dr42 as the last4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,red oxide of mercury1 in very fine powder1 #fb gr42 yellow wax1 #a_/d oz42 oil of almonds1 #c_/d oz42 melt the wax1 add the oil1 and mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,an excellent stimulant application to indolent and foul sores1 ulcers1 c42 and1 when diluted1 as an eye ointment in chronic inflammation and ulceration of the eyes and eyelids1 and especially in psorophthalmia2 also in specks on the cornea1 and the other affections noticed under ,,ointment ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury4 ,it forms the basis of numerous quack medicines4 ,see also ,,ointment ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,mercury 7below74 ,ointment1 ,obstetric4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,obstetricum1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,,obstetricale1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,chaussier47 ,extract of belladonna1 #a dr42 water1 #b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,to promote the dilatation of the os uteri4 #b4 7,,pommade ,,pour ,,le ,,toucher47 ,from yellow wax and spermaceti1 of each #a oz42 olive oil1 #af oz42 melt them together1 strain1 add of solution of caustic soda1 #a fl4 oz41 and stir until the whole is nearly cold4 ,ointment of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,opiatum1 ,u4 ,,opii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered opium1 #bj gr42 lard1 #a oz42 mix by trituration4 ,as a simple anodyne friction or dressing4 #b4 7,augustin47 ,opium1 #b dr42 ox-gall1 #b oz42 digest #b days1 strain1 and add1 of melted lard1 #b oz42 oil of bergamot1 #aj drops4 #c4 7,brera47 ,opium1 #a dr42 gastric juice of a calf1 #a_/b oz42 digest #bd hours1 and add of melted lard1 #a oz4 ,ointment of ,oxide of ,lead4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,lead4 ,ointment of ,oxide of ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,manganesii ,,oxydi1 ,u4 ,m4 ,,binoxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,black oxide of manganese 7levigated71 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz42 mix by patient trituration4 ,as a friction in scrofulous swellings and indurations2 and in itch1 scald-head1 chilblains1 c4 #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,binoxide of manganese1 #a dr42 sulphur1 #b dr42 lard1 #i dr42 cajeput oil1 #ae drops4 ,as the last2 also as a friction in rheumatism1 swelled joints1 c41 and in porrigo1 and some other skin diseases4 ,ointment of ,oxide of ,mercury4 ,under this name the two ointments noticed below are often confounded1 owing to the different opinions held respecting the atomic weight of mercury3---- #a4 ,ointment of ,grey ,oxide of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,suboxide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,o4 ,,of ,,protoxide ,,of ,m42 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,oxydi1 ,u4 ,h4 ,,suboxydi1 ,u4 ,h4 ,o4 ,,cinerei1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,grey oxide of mercury1 #a oz42 lard1 #c oz42 triturate together4 ,formerly proposed as a substitute for mercurial ointment1 but in practice it has been found useless as a friction1 owing to the unctuous matter only being absorbed1 whilst the oxide is left on the surface4 ,this objection does not apply to the following preparations3---- #b4 7,donovan47 ,grey oxide of mercury1 #bj gr42 lard1 #a oz42 mix1 and expose them to the temperature of #cbj ,fahr4 for #b hours1 constantly stirring4 ,grey coloured4 ,it may also be made from the nitric- or red-oxide in the same way1 by keeping the ointment heated to about #cjj for some hours4 ,cleaner and stronger than ,ung4 hyd4 fort4----,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,tyson47 ,black oxide of mercury 7prepared by decomposing precipitated calomel with liquors of potassa and ammonia71 #b oz42 lard1 #a lb42 triturate together4 ,inferior in activity to the last4 ,it closely resembles in appearance a fine sample of mercurial ointment4 #b4 ,ointment of ,red ,oxide of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,binoxidi1 ,u4 ,h4 ,,oxydi ,,rubri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cazenave47 ,red oxide of mercury1 #cj gr42 camphor1 #e gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,closely resembles ointment of nitric oxide of mercury1 over which it1 perhaps1 possesses some advantage from the oxide being in a more minutely divided state4 ,ointment of ,oxide of ,silver4 ,,unguentum ,,argenti ,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,serre47 ,,oxide ,,of ,,silver1 #af to #bj gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a dressing for scrofulous and syphilitic sores1 c4 ,ointment of ,oxide of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,zinc ,,ointment2 ,,nihil ,,album ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,zinci 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,u4 ,,oxydi ,,zinci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oxide of zinc1 #a oz42 lard1 #f oz42 mix them together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,oxide of zinc1 #a oz42 simple liniment 7,ph4 ,e471 #f oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,ointment of white wax1 #ab oz42 melt it by a gentle heat1 add of oxide of zinc1 #b oz42 and stir constantly until the mixture concretes4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oxide of zinc1 in very fine powder1 #a2 benzoated lard1 #e-a_/b2 mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,astringent1 desiccative1 and stimulant2 in excoriations1 burns1 various skin diseases attended by profuse discharges1 in chronic inflammation of the eyes depending on relaxation of the vessels1 in sore nipples1 indolent sores1 ringworm of the scalp1 c4 ,it is an excellent and very useful preparation4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,tutty 7below74 ,ointment of ,pepper4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,piperis ,,nigri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,black pepper 7bruised71 #a oz42 lard1 #b oz42 suet1 #a oz42 digest together in a covered vessel1 by the heat of a water bath1 for six hours1 then strain1 with pressure1 add of expressed oil of mace1 #b dr41 and stir until the mixture concretes4 ,in piles1 itch1 as a friction in rheumatism1 c4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,black pepper 7in fine powder71 #d oz42 lard1 #a lb42 mix4 ,in scald-head1 c4 ,ointment of ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,acidi ,,phosphorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,phosphoric acid1 #a dr42 lard 7softened by heat71 #a oz2 triturate carefully together4 ,as a friction in caries1 osseous tumours1 c4 ,ointment of ,phosphorus4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,phosphori1 ,u4 ,,phosphoratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,phosphorus1 #a dr42 lard1 #f oz4 #c dr42 melt together 7in a wide-mouthed bottle7 by the heat of a water bath1 remove the vessel from the heat1 and shake it briskly until the ointment concretes4 ,as a friction in gout1 chronic rheumatism1 and several skin diseases4 ,ointment of ,picrotoxin4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,picrotoxin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,jjer47 ,picrotoxin1 #aj gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in ringworm of the scalp1 and to destroy pediculi4 ,it should be used with care4 ,ointment for ,piles4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,h,,morrhoidale1 ,u4 ,,anti-,h,,morrhoidale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,burnt alum and oxide of zinc1 of each #a_/b dr42 lard1 #g dr4 #b4 7,bories47 ,acetate of lead1 #ae gr42 freshly burnt cork1 #a_/b oz42 washed fresh butter1 #b oz42 triturate well together4 #c4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,morphia1 #h gr42 melted spermaceti ointment1 #a oz42 triturate together until solution is complete1 then add1 of galls 7in impalpable powder71 #a-a_/b dr41 essential oil of almonds 7genuine crude71 #ab to #ae drops1 and stir until the mass concretes4 ,in painful piles1 prolapsus1 c4 ,it is not only very effective1 but does not soil the linen so much as most other ointments4 #d4 7,dr ,gedding47 ,carbonate of lead1 #d dr42 sulphate of morphia1 #ae gr42 stramonium ointment1 #a oz42 olive oil1 q4 s4 ,when there is much pain and inflammation4 #e4 7,sir ,h4 ,halford47 ,ointment of nitrate of mercury and oil of almonds1 equal parts1 triturated together4 #f4 7,mazzini47 ,nitrate of morphia1 #ae gr42 citrine ointment1 #a dr42 fresh butter1 #a oz4 ,as the last4 #g4 7,vallez47 ,extract of elder leaves1 #a_/b dr42 burnt alum1 #af gr42 poplar ointment1 #a oz4 ,for other formul1 see the respective names of their leading ingredients4 #h4 7,ware47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz42 dissolve by heat1 add of powdered galls1 #b dr42 mix well1 further add of tincture of opium1 #b fl4 dr41 and stir until the whole is cold4 ,in flabby mucous and painful piles4 #i4 7,zanin47 ,spermaceti ointment1 #a oz42 powdered galls1 #a dr42 powdered opium1 #ah gr42 solution of diacetate of lead1 #a fl4 dr4 ,when there is both pain and inflammation4 #aj4 7,from ,new ,remedies47 ,yellow wax1 #h parts2 resin1 #d parts2 lard1 #ab parts2 oil of sassafras1 #b parts4 ,melt the wax1 resin1 and lard1 remove from the fire1 add the oil of sassafras1 and stir until the mass is solid4 ,this is said to be a most excellent application for painful or itching piles4 ,ointment of ,pitch4 ,syn4 ,,black ,,basilicon1 ,,ointment ,,of ,,black ,,pitch2 ,,ung4 ,,picis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,u4 ,,picis ,,nigr1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,black pitch1 resin1 and beeswax1 of each #aa oz42 olive oil1 #a pint2 melt together1 strain through a linen cloth 7and stir until the mass concretes74 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tar1 #e2 yellow wax1 #b2 melt together1 and stir till cold4 ,uses1 c4 ,stimulant and detergent2 very useful in indolent ulcerations1 scald-head1 and various foul eruptions4 ,in itch and psoriasis1 and other scaly skin diseases1 a little sulphur is commonly added to it4 ,ointment of ,platinum4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,plantini1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hfer47 ,bichloride of platinum1 #ae gr42 extract of belladonna1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a dressing for painful indolent ulcers4 ,ointment of ,plumbago4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,graphite2 ,,unguentum ,,graphitis1 ,u4 ,,plumbaginis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from pure plumbago 7#8black-lead'71 #a-a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a dressing to ulcers1 and in certain skin diseases4 ,ointment1 ,plunket's4 ,prep4 7,original formula47 ,crowsfoot1 #a handful2 dog's fennel1 #c sprigs2 pound well1 add of flowers of sulphur and white arsenic1 of each #c thimblefuls2 beat them well together1 form the mass into boluses1 and dry them in the sun4 ,for use1 powder them2 and mix the powder with yolk of egg1 spread a little on a small piece of pig's bladder 7size of half a crown71 and apply it to the sore1 where it must remain until it falls off by itself4 ,poisonous2 in cancer2 with great caution4 ,ointment1 ,pomatum4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,lard4 ,ointment of ,poplar ,buds4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,populeum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fresh poplar buds 7bruised71 #a part2 lard1 #d parts2 boil until crisp1 and strain4 ,it never gets rancid4 ,emollient and stimulant4 #b4 7,compound----,p4 ,cod47 ,poplar buds1 #ab oz42 fresh leaves of belladonna1 common nightshade 7,solanum nigrum71 henbane1 and poppies1 of each #h oz42 lard1 #d-a_/b lbs42 as the last4 ,emollient1 stimulant1 and anodyne4 ,ointment of ,potassio-tartrate of ,antimony4 ,syn4 ,,antimonial ,,ointment1 ,,tartar ,,emetic ,o42 ,,unguentum ,,antimonii ,,tartarati 7,b4 ,p471 ,,unguentum ,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,tartatris 7,ph4 ,l471 ,u4 ,a4 ,,tartarizati 7,ph4 ,d471 ,u4 ,,antimoniale 7,ph4 ,e471 ,u4 ,,tartari ,,emetici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,potassic tartrate of antimony1 rubbed to a very fine powder1 #a oz42 lard1 #d oz42 mix by trituration4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,tartar emetic1 in very fine powder1 #a dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g dr4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tartrated antimony 7in fine powder71 #a2 simple ointment1 #d4 ,mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,counter-irritant2 in phthisis1 chronic rheumatism1 certain liver affections1 and other deep-seated pains and diseases4 ,a portion about the size of a nut is rubbed on the skin night and morning1 until a crop of pustules is produced4 ,the part should be well rubbed with a coarse towel1 so as to be reddened1 before applying the ointment4 ,the product of the ,dublin formula is of only half the strength of those of the other ,colleges4 ,obs4 ,before adding the tartar emetic to the lard it should be reduced to the state of an impalpable powder4 ,the precipitated salt is the best for this purpose4 ,as the pustules formed by this ointment permanently mark the skin1 it should only be applied to those parts of the person which are covered by the dress4 ,ointment1 ,purgative4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,colocynth1 ,,worm ,o41 c4 ,ointment of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,quini1 ,u4 ,,quini ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #a dr42 lard1 #c dr4 ,in the agues of children4 #b4 7,beasley ex ,antonini47 ,sulphate of quinine1 #a dr42 alcohol 7rectified spirit71 #b dr42 sulphuric acid1 #aj drops2 dissolve1 and mix it with lard1 #a_/b oz4 ,in malignant intermittents2 #b to #d dr4 at a time1 rubbed into the groin or axilla4 ,ointment of ,red ,sulphuret of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,bisulphureti1 ,u4 ,h4 ,,sulphureti ,,rubri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,alibert47 ,red sulphuret of mercury1 #a dr42 camphor1 #bj gr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,in herpes1 applied twice a day4 #b4 7,collier47 ,bisulphuret of mercury1 #a-a_/b dr42 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz42 rose water1 #a fl4 dr4 ,in several skin diseases1 to diminish the itching1 destroy pediculi1 c4 #c4 7,radius47 ,as the last1 with #a oz4 more lard4 ,ointment of ,resin4 ,syn4 ,,yellow ,,basilicon2 ,,unguentum ,,resin 7,ph4 ,d471 ,u4 ,,resinosum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,yellow wax1 #a_/d lb42 yellow resin1 in coarse powder1 #a_/b lb42 prepared lard1 #a lb42 melt them together by a gentle heat1 strain the mixture1 whilst hot1 through flannel1 and stir it constantly until it concretes4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,beeswax1 #b oz42 resin1 #e oz42 lard1 #h oz4 ,obs4 ,a useful stimulant dressing to foul and indolent ulcers4 ,for the corresponding preparation of the ,ph4 ,l41 see ,,cerate1 ,,resin4 ,ointment1 ,resolvent4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,discutient4 ,ointment of ,rhatany 7,trousseau74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,rhattini4 ,prep4 ,extract of rhatany1 #a-a_/b dr42 cacao butter1 #e dr4 ,mix4 ,ointment1 ,ringworm4 ,,unguentum ,,contra-,,tineam1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,carbonate of soda1 #a part2 fresh-slaked lime1 #d parts2 lard1 #abj parts4 #b4 ,ointment of nitrate of mercury1 #a dr42 tar ointment and lard1 of each #a_/b oz4 #c4 7,henke47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 juniper-tar ointment1 #a_/b oz42 marshmallow do41 #a oz4 #d4 7,pereira47 ,tar1 #c dr42 lard1 #a-a_/b oz42 melt them together1 and stir in of acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #b fl4 dr4 #e4 7,thompson47 ,carbonate of soda and sulphuret of potassium1 of each #a dr42 creasote1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a-a_/d oz4 ,obs4 ,the hair must be cut off close1 and the part washed clean before each application4 ,for other forms1 see above4 ,ointment of ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,rose ,,pommade1 ,,rose ,,lip-,,salve2 ,,unguentum ,,ros1 ,u4 ,,rosatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,washed lard 7melted71 and roses 7centif471 of each #b lbs42 mix1 and in #b days remelt the mass1 and press out the fat2 to this last add of fresh roses1 #b lbs41 and repeat the process2 lastly1 colour it with alkanet root if required red4 #b4 7,,ung4 ,,aqu ,,ros----,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,this is spermaceti ointment melted and beaten up with about #b_/crds of its weight of rose water until they congeal4 ,both the above are simple emollients4 ,the last is an officinal #8cold cream4' ,ointment of ,rosemary 7,compound74 7,ph4 ,g47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,rosmarini ,,compositum4 ,prep4 ,lard1 #af oz42 suet1 #h oz42 yellow wax1 #b oz42 oil of mace1 #b oz42 liquefy in a vapour bath1 and when nearly cold1 add oil of rosemary and oil of juniper1 of each #a oz41 by weight4 ,ointment of ,rue 7,span4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,rut4 ,prep4 ,fresh rue1 #b oz42 wormwood1 #b oz42 nitre1 #b oz42 lard1 #af oz42 boil till the moisture is expelled4 ,ointment1 ,rust's4 ,prep4 ,calcined alum1 #a-a_/b dr42 camphor1 #a_/b dr42 powdered opium1 #bj gr4 balsam of ,peru1 #a dr42 lead ointment1 #e dr42 triturate together4 ,in chilblains1 frostbites1 frosted limbs1 c4 ,ointment of ,sabadilline4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,sabadillin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,sabadilline1 #ae to #bj gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,intended as a substitute for ointment of veratrine4 ,ointment of ,savine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,sabin 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,ceratum ,,sabin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,white wax1 #c oz42 lard1 #a lb42 melt them together1 mix in of fresh savine 7bruised71 #a_/b lb41 and press through a linen cloth4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,savine tops1 dried and in fine powder1 #a dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g dr42 mix by trituration4 ,for the formula of the ,ph4 ,e41 the uses1 c41 see ,,cerate4 ,ointment of ,scrophularia4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,scrophulari1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,green leaves of knotted rooted figwort and lard1 of each #b lbs42 prepared suet1 #a lb42 boil till crisp1 and strain with pressure4 ,in ringworm1 #8burnt holes' 7pemphigus gangrenosus of children71 impetigo1 and some other cutaneous diseases2 also as an application to piles1 painful swellings1 c4 ,in the second it is said to be almost specific4 ,ointment1 ,simple4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,white ,,wax1 ,,simple ,,dressing2 ,,unguentum ,,simplex 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,u4 ,,cer ,,alb 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,olive oil1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 white wax1 #b oz42 melted together1 and stirred whilst cooling4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,prepared lard1 #d lbs42 white wax1 #a lb42 as the last4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,white wax1 #b2 prepared lard1 #c2 almond oil1 #h2 melt together1 and stir till it becomes solid4 ,obs4 ,the above are mild emollients1 useful in healthy ulcers1 excoriations1 c42 but chiefly as forming the basis for other ointments4 ,the corresponding preparation of the ,ph4 ,l4 is spermaceti ointment4 ,see below1 also ,,ointment1 ,,lard1 c4 ,ointment1 ,singleton's4 ,see ,,ointments1 ,,eye4 ,ointment1 ,smallpox4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ectroticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,mercurial ointment1 #a-a_/b oz42 beeswax and black pitch1 of each #a_/b oz42 expressed oil of mace1 #b dr42 mixed together by a very gentle heat4 #b4 7,briquet47 ,mercurial ointment1 #d parts2 powdered starch1 #a part4 #c4 7,tourriere47 ,iodide of potassium 7dry and in fine powder71 #a part2 expressed oil of mace1 #b parts2 black resin1 #d parts2 mercurial ointment1 #h parts4 ,used to prevent the #8pitting of the pustules4' ,see ,,smallpox4 ,ointment1 ,smellome's4 ,see ,,ointments1 ,,eye4 ,ointment of ,soap4 #a4 ,see ,,cerate4 #b4 7,camphorated2 ,,unguentum ,,saponis ,,camphoratum----,hamb4 ,cod47 ,white soap 7scraped71 #a lb42 water1 #a_/b lb42 dissolve by heat2 add of olive oil1 #e oz42 and when the mixture has partly cooled1 further add of camphor1 #a oz41 previously dissolved by heat in olive oil1 #a oz42 lastly1 stir until the mass concretes4 ,as an anodyne and stimulating friction in various local affections1 as chaps1 chilblains1 rheumatism1 c4 ,ointment of ,sodio-,chloride of ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,auri ,,sodio-,,chloridi1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,,de ,,muriate ,d',,or ,,et ,,de ,,soude1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,sodio-chloride of gold1 #aj gr42 lard1 #d dr4 ,in scrofulous and syphilitic swellings1 indurations1 ulcers1 c4 ,ointment of ,spermaceti4 ,syn4 ,,emollient ,,dressing1 ,,simple ,,ointment1 ,,white ,o42 ,,unguentum ,,cetacei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,u4 ,,spermatis ,,ceti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,spermaceti1 #e oz42 white wax1 #ad dr42 olive oil1 #a pint1 or q4 s42 melt them together by a gentle heat1 and stir the mixture until cold4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,white wax1 #a_/b lb42 spermaceti1 #a lb42 prepared lard1 #c lbs42 as the last4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,spermaceti1 #e2 white wax1 #b2 almond oil1 #bj1 or a sufficiency2 stir constantly1 until it cools4 ,uses1 c4 ,as an emollient and healing application or dressing to abrasions1 excoriations1 blistered surfaces1 healthy ulcers1 chilblains1 chaps1 c4 ,in trade1 the ,dublin formula1 with double the amount of lard1 is commonly employed4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,lard1 ,,simple ,o41 c4 ,ointment of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,brera47 ,squills 7in very fine powder71 #a dr42 mercurial ointment1 #b dr4 #b4 7,hufeland47 ,squills1 #a oz42 liquor of potassia1 #b fl4 oz42 reduce to a mucilage by boiling1 then add of lard1 #b oz41 or q4 s4 ,as a resolvent friction to indolent tumours and indurations4 ,ointment of ,stavesacre4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,staphisagri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,powdered stavesacre1 #a oz42 lard1 #c oz42 melt together1 digest #c or #d hours1 and strain4 ,a very cleanly remedy for itch1 and to destroy pediculi on the person4 ,a similar ointment is much used by farriers4 ,ointment of ,stramonium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,stramonii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fresh thorn-apple leaves1 #a part2 lard1 #d parts2 as ointment of hemlock4 #b4 7,pereira47 ,powdered leaves1 #a oz12 lard1 #d oz42 mix by trituration4 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract of stramonium1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz42 as the last4 ,uses1 c4 ,to dress irritable ulcers1 and as an application to painful piles4 ,ointment of ,strychnine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,strychni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bouchardat47 ,strychnine1 #af gr42 lard1 #a oz42 carefully triturated together4 #b4 7,wendt47 ,nitrate of strychnine1 #f dr42 lard1 #a oz42 as last4 ,both are used as a friction in paralysed parts1 c4 ,from the extremely poisonous character of strychnine it should be used with caution4 ,ointment of ,subacetate of ,copper4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,verdigris4 ,ointment of ,subacetate of ,lead 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,plumbi ,,subacetatis ,,compositum 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,solution of subacetate of lead1 #f2 camphor #a_/h2 white wax1 #h2 almond oil1 #bj2 melt the wax with #af of the oil on a steam or water bath2 remove the vessel1 and as soon as the mixture begins to thicken1 gradually add the solution of subacetate of lead1 and stir the mixture constantly until it cools2 then add the camphor1 dissolve in the rest of the oil1 and mix thoroughly4 ,ointment of ,subchloride of ,mercury4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,calomel4 ,ointment of ,subsulphate of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,subsulphatus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,alibert47 ,turpeth mineral1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 #b4 7,biett47 ,turpeth mineral1 #a dr42 sulphur1 #b dr42 lard1 #b oz42 oil of lemons1 #ae drops4 ,in herpes1 porrigo1 and the scaly diseases4 ,ointment of ,sulphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,ferri ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,velpeau47 ,sulphate of iron1 #a-a_/b dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,in erysipelas4 ,ointment of ,sulphate of ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,manganesi ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sulphate of manganese1 #a fl4 dr42 lard or simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,alterative and discutient2 in similar cases to those in which ,,mecurial ,,ointment is employed4 ,ointment of ,sulphate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,zinci ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,scarpa47 ,sulphate of zinc 7in very fine powder71 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,in some chronic skin diseases attended with a lax state of the tissues1 and as a dressing to scrofulous tumours after they have separated and the abscess has been discharged4 ,ointment of ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,sulphuris 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sulphur1 #a_/b lb42 lard1 #a lb4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf oil of bergamot1 #dj drops1 were added4 7,see #e1 ,compound47 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphur1 #a oz42 lard1 #d oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sulphur1 #a lb42 lard1 #d lbs4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sublimed sulphur1 #a2 benzoated lard1 #d2 mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,in itch1 scald-head1 c41 in the first of which it is specific4 ,it should be well rubbed in every night until the disease is cured2 8but not more than one fourth part of the body should be covered with it at a time40 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 #e4 7,compound2 ,,itch ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,sulphuris ,,compositum----,ph4 ,l47----a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,nitrate of potassa 7powdered71 #dj gr42 white hellebore 7powdered71 #aj dr42 sulphur and soft soap1 of each #d oz42 lard1 #a lb42 rub them together4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alum and sal ammoniac1 of each1 #a_/b oz42 sulphur1 #h oz42 lard1 #af oz4 ,uses1 c4 ,in itch1 as the simple ointment 7#a1 #b1 and #c47 ,they are more efficacious1 but1 owing to the presence of white hellebore1 the ,ph4 ,l4 preparation is apt to cause irritation in persons with delicate skins4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,itch4 ,ointment of ,sulphuret of ,mercury4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,red ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,mercury4 ,ointment of ,sulphurated ,potash4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,potass ,,sulphurate 7,b4 ,p47 ,sulphurated potash1 #cj gr42 triturate1 and add prepared lard1 #a oz42 mix4 ,see also next preparation4 ,ointment of ,sulphuret of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,potassi ,,sulphureti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphuret of potassium 7dry and in fine powder71 #a dr42 lard1 #i dr4 ,alibert adds #a dr4 of carbonate of soda4 #b4 ,sulphuret of potassium1 #b-a_/b dr42 lard and soft soap1 of each #a oz42 olive oil1 #a_/b oz4 ,in several chronic skin diseases1 as itch1 psoriasis1 ringworm1 lepra1 eczema1 c4 ,ointment of ,sulphuret of ,sodium4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,sodii ,,sulphureti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,sulphuret of sodium1 #c dr42 lard1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,in itch1 for which it is very cleanly and effective4 ,the last two ointments are most powerful when recently prepared4 ,ointment of ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,acidi ,,sulphurici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,duncan47 ,sulphuric acid1 #a dr42 lard1 #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,sulphuric acid1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz42 mix4 ,uses1 c4 ,black1 fetid2 in itch4 ,it is now seldom used4 ,with oil of turpentine it has been used as a stimulating liniment in rheumatism4 ,an ointment made of #a-a_/b dr4 of dilute sulphuric acid to #a oz4 of lard is a good application in prurigo4 ,ointment1 ,sultana4 ,spermaceti and white wax1 of each #a_/d oz42 oil of almonds and butter of cacao1 of each #a_/d lb42 melt together1 add of balsam of ,peru1 #a dr41 stir constantly for a few minutes1 and after it has settled pour off the clear portion2 to this add of orange-flower water1 #b fl4 dr41 and stir the mixture constantly until it concretes4 ,a very agreeable species of cold cream4 ,ointment of ,tannate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,plumbi ,,tannatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tannate of lead1 #a-a_/b dr42 powdered camphor1 #bj gr42 spermaceti ointment1 #g dr4 ,in inflamed piles1 c4 #b4 7,sundelin47 ,decoction of oak bark1 #f fl4 oz42 solution of diacetate of lead1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix1 collect and drain the precipitate1 and mix it1 whilst still moist1 with lard1 #a oz42 camphor1 #aj gr4 ,in bedsores4 ,ointment of ,tannin4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,tannini1 ,u4 ,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,richard47 ,tannin1 #b dr42 water1 #b fl4 dr42 triturate them together1 then add of lard1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,astringent and hmostatic4 ,in piles1 prolapsus1 c4 ,it is a very cleanly and effective application4 ,ointment of ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,picis ,,liquid 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,tar and suet1 of each #a lb42 melt them together1 and press the mixture through a linen cloth4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tar1 #e oz42 beeswax1 #b oz42 melt together1 and stir the mixture briskly until it concretes4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,tar1 #a_/b pint2 yellow wax1 #d oz42 as the last4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a detergent application in ringworm1 scald-head1 scabby eruptions1 foul ulcers1 c4 ,it should be1 in general1 at first diluted with half of its weight of lard or oil4 ,see also ,,ointment ,,of ,,pitch4 ,ointment of ,tartar ,emetic4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,potassio-,,tartrate ,,of ,,antimony4 ,ointment of ,tin1 ,chloride 7,nanche74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,stanni ,,chloridi4 ,prep4 ,perchloride of tin1 #a-a_/b grain2 lard1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,ointment of ,tin1 ,oxide 7,bate74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,stanni ,,oxidi4 ,oxide of tin rubbed with oil of ,st ,john's wort was formerly applied for the cure of blindness2 with ,localette's balsam and honey1 for the cure of indolent ulcers4 ,ointment of ,tobacco4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,tabaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,chippendale47 ,extract of tobacco1 #a dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as a friction in neuralgia4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,fresh tobacco leaves1 #a oz42 lard1 #ab oz42 as ointment of hemlock4 ,as an anodyne application in irritable ulcers1 ringworm1 prurigo1 and some other skin diseases4 ,ointment1 ,tripharmic4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,three ,,things2 ,,unguentum ,,tripharmacum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from lead plaster1 #d oz42 olive oil1 #b fl4 oz42 distilled vinegar1 #a fl4 oz42 melt together1 and stir until they combine1 and a proper consistence is obtained4 ,cooling and desiccative2 formerly greatly esteemed as a dressing4 ,ointment1 ,trooper's4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,mercurial4 ,ointment of ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,terebinthin 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 #a4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 oil of turpentine1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 dissolve1 and add of resin of cerate1 #a oz4 ,as a stimulant and anodyne friction in nephritic and rheumatic pains1 engorgements1 c4 #b4 7,ph4 ,austr47 ,turpentine1 #b lbs42 simple ointment1 #a lb42 mix by a gentle heat4 ,as a stimulant dressing4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil of turpentine1 #af2 camphor1 #a2 soft soap1 #b2 dissolve the camphor in the turpentine1 add the soap1 and rub till thoroughly mixed4 ,ointment of ,tutty4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,zinci ,,oxydi ,,impuri1 ,u4 ,,tuti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from prepared tutty1 #a part2 simple ointment1 #e parts2 mix by trituration4 ,formerly in great repute in ophthalmic practice1 more particularly in inflammation1 c41 of the eyelids4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,zinc4 ,ointment of ,veratrine4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,veratri 7,b4 ,p472 ,,pommade ,,de ,,veratrine2 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,magendie47 ,veratrine1 #d gr42 lard1 #a oz42 mixed by careful trituration4 #b4 7,pereira47 ,veratrine1 #cj gr42 lard1 #a oz4 #c4 7,turnbull47 ,veratrine1 #aj to #bj gr42 olive oil1 #a dr42 triturate1 and add of spermaceti ointment1 #a oz4 #d4 ,veratria1 #h gr42 prepared lard1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a_/b dr42 rub the veratria and the oil together1 then mix thoroughly with the lard4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a friction in neuralgia1 neuralgic rheumatism1 gout1 dropsy1 c4 ,a piece about the size of a hazel nut is to be rubbed for #aj or #ae minutes over the seat of pain1 twice a day4 ,it must not be applied where the skin is unsound1 nor to a large surface at a time1 and the greatest caution must be used1 on account of the extremely poisonous character of veratrine4 ,ointment of ,verdigris4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,subacetate ,,of ,,copper2 ,,unguentum ,,ruginis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,u4 ,,cupri ,,subacetatis 7,ph4 ,d474 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,resinous ointment1 #ae oz42 melt by a gentle heat1 sprinkle into it of verdigris 7in very fine powder71 #a oz41 and stir the mixture briskly until it concretes4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,prepared subacetate of copper1 #a_/b dr42 ointment of white wax1 #g-a_/b dr42 mix by trituration4 ,uses1 c4 ,detergent and escharotic2 as an occasional dressing to foul and flabby ulcers1 to keep down fungous-flesh1 and1 diluted with oil or lard1 in scrofulous ulceration and inflammation of the eyelids4 ,ointment of ,vinegar4 ,syn4 ,,acetic ,,ointment2 ,,unguentum ,,aceti1 ,u4 ,,acidi ,,acetici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,cheston47 ,olive oil1 #a lb42 white wax1 #d oz42 melt them together by a gentle heat1 add of strong vinegar1 #b fl4 oz41 and stir until the mixture concretes4 ,as a cooling astringent dressing1 and as an application in chronic ophthalmia4 #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,acetate of morphia1 #f gr42 acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l47 and water1 of each #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 dissolve1 add the solution to simple ointment 7melted71 #a-a_/b oz41 and stir the mixture briskly until nearly cold4 ,in chronic ophthalmia1 painful inflamed piles1 c42 also to remove freckles1 and to allay itching and irritation in several skin diseases4 ,ointment of ,walnut ,leaves 7,negrier74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,juglandis4 ,prep4 ,extract of walnut leaves1 #c drams2 lard1 #d drams2 oil of bergamot1 #a drop4 ,mix4 ,ointment1 ,white4 ,both ,,spermaceti ,,ointment and ,,ointment ,,of ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead were formerly so called1 but the name is now obsolete4 ,the ,,camphorated ,,white ,,ointment of the ,ph4 ,l4 of #agdf 7,,ung4 ,,album ,,camphoratum7 was spermaceti ointment to which a little camphor had been added4 ,ointment of ,white ,precipitate4 ,syn4 ,,ointment ,,of ,,ammoniated ,,mercury2 ,,unguentum ,,hydrargyri ,,ammoniati4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ammoniated mercury1 #fb gr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,ammonio-,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury4 ,ointment of ,white ,wax4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,simple4 ,ointment of ,wolfsbane4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,aconite4 ,ointment of ,wood ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,fuliginis4 ,prep4 ,wood soot and lard1 of each equal parts4 ,mix4 ,ointment of ,wood ,soot 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,fuliginis ,,compositum4 ,acetic extract of wood soot1 #d dr42 dried salt1 #aj dr42 lard1 #ad oz4 ,for ringworm4 ,ointment for ,worms4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,anthelminticum1 ,u4 ,,vermifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,boerhaave47 ,aloes and ox-gall1 of each #a part2 marshmallow ointment1 #h parts4 #b4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,aloes and oil of tansy1 of each #a part2 dried ox-gall1 #b parts 7both in fine powder72 lard1 #h parts4 #c4 7,ph4 ,bat47 ,aloes1 #a dr42 dried ox-gall and petroleum1 of each #a-a_/b dr42 lard1 #a-a_/b oz4 #d4 7,soubeiran47 ,powdered aloes1 #b dr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,uses1 c4 ,the above are purgative and vermifuge1 applied as frictions to the abdomen4 ,they are chiefly employed for children and delicate females4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,colocynth4 ,ointment of ,yellow ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,cer ,,flav1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,beeswax1 #a lb42 lard1 #d lbs42 melt them together4 ,a mild emollient dressing4 ,some parties regard it as more #8healing' than the ,,ointment ,,of ,,white ,,wax4 ,ointment of ,zinc4 #a4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,zinc4 #b4 7,compound72 ,,unguentum ,,zinci ,,compositum1 ,l4----a4 7,hufeland47 ,oxide of zinc and lycopodium1 of each #a dr42 simple ointment1 #a oz4 ,in excoriations and simple ulcerations1 especially those of the eyelids1 nipples1 c4 b4 7,thomson47 ,oxide of zinc1 #a_/b dr42 powdered opium1 #e gr42 lard1 #a oz4 ,as the last1 when there is much pain4 ,ointment of ,zinc1 ,cyanide 7,cunier74 ,syn4 ,,unguentum ,,zinci ,,cyanidi4 ,prep4 ,cyanide of zinc1 #ab grains2 lard1 #e drams2 butter of cacao1 #e drams4 ,mix4 ,,ointments 7,flower of74 ,syn4 ,,flos ,,unguentorum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from resin1 thus1 wax1 and suet1 of each #a_/b lb42 olibanum and ,venice turpentine1 of each #b-a_/b oz42 myrrh1 #a oz42 wine1 #a_/b pint2 boil them together1 and1 lastly1 add of camphor1 #b dr4 ,suppurative2 warming4 ,o,,lefiant ,,gas4 ,c#c;,h#d4 ,syn4 ,,ethylene1 ,,heavy ,,carbonetted ,,hydrogen1 ,,heavy ,,carburetted ,h41 ,,elayl1 ,,ethene4 ,a substance discovered by some associated ,dutch chemists1 in #agie1 and composed of carbon and hydrogen in the proportions expressed by ,c#b;,h#b or ,c#d;,h#d4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture of alcohol 7rectified spirit71 #a part1 and oil of vitriol1 #f parts1 is heated in a retort until it blackens1 and sulphurous acid begins to be evolved2 the product is then passed first through a wash-bottle containing a solution of caustic potassa or milk of lime1 and next through a bottle containing concentrated sulphuric acid1 the last being furnished with a tube dipping into the water of the pneumatic trough4 #b4 ,the vapour of boiling alcohol is passed into a mixture of oil of vitriol diluted with rather less than one half its weight of water1 and so heated as to be in a state of tranquil ebullition 7#cbj to #ccj ,fahr472 the gaseous product is chiefly olefiant gas1 and the vapour of water1 from which it may be separated as above4 ,no sulphurous acid is formed1 nor does the acid blacken as in the last process4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless2 neutral2 nearly odourless2 nearly insoluble in water2 alcohol1 ether1 and the volatile and fixed oils1 absorb a portion of it2 burns with a brilliant white flame2 at a full red heat it suffers decomposition1 with deposit of carbon and liberation of light carburetted hydrogen gas2 mixed with twice its volume of chlorine and inflamed1 hydrochloric acid is formed1 and the carbon of the gas is precipitated in the form of dense black soot2 if the mixture 7best in equal volumes71 instead of being kindled1 be left standing over water1 it soon condenses into a heavy oily liquid 7chloride of olefiant gas1 ,dutch liquid74 ,sp4 gr4 #iha2 #ajj cubic inches weigh #cjeg gr4 ,olefiant ,gas1 ,bromide of4 ,syn4 ,,bromide ,,of ,,ethylene4 ,from bromine and olefiant gas as ,dutch liquid4 ,a colourless liquid1 with an ethereal odour1 boiling at #bfe1 and solidifying at #j ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #baf4 ,olefiant ,gas1 ,chloride of4 ,syn4 ,,dutch ,,liquid1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,ethylene4 ,this substance1 referred to above1 may be easily prepared in any quantity by the following process3----,chlorine and olefiant gas 7the latter a little in excess7 are conveyed by separate tubes 7passing through the same cork7 into a glass globe1 having a narrow funnel-shaped neck at its lower part1 dipping into a small bottle destined to receive the product of their mutual reaction3 the newly formed liquid trickles down the sides of the globe into the receiver1 and when a sufficient quantity is collected1 it is purified by agitating it first with water1 and then with sulphuric acid1 and1 lastly1 submitting it to distillation4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless2 sweet-tasted2 agreeably fragrant1 the odour approaching that of oil of caraway2 slightly soluble in water2 freely so in alcohol and ether2 it sinks in water2 boils at #ahj ,fahr42 burns with a smoky greenish flame2 is unaffected by oil of vitriol2 but decomposed by solution of caustic potassa4 ,it combines with chlorine1 forming new compounds4 ,see ,,chlorides ,,of ,,carbon 7page #djc74 ,,oleic ,,acid4 ,,hc#ah;,h#cc,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,elaic ,,acid4 ,one of the fatty acids discovered by ,chevreul1 and produced by saponifying oils1 and then separating the base from the resulting soap by means of a dilute acid4 ,it now forms an important secondary product in the manufacture of stearic acid4 ,perfectly pure oleic acid may be obtained as follows3---- #a4 ,by saponifying olein1 as just noticed4 #b4 ,pure almond or olive-oil soap is decomposed by a dilute acid1 and the resulting oily acid is digested in a water bath with half its weight of litharge 7in very fine powder7 for some hours1 constantly stirring2 the mixture is then agitated with twice its volume of ether in a close vessel1 and in #bd hours the clear ethereal solution is decanted1 and decomposed with dilute hydrochloric acid2 the oleic acid separates1 and the ether mixed with it is expelled by evaporation4 ,to render it colourless1 the acid is again saponified with caustic soda1 and the soap thus retained is repeatedly dissolved in a solution of soda1 and as often separated by adding common salt2 this soap is1 lastly1 decomposed by dilute hydrochloric acid1 as before4 #c4 7,h4 ,n4 ,fraser1 pharmacist47 ,oil of cotton seeds 7#8winter oil'71 deprived of most of its stearin by chilling and pressure1 is first saponified with potassa1 using a slight excess of the base4 ,the soap is then treated with tartaric acid1 or any other acid which will make a soluble salt with potassa1 until the base is completely neutralised2 the residue is washed until a mass is left about the consistence and colour of cerate1 free from any of the salt2 this is heated for several hours with nearly its weight of litharge1 and three or four times its bulk of water2 the resulting compound is shaken up while yet warm with ether1 and allowed to stand until all the soluble matter separates4 ,this separates the stearate1 and leaves a nearly pure oleate of lead4 ,the clear liquor is decanted and briskly shaken with dilute muriatic acid for a few minutes to precipitate all the chloride of lead1 the lighter liquid washed to remove traces of muriatic acid and filtered2 the filtrate heated slowly in a water bath1 and the ether distilled until the residue ceases to have an ethereal odour4 ,the product is about #fj per cent4 of the bulk of the oil4 ,crude oleic acid may be purified as follows3----,expose it repeatedly to a temperature of about #de ,f41 and express the liquid portion4 ,with this mix an equal bulk of solution of sulphurous acid1 place the mixture in the light1 and shake it frequently until no more colour is discharged4 ,after separation the oleic acid is to be washed repeatedly with cold distilled water1 and put into bottles1 which should be kept filled up and in a cool place4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless oily acid1 insoluble in water1 soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and oil2 with the bases it forms salts called oleates4 ,the best kind of oleic acid is known as 8pale cloth oil40 ,o',,lein4 ,c#eg;,h#ajd,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,elain2 ,,huile ,,absolue1 ,fr4 ,the liquid portion of the fixed oils and fats4 ,by saponification it yields oleic acid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,olive oil or almond oil is digested for #bd hours with a quantity of caustic soda lye1 only sufficient to saponify one half of the oil1 and the undecomposed oily portion 7olein7 is then separated from the alkaline solution and newly formed stearine soap4 #b4 ,the saponified mixture of oil and alkali 7see ,no4 #a7 is digested with proof spirit until all the soap is dissolved out1 and the olein separates and floats on the surface2 the latter1 after repose1 is decanted4 #c4 ,almond or olive oil is agitated in a stout bottle with #g or #h times its weight of strong alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #gih71 at nearly the boiling point1 until the whole is dissolved2 the solution is next allowed to cool1 after which the clear upper stratum is decanted from the stearin which has been deposited1 and1 after filtration1 the spirit is removed by distillation at a gentle heat2 by exposure at a very low temperature it deposits any remaining stearin1 and then becomes pure4 ,prop41 c4 ,the products of the last two formul have only a very slight yellow colour1 but may be rendered quite limpid and colourless by digestion for #bd hours with a little pure1 freshly burnt animal charcoal1 and subsequent filtration4 ,in this state the olein is perfectly neutral to test paper1 does not in the slightest degree affect metallic bodies immersed in it1 and does not thicken by exposure to the greatest cold4 ,olein is used by watchmakers for their fine work4 ,some years ago the product of the last formula was sold1 by a certain metropolitan house1 as #8watchmakers' oil1' at #as4 #f;d4 a drachm4 ,commercial olein is generally lard oil4 ,the refined oleic acid of the stearin works also commonly passes under the name4 ,olein burns well in lamps2 but oleic acid does not do so unless when well refined1 and when the wick-tube is so formed as to remain cool4 ,see ,,lard ,,oil and ,,oleic ,,acid4 ,,oleom',,eter4 ,syn4 ,,ela,,ometer1 ,,el,,ometer1 ,,oil-,,balance4 ,a delicate areometer or hydrometer1 so weighted and graduated as to adapt itself to the densities of the leading fixed oils4 ,as the differences of the specific gravities of these substances are inconsiderable1 to render it more susceptible the bulb of the instrument is proportionately large1 and the tube or stem very narrow4 ,the scale of the oleometer in general use 7,gobby's7 is divided into #ej degrees1 and it floats at #j or zero in pure poppy oil1 at #ch or #ch-a_/b in pure almond oil1 and at #ej in pure olive oil4 ,the standard temperature of the instruments made in this country is now #fj2 those made on the ,continent1 #ede ,fahr4 ,the oil must therefore be brought to this normal temperature before testing it1 by plunging the glass cylinder containing it into either hot or cold water1 as the case may be2 or a correction of the observed density must be made4 ,the last is done by deducting #b from the indication of the instrument for each degree of the thermometer above the normal temperature of the instrument1 and adding #b for every degree below it4 ,thus3 suppose the temperature of the oil at the time of the experiment is #fj ,fahr41 and the oleometer indicates #fa2 then---- #fjj ,actual temperature4 #ede ,normal temperature4 -------- #ee ,difference4 ,indication of the oleometer #faj ,the difference #ee #b #aaj -------- ,real density #ejj ,suppose the temperature observed at the time of the experiment is #eb1 and the oleometer indicates #de2 then---- #ede ,normal temperature4 #ebj ,actual temperature4 -------- #be ,difference4 -------- ,indication of the oleometer #dej ,the difference #be #b #ej -------- ,real density #ejj -------- ,the oil is1 therefore1 presumed to be pure4 ,see ,,hydrometer1 ,,oils 7,fixed71 and ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,o,,leo-,,phosphor,,ic ,,acid4 ,an acid compound found by ,fremy in the brain and nervous matter4 ,,oleo-,,res,,ins4 ,the natural compounds of resin and essential oil forming the vegetable balsams and turpentines4 ,copaiba1 ,canada balsam1 and ,venice turpentine are examples4 ,certain extracts prepared with ether1 as the fluid extracts of cubebs and pepper in the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 may be regarded as oleo-resins4 ,see ,,extract4 ,,oleo-,,sac,,charum4 ,syn4 ,,el,,osaccharum4 ,sugar aromatised or medicated by being rubbed up with an essential oil4 ,the oleosacchara of aniseed1 caraway1 cinnamon1 peppermint1 pennyroyal1 and the other like essential oils1 are made by rubbing #ae to #bj drops of the respective oils with white sugar1 #a oz4----,the ,ph4 ,grca #ahcg prescribes #a part of oil to #bj parts of sugar4----,the ,ph4 ,austr4 #ahcf and ,ph4 ,bor4 order the same proportions1 or #c drops of oil to the dr41 and #bd drops to the oz41 of powdered sugar4 ,when intended for making extemporaneous distilled waters1 #a dr4 of magnesia is a common addition4 ,the oleosacchara of citrons1 lemons1 oranges1 c41 are made from the peels1 as follows3----,after cleaning off any specks in the outer rind of the fruit1 rub a large piece of loaf sugar on it until the yellow rind is completely removed4 ,those parts of the sugar which are impregnated with the essence are1 from time to time1 to be cut away with a knife1 and put into an earthen pot4 ,the whole being thus taken off1 the sugared essence 7oleosaccharum7 is to be closely pressed down in the pot1 tied over with bladder1 and preserved in a cool place for use4 ,,olib,,anum4 ,syn4 ,,oliban1 ,,indian ,,olibanum1 ,,frankincense4 ,a gum resin obtained from ,boswellia thurifera or serrata4 ,it is stimulant1 astringent1 and diaphoretic4 ,it is burnt as incense in the temples of ,india and in ,roman ,catholic churches4 ,african or ,arabian olibanum is produced by ,boswellia floribunda4 7,royle47 ,this substance must not be confounded with the resin noticed at page #gfa4 ,olibanum4 ,this gum resin is yielded by two varieties of the plant known as ,boswellia----one the ,b4 floribunda1 being a native of ,africa1 the other1 the ,b4 serrata1 growing in ,asia4 ,olibanum occurs in the form of fragments1 which are sometimes pale yellow1 and at others of a reddish colour2 these fragments have a splintery fracture1 a mealy surface1 a faintly balsamic odour and a bitter taste4 8,it consists of about #d or #e per cent4 of a volatile oil1 #ef per cent4 of a resinous acid1 #cj to #cf per cent4 of gum1 and #f per cent4 of bassorin40#fg ,incense1 of which olibanum forms one of the ingredients1 owes much of its pleasant balsamic odour when burning to its presence4 ,it is also used in pharmacy4 ,footnote #fg3 ,payen4 ,,ol,,ive4 ,syn4 ,,olea1 ,,oliva1 ,l4 ,the ,olea ,europa 7,linn471 a native of the ,south of ,europe4 ,the unripe fruit is preserved in brine 7,,spanish ,,olives1 ,,french ,,olives72 the ripe fruit furnishes olive oil2 the bark is bitter1 astringent1 and febrifuge1 and has been used as a substitute for cinchona bark2 it yields a gum-like substance 7,,olive ,,gum71 which was formerly reported vulnerary1 and contains olivine4 ,the olive tree has in all ages been held in peculiar estimation as the bounteous gift of ,heaven to man4 ,some authors have styled it 8a mine on earth40 ,it is remarkable for yielding a fixed oil from the pericarp instead of from the seed4 ,,ollivier',s ,,biscuits4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,,olivine4 ,syn4 ,,chrysolite4 ,a crystallised double silicate of magnesia and iron1 found in basaltic and volcanic rocks1 and very frequently in masses of meteoric iron4 ,it is sometimes yellow in colour1 but mostly green4 ,olivine4 7,dr ,landerer47 ,syn4 ,,olivina4 ,prep4 ,treat olive leaves with acidulated water1 concentrate1 precipitate with ammonia1 re-dissolve the washed precipitate in a diluted acid1 purify with animal charcoal1 filter1 and reprecipitate with ammonia4 ,,om,,elet4 ,syn4 ,,omelette1 ,fr4 ,a variety of pancake or fritter made of eggs and other ingredients4 ,omelets may contain bacon1 ham1 herbs1 fish1 shell-fish1 cold meat1 cold game1 fruit1 or anything else at hand at the pleasure of the cook4 #8,spirit omelets' are made by pouring a little brandy1 rum1 or whisky over them on serving them up1 and setting it on fire for a moment just before placing the dish on the table4 8,where is the man or woman cook but says they know how to make an omelette1 and that to perfection8 ,but this is rarely the case4 ,it is related of ,sarah1 the ,duchess of ,marlborough1 that no one could cook a #8fraise1' as it was then called1 for the great duke but herself4 ,the great point is1 if in an iron pan1 it should be very clean and free from damp which sometimes comes out of the iron when placed on the fire4 ,the best plan is to put it on the fire1 with a little fat1 and let it get quite hot1 or until the fat burns2 remove it1 and wipe it clean with a dry cloth1 and then you will be able to make the omelette to perfection40 7,soyer47 ,the following formula for a plain omelet is by the above culinary authority3----8,break four eggs into a basin1 add #a_/b teaspoonful of salt1 and #a_/d do4 of pepper1 and beat them up well with a fork2 put into the frying-pan #a-a_/b oz4 of butter1 lard1 or oil1 place it on the fire1 and1 when hot1 pour in the eggs1 and keep on mixing them quickly with a spoon until they are delicately set2 then let them slip to the edge of the pan1 laying hold by the handle1 and raising it slantways1 which will give an elongated form to the omelette2 turn in the edges1 let it rest a moment to set1 turn it over on to a dish1 and serve40 8,it ought to be of a rich-yellow colour1 done to a nicety1 and as light and delicate as possible40 8#b table-spoonfuls of milk and #a oz4 of the crum of bread1 cut into thin slices1 may be added40 ,,mixed and ,,fancy ,,omelets are made by simply dropping the ingredients1 cut into dice or fragments1 into the above4 ,,anchovy1 ,,oyster1 and ,,shrimp ,,omelets are generally prepared by placing a few spoonfuls of the respective sauces in the centre of each when nearly dressed1 ,,onguent 7de la ,mre74 ,a stimulant and digestive ointment1 very popular in ,french pharmacy4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,black pitch1 #a part2 butter1 lard1 litharge1 suet and yellow wax1 #d parts2 olive oil1 #h parts4 ,,on,,ion4 ,syn4 ,,cepa1 ,l4 ,the bulb of ,allium cepa4 ,the onion is diuretic1 expectorant1 rubefacient1 and stimulant4 ,the juice1 made into a syrup with sugar 7,,syrupus ,,cep71 has been given in chronic catarrh1 diarrha1 croup1 dropsy1 and calculus4 ,roasted and split open1 onions have been applied as poultices to suppurating tumours1 and applied to the pubes to relieve suppression of urine in children4 ,according to ,dr ,cullen1 8onions are acrid and stimulating1 and possess little nutrient power4 ,in bilious constitutions they generally produce flatulence1 thirst1 headache1 and febrile symptoms2 but where the temperament is phlegmatic they are of infinite service1 by stimulating the system1 and promoting the excretions1 particularly expectoration and urine40 ,they also possess antiscorbutic and soporific properties4 ,onions1 ,to ,chop4 8,few persons know how to chop onions properly4 ,in the first place all the dry skin must be removed1 then a thin slice off the top and bottom1 or they will be bitter1 then cut them into thin slices1 dividing the onion1 and cut crossways to form dice4 ,if a very slight flavour is required and the onion is strong1 like in the ,north of ,england1 for it must be remembered that the further north you go the stronger the flavour of the root1 and if ,french receipt books are exactly copied1 it is no wonder complaints are made of the preponderance of the flavour of the onion2 in which case1 when chopped1 put them in the corner of a napkin or cloth1 wash them in water1 squeeze them dry1 then put them back on the board1 and chop finer1 or sometimes only rubbing the pan or the meat with the onion is quite sufficient40 7,soyer47 ,o,,nyx4 ,a sub-species of quartz often wrought into small ornamental articles4 ,among jewellers1 any stone exhibiting layers of two or more colours1 strongly contrasted1 is called an #8onyx4' ,a regularly and richly banded agate of this class is much prized for cameos4 ,the ,sardonyx of the ancients is a variety of onyx4 ,it is so called from ,sard or ,sarda1 a rich dark-red variety of carnelian1 stripes of which in the stone alternate with white stripes4 ,see ,,gems4 ,o,,pal4 ,a mineral allied to agate and chalcedony1 but distinguished by its peculiar resinous lustre4 ,the variety most admired as a gem is the precious or noble opal1 which is remarkable for its beautiful play of colours4 ,the finest opals come from ,hungary1 and although usually very small1 will1 if of good quality1 realise as much as #e each4 ,their value increases in a much greater ratio than their increase in size4 ,they are also found in ,saxony and in ,north ,america4 ,the largest known specimen of an opal is that in the ,imperial ,cabinet at ,vienna1 the dimensions of which are five inches by two and a half4 ,girasol1 ,cacholong1 ,hyalite1 and ,menilite are varieties of opal4 ,see ,,gems and ,,pastes4 ,o,,olite4 ,a variety of limestone composed of a number of collections of small round particles1 bound together by a calcareous cement4 ,the resemblance the mass is supposed to bear to the roe of a fish has caused oolite to be called roestone4 ,when the grains are of larger dimensions it is called peastone4 ,the little spherical bodies of which the stone is composed are mostly formed of concentric layers of carbonate of lime arranged round a grain of sand1 a fragment of shell or some other nucleus4 ,the building stones of ,caen1 ,portland1 and ,bath are all oolitic limestones4 ,when first quarried they are mostly soft1 a circumstance which admits of their being easily sawn and carved4 ,they harden by exposure to the air4 ,in geology the term 8oolite0 has a wider signification1 and is applied to an important division of the middle secondary rocks of ,england1 underlying the chalk formation and rich in the interesting fossil remains4 ,,ophthal,,mia4 ,syn4 ,,ophthalmitis1 ,l4 ,inflammation of the eye4 ,in ordinary cases this disease is confined to the external membrane of the globe of the eye or to the eyelids2 but it occasionally attacks the sclerotica1 cornea1 choroid coat1 and retina4 ,the common causes of ordinary or conjunctival ophthalmia are the sudden exposure of the organ to a cold easterly wind1 to dust1 gritty particles1 or to any external irritation or injury4 ,the symptoms are1 in part1 those common to local inflammation4 ,the eye or eyelids become more or less bloodshot1 swollen1 and tender1 and a sensation resembling that induced by the presence of particles of sand or some gritty substance1 accompanied by much heat and a pricking pain1 is almost constantly experienced4 ,the secretion becomes yellowish and glutinous1 and during the night frequently glues1 as it were1 the lids together4 ,sometimes only one eye is attacked1 but after two or three days the disease extends to the other4 ,the treatment of mild cases of conjunctival ophthalmia is extremely simple4 ,in general1 it may be relieved by fomentations of warm water or decoction of poppy-heads and the use of aperient medicines1 to which leeches and cupping may often be added with advantage4 8,to apply a lotion to the eyes10 writes ,dr ,gardner1 8the best way is to use a large camel's-hair pencil or brush4 ,fill it with the lotion1 draw down the lower lid1 and apply the brush2 the fluid will now come out of it into the eye4 8,in order to get it well within the upper lid1 move the latter up and down1 and the whole surface will be wetted4 ,this is important1 because the usual way of applying lotions to the inside of the eye is very inefficient1 if not entirely useless4 ,the brush should be washed in warm water after using it40#fh ,footnote #fh3 #8,household ,medicine4' ,smith1 ,elder1 ,co4 ,in cases where the inflammation is very severe1 the pain very acute1 or the vision in the slightest degree impaired1 as well as in those accompanied by a discharge of matter or pus1 no time should be lost in seeking the services of the oculist4 ,animals4----,all animals are liable to attacks of catarrhal or common ophthalmia1 which may originate from various causes1 such as exposure to cold1 influenza1 or the presence of foreign substances1 such as bits of chaff1 the husks of oat1 small seeds1 c4 ,in horses1 in addition to the above1 it may be caused by a blow from the whip4 ,in animals affected by it the eye becomes watery and half closed1 the membrane looks thickened1 and the eye is frequently bloodshot4 ,if due to the presence of any foreign body this must be removed1 either by means of the fingers1 a handkerchief1 or a camel's-hair brush1 or1 if necessary1 by the forceps4 ,the treatment consists in bathing the eyes with tepid milk and water1 after which an alum or zinc lotion may be applied4 ,a mild physic ball should also be administered4 ,ophthalmia1 ,purulent4 ,this dreadful disease1 which1 like the above1 is a form of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye1 differs from ordinary ophthalmia in being accompanied with a discharge of pus1 too frequently terminating in total and irrecoverable blindness of one or both eyes1 and in being very contagious4 ,purulent ophthalmia is very prevalent in ,india1 ,persia1 and ,egypt1 and from the circumstance that large numbers of our troops were affected with it on their return from the campaign in ,egypt1 in the beginning of the present century1 before which time it was unknown in ,england1 it acquired the name of 8,egyptian ophthalmia40 ,although of late years its ravages amongst the soldiers of our own as well as of other ,european nations have considerably abated1 the disease is still more or less prevalent in the ,british1 ,french1 ,prussian1 ,austrian1 ,bavarian1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,belgian1 ,swedish1 and ,russian armies4 ,purulent ophthalmia is also by no means uncommon amongst the non-military population1 such as the poorer classes and their children1 and the children in workhouses1 asylums1 and pauper schools4 ,dr ,parkes says it has evidently been propagated amongst the civil inhabitants by the soldiery4 ,the following narrative of an outbreak of purulent ophthalmia that occurred on board a vessel freighted with slaves for the ,west ,indies forcibly illustrates the character and infectious nature of this disease4 ,in the year #ahai the 8,le ,roideur10 a ,french vessel1 sailed with a cargo of #afj negroes from ,bonny1 on the coast of ,africa1 to ,guadaloupe4 ,the 8,le ,roideur's0 crew consisted of #bb men1 so that the number of human beings on board1 including officers1 was #ahb4 ,no epidemic had been observed amongst the natives from whom the slaves had been taken1 and further1 at the time of sailing the crew were in perfect health1 and the slaves were said to be free from disease of any kind4 ,the wretched ,africans were closely packed in the hold of the vessel1 the air of which1 as may be imagined1 soon became frightfully foul2 and after about the thirtieth or fortieth day1 the drinking water running scarce1 their daily allowance was reduced from #h oz4 to half a wineglassful4 ,then it was that ophthalmia first showed itself amongst the wretched occupants of the hold1 the lids of their eyes becoming red and inflamed4 ,the surgeon of the vessel advised that they should breathe in succession the purer air of the deck4 ,but this course had to be relinquished1 since it was found that many of the negroes on leaving the hold jumped over the side of the vessel1 and purposely drowned themselves4 ,the disease1 which was of a most virulent kind1 spread rapidly amongst the negroes1 and from these to the crew4 ,a notable fact demonstrating the propagation of purulent ophthalmia by material particles was the circumstance that the first amongst the crew who was seized was a sailor who guarded the hatch communicating with the hold4 ,the day after another of the crew was attacked1 and in three days after this the disease had assailed the captain1 and almost the whole of the crew4 ,the disease continued to spread daily1 until at last there remained one only of the whole crew unaffected and with sight intact1 and to him was deputed the important task of steering the vessel4 ,great fear was manifested lest he too might eventually be overtaken with the total or partial blindness that had come to the remainder of the crew4 ,the 8,le ,roideur0 reached ,guadaloupe on the #bast of ,june1 when it was found that thirty more of the negroes had entirely lost their sight 7thirty-six of whom had been thrown into the sea1 since they were unsaleable71 twelve had lost the sight of an eye1 and fourteen were more or less blind4 ,of the crew1 twelve including the surgeon were entirely blind1 five were blind of one eye1 and four partially so4 ,three days after the arrival of the vessel in port the steerer of the vessel was seized with the disease4#fi ,footnote #fi3 ,blythe4 ,about thirty years ago a curious discovery in connection with purulent ophthalmia was made by ,dr ,loffler1 a ,prussian army surgeon4 ,many of the soldiers of his regiment being disabled by this disease1 he submitted the eyes of all the men to a rigorous daily inspection1 and he discovered in the lining membrane of the eyelids of some of them certain small granular bodies resembling boiled sago grains4 ,furthermore he noticed that1 although those soldiers whose eyelids presented this peculiarity showed then no indications of the disease1 they were subsequently invariably attacked by it2 whilst those from whose eyelids the sago grains were absent as invariably escaped4 ,subsequent investigators1 amongst whom may be mentioned ,drs ,welch and ,marston1 have confirmed the accuracy of ,dr ,loffler's observations and the soundness of his conclusions----that the occurrence of the sago grains is always an antecedent condition to an attack of purulent ophthalmia4 ,as to the nature of the little granular bodies known to pathologists as #8sago grains1' it seems to be generally admitted that they are follicles situated directly beneath the epithelium1 which1 in a healthy condition of the lining membrane1 are not apparent1 but which become swollen and enlarged when the membrane itself is in an unhealthy and irritable condition4 ,in this respect they resemble the enlarged glands met with in scrofulous and weakly children4 8,in a regiment the proneness to the development of sago grains is found to decrease as life advances2 that is1 to be much greater in young soldiers than in old ones1 and by a parity of reasoning it is assumed to be greater in a community of children than in a community of adults4 ,in any individual1 and therefore in any community1 the sago grains may disappear without producing mischief2 but1 as a matter of fact1 sources of irritation to the eyes abound in the world1 and when these sources of irritation act upon eyelids in which sago grains are already present1 they often excite the contagious form of ophthalmia40#gj ,footnote #gj3 ,brudenell ,carter4 ,the diffusion into the atmosphere of the purulent discharge accompanying this form of ophthalmia is undoubtedly the means by which the disease is spread4 ,hence it is that if one eye be affected the other may be saved from an attack by being hermetically sealed up----a method of prevention sometimes adopted by the ophthalmic surgeon4 ,mr ,brudenell ,carter says 8that the secretion passes along the tear-passages into the nostrils1 and is driven out with the expired air at every breath2 besides the chances of direct contact that must exist when a child with ophthalmia is perpetually sending into the atmosphere what ,i may describe as a spray of contagious particles40 ,medical opinion is in some measure divided as to the origin of this disease2 for whilst there are authorities who believe that its propagation is due to contagion assisted by insanitary environments1 there are others who incline to the supposition that these latter conditions alone are sufficient to produce it4 ,whether this is so or not there can be no question that impure air1 overcrowding1 filth1 and deficient water supply1 which implies insufficient ablution1 serve to intensify and perpetuate it4 ,so strongly and confidently impressed are ,messrs ,welch and ,marston of the connection between unhealthy surroundings and prevalent ophthalmia1 that they regard the two as cause and effect1 and state their belief 8that the presence or absence of #8sago grains' affords a delicate test of the sanitary state of a school1 a regiment1 or any similar community40 ,ample and painful confirmation of these views is afforded by the prevalence of the disease amongst the children1 more particularly those who live in very poor and crowded districts4 ,the pitiable1 blear-eyed little creatures that one meets with in these localities are very frequently the victims of purulent ophthalmia1 and as such bear unfailing testimony to the insalubrity and squalor of the homes in which they dwell4 ,stromeyer states that he has met with the #8sago grains' in the eyelids of many domestic animals1 more particularly pigs1 the granules being always in proportion to the more or less dirty condition in which the animals were kept4 ,the above statements plainly indicate the means by which the disease is to be combated4 ,of these1 thorough ventilation and pure air are the most important4 ,stromeyer records how1 by simply ventilating some barracks1 he reduced to an amazing extent a number of cases of the disease1 which had broken out in the ,hanoverian army4 ,possibly this result was due to the removal1 by the current of air from the apartment of the dried particles of contagious matter4 ,ablution1 which1 carefully performed1 is1 in addition to ventilation1 an important curative agent1 may1 through the neglect of certain precautions1 assist to spread the disease4 ,this it will assuredly do if the basins employed by the patients for washing their eyes are not thoroughly cleansed and disinfected after being used4 ,furthermore1 the towels may be made to spread the infection1 unless they too are thrown into some disinfecting solution after use1 and unless a separate towel is appropriated to each patient4 ,the danger of reinoculation may ensue if each towel is not changed sufficiently often4 ,the bed-clothes of the affected persons1 as well as the pillowcases1 should be frequently renewed1 the latter every day1 since they collect and disseminate the discharges falling on them from the patient4 ,medical authorities also strongly recommend the isolation of the patient1 and then consequent separation from healthy persons as soon as ever the disease shows itself in a regiment1 a school1 or amongst any body of persons congregated together2 a daily inspection of the eyes of each is recommended1 so that whenever the 8sago grains0 develop themselves1 the individuals so attacked may be removed1 and placed under proper treatment4 ,the after effects of the various forms of contagious ophthalmia are thickening and distortion of the eyelids1 more or less serious defect of vision1 and not unfrequently total blindness4 ,during the course of the disease relapses from the most trifling causes frequently occur1 and ,warmolow states that a person who has once been affected with it is not safe against a recurrence1 and should be assiduously watched4 ,ophthalmia1 ,infantile1 ,purulent4 ,this disease very frequently attacks infants of #c or #d days old4 ,it is distinguished by redness of the edges of the eyes1 the lids of which are often glued together4 ,upon looking into the eye the lining membrane is seen to be swollen and red4 ,infantile purulent ophthalmia1 although yielding much more readily to proper treatment than that which attacks adults1 makes rapid progress if neglected1 and may jeopardise the sight of the babe2 hence the great importance of calling in efficient medical aid as soon as ever it makes its appearance4 ,ophthalmia1 ,strumous1 or ,scrofulous4 ,this form of ophthalmia is generally met with in children of scrofulous habit of from #d to #aj or #aa years of age4 ,its most distinctive characteristic is the inability of the sufferer to bear the light1 the effect of which is that the eyes are kept spasmodically partially closed4 ,if the eyes are examined1 a slight fulness of the vessels usually stopping at the edge of the cornea is observable1 and about the line dividing the cornea and sclerotic coat small opaque pimples or pustules are visible4 ,this variety of ophthalmia1 being the outcome of a constitutional taint1 is frequently very obstinate1 and yields with difficulty to medical treatment1 besides being very liable to reappear4 ,it is not unfrequently accompanied with a troublesome cutaneous affection known as ,crusta lactea1 which occurs on the cheeks1 and arises from the irritation caused by the flow down the cheeks of the acrid lachrymal secretion4 ,the usual treatment consists in improving the general health and strength of the patient by means of tonics1 such as quinine1 quinine and iron1 cod-liver oil1 or syrup of iodide of iron4 ,the diet should be nutritious and easy of digestion1 and there should be no stint of fresh air4 ,o,,piates4 ,syn4 ,,opiata1 ,l4 ,preparations containing opium4 ,the word is often applied in a general sense to anodynes and soporifics4 ,in ,french pharmacy the name is commonly used synonymously with confections1 as in the following preparations3---- ,,anti-,,dysenteric ,,opiate----,quarin4 ,purified opium1 #d gr42 ipecacuanha1 #a_/b dr42 tormentilla1 #a dr42 syrup of whortleberries and conserve of red roses1 of each #f dr4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful every hour4 ,,anti-,,hysterical ,,opiate----,trousseau and ,reveil4 ,powdered indigo1 #a oz42 white honey1 #c oz4----,dose1 #a tablespoonful daily1 gradually increased until the whole is taken in a day4 ,in hysteria1 epilepsy1 and nervous affections of an epileptic character4 ,,balsamic ,,opiate----,trousseau and ,reveil4 ,oleo-resin 7balsam7 of copaiba1 #a oz42 cubebs 7in powder71 #c oz42 potassio-tartrate of iron1 #b-a_/b dr42 syrup of quince1 q4 s4 ,in gleet4----,dose1 #c boluses the size of a nut1 thrice daily4 ,,charcoal ,,opiate----,ratier4 ,willow charcoal 7recent71 #a oz42 prepared chalk1 #a dr42 powdered white sugar1 #b oz43 rose water1 q4 s4 to form an electuary4 ,in diarrha and incipient cholera1 in dysentery with fetid stools1 and in gastralgia1 flatulence1 c4 ,by substituting calcined magnesia for chalk it becomes an excellent remedy for habitual constipation4 ,,cubeb ,,opiate----,deyeaux4 ,powdered cubebs1 #d dr42 powdered camphor1 #a dr42 mix1 and divide it into #ah powders4----,dose4 ,one1 #c or #d times daily1 in gleet1 painful and scalding micturition4 c4 ,o,,pium4 ,syn4 ,,opium 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e1 ,d471 ,l4 ,the juice inspissated by spontaneous evaporation1 obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of the ,papaver somniferum1 grown in ,asia ,minor4 ,hist4----8,it is uncertain at what period opium was first known and introduced into medicine4 ,hippocrates recommends the meconion or poppy juice1 in a disease of the uterus2 and ,dioscorides1 on the authority of ,erasistratus1 tells us that ,diagoras 7who was contemporary1 it is supposed1 with ,hippocrates7 condemned the use of opium4 ,these are1 ,i believe1 the most ancient ,greek authorities who speak of this substance2 and it is impossible1 ,i think1 to arrive at any accurate conclusion from their remarks whether opium had1 or had not1 been known long before their time1 though ,alston infers1 from the little use made of it by ,hippocrates1 as well as from ,diagoras condemning its use in diseases of the eyes1 that its virtues were not known long before him4 ,dioscorides and ,pliny mention that the expressed juice of the heads and leaves is termed meconium1 and that it is much weaker than opium4 ,theodore ,zwinger1 ,sprengel1 and others have supposed that the nepenthes of ,homer was opium4 ,it would appear that opium was not much employed until the time of the ,arabs1 except in the form of the confections known as ,theriaca1 ,mithridatica1 c4 ,the word opium is derived from otos1 the juice40#ga ,footnote #ga3 ,pereira4 ,var4----#a4 ,,egyptian2 in roundish flattened lumps2 inferior to ,turkish opium4----#b4 ,,english2 often equal to the best ,smyrna4----#c4 ,,french2 resembles the last4----#d4 ,,german2 similar to ,english opium1----#e4 ,,indian2----a4 ,,benares2 in large balls2----b4 ,,malwa2 in roundish flattened cakes1 of #i or #aj oz4 in weight each2----c4 ,,patna1 in balls or square cakes2 inferior to ,turkey opium4----#f4 ,,levant2 same as ,smyrna opium4----#g4 ,,persian2 in rolls or sticks1 #f #a_/b inch2 inferior2 resembles hepatic aloes in appearance4----#h4 ,,smyrna2 in irregular1 rounded1 flattened pieces1 varying in weight from #b or #c lbs4 to only as many oz4 ,it forms the best variety of ,turkey opium1 and is particularly rich in morphia4 ,it is the only one adapted for the manufacture of the salts of morphia1 as it contains on the average from #g to #i of that alkaloid1 and usually yields about #ab to #abe of hydrochlorate of morphia1 which is more than can be obtained from any other variety of opium4#gb----i4 ,,turkey2 of which two varieties are known in commerce1 viz4 ,constantinople opium and ,levant or ,smyrna opium1 noticed above4 ,constantinople opium is generally in small1 flattened1 roundish cakes1 #b to #b-a_/b inches in diameter1 and covered with poppy leaves4 ,it is more mucilaginous and less esteemed than ,smyrna opium1 from which it may be distinguished by the last being always covered with the reddish capsules of a species of ,rumex4 ,footnote #gb3 ,of five kinds of ,smyrna opium examined by ,merk1 the worst were found to yield #c to #d per cent4 of morphia1 and the best from #ac to #ace per cent4 ,the following account of the method of opium collection1 adopted in ,asia ,minor1 is extracted from a paper in the #8,pharmaceutical ,journal1' contributed by ,messrs ,maltass and ,wilkin4#gc ,about the end of ,may the plants arrive at maturity1 and the flowers expand4 ,a few days after the petals have fallen the capsule is ready for incision4 ,footnote #gc3 ,first series1 #adth volume4 ,this operation is performed in the afternoon of the day and in the following manner3----,a transverse incision is made with a knife in the lower part of the capsule1 the incision being carried round until it arrives nearly at the part where it commenced2 sometimes it is continued spirally to half way down its starting point4 ,the greatest nicety is required to avoid cutting too deep1 and penetrating the interior coating of the capsule1 as this would cause the exuding milky juice to flow into the inside4 ,the following morning those engaged in collecting the opium lay a large poppy leaf on the palm of the left hand1 and having a knife in the right hand1 they scrape the opium which has exuded from the incision in each capsule1 and then transfer it from the knife to the leaf1 until a mass of sufficient size has been formed1 when a second poppy leaf is placed over the top of the mass4 ,if the dew has been heavy during the night the yield is greater1 but the opium is dark in colour2 if1 on the contrary1 there has been no dew1 the yield is less1 but the opium is of a lighter colour4 ,a high wind is prejudicial1 as the dust raised from the pulverised soil adheres to the exudation1 and cannot be separated4 ,the poppy capsules are cut but once1 but as each plant will from one stem produce several branches1 and each branch produce a flower1 it is usual to pass over the field a second or a third time1 to cut such capsules as were not ready at the first cutting4 ,after the opium is collected it is dried in the shade4 ,the proceeds arising from the sale of the opium crop in ,british ,india form a considerable item in the revenues of our ,eastern ,empire2 hence the poppy as the source of this valuable export1 almost the whole of which goes to ,china1 is very extensively cultivated in ,india4 ,in the year ending ,march #cast1 #ahgb1 #ic1cfd chests1 valued at #ac1cfe1bbh1 were exported from ,british ,india4 ,of this quantity #di1dee chests were from ,bengal1 and ,bombay #dc1iji4 ,they were distributed thus3---- ,to ,china #he1dgj chests4 0 the ,straits ,settlements #g1hde 0 0 ,ceylon1 ,java1 ,mauritius1 and ,bourbon #ch 0 0 the ,united ,kingdom #d 0 0 other countries #g 0 ------------ #ic1cfd ------------ ,the net revenue to the ,indian ,government from this source in the year #ahga-gb was #g1feg1bac4gd ,footnote #gd3 ,flckiger and ,hanbury4 ,a large track of country in ,bengal1 some #fjj miles in length and #bjj in breadth1 watered by the ,ganges1 embraces the chief opium district of ,india4 ,a comparatively small quantity of opium is obtained from the mountain parts of the ,north of ,india4 ,this latter is yielded by the ,papaver somniferum1 whilst that from the plains is the produce of the ,papaver officinale4 ,in ,india the plant is reared in a rich and well-manured soil1 and thrives best in mild moist localities4 ,it requires careful weeding and thinning whilst growing1 and when necessary the ground is irrigated4 ,as in ,asia ,minor1 when the time comes for making incisions in the capsules for the purpose of collecting the exuding juice1 this latter is always found to be less in quantity if it be rainy weather4 ,in ,india the poppy begins to flower at the end of ,january1 or the commencement of ,february and about three or four weeks after its effervescence the capsule1 which is about as large as a hen's egg1 is in a condition to be tapped4 ,this operation is always performed at early morn1 before sunrise1 by means of a little iron instrument notched at the smaller end like a saw4 ,the treatment to which the milky exudation1 which subsequently hardens into opium1 is subjected differs only in details from that followed in ,asia ,minor1 and in being more carefully and elaborately carried out4 ,for instance1 it is first allowed to stand for some time in a shallow brass dish tilted on one side1 by which means there drains away a thin watery fluid1 the presence of which seriously impairs the quality of the opium4 ,after this it is dried equably by three or four weeks' exposure to the air1 and in this condition is packed in earthen jars and taken by the native cultivators to the factory4 ,here1 after being tested and weighed1 it is thrown into immense vats1 which contain the accumulated produce of whole districts2 and when the several samples have been kneaded together it is removed1 and formed into balls or cakes4 ,the soft opium is made into balls by being pressed into brass cup-shaped moulds1 lined throughout with petals of the poppy1 which are made to adhere to each other as well as to the ball of opium by means of an adhesive fluid obtained from an inferior kind of opium2 other petals are then by the same means stuck on to the upper part of the ball so that the whole of this is covered with a thin layer of them4 ,the balls are next removed to the drying-room of the factory1 where they are arranged in tiers on lattice-work shelves4 ,during the process of drying they are carefully watched and examined by boys1 to keep them from the ravages of insects4 ,when sufficiently desiccated the cakes of opium are packed in casks1 and are ready for the market4 ,the yield of morphia from ,east ,indian opium is usually very small1 a circumstance which ,messrs ,flckiger and ,hanbury conceived to be partly due to the climate and partly to the defective method of cultivation4 ,he believed that the period1 three or four weeks1 during which the juice was allowed to remain in the wet state was much too long1 and exercised a destructive influence on its constituents4 ,opium from ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany is occasionally met with1 but never in considerable quantity4 ,the cultivation of the opium poppy1 however1 in these three countries is chiefly carried on for the sake of the capsules which are largely employed in medicine2 and the oil extracted from the seed1 which is highly valued and extensively employed by artists4 ,pur4 ,the opium of commerce is not unfrequently adulterated with extract of poppies1 extract of lettuce1 lactucarium1 mucilage of gum tragacanth1 dried leaves1 starch1 water1 clay1 sand1 gravel1 and other substances1 in order to increase its weight4 ,this fraud is readily detected by inspection1 by chemical analysis1 and the microscope2 and indirectly1 with the greatest certainty1 by a simple assay of the sample for its morphia 7morphiometry74 ,this may be effected by one or other of the following methods3---- #a4 7,couerbe47 ,opium1 #d parts1 and quicklime1 #a part1 made into a milk with water1 q4 s41 are boiled together1 and the solution filtered whilst hot2 the filtrate is then saturated with dilute hydrochloric acid and the morphia precipitated by the addition of ammonia1 any excess of the latter being expelled by heat2 the precipitate is then collected1 dried1 and weighed4 ,if #ajj gr4 have been operated on1 the given weight will represent 7nearly7 the per-centage richness of the sample in morphia4 #b4 7,guilliermond47 #ajj gr4 of opium are triturated for some time in a mortar along with #d times its weight of rectified spirit1 and the tincture strained through linen1 with expression1 into a wide-mouthed bottle2 the marc is triturated a second time with about #c times its weight of alcohol1 and the tincture strained into the bottle as before2 to the mixed tincture is added a fl4 dr4 of liquor of ammonia1 and the whole is agitated for a short time4 ,in about #ab hours the morphia spontaneously separates1 accompanied with some narcotina and meconate of ammonium2 the morphia covering the interior of the vessel with large1 coloured1 and gritty crystals1 feeling like sand1 and the narcotina crystallising in very light1 small1 white1 and pearly needles4 ,these crystals are washed with water1 either through a paper filter or linen1 to free them from the meconate of ammonia which they contain2 after which the narcotina is separated from the morphia by decantation in water1 which removes the narcotina1 which is the lighter of the two4 ,according to ,m4 ,mialhe1 however1 the morphia is more effectually removed by washing the crystals with #a to #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 of ether1 by triturating the two together1 when the morphia is left in an insoluble state1 and may then be dried and weighed4 #c4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,take of opium1 #ajj gr41 slaked lime1 #ajj gr41 distilled water1 #d oz4 ,break down the opium and steep it in an ounce of the water for #bd hours1 stirring the mixture frequently4 ,transfer it to a displacement apparatus1 and pour on the remainder of the water in successive portions1 so as to exhaust the opium by percolation4 ,to the infusion thus obtained1 placed in a flask1 add the lime1 boil for ten minutes1 place the undissolved matter on a filter1 and wash it with an ounce of boiling water4 ,acidulate the filtered fluid slightly with hydrochloric acid1 evaporate it to the bulk of #a_/b an ounce1 and let it cool4 ,neutralise it cautiously with solution of ammonia1 carefully avoiding an excess2 remove by filtration the brown matter which separates1 wash it with an ounce of hot water1 mix the washings with the filtrate1 concentrate the whole to the bulk of #a_/b an ounce1 and add now solution of ammonia in slight excess4 ,after #bd hours collect the precipitated morphia on a weighed filter1 wash it with cold water1 and dry it at #bab4 ,it ought to weigh at least from #f to #h grains4 #d4 7,cleaver47 ,commenting on the above method of opium assay1 ,mr ,cleaver#ge remarks3----8,this process1 if properly and carefully carried out1 is one of the best1 as1 by the use of lime1 the resin and meconate of calcium1 also meconic acid1 are removed from solution4 ,the objections to it are---- ,footnote #ge3 #8,pharmaceutical ,year ,book1' #ahgf4 8a4 ,that the large quantity of water used1 and the subsequent evaporation1 cause loss of morphia4 8b4 ,that no account is taken of the loss of morphia by non-precipitation4 8,the modifications ,i would introduce are as follows3---- 8a4 ,the opium should be first treated with bisulphide of carbon or benzine4 8b4 ,the dried residue should then be mixed with its own weight of lime and two or three times its bulk of some inert powder1 such as pumice or glass4 ,it is then to be percolated with water1 the first part of the percolate being returned as fast as it runs through4 ,by this means much less water will be required to exhaust the opium than would otherwise be the case4 8,after the opium has been exhausted1 which will be known by the liquid dropping through devoid of taste1 the solution should be exactly neutralised with dilute sulphuric acid and filtered and the precipitate washed4 ,the clear solution is then to be evaporated over a water bath until its bulk is about #a_/b an ounce1 and again filtered if requisite1 then ammonia is to be added in slight excess1 and the liquid allowed to stand for #bd hours4 8,the precipitate can then be collected1 washed with ether and dried1 and to the amount formed must be added the amount corresponding to the quantity of water used in precipitating and washing4 8,the morphia obtained by this process is of a dull white colour1 crystalline1 perfectly soluble in alcohol1 acids1 and alkalies40 #e4 7,prollius47 ,this is a very simple process and is said to give very exact results4 ,it is as follows3----,the opium is exhausted with #i or #aj times its weight of spirit of #cd per cent4 strength4 ,of the resulting tincture1 #ajj parts are well shaken with #e parts of ether and #b parts of solution of ammonia in a stoppered bottle1 and then allowed to stand from #ab to #bd hours4 ,the liquids separate slowly1 and retain1 partly in the ether1 partly in the alcoholic liquid1 the colouring matter1 narcotine1 and other crystallisable constituents of opium2 while the morphia separates in crystals between the two layers1 and finally sinks to the bottom4 ,the fluid portion is decanted1 the crystals are washed with diluted alcohol1 dried and weighed4 #f4gf 7,teschemacher47 ,in employing the following method the use of alcohol to extract the morphia is avoided1 and meconic acid is separated at an early stage1 which prevents the formation of a basic meconate on precipitation of the morphia4 ,two special reagents are required for this process2 the one prepared by mixing #a part of ammonia1 sp4 gr4 #jhhj1 with #bj parts of methylated alcohol1 and digesting in this mixture a large excess of morphine2 this1 when filtered1 is termed 8morphiated spirit20 the other1 morphiated water1 is water saturated with excess of morphine1 and contains #jjd per cent4 of this alkaloid4 #ajjj gr4 of opium are macerated for #ab to #bd hours in about #djjj grains of cold distilled water1 together with #cjj gr4 of lead acetate1 stirring the mixture from time to time4 ,this separates the meconic acid as lead meconate1 whilst the morphia is dissolved in the acetic acid set free4 ,footnote #gf3 #8,chemical ,news1' xxxv1 #dg4 ,after this maceration the opium may be readily ground in a mortar to a paste1 and so much more cold distilled water added1 raising the pestle and mortar with successive portions of it as to fill with the mixture a measure #bj1bej grains of distilled water2 experience has shown that the space occupied by the insoluble matters measures from #bjj to #cjj gr41 so that the limit of possible error1 by averaging and allowing #bej gr4 for the insoluble portion1 amounts to #jje in opium containing #aj of morphia4 ,the mixture is to be filtered and #ae1jjj measured gr4 #gej grains of opium1 of the clear solution1 are to be evaporated to an extract on a water bath1 and this residue to be drenched with #cjij gr4 of boiling alcohol or methylated spirit1 and the whole digested1 with frequent stirring1 for about #aj minutes4 ,this separates the gum1 c41 of the opium which is insoluble in alcohol1 and so far frees the solution of morphia from impurity4 ,at this stage of the process it is well to get rid of the excess of lead-salts1 and to accomplish this1 sulphuric acid is preferable to sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,so much diluted sulphuric acid as may be equal to #cj gr4 of oil of vitriol will almost always be sufficient for this purpose1 any excess of acid being converted into sulphate of ammonia by the subsequent addition of so much solution of ammonia as shall be equivalent to the #cj gr4 of oil of vitriol1 thus forming a salt but slightly soluble in the alcoholic solution4 ,this mixture may now be transferred to a beaker and allowed to settle for #ab hours1 after which it is to be filtered1 and the filter and insoluble residue thoroughly washed with alcohol or methylated spirits4 ,this alcoholic filtrate is then distilled1 or evaporated on a water bath1 to about #ajjj gr42 and mixed1 while still hot1 with #djj gr4 of solution of ammonia1 sp4 gr4 #jhhj1 stirring rapidly and continuously for at least #bj minutes1 whilst the beaker or evaporating dish should be cooled as rapidly as possible by immersion in an external vessel filled with cold water4 ,the rapid and continuous stirring is most important1 as the precipitation of the whole of the morphia in fine powder is thereby effected1 instead of the granular or mamillated condition so frequently met with1 and it thus permits of the easy and thorough separation of all the narcotine which may be mixed with the morphine4 ,when the cooling of the mixture and precipitation of the morphia is thus attained1 transfer it quickly and completely to a filter of sufficient capacity to hold the whole1 and when the liquid portion has passed through1 wash the remainder of the precipitated morphia adhering to the dish or beaker on to the filter1 using for this purpose the morphiated spirit already described1 and continuing the washing of the precipitate until it is completely freed from the mother-liquor4 ,to do this effectually requires some little care3 thus the morphia on the filter must be kept in a spongy condition and never allowed to cohere1 which is easily effected by pouring the morphiated spirit round the edges of the filter1 so as not to disturb the precipitate1 which must not be permitted to drain or solidify until this washing is completed4 ,the precipitate is now to be washed from off the filter-paper with the morphiated water previously described1 and digested therein for a few minutes1 which removes some more colouring matter1 together with any salts soluble in water1 but insoluble in alcohol1 which may have adhered to the precipitated morphia2 then once more collect the precipitate on a filter1 washing it with morphiated spirit1 after this once with ether1 and finally thrice1 or more with benzine2 this completely frees it from narcotina1 which is very soluble in benzine2 morphia1 on the contrary1 being insoluble in this liquid4 ,it now remains to drain and dry at a low temperature1 say #ajj ,f41 the resulting pure and white morphia1 the weight of which will indicate the amount of this alkaloid present in #gej gr4 of the opium under examination4 #g4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,macerate #ajj gr4 of opium for #bd hours in #b fl4 oz4 of water1 filter1 and strongly squeeze the residue2 then precipitate the infusion with carbonate of sodium1 #a_/b oz41 dissolved in cold water1 #b fl4 oz42 gently heat the precipitate until it shrinks and fuses1 then cool and weigh it4 ,it should weigh at least #aj gr41 and1 when powdered1 be entirely soluble in a solution of oxalic acid4 ,see also ,watts' #8,dic4 of ,chemistry1' article ,,opium4 ,tests4 ,these depend chiefly on the chemical and physical characters of morphia and meconic acid1 the tests for which have been already noticed4 ,in operating upon the contents of the stomach1 or upon solid organs1 in cases of suspected poisoning1 the best method or proceeding is that already described under ,,alkaloid4 ,another method is to boil the substances in water slightly acidulated with acetic acid1 next to evaporate the solution to the consistence of a thick syrup1 and then to treat it twice with boiling rectified spirit2 the tincture thus obtained is to be filtered when cold1 and again evaporated to the consistence of a syrup2 it is now re-dissolved in distilled water1 the filtrate treated with solution of subacetate of lead1 and the precipitate of meconate of lead1 separated by filtration1 and carefully preserved4 ,a current of sulphuretted hydrogen is then passed through the solution to precipitate excess of lead1 and after again filtering it the liquid is evaporated1 at first in a water bath1 and afterwards under the receiver of an air-pump4 ,the shapeless mass of crystals thus obtained present all the characters of morphia1 if the substance examined contained opium4 ,in the meantime the precipitate of meconate of lead is to be boiled with water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 and the insoluble sulphate of lead separated by filtration2 the filtered liquid1 by evaporation1 furnishes meconic acid1 either under the form of crystals or an amorphous powder1 the solution of which precipitates ferric salts of a deep blood-red4 ,the following are additional tests to those already noticed3---- #a4 ,from the peculiar odour of opium1 often perceptible when the drug has been taken only in very small quantities4 #b4 ,a solution containing crude opium is turned of a deep red colour1 or if coloured1 it is turned of a reddish brown1 and is darkened by tincture of ferric chloride4 #c4 7,hare47 ,a portion of the suspected liquid is poured into a beaker glass1 and a few drops of solution of acetate of lead are added to it2 the whole is stirred frequently for #aj or #ab hours1 and then allowed to settle1 after which the supernatant liquid is decanted2 #bj or #cj drops each of dilute sulphuric acid and solution of ferric sulphate are next poured on the precipitate 7meconate of lead71 when a deep and beautiful red colour will be developed if the original liquid contained opium4 #d4 7,dr ,rieget47 ,the suspected substance is mixed with some potassa1 and is then agitated with ether2 a strip of white unsized paper is next several times moistened with the solution1 and when dry it is re-moistened with hydrochloric acid1 and exposed to the steam of hot water4 ,the paper assumes a red colour1 more or less deep1 if opium is present4 ,uses1 c4 ,opium is one of the most valuable substances employed in medicine4 ,in small doses it acts as a powerful and diffusible stimulant1 in somewhat larger ones it is narcotic1 and in excessive doses it proves an active narcotic poison4 ,it is also anodyne1 antispasmodic1 diaphoretic1 soporific1 and sedative1 its peculiar action being greatly modified by the dose and the condition of the patient4 ,its action as a stimulant is followed by sedative effects1 which are1 in general1 much more marked than could be expected from the degree of previous excitement it induces4 ,it is employed to fulfil a variety of indications----to procure sleep1 to lull pain1 allay irritation1 check morbid discharges1 alleviate cough and spasm1 c4 c4 ,it also1 when judiciously administered1 renders the body less susceptible of external impressions1 as those of cold1 contagion1 c42 but it is injurious when the pulse is high1 the heat of the body above the natural standard1 and the skin dry1 or when there is a disposition to local inflammation or congestion4 ,when applied externally1 in the form of frictions1 liniments1 ointments1 c41 it is absorbed1 and produces similar effects to those produced by swallowing it1 but in this way it requires to be used in larger quantities4----,dose4 ,as a stimulant1 #a_/d gr41 every #b or #c hours2 as an anodyne and antispasmodic1 #a_/b to #a gr42 as a soporific1 #a_/b to #b gr42 in violent spasms1 neuralgia1 acute rheumatism1 c41 #b to #d gr41 increased in delirium tremens1 hydrophobia1 mania1 tetanus1 c41 to several times that quantity1 according to circumstances4 ,the use of opium as a stimulant and intoxicant is common among the nations of the ,east4 ,the ,turks chew it1 and the ,chinese smoke a watery extract of it1 under the name of #8chundoo1' the preparation of which from the crude article constitutes a special business4 ,messrs ,flckiger and ,hanbury1 in their #8,pharmacographia1' published in #ahgd1 say this particular business is not confined to the celestials1 since1 in #ahgj1 a ,british firm at ,amoy opened an establishment for preparing chundoo for the consumption of the ,chinese in ,california and ,australia4 ,the qualities most valued by the ,chinese in opium are its fulness and peculiarity of aroma1 and its degree of solubility4 ,the amount of morphine it contains is a secondary consideration4 ,the practice of opium smoking yearly increases in ,china4 ,it appears to be openly followed1 and no odium attaches to it1 provided it is not carried so far as to intoxicate or incapacitate the smoker4 ,in the larger cities and towns adjacent to ,amoy the proportion of opium smokers1 according to ,mr ,hughes1 ,commissioner of ,customs at ,amoy1 is estimated at from #ae to #bj per cent4 of the adult population4 ,in the country districts #e to #aj per cent4 of the population are believed to be opium smokers4 ,in many of the ,western ,states of ,america the practice has become so notoriously common that in #ahgb the legislature of ,kentucky passed a bill by which any person who1 through the excessive use of opium1 is incapacitated from managing himself or his affairs1 may1 upon the affidavit of two citizens1 be confined in an asylum1 and subjected to the same restraint as lunatics or habitual drunkards4#gg ,footnote #gg3 ,blythe4 ,of late years opium-eating and laudanum-taking have1 unfortunately1 been greatly on the increase in this country1 and the employment of this drug as a soporific for infants and young children has become so general amongst the poor and dissipated as to call for the interference of the legislature4 ,of the #bej1jjj lbs4 of opium which1 as shown by the recent returns made by the ,custom ,house1 are imported into this country1 it has been computed that not more than a third of this quantity is used for medicinal purposes4 ,according to ,dr ,chevers the practices of opium-eating and opium-smoking are very common among the natives of ,india4 ,the same authority also states that in that country a large number of female infants are purposely poisoned by it1 by introducing the drug into the child's mouth1 and in various other ways4 ,the first effect of opium as a stimulant is to excite the mental powers and to elevate those faculties proper to man2 but its habitual use impairs the digestive organs1 induces constipation1 and gradually lessens the energy of both the mind and body4 ,in excessive quantities it destroys the memory1 induces fatuity and a state of wretchedness and misery1 which after a few years is mostly cut short by a premature death4 ,in this respect the effects of the excessive use of opium closely resemble those of fermented liquors4 ,opium is somewhat uncertain in its action2 some persons being able1 sometimes from idiosyncrasy1 but more frequently from previous indulgence in it1 to take a much larger dose than others4 ,the smallest quantity which is said to have proved fatal with an adult is #d grains of the crude opium4 ,in contrast with this may be quoted the statement of ,dr ,garrod1 of a young man who not only swallowed #fj gr4 of ,smyrna opium night and morning1 but very frequently1 in addition to this1 #a oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 of laudanum during the day4 ,dr ,chapman also cites the case of a patient to whom a wineglass of laudanum had to be administered several times in #bd hours4 ,pois4----,symptoms4 ,headache2 drowsiness2 stupor2 frightful reveries2 vertigo2 contracted pupil 7generally72 scanty urine2 pruritus or dry itching of the skin1 often accompanied by a papular eruption2 thirst2 dryness of mouth and throat2 weak and low pulse2 vomiting2 respiration1 generally1 natural4 ,sometimes the drowsiness or sleep is calm and peaceful4----,ant41 c4 ,vomiting must be induced as soon as possible1 by means of a strong emetic and tickling the fauces4 ,if this does not succeed1 the stomach-pump should be applied4 ,the emetic may consist of a #a_/b dr4 of sulphate of zinc dissolved in #a_/b pint of warm water1 of which one third should be taken at once1 and the remainder at the rate of a wine-glassful every #e or #aj minutes1 until vomiting commences4 ,when there is much drowsiness or stupor1 #a or #b fl4 dr4 of tincture of capsicum will be found a useful addition2 or one of the formul for emetic draughts given at page #ehh 7especially ,no4 #g7 may be taken instead4 ,infusion of galls1 cinchona1 or oak-bark1 should be freely administered before the emetic1 and water soured with vinegar and lemon-juice1 after the stomach has been well cleared out4 ,to rouse the system1 spirit-and-water or strong coffee may be given4 ,to keep the sufferer awake1 rough friction should be applied to the skin1 an upright posture preserved1 and walking exercise enforced1 if necessary4 ,when this is ineffectual1 cold water may be dashed over the chest1 head1 and spine1 or mild shocks of electricity may be had recourse to4 ,to allow the sufferer to sleep is to abandon him to destruction4 ,bleeding may be subsequently necessary in plethoric habits1 or in threatened congestion4 ,the costiveness that accompanies convalescence may be best met by aromatic aperients2 and the general tone of the habit restored by stimulating tonics and the shower bath4 ,the smallest fatal dose of opium in the case of an adult within our recollection was #d-a_/b gr4 ,children are much more susceptible of the action of opium than of other medicines1 and hence the dose of it for them must be diminished considerably below that indicated by the common method of calculation depending on the age4 ,see ,,doses1 c4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,opium is a very complicated substance1 and contains a number of alkaloids and other proximate vegetable principles1 besides a certain portion of saline matter4 ,the substances already detected in it are caoutchouc1 codein1 fatty matter1 lignin1 meconic acid1 meconia1 morphia1 narceia1 narcotia1 odorous matter1 opiania1 papaveria1 pseudomorphia 7871 porphyroxin1 resin1 saline matter1 c4 ,it is doubtful1 however1 whether some of these substances are not generated from other principles existing in opium during the processes adopted to obtain them4 ,according to ,mulder1 #ajj parts of ordinary ,smyrna opium contain---- ,morphia #ajhdb ,codeia #fgh ,narcotia #fhjh ,narceia #jffb ,meconia #hjd ,meconic acid #eaed ,resin #cehb ,gummy matter #bfbdb ,mucus #aijhf ,fatty matter #baff ,caoutchouc #fjab ,water #ihdf ,matter undetermined and loss #baah ---------------- #ajj ,the sp4 gr4 of ,smyrna opium is #accf4 ,the following chart1 showing the natural alkaloids of opium and a few of their artificial derivatives1 is taken from the #8,pharmacographia' of ,messrs ,flckiger and ,hanbury3---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,c4,h4,n4,o4 ,discovered by ,,cotarnine #abac #a #c ,whler1 #ahdd ,formed by oxidising narcotine1 soluble in water4 ,hesse1 #ahga #a4 ,hydrocotarnine #abae #a #c ,crystallisable1 alkaline1 volatile at #ajj4 ,matthiesen and ,,apormorphine #agag #a #b ,wright1 #ahfi ,from morphine by hydrochloric acid1 colourless1 amorphous1 turning green by exposure to air1 emetic4 ,wright1 #ahga ,,desoxymorphine #agai #a #b ,sertrner1 #ahaf #b4 ,morphine #agai #a #c ,crystallisable1 alkaline1 levogyre4 ,pelletier and #c4 ,pseudomorphine #agai #a #d ,thiboumry1 ,crystallises with ,h#b,o1 does not unite even with #ahce acetic acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,discovered by ,c4,h4,n4,o4 ,matthiesen and ,,apocodeine #ahai #a #b ,burnside1 #ahga ,from codeine by chloride of zinc2 amorphous1 emetic4 ,wright1 #ahga ,,desoxycodeine #ahba #a #b ,robiquet1 #ahcb #d4 ,codeine #ahba #a #c ,crystallisable1 alkaline1 soluble in water4 ,matthiesen and ,,nornarcotine #aiag #a #g ,foster1 #ahfh ,thiboumry1 #ahce #e4 ,thebaine #aiba #a #c ,crystallisable1 alkaline1 isomeric with buxine4 ,hesse1 #ahgj ,,thebenine #aiba #a #c ,hesse1 #ahgj ,,thebarcine #aiba #a #c ,from ,thebaine or ,thebenine by hydrochloric acid4 ,hesse1 #ahga #f4 ,protopine #bjai #a #e ,crystallisable1 alkaline4 ,matthiesen and ,,methylnornarcotine #bjai #a #g ,foster1 #ahfh ,hesse1 #ahga ,,deuteropine #bjba #a #e ,not yet isolated4 ,hesse1 #ahgj #g4 ,laudanine #bjbe #a #d ,an alkaloid1 which1 as well as its salts1 forms large crystals2 turns orange by hydrochloric acid4 ,hesse1 #ahgj #h4 ,codamine #bjbe #a #d ,crystallisable1 alkaline1 can be sublimed2 becomes green by nitric acid4 ,merck1 #ahdh #i4 ,papaverine #baba #a #d ,crystallisable1 also its hydrochlorate2 sulphate in sulphuric acid precipitated by water4 ,hesse1 #ahfe #aj4 ,rhadine #baba #a #f ,crystallisable1 not distinctly alkaline1 can be sublimed2 occurs also in ,papaver ,rhas4 ,hesse1 #ahfe ,,rh,,agenine #baba #a #f ,from rhadine1 crystallisable1 alkaline4 ,armstrong1 #ahga ,,dimethylnornarcotine #baba #a #g ,hesse1 #ahgj #aa4 ,meconidine #babc #a #d ,amorphous1 alkaline1 melts at #eh1 not stable1 the salts also easily altered4 ,t4 and ,h4 ,smith1 #ab4 ,cryptopine #babc #a #e #ahfd ,crystallisable1 alkaline1 salts tend to gelatinise1 hydrochlorate crystallises in tufts4 ,hesse1 #ahga #ac4 ,laudanosine #babg #a #d ,crystallisable1 alkaline4 ,derosne1 #ahjc #ad4 ,narcotine #bbbc #a #g ,crystallisable1 not alkaline1 salts not stable4 ,hesse1 #ahgj #ae4 ,lanthopine #bcbe #a #d ,microscopic crystals1 not alkaline1 sparingly soluble in hot or cold spirit of wine1 ether or benzol4 ,pelletier1 #ahcb #af4 ,narceine #bcbi #a #i ,crystallisable 7as a hydrate71 readily soluble in boiling water1 or in alkalies1 levogyre4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,the following preparations1 once famous1 are now nearly obsolete in this country4 ,those that are made with cold water or by fermentation are supposed to be milder than crude opium1 and in this respect to be similar to #8,,black ,,drop1' ,opium1 ,homberg's4 ,opium exhausted by repeated coction in #aj or #ab times its weight of water1 and the mixed liquors evaporated to one third1 and kept boiling for #b or #c days1 adding water from time to time1 then straining and evaporating to a pilular consistence4 ,,baum',s ,,purified ,,opium is similar4 ,opium1 ,launcelotte's4 ,opium1 #a lb42 quince juice1 #a gall42 pure potassa1 #a oz42 sugar1 #d oz42 ferment for some time1 evaporate to a syrup1 digest in rectified spirit1 filter1 and evaporate the tincture4 ,opium1 ,lettuce4 ,lactucarium4 ,opium1 ,newmann's4 ,infusion of opium1 strained1 mixed with a little sugar1 and fermented for some months in a warm place2 and1 lastly1 strained and evaporated to an extract1 or preserved in the liquid form4 ,opium1 ,powell's4 ,opium1 exhausted by coction with water1 the residuum treated with spirit of wine1 and the mixed tincture and decoction evaporated to an extract4 ,opium1 ,purified4 ,syn4 ,,opium ,,purificatum1 ,l4 ,the purified opium of old pharmacy is now represented by the aqueous extract of the ,pharmacopias4 7,see page #gjc47 ,formerly1 picked opium1 beaten to a pilular consistence1 with the addition of a little water or proof spirit1 was called #8,,soft ,,purified ,,opium' 7,,opium ,,purificatum ,,molle72 and picked opium1 dried in a water bath until brittle enough for powdering1 was called #8,,hard ,,purified ,,opium' 7,o4 ,p4 ,,durum74 ,,cornette',s and ,,josse',s ,,purified ,,opium are similar to the extract of ,ph4 ,l4 ,opium1 ,quercetan's4 ,vinegar of opium evaporated to an extract4 ,opium1 ,strained4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,thebaicum1 ,,opium ,,colatum1 ,,opium ,,purificatum1 ,l4 ,opium dissolved or softened in an equal weight of water1 passed through canvas1 and evaporated to the consistence of an extract4 ,it is now superseded by the aqueous extract4 ,opium1 ,torrefied4 ,syn4 ,,roasted ,,opium2 ,,opium ,,torrefactum1 ,l4 ,opium1 dried1 cut into thin slices1 and roasted on an iron plate1 at a low heat1 as long as it emits vapours1 care being taken not to burn it4 ,,opodel,,doc4 #a4 ,see ,,liniment ,,of ,,soap4 #b4 7,,steer',s ,,opodeldoc47 ,this1 which differs from common opodeldoc chiefly in containing more soap1 is prepared as follows3---- a4 ,white ,castile soap 7cut very small71 #b lbs42 camphor1 #e oz42 oil of rosemary1 #a oz42 oil of origanum1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 mix1 and digest in a strong bottle 7closely corked71 by the heat of a water bath1 until solution is complete2 when the liquid has considerably cooled1 add of liquor of ammonia1 #aa oz41 and immediately put it into wide-mouthed bottles 7,steer's71 cork them close1 and tie them over with bladder4 ,very fine1 solid and transparent when cold4 b4 ,soap1 #d oz42 camphor1 #a oz42 oil of rosemary and origanum1 of each #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 liquor of ammonia1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,mix4 c4 7,phil4 ,coll4 of ,phar47 ,white soap1 #bh oz42 camphor1 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #f-a_/b pints2 dissolve1 suffer the impurities to subside1 add of liquor of ammonia1 #d fl4 oz42 oils of rosemary and horsemint1 of each #a fl4 oz42 and pour it into phials1 as before4 ,,opoponax4 ,a resinous substance obtained from the roots of the ,opoponax chironium4 ,it occurs in lumps of a reddish-yellow or brown colour1 and has a waxy fracture4 ,it has a powerful odour1 which somewhat resembles garlic1 and a bitter taste4 ,opoponax is only partially soluble in alcohol1 ,according to ,payen it consists of a little volatile oil1 a resin that melts it at #ajj ,c41 gum1 inorganic and organic salts1 and mechanical admixtures4 ,it is used in ,french pharmacy2 and was held in great esteem by ,hippocrates1 ,theophrastus1 and ,dioscorides1 all of whom employed it therapeutically4 ,,orange4 ,syn4 ,,aurantium1 ,l4 ,the common ,,sweet ,,orange is the fruit of ,citrus ,aurantium4 ,the ,,seville or ,,bitter ,,orange is produced by ,citrus vulgaris or ,bigaradia4 ,oranges are probably about the most wholesome and useful of all the subacid fruits4 ,their juice differs from that of lemons chiefly in containing less citric acid and more sugar4 ,in their general properties the two are nearly similar4 ,,factitious ,,orange ,,juice is made by dissolving citric acid1 #a oz41 and carbonate of potassa1 #a dr41 in water1 #a quart1 and digesting the solution on the peel of half an orange until sufficiently flavoured2 ,narbonne honey or white sugar is then added to impart the necessary sweetness4 ,instead of orange peel1 #e or #f drops of oil of orange peel1 with #a_/b fl4 oz4 of tincture of orange peel1 may be used4 ,,orange ,,peel 7,,cortex ,,aurantii7 is an agreeable1 stomachic1 bitter tonic1 especially useful as an adjunct to more active medicines4 ,that ordered to be used in medicine is the exterior 7yellow7 rind of the ,citrus ,bigaradia1 or bitter orange1 dried in the months of ,february1 ,march1 or ,april4 ,see ,,candying1 ,,infusion1 ,,issue ,,peas1 ,,oils 7volatile71 c4 ,,orangeade4 ,syn4 ,,orange ,,sherbet4 #a4 ,juice of #d oranges1 thin peel of #a orange1 lump sugar1 #d oz42 boiling water1 #c pints4 #b4 ,juice and peel of #a large orange1 citric acid1 #ae gr42 sugar1 #c oz42 boiling water1 #a quart4 ,orangeade1 ,effervescing or ,aerated4 #a4 ,mix #a lb4 of syrup of orange peel1 a gallon of water1 and #a oz4 of citric acid1 and charge it strongly with carbonic acid gas with a machine4 #b4 ,syrup of orange juice1 #c_/d fl4 oz42 aerated water1 #a_/b pint4 #c4 ,simple syrup1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of orange peel1 #a_/b dr42 citric acid1 #a scruple2 fill the bottle with aerated water4 #d4 ,put into a soda-water bottle #a_/b oz4 to #a oz4 of syrup of orange peel1 #cj gr4 of bicarbonate of potash1 #h oz4 of water1 and1 lastly1 #dj gr4 of citric acid1 in crystals1 and cork immediately4 #e4 ,put into each bottle #b or #c dr4 of sugar1 #b drops of oil of orange peel1 #cj gr4 of bicarbonate of potash1 or #be gr4 of bicarbonate of soda water to fill the bottle1 and #dj gr4 of citric acid1 as before4 ,,or,,ange ,,chrome4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from a solution of chromate of potash and diacetate of lead1 as chrome yellow4 #b4 ,from chrome yellow or chromate of lead1 by acting on it with a weak alkaline lye1 until sufficiently darkened4 ,used as a pigment4 ,,orange ,,dyes4 ,these are produced from mixtures of red and yellow dyes in various proportions2 or by passing the cloth1 previously dyed yellow1 through a weak red bath4 #a4 ,a very good fugitive orange may be given with annotta1 by passing the goods through a solution made with equal parts of annotta and pearlash1 or1 still better1 through a bath made of #a part of annotta1 dissolved in a lye of #a part each of lime and pearlash and #b parts of soda4 ,the shade may be reddened by passing the dyed goods through water acidulated with vinegar1 lemon juice1 or citric acid1 or through a solution of alum4 ,the goods are sometimes passed through a weak alum mordant before immersion in the dye bath4 #b4 7,for ,,cotton47 ,for #dj lbs4 #b-a_/b lbs4 annotta1 #bd lbs4 of bark1 #c quarts of chloride of tin4 ,boil the annotta1 put off the boil1 enter and wince until it has a good body4 ,then wring out1 wash well1 wring again1 and shake out4 ,next1 in a clean boiler1 boil the bark in a bag for a quarter of an hour1 add the chloride of tin1 and enter1 wince at the spring till the required shade is got4 #c4 7,for ,,silk47 ,for #aj yards4 ,annotta1 #a-c_/d oz42 bark1 #a-a_/d oz42 chloride of tin1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,give a good body of annotta at #bab ,fahr42 wash in one water1 then top with the bark and chloride of tin4 #d4 7,for ,,wool47 ,for #ej lbs4 ,boil #aj lbs4 of bark and #a-a_/b lbs4 of cochineal2 add #b lbs4 of tartar1 #b-a_/b quarts of yellow spirits4 ,enter at #bjj ,fahr42 boil #cj minutes4 ,see ,,annotta1 ,,dyeing1 c4 ,,orange ,,red4 ,syn4 ,,sandix4 ,from white lead1 by calcination1 in a nearly similar manner to that by which red lead is prepared from the protoxide4 ,brighter than red lead4 ,used wholly as a pigment4 ,,or,,angery4 ,the gallery1 building1 or enclosure in a garden1 in which orange trees are preserved or cultivated1 to shield them from the effects of the external winter1 or to assist their growth by artificial heat4 ,,or,,chard4 ,see ,,cider4 ,,or,,cein4 ,c#g;,h#g,,no#b4 ,syn4 ,,lichen ,,lake4 ,a brownish-red powder1 obtained by dissolving orcin in ammonia1 exposing the solution to the air1 and then precipitating with dilute acetic acid4 ,it is nearly insoluble in water1 but dissolves freely in solutions of ammonia and the fixed alkalies1 with the production of a rich purple or violet colour4 ,it probably constitutes the leading tinctorial ingredient in ,,archil1 ,,cudbear1 and ,,litmus4 7,see below47 ,,or,,chil4 ,see ,,archil4 ,,or,,cin4 ,c#g;,h#h,o#b4 ,the general product of the decomposition of the acids obtained from the tinctorial lichens under the influence of heat or the alkaline earths4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the powdered lichen is treated with boiling alcohol1 the tincture filtered whilst hot1 and again after it has become cold2 the alcohol is then removed by distillation1 and the remainder evaporated to the consistence of a syrup2 this is redissolved in water1 and the solution is again filtered and evaporated to a syrup2 it is then set aside some days in a cool place1 and the crystals of orcin which form are collected1 and dried by pressure in bibulous paper4 ,impure4 #b4 ,lecanoric or orsenillic acid 7impure will do7 is boiled in baryta water1 and the excess of baryta is precipitated by carbonic acid2 the filtered liquid is then evaporated to a small bulk1 and set aside to crystallise1 as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,large1 square1 prismatic crystals2 slightly yellowish2 intensely sweet2 very soluble in both water and alcohol2 melt to a syrupy liquid1 and then distil unchanged4 ,alkalies decompose it2 when exposed to the air1 it gradually reddens4 7,see above47 ,,oreide4 ,a variety of brass1 in appearance very much like gold4 ,the following1 according to ,,mm4 ,menrier and ,valient1 its inventors1 is the composition of this alloy3----,copper1 #ajj parts2 zinc1 #ag parts2 magnesia1 #f parts2 sal ammoniac1 #cf parts2 quicksilver1 #ahj parts2 tartar of commerce1 #i parts4 ,the copper being first melted1 the other ingredients are added by small portions at a time1 the whole being kept in fusion for about half an hour1 and during which time they are kept skimmed4 ,the oreide has a fine grain1 is malleable1 is capable of being brilliantly polished1 and has its lustre restored by the use of acidulated water4 ,,or,,ellin4 ,a yellow colouring matter contained together with bixin in annotta4 ,it is soluble in water and in alcohol1 slightly soluble in ether1 and dyes alumed goods yellow4 ,also the name sometimes given to purified annotta4 ,the commercial annotta is dissolved in an alkaline solution1 either caustic or carbonated1 and then precipitated by an acid4 ,see ,,annotta4 ,,ores4 ,the mineral bodies from which metals are obtained4 ,the processes adopted for this purpose constitute ,,operative ,,metallurgy2 those by which their value is determined1 ,,mineral ,,assaying4 ,a very small proportion only of the metals are met with in nature in the free or elementary condition1 by far the greater number found being united with some non-metallic element or elements1 in definite atomic proportions1 and as such forming true chemical compounds1 in which in almost every instance the physical and chemical properties of the metal are obliterated4 ,in these bodies1 which1 when they are used as sources of the metals commonly employed by man1 are called ,,ores1 the metal is mostly combined with oxygen or sulphur1 sometimes with carbonic acid1 and less frequently with chlorine1 and other negative elements4 ,thus we have the native combinations of iron and oxygen constituting the minerals known as hmatite iron ore 7,fe#b,o#c71 bog iron ore 7,fe#b,o#c1c;,h#b,o71 and magnetic iron ore 7,fe#b,o#c1;,fe,o71 of tin and oxygen in tin stone 7,sn,o#b71 and of copper and oxygen known as red copper ore 7,cu#b,o74 ,of the principal ores into which sulphur enters as a chemical ingredient1 we may mention native sulphide of antimony 7,sb#b,s#c72 the two native sulphides of arsenic1 realgar 7,as#b,s#b7 and orpiment 7,as#b,s#c72 galena1 or native sulphide of lead 7,pb,s71 blende1 or native sulphide of zinc 7,zn,s71 and cinnabar1 or native sulphide of mercury 7,hg,s74 ,besides the above1 there are also certain double native sulphides1 such as the double sulphide of iron and copper1 known as ,peacock ore1 and having the composition ,fe#b,s#c1c;,cu#b,s2 iron and copper pyrites 7,fe#b,s#c1;,cu#b,s72 and red silver ore 7,sb#b,s#c1c;,ag,s74 ,in the state of carbonate1 ores occur----as malachite native carbonate of copper 7,cu,c,o#c4;,cu7,,ho7#b71 as calamine1 or native carbonate of zinc 7,zn,c,o#c71 and as spathose iron ore1 or native carbonate of iron 7,fe,c,o#c74 ,horn silver and horn lead1 the former having the composition ,ag,cl1 and the latter ,pb,c,o#c ,pb,cl#b are illustrations of ores containing chlorine4 ,the process of obtaining the metal from the ore of course varies with the nature and character of the latter4 ,before1 however1 this operation can be undertaken1 the ore itself is subjected to certain mechanical operations1 in order to remove the gangue or the adhering earthy1 rocky1 stony1 and other matters with which it is always more or less mixed up4 ,the amount of attention which is given to this preparatory treatment of the ores greatly depends upon their value2 those1 for instance1 of copper and lead as commanding a higher market price than those of zinc and iron being submitted to commensurate treatment4 ,this process of freeing the ores from the gangue1 which is termed dressing1 is generally conducted as follows1 mostly near the pit entrance of the mine whence the ores have been extracted4 ,if the material brought up to the pit's mouth is a lead or a copper ore1 it mostly contains a number of lumps1 which are considered sufficiently pure for the smelting oven1 and these are set aside without being dressed4 ,generally1 however1 the ore is first broken by hammers into pieces about as large as a walnut1 and the best pieces are then selected for smelting4 ,the remaining or inferior portions are then crushed under the large and horizontal cylinders of a grinding mill1 to which they are supplied by hoppers4 ,after being ground the ore is separated by being made to pass through coarse sieves1 the coarser portions being set aside for the stampers1 whilst the finer ones are subjected to the operation of jigging4 ,this consists in a workman separating the contents of the sieve under water by imparting to them such a movement that the bits of ore 7particularly if they are of a friable nature like galena7 become broken1 and thus pass through the meshes of the sieve to the bottom of the water1 whilst the less friable and specifically lighter matter1 mostly consisting of gangue1 remains behind on the sieve4 ,this residue1 being mixed with the coarser portions resulting from the first sifting1 and which have not been subjected to the jigging process1 is transferred to the stamping mill1 whilst those portions of ore found at the bottom of the well are reserved for smelting4 ,if the ore be one containing tin1 it does not undergo the above processes1 but passes at once to the stamping apparatus4 ,this stamping apparatus consists of five or six large wooden beams1 each weighing #a_/hth of a ton4 ,each beam is covered at the bottom with iron1 and is made to rise and fall in succession by means of projections from a horizontal axle1 made to revolve either by water or steam power4 ,behind the stampers is an inclined board1 upon which are placed the residue and coarser portions of the ore already described1 and when the stampers are in motion the ore slides down the inclined plane under them1 and thus gets crushed4 ,when it is thought the ore has been sufficiently crushed1 it is1 by means of a current of water running through the mill1 carried away through a grating in front of the mill into a channel in which there are two pits1 with the result that the more valuable and heavier portion of the ore becomes deposited in the first pit1 whilst the inferior portion is carried on1 and falls into the second one4 ,the crushed ore has1 however1 to undergo other operations before it is considered sufficiently pure for the furnace4 ,that part 7the purer portion1 called the crop by the ,cornish miner7 which has deposited in the first pit after removal therefrom1 is subjected to a series of further washings1 the different apparatus by which these are effected being known in ,cornish language as a buddle and a kieve4 8,the crop is first subjected to washing in the buddle2 this is a wooden trough about #h feet long1 #c wide1 and #b deep1 fixed in the ground with one end somewhat elevated4 ,at the upper end a small stream of water enters1 and is reduced to a uniform thin sheet by means of a distributing board1 on which a number of small pieces of wood are fastened to break the stream4 ,the ore to be washed is placed in small quantities at a time on a board just below the distributing board1 and somewhat more inclined than the body of the buddle1 and as the ore is spread out into a thin layer the water carries it forward4 8,the richer portions subside near the head of the trough1 and the light ores are carried further down4 #8,the heads' are then tossed into the kieve1 a covered wooden tub1 which is filled with water and ore added by a workman1 who keeps the contents of the kieve in continual agitation by turning an agitator1 the handle of which projects through the lid of the tub4 ,when the vessel is nearly full the agitation is stopped2 the kieve is struck sharply upon the side several times1 and its contents are allowed to subside2 the upper half of the sediment is again passed through the buddle4 ,various modifications of the washing process are resorted to1 but they are all the same in principle40#gh ,footnote #gh3 ,miller4 ,the water which has been used in washing the ore on the buddle1 as well as that in the kieve1 contains in addition to the dbris of the gangue more or less of small pieces of the ore itself4 ,hence this water is not allowed to escape1 but conveyed into a narrow channel cut at the end of the buddle1 where it deposits the solid materials4 ,these being then removed undergo a second washing on an inclined stage1 a process by which any remaining mineral is recovered1 followed in ,cornwall4 ,the above is the method of dressing the ores of lead and tin1 and1 with some modifications1 those of copper4 ,some metals1 as1 for example1 certain iron and zinc ores1 previous to being dressed1 require a preliminary exposure for some time to the atmosphere4 ,this operation1 which is called #8weathering1' has the effect of aiding the subsequent removal by water of certain materials of a clayey1 slatey1 or marly nature1 which sometimes adhere very tenaciously to the ores in question4 ,again1 in some cases weathering is had recourse to for obtaining a metallic compound in a soluble form4 ,it is by this means that iron pyrites if exposed to the air after a time becomes converted into a sulphate of the metal4 ,large quantities of commercial sulphate of iron or green vitriol are manufactured from this natural sulphate after it has been dissolved by the rain1 and then crystallised4 ,sometimes the ores after dressing1 and previous to roasting or smelting1 are subjected to a process of calcination without access of air1 with the object of depriving them of water1 carbonic acid and bituminous matters1 and also of rendering the ore softer and in a favorable condition to be acted upon by the subsequent metallurgic operations4 ,the ores having been by these various processes sufficiently freed from extraneous matters1 are next1 according to their composition1 either submitted to the operations of roasting or smelting1 and in many cases to both4 ,roasting4 ,this operation is mostly carried out in a reverbatory furnace4 ,the result of the process upon the ores containing sulphur1 which are those chiefly subjected to it1 varies with the nature of the ore4 ,thus1 when the sulphides of antimony1 arsenic1 or zinc are roasted1 the sulphur escapes as sulphurous anhydride with the formation of the volatile oxides of arsenic1 antimony1 or zinc1 which sublime1 and are afterwards collected and purified with cinnabar or native sulphide of mercury4 ,sulphurous anhydride is evolved with the vapours of metallic mercury1 these being at the same time condensed by cooling4 ,when copper pyrites 7the double sulphide of copper and iron7 is placed in the reverbatory furnace1 the copper and iron become converted into oxides4 ,when galena or lead sulphide is exposed to the roasting process1 lead oxide and sulphate1 with the copious escape of sulphurous acid1 are at first formed4 ,the oxide and sulphate become eventually decomposed1 leaving behind metallic lead1 with a small portion of a subsulphide of the metal4 ,in most cases1 however1 the effect of roasting on an ore is to convert it into an oxide4 ,clay ironstone1 which is that from which the greater part of the iron is manufactured in ,great ,britain1 and that known as the black band of the ,scotch coal fields1 are impure carbonates of iron1 and these when roasted yield ferric oxide4 ,the roasting in the case of these minerals is sometimes effected in kilns1 but more frequently in the open air2 in the latter case by the firing of stacks composed of alternate layers of the ore and of small coal4 ,calamine or native carbonate of zinc is converted into oxide sometimes by being roasted in kilns1 but more frequently in a reverbatory furnace4 ,smelting4 ,except in those cases in which the ore is directly reduced from the state of a sulphide to that of a metal1 it is1 as has been shown1 converted into an oxide4 ,if1 therefore1 it be required to procure the metal per se1 some method must be adopted for the removal of the oxygen from its oxide4 ,this process1 which is called smelting1 and is applied to most metallic oxides1 whether of natural or artificial origin1 consists in heating the oxide with a substance which has a stronger attraction for oxygen than the metal has4 ,such bodies are coal1 coke1 or charcoal1 which when raised to very high temperatures in contact with certain metallic oxides1 rob them of their oxygen1 and thus reduce them to the state of metals1 carbonic oxide or carbonic anhydride being at the same time formed and carried off4 ,a mechanical impediment1 however1 to the reducing action of the fuel upon the ore exists in the rocky1 earthy1 and other impurities mostly present in large quantities1 even after the dressing1 which envelop the mineral1 and afford it a protective covering4 ,to remove these it is not only necessary that some substance should be added which has the power of combining with them1 but of one which is capable of forming a compound which shall become fusible by the heat of the furnace1 so that the molten metal as it sinks through it by reason of its greater specific gravity1 and falls to the bottom of the furnace1 shall be protected in doing so from contact with the air4 ,many substances1 varying with the nature of the gangue accompanying them1 are thus employed as fluxes1 such as limestone1 fluor spar1 gypsum1 heavy spar1 c41 and they act by combining with the silicious compounds contained in the gangue attached to the ore1 and forming a fusible silicate known as slag1 which is from time to time run off by an aperture at the side of the furnace4 ,considerable knowledge and experience are required in the selection of suitable fluxes4 ,the smelting furnaces in which the deoxidation of iron is accomplished are of considerable size4 ,the following description of one1 together with the engraving1 are from ,professor ,bloxam's able work1 #8,chemistry3 ,inorganic and ,organic1' ,illustration 8,great care is necessary in first lighting the blast furnace1 lest the new masonry should be cracked by too sudden a rise of temperature1 and when once lighted1 the furnace is kept in constant work for years1 until in want of repair4 8,when the fire has been lighted the furnace is filled up with coke1 and as soon as this has burnt down to some distance below the chimney1 a layer of the mixture of calcined ore with the requisite quantity of limestone is thrown upon it2 over this there is placed another layer of coke1 then a second layer of the mixture of ore and flux1 and so on in alternate layers1 until the furnace has been filled up2 when the layers sink down fresh quantities of fuel1 ore1 and flux are added1 so that the furnace is kept constantly full4 8,as the air passes from the tuyres pipes into the bottom of the furnace1 it parts with its oxygen to the carbon of the fuel1 which it converts into carbonic acid1 the latter passing the red-hot fuel as it ascends in the furnace is converted into carbonic oxide by combining with an additional quantity of carbon4 ,it is this carbonic oxide which reduces the calcined ore to the metallic state when it comes in contact with it at a red heat1 in the upper part of the furnace1 for carbonic oxide removes the oxygen at a high temperature from the oxides of iron1 and becomes carbonic acid1 the iron being left in the metallic state4 8,but the iron so reduced remains disseminated through the mass of ore until it has passed down to a part of the furnace which is more strongly heated1 where the iron enters into combination with a small proportion of carbon to form cast-iron1 which fuses or runs down into the crucible or cavity for its reception at the bottom of the furnace4 8,at the same time the clay contained in the ore is acted upon by the lime of the flux1 producing a double silicate of alumina and lime1 which also falls in the liquid state into the crucible1 where it forms a layer of slag above the heavier metal4 ,this slag1 which has five or six times the bulk of the iron1 is allowed to accumulate in the crucible and to run over its edge down the incline upon which the blast furnace is built2 but when a sufficient quantity of cast iron is collected at the bottom of the crucible1 it is run out through a hole provided for the purpose1 either into channels made in a bed of sand1 or into iron moulds1 where it is cast into rough semi-cylindrical masses1 called pigs1 where cast-iron is also spoken of as pig-iron4 8,the temperature of the furnace is1 of course1 highest in the immediate neighbourhood of the tuyres2 the reduction of the iron to the metallic state appears to commence at about two thirds of the way down the furnace1 the volatile matters of the ore1 fuel1 and flux being driven off before this point is reached4 8,some idea may be formed of the immense scale upon which the smelting of iron ores is carried out1 when it is stated that each furnace consumes in the course of #bd hours about #ej tons of coal1 #cj tons of ore1 #f tons of limestone1 and #ajj tons of air4 8,the cast-iron is run off from the crucible once or twice in #ab hours1 in quantities of #e or #f tons at a time4 ,the average yield of calcined clay-iron stone is #ce of iron4 8,the gases escaping from the chimney of the blast furnace are highly inflammable1 for they contain1 beside the nitrogen of the air blown into the furnace1 a considerable quantity of carbonic oxide and some hydrogen1 together with the carbonic acid formed by the action of the carbonic oxide upon the ore4 ,since the carbonic oxide and hydrogen confer considerable heating power upon these gases1 they are employed in some iron-works for heating steam-boilers1 or for calcining the ore1 or for raising the temperature of the blast4 8,the composition of the gas issuing from a hot blast furnace 7fed with uncoked coal7 may be judged of from the following table3---- 8,gas from ,blast ,furnace4 ,nitrogen #eece vols4 ,carbonic oxide #beig 0 ,hydrogen #fgc 0 ,carbonic acid #ggg 0 ,marsh gas #cge 0 ,olefiant gas #jdc 0 ---------------- #ajjjj 0 8,the carbonic oxide of course renders these gases highly poisonous1 and fatal accidents occasionally happen from this cause4 ,although the bulk of the nitrogen present in the air escapes unchanged from the furnace1 it is not improbable that a portion of it contributes to the formation of the cyanide of potassium which is produced in the lower part of the furnace1 the potassium being furnished by the ashes of the fuel40 ,see ,,metallurgy4 ,assay4 ,three general methods are adopted for this purpose3---- #a4 7,,mechanical47 ,this consists in pulverising the ore by any convenient method1 and expertly washing a given weight of it 7say #ajjj gr47 in a wooden bowl or capsule with water1 so as to remove the earthy gangues from the denser and valuable metallic matter in such a way that none of the latter may be lost4 ,this is the common plan adopted with auriferous sands1 the ores of tin after they have passed the stamping-mill1 galena1 grey antimony1 c41 and may either be employed as an independent process or merely as preparatory to more exact investigations4 ,when galena is thus tested1 the product is a nearly pure sulphide of lead1 of which every grain is equivalent to #hfff of metallic lead1 the rest being sulphur4 ,the results with grey antimony ore are still more direct1 since the product is only melted into pigs before being sent to market4 ,in this state it contains #gc 7nearly7 of metallic antimony4 #b4 7,,humid47 ,assays in the #8humid way' are true chemical analyses1 and are described under the head #8,estim4' attached to most of the more important minerals noticed in this work4 ,this plan offers greater facilities and gives more accurate results than either of the other methods4 #c4 7,,dry47 ,of the methods of assay in the #8dry way' the following are the most accurate1 generally useful1 and easily applied3---- a4 7,dr ,abiche47 ,the mineral is reduced to powder1 and mixed with #e or #f times its weight of carbonate of barium1 also in powder2 this mixture is fused at a white heat in a platinum crucible1 and the resulting slag1 after being powdered1 is exhausted with hydrochloric acid4 ,this process answers well with both stony and metallic minerals1 the most refractory of which give way under this treatment4 b4 7,liebig47 ,into a crucible containing commercial cyanide of potassium1 a weighed quantity of the ore1 in the state of fine powder1 is sprinkled1 when the metallic oxides and sulphides which it contains are almost immediately reduced to the metallic state1 and may be separated from the scoria by edulcoration with water4 ,with the oxides and sulphides of antimony and tin this reduction occurs at a dull red heat2 with the compounds of copper it occurs with the disengagement of light and heat2 but an ore of iron requires to be mixed with a little carbonate of potassium or of sodium before throwing it into the fused cyanide1 and to be then submitted to a full red heat for a short time1 before it is reduced to the reguline state4 ,in this case any manganese present in the ore of iron is left under the form of protoxide4 ,a mixture of about equal parts of dry carbonate of sodium and cyanide of potassium answers better for the crucible than the cyanide alone4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,metallurgy1 c42 also ,,percy',s ,,metallurgy4 ,,organ,,ic ,,ba,,ses4 ,these interesting bodies may be divided into two classes3 the first comprising those which occur ready formed in nature 7,,alkaloids72 and the second those produced by artificial processes in the laboratory 7,,artificial ,,alkaloids1 ,,artificial ,,organic ,,bases74 ,they all contain the element ,,nitrogen4 ,the natural bases have already been described under ,,alkaloid4 ,hitherto they have none of them been produced by artificial means4 ,the bases of artificial origin are mostly volatile1 and their constitution is much simpler than that of the native bases4 ,of the vast number which have been formed the following are1 perhaps1 the most interesting3----,,ethylamine1 ,,methylamine1 ,,amylamine1 ,,aniline1 ,,naphthylamine1 ,,chinoline1 and ,,picoline4 ,these and other bodies of the class are noticed under their respective heads4 ,by ,berzelius the natural organic bases 7owing to the invariable presence in them of hydrogen and nitrogen7 were regarded as compound ammonias1 or combinators of ammonia with a variety of neutral principles4 ,he conceived the greater part of these neutral bodies were incapable of isolation1 and further more that the closest union existed between them and the ammonia4 ,thus it was his opinion that quinine ,c#bj;,h#ab,,no#b1 #c;,,ho 7halving the modern formula7 was a compound of the group ,c#bj;,h#i,o#b with oxide of ammonium and water of crystallisation thus 7,c#bj;,h#i,o#b;,h#d,,no7#b;,,ho4 ,he believed the organic base owed its basicity to the ammonia4 ,berzelius' opinion carried weight at the time1 from the circumstance that certain neutral substances when directly combined with ammonia were capable of forming a number of artificial bases very similar in qualities and also in composition to the natural ones1 or those obtained from living plants4 ,thus1 the artificial base thiosinamine having the formula ,c#d;,h#e,,ns is produced by the combination of oil of mustard and ammonia2 and another base may be artificially obtained from the union of oil of bitter almonds with ammonia4 ,liebig1 who was one of the first chemists to dispute the correctness of ,berzelius' hypothesis1 by showing that the natural organic bases never gave any indication of the presence in them of ready formed ammonia1 replaced it by the suggestion that they might be bodies into the composition of which amidogen 7,h#b,n7 entered1 and that these1 instead of being compounds of ammonia and an organic group1 might be derivatives from ammonia2 or ammonia in which an atom of hydrogen had been displaced by an equivalent organic radicle4 ,the labours of subsequent chemists1 notably those of ,messrs ,wurtz and ,hofman1 have developed ,liebig's theory1 and have proved the analogy in structural arrangement between ammonia and the greater number of organic bases2 whilst they have further shown1 not only in one1 as supposed by ,liebig1 but for all three of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia1 may be substituted certain compound radicles4 ,,organ,,ic ,,substances4 ,we have reserved a notice of the method of estimating the quantity of carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen1 in organic compounds1 until now1 in order to present them to the reader in a more useful and connected form4 ,the operation essentially consists1 in respect of the first three1 in causing the complete combustion of a known quantity of the substance under examination1 in such a manner that the carbonic acid and water thus produced shall be collected1 and their quantity determined4 ,from these the proportions of their elements are easily calculated4 ,the estimation of the quantity of nitrogen 7as is also the case with chlorine1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 c47 requires a separate operation4 ,the two great classes of organic bodies 7azotised and non-azotised7 are readily distinguished from each other by heating a small portion with some solid hydrate of potassium1 in a test tube4 ,if nitrogen is present1 it is converted into ammonia1 which may be recognised by its characteristic odour and its alkaline reaction4 #a4 ,estimation of the ,,carbon1 ,,hydrogen1 and ,,oxygen4----a4 ,the method of ,prof4 ,liebig1 now almost exclusively adapted for this purpose1 is as follows3----,the substance under examination1 reduced to powder1 is rendered as dry as possible1 either by the heat of a water bath or by exposure over concentrated sulphuric acid1 in vacuo2 #e or #f gr4 of it are then weighed in a narrow open test tube1 #b or #c inches long1 and to ensure accuracy this tube and any little adhering matter is again weighed after its contents have been removed----the difference between the two weights being regarded as the true quantity of the substance employed in the experiment4 ,a #8combustion tube1' of hard white ,bohemian glass 7#d to #e inch diam42 #ad to #ah inches long71 is next taken1 and about #b-crds filled with black oxide of copper1 prepared by the ignition of the nitrate1 and which has been just re-heated to expel hygrometric moisture4 ,nearly the whole of this oxide1 whilst still warm1 is then gradually poured from the tube and triturated with the organic sample in a dry and warm mortar1 after which the mixture is transferred to the combustion tube1 and the mortar being rinsed out with a little fresh oxide1 which is added to the rest1 the tube is1 lastly1 nearly filled with some warm oxide fresh from the crucible4 ,the contents of the tube are next arranged in a proper position by a few gentle blows1 so as to leave a small passage for the evolved gases from the one end of the tube to the other4 7,see engr47 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,the #8combustion tube' with its #8charge' is next placed in a #8furnace' or #8chauffer' of thin sheet iron 7see middle figure above74 ,its open end is then connected with a #8drying tube' filled with fragments of fused chloride of calcium1 and carefully weighed4 ,this tube is1 in its turn1 connected with a small glass 7#8,liebig's potash bulbs'7 containing solution of pure potassa of sp4 gr4 #abg1 also carefully weighed4 ,the junction with the first is made by means of a perforated cork2 that with the second by means of a small tube of india rubber tied with silk1 the whole being made quite air-tight4 ,the apparatus is then tested by sucking a few bubbles through the liquid with the dry lips1 when1 if the level of the solution of potassa in the two legs continues unequal for some minutes1 the joints are regarded as perfect4 ,the whole arrangement being complete 7see engr471 burning charcoal is now placed in the furnace around the front part of the combustion tube1 and when this has become red-hot the screen is slowly moved back1 and more burning charcoal is added1 until the furthest extremity of the tube has been exposed to its action4 7,gas1 burned in furnaces specially contrived for the purpose1 is now usually employed instead of charcoal47 ,the firing is so regulated that the gas enters the potassa apparatus in bubbles easily counted1 without any violence or inconvenience1 and it is kept up as long as gas is extricated4 ,as soon as the apparatus is complete1 and the slightest retrograde action is observed1 the charcoal is removed from the combustion tube1 and the extreme point of this last is broken off4 ,a little air is then sucked through the apparatus in order to seize on any remaining carbonic-acid gas and moisture4 ,the potash apparatus and the chloride of calcium tube are1 lastly1 detached1 and again accurately weighed4 ,the increase in the weight of the first gives the weight of the carbonic acid formed during the combustion2 that of the second the weight of the water4 ,the numbers equivalent to any given number of grains1 found as above1 are converted into the proportions per cent4 by simply dividing them by the weight of the organic substance which has been employed in the experiment1 and moving the decimal point of the result two figures to the right4 ,gr4 ,gr4 #a gr4 of ,carbonic acid #jbgbgc of ,carbon #jgbgbg of ,oxygen1 #a 0 ,water #jaaaab 0 ,hydrogen #jhhhhh 0 ---- ---------------- ---------------- #b less #jchche equal to #afafae 0 ---- ---------------- ---------------- b4 ,in applying the preceding method to volatile liquids1 it is necessary to enclose them in a small bulb with a narrow neck1 instead of mixing them directly with the protoxide of copper4 ,the bulb with its contents is introduced into the combustion tube1 and after some #f or #h inches of the protoxide is heated to redness1 a hot coal is applied near where the bulb is situated1 so that the liquid which it contains may be slowly volatilised and passed through the heated mass in the state of vapour1 and be thus completely burned4 ,for further information1 consult ,fresenius' #8,chemical ,analysis4' #b4 ,estimation of the ,,nitrogen----a4 ,several methods are employed for this purpose1 but the only one of general application1 and adapted to the non-scientific operator1 is that of ,,mm4 ,varrentrap and ,will1 described under ,,guano4 ,to ensure correct results1 the caustic soda must be pure1 and the lime of good quality and well burnt4 ,the last1 having been properly slaked with a little water1 holding the former in solution1 the mixture is thoroughly dried in an iron vessel1 and then heated to full redness in an earthen crucible4 ,the ignited mass is rubbed to powder in a warm dry mortar1 and either used at once or carefully preserved from the air4 ,the best quantity of the organic substance to operate on is1 in this case1 about #aj gr41 which must be dried1 and accurately weighed with the usual precautions4 ,bodies very rich in either nitrogen or hydrogen are best mixed with about an equal weight of pure sugar before triturating them with the soda-lime4 ,,mm4 ,varrentrap and ,will weigh the nitrogen under the form of double chloride of platinum and ammonium1 dried at #bab ,fahr4 ,this salt contains #fbgb of nitrogen4 b4 ,m4 ,pligot has modified the preceding plan by conducting the gaseous matter extricated during the operation into a three-bulb tube charged with a standard solution of sulphuric acid4 ,this he subsequently pours into a beaker-glass1 and after tinging it with a single drop of tincture of litmus1 he tests it with either a standard aqueous solution of soda or one of lime in sweetened water1 after the common method of alkalimetry4 ,the difference between the saturating power of the acid in its normal condition and after its exposure in the condenser indicates the amount of ammonia formed4 7,see ,,guano47 ,each grain of ammonia contains #hbcec gr4 of nitrogen4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the successful application of the above processes requires considerable care and some aptitude in manipulating1 as well as the employment of a very delicate balance for determining the weights4 ,a greater error in the weighings than the #a_/bej gr4 cannot be tolerated when exact results are desired4 ,the method of ,,mm4 ,varrentrap and ,will for the determination of nitrogen answers admirably for all organic compounds containing it1 except those in which it exists under the form of hyponitrous1 nitrous1 and nitric acids2 for which1 however1 it is not required4 ,when extreme accuracy is aimed at1 the atmospheric air in the apparatus1 and that absorbed during the preliminary operations by the substances employed1 must be expelled before the application of heat to the combustion tube4 7,see ,,water1 ,,analysis ,,of47 ,,or-,,molu4 ,fr4 ,this name is given to gold-coloured brass or bronze1 so finished off as to have the appearance of gold1 or of being gilt2 but it is often applied in a more general sense4 ,the ,french more particularly excel in working in or-molu1 and the products of this branch of their industry hold an important position in the art manufactures of ,france4 ,to give or-molu its richest appearance1 8it is not unfrequently brightened up after #8dipping' 7that is1 cleaning in acid7 by means of a scratch-brush 7a brush made of very fine brass wire71 the action of which helps to produce a very brilliant gold-like surface4 ,it is protected from tarnish by the application of lacquer40 7,ure47 ,ure says or-molu contains more copper and less zinc than ordinary brass1 and that although1 in many of its applications1 the colour is heightened by means of a gold lacquer1 in some cases the true colour of the alloy is best preserved after it has been properly developed by means of dilute sulphuric acid4 ,,ormskirk ,,medicine4 ,a nostrum supposed to prevent hydrophobia1 so named after the residence of its inventor1 ,mr ,hill1 of ,ormskirk4 ,it is said to have consisted of the ingredients named below1 but nothing certain is known on the subject1 as the inventor died without revealing its secret3----,chalk1 #a_/b oz42 ,armenian bole1 #c dr42 elecampane root1 #a dr42 alum1 #aj gr42 oil of aniseed1 #e or #f drops2 all in fine powder4 ,for a dose1 to be taken for #f successive mornings1 in a glass of weak milk and water4 ,,or,,piment4 ,native yellow sulphide of arsenic4 ,the finest samples used by artists 7golden orpiment7 come from ,persia4 ,see ,,arsenic 7,tersulphuret74 ,,or,,ris4 ,syn4 ,,orris ,,root1 ,,florentine ,r42 ,,radix ,,iridis1 ,l4 ,the dried rhizome of ,iris ,florentina1 pallida1 and ,germanica4 ,sialogogue1 irritant1 subacrid1 and errhine4 ,chiefly employed to impart a violet odour to oils1 tooth powder1 snuffs1 spirits1 c42 and when cut into peas to keep open issues4 ,,orse,,dew4 ,dutch leaf-gold4 ,,orsel,,lic ,,acid4 ,two compounds pass under this name----,,alpha-,,orsellic ,,acid and ,,beta-,,orsellic ,,acid4 ,they closely resemble each other1 and are obtained in a similar manner2 the first from the ,south ,american variety of ,rocella tinctoria1 the last from that grown at the ,cape4 ,,orsellin,,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,lecanoric ,,acid4 ,a compound formed along with picroerythrine1 by boiling erythric acid for some time with water4 ,it is also formed by boiling alpha-orsellic acid with water4 ,in both cases1 if the ebullition is too long continued1 the new acid is wholly or in part converted into orcin4 ,prop41 c4 ,crystallisable2 bitter-tasted2 soluble in water2 its aqueous solution1 by exposure to the air1 assumes a beautiful purple colour4 ,,orthoclase4 ,syn4 ,,potassium ,,felspar4 ,this material1 which is a double silicate of potassium and aluminium1 enters into the composition of many rocks1 and is a common ingredient in granite4 ,it has the following composition3----,silica1 #fdh parts2 alumina1 #ahd parts2 and potash1 #afh parts4 ,part of the potassium is frequently replaced by small quantities of calcium1 magnesium1 and sodium4 ,orthoclase is used for glazing the finest varieties of porcelain1 a very intense heat being necessary to effect its fusion in the porcelain furnace4 ,by the ,chinese potters it is called petuntze4 8,the name #8orthoclase' is generally restricted to the subtranslucent varieties1 there being many subvarieties 7founded on variations of lustre1 colour1 and other differences71 of which the following are some of the principal1 viz4 adularia1 a transparent or translucent felspar1 met with in granitic rocks 7frequently in large crystals72 moonstone2 sunstone2 ,murchisonite1 erythrite2 glassy felspar or lanadine1 a transparent variety found in volcanic rocks1 containing #d per cent4 of soda or upwards40#gi ,footnote #gi3 ,ure4 ,,orthop,,dia4 ,in surgery1 the straightening1 correcting1 or curing deformities of children4 ,see ,,surgery4 ,,osier4 ,the osier1 which is a species of willow 7salix71 and is largely used in the construction of baskets and other wickerwork1 is extensively cultivated at ,nottingham and on the level lands of ,cambridgeshire and ,huntingdonshire1 as well as on the banks of the ,thames1 ,severn1 and other rivers4 ,the small islands in these rivers1 when planted with osiers1 are known as osier ,,holts4 ,but large as is the supply of shoots afforded by the ,english osier beds1 it is insufficient for home consumption2 hence great quantities of ozier rods are imported into this country from ,holland1 ,belgium1 and ,france4 ,there are a great variety of oziers1 and it is found that those which have been the most highly cultivated yield the toughest and finest wood1 and those best adapted for the superior kinds of basket work4 ,the branches of the wilder and less domesticated kind1 which are more liable to break1 are used for making hoops and coarse baskets4 ,this last variety1 which is known as the ,,common ,,osier 7,salix viminalis71 grows on the alluvial grounds of ,britain1 and in other ,european countries1 and is often planted on the banks of rivers to prevent their being washed away4 ,the following are the principal varieties of osier indigenous to this country1 and which yield the most valuable wood3----#a4 ,,the ,,fine ,,basket ,,osier 7,salix ,forbyana74 #b4 ,,the ,,green-,,leaved ,,osier1 or ,,ornard 7,salix rubra74 #c4 ,,the ,,spanish ,,rod 7,salix triandra74 #d4 ,,the ,,golden ,,osier1 or ,,golden ,,willow 7,salix vitellina74 ,the osier requires plenty of water1 and hence it thrives best in those localities and low grounds which are washed by a river4 ,the soil best adapted for it is a rich but not clayey one4 ,in planting an osier bed an important condition is that the trees should be placed sufficiently closely together1 since it is found that1 with too much space1 the shoots do not develop into long and slender branches1 which are so much sought after4 ,the shoots are cut once a year1 at any time between the fall of the leaf and the rising of the sap in spring4 ,after being cut they are divided into those destined for brown1 and those for white baskets4 ,in the latter ease the rods have to be peeled1 but as this operation cannot be performed at once1 and the rimous of the bark would be difficult were they allowed to dry1 the shoots are placed upright and sustained in that position in wide shallow trenches in about four inches of water1 where they are kept until they begin to bud and blossom in the spring1 which they do as if they were attached to the parent plant4 ,the peeling is easily done by passing them through an instrument known as a break4 ,if the spring has been a cold one1 they have1 previous to peeling1 to be laid for some time under a layer of litter4 ,when they have been peeled they are stacked1 preparatory to being sold4 ,with the rods intended for brown baskets1 no peeling is of course necessary4 ,they are therefore carefully stacked in some place protected from the rain1 and diligently watched to see that no heat is set up in them1 as is sometimes the case with freshly stacked hay1 and which1 if not stacked1 would cause the rods to rot and render them useless4 ,in ,england1 besides the native produce1 #ejjj tons of osiers are annually imported1 valued at about #dj1jjj4 ,of late years the ,australian colonists have turned their attention to the cultivation of the osier1 in the hopes of supplying the demand for it in ,great ,britain4 ,,os,,mazome4 ,the substance on which the peculiar odour and flavour of boiled meat and broth were formerly supposed to depend4 ,prep4 ,from lean meat1 minced1 and digested in cold water1 with occasional pressure2 the filtered infusion is gently evaporated nearly to dryness1 and then treated with alcohol2 the alcoholic tincture is1 lastly1 evaporated4 ,the product has a brownish-yellow colour1 is soluble in water1 and its aqueous solution is precipitated by infusion of galls and the mineral astringent salts4 ,,os,,mium4 ,os4 ,a rare metal found associated with the ores of platinum by ,m4 ,tennant1 in #ahjc4 ,these ores mostly consist of a mixture of platinum1 palladium1 rhodium1 osmium1 ruthenium and iridium4 ,when they are treated with aqua regia1 the insoluble residue which remains1 chiefly consists of an alloy and osmium1 iridium1 ruthenium and rhodium4 ,to separate the osmium from the other metals1 ,fremy takes advantage of its easy oxidability1 and of the volatility of its tetroxide4 ,in the first part of this process 7which is a great improvement upon the methods previously followed7 the above residue or alloy is heated to redness in a platinum or porcelain tube4 ,in that part of the tube which projects from the furnace1 some fragments of porcelain are placed1 and the tube is connected with a series of glass flasks1 in which the tetroxide of osmium is condensed as it distils over1 any tetroxide that may have escaped condensation is retained by a solution of caustic potash1 placed in the last flask of the series4 ,this last flask is connected with an aspirator1 by means of which a current of air is drawn through the apparatus4 ,before being allowed to enter the heated tube the air is dried by being made to pass through tubes filled with pumice-stone1 moistened with sulphuric acid4 ,during the operation the osmium and ruthenium become oxidised1 the tetroxide of osmium condenses in needles in the flasks1 and mechanically carries forward the deoxide of ruthenium1 which is deposited upon the pieces of porcelain4 ,there are several processes for obtaining osmium in the metallic condition4 ,we give two of the most simple of these4 #a4 ,by treating the volatile tetroxide of osmium obtained by ,fremy's method1 as above described1 with hydrochloric acid and metallic mercury in a closed vessel at #adj ,c4 ,the mercurous oxide which is first formed at the expense of the oxygen contained in the tetroxide of osmium is decomposed by the hydrochloric acid1 and calomel is produced1 together with metallic osmium4 ,the water and excess of acid are removed by evaporation to dryness1 and on heating the residue in a small porcelain retort1 the excess of mercury and calomel is drawn off1 pure osmium being left behind in the form of a fine powder4 #b4 ,deville and ,debray procure it in the metallic form by passing the tetroxide of osmium1 in a current of nitrogen1 over carbon which has been obtained by passing the vapour of benzine through a porcelain tube at a high temperature4 ,the metal procured by this process is of a fine blue colour1 with a tinge of grey4 ,the specific gravity of osmium in the pulverulent form is about #aj2 but after having been heated to the fusing point of rhodium in the oxyhydrogen jet1 it acquires a density of #bad1 and in the crystalline state it has a sp4 gr4 of #bbdgg4 ,osmium appears to be the least fusible of all the metals4 ,there are five known oxides of osmium3 #a4 ,osmium protoxide4 7,os,o74 ,the anhydrous protoxide is of a greyish-black colour4 ,it is insoluble in acids4 ,its bluish-black hydrate1 which dissolves in hydrochloric acid1 forms a solution of osmium dichloride of a deep indigo blue colour4 ,the solution absorbs oxygen readily1 and becomes converted into the tetrachloride 7,os,cl#d74 #b4 ,osmium sesquioxide4 7,os#b,o#c47 ,this has never been isolated4 ,its salts1 which are uncrystallisable1 are of a rose-red colour4 #c4 ,osmium dioxide4 7,os,o#b47 ,this is black4 #d4 ,osmium trioxide4 7,os,o#c47 ,this possesses feebly acid properties4 ,it has never been obtained in a separate form2 with potassium it forms a crystalline1 sparingly soluble compound1 having the composition ,k#b,os,o#d1 #b;,h#b,o1 a dipotassic osmite4 #e4 ,osmium tetroxide4 ,syn4 ,,osmic ,,acid 7,os,o#d74 ,this oxide may be obtained by operating1 according to ,fremy's process1 on the ores of platinum1 as already described4 ,it is also formed when metallic osmium is heated with potassic nitrate1 or roasted in air4 ,it crystallises in colourless1 transparent1 flexible needles1 which fuse easily1 and dissolve readily in water4 ,its aqueous solution1 however1 does not redden litmus4 ,tetroxide of osmium is converted into vapour at about #ajj;,c4 ,the fumes are excessively irritating and deleterious1 and have an odour somewhat like that of chlorine4 ,this oxide unites with alkalies1 but not with acids4 ,it is given off as tetroxide when the alkaline solution which contains it is boiled4 ,if applied to the skin1 this oxide becomes partially reduced1 and imparts a permanent black colour to the skin1 due to the deposition of metallic osmium4 ,with tincture of galls its solutions give a distinctive blue precipitate4 ,there are four chlorides of osmium1 the best known of which are the dichloride and the tetrachloride4 #a4 ,osmium dichloride4 7,os,cl#b74 ,syn4 ,,osmious ,,dichloride1 ,,osmium ,,protochloride4 ,this is green1 and sublimes in green needles4 ,it may be obtained by heating metallic osmium in a current of dry chlorine gas4 ,it forms double salts1 which are of a green colour4 #b4 ,osmium tetrachloride4 7,os,cl#d74 ,syn4 ,,osmic ,,tetrachloride1 ,,osmium ,,bichloride4 ,this may be procured in the same manner as the dichloride1 using1 however1 an excess of chlorine4 ,it occurs as a red1 crystalline1 fusible1 deliquescent powder4 ,it is more volatile than the dichloride4 ,both the dry chloride and the tetrachloride of osmium are dissolved by water1 which decomposes them into tetroxide of osmium1 hydrochloric acid and the metal4 ,,osteocol,,la4 ,a rough sort of glue or gelatin obtained from bones by digestion in dilute hydrochloric acid1 to remove their earthy matter1 and afterwards acting on the residuum with water at a high temperature1 until it is wholly dissolved4 ,,otal,,gia4 ,pain in the ear4 ,see ,,earache4 ,o,,thyl4 ,in chemistry1 a radicle having the formula ,c#b;,h#c,o1 assumed by ,professor ,williamson to exist in acetic acid4 ,,ot,,to ,,of ,,roses4 ,see ,,oils 7,volatile74 ,,ovalbu,,men4 ,white of egg2 to distinguish it from seralbumen1 or the albumen of the serum of the blood4 ,o,,vens4 ,a very ingenious and useful improvement in the apparatus for baking was introduced some years ago by ,mr ,sclater1 of ,carlisle4 ,it consists in causing the articles to be baked to traverse a heated earthenware tube4 ,this tube forms the oven4 ,it is of considerable length1 and the biscuits or other articles are slowly traversed through it1 from end to end1 at such a rate as will allow of the baking being completed during the passage4 ,the biscuits are carried on trays1 set on travelling chains2 or the trays are made into an endless web or chain4 ,the oven is thus entirely self-acting1 and the articles demand no attention whatever from the attendants1 whilst the system combines superior economy with the best results4 ,a #8pyrometer1' or heat indicator1 is attached externally1 so that the attendant can regulate the heat with great facility4 ,the object of these improvements is to reduce the cost of baking1 and to improve the appearance of the baked articles4 ,the apparatus is applicable as well to the baking of articles of clay or earthenware as to bread or biscuits4 ,of the ovens now in common use by the bakers1 that known as the #8hot-water oven' is perhaps the best2 not merely in reference to economy1 but also with reference to its superior cleanliness1 and the ease with which the articles operated on may be turned out of that delicate yellowish-brown tint for which the bread of the ,viennese and ,parisian bakers is so celebrated4 ,see ,,baking1 ,,bread1 c4 ,,owner4 ,for the purposes of the ,public ,health ,act this term is thus defined3----8#8,owner' means the person for the time being receiving the rack-rent of the lands or premises in connection with which the word is used1 whether on his own account1 or as agent or trustee for any other person1 or who would so receive the same if such lands or premises were let at a rack-rent40 ,,ox4 ,the ,bos ,taurus 7,linn471 one of the ruminantia4 ,in its more limited sense the word is restricted to the emasculated animal4 ,the flesh1 milk1 skin1 horns1 bones1 and blood of this animal are all serviceable to man4 ,goldbeater's skin is prepared from the peritoneal membrane of its ccum4 ,its blood1 fat1 horns1 and excrement were among the simples of the ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4 ,see ,,beef1 ,,gall1 ,,milk1 and below4 ,ox-,gall4 ,syn4 ,,ox-,,bile2 ,,fel ,,bovinum1 ,f4 ,,bovis1 ,f4 ,,tauri1 ,l4 ,crude ox-gall is noticed at page #ggd4 ,refined ox-gall 7,fel bovinum purificatum7 is prepared as under3---- #a4 ,fresh ox-gall is allowed to repose for #ab or #ae hours1 after which the clear portion is decanted1 and evaporated to the consistence of a thick syrup by the heat of a water bath2 it is then spread thinly on a dish1 and exposed in a warm situation near the fire1 or to a current of dry air1 until nearly dry2 it is1 lastly1 put into wide-mouthed bottles or pots1 and carefully tied over with bladder4 ,in this state it will keep for years in a cool situation4 ,for use a little is dissolved in water4 #b4 ,fresh gall1 #a pint2 boil1 skim1 add powdered alum1 #a oz42 boil again till the alum is dissolved1 and when sufficiently cool pour it into a bottle1 and loosely cork it down4 ,in a similar manner boil and skim another pint of gall1 add to it #a oz4 of common salt1 and again boil1 cool1 and bottle it1 as above4 ,in three months decant the clear from both bottles1 and mix them in equal quantities2 the clear portion must then be separated from the coagulum by subsidence or filtration4 ,uses1 c4 ,both the above are employed by artists to fix chalk and pencil drawings before tinting them1 and to remove the greasiness from ivory1 tracing paper1 c4 ,the first is also used in medicine4 ,,ox,,alate4 ,syn4 ,,oxalas1 ,l4 ,a salt of oxalic acid4 ,the soluble oxalates are easily formed by directly neutralising a solution of oxalic acid with a metallic hydrate1 carbonate1 or oxide2 and the insoluble oxalates1 by double decomposition4 ,see ,,oxalic ,,acid and the respective bases4 ,,oxal,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,oxalicum1 ,l4 ,this substance was discovered by ,bergman in #aggf4 ,it occurs both in the mineral and organic kingdoms1 and is produced artificially by the action of nitric acid on sugar1 starch1 woody fibre1 c4 ,it abounds in wood-sorrel1 in which it exists in combination with a little potassa4 ,with the exception of gum and sugar of milk all starchy and saccharine substances yield oxalic acid when treated with nitric acid at a somewhat elevated temperature4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from sugar3---- a4 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb71 #e parts1 diluted with water1 #aj parts1 is poured on sugar1 #a part1 and the mixture is digested at a gentle heat as long as gaseous products are evolved2 the liquid is then concentrated by evaporation until it deposits crystals on cooling2 the crystals1 after being drained and freed from superfluous moisture1 are redissolved in the smallest possible quantity of boiling water1 and the solution is set aside to crystallise4 ,the residuary #8mother-water' is treated with a little fresh nitric acid 7say #a-a_/b part7 at a gentle heat1 after which it is evaporated1 as before1 for a second crop of crystals4 ,this process is repeated until the solution is exhausted4 ,the brownish-coloured crystals thus obtained are allowed to effloresce by exposure to dry air1 and are then redissolved and recrystallised4 ,by repeating this treatment they yield pure colourless oxalic acid at the third crystallisation4 b4 7,schlesinger47 ,sugar 7dried at #beg ,fahr471 #d parts1 and nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ach71 #cc parts1 are digested together1 as before1 and as soon as the evolution of gas ceases the liquid is boiled down to one sixth of its original volume1 and set aside to crystallise4 ,the whole process may be completed in about #b hours1 and in #a vessel1 and yields of beautifully crystallised oxalic acid1 at the first crystallisation1 a quantity equal to #ef to #fj of the weight of the sugar employed4 c4 7,ure47 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ad71 #d parts1 and sugar #a part1 are digested together by the heat of a water bath1 and as soon as gas ceases to be extricated the vessel is removed from the heat1 and set aside to cool and crystallise4 ,the use of a little sulphuric acid along with the nitric acid contributes to increase the product4 #b4 ,from ,,potato- or ,,dextrin-,,sugar3----7,nyren47 ,from the washed pulp of potatoes1 boiled for some hours with water1 q4 s41 in a leaden vessel1 with about #b of oil of vitriol1 until the fecula of the pulp is converted into saccharine matter1 shown by the liquid being no longer turned blue by iodine2 the whole is then filtered through horse-hair bags or strainers1 and the filtrate is evaporated until its density is such that a gallon of it weighs #ad to #ad-a_/b lbs42 in this state it is converted into oxalic acid by treatment with nitric acid in the way already described4 ,a similar process was patented some years ago by ,messrs ,davy1 ,macmurdo1 and ,co4 #c4 ,from ,,sawdust3----7,roberts1 ,dale1 ,co4 ,patent47 ,this process is the one now usually employed for the manufacture of oxalic acid on the large scale4 ,it is based on ,gay-,lussac's discovery1 that wood and similar substances are converted into oxalic acid by fusion with caustic alkali4 ,the practical details of the process are thus given by ,dr ,murray ,thomson1 of ,edinburgh3----7#a7 ,hydrate of sodium and hydrate of potassium1 mixed in the proportion of #b equivalents of the former to #a equivalent of the latter1 are dissolved1 and solution evaporated until of specific gravity #ace2 sawdust is now stirred in until a thick paste results4 7#b7 ,this paste is then heated on iron plates1 during which it is constantly stirred2 water is first given off2 the mass then swells2 inflammable gases1 hydrogen and carburetted hydrogen1 are evolved1 along with a peculiar aromatic odour4 ,when the temperature has been maintained at #djj for one or two hours1 this stage of the process is complete2 the mass has now a dark colour1 and contains only #a to #d per cent4 of oxalic acid1 and about #e per cent4 of formic acid4 ,the bulk1 therefore1 of the mass at this stage consists of a substance whose nature is not yet known1 but which is intermediate between the cellulose and oxalic acid4 7#c7 ,the next stage consists in a simple extension of the last1 in which the mass is heated till quite dry1 care being taken that no charring takes place4 ,it now contains the maximum quantity of oxalic acid1 #bh to #cj per cent4 7#d47 ,this oxalic acid now exists as oxalate of potassium and sodium in the grey powder resulting from stage #c4 ,this powder is now washed on a filter with solution of carbonate of sodium1 which seems to have the singular and unexpected power of decomposing the oxalate of potassium and converting it into oxalate of sodium4 ,at all events1 it is quite true that all traces of potassa are washed out with the solution of carbonate of sodium4 ,the only explanation that occurs to account for this unusual decomposition is that oxalate of sodium is a more insoluble salt than oxalate of potassium1 and therefore may be formed by preference4 7#e7 ,this oxalate of sodium is now decomposed by boiling milk of lime4 ,oxalate of calcium falls as a precipitate1 and soda remains in solution4 ,this soda is boiled down1 and again made use of with fresh sawdust4 ,this recovery of alkali is also practised with the potassium salt which filters through in the last stage4 7#f7 ,the oxalate of calcium is now decomposed in leaden vessels with sulphuric acid4 ,sulphate of calcium is precipitated1 and oxalic acid is in solution1 which is now evaporated1 and the acid separates in crystals1 which now need only to be recrystallised to make them quite pure1 and fit the acid for all the purposes for which it is employed4 ,prod4 ,by this ingenious process #b lbs4 of sawdust are made to yield #a lb4 of oxalic acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless1 transparent1 prismatic crystals1 possessing a powerful sour taste and acid reaction2 these effloresce in warm dry air1 with loss of #bh 7#b eq47 of water1 and then form a white powder1 which may be sublimed in part1 without decomposition2 the crystals are soluble in #h parts of water 7#i parts1 8and form a solution of sp4 gr4 #ajde10----,ure7 at #fj ,fahr41 in their own weight or less of boiling water1 and in about #d parts of alcohol2 with the acids1 it forms salts called oxalates4 ,tests4----#a4 ,solution of chloride of barium occasions a white precipitate in neutral solutions of oxalic acid 7oxalates71 which is soluble in both nitric and hydrochloric acid4----#b4 ,solution of nitrate of silver1 under like circumstances1 gives a white precipitate1 which is soluble in nitric acid1 and in ammonia1 and which1 when heated to redness1 yields pure silver4----#c4 ,lime water and solutions of all the soluble salts of calcium produce white precipitates1 even in highly dilute solutions of oxalic acid or of the oxalates1 which is freely soluble in both nitric and hydrochloric acid1 but is nearly insoluble in either acetic or oxalic acid1 and is converted into carbonate of calcium upon ignition4----#d4 ,oxalic acid 7or an oxalate71 when heated1 in the dry state1 with oil of vitriol in excess1 is converted into carbonate anhydride and carbonic oxide2 the former produces a white precipitate with lime water1 and the latter1 when kindled1 burns with a faint blue flame4 ,of the above tests1 solution of sulphate of calcium 7vide ,no4 #c7 is the most delicate and characteristic4----#e4 ,it is distinguished from ,epsom salt by its acid reaction1 its solubility in rectified spirit1 its complete dissipation by heat1 and by emitting a slight crackling noise during its solution in water4 ,see ,,magnesia 7,sulphate74 ,uses1 ,pois41 c4 ,oxalic acid is chiefly used in the arts of calico printing and bleaching2 to remove ink-spots and iron moulds from linen1 and to clean boot-tops4 ,it is extremely poisonous4 ,the treatment1 in cases of its having been swallowed1 is to promote vomiting1 and to administer chalk1 whiting1 or magnesia1 mixed up with water1 in considerable quantities4 ,the use of the alkalies or their carbonates must be avoided1 as the compounds which these form with oxalic acid are nearly as poisonous as the acid itself4 ,the remaining treatment is noticed under ,,acids4 ,in poisoning by oxalic acid the nervous system is almost always affected1 and the patients experience numbness1 formication of the extremities1 and sometimes convulsions1 so that the symptoms somewhat approach those produced by strychnia1 from which it is distinguished by its corrosive action on the tissues1 and its effect upon the heart and circulatory system4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the manufacture of oxalic acid is an important one4 ,the process of ,roberts1 ,dale1 and ,co4 has so much cheapened the price of oxalic acid1 that in #ahea it sold for #af;d4 per lb41 and in #ahfd it only cost from #h;d4 to #i;d4 per lb4 ,more than half the amount of oxalic acid used all over the world is now made from sawdust4 ,in manufacturing the acid from sugar1 on the large scale1 the first part of the process is either conducted in salt-glazed stoneware pipkins of the capacity of #c to #e quarts each 7which are about two thirds filled and set in a water bath71 or in wooden troughs lined with lead1 and heated by means of a coil of steam-pipe4 ,on the small scale1 a glass retort or capsule is commonly employed4 ,the most appropriate temperature appears to be about #abe ,fahr4 and the best evidence of the satisfactory progress of the decomposition is the free but not violent evolution of gas1 without the appearance of dense red fumes1 or1 at all events1 any marked quantity of them4 ,when these are disengaged with violence and rapidity1 a greater quantity of the newly formed acid suffers decomposition1 and flies off in a gaseous form4 ,the sp4 gr4 of the nitric acid commonly used on the large scale ranges from #abb to #abg equivalent quantities being taken4 ,the evaporation is preferably conducted by the heat of steam4 ,the evolved nitrous vapours are usually allowed to escape1 but this loss may be in part avoided by conveying them into a chamber filled with cold damp air1 and containing a little water1 when they will absorb oxygen1 and be recondensed into fuming nitric acid4 ,various modifications of this plan have been patented4 ,that of ,messrs ,mc,dougall and ,rawson1 which is one of the simplest and best1 consists in passing the mixed nitrous fumes through a series of vessels containing water1 and connected together by tubes1 so that the fumes which collect at the top of one vessel are conveyed to nearly the bottom of the next one1 and then1 bubbling up through the water1 mix with the air1 a supply of which is provided for the purpose4 ,the nitrous fumes are thus brought alternately into contact with air and water1 and by the time they reach the last vessel are reconverted into nitric acid4 ,another plan is to pass the mixed nitrous vapours through a vessel stuffed with some porous substance1 as pumice-stone or pounded glass1 conjointly with a supply of steam from a boiler and a supply of oxygen by a blowing machine4 ,the product obtained by skilful manipulation are----from good dry sugar1 #abh2 from good treacle1 #ajg4----8,one cwt4 of good treacle will yield about #aaf lbs4 of marketable oxalic acid1 and the same weight of good brown sugar may be calculated to produce about #adj lbs4 of acid40 8,as a general rule1 #e cwt4 of saltpetre1 or an equivalent of nitrate of soda1 with #b-a_/b cwt4 of sulphuric acid1 will generate sufficient nitric acid to decompose #a cwt4 of good sugar1 and yield1 as above1 #adj lbs4 of fair marketable oxalic acid1 free from superfluous moisture40 7,ure47 ,on the small scale1 #e parts of sugar yield nearly #f parts of crystallised acid4 ,chemically pure oxalic acid is best prepared by precipitating a solution of binoxalate of potassium with a solution of acetate of lead1 washing the precipitate with water1 decomposing it1 whilst still moist1 with dilute sulphuric acid or sulphuretted hydrogen1 and gently evaporating the filtrate so that crystals may form as it cools4 ,,oxaluria4 ,also known as the oxalic-acid diathesis2 is an abnormal condition of the system1 marked by the presence in the urine of crystals of oxalate of lime4 ,the crystals occur as minute transparent octahedra1 and sometimes in the form of dumb-bells4 ,they can be easily recognised under a microscope with a power of from #bjj to #bej diameters1 when they present a very beautiful appearance4 ,they differ from phosphatic deposits in being insoluble in acetic acid4 ,their presence is mostly indicated by the appearance in the urine of a cloud of mucus1 which forms after the urine has stood some little time4 ,oxaluria most generally affects persons of dyspeptic and sedentary habits and of nervous temperament2 those suffering from skin affections and neuralgia are also occasionally attacked by it4 ,in ordinary cases the treatment consists in the administration of the nitro-hydrochloric acid1 in infusion of gentian two or three times a day1 or of a course of quinine and iron1 aided by plenty of exercise in the open air1 care being taken to avoid fatigue4 ,if it can be borne the shower bath should also be had recourse to4 ,rhubarb tarts and tomatoes1 which contain oxalic acid1 must be excluded from the diet2 so also should aerated water and too much sugar4 ,if after a short time the oxalates should not disappear from the urine under this treatment1 the patient should seek proper medical advice2 since the persistent presence of this deposit is of very serious significance1 as indicating the existence in the bladder of that dangerous form of urinary concretion known as #8mulberry calculus4' ,,oxida,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,oxydation4 ,the combination of bodies with oxygen1 forming oxides2 the operation or process adopted to induce or facilitate such conversion4 ,,ox,,ide4 ,syn4 ,,oxyd2 ,,oxydum1 ,l4 ,a compound formed by the union of oxygen with another body4 ,,oxychlo,,ride4 ,syn4 ,,oxichloride2 ,,oxychloridum1 ,l4 ,a term often loosely applied to compounds of an oxide and chloride1 whether in definite or variable proportions4 ,see ,,antimony 7,oxychloride71 c4 ,,ox,,ycrate4 ,syn4 ,,oxycratum1 ,l4 ,the old name of a mixture of vinegar and water1 dulcified with honey4 ,,oxycro,,ceum4 ,see ,,plasters4 ,,ox,,ygen4 ,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxygen ,,gas1 ,,dephlogisticated ,,air1 ,,empyreal ,a41 ,,vital ,a42 ,,oxygenium1 ,l4 ,an elementary body discovered by ,scheele and ,priestly in #aggd4 ,it is remarkable that1 although this substance forms a large proportion of our atmosphere 7nearly one fourth71 and confers upon it the power of supporting respiration and combustion1 and also constitutes the principal portion of the water of our rivers and seas 7eight ninths71 and enters largely into the composition of the majority of the various mineral bodies that form the bulk of our globe1 its existence should have remained unsuspected1 or at least undetermined1 until a comparatively recent date4 ,oxygen is an essential constituent of all living organisms4 ,it is absorbed by animals during respiration1 and evolved in a free state by growing vegetables when exposed to sunlight4 ,the oxygen gas of the atmosphere is mechanically mixed1 not chemically combined1 with the nitrogen4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from red oxide of mercury1 heated over a spirit lamp or a few pieces of ignited charcoal4 ,the operation is usually performed in a small green-glass retort1 or in a short tube of hard ,bohemian glass1 closed with a perforated cork furnished with a piece of bent glass tube of small bore1 to convey the liberated gas to the vessel arranged to receive it4 ,pure4 #a oz4 yields about #ajj cubic inches4 #b4 ,from chlorate of potassium1 as the last4 ,pure4 #ajj gr4 yield nearly #ajj cubic inches 7,brande2 #aae----,ure74 ,this is the plan adopted in the ,p4 ,cod4 ,the decomposition occurs with both the above substances at a heat below that of redness4 #c4 ,from a mixture of chlorate of potassium 7in coarse powder71 #c parts2 powdered binoxide of manganese1 #a part2 both by volume4 ,pure4 #ajj gr4 of the mixture yield about #aaj cubic inches as oxygen4 ,this method1 which has received the approval of ,faraday1 is exceedingly convenient4 ,the gas is evolved with a rapidity which is entirely at the command of the operator by simply increasing or lessening the heat4 ,the residuum in the retort may be kept for another operation1 if not exhausted2 or it may be at once washed out with a little warm water1 and the manganese1 which is uninjured by the process1 reserved for future use4 ,red lead1 black oxide of copper1 red oxide of iron1 and several other substances1 answers nearly as well as binoxide of manganese4 #d4 ,from a mixture of bichromate of potassium1 #c parts2 oil of vitriol1 #d parts2 gently heated1 as before4 ,yields pure oxygen very freely1 and with a rapidity entirely at the will of the operator4 7,balmain47 #e4 ,from binoxide of manganese and oil of vitriol1 equal parts2 as the last4 #dd gr4 of pure binoxide of manganese yield #h gr41 or #bd cubic inches1 of oxygen2 #a oz4 yields #hh gr41 or #bef cubic inches4 7,liebig47 #f4 7,on the large scale47----a4 ,from nitre exposed to a dull red heat in an iron retort1 or gun-barrel4 #a lb4 yields about #abjj cubic inches of gas1 contaminated1 more or less1 with nitrogen4 7,ure47 b4 ,from binoxide of manganese1 as the last4 #a oz4 of the pure binoxide yields #dd gr41 or #abh cubic inches1 of oxygen 7,liebig72 #a lb4 of good commercial binoxide yields from #aejj to #afjj cubic inches1 or from #e to #f galls4 c4 ,m4 ,boussingault has reinvestigated a process1 long known1 although not usefully applied1 by which pure oxygen gas may be obtained from the atmosphere at a trifling cost1 so as to enable it to be collected in unlimited quantities and preserved in gasometers1 like coal-gas1 for application in the arts1 manufactures1 and sanitation4 ,this process depends upon a peculiar property possessed by the earth baryta1 of absorbing atmospheric oxygen at one temperature and evolving it at another2 or rather1 the ready conversion of hydrate of barium into peroxide of barium by a current of atmospheric air at a dull red heat1 and the decomposition of this peroxide1 by steam1 at a lower temperature1 even at #bab ,fahr41 with reproduction of hydrate of barium1 the process being in reality a continuous one4 ,the baryta is mixed with a portion of hydrate of calcium or of magnesium1 and the mixture being placed in an appropriate earthen tube heated to dull redness1 is oxidised by passing a current of dry atmospheric air over it4 ,as soon as the oxidation is complete1 the tube is connected with the gas-holder1 and a jet of steam allowed to act upon it2 this reconverts the peroxide of barium into hydrate of barium1 the excess of oxygen being given off and collected in the gas-holder4 ,the baryta is then again oxidised by a fresh current of air and deoxidized by steam1 and the whole process is repeated as frequently as required4 ,one ton of baryta1 thus treated1 is capable of yielding #bejj cubic feet of pure oxygen every #bd hours2 and this1 as it does not waste or lose its properties1 at the mere cost of the fuel and labour required in the process4 d4 ,from ferrate of potassium1 prepared on the large scale4 ,when exposed to moisture or thrown into water1 pure oxygen is evolved4 ,this method has been successfully adopted to maintain the air of diving-bells1 and of other confined spaces1 in a state fit for respiration4 e4 ,the decomposition of sulphuric acid has been recommended by ,,mm4 ,deville and ,debray as a means whereby large quantities of oxygen gas may be obtained at a low price4 ,into a tubulated retort are put fragments of fire brick1 and upon these1 when raised to a full red heat1 sulphuric acid is made to fall drop by drop1 by passing through an iron tube1 which passes through and is luted to the tubulure4 ,the tube reaches to the bottom of the retort1 and the acid is poured into it through a bent funnel4 ,the sulphuric acid becomes decomposed into sulphurous anhydride1 oxygen1 and water4 ,the volatilised products are sent through a spiral condenser1 by which the water and any undecomposed acid become liquefied2 whilst the sulphurous acid is removed by subsequent washing with water1 and oxygen is collected in the usual manner4 f4 ,a process for obtaining oxygen on a large scale1 and which has been made the subject of a patent in this country1 has been devised by ,,mm4 ,marechal and ,tessi du ,mothay4 ,it consists in heating in a current of steam the manganates1 permanganates1 chromates and ferrates of the alkalies and alkaline earths1 and regenerating the residue by passing air over it at a red heat4 g4 ,mallet procures oxygen in large quantities as follows3----,he puts into retorts revolving on horizontal axes1 a mixture of cuprous chloride1 and kaolin or sand4 ,he moistens this with water1 heats it to #ajj ,c41 and passes air through the retorts for some hours4 ,his oxygen he obtains from heating the resulting cupric oxychloride to about #djj ,c42 the aqua residual cuprous chloride becomes converted into oxychloride on cooling #ajj kilograms of cuprous chloride1 after conversion into oxychloride1 about #c cubic mtres of oxygen4 #g4 ,,oxygen ,,gas ,,at ,,the ,,ordinary ,,temperature4 ,boettger states that when a mixture is made of equal weights of the peroxides of lead and barium1 and dilute ,,hno#c of a strength of #i ,baum is poured thereon1 a current of pure ,o1 free from ozone and antozone1 is given off abundantly4 ,this mixture of the two peroxides may be kept dry in a stoppered bottle for any length of time4 ,boettger also prepares pure oxygen1 free from ozone1 by submitting permanganate of potassium to a gentle heat4 #h4 ,fleitman#hj has found that when chloride of lime in solution is heated with a small quantity of freshly prepared peroxide of cobalt1 it is completely resolved into chloride of calcium and oxygen4 ,a concentrated solution consisting of #ce per cent4 of chloride of lime1 which must be previously filtered to prevent frothing1 yields when heated with #a_/ajth to #a per cent4 of peroxide of cobalt1 a volume of oxygen from #be to #cj times as great as that of the liquid1 and always rather more than the calculated quantity1 probably in consequence of the absorption of oxygen from the air4 ,the remaining peroxide may always be employed again4 ,a like result follows if1 instead of the peroxide1 an ordinary salt of cobalt in small quantity be used4 ,fleitman seeks to explain the reaction on the supposition that there are several peroxides of cobalt1 and that the effects produced depend upon the alternate formation and partial reduction of a higher oxide2 or on the formation of a cobaltic and a percobaltic hypochlorite1 which is subsequently decomposed into cobaltous chloride and oxygen4 ,footnote #hj3 ,watts4 ,prop4 ,oxygen gas is colourless1 tasteless1 inodorous1 and incombustible2 the sp4 gr4 is #ajeg 7,dumas2 #aajbf----;,berzelius ,dulong2 #aaaa----,thomson72 #ajj cubic inches at #fj ,fahr41 and #cf inches of the barometer1 weigh #cdbi gr4 7,dumas2 #cdaji gr4----,berz42 #cdf gr4----,brande2 #cche gr4----,ure74 ,its density to that of atmospheric air is1 therefore1 as about #aa to #aj4 ,it is a powerful supporter of combustion1 and its presence is essential to the existence of both animal and vegetable life4 ,it forms #ba 7#bjha7 by volume1 and #bc by weight1 of the atmosphere4 7,m4 ,dumas47 ,water dissolves about #e per cent4 by volume of oxygen1 and by pressure a much larger quantity1 forming oxygenated water 7,,aqua ,,oxygenii74 ,oxygen has recently been liquified4 ,tests4 #a4 ,it is distinguished from other gases by yielding nothing but pure water when mixed with twice its volume of hydrogen and exploded1 or when a jet of hydrogen is burnt in it4----#b4 ,a recently extinguished taper1 with the wick still red hot1 instantly inflames when plunged into this gas4----#c4 ,a small spiral piece of iron wire ignited at the point1 and suddenly plunged into a jar of oxygen1 burns with great brilliancy and rapidity4 ,charcoal does the same4 ,estim4 ,the estimation of the quantity of oxygen in an organic compound has already been described4 ,for determining the quantity present in atmospheric air1 and other like gaseous mixtures1 ,dobereiner has proposed the use of pyrogallic acid4 ,the air under examination 7freed from moisture7 is measured into an accurately graduated tube over mercury1 capable of holding about #cj cubic centimtres1 and which it should #b_/crds fill4 ,a solution formed of #a part of dry hydrate of potassium and #b parts of water1 and in volume about #a_/ceth that of the air1 is next introduced by means of a pipette with a curved point1 and is gently agitated therewith in the gas for a short time2 the decrease of volume gives the proportion of carbonic anhydride present4 ,a solution of pyrogallic acid 7#a gramme in #e or #f centimtres of water71 equal in volume to one half that of the solution of potassa already used1 is then introduced by means of another pipette1 and the mixed liquids are cautiously shaken together over the inner surface of the tube4 ,when absorption ceases 7which it does in a few minutes71 the quantity of residual gas 7nitrogen7 is read off from the graduations2 the difference in volume before and after the introduction of the pyrogallic acid indicates the proportion of oxygen4 ,this is a mere modification of ,prof4 ,liebig's method4 #a gramme of pyrogallic acid in combination with hydrate of potassium is capable of absorbing about #ahi cubic centimtres of oxygen4 7,dobereiner47 ,other methods employed for the analysis of air1 depending on the increase or loss of weight when the air is passed over finely divided copper heated to redness1 the loss of volume when the air is exploded in a eudiometer with half its bulk of hydrogen1 or when a stick of phosphorus is left in it for some hours1 are well known1 and described at length in every elementary work on chemical analysis4 ,the last method1 although less accurate than the others1 has the advantage of extreme simplicity4 ,uses4 ,oxygen has been employed to increase the illuminative and heating power of lamps1 and to render vitiated air respirable1 c42 and when largely diluted with atmospheric air1 or condensed in water1 as a remedial agent in asphyxia arising from the inhalation of carbonic acid and carbonic oxide4 ,dr ,ringer says that if oxygen be administered as a gaseous bath for an hour or two at a time1 and the bath repeated six or eight times a day1 it is of great service in senile gangrene4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,oxygen gas may be collected in the usual way1 either over water1 mercury1 or in bags2 or1 on the large scale1 in gasometers4 ,the purity of the products of the several processes given above depends on the substances from which the gas is obtained being themselves pure4 ,for particular experiments the first portion of gas should be allowed to escape1 or be received apart1 as with this1 as with the other gases1 it is contaminated with the atmospheric air of the apparatus4 ,the gas procured from manganese or nitre may be purified by passing it through milk of lime or a solution of caustic potash2 it will still1 however1 retain some traces of nitrogen4 ,m4 ,limousin#ha has devised an apparatus for the preparation of oxygen by the attendants of hospitals1 which obviates the risk of bursting of the retorts1 attending its preparation by the old method4 ,the apparatus consists of two cast-iron hemispheres1 whose edges1 which are well polished and about two centimtres thick1 can be fitted hermetically upon each other1 and fastened by three screws4 ,the mixture of chlorate of potash and peroxide of manganese is placed in the lower hemisphere1 which rests upon a tripod2 the upper hemisphere1 from which projects an iron tube1 is now screwed on1 and the iron tube connected with india-rubber and glass tubing with a ,wolf's wash-bottle1 from which the gas after being washed passes through a second glass tube1 and is thus ready for use4 ,it may be conducted into an air-tight bag1 in which it will keep for several weeks4 ,such a bag when supplied with a tube and stop-cock will afford a ready means for inhalations4 ,oxygen in a condensed or compressed state is prepared by ,mr ,orchard1 ,high ,street1 ,kensington4 ,see ,,organic ,,substances1 ,,ozone1 ,,gases1 ,,liquefaction ,,of1 c4 ,footnote #ha3 #8,pharm4 ,centralhalle1' xiv1 #cah4 ,,oxygena,,tion4 ,syn4 ,the act or process of combining with oxygen4 ,formerly it was of more general application than the word #8oxidation1' with which it has been regarded as synonymous4 #8,oxygenation' is1 however1 at the present day practically obsolete4 ,,oxygeni,,sed ,,lard4 ,syn4 ,,oxygenated ,,axunge2 ,,axungia ,,oxygenata1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bat4 #ahje47 ,from prepared lard1 #af parts1 melted over a slow fire1 and then mixed with nitric acid1 #a part2 the combination being promoted by constant stirring with a glass rod1 until it ceases to affect litmus paper4 ,it should be extremely white1 and should be kept in the dark4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,,oxyhydrogen ,,blowpipe4 ,see ,,blowpipe4 ,deville and ,debray 7#8,ann4 ,ch4 ,phys4' #c1 lvi1 #che7 employ the oxyhydrogen blowpipe in the following manner for effecting the fusion of platinum and the refractory metals which accompany it4 ,the apparatus consists of the blowpipe ,c 7see below71 a furnace ,,abd1 and a crucible ,,ghi4 ,the blowpipe is composed of a copper tube about half an inch in diameter1 terminating below in a slightly conical platinum jet about #a-a_/b inch long4 ,within this tube1 which is supplied with hydrogen or coal-gas through the stop-cock ,h1 is a second copper tube ,c for supplying oxygen1 terminated also by a platinum nozzle with an aperture of about a twelfth of an inch in diameter4 ,illustration ,the furnace ,,abd consists of three pieces of well-burnt lime of slightly hydraulic quality1 which may be turned at a lathe with ease4 ,the cylinder ,a is about #b-a_/b inches thick1 and is perforated by a slightly conical hole into which the blowpipe fits accurately1 passing about half-way through the thickness of the mass4 ,a second somewhat deeper cylinder of lime1 ,b1 is hollowed into a chamber wide enough to admit the crucible1 and leave an interval of not more than a sixth of an inch clear around it4 ,,kk are four apertures for the escape of the products of combustion4 ,the outer crucible ,,hh is also made of lime1 but it contains a smaller crucible ,i of gas coke1 provided with a cover of the same material2 and in this the substance to be used is placed1 the crucible resting on the lime support ,d4 ,the conical cover ,g is made of lime1 and its apex should be placed exactly under the blowpipe jet1 at a distance from it of #c_/d to #a-a_/b inch4 ,the different pieces of the furnace must be bound round with iron wire to support them when they crack4 ,the oxygen is admitted under a pressure of a column of #af inches of water4 ,the temperature is gradually raised to the maximum1 and in about eight minutes from this time the operation is complete4 ,illustration ,by employing a jet of mixed coal-gas and oxygen 7,,eq1 see engr47 in a furnace of lime1 ,deville and ,debray succeeded1 at an expense of about #dc cubic feet of oxygen1 in melting and refining1 in #db minutes1 #bed lbs4 avoirdupois of platinum1 and casting it into an ingot in a mould of gas coke2 and much larger masses have since been melted by this method4 ,lime is so bad a conductor of heat that if a cup of lime not more than #jh inch thick be filled with melted platinum the exterior scarcely rises beyond #cjj ,fahr4 7,miller's #8,elements of ,chemistry1' #crd4 ed41 pt4 ii1 p4 #hbe47 ,,ox,,ymel4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel1 ,l4 ,an acidulous syrup made of honey and vinegar4 ,there are only two oxymels in the last ,ph4 ,l4 ,the ingredients in an oxymel should be of such a character1 and in such proportions1 as to produce a mixture of the proper consistence without evaporation4 ,oxymel of ,colchicum4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel ,,colchici ,,cormi1 ,,oxymel ,,colchici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,fresh corms 7roots7 of meadow saffron1 #a oz42 distilled vinegar1 #a pint 7wine measure72 macerate for #b days1 press out the liquor1 filter1 add of clarified honey1 #b lbs41 and boil down the mixture to the consistence of a syrup1 frequently stirring4----,dose1 #a to #c dr41 twice or thrice a day2 in gout1 rheumatism1 dropsy1 c4 ,oxymel of ,garlic4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel ,,alii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,sliced garlic1 #a-a_/b oz42 caraway seed and sweet fennel seed1 of each #b dr42 boiling vinegar1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse1 strain1 and add of clarified honey1 #aj oz4 ,in hooping-cough1 chronic diarrha1 rheumatism1 c4 ,oxymel of ,narcissus4 7,van ,mons47 ,syn4 ,,oxymel ,,narcissi4 ,prep4 ,vinegar of ,narcissus 7made with #a part of fresh flowers of daffodil to #h of vinegar71 #a part2 honey1 #d parts4 ,dissolve4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful4 ,in hooping-cough and spasmodic asthma4 ,oxymel1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel ,,pectorale1 ,o4 ,,inul ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,br47 ,elecampane1 #a oz42 orris root1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to #a_/b pint1 strain1 add of honey1 #af oz42 ammoniacum1 #a oz42 7dissolved in7 vinegar1 #c fl4 oz42 lastly1 boil to an oxymel4----,dose1 #a spoonful1 occasionally2 in coughs1 humid asthma1 c4 ,oxymel1 ,simple4 ,syn4 ,,vinegar ,,syrup1 ,,acetated ,,honey2 ,,oxymel 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,oxymel ,,simplex1 ,,mel ,,acetatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajdh7 #g fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #h fl4 oz42 mix1 and add them to honey1 #e lbs41 previously made hot4 ,this contains only one half the acid ordered in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,clarified honey1 #a lb42 acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajdd71 #c oz42 as before4 ,stronger than the last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,honey1 #aj lbs42 acetic acid 7#ajdh71 #a-a_/b pint2 as before4 ,this contains too much vinegar4 7,see ,no4 #a47 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,from honey 7thick and good71 #ab lbs42 melt it by a gentle heat1 add of distilled vinegar 7of fully #e71 #b quarts1 and strain the mixture through flannel4 ,no evaporation is required4 ,uses1 c4 ,demulcent and refrigerant4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr41 either gradually sucked from the spoon or dissolved through some simple liquid4 ,dissolved in water1 it forms a useful and pleasant cooling drink or gargle in fevers1 sore throats1 hoarseness1 c42 but in some individuals it occasions griping4 ,it is commonly used as an adjunct1 in mixtures1 c4 ,oxymel of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,honey ,,of ,,squills2 ,,oxymel ,,scill 7,b4 ,p471 ,,mel ,,scill 7,ph4 ,l471 ,o4 ,,scilliticum 7,l47 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix and evaporate on a water bath vinegar of squills1 #a pint1 and clarified honey1 #b lbs41 till the product when cold has a specific gravity of #acb4 #b4 ,vinegar of squills1 #b-a_/b pints2 gently evaporate it to #ab fl4 oz41 and add of honey 7previously made hot71 #e lbs4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,strained honey1 #c lbs42 vinegar of squills1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a proper consistence4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf was similar4 ,uses1 c4 ,expectorant1 and in large doses nauseant4----,dose1 #a_/b to fl4 #b dr42 in chronic coughs1 hoarseness1 humeral asthma1 c4 ,oxymel of ,verdigris4 ,see ,,liniment ,,of ,,verdigris4 ,,oxyr,,rhodyne4 ,syn4 ,,oxyrrhodinon4 ,an old compound formed of #a part of vinegar of roses and #b parts of oil of roses4 ,,oxysac,,charum4 ,a syrup acidulated with vinegar4 ,see ,,syrup4 ,,oxysul,,phide4 ,a name given to certain compounds or mixtures of metallic oxides and sulphides4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,oxysulphide1 c4 ,,oys,,ter4 ,syn4 ,,ostrea1 ,l4 ,this well-known shell-fish is the ,ostrea edulis 7,linn47 8,the oyster is a genus of lamellibranchiate molluscs of the section with a single adductor muscle4 ,the shell consists of two unequal and somewhat irregularly-shaped valves of laminated and closely foliated structure1 and the hinge is without tooth or ridge1 the valves being held together by a ligament lodged in a little cavity in each4 ,the animal is in its organisation among the lowest and simplest of lamellibranchiate molluscs4 ,it has no foot1 and1 except when very young1 no power of locomotion1 or organ of any kind adapted to that purpose4 ,its food consists of animalcules1 and also of minute vegetable particles1 brought to it by the water1 a continual current of which is directed towards the mouth by the action of the gills4 ,the gills are seen in four rows when the valves of the shell are separated1 a little within the fringed edge of the mantle4 ,in the most central part is the adductor muscle2 and between the adductor muscle and the liver is the heart1 which may be recognised by the brown colour of its auricle4 ,the mouth----for1 as in the other lamellibranchiata1 there is no head----is situated beneath a kind of hood formed by the union of the two edges of the mantle near the hinge4 ,it is jawless and toothless4 ,the ovaries are very large during the season of reproduction1 which extends over certain months when oysters are out of season for the table4 ,oysters are hermaphrodite40#hb ,footnote #hb3 ,chambers' #8,encyclopdia4' ,the fecundity of the oyster is amazing4 ,leeuwenhoek estimated that an oyster1 when full of spawn1 contained from #cjjj to #djjj of its offspring1 and it has also been computed that one oyster alone produces nearly a million and a quarter of eggs4 ,the eggs are hatched and the young produced within the shell and mantle of the parent1 where they continue floating or swimming about in the vicinity of the gills in a creamy-looking kind of mucus or fluid until expelled4 ,their expulsion is preceded by a change of appearance in the fluid to a brownish or muddy colour2 a circumstance that may possibly indicate an alteration of composition in the liquid unfavorable to the infant oyster1 and thus lead to its departure4 ,their departure or expulsion from all the parent molluscs of the oyster-bank or bed takes place at the same time4 ,when they leave the parent shell the young oysters1 which in this condition are called spat1 are not more than #a_/abjth of an inch in length2 and two millions of them when closely packed do not occupy a space of more than a cubic inch4 ,thus cast adrift they are carried away by currents1 their multitudinous numbers being considerably diminished by their falling a prey to numerous fish1 as well as from their frequent inability to find a suitable resting-place4 ,this obtained1 the young oyster or spat attaches itself to it1 and makes it the permanent home on which it eats1 grows1 and breeds1 and1 debarred of locomotion1 passes its existence unless1 of course1 removed by external causes4 ,pending its obtaining a suitable locality the young oyster is provided with a powerful swimming apparatus which1 it has been surmised1 becomes absorbed or otherwise disappears when its function is rendered unnecessary by the stationary life of the oyster after it has secured a habitat4 ,the objects to which it attaches itself are numerous4 ,the ,ostrea parasitica1 a species of oyster found in warm climates1 fixes itself to the roots and branches of trees growing within reach of and washed by the tide4 ,again1 in some of the southern states of ,north ,america1 large oyster-beds1 which are sometimes of such magnitude as to form buttresses against the force of the tides and winds1 originate from the habit of young oysters attaching themselves to the shells of old ones4 ,similarly the banks of some of the rivers of ,georgia1 which run up some few miles inland from the sea1 are composed of masses of living oysters attached to each other4 ,these banks1 which are so massive as to make a channel for the river1 are known as racoon banks1 because this animal is one amongst others which frequents them for the sake of devouring the oysters4444 ,in some of the ,french parcs1 or artificial oyster-beds1 the young oysters attach themselves to large unglazed tiles1 or to faggots or other solid bodies which are placed in suitable situations for the purpose2 in the ,english artificial beds hurdles are frequently employed1 upon which the spat become deposited4 ,it appears the young oysters select dark objects1 such as slate or black stones1 in preference to bodies of a lighter colour to fix themselves to1 and that they choose1 where practicable1 the inner side of the object1 or that portion of it away from the light4 ,after a time the young oysters are removed from the breeding beds1 placed in the fattening beds1 from whence they are removed when they have attained a sufficient size1 and sent upon the market4 ,in ,england oysters are not regarded as fit to be eaten until they are at least three years old2 whereas in ,france they are served up to table about a year earlier4 ,the chief enemy of the young oyster is a species of whelk1 known in ,france as the bigourneau1 dog whelk1 or piercer4 ,these creatures1 which are found in immense quantities in the celebrated oyster-beds at ,arcachon1 near ,bordeaux1 cause great destruction amongst the bivalves4 ,part of their anatomy consists of a boring apparatus1 with which they pierce the shell of the oyster2 whatever of the dead oyster is left by the whelk is devoured by the crabs1 which creep into the aperture in the shell made by the former4 ,we have already alluded to the abundance of oysters in parts of ,georgia1 where1 we may add1 they are not only confined to the alluvial shores of the rivers1 but are also found in large numbers amongst the long grass of the adjoining low lands4 ,in these districts it is by no means an uncommon practice for the inhabitants to improvise a meal by picking up a bunch of oysters and roasting them over a fire kindled on the spot4 ,in many of these localities the oysters occur in quantities so immense that a vessel of #ajj tons might be loaded within three times her own length4#hc ,footnote #hc3 ,chambers' #8,encyclopdia4' ,there are also many other parts of ,america in which the yield of the oyster-beds is enormous4 ,in the ,state of ,maryland #fjjj persons are said to be employed dredging1 and nearly #aa1jjj1jjj bushels of oysters were taken in #ahgj-ga4 ,in ,baltimore as many as #aj1jjj persons are employed in tinning this bivalve4 ,comparing the plenteousness of the oyster in ,america with its great scarcity of late years in our country1 and the consequent much lower price of the foreign bivalve1 we should be prepared to learn that considerable supplies of oysters1 both alive and preserved in tins1 come to us from ,america4 ,the bulk of those consumed in ,britain are a small variety1 and come from ,maryland and ,virginia4 ,in #ahgb1 owing to the diminished yield of the ,english oyster-beds1 an attempt was made to introduce the ,american oyster into ,british waters2 and we believe the dept for this purpose still exists at ,cleesethorpes1 at the mouth of the ,humber1 where operations in this branch of oyster culture are being carried on by the ,conway ,company4 ,if1 however1 the opinion of an eminent pisciculturist be correct1 viz4 that the ,american oyster will not breed in our waters1 we should conceive the experiment will be abandoned1 since nothing will be gained by relaying them1 that cannot be attained by simply importing them and sending them to the market1 since it is asserted they are kept alive out of water for a month4 ,a few years back a ,select ,committee appointed by ,parliament to inquire into the causes of the scarcity of oysters issued in #ahgf a report in which1 endorsing the opinion of previous authorities on oyster culture1 they attributed the diminished yield of our oyster-beds to continual over-dredging for them in open waters1 without allowing sufficient #8close time4' ,the ,committee found that1 in ,france1 where the stringent observances of the #8close season' was enforced1 the supply of oysters had increased concurrently4 ,the ,committee1 therefore1 recommended the establishment #8of a general close time1' extending from ,may #ast to ,september #ast1 subject to certain exceptions under the supervision of the ,board of ,trade2 the levying of penalties for buying or selling oysters for consumption during the #8close season' being also recommended4 ,the ,committee further recommended that no oysters should be sold from the deep-sea fisheries under #b-a_/b or #c inches in diameter4 ,commenting upon the above report1 #8,nature' very sensibly remarks3----8,what is really wanted for the protection of the oyster is the assurance that these animals shall not be sold before they have a chance of reproducing their kind4 ,since the introduction of the railway system1 the demand for oysters in distant places has become so great and the price has risen so high1 that oyster culturists are tempted to send immature animals to market1 and it is this fact1 more than any failure of spat1 that is leading to the scarcity4 ,there are not1 in consequence of the unceasing demand and consequent high price1 so many full-grown oysters left to spat as there ought to be2 hence the scarcity4 ,any ,act of ,parliament that decrees two oysters to grow where only one grew before will be greedily welcomed both by oyster culturists and by the public1 and we hope that the issue of the present ,report will lead to some effective measures being taken for the preservation of this delicious creature ere it be too late40 ,previous to #ahdf the wholesale price of best ,english natives was #b #bs4 a bushel2 since then the price has risen rapidly to #d #ds4 in #ahfe1 in #ahff to #e1 and in #ahfi it had advanced to #h2 that is1 they had risen nearly #cjj per cent4 in #h years1 which is equivalent to an advance of from #a_/b;d4 to #b;d4 each4 ,at the present time they are1 we believe1 sold at from #cs4 to #cs4 #f;d4 a dozen by the retail dealer4 ,oysters are nutritious and easy of digestion when fresh1 but are apt to prove laxative to those unaccustomed to their use4 ,it is generally believed that they are in season each month of the year the name of which contains the letter ,r4 ,whitstable in ,kent1 and ,colchester and other places in ,essex1 are the great nurseries or feeding-grounds for supplying the metropolis1 and1 indeed1 the whole of ,england1 with the most esteemed variety 7,,natives7 of this shell-fish4 ,the shells 7,,test ,,preparat1 ,t4 ,,ostreari7 were formerly used in medicine as an absorbent4 ,of the various species of oysters1 that which holds the foremost place in the estimation of the gourmet is the #8,english native1' now1 alas6 owing to the unwise rapacity of the collector1 nearly dredged out of existence4 ,the native has a historic reputation too1 since it appears it was eagerly sought after by the old ,romans1 and was a frequent dish at their tables4 ,the enthusiasm of the celebrated ,dr ,kitchener for this particular oyster was very intense4 ,he is very particular in directing its shell to be opened with the greatest care so that it may be eaten alive and 8tickled to death by the teeth40 ,the green oyster of ,ostend is also prized by epicures2 it acquires its colour from its food1 which consists chiefly of green monads and conferva4 ,some of the ,american oysters are excellent in flavour1 and are said to be without the copper taste occasionally to be met with in ,english oysters4 ,they smack a little of the mussel4 ,payen gives the following as the composition of the oyster3---- ,mean of two ,analyses4 ,nitrogenous matter #adjaj ,fatty matter #aeae ,saline matter #bfie ,non-nitrogenous matter and loss #acie ,water #hjche ------------ #ajjjj ,see ,,shell ,,fish1 ,,sauces1 c4 ,oyster1 ,scalloped4 ,put them with crums of bread1 pepper1 salt1 nutmeg1 and a bit of butter1 into scallop shells or saucers1 and bake them before the fire in a ,dutch oven4 ,oysters1 ,fried 7to garnish boiled fish74 ,make a batter of flour1 milk and eggs1 add a little seasoning to it2 dip the oysters into it1 and fry them a fine yellow brown4 ,a little nutmeg should be put into the seasoning1 and a few crumbs of bread into the flour4 ,oysters1 ,stewed4 ,open them1 and separate the liquor from them1 then free them from grit by washing1 strain the liquor1 and add it to the oysters with a small piece of mace and lemon peel1 and a few white peppercorns4 ,simmer very gently1 and add some cream and a little flour and butter4 ,let them be served with sippets4 ,oysters1 ,to ,feed4 ,pat them into water1 and wash them with a birch broom till quite clean4 ,then place them bottom downwards in an earthenware pan2 sprinkle them with flour1 oatmeal1 and salt1 and then cover with water4 ,repeat this treatment every day1 taking care to make the water pretty salt4 ,,ozokerit4 ,syn4 ,,fossil ,,wax1 ,,mineral ,,wax4 ,this substance1 which has within the last few years been utilised as a source of paraffin and the mineral hydrocarbon oils1 is found in various localities in the tertiary strata1 mostly occurring in1 or in close proximity to1 the coal measures4 ,but although extensive deposits of it are to be met with in ,gallicia and on the slopes of the ,carpathian mountains1 it is by no means an abundant body4 ,in the ,austrian empire there are many large manufactories for its conversion into paraffin and the mineral oils4 ,in our country there is we believe only one1 that of ,messrs ,field4 ,ozokerit is usually met with as a brown and compact substance1 occasionally yellow2 however1 it is sometimes black4 ,it melts at a temperature varying from #fj to #hj ,c4 ,,neft-,,gil is a substance very similar to ozokerit1 and is formed on the island of ,swtoi-,ostrow in the ,caspian ,sea4 ,according to ,rossmssler1 neft-gil is treated in the following manner3----#ae cwt4 of the crude material is put into iron stills provided with a leaden worm1 and submitted to fractional distillation1 yielding #fh per cent4 of distillate1 consisting of #h per cent4 of oil1 and #fj per cent4 of crude paraffin4 ,the oil thus obtained is yellow1 opalescent1 possesses an ethereal odour1 and a sp4 gr4 of #jge to #jha4 ,each distillation yields a quantity of a light oil boiling below #ajj ,c41 which is used for the purpose of purifying the paraffin4 ,the crude paraffin obtained by the first distillation is tolerably pure1 has a yellow colour1 and can at once be treated by the hydraulic press and centrifugal machine2 the oil from these operations is again submitted to fractional distillation in order to obtain more paraffin4 ,the pressed paraffin is melted and treated at #agj to #ahj ,c4 with sulphuric acid1 which is next neutralised by means of lime1 and the paraffin again rapidly distilled1 then again submitted to strong pressure1 and the material obtained treated with #be per cent4 of the light oil2 then again melted1 again pressed1 and finally treated with steam for the purpose of eliminating the last trace of essential oil4 ,the material obtained by this treatment is a perfectly pure1 colourless material1 free from smell1 transparent1 and so hard as to exhibit in large blocks almost a metallic sound4 ,the fusing point is #fc ,c4 ,,ozone 7,greek1 h1 ,i smell7 is a peculiar variety of oxygen1 characterised by its greater weight1 its peculiar chlorous smell1 its intensely active oxidising powers1 and1 finally1 by the ease with which it passes into common oxygen4 ,the history of ozone may be summed up as follows3----,in #aghe ,van ,marum observed the production of a peculiar smell when electric sparks were passed through oxygen4 ,this smell1 which every one who has worked with an electric machine must have noticed1 ,van ,marum regarded as the 8smell of electricity10 thinking that electricity was a substance4 ,in #ahdj ,schnbein1 of ,basle1 proved the existence of a definite substance1 to which he assigned the name of ozone1 and discovered several modes of producing it1 a delicate test for it1 and several of its most striking properties4 ,he subsequently added many new facts1 but to the time of his death he never held a correct theory in regard to its nature4 ,later researches by ,marignac and ,dedalline1 ,becquerel and ,fremy1 ,andrews and ,tait1 ,soret1 ,brodie1 and others1 have established the true nature of this remarkable body4 ,it is now generally admitted that it only differs from common oxygen in containing three atoms of oxygen in each molecule instead of two4 ,in fact1 as the formula for oxygen is ,o#b1 that of ozone is ,o#c4 ,it follows that ozone is half as heavy again as oxygen1 and it has accordingly been demonstrated that its specific gravity is #bd 7,h #a71 that of oxygen being #af4 ,all the known reactions of ozone are easily explained in accordance with this view4 ,ozone may be generated in several ways4 #a4 ,by the action of electricity on oxygen or air1 sparks are far less efficacious than the silent or #8slow' discharge2 but the best apparatus is the induction-tube of ,siemens4 ,this consists of two tubes1 one inside the other4 ,the inner side of the inner and the outer side of the outer tube are coated with tinfoil1 and these coatings are connected with the terminals of a powerful induction-coil4 ,dry air or oxygen streams between the tubes and passes out1 strongly charged with ozone4 #b4 ,m4 ,boillot has proposed a modification of ,siemens' apparatus1 which consists of two glass tubes1 one fitting within the other1 and each coated externally with powdered coke made to adhere by means of gelatin4 ,the coatings of the two tubes are connected with the poles of an induction coil1 and a stream of oxygen is made to pass between the tubes1 and becomes thus exposed to the influence of the silent discharge1 as in ,siemens' contrivance4 #c4 ,hozeau has invented an apparatus which he calls an #8ozoniser1' by means of which ozone is produced in considerable quantities4 ,in an ordinary straight gas-delivery tube is placed a wire of copper1 lead1 or1 better1 platinum1 #d to #f dcimtres long1 with one of its extremities passing through the side of the upper portion of the tube4 ,on the exterior of the tube is coiled a similar wire over the path of the preceding4 ,when the two are placed in communication with a ,ruhmkorff's coil1 giving a #b or #c centimtre spark1 a slow stream of oxygen passing through the tube will be strongly charged with ozone4 ,by this apparatus ,hozeau has prepared oxygen containing #fj to #abj 7once #ahh7 milligrams of ozone per litre4 ,electrolysis of water furnished only #c to #e milligrams1 barium peroxide and sulphuric acid #aj milligrams per litre4#hd ,footnote #hd3 #8,comptes ,rendus' 7#8,watt's ,dictionary1' second supplement71 lxx1 #abhf4 #d4 ,during certain processes of oxidation a piece of phosphorus1 half covered with water in a bottle of air1 absorbs a portion of the oxygen1 while another portion becomes partially ozonised4 #e4 ,by plunging a clean glass rod heated to about #bfj ,c4 into a jar containing a few drops of ether4 #f4 ,by mixing very gradually #c parts of strong sulphuric acid and #b of permanganate of potash4 #g4 ,it has been shown that ozone is formed in small quantity during the burning of hydrogen at a jet1 and in several analogous reactions4 #h4 ,during the liberation of oxygen at low temperatures1 when barium dioxide is moistened with sulphuric acid1 the odour of ozone is at once apparent1 and the evolution proceeds for a considerable time4 #i4 ,in the electrolysis of water the oxygen evolved consists partly of ozone1 especially if the poles are small4 #aj4 ,linder has suggested an easy method for the production of ozone for hygienic purposes1 which is as follows3----,make a mixture of manganese peroxide1 potassium permanganate1 and oxalic acid4 ,two spoonfuls of this powder1 if placed on a dish and gradually mixed with water1 will generate ozone sufficient for a room of medium size2 more water is added in small portions from time to time as the evolution ceases2 the powder may be kept in a bottle ready for use4 ,ozone has never been isolated4 ,by the use of ,siemens' apparatus1 oxygen containing1 as a maximum1 twenty volumes per cent4 of ozone may be obtained4 ,this represents a contraction of about #a-aath during formation4 ,but it is at present impossible to separate the one from the other4 ,ozone is entirely converted into oxygen by a temperature of #bgj ,c4 ,the conversion is effected more slowly at lower temperatures4 ,silver1 iron1 copper1 when moistened1 are oxidised on the surface immediately at ordinary temperatures by ozone4 ,silver even becomes converted into a peroxide1 although it will not combine with ordinary oxygen1 either when moist or dry4 ,little or no absorption of ozone takes place when the metals are perfectly dry1 except with dry mercury and dry iodine1 both of which remove it immediately4 ,it was conclusively shown by ,andrews and ,tait that little or no contraction followed the absorption of ozone by these or any other agents4 ,hence1 as suggested by these observers1 it seems probable that the ozone is resolved into a quantity of ordinary oxygen equal in bulk to itself1 which is liberated at the moment when another portion of its oxygen enters into combination with the metal or the iodine4 ,ozonised air becomes deozonised when passed over cold manganese dioxide1 silver dioxide1 or lead dioxide4 ,when ozone is mixed with peroxide of hydrogen1 water and oxygen are formed4 ,in these cases the ozone is converted into ordinary oxygen1 and the peroxides into monoxides4 ,antozone1 which ,schnbein surmised to be oxygen in an oppositely electrified condition to ozone1 has been shown with great probability by ,van ,babo to be peroxide of hydrogen4 ,from the ease with which it gives up its third atom of oxygen1 ozone has been proposed when mixed with air1 as a means of decolorising wax1 stearin1 and other organic substances which cannot be subjected to the fumes of sulphurous acid or chlorine1 or at any rate only partially so4 ,ozone does not appear1 however1 to have been much1 if at all adopted1 for bleaching the above products1 which are still1 we believe1 mostly whitened by the old method of exposure to the air4 ,being one of the most energetic oxidising agents known1 it is not surprising that the claims of ozone as a disinfectant should have found many supporters4 ,one of its strongest advocates for this purpose is ,dr ,cornelius ,fox1 who says1----8,ozone should be diffused through fever-wards1 sick rooms1 the crowded localities of the poor1 or wherever the active power of the air is reduced and poisons are generated4 ,its employment is especially demanded in our hospitals1 situated as they mostly are in densely populated districts1 where the atmosphere is almost always polluted by rebreathed air1 decomposing substances and their products1 and where no mere ventilation can be fully effective4 ,if practicable1 it would be highly advantageous to direct streams of sea-air1 or air artificially ozonised into the fever and cholera nests of our towns4 ,ozone may be easily disseminated through public buildings1 theatres1 and other confined atmospheres1 where numbers of people are accustomed to assemble in order to maintain the purity of the air40 ,another ardent believer in the hygienic value of ozone is ,linder1 who is also a strong advocate for its medical application1 and recommends it both in the form of ozonised air and water in tuberculosis1 rheumatism1 asthma1 and many other diseases4 ,linder1 it is said1 has set up an ozone manufactory1 and vends ozone inhalations by the cubic foot4 ,to the contention of those who assert that it is impossible to convey such an unstable body as ozone into the blood without the ozone becoming decomposed into ordinary oxygen1 this instability is denied upon the authority of ,lehone and ,hozeau1 who state that it is less liable to change than is generally supposed1 for they found1 after working with it1 that its peculiar odour remained on their hands and garments for some time4 ,these views1 largely shared by many others1 as to the beneficial effects of ozone have1 however1 not been allowed to pass unchallenged4 ,m4 ,p4 ,thnard considered it important that both the public and medical men should be apprised of the erroneous character of the opinions generally entertained respecting the action of ozone on the organism4 ,ozone1 he says1 so far from exerting a beneficial effect1 is one of the most energetic of poisons2 and the serious accidents which have occurred in his own laboratory do not leave the slightest room for doubt in the matter4 ,writing to the #8,comptes ,rendus1'#he ,m4 ,p4 ,thnard narrates the case of a guinea-pig1 in which the beats of the pulse1 normally #adh per minute1 fell to #a_/cjth after the exposure of the animal for a quarter of an hour to an atmosphere charged with ozone4 ,he states that under the influence of ozone1 even when very largely diluted1 the blood-corpuscles rapidly cohere and change their form4 ,other instances are recorded in which the blood1 contrary to anticipation1 has been found in the venous condition4 ,footnote #he3 ,lxxxii p4 #aheg4 ,drs ,dewar and ,m',kendrick found that ozone acted as a very powerful irritant upon the mucous membranes4 ,further1 an experiment was made by placing some small birds in a mixture of oxygen and ozone1 containing #aj per cent4 of the latter4 ,in two minutes the birds were dead4 ,ozone is frequently present in the atmosphere1 formed by electricity and perhaps by other means4 ,payen states that it does not amount to more than #a_/dej1jjjth weight1 and #a_/gjjjj by volume of atmospheric air4 ,other observers state that it varies in amount1 according to height1 locality1 temperature1 electricity1 c4 ,dr ,buchanan says it is more abundant 8on the sea-coast than inland1 in the west than in the east of ,great ,britain1 in elevated than in low situations1 with south-west than with north-east winds1 in the country than in towns1 and on the windward than on the leeward side of towns40 ,according to the ,scottish ,meteorological ,society1 ozone is most prevalent in the atmosphere from ,february to ,june1 when the average amount is #f1 and lasts from ,july to ,january1 when the average is #eg4 ,the maximum #fb is reached in ,may1 and the minimum #ec in ,november4 ,these results are said to be in accordance with the conclusions arrived at by ,dr ,berigny and ,m4 ,hozeau4 ,although there appears no ground for doubting that artificially prepared ozone1 by reason of its actively disinfectant properties1 may prove a valuable auxiliary in checking the spread of certain diseases2 it seems far from satisfactorily established that the same quality is possessed by the ozone in the atmosphere1 or on the contrary1 as has been asserted1 that certain ailments are caused by it4 ,during an outbreak of influenza at ,berlin1 ,schnbein states that the air contained a large quantity of ozone2 a circumstance confirmed by ,dr ,pietra-,santa during the prevalence in another locality of the same epidemic1 which it was imagined might be caused by the irritating effect of the ozone on the organs of respiration4 ,billard1 ,wolf1 ,bckel1 and ,strambis all state that1 during the prevalence of cholera at ,strasbourg1 ,berlin1 and ,milan ozone was absent from the atmosphere1 and that the decline of the malady was marked by its reappearance4 ,uhle ascribes the accumulation of malaria at night to the non-formation of ozone by solar heat4 ,the above facts have1 however1 been disputed by some observers1 whilst others have refused to regard them as anything more than coincidences1 and have indeed cited evidence of a totally opposite character2 thus ,grellois has stated that he found more ozone in a marsh than elsewhere4 ,mr ,kingzett has shown the incorrectness of ,schnbein's statement that1 when oil of turpentine and other essential oils are oxidised by exposure to the air1 ozone is formed4 ,schnbein was misled because from the oxidised oil and the air in its vicinity he obtained the ozone reaction with potassium iodide4 ,mr ,kingzett has demonstrated that the compound can be neither ozone nor hydrogen dioxide1 because it is destroyed at the boiling point of oil of turpentine1 viz4 #afj1 at which temperature ozone and hydrogen dioxide are permanent2 besides which it resists to a certain extent the action of sodium thiosulphate1 and its solution in water retains its properties after long-continued boiling4 ,mr ,kingzett believes the active properties of the oxidised turpentine oil are due to the formation of monohydrated terpene oxide 7,c#aj;,h#af,o4,h#b,o74 ,one of the most delicate tests for ozone is potassium iodide1 either alone or mixed with starch4 ,a brown colour in the former case1 a blue in the latter1 indicates the liberation of iodine4 ,in the ozometer1 strips of paper saturated with starch and potassium iodide are exposed to the action of a definite volume of air in a dark chamber4 ,the comparative quantities of ozone in different samples of air are judged of by the intensity of the colour compared with a fixed scale on which #a is the lightest and #aj generally the darkest shade4 ,see ,,ozonometer4 ,ozone acts as a reducing agent in certain curious cases4 ,thus1 hydrogen peroxide and ozone reduce one another1 water and oxygen being the sole products2 and some substances1 such as platinum black and manganese peroxide1 convert it into oxygen without suffering change themselves1 being probably oxidised and reduced alternately4 ,,ozonom,,eter4 ,this name has been given to paper prepared with a mixed solution of starch and iodide of potassium4 ,it is white1 but is turned blue by ozonised air when exposed to it in a slightly moistened state4 ,the following are the proportions given by ,schnbein for the preparation of the paper3----#a part of pure iodide of potassium1 #aj parts of starch and #bjj of water4 ,lowe gives #a part of iodide to #e of starch2 ,moffatt1 #a to #b-a_/b4 ,the best arrowroot must be used for the starch4 ,it must be dissolved in warm water and filtered1 so that a clear solution is obtained4 ,the iodide is dissolved in another portion of water1 and gradually added4 ,the paper1 cut in slips and previously soaked in distilled water1 is placed in the mixed iodide and starch for several hours2 and lastly1 slowly dried in a cool dark place1 the slips being hung horizontally4 ,schnbein's papers require moistening with water after exposure before the trial is taken4 ,payen's ozonometer1 which is an improvement on the above1 is made of red litmus paper with half its surface impregnated with a #a solution of potassium iodide4 ,the portion of the paper becomes blue by contact with air containing ozone1 in consequence of oxidation and the formation of potash4 ,the unimpregnated portion of the paper undergoes no change unless the air contains ammoniacal vapours1 and then the paper becomes blue over its entire surface4 ,m4 ,davy states that he has obtained very satisfactory results in the estimation of ozone in the atmosphere1 by employing a mixture of iodide of potassium and arsenite of potassium4 ,the value of the ozonometer as an indicator of atmospheric ozone must be looked upon as uncertain1 when it is borne in mind that there are other bodies besides ozone frequently present in the air1 such as nitrous acid1 chlorine1 c41 which give similar reactions with the above reagents4 ,,pack,,fong4 ,syn4 ,,pakfong1 ,,chinese ,,white ,,copper4 ,an alloy formed by fusing together1 in a covered crucible1 arsenic1 #b parts1 and copper clippings1 #d-a_/b to #e parts1 arranged in alternate layers1 and covered with a capping of common salt4 ,the product contains about #aj of arsenic4 ,prop41 c4 ,white1 slightly ductile1 and permanent at ordinary temperatures2 at a temperature below that of redness it suffers decomposition1 with the extrication of fumes of arsenious acid4 ,formerly much used for the scales of thermometers and other instruments1 dial plates1 candlesticks1 c4 ,it is now almost superseded by the alloy of nickel and copper called ,german silver1 to which the name is also applied by some recent writers4 ,,pack,,ing4 ,as there is considerable art in packing brittle hollow-ware1 as glass1 china1 c41 in such a way that it will stand exposure to the jolting1 blows1 and agitation of land carriage1 it is better1 when it is of much value1 or in quantity1 to employ a person qualified for the job4 ,a man accustomed to packing such articles may be readily procured at any glassworks or china warehouse for a trifling consideration4 ,when this cannot be done1 it must be recollected that the great secret of safe packing consists in the articles being carefully preserved from undue pressure or contact with each other1 yet so firmly arranged1 and so surrounded with some material as hay1 straw1 sawdust1 c41 that they cannot be shaken into such a condition by the ordinary contingencies of transport4 ,loose packing must always be avoided4 ,,pad,,ding4 ,among calico printers this term is applied to the operation of impregnating the pores of their cloth with a mordant4 ,it is now almost exclusively performed by means of a simple piece of machinery 7padding machine71 which essentially consists of----a #8large reel1' around which the unprepared cloth is wound----a #8guide roller1' over which it passes to smooth and adjust it before entering the liquor----a copper cylinder1 or #8dip-roller1' nearly at the bottom of the #8mordant-trough1' under which it is carried from the guide-roller----a half-round polished #8stretched-bar1' to give it equal tension----a pair of #8padded cylinders1' to remove superfluous moisture----and1 lastly1 a #8reel' to receive the mordanted 7#8padded'7 cloth4 ,the degree of tension is regulated by a weight suspended on a lever1 and motion is given to the whole by an endless band from the driving shaft4 ,this machine is also applicable to many of the operations of dyeing1 bleaching1 and starching textile fabrics4 ,,paint,,er',s ,,cream4 ,prep4 ,take of pale nut oil1 #f oz42 mastic1 #a oz42 dissolve1 add of sugar of lead1 #a_/d oz41 previously ground in the least possible quantity of oil2 then further add of water1 q4 s41 gradually1 until it acquires the consistence of cream1 working it well all the time4 ,used by painters to cover their work when they are obliged to leave it for some time4 ,it may be washed off with a sponge and water4 ,,paint,,ing4 ,the art or employment of laying on colour4 ,in the fine arts1 the production of a picture or a resemblance in colours on a flat surface4 ,the artistic and mechanical consideration of this subject does not come within the province of our volume2 but notices of the leading materials employed by both artists and house painters are given under the respective names4 ,see the various pigments1 ,,colours1 ,,oils1 ,,varnishes1 c41 and below4 ,painting1 ,distemper4 ,a method of painting generally adopted by the ancients4 ,water was the principal medium1 but various gelatinous and albuminous #8binders' were added to fix the pigments4 ,of these the most important were glue1 size1 and white of egg4 ,in modern distemper1 as executed by the painters of theatrical scenery1 panoramas1 c41 spirit of turpentine is largely employed as a medium4 ,painting1 ,elydoric4 ,a method of painting invented by ,m4 ,vincent1 of ,montpelier1 having for its object to combine the fresh appearance and finish of water colours with the mellowness of oil painting4 ,the liquid employed as a vehicle for the pigments is an emulsion formed of oil and water by the intervention of certain portion of gum or mucilage4 ,painting1 ,enamel4 ,in this variety of painting1 vitrifiable colours are laid on thin plates of metals1 and fused into it4 ,the outline is first burnt in1 after which the parts are filled up gradually1 with repeated fusions at an enameller's lamp1 to the most minute finishing touches4 8,the enamel painter has to work1 not with actual colours1 but with mixtures which he only knows from experience will produce certain colours after the operation of the fire40 7,aikin47 ,painting1 ,encaustic4 ,this method is very ancient1 but is now seldom practised4 ,according to ,pliny1 the colours were made up into crayons with wax1 and the subject being traced on the ground with a metal point1 they were melted on the picture as they were used4 ,a coating of melted wax was then evenly spread over all1 and when it had become quite cold was finally polished4 ,the art of encaustic painting1 after lying dormant for about #ae centuries1 was revived by ,count ,caylus1 in #agec4 ,in its new form1 the wood or canvas to be painted on is first well rubbed over with wax1 and then held before the fire1 so that the wax may penetrate and fill up all the interstices1 and form a perfectly even surface4 ,the coloured pigments are next mixed with the powder noticed below1 which is then rubbed smooth with some thick gum water1 and applied with brushes in the same manner as ordinary water colours4 ,when the painting is finished1 and quite dry1 it is brushed over with pure white wax in a melted state1 the surface being equalised by the skilful application of heat2 it is1 lastly1 polished off2 as before4 ,the powder4----,to white wax1 melted in an earthen pipkin1 add1 in small portions at a time1 an equal weight of powdered mastic1 stirring continuously until the whole is incorporated2 then pour it into cold water1 and afterwards reduce it to powder in a wedgwood-ware mortar4 ,a small quantity only of this powder is used with light colours2 but more is required with the darker ones1 until1 on approaching black1 the two may be mixed in almost equal proportions4 ,painting1 ,fresco4 ,this method of painting was known to the ancient ,egyptians1 and was commonly practised by the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,it is confined to the decoration of the walls of buildings1 and is executed by incorporating the colours with the still moist plaster1 or gesso4 ,the pigments employed are entirely mineral or vitreous4 ,as it is extremely difficult to alter the work after the colours are once absorbed1 or after the ground has hardened1 the whole must be carefully designed before commencing the picture1 and no more commenced at once than can be executed during the day4 ,of all the varieties of painting1 fresco is 8undoubtedly the most virile1 most sure1 most resolute1 and most durable0 7,vasari71 and the one most adapted for the purposes of historical painting in its grandest and most exalted forms4 ,in comparison with it1 it has been said that even oil painting is 8employment fit only for women and children40 7,michael ,angelo47 ,painting1 ,glass4 ,see ,,stained ,,glass4 ,painting1 ,oil4 ,this well known and much practised method of painting takes its name from the vehicle employed for the colours4 ,the last may be any of those of a permanent character1 and whose natural tint is not altered by admixture with oil4 ,linseed1 nut1 and poppy oil1 are those which are principally employed4 ,the first requires the addition of #8driers1' and hence is generally used under the form of #8boiled oil4' ,spirit of turpentine is commonly used to thin down the prepared colours1 and the finished picture is frequently covered with a coat of varnish4 ,painting1 ,porcelain4 ,see ,,pottery1 ,,stained ,,glass1 c4 ,painting1 ,velvet4 ,any of the ordinary non-corrosive pigments or liquid colours1 thickened with a little gum1 may be employed in this art2 preference being1 however1 given to those that possess the greatest brilliancy1 and which dry without spreading4 ,see ,,stains1 c4 ,painting1 ,water-colour4 ,in its strictest and modern sense1 #8water-colour painting' means the painting on paper with colours diluted with water4 ,the ,english school of water-colour painting has produced works which bear comparison with the great masterpieces in oil1 and even surpass them in the delicacy of atmospheric effects4 ,the old practice of making the entire drawing in light and shade by washes of ,indian ink or neutral tints1 and then adding the various local colours in transparent washes1 has given place to the more healthy system of painting every object in its appropriate local colour at the outset4 ,,paintings4 ,many valuable paintings suffer premature decay from the attacks of a microscopic insect1 a species of acarus or mite4 ,the best method of preventing this variety of decay1 is to add a little creasote 7dissolved in brandy or vinegar71 or a few grains each of corrosive sublimate and sal ammoniac 7dissolved in a little water71 to the paste and glue used to line the picture1 as well as to add a few drops of pure creasote or of an alcoholic or ethereal solution of corrosive sublimate to the varnish1 when any is to be applied4 ,if the destruction alluded to has already commenced1 the painting should be at once carefully cleaned and re-lined1 observing to employ one or other of the remedies just mentioned4 ,the most appropriate and only safe situation in which to keep paintings1 is where there is a pure and moderately dry atmosphere4 ,to protect pictures from the effects of damp1 it has been suggested to dip the canvas into a solution of silicate of potash1 and afterwards dried1 previous to its being used4 ,impure air abounds in carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,it is the presence of the last in the air that blackens the #8lights1' and causes most of the #8middle tints' and #8shades' to fade2 and it is exposure to damp that produces mouldiness and decay of the canvas4 ,for this reason valuable paintings should not be kept in churches1 nor suspended against heavy walls of masonry1 especially in badly ventilated buildings4 ,excess of light1 particularly the direct rays of the sun1 also acts injuriously on paintings1 since it bleaches some colours and darkens others4 ,the blackened lights of old pictures may be instantly restored to their original hue by touching them with peroxide of hydrogen1 diluted with #f or #h times its weight of pure water4 ,the part must be afterwards washed with a clean sponge and water4 ,the most astonishing results have been produced in this way4 ,see ,,peroxide ,,of ,,hydrogen4 ,pettenkofer observing the colours of many of the oil paintings in the ,munich galleries apparently fading1 discovered that the dim and grey appearance they then presented1 was not really due to any decay of colour1 but to a discontinuity of the molecules of the vehicle1 and the resinous substances mixed with the pigments2 the effect of which was to break up and lessen the mass of transparent colour and to diminish its intensity4 ,this separation from each other1 of the alternate particles1 he conceived was owing to the shrinking and contraction they underwent after long years of exposure to a moist atmosphere4 ,to remedy it ,pettenkofer subjected the affected picture to two simple processes1 which he is said to have found absolutely successful4 ,the first1 which he terms the #8regeneration' process1 consists in enclosing the picture in a flat box1 where it is exposed to the vapours of alcohol1 part of which being absorbed by the resinous molecules1 restore them to their original volume4 ,hence it follows that the gaps between the molecules being thus filled up1 there is presented to the eye a continuous mass of transparent colour1 as when the picture was freshly painted4 ,in the previous operation the resinous constituents only of the picture have been acted upon and restored to their normal condition4 ,the hardened molecules of the oil which have been employed as a vehicle have likewise diminished in bulk1 from the same causes1 and in so doing have contributed to the lessening of the brightness of the picture4 ,in cases where it is found the increased volume of resinous particles has failed to fill up the intervals between the shrunken oil molecules1 ,pettenkofer subjects the picture to a further process4 ,in this1 which he terms #8nourishing it1' the picture is simply rubbed over with balsam of copaiba4 ,oil1 which was formerly employed for this purpose1 is very strongly condemned by ,pettenkofer4 ,oil paintings1 as probably most of our readers are aware1 are mostly executed either on wood 7#8panel'7 or canvas1 now principally on the latter4 ,both these substances have to undergo a preliminary operation known as #8priming1' the priming being1 in short1 the ground on which the paint is placed4 ,this priming may consist either of a number of layers composed of a mixture of chalk or plaster1 with paste or glue1 or else of a series of coats of oil colour4 ,when a canvas or panel is prepared with the former1 it is called #8distemper priming1' when with the latter1 #8oil priming4' ,the distemper is the more quickly prepared1 but is open to the objection of being easily broken1 and of a liability to absorb moisture1 by which it becomes liable to separate from the canvas4 ,if the priming be of oil colour it is desirable that the chief pigment used in making it should be white lead1 and that if any other colours are added1 they should be in comparatively small quantities4 ,dr ,r4 ,liebreich cites an example in which a departure from this precaution1 persevered in from the middle of the #afth to that of the #agth century1 by a celebrated school of ,italian painters 7the ,bologna71 has resulted in the destruction in their works of all the glazing of the picture1 8so that those colours only can be recognised which either contain white1 or are glazed on white40 ,furthermore1 that the dark priming used by these artists has caused the dark parts of their pictures to become still darker4 ,this priming which was of a reddish-brown colour1 was composed of a mixture of bole ,armenian and umber2 and it is conjectured it was employed with the object of modifying or softening too violent contrasts of light and dark colours1 and thus of easily securing effective chiaroscuro1 and of aiding rapid execution4 ,the ,dutch and ,flemish painters mostly employed a light coloured priming2 sometimes it was of a light oak colour4 ,vandyke is said to have used grey grounds for his pictures1 and in some few instances dull red ones2 and since his pictures are free from the objectionable qualities met with in the works of the ,bologna artists1 it has been surmised that in this method of working1 he had recourse to impasto colouring4 ,in the selection of wood1 which is subsequently to be used for the picture1 considerable judgment and experience are required1 that from the toughest and soundest oaks1 nut trees1 or cedar1 being sought after4 ,the cutting it into boards1 and seasoning it1 are also points exacting a great amount of time and care4 ,the backs of pictures1 if made of wood1 in addition to their liability to attacks from insects1 not unfrequently warp1 or fissures form in them1 or they may become hopelessly rotten4 ,when the picture warps1 it should be moistened with water at the back1 on which it should be lain for #bd hours1 at the end of which time1 or sometimes less1 it becomes perfectly straight4 ,fissures may be filled up by pieces of wood cut to the required size4 ,small pieces of rotten wood1 if not too near the painting1 may be cut out and the gaps filled up with wedge-shaped pieces of wood4 ,where the loss is insignificant it may be stopped up with cement4 ,when the panel is very rotten and decayed1 it may be necessary to remove the picture from it altogether1 and to place it either on a new panel1 or upon what ,dr ,liebreich regards as better still1 a piece of canvas4 ,this is by no means so formidable and astonishing an operation as it may at first sight appear2 in short1 as will be directly shown1 the picture may1 if necessary1 be freed from its priming even1 without any difficulty4 ,hacquin1 of ,paris1 was one of the first to remove an oil painting from its base1 and to place it upon a new one4 ,he did this with one of ,raphael's ,madonnas1 in the gallery of the ,louvre2 and the same treatment has since been extended to the #8,resurrection of ,lazarus1' by ,sebastian del ,piombo1 one of the pictures in our ,national ,gallery4 ,this process is generally accomplished as follows3---- 8,first of all the surface of the picture is pasted over with gauze and paper2 after that the wood is made straight by moistening1 or1 if necessary1 by making incisions with the saw1 into which cuneiform pieces of wood are driven4 ,by means of a tenon-saw the panel is to be sawn into little squares1 which must be removed by a chisel1 and in this way the thickness of the wood is reduced to half an inch2 it is then planed until it becomes no thicker than paper1 and the rest is removed by means of a knife and with the fingers4 8,the painting being thus severed from its basis1 it can be fixed on canvas if the priming is sufficiently preserved4 ,in the opposite case a mixture made of chalk and glue1 or something of the kind1 must be put on first1 and very evenly smoothed after being dry4 ,this done the new canvas has to be fixed upon it by means of a mixture of glue1 varnish1 and turpentine1 and the substance of the picture pressed tightly and evenly against it by means of warm irons40#hf ,footnote #hf3 ,liebreich4 ,defects in the priming of an oil painting1 when they are confined to a slight separation of the priming of a canvas1 may be remedied by pouring into the gap caused by the severance a little solution of size1 and then pressing the separated surfaces gently together4 ,slight cracks must be filled up with fresh priming4 ,for paintings in which the whole of the priming seems insecure1 or has extensively separated from the canvas1 it is recommended to remove them entirely from the old basis and to transfer them to new panels or canvas4 ,the property of unchangeableness1 or indisposition to fade1 as exemplified in the retention of its freshness of colour by a picture1 is one which1 it is asserted1 is very much more generally met with in the pictures of the ,italian1#hg and ,dutch painters of the #aeth1 #afth1 and #agth centuries1 than in those of the ,french and ,english schools of the last hundred years4 ,opinions have been advanced in explanation of this circumstance4 ,one is1 that the older masters used pigments and vehicles of much greater purity and freedom from adulteration than the latter generations of painters2 another1 that they worked by a method and prepared their colours by a process unknown since their time1 in fact1 that they were possessed of a technical secret1 which1 as they never divulged it1 has died with them2 a third1 that they had choice of many colours unknown in the present day4 ,footnote #hg3 ,from the ,italian school must be excepted that of ,bologna4 ,one of the later and most valuable contributions to our knowledge of these points has been made by ,dr ,r4 ,liebreich1 in his lecture 8,on the ,deterioration of ,oil ,paintings10 delivered at the ,royal ,institution1 ,march #ast1 #ahgh1 which also embraces the practical deductions to be drawn from the results of his investigations4 ,the plan adopted by ,dr ,liebreich for unravelling the so-called secret by which the old masters so generally contrived to secure permanency for their colours was ingenious and logical2 it consisted in dissecting the structure and chemically analysing the pigments1 vehicles1 c41 of the pictures of the pupils of the great masters1 for 8fortunately they painted with the same material and by the same methods as the masters1 and thousands of pictures by the pupils1 well preserved and in different stages of decay1 may be easily secured40 ,the third explanation previously given as a reason for the superior durability of the colouring of the old over the later oil paintings is thus disposed of by him4 ,he says3---- 8,we meet very often with the idea that the old masters had been in possession of colours1 that is1 pigments1 the knowledge of which has been lost1 and that this accounts principally for the difference between the oil paintings of the #aeth and #afth centuries1 on the one hand1 and that of the #ahth and #aith on the other4 ,but this is a great mistake4 ,we know perfectly well the pigments used by the old masters2 we possess the same and a considerable number of new ones1 good as well as bad1 in addition40 ,he adds1 8,in using the expression of good and bad1 ,i am thinking principally of their durability4 ,from this point of view the pigments can be placed under three headings3---- 8#a4 ,those that are durable in themselves and also agree well with the other pigments with which they have to be mixed4 8#b4 ,such as when sufficiently isolated remain unaltered1 but when in contact with certain other pigments change colour1 or alter the others1 or produce a reciprocal modification4 8#c4 ,those which are so little durable that1 even when isolated from other pigments1 the mere contact of the vehicle1 the air1 or the light1 makes them in time fade1 darken1 or disappear altogether4 8,the old masters used without reserve only those belonging to the first of these three categories4 ,for those belonging to the second they imposed on themselves certain limits and precautions4 ,those belonging to the third they did not use at all4 8,that some of the modern masters have not followed these principles is not owing to a lost secret1 but to the fact they disregarded those well known principles1 and even consciously acted against them4 ,in ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds' diary1 for instance1 we read that in order to produce certain tints of flesh1 he mixed orpiment1 carmine lake1 and blue black together4 8,now1 orpiment is one of the colours of the second category1 carmine lake one of the third4 ,that is to say1 orpiment1 as long as it remains isolated1 keeps its brilliant yellow or reddish orange colour2 but when mixed with white lead it decomposes1 because it consists of sulphur and arsenic1 and it moreover blackens the white lead1 because the sulphur combines with it4 ,carmine lake1 even if left isolated1 does not stand as an oil colour1 and1 therefore1 has been superseded by madder lake4 ,unfortunately some of the most brilliant colours are perishable to such a degree that they ought never to be used2 yet it seems to me that just in one branch of art1 in which of late remarkable progress has been made1 ,i mean landscape painting1 the artists1 in order to obtain certain effects of colour not easy to be realised1 do not always resist the temptation to make use of a number of pigments1 the non-durability of which is proved beyond doubt40 ,another point which ,dr ,liebreich regards as of much more importance even than the selection and treatment of their pigments1 and in which he says the old masters exercised great discretion1 was the more sparing use of the vehicles and liquids they mixed with their colours4 ,he points out that there are certain pigments which when mixed with the oil impede its drying1 whilst others there are which hasten it4 8,supposing now10 he says1 8we should add to each of the different pigments the same quantity of oil1 the drying of it would progress at different rates4 ,but in reality this difference is very greatly increased by the fact that the different pigments require very different quantities of oil1 in order to be ground to the consistency requisite for painting40 ,pettenkofer quotes the following figures given to him by one of the colour manufacturers3---- #ajj parts 7weight7 ,white lead require #ab parts of oil4 0 0 ,zinc white 0 #ad 0 0 0 ,green chrome 0 #ae 0 0 0 ,chrome yellow 0 #ai 0 0 0 ,vermilion 0 #be 0 0 0 ,light red 0 #ca 0 0 0 ,madder lake 0 #fb 0 0 0 ,yellow ochre 0 #ff 0 0 0 ,light ochre 0 #gb 0 0 0 ,camel's brown 0 #ge 0 0 0 ,brown manganese 0 #hg 0 0 0 ,terre verte 0 #ajj 0 0 0 ,parisian blue 0 #ajf 0 0 0 ,burnt terre verte 0 #aab 0 0 0 ,berlin blue 0 #aab 0 0 0 ,ivory black 0 #aab 0 0 0 ,cobalt 0 #abe 0 0 0 ,florentine brown 0 #aej 0 0 0 ,burnt terra sienna 0 #aha 0 0 0 ,raw terra sienna 0 #adj 0 ,according to this table1 a hundred parts of the quick drying white lead are ground with twelve parts of oil1 and on the other hand1 slow-drying ivory black requires one hundred and twelve parts of oil4 ,it is very important that artists should have an exact knowledge of these matters4 ,but it seems to me that they are insufficiently known to most of them4 ,all1 of course1 know perfectly how different the drying quality of different colours is4 ,but that these different colours introduce into the picture so different a quantity of the oil1 and how large the quantity is in the colours they buy1 and1 further1 that the oil as well as the mediums or siccatives they add to dry the colours are gradually transformed into a caoutchouc-like opaque substance1 which envelopes and darkens the pigments1 and1 moreover1 that the oil undergoes1 not in the beginning1 but much later on1 when it is already completely dry1 changes of volume1 and so impairs the continuity of the picture----all this is not sufficiently known4 ,otherwise1 the custom of painting with the ordinary oil colours1 to be bought at any colourman's1 would not have been going on for nearly a hundred years1 in spite of all the clearly shown evil results----results due chiefly to the principal enemy of oil painting1 that is to say1 the oil4 ,a close optical examination and accurate study of the pictures of the ,french and ,english masters of the last hundred years have revealed to ,dr ,liebreich their principal defects1 which he says are3---- #a4 ,darkening of the opaque bright colours4 #b4 ,fading of the transparent brilliant colours4 #c4 ,darkening1 and above all1 cracking of the transparent dark colours4 ,he states that these cracks are so characteristic and distinctive of the pictures of this period that they might be used as a test as to whether or not a picture really belonged to this school1 or was only a copy4 ,this peculiar cracking in the paint is1 according to ,dr ,liebreich1 particularly observable in ,guericault's #8,wreck of the ,medusa' in the ,louvre1 and also in ,ingres' #8,portrait of ,cherubini1' and as the same defect is not to be seen in the works of the ,dutch and ,italian artists1 the very rational inference to be drawn is that the methods followed by these schools were sounder than those adopted by their ,english and ,french successors4 ,dr ,liebreich believes the cracks were owing to the practice of painting over one colour with another before the first was perfectly dry4 8,the study of the alterations10 says ,dr ,liebreich 8already fully developed within the last hundred years only1 and their comparison with the works of the old masters would suggest the following rules for the process of painting3---- 8#a4 ,that the oil should in all colours be reduced to a minimum1 and under no form should more of it than absolutely necessary be introduced into a picture4 8#b4 ,all transparent colours which dry very slowly should be ground1 not with oil at all1 but with a resinous vehicle4 8#c4 ,no colour should be put on any part of a picture which is not yet perfectly dry1 and above all1 never a quick-drying colour upon a slowly-drying one which is not yet perfectly dry4 8#d4 ,white and other quick-drying opaque colours may be put on thickly4 ,on the contrary1 transparent and slowly-drying colours should always be put on in thin layers4 ,if the effect of a thick layer of these latter is required1 it must be produced by laying one thin layer over another1 taking care to have one completely dry before the next is laid on4 ,if transparent colours are mixed with sufficient quantity of white lead they may be treated like opaque ones40 ,dr ,liebreich concludes his interesting lecture with some judicious advice on the subject of picture cleaning1 and points out that1 since different pictures require to be differently operated upon1 all universal agents and methods suggested for the purpose are open to suspicion and should be discarded4 ,for pictures the varnish of which has become cracked or dim he recommends ,pettenkofer's treatment with alcoholised vapour1 already described4 ,for those in which the varnish may have become dark yellow1 brown1 or dirty1 he advises its removal altogether1 being very careful to specify the conditions under which this should be accomplished1 and the risk the picture may run of being spoiled if entrusted to an unintelligent and ignorant manufacturer4 8,if a picture10 he says1 8is throughout painted in oil1 if its substance has remained sound and even1 and it has been varnished with an easily soluble mastich or dammar varnish1 there will be neither difficulty nor danger in removing the varnish4 ,this can1 in such a case1 be done either by a dry process1 that is by rubbing the surface with the tips of the fingers and thus reducing the varnish by degrees to a fine dust1 or by dissolving the varnish by application of liquids which1 when brought only for a short time into contact with the oil painting1 will not endanger it4 ,we have1 however1 seen that the works of the old masters are not painted with oil colours like those used by modern painters1 but1 on the contrary1 that certain pigments1 and especially the transparent colours used for glazing1 were ground only with resinous substances4 ,these latter have in the course of time been so thoroughly united with the layer of varnish spread over the surface of the picture that there no longer exists any decided limit between the picture and the varnish4 ,it is in such pictures that a great amount of experience and knowledge of the process used for the picture1 as well as precaution1 are required1 in order to take away from the varnish as much only as is indispensable1 and without interfering with the picture itself4 8,numberless works of art have been irreparably injured by restorers1 who1 in their eagerness to remove dirt and varnish1 attacked the painting itself4 ,they then destroyed just that last finishing touch of the painting without which it is no longer a masterpiece40 8,the cleaner is1 then1 reminded that if the removal from the pictures of their varnish1 when this is known to consist of a spirituous solution of the gums mastich or dammar1 requires the amount of discretion and judgment before specified1 still greater care and prudence are necessary when dealing with pictures whose surfaces have been covered with oil1 oil varnish1 or oleo-resinous varnish4 ,all these substances1 which in time more or less obscure the picture1 form on its face a dark and opaque film1 and this frequently requires for its removal the application of some agent1 which1 in dissolving the layer of varnish1 is very liable at the same time to dissolve the substance of the picture also40 ,as a recent instance of the injurious effects of injudicious picture cleaning1 ,dr4 ,liebreich mentions the case of a valuable picture in the ,pitti ,palace1 at ,florence1 the #8,st ,john of ,andrea del ,sarto4' ,the softness of the outline of the face of the figure1 which he remembers previous to its attempted restoration1 had been entirely destroyed1 which disastrous result ,dr ,liebreich conceived had been caused by the entire removal of the glazing4 ,a new method for cleaning pictures is described by ,e4 ,von ,bibra in the #8,journal fr ,praktische ,chemie4' ,a very indistinct oil-painting was freed from dust with a feather1 washed with a sponge and water1 and then covered for eight minutes with a layer of shaving soap4 ,the soap was then washed off with a brush and then left to dry4 ,it was next thoroughly cleaned with linen cloth soaked in nitro-benzol4 ,the picture was now distinct1 but the colours dull4 ,finally1 it was treated with olive oil1 and a coating of quick-drying varnish laid on4 7,academy1 ,may #fth1 #ahgh47hh ,footnote #hh3 ,in giving insertion to the above1 we do not venture to give an opinion as to its value or the reverse4 ,we would recommend it to be read side by side with ,dr ,liebreich's advice on picture cleaning1 given above4----,,ed4 ,,paints4 ,in trade1 this term is commonly applied to pigments ground with oil to a thick paste1 ready to be #8thinned down' with oil or turpentine to a consistence adapted for application with a brush4 ,paints are prepared on the small scale by grinding the dry pigments with the oil by means of a stone-and-muller2 on the large scale they are ground in a colour mill4 ,there are several pigments1 as ,king's yellow1 ,scheele's green1 verdigris1 white lead1 c41 which from their poisonous character cannot be safely ground by hand1 except in very small quantities at a time1 and then only by the exercise of extreme caution4 ,in mixing or thinning down paints for use it may be useful to mention that----for outdoor work1 boiled oil is principally or wholly employed1 unless it be for the decorative parts of houses1 when a portion of turpentine and pale linseed oil is often added4----,for in-door work1 linseed oil1 turpentine1 and a little #8driers1' are generally used in the same way4 ,the smaller the proportion of oil employed for the purpose1 the less will be the gloss1 and the greater the ultimate hardness of the coating4 ,for #8flatted white1' c41 the colour being ground in oil1 requires scarcely any further addition of that article1 as the object is to have it #8dead' or dull4 ,the best driers are ground litharge1 and ground sugar of lead2 the first for dark and middle tints1 and the last for light ones4 ,to preserve mixed paints in pots from #8skinning over' or drying up1 they should be kept constantly covered with water2 or1 what is better1 with a thin film of linseed oil4 ,brushes1 when out of use1 may be preserved in a similar manner to mixed paints4 ,when dirty1 or required for a paint of another colour1 they may be cleaned with a little oil of turpentine1 which may be either preserved for the same purpose another time1 or may be allowed to deposit its colour1 and then used to thin down paints as usual4 ,in no case1 however1 should it be thrown back into the cistern or pan with the pure #8turps4' ,paints1 ,flexible4 ,prep4 ,take of good yellow soap 7cut into slices71 #b-a_/b lbs42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b gall42 dissolve1 and grind the solution whilst hot with good oil paint1 #a-a_/d cwt4 ,used to paint canvas4 ,paints1 ,vitrifiable4 ,see ,,enamel1 ,,glaze1 ,,stained ,,glass1 c4 ,,palla,,dium4 ,pd4 ,a rare metal discovered by ,dr ,wollaston in the ore of platinum1 in #ahjc4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a solution of the ore of platinum in aqua regia1 from which most of the metal has been precipitated by chloride of ammonium1 is neutralised by carbonate of sodium1 and then treated with a solution of cyanide of mercury2 the white insoluble precipitate 7cyanide of palladium7 is next washed1 dried1 and heated to redness2 the residuum of the ignition 7spongy palladium7 is then submitted to a gradually increased pressure1 and welding at a white heat1 so as to form a button1 in a similar manner to that adopted with platinum4 ,prod4 ,columbian ore of platinum1 #a2 ,uralian do41 #be to #ge4 #b4 ,the native alloy of gold and palladium 7from the ,brazils7 is submitted to the operations of quartation and parting1 the nitric acid employed being of the density of #ac2 the silver is next precipitated from the solution by means of a solution of common salt or dilute hydrochloric acid1 and the decanted supernatant liquid1 after evaporation to one half1 is neutralised with ammonia1 and concentrated so that crystals may form2 these 7chloride of palladium and ammonium7 are cautiously washed in a little very cold water1 dried1 mixed with borax1 and exposed in a crucible to the strongest heat of a powerful blast furnace1 when a solid button of pure palladium is formed4 ,prop41 c4 ,palladium closely resembles platinum in appearance1 fusibility1 malleability1 and ductility2 but it is less dense1 and has a rather more silvery colour than that metal2 it is freely soluble in aqua regia1 and is slowly attacked by nitric acid1 but the other acids exert little or no action on it2 heated to redness in the air1 a very superficial blue or purple film of oxide forms on the surface1 which is again reduced at a white heat4 ,it melts at #aef----,wedgwood4 ,sp4 gr4 #aac to #aba 7#aah----,wollaston2 #abad----,vauquelin74 ,it readily unites with copper1 silver1 and some other metals1 by fusion4 ,tests4 #a4 ,the neutral solutions of palladium are precipitated in the metallic state by ferrous sulphate1 dark brown by sulphuretted hydrogen1 olive by ferrocyanide of potassium1 and yellowish white by cyanide of mercury4----#b4 ,a drop of tincture of iodine placed on the surface of metallic palladium1 and then evaporated by the heat of a spirit lamp1 leaves a black spot4 ,by the last two tests palladium is readily distinguished from platinum4 ,uses4 ,it has been employed to form the scales of mathematical and astronomical instruments1 and is used in dentistry4 ,its alloy with silver is a very valuable white metal4 ,it is also used for making the smaller divisions of grain and gramme weights4 ,palladium is not tarnished by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,an alloy of #a part of palladium and #ajj parts of steel is well adapted for cutting instruments which require to be perfectly smooth on the edge4 ,,palmit,,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#af;,h#ca,o#b4 ,prepared from palmitin 7see next article71 by saponification1 as stearic acid is prepared from stearin4 ,it forms pearly scales1 and melts at #adj ,fahr41 like margaric acid1 which it closely resembles4 ,,pal,,mitin4 ,syn4 ,,tripalmitin4 ,c#c;,h#e 7,c#af;,h#ca,o#b7c4 ,the solid portion of palm oil1 purified by crystallisation from hot ether4 ,white2 soluble in ether and slightly so in hot alcohol2 melts at #aah ,fahr42 by saponification it is converted into palmitic acid4 7,see above47 ,,palpita,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,palpus1 ,,palpitatio ,,cordis1 ,l4 ,a violent and irregular beating or action of the heart1 either temporary or occasional4 ,when it does not arise from sudden or violent agitation or distress of mind1 it may be regarded as a symptom of a disturbance of the nervous functions by disease1 in which case attention should be directed to the removal of the primary affection4 ,,pal,,sy4 ,see ,,paralysis4 ,,panace,a4 ,a term formerly applied to chose remedies which were supposed to be capable of curing all diseases1 and still applied to some quack medicines4 ,,pana,,da4 ,see ,,bread ,,jelly 7under ,,jelly74 ,,pan,,ary ,,fermenta,,tion4 ,the vinous fermentation as developed in the dough of bread4 ,,pan,,cakes4 ,these are essentially fried batter1 variously enriched and flavoured1 according to the taste of the cook4 ,when they contain fruit1 fish1 meat1 or poultry1 or are highly seasoned or ornamented1 they are commonly called ,,fritters4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,soyer47 ,break #b to #d eggs into a basin1 add #d small table-spoonfuls of flour1 #b teaspoonfuls of sugar1 and a little salt2 beat the whole well together1 adding1 by degrees1 #a_/b pint of milk1 or a little more or less1 depending on the size of the eggs and the quality of the flour1 so as to form a rather thick batter2 next add a little ginger1 cinnamon1 or any other flavour at will2 lastly1 put them into the pan1 and when set1 and one side brownish1 lay hold of the frying-pan at the extremity of the handle1 give it a sudden but slight jerk upwards1 and the cake will turn over on the other side2 when this is brown1 dish up with sifted sugar1 and serve with lemon4 ,see ,,fritters4 ,,pancreas4 ,this gland1 popularly known as the sweet-bread1 secretes a colourless and slightly viscid fluid1 which possesses the properties of----#a4 ,converting starch into sugar2 #b4 ,of emulsifying fats and oils4 ,and since it is necessary that the starchy and the fatty ingredients of the food should undergo this preparatory change before they are in a condition to become assimilated by the animal economy1 it will be seen that pancreatin 7as the secretion from the pancreas is called7 performs an important function in bodily nutrition4 ,with a knowledge of these facts before them1 it is not surprising that the employment of pancreatin in disease should have been recommended by therapeutists4 ,dr ,harley1 we believe1 first brought this remedy to the notice of medical men in #aheh1 since which time its principal advocate has been ,dr ,horace ,dobell1 whose method of preparing an emulsion from it1 as well as for procuring the pancreatin pure and simple1 are given below4 ,bernard1 correctly divining that the pancreatic fluid was concerned in the process of digestion1 conceived that it aided the assimilation of the fatty and oily portions of the food1 by saponifying them4 ,subsequent physiologists have1 however1 shown1 8that the action of the pancreatic secretion is evidently to break up the large granules1 crystals1 and globules of oil and fat into myriads of minute particles of from #a_/cjjjth to #a_/aejjjth of an inch in diameter4 ,in this way the fat is emulsified and converted into a milky liquid1 which mixes freely with water1 and passes through the tissues of the intestines into the lacteals40#hi ,footnote #hi3 ,letheby4 ,pancreatin has an alkaline reaction1 and putrefies very quickly4 ,it seems to contain a nitrogenous organic principle1 resembling ptyalin or diastase in properties4 ,it is coagulated both by heat and nitric acid1 and is one of the few secretions in which albumen is present in a soluble condition4 ,even when rendered acid1 pancreatin does not lose its power of emulsifying fatty bodies4 ,at the moment of food being introduced into the stomach the pancreas gives out this secretion1 which is not very abundant at first1 but gradually continues to increase for about four hours1 when it as gradually diminishes for three hours more1 and then ceases altogether4 ,bidder and ,schmidt give the following as the composition of the pancreatic fluid or pancreatin3---- ,water #ijjgf ,organic matter 7pancreatin7 #ijch ,chloride of sodium #gcf ,free soda #jcb ,phosphate of soda #jde ,sulphate of soda #jaj ,sulphate of potassa #jjb ,lime #jed ,combinations ,magnesia #jje ,oxide of iron #jjb ---------------- #ajjjjj ,,pancreatin4 ,syn4 ,,pancreatinum4 #a4 7,pereira47 ,cut the fresh pancreas of the pig1 freed from fat and all foreign matters1 into small pieces1 and digest with ether4 ,if the ether be afterwards distilled off from the filtered liquid1 the pancreatin will be left as an oily product4 #b4 7,griffith47 ,it is obtained from the pancreas of recently killed animals by treating the colourless1 viscous juice with alcohol1 and drying the precipitate in vacuo4 ,pancreatin is given for stimulating the digestion of fatty compounds4 ,the ordinary dose is #aj grains1 taken in a glass of wine or water after a meal4 ,dr ,dobell's 8,crude ,pancreatic ,emulsion0 is prepared as follows3----,after freeing from fat and all foreign matters the pancreas of a freshly-killed pig1 #b-a_/b lbs4 of purified pancreas are bruised in a marble mortar1 and to it are added #b-a_/b lbs4 of lard2 these are well beaten together1 and then to the mixture #c lbs4 of water are added1 very gradually1 so as to ensure the perfect absorption of the latter4 ,the pancreatised fat is prepared by shaking up one part of the #8crude emulsion' with three parts of ether1 allowing the mixture to stand1 drawing off the ethereal solution1 and carefully distilling off the ether4 ,the pancreatised fat remains4 ,dr ,dobell says that pancreatised fat1 unlike the crude fat1 has no tendency to putrefy4 ,his #8purified pancreatic emulsion' is made by mixing very carefully together #e parts of pancreatised fat1 #g-a_/b parts of distilled water1 and #b-a_/b parts of rectified spirit1 and flavouring with oil of cloves4 #c4 ,,saccharated ,,pancreatin4 ,mr ,mattison#ij adopts the following process for the preparation of this substance3----,the pancreas is dissected and macerated in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid for about forty-eight hours1 then separated1 and the acidulated solution of pancreas passed through a pulp filter until it is perfectly clear4 ,to this clear solution is then added a saturated solution of chloride of sodium1 and allowed to stand until the pancreatin is separated4 ,this is carefully skimmed off and placed upon a muslin filter1 and allowed to drain1 after which it should be washed with a less concentrated solution of sodium chloride1 and then put under the press4 ,when all the salt solution has been removed1 and the mass is nearly dry1 it is rubbed with a quantity of sugar of milk1 and dried thoroughly without heat1 after which it is diluted until ten grains emulsify two drachms of cod-liver oil4 ,footnote #ij3 #8,american ,journal of ,pharmacy4' ,,panifica,,tion4 ,the changes which occur in flour-dough under the influence of the fermentative process and heat1 by which it is converted into bread4 ,,papa,,verine4 ,syn4 ,,papaverina4 ,an alkaloid discovered by ,merck in opium4 ,it crystallises in needles2 is insoluble in water2 is slightly soluble in cold alcohol and in ether2 and forms crystallisable salts with the acids which possess little solubility4 ,the hydrochlorate1 one of the most characteristic of these compounds1 crystallises in beautiful colourless prisms1 which possess a high refractive power1 and are only very slightly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,flckiger states that papaverine is much less active than thebaine1 that it is not soporific either with men or animals1 that it does not arrest diarrha1 and is but slightly analgesic4 ,,palamond4 ,chocolate #a oz42 rice flour1 #d oz42 potato arrowroot1 #d oz42 red sanders1 in fine powder1 #a dr4 ,mix4 7,in the above1 by chocolate is meant the cacao beans roasted and pulverised without addition4 ,indian arrowroot1 or ,tous les mois1 may be substituted for the potato arrowroot47 ,,paper4 ,syn4 ,,charta1 ,,papyrus1 ,l42 ,,papier1 ,fr4 ,the limits of this work preclude the introduction of a description of the manufacture of this well-known and most useful article1 which is now almost exclusively made by machinery of an elaborate and most ingenious description4 ,we must1 therefore1 content ourselves with a short notice of a few of the preparations of the manufactured article4 7,see below47 ,good white paper should be perfectly devoid of odour1 and when burnt it should leave a mere nominal amount of ash2 digested in hot water1 the liquid should be neutral to test paper1 and not affected by sulphuretted hydrogen or the alkaline sulphurets1 or by tincture of iodine4 ,coloured papers should not contain any deleterious matter4 ,paper1 ,antirheumatic4 ,syn4 ,,charta ,,antirheumatica4 7,m4 ,berg47 ,euphorbium #cj parts2 cantharides1 #ae parts2 alcohol1 #aej parts4 ,digest eight days1 filter1 and add resin1 #fj parts2 and turpentine1 #ej parts4 ,thin paper is to be brushed over two or three times with this varnish4 ,paper1 ,atropine4 ,syn4 ,,charta ,,atropi4 ,paper is impregnated by steeping in solution of sulphate of atropia in such a manner that a piece #a_/eth of an inch square shall contain #a_/bejth of a grain of the salt2 a square of #a_/ajth of an inch the #a_/ajjjth of a grain4 ,this square inserted between the eyelid will dilate the pupil4 ,paper1 ,atropine1 ,gelatinised4 ,tablets of gelatin are impregnated with sulphate of atropia1 as above4 ,paper1 ,anti-asthmatic4 7,p4 ,codex74 ,syn4 ,,charta ,,fumifera1 ,l4 ,,carton ,,anti-,,asthmatique1 ,fr4 ,unsized grey filtering paper1 #ab oz42 nitre1 #f oz42 belladonna1 stramonium1 digitalis1 lobelia inflata1 phellandrium1 all in powder1 #a_/b oz4 of each2 myrrh and olibanum1 in powder1 #a oz4 each4 ,tear the paper in pieces and soak it in water till quite soft2 drain off the greater part of the water1 and beat it into a paste2 incorporate with it the powders previously mixed4 ,then put into tinned iron moulds1 and dry by a stove4 ,paper1 ,blistering4 ,see ,,vesicants4 ,paper1 ,cloth4 ,this is prepared by covering gauze1 calico1 canvas1 c41 with a surface of paper pulp in a #8,foudrinier machine1' and then finishing the compound sheet in a nearly similar manner to that adopted for ordinary paper4 ,paper1 ,coloured4 ,for those papers which are merely coloured on one side the pigments1 ground up with gum water or size1 or the stains thickened with a little of the same1 are applied with a brush1 after which the sheets are suspended on a line to dry4 ,for paper coloured throughout its substance the tinctorial matter is usually mixed with the pulp in the process of manufacture2 or the manufactured paper is dipped into a bath of the colouring substance1 and then hung up to dry4 ,paper1 ,copying4 ,prep4 ,make a stiff ointment with butter or lard and black lead or lamp black1 and smear it thinly and evenly over soft writing paper by means of a piece of flannel2 the next day wipe off the superfluous portion with a piece of soft rag4 ,use1 c4 ,placed on white paper and written on with a style or solid pen1 a copy of the writing is left on the former4 ,by repeating the arrangement1 #b1 #c1 or more copies of a letter may be obtained at once4 ,this paper1 set up in a case1 forms the ordinary #8manifold writer' of the stationers4 ,the copying or transfer paper used for obtaining fac-similes of letters written with #8copying-ink' is merely a superior quality of bank-post paper4 ,paper1 ,emery4 ,see ,,emery4 ,paper1 ,glass4 ,prep4 ,from powdered glass1 as emery paper4 ,used to polish wood1 c4 ,see ,,glass 7,powdered74 ,paper1 ,gout4 ,syn4 ,,charta ,,anti-,,arthritica1 ,l42 ,,papier ,,fayard1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,euphorbium1 #a part2 cantharides1 #b parts 7both in powder72 rectified spirit1 #h parts2 ether1 #c parts2 digest in a stoppered bottle1 with frequent agitation1 for a week2 to the strained tincture add of ,venice turpentine1 #a part2 lastly1 dip thin white paper into it1 and dry the sheets in the air4 #b4 7,mohr47 ,euphorbium1 #a dr42 cantharides1 #d dr42 rectified spirit 7strongest71 #e oz42 make a tincture1 to which add of ,venice turpentine1 #a-a_/b oz41 previously liquefied with resin1 #b oz42 and spread the mixture1 whilst warm1 very thinly on paper4 ,used as a counter-irritant in gout1 rheumatism1 c4 ,paper1 ,hydrographic4 ,an absurd name given to paper which may be written on with simple water or with some colourless liquid having the appearance of water4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture of nut-galls1 #d parts1 and calcined sulphate of iron1 #a part 7both perfectly dry and reduced to very fine powder71 is rubbed over the surface of the paper1 and is then forced into its pores by powerful pressure1 after which the loose portion is brushed off4 ,writes black with a pen dipped in water4 #b4 ,from persulphate of iron and ferrocyanide of potassium1 as the last4 ,writes blue with water4 #c4 ,as the last1 but using sulphate of copper instead of sulphate of iron4 ,writes reddish brown with water4 #d4 ,the paper is wetted with a colourless solution of ferrocyanide of potassium1 and after being dried is written on with a colourless solution of persulphate of iron4 ,writes blue4 ,obs4 ,the above applications1 we need scarcely say1 are more amusing than useful4 ,see ,,sympathetic ,,ink4 ,paper1 ,incombustible4 ,see ,,incombustible ,,fabrics4 ,paper1 ,iridescent4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,sal ammoniac and sulphate of indigo1 of each #a part2 sulphate of iron1 #e parts2 nut-galls1 #h parts2 gum ,arabic1 #a_/hth part2 boil them in water1 and expose the paper washed with the liquid to 7the fumes of7 ammonia4 ,paper1 ,issue4 ,syn4 ,,charta ,,ad ,,fonticulos1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,elemi1 spermaceti1 and ,venice turpentine1 of each #a part2 white wax1 #b parts2 melt them together by a gentle heat1 and spread the mixture on paper4 ,used to keep issues open4 ,paper1 ,lithographic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,starch1 #f oz42 gum ,arabic1 #b oz42 alum1 #a oz42 make a strong solution of each separately1 in hot water1 mix1 strain through gauze1 and apply it whilst still warm to one side of leaves of paper1 with a clean painting-brush or sponge2 a second and a third coat must be given as the preceding one becomes dry2 the paper must be1 lastly1 pressed1 to make it smooth4 #b4 ,give the paper #c coats of thin size1 #a coat of good white starch1 and #a coat of a solution of gamboge in water2 the whole to be applied cold1 with a sponge1 and each coat to be allowed to dry before the other is applied4 ,the solutions should be freshly made4 ,use1 c4 ,lithographic paper is written on with lithographic ink4 ,the writing is transferred by simply moistening the back of the paper1 placing it evenly on the stone1 and then applying pressure a reversed copy is obtained1 which1 when printed from1 yields corrected copies resembling the original writing or drawing4 ,in this way the necessity of executing the writing or drawing in a reversed direction is obviated4 ,see ,,lithography1 ,,ink1 c4 ,paper1 ,paste4 ,boil white paper in water for five hours2 then pour off the water1 and pound the pulp in a mortar2 pass it through a sieve and mix with some gum water or isinglass glue4 ,it is used in modelling by artists and architects4 ,paper1 ,oiled4 ,prep4 ,brush sheets of paper over with #8boiled oil1' and suspend them on a line till dry4 ,waterproof4 ,extensively employed as a cheap substitute for bladder and gut skin to tie over pots and jars1 and to wrap up paste blacking1 ground white lead1 c4 ,paper ,parchment4 ,syn4 ,,papyrin1 ,,vegetable ,,parchment4 ,prep4 #a4 7,poumarde and ,figuier47 ,dip white unsized paper for half a minute in strong sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ahdb1 and afterwards in water containing a little ammonia4 #b4 7,w4 ,e4 ,gaine1 ,patent #aheg47 ,plunge unsized paper for a few seconds into sulphuric acid diluted with half to a quarter its bulk of water 7this solution being of the same temperature as the air71 and afterwards wash with weak ammonia4 ,this process1 now extensively worked by ,messrs ,de la ,rue and ,co41 produces a much better material than does that of ,poumarde and ,figuier4 ,prop4 ,a tough substance1 resembling animal parchment1 and applicable to the same purposes4 ,it is largely used for covering pots of pickles and preserves1 and by the chemist for the intervening membrane in experiments in diffusion4 ,see ,,dialyser1 ,,dialysis1 c4 ,paper1 ,protective4 ,various attempts have from time to time been made to prepare paper which might make the fraudulent alteration of cheques and other documents difficult or impossible4 ,these attempts have taken two different directions1 which may be briefly described4 ,the first and best known method consists in printing1 in some delicate and easily destroyed colour1 a complicated pattern on the face of the paper4 ,any reagent which will remove the writing will1 of course1 destroy the pattern below1 and so render the alteration evident4 ,the cheques used by ,messrs ,coutts and ,co4 are fine examples of this kind of protection1 the whole of the paper being printed over with the name of the firm in characters so delicate1 that they can scarcely be read without the assistance of a lens4 ,the obvious objection to this method is1 that it is possible for a skilful forger to replace the printed design before the completion of the alteration4 ,the other method consists in the introduction into the paper during its manufacture of some substance or mixture of substances which shall strike a characteristic colour when chemical agents are applied to the ink4 ,one of the earliest attempts of this kind was that of ,stephenson1 who introduced ferrocyanide of potassium into the pulp4 ,when any acid was applied to the writing1 ,prussian blue was formed with the aid of the iron of the ink4 ,in another process iodide of potassium and starch were introduced into the paper1 the application of chlorine then producing a blue stain 7iodide of starch71 while in a third 7,robson's7 the pulp was stained with the ingredients of common writing ink4 ,none of these methods gave1 however1 any very efficient protection against fraud1 for in each case it was tolerably easy to restore the paper to its original condition4 ,but another process which followed upon the others has proved more successful1 and1 when properly applied1 gives a paper which is practically secure4 ,this process was patented by ,barclay1 and consists in the introduction into the pulp of ferrocyanide of manganese4 ,when any acid is applied to the writing on this paper the blue stain of ,prussian blue appears4 ,this can1 it is true1 be removed by alkalies1 but in that case the manganese is precipitated as the brown peroxide1 an effect also produced by bleaching powder4 ,this brown stain can be removed by sulphurous acid1 but in that case ,prussian blue appears simultaneously1 so that the forger has merely a choice between a brown and a blue stain4 ,when such paper is printed with a delicate design in some fugitive ink 7common writing ink would be best71 the greatest attainable safety is obtained4 ,ferrocyanide of manganese is easily formed by adding to the pulp pure crystallised chloride of manganese1 and rather more than an equal weight of ferrocyanide of potassium1 both in solution4 7,heaton47 ,paper1 ,razor4 ,smooth unsized paper1 one of the surfaces of which1 whilst in a slightly damp state1 has been rubbed over with a mixture of calcined peroxide of iron and emery1 both in impalpable powder4 ,it is cut up into pieces 7about #e #c inches71 and sold in packets4 ,used to wipe the razor on1 which thus does not require stropping4 ,paper1 ,razor-strop4 ,from emery and quartz 7both in impalpable powder71 and paper pulp 7estimated in the dry state71 equal parts1 made into sheets of the thickness of drawing paper1 by the ordinary process4 ,for use1 a piece is pasted on the strop and moistened with a little oil4 ,paper1 ,resin4 ,syn4 ,,poor-,,man',s ,,plaster2 ,,charta ,,resinosa1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,beeswax1 #a oz42 tar and resin1 of each1 #c oz42 melted together and spread on paper4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,paper thinly spread over with black pitch4 ,calefacient1 stimulant1 and counter-irritant2 in rheumatism1 chest affections1 c4 ,paper1 ,rheumatism4 ,see ,,papers1 ,,gout1 and ,,resin4 ,paper1 ,safety4 ,syn4 ,,papier ,,de ,,suret1 ,fr4 ,white paper pulp mixed with an equal quantity of pulp tinged with any stain easily affected by chlorine1 acids1 alkalies1 c41 and made into sheets as usual4 ,paper1 ,test4 ,syn4 ,,charta ,,exploratoria1 ,l4 ,under this head may be conveniently included all the varieties of prepared paper employed in testing4 ,for this purpose sheets of unsized paper or of good ordinary writing paper 7preferably the first71 are uniformly wetted with a solution of the salt1 or with a cold infusion or decoction of the tinctorial substance in distilled water1 and are then hung up to dry in a current of pure air2 they are1 lastly1 cut into pieces of a convenient size1 and preserved in closed bottles or jars4 ,for use1 a small strip of the prepared paper is either dipped into or moistened with the liquid under examination1 or it is moistened with distilled water and then exposed to the fumes4 ,a single drop1 or even less1 of any liquid may be thus tested4 ,the following are the principal test papers and their applications3---- ,,paper1 ,,brazil-,,wood4 ,from the decoction4 ,alkalies turn it purple or violet2 strong acids1 red4 ,,paper1 ,,buckthorn4 ,from the juice of the berries4 ,reddened by acids4 ,,paper1 ,,cherry-,,juice4 ,as the last4 ,,paper1 ,,dahlia1 ,,georgina ,p4 ,from an infusion of the petals of the violet dahlia 7,georgina purpurea74 ,alkalies turn it green2 acids red2 strong caustic alkalies turn it yellow4 ,very delicate4 ,,paper1 ,,elderberry4 ,from the juice of the berries4 ,as the last4 ,,paper1 ,,indigo4 ,from a solution of indigo4 ,decoloured by chlorine4 ,,paper1 ,,iodine ,,of ,,potassium4 a4 ,from the solution in distilled water4 ,turned blue by an acidulated solution of starch4 b4 ,from a mixture of a solution of iodide of potassium and starch paste4 ,turned blue by chlorine1 ozone1 and the mineral acids1 and by air containing them4 ,,paper1 ,,lead4 ,from a solution of either acetate or diacetate of lead4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen and hydrosulphuret of ammonia turn it black4 ,,paper1 ,,litmus4 ,in general1 this is prepared from infusion of litmus1 without any precaution1 but the following plan may be adopted when a superior test paper is desired2---- a4 7,blue47 ,triturate commercial litmus1 #a oz41 in a wedgwood-ware mortar1 with boiling water1 #c or #d fl4 oz42 put the mixture into a flask1 and add more boiling water until the liquid measures fully #a_/b pint2 agitate the mixture frequently until it is cold1 then filter it1 and divide the filtrate into two equal portions2 stir one of these with a glass rod previously dipped into very dilute sulphuric acid1 and repeat the operation until the litmus infusion begins to look very slightly red1 then add the other half of the filtrate1 and the two being mixed together1 dip strips of unsized paper into the liquid1 in the usual manner1 and dry them4 ,acids turn it red2 alkalies blue4 ,the neutral salts of most of the heavy metals also redden this1 as well as the other blue test papers that are affected by acids4 b4 7,red47 ,the treatment of the whole quantity of the infusion 7see above7 with the rod dipped in dilute sulphuric acid is repeated until the fluid begins to look distinctly red1 when the paper is dipped into it as before4 ,the alkalies and alkaline earths1 and their sulphides1 restore its blue colour2 the alkaline carbonates and the soluble borates also possess the same property4 ,very sensitive4 ,an extemporaneous red litmus paper may be prepared by holding a strip of the blue variety over a pot or jar into which #b or #c drops of hydrochloric acid have been thrown4 ,,paper1 ,,mallow4 ,from an infusion of the purple flowers of the common mallow4 ,affected like #8dahlia paper4' ,,paper1 ,,manganese4 ,from a solution of sulphate of manganese4 ,ozonised air blackens it4 ,,paper1 ,,rhubarb4 ,from a strong infusion of the powdered root4 ,alkalies turn it brown2 but boracic acid and its salts do not affect it4 ,very sensitive4 ,,paper1 ,,rose4 ,from the petals of the red rose1 as the last4 ,alkalies turn it bright green4 ,dr ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor recommends the infusion to be very slightly acidulated with an acid before dipping the paper into it4 ,more sensitive than turmeric paper4 ,,paper1 ,,starch4 ,from a cold decoction of starch4 ,free iodine turns it blue4 ,,paper1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,iron4 ,from a solution of ferrous sulphate4 ,as a test for hydrocyanic acid and the soluble cyanides4 ,,paper1 ,,turmeric4 ,from decoction of turmeric 7#b oz4 to the pint74 ,it is turned brown by alkalies1 and by boracic acid and the soluble borates4 ,it is not quite so susceptible as some other tests1 but the change of colour is very marked and characteristic4 ,paper1 ,tracing4 ,prep4 ,open a quire of smooth unsized white paper1 and place it flat upon a table1 then apply1 with a clean #8sash tool1' to the upper surface of the first sheet1 a coat of varnish made of equal parts of ,canada balsam and oil of turpentine1 and hang the prepared sheet across the line to dry2 repeat the operation on fresh sheets until the proper quantity is finished4 ,if not sufficiently transparent1 a second coat of varnish may be applied as soon as the first has become quite dry4 #b4 ,rub the paper with a mixture of equal parts of nut oil and oil of turpentine1 and dry it immediately by rubbing it with wheaten flour2 then hang it on a line for #bd hours to dry4 ,obs4 ,both the above are used to copy drawings1 writing1 c4 ,if washed over with ox-gall and dried1 they may be written on with ink or water colours4 ,the first is the whitest and clearest1 but the second is the toughest and most flexible4 ,the paper prepared from the refuse of the flax-mills1 and of which banknotes are made1 is also called #8tracing paper1' and sometimes #8vegetable paper4' ,this requires no preparation2 but though very flexible1 it has little strength4 ,paper1 ,varnished4 ,before proceeding to varnish paper1 card-work1 pasteboard1 c41 it is necessary to give it #b or #c coats of size1 to prevent the absorption of the varnish1 and any injury to the colour or design4 ,the size may be made by dissolving a little isinglass in boiling water1 or by boiling some clean parchment cuttings until they form a clear solution4 ,this1 after being strained through a piece of clean muslin1 or1 for very nice purposes1 clarified with a little white of egg1 is applied by means of a small clean brush called by painters a sash tool4 ,a light1 delicate touch must be adopted1 especially for the first coat1 lest the ink or colours be started1 or smothered4 ,when the prepared surface is perfectly dry1 it may be varnished in the usual manner4 ,see ,,maps1 ,,varnish1 c4 ,paper1 ,wafer4 ,see ,,wafers4 ,paper1 ,waxed4 ,prep4 ,place cartridge paper1 or strong writing paper1 on a hot iron plate1 and rub it well with a lump of beeswax4 ,used to form extemporaneous steam or gas pipes1 to cover the joints of vessels1 and to tie over pots1 c4 ,,paper ,,hang,,ings4 ,the ornamental paper used to cover the walls of rooms1 c4 ,under the old system1 the paper1 after being sized and prepared with a ground colour1 had the pattern produced on it by the common process of #8stencilling1' a separate plate being employed for each colour that formed the pattern4 ,to this succeeded the use of wooden blocks1 the surface of which bearing the design in relief1 and being covered with colour1 was applied by simple hand pressure on the paper1 in a precisely similar manner to that adopted in the block-printing of calicoes4 ,the cylinder calico-printing machine has now been successfully applied to the manufacture of paper hangings4 ,the colours employed for paper hangings are---- ,,blacks4----,frankfort1 ivory1 and blue black4 ,,blues4 ,prussian blue1 verditer1 and factitious ultramarine4 ,,browns4 ,umber 7raw and burnt71 and mixtures4 ,,grays4 ,prussian blue and blue black1 with ,spanish white4 ,,greens4 ,brunswick green1 ,scheele's g41 ,schweinfurt g41 and green verditer2 also mixtures of blues and yellows4 ,,reds4 ,decoctions of ,brazil wood 7chiefly71 brightened with alum or solution of tin2 the red ochres2 and1 sometimes1 red lake4 ,,violets4 ,decoction of logwood and alum2 also blues tempered with bright red4 ,,yellows4 ,chrome yellow1 decoction of ,french berries or of weld1 terra di sienna1 and the ochres4 ,,whites4 ,white lead1 sulphate of baryta1 plaster of ,paris1 and whiting1 and mixtures of them4 ,the vehicle employed to give adhesiveness and body to the colours is a solution of gelatin or glue1 sufficiently strong to gelatinise on cooling4 ,the satiny lustre observable in some paper hangings 7,,satin ,,papers7 is produced by dusting finely powdered ,french chalk over the surface1 and rubbing it strongly with a brush or burnisher4 ,the ground for this purpose is prepared with plaster4 ,,flock and ,,velvet ,,papers are produced by covering the surface of the pattern with a mordant formed with boiled oil thickened with white lead or ochre1 and then sprinkling powdered woollen flocks on it4 ,these are previously dyed1 and ground to the required fineness in a mill4 ,,papier-,m,,ch4 ,pulped paper moulded into forms4 ,it possesses great strength and lightness4 ,it may be rendered partially waterproof by the addition of sulphate of iron1 quicklime1 and glue or white of egg to the pulp2 and incombustible by the addition of borax and phosphate of soda4 ,the papier-mch tea-trays1 waiters1 snuff-boxes1 c41 are prepared by pasting or glueing sheets of paper together1 and then submitting them to powerful pressure1 by which the composition acquires the hardness of board when dry4 ,such articles are afterwards japanned1 and are then perfectly waterproof4 ,the refuse of the cotton and flax mills1 and numerous other substances of a like character1 are now worked up as papier-mch1 and the manufactured articles formed of them are indistinguishable from those prepared directly from paper4 ,,papin',s ,,digester is a strong1 closed1 iron vessel1 in which water can be heated above #bab ,f41 thereby acquiring a temperature that adds considerably to its solvent powers4 ,this apparatus is put to many useful applications in the arts1 of which one is the speedy extraction of gelatin from the earthy matter of bones4 ,the bones may be boiled for hours at #bab without any such effect being produced4 ,the high temperature acquired by the water is effected by the confinement of the steam1 the internal pressure of which can be regulated by means of a safety valve attached to the vessel4 ,by this arrangement the water may be kept at any uniform temperature above #bab at pleasure4 ,professor ,junichen#ia recommends the use of the digester for the purpose of boiling meat and other food4 ,it appears from the author's experiments that the time for cooking various articles of daily consumption is much shorter when effected under strong pressure1 while a great saving of fuel is also effected4 ,footnote #ia3 #8,chemical ,news4' ,,papy,,rin4 ,see ,,paper 7,parchment74 ,,par,,achute4 ,in arostation1 an instrument or apparatus having for its object to retard the descent of heavy bodies through the air4 ,the only form of parachute which has been hitherto adopted with success is that of the common umbrella when extended4 ,the materials of which the apparatus is made are canvas and cord1 both light but strong1 and carefully put together4 ,the car to contain the adventurer resembles that of the balloon1 only smaller4 ,it is estimated that a circular parachute1 to descend in safety with an adult1 weighing1 with the apparatus1 #bbe lbs41 must have a diameter of at least #cj feet4 ,its terminal velocity would then be at the rate of #ab to #ac feet per second1 or about #f-a_/b miles per hour2 and the shock experienced on contact with the earth would be equal to that which the aronaut would receive if he dropped freely from a height about #b-a_/b feet4 ,several descents from balloons1 after they have acquired a great elevation1 have been effected without accident by means of parachutes4 ,unfortunately1 however1 any want of integrity in the machine1 or any accident which may happen to it after its detachment from the balloon1 is irreparable and fatal4 ,,paracyan,,ogen4 ,the brown solid matter left in the retort when cyanide of mercury is decomposed by heat4 ,it is isomeric with cyanogen4 ,,paraffin4 ,syn4 ,,tar-,,oil ,,stearin4 ,this remarkable hydrocarbon is one of the several substances discovered by ,reichenbach in ,,wood-,,tar4 ,prep4 #a4 7,from ,,wood-,,tar4 ,reichenbach47 ,distil beech-tar to dryness1 rectify the oily portion of the product which is heavier than water until a thick matter begins to rise1 then change the receiver1 and moderately urge the heat as long as anything passes over2 next digest the product in the second receiver1 in an equal measure of alcohol of #hcc1 gradually add #f or #g parts more of alcohol1 and expose the whole to a low temperature2 crystals of paraffin will gradually fall down1 which1 after being washed in cold alcohol1 must be dissolved in boiling alcohol1 when crystals of pure paraffin will be deposited as the solution cools4 #b4 7,from ,,coal----,james ,young1 ,patent #ahej47 ,the details of this process for obtaining paraffin and its congeners by the slow distillation of coal 7preferably #8,boghead'7 are given in our article on ,,paraffin ,,oil4 ,the solid paraffin is separated from the last products1 or #8heavy oils1' by artificial cold2 it is then melted and run into moulds4 #c4 7,from ,,rangoon ,,petroleum----,patent47 ,in this process1 which is worked by ,price's ,candle ,company1 superheated steam is employed as the heating agent4 ,the paraffin1 or #8,,belmontine1' as it is called1 is the last product which distils over4 #d4 7,from ,,peat47 ,the various processes which have been suggested for obtaining paraffin from peat1 turf1 c41 are similar in principle to ,young's4 ,the great point is to conduct the distillation at as low a temperature as possible4 ,prop4 ,a white1 hard1 translucent body1 melting at #aaj ,fahr4 and upwards1 according to its source1 and burning with a bright white flame4 ,it has great stability----sulphuric acid1 chlorine1 and nitric acid below #bab exerting no action upon it4 ,dr ,anderson states that its composition and properties vary with the source from which it is derived4 ,with respect to the melting point1 this variation is very remarkable4 ,thus1 ,young's paraffin1 from ,boghead coal1 melts1 according to the observations of ,dr ,anderson1 at #aad1 while that from ,rangoon petroleum 7#8belmontine'7 melts at #adj1 and that from turf at #aaf4 ,uses4 ,paraffin is now largely used for making candles1 for which purpose it is specially adapted1 being a most elegant substance1 and surpassing all other candle materials1 even spermaceti1 in illuminating power4 ,its property of not being acted upon by acids or alkalies renders it suitable for stoppers for vessels holding chemical liquids2 also for electrotype moulds4 ,it is not acted upon by ozone1 so that it has been employed with great advantages in experiments on this body for rendering air-tight the joints formed by the union of glass tubes4 ,as it contains no oxygen1 it might be employed to protect oxydisable metals like sodium and potassium from contact with the air4 ,one use of paraffin candle-ends will commend them to the ladies of the household----a small piece of paraffin added to starch will be found to give a gloss and brilliancy of surface to the starched linen that can be obtained by no other addition4 ,,paraffin ,,oil4 ,see ,,oils4 ,,paral,,ysis4 ,syn4 ,,palsy4 ,a loss or considerable diminution of power of voluntary motion1 or functional action1 of any part of the body4 ,in its most usual form one side only of the body is affected4 ,it not uncommonly seizes the lower extremities1 or all parts below the pelvis2 sometimes the arms only2 and occasionally a part1 as one side of the face1 one eyelid1 the tongue1 or the muscles of deglutition4 ,in these cases the speech frequently becomes indistinct and incoherent1 and the memory and judgment impaired1 whilst the distorted features assume a more or less revolting aspect4 ,the causes of paralysis are various4 ,it may be occasioned by pressure on particular parts of the brain1 the spinal marrow1 or the nerves2 by poisons1 the long-continued use of sedatives1 local injuries1 the sudden suppression of profuse and habitual evacuations1 and by whatever tends to greatly relax or enervate the system4 ,it may also be a consequence of an attack of apoplexy1 or it may be symptomatic of other diseases1 as scrofula1 syphilis1 and worms4 ,when it is of a distinctly local character it may arise from excessive use or undue employment of the part or organ4 ,that of old age is1 probably1 a mere consequence of the failing nervous energy of the system being unequally distributed4 ,palsy usually comes on with a sudden and immediate loss of the motion and sensibility of the parts2 but in a few instances it is preceded by a numbness1 coldness1 and paleness2 and sometimes by slight convulsive twitches4 ,if the disease affects the extremities1 and has been of long duration1 it not only produces a loss of motion and sensibility1 but likewise a considerable flaccidity and wasting away of the muscles of the parts affected4 ,when palsy attacks any vital part1 such as the brain1 heart1 or lungs1 it soon terminates in death4 ,the treatment of paralysis depends upon a careful consideration of its cause4 ,the first object should be1 as far as possible1 to remove any compressing force1 and to gradually arouse the torpid portion of the nervous system4 ,in general1 more or less depletion will be found beneficial1 together with rather active purgation1 and nervous stimulants1 as ammonia1 musk1 c4 ,blisters to the head and neck are also appropriate4 ,with the debilitated and aged1 venesection must be avoided4 ,stimulant and rubefacient frictions and liniments1 the vapour bath1 and other like remedies1 also frequently prove useful4 ,in local attacks of the disease1 as the loss of use of one of the hands1 arms1 legs1 c41 no agent has proved so generally successful as voltaic electricity4 ,for this purpose the current should be in one direction only1 and continued uninterruptedly for some time daily4 ,when the direction of the current is alternate1 with slight shocks1 as in the common coil machine1 this agent is of doubtful utility1 except for occasional use4 ,in all cases medical aid should be sought as early as possible4 ,,paranaph,,thalin4 ,syn4 ,,anthracen4 ,see ,,anthracen4 ,,parapec,,tin4 ,see ,,pectin4 ,,par,,asites4 ,the parasitical animals that infest the human body are referred to under the heads ,,acari and ,,pediculi4 ,parasites1 ,human4 ,the following is a list of the principal parasites infesting man4 ,it is extracted from the #8,dictionary of ,hygine1' of ,wynter ,blyth1 who states that he has arranged it1 with some slight alterations1 from a table in ,dr ,aitken's #8,science and ,practice of ,medicine4' ,the two first divisions include animal parasites1 the third vegetable ones4 ,no4 #a1 or ,entozoa1 are animal parasites found inside the human body2 ,no4 #b1 those found outside2 ,no4 #c1 consisting of vegetable parasites1 comprises ,entophyta and ,epiphyta1 the former existing in the interior1 and the latter on the exterior of the human body4 ,some of the principal parasites have already been described and figured in these pages4 ,i4 ,entozoa4 ,acephalocystis endogena1 liver4 0 multifida1 brain4 ,anchylostomum1 seu ,sclerostoma duodenale1 intestines4 ,anthomia canicularis1 intestines4 ,ascaris alata 0 0 lumbricoides 0 0 mystax 0 ,bilharzia seu ,distoma hmatobia1 portal and venous system4 ,bothriocephalus cordatus1 intestines4 0 latus 0 ,cysticercus cellulos1 seu tel cellulos 7,c4 of ,tenia solium71 muscles4 ,cysticercus of ,tni marginata 7,c4 tenuicollis71 intestines4 ,dactylius aculeatus1 urinary bladder4 ,diplosoma crenatus4 ,distoma seu ,distomum crassum1 duodenum4 0 hepaticum seu ,fasciola hepatica1 gallbladder4 0 heterophryes1 intestines4 0 lanceolatum1 hepatic duct 0 oculi humani seu ophthalmobium1 capsule of crystalline4 ,ditrachycerus rudus1 intestines4 ,echinococcus hominis 7hydatid of ,tnia echinococcus71 liver1 spleen1 and omentum4 ,filaria bronchialis seu trachealis1 bronchial glands4 0 seu dracunculus medinensis1 skin and areolar tissue4 0 sanguinis hominis1 blood4 0 oculi seu lentis1 eye4 ,hexathrydium pinguicola1 ovary4 0 venarum1 venous system4 ,monostoma lentis1 crystalline4 strus hominis1 intestines4 ,oxyuris vermicularis1 0 ,pentastoma constrictum1 intestines and liver4 0 denticulatum1 intestines4 ,polystroma pinguicola1 ovary4 0 sanguicola seu verarum1 venous system4 ,spiroptera hominis1 urinary bladder4 ,strongylus seu ,eustrongylus bronchialus1 bronchial tubes4 0 seu ,eustrongylus gigas 7,acarus renalis71 kidney and intestines4 ,tnia acanthotrias1 intestines4 0 elliptica1 0 0 flavopuncta1 0 0 lophosoma1 0 0 mediocanellata1 0 0 nana1 intestines and liver4 0 solium1 intestines4 ,tetrastoma renale1 kidney4 ,trichina spiralis1 muscles4 ,tricocephalus dispar1 intestines4 ,,ii4 ,ectozoa4 ,demodex seu ,acarus folliculorum1 sebaceous substance of cutaneous follicles4 ,pediculus capitas 7head louse74 0 corporis seu vestimenti 7body louse74 0 palpebrarum 7brow louse74 0 pubis1 ,phthirius inguinalis 7crab-louse74 0 tubescetium1 phthiriasis 7lousy disease74 ,pulex penetrans 7chigo71 skin1 cellular tissue4 ,sarcoptes seu ,acarus scabiei 7itch insect71 scabies4 ,,iii4 ,entophyta and ,epiphyta4 ,achorion ,lebertii 7,tricophyton tonsurans71 ,tinea tonsurans4 0 ,schnleinii1 ,tinea favosa4 ,chionyphe ,carteri 7fungus of ,mycetoma71 deep tissues1 bones of hands and feet4 ,leptothrix buccalis 7alga of the mouth74 ,microsporon ,audouini1 ,tinea decalvans4 0 ,furfur1 ,tinea versicolor4 0 mentagrophytes1 follicles of hair in sycosis or mentagra4 ,odium albicans 7thrush fungus71 mouth1 mucous1 and cutaneous surfaces4 ,puccinia favi1 ,tinea favosa4 ,sarcina ventriculi1 stomach4 ,torula cerevisi 7,cryptococcus cerevisi1 yeast plant71 stomach1 bladder1 c4 ,tricophyton sporulodes1 ,tinea polornia4 ,,paratartar,,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,racemic ,,acid4 ,,parch,,ment4 ,see ,,vellum1 and ,,paper 7,parchment74 ,,parchment ,,paper4 ,see ,,paper4 ,,paregor,,ic4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,camphor 7,compound74 ,paregoric ,scotch4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,opium 7,ammoniated74 ,,parei,,ra ,,bra,,va4 ,see ,,velvet ,,leaf4 ,,parr4 ,a name applied to the salmon until near the end of its second year1 when it loses its dark lateral bars by the superaddition of a silvery pigment4 ,it was formerly regarded as a distinct species4 ,,pars,,ley4 ,syn4 ,,petroselinum1 ,l4 ,this well-known herb is the ,apium petroselinum4 ,the root is diuretic2 the fruit 7seed7 carminative2 the leaves are a pleasant stimulating salad and condiment1 and are much used to flavour broth and soup4 8,the fruit is a deadly poison to parrots40 7,lind4 ex ,burnett47 ,,pars,,nip4 ,the root of ,pastinacea sativa4 ,the parsnip is native to ,england and ,ireland1 but does not grow in ,scotland4 ,it is likewise met with in many parts of ,europe and in northern ,asia4 ,in the wild state the root is somewhat acrid1 and injurious effects have been known to have followed its use as a food4 ,by cultivation1 however1 it loses both its acridity and dangerous properties1 and forms a table vegetable1 not in universal favour4 ,in the ,channel ,islands parsnips constitute the winter food of cows2 and these animals when fed upon them are said to yield butter of a better quality than can be obtained from them when partaking of any other fodder4 ,the flesh of cattle fed on the parsnip is also highly commended4 ,in the ,north of ,ireland the juice of the root1 mixed with hops and yeast1 is made into a fermented liquor4 ,parsnip wine is an agreeable alcoholic beverage4 ,composition of the ,parsnip4 ,nitrogenous matter #aa ,starch #if ,sugar #eh ,fat #je ,salts #aj ,water #hbj ------------ #ajjj ,,paste4 ,syn4 ,,pasta1 ,l42 ,p,,te1 ,fr4 ,this word is very loosely applied to substances and preparations differing so widely from each other1 that it would be scarcely possible to class them together4 ,we shall1 therefore1 refer the reader to the individual articles4 ,the pastes 7ptes7 of ,french pharmacy are compound medicines of the consistence of hard dough1 and which do not stick to the fingers4 ,they are formed of sugar and gum1 dissolved in water or in some medicated liquid4 ,they are evaporated so as to unite these principles by degrees1 and give them the pliancy and the firmness of paste4 ,they are employed internally in doses more or less variable in a similar manner to lozenges4 8,ptes1 properly so called1 are divided into transparent1 or such as are made without agitation1 like jujubes of brown liquorice2 and opaque1 or such as are made with agitation1 like the ptes of marshmallow1 lichen1 c40 7,trousseau and ,reveil47 ,see ,,pastes 7,artificial ,gems71 ,,pastry1 and below4 ,paste1 ,adhesive4 ,let #d parts1 by weight1 of glue soften in #ae parts of cold water for fifteen hours1 after which the mixture must be moderately heated until it becomes quite clear4 ,to this mixture #fe parts of boiling water are to be added without stirring4 ,in another vessel #cj parts of starch paste are stirred up with #bj parts of cold water1 so that a thin milky fluid is obtained without lumps4 ,into this the boiling glue solution is poured1 with constant stirring1 and the whole is kept at the boiling temperature4 ,when cooled the #aj drops of carbolic acid are to be added to the paste4 ,this paste possesses great adhesive power1 and may be used for leather1 paper1 or cardboard with great success4 ,it must be preserved in closed bottles to prevent evaporation of the water1 and will1 in this way1 keep good for years4 7#8,dingler's ,journal4'7 ,paste1 ,almond4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,amygdalina1 ,p4 ,,amygdalarum1 ,p4 ,,regia1 ,l42 ,p,,te ,,royale1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,moist47----a4 ,take of blanched ,valentia almonds1 #d oz42 reduce them to a very smooth paste by patient pounding in a clean mortar1 adding1 towards the last1 a little rose water1 with some eau de ,cologne1 or #c or #d drops of otto of roses or neroli1 or an equivalent quantity of any other perfume1 according to the fancy of the artiste4 b4 ,from bitter and sweet almonds 7blanched71 equal parts2 rose water1 q4 s4 ,it requires no other perfume4 c4 ,to either of the preceding add of spermaceti1 #a_/b oz4 ,the white of an egg1 or #a_/d oz4 of white soap1 is added by some makers4 ,with about #a_/b dr4 of powdered camphor to each oz4 of the above it forms the #8camphorated almond paste' of the shops4 d4 ,take fine ,narbonne honey and white bitter paste 7see below71 of each #a lb42 beat them to a smooth paste1 then add1 in alternate portions1 of oil of almonds1 #b lbs42 yolks of #e eggs2 and reduce the whole to a perfectly homogeneous pasty mass4 ,much esteemed4 ,it is commonly sold under the name of #8honey paste1' #8pte royale1' c4 ,in a similar manner are made nosegay1 orange1 rose1 vanilla1 and other like pastes having almonds for a basis1 by merely adding the respective perfumes4 #b4 7,,pulverulent47----a4 7,gray47 ,prepared from the cake of bitter almonds from which the oil has been thoroughly expressed by drying1 grinding1 and sifting it4 b4 7,bitter white47 ,as the last1 but the almonds are blanched before being pressed4 c4 7,sweet white47 ,as the last1 but using sweet almonds4 ,obs4 ,all the above are used as cosmetics1 to soften and whiten the skin1 prevent chaps1 abrasions1 chilblains1 c4 ,the honey paste1 and the sweet and bitter white pastes1 are those most esteemed4 7,see below47 ,paste1 ,almond4 7,in confectionery47 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of ,valentia almonds1 #c lbs42 bitter do41 #a_/d lb42 blanch them1 and reduce them to a very smooth paste by pounding1 then put them into a clean copper pan along with white sugar and good gum ,arabic1 of each #a lb4 7the last previously dissolved in about a pint of water27 apply a gentle heat1 and stir until the whole is mixed and has acquired a proper consistence1 then pour it out on a smooth1 oiled1 marble slab1 and when cold cut it into squares4 #b4 ,as the last1 but when the mixture has acquired the consistence of thick honey1 setting it aside to cool2 when nearly cold1 the whites of #f eggs are to be added1 and heat being again gradually applied1 the whole is to be stirred until it acquires the proper consistence1 as before4 #c4 ,blanched sweet almonds and white sugar1 of each #a lb42 blanched bitter almonds and powdered gum1 of each #c oz42 beat them1 in the cold1 to a perfectly smooth paste1 with orange-flower water or rose water1 q4 s41 so that it may be sufficiently stiff not to stick to the fingers1 and then cut the mass into squares1 as before4 ,the above are eaten as confections4 ,paste1 ,anchovy4 ,prep4 ,remove the larger bones from the fish1 and then pound them to a smooth paste in a marble mortar1 adding a little bay-salt and cayenne pepper at will2 next rub the pulp through a fine hair sieve1 and about #c-dths fill the pots with it2 lastly1 cover the surface of each to the depth of about #a_/h inch with good butter in a melted state4 ,it should be kept in a cool situation4 ,other fish pastes1 as those of bloaters1 lobsters1 shrimps1 caviare1 c41 are made in a similar manner4 ,paste1 ,arsenical4 ,see ,,caustics1 ,,patent ,,medicines1 and ,,powders4 ,paste1 ,baudry's4 ,see ,,paste1 ,,pectoral 7below74 ,paste1 ,bird4 ,see ,,german ,,paste4 ,paste1 ,black ,currant4 ,as black currant lozenges1 but simply cutting the mass into dice or square4 ,paste1 ,carrageen4 ,prep4 ,from ,irish moss1 as the lichen paste of the ,p4 ,cod4 7see below74 ,paste1 ,chinese4 ,prep4 ,from bullock's blood1 #aj lbs41 reduced to dryness by a gentle heat1 then powdered1 and mixed with quicklime1 also in fine powder1 #a lb4 ,it is used as a cement1 made into a paste with water1 and at once applied4 ,paste of ,chloride of ,zinc4 ,see ,,caustics4 ,paste of ,dates4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,dactylifer1 ,p4 ,,dactylorum1 ,l42 ,p,,tes ,,de ,,dattes1 ,fr4 ,from dates 7stoned71 as jujube paste4 ,pectoral1 and slightly astringent4 ,paste of gum ,senegal is usually sold for it4 ,paste1 ,de ,handel's4 ,prep4 ,from opium1 #a_/b dr42 camphor1 #a dr4 7both in powder72 extracts of belladonna and henbane1 of each #a dr42 oil of cajeput and tincture of cantharides1 of each #aj or #ab drops2 distilled water of opium 7or of lettuce71 q4 s4 ,in toothache4 ,paste1 ,depilatory4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,epilatoria1 ,l4 ,several preparations of this character are noticed at pages #eeb-c4 #a4 ,a mixture of slacked lime1 #b parts1 and water1 #c parts1 saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 is said to be so powerful1 that 8a layer a line in thickness denudes the scalp in three minutes40 7,beasley47 #b4 7,payan47 ,powdered sulphate of copper made into a soft paste with yolk of egg4 ,paste of ,figs4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,caricarum1 ,p4 ,,ficaria1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from figs1 as jujube paste4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,pulp of figs1 #a part2 press it through a sieve1 mix it with powdered sugar1 #d parts1 concentrated by a gentle heat 7if necessary71 roll the mass out1 and cut it into squares or lozenges4 ,paste1 ,flour4 ,syn4 ,,colle ,,de ,p,,te1 ,fr4 ,from wheaten flour4 ,paper-hangers1 shoemakers1 c41 usually add to the flour #a_/f to #a_/d of its weight of finely powdered resin4 ,it is then sometimes called #8hard paste4' ,the addition of a few drops of creasote or oil of cloves1 or a little powered camphor1 colocynth1 or corrosive sublimate 7especially the first two and the last71 will prevent insects from attacking it1 and preserve it in covered vessels for years4 ,should it get too hard1 it may be softened with water4 ,see ,,cements4 ,paste1 ,fruit4 ,prep4 #a4 ,to each pint of the strained juice add of gum ,arabic1 #a oz41 gently evaporate to the consistence of a syrup1 and add an equal weight of bruised white sugar2 as soon as the whole is united1 pour it out on an oiled slab1 and1 when cold enough1 cut it into pieces4 #b4 ,citric acid1 #c_/d oz42 gum ,arabic1 #f oz42 white sugar1 #c_/d lb42 water1 q4 s42 dissolve1 and flavour with any of the fruit essences4 ,it may be coloured with any pf the stains used for confectionery or liqueurs4 #c4 ,as fruit lozenges4 ,paste1 ,furniture4 ,see ,,polish4 ,paste1 ,glove4 ,see ,,ganteine4 ,paste of ,gum ,arabic4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,gummi1 ,l42 ,p,,te ,,de ,,gomme1 ,p4 ,,de ,g4 ,,arabique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as marshmallow paste1 omitting the mallow roots4 #b4 ,gum ,arabic 7picked71 #a lb42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 add of white sugar1 #a lb42 evaporate by a gentle heat to a very thick syrup1 then add the whites of #c eggs1 previously beaten up with orange-flower water1 #a fl4 oz41 and strained through muslin1 and continue the heat with constant stirring1 until of a proper consistence on being cooled4 ,the last two are commonly sold for marshmallow paste 7pte de guimauve74 #c4 7,transparent47 ,from gum ,arabic 7picked71 #a lb42 cold water1 #a pint2 white sugar1 #a-a_/d lb42 proceed as the last1 adding orange-flower water #a fl4 oz41 towards the end4 ,often sold under the name of #8white jujubes4' ,paste of ,gum ,senegal4 ,syn4 ,p,,te ,,de ,,gomme ,,senegal1 ,fr4 ,as jujube paste1 without the fruit4 ,paste1 ,honey4 ,see ,,paste1 ,,almond4 ,paste1 ,jujube4 ,syn4 ,,jujubes1 ,,jujube ,,lozenges2 ,,pasta ,,jujub1 ,l42 ,p,,te ,,de ,,jujubes1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,jujubes 7the fruit71 #a lb42 water1 #d lbs42 boil #a_/b hour1 strain with expression1 settle1 decant the clear portion1 and clarify it with white of egg2 add a strained solution of gum ,arabic1 #f lbs41 in water1 #h lbs41 and to the mixture add of white sugar1 #e lbs42 gently evaporate1 at first constantly stirring1 and afterwards without stirring1 to the consistence of a soft extract1 then add of orange-flower water1 #f fl4 oz41 and place the pan in a vessel of boiling water4 ,in #ab hours carefully remove the scum1 pour the matter into slightly oiled tin moulds1 and finish the evaporation 7hardening7 in a stove heated to #ajd1 ,fahr4 ,it is commonly coloured with beet-root1 cochineal1 or saffron4 ,expectorant2 in coughs1 c4 ,paste of gum ,arabic is usually sold for it4 ,paste1 ,lichen4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,lichenis1 ,l42 ,p,,te ,,de ,,lichen1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,iceland moss1 #a lb42 water1 q4 s42 heat them to nearly the boiling-point1 strain with pressure1 reject the liquor1 and boil the moss in fresh water1 q4 s41 for #a hour2 strain1 press1 add of gum ,arabic1 #e lbs42 white sugar1 #d lbs41 and evaporate to a proper consistence1 as above4 ,pectoral4 ,with the addition of #a_/b gr4 of extract of opium to each oz41 it forms the opiated lichen paste4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,paste1 liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,liquorice ,,jujubes2 ,,pasta ,,glycirrhiz1 ,l42 ,p,,te ,,de ,r,,glisse1 ,p4 ,,de ,r4 ,,noire1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,refined juice and white sugar1 of each #a lb42 gum ,arabic1 #b lbs42 water1 #c quarts2 dissolve1 strain1 evaporate considerably1 and1 of finely powdered orris root1 #a_/b oz42 oil of aniseed or essence of cedrat1 a few drops1 and pour the paste upon an oiled slab1 or into moulds1 as before4 #b4 7,brown2 ,p,,sta ,g4 ,,fusca2 ,p,,te ,,de ,r4 ,,brune47 ,refined juice1 #d oz42 white sugar1 #b lbs42 gum ,arabic1 #c lbs42 water1 #d pints2 proceed as last4 #c4 7,opiated2 ,p,,te ,,de ,r4 ,,opiace4----,p ,cod47 ,to the last add of extract of opium1 #ae gr4 #d4 7,white2 ,p,,te ,,de ,r,,glisse ,,blanche47 ,as ,no4 #b1 substituting the powder of the decorticated root for the extract4 ,all the above are pectoral2 the second is also slightly anodyne4 ,they are useful in tickling coughs1 hoarseness1 c4 ,paste1 ,london4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,londinensis4 ,equal parts of caustic soda and unslaked lime4 ,reduce to a fine powder in a warm mortar1 and mix intimately4 ,keep it in well closed bottles1 and when required for use take as much as is sufficient1 and make it into a paste with water4 ,paste1 ,marsh-mallow4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,alth1 ,l42 ,p,,te ,,de ,,guimauve1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod4 #ahaf47 ,decorticated marshmallow root 7,french71 #d oz42 water1 #a_/b gall42 macerate for #ab hours1 strain1 add white sugar and gum ,arabic1 of each #b-a_/b lbs42 dissolve1 strain1 evaporate without boiling to the thickness of honey1 constantly stirring1 and add1 gradually1 the whites of #ab eggs1 well beaten with orange-flower water1 #d fl4 oz41 and strained2 continue the evaporation and constant stirring until the mass is so firm as not to adhere to the fingers1 then proceed as before4 ,obs4 ,it should be very white1 light1 and spongy4 ,in the ,p4 ,codex of #ahci the marshmallow root is omitted1 and the name is changed to that of #8pte de gomme1' a compound long sold for it in the shops4 ,both are agreeable pectorals4 ,see ,,paste ,,of ,,gum ,,arabic4 ,paste1 ,odontalgic4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,odontalgica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pellitory 7in powder71 #a dr42 hydrochlorate of morphia1 #c gr42 triturate2 add1 of honey1 #b dr42 and oil of cloves1 #f drops4 #b4 ,powdered mastic1 pellitory1 and white sugar1 of each #a dr42 chloroform1 q4 s4 to form a paste4 ,it must be kept in a stoppered bottle4 ,see ,,toothache1 and below4 ,paste1 ,orange4 ,prep4 ,from orange flowers1 #b lbs42 bitter and sweet almonds1 of each blanched1 #b-a_/b lbs42 beaten to a perfectly smooth paste4 ,an agreeable cosmetic4 ,see ,,paste1 ,,almond4 ,paste1 ,orgeat4 ,prep4 ,from blanched ,jordan almonds1 #a lb42 blanched bitter a4 and white sugar and honey1 of each #a_/d lb42 beaten to a paste1 with orange-flower water1 q4 s4 7or neroli1 a few drops71 and put into pots4 ,as a cosmetic or to make orgeat milk4 ,for use1 rub #a oz4 with #a_/b pint of water1 and strain through muslin4 ,paste1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,pectoralis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p,,te ,,pectorale ,,de ,,baudry47 ,take of gum ,arabic and white sugar of each #g lbs42 water1 q4 s42 dissolve1 add of extract of liquorice1 #c oz42 evaporate1 add of extract of lettuce1 #b dr42 balsam of tolu1 #a-a_/d oz42 orange-flower water1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 white of #d eggs2 oil of citrons1 #e or #f drops4 #b4 7,p,,te ,,pectorale ,,balsamique ,,de ,,regnault47 ,from the flowers of coltsfoot1 cudweed1 marrow1 and red poppy1 of each1 #a oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil1 strain2 add1 of gum ,arabic1 #cj oz42 white sugar1 #bj oz42 dissolve1 concentrate1 add of tincture of tolu1 #c fl4 dr41 and pour the mixture on an oiled slab4 #c4 7,,anisated ,,coltsfoot ,,paste2 ,p,,te ,,de ,,tussilage ,l',,anis47 ,from a strong decoction of coltsfoot flowers1 #a quart2 ,spanish juice1 #a_/b lb42 dissolve1 strain1 evaporate as before1 and towards the end add of oil of aniseed1 #a dr4 ,all the above are useful in hoarseness1 coughs1 c4 ,paste1 ,phosphor4 ,see ,,rats4 ,paste1 ,polishing4 ,prep4 #a4 7,for copper and brass47 ,see ,,brass ,,paste4 #b4 7,for iron and steel47 ,from emery 7in fine powder7 and lard1 equal parts4 #c4 7,for pewter47 ,from powdered ,bath brick1 #b parts2 soft soap1 #a part2 water1 q4 s4 to make a paste4 ,used with a little water1 and afterwards well rinsed off4 #d4 7,for furniture47 ,see ,,polish4 ,paste1 ,razor4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from jeweller's rouge1 plumbago1 and suet1 equal parts1 melted together and stirred until cold4 #b4 ,from prepared putty powder 7levigated oxide of tin71 #c parts2 lard1 #b parts2 crocus martis1 #a part2 triturated together4 #c4 ,prepared putty powder1 #a oz42 powdered oxalic acid1 #a_/d oz42 powdered gum1 #bj grs42 make a stiff paste with water1 q4 s41 and evenly and thinly spread it over the strop1 the other side of which should be covered with any of the common greasy mixtures4 ,with very little friction this paste gives a fine edge to the razor1 and its action is still further increased by slightly moistening it1 or even breathing on it4 ,immediately after its use1 the razor should receive a few turns on the other side of the strop4 #d4 ,diamond dust1 jeweller's rouge1 and plumbago1 of each #a part2 suet1 #b parts4 ,powdered quartz is generally substituted for diamond dust1 but is much less effective4 #e4 7,mechi's47 ,emery 7reduced to an impalpable powder71 #d parts2 deer suet1 #a part2 well mixed together4 #f4 7,pradier's47 ,from powdered ,turkey stone1 #d oz42 jeweller's rouge and prepared putty powder1 of each #a oz42 hard suet1 #b oz4 ,obs4 ,the above 7generally made up into square cakes7 are rubbed over the razor strop1 and the surface being smoothed off with the flat part of a knife or a phial bottle1 the strop is set aside for a few hours to harden before being used4 ,paste1 ,regnault's4 ,see ,,paste1 ,,pectoral4 ,paste1 ,rubefacient4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,rubefaciens1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,clarus47 ,from acetate of lead1 #a oz42 bisulphite of potassa1 #c oz42 water1 q4 s4 ,it acts powerfully and quickly on the skin4 ,paste1 ,rust's4 ,prep4 ,from powdered opium and extract of henbane1 of each #aj gr42 powdered pellitory and extract of belladonna1 of each #bj gr42 oil of cloves1 #aj drops4 ,in toothache4 ,paste1 ,shaving4 ,prep4 #a4 ,naples soap 7genuine71 #d oz42 powdered ,castile soap1 #b oz42 honey1 #a oz42 essence of ambergris and oils of cassia and nutmegs1 of each #e or #f drops4 #b4 ,white wax1 spermaceti1 and almond oil1 of each #a_/d oz42 melt1 and1 whilst warm1 beat in #b squares of ,windsor soap previously reduced to a paste with a little rose water4 #c4 ,white soft soap1 #d oz42 spermaceti and salad oil1 of each #a_/b oz42 melt them together1 and stir until nearly cold4 ,it may be scented at will4 ,when properly prepared1 these pastes produce a good lather with either hot or cold water1 which does not dry on the face4 ,the proper method of using them is to smear a minute quantity over the beard1 and then to apply the wetted shaving-brush1 and not to pour water on them1 as is the common practice4 ,paste1 ,styptic1 of ,gutta ,percha4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,gutt ,,perch ,,styptica4 7,mr ,beardsley47 ,gutta percha1 #a oz42 ,stockholm tar1 #a-a_/b or #b oz42 creosote1 #a dr42 shellac1 #a oz41 or q4 s4 to render it sufficiently hard4 ,to be boiled together with constant stirring1 till it forms a homogeneous mass4 ,for alveolar hmorrhage1 and as a stopping for teeth in toothache4 ,to be softened by moulding with the fingers4 ,paste1 ,swediaur4 ,see ,,chilblain4 ,paste1 ,tooth4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,dentifricia1 ,,electuarium ,,dentifricum1 ,l4 ,various preparations are known under this name4 ,they consist1 for the most part1 of the ordinary substances used as dentifrices1 reduced to the state of a very fine powder1 and mixed with sufficient honey1 sugar1 or capillaire1 to give them the required consistence4 ,honey of roses is often used for this purpose1 with some agreeable perfume at will4 ,a little eau de ,cologne or rectified spirit is a useful addition4 ,the following are a few examples3---- #a4 7,,carbon ,,paste2 ,,opiat ,,carbonique47 ,the chippings of ,turkey stone1 cylinder charcoal1 and prepared chalk1 of each #b oz42 cochineal and cloves1 of each #a dr42 honey1 #e oz42 eau de ,cologne1 q4 s4 ,it should not be put into the pots until the next day1 and should be afterwards well preserved from the air4 ,much prized by smokers1 and by persons troubled with a fetid breath from rotten teeth4 #b4 7,,coral ,,paste2 ,,opiat ,,dentifrice ,,rouge47 ,from prepared coral1 #h oz42 cuttle-fish bone1 #d oz42 mastic1 #b oz42 cochineal1 #a_/d oz42 honey1 #c_/d lb42 essence of ambergris1 #a fl dr42 oil of cloves1 #a_/b fl4 dr41 dissolved in rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 ,cleanse the teeth rapidly4 #c4 7,dyon's ,,charcoal ,,paste47 ,from chlorate of potassa1 #a dr42 mint water1 #a fl4 oz42 triturate until dissolved1 then add1 of powdered charcoal1 #b oz42 honey1 #a oz4 #d4 7,,magic ,,paste47 ,from white marble dust #d oz42 pumice stone 7in impalpable powder71 #c oz42 rose pink1 #a oz42 honey1 #a_/b lb42 otto of roses1 #ae drops4 ,rapidly whitens the teeth1 but it should not be used too freely1 nor too frequently4 #e4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prepared coral1 #d oz42 bitartrate of potassa1 #b oz42 cuttle-fish bone and cochineal1 of each #a oz42 alum1 #a_/b dr42 ,narbonne honey1 #aj oz42 with essential oil1 q4 s4 to aromatise the mixture4 #f4 7,pelletier's ,,odontine47 ,this is stated to be a mixture of pulverised sepia-bone1 butter of cacao1 and honey1 with essential oil4 #g4 7,,rose ,,paste47 ,coral paste scented with roses1 or the following3----,cuttle-fish bone1 #a oz42 prepared chalk1 #b oz42 cochineal1 #a_/b dr42 honey of roses1 #c oz42 otto of roses1 #f drops4 #h4 7,,soluble ,,paste1 ,,saline ,,dentifrice47 ,from bitartrate of potassa or sulphate of potassa 7in fine powder71 #c oz42 honey of roses1 #b oz4 #i4 7,,spanish ,,dentifrice1 ,,castilian ,,tooth ,,cream47 ,from ,castile soap 7in fine powder7 and cuttle-fish bone1 of each #b oz42 honey of roses1 #e oz4 ,an excellent preparation4 ,it is superior to all the other pastes for removing tartar and animalcul from the teeth4 #aj4 7,,vanilla ,,paste47 ,from red cinchona bark1 #b dr42 vanilla1 #a dr42 cloves1 #a_/b dr4 7the last two reduced to powder by trituration with72 white sugar1 #a oz42 cuttle-fish bone and marble dust1 of each #a_/b oz42 syrup of saffron1 q4 s4 #aa4 7,,violet ,,paste47 ,from prepared chalk and cuttle-fish bone of each #c oz42 powdered white sugar1 #b oz42 orris root #a oz42 smalts1 #a_/d oz42 syrup of violets1 q4 s4 to mix4 #ab4 7,winckler's ,,roseate ,,dentifrice47 ,from cuttle-fish bone1 #a part2 conserve of roses 7,ph4 ,l471 #c parts2 white otto of roses1 #b drops to the oz4 #ac4 ,chalk1 #h oz42 myrrh and rhatany root1 of each #b oz42 orris root1 #a oz42 honey of roses1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,in foul and spongy gums4 ,paste1 ,toothache4 ,see ,,paste1 ,,odontalgia4 ,paste1 ,tormentil4 ,syn4 ,,pasta ,,tormentill1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,morin47 ,powdered tormentil root made into a paste with white of egg4 ,in whitlow2 applied on linen4 ,mixed with an equal weight of simple syrup1 it has also been recommended in dysentery and diarrha4 ,paste1 ,vienna4 ,see ,,caustic ,,potassa ,,with ,,lime4 ,paste1 ,vohler's4 ,prep4 ,from dragon's blood1 #a dr42 powdered opium1 #b dr42 powdered gums of mastic and sandarach1 of each #d dr42 oil of rosemary1 #bj drops2 tincture of opium1 q4 s4 to form a paste4 ,in toothache4 ,paste1 ,ward's4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,pepper4 ,,pastes4 ,syn4 ,,artificial ,,gems1 ,,factitious ,g42 ,,pierres ,,pr,,cieuses ,,artificielles1 ,fr4 ,vitreous compounds made in imitation of the gems and precious stones4 ,the substances which enter into their composition1 and the principles on which their successful production depends1 have been already briefly noticed4 ,the present article will1 therefore1 be confined to giving the reader a few original formul1 together with several others carefully selected from the most reliable ,english and ,continental authorities4 ,like enamels the artificial gems have for their basis a very fusible1 highly transparent and brilliant1 dense glass1 which is known under the name of #8frit1' #8paste1' #8strass1' #8flux1' #8fondant1' or #8,mayence base1' and which in its state of greatest excellence constitutes the #8artificial diamond4' ,for convenience1 this will be noticed here under its last synonym4 7,see below1 also ,ure's #8,dictionary of ,arts1' c47 ,amethyst4 #a4 ,paste or strass1 #ejj gr42 oxide of manganese1 #c gr42 oxide of cobalt1 #bd gr4 #b4 7,douault-,wiland47 ,strass1 #dfjh gr42 oxide of manganese1 #cf gr42 oxide of cobalt1 #b gr4 #c4 7,lanon47 ,strass1 #ibaf gr42 oxide of manganese1 #ae to #bd gr42 oxide of cobalt1 #a gr4 ,aqua ,marina4 ,from strass1 #dhjj gr42 glass of antimony1 #cj gr42 oxide of cobalt1 #a-a_/b gr4 ,see ,,beryl1 of which this is merely a variety4 ,aventurine4 #a4 ,from strass1 #ejj gr42 scales of iron1 #ajj gr42 black oxide of copper1 #ej gr42 fuse until the black oxide of copper is reduced to the reguline form1 then allow the mass to cool very slowly1 so that the minute crystals of metal may be equally diffused through it4 ,has a rich golden iridescence4 #b4 ,as the last1 but submitting oxide of chromium for the protoxide of copper4 ,appears brown1 filled with countless gold spangles2 or1 when mixed with more paste1 of a greenish grey1 filled with green spangles4 ,beryl4 7,douault-,wiland47 ,strass1 #cdef gr42 glass of antimony1 #bd gr42 oxide of cobalt1 #a-a_/b gr4 ,see ,,aqua ,,marina4 ,carbuncle4 ,see ,,garnet4 ,chrysolite4 ,from strass #gjjj gr42 pure calcined sesquioxide of iron 7#8trocus martis'71 #fe gr4 ,cornelian4 #a4 7,,red47 ,from strass1 #gjjj gr42 glass of antimony1 #cejj gr42 calcined peroxide of iron1 #hge gr42 binoxide of manganese1 #ge gr4 #b4 7,,white47 ,from strass1 #gbjj gr42 calcined bones1 #bej gr42 washed yellow ochre1 #fe gr4 ,diamond4 #a4 ,from rock crystal 7purest71 #afjj gr42 borax1 #efj gr42 carbonate of lead 7pure71 #cbjj gr42 oxide of manganese1 #a_/b to #a gr42 powder each separately1 mix them together1 fuse the mixture in a clean crucible1 pour the melted mass into water1 separate any reduced lead1 and again powder and remelt the mass4 #b4 ,pure silica1 #aej gr42 pure litharge1 #bej gr42 borax and nitre1 of each #ej gr42 arsenious acid1 #ba gr4 #c4 7,douault-,wiland47----a4 ,from rock crystal1 #djef gr42 minium1 #fcjj gr42 potash1 #baed gr42 borax1 #bgf gr42 arsenic1 #ab gr4 b4 ,from rock crystal1 #cfjj gr42 ceruse of ,clichy 7pure carbonate of lead71 #hejh gr42 potash1 #abfj gr42 borax1 #cfj gr4 #d4 7,fontanier47 ,pure silica1 #h oz42 salt of tartar1 #bd oz42 mix1 bake1 cool1 treat the fused mixture with dilute nitric acid until effervescence ceases1 and afterwards with water as long as the washings affect litmus paper2 next dry the powder1 add to it of pure carbonate of lead1 #ab oz4 and to every #ab oz4 of the mixture add of borax1 #a oz42 triturate in a porcelain mortar1 melt in a clean crucible1 and pour the fused mass into cold water2 dry1 powder1 and repeat the process a second and a third time in a clean crucible1 observing to separate any revived lead4 ,to the third frit add of nitre1 #e dr41 and again melt4 ,the product is perfectly limpid and extremely brilliant4 #e4 7,lanon47 ,litharge1 #ajj gr42 pure silica1 #ge gr42 white tartar or potash1 #aj gr4 #f4 7,loysel47 ,pure silica1 #ajj parts2 red oxide of lead 7minium71 #aej parts2 calcined potash1 #cj to #ce parts2 calcined borax1 #aj parts2 arsenious acid1 #a part4 ,this produces a paste which has great brilliancy and refractive and dispersive powers1 and also a similar specific gravity to the oriental diamond4 ,it fuses at a moderate heat1 and acquires the greatest brilliancy when remelted1 and kept for #b or #c days in a fused state1 in order to expel the superabundant alkali1 and perfect the refining 7#8,polytech4 ,journ4'74 ,the products of the above formul are not only employed to imitate the diamond1 but they also form the basis of the other factitious gems4 7,see above47 #g4 7,,yellow ,,diamond47 ,strass1 #ejj gr42 glass of antimony1 #aj gr4 ,eagle ,marine4 ,from strass1 #chdj gr42 copper stain1 #gb gr42 pure zaffre1 #a gr4 ,emerald4 #a4 ,from strass1 #gjjj gr42 carbonate of copper1 #fe gr42 glass of antimony1 #g gr4 #b4 ,paste1 #ifj gr42 glass of antimony1 #db gr42 oxide of cobalt1 #c-a_/b gr4 #c4 7,douault-,wiland7 ,paste1 #dfjh gr42 green oxide of copper1 #db gr42 oxide of chrome1 #b gr4 #d4 7,lanon47 ,paste1 #ifab gr42 acetate of copper1 #gb gr42 peroxide of iron1 #a-a_/b gr4 ,garnet4 #a4 ,paste or strass1 #abjj gr42 glass of antimony1 #ehj gr42 purple of cassius and binoxide of manganese1 of each #c gr4 #b4 7,douault-,wiland47 ,paste1 #eac gr42 glass of antimony1 #bef gr42 purple of cassius and oxide of manganese1 of each #b gr4 #c4 7,,vinegar ,,garnet47 ,from paste1 #gjjj gr42 glass of antimony1 #cdfj gr42 calcined peroxide of iron1 #ef gr4 ,lapis ,lazuli4 ,from paste1 #gjjj gr42 calcined horn or bones1 #egj gr42 oxides of cobalt and manganese1 of each #bd gr4 ,the golden veins are produced by painting them on the pieces with a mixture of gold powder1 borax1 and gum water1 and then gently heating them until the borax fluxes4 ,opal4 #a4 ,from strass1 #ifj gr42 calcined bones1 #dh gr4 #b4 7,fontanier47 ,paste1 #a oz42 horn silver1 #aj gr42 calcined magnetic ore1 #b gr42 absorbent earth 7calcined bones71 #bf gr4 ,ruby4 #a4 ,paste1 #de parts2 binoxide of manganese1 #a part4 #b4 ,paste1 #a lb42 purple of cassius1 #c dr4 #c4 7,douault-,wiland47----a4 ,from paste1 #bhhj parts2 oxide of manganese1 #gb parts4 b4 ,topaz-paste that has turned out opaque1 #a part2 strass1 #h parts2 fuse them together for #cj hours1 cool1 and again fuse it in small pieces before the blowpipe4 ,very fine4 #d4 7,fontanier47 ,strass1 #af oz42 precipitate of cassius1 peroxide of iron1 golden sulphide of antimony1 and manganese calcined with nitre1 of each #afh gr42 rock crystal1 #b oz41 or more4 #e4 ,paste and glass of antimony1 of each #h oz42 rock crystal1 #a oz42 purple of cassius1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,turns on the orange4 ,sapphire4 #a4 ,from strass1 #cfjj gr42 oxide of cobalt1 #ej gr42 oxide of manganese1 #aa gr4 #b4 7,douault-,wiland47 ,paste1 #dfjh gr42 oxide of cobalt1 #fh gr42 fuse in a little ,hessian crucible for #cj hours4 #c4 7,fontanier47 ,paste1 #h oz42 oxide of cobalt1 #di gr4 ,topaz4 #a4 ,from strass1 #ajej gr42 glass of antimony1 #dd gr42 purple of cassius1 #a gr4 #b4 7,douault-,wiland47 ,paste1 #cdef gr42 calcined peroxide of iron1 #cf gr4 ,turquoise4 ,from blue paste1 #bj to #bd parts2 calcined bones1 #a part4 ,concluding remarks4 ,it is absolutely necessary for the successful application of the preceding formul that the substances employed should be perfectly free from impurities1 more particularly those of a mineral kind4 ,the litharge1 oxide of lead1 and carbonate of lead1 above all things1 must be entirely free from oxide of tin1 as the smallest particle of that substance may impart a #8milkiness' to the paste4 ,all the ingredients must be separately reduced to powder1 and1 after being mixed1 sifted through lawn4 ,the fusion must be carefully conducted and continuous1 and the melted mass should be allowed to cool very slowly1 after having been left in the fire from #bd to #cj hours1 at the least4 ,hessian crucibles are preferred for this purpose1 and the heat of an ordinary pottery or porcelain kiln is sufficient in most cases2 but a small wind-furnace1 devoted exclusively to the purpose1 is1 in general1 more convenient4 ,it is found that the more tranquil1 continuous1 and uniform the fusion1 the denser and clearer is the paste1 and the greater its refractive power and beauty4 ,all the coloured vitreous compounds noticed under ,,glass may be worked up as ornamental stones1 in the same way as those just referred to4 ,the following method of obtaining artificial rubies and emeralds1 first pointed out by ,bottger1 is exceedingly simple and inexpensive1 and deserves the serious attention of those interested in this ingenious art3----,recently precipitated and well-washed hydrate of aluminum is moistened with a few drops of neutral chromate of potassium1 and kneaded so that the mass assumes a tinge scarcely perceptible2 it is then rolled up into small sticks1 about the thickness of a finger1 and slowly dried1 taking the precaution to fill the fissures 7if any7 that form during desiccation with fresh hydrate of aluminum4 ,when perfectly dry1 and after having been submitted to a gentle heat1 one end of these sticks is brought into the termination of the flame of an oxyhydrogen blowpipe1 until a portion of the mass is fused into a small globule4 ,after the lapse of a few minutes1 several minute balls form1 having a diameter of some millimtres1 and of such intense hardness that quartz1 glass1 topaz and granite1 may be easily and perceptibly scratched with them4 ,these1 when cut and polished1 appear1 however1 slightly opaque4 ,by employing nitrate of nickel in lieu of chromate of potassium1 green-coloured globules1 closely resembling the emerald1 are obtained4 ,by the substitution of oxide of chromium for chromate of potassium1 ,mr ,cooley produced factitious gems of considerable hardness and beauty1 though slightly opaque in some portion of the mass4 ,the addition of a very little silica prevented1 in a great measure1 this tendency to opacity4 ,it may be observed that the beauty of pastes of factitious gems1 and especially the brilliancy of mock diamonds1 is greatly depending upon the cutting1 setting up1 and the skilful arrangement of the foil or tinsel behind them4 ,see ,,enamel1 ,,foils1 ,,gems1 ,,glass1 c4 ,,pas,,tels4 ,fr4 ,coloured crayons4 ,,pas,,til4 ,syn4 ,,pastille2 ,,pastillus1 ,,pastillum1 ,l4 ,a lozenge or confection4 ,the pastilles 7,,pastilli7 of ,french pharmacy1 are merely #8confectionery drops' aromatised or medicated4 ,the name is also given to mixtures or odorous substances made up into small cones and burnt as incense4 7,see below74 ,pastils1 ,explosive4 ,fumigating pastilles1 containing a little gunpowder4 ,used to produce diversion1 but they often prove far from harmless4 ,pastils1 ,fumigating4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,pastilles1 ,,incense ,p42 ,,pastilli ,,fumantes1 ,p4 ,,odorati1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,benzoin1 #d oz42 cascarilla1 #a_/b oz42 nitre and gum ,arabic1 of each #c dr42 myrrh1 #a dr42 oils of nutmeg and cloves1 of each #be drops2 charcoal1 #g oz42 all in fine powder2 beat them to a smooth ductile mass with cold water1 q4 s42 form it into small cones with a tripod base1 and dry them in the air4 #b4 7,henry and ,guibourt47 ,powdered gum benzoin1 #af parts2 balsam of tolu and powdered sandal wood1 of each #d parts2 a light charcoal 7,linden71 #dh parts2 powdered tragacanth and true labdanum1 of each #a part2 powdered nitre and gum ,arabic1 of each #b parts2 cinnamon water1 #ab parts2 as above4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,benzoin1 #b oz42 balsam of tolu and yellow sandal wood1 of each #d dr42 nitre1 #b dr42 labdanum1 #a dr42 charcoal1 #f oz42 mix with a solution of gum tragacanth1 and divide the mass into pastilles1 as before4 #d4 7,,pastilles ,,la ,,fleur ,d',,orange47 ,for powdered roses in the next formula substitute pure orange powder1 and for the essence of roses use pure neroli4 #e4 7,,pastilles ,,la ,,rose47 ,gum benzoin1 olibanum 7in tears7 and styrax 7in tears71 of each #ab oz42 nitre1 #i oz42 charcoal1 #d lbs42 powder of pale roses1 #a lb42 essence of roses1 #a oz42 mix with #b oz4 of gum tragacanth1 dissolved in rose water1 #a quart4 #f4 7,,pastilles ,,la ,,vanille47 ,gum benzoin1 styrax1 and olibanum 7as last71 of each #ab oz42 nitre1 #aj oz42 cloves1 #h oz42 powdered vanilla1 #a lb42 charcoal1 #d-a_/b lbs42 oil of cloves1 #a_/b oz42 essence of vanilla1 #g or #h fl4 oz42 as before4 ,obs4 ,the products of the above formula are all of excellent quality4 ,they may be varied to please the fancy of the artiste1 by the addition or substitution of other perfumes or aromatics4 ,cheaper pastilles may be made by simply increasing the quantity of the charcoal and saltpetre4 ,the whole of the ingredients should be reduced to fine powder before mixing them4 ,the use of musk and civet1 so often ordered in pastilles1 should be avoided1 as they yield a disagreeable odour when burned4 ,the addition of a little camphor renders them more suitable for a sick chamber4 ,the simplest and most convenient way of forming the mass into cones is by pressing it into a mould of lead or porcelain4 ,pastilles are burned either to diffuse a pleasant odour1 or to cover a disagreeable one4 ,for this purpose they are kindled at the apex and set on an inverted saucer or a penny piece to burn4 ,persons who use them frequently employ a small china or porcelain toy 7#8pastile house'7 sold for the purpose4 ,pastils1 ,mouth4 ,syn4 ,,breath ,,pill1 ,,cachou ,,lozenges2 ,,pastilli ,,cosmetici1 ,l42 ,,cachou ,,aromatis1 ,c4 ,,aromatique1 ,c4 ,,de ,,bologna1 ,,grains ,,de ,,cachou1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,soft extract of liquorice1 #c oz42 gum catechu and white sugar1 of each #a oz42 gum tragacanth 7powdered71 #a_/b oz42 oil of cloves1 #a dr42 oil of cassia1 #a_/b dr42 essence of ambergris and oil of nutmeg1 of each #ab drops2 make a firm mass with rose or orange-flower water1 q4 s41 and divide it into one-grain pills2 when these are dry1 cover them with gold or silver leaf4 #b4 ,solazzi juice 7dried by a gentle heat and powdered71 #d oz42 lump sugar1 #c oz42 powdered catechu1 #b oz42 powdered tragacanth1 #a oz42 oil of cloves1 #b fl4 dr42 oil of cassia1 #a fl4 dr42 white of egg or rose water1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass2 as before4 #c4 ,powdered catechu1 #a oz42 ,solazzi juice1 #d oz42 lump sugar1 #ab oz42 oils of cloves1 cassia1 and peppermint1 of each #a fl4 dr42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 to mix2 as before4 #d4 ,extract of liquorice 7soft71 #b oz42 white sugar1 #c oz42 powdered tragacanth and cascarilla 7or orris root71 of each #a_/b oz42 oil of cloves1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 oil of cassia1 #ab drops1 water1 q4 s42 as before4 #e4 7,chevallier47 ,powdered coffee1 chocolate and sugar1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 powdered vanilla1 and freshly burnt charcoal1 of each #a oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 #f4 ,chloride of lime 7dry and good71 #a dr42 white sugar1 #c oz42 powdered tragacanth1 #a oz42 oil of cloves1 #cj drops2 rose water1 q4 s4 ,to disinfect the breath4 ,obs4 ,almost every maker employs his own forms for these articles4 ,the objects to be aimed at are the possession of rather powerful and persistent odour1 and a toughness to prevent their too rapid solution in the mouth4 ,the original ,italian formula included liquorice1 mastic1 cascarilla1 charcoal orris root1 oil of peppermint1 and the tinctures of ambergris and musk1 but is now seldom employed in this country4 ,the flavour of peppermint does not1 indeed1 appear to be approved of by ,english smokers4 ,sometimes1 instead of being made perfectly spherical1 they are flattened a little4 ,,cachou ,l',,ambre ,,gris1 ,,cachou ,,la ,,canelle1 ,,cachou ,,la ,,fleur ,d',,orange1 ,,cachou ,,musqu1 ,,cachou ,,la ,,rose1 ,,cachou ,,la ,,vanille1 ,,cachou ,,la ,,violette1 c41 are merely flavoured and scented respectively with the essences or oils of ambergris1 cinnamon1 neroli1 musk1 rose vanilla1 violets1 c4 ,see ,,breath1 ,,cachou ,,aromatis1 ,,lozenges1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,pa,,stry4 ,articles of food made of #8paste' or dough1 or of which #8paste' forms a principal and characteristic ingredient4 ,the word is popularly restricted to those which contain puff paste1 or such as form the staple production of the modern pastrycook2 but it is1 in reality1 of much more general signification4 ,several varieties of paste are prepared for different purposes1 of which the following are the principal3---- ,,puff ,,paste4 ,the production of a first class puff paste is commonly regarded as a matter of considerable difficulty1 but by the exercise of the proper precautions it is1 on the contrary1 an extremely simple affair4 ,this paste1 before being placed in the oven1 consists of alternate lamin of butter or fat and ordinary flour dough1 the latter being1 of course1 the thicker of the two4 ,during the process of baking1 the elastic vapour disengaged1 being in part restrained from flying off by the buttered surfaces of the dough1 diffuses itself between these lamin1 and causes the mass to swell up1 and to form an assemblage of thin membranes or flakes1 each of which is more or less separated from the other4 ,individually1 these flakes resemble those of an ordinary rich unleavened dough when baked2 but1 collectively1 they form a very light crust1 possessing an extremely inviting appearance and an agreeable flavour4 ,the precautions above referred to are----the use of perfectly dry flour1 and its conversion into dough with a light hand1 avoiding unnecessarily working it1----the use of butter free from water or buttermilk1 and which has been reduced to precisely the same degree of plasticity as the dough between which it is to be rolled1----conducting the operation in a cool apartment1 and1 after the second or third folding of the dough1 exposing it to a rather low temperature before proceeding further with the process2 and1 lastly1----baking the paste in a moderately smart but not too hot an oven4 ,the following are examples3---- #a4 7,rich47 ,take of flour1 #a lb42 butter1 #a_/d lb42 cold spring water1 q4 s42 make a moderately soft flexible dough1 then roll in 7as described above7 of dry fresh butter1 #a_/b lb4 #b4 7,ordinary47 ,take of flour1 #a lb42 cold water1 q4 s42 make a dough1 and roll in1 as before1 of butter1 #f oz4 #c4 7,rundell47 ,take #a_/d peck of flour1 rub into it #a lb4 of butter1 and make a #8light paste' with cold water1 just stiff enough to work well2 next lay it out about as thick as a crown-piece2 put a layer of butter all over it1 sprinkle on a little flour1 double it up1 and roll it out again2 by repeating this with fresh layers of butter three or four times1 or oftener1 a very light paste will be formed4 ,bake it in a moderately quick oven4 #d4 7,soyer47 ,put #a lb4 of flour upon your pastry slab1 make a hole in the centre1 into which put a teaspoonful of salt1 mix it with cold water into a softish flexible paste with the right hand1 dry it off a little with flour until you have well cleared the paste from the slab1 but do not work it more than you can possibly help2 let it remain for #b or #c minutes upon the slab1 then take #a lb4 of fresh butter from which you have squeezed all the buttermilk in a cloth1 and brought to the same consistency as the paste1 upon which place it2 press it out flat with the hand1 then fold over the edges of the paste so as to hide the butter1 and reduce it with the rolling-pin to the thickness of about #a_/b an inch1 when it will be about two feet in length2 fold over one third1 over which again pass the rolling-pin2 then fold over the other third1 thus forming a square2 place it with the ends top and bottom before you1 shaking a little flour both under and over1 and repeat the rolls and turns twice again as before2 flour a #8baking-sheet1' upon which lay it1 on ice1 if handy1 or otherwise1 in some cool place1 for about half an hour2 then roll it twice more1 turning it as before1 and again place it upon ice or in the cold for #a_/d of an hour2 next give it two more rolls1 making seven in all1 and it is ready for use4 8,you must continually add enough flour while rolling to prevent your paste sticking to the slab40 ,,half-,,puff ,,paste4 ,as the preceding1 using only one half the quantity of butter1 and giving the paste only #c or #d folds4 ,,short ,,paste1 ,,short ,,crust4----#a4 ,flour 7dry and warm71 #a lb42 sugar1 #c oz42 butter1 #a_/d lb42 #b eggs2 water1 #a_/b pint2 make a light dough4 ,if one half of #8,jones's patent flour' be used1 no eggs will be required4 #b4 7,soyer47 ,put on the #8paste slab' or #8pie board' #a lb4 of flour1 #b oz4 of pounded sugar1 #f oz4 of butter1 #a egg1 #a_/b teaspoonful of salt1 and #a_/b pint of water2 mix the sugar and water well together1 add them with the water by degrees to the flour1 and form a paste1 but firmer than puff paste4 ,,pie ,,paste4 ,that commonly used is #8short paste1' varied at will2 but at good tables the upper crust of the pie is generally made of #8puff paste1' and the remainder of #8short paste4' ,,pudding ,,paste4 ,this for baked puddings may resemble the last4 ,for boiled puddings 7or indeed for any71 the paste may be either ordinary #8short paste1' or one made with #b to #f oz4 of butter or lard1 or #c to #h oz4 of chopped beef suet1 to each lb4 of flour1 with or without an egg1 and a little sugar1 according to the means of the parties4 ,the first is most appropriate for those containing fresh fruit1 and that with suet for meat puddings1 and those containing dried fruit1 as grocers currants1 plums1 c4 ,milk or milk-and-water is often used instead of simple water to make the dough4 ,ginger1 spices1 savory herbs1 c41 are common additions to the crusts of puddings4 ,where economy is an object1 and especially among the lower classes1 kitchen fat is frequently substituted for suet1 and lard for butter4 ,when #8,jones's patent flour' is employed1 an excellent plain pudding paste may be made by simply mixing it up with very cold water1 and immediately putting it into the water1 which should be boiling1 and kept in that state until the pudding is dressed4 ,,pa,,tent ,,med,,icines4 ,syn4 ,,medicamenta ,,arcana1 ,l4 ,the majority of the preparations noticed under this head are the nostrums popularly termed #8quack medicines1' and which are sold with a ,government stamp attached to them4 ,a few other secret or proprietary remedies are also1 for convenience1 included in the list4 ,an alphabetical arrangement1 based on the names of the reputed inventors or proprietors of the articles1 has been adopted1 as being the one best suited for easy reference4 ,the composition of a number of them is given from careful personal inspection and analysis 7by ,mr ,cooley71 and that of the remainder on the authority of ,gray1 ,griffith1 ,paris1 ,redwood1 the members of the ,philadelphia ,college of pharmacy1 and other respectable writers4 ,a variety of articles1 not included in the following list1 is noticed along with other preparations for the class to which they belong1 or under the names of their proprietors4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,cerate1 ,,drops1 ,,essence1 ,,tincture1 ,,ointment1 ,,pills1 c4 ,abernethy's ,pills4 ,see ,,abernethy ,,medicines4 ,albinolo's ,ointment4 ,see ,,holloway',s ,,ointment 7below74 ,ali ,ahmed's ,treasures of the ,desert4 ,there are three preparations included under this name3---- a4 7,,antiseptic ,,malagma47 ,from lead plaster1 #c parts2 gum1 thus and salad oil1 of each #b parts2 beeswax1 #a part2 melted together by a gentle heat1 and spread upon calico4 b4 7,,pectoral1 ,,antiphthisis1 or ,,cough ,,pills47 ,from myrrh1 #c-a_/b lbs42 squills and ipecacuanha1 of each #a lb4 7all in powder72 white soft soap1 #aj oz42 oil of aniseed1 #a-a_/d oz2 treacle1 q4 s4 to form a pill mass4 c4 7,,sphairopeptic or ,,antibilious ,,pills47 ,from aloes1 #bh lbs42 colocynth pulp1 #ab lbs42 rhubarb1 #g lbs42 myrrh and scammony1 of each #c-a_/b lbs42 ipecacuanha1 #c lbs42 cardamom seeds1 #b lbs4 7all in powder72 soft soap1 #i lbs42 oil of juniper1 #g fl4 oz42 treacle1 q4 s4 ,this1 as well as the last1 is divided into #c-a_/b gr4 pills1 which are then covered with tin foil or silver leaf4 ,an excellent aperient pill1 no doubt1 and one likely to prove useful in all those cases in which the administration of a mild diaphoretic and stomachic purge is indicated4 ,unlike many of the advertised nostrums of the day1 there is nothing in their composition that can by any possibility1 prove injurious2 but beyond this they are destitute of virtue4 ,anderson's ,scot's ,pills4 ,see ,,pills4 ,atkinson's ,infant ,preservative4 ,from carbonate of magnesia1 #f dr42 white sugar1 #b oz42 oil of aniseed1 #bj drops2 spirit of sal volatile1 #b-a_/b dr42 laudanum1 #a dr42 syrup of saffron1 #a oz42 caraway water to make up #a pint4 ,balm of ,rackasiri4 ,see ,,balsam4 ,balsam of ,life4 ,syn4 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie1 ,fr4 ,several compound medicines of this name are noticed on page #bfa4 ,the following are well-known nostrums3---- #a4 7,hoffman's7----a4 ,of the oils of cinnamon1 cloves1 lemon1 lavender1 and nutmegs1 and balsam of ,peru1 of each #b dr42 essence of ambergris1 oil of amber1 and oil of rue1 of each #a dr42 cochineal1 #ab gr42 strongest rectified spirit1 #c-a_/b pints2 mix4 b4 7,ph4 ,dan4 #ahdj47 ,oils of cinnamon1 cloves1 lavender1 and nutmegs1 of each #bj gr42 purified oil of amber1 #aj drops2 balsam of ,peru1 #cj gr42 rectified spirit 7tinged with alkanet root71 #aj oz4 #b4 7,gabius's47 ,nearly similar to ,hoffmann's4 #c4 7,turlington's47 ,benzoin and liquid styrax1 of each #ab oz42 balsam of tolu and extract of liquorice1 of each #d oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #b oz42 aloes1 myrrh1 and angelica root1 of each #a oz42 highly rectified spirit of wine1 #g pints2 digest1 with frequent agitation for #aj days1 and filter4 ,externally1 the above are rubefacient and corroborant2 internally1 stimulant1 cordial1 and pectoral4 ,betton's ,british ,oil4 ,from oil of turpentine1 #a pint2 ,barbadoes tar1 #a_/b lb42 oil of rosemary1 #a fl4 oz4 ,blake's ,green-mountain ,ointment4 ,we are told that the active ingredient in this compound is ,arnica montana1 with a basis of soap cerate4 ,it is very useful as an external applications in several affections4 ,the chief objection to its use is that it is a secret preparation4 ,blake's ,toothache ,essence4 ,from alum1 in fine powder1 #a dr42 sweet spirit of nitre1 #e dr4 ,boerhaave's ,odontalgic ,essence4 ,from opium1 #a_/b dr42 oil of cloves1 #e dr42 powdered camphor1 #e dr42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,bouchardat's ,tasteless ,aperient4 ,from phosphate of soda1 #c_/d oz41 placed in a soda-water bottle1 which is then filled up with carbonated water1 at the bottling machine4 ,for a dose4 ,brand's ,tooth ,tincture4 ,from pellitory of ,spain 7bruised71 #a oz42 camphor1 #c_/d oz42 opium1 #a_/d oz42 oil of cloves1 #a dr42 digested for #aj days in rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint4 ,brodum's ,nervous ,cordial4 ,prep4 #a4 8,originally it consisted simply of an infusion of gentian root in ,english gin1 coloured and flavoured with a little red lavender 7compound spirit of lavender474 ,after a time the doctor added a little bark to the nostrum1 and subsequently made other additions40 7#8,anat4 of ,quackery1'7 #b4 7,paris47 ,tinctures of gentian1 calumba1 cardamoms1 and cinchona1 compound spirits of lavender1 and steel wine1 of each equal parts4 8,it is tonic1 stomachic1 and stimulant2 but1 beyond these1 possesses no curative properties40 #8,anat4 of ,quackery4' ,chlorodyne4 ,this nostrum1 which was first introduced as 8a combination of perchloric acid with a new alkaloid10 has become a popular anodyne and sedative4 ,several preparations are sold under this name1 and the claims of the rival makers have occasioned some expensive lawsuits4 ,the name was undoubtedly invented by ,dr ,j4 ,collis ,browne1 but ,mr ,freeman1 pharmaceutical chemist1 claims to be the inventor of the preparation4 ,whether ,browne's and ,freeman's #8chlorodynes' are essentially the same1 we are not able to determine1 but we know that there is not the slightest foundation for the statements made by each manufacturer respecting the new vegetable principle contained in his medicine4 ,chlorodyne1 in every one of its forms1 is simply a mixture of certain well-known materials1 some of which are rather dangerous ingredients for a popular nostrum4 ,according to the analysis of ,dr ,odgen1 ,browne's chlorodyne is composed as follows3---- ,chloroform1 #f dr42 chloric ether1 #a dr42 tincture of capsicum1 #a_/b dr42 oil of peppermint1 #b drops2 hydrochlorate of morphine1 #h gr42 ,scheele's hydrocyanic acid1 #ab drops2 perchloric acid1 #bj drops2 tincture of ,indian hemp1 #a dr42 treacle1 #a dr4 #8,towle's chlorodyne' is prepared according to this formula1 the ingredients being named on the label4 ,clarke's ,conglutinum4 ,see ,,conglutinum4 ,cochrane's ,cough ,remedy4 ,acidulated syrup of poppies4 ,corn ,nostrums4 ,see ,,corn4 ,cottereau's ,odontalgic ,essence4 ,a nearly saturated ethereal solution of camphor1 mixed with about #a_/abth of its volume of strong liquor of ammonia4 ,curtis's ,anti-venereal ,lotion4 ,a mixture of ,beaufoy's solution of chloride of lime1 #b fl4 oz41 with cold soft water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,for use1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls are put into a wine-glassful of water4 ,dalby's ,carminative4 #a4 7,dr ,paris47 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #dj gr42 tincture of castor and compound tincture of cardamoms1 of each #cj drops2 tincture of assaftida1 and spirit of pennyroyal1 of each #ae drops2 laudanum1 #e drops2 oil of aniseed1 #c drops2 oil of nutmeg1 #b drops2 oil of peppermint1 #a drop2 peppermint water1 #b fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful4 ,the bottle should be well shaken before pouring it out4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #a oz42 tincture of castor1 #e fl4 dr42 tincture of assaftida1 #c fl4 dr42 oils of aniseed and pennyroyal1 of each #a_/d fl4 dr42 oil of nutmeg1 #ae drops2 syrup of poppies1 #g oz42 rectified spirit4 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 peppermint water1 #a_/b pint2 as before4 ,davidson's ,cancer ,remedy4 ,a mixture of arsenious acid and hemlock1 both in powder4 7,dr ,paris47 ,davis's ,calorific4 ,the #8,,liquid' is commercial acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajdh71 dilated with about an equal volume of water1 and coloured with burnt sugar or spirit colouring4 ,the #8,,shield' consists of a piece of red flannel backed with oil skin1 to prevent evaporation4 ,a few drops of calorific are sprinkled on the flannel1 which is then bound over the affected part4 ,the heat of the body gradually volatilises the acetic acid1 and the escape of the vapour being prevented by the oil skin1 a strongly counter-irritant action is set up4 ,derbyshire's ,embrocation4 ,from opium and mottled soap1 of each #b oz42 extract of henbane1 #b dr42 and mace1 #a_/b dr42 boiled for #cj minutes1 in water1 #c pints2 to the cold liquor1 rectified spirit1 #a quart1 and liquor of ammonia1 #a fl4 oz41 are added1 and1 after repose1 the clear portion is decanted4 ,a preventive of sea-sickness4 ,deshler's ,cerate4 ,yellow basilicon4 ,duncan's ,gout ,medicine4 ,see ,,gout4 ,dutch ,ague ,remedy4 ,a mixture formed of ,peruvian bark and cream of tartar1 of each #a oz42 cloves1 #a_/b dr42 reduced to fine powder4----,dose1 #a-a_/b dr41 every #c hours4 7,dr ,paris47 ,godfrey's ,cordial4 #a4 7,original formula47 ,opium 7sliced71 #a_/d oz42 sassafras chips #a oz42 ,english brandy1 #a quart2 macerate for #d or #e days1 then add1 of water1 #a quart1 treacle1 #c-a_/b lbs41 and simmer the whole gently for a few minutes2 the next day decant the clear portion4 #b4 7,dr ,paris47 ,aniseed1 caraways1 and corianders1 of each1 bruised1 #a oz42 sassafras chips1 #i oz42 water1 #f pints2 simmer gently until reduced to #d pints1 then add of treacle1 #f lbs42 and when nearly cold1 further add of tincture of opium1 #c fl4 oz4 #c4 7,phil4 ,coll4 of ,phar47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #b-a_/b oz42 water1 #bf pints 7old wine measure72 dissolve1 add of sugar-house molasses 7treacle71 #af pints 7o4 w4 m472 simmer the mixture1 remove the scum1 and when it has considerably cooled1 add of tincture of opium1 #bd fl4 oz42 oil of sassafras1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 7dissolved in7 rectified spirit1 #a quart 7o4 w4 m47 ,it contains about #af drops of laudanum 7 #a-a_/h gr4 of opium7 in each fl4 oz4 ,the following forms are also current in the wholesale trade3---- #d4 ,from molasses1 #af lbs42 distilled water1 #b-c_/d galls42 oil of sassafras1 #a fl4 oz42 7dissolved in7 rectified spirit1 #a_/b gall42 bruised ginger1 #c_/d oz42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42 laudanum1 #h fl4 oz42 macerate for #ad days1 and strain through flannel4 #e4 ,sassafras chips1 #a lb42 ginger 7bruised71 #d oz42 water1 #c galls42 simmer until reduced to #b galls42 then add of treacle1 #af lbs42 rectified spirit1 #g lbs42 laudanum1 #a pint4 #f4 ,opium1 #a_/b oz42 treacle1 #g lbs42 boiling water1 #a gall42 dissolve1 and add1 of rectified spirit1 #a quart2 oil of sassafrass1 #a_/b dr42 cloves and mustard seed1 of each #a_/d oz42 coriander and caraway seeds1 of each #a dr42 digest for a week4 #g4 ,caraways1 corianders1 and aniseed1 of each #a lb42 water1 #f galls42 distil #e galls41 and add1 of treacle1 #bc lbs42 laudanum1 #a quart2 and oil of sassafras1 #a fl4 oz41 previously dissolved in rectified spirit1 #a gall4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is anodyne and narcotic1 and1 amongst the lower classes1 is commonly given to children troubled with wind or colic4 ,its frequent and excessive use has sent many infants prematurely to the grave4 ,gray says1 8,it is chiefly used to prevent the crying of children in pain or starving40 ,the dose is #a_/c teaspoonful and upwards1 according to the age and susceptibility of the child4 ,grave's ,gout ,preventive4 ,a tincture prepared by steeping1 for a week1 dried orange peel and hiera picra1 of each #a oz41 and rhubarb1 #a_/b oz41 in brandy1 #a pint4 ,grinrod's ,remedy for ,spasms4 ,from acetate of morphia1 #a gr42 spirit of sal volatile and sulphuric ether1 of each #a fl4 oz42 camphor julep1 #d fl4 oz42 for a mixture4 ,it should be kept closely corked1 in a cool place1 and should be well shaken before use4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful in a glass of cold water or wine1 as required4 ,it is a really valuable preparation4 ,herrenschwand's ,specific4 ,a mixture of gamboge1 #aj gr41 with carbonate of potassa1 #bj gr4 7,dr ,paris47 ,holloway's ,ointment4 ,the original formula of ,,albinolo',s ,,ointment1 of which this pretends to be a reproduction1 contained the 8graisses der serpent et de vipre10 and other pharmaceutical curiosities4 ,the principal ingredients1 however1 in the ,,holloway',s ,,ointment of the present day are very homely substances4 ,in the case of ,sillen v4 ,holloway1 tried at the ,court of ,common ,pleas in ,january1 #ahfc1 the plaintiff's counsel asserted that1 on the ointment being received by the agent in ,paris1 it was submitted to the authorised government chemists to be analysed1 in accordance with the laws of ,france prohibiting the sale of secret remedies1 and was found by them to contain butter1 lard1 ,venice turpentine1 white wax1 yellow wax1 and nothing else4 ,in a letter to the #8,times' ,mr ,holloway stated that the ,french analysis was incorrect1 for three of the ingredients named were not in the ointment1 while there were other components which the analysts had not discovered4 ,the formula adopted by those who prepare an imitation ointment on the large scale1 and which closely resembles1 if it be not actually identical with1 that employed by ,mr ,holloway1 is as follows3----,fresh butter 7free from water71 #c_/d lb42 beeswax 7good71 #d oz42 yellow resin1 #c oz42 melt them together1 add of vinegar of cantharides1 #a fl4 oz41 and simmer the whole1 with constant agitation1 for #aj or #ab minutes1 or until the moisture is nearly evaporated2 then add of ,canada balsam1 #a oz42 expressed oil of mace1 #a_/b dr42 balsam of ,peru or liquid styrax1 #aj or #ab drops2 again stir well1 allow the mixture to settle1 and when it is about half cold 7not before7 pour it into the pots1 previously slightly warmed1 and allow it to cool very slowly4 ,the label will do the rest4 ,no two samples of ,holloway's ointment are precisely of the same colour or consistence4 ,holloway's ,pills4 ,from aloes1 #d parts2 jalap1 ginger1 and myrrh1 of each #b parts2 made into a mass with mucilage1 and divided into #b-;grain pills1 of which about #d dozen are put into each #as4 #a-a_/b;d4 box4 ,jackson's ,bathing ,spirit4 ,a species of soap liniment1 made of soft soap1 #a lb42 camphor1 #f oz42 oils of rosemary and thyme1 of each #c_/d fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #a gall4 ,kaye's ,infant's ,preservative4 ,a preparation partaking of the joint properties of ,atkinson's nostrum and ,godfrey's cordial1 but more powerful than either1 as indicated by the doses in which it is directed to be given during early infancy1 viz4 8two1 three1 or more drops40 ,keating's ,cough ,lozenges4 ,these are said to be composed of----,lactucarium1 #b dr42 ipecacuanha1 #a dr42 squills1 #c_/d dr42 extract of liquorice1 #b oz42 sugar1 #f oz42 made into a mass with mucilage of tragacanth1 and divided into #bj-;gr4 lozenges4 ,king's ,sarsaparilla ,pills4 ,from the compound extract4 8,instead of two pills being equivalent to #a_/b fl4 oz4 of the concentrated decoction or essence of sarsaparilla1 as asserted1 it takes about #cb of them to represent the given quantity1 and about #d of them to be equal in strength to the common decoction of the ,pharmacopia40 8,instead of one #bs4 #i;d4 box of these pills being equal to a pint of the costly concentrated fluid preparation1 it would take nearly #a-a_/b lb4 of them for that purpose40 7#8,med4 ,circ41' ii1 #dic47 ,kitchener's ,peristaltic ,persuaders4 ,see ,,pills4 ,lambert's ,asthmatic ,balsam4 ,the active ingredients in this compound are said to be squills and aqueous extract of opium4 ,lemazurier's ,odontalgic ,essence4 ,from acetate of morphia1 #a gr42 dissolved in cherry-laurel water1 #a oz4 ,for use1 a teaspoonful is added to half a wine-glassful of warm water1 and the mouth well rinsed out with the mixture4 ,leroy's ,purgative4----a4 7,no4 #a47 ,vegetable turbith1 #f dr42 scammony1 #a-a_/b oz42 jalap1 #f oz42 brandy1 #aj pints2 digest for #bd hours1 and add a syrup made of senna1 #f oz42 water1 #a-a_/d pint2 sugar1 #cb oz4 b4 7,no4 #b47 ,as the last1 only one third stronger4 c4 7,no4 #c47 ,twice as strong as ,no4 #a4 ,lewis's ,electuarium4 ,a liquid nostrum1 said to be alterative and to contain a small quantity of both antimony and mercury4 ,lewis's ,balsamic ,ointment4 ,this preparation1 which is declared by its proprietor to be 8utterly unsurpassable10 for the most part resemble ,holloway's ointment4 7#8,med4 ,circ4' ii1 #dic47 ,lewis's ,silver ,cream4 ,this nostrum is said to depend for its efficacy on white precipitate and a salt of lead4 ,locock's ,pulmonic ,lozenges4 ,see ,,wafers4 ,mahomed's ,paste4 ,see ,,electuary4 ,mardant's ,norton's ,drops4 ,a mixture of the tinctures of gentian and ginger1 holding in solution a little bichloride of mercury1 and coloured with cochineal4 ,marriott's ,dry ,vomit4 ,a mixture of equal parts of tartar emetic and sulphate of copper4 ,marsden's ,drops4 ,a coloured solution of corrosive sublimate4 7,dr ,paris47 ,matthieu's ,vermifuge4----a4 7,to destroy the worms47 ,tin filings1 #a oz42 male fern root1 #f dr42 worm seed1 #d dr42 resinous extract of jalap and sulphate of potassa1 of each #a dr42 honey1 q4 s4 to form an electuary4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 repeated every third or fourth hour for #b or #c days1 when the following is to be substituted1 and continued until the bowels are well acted on4 b4 7,to expel the worms47 ,jalap and sulphate of potassa1 of each #dj gr42 scammony1 #bj gr42 gamboge1 #aj gr42 honey1 q4 s4 as before4 ,mc,kinsey's ,golden ,cerate4 ,this appears to resemble ,poor ,man's ,friend4 ,mc,kinsey's ,katapotia4 ,this notorious nostrum is compounded of aloes1 #e oz42 soap1 #a-a_/b oz4 7both in powder72 beaten up with syrup of saffron and a little essential oil1 and divided into pills varying in weight from #b to #b-a_/b gr4 each4 7#8,med4 ,circ41' iv1 #hf74 ,mc,kinsey's ,medicinal ,powder4 ,syn4 ,,rev4 ,t4 ,,smith',s ,m4 ,p4 ,from dried lavender flowers and rosemary tops1 of each #b-a_/b oz42 asarabacca1 #a oz42 reduced to powder1 and further disguised with a little perfume4 ,a very small quantity of subsulphate of mercury is also most probably added4 ,two or three pinches of this powder1 taken #c or #d times a day as snuff1 is said by the proprietor to be sufficient to cure almost every known disease4 ,see ,,asarabacca4 ,morison's ,aperient ,powder4 ,a mixture of cream of tartar and lump sugar1 in nearly equal proportions1 with sufficient powdered cassia to give it an aromatic flavour4 ,see ,,pills4 ,morison's ,adhesive ,paste4 ,see ,,plaster4 ,ollivier's ,biscuits4 ,take of the white of #b eggs2 water1 #c_/d pint2 beat them together1 strain the mixture1 and add to it a solution of bichloride of mercury1 #gf gr42 collect the precipitate1 wash1 dry1 powder1 and carefully weigh it2 next add to it such a quantity of flour1 c41 that each #b-;dr4 biscuit may contain exactly #a_/g gr4 ,papier ,fayard4 ,see ,,paper 7,gout74 ,pate ,arsenicale4 ,a powder composed of arsenious acid1 #h gr42 dragon's blood1 #bb gr42 cinnabar1 #gj gr4 ,it is to be made into a paste with the saliva at the time of applying it4 ,a favourite remedy in cancer on the ,continent4 7,dr ,paris74 ,perry's ,balm of ,syriacum4 ,from ,english gin1 #a pint2 moist sugar1 #a_/b lb42 7dissolved in7 water1 #d oz42 mix1 and add of paregoric 7,tinct4 ,camph4 ,co4----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #a oz42 tincture of tolu1 #a_/b oz42 tincture of cantharides1 q4 s42 together with a few drops each of the oils of aniseed and spearmint2 agitate well together1 and the next day filter1 or decant the clear portion4 ,perry's ,preventive ,lotion4 ,this is said to be a solution of sal alembroth1 #b dr41 in water1 #a pint4 ,for use1 it is diluted with #d or #e times its bulk of water4 ,pieste's ,toothache ,essence4 ,from liquor of ammonia1 #b parts2 laudanum1 #a part4 ,it is applied on lint4 ,pilules ,angliques4 ,syn4 ,,grains ,,de ,,sant4 ,take of aloes and juice of roses1 of each #d oz42 juices of borage and chicory1 of each #b oz42 beat them together1 and when they are reduced to the consistence of a soft pill-mass1 add of powdered rhubarb1 #b dr41 powdered agaric1 #a dr41 and divide the mixture into #a-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,a good purgative4----,dose1 #d to #ab4 ,poor ,man's ,friend4 7,french47 ,see ,,ointment 7,brown74 ,poor ,man's ,friend4 7,dr ,roberts'47 ,this consists chiefly of ointment of nitric-oxide of mercury4 ,pringle's ,remedy for ,typhus4 7,dr ,paris47 ,pale cinchona 7bruised71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #ab fl4 oz42 boil them together for #aj minutes1 adding1 towards the end1 ,virginian snake-root 7bruised71 #b dr42 macerate for an hour in a covered vessel1 and to the strained liquid add of dilute sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 dr41 and when the mixture is cold1 further add of spirit of cinnamon1 #a fl4 oz4 ,the dose is #b table-spoonfuls every six hours4 ,reynolds' ,gout ,specific4 ,wine of colchicum disguised by some unimportant additions4 ,righini's ,odontalgic ,drops4 ,a solution of creasote in an equal weight of the strongest rectified spirit1 coloured with cochineal1 and disguised by the addition of a few drops of oil of peppermint4 ,ruspini's ,styptic4 ,a strong solution of gallic acid in spirit of roses4 ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson says that it also contains sulphate of zinc4 ,rust's ,toothache ,paste4 ,see ,,paste4 ,scott's ,drops4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,soot4 ,from wood-soot1 #b oz42 assaftida1 #a oz42 brandy or proof spirit1 #a pint4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls2 in hysteria1 c4 ,smith's ,powder4 ,see ,,mckinsey',s ,,powder4 ,solomon's ,anti-impetigines4 ,a solution of bichloride of mercury disguised by the addition of a little flavouring and tinctorial matter4 7#8,med4 ,circ41' ii1 #fi1 #gj74 ,standert's ,red ,mixture4 ,take of carbonate of magnesia1 #a oz42 powdered ,turkey rhubarb1 #a_/c oz42 tincture of rhubarb1 #c fl4 oz42 tincture of opium1 #b fl4 dr42 oils of aniseed and peppermint of each #a_/b dr42 7dissolved in7 gin or proof spirit1 #e fl4 oz42 agitate the whole together1 then further add of soft water1 #a-a_/d pint4 ,in colic and diarrha4----,dose4 ,a wine-glassful4 ,the spirit is frequently omitted1 but then the mixture soon spoils4 ,standert's ,stomachic ,candy4 ,take of lump sugar1 #a lb42 water1 #c fl4 oz42 dissolve by heat2 add cardamom seeds1 ginger1 and rhubarb1 of each #a oz42 and when the mixture is complete1 pour it out on an oiled slab or into moulds4 ,storey's ,worm ,cakes4 ,take of calomel and cinnabar1 of each #bd gr42 powdered jalap1 #gb gr42 ginger1 #a dr42 white sugar1 #a-a_/d oz42 syrup1 q4 s42 mix and divide into a dozen cakes4 ,resemble #8,ching's lozenges' in their action4 7,see page #ajjg74 ,struve's ,lotion4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,hooping-,,cough4 ,succession ,powder4 ,a mixture of powdered quartz and diamond dust1 chiefly the first4 ,used as an escharotic4 ,tasteless ,ague ,drops4 ,a solution of arsenite of potassa4 ,it is the common ague medicine in the fen counties of ,england4 ,turlington's ,balsam4 ,see ,,balsam ,,of ,,life 7above74 ,valangin's ,solution of ,solvent ,mineral4 ,from arsenious acid1 #a_/b dr41 dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 #a-a_/b dr41 and the solution diluted with distilled water1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,in ague1 c4 ,it has rather less than half the strength of the solution of arsenite of potassa1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,vance's ,cream4 ,see ,,chilblain4 ,wahler's ,ointment4 ,see ,,chilblain4 ,ward's ,purging ,powder4 ,a mixture of jalap and cream of tartar1 equal parts1 coloured with a little red bole4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or more1 in broth or beer1 twice or thrice daily2 in dropsy4 ,webster's ,diet ,drink4 ,a sweetened decoction of betony1 dulcamara1 guaiacum wood1 liquorice root1 sarsaparilla1 sassafras1 thyme1 and turmeric4 ,wilson's ,gout ,tincture4 ,this is said to be wine of colchicum4 ,wright's ,pearl ,ointment4 ,take of white precipitate1 #h oz42 ,goulard's extract1 #a pint2 rub them to a cream1 and add the mixture to white wax1 #g lbs41 and olive oil1 #aj lbs41 previously melted together by a gentle heat2 lastly1 stir the whole until it is nearly cold4 7#8,pharm4 ,journ4'7 ,young's ,aperient ,drink4 ,from carbonate of soda1 #b-a_/b dr42 bitartrate of potassa1 #c dr4 7both in crystals72 throw them into a soda-water bottle containing cold water1 #h fl4 oz41 and immediately cork it down securely1 and keep it inverted1 in a cool place1 until required for use4 ,zanhetti's ,bohemian ,restorative ,tincture4 ,from crushed raisins1 #c_/d lb42 hay saffron1 #b oz42 aqueous extract of opium1 #c dr42 powdered cochineal1 #b dr42 capillaire and orange-flower water1 of each #a_/b pint2 proof spirit1 #c pints2 digested together for a week1 and then strained1 with expression4 ,,paullin,,ia4 ,see ,,guarana4 ,,payan,,izing4 ,the name given to ,mr ,payne's process for preserving and mineralising wood4 ,see ,,dry-,,rot4 ,,peach4 ,syn4 ,,persicum1 ,l4 ,the fruit of ,amygdalus ,persica4 ,two varieties are known in our gardens----,,clingstone ,,peach and ,,freestone ,,peach1 terms which explain themselves4 ,the fruit is wholesome2 but the flowers and kernels contain prussic acid1 and are poisonous4 ,the peach1 the original habitats of which were ,persia and the ,north of ,india1 is now very generally grown in the ,south of ,europe1 in many parts of the ,east1 and very largely in the more temperate portions of ,north and ,south ,america2 more particularly in ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,maryland1 where there are extensive orchards of peach trees4 ,this fruit is also extensively cultivated by the ,mormon community at ,utah4 ,the fruit of the ,,nectarine1 which is a variety of the peach1 differs from that of the latter in having a smooth skin4 ,when stewed1 the fruit of the peach is said to be useful in habitual constipation4 ,dr ,fresenius has analysed this fruit1 and found its composition to be3---- ,soluble matter---- ,large ,dutch4 ,sugar #aehj ,free acid 7reduced to equivalent in malic acid7 #jfab ,albuminous substances #jdfc ,pectous substances #fcac ,ash #jdbb ,insoluble matter---- ,seeds #dfbi ,skins #jiia ,pectose ,ash from soluble matter included in weights given #jjdb ,water #hdiij ---------------- #ajjjjj ---------------- ,it will be seen from the above that the peach contains a very small amount of sugar4 ,,peach,,wood4 ,the produce of a species of ,csalpinia1 now extensively used in calico-printing4 ,,pear4 ,syn4 ,,pyrus1 ,l4 ,the fruit of ,pyrus communis 7,linn471 one of the rosace4 ,its general qualities resemble those of the apple4 ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,pear4 ,soluble matter---- ,sugar #gjjj ,free acid 7reduced to equivalent in malic acid7 #jjgd ,albuminous substances #jbfj ,pectous substances1 c4 #cbha ,ash #jbhe ,insoluble matter---- ,seeds #jcij ,skins #cdbj ,pectose #acdj ,ash from insoluble matter included in weights given #jjej ,water #hciej ---------------- #ajjjjj 7,,fresenius47 ,,pearl4 ,syn4 ,,margarita1 ,,margaritum ,,perla1 ,,unio1 ,l4 ,the most beautiful and costly pearls are obtained exclusively from the pearl oyster 7,meleagrina margaritifera7 of the ,indian ,seas4 ,the principal fisheries are on the coast of ,ceylon1 and at ,olmutz1 in the ,persian ,gulf4 ,an inferior description of pearl is procured from a fresh-water shell-fish 7,unio margaritifera7 in the neighbourhood of ,omagh1 county of ,tyrone4 ,a similar quality is also procured from the river ,ythan1 ,aberdeenshire4 ,it is probable that pearls from this source collected by the ancient ,britons may have given rise to the statement by ,tacitus1 in his #8,life of ,agricola1' of pearls 8not very orient1 but pale and wan10 being among the indigenous products of ,great ,britain4 ,pearls are composed of membrane and carbonate of calcium2 or1 in other words1 of substances similar to bladder and chalk1 in alternate layers4 ,the cause of the production of pearls is highly curious and interesting4 ,when any foreign body gains a permanent lodgment within the shells of any of the mollusca which are lined with pearly matter1 or nacre1 the pearly secretion of the animal1 instead of being spread in layers on the inside of its habitation1 is accumulated around the offending particles in concentric films of extreme tenuity1 and more or less spherical1 forming a pearl4 ,pearls were formerly used in medicine as absorbents or antacids2 and among the ancients they were occasionally taken1 dissolved in acid1 both as a remedy and for the purpose of displaying the careless opulence and luxury of their possessors4 ,a perfect pearl1 large1 truly spherical1 highly iridescent1 and reflecting and decomposing the rays of light with vivacity1 claims to rank with the most costly of the gems1 and in some parts of the ,east is1 with justice1 more highly prized than even the diamond4 ,in ,europe1 however1 the present estimation of their value is somewhat different1 8,a handsome necklace of ,ceylon pearls1 smaller than a large pea1 costs from #agj to #cjj2 but one of pearls about the size of peppercorns may be had for #ae4 ,the pearls in the former sell at a guinea each1 and those in the latter at about #as4 #f;d40 7,milburn47 ,seed pearls are of little value1 however beautiful4 ,pearl1 ,artificial4 ,these are hollow spheres or beads of glass1 perforated with two holes at opposite sides to permit of their being strung into necklaces4 ,a small portion of essence d'orient is introduced into each1 by suction1 and is then spread over the inner surface of the glass4 ,when this has become dry and hard1 the globe is filled up with white wax1 spermaceti1 or gum ,arabic4 ,the glass of which the beads are formed is slightly bluish and opalescent1 and very thin4 ,the latest improvement consists in removing the glassy appearance of the surface of the prepared bead by exposure to the fumes of hydrofluoric acid1 highly diluted4 ,pearl1 ,mother of4 ,syn4 ,,unionum ,,conch1 ,l42 ,,nacre ,,de ,,perle1 ,fr4 ,this is the internal or nacreous layer of those shells which produce the pearls for ornamenting the person2 hence the term #8mother of pearl' is by no means inappropriate4 ,it is also derived from several other species known in trade as ear-shells1 green snail-shells1 ,bombay-shells1 c4 ,the brilliant hues of mother of pearl do not depend so much upon the nature of the substance as on its structure4 ,its surface is covered by minute corrugations or furrows1 which give a chromatic appearance to the reflected light4 ,sir ,david ,brewster was the first to show that this substance is capable of imparting its iridescent appearance to fusible metal or fine black wax4 ,mother of pearl is cut and wrought with nearly similar tools to those used for ivory1 but its treatment1 owing to its more fragile nature and delicate structure1 requires considerably greater care4 ,it is polished with colcothar or putty powder4 ,the numerous applications of mother of pearl1 for buttons and knife-handles1 boxes1 inlaying work1 c41 are well known4 ,,pearl,,ash4 ,this is prepared by calcining crude potashes on a reverberatory hearth1 dissolving the calcined mass in water1 and1 after repose1 decanting the clear solution1 and evaporating it to dryness in flat iron pans1 the product being constantly stirred towards the end to reduce it to a semi-granular state4 ,although purer1 its richness in absolute alkali is less than that of the potashes from which it is prepared1 being only from #dg to #ea4 ,this exists almost entirely under the form of carbonate4 ,the commercial value of this substance is determined by the ordinary processes of ,,alkalimetry4 ,,pearl ,,barley4 ,see ,,barley4 ,,pearl ,,flavour4 ,see ,,essence4 ,,pearl ,,white4 ,this is a subchloride of bismuth2 but the name is now commonly applied to trisnitrate of bismuth1 which is sold for it4 ,,pearls 7,rose74 ,syn4 ,,rose ,,beads4 ,the petals of red roses beaten in an iron mortar for some hours1 until they form a smooth1 black paste1 then rolled into beads and dried4 ,hard2 very fragrant2 take a fine polish4 ,pearls1 to ,polish4 ,take very finely pulverised rotten stone1 and make it into a thick paste by adding olive oil2 then add sulphuric acid1 a sufficient quantity to make into a thin paste4 ,this is to be applied on a velvet cork1 rub quickly1 and as soon as the pearl takes the polish wash it4 ,this mixture when properly applied will give to pearl a brilliant polish4 ,,peas4 ,syn4 ,,garden ,,peas1 ,,motor ,p42 ,,pisa1 ,l4 ,the seed of ,pisum sativum 7,linn474 ,poggiale found in #ajj parts of common green peas1 dried and shelled1 #eg of starch1 #bag of a nitrogenous substance 7legumin71 #ai of fatty matter1 #cb of cellulose1 #bh of ash1 and #abg of water4 ,in the fresh state 7,,green ,,peas7 they are nutritive1 and1 with the pods which contain them1 are highly serviceable in scurvy4 ,the last have been used for making beer4 ,the dried seeds are still more nutritious1 but are heavy and flatulent unless well cooked4 ,for kitchen use #8,,split ,,peas' should be chosen1 and after having washed them in a little clean soft water1 and allowed them to drain1 they should be left to soak in cold soft water for at least #ab hours before applying heat to them1 and should then be dressed in the same water in which they have been soaked1 and be only gently simmered until they are reduced to a pulp4 ,additions of meat1 vegetables1 c41 should not be made until they have nearly arrived at this condition4 #8,,whole ,,peas' require soaking for at least #ah or #bj hours4 ,a substitute for green peas in winter may be obtained by placing the dried seed on a flat dish1 sprinkling them with water1 and keeping them in a warm situation4 ,in a few days germination commences1 and1 after it has proceeded sufficiently far1 the whole is dressed in the usual manner4 ,an easier and simpler plan is to preserve the green peas1 when they are in season1 by the common method adopted for gooseberries and other like fruit4 ,illustration ,pea flour is sometimes used to adulterate ordinary flour4 ,it is never added to this latter to a greater extent than #d per cent41 as1 if this quantity be exceeded1 it makes the bread heavy and dark4 ,it is also used as a sophisticant for other substances1 particularly for butter4 ,peas1 ,issue4 ,syn4 ,,pisa ,,pro ,,fonticulis1 ,l4 ,orange berries1 or the small unripe fruit of the orange tree1 dried1 and smoothed in a lathe4 ,see ,,issue4 ,,peb,,ble4 ,the trade name for the transparent colourless variety of rock crystal or quartz used for the lenses of spectacles instead of glass1 over which1 from its extreme hardness1 it has the advantage of being little apt to be scratched4 ,,pec,,tic ,,acid4 ,the name given by ,braconnot to an acid which is found very generally diffused throughout the vegetable kingdom4 ,prep4 ,from carrot roots1 from which the juice has been pressed out1 by boiling them with #a_/beth part of their weight of carbonate of potassium1 and about #f times their weight of water1 until the liquid becomes gelatinous when neutralised with an acid4 ,a pectate of potassium is formed1 from which the acid may be obtained by neutralising the alkali with a stronger acid1 or by carefully adding a solution of chloride of calcium as long as a gelatinous precipitate 7pectate of calcium7 falls1 and1 after washing this with water1 decomposing it with dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless jelly1 having an acid reaction2 scarcely soluble in cold water1 more so in hot water2 and precipitated by acids1 alkalies1 alcohol1 salts1 and even sugar4 ,its compounds with the bases are called pectates4 ,by long boiling with solution of caustic alkali it is converted into metapectic acid1 which does not gelatinise4 7,see below47 ,,pec,,tin4 ,syn4 ,,vegetable ,,jelly4 ,obtained by adding alcohol to the juice of ripe currants or other fruit1 until a gelatinous precipitate forms1 which must be drained1 washed with a little weak alcohol1 and dried4 ,prop41 c4 ,in the moist state it forms a neutral1 tasteless1 soluble1 transparent jelly2 when dried1 a translucent mass1 closely resembling isinglass2 boiled with water1 or with dilute acids1 it is converted into parapectin and metapectin2 in the presence of alkalies1 these1 as well as pectin1 are changed into pectic acid1 and by continuing the ebullition for some time longer1 into metapectic acid1 which is not gelatinous4 ,see ,,pectic ,,acid4 ,,pectoral ,,balsam4 ,the same as ,,balsam ,,of ,,honey1 which see4 ,the reference to #8,pectoral balsam1' which occurs at the end of the article #8,balsam of ,honey1' conveys the impression that it is a different medicine4 ,this is an error4 ,,pec,,torals4 ,under this head are popularly included all the various remedies employed in breath or chest diseases4 ,,pedic,,uli4 ,see ,,louse4 ,,pel,,licle4 ,see ,,crystallisation4 ,,pel,,litory4 ,syn4 ,,pellitory ,,of ,,spain2 7,,pellitory ,,root2 ,,pyrethri ,,radix1 ,b4 ,p472 ,,pyrethrum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the root of ,anacyclus ,pyrethrum4 ,it is a powerful topical excitant4 ,it is chiefly employed as a masticatory in headache1 toothache1 palsy of the tongue1 and facial neuralgia and rheumatism2 and made into a tincture with rectified spirit1 it is a common remedy among dentists for the toothache4 ,internally1 it has been given as a gastric stimulant1 and in intermittents1 c4 ,half to #a dr4 may be chewed at a time4 ,,pel,,try4 ,the name applied to fur skins in the state in which they are received from the hunters4 ,to prepare them as furs1 the inside of them is generally first #8tawed' by the application of a solution of alum4 ,they are next well dusted over and rubbed with hot plaster of ,paris or whiting1 and are1 lastly1 thoroughly dried and brushed clean4 ,when it is desired to change or modify their colour1 the grease being removed by lime water or a weak soda lye1 they are stretched out on a table or board1 and the ordinary liquid mordants and dyes are applied to them hot by means of a painter's brush4 ,the furs of the rabbit and hare are rendered fit for the purposes of the felt and hat manufacturers by a process called by the ,french #8scretage1' ,this consists in thoroughly moistening the hair with a solution of quicksilver1 #a part1 in aquafortis1 #af parts1 diluted with half to an equal bulk of water4 ,this is applied with a brush1 and the moistened skins being laid together1 face to face1 are dried as rapidly as possible in a stove room4 ,see ,,furs4 ,,pemphigus4 ,a disease of the skin1 in which large vesicles or blisters filled with a serous fluid1 develop themselves4 ,in the mild form of the disorder the blisters vary in size from a pea to a chestnut4 ,they chiefly attack the extremities1 and break after three or four days1 when they then give rise to a thin scab1 which soon heals and disappears without causing any bodily derangement4 ,in the acute form1 however1 there is a considerable constitutional disturbance1 which shows itself in the shape of more or less fever and inflammation2 the blisters too are larger1 and the scabs very irritable and obstinate4 ,children during teething1 or owing to injudicious diet1 are frequently subject to this kind of pemphigus4 ,there is also a chronic variety of the disease1 which varies but slightly from the acute form1 except that it continues longer4 ,old people are those who principally suffer from this chronic pemphigus4 ,a mild attack seldom calls for any treatment2 the best course to pursue in the case of an acute one is to administer some saline aperient1 to adopt a moderately low diet1 and to protect the exposed parts caused by the breaking of the blister by applying to them some simple dressing1 such as spermaceti ointment4 ,when the case becomes chronic it will be advisable to consult the medical practitioner4 ,,penalties4 ,the following sections of the ,public ,health ,act of #ahge refer to various offences for which penalties may be inflicted under the statute3---- ,,building or re-erecting a house in an urban district without proper drains1 c41 #ej 7s4 #be74 ,for building or re-erecting a house in any district without proper sanitary conveniences 7privies1 c471 #bj1 or less 7s4 #ce74 ,unauthorised building over sewers or under streets in an urban district1 #e penalty1 and #djs4 per day during continuance of offence 7s4 #bf74 ,,burial4 ,for obstructing a justice's order with regard to the burial of a person who has died from an infectious disease1 c41 #e1 or less 7s4 #adb74 ,,bye-,,laws4 ,penalties may be imposed by local authorities for the contravention of bye-laws2 such penalties are not to exceed #e1 and for continuing offences further penalties of sums not exceeding #djs4 a day 7s4 #ahc74 ,penalty for injury or defacement of any board1 c41 on which a notice or bye-law of any authority is inscribed by the authority of the ,government ,local ,board1 or of the local authority1 #e1 or less 7s4 #cjf74 ,,cellars1 ,unauthorised occupation of1 #bjs4 per day 7s4 #gc74 ,,cleansing ,,and ,,whitewashing1 c41 ,failure to comply with notice to cleanse and whitewash a house1 #ajs4 per day 7s4 #df74 ,,contracts4 ,all contracts are to specify some pecuniary penalty 7s4 #agd74 ,officers or servants being concerned or interested in contracts1 accepting fees1 are liable to a penalty of #ej1 recoverable with full costs of suit4 ,,disinfection4 ,failure to comply with notice to disinfect and cleanse articles and premises1 not less than #as4 and not more than #ajs4 per day4 ,expenses of local authority doing the work may also be recovered 7s4 #abj74 ,failure to disinfect public conveyances after conveying infected persons1 #e1 or less 7s4 #abg74 ,for letting infected houses without proper disinfection1 #bj1 or less 7s4 #abh74 ,,drains1 c4 ,unauthorised connection of a drain with a sewer1 #bj1 or less 7s4 #ba74 ,for neglecting to comply with notice for the construction of privies1 c41 for factories1 #bj1 or less1 and #djs4 per day4 ,for non-compliance with notice for the construction of drains1 privies1 c41 #ajs4 per day 7s4 #da74 ,,epidemic ,,diseases4 ,for violation or obstruction of the regulations of the ,local ,government ,board with regard to epidemic diseases1 #e1 or less 7s4 #adj74 ,,exposure of infected persons or things1 #e1 or less 7s4 #abf74 ,,houses ,,or ,,rooms4 ,making false statements with regard to infectious diseases for the purpose of letting1 #bj1 or less1 or imprisonment for one month with or without hard labour 7s4 #abi74 ,,lodging-,,houses4 ,receiving lodgers in unregistered houses1 failure to make a report1 failure to give notice of infectious diseases1 #e1 or less1 and #djs4 per day during continuance of offence4 ,refusal or neglect to affix or renew notice of regulation in common lodging-houses1 #e1 or less1 and #ajs4 a day during continuance of offence after conviction 7s4 #gi74 ,for neglecting the limewashing and cleansing of lodging-houses according to the ,act #djs41 or less 7s4 #hb74 ,,manure4 ,failure to comply with a notice of urban authority to periodically remove manure1 c41 #bjs4 a day 7s4 #ej74 ,,meat4 ,for exposing for sale or having in possession unsound meat and other articles of food specified in the ,act1 #bj1 or less1 for each carcase or piece of meat1 or fish1 c41 or three months imprisonment with or without the option of a fine 7s4 #aag74 ,for obstruction of officer inspecting the food1 #e1 or less 7s4 #aah74 ,,mortgage ,,of ,,rate4 ,refusal of custodian of register to permit inspection1 #ej1 or less4 ,neglect or refusal of clerk to register transfer of mortgage1 #bj1 or less4 ,,nuisance4 ,the court may impose a penalty of #e1 or less1 with regard to nuisances generally 7s4 #ih74 ,for want of diligence in carrying out the order to abate nuisance1 #ajs4 per day2 for contravention of order1 if wilful1 #bjs4 per day during such contrary action1 besides the expenses of the local authority in abating the nuisance 7s4 #ih74 ,for nuisance of pigs1 pigsties1 and the contents of cesspools1 c41 overflowing1 #djs41 or less1 and #es4 per day during continuance of offences 7s4 #dg74 ,,obstruction4 ,for wilful obstruction of member of1 or person authorised by local authority1 #e1 or less 7s4 #cjf74 ,obstruction of owner by occupier in carrying out any of the provisions of the ,act1 #e per day1 commencing twenty-four hours after non-compliance with the justice's order 7s4 #cjf74 ,,offices4 ,certain offices are not to be held by the same person4 ,penalty for offence1 #ajj1 recoverable with full costs of suit 7s4 #aib74 ,,order ,,of ,,justices4 ,refusal to obey order for admission of local authority1 #e1 or less 7s4 #ajc74 ,,rates4 ,refusal of officers in custody of rate-books1 valuation lists for the relief of the poor1 c41 to permit inspection1 #e1 or less 7s4 #bab74 ,refusal of person to permit inspection of rate1 #e1 or less 7s4 #bai74 ,,scavenging4 ,obstruction of the contractor or local authority in scavenging the streets or in removal of refuse1 #e1 or less 7s4 #db74 ,neglect of local authority to scavenge after undertaking to do so1 #es4 per day 7s4 #dc74 ,,streets4 ,wilful unauthorised displacement or injury of pavement stones1 injury to fences1 c41 of streets vested in urban authority1 #e1 or less1 and a further penalty of #es4 or less for every square foot of pavement injured1 c4 ,compensation may also be awarded by the court for injury to trees 7s4 #adi74 ,for building or bringing forward buildings beyond the general line of the houses in the street in an urban district1 #djs4 per day after written notice 7s4 #aef74 ,,trade1 ,,offensive4 ,unauthorised establishment of in an urban district1 #ej1 and #djs4 per day during continuance of offence 7s4 #aab74 ,nuisance arising from offensive trade is punishable by penalty----for first offence not less than #djs41 and not exceeding #e2 for second or any subsequent offence1 double the amount of the last penalty which has been imposed1 but in no case to exceed #bjj 7s4 #aad74 ,,water4 ,pollution of by gas1 #bhj2 and when offence is continued at the end of twenty-four hours' notice1 #bj per day 7s4 #fh74 ,for injuring water-meters1 #djs41 or less1 and the damage sustained may also be recovered 7s4 #fj74 ,,works4 ,for wilful damage of works or property belonging to a local authority1 in cases where no other penalty is provided1 #e1 or less 7s4 #cjg74 ,all penalties1 forfeitures1 costs1 and expenses1 directed to be recovered in a summary manner1 or not otherwise provided for1 may be prosecuted and recovered under the 8,summary ,jurisdiction ,acts0 before a court of summary jurisdiction 7,p4 ,h4 ,s4 #bea72 but proceedings for the recovery of penalties are only to be taken by the person aggrieved1 or by the local authority of the district1 except the consent in writing of the ,attorney-,general be obtained4 ,but this restriction does not apply to the proceedings of a local authority with regard to nuisances1 offensive trades1 houses1 c41 without their district1 in cases in which the local authority are authorised to take proceedings with respect to any act or default 7s4 #bec74 ,unless otherwise provided for the penalty is thus applied3 ,one half goes to the informer1 and the remainder to the local authority of the district in which the offence was committed2 but if the local authority be the informer1 they are entitled to the whole of the penalty recovered4 ,all penalties and sums recovered by a local authority are paid to the treasurer1 and carried to the account of the fund applicable to the general purposes of the ,public ,health ,act4 7,the justices or court have power to reduce penalties imposed by #f ,geo4 ,,iv1 c4 #gh4 ,p4 ,h4 ,part ,,iii47 ,,pen,,cils4 ,this name is applied to the small brushes made of camel's hair used by artists1 as well as to the plumbago crayons familiarly known as black-lead pencils4 ,the last are prepared by one or other of the following methods3---- #a4 ,the blocks of plumbago are exposed to a bright-red heat in a closely covered crucible1 and are afterwards sawn into minute sticks1 and mounted in cases of cedar or satin wood4 #b4 ,the plumbago1 in powder1 is calcined as before1 and then mixed with an equal1 or any other desired proportion of pure washed clay1 also in powder1 after which the mixture is reduced to a plastic state with water1 and pressed into grooves cut on the face of a smooth board1 or into well-greased wooden moulds1 in which state it is left to dry4 ,when dry1 the pieces are tempered to any degree of hardness by exposing them1 surrounded by sand or powdered charcoal1 in a closely covered crucible to various degrees of heat4 ,the crucible is not opened until the whole has become cold1 when the prepared #8slips' are removed and mounted as before4 ,this method was invented by ,m4 ,cont in #agie4 #c4 ,the dough or paste1 prepared as last1 is reduced to the required form by forcing it through a perforated plate 7in a similar manner to that adopted for coloured crayons71 or into minute metallic cylinders1 from which it may be readily shaken after it has become partially dry4 ,obs4 ,the leads for some varieties of drawing-pencils are immersed for a minute in very hot melted wax or suet before mounting them4 ,to the composition for others a little lampblack is added1 to increase and vary the degree of blackness4 ,the pencils for asses' skin books and prepared paper are tipped with #8fusible metal4' ,numerous improvements in pencil cases and pencil mounts have been patented of late years by ,stevens and others4 ,,pennyroy,,al4 ,syn4 ,,pulegium 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,mentha ,p4 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 8,the recent and dried flowering herb of ,mentha pulegium1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,,pennyroyal ,,tea is a popular emmenagogue1 expectorant1 and diaphoretic1 and is in common use in asthma1 bronchitis1 hooping-cough1 hysteria1 suppressions1 c4 ,water1 essence1 oil1 and spirit of pennyroyal are officinal4 ,they are now chiefly used as mere adjuncts or vehicles4 ,,pentastomata4 ,there are two varieties of this entozoon----the ,pentastoma denticulatum1 which ,leuckart has shown to be the larv of the ,pentastoma tnoides1 and the ,pentastoma constrictum4 ,the ,p4 denticulatum infests the human liver and small intestines4 ,the ,p4 constrictum does not appear to be known in this country4 ,the latter appears to have caused death by setting up peritonitis4 ,according to ,dr ,aitken these parasites are provided with two pairs of hooks or claws1 placed on each side of a pit or mouth1 on a flattened head4 ,he says3 8,these claws appear to be implanted in socket-like hollows or depressions1 surrounded by much loose integument4 ,these socket-like hollows appear to be elevated on the summit of the mass of tissues which lies underneath the folds of integuments surrounding the base of the hooks4 ,these parts are regarded as the feet of the parasite1 and the hooks are the fore claws4 ,the pit or mouth is of an oval shape1 the long axis of the oval lying in the direction of the length of the worm4 8,the less or outer margin of the pit is marked by a well-defined1 thin line4 ,there are no spines nor hooks on the integument of the elongated body40 ,,pepper 7,black74 ,syn4 ,,pepper2 ,,piper1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,nigri ,,bacc1 ,,piper ,,nigrum 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,the immature fruit 7berry7 of ,piper nigrum1 ,linn41 or the black pepper vine40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,pur4 ,the ground black pepper of the shops is universally adulterated2 in fact1 the public taste and judgment are so vitiated that the pure spice is unsaleable4 ,a most respectable ,london firm1 on commencing business1 supplied their customers with unadulterated ground pepper1 but in #c cases out of every #d it was returned on their hands and objected to1 on account of its dark colour and rich pungency1 which had induced the belief that it was sophisticated4 ,the house alluded to was therefore compelled by the customers to supply them with an inferior1 but milder and paler1 article4 ,the substances employed to lower black pepper are known in the trade as----#8,p4 ,d41' #8,h4 ,p4 ,d41' and #8,w4 ,p4 ,d1'----abbreviations of pepper dust1 hot pepper dust1 white pepper dust4 ,the first is composed of the faded leaves of autumn1 dried and powdered2 the second1 the ground husks 7hulls7 of black mustard1 obtained from the mustard mills2 and the third is common rice1 finely powdered4 ,equal parts of black peppercorns1 ,h4 ,p4 ,d41 and ,w4 ,p4 ,d41 form the very best ground pepper sold4 ,the ordinary pepper of the shops does not contain more than #a_/hth to #a_/fth of genuine pepper1 or #b to #b-a_/b oz4 in the lb4 ,very recently1 ground oil-cake or linseed meal has been chiefly employed as the adulterant1 instead of the old #8,p4 ,d1' ,illustration ,dr ,parkes#ib says3 8,the microscopic characters of pepper are rather complicated4 ,there is a husk composed of four or five layers of cells and a central part4 ,the cortex has externally elongated cells1 placed vertically1 and provided with a central cavity1 from which lines radiate towards the circumference2 then come some strata of angular cells1 which1 towards the interior1 are larger and filled with oil4 ,the third layer is composed of woody fibre and spiral cells4 ,the fourth layer is made up of large cells1 which towards the interior become smaller and of a deep red colour2 they contain most of the essential oil of the pepper4 ,the central part of the berry is composed of large angular cells1 about twice as long as broad4 ,steeped in water1 some of these cells become yellow2 others remain colourless4 ,it has been supposed that these yellow cells contain piperine1 as they give the same reaction as piperine does2 namely1 the tint is deepened by alcohol and nitric acid1 and sulphuric acid applied to a dry section causes a reddish hue40 7,hassal47 ,footnote #ib3 #8,practical ,hygiene4' ,uses1 c4 ,black pepper is a powerful stimulant1 carminative1 and rubefacient4 ,its use in moderation1 as a condiment1 is peculiarly serviceable to persons who are of cold habit1 or who suffer from weak digestion2 but in inflammatory habits1 and in affections of the mucous membranes1 it is generally highly injurious4 ,as a medicine it is often serviceable in nausea1 vomiting1 chronic diarrha1 and agues4 ,in ,north ,america a common remedy for the last is #a_/b oz4 of ground pepper stirred up with a glassful of warm beer2 or a like quantity made into a tincture by steeping it in #e or #f times its weight of gin1 rum1 or whisky1 for a few days4 ,prepared black pepper is made by steeping the berries for #c days in #c times their weight of vinegar1 and then drying and grinding them4 ,it is milder than common pepper4 ,see ,,confections1 ,,piperine1 c4 ,pepper1 ,cayenne4 ,syn4 ,,bird ,,pepper1 ,,chili ,p41 ,,guinea ,p41 ,,indian ,p41 ,,red ,p42 ,,piper ,,capsici1 ,p4 ,,cayenne1 ,l4 ,this is prepared from chillies1 or the pods of ,capsicum frutescens1 or from ,capsicum baccatum1 or bird pepper1 but generally from the first1 on account of its greater pungency and acrimony2 and1 occasionally1 from ,capsicum annuum or medicinal capsicum4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the dried pods 7powdered71 #a lb42 and wheaten bread or captain's biscuits 7heated until they are perfectly dry and brittle1 and begin to acquire a yellow colour throughout1 and then powdered71 #g lbs42 mixed and ground together4 ,colouring matter and common salt are frequently added1 but are unnecessary4 #b4 ,as the last1 but making the mixture into a dough with water1 then forming it into small cakes1 drying these as rapidly as possible at a gentle heat1 and then grinding them4 #c4 7,loudon47 ,the ripe pods1 dried in the sun1 are stratified with wheaten flour in a dish or tray1 and exposed in a stove-room or a half-cold oven until they are quite dry2 they are then removed from the flour1 and ground to fine powder2 to every oz4 of this powder #a lb4 7say #ae oz47 of wheaten flour 7including that already used7 are added1 and the mixture is made into a dough with a little tepid water and a teaspoonful of yeast2 after fermentation is well set up1 the dough is cut into small pieces1 and baked in a slow oven until it is perfectly hard and brittle2 it is then beaten or ground to powder1 and forms #8cayenne pepper4' ,pure cayenne pepper1 when burnt1 leaves a scarcely perceptible quantity of white ash2 a red-coloured ash indicates the presence of red ochre1 brick-dust1 ,armenian bole1 or other earthy colouring matter4 ,if red lead is present1 it will be left behind under the form of a dark-coloured powder1 or a small metallic globule4 ,pur4 ,the #8cayenne pepper' of the shops is often a spurious article1 made by grinding a mixture of any of the reddish woods or sawdust with enough red pods or chillies to render the mixture sufficiently acrid and pungent4 ,common salt1 colcothar1 red bole1 brick-dust1 vermilion1 and even red lead1 are also common additions4 ,uses1 c4 ,the capsicums resemble the peppers1 except in their greater energy and their pungency being unmodified by the presence of essential oil4 ,as a condiment1 under the form of cayenne pepper1 and in all diseases in which the employment of a powerful stimulant or rubefacient is indicated1 their uses are well known4 ,in medicine the fruit of ,capsicum annuum 7,linn4----,ph4 ,e4 ,d42 ,c4 fastigiatum1 ,blume----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 or annual capsicum is ordered 7,,capsicum----,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,the ,london ,college directs the fruit to be that of #8,guinea1' less than one inch long1 oblong1 cylindrical1 and straight4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,cayenne4 ,pepper1 ,prepared ,cayenne1 is the residuum of cayenne----vinegar1 essence1 or tincture1 dried and ground 7see below74 ,pepper 7,soluble7 ,cayenne4 ,syn4 ,,crystallised ,,soluble ,,cayenne4 ,prep4 #a4 ,capsicum pods 7recent1 ground in a pepper mill71 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b pints2 proceed by percolation so as to obtain #b-a_/b pints2 from this distil one half of the spirit by the heat of a water bath2 to the residuum add of fine dry salt1 #e lbs42 mix them well together1 and dry the mixture at a very gentle heat1 frequently stirring2 lastly rub it through a sieve1 and put it into warm dry bottles4 ,it is usually coloured with a little vermilion or rouge 7sesquioxide of iron71 but it possesses an agreeable colour without it1 #b4 ,essence of cayenne 7,no4 #a1 page #feb71 #f pints2 distil off #c pints1 add to the residual liquor of dry salt #ab lbs42 mix well1 dry by a gentle heat1 and otherwise proceed as before4 #c4 ,capsicums 7ground71 #c lbs42 red sanders or ,brazil wood 7sliced or rasped71 #aj oz42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 macerate for #ad days1 then express the tincture1 filter1 distil off one half1 add of dry salt1 #ae lbs41 and proceed as before4 #d4 ,as the first formula1 with the addition of a strong decoction of saffron1 q4 s4 ,it gives a beautiful colour to soups1 c4 ,obs4 ,the above formul are those actually employed by the houses most celebrated for their #8soluble cayenne4' ,the products are of the very finest quality1 and are perfectly wholesome4 ,we speak from an extensive experience in the manufacture4 ,the spirit distilled from the essence forms a most suitable menstruum for making fresh essence or tincture of cayenne4 ,pepper1 ,cubeb4 ,see ,,cubebs4 ,pepper1 ,jamaica4 ,see ,,pimento4 ,pepper1 ,kitchen4 ,see ,,spice4 ,pepper1 ,long4 ,syn4 ,,piperis ,,longi ,,fructus1 ,,piper ,,longum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 8,the immature fruit 7dried female spikes7 of ,piper longum1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l471 or long-pepper vine4 ,the spikes are about #a-a_/b inch in length1 with an indented surface1 and are of a dark-grey colour4 ,in its general properties it resembles black pepper1 but it is less aromatic1 though equally pungent4 ,elephant pepper is merely a larger variety of this species4 7,gray47 ,the root and stems1 sliced and dried1 form the #8pippula moola' of the ,east ,indies4 7,roxburgh47 ,pepper1 ,red4 ,see ,,cayenne4 ,pepper1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,piper ,,album1 ,l4 ,this is made by either soaking ordinary black pepper in a solution of common salt1 until the outside skins are soft1 and then rubbing them off in the hands1 or by merely rubbing off the skins of the over-ripe berries that fall from the vines4 ,an inferior quality is made by bleaching black pepper with chlorine4 ,obs4 ,the use of white pepper instead of black is an instance of the sacrifices made to please the eye4 ,pure white pepper has only about #a-dth of the strength of pure black pepper1 whilst it is nearly destitute of the fine aroma of the latter4 ,it also contains a mere trace of piperina or piperine1 one of the most valuable constituents of black pepper4 ,,pep,,per ,,pods4 ,capsicums4 ,see ,,cayenne ,,pepper4 ,,pep,,permint4 ,syn4 ,,mentha ,,piperita 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,the recent and dried flowering herb of ,mentha piperita0 7,ph4 ,l471 or garden peppermint4 ,the flavour and odour of this herb are well known4 ,it is the most pleasant and powerful of all the mints4 ,peppermint water and the essential oil have long been employed in nausea1 griping1 flatulent colic1 hysteric1 diarrha1 c42 but in regular practice chiefly to cover the taste of nauseous medicines1 or as an adjunct or vehicle for more active remedies4 ,see ,,oils 7,volatile71 ,,waters1 c4 ,,pep,,sin4 ,syn4 ,,gasterace1 ,,chymosin4 ,a peculiar principle found in the gastric juice1 and which1 in conjunction with hydrochloric acid1 also present in the stomach1 confers upon it the power of digesting certain portions of the food1 and of dissolving1 as ,tuson has shown1 calomel and other mineral substances4 ,prep4 #a4 7,beale1 #8,med4 ,times ,gaz41' ,february #ajth1 #ahgb1 p4 #aeb47 8,the mucous membrane of a perfectly fresh pig's stomach is carefully dissected from the muscular coat1 and placed on a flat board4 ,it is then lightly cleansed with a sponge and a little water1 and much of the mucus1 remains of food1 c4 carefully removed4 ,with the back of a knife1 or with an ivory paper-knife1 the surface is scraped very hard1 in order that the glands may be squeezed and their contents pressed out4 ,the viscid mucus thus obtained contains the pure gastric juice with much epithelium from the glands and surface of the mucous membrane4 ,it is to be spread out upon a piece of glass1 so as to form a very thin layer1 which is to be dried at a temperature of #ajj over hot water1 or in vacuo over sulphuric acid4 ,care must be taken that the temperature does not rise much above #ajj ,f41 because the action of the solvent would be completely destroyed4 ,when dry the mucus is scraped from the glass1 powdered in a mortar1 and transferred to a well-stoppered bottle4 ,with this powder a good digestive fluid may be made as follows3 ,of the powder #e grains4 ,strong hydrochloric acid #ah drops4 ,water #f ounces4 ,macerate it at a temperature of #ajj for an hour4 ,the mixture may be filtered easily1 and forms a perfectly clear solution very convenient for experiment4 8,if the powder is to be taken as a medicine1 from two to five grains may be given for a dose1 a little diluted hydrochloric acid in water being taken at the same time4 ,the pepsin powder may be mixed with the salt at a meal4 ,it is devoid of smell1 and has only a slightly salt taste4 ,it undergoes no change if kept perfectly dry1 and contains the active principle of the gastric juice almost unaltered4 8,the method of preparing this pepsin was communicated to ,mr ,bullock1 of the firm of ,messrs ,bullock and ,company1 #c1 ,hanover ,street1 ,hanover ,square1 who at once adopted it for the preparation of medicinal pepsin1 and soon improved upon it in some particulars4 ,the dose is from #b to #d or #e grains4----,test4 #d_/eths of a grain of this pepsin1 with #aj drops dilute hydrochloric acid and an ounce of distilled water1 dissolve #ajj grains of hard-boiled white of egg in from twelve to twenty-four hours4 ,in the body probably twice this quantity of white of egg or even more would be dissolved in a comparatively short space of time4 ,the digestive powder prepared from the pig's stomach retains its activity for any length of time if kept dry4 ,i had some which had been kept in a bottle for upwards of five years1 and still retained its active power unimpaired4 ,the solution made with this pepsin and hydrochloric acid was nearly tasteless and inodorous4 ,one pig's stomach1 which costs sixpence1 will yield about #de grains of the powder prepared as above described4 8,gradually the usefulness of this preparation of pepsin of the pig was found out1 and it had to be prepared in increasing quantities4 ,i should be afraid to say how many pigs' stomachs have been used of late years during the winter season4 8,in #aheg ,dr4 ,pavy carefully examined the pepsin prepared and sold by many different firms1 and found that this dried mucus of the pig's stomach was the most active of them all 7#8,medical ,times and ,gazette1' #aheg1 vol4 i1 p4 #ccf74 ,in #ahgj ,professor ,tuson instituted a still more careful comparative examination1 and with a similar result 7#8,lancet1' ,august #acth1 #ahgj72 for he found that this preparation was twenty-five times stronger than some others that he obtained for examination40 #b4 7,scheffer1 #8,pharm4 ,journ41' ,march #bcrd1 #ahgb1 p4 #gfa47 8,of the well-cleaned fresh hog stomach the mucous membrane is dissected off1 chopped finely and macerated in water acidulated with muriatic acid for several days1 during which time the mass is frequently well stirred4 ,the resulting liquid1 after being strained1 is1 if not clear1 set aside for at least twenty-four hours in order to allow the mucus to settle4 ,to the clarified liquid the same bulk of a saturated solution of sodium chloride is added1 and the whole thoroughly mixed4 ,after several hours the pepsin1 which1 by the addition of chloride of sodium1 has separated from its solution1 is found floating on the surface1 from whence it is removed with a spoon and put upon cotton cloth to drain2 finally it is submitted to strong pressure1 to free it as much as possible from the salt solution4 8,the pepsin1 when taken from the press and allowed to become air-dry1 is a very tough substance1 and presents1 according to thickness1 a different appearance1 resembling in thin sheets parchment paper1 and in thick layers sole leather2 its colour varies from a dim straw yellow to a brownish yellow4 ,besides a little mucus1 it contains small quantities of phosphate of lime and chloride of sodium1 which1 however1 do not interfere with its digestive properties1 as they are found also in normal gastric juice4 8,in order to get a purer article ,i redissolve the pepsin1 as obtained after expression1 in acidulated water1 filter the solution through paper and precipitate again with a solution of sodium chloride2 the precipitate1 after draining and pressing1 is now free of phosphate of lime and mucus1 but still contains salt4 ,in the freshly precipitated state the pepsin is very readily soluble in water1 and cannot therefore be freed from adhering salt by washing4 8,by allowing the pressed sheet of pepsin to get perfectly air-dry----whereby it becomes coated with a white film and small crystals of chloride of sodium----and by immersing it then in pure water for a short time1 the greater part of sodium chloride can be extracted1 but it has to be done very rapidly1 as the pepsin swells up considerably and loses its tenacity4 ,by operating in this matter ,i have obtained a pepsin which dissolves in acidulated water to quite a clear colourless liquid1 but as it still contains traces of salt1 ,i prefer to call it purified pepsin40 #c4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,a preparation of the mucous lining of a fresh and healthy stomach of the pig1 sheep1 or calf4 ,the stomach of one of these animals1 recently killed1 having been cut open and laid on a board with the inner surface upwards1 any adhering portions of food1 dirt1 and other impurity1 are to be removed and the exposed surface slightly washed with cold water2 the cleansed mucous membrane is then to be scraped with a blunt knife or other suitable instrument1 and the viscid parts thus obtained is to be immediately spread over the surface of glass or glazed earthenware1 and quickly dried at a temperature not exceeding #ajj ,f4 the dried residue is to be reduced to powder1 and preserved in a stoppered bottle4----,dose1 #b to #e grains4 ,pepsin1 ,saccharated4 ,to work it into saccharated pepsin 7#8,american ,journal of ,pharmacy1' ,january1 #ahga7 the damp pepsin1 as it is taken from the press1 is triturated with a weighed quantity of sugar of milk to a fine powder1 which1 when it has become air-dry1 is weighed again1 the quantity of milk sugar subtracted1 and so the amount of pepsin found4 ,the strength of this dry pepsin is now ascertained by finding how much coagulated albumen it will dissolve at a temperature of #ajj ,f4 in five or six hours1 and after this sufficient milk sugar is added to result in a preparation of which ten grains will dissolve one hundred and twenty grains of coagulated albumen1 and this preparation ,i have called saccharated pepsin4 ,pepsin with ,starch4 ,pepsin mixed with starch is the medicinal ,pepsine of ,m4 ,boudault2 the ,poudre nutrimentive of ,m4 ,corvisart4 ,,percentage4 ,literally1 8by the hundred40 ,in commerce the term is applied to an allowance duty or commission on a hundred4 7,,webster47 ,,perchlo,,rate1 ,syn4 ,,perchloras1 ,l4 ,a salt of perchloric acid4 ,the perchlorates are distinguished from the chlorates by their great stability1 and by not turning yellow when treated with hydrochloric acid4 ,like the chlorates1 they give off oxygen when heated to redness4 ,they may be prepared by directly neutralising a solution of the acid with a solution of the base4 ,see ,,potassium 7,perchlorate of71 and ,,chlorine4 ,,perchlo,,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,chlorine4 ,,percola,,tion ,syn4 ,,method ,,of ,,displacement4 ,a method of extracting the soluble portion of any substance in a divided state1 by causing the menstruum to filter or strain through it4 ,the #8sparging' of the ,scotch brewers is an example of the application of this principle on the large scale4 ,in pharmacy1 the #8method of displacement' is frequently adopted for the preparation of tinctures1 infusions1 c41 and is1 in some respects1 superior to digestion or maceration4 8,the solid materials1 usually in coarse or moderately fine powder1 are moistened with a sufficiency of the solvent to form a thick pulp4 ,in twelve hours1 or frequently without delay1 the mass is put into a cylinder of glass1 porcelain1 or tinned iron1 open at both ends1 but obstructed at the lower end by a piece of calico or linen1 tied lightly over it as a filter2 and the pulp being backed by pressure1 ranging as to degree with different articles1 the remainder of the solvent is poured into the upper portion of the cylinder1 and allowed gradually to percolate4 ,in order to obtain the portion of the fluid which is absorbed by the residuum1 an additional quantity of the solvent is poured into the cylinder1 until the tincture which has passed through equals in amount the spirit originally prescribed4 ,the spirit employed for this purpose is then recovered1 for the most part1 by pouring over the residuum as much water as there is spirit retained in it1 which may be easily known by an obvious calculation in each case4 ,the method of percolation is now preferred by all who have made sufficient trial of it to apply it correctly40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the first portion of liquid obtained by the method of displacement is always in a state of high concentration4 ,in general it is a simple solution of the soluble ingredients of the crude drug in the fluid employed4 ,but sometimes the solvent1 if compound1 is resolved into its component parts1 and the fluid which passes through at any given time is only one of these1 holding the soluble parts of the drug in solution4 ,thus if diluted alcohol be poured over powder of myrrh1 in the cylinder of the percolator1 the fluid which first drops into the receiver is a solution of an oily consistence1 chiefly composed of resin and volatile oil1 dissolved in alcohol4 ,in like manner1 when the powder of gall-nuts is treated in the same way by hydrated sulphuric ether1 two layers of fluid are obtained1 one of which is a highly concentrated solution of tannin in the water of the ether1 and the other a weak solution of the same principle in pure ether4 ,in all cases1 therefore1 in which it is not otherwise directed it is absolutely necessary to agitate the several portions of the liquid obtained by percolation together1 in order to ensure a product of uniform strength or activity4 ,several forms of displacement apparatus are employed by different operators4 ,a simple and useful one is that figured in the margin4 ,it has also the advantage of being inexpensive1 and may be made by any worker in tin plate4 ,in operating on some substances it is found advantageous to hasten the process by pressure4 ,this may be effected by any of the methods adopted for that purpose1 and already described under ,,filtration4 ,an ingenious little apparatus1 which is well adapted for small quantities1 is shown in the engr4 ,by pouring mercury or water through 7e71 into the bottle 7c71 the air in the latter suffers compression1 and acts in a corresponding manner on the percolating liquor in 7a74 ,the whole of the joints must be made air-tight4 ,illustration3 a4 ,percolator4 b4 ,stand4 c4 ,receiver4 d4 ,menstruum4 e4 ,substance operated on4 f4 ,calico strainer4 ,illustration3 a4 ,percolator4 b4 ,tube connecting2 it with---- c4 ,a double-necked bottle containing---- d4 ,mercury4 e4 ,feeding-tube4 f4 ,receiver4 g4 ,stop-cock to regulate or arrest the pressure of air on the contents of the cylinder 7a74 ,the method of displacement1 although apparently simple1 requires for its successful application no inconsiderable amount of experience and skill in manipulation4 ,the principal points to be attended to are----the reduction of the substance to the proper state of comminution 7neither too coarse nor too fine71----the due regulation of the period of maceration according to the hardness1 density1 and texture of the substance2 and1 more important still1----the proper packing of the ingredients in the cylinder4 ,on the correct performance of the last the success of the process mainly depends4 ,some substances require considerable pressure to be used1 whilst others1 when even lightly packed1 scarcely permit the fluid to pass through them4 ,when the material is too loosely packed1 the menstruum passes through quickly1 but without exerting its proper solvent action2 when too great pressure is employed1 percolation either progresses very slowly or not at all4 ,on the whole1 the firmness of the packing should be inversely as the solvent and softening power of the menstruum upon the solids exposed to its action2 but to this rule there are many exceptions1 and each substance may be said to require special treatment4 ,an excellent plan1 applicable to all substances1 and especially to those of a glutinous or mucilaginous nature1 is to mix the powder with an equal bulk of well-washed siliceous sand before rubbing it up with the menstruum4 ,in reference to the coarseness of the powder it must be observed that substances which readily become soft and pappy when wetted by the menstruum1 should not be used so fine as those that are more woody and fibrous1 and not of a glutinous or resinous nature4 ,the #8method of displacement' has the advantage of expedition1 economy1 and yielding products possessing considerable uniformity of strength2 but the difficulties attending its application by the inexperienced are serious obstacles to its general adoption in the laboratory4 ,it answers admirably for the preparation of all tinctures that are not of a resinous nature1 and for most infusions of a woody and fibrous substances1 as roots1 woods1 barks1 leaves1 seeds1 insects1 c41 and particularly when cold or tepid water is taken as the solvent4 ,it is also especially adapted for the preparation of concentrated infusions and essences1 as they may thus be obtained of any required strength without loss1 or requiring concentration by heat1 which is so destructive to their virtues4 8,when 7ordinary7 tinctures are made in large quantities1 displacement is never likely to supersede maceration1 on account of any practical advantages it may possess4 ,if the prescribed directions be duly attended to1 the process of maceration is unexceptionable4 ,the process is more simple than the other2 the mode of operating is more uniform1 it is1 in fact1 always the same2 it requires less of skill and dexterity in conducting it2 it requires less constant attention during its progress which1 in operating on large quantities is a consideration2 and1 finally1 the apparatus required is less complicated4 ,when1 however1 only small quantities of tincture are made at a time1 and kept in stock1 the adoption of the process of displacement will often be found convenient and advantageous4 ,it offers the means of making a tincture in two or three hours1 which1 by the other process1 would require as many weeks40 7,mohr and ,redwood47 ,another useful application of the method of displacement is to the manufacture of extracts on the large scale4 ,here it is superior to any other plan4 ,by the simple and inexpensive forms of apparatus in block-tin1 stoneware1 or glass1 which have recently been designed for the purpose1 not merely a first-class product is ensured1 but a great saving in fuel and labour is at the same time effected4 ,the reader is referred to the last edition of the #8,united ,states ,pharmacopia1' and to papers by ,messrs ,saunders and ,schweitzer in the #8,pharmaceutical ,year ,book for #ahgc1' and by ,mr ,campbell in the same publication for #ahgd1 for additional information in the subject of 8,percolation40 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,extract1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,,percus,,sion4 ,syn4 ,,percussio1 ,l4 ,in medicine1 the act of striking any part of the body with the fingers1 or any instrument1 to ascertain its condition4 ,,percus,,sion ,,caps4 ,the composition employed to prime these articles is noticed under ,,fulminating ,,mercury4 ,,per,,fect ,,love4 ,see ,,liqueur 7,parfait amour74 ,,per,,fume4 ,a substance that emits or casts off volatile particles which1 when diffused through the atmosphere1 agreeably affect the organs of smelling4 ,the term is also applied to the volatile effluvia so perceived4 ,the principal source of perfumes is the ,vegetable ,kingdom4 ,its flowers1 seeds1 woods1 and barks furnish a rich variety1 from which the most fastidious connoisseur may select his favourite bouquet4 ,a few perfumes1 as musk1 ambergris1 and civet1 are derived from the ,animal ,kingdom2 but none of these evolve an aroma comparable in freshness to that of the rose1 or in delicacy to that of the orange-blossom1 or even the unpretending jasmine4 ,the ,inorganic ,kingdom yields not a single perfume1 so called2 nor has the science of chemistry yet been able to produce a single odoriferous compound from matter absolutely inorganic4 ,,perfu,,mery4 ,perfumes in general2 also the art of perfuming them4 ,in its commercial application1 this word embraces not merely perfumes1 but also cosmetics1 and other articles of a closely allied character employed at the toilet1 the manufacture and sale of which constitute the trade of the modern perfumer4 ,formul for the preparation of all the more valuable perfumes1 as well as of others met with in trade1 both simple and compound1 will be found under the heads ,,cosmetics1 ,,depilatory1 ,,essence1 ,,hair ,,dyes1 ,,oils1 ,,pastes1 ,,pastils1 ,,pomade1 ,,spirit1 ,,waters1 c41 to which we refer the reader4 ,,perfumes1 ,,ace,,tic4 ,see ,,vinegar4 ,perfumes1 ,ammoniated4 ,these may be prepared by simply adding a sufficient quantity of ammonia to the liquid perfumes4 ,when the articles are to be distilled1 a cheaper plan is to add about #e dr4 of sal ammoniac and #h dr4 of carbonate of potassa to each pint of the article just before distillation4 ,ammoniated ,cologne water is now a fashionable substance for spirit of sal volatile4 ,,periodic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,hydric ,,periodate4 7,,hio#d47 #a4 ,by passing a current of chlorine gas through a solution of sodic iodate1 containing caustic soda1 in the proportion of #c atoms of the latter to one atom of sodic iodate4 ,the hydrated basic sodic periodate1 which crystallises out1 is dissolved in diluted nitric acid1 and precipitated by the addition of argentic nitrate2 a normal argentic periodate crystallises as the liquid cools1 and this salt being treated with water1 is decomposed into a basic argentic periodate1 which is insoluble1 and periodic acid1 which is dissolved4 ,by evaporating the solution1 the periodic acid may be obtained in deliquescent1 oblique1 rhombic prisms1 which are somewhat soluble in alcohol and in ether4 #b4 ,from perchloric acid by the action of iodine4 ,see ,,iodine4 ,,peristal,,tic ,,persua,,ders4 ,see ,,pills 7,kitchener's74 ,,per,,manent ,,white4 ,see ,,barium 7,sulphate7 and ,,white ,,pigments4 ,,pernambu,,co ,,wood4 ,syn4 ,,peach ,,wood4 ,the wood of ,csalpinia echinata4 ,it constitutes the paler variety of ,brazil wood used by the dyers4 ,,per,,ry4 ,syn4 ,,pyraceum1 ,l4 ,a fermented liquor prepared from pears in the same way as cider is from apples4 ,the red rough-tasted sorts are principally used for this purpose4 ,the best perry contains about #i of absolute alcohol2 ordinary perry from #e to #g4 ,perry is a very pleasant-tasted and wholesome liquor4 ,when bottled #8champagne fashion1' we have seen it frequently passed off for champagne without the fraud being suspected4 ,,per,,sian ,,ber,,ries4 ,see ,,french ,,berries4 ,,perspira,,tion4 ,the liquid or vapour secreted by the ramifications of the cuticular arteries over the surface of the body4 ,the perspiratory apparatus consists of a gland deeply seated in the corium1 communicating by means of tubules 7pores7 with the surface of the scarf-skin4 ,the uses of the perspiratory functions appear to be to preserve the suppleness and sensibility of the skin1 to maintain the temperature of the body at a uniform standard1 and to remove from the system a number of compounds noxious to animal life4 ,the perspiration 8is a fluid whose regularity and continuance of exhalation are not merely conducive1 but absolutely necessary1 to health2 without such regularity the animal temperature would run riot1 and substances of an injurious quality would be allowed to permeate the finest and most delicate of the tissues of the body40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 8,from the constriction or constipation of the cutaneous pores by the ambient air1 especially when the body1 beforehand put into a heat1 is suddenly exposed thereunto1 the serous particles which used to fly off continually in vapour1 being now pent in1 excite an intense and feverish effervescence2 till1 finding some other passage1 either by the kidneys or by the glandules of the nose and windpipe1 they are discharged by way of a catarrh2 or1 missing this separation1 still keep up the ebullition1 very often to the hazard of life1 by suffocating the vital flame4 ,and this is the natural consequence of obstructed insensible perspiration1 which1 in the vulgar phrase1 is the same with what they mean by catching cold1 and of which1 give me leave to remark1 that as fevers make two thirds of diseases infesting mankind1 according to the computation of the judicious ,sydenham1 so two thirds of fevers very probably may take their rise from perspiration hindered40 7,daniel ,turner47 ,suppressed perspiration is also one of the commonest causes of diarrha4 ,,peru,,vian ,,balsam4 ,see ,,balsam ,,of ,,peru4 ,,peru,,vian ,,bark4 ,see ,,cinchona4 ,,pes,,sary4 ,syn4 ,,pessum1 ,,pessarium1 ,l4 ,an instrument made of caoutchouc1 gutta percha1 box-wood1 or ivory1 inserted into the vagina to support the mouth and neck of the uterus4 ,they are variously formed1 to meet the prejudices of the party or the necessities of the case4 ,the cup1 conical1 globe1 and ring pessaries 7pessi7 are those best known4 ,medicated pessaries are prepared by adding the active ingredients to a hard cerate1 and pressing the mixture into the desired form4 ,astringents 7various71 belladonna1 acetate of lead1 mercury1 c41 have been thus applied by ,dr ,simpson and others4 ,the different formul are given below3---- ,pessary1 ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,aluminis4 ,alum1 catechu1 wax1 of each #a dr42 lard1 #e-a_/b dr4 ,pessary1 ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,belladonn4 ,extract of belladonna1 #aj gr42 wax1 #bb-a_/b gr42 lard1 #a-a_/b dr42 in each pessary4 ,pessary1 ,mercurial4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,hydrargyri4 ,strong mercurial ointment1 #a_/b dr42 wax1 #a_/b dr42 lard1 #a dr4 ,mix4 ,pessary1 ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,plumbi4 ,acetate of lead1 #g-a_/b gr42 white wax1 #bb-a_/b gr42 lard1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,pessary1 ,iodide of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,plumbi ,,iodidi4 ,iodide of lead1 #e gr42 wax1 #be gr42 lard1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,pessary1 ,tannin4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,tannini4 ,tannin1 #aj gr42 wax1 #be gr42 lard1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,pessary1 ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,pessus ,,zinci4 ,oxide of zinc1 #ae gr42 white wax1 #bb-a_/b gr42 lard1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,,pest,,ilence4 ,see ,,plague4 ,,pestilen,,tial ,,diseases4 ,all those diseases which are epidemic and malignant and assume the character of a plague4 ,see ,,cholera1 c4 ,,petong4 ,same as packfong4 ,,pet,,rolene4 ,the pure liquid portion of mineral tar4 ,it has a pale yellow colour1 a penetrating odour1 and a high boiling point2 is lighter than water1 and is isomeric with the oils of turpentine and lemons4 ,in its general proportions it resembles rectified mineral naphtha4 ,,petro,,leum4 ,syn4 ,,rock ,,oil1 ,,liquid ,,bitumen1 ,,oil ,,of ,,petre2 ,,oleum ,,petr1 ,,bitumen ,,liquidum1 ,l4 ,,petroleum is an oil found oozing from the ground or obtained on sinking wells in the soil4 ,to a limited extent it is met with in most countries of ,europe and in the ,west ,india islands1 but occurs in abundance in ,pennsylvania and other parts of the ,united ,states and in ,canada4 ,it varies in colour from slight yellow to brownish black1 in consistence from a thin mobile liquid to a fluid as thick as treacle1 in specific gravity from #hjj to #aajj 7water being #ajjj7 and is either clear and transparent or turbid and opaque4 ,petroleum is essentially a volatile oil1 and when submitted to distillation yields gases homologous with light carburetted hydrogen of marsh-gas 7,ronalds obtained three71 liquids of similar constitution 7,pelouze and ,cahours isolated twelve71 and solid paraffin-like bodies4 ,commercially petroleum is distilled so as to yield petroleum-spirit or mineral naphtha used as a substitute for turpentine and for burning in sponge-lamps and costermongers' barrow-lamps2 petroleum oil used all over the world as mineral lamp oil for illuminating purposes2 and a heavy oil employed for lubricating machinery4 ,the value of a sample of rock-oil is determined by thus distilling a weighed quantity in a small glass retort and weighing the products4 ,the petroleum or middle product must be of such a character as to have a specific gravity not higher than #haj or #hbj and to contain so little petroleum spirit that it only evolves inflammable vapour when heated to #ajj ,fahr4 in the manner prescribed in the ,petroleum ,act1 #ahga 7see below74 ,any petroleum product or mineral oil which will not stand this test1 and which is kept in larger bottles than one pint1 and in larger total quantity than three gallons1 cannot be stored or sold except by licence of the local authorities4 ,directions for ,testing ,petroleum to ascertain the temperature at which it gives off inflammable vapour4 ,the vessel which is to hold the oil shall be of thin sheet iron2 it shall be two inches deep and two inches wide at the opening1 tapering slightly towards the bottom2 it shall have a flat rim1 with a raised edge one quarter of an inch round the top2 it shall be supported by this rim in a tin vessel four inches and a half deep and four and a half inches in diameter2 it shall also have a thin wire stretched across the opening1 which wire shall be so fixed to the edge of the vessel that it shall be a quarter of an inch above the surface of the flat rim4 ,the thermometer to be used shall have a round bulb about half an inch in diameter1 and is to be graduated upon the scale of ,fahrenheit1 every ten degrees occupying not less than half an inch upon the scale4 ,the inner vessel shall be filled with the petroleum to be tested1 but care must be taken that the liquid does not cover the flat rim4 ,the outer vessel shall be filled with cold1 or nearly cold water2 a small flame shall be applied to the bottom of the outer vessel1 and the thermometer shall be inserted into the oil so that the bulb shall be immersed about one and a half inches beneath the surface4 ,a screen of pasteboard or wood shall be placed round the apparatus1 and shall be of such dimensions as to surround it about two thirds and to reach several inches above the level of the vessels4 ,when heat has been applied to the water until the thermometer has risen to about #ij ,fahr41 a very small flame shall be quickly passed across the surface of the oil on a level with the wire4 ,if no pale blue flicker or flash is produced1 the application of the flame is to be repeated for every rise of two or three degrees in the thermometer4 ,when the flashing-point has been noted1 the test shall be repeated with a fresh sample of the oil1 using cold1 or nearly cold water as before2 withdrawing the source of heat from the outer vessel when the temperature approaches that noted in the first experiment1 and applying the flame test at every rise of two degrees in the thermometer4 ,see ,,naphtha1 ,,oils 7,mineral71 c4 ,,pew,,ter4 ,this is an alloy of tin and lead1 or of tin with antimony and copper4 ,the first only is properly called pewter4 ,three varieties are known in trade3---- ,prep4 #a4 7,,plate ,,pewter47 ,from tin1 #gi2 antimony1 #g2 bismuth and copper1 of each #b2 fused together4 ,used to make plates1 teapots1 c4 ,takes a fine polish4 #b4 7,,triple ,,pewter47 ,from tin1 #gi2 antimon1 #ae2 lead1 #f2 as the last4 ,used for minor articles1 syringes1 toys1 c4 #c4 7,,ley ,,pewter47 ,from tin1 #hj2 lead1 #bj4 ,used for measures1 inkstands1 c4 ,obs4 ,according to the report of the ,french commission1 pewter containing more than #ah parts of lead to #hb parts of tin is unsafe for measures for wine1 and similar liquors and1 indeed1 for any other utensils exposed to contact with our food or beverages4 ,the legal sp4 gr4 of pewter in ,france is #ggfd2 if it be greater1 it contains an excess of lead1 and is liable to prove poisonous4 ,the proportions of these metals may be approximately determined from the sp4 gr42 but correctly only by an assay for the purpose4 ,see ,,brass1 ,,german ,,silver1 ,,lead1 and ,,tin4 ,,pharaoh',s ,,serpents4 #a4 ,the chemical toy sold under this name consists of the powder of sulphocyanide of mercury made up in a capsule of tin foil in a conical mass of about an inch in height4 ,ignited at the apex an ash is protruded1 long and serpentine in shape4 ,the fumes evolved are very poisonous4 #b4 7,,non-,,poisonous47 ,bichromate of potassium1 #b parts2 nitrate of potassa1 #a part2 and white sugar1 #c parts4 ,pulverise each of the ingredients separately1 and then mix them thoroughly4 ,make small paper cones of the desired size1 and press the mixture into them4 ,they will then be ready for use1 but must be kept from light and moisture4 ,,pharmacy ,,act4 ,the following are the principal clauses of the ,pharmacy ,act of #ahfj 7#ca and #cb ,victoria1 cap4 cxxi74 ,we have separated and placed last1 those provisions of the ,act which relate to the sale of poisons3---- ,whereas it is expedient for the safety of the public that persons keeping open shop for the retailing1 dispensing1 or compounding of poisons1 and persons known as chemists and druggists should possess a competent practical knowledge of their business1 and to that end1 that from and after the day herein named all persons not already engaged in such business should1 before commencing such business1 be duly examined as to their practical knowledge1 and that a register should be kept as herein provided1 and also that the ,act passed in the #aeth and #afth years of the reign of her present ,majesty1 intituled #8,an ,act for ,regulating the ,qualification of ,pharmaceutical ,chemists1' hereinafter described as the ,pharmacy ,act1 should be amended3 ,be it enacted1 by the ,queen's most excellent ,majesty1 by and with the advice and consent of the ,lords ,spiritual and ,temporal and ,commons in this present ,parliament assembled1 and by authority of the same1 as follows3---- ,from and after the #cast day of ,december1 #ahfh1 it shall be unlawful for any person to sell or keep open shop for retailing1 dispensing1 or compounding poisons1 or to assume or use the title #8,chemist and ,druggist1' or chemist or druggist1 or pharmacist1 or dispensing chemist1 or druggist1 in any part of ,great ,britain1 unless such person shall be a pharmaceutical chemist1 or a chemist and druggist1 within the meaning of this ,act1 and be registered under this ,act1 and conform to such regulations as to the keeping1 dispensing1 and selling of such poisons as may from time to time be prescribed by the ,pharmaceutical ,society with the consent of the ,privy ,council 7,clause #a74 ,chemists and druggists within the meaning of this ,act shall consist of all persons who at any time before the passing of this ,act have carried on in ,great ,britain the business of a chemist and druggist in the keeping of open shop for the compounding of the prescriptions of duly qualified medical practitioners1 also of all assistants and associates1 who before the passing of the ,act shall have been duly registered under or according to the provisions of the ,pharmacy ,act1 and also of all such persons as may be duly registered under this ,act 7,clause #c74 ,all such persons as shall from time to time have been appointed to conduct examinations under the ,pharmacy ,act shall be1 and are hereby declared to be1 examiners for the purposes of this ,act1 and are hereby empowered and required to examine all such persons as shall tender themselves for examination under the provisions of this ,act1#ic and every person who shall have been examined by such examiners1 and shall have obtained from them a certificate of competent skill1 and knowledge1 and qualification1 shall be entitled to be registered as a chemist and druggist under this ,act1 and the examination aforesaid shall be such as is provided under the ,pharmacy ,act for the purposes of a qualification to be registered as assistant under that ,act1 or as the same may be varied from time to time by any bye-law to be made in accordance with the ,pharmacy ,act as amended by this ,act1 provided that no person shall conduct any examination for the purposes of this ,act until his appointment has been approved by the ,privy ,council 7,clause #f74 ,footnote #ic3 ,see above4 ,no name shall be entered in the register1 except of persons authorised by this ,act to be registered1 nor unless the registrar be satisfied by the proper evidence that the person claiming is entitled to be registered2 and any appeal from the decision of the registrar may be decided by the council of the ,pharmaceutical ,society2 and any entry which shall be proved to the satisfaction of such council to have been fraudulently or incorrectly made may be erased from or amended in the register1 by order in writing of such council 7,clause #ab74 8,the registrar shall1 in the month of ,january in every year1 cause to be printed1 published1 and sold1 a correct register of the names of all pharmaceutical chemists1 and a correct register of all persons registered as chemists and druggists1 and in such registers1 respectively the names shall be in alphabetical order1 according to the surnames1 with the respective residences1 in the form set forth in schedule 7,b7 to this ,act1 or to the like effect1 of all persons appearing on the register of pharmaceutical chemists1 and on the register of chemists and druggists1 on the #cast day of ,december last preceding1 and such printed registers shall be called #8,the ,registers of ,pharmaceutical ,chemists and ,chemists and ,druggists1' and a printed copy of such registers for the time being1 purporting to be so printed and published as aforesaid1 or any certificate under the hand of the said registrar1 and countersigned by the president or two members of the council of the ,pharmaceutical ,society1 shall be evidence in all courts and before all justices of the peace and others1 that the persons therein specified are registered according to the provisions of the ,pharmacy ,act or of this ,act1 as the case may be1 and the absence of the name of any person from such printed register shall be evidence1 until the contrary shall be made to appear1 that such person is not registered according to the provisions of the ,pharmacy ,act or of this ,act 7,clause #ac74 ,from and after the #cast day of ,december1 #ahfh1 any person who shall sell or keep an open shop for the retailing1 dispensing1 or compounding poisons1 or who shall take1 use1 or exhibit the name or title of chemist and druggist1 or chemist or druggist1 not being a duly registered pharmaceutical chemist1 or chemist and druggist1 or who shall take1 use1 or exhibit the name or title pharmaceutical chemist1 pharmaceutist1 or pharmacist1 not being a pharmaceutical chemist1 or shall fail to conform with any regulation as to the keeping or selling of poisons1 made in pursuance of this ,act1 or who shall compound any medicines of the ,british ,pharmacopia1 except according to the formularies of the said ,pharmacopia1 shall for every such offence be liable to pay a penalty or sum of #e1 and the same may be sued for1 recovered1 and dealt with in the manner provided by the ,pharmacy ,act for the recovery of penalties under that ,act2 but nothing in this ,act contained shall prevent any person from being liable to any other penalty1 damages1 or punishment to which he would have been subject if this ,act had not been passed 7,clause #ae74 ,clauses of the ,pharmacy ,act relating to the sale of ,poisons4 ,it shall be unlawful to sell any poison either by wholesale or retail1 unless the box1 bottle1 vessel1 wrapper1 or cover in which such poison is contained be distinctly labelled with the name of the article and the word poison1 and with the name and address of the seller of the poison2 and it shall be unlawful to sell any poison of those which are in the first part of schedule 7,a7 to this ,act1 or may hereafter be added thereto under section ,,ii of this ,act1 to any person unknown to the seller1 unless introduced by some person known to the seller2 and on every sale of any such article the seller shall1 before delivery1 make or cause to be made an entry in a book to be kept for that purpose1 stating1 in the form set forth in schedule 7,f7 to this ,act1 the date of the sale1 the name and address of the purchaser1 the name and quantity of the article sold1 and the purpose for which it is stated by the purchaser to be required1 to which entry the signature of the purchaser and of the person1 if any1 who introduced him1 shall be affixed2 and any person selling poison otherwise than is herein provided1 shall1 upon a summary conviction before two justices of the peace in ,england or the sheriff in ,scotland1 be liable to a penalty not exceeding #e for the first offence1 and to a penalty not exceeding #aj for the second or any subsequent offence2 and for the purposes of this section the person on whose behalf any sale is made by any apprentice or servant shall be deemed to be the seller1 but the provisions of this section1 which are solely applicable to poisons in the first part of the schedule 7,a7 to this ,act1 or which require that the label shall contain the name and address of the seller1 shall not apply to articles to be exported from ,great ,britain by wholesale dealers1 nor to sales by wholesale to retail dealers in the ordinary course of wholesale dealing1 nor shall any of the provisions of this section apply to any medicine supplied by a legally qualified apothecary to his patient1 nor apply to any article when forming part of the ingredients of any medicine dispensed by a person registered under this ,act provided such medicine be labelled in the manner aforesaid with the name and address of the seller1 and the ingredients thereof be entered1 with the name of the person to whom it is sold or delivered1 in a book to be kept by the seller for that purpose1 and nothing in this ,act contained shall repeal or affect any of the provisions of an ,act of the ,session holden in the fourteenth and fifteenth years in the reign of her present ,majesty1 intituled #8,an ,act to regulate the ,sale of ,arsenic' 7,clause #ag74 ,,schedule 7,a74 ,part #a4 ,arsenic and its preparations4 ,prussic acid4 ,cyanide of potassium and all metallic cyanides4 ,strychnine and all poisonous vegetable alkaloids and their salts4 ,aconite and its preparations4 ,emetic tartar4 ,corrosive sublimate4 ,cantharides4 ,savin and its oil4 ,ergot of rye and its preparations4 ,part #b4 ,oxalic acid4 ,chloroform4 ,belladonna and its preparations4 ,essential oil of almonds1 unless deprived of its prussic acid4 ,opium and all preparations of opium or of poppies4 ,by virtue and in exercise of the powers vested in the council of the ,pharmaceutical ,society of ,great ,britain1 the said council do hereby resolve and declare that each of the following articles1 viz4---- ,preparations of prussic acid1 ,preparations of cyanide of potassium and of all metallic cyanides1 ,preparations of strychnine1 ,preparations of atropine1 ,preparations of corrosive sublimate1 ,preparations of morphine1 ,red oxide of mercury 7commonly known as red precipitate of mercury71 ,ammoniated mercury 7commonly known as white precipitate of mercury71 ,every compound containing any poison within the meaning of #8,the ,pharmacy ,act1 #ahfh1' when prepared or sold for the destruction of vermin1 ,the tincture and all vesicating liquid preparations of cantharides1 ----ought to be deemed a poison within the meaning of the #8,pharmacy ,act1 #ahfh1' and also that of the same each of the following articles1 viz4---- ,preparations of prussic acid1 ,preparations of cyanide of potassium and of all metallic cyanides1 ,preparations of strychnine1 ,preparations of atropine1 ----ought to be deemed a poison in the first part of the schedule 7,a7 to the said #8,pharmacy ,act1 #ahfh1' ,and notice is hereby also given1 that the said ,society have submitted the said resolution for the approval of the ,lords of ,her ,majesty's ,council1 and that such approval has been given4 ,by order1 ,,elias ,,bremridge1 ,secretary and ,registrar of the ,pharmaceutical ,society of ,great ,britain4 ,and whereas the council of the ,pharmaceutical ,society of ,great ,britain did1 on the #agth day of ,november1 #ahgg1 resolve and declare in the words following3---- 8,that by virtue and in exercise of the powers vested in the council of the ,pharmaceutical ,society of ,great ,britain1 the said council does hereby resolve and declare that ,chloral ,hydrate and its preparations ought to be deemed poisons within the meaning of the #8,pharmacy ,act1 #ahfh1' and ought to be deemed poisons in the second part of the schedule 7,a7 of the said #8,pharmacy ,act1 #ahfh4'0 ,and whereas the said ,society have submitted the said resolution for the approval of the ,privy ,council1 and the ,lords of the ,privy ,council are of opinion that the said resolution should be approved4 ,now1 therefore1 their ,lordships are hereby pleased to signify their approval of the said resolution4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,peel4 ,tardieu states that of late years the criminal administration of phosphorus has increased considerably in ,france4 ,for example1 from #ahea to #ahgb1 in #gic cases of poisoning1 #bhg or #cfb per cent4 were due to arsenic1 and #bfg or #caa per cent4 to phosphorus2 whilst in the years #ahgb and #ahgd1 in #ada criminal poisonings by arsenic and phosphorus1 only #gd were due to arsenic4 ,the explanation of these facts may reasonably be ascribed to the much greater facility with which phosphorus1 in the form of matches or vermin pastes1 can be procured than arsenic4 ,,phe,,nol4 ,c#f;,h#f,o4 ,see ,,carbolic ,,acid4 ,,phe,,nyl4 ,c#f;,h#e4 ,the hypothetical compound radical of the phenyl-series4 ,carbolic acid is said to be its hydrate4 ,,phenyl,,amine4 ,c#f;,h#e;,h#b,n4 ,aniline is sometimes so named on account of its relation to the phenyl series4 ,,phials4 ,the ordinary green moulded phials used by the pharmaceutist are made of a glass obtained from common river sand and soapboilers' waste4 ,in the manufacture of the glass for the white phials purer materials 7and these as free from iron and alumina as possible7 are used4 ,decolourising agents are also employed4 ,the following is given as the composition of a white glass for apothecaries' phials in #8,chemistry3 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical1'#id ,footnote #id3 ,mackenzie and ,co4 #ajj lbs4 white sand4 #cj-bf 0 potash1 impure4 #ag 0 lime4 #aaj-abj 0 ashes4 #be to #e lbs4 binoxide of manganese-cullet4 ,phials1 ,bologna4 ,small flasks or phials of unannealed glass1 which fly to pieces when their surface is scratched by a hard body4 ,thus1 if a small piece of flint be dropped into them they are shivered2 whereas if a bullet be used they remain uninjured4 ,,philo,,nium4 ,the ancient name of an aromatic opiate1 reputed to possess many virtues1 invented by ,philo4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,opium4 ,,philos,,opher',s ,,stone4 ,syn4 ,,lapis ,,philosophorum1 ,l4 ,a wonderful substance1 the discovery of which formed the day dreams of the alchemists4 ,it was supposed to be capable of converting all the baser metals into gold1 and of curing all diseases4 ,some of the alchemists appear to have laboured under the delusion that they had actually discovered it4 ,the last of these enthusiasts was the talented and unfortunate ,dr ,price1 of ,guildford4 ,speaking of the age of alchemy1 ,liebig says3----8,the idea of the transmutability of metals stood in the most perfect harmony with all the observations and all the knowledge of that age1 and in contradiction to none of these4 ,in the first stage of the development of science1 the alchemists could not possibly have any other notions of the nature of metals than those which they actually held4444 ,we hear it said that the idea of the philosopher's stone was an error2 but all our views have been developed from errors1 and that which today we regard as truth in chemistry may1 perhaps1 before to-morrow1 be regarded as a fallacy40 ,,philosoph,,ic ,,candle4 ,an inflamed jet of hydrogen gas4 ,,philosophic ,,wool4 ,flowers of zinc4 ,,phil,,tre4 ,syn4 ,,philtrum1 ,l4 ,a charm or potion to excite love4 ,the ancients had great faith in such remedies4 ,nothing certain is now known respecting their composition2 but there is sufficient evidence that recourse was frequently had to them by the ancients1 and that 8their operation was so violent that many persons lost their lives and their reason by their means40 ,the ,thessalian philtres were those most celebrated4 7,juv41 vi1 #faj1 c47 ,at the present day the administration of preparations of the kind is interdicted by law4 ,,phlore,,tin4 ,c#ae;,h#ad,o#e4 ,a crystallisable1 sweet substance1 formed along with grape sugar1 when phloridzin is acted on by dilute acids4 ,,phlorid,,zin4 ,c#ba;,h#bd,o#aj4 ,syn4 ,,phlorizine2 ,,phloridzinum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by acting on the fresh root-bark of the apple1 pear1 or plum tree1 with boiling rectified spirit2 the spirit is distilled off1 and the phloridzin crystallises out of the residual liquor as it cools4 ,prop41 c4 ,fine1 colourless1 silky needles1 freely soluble in rectified spirit and in hot water1 but requiring #ajjj parts of cold water for its solution2 its taste is bitter and astringent4 ,when its solution is boiled with a little dilute sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid1 it is changed into grape sugar and phloretin4 ,phloridzin bears a great likeness to salicin4 ,it is said to be a powerful febrifuge4----,dose1 #c to #ae gr4 ,,phoce,,nic ,,acid4 ,see ,,delphinic ,,acid4 ,,ph,,nic,,ine4 ,see ,,indigo ,,purple4 ,,pho,,nograph4 ,some years back ,prof4 ,faber1 of ,vienna1 constructed and exhibited in the chief cities of ,europe #8a talking machine1' which was able to articulate simple words and sentences with considerable distinctness4 ,the complex mechanism by which this was effected was contrived upon the principles of the human organs of speech1 as the machine possessed an india-rubber tongue and lips1 and an artificial larynx1 made out of a thin vibrating tube of ivory4 ,faber's automaton1 although of much greater scientific interest than the automatic flute and flageolet players of ,vancanson1 the trumpeter of ,droz1 and similar exhibitions of curious workmanship1 was1 like these1 only a mechanical curiosity1 without any promise of a useful application4 ,entirely distinct from ,faber's machine1 not only structurally and in the method by which it produces its effects1 but also in the end designed for it by its inventor being an essentially practical one1 is the #8speaking machine or phonograph' of ,mr ,edison4 ,the first impression that will occur to those who having heard ,mr ,edison's instrument speak have subsequently made themselves acquainted with its construction1 will probably be one of surprise that an effect so apparently startling as that which it has been able to produce should be accomplished by means so simple4 ,illustration ,b is a brass cylinder1 through whose centre passes a metal shaft1 the arms of which rest on upright supports1 one of which is shown in the engraving4 ,the arm of the shaft1 obscured from view1 corresponding in length with the part of it which is visible1 is screw-turned1 and it works in a nut bored out of the support4 ,attached to the screw-end of the shaft or axle is a crank ,c1 by turning which a double movement1 viz4 a rotatory and a horizontal one1 may be simultaneously imparted to the cylinder4 ,round the surface of the cylinder is cut a spiral groove corresponding in dimensions with the threads of the screw part of the shaft4 ,covering the whole of the cylinder is a sheet of tin-foil1 which is secured to its edges by means of shell-lac varnish4 ,in front of the cylinder1 resting on a proper support1 is a mouth-piece1 ,a1 at the bottom of which 7the end nearest the cylinder7 is a very thin plate or diaphragm of metal1 and to this diaphragm is attached a round steel point1 which when not in use does not touch the foil4 ,previously to using the apparatus this steel point has to be accurately adjusted opposite to that part of the foil lying over the spiral groove4 ,if now the lips be applied to the mouth-piece1 and any sentence be spoken1 the crank being at the same time turned1 the vibrations imparted to the metal plate by the voice will cause the steel point to come into contact with that part of the foil overlying the groove in the cylinder1 and to make on the foil a number of indentations1 as it revolves1 and is carried forward laterally before the mouth-piece4 ,furthermore these indentations will be found to vary in depth and sectional outline according to the nature of the vibrations which have produced them2 and as experiment proves1 are the specific and infallible caligraphy of those vibrations4 8,it might be said that at this point the machine has already become a complete phonograph or sound writer1 but it yet remains to translate the remarks made4 ,now1 there is no doubt that by practice and the aid of a magnifier it would be possible to read phonetically ,mr ,edison's record of dots and dashes1#ie but he saves us that trouble by literally making it read itself4 ,the distinction is the same1 as if1 instead of perusing a book ourselves1 we drop it into a machine1 set the latter in motion1 and behold6 the voice of the author is heard repeating his own composition4 ,the reading mechanism is nothing but another diaphragm1 held in the tube ,d1 on the opposite side of the machine1 and a point of metal1 which is held against the tin-foil on the cylinder by a delicate spring4 ,footnote #ie3 ,according to the #8,polytechnic ,review1' ,mr ,edison does not appear to have yet solved the problem of reading the phonograph record by sight4 ,he states that although a specific form exists for each articulated sound1 the chief difficulties arise from the varying indentations or marks caused by the same sound4 ,amongst the circumstances giving rise to these results are3 the same sound uttered by different people1 the manner in which it is spoken1 the distance of the mouth from the instrument1 the force with which it is spoken1 or the speed with which the barrel is rotated4 8,it makes no difference as to the vibrations produced1 whether a nail moves over a file or a file moves over a nail1 and in the present instance it is the foil or indented foil-strip which moves1 and the metal point is caused to vibrate as it is affected by the passage of the indentations4 ,the vibrations1 however1 of this point must be precisely the same as those of the other points which made the indentations1 and these vibrations transmitted to a second membrane1 must cause the latter to vibrate similar to the first membrane1 and the result is a synthesis of the sounds1 which in the beginning we saw1 as it were1 analysed40#if ,footnote #if3 #8,scientific ,american1' ,december1 #ahgg4 ,in some of the later instruments1 that section of the apparatus shown at ,d is dispensed with1 and the reproduction of the spoken words or sentences is effected by bringing the cylinder back to its original starting point1 opposite to the little steel projection attached to the metal disc at the end of the mouth-piece ,a4 ,the steel point is then brought by means of a screw into contact with the foil1 and as the cylinder moves onward in its former track1 the metal point retraces the indentations on the foil from beginning to end1 in doing which it communicates the vibrations it thus receives to the metal diaphragm in precisely the same manner1 and with the same results as were shown with ,d4 ,for the diaphragm1 more particularly when employed as a resonator or reproducer of the words which have been spoken into the mouth-piece1 other substances than metal have been tried1 with1 it is said1 more satisfactory results4 ,one of these is paper1 the sounds given off by which are stated to be more distinct than those from iron4 ,dr ,clarence ,holt1 of ,boston1 in a communication to ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 writes that he has 8constructed a diaphragm upon the principle of the membrane of the human drum of the ear1 to be used as a reproducing disc40 ,dr ,holt continues 8that his object was to employ a membrane which from its structure and shape would reproduce the lighter over-tones representing the quality of the voice1 and at the same time cut off the sharper exaggerated over-tones embossed as such by the metal disc upon the tinfoil4 ,he says the results of his experiments with such a membrane were very gratifying1 and that the material of which it may be made should be either stout felted paper 7to be varnished on the outer surface when used for speaking7 or drum head moistened and pressed into a concave form before using40#ig ,footnote #ig3 ,published in #8,nature1' ,february #dth1 #ahgh4 ,the crank 7shown in the figure7 by which the cylinder is turned is very frequently supplanted by an apparatus consisting of weights and wheels1 or else by clockwork1 whereby the cylinder is put in motion4 ,the advantage of the working of these arrangements over that of the crank are1 that instead of an inequality a regularity of movement of the cylinder is ensured1 and it is thus made to advance at the same rate whilst the words are being reproduced as when they are being spoken4 ,one of the effects of this uniformity of the rotation of the cylinder under its two modes of action is to reproduce the exact pitch or tone of the voice of the speaker1 although a departure from it would in no way affect the delivery of the exact words4 ,accordingly1 therefore1 to the difference in the rate of movement of the cylinder during the reception and reproduction of speech1 will be the divergence in tone between the original and the reproduced voice4 ,if the cylinder were moved more quickly in redelivering the words the result would be that they would be in a higher1 and1 in the opposite case1 in a lower key4 ,probably1 as one writer has suggested1 the curious effect might be produced of a child's voice being converted into a man's deep base1 or vice vers4 ,in view of the results of previous scientific discoveries1 we should not be justified in refusing to admit the possibility1 at any rate1 of the realisation of some of the applications to which its inventor believes the phonograph will1 in the course of time1 be put4 ,it must be admitted that these predictions as to its ultimate capabilities are sufficiently wondrous4 ,they are that----the phonograph will be able to record and reproduce at a future time any air sung to it1 so that the vocal triumphs of some of our most accomplished singers may be preserved and resung after their death2 that by its means may also be conserved and respoken1 likewise after death1 a speech delivered by a great statesman or orator2 that a dying testator by breathing into it his last wishes may have these securely registered1 to be expressed after his demise1 if need be1 in a court of justice2 and that the contents of a book or novel may be read to us in the very accents of its author1 long after he has passed away4 ,although we have no testimony that anything like an approach to the above results has been obtained by this instrument1 such statements as we possess of its action are not a little surprising4 8,mr ,thomas ,edison10 says the #8,scientific ,american1' describing this contrivance1 8recently came into our office1 placed a little machine on our desk1 turned a crank1 and the machine inquired as to our health1 asked how we liked the phonograph1 informed us that it was well1 and bid us a cordial good night4 ,these remarks were not only perfectly audible to ourselves1 but to a dozen or more persons gathered round40 ,at a meeting of the ,physical ,society of ,london1 held on the #bnd of ,march1 #ahgh1 when the phonograph was exhibited1 the sounds it gave out are said to have been remarkably distinct2 and when 8,god ,save the ,queen0 was sung as a duet through a double mouth-piece1 the two voices could be clearly distinguished on the air being reproduced4 ,the writer was at the ,royal institution in ,albemarle ,street a short time previous to the above date1 and although sitting in the top gallery1 heard it emit very distinctly the line 8,come into the garden1 ,maud10 spoken by ,professor ,tyndall in compliment to the ,laureate1 who was present as well as various other vocal reproductions4 ,the secondary sound1 however1 was less powerful than the original one4 ,the difference between the two is aptly described by a writer in #8,nature1' as causing a feeling like that of looking upon a worn print and an early wood engraving4 8,the main utility of the phonograph10 says ,mr ,edison1 8being for the purpose of letter-writing1 and other forms of dictation1 the design is made1 with a view to its utility for that purpose4 8,the general principles of construction are a flat plate or disc1 with spiral groove on the face1 operated by clockwork underneath the plate2 the grooves are cut very closely together1 so as to give a great total length to each inch of surface----a close calculation gives as the capacity of each sheet of foil1 upon which the record is had1 in the neighbourhood of #dj1jjj words4 ,the sheets being but #aj inches square1 the cost is so trifling that but #ajj words might be put upon a single sheet economically4 8,the practical application of this form of phonograph for communications is very simple4 ,a sheet of foil is placed in the phonograph1 the clockwork set in motion1 and the matter dictated in the mouth-piece1 without other effort than when dictating to a stenographer4 ,it is then removed1 placed in a suitable form of envelope1 and sent through the ordinary channels to the correspondent for whom designed4 ,he1 placing it upon his phonograph1 starts his clockwork1 and listens to what his correspondent has to say4 ,inasmuch as it gives the tone of voice of his correspondent it is identified4 ,as it may be filed away as other letters and at any subsequent time reproduced1 it is a perfect record4 ,as two sheets of foil have been indented with the same facility as a single sheet1 #8the writer' may thus keep a duplicate of his communication4 8,the phonograph letters maybe dictated at home or in the office of a friend1 the presence of a stenographer not being required4 ,the dictation may be as rapid as the thoughts can be formed1 or the lips utter them4 ,the recipient may listen to his letters being read at the rate of #aej to #bjj words per minute1 and at the same time busy himself about other matters4 ,interjections1 explanations1 emphasis1 exclamations1 c41 may be thrown into such letters ad libitum4 8,the advantages of such an innovation upon the present slow1 tedious1 and costly methods are too numerous1 and too readily suggest themselves1 to warrant their enumeration2 while there are no disadvantages which will not disappear coincident with the general introduction of the new method40#ih ,footnote #ih3 #8,north ,american ,review1' ,may1 #ahgh4 ,,phos,,gene ,,gas4 ,see ,,chlorocarbonic ,,acid4 ,,phos,,phate4 ,syn4 ,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,a salt of phosphoric acid4 ,see ,,phosphoric ,,acid and the respective metals4 ,,phos,,phide4 ,see ,,phosphuret4 ,,phos,,phite4 ,syn4 ,,phosphis1 ,l4 ,a salt of phosphorous acid4 ,see ,,phosphorous ,,acid4 ,,phos,,phorus4 ,p4 ,prep4 ,this is now only conducted on the large scale3----,bone-ash 7in powder71 #ab parts1 and water #bd parts1 are stirred together in a large tub until the mixture is reduced to a perfectly smooth #8pap1' oil of vitriol1 #h parts1 is then added in a slender stream1 active stirring being employed during the whole time1 and afterwards until the combination appears complete2 the next day the mass is thinned with cold water1 and1 if convenient1 heated in a leaden pan or boiler until it has entirely lost its granular character2 it is now transferred to one or a series of tall casks 7according to the extent of the batch71 and further diluted with a large quantity of water2 after repose1 the clear liquid is decanted1 the sediment washed with water1 and the #8washings' and #8decanted liquor' evaporated in a leaden or copper boiler until the white calcareous deposit 7gypsum7 becomes considerable2 the whole is then allowed to cool1 the clear portion decanted1 and the sediment thoroughly drained on a filter2 the liquid thus obtained is evaporated in an iron pot to the consistence of a thick syrup 7say #d parts71 when dry charcoal 7in powder71 #a part1 is added1 and the desiccation continued until the bottom of the pot becomes nearly red hot1 after which it is covered over and allowed to cool2 the dry mixture1 when cold1 is put into one or more earthen retorts well covered with #8luting' and properly dried1 and heat is applied 7sideways rather than at the bottom7 by means of a good air-furnace2 after a short time the beak of the retort is connected with a copper tube1 the other end of which is made to dip about one fourth of an inch beneath the surface of some lukewarm water placed in a trough or wide-mouthed bottle4 ,the distilled product is purified by squeezing it through chamois leather under warm water1 and is then moulded for sale by melting it under water heated to about #ade ,fahr41 and sucking it up to any desired height in slightly tapering1 but perfectly straight1 glass tubes1 previously warmed and wetted4 ,the bottom of the tube being now closed with the finger1 it is withdrawn1 and transferred to a pan of cold water to congeal the phosphorus1 which will then commonly fall out1 or may be easily expelled by pressure with a piece of wire4 ,prop4 c4 ,phosphorus in its normal condition is a pale yellow1 semi-transparent1 and highly combustible solid2 soft and flexible at common temperatures2 it becomes waxy at about #ge ,fahr42 melts at about #aaa1 and boils at #eej ,fahr42 it takes fire in the air at #afe1 and oxidates at all temperatures above #cb4 ,exposed to the air below #fj1 its surface is slowly converted into phosphorus acid4 ,it is apparently insoluble in water1 but it conveys its peculiar flavour and odour to that fluid when agitated with it2 it is slightly soluble in ether1 naphtha1 and the fixed and volatile oils1 and more freely so in bisulphide of carbon4 ,it unites with oxygen1 forming oxides1 and with oxygen and hydrogen1 forming acids1 and with the metals1 forming phosphides4 ,phosphorus is remarkable for assuming several allotropic forms4 ,in one of these forms 7amorphous phosphorus7 its properties are so altered that they might be those of a distinct element4 ,uses4 ,the principal consumption of phosphorus is in the manufacture of lucifer matches4 ,when swallowed1 it acts as a powerful corrosive poison2 but small doses of its ethereal and oily solutions are occasionally administered in cases of chronic debility1 extreme prostration of the nervous powers1 impotency1 c4 ,its action is that of a powerful diffusible stimulant and diuretic2 it is also aphrodisiac4 ,its use requires great caution1 and the effects must be narrowly watched4 ,the treatment of poisoning by phosphorus consists of the administration of a powerful emetic and the copious use of mucilaginous drinks4 ,the ,french practitioners recommend oil of turpentine as the most effective antidote4 ,they administer about a teaspoonful of the turpentine every four hours4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,from the great inflammability of phosphorus it can only be safely preserved under water4 ,in commerce1 it is always packed in tin cylinders filled with water1 and soldered up air-tight4 ,the leading points to be observed to ensure success in this manufacture are chiefly connected with the firing4 ,the heat of the furnace should be most slowly raised at first1 but afterwards equably maintained in a state of bright ignition4 ,after #c or #d hours of steady firing1 carbonic and sulphurous anhydride are evolved in considerable abundance1 provided the materials had not been well dried in the iron pot2 then sulphuretted hydrogen makes its appearance1 and next phosphuretted hydrogen1 which last should continue during the whole of the distillation4 ,the firing should be regulated by the escape of this remarkable gas1 which ought to be at the rate of about two bubbles per second4 ,if the discharge comes to be intercepted1 it is to be ascribed either to the temperature being too low1 or to the retort getting cracked2 and if1 upon raising the heat sufficiently1 no bubbles appear1 it is a proof that the apparatus has become defective1 and that it is needless to continue the operation4 ,we may infer that the process approaches its conclusion by the increasing slowness with which the gas is disengaged under a powerful heat2 and when it ceases to come over we may cease firing1 taking care to prevent reflux of water into the retort 7and consequent explosion71 from condensation of its gaseous contents1 by admitting air into it through a recurved glass tube1 or through the tube of the copper adapter4 ,the usual period of the operation1 upon the great scale1 is from #bd to #cj hours4 ,phosphorus1 ,amorphous4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,phosphorus1 ,,allotropic ,,phosphorus2 ,,phosphorus ,,fuscus1 ,p4 ,,ruber4 ,l4 ,this is phosphorus in that peculiar condition to which ,berzelius has applied the term 8allotropic40 ,the honour of its discovery is due to ,dr ,shrtter1 of ,vienna4 ,prep4 ,the ordinary phosphorus of commerce1 rendered as dry as possible1 is placed in a shallow vessel of hard and well-annealed ,bohemian glass1 fitted with a safety tube just dipping beneath the surface of a little hot water contained in an adjacent vessel2 heat is then applied by means of a metallic bath 7a mixture of lead and tin71 the temperature of which is gradually raised until it ranges between #dfd and #dhb ,fahr41 and bubbles of gas escape from the end of the safety tube and catch fire as they come in contact with the air2 this temperature is maintained until the amorphous condition is produced1 the length of the exposure being regulated by a miniature operation with tubes conducted in the same bath2 as soon as this point is reached1 the apparatus is allowed to cool1 and the amorphous phosphorus1 which still contains some unconverted phosphorus1 detached from the glass2 it is then reduced to powder by careful trituration under water1 drained on a calico filter1 and1 whilst still moist1 spread thinly on shallow trays of iron or lead2 in this state it is exposed1 with frequent stirring1 to heat in a chloride of calcium bath1 at first gentle1 and then gradually increased to its highest limit1 and the heat continued until no more luminous vapour escapes2 the residuum on the trays is then cooled1 washed with water until this last ceases to affect test paper1 and is1 lastly1 drained and dried4 ,to render it absolutely free from unaltered phosphorus1 it may be washed with bisulphide of carbon4 ,on the small scale1 common phosphorus may be converted into amorphous phosphorus by simply exposing it for #ej or #fj hours to a temperature of about #dgc ,fahr41 in any suitable vessel from which the air is kept excluded by a stream of carbonic acid1 or any other gas which is unable to act chemically on the phosphorus4 ,by keeping common phosphorus fused at a high temperature1 under the above conditions1 for fully #h days1 compact masses of amorphous phosphorus may be obtained4 ,prop41 c4 ,a reddish brown1 infusible1 inodorous1 solid substance1 which is reconverted into ordinary phosphorus by simply exposing it to a heat a little above #ejj ,fahr4 ,it is unaltered by atmospheric air2 is insoluble in bisulphide of carbon1 alcohol1 ether1 or naphtha2 is non-luminous in the dark below about #cij ,fahr42 and does not take fire at a lower temperature than that necessary for its reconversion into the common or crystalline form4 ,the sp4 gr4 ranges between #bjhi to #bjag1 according to the method of preparing it4 ,its properties render it an admirable substitute for the common phosphorus in the composition for tipping matches1 both as regards security from spontaneous ignition and the health of the manufacturers1 who when exposed to the fumes of ordinary phosphorus1 were very liable to be attacked with caries of the lower jaw4 ,phosphorus1 ,trichloride of4 ,p,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,phosphorus ,,terchloride1 ,,phosphorus ,,chloride4 ,by gently heating phosphorus1 in excess1 in dry chlorine gas2 or by passing the vapour of phosphorus through a stratum of powdered mercuric chloride1 strongly heated in a glass tube4 ,it is limpid1 colourless1 highly fetid1 fumes in the air1 and is slowly resolved by water into phosphorus acid and hydrochloric acid4 ,sp4 gr4 #ade4 ,phosphorus1 ,pentachloride of4 ,p,cl#e4 ,syn4 ,,phosphoric ,,chloride1 ,,perchloride ,,of ,,phosphorus4 ,prep4 ,by the spontaneous combustion of phosphorus in an excess of dry chlorine2 or by passing a stream of dry chlorine into the liquid terchloride4 ,by the first method it is obtained as a white crystalline sublimate2 by the second1 as a solid crystalline mass4 ,it is volatile2 water resolves it into phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid4 ,phosphorus1 ,oxychloride of4 ,p,cl#c,o4 ,syn4 ,,phosphoric ,,oxychloride1 ,,phosphoric ,,monoxychloride4 ,prep4 ,by heating pentachloride of phosphorus with a quantity of water insufficient to convert it into phosphoric acid4 ,it is a colourless1 fuming liquid1 having the sp4 gr4 #ag4 ,phosphorus1 ,hydride of4 ,,ph#c4 ,syn4 ,,phosphoretted ,,hydrogen1 ,,phosphuretted ,,hydrogen4 ,prep4 #a4 ,phosphorus acid is gently heated in a retort1 and the first portion of the gas collected4 #b4 ,from phosphorus 7in small lumps7 boiled in a solution of hydrate of potassium or milk of lime1 contained in a small retort1 as before4 ,take a very small thin retort1 capable of holding not more than #a oz4 or #a-a_/b oz4 of water2 place in this #c or #d fragments of the sticks of fused hydrate of potassium1 each being about #a_/b inch in length2 add as much water as will barely cover them1 and then drop in a small fragment of phosphorus1 about the size of a horse-bean2 apply a very gentle heat with the small flame of a spirit lamp1 agitating the retort continually4 ,a pale lambent flame will first appear in the interior1 and when this reaches the orifice1 and burns in the open air1 the retort should be placed on the stand with its beak about an inch under water4 ,care must be taken not to withdraw the flame of the lamp4 ,when the bubbles of the gas rise to the surface they spontaneously inflame4 #c4 ,from phosphide of calcium and dilute hydrochloric acid1 as above2 or simply from the phosphide thrown into the water4 ,obs4 ,the gas obtained by methods #b and #c is contaminated with the vapour of a liquid phosphide of hydrogen1 ,,ph#b1 which gives to it the property of spontaneous inflammability4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless2 very fetid2 slightly soluble in water2 burns with a white flame2 decomposed by light1 heat1 and strong acids2 as commonly prepared1 inflames on contact with air1 at ordinary temperatures1 but when pure1 only at the heat of boiling water4 ,sp4 gr4 #abd4 ,it is rendered quite dry by standing over fused chloride of calcium4 ,phosphorus1 ,suboxide of4 ,p#d,o4 7,odling47 ,a reddish-brown powder1 formed when a stream of oxygen is forced upon phosphorus1 melted beneath the surface of hot water4 ,to purify it from phosphoric acid and free phosphorus1 it is washed on a filter with water1 then dried by bibulous paper1 and finally digested with bisulphide of carbon4 ,hypophosphorous ,acid4 ,h#c,,po#b4 ,by cautiously decomposing a solution of hypophosphite of barium with sulphuric acid1 filtering from the precipitate 7sulphate of baryta71 and evaporating4 ,dissolve hypophosphite of calcium1 #dhj gr4 in distilled water1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve crystallised oxalic acid1 #cej gr41 in another portion of distilled water1 #c fl4 oz42 mix the solutions and filter the mixture through white filtering paper4 ,add distilled water carefully to the filtrate till it measures #aj fl4 oz41 and evaporate this to #h-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,the solution thus prepared contains about #aj of terhydrated hypophosphorous acid4 ,prop4 ,a viscid1 uncrystallisable liquid having a strongly acid reaction4 ,it is a powerful drying agent1 and forms salts called hypophosphites4 ,ammonium1 ,hypophosphite of4 7,,nh#d7c,,po#b4 ,prep4 ,dissolve hypophosphite of calcium1 #f oz41 in water1 #d pints2 and dissolve translucent sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 #gbc oz4 7barely #g-a_/d71 in water1 #b pints2 mix the solutions2 filter1 washing out the solution retained by the carbonate of lime with water1 q4 s42 evaporate the filtrate to dryness with great care2 dissolve it in alcohol1 q4 s42 filter1 evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,very soluble in both alcohol and water4 ,barium1 ,hyperphosphite of4 ,ba#c7,,po#d7b4 ,prep4 ,boil phosphorus in a solution of hydrate of barium 7baryta water7 till all the phosphorus disappears and the vapours have no longer a garlic odour4 ,filter1 evaporate1 and set aside to crystallise4 ,calcium1 ,hypophosphite of4 ,ca#c7,,po#b7b4 ,prep4 ,slack recently burnt lime1 #d lbs41 with water1 #a gall41 and mix it with water1 #d galls41 just brought to the boiling temperature in a deep open boiler1 stirring until a uniform milk of lime is formed2 then add phosphorus1 #a lb41 and keep up the boiling constantly1 adding hot water from time to time1 so as to preserve the measure as nearly as may be until all the phosphorus is oxidised and combined1 and the strong odour of the gas has disappeared2 then filter the solution through muslin1 wash out that portion retained by the calcareous residue with water1 and evaporate the filtrate till reduced to #f pints2 re-filter1 to remove a portion of carbonate of calcium resulting from the action of the air upon the solution2 evaporate again until a pellicle forms1 and set aside to crystallise----or continue the heat with constant stirring until the salt granulates4 ,obs4 ,as spontaneously inflammable phosphuretted hydrogen is given off during the boiling1 the process must be conducted under a hood1 with a strong draught or in the open air4 ,smaller proportions than those given may be used4 ,prop4 ,hypophosphite of calcium is a white salt1 with pearly lustre1 crystallising in flattened prisms2 soluble in #f parts of cold water1 and slightly soluble in dilute alcohol4 ,it is the most important of these compounds1 and when introduced into the stomach it is supposed to be converted into phosphate of calcium4 ,it has been termed #8chemical food4' ,by decomposition it readily furnishes the other hypophosphites4 ,ferric1 ,hyperphosphite of4 ,fe,p,o#b4 ,prep4 ,by precipitating a solution of hypophosphite of sodium or ammonium1 with solution of ferric sulphate1 washing the gelatinous precipitate with care 7it being somewhat soluble72 and1 finally1 drying it into an amorphous white powder4 ,this is freely soluble in hydrochloric and hypophosphorous acids4 ,potassium1 ,hypophosphite of4 ,k#c,,po#b4 ,prep4 ,from hypophosphite of calcium1 #f oz41 dissolved in water1 #d pints2 and granulated carbonate of potassium1 #e-c_/d oz41 dissolved in water1 #a_/b pint4 ,mix1 filter1 and wash the precipitate till the filtrate measures #e pints4 ,evaporate till a pellicle forms1 then stir constantly1 continuing the heat till the salt granulates4 ,a white1 opaque1 deliquescent body1 very soluble in water and alcohol4 ,quinine1 ,hypophosphite of4 ,dissolve sulphate of quinine1 #a oz41 in water1 by the aid of diluted sulphuric acid2 precipitate the alkaloid with ammonia2 wash the precipitated quinine and digest it in hypophosphorous acid with heat 7the quinine being in excess72 after filtering the solution1 allow it to evaporate spontaneously till the required salt crystallises4 ,it forms elegant tufts of soft1 feathery crystals1 which are soluble in #fj parts of water4 ,sodium1 ,hypophosphite of4 ,na#c,,po#b4 ,prep4 ,from hypophosphite of calcium1 #f oz41 dissolved in water1 #d pints2 and crystallised carbonate of sodium1 #aj oz41 dissolved in water1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,proceed as in making hypophosphite of potassium1 but allowing #f pints as the measure of the filtrate4 ,if required in crystals1 the granulated salt may be dissolved in alcohol sp4 gr4 #hce1 evaporated till syrupy1 and set by in a warm place4 ,crystallises in rectangular tables1 with a pearly lustre2 is very soluble in water and ordinary alcohol1 and deliquesces when exposed to the air4 ,phosphorus1 ,trioxide of4 ,p#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,phosphorous ,,anhydride2 ,,anhydrous ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,prep4 ,by burning phosphorus in a limited supply of air4 ,white flaky powder1 with an odour of garlic1 and rapidly absorbing water to form phosphorous acid4 ,phosphorous ,acid4 ,h#c,,po#c4 ,syn4 ,,hydrated ,,phosphorous ,,acid4 ,pure phosphorus is volatilised through a layer of powdered mercuric chloride1 contained in a glass tube2 terchloride of phosphorus comes over1 which1 on being mixed with water1 is resolved into hydrochloric acid and phosphorous acid2 by evaporating the mixed liquid to the consistence of a syrup1 the first is expelled1 and the residuum forms a crystalline mass of hydrated phosphorous acid on cooling4 ,prop41 c4 ,it is a powerful deoxidising agent4 ,heated in a closed vessel1 it is resolved into hydrated phosphoric acid and pure phosphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,with the bases it forms salts1 called phosphites1 which possess little practical importance4 ,phosphorous ,pentoxide ,acid4 ,p#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,anhydrous ,,phosphoric ,,acid2 ,,phosphoric ,,anhydride2 ,,phosphoric ,,oxide4 ,by the vivid combustion of phosphorus in a stream of dry atmospheric air1 or under a bell-jar1 copiously supplied with dry air4 ,the product is pure anhydrous phosphoric acid under the form of snow-like flakes4 ,it must be immediately collected and put into a warm1 dry1 well-stoppered bottle4 ,in this state it exhibits an intense attraction for water1 and when thrown into it combines with explosive violence2 exposed to moist air for only a few seconds1 it deliquesces to a syrupy-looking liquid4 ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,there are three distinct acids usually grouped under this head1 namely1 ,,metaphosphoric ,,acid1 ,,hpo#c2 ,,pyrophosphoric ,,acid1 ,h#d,p#d,o#g2 and ,,orthophosphoric ,,acid1 ,h#c,,po#d4 ,metaphosphoric ,acid4 ,,hpo#c4 ,syn4 ,,monobasic ,,phosphoric ,,acid2 ,,glacial ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,prep4 ,bones 7calcined to whiteness and powdered71 #c parts1 are digested for several days in oil of vitriol1 #b parts1 previously diluted with water1 #f parts1 the mixture being frequently stirred during the time2 a large quantity of water is next added1 the whole thrown in a strainer1 and the residual matter washed with some hot water2 the mixed liquors are then precipitated with a solution of carbonate of ammonium1 in slight excess1 filtered from the insoluble1 finally ignited in a platinum crucible4 ,by acting upon the anhydride with cold water4 ,when phosphoric acid is added to a strong solution of phosphate of zirconium1 and the mixture1 after concentration1 is exposed to a low temperature1 prismatic crystals are deposited4 ,these1 after being strongly heated to expel their basic water1 are pure metaphosphate of sodium4 ,from the solution of this salt in cold water1 a solution of pure metaphosphoric acid may be obtained1 as above1 by means of nitrate or acetate of lead and sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,obs4 ,this acid precipitates the salts of silver white1 and is distinguished from the other modifications of phosphoric acid by the property which its solution possesses of coagulating albumen4 ,pyrophosphoric ,acid4 ,h#d,p#b,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,dibasic ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,by strongly heating common orthophosphate of sodium4 ,the water of crystallisation only is at first expelled1 and the salt becomes anhydrous2 but as the temperature reaches that of redness the salt loses water and is decomposed4 ,by solution of the altered salt in water1 crystals of pyrophosphate of sodium may be obtained4 ,a solution of this last compound1 treated with nitrate of lead1 and the resulting precipitate1 suspended in cold water1 and decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen1 yields a solution of pure pyrophosphoric acid4 ,obs4 ,heat resolves this into a solution of the ordinary acid4 ,pyrophosphoric acid precipitates the salts of silver of a white colour4 ,the salts of this acid are called pyrophosphates4 ,orthophosphoric ,acid4 ,h#c,,po#d4 ,syn4 ,,trihydric ,,phosphate1 ,,tribasic ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,ordinary nitric acid is heated in a tubulated retort connected with a receiver1 and small fragments of phosphorus are dropped into it1 singly and at intervals2 as soon as the oxygenation of the phosphorus is complete1 the heat is increased1 the undecomposed acid distilled off1 and the residuum evaporated to the consistence of a syrup4 ,in this state it forms the phosphoric acid of the shops4 ,commercial phosphate of sodium is dissolved in water and the solution precipitated with another of acetate of lead2 an abundant white precipitate 7phosphate of lead7 falls2 this is collected on a filter1 well washed1 and1 whilst still moist1 is suspended in distilled water1 and sulphuretted hydrogen gas passed into it1 in excess2 a black insoluble precipitate forms1 while pure tribasic phosphoric acid remains in solution1 and is easily deprived of the residual sulphuretted hydrogen by a gentle heat4 ,by concentration in vacuo over sulphuric acid1 it may be obtained in thin crystalline plates4 ,the solution of this acid may be boiled without change1 but when concentrated and heated to about #djj ,fahr4 it is converted into pyrophosphoric acid1 and at a red heat into metaphosphoric acid4 ,its salts are the ordinary phosphates1 or orthophosphates1 and they give a yellow precipitate with nitrate of silver4 ,tests4 ,the following reactions characterise the ordinary or other phosphates3----#a4 ,chloride of barium produces in aqueous solutions of the neutral and basic phosphates a white precipitate1 which is insoluble in either hydrochloric or nitric acid1 and with difficulty soluble in a solution of chloride of ammonium4----#b4 ,solution of sulphate of calcium produces in neutral and alkaline solutions of the phosphates a white precipitate1 freely soluble in acids1 even the acetic4----#c4 ,sulphate of magnesium produces in solutions of the phosphates1 to which some chloride of ammonium and free ammonia has been added1 a white1 crystalline1 and quickly subsiding precipitate of the phosphate of ammonium and magnesium1 which is insoluble in a solution of either ammonia or chloride of ammonium1 but readily soluble in acids1 even the acetic4----#d4 ,nitrate of silver1 with neutral and basic alkaline phosphates1 gives a light yellow precipitate4 ,if the fluid in which the precipitate is suspended contained a basic phosphate1 it does not affect test paper2 if it contained a neutral phosphate1 the reaction will be acid4 ,if the phosphate examined has been heated to redness before solution1 it then1 as a metaphosphate1 gives a white precipitate with nitrate of silver4----#e4 ,hydrochloric acid is added to the solution to acid reaction1 and afterwards #a or #b drops of a concentrated solution of ferric chloride2 a solution of acetate of potassium is next added in excess1 when a flocculent1 gelatinous1 white precipitate will be formed if phosphoric acid or any phosphate was present in any form or combination in the original liquor4 ,this test is highly characteristic1 and of general applicability4 ,obs4 ,the insoluble phosphates must be first treated with diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid1 and the resulting solution filtered and neutralised with an alkali1 before applying the reagents4 ,when the substance under examination consists of a very small quantity of phosphoric acid or phosphate1 with a large quantity of sesquioxide of iron1 it should be fused with some carbonate of sodium1 the residuum of the ignition exhausted with water1 and the tests applied to the filtered solution4 ,arsenious acid1 if present1 should be removed by sulphuretted hydrogen before applying the tests4 ,when phosphate of aluminum1 the solution in hydrochloric acid is neutralised with carbonate of sodium2 carbonate of barium is next added in excess1 followed by the addition of hydrate potassium1 also in excess1 after which the whole is boiled4 ,an insoluble phosphate of barium is formed1 which may be decomposed by sulphuric acid1 as before4 ,see ,,molybdate ,,of ,,ammonium4 ,estim4 ,pure solutions of phosphoric acid may be tested by the common methods of acidimetry4 ,when in a state of combination1 it may be separated and weighed in either of the forms noticed under ,,guano4 ,uses1 c4 ,this acid is the common form1 and is the compound alluded to when #8phosphoric acid' is spoken of4 ,it is extensively employed by the bleacher1 dyer1 calico-printer1 and enameller4 ,unlike sulphuric acid and the other strong acids1 it does not coagulate albumen nor injure vegetable fibre1 and is not decomposed by contact with organic matter4 ,in combination with alumina and a large boracic acid1 it is said to be capable of producing a glaze for earthenware of extreme beauty and durability1 and perfectly innocuous4 ,it is also used in medicine4 ,,phosphoric ,,acid1 ,,diluted4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,put #f fl4 oz4 of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb71 diluted with #h oz4 of distilled water1 into a tubulated retort connected with a ,liebig's condenser1 and having added #dac gr4 of phosphorus1 apply a very gentle heat until #e fl4 oz4 of liquid have distilled over4 ,return this to the retort1 and renew and continue the distillation until the phosphorus has entirely dissolved4 ,transfer the contents of the retort to a porcelain capsule and evaporate the liquid until it is reduced to #d fl4 oz4 ,transfer to a platinum vessel and evaporate to about #b fl4 oz41 and until orange vapours cease to form4 ,mix when cool in such an amount of distilled water that the volume shall become one pint4 7,it contains #aj per cent4 by weight of anhydrous acid4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajh47----;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims properly diluted4 ,,phosphorus1 ,,baldwin,s4 ,recently fused nitrate of calcium4 ,for this purpose it must be broken into fragments whilst still warm1 and at once placed in dry and well-stopped phials4 ,after exposure for some time to the direct rays of the sun it emits sufficient light in the dark to render visible the figures on the dial-plate of a watch4 ,,phosphorus1 ,,bolognian4 ,syn4 ,,kercher',s ,,phosphorus1 ,,bolognian ,,stone4 ,this substance was accidentally discovered by a shoemaker of ,bologna1 and excited much interest about the middle of the #agth century4 ,the following is said to have been the formula employed by the ,logani family1 who were particularly successful in its preparation1 and acquired wealth by its sale to the curious throughout ,europe4 ,prep4 ,reduce recently calcined native sulphate of barium to powder1 make it into a paste with mucilage of gum tragacanth1 and roll the mass into pieces about #a_/d inch thick and #a to #b inches long2 dry these slowly by a moderate heat1 and then expose them to ignition in a wind furnace1 by placing them loosely among the charcoal2 lastly1 allow them to cool slowly1 and at once place the pieces in well-stopped phials4 ,like the preceding substance1 it phosphoresces in the dark after exposure to the sun's rays4 ,,phosphorus1 ,,canton,s4 ,prep4 ,from calcined oyster shells1 #c parts2 flowers of sulphur1 #a part2 placed in alternate layers in a covered crucible1 and exposed to a strong heat for about an hour4 ,it is preserved and used like the above4 ,,phosphorus1 ,,homberg,s4 ,recently ignited chloride of calcium4 ,,phosphorus ,,bottles4 ,prep4 #a4 ,phosphorus1 #ab gr42 olive oil1 #a_/b oz42 mix in an oz4 phial1 and place the latter1 loosely corked1 in a basin of hot water2 as soon as the phosphorus is melted1 remove the phial1 cork it securely1 and agitate it until nearly cold4 ,on being uncorked it emits sufficient light in the dark to see the time by a watch1 and will retain this property for some years if not too frequently employed4 ,these are frequently called #8luminous phials4' #b4 7,,briquets ,,phosphoriques47----a4 ,from phosphorus1 #c parts2 white wax1 #a part2 cautiously melted together by the heat of hot water2 as the mixture begins to cool1 the bottles are turned round1 so that it may adhere to the sides4 b4 7,bendix47 ,cork 7rasped small1 and dry7 and yellow wax1 of each #a part2 phosphorus1 #d parts2 petroleum1 #h parts2 mixed1 by fusion1 as the last4 ,used as instantaneous-light bottles4 ,a sulphur match rubbed against the composition immediately inflames on exposure to the air4 ,they should be only unstoppered at the instant of introducing the match1 and should be handled with caution4 ,,phosphorus ,,matches4 ,see ,,matches1 and above4 ,,phosphorus ,,paste4 ,syn4 ,,anti-,,arsenical ,,rat-,,poison1 ,,phosphor-,,paste4 ,prep4 #a4 ,phosphorus1 #a oz42 warm water1 #a pint2 place them in a bottle1 cork it1 and agitate them well together1 until the phosphorus is reduced to a minute state of division1 adding towards the end moist sugar1 #a_/b lb42 next add of lard 7melted by a gentle heat71 #a lb41 and repeat the agitation until the whole is nearly cold2 when cold1 form it into a stiff dough with oatmeal or barley meal1 and make this into small balls or cakes2 lastly1 dry these in the air1 without artificial heat4 #b4 7,simon47 ,phosphorus1 #h parts2 water 7lukewarm71 #ahj parts2 mix in a mortar1 and add of rye meal1 #ahj parts2 when cold1 further add of butter or lard1 #ahj parts2 sugar1 #abe parts2 and mix the whole thoroughly together4 ,this is the formula authorised by an ordinance of the ,prussian ,government1 dated ,april #bgth1 #ahdc4 ,obs4 ,rats1 mice1 c41 eat the above composition with avidity1 after which they soon die4 ,it is said that the best method of using it is to place small pieces of it in and about the holes1 with some water in a shallow vessel for them to drink4 ,it has the advantage of retaining its efficacy for many years1 and is less dangerous to human beings than compositions containing arsenic1 whilst it is even more effective for the purpose for which it is employed4 ,some persons recommend the addition of a little oil of rhodium or oil of aniseed4 ,see ,,rats1 c4 ,,phos,,phuret4 ,syn4 ,,phosphide2 ,,phosphoretum1 ,,phosphidum1 ,l4 ,a compound of phosphorus with a metal or other basic radical4 ,see the respective ,,metals1 c4 ,,phosphuretted ,,hy,,drogen4 ,syn4 ,,phosphoretted ,,hydrogen4 ,see ,,hydrogen4 ,,phosphatic ,,diathesis4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,gravel4 ,a morbid condition of the system1 characterised by the deposition in the urine of certain salts of phosphoric acid or phosphates4 ,in this affection the urine1 contrary to its normal condition1 is always alkaline1 and the nature of the phosphatic deposit is influenced by the source of the alkalinity4 ,if1 as most frequently happens1 this is owing to the presence of carbonate of ammonia 7formed by the decomposition of the urea by the bladder mucus71 the deposit will be found to consist of the triple phosphate1 or phosphate of magnesia and ammonia1 almost always associated with a small quantity of amorphous phosphate of lime4 ,under these circumstances the urine is pale in colour1 and upon standing soon decomposes1 in doing which it gives off a strong ammoniacal odour4 ,phosphatic diathesis is a frequent accompaniment of spinal affections and of chronic inflammation of the mucous lining of the bladder4 ,in mild attacks the best treatment consists in living rather generously1 and in the administration of vegetable tonics combined with proper doses of the mineral acids4 ,,photog,,raphy4 ,syn4 ,,heliography4 ,the art of producing images on prepared surfaces by means of the actinic or chemical rays of the sun's light4 ,the principal photographic processes now in use are the positive-1 negative-1 and dry-collodion processes1 in each of which a thin film or skin of iodised collodion forms the sensitive surface1 a plate of glass being generally used as the foundation of the film4 ,in a positive picture the #8lights' are silvery white by reflected light1 and the #8shades' are produced by a #8backing' of black varnish or velvet1 showing through the glass plate4 ,in a negative picture the #8lights' are of a dirty yellow or brown by reflection1 and being formed by opaque deposits1 appear dense black by transmitted light4 ,negatives are used in the various paper-printing processes2 they are placed upon prepared paper and exposed to direct light1 which darkens those parts of the paper not protected by the opaque #8lights1' and thus produces positive prints with natural lights and shades4 ,in this way the portrait #8cartes de visite' and other paper photographs are formed4 ,of late years there have been devised a great variety of new photographic processes1 some of which are given below1 together with modern formul for the principal solutions1 c41 in general request by the photographer4 ,the ,daguerreotype process1 discovered by ,m4 ,daguerre in #ahci1 has been entirely superseded by the easier1 healthier1 and less expensive collodion processes described further on4 ,it consists in submitting a plate of silver or silvered copper to the vapour of iodine and bromine in the dark4 ,a sensitive film of iodide and bromide of silver is thus formed on the plate1 which is immediately exposed to the image of an object in the camera obscura4 ,the latent image impressed on the plate is brought out or developed by exposing the plate to the action of the vapour of mercury4 ,it is to be noted that in all ,english photographic formul the solid and fluid measures of apothecaries weight are used2 but in buying or selling chemical articles1 the avoirdupois weight is employed4 ,nitrate of ,silver ,bath 7for ,positives74 ,recrystallised nitrate of silver1 #e dr41 dissolved in #aj oz4 of distilled water4 ,filter the solution until it is quite clear1 then add #c drops of nitric acid and #aj drops of collodion4 ,shake well together and filter4 ,blue litmus paper should slightly redden in this bath2 should it turn very red1 add a little ammonia1 or oxide of silver2 should it not redden at all1 add a little acid carefully drop by drop4 ,it is preferable to have a slight excess of acid4 ,developing ,solution 7for ,positives74 ,protosulphate of iron1 #b dr41 dissolved in #h oz4 of distilled water2 add #b-a_/b dr4 of glacial acetic acid1 #b-a_/b dr4 of alcohol1 and #e minims of nitric acid1 filter1 and pour into a well-stoppered bottle2 do not expose to the air4 ,fixing ,solution 7for ,positives74 #ej gr4 of cyanide of potassium dissolved in #e oz4 of distilled water2 that is to say1 for every fluid ounce of solution required1 mix #aj gr4 of cyanide of potassium in #a oz4 of distilled water4 ,filter and keep in a well-stoppered bottle1 and label 8,poison40 ,positive ,paper4 ,plain paper requires preparing or salting before it is ready for use1 or it may be purchased already salted4 ,procure some sheets of plain ,saxe paper1 and immerse them for five minutes 7removing air-bubbles7 in the following solution3---- ,chloride of ammonium #ajj gr4 ,chloride of barium #ajj gr4 ,citrate of soda #bj gr4 ,water #bj oz4 ,hang the sheets up to dry4 ,for portraits and most other uses the paper is albuminised on one side4 ,when photographs are printed to be afterwards coloured1 unalbuminised paper is used4 ,albuminised ,paper4 ,there are several well-known papers sold2 ,rive's1 which is a ,french paper1 has a high glaze and fine surface2 the ,saxe1 which is more uniform in its texture1 is made in ,germany4 ,another maker is ,towgood4 ,positive paper is albuminised by placing it in a mixture composed of white of eggs and salt4 ,to the white of each moderate-sized egg use #ae gr4 of common salt reduced to a fine powder2 whisk until the albumen is all white froth4 ,leave this froth in a glazed earthen pan for about #ab hours1 by which time most of it has settled into clear albumen2 pour the clear portion into a flat porcelain tray4 ,this tray should be somewhat larger than the sheets of paper to be albuminised4 ,lift the paper up by the ends and lay it carefully on the albumen1 keeping the side marked as 8inferior0 uppermost and dry4 ,the paper should be slightly damp before it is thus treated1 as it then takes the albumen more regularly1 and is not so liable to air-bubbles4 ,the paper must be lifted at each end1 and should any air-bubbles appear1 brush them off with a card or small brush1 replacing the paper in the bath4 ,wherever the albumen does not come into actual contact with the paper1 a white mark will appear in the print4 ,remove the paper from the bath and place it to dry on a cardboard frame1 or suspend it at the corners by clips4 ,paper glazed with pure albumen acquires too brilliant a glaze for portraits2 the albumen may be diluted with from a #a_/d to #a_/c its bulk of water4 ,it should be kept in tin or zinc cases4 ,plain ,paper4 ,albuminised paper may be used as plain paper if1 instead of sensitising the glazed side1 the plain side is placed in the sensitising solution4 ,nitrate of ,silver ,bath 7for ,negatives74 ,recrystallised nitrate of silver1 #a_/b oz42 distilled water1 #g oz42 collodion1 #g drops4 ,shake well together until the crystals have dissolved1 then filter4 ,the purity of the negative bath is a matter of great importance1 hence the necessity of employing the very best nitrate of silver1 and also of excluding all foreign matters of every kind4 ,when the bath gets out of order1 it should be diluted with an equal bulk of distilled water1 and exposed to the sun for a few days1 in a white glass bottle1 then filtered1 and sufficient nitrate of silver added to restore the strength to #ce grains an ounce1 as indicated by the argentometer4 ,the ,argentometer4 ,this instrument is for ascertaining the strength of the nitrate of silver solution1 which becomes weakened to a certain extent1 after the immersion of every plate4 ,developing ,solution 7for ,negatives74 ,protosulphate of iron1 #ge gr42 glacial acetic acid1 #b dr42 alcohol1 #b dr42 distilled water1 #e oz4 ,dissolve the crystals in the water1 then add the acid and alcohol1 and filter4 ,in hot weather a little more acetic acid may be added1 and if it does not flow readily1 the alcohol may be increased4 ,intensifying ,solution1 ,no4 #a 7,negatives74 ,pyrogallic acid1 #aj gr42 citric acid1 #aj gr42 distilled water1 #e oz4 ,when it becomes brown it is useless4 ,no4 #b4 ,recrystallised nitrate of silver1 #dj gr42 distilled water1 #a oz42 dissolve and filter4 ,this latter will keep for any length of time in the dark4 ,another ,intensifying ,bath 7,negatives74 ,a saturated solution of bichloride of mercury in water4 ,place the negative plate in a bath of the solution1 remove when the film assumes a milky-white appearance1 wash1 and then plunge into a solution of #a oz4 of liquid ammonia to #aj oz4 of water4 ,remove the plate1 wash1 and place to dry4 ,this mode of intensifying may be regulated by leaving the plate in the bichloride of mercury a shorter time1 when it will require a weaker ammonia bath than that above given4 ,fixing ,solution 7for ,negatives74 ,hyposulphite of soda1 #e oz42 distilled water1 #e oz42 dissolve and filter4 ,sensitising ,solution 7for ,paper74 ,nitrate of silver1 #e dr42 distilled water1 #e oz42 nitric acid1 #b drops2 kaolin1 #a oz4 ,dissolve the nitrate of silver in the water1 and then add the acid and kaolin2 the kaolin will not dissolve1 its use being to prevent the solution becoming discoloured after using4 ,this solution will not require filtering2 it must be allowed to become quite clear1 and when required for use must be carefully decanted4 ,this solution should be occasionally tested with the argentometer1 and sufficient nitrate of silver added to restore it to its original strength4 ,another ,negative ,collodion4 ,ether1 #a_/b oz42 gun-cotton1 #g gr42 bromide of cadmium1 #a_/b gr42 bromide of ammonium1 #a-a_/b gr42 iodide of calcium1 #a gr42 iodide of potassium1 #a gr42 iodide of ammonium1 #a gr4 ,for intensifying1 flood with chloride of gold1 #a gr42 water1 #ae oz42 then wash1 and flood with pyrogallic acid1 #b gr42 water1 #c oz4 ,toning ,baths4 #a4 ,chloride of gold1 #d gr42 acetate of soda1 #a_/d oz42 distilled water1 #aj oz42 dissolve and filter4 #b4 ,to produce black to bright sepia tones1 according to length of immersion4 ,take carbonate of soda sufficient to cover a threepenny piece1 dissolve it in a teaspoonful of cold water in a cup1 add #b gr4 of chloride of gold1 then add #c oz4 of boiling water2 use in #ae minutes4 ,this will suit ,hart's albuminised paper4 ,fixing ,solution 7for ,paper ,prints74 ,hyposulphite of soda1 #h oz42 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,this solution must only be used once4 ,stopping-out ,negatives4 ,small1 round1 transparent spots are frequently found on glass negatives1 which1 if not stopped1 occasion corresponding black spots on the print4 ,lay the plate on a slab of glass1 having either direct or reflected light shining up through it4 ,then cover the spots with a mixture composed of #aj parts of ivory black1 #b parts of saturated solution of gum ,arabic1 #b parts of white honey1 #a part of sugar-candy2 well mix and apply with a fine camel-hair brush4 ,should the spots on the negative be black or opaque1 white spots will be formed on the print2 these are easily tinted with a little water colour1 to match the other portions of the print2 it is seldom necessary1 therefore1 to alter the negative on this account4 ,ferrotypes4 ,in these1 instead of a glass plate being used to receive the picture1 as in a positive glass photograph1 a thin plate of black varnished iron is employed4 ,of course no black backing is required2 with this exception the photograph is produced in every particular by the same means and in the same manner as the glass positive is4 ,to ,clean ,glass ,plates4 7,mr ,hughes47 ,the description of glass known as 8flatted crown0 is well suited for positives1 but before using it requires careful cleaning4 ,the sharp edges should be first removed with a 8corundum0 file1 or by drawing the sharp edge of one piece over the sharp edge of another2 then place the glass on a clean flat surface1 or put it in 8a plate-cleaning holder10 and pour a few drops of the plate-cleaning solution in the middle4 ,rub it carefully over every part with a bit of clean soft rag2 turn the glass over1 and do the other side the same4 ,then polish each side with a clean cloth1 and finish with a soft chamois leather kept expressly for this purpose4 ,now breathe on the glass1 and if the breath deposits evenly the plate is clean4 ,if the plate1 however1 shows patches and marks1 it must be recleaned4 ,let the edges be carefully wiped1 and the plate is ready for use4 ,the following preparation makes a good plate-cleaning solution for glasses that require mechanical friction to make them clean3----,ordinary water1 #e oz42 alcohol1 #e oz42 iodide of potassium1 #ae gr42 iodine1 #c gr4 ,when dissolved1 add tripoli1 prepared chalk1 whiting1 or rotten-stone1 in sufficient quantity to make a creamy paste4 ,this thin pasty solution is to be rubbed on the plates on both surfaces and polished off as already described4 ,this amount of cleaning will generally be sufficient for new glasses1 but when they have been used they require more labour4 ,they must then be well washed under the tap1 to get rid of all collodion and chemicals1 and be wiped on cloths kept expressly for the purpose4 ,should the plates have been varnished they must be soaked for some hours in a saturated solution of washing soda till the varnish and film come freely off4 ,the glasses must then be immersed for a few minutes in a solution composed of common nitric acid1 #b oz41 water1 #aj oz41 and be well washed and treated as already described4 ,it is a good plan when working to have a dish of water at hand1 and to place the spoilt pictures in it at once while they are wet1 and at the end of the day to wash the glasses and put them away clean4 ,by thus not allowing the films to dry on the glasses they are much easier cleaned1 and fewer failures will arise from dirty glasses4 ,collodion is a good material for cleaning glasses when they are not very dirty4 ,pour a few drops on the glass and well rub it with a clean cloth1 and you will entirely remove all grease2 a hint may thus be taken how to use up waste collodion4 ,various ,solutions used in the ,dry ,process4 ,these are employed in cases where bromo-iodised collodion and the nitrate bath are used4 ,in all processes in which the bromo-iodised collodion is employed #b grains of bromide of cadmium should be added to each ounce of the collodion4 ,mr ,bartholomew advises diluted alcohol to be poured over the plate previous to developing4 ,acid ,pyro ,developer4 ,this developer is formed as follows3 ,pyrogallic acid #a gr4 ,glacial acetic acid #cj minims4 ,water #a oz4 ,the plate1 after being wetted with dilute alcohol and washed1 has this solution flowed over it1 to which has been added #b or #c drops of a #aj-;grain nitrate of silver solution4 ,plain ,pyro ,developer4 ,the strength of this may vary from #a to #e gr4 in an ounce of water4 ,two grains may be taken as a medium4 ,the dry plate being flooded with alcohol and water1 and washed so as to well wet the film1 this solution is floated over it4 ,alkaline ,pyro ,developer4 ,no4 #a4----,pyrogallic acid #if gr4 ,absolute alcohol #a oz4 ,no4 #b4----;,carbonate of ammonia #if gr4 ,water #a oz4 ,no4 #c4----;,bromide of potassium #aj gr4 ,water #a oz4 ,at the time of using1 make up the following solution3 ,water #a oz4 ,solution ,no4 #a #aj minims4 ,solution ,no4 #c #e 0 ,pour this over the wetted plate1 allow it to remain on a few seconds only1 and then pour back into the developing cup1 and add to it #e minims of solution ,no4 #b1 and apply again4 ,the ,collodio-,albumen ,dry ,process4 7,mr ,mudd47 ,in this process the ordinary bromo-iodised collodion is employed4 ,the plate being sensitised is washed well first with distilled1 then with common water1 and placed in a dish half filled with solution of iodide of potassium 7#c gr4 to the oz471 and allowed to remain while the next plate is being prepared4 ,it is then removed from the solution and well washed with clean water1 after which the following solution is poured over its surface3 ,distilled water #b-a_/b oz4 ,white of eggs #aj oz4 ,iodide of potassium #ej gr4 ,bromide of ammonium #aj gr4 ,strongest solution of ammonia #abj minims4 ,introduce these materials with some pieces of broken glass into a bottle capable of holding twice the quantity1 and agitate till the whole forms a froth1 and then1 when settled1 it is ready4 ,a piece of camphor placed in the solution will help to preserve it4 ,it must be filtered before using4 ,after the plate has been coated with the above it is finished by drying before the fire4 ,in this process all the above operations may be performed in ordinary white light4 ,to render the plate sensitive1 heat it as hot as the hand will bear1 and when cool immerse it again in the following aceto-nitrate of silver bath for one minute1 using only a yellow light1 then wash thoroughly in clean water1 and dry in the dark4 ,nitrate of silver #cj gr4 ,distilled water #a oz4 ,glacial acetic acid #a_/b dram4 ,the development may be commenced by either plain or alkaline pyro2 ,mr ,mudd gives the preference to the plain1 and intensifying after with acid silver4 ,dr ,,ryley',s ,modified ,collodio-albumen ,dry ,process4 ,in this method the plate has to be sensitised as usual1 and washed thoroughly4 ,when the plate has been well drained1 and while still wet1 it is coated with the following solution3 ,albumen #a oz4 ,water #b oz4 ,ammonia #cj minims4 ,the solution is beaten to a froth1 allowed to settle1 and filtered before using4 ,pour sufficient over the plate to cover it1 letting it flow backwards and forwards so as to soak into the film4 ,pour the albuminous solution away and thoroughly wash the plate1 the last rinsing being with distilled water4 ,let the plate dry2 when perfectly dry1 moisten the plate with distilled water1 and pour over the following solution3 ,gallic acid #b gr4 ,water #a oz4 ,filter the solution before using4 ,pour it on and off the plate to well permeate the film1 then set the plate up to drain1 and dry without washing off the gallic acid solution4 ,when the surface is dry finish by the heat of a dull fire4 ,bromide of ,silver1 ,wet ,process4 ,to every ounce of good collodion add #h gr4 of bromide of cadmium4 ,the nitrate bath must be made #hj gr4 to the oz41 and slightly acidulated with nitric acid4 ,the plate must remain in the bath the full time it requires to form a dense opaque film4 ,when the plate is ready 7it must not be removed from the bath until the film is much denser than in the ordinary wet process7 it must be washed thoroughly to remove all silver4 ,it must then have poured over it a #c-;grain solution of gelatin made slightly alkaline with carbonate of soda1 or diluted albumen 7albumen1 #a oz42 water1 #d oz41 well beaten together74 ,when the plate is in this condition it may be exposed wet1 or it may be allowed to dry4 ,prior to development it must be well washed1 and the alkaline method must always be adopted4 ,if the plates are used dry1 a preliminary coating of dilute albumen is necessary1 but if used wet1 this is not necessary4 ,bromide of ,silver1 ,emulsion ,process4 ,by this method the nitrate bath is not necessary1 as the sensitive material is contained in the collodion4 ,the purchase of the material ready-made for working this process is recommended in preference to its direct manufacture1 as its preparation demands the use of considerable technical skill1 together with the employment of a gun cotton not usually attainable4 ,mr ,hughes says the #8,liverpool ,dry ,plate ,company' supply an excellent emulsion4 ,it is only necessary to pour the emulsion on to a plate and to allow it to dry1 when the plate is ready for use4 ,the development is by the alkaline process4 ,gelatino-bromide of ,silver1 ,emulsion ,process4 ,in this process the use both of the nitrate bath and of collodion are abolished4 ,the material employed is very troublesome to prepare1 and on this account1 as well as because of the risk of failure attending the use of home-made articles1 it is far preferable it should be purchased4 ,it may be obtained under the name of #8,kennett's ,sensitised ,pellicle4' ,this pellicle consists of shreds of dry gelatin containing the sensitive salts4 ,fresh directions accompany each packet of the 8,sensitised ,pellicle40 ,the ,honey ,process4 ,let the plate be cleaned1 coated1 and sensitised in the usual manner2 then place it in a bath of distilled water1 washing it more or less1 as it may be required to be kept for a longer or shorter time4 ,pour on the plate a solution made of equal parts of honey and distilled water in the same manner as when using collodion2 throw away the first portion1 and repeat the operation1 letting the solution soak in for one or two minutes2 pour back the honey solution into its bottle2 drain the plate on blotting paper1 and keep it in the dark free from dust4 ,the time required for exposure of the plate is about double as long as in the ordinary wet process4 ,the plate should be soaked in distilled water previous to being developed1 in order to soften or remove the film of honey2 the older the plate the longer it will require to be soaked1 afterwards dip the plate in the silver bath1 and develop in the usual manner4 ,the ,carbon ,process4 ,in this process1 the adoption of which is daily increasing1 the material employed consists of a layer of gelatin containing carbon1 or some other permanent pigment1 spread on paper4 ,in this condition the paper is not sensitive to light1 but if it be treated with a solution of bichromate of potash1 dried in the dark1 and afterwards exposed to sunlight under a negative1 those portions of the paper which have been acted upon by the light will become insoluble1 whilst those parts that have been protected from it will be soluble4 ,when1 therefore1 after sufficient exposure1 the prepared paper is removed from the negative1 a picture the reverse of the negative will have been formed1 in which the pigmented gelatin alone remains1 and performs the part of the reduced silver in the ordinary photograph4 ,if the film1 after exposure to light under a negative1 is soaked in warm water1 all the parts which have been protected from the action of the light can be dissolved1 and a relief is formed which1 when dry1 is sufficiently hard to transmit its shape to lead4 ,from the mould or plate thus obtained a comparatively large number of impressions can be taken1 either with coloured gelatin or with fatty colours1 the well-known ,woodbury-type being the most successful of the several processes based on the fact4 ,photographic ,varnish4 ,see ,,varnishes4 ,,miscellaneous ,,recipes3 ,to ,clean ,glass ,plates4 7,mr ,mayall47 ,shake up together alcohol1 #cj parts2 strong liquid ammonia1 #aj2 water1 #dj2 and fine tripoli1 #cj parts4 ,the plates are to be rubbed hard and evenly with balls of cotton wool dipped in this mixture4 ,rub again1 when dry1 with a clean ball of cotton2 lastly1 dust the back and edges with a clean hog-hair brush4 ,to ,clean off ,collodion ,pictures4 ,this may be done whether they have been varnished or not1 by means of a tuft of cotton wool dipped in wood spirit4 ,to ,colour ,photographic ,prints4 ,this may be done variously in water and oils4 ,a simple way is to rub in slowly with a small camel-hair brush a minute piece of dry colour laid upon the part1 as of flesh tint for the face1 c4 ,when properly distributed1 the paper may be breathed upon1 and the tint will not easily be rubbed off4 ,or it may be carefully coated with gelatin4 ,m4 ,minotto has described a plan of colouring on the back of the paper4 ,the picture1 being held up to the light1 is first faintly outlined1 on the reverse side2 colours are then laid on1 of water or oil1 as preferred1 on this side4 ,when dry the paper is rendered transparent by a varnish1 and the colours will then appear through it with all the delicacy and effect of a miniature on ivory4 ,good strong writing paper is best for this purpose2 the colours must be vivid2 and the varnish may consist of ,canada balsam dissolved in turpentine1 or a mastic varnish may be used1 or turpentine and wax1 or oil4 ,to ,remove ,stains from the ,hands4 ,the powerfully poisonous character of cyanide of potassium renders its employment for the above purpose an operation attended with considerable danger4 ,iodide of potassium and iodine may both be substituted1 but the first is expensive1 and the second requires considerable nicety in its application1 lest a coloured stain be left on the skin4 ,instead of the above substances1 ,m4 ,fortin recommends to wash the hands with a concentrated solution of either sulphate or chloride of zinc1 to which some acid is added at the same time4 ,he advises the deepest and blackest stains being touched with metallic zinc1 whereby the reduction of the oxide of silver or that of the gallate of iron is promoted1 and all metallic stains adhering to or penetrating into the skin removed4 ,since most of the salts of zinc are colourless1 and soluble in water1 the hands soon become quite clean4 ,they should then be washed1 first with pure water1 and next with soap and water4 ,the reader desirous of further information on the subject of photography cannot do better than consult ,mr ,ernest ,spon's valuable manual1 entitled #8,workshop ,receipts1' and ,mr ,hughes' #8,principles and ,practice of ,photography1' to both of which we are largely indebted4 ,captain ,abney's work on #8,photography1' cannot be too highly commended4 ,see ,,collodion1 ,,photographic4 ,photographic ,waste ,products1 ,recovery of4 ,we extract the following from the #8,american ,chemist' for ,february1 #ahgf4 ,the contributor1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,pitkin1 ,a4 ,b41 states that the methods given have been collected from the #8,philadelphia ,photographer1' the #8,british ,photographic ,journal1' ,hardwick's #8,photograph ,chemistry1' c41 c42 also that they include suggestions by ,professor ,hill4 #a4 ,nitrate bath1 1 recovered2 1 renovated4 #b4 ,hyposulphite bath4 #c4 ,reduction of silver chloride1 oxide1 or sulphide4 #d4 ,gold waste1 1 recovered2 1 separated from silver1 #e4 ,paper waste and washings from positive prints4 #f4 ,cyanide solution4 #g4 ,developer4 ,i4 ,nitrate ,bath1 1 ,recovered4 #a4 ,add solution of caustic potash or lime1 as long as there is a brown precipitate4 ,allow to settle1 pour off liquid1 and collect silver oxide for reduction2 vide ,,iii1 below4 #b4 ,for #a lb4 of silver1 add #a oz4 sulphuric acid and #a_/b lb4 zinc1 and allow to stand two days4 ,precipitate as chloride1 wash eight or ten times by decantation1 and dissolve gradually in nitric acid4 ,,notes4----,test complete washing by hydrochloric acid4 ,wash with water till zinc nitrate is removed4 ,if zinc clings to silver wash with hydrochloric acid4 #c4 ,suspend sheet of copper in bath for two or three days4 #d4 ,acidify as nitric acid1 precipitate as silver chloride by sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid1 and reduce as vide ,,iii1 below4 #e4 ,immerse in bath two strips of copper attached to the poles of a ,daniell's or ,smee's cell4 ,silver deposited on the copper as in #c1 above4 #f4 ,add sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrate4 ,reduce as #c below1 or if pure enough1 dissolve precipitate at once in nitric acid4 #g4 ,concentrate bath1 make alkaline by sodium carbonate1 and add aqueous solution of oxalic acid neutralised with sodium carbonate4 ,filter1 dry1 and fuse with equal weight of sodium bicarbonate4 #h4 ,deposit1 either with or without battery1 on iron4 7,iron can be obtained purer than zinc or copper1 and possesses the additional advantage that the iron salts1 as iodides1 c41 are all quite soluble74 ,fuse with potassium nitrate and sodium carbonate4 4 ,renovated4 #a4 ,dilute with three volumes of distilled water1 expose to sunlight1 filter1 add sodium carbonate till slightly turbid4 ,expose to sunlight six hours more1 filter1 add sodium carbonate till silver all thrown down4 ,wash1 precipitate by decantation1 and dissolve in nitric acid4 ,filter again1 make up to #ce grammes2 neutralise1 expose to sun a week1 and bath is ready for use4 #b4 ,neutralise with ammonia till just alkaline2 boil till black2 let cool1 filter1 acidify with pure nitric acid1 and evaporate to crystallisation1 then fuse4 ,when cool1 add distilled water1 shake and let stand exposed to light4 ,filter and add drained crystals4 ,dissolve and make solution acid with pure nitric acid4 ,expose again to sunlight1 filter1 and bath is ready for use4 #c4 ,add potassium permanganate1 expose to sunlight1 filter1 acidify1 put in clean bottles four-fifths full1 cork1 and freeze in a tray2 thaw gradually till ball of ice one-eighth size of bottle remains4 ,this contains impurities to be reduced as ,,iii1 below4 ,use rest for new bath at once4 ,,ii4 ,hyposulphite ,bath4 #a4 ,precipitate as silver sulphide by potassium sulphide4 ,reduce as ,,iii1 below1 or dissolve in nitric acid4 #b4 ,precipitate by hydrosulphuric acid1 and reduce as ,,iii4 #c4 ,decompose hyposulphite by waste nitro-sulphuric acid from manufacture of gun-cotton for collodion4 ,have silver sulphide and sulphur1 with sodium nitrate and sulphate in solution4 ,suspend zinc in solution1 then boil two or three hours2 wash on filter1 dry1 fuse with borax and sodium carbonate4 #d4 ,suspend sheet copper in bath4 #e4 ,add hydrochloric acid1 which sets free sulphur and precipitates silver chloride4 ,oxidise sulphur by aqua regia1 and reduce silver chloride as in ,,iii4 #f4 ,add sodium hypochlorite to the alkaline solution4 ,wash1 precipitate1 and fuse with mixed carbonates4 ,this gives sodium bisulphate and chloride as by-products1 no sulphur1 no fumes4 ,,iii4 ,reduction of ,silver ,chloride1 ,oxide1 or ,sulphide4 #a4 ,mix with one third weight of colophony4 ,heat moderately in crucible till greenish-blue flame ceases1 then suddenly increase heat1 and obtain a button of metal4 #b4 ,melt with alkaline carbonates enough to cover surface from air2 then mix with #ge per cent4 of chalk and #d per cent4 of charcoal1 and heat4 #c4 ,ignite with nitre on red-hot plate carefully1 and in small quantities to avoid explosion1 run down to button with borax and sodic carbonate4 #d4 ,if chloride1 reduce to oxide by boiling with strong potash1 then reduce by glucose2 or boil the chloride with glucose and sodium carbonate4 #e4 ,add silver chloride dissolved in ammonia to a boiling solution of one part glucose and three parts sodium carbonate in #dj per cent4 of water1 keeping up the boiling all the time4 #f4 ,add to silver chloride sodium hydrate in solution and grape sugar1 and expose to sunlight in open dish with occasional stirring4 ,reduce to dark brown oxide of silver1 soluble in nitric acid4 #g4 ,mix with five times weight of sodium carbonate4 ,fill hessian crucible half full1 and sprinkle sodium chloride over the top4 ,heat slowly in anthracite fire4 ,after half an hour increase heat till crucible is white-hot4 ,when complete fusion has taken place1 allow to cool1 and break out button of silver4 #h4 ,fuse with two parts mixed carbonates 7sodium and potassium74 #i4 ,add pure zinc and dilute sulphuric acid1 and let stand two days4 ,wash silver off with water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 to remove all zinc2 finally fuse to a button4 #aj4 ,mix with half weight dry sodium carbonate and one-fourth weight of clean dry sand1 and ignite4 ,,iv4 ,gold ,waste1 1 ,recovered4 #a4 ,make just acid with hydrochloric acid1 add solution containing #b oz4 pyrogallic acid1 shake1 let stand #bd hours2 filter4 ,dissolve in aqua regia1 and product after evaporation will be found better for toning than that precipitated by iron4 #b4 ,acidify toning bath1 and add sulphate of iron 7#b grammes to #a gramme chloride of gold47 4 ,separated from ,silver4 #a4 ,treat button obtained by fusing waste from hypo-toning and fixing baths with dilute nitric acid4 ,wash insoluble part with ammonia to remove silver chloride1 if present1 and dissolve in aqua regia4 #b4 ,digest #bj grammes in flask with #a fl4 dr4 hydrochloric acid1 #ae m4m4 of nitric acid1 and #b dr4 of water4 ,after quarter of an hour boil1 add #b oz4 water2 filter4 ,silver chloride with organic matter1 c4 left undissolved4 ,reduced as ,,iii1 above4 #c4 ,add excess of pure potassium hydrate1 and then boil in flask with excess of solid oxalic acid4 ,v4 ,paper ,waste4 #a4 ,soak paper in strong solution of saltpetre1 and burn4 #b4 ,treat with nitric acid1 precipitate with sodium chloride or potassium hydrate1 then put with ,,iii1 above1 for reduction4 ,washings from ,positive ,prints4 ,precipitate by sodium chloride1 potassium hydrate1 or on copper plates1 c41 as above1 and reduce1 as in ,,iii4 ,,vi4 ,cyanide ,solution4 #a4 ,dilute with water1 precipitate by 7#a7 potassium sulphide1 7#b7 sodium chloride1 and reduce as #c4 #b4 ,decant bath into iron kettle1 warm1 add ferrous sulphate slowly till slight precipitate of oxide4 ,make alkaline1 and add solution of grape sugar till brownish-yellow colour4 ,allow to settle1 syphon off liquid4 ,wash sediment on filter1 and ignite to recover silver4 ,,note4----,ferrous sulphate forms ferrocyanide1 therefore no free alkaline cyanide should be present4 ,,vii4 ,developer4 #a4 ,vide ,,ii4 7#c1 #d1 #e1 #f71 with hypo bath2 7#a7 and 7#b7 not applicable1 for sulphide of iron would be formed4 #b4 ,reduced by its own iron 7if ferrous sulphate74 ,,photom,,etry4 ,the art of determining the relative intensities of different lights4 ,various methods have been adopted1 at different times1 for this purpose1 among which1 however1 a few only are sufficiently simple for general application4 ,the principle adopted by ,bouguer and ,lambert depends on the fact that1 though the eye cannot judge correctly of the proportional force of different lights1 it can generally distinguish with great precision when two similar surfaces or objects presented together are equally illuminated1 or when the shadows of an opaque object produced by different lights are equally dark4 ,now1 as light travels in straight lines1 and is equally diffused1 it is evident that its intensity will progressively lessen as the distance of its source increases4 ,this diminution is found to be in the duplicate ratio of the distance4 ,to apply this principle to candles1 lamps1 gaslights1 c41 we have only to arrange two of them so that the light or shadow resulting from both shall be of equal intensity1 after which we must carefully measure the distance of each of them from the surface on which the light or shadow falls4 ,the squares of these distances give their relative intensity4 ,in general1 some known light1 as that from a wax candle 7#d to the lb471 is taken as the standard of comparison4 ,dr ,ritchie's #8photometer' consists of a rectangular box1 about #b inches square1 open at both ends1 and blackened inside to absorb extraneous light4 ,in this1 inclined at angles of #de to its axis1 are placed two precisely similar rectangular plates of plain silvered glass1 and fastened so as to meet at the top1 in the middle of a narrow slit about an inch long and the eighth of an inch broad1 and which is covered with a strip of tissue or oiled paper4 ,in employing this instrument1 the 8lights must be placed at such a distance from each other1 and from the instrument between them1 that the light from each shall fall on the reflector next it1 and be reflected to the corresponding portion of the oiled paper4 ,the photometer is then to be moved nearer to the one or the other1 until the two portions of the oiled paper corresponding to the two mirrors are equally illuminated1 of which the eye can judge with considerable accuracy40 ,in ,prof ,wheatstone's #8,,photometer' the relative intensity of the two lights is determined by the relative brightness of the opposite sides of a revolving silvered ball illuminated by them4 ,in the method of photometry usually1 but erroneously1 ascribed to ,count ,rumford1 the shadows of an opaque object formed by different lights1 and allowed to fall on a white wall or paper screen1 are contrasted4 ,a wire about #c_/afths of an inch thick1 and about a foot in length1 with the one end bent so as to form a handle1 is commonly used to form the shadows4 ,the method of proceeding is similar to that first above noticed4 ,it is generally supposed that the equality of two shadows can be appreciated with greater certainty than that of two lights4 ,,phthis,,ic4 ,a popular name for difficulty of breathing1 from its supposed resemblance to phthisis4 ,see ,,bronchitis1 and below4 ,,phthisis4 7,a wasting away47 ,this is the formidable disease ordinarily or popularly known as 8consumption10 although1 strictly speaking1 there are points of difference between consumption and phthisis1 as well as between these and another variety of the malady known as tuberculosis4 ,the statistics which follow1 however1 apply to all those diseases of the lungs accompanied by wasting1 and as such include the mortality from phthisis1 tuberculosis1 and consumption4 ,in the ,registrar-,general's returns for many years past1 under the heads #8phthisis1' or #8tubercular disease1' have been included chronic bronchitis1 emphysema1 fibroid changes of the lungs and kindred affections4 #8,it is1 however1 probable that the figures representing the mortality are fairly accurate1 as the errors are to a certain extent compensating2 and1 indeed1 tubercles are often found even in the diseases above mentioned4'#ii ,footnote #ii3 ,dr ,wynter ,blyth4 ,the following table1 taken from the ,registrar-,general's returns for #ahdh-ge1 shows the annual number of deaths in ,england from phthisis1 during a period of #bh years3---- #ahdh #ea1ffc #ahdi #ej1bii #ahej #df1fah #ahea #di1aff #aheb #ej1eid #ahec #ed1iah #ahed #ea1bhd #ahee #eb1bij #ahef #dh1iej #aheg #ej1ajf #aheh #ej1ddb #ahei #ej1adi #ahfj #ea1jbd #ahfa #ea1icj #ahfb #ej1ifb #ahfc #ea1jgb #ahfd #ec1jdf #ahfe #ec1gcd #ahff #ee1gad #ahfg #ee1jdb #ahfh #ea1dbc #ahfi #eb1bgj #ahgj #ed1bca #ahga #ec1cgf #ahgb #eb1ehi #ahgc #ea1cee #ahgd #di1cgi #ahge #eb1idc ,dr ,farr in his letter to the ,registrar-,general on the causes of death in ,england in #ahge1 writes1 8,phthisis is a most fatal disease1 although it has declined within the last twenty-five years40 ,according to the same authority1 the mean rate of mortality from this disease was #bhaa per #ajjj in the five years from #ahej to #ahed1 and #bbhc in the five years from #ahgj to #ahgd4 ,one of the most prominent facts revealed even by a cursory study of the statistics of phthisis1 is the large share which the breathing of impure or tainted air has in the origin and dissemination of the disease4 ,hence it follows that thickly populated and overcrowded localities suffer much more from its ravages than those which are less densely inhabited4 ,this is exemplified in the following table3---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,proximity ,average ,annual ,mortality or to #ajj1jjj living4 ,densitynearness ---------------------------------------- - of of ,person ,other diseases ,persons to ,phthisis4 of the to a ,person4 ,respiratory ,organs4 ,sq4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,mile4 #ae #be #ce #ae #be #ce ,yards4 to to to to to to #be #ce #de #be #ce #de ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,healthy districts #ace #afc #ccf #cih #ccj #cd #de #fg ,london #ai1dgj #ad #bfd #cie #dic #de #fi #adh ,lancashire #a1jjh #fj #dai #dge #dhd #df #hf #aie ,england and ,wales #cjh #ajh #cfb #dch #djg #ch #fa #aac ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,in the very badly ventilated ,leopoldstadt1 in ,vienna1 #cgh prisoners out of #dbhj died between the years #ahcd to #ahdg1 or at the rate of #hf per #ajjj2 and out of these as many as #bbj1 or #ead per #ajjj1 died from phthisis4 ,contrasting with this the rate of mortality from the same disease in the well-ventilated ,house of ,correction in the same city1 we learn that out of #cjcg there died in five years 7from #ahej-ahed7 #dc1 or #ad per #ajjj1 and of these #bd1 or only #gi per #ajjj1 died from the same disease4 ,the great prevalence of phthisis that used to prevail1 not only in our army1 but in the principal ,european ones1 has been clearly shown to have been referable to the overcrowding and defective ventilation of the barracks4 ,and this applied equally to the barracks of military stations possessing such mild and genial climates as ,gibraltar1 ,malta1 ,ionia1 ,jamaica1 ,trinidad1 ,bermuda1 c4#ajj ,footnote #ajj3 ,dr ,parkes4 ,the sanitary ,commissioners appointed some years back to inquire into the prevalence of consumption amongst our soldiers1 came to the conclusion that the foul atmosphere of the barracks was the cause of it4 ,the correctness of our decision has been corroborated by the greatly diminished number of deaths which have followed the improved ventilation in our barracks1 recommended by the ,commissioners4 ,at the present time1 owing to those hygienic improvements1 the mortality from phthisis is not more than half what it was in our army prior to #ahfg4 ,the same satisfactory results have been obtained by the introduction into the ,french barracks of similar sanitary improvements4 ,animals are affected in precisely the same manner as human beings4 ,thus1 it is that phthisis attacks monkeys when shut up in badly ventilated buildings1 and cows confined in close sheds4 ,after these statements we shall be prepared to find that indoor trades and occupations swell the bills of mortality from phthisis much more than those carried on in the open air4 ,that this is the case is shown by the following table3---- ,deaths from ,phthisis at ,victoria ,park ,hospital1 showing the influence of ,occupation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,,ages ,,under ,cause of ,death4 -------------------------------------,to tals4 ,not #bj4be4cj4ce4dj4de4ej4ee4fj4fe4stated4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,female lives #de #da #be #ae #ab #c #a #a444444 444 #adc ,indoor occupation #cb #ca #cj #bd #ae #i #e444444444 #d #aej ,mixed occupation #aj #g #g #e #d #c #d444444444 #a #da ,males ,outdoor occup4 #i #ba #ba #ac #ab #aa #h #b #a444 #b #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---- #ifajj #hc #eg #dc #bf #ah #c #a444 #g #dcd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,the same reduced to a per centage4 ,female lives #cb #bh #ah #aj #h #b #a #a444444 444 #ajj ,indoor occupation #ba #ba #bj #af #aj #g #c444444444 #b #ajj ,mixed occupation #bd #ag #ag #ab #aj #g #aj444444444 #c #ajj ,males ,outdoor occup4 #i #ba #ba #ac #ab #aa #h #b #a444 #b #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---- #hf #hg #gf #ea #dj #bg #bb #c #a444 #g #djj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,the influence of occupation in developing phthisis is forcibly illustrated in the following table3---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,death-rate by ,phthisis and other ,lung ,diseases at ,district4 ,nature of principal between #ae and #be years ,industry in the ,district4 of age1 per #ajj1jjj of each class referred to4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,male4 ,female4 ,berkhampstead ,extensive female #bai #egh ,leighton ,buzzard employment in #cai #eed straw-plaiting ,newport ,pagnell ,extensive female #cja #fae ,towcester employment in #bci #egg lace-making ,extensive female 7with ,yeovil some males7 employment #bhj #dji in glove-making ,leek ,extensive employment #dcg #hef ,congleton 7more female than #eff #gij ,macclesfield male7 in silk work #eic #hij ,standard ,northern ,district ,agriculture #eca #ccc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,the above figures may be supplemented by the others1 which show the difference between the deaths from phthisis and other lung diseases occurring amongst the agricultural and the manufacturing populations1 and are another illustration of the nature of the toiler's occupation upon his liability to consumption4 ,thus1 for every #ajj deaths by phthisis and other lung diseases that take place amongst the men in various agricultural districts of ,england between the ages of fifteen to fifty-five1 there are in ,coventry #afc deaths2 in ,blackburn and ,skipton1 #afg2 in ,congleton and ,bradford1 #afh2 in ,leek1 #ahb2 in ,macclesfield1 #ahd2 in ,bolton1 #aij2 in ,nottingham1 #aib2 in ,rochdale1 #aic2 in ,derby1 #aih2 in ,salford and ,ashton-under-,lyne1 #bjc2 in ,leeds1 #bah2 in ,preston1 #bbj2 and in ,manchester1 #bfc4aja ,footnote #aja3 ,quoted by ,dr ,wynter ,blyth4 ,as bearing directly upon the above portion of our subject1 we may quote the sixth report of the medical officer of the ,privy ,council1 who therein states----8,in proportion as the people of a district are attracted to any collective indoor occupation1 in such proportion1 other things being equal1 the district death-rate by lung diseases will be increased40 ,the much larger number of cases of lung disease amongst those who pursue indoor callings than amongst others whose occupations are carried on out of doors1 arises principally from the defective ventilation of the workshops or rooms in which the labour is carried on4 ,when indoor occupations are practised in large and efficiently ventilated apartments1 or existence is passed in healthy houses1 as in the dwellings of the rich and upper classes1 who have also the additional advantages of good food and warm clothing1 the liability to phthisis becomes immensely diminished4 ,the much greater immunity from the disease which the richer enjoy over the poorer classes has been carefully pointed out by ,dr ,guy1 who1 writing on this subject in the #8,journal of the ,statistical ,society1' says----8,the ratio of deaths from consumption follows the same order as the average age at death1 being lowest where the average age is highest1 and the reverse4 ,thus the average age at death of the class of gentlemen is #ehfa1 and the ratio of deaths from consumption #a to #bfj2 while in the class of artisans the average age is #dhjf1 and the proportion from consumption is #a to #bbi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,number of ,deaths -------- ,o t h ,c e ,a o r v n e a s ,d r t u i a m s g ,d p e #ae #bj #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj e e t a ,under,under a ,ratio4 i s ,condition4 to to to to to to to #cj4 #dj4 a t o e g h n s #bj4 #cj4 #dj4 #ej4 #fj4 #gj4 #hj4 e 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,gentlemen1 c4 #ajhdahfgbgaaaibgaejffjccjabieaeffbci #a to #ejj #aff #hce ,tradesmen #hdfbdcdbfihbjaaabgjfceajfcbhjeighch #a to #bfj #ahi #dia ,artisans #gbebcfibfbdbbgiaccdfbfjdccjidegahch-a_/ ba to #bbibcahecjh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ 8,again1 the class of gentry presents a smaller proportional number of deaths under thirty and forty than either of the other classes4 ,it is also worthy of observation that the per-centage proportion of deaths from consumption under thirty and forty is higher in the class of tradesmen than in that of the artisan and labourer1 although the ratio of cases of consumption is greater in the latter class4 ,this is doubtless accounted for by the fact already established1 that the strong exertion which a considerable portion of the labouring class employed within doors use in their occupations1 and the large number employed out of doors1 has the effect of retarding the effect of pulmonary consumption4 ,the tradesman1 it will be seen1 occupies the intermediate place between the indoor and outdoor labourer----between the artisan using little exertion and the artisan using much exertion4 444 ,another point attracts attention1 viz4 the great proportion of deaths from consumption occurring in the class of gentry from fifteen to twenty years of age4 ,does not this show that the liability to the disease is greater in this class than in the two others1 and does it not tend to strengthen the position that the excess of the deaths from consumption in the other classes is due to the unfavorable circumstances in which they are placed8 8,the ratio of deaths from consumption in the class of gentry1 low as it is1 would have been still lower if the medical men1 who are included in it1 were omitted4 ,the number of cases of pulmonary consumption occurring in members of that profession is very remarkable1 and it is a subject of regret with the author that they were not made a separate class40 ,much less clearly and satisfactorily established is the question as to whether consumption is or is not contagious4 ,the instances which have occurred of its extensive and rapid spread in overcrowded barracks1 prisons1 men-of-war1 merchant vessels1 large workshops1 c41 not unreasonably seem to lend weight to the opinion that the germs of the disease might have been conveyed by the atmosphere charged with them from an unhealthy to a healthy subject1 on whom they might develop the malady4 8,but10 as ,dr ,blyth writes1 8it must be remembered that1 in all crowded localities1 there is direct vitiation of air1 and it is difficult to say whether the foul air or actual contagion have most to do with the propagation of the malady40 ,he adds 8that consumption1 under ordinary conditions1 is certainly not contagious2 but1 under special insanitary influences1 certain forms of consumption may be contagious1 although it is still a matter not proven40 ,dr ,guy bases his objection to the doctrine of the generally contagious nature of consumption upon the fact of the small fluctuations in the annual number of deaths caused by it4 ,the lowest rate of mortality for phthisis for a million of inhabitants in ,london was1 he states1 for any one of the fifteen years from #ahdj to #ahed inclusive1 #bfde1 and the fluctuation was very slight4 ,the figures in three consecutive years were----#ahdi1 #bggg2 #ahej1 #bfde2 #ahea1 #bigj4 8,if1 then10 ,dr ,guy says1 8any one were to assert that this disease is contagious1 which is tantamount to saying that it may be epidemic1 the figures ,i have quoted would in themselves furnish an answer in the negative4 ,they are suggestive of a domestic disease1 influenced1 as is bronchitis1 by the seasons and the weather40 ,the statistics before quoted as to the correlation between the prevalence of consumption and unhealthy surroundings1 lead to the belief1 that before this connection between the two was so well defined1 cases of phthisis were often erroneously referred to hereditary taint1 when they may simply have arisen from the patient having been environed with the same unfavorable hygienic conditions as his parents2 these unfavorable conditions1 including not only polluted air1 but bad food1 deficient apparel1 and want of exercise4 ,hence it is that most of the later pathologists1 without denying the existence of the transmitted form of the disease1 believe the hereditary influence has been greatly over estimated4 8,as regards the origin of tubercle10 writes ,dr ,douglas ,powell1 8opinions are extremely various1 and indeed irreconcileable2 but the tendency of modern research----the experiments of inoculation in animals1 and the very powerful advocacy of ,prof4 ,niemeyer1 is certainly to show that tubercles is much more commonly a secondary disease than has until lately been suspected----that people are1 in fact1 only exceptionally1 if ever1 born to die of tuberculosis4 8,a due appreciation of this doctrine1 so different from that even now accepted by many1 is of almost national importance in giving encouragement to those hygienic and other measures of prevention1 the neglect of which has too often been sanctioned by a foregone conclusion4 8,it would ,i think be extremely injudicious to deny hereditary predisposition to tubercles altogether4 ,moreover1 when we come to the question of hereditary predisposition to the forms of consumption which originate in catarrhal pneumonia1 it is freely admitted that the offspring of consumptive parents have a tendency to this form of pulmonary phthisis1 that the scrofulous have a like tendency 7,niemeyer71 and that scrofulosis is sometimes hereditary40 ,as allied to this portion of the question may be mentioned the opinion of some pathologist1 that phthisis may be either caused or promoted by habitual drunkenness2 and that a drunkard may transmit it to his offspring4 ,the proneness to consumption is greatly modified by sex and age1 the influences of which upon the disease are very defined and unmistakable4 ,thus1 women are more liable to its attacks than men1 and young and middle aged persons of both sexes than old ones4 8,in ,edinburgh the ratio of deaths from phthisis was found to decline from #bhe at twenty years to #jeb above sixty years2 at ,nottingham1 from #daf to #jag in the same period of time2 at ,chester1 from #bde to #jed2 at ,carlisle1 from #bij to #jig2 and in ,paris1 according to ,louis1 from #cbe to #jdb2 while the general average decline was from #bhe1 or #bhe per cent41 at twenty to thirty1 to #jgh1 or #ghj per cent41 above #fj40ajb ,footnote #ajb3 ,blyth4 ,amongst other conditions unfavorable to the consumptive patient1 in addition to the breathing of a polluted atmosphere1 may be named insufficiency of nourishing food and apparel1 variable weather1 and a damp soil4 ,this latter is particularly inimical to phthisical sufferers4 ,indeed so closely is dampness of soil associated with the spread of phthisis1 that the disease has been conclusively shown to have diminished in localities in proportion as these have been properly drained4 ,dr ,andrews1 of ,chicago1 says that consumption is most prevalent near the sea1 and that it diminishes in proportion to the distance of the inland locality from the ocean4 ,a damp atmosphere also provokes the disease4 ,phthisis seems to be a malady peculiar to temperate climates4 ,as to the influence of the season upon the disease1 ,dr ,haviland says1 8,in ,england we learn from the statistical returns that the spring is the most fatal to consumptive patients1 whether male or female1 but with regard to the other seasons there is considerable variability4 ,for instance1 suppose we take the seasons of #ahch in the order of their fatality to males1 they would stand thus----spring1 #aacg2 winter1 #ajdh2 summer1 #ifh2 autumn1 #ijd4 ,to females----spring1 #igb2 summer1 #icg2 winter1 #hif2 autumn1 #hbe4 ,then again1 although the spring invariably takes the lead1 the other seasons change places with each other from year to year2 and what is remarkable1 this inconsistency does not seem to be dependent upon the temperature1 as we shall presently see4 ,in the returns for #ahec1 the following statistics in deaths from consumption appear3----,winter1 #ahgb2 spring1 #aiga2 summer1 #agde2 autumn1 #aiad4 ,the order of fatality in the years above quoted would therefore be3---- #ahch4----,males4 #a4 ,spring4 #b4 ,winter4 #c4 ,summer4 #d4 ,autumn4 #ahch4----;,females4 #a4 ,spring4 #b4 ,summer4 #c4 ,winter4 #d4 ,autumn4 #ahdj4----,total4 #a4 ,spring4 #b4 ,winter4 #c4 ,summer4 #d4 ,autumn4 #ahec4----,total4 #a4 ,spring4 #b4 ,autumn4 #c4 ,winter4 #d4 ,summer4 8,so far1 therefore1 as seasons are concerned1 the above table proves that spring1 i4e4 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 is the most inimical quarter to phthisical patients1 and probably ,autumn----,october1 ,november1 ,december1 the least so4 ,in ,london at least1 if not throughout ,england generally1 the spring is undoubtedly the most obnoxious to consumptive cases2 and this statement is in accordance with the experience of those physicians who have opportunities of seeing the rise1 progress1 and end of many hundreds of phthisical patients during the year4 ,dr ,richard ,quain observes that the cold easterly wind of spring completes the work1 which the winter had left undone40#ajc ,footnote #ajc3 #8,climate1 ,weather1 and ,disease1' by ,dr ,haviland4 ,that greater or less destruction of the lungs1 which is characteristic of pulmonary phthisis1 originates in the presence in them of a diseased growth1 consisting of very minute masses or grains1 which are sometimes grey1 and at others yellow or cheeselike in appearance4 ,these little bodies are either diffused uniformly through the substance of the lungs1 or are collected together in them in larger or smaller masses4 ,in the latter case1 each little mass generally sets up in the surrounding tissue of the lungs1 inflammation and suppuration1 which1 although only processes by which nature endeavours to expel the alien substance from the lung1 may1 by constant repetition1 cause the destruction of the greater part of the respiratory organs4 ,,phylloxera ,,vastatrix4 ,in #ahff ,m4 ,delorme1 of ,arles1 in the ,south of ,france1 was the first to suggest that a peculiar disease which had manifested itself the previous year amongst the vines growing in the plateau of ,pujaut on the west bank of the river ,rhone1 in the ,department of the ,gard1 was of a new and specific character4 ,shortly afterwards a commission appointed by the ,herault ,agricultural ,society visited one of the infested localities1 and one of its members1 ,m4 ,planchon1 confirmed ,m4 ,delorme's conjectures1 by discovering the cause of the vine malady4 ,this he conclusively showed was due to the presence of a peculiar and hitherto unknown description of ,aphis1 belonging to the genus ,phylloxera1 which1 as illustrative of its devastating qualities1 he named ,p4 vastatrix4 ,a full-grown ,phylloxera vastatrix does not exceed more than the #ccrd or #djth of an inch in length4 ,examined under a microscope1 in addition to short pointed legs1 it is seen to be furnished with a proboscis nearly half as long as its body4 ,upon examination this proboscis seems to be composed of three tongues1 of which the centre one is the longest1 and these are united at their base into a kind of flat1 sharp-pointed blade1 which is the boring or puncturing apparatus1 by the aid of which the insect pierces into the roots1 from which it sucks the juices that constitutes its food4 ,about half the proboscis or sucker is inserted into the bark of the root1 and the creature can not only attach itself to the root by means of it1 but can also turn on it1 as on a pivot1 when engaged in the depredations4 ,illustration3 ,male ,phylloxera2 dot in circle showing natural size4 ,these are continued from ,april to ,october1 by which month the insect has lost the yellow colour that distinguishes it in the summer months1 and assumed a copper brown shade4 ,from ,october to ,april the ,phylloxera hybernate1 or rather1 such of them do as have laid no eggs during the period of their active existence1 for the egg-laying females die1 and young phylloxer only are preserved during the winter months4 ,with the return of ,april they awake from their winter sleep1 and recommence their devastating career4 ,they then increase rapidly in size and begin to lay unimpregnated eggs1 for there are at that time no males4 8,these bring forth females which in their turn develop and lay unimpregnated eggs1 and the virginal reproduction continues for five or six generations1 the development increasing in rapidity with the heat1 but the prolificacy or the number of the eggs decreases4 8,in ,july some of the individuals show little wing-pads at the sides1 and begin to issue from the ground and acquire wings4 ,these winged individuals become very numerous in ,august1 and continue to appear in diminishing numbers thereafter till the leaves have all fallen4 ,they are all females and carry in their abdomen from three to eight eggs of two sizes1 the larger ones about #b_/ajjths of an inch long and half as wide2 the smaller #c_/dth as long4 ,these eggs are also unimpregnated and are laid by preference on the under side of the more tender leaves1 attached by one end1 amid the natural down4 ,they increase somewhat in size1 and give birth in about ten days to the true sexual individuals1 the larger producing females1 the smaller1 males4 8,anomalous as it may seem these creatures are born perfect1 though without mouth1 and with no other than the reproductive function4 ,illustration3 ,true female ,phylloxera2 a1 ventral view1 showing obsolete mouth and solitary egg1 occupying nearly the entire body2 b1 dorsal view2 c1 tarsus2 d1 contracted anal joints after the egg is laid2 dot in circle showing natural size4 8,a most remarkable fact1 discovered by ,babiani1 is that some of the females never acquire wings1 but always remain on the roots1 also produce the few different sized eggs from which these true1 mouthless males and females hatch4 ,the sexes pair soon after hatching1 and the female is delivered on the #crd or #dth day of a solitary egg1 and then perishes4 ,this egg is never laid on the leaf1 but always on the wood1 either under the bark1 or in sheltered situations above ground1 or on the roots underground4 ,the young hatching from it is the normal agamous mother1 which1 with increased vigour and fertility1 lays a large number of eggs1 and recommences the virginal reproduction and the cycle of the species' curious life4 ,the impregnated eggs laid early in the season doubtless hatch the same year1 though some of the later deposited ones may pass the winter before hatching40#ajd ,footnote #ajd3 ,riley4 ,the parts of the vine attacked by the ,phylloxera are the rootlets1 which in a diseased plant1 may be seen more or less covered with what appears to the naked eye1 a yellowish powder1 but upon a microscopic examination reveals itself as a mixture of phylloxer of different sizes1 and of their eggs4 ,during ,august and ,september1 the phylloxer invest the rootlets in countless numbers1 and are so abundant as to entirely obscure the colour of the roots1 and to cause them to appear yellow from the enormous number of their minute organisms4 ,the effect of the attacks of the parasite upon the rootlets is to give rise in it to the formation of a number of little tumefactions or enlargements4 ,these in course of time decay1 and their destruction results in the death of the plant4 ,exposure to air and sunlight acts fatally to the ,phylloxera1 shrivelling and drying it up4 ,hence its instinct of self-preservation1 no less than its search after its food1 leads it to bury itself beneath the surface of the soil4 ,but1 as the insect does not possess an organisation that fits it for burrowing1 the character of the soil has a great deal to do in affording facilities or the reverse favorable to its existence4 ,if the soil be of such a nature1 that it splits easily into fissures or cracks1 which better lead to or serve to expose the vine roots1 it will of course afford a much more easy means of access to the parasite than if it be compact or close4 ,hence it is that clayey and chalk soils1 from their liability to split up on the surface1 afford much more congenial habitats for the ,phylloxera than sandy ones1 which1 being dry and closely-knit1 afford a much more impenetrable barrier to the entrance of the insect1 or to its subterranean movements4 ,illustration3 a1 healthy root2 b1 root on which the lice are working1 showing the knots and swellings caused by their punctures2 c1 root deserted by them1 on which the rootlets have begun to decay2 d1 d1 d1 lice on the larger roots1 natural size2 e1 female pupa1 dorsal view2 f1 winged female1 dorsal view1 greatly enlarged4 ,these statements are borne out by the fact that where the disease has shown itself it has been found to vary in extent and intensity in proportion as the soil of the vineyard is more or less clayey2 and many instances are known in which patches of a vineyard have continued unaffected amidst the surrounding devastation1 owing to the absence in those particular parts of the soil1 of the argillaceous element4 ,a forcible illustration of this malign influence of clay in the soil is afforded by the following analyses of two specimens of earth taken from the same vineyard4 ,the specimen marked 8healthy0 was from a small plot of ground in which the vines were perfectly sound2 that distinguished as 8unhealthy0 formed by far the greater portion of the soil of the vineyard1 the plants growing in which were all suffering from the ravages of the parasite3---- ,healthy4 ,unhealthy4 ,water #bbe #cbj ,nitrogen #jaa #jab ,sulphate of calcium #jfb #jdb ,chloride of sodium #aae #jah ,carbonate of calcium #dijj #dbjj ,siliceous sand #bcej #ajbj ,clay #agge #cgej ,organic substances and error of analysis4 #efb #fch ---------------- ---------------- #ajjjj #ajjjj ,from the locality already indicated1 where it had first developed itself in #ahfe1 the vine disease gradually extended until1 in the year #ahgc1 it was ravaging the vineyards of the ,gard1 ,vaucluse1 ,isre1 ,herault1 ,drme1 ,bouches du ,rhone1 ,ardche1 ,basses-,alpes1 ,var1 the ,gironde1 and the ,charentes1 since which time it has gradually continued to spread into the adjacent districts4 8,we may gain a more precise idea than can be afforded by a mere observation of the geographical extension of the disease1 of the disastrous nature of the ravages of the ,phylloxera1 by the examination of some of the statistics of the grape-crop in successive years1 in some of the departments attacked4 ,thus1 in the ,department of ,vaucluse1 where the disease showed itself in #ahff1 there were in #ahff1 according to the results obtained by the departmental commission instituted at ,avignon to observe on the new vine-disease1 #fjjj hectares absolutely dead or dying1 and a much larger number already attacked1 which have since succumbed to the parasite4 ,out of the #cj1jjj hectares of vineyards comprised in this department1 #be1jjj1 or five sixths of the total area1 have been destroyed4 ,in the ,gard1 where the vine flourishes better than in the above-mentioned department1 the ravages of the disease are yet most terrible2 for in #ahga1 in the ,arrondissement of ,uzes1 but one half of the average crop was produced1 and in the ,arrondissement of ,nismes a tenth part of the crop was destroyed4 ,these proportions1 moreover1 have increased since that year4 8,if we examine the mischief done in the less extended areas of the communes1 we shall obtain a still clearer idea of the rapid spread of the disease3---- 8,,commune ,,of ,,graveson4 #ahfe-ff-fg mean crop #aj1jjj hectolitres4 #ahfh 0 #e1ejj 0 #ahfi 0 #b1bjj 0 #ahgj 0 #djj 0 #ahga 0 #bje 0 #ahgb 0 #ajj 0 #ahgc 0 #ej 0 8,in the ,commune of ,maillanne the crop in #ahfh was only #dj per cent4 of the average of the three preceding years1 while in #ahfi it was only #aj per cent4 ,in the ,commune of ,eyragues the crop in #ahfh was about #cc per cent4 of the average of the three preceding years1 and in #ahfi there was a further falling off of about #aj per cent4 ,in #ahgj the crop in the three above-named communes was almost entirely destroyed4 ,from instances such as these1 fairly selected from many others equally tragic in their stern figures1 we may form some idea of the magnitude of the disaster4 ,indeed1 it is difficult to see1 so rapid is the extension of the disease1 how1 unless some potent and effective remedy can be soon applied1 any vine-bearing district in ,france can escape the visitation of the ,phylloxera40#aje ,footnote #aje3 #8,nature1' vol4 x4 ,the ,french ,government1 fully alive to the peril threatening the staple product of their country1 shortly after the appearance of the ,phylloxera in the vineyards of ,france1 offered through their ,minister of ,commerce and ,agriculture a reward of #cjj1jjj francs for the discovery of a means of arresting and stopping its ravages2 and in #ahga the ,academy of ,sciences1 at ,paris appointed a commission1 presided over by the celebrated chemist ,m4 ,dumas1 to investigate the biology1 habits1 c41 of the parasite1 together with the nature of the injuries it inflicted upon the vine1 the area of its depredations1 c4 ,from amongst the members of this commission three gentlemen were chosen to visit the infected districts1 so as to be afforded an opportunity of studying the ,phylloxera at its destructive work1 and its environments of soil1 situation1 temperature1 c4 ,the delegates selected by the ,commission were ,,mm4 ,balbiani1 ,cornu1 and ,duclaux1 respectively amongst the most distinguished living representatives of zoology1 botany1 and chemistry in ,france1 and the results of their labours was the issue1 some few years back1 of a most exhaustive and valuable report to the ,academy of ,sciences on the subject of the ,phylloxera4 ,the vines of other countries besides those of ,france have also suffered from the attacks of the ,phylloxera4 ,thus it has made its appearance in the vineyards of ,algiers1 ,italy1 ,germany1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,switzerland1 ,australia1 and ,north ,america1 on all of which it has been productive of more or less serious injury to the vintage4 ,amongst the numberless remedies that have been suggested and tried1 with varying but by no means uniform or satisfactory results1 for the destruction of the ,phylloxera1 may be mentioned sulphur1 the sulphites1 tobacco1 caustic soda1 and potash1 bisulphide of carbon1 coal-tar1 soft soap1 lime1 the immersion of the vine in sulpho-carbonate of potassium1 and the application around the roots of sand4 ,a certain amount of success1 it has been said1 has attended the employment of the sulpho-carbonate of potassium and sand4 ,an ,american botanist1 ,mr ,riley1 recommends the importation into ,french vineyards of the ,american vines1 which he suggests should be employed as stocks on which to graft the ,french ones4 ,the ,american plant being of a hardy nature1 he believes its incorporation with the more susceptible ,french ones1 would give rise to a vine sufficiently vigorous to resist1 or at any rate not to be injured by the ravages of the parasite4 ,,physic ,,balls4 ,see ,,veterinary ,,medicines4 ,,physostigmatis ,,faba4 ,see ,,calabar ,,bean4 ,,pi,,ca4 ,depraved appetite4 ,,pic,,amar4 ,one of the peculiar principles discovered by ,reichenbach in beech-tar1 and described by him as a viscid1 colourless1 oily liquid1 only feebly odorous1 but intensely bitter2 insoluble in water2 freely soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and oils2 boiling point #ebj ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #ajie4 ,see ,,kreasote4 ,,piccalil,,li4 ,see ,,pickles4 ,,pick,,le4 ,the liquor in which substances used as food are preserved4 ,that for flesh is commonly brine2 that for vegetables1 vinegar2 both of which are commonly flavoured with spices1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,for ,,meat47----a4 ,from bay salt1 #c lbs42 saltpetre1 #b-a_/b oz42 moist sugar1 #a lb42 allspice and black pepper1 of each 7bruised7 #a oz42 water1 #i pints2 simmer them together in a clean covered iron or enamelled vessel for #g or #h minutes2 when the whole has cooled1 remove the scum1 and pour it over the articles to be preserved4 ,used for hams1 tongues1 beef1 c41 to which it imparts a fine red colour and a superior flavour4 b4 ,from bay salt and common salt1 of each #b lbs42 moist sugar1 #a lb42 saltpetre1 #a_/b lb42 allspice 7bruised71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a gall12 as before4 ,used chiefly for pork and hams4 ,common salt may be substituted for bay salt1 but it is less powerfully antiseptic1 and the flavour is less grateful4 #b4 7,for ,,vegetables47----a4 ,strong distilled vinegar1 to each quart of which #a-a_/b oz4 of good salt has been added4 b4 ,good distilled vinegar1 #d pints2 common salt1 #b-a_/b oz42 black pepper1 #a_/b oz42 unbleached ,jamaica ginger1 #b-a_/b oz4 7the last two bruised1 but not dusty72 mace 7shredded71 #a_/d oz42 simmer in an enamelled iron or stoneware vessel1 as above1 and strain through flannel4 ,sometimes a little capsicum is added4 ,used either hot or cold1 according to the vegetable it is intended to preserve4 ,pickle1 ,lemon4 ,see ,,sauces4 ,,pickles4 ,these well-known articles are easily prepared of the finest quality4 ,the vegetables and fruit1 selected of the proper quality and at the proper season1 after being well cleansed with cold spring water1 are steeped for some time in strong brine2 they are then drained and dried1 and transferred to bottles or jars2 the spice 7if any7 is then added1 the bottles filled up with hot1 strong1 pickling vinegar1 and at once securely corked down and tied over with bladder4 ,as soon as the bottles are cold the corks are dipped into melted wax1 the more surely to preserve them air-tight4 ,good wood or distilled vinegar is commonly used for this purpose2 but the best malt or white wine vinegar of the strength known as ,no4 #bb or #bd is exclusively employed for the finer pickles which are not spiced4 ,in those for early use the #8steep' may be made in hot or boiling brine1 by which the product will be ready for the table in a much shorter period2 but with substances of a succulent and flabby nature1 as cabbage1 cauliflower1 some fruit1 c41 or in which crispness is esteemed a mark of excellence1 this is inadmissible4 ,to such articles the vinegar should also be added cold1 or1 at furthest1 should be only slightly warmed4 ,as a general rule1 the softer and more delicate articles do not require so long soaking in brine as the harder and coarser kinds2 and they may be often advantageously pickled by simply pouring very strong pickling vinegar over them without applying heat4 ,it must also be observed that beetroot1 and other like substances which are sliced1 as well as certain delicate fruits1 must not be steeped at all4 ,the spice is commonly added whole to the bottles2 but a more economical plan is to steep it 7bruised7 for some time1 or to simmer it in the vinegar before using the latter1 as in the forms given under ,,pickle 7above74 ,the spices and flavouring ingredients employed for pickles are----allspice1 black and white pepper1 capsicums or red pods1 cloves1 garlic1 ginger1 horseradish1 lemon peel1 mace1 mustard1 shallots1 and turmeric4 ,these are chosen with reference to the particular variety of the pickle1 or the taste of the consumer4 ,a good ,,spiced ,,vinegar for pickles generally is the following3----,bruise in a mortar #b oz4 of black pepper1 #a oz4 of ginger1 #a_/b oz4 of allspice1 and #a oz4 of salt4 ,if a hotter pickle is desired1 add #a_/b dr4 of cayenne1 or a few capsicums4 ,for walnuts1 add also #a oz4 of shallots4 ,put these into a stone jar1 with a quart of vinegar1 and cover them with a bladder wetted with the pickle1 and over this place a piece of leather4 ,set the jar on a trivet near the fire for #c days1 shaking it #c times a day1 then pour it on the walnuts or other vegetables4 ,for walnuts it is used hot1 but for cabbage1 c41 cold4 ,to save time it is usual to simmer the vinegar gently with the spices2 which is best done in an enamelled saucepan4 ,in the preparation of pickles it is highly necessary to avoid the use of metallic vessels1 as both vinegar and brine rapidly corrode brass1 copper1 lead1 c41 and thus become poisonous4 ,these liquids may be best heated or boiled in a stoneware jar by the heat of a water bath or a stove4 ,common glazed earthenware should be avoided1 either for making or keeping the pickles in1 as the glazing usually contains lead4 ,pickles should also be kept from the air as much as possible1 and should only be touched with wooden or bone spoons4 ,they are also better prepared in small jars1 or bottles1 than in large ones1 as the more frequent opening of the latter exposes them too much4 ,copper or verdigris is frequently added to pickles to impart a green colour1 or the vinegar is boiled in a copper vessel until sufficiently #8greened' before pouring it on the vegetables4 ,this poisonous addition may be readily detected by any of the tests mentioned under ,,copper4 ,if a green colour be desired1 it may be imparted to the vinegar1 and ultimately to the pickles1 by steeping vine leaves1 or the leaves of parsley or spinach1 in it4 ,a teaspoonful of olive oil may be advantageously added to each bottle to keep the pickles white1 and to promote their preservation4 ,the following list includes the leading pickles of the shops1 and some others3---- ,barberries4 ,from the ripe fruit1 without heat4 ,beans4 ,from the young green pods of the scarlet bean1 and the ,french or kidney bean1 with heat4 ,beetroot4 ,from the sliced root1 without steeping in brine1 and with cold spiced vinegar4 ,when wanted for immediate use the vinegar may be used boiling hot4 ,broccoli4 ,as ,,cauliflowers4 ,cabbage4 ,this1 either red or white1 is cut into thin slices1 and steeped in strong brine or sprinkled with common salt1 and allowed to lie for #a or #b days2 after which it is drained for #aj or #ab hours in a warm room1 and then put into jars or bottles1 with or without a little mace and white peppercorns1 and at once covered with cold1 strong1 white vinegar4----,another plan is to steep the sliced cabbage in alum water for #aj or #ab hours1 and1 after draining and drying it1 to pour the vinegar upon it as before4 ,the product of the last formula eats very fresh and crisp1 but takes longer to mature than that of the other4 ,some persons add a little salt with the vinegar2 and others mix slices of red beet with the cabbage4 ,capsicums4 ,as ,,gherkins4 ,cauliflowers4 ,as ,,cabbage 7nearly74 ,or1 they may be steeped in hot brine for #a or #b hours before pouring the vinegar over them4 ,cherries4 ,from the scarcely ripe fruit1 bottled1 and covered with strong and colourless pickling vinegar4 ,codlins4 ,as ,,beans4 ,cucumbers4 ,as ,,gherkins4 ,elderflowers4 ,from the clusters1 just before they open1 as ,,red ,,cabbage4 ,a beautiful pickle4 ,english ,bamboo4 ,from the young shoots of elder1 denuded of the outer skin1 pickled in brine for #ab or #ad hours2 then bottled with a little white pepper1 ginger1 mace1 and allspice1 and pickled with boiling vinegar4 ,excellent with boiled mutton4 ,eschalots4 ,with boiling spiced vinegar1 or spices added to each bottle4 ,french ,beans4 ,see above4 ,garlic4 ,as ,,eschalots4 ,gherkins4 ,from small cucumbers 7not too young71 steeped for a week in very strong brine2 this last is then poured off1 heated to the boiling point1 and again poured on the fruit2 the next day the gherkins are drained on a sieve1 wiped dry1 put into bottles or jars with some spice 7ginger1 pepper1 or cayenne71 and at once covered with strong pickling vinegar1 boiling hot4 ,several other pickles may be prepared in the same way4 ,gooseberries4 ,from the green fruit1 as either ,,cabbage or ,,cauliflowers4 ,indian ,mango4 ,from green peaches4 7,see below47 ,indian ,pickle4 ,syn4 ,,piccalilli4 ,this is a mixed pickle which is characterised by being highly flavoured with curry-powder1 or turmeric1 mustard1 and garlic4 ,the following form is commonly used3----,take #a hard white cabbage 7sliced71 #b cauliflowers 7pulled to pieces71 some ,french beans1 #a stick of horseradish 7sliced71 about #b dozen small white onions1 and #a dozen gherkins2 cover them with boiling brine2 the next day drain the whole on a sieve1 put into a jar1 and add1 of curry-powder or turmeric1 #b oz42 garlic1 ginger1 and mustard seed1 of each #a oz42 capsicums1 #a_/b oz42 fill up the vessel with hot pickling vinegar1 bung it up close1 and let it stand for a month1 with occasional agitation4 ,see ,,mixed ,,pickles 7below74 ,lemons4 ,from the fruit1 slit half way down into quarters1 and cored1 put into a dish1 and sprinkled with a little salt2 in about a week the whole is placed in jars or bottles with a little turmeric and capsicums1 and covered with hot vinegar4 ,limes4 ,as the last4 ,mangoes4 ,as ,,lemons1 adding mustard seed and a little garlic1 with spices at will4 ,,english ,,mangoes are made from cucumbers or small melons1 split and deprived of their seeds4 ,melons4 ,as ,,lemons 7nearly74 ,mixed ,pickles4 ,from white cabbage1 cauliflowers1 ,french beans1 cucumbers1 onions1 or any other of the ordinary pickling vegetables1 at will 7except red cabbage or walnuts7 treated as ,,gherkins2 with raw ginger1 capsicum1 mustard seed1 and long pepper1 for spice1 added to each bottle4 ,a little coarsely bruised turmeric improves both the colour and flavour4 ,mushrooms4 ,from the small button mushrooms1 cleansed with cold spring water1 and gently wiped dry with a towel1 then placed in bottles1 with a blade or two of mace1 and covered with the strongest white pickling vinegar1 boiling hot4 ,myrobalans4 ,the yellow myrobalan preserved in strong brine4 ,gently aperient4 ,nasturtiums4 ,from the unripe or scarcely ripe fruit1 simply covered with cold strong vinegar2 or1 as ,,cabbage or ,,gherkins4 ,onions4 ,from the small button or filbert onion1 deprived of the outer coloured skin1 and either at once put into bottles and covered with strong white pickling vinegar1 or previously steeped for a day or two in strong brine or alum water4 ,when required for early use1 the vinegar should be poured on boiling hot4 ,peaches4 ,from the scarcely ripe fruit1 as ,,gherkins4 ,peas4 ,as ,,beans or ,,cauliflowers4 ,piccalilli4 ,see ,,indian ,,pickle4 ,radish ,pods4 ,as ,,beans or ,,gherkins4 ,samphire4 ,from the perennial samphire 7,erythmum maritimum71 covered with strong vinegar1 to each pint of which #c_/d oz4 of salt has been added1 and poured on boiling hot4 ,said to excite the appetite4 ,tomatoes4 ,from the common tomato or love apple1 as ,,gherkins4 ,walnuts4 ,from the young fruit of ,juglans regia1 or common walnut3----#a4 ,steep them in strong brine for a week1 then bottle them1 add spice1 and pour on the vinegar boiling hot4 #b4 ,on each pint of the nuts1 spread on a dish1 sprinkle #a oz4 of common salt2 expose them to the sun or a full light for #aj or #ab days1 frequently basting them with their own liquor2 lastly1 bottle them1 and pour on the vinegar1 boiling hot4 #c4 7,dr ,kitchener47 ,gently simmer the fruit in brine1 then expose it on a cloth for a day or two1 or until it turns black2 next put it into bottles or jars1 pour hot spiced vinegar over it1 and cork down immediately4 ,in this way the pickle becomes sufficiently mature for the table in half the time required for that prepared by the common method4 ,dr ,kitchener also recommends this parboiling process for several other pickles4 ,some persons pierce the fruit with an awl or stocking-needle1 in several places1 in order to induce early maturation4 ,the spices usually employed are mustard seed1 allspice1 and ginger1 with a little mace and garlic4 ,,pic,,oline4 ,an oily substance1 discovered by ,dr ,anderson1 associated with aniline1 chinoline1 and some other volatile bases1 in certain varieties of coal-tar naphtha4 ,,pic,,ric ,,acid4 ,,hc#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,o4 ,syn4 ,,carbazotic ,,acid1 ,,nitrophenisic ,,acid1 ,,trinitrophenisic ,,acid4 ,a peculiar compound formed by the action of strong nitric acid on indigo1 aloes1 wool1 and several other substances4 ,prep4 #a4 ,add1 cautiously and gradually1 #a part of powdered indigo to #aj or #ab parts of hot nitric acid of the sp4 gr4 #adc2 when the reaction has moderated and the scum has fallen1 add an additional quantity of nitric acid1 and boil the whole until red fumes are no longer evolved2 redissolve the crystals of impure picric acid deposited in boiling distilled water1 and remove any oily matter found floating on the surface of the solution by means of bibulous paper2 a second time redissolve in boiling water the crystals which form as the liquid cools1 saturate the new solution with carbonate of potassa1 and set it aside to crystallise2 the crystals of picrate of potassium thus obtained must be purified by several re-solutions and re-crystallisations1 and next decomposed by nitric acid2 the crystals deposited as the liquid cools yield pure picric acid by again dissolving them in boiling water1 and re-crystallisation4 #b4 ,dissolve the yellow resin of ,xanthorrha hastilis 7,botany ,bay ,gum7 in a sufficiency of strong nitric acid4 ,red vapours are evolved1 accompanied by violent frothing1 and a deep red solution is produced1 which turns yellow after boiling4 ,evaporate this solution over a water bath4 ,a yellow crystalline mass is deposited1 which consists of picric acid with small quantities of oxalic and nitrobenzoic acids4 ,the picric acid is purified by neutralising the yellow mass with potassa1 and crystallising twice out of water4 ,the pure picrate of potassium thus obtained is decomposed by hydrochloric acid1 and the liberated picric acid is purified by two crystallisations4 ,this process1 devised by ,stenhouse1 is one of the best1 and yields a quantity of the acid amounting to #ej of the resin employed4 ,prop41 c4 ,brilliant yellow scales1 scarcely soluble in cold water1 but very soluble in boiling water1 and in alcohol and ether2 fusible2 volatile2 taste insupportably bitter1 and very permanent4 ,it forms salts with the bases 7picrates1 carbazotates71 mostly possessing a yellow colour1 and exploding when heated4 ,the picrate of lead has been proposed as a fulminating powder for percussion caps4 ,the picrate of potassium has been given with advantage in intermittent fevers4 ,a solution of picric acid in alcohol is an excellent test for potassa1 if there be not too much water present1 as it throws down a yellow crystalline precipitate with that alkali1 but forms a very soluble salt with soda4 ,most of the picrates may be made by the direct solution of the carbonate1 hydrate1 or oxide of the metal1 in a solution of the acid in hot water4 ,the picrate of silver forms beautiful starry groups of acicular crystals1 having the colour and lustre of gold4 ,the principal use of crude picric acid is for dyeing yellow4 ,it is said to be largely employed for the adulteration of beer4 ,it is1 however1 highly poisonous4 ,according to ,prof4 ,rapp1 it acts deleteriously both when swallowed and applied to the unsound skin4 ,five grains seriously affected a large dog1 and killed it within twenty-four hours4 ,it induces vomiting1 feebleness1 and general loss of nervous tone4 ,the tissues of animals poisoned by it 7even the white of the eye7 were tinged of a yellow colour4 ,see ,,porter1 c4 ,,picrotox,,in4 ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,picrotoxine1 ,,pictrotoxia1 ,,picrotoxina4 ,a poisonous principle discovered by ,boullay in the fruit of ,anamirta paniculata1 or ,cocculus indicus4 ,prep4 #a4 ,precipitate a decoction of ,cocculus indicus with a solution of acetate of lead1 gently evaporate to dryness1 redissolve the residuum in alcohol of #hag1 and crystallise by evaporation2 repeat the solution and crystallisation a second and a third time4 ,any adhering colour may be removed by agitating it with a very little water2 or by animal charcoal1 in the usual manner4 #b4 7,kane47 ,alcoholic extract of ,cocculus indicus is exhausted with the smallest possible quantity of water1 and the mixed liquors filtered2 to the filtrate hydrochloric acid is added1 and the whole set aside to crystallise4 ,the product may be purified as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,it forms small1 colourless1 stellated needles2 soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and acetic acid1 and feebly so in water2 boiling water dissolves it freely2 taste of solutions inexpressibly bitter2 reaction neutral4 ,it does not combine with acids1 as formerly asserted1 but it forms feeble combinations with some of the bases4 ,it is a powerful intoxicant and narcotico-acrid poison4 ,it acts powerfully on the spinal cord and nervous system generally1 occasioning an increase of the animal temperature1 and peculiar movements1 similar to those described by ,flourens as resulting from sections of the cerebellum4 ,it is frequently present in malt liquors1 owing to their common adulteration with ,cocculus indicus4 ,,pictures1 ,oil4 ,to clean4 ,see ,,paintings1 ,,oil4 ,,pierre ,,divine4 ,syn4 ,,cuprum ,,aluminatum4 ,see ,,lapis ,,divinus4 ,,pies4 ,alexis ,soyer gives the following instructions for making pies3---- ,to make a pie to perfection1----when your paste 7half-puff or short7 is carefully made1 and your dish or form properly full1 throw a little flour on your paste-board1 take about a #a_/d lb4 of your paste1 which roll with your hand until 7say7 an inch in circumference2 then moisten the rim of your pie-dish1 and fix the paste equally on it with your thumb4 ,when you have rolled your paste for the covering1 or upper crust1 of an equal thickness throughout1 and in proportion to the contents of your pie 7#a_/b inch is about the average71 fold the cover in two1 lay it over one half of your pie1 and turn the other half over the remaining part2 next press it slightly with your thumb round the rim1 cut neatly the rim of the paste1 form rather a thick edge1 and mark this with a knife about every quarter of an inch apart2 observing to hold your knife in a slanting direction1 which gives it a neat appearance2 lastly1 make two small holes on the top1 and egg-over the whole with a paste-brush1 or else use a little milk or water4 ,any small portion of paste remaining may be shaped to fanciful designs1 and placed as ornaments on the top4 8,for meat pies1 observe that1 if your paste is either too thick or too thin1 the covering too narrow or too short1 and requires pulling one way or the other1 to make it fit1 your pie is sure to be imperfect1 the covering no longer protecting the contents4 ,it is the same with fruit2 and if the paste happens to be rather rich1 it pulls the rim of the pie to the dish1 soddens the paste1 makes it heavy1 and1 therefore1 indigestible as well as unpalatable40 ,meat pies require the addition of either cayenne1 or black pepper1 or allspice2 and fruit pies1 of enough sugar to sweeten1 with mace1 ginger1 cloves1 or lemon peel1 according to taste and the substance operated on4 ,see ,,pastry1 c4 ,,pig4 ,the pig or hog 7,sus scrofa----,linn471 one of the common pachydermata1 is now domesticated in all the temperate climates of the world4 ,its flesh constitutes pork1 bacon1 ham1 c42 its fat 7lard7 is officinal in the ,pharmacopias4 ,the skin1 bristles1 and even the blood and intestines of this animal1 are either eaten as food or turned to some useful purpose in the arts4 ,see ,,pork1 ,,leather1 c4 ,,pig,,ments4 ,these are noticed under the respective colours4 ,,pig-,,stye4 ,in order that a pig-stye may not become a nuisance and a danger to health it is essential that the liquid excrement of the pig should be carried off by means of an effective and well-covered drain1 and that the solid matters should be frequently removed4 ,should it come to the knowledge of the sanitary inspector of the district that a pig-stye is deficient in this particular1 the inspector has power to compel the owner of the stye to construct proper drainage4 ,urban authorities have full powers in the matter of pig-styes1 since under section #bf of the ,public ,health ,act it is enacted 8that the owner of any swine or pig-stye kept in a dwelling-house1 or so as to be a nuisance to any person1 is liable to a penalty of #djs4 or less1 and to a further penalty 7if the offence is continued7 of #es4 a day4 ,the authority can also1 if they choose1 abate the nuisance themselves1 and recover the expenses of such action from the occupier of the premises in a summary manner4 ,a rural authority has power to deal with the matter under provision #c1 section #ia1 of the ,public ,health ,act1 which defines as a nuisance 8any animal so kept as to be a nuisance or injurious to health40 ,,pike4 ,the ,esox lucius 7,linn471 a fresh-water fish4 ,it is remarkable for its voracity1 but is highly esteemed by epicures4 ,various parts of it were formerly used in medicine4 ,the fat 7,,oleum ,,lucii ,,piscis7 was one of the simples of the ,ph4 ,l4 of #afah1 and was esteemed as a friction in catarrhs4 ,it is even now used in some parts of ,europe to disperse opacities of the cornea4 ,,pil,,chard4 ,the ,clupea pilchardus1 a fish closely resembling the common herring1 than which1 however1 it is smaller1 but thicker and rounder and more oily4 ,it abounds on the coasts of ,devon and ,cornwall1 where it is not only consumed as food1 but pressed for its oil4 ,,piles4 ,syn4 ,,hemorrhoids2 ,h,,morrhoides1 ,l4 ,a painful disease occasioned by the morbid dilatations of the veins at the lower part of the rectum and surrounding the anus4 ,piles are principally occasioned by costiveness and cold2 and1 occasionally1 by the use of acrid food4 ,they have been distinguished into----,,blind ,,piles1 or a varicose state of the veins without bleeding1----,,mucous ,,piles1 when the tumours are excoriated1 and mucus or pus is discharged1----,,bleeding ,,piles1 when accompanied with loss of blood1 and----,,excrescential ,,piles1 when there are loose fleshy excrescences about the verge of the anus and within the rectum4 ,the treatment of piles consists in the administration of mild aperients1 as castor oil1 or an electuary of sulphur and cream of tartar4 ,when there is much inflammation or bleeding1 cold and astringent lotions1 as those of sulphate of zinc or alum1 should be applied2 and when the pain is considerable1 fomentations of decoction of poppy heads may be used with advantage4 ,to arrest the bleeding1 ice is also frequently applied1 but continued pressure is more certain4 ,when the tumours are large and flaccid1 the compound ointment of galls is an excellent application2 and if there is a tendency to inflammation1 a little liquor of diacetate of lead may be added4 ,in confirmed piles the internal use of copaiba1 or1 still better1 of the confection of black pepper1 should be persevered in for some time1 together with local applications4 ,in severe cases the protruded tumours are removed by surgeons1 by the knife or ligature4 ,see ,,ointments1 ,,electuaries1 c4 ,,pill ,,cochia4 ,see ,,compound ,,colocynth ,,pills 7below74 ,,pill ,,rufi4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,aloes ,,with ,,myrrh 7below74 ,,pills4 ,syn4 ,,pilul 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,pilula 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l42 ,,pilules1 ,,saccharol,s ,,solides1 ,fr4 ,pills are little balls1 of a semi-solid consistence1 composed of various medicinal substances1 and intended to be taken whole4 ,the facility with which they are made and administered1 their comparatively little taste1 their power of preserving their properties for a considerable length of time1 and1 lastly1 their portability and inexpensiveness1 have long rendered them the most frequently employed and the most popular form of medicine4 ,the rapid and skilful preparation of pills1 from all the numerous substances of which they are composed1 is justly considered to demand the highest qualifications in the practical dispenser4 ,the medicinals employed must be made into a consistent and moderately firm mass1 sufficiently plastic to be rolled or moulded into any shape1 without adhering to the fingers1 knife1 or slab1 and yet sufficiently solid to retain the globular form when divided into pills4 ,a few substances1 as certain extracts1 c41 are already in this condition2 but the others require the use of an excipient to give them the requisite bulk or consistence4 ,as a general rule1 all the constituents of a pill which can be pulverised should be reduced to fine powder before mixing them with the soft ingredients which enter into its composition2 and these last1 or the excipient1 should next be gradually added1 and the mixture triturated and beaten until the whole forms a perfectly homogeneous mass4 ,it is then ready to be divided into pills4 ,this is effected by rolling it on a slab1 with a pill or bolus knife1 into small pipes or cylinders1 then dividing these into pieces of the requisite weight2 and1 lastly1 rolling them between the thumb and finger to give them a globular form4 ,a little powdered liquorice-root or starch is commonly employed to prevent the pills adhering to the fingers1 or to each other1 after they are made4 ,magnesia1 so frequently used for this purpose1 is unsuited for pills containing metallic salts or the alkaloids1 or other remedies1 which are exhibited in very small doses4 ,instead of forming the mass into pills by hand1 in the manner just referred to1 a convenient and simple instrument1 called a #8pill-machine1' is now generally used by the druggists for the purpose4 ,this consists of two pieces4 ,the first 7see fig4 #a7 is divided into three compartments3----c is a vacant space to receive the divided mass1 which is to be rolled into pills3----b is a grooved brass plate1 which assists in dividing the mass into pills2 and a is a box for containing the powder for covering the pills1 and to receive them as they are formed4 ,the second 7see fig4 #b7 consists of a brass plate 7a71 grooved to match the plate b in fig4 #a1 and bounded at both ends by movable projecting plates 7b b71 containing each two wheels under the ledge of the plate 7b72 and a wooden back 7c71 with two handles 7d d71 to which this plate is affixed4 ,in using this machine1 the pill-mass is rolled into a cylindrical form on the front part of it1 by means of fig4 #b inverted2 the small roll is then laid on the cutting part of the instrument 7#a1 b71 and divided by passing fig4 #b over it1 the little wheels enabling the latter to run easily on the brass plate which forms the margin of the bed of the machine4 ,the pills1 thus formed1 are then drawn forward on to the smooth bed on which the mass was first rolled1 and receiving a finishing turn or two with the smooth side of the #8cutter1' by which they are rendered more nearly spherical4 ,they are1 lastly1 thrown over into #a1 c1 ready to be transferred to the pill-box4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a and ,,fig4 #b4 ,the nature of the excipient should be suited to that of the active ingredients in pills1 as well as in all other forms of medicine4 ,furthermore1 it should be of such a nature 8that10 to quote ,dr ,redwood1 8it will modify as little as possible the action of the pills1 either by causing them to become hard1 or in any other way1 and will not unnecessarily or inconveniently increase their size40 ,soft extracts1 and other substances of a like character1 may be rendered more consistent by the addition of any simple powder1 as that of liquorice or sugar4 ,vegetable powders are generally beaten up with syrup or treacle1 and heavy powders with conserve of roses or extract of liquorice4 ,castile soap 7made of olive oil and soda7 and medicinal soft soap 7made of olive oil and potash7 are commonly employed for fatty and resinous matters1 as well as for many others which are not decomposed by alkalies4 ,when the chief ingredient of the mass is resin1 rectified spirit is frequently used to soften it1 either with or without the addition of soap to increase its solubility in the stomach4 ,for many substances no excipient is required4 ,thus1 most of the gum-resins and stiff extracts may be at once made into pills1 or1 at all events1 after being slightly softened by heat4 ,mucilage1 formerly so much used in the preparation of pills1 is now only employed for those which are to be taken within a day or two after being made2 as pills containing it become so hard and insoluble when kept for some time as to resist the action of the stomach1 and frequently to pass through the bowels without even losing their form4 ,glycerin1 as well as a mixture of glycerin and tragacanth made into a paste of proper consistence1 are also employed as pill-excipients4 ,the use of glycerin as a pill-excipient has been advocated on account of its generally neutral properties1 and also because its substitution for syrup1 the conserves of roses1 treacle1 and such like substances1 results in the production of a pill of smaller bulk4 ,it seems to be suited for pills containing chemical substances1 such as quinine1 tannic acid1 c4 ,it is said1 however1 to possess the disadvantage of making the pills moist on their surfaces4 ,to obviate as much as possible this inconvenience1 and to provide an absorbent for the superfluous moisture1 ,mr ,martendale1 an experienced pharmacist1 recommends the employment of a mixture of glycerin and flour1 of which he writes as follows3----8,by stirring constantly and heating together until a temperature of about #bdj ,f4 is reached1 #e parts of glycerin by weight1 and #a part of flour1 a firm adhesive paste is formed1 which ,i shall call glycerin mass4 ,as an excipient for vegetable powder it answers well1 and for other substances on which it can exert a partially solvent action it is eminently useful4 ,among these are such salts as valerianate of zinc1 #d gr41 which with #a of the glycerin mass forms a good pill4 ,quinine1 #c parts1 with #a of the glycerin mass1 ,p4 ,b4 strength1 works well4 ,compound powder of ipecacuanha1 #e gr41 with #c_/d gr4 of the mass1 makes a good pill4 ,oxide of zinc1 too1 #d gr4 with #a1 makes a good mass4 ,but for most mineral and insoluble powders it is too moist1 and will not form with them a firm mass2 some additional absorbent is necessary1 and for this purpose ,i found nothing better than flour2 equal parts of the glycerin mass and flour form a tolerably firm1 solid1 adhesive paste1 somewhat resembling dough1 but it is not so elastic2 this ,i call bread mass4 ,it possesses great capacity for the absorption of insoluble powders1 such1 for example1 as calomel 7#c gr4 with #a-a_/b gr4 of this mass makes a good pill71 nitrate and carbonate of bismuth1 arsenic1 c4 ,of reduced iron1 #c parts with #b of it1 form a good mass1 in which the iron is not liable to oxidation4 ,carbolic acid1 too1 of which it is a good solvent1 is readily made into a pill with the bread mass1 a little additional flour being necessary for this substance4 ,then again1 substances which are given in minute doses1 as the salts of morphia1 resin of podophyllum1 and other active principles to partially dilute their action1 or where an excipient is needed to partially increase the bulk of the pill1 it is well adapted for use4 ,and among the official pill masses an equal quantity of it can with great advantage be used to supplant confection of roses in all these1 with the exception of pilula aloes cum ferro1 for which the glycerin masses is needed1 and pilula ferri carbonatis4 ,this1 too1 requires the glycerin mass1 with which it mixes well1 but after a time the pills have a tendency to become moist4 ,mercurial pill ,i have not tried with it4 ,the same quantity of this bread mass will replace the treacle in pilula scill composita4 ,equal parts of it and powdered soap1 in place of powdered soap alone 7if this might be permitted71 form a much better mass than the official one of pilula saponis composita4 ,this pill mass1 made strictly according to the ,pharmacopia1 soon becomes set into a condition resembling a piece of soap1 in which state much beating is necessary to make it again plastic4 ,of the glycerin mass to be added to the ,pharmacopia quantities of---- ,pil4 cambogi comp4 7vice syrup71 #a oz41 makes a good mass4 ,pil4 colocynth comp4 7vice water71 #c dr41 makes a good mass1 and does not get so hard4 ,pil4 hydrarg4 subchlor4 comp4 7vice castor oil71 #a-a_/b oz41 makes a good mass1 but becomes slightly moist4 ,pil4 ipecac4 cum scilla 7vice treacle71 #a oz41 makes a good mass1 which does not crumble4 ,pil4 rhei comp4 7vice #d oz4 of treacle71 #b oz41 makes a good mass1 and keeps tolerably plastic4 ,among the other official pill masses which ,i have not tried with these excipients are pilula colocynthidis et hyoscyamic and pilula conii composita4 ,these ,i find do not generally require any excipient1 and pilula ferri iodidi1 the starch contained in the flour1 with that would not form an elegant preparation4 ,nitrate of silver is generally recommended in works on materia medica to be made into a pill with bread crumb1 but this contains common salt1 with which it is incompatible4 ,i recommend the following formula1 which is a modification of the bread mass3---- ,nitrate of silver #f gr4 ,distilled water #f minims4 ,dissolve1 and add---- ,glycerin mass #ab gr4 ,flour #bd gr4 ,mix to form a mass which may be divided into #b gr4 pills1 each containing #a_/d gr4 of nitrate of silver4 ,the mass rolls out well4 ,keep them from exposure to the air and light4 ,for ,perchloride of ,mercury ,pills3---- ,perchloride of mercury #f gr4 ,distilled water #dh minims4 ,heat in a test-tube till dissolved1 and add to it---- ,glycerin mass #dh gr4 ,flour #if 0 ,mix well1 and divide into #if #b-;gr4 pills1 each of which will contain a sixteenth of a grain of perchloride of mercury4 ,substances like nitrate of silver and perchloride of mercury may form different combinations with the albuminoid principles contained in the flour1 but in such state they will probably be quite as readily assimilated1 and have a similar medicinal action1 as physiologists affirm that most metallic substances enter into the blood as albuminates4 ,i have had some fear lest the gluten contained in the flour might favour some decomposition similar to fermentation1 but such1 from nearly two years' use of them1 ,i have never yet seen take place2 the glycerin seems to check anything of the kind4 ,the crude gluten obtained in the moist condition from flour ,i find is nearly entirely soluble in glycerin1 the solution does not appear to undergo any change when kept4 ,a mixture of glycerin and tragacanth is often used1 and produces very similar results to those ,i have obtained from the glycerin mass4 ,i have not had much experience with such a mixture1 but ,i find it makes a more elastic paste1 which is often a disadvantage1 as it causes the pills to have a certain amount of springiness1 and renders them difficult to form perfectly globular4 ,for dried sulphate of iron1 of which a large quantity is sometimes ordered in a pill1 ,i find syrup the best excipient4 ,by this means #e grains of this can be thus made into a pill4#ajf ,footnote #ajf3 #8,pharmaceutical ,year ,book4' ,it may be further remarked1 that no deliquescent salt should enter into the composition of pills not intended for immediate use2 and that when efflorescent salts are so employed they should be first freed from their water of crystallisation4 ,when the mixed ingredients are made into a mass 7pill-mass71 which it is not intended at once to divide into pills1 it should be preserved in a piece of bladder or gut-skin placed in a covered stoneware or earthenware pot4 ,in this state it may be occasionally moistened with a little weak spirit to prevent its getting hard4 ,the weight 7size7 of pills varies from #a_/b gr4 to #f gr4 ,if heavier than this1 they are called #8boluses4' ,formerly1 as a general rule1 they were made of #e gr4 each2 but pills of this weight are1 in general1 so large that some persons find a difficulty in swallowing them4 ,another disadvantage of large pills is the trouble of nicely apportioning the dose1----one pill being1 perhaps1 too small a quantity1 and two pills the reverse4 ,hence1 #b to #c-;gr4 pills are now the favourite size with both pill-takers and dispensers1 notwithstanding that #e-;gr4 pills are still ordered in one of the authorised ,pharmacopias4 ,pills are occasionally coated with gold1 silver1 and other substances1 to render them more agreeable to the eye1 or to prevent the taste of nauseous ingredients affecting the palate during deglutition4 ,they are gilded and silvered by placing them1 in the moist state1 on a leaf or two of the metal in a small gallipot1 and covering them in a similar manner with another leaf of metal2 over the mouth of the gallipot is laid a piece of smooth writing paper1 and on this the palm of the hand2 a sudden and rapid circular motion is then given to the whole4 ,if the pills are not sufficiently moist or sticky1 they should be rendered so by rolling them between the fingers very slightly moistened with mucilage1 before proceeding to silver them4 ,another method is to shake them in a similar manner with a little gold or silver dust4 ,mr ,haselden recommends a varnish composed as follows3----,resin#ajg of tolu1 #c parts2 rectified spirit1 #f parts2 methylated ether1 #b parts4 ,well shake until all that will is dissolved4 ,use the clear solution4 ,mr ,hasleden says iodide of iron pills are well preserved by this coating1 and also granules of secale cornutum4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,this is the substance which is left in the preparation of syrup of tolu4 ,when pills are to be covered with gelatin1 each pill1 being stuck on the point of a very thin wire four or five inches in length1 is dipped into a solution of gelatin1 so as to coat it completely1 and the wire is then inserted into a pin-cushion1 or a vessel containing fine sand1 and left until the gelatin is firm1 which occurs in about a quarter of an hour2 the pins may then be easily removed by simply warming them1 by placing the centre of each wire for a second or two in the flame of a spirit lamp or candle4 #8,sugar-coated pills' are prepared in nearly the same way1 but substituting hot and highly concentrated syrup1 to which a little gelatin has been added1 for a simple solution of gelatin4 ,the following details for coating pills with sugar are taken from the #8,chemist and ,druggist1'#ajh----8,the pills are first varnished with the following liquids---- ,footnote #ajh3 ,dec4 #aeth1 #ahga4 ,ether #ajj parts4 ,bals4 tolu #aj 0 ,colophonium #a 0 ,absolute alcohol #aj 0 8,by first rolling them in a mortar with this ethereal solution1 and then transferring to a sheet of writing paper with the sides bent upwards1 shaking being continued till they are perfectly dry4 ,then to a small quantity of the saccharated albumen 7see next recipe7 add a few drops of water1 at the same time beating for a short while1 so that a thick paste will be formed4 ,into this mass the pills are stirred1 and when moistened on all sides1 quickly poured into a wooden pill-box1 which has been previously filled about one third with the finest powdered sugar obtainable1 and immediately shaken1 or rather rolled in a lively way with great force1 separating from time to time those cohering4 ,when no more sugar will adhere they are dried over a gentle fire1 taking care not to bring them too near the stove lest they should crack4 ,shaking1 of course1 must be continued till dryness is effected40 ,albumen cum ,saccharo4 ,take the white of an egg1 and in an evaporating dish beat with it as much powdered sugar1 passed through a very fine sieve1 as will make rather a thick fluid4 ,then place it in a water bath and evaporate to dryness1 stirring constantly1 that no sugar may be deposited4 ,pulverise and set aside for further use4 ,m4 ,durden covers pills with collodion4 ,others have recommended for this purpose a solution of gutta percha in either chloroform or bisulphide of carbon4 ,the ready solubility in the stomach of pills thus covered has1 with justice1 been questioned4 ,gelatin1 or1 still better1 gelatin mixed with a little sugar1 is unexceptionable in this respect2 whilst it undoubtedly excludes the taste of nauseous medicines more effectually than any other substance4 ,mr ,furley employs a thin coating of albumen to render pills tasteless4 ,as pill-masses are likely to get hard and brittle by keeping1 an excellent plan is to keep the dry ingredients powdered and mixed together in well-corked bottles or jars1 when a portion may at any time be beaten up with syrup1 conserve1 soap1 c42 according to the formula1 and as wanted for use4 ,the mixed ingredients in this state are technically known as #8species' or #8powder' for the respective pills4 8,it is generally said that pills should be taken on an empty stomach1 and at a considerable distance from a meal2 but for ourselves we think that it is nearly always better to take them during a meal2 first1 because the stomach does not then find itself immediately under the influence of substances which1 if not always dangerous1 seldom fail to act more or less disagreeably2 secondly1 because its absorbent action is more certain2 and1 lastly1 because they are then taken more easily40 7,trousseau and ,reveil47 ,the meal here referred to should be a light one1 from which acidulous and other substances likely to interfere with the action of the remedy should be excluded4 ,the dose should also be increased4 ,in the ,london ,pharmacopia the singular number 7#8pilula'7 is now very properly employed to express the names of the officinal pill-masses2 but in the other ,pharmacopias the names are given in the plural form4 ,as the latter is almost universally adopted in speaking of magistral formul and nostrums1 we have used it in all cases1 for the sake of uniformity and for ease of reference4 ,see ,,bolus ,,extract1 ,,prescribing1 and below4 ,pills1 ,abernethy's4 ,see ,,abernethy ,,medicines 7page #f74 ,pills of ,acetate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,plumbi ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,acetate of lead1 #bj gr42 powdered camphor1 #ae gr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s42 mix and divide into #ab pills4 #b4 7,radius47 ,acetate of lead and powdered mallow or liquorice root1 of each #a_/b dr42 simple syrup1 q4 s42 divide into #ah pills4----,dose1 #a to #e daily1 washed down with water soured with vinegar2 as a powerful astringent in hmorrhages1 diarrha1 the night-sweats in phthisis1 c4 ,see ,,opiated ,,lead ,,pills4 ,pills of ,acetate of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hydrargyri ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,subacetate of mercury1 #ah gr42 sugar of milk 7or manna71 #a dr42 mucilage1 q4 s42 divide into #bd pills4----,dose4 ,as an alterative1 #a daily2 as a sialogogue1 #a every four or five hours1 or oftener2 in syphilis1 c4 ,see ,,keyser',s ,,pills4 #c4 7,opiated----,carmichael47 ,acetate of mercury1 camphor1 and opium1 of each #cj gr42 syrup of poppies to mix4 ,for #cj pills4 ,less apt to affect the stomach and bowels than the last4 ,pills of ,acetate of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,morphi ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,acetate of morphia1 #b gr42 sugar of milk1 #ae gr42 conserve of roses1 #bj gr42 for #ab pills4 ,anodyne1 sedative1 and soporific4----,dose4 ,one1 as required4 #b4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,acetate of morphia1 #a gr42 powdered foxglove1 #f gr42 powdered camphor1 #aj gr42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #h gr42 syrup of tolu1 q4 s42 to be divided into #f pills4 ,sedative and antispasmodic4----,dose4 ,one1 every #c or #d hours2 in phthisis1 palpitations1 spasms1 c4 ,the hydrochlorate of morphia may be used instead of the acetate1 with advantage4 ,pills of ,aconite4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,aconiti1 ,p4 ,,extracti ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,alcoholic extract of aconite1 #a gr42 liquorice powder1 #ab gr42 simple syrup1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide the mass into #f pills4----,dose4 ,one pill1 every #c or #d hours2 as a powerful anodyne and sedative in excessive action of the heart1 acute rheumatism1 gout1 neuralgia1 c4 ,the utmost care should be taken both in their preparation and administration4 ,pills1 ,alibert's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,aperient4 ,pills of ,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,pilula ,,aloes ,,socotrin 7,b4 ,p471 ,,pilul ,,aloetic1 ,,pilul ,,alo,s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,socotrine aloes 7in powder7 and ,castile soap1 equal parts2 conserve of red roses1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,powdered aloes and ,castile soap1 equal parts1 beat into a mass1 and divided into #d-;gr4 pills4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,,pilula ,,aloes ,,barbadensis4 ,prep4 ,barbadoes aloes1 in powder1 #b oz42 hard soap1 in powder1 #a oz42 oil of caraway1 #a fluid dr42 confection of roses1 #a oz4 ,beat all together until thoroughly mixed4 ,obs4 8,this pill may be also correctly made with the finer qualities of ,east ,indian aloes1 as the 7true7 ,socotrine variety is very scarce2 and many1 not without reason1 prefer 7pure7 ,barbadoes aloes40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the dose1 as a laxative1 is #e to #aj gr42 as a purgative1 #ab to #bj gr41 or more4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,aloes ,,and ,,soap4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,assaf,,tida 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,socotrine aloes1 in powder1 #a2 assaftida1 #a2 powdered hard soap1 #a2 confection of roses1 #a 7#a_/d confection sufficient----,squire74 ,mix4 ,cathartic and antispasmodic4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,pills of ,aloes 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,aloetic ,,composit1 ,,pilula ,,alo,s ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,a4 ,,composit 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,socotrine aloes 7in powder71 #a oz42 extract of gentian1 #a_/d oz42 oil of caraway1 #dj drops2 treacle1 q4 s42 the whole to be beaten together until they form a mass proper for making pills4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,hepatic aloes 7in powder71 #b oz42 extract of gentian and treacle1 of each #a oz42 oil of caraway1 #a fl4 dr42 as the last4 ,obs4 ,the above is a very valuable purgative in habitual costiveness and indigestion1 in all cases in which the use of aloes is not contra-indicated4 ,the dose is from #e to #ae gr41 or more4 ,pills of ,aloes 7,diluted74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,dilut1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,marshall ,hall47 ,barbadoes aloes1 ,castile soap1 extract of liquorice1 and treacle1 equal parts2 water1 q4 s42 dissolve1 with heat1 strain1 and evaporate to the consistence of a pill-mass4 ,resembles the ,,pilula ,,alo,s ,,cum ,,sapone----,ph4 ,l4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,assaf,,tida 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aloes 7,socotrine or ,east ,indian1 powdered71 assaftida1 and ,castile soap1 equal parts2 beat them with conserve of red roses to a proper pill-mass4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 once or twice daily1 as a stomachic tonic and laxative1 in dyspepsia1 flatulence1 c42 and #ab to #bj gr41 as a purgative in similar cases4 ,it is extremely useful in costiveness1 with flatulency1 occurring in hysterical and hypochondriacal subjects4 ,the ,b4 ,p4 preparation is the same as this1 except that hard soap is used instead of ,castile soap4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,aloes1 #a oz42 ,castile soap1 #a_/b oz42 ginger1 #a dr42 oil of peppermint1 #a_/b dr42 beaten to a mass4 ,a useful laxative in cold habits4----,dose4 ,as the last4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,dr ,,baillie',s ,,dinner ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,baillie47 ,powdered aloes1 #cj gr42 powdered ginger 7finest71 #de gr42 ipecacuanha1 #ab gr42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose4 ,one1 about an hour before dinner4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,ferri 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,barbadoes aloes1 #b2 sulphate of iron1 #a-a_/b2 compound powder of cinnamon1 #c2 confection of roses1 #d2 mix 7#f of confection required----,squire74----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphate of iron1 #c parts2 ,barbadoes aloes1 #b parts2 aromatic powder1 #f parts2 conserve of red roses1 #h parts2 powder the aloes and sulphate of iron separately1 beat the whole to a mass1 and divide this into #e-;gr4 pills4 ,an excellent medicine in chlorosis1 hysteria1 and atonic amenorrha4----,dose1 #a to #c pills daily4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,mastic4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,dinner4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,cum ,,hydrargyro1 ,l4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,aperient 7#h74 ,pills of ,aloes and ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,rufus',s ,,pills2 ,,pilula ,,alo,s ,,cum ,,myrrh 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,pilul ,,rufi or ,,communes 7,ph4 ,l4 #agbj71 ,p4 ,,alo,s ,,et ,,myrrh 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,socotrine or hepatic aloes 7in powder1 #a_/b oz42 saffron1 myrrh powdered71 and soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 of each #b dr42 treacle1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,hepatic aloes1 #b oz42 myrrh1 #a oz42 dried saffron1 #a_/b oz42 all in powder2 treacle1 #b-a_/b oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aloes 7,socotrine or ,east ,indian71 #d parts2 myrrh1 #b parts2 saffron1 #a part2 beat them to a pill-mass with conserve of red roses1 q4 s4 #d4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf and ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,aloes 7in powder71 #b oz42 saffron and powdered myrrh1 of each #a oz42 syrup1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4 #e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,socotrine aloes1 #b2 myrrh1 #a2 dried saffron1 #a_/b2 confection of roses1 #b-a_/b 7#c are required----,squire74 ,mix4 ,stimulant and cathartic4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,obs4 ,this compound is a most excellent stomachic purgative and emmenagogue1 when there are no febrile symptoms present4 ,it is said to have been employed ever since the time of ,rhazes1 and is still in extensive use4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,rhei1 ,p4 ,r4 ,,cum ,,rheo1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,powdered ,socotrine or hepatic aloes1 powdered rhubarb1 and soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 of each #a_/b dr42 oil of chamomile1 #aj drops2 for #cj pills4----,dose1 #a to #e1 either as a stomach tonic or laxative2 especially in dyspepsia1 with loss of appetite4 ,pills of ,aloes and ,rose-juice4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,rosat1 ,l42 ,,pilules ,,angeliques1 ,,grains ,,de ,,sant1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,take aloes and rose juice1 of each #d oz42 juice of borage and chicory1 of each #b oz42 dissolve with heat1 evaporate to an extract2 add1 of rhubarb1 #b dr42 agaric1 #a dr42 and divide the mass into #a-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #d to #ab1 as a purge4 ,pills of ,aloes with ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,cum ,,sapone 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered extract of ,barbadoes aloes1 soft soap1 and extract of liquorice1 equal parts2 treacle1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 in the usual cases in which aloes is administered4 ,it is more readily soluble in the juices of the prim vi1 and is milder than most of the aloetic pills without soap4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,aloes 7,diluted74 ,pills1 ,aloes and ,turpentine4 7,bois47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,aloes ,,et ,,terebinthin4 ,prep4 ,boiled turpentine1 #b dr42 aloes1 #a_/b dr4 ,divide into #dj pills4 ,pills1 ,alterative4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,alterantes1 ,l4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,calomel1 ,,mercurial1 and ,,plummer',s1 c4 ,pills of ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,aluminis1 ,p4 ,a4 ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,augustin47 ,alum1 #bj gr42 benzoic acid1 #f gr42 powdered gum and white sugar1 of each #aj gr42 water1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #cf pills4 ,in phthisis and atonic mucous discharges4 ,the whole to be taken in the course of #b or #c days4 #b4 7,capuron47 ,catechu1 #a dr42 alum1 #a_/b dr42 opium1 #aj gr42 syrup of red roses1 q4 s42 divide into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c2 in chronic diarrha and leucorrha4 #c4 7,radius47 ,alum and catechu1 equal parts2 extract of gentian1 q4 s4 to mix2 divide into #b or #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 every four hours2 in passive hmorrhages1 mucous discharges1 and chronic diarrha4 ,pills of ,ammoniacum4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ammoniaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gum ammoniacum1 #a dr42 powdered sugar1 #a_/b dr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 ,in old coughs and hysterical affections4 #b4 7,compound47----a4 7,ainslie47 ,ammoniacum1 #a dr42 mercurial pill1 #ae gr42 powdered squills1 #f or #h gr42 simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #af pills4 ,in asthmatic coughs1 with deranged action of the liver4----,dose4 ,one1 #b or #c times a day4 b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,ammoniacum and sagapenum1 of each #a dr42 dried sulphate of iron1 #a_/b dr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 ,in obstructed menstruation1 and in the chronic diarrha of hysterical subjects4 ,pills of ,ammoniated ,copper4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cupri ,,ammoniati 7,ph4 ,e471 ,p4 ,c4 ,,ammoniureti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,ammoniated copper 7in fine powder71 #a part2 bread-crum1 #f parts2 solution of carbonate of ammonia1 q4 s4 to make a mass1 which is to be divided so that each pill may contain #a_/b gr4 of ammoniated copper4 ,in epilepsy1 and in some other spasmodic diseases4----,dose1 #a pill1 night and morning1 gradually increased to #e or #f4 ,pills of ,ammoniated ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,ammoniati1 ,p4 ,f4 ,,ammonio-,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr4 ,copland47 ,ammoniated iron1 #a dr42 aloes and extract of gentian1 of each #a_/b dr42 for #cj pills4 ,in scrofula1 chlorosis1 amenorrha1 c4 #b4 7,radius47 ,ammoniated iron and galbanum1 of each #a dr42 assaftida1 #b dr42 castor1 #bj gr42 tincture of valerian1 q4 s4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b pills1 night and morning2 in atonic nervous disorders1 epilepsy1 c4 ,pills of ,ammonio-citrate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,ammonio-,,citratatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beral47 ,ammonio-citrate of iron1 #a dr42 white sugar1 #c dr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 or more2 as a mild chalybeate tonic4 ,pills1 ,analeptic4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,james'1 ,,analeptic1 c4 ,pills1 ,anderson's ,scot's4 ,various formul for these pills are extant1 the products of which differ widely from the genuine article4 ,dr ,paris1 some years since1 declared that they consisted of ,barbadoes aloes1 jalap1 and oil of aniseed4 8,a careful examination of the proprietary article1 with other facts that have come to our knowledge1 leads us to believe that the first of the following formul is the one now employed in the preparation of the #8,grana ,angelica1' or #8,anderson's ,true ,scot's ,pills1' of the present day40 7,cooley47 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,barbadoes aloes1 #g lbs42 jalap 7in fine powder71 #b-a_/d lbs42 treacle1 #a_/b lb42 soap1 #f oz42 melted together by the heat of a warm bath1 and1 when partly cold1 aromatised by stirring in of oil of aniseed1 #a oz4 ,the mass is divided into about #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills1 of which #bf or #bg are placed in each #as4 #a-a_/b;d4 box4 ,a mild and useful aperient4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 or more4 #b4 7,original formula47 ,socotrine aloes1 #a oz42 best myrrh1 #a_/d oz42 saffron1 #a dr42 separately pounded very fine2 mix them1 in an earthen pipkin1 with a spoonful each of water and sweet oil1 by the heat of a slow fire1 and form the mass into 8common-sized pills40 ,from a copy of the original document in the ,chapel of the ,rolls4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,aloes and gamboge1 of each #f dr42 oil of aniseed1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,much more powerful than the preceding1 and closely resembling ,morison's #8,no4 #b pills4' #d4 7,phil4 ,coll4 of ,pharm47 ,barbadoes aloes 7in powder71 #c lbs41 ,castile soap1 #a_/b lb42 colocynth and gamboge 7both in fine powder71 #b oz42 oil of aniseed1 #a oz42 beat to a mass with water1 q4 s41 and divide it into #c-;gr4 pills4 ,less active than the last1 but more so than the #8,true ,scot's ,pills4' ,pills1 ,anodyne4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anodyn1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,opium 7in powder71 #f gr42 camphor1 #ae gr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s42 divide into #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 as required4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,calomel1 potassio-tartrate of antimony1 and opium1 equal parts2 syrup of saffron1 q4 s42 divided in #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,in acute rheumatism and neuralgia4----,dose1 #a pill1 at bedtime4 ,pills1 ,antibilious4 ,all the ordinary aperient and stomachic pills may be classed under this head4 ,see the names of their proprietors or reputed inventors1 or those of their leading ingredients4 ,pills ,antichlorotic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antichlorotic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,radius47 ,aloes and carbonate of iron1 of each #a_/b dr42 gum ammoniacum1 #a dr42 extract of taraxacum1 q4 s4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #f1 night and morning2 in chlorosis1 amenorrha1 c4 #b4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,porphyrised iron filings1 #a dr42 extract of wormwood1 q4 s4 ,for #cf pills4----,dose1 #c or #d2 as the last4 ,pills1 ,antimonial 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antimonialis ,,composit1 ,p4 ,,antimonii ,,co41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,antimonial powder1 #a_/b dr42 calomel1 camphor1 and powdered opium1 of each #f gr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s42 divide into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b1 at night2 in acute rheumatism1 neuralgia1 chronic coughs1 c4 #b4 7,st ,b4 ,hosp47 ,tartar emetic1 #a gr42 guaiacum and pill of aloes and myrrh1 of each #a_/b dr42 treacle1 to mix4 ,for #af pills4 ,as the last4 ,pills1 ,antispasmodic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antispasmodic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,opium1 #a gr42 ,russian castor1 #ac gr42 powdered digitalis1 #b gr42 syrup1 to mix2 divide into #d pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 two or three times a day2 in spasmodic asthma1 difficulty of breathing1 c4 ,several other formul for antispasmodic pills will be found both above and below4 #b4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,musk1 #ae gr42 extract of valerian1 #a_/b dr42 liquorice powder1 q4 s4 ,for #bj pills4----,dose1 #a every two hours1 until there is a marked improvement in the symptoms2 in pneumonia1 accompanied by delirium1 especially in drunkards2 in spasms of the uterus1 and in various other spasmodic affections4 ,pills1 ,aperient4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,aperientes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,hepatic aloes1 #b dr42 rhubarb and ,castile soap1 of each #a dr42 scammony1 #a_/b dr4 7all in powder72 essential oil 7at will71 #aj or #ab drops2 beaten to a smooth mass1 and divided into pills4 #b4 ,compound extract of colocynth 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #a-a_/b dr42 extract of gentian1 #a_/b dr42 powdered ipecacuanha1 #bj gr42 oil of cloves1 caraway1 or cassia1 a few drops4 ,in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 c4 #c4 7,abernethy's47 ,see page #f4 #d4 7,alibert's47 ,from calomel1 resin of jalap1 and ,castile soap1 of each #a dr42 oil of orange peel or citron1 #f or #h drops4 ,for #fj pills4 ,as an occasional mild purgative1 especially in bilious habits and worms4 #e4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,compound extract of colocynth and mercurial pill1 of each #a_/b dr42 scammony and ,castile soap1 of each #ae gr42 oil of caraway1 #f or #g drops4 ,for #bd pills4 ,as the last4 #f4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,aloes1 #a-a_/b dr42 jalap and ,castile soap1 of each #a dr42 rhubarb and cardamoms1 of each #a_/b dr4 7all in powder72 oil of juniper1 #ab drops4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4 ,a useful mild aperient1 for either frequent or occasional use4 #g4 7,dr ,copland47 ,compound extract of colocynth 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #dj gr42 extract of henbane1 #cj gr42 ,castile soap1 #ab gr42 ipecacuanha1 #f or #g gr4 ,for two dozen pills4----,dose1 #b1 on retiring to rest4 ,as an aperient in nervous affections and irritable habits4 #h4 7,harvey47 ,mercurial pill and powdered aloes1 of each #a_/b dr42 ginger1 #bj gr4 ,for #bd pills4 ,in constipation1 attended with a deficiency of bile4 #i4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,compound colocynth pill and soap of jalap1 equal parts2 either with or without a few drops of some aromatic essential oil4 ,for #d or #e-;gr4 pills4 ,as an aperient for general use4 #aj4 7,sir ,c4 ,scudamore47 ,compound extract of colocynth1 #dj gr42 extract of rhubarb1 #a_/b dr42 scammony and soap1 of each #ab gr42 oil of caraway1 #e or #f drops4 ,for #bj or #bd pills4 #aa4 7,stahl's2 ,,pilul ,,aperientes ,,stahlii----,ph4 ,hannov47 ,powdered aloes1 #a oz42 compound extract of colocynth1 #a_/b oz42 iron filings1 #b dr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,in amenorrha1 low habits1 and worms4 #ab 7,vance47 ,compound extract of colocynth1 #hj gr42 extract of rhubarb1 #ab gr42 ,castile soap1 #f or #h gr42 oil of cinnamon1 #d or #e drops4 ,obs4 ,the products of the above formul may be divided into pills of any size deemed most agreeable to the patient1 and they may be aromatised by the addition of any essential oil at will4 ,the dose varies1 according to circumstances1 from #e to #aj or #ab gr41 or more4 ,those containing aloes or mercurials are best taken at bedtime4 ,for other formul see the various officinal and other pills containing aloes1 colocynth1 gamboge1 rhubarb1 scammony1 c4 ,pills1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,aromatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,compound powder of aloes1 #c oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b oz42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4 ,aperient1 sudorific1 and nervine4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,pills of ,arseniate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,arseniatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,biett47 ,arseniate of iron1 #c gr42 extract of hops1 #b dr42 powdered mallow-root1 #a_/b dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #dh pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 daily2 in cancerous1 scrofulous1 and herpetic affections4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,arsenical4 ,pills of ,arseniate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,sod ,,arseniatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,erasmus ,wilson47 ,arseniate of soda1 #b gr42 distilled water1 the smallest possible quantity to dissolve it2 powdered gum guaiacum1 #a_/b dr42 oxysulphuret of antimony1 #bj gr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 as the last2 in herpes1 c4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,arsenical4 ,pills1 ,arsenical4 ,syn4 ,,asiatic ,,pills1 ,,carnatic ,p41 ,,east ,,indian ,p41 ,,tanjore ,p42 ,,pilul ,,arsenici1 ,p4 ,,arsenicalis1 ,p4 ,,asiatic1 ,p4 ,,acidi ,,arseniosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,arsenious acid1 #a gr42 black pepper 7in fine powder71 #ab gr42 rub them together for some 7considerable7 time in an iron mortar1 then add1 of powdered gum1 #b gr42 water1 q4 s4 to make a mass2 which is to be accurately divided into #ab pills4 ,each pill contains #a_/ab gr4 of white arsenic4 ,obs4 ,this compound is commonly employed in the ,east ,indies in syphilis1 elephantiasis1 intermittents1 the bites of venomous snakes1 c42 and as a preventive to hydrophobia4 ,the common practice in ,england is to employ #af gr4 of pepper to #a gr4 of arsenious acid1 and to divide the mass into #af instead of #ab pills4 ,the dose is one or two pills daily1 taken after a meal4 ,the use of all compounds containing arsenic demands great caution4 ,pills1 ,arsenical 7,opiated74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,arsenici ,,cum ,,opio1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,arsenious acid1 #b gr42 powdered opium1 #h gr42 ,castile soap1 #bj gr42 simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #cd pills4----,dose4 ,as the last2 in intermittents1 herpes1 lepra1 psoriasis1 periodical headaches1 neuralgia1 c4 7,see above47 ,pills1 ,asiatic4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,arsenical4 ,pills of ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,assaf,,tida 7,ph4 ,e4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a 7,ph4 ,e47 ,assaftida1 galbanum1 and myrrh1 of each #c parts2 conserve of red roses1 #d parts1 or q4 s42 mix1 and beat them to a proper pill-mass4 #b4 7,pb4 ,u4 ,s47 ,assaftida1 #a-a_/b oz42 ,castile soap1 #a_/b oz42 water1 q4 s42 divide into #bdj pills4 ,obs4 ,the above 7particularly the last7 are stimulant and antispasmodic----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 twice or thrice daily2 in hysterical affections1 c4 7,see below47 ,pills of ,assaftida 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,assaf,,tid ,,composit 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d47 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,assaftida1 #b oz42 galbanum1 myrrh1 and treacle1 of each #a oz42 mix in a capsule1 by the heat of steam or a water bath1 and stir until it becomes a uniform mass4----,dose1 c4 ,as the last4 ,the ,b4 ,p4 directs the quantity of galbanum to be double the above4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,assaftida1 #a dr42 soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #bj gr42 ipecacuanha and squills1 of each 7in powder71 #ab gr42 syrup1 q4 s4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 in chronic asthmas1 coughs1 c4 ,pills of ,assaftida with ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,assaf,,tid ,,cum ,,ferro1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,assaftida1 #a dr42 extract of chamomile1 #a_/b dr42 mix with a slight heat2 add1 of dried protosulphate of iron1 #ae gr42 oil of cajeput1 #aj drops2 and divide into #cf pills4 ,in hypochondriasis1 hysteria1 amenorrha1 chlorosis1 c41 after an aperient4 ,pills1 ,asthma4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antasthmatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,expectorant47 ,from compound squill pill1 #bj gr42 calomel1 #e gr42 powdered opium1 #c gr42 made into #f pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 at bedtime4 ,expectorant1 and sometimes laxative4 #b4 7,tonic47 ,from compound iron pill1 #b dr42 extract of gentian1 #a dr42 mix1 and divide into #fj pills4----,dose1 #b1 night and morning1 with an occasional dose of laxative medicine4 ,pills1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,astringentes1 ,l4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,acetate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,alum1 ,,gallic ,,acid1 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,silver1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,copper1 ,,tannin1 c4 ,pills of ,atropine4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,atropi4 ,prep4 ,atropia1 #a-a_/b gr42 sugar of milk1 #a dr42 gum ,arabic1 #ab gr42 syrup of honey1 q4 s4 ,triturate the atropia for a long time with the sugar of milk1 and make into #ajj granules and silver them4 ,granules of arsenious acid1 digitalin1 and strychnia1 are prepared in the same way4 ,pills1 ,bacher's ,tonic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,tonic ,,bacheri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,paris47 ,extract of black hellebore and powdered myrrh1 of each #a oz42 powdered blessed thistle1 #c dr42 mix1 and divide into #a-;dr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #f1 three times a day4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alkaline extract of hellebore and extract of myrrh1 of each #b dr42 powdered blessed thistle1 #a dr4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 as the last4 ,an alterative tonic1 hydragogue1 and emmenagogue2 in debility1 dropsy1 amenorrha1 c4 ,a favourite remedy in some parts of ,europe4 ,pills1 ,dr ,baillie's4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aqueous extract of aloes and compound extract of colocynth1 of each #c dr42 ,castile soap1 #a dr42 oil of cloves1 #ae drops4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4 ,a good occasional aperient4----,dose1 #a to #c1 at bedtime1 or early in the morning4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,dinner4 ,pills1 ,balsamic4 7,morton47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,balsamica4 ,prep4 ,powdered millipedes1 #ah dr42 gum ammoniacum1 #i dr42 benzoic acid1 #f dr42 saffron1 #a dr42 balsam of tolu1 #a dr12 anisated balsam of saffron1 #f dr41 or sufficient4 ,pills1 ,barbarossa's4 ,these are supposed to have been the first mercurial preparation employed in medicine4 ,they consisted of quicksilver1 rhubarb1 musk1 and amber4 ,pills1 ,rev4 ,d4 ,barclay's4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,resinous extract of jalap1 #a dr42 almond or ,castile soap1 #a-a_/b dr42 extract of colocynth1 #b dr4 7or powdered colocynth1 #c dr472 gum guaiacum1 #c dr42 potassio-tartrate of antimony1 #aj gr42 oil of juniper1 #h or #aj drops2 oils of caraway and rosemary1 of each #d drops2 make a mass with syrup of buckthorn 7the smallest possible quantity71 and divide into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,a diaphoretic aperient4----,dose1 #a to #c1 at bedtime4 ,pills1 ,dr ,baron's4 ,prep4 ,from compound rhubarb pill1 #cj gr42 compound extract of colocynth1 #bj gr42 powdered ipecacuanha1 #f gr4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4 ,an excellent stomachic aperient4----,dose1 #a to #c pills1 at bedtime2 in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 c4 ,pills1 ,barthez's4 ,prep4 ,from myrrh1 #a dr42 aloes1 #a_/b dr42 musk1 #ae gr42 camphor1 #ab gr42 balsam of ,peru1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b1 thrice daily2 in hysteria1 amenorrha1 chlorosis1 c4 ,pills1 ,bath ,digestive4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,rhubarb1 #b oz42 ipecacuanha and ,castile soap1 of each #a_/b oz42 capsicum1 ginger1 and gamboge1 of each #a_/d oz4 7all in powder72 syrup of buckthorn1 q4 s4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a as a dinner pill2 #b or #c as an aperient4 ,pills of ,bebeerine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,bebeerin1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sulphate of bebeerine1 #a_/b dr42 aromatic confection1 q4 s42 oil of cajeput1 #f or #f drops4 ,for #ah pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 every four hours2 as an antiperiodic1 instead of bark or quinine4 ,pills1 ,bechic4 ,,pilul ,,bechic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,trousseau and ,reveil47 ,extract of digitalis1 #ae gr42 white oxide of antimony1 #cj gr42 extract of liquorice1 #dj gr42 mix carefully1 and divide into #dj pills4 ,expectorant and sedative4----,dose1 #b to #ab1 or more2 in cases of irritating coughs1 catarrh of the pulmonary capillaries or bronchia1 c4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,cough4 ,pills1 ,beddoe's4 ,prep4 ,from dried 7effloresced7 carbonate of soda1 #a dr42 soap1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil of juniper1 #ab drops2 syrup of ginger1 q4 s42 divide into #cj pills4 ,in gravel1 stone1 c4----,dose1 #b to #e4 ,pills of ,belladonna 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,belladonn ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ainslie47 ,extract of belladonna1 mercurial pill1 and powdered ipecacuanha1 equal parts4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a night and morning1 in cancerous and glandular affections4 #b4 7,debreyne47 ,camphor and assaftida1 of each #a dr42 extract of belladonna1 #bj gr42 extract of opium1 #e gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #dh pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 gradually increased to #f1 daily4 ,in hysteria1 amenorrha1 c4 ,pills1 ,belloste's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,mercurial4 ,pills1 ,bennet's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,fuller',s4 ,pills1 ,benzoic4 7,dr ,paris47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,benzoes4 ,prep4 ,benzoic acid1 #ab gr42 extract of poppies1 #ah gr4 ,mix1 for #f pills4----,dose1 #a pill4 ,expectorant4 ,pills of ,bichloride of ,mercury4 ,pills of corrosive sublimate4 ,pills of ,bichloride of ,platinum4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,platini ,,bichloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,hoefer47 ,bichloride of platinum1 #g-a_/b gr42 extract of guaiacum1 #a dr42 liquorice powder1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice or thrice daily2 as an alterative1 in syphilis1 c4 ,pills1 ,bicker's4 ,prep4 ,from rust 7carbonate7 of iron1 #b dr42 aloes1 myrrh1 and sulphur1 of each #a dr42 ox-gall1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #f1 morning and evening2 in debility1 chlorosis1 c4 ,pills of ,bittersweet4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,dulcamar1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,extract of bittersweet 7dulcamara71 #a dr42 crude antimony and bittersweet 7in powder71 of each #a_/b dr4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #f to #ab1 twice or thrice a day2 in obstinate skin diseases4 ,pills1 ,blaud's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antichlorotic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,trousseau and ,reveil47 ,sulphate of protoxide of iron1 #b parts2 reduce it to powder1 and dry it in a stove at #ajd ,fahr42 add to this dry carbonate of potassa1 #b parts2 honey1 #a part2 and form the mass into #ej pills4 ,tonic and emmenagogue4----,dose1 #a to #aj1 daily2 in debility1 chlorosis1 c4 ,pills1 ,blue4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,mercurial4 ,pills1 ,bontius's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hydrogog1 ,p4 ,h4 ,,bontii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,cod47 ,socotrine aloes1 gamboge1 and gum ammoniacum1 of each #a dr42 white-wine vinegar1 #f dr42 dissolve by heat at twice1 press out the liquor1 evaporate to a pilular consistence1 and divide into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c2 as a strong cathartic1 in dropsy4 ,pills1 ,brigg's ,gout and ,rheumatic4 ,this nostrum closely resembles in appearance1 odour1 and properties1 the ,,plummer',s ,,pill of the ,pharmacopia2 the two are probably identical4 7,cooley47 ,pill of ,bromide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,bromidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,bromide of iron and powdered gum ,arabic1 of each #ab gr42 conserve of roses1 #bj gr42 mix1 and divide into #bj pills4 ,they should be kept in a dry1 corked phial4 ,tonic and alterative4----,dose1 #a to #b1 night and morning2 in debility1 especially that of scrofulous habits1 in chlorosis1 c4 ,pills of ,brucine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,bruci1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,brucine1 #ab gr42 confection of roses1 #a_/b dr42 carefully mixed and divided into #bd pills1 which are recommended to be silvered4 ,the quantity of the confection may be advantageously doubled4----,dose1 #a pill1 night and morning2 in the same affections as those for which strychnine is administered4 ,the acetate hydrochlorate1 or sulphate of brucine may be substituted for the alkaloid in the above formula1 in a slightly larger quantity4 ,pills of ,calomel4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,calomelanos1 ,p4 ,e4 ,,calomelane1 ,p4 ,,hydrargyri ,,subchloridi1 ,p4 ,h4 ,,cloridi1 ,p4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,mitis 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,calomel1 #d dr42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #a dr42 simple syrup1 q4 s42 mix and divide into #bdj pills4 ,each pill contains #a gr4 of calomel4 ,a convenient form of exhibiting this drug when uncombined with other remedies4----,dose1 #a to #e pills1 according to the indication4 #b4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,calomel1 #b dr42 rhubarb1 #a-a_/b dr42 confection of senna1 q4 s4 ,for #d dozen pills4 ,an excellent alterative aperient1 especially in hepatic affections4 ,pills of ,calomel 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,plummer',s ,,pills1 ,,red ,p42 ,,pilula ,,hydrargyri ,,subchloridi ,,composita1 ,,pilul ,,calomelanos ,,composit 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,pilul ,,plummeri1 ,,pilula ,,hydrargyri ,,chloridi ,,composita1 ,l4 7,ph4 ,l474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l474 ,chloride of mercury 7calomel7 and oxysulphide of antimony1 of each #b dr42 rub them together1 add of guaiacum 7in powder7 and treacle1 of each #d dr41 and form the whole into a pill-mass4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,calomel and golden sulphide of antimony1 of each #a part2 guaiacum 7in powder7 and treacle1 of each #b parts2 beat the whole to a pill-mass1 and divide it into #f-;gr4 pills4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,calomel and precipitated sulphide of antimony1 of each #a dr42 triturate them together1 then add1 of guaiacum resin 7in powder71 #b dr42 castor oil1 #a fl4 dr42 and beat the whole to a uniform mass4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calomel1 #a2 sulphurated antimony1 #a2 guaiac resin 7in powder71 #b2 castor oil1 #a2 mix4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,obs4 ,an excellent alterative pill2 very useful in lepra1 in secondary syphilis affecting the skin1 and in various other chronic cutaneous diseases2 also in dyspepsia and liver complaints4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 night and morning4 ,pills of ,calomel and ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,calomelanos ,,et ,,opii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,calomel1 #c parts2 opium1 #a part2 conserve of red roses1 q4 s42 divide the mass so that each pill may contain #b gr4 of calomel4----,dose1 #a or #b pills1 in rheumatism1 facial neuralgia1 and various inflammatory affections4 ,they offer a convenient form for gradually introducing mercury into the system1 and1 if continued1 induce salivation4 ,pills of ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,camphor1 ,p4 ,,camphorat1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,camphor and sugar1 of each 7in powder7 #b parts2 conserve of hips1 #a part4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4 ,anaphrodisiac1 sedative1 diaphoretic1 and nervine4----,dose1 #a to #e1 twice or thrice a day4 ,pills of ,camphor 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,camphor ,,composit1 ,p4 ,,camphorat ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dupuytren47 ,camphor1 #bd gr42 pure musk1 #h gr42 opium1 #b gr42 syrup1 q4 s42 divide into #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #d1 three or four times daily2 in putrescent sores1 hospital gangrene1 c4 #b4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,gum ammoniacum1 #dj gr42 camphor1 #cj gr42 musk1 #aj gr42 opium1 #e gr42 tincture of valerian1 q4 s42 divide into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #f pills1 daily2 in nervous and hysterical affections1 c4 #c4 7,ricord47 ,camphor and lactucarium 7or extract of lettuce71 equal parts2 divide into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #c to #f pills daily2 as an anaphrodisiac4 #d4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,camphor1 #bj gr42 assaftida1 #a dr42 extract of valerian1 #b dr4 ,for #cj pills4 ,as ,no4 #b4 ,pills of ,cantharides4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cantharidis1 ,p4 ,c4 ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cantharides 7in very fine powder71 #h gr42 extract of gentian1 #a_/b dr42 liquorice powder1 #aj gr4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #d daily2 as a diuretic1 emmenagogue1 c4 #b4 7,ellis47 ,cantharides 7in very fine powder71 #ah gr42 opium and camphor1 #cf gr42 mix1 and divide into #cf pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 at bedtime2 as an aphrodisiac1 in parties labouring under general debility4 ,they should be used with extreme caution1 and but seldom4 ,pills of ,caoutchouc4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,gummi ,,elastici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bouis47 ,india rubber1 cut into small squares or spheres1 then moistened with syrup of tolu1 and1 lastly1 shaken in a box with a mixture of powdered gum and sugar4 ,in phthisis4----,dose1 #a pill1 three or four times a day4 ,they pass through the prim vi unaltered1 and may therefore fairly be presumed to be inert4 ,pills of ,capsicum4 ,syn4 ,,cayenne ,,pepper ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,capsicum1 #a part2 rhubarb1 #b parts 7both in powder72 treacle1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills----,dose1 #a to #c1 an hour before dinner1 to create an appetite and promote digestion4 #b4 7,radius47 ,powdered capsicum1 #bj gr42 extract of gentian1 #a dr42 powdered gentian1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #fj pills4----,dose1 #b to #d pills1 thrice daily2 in chronic dyspepsia1 especially in the loss of tone of the stomach arising from intemperance4 ,pills of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,acidi ,,carbolici4 ,prep4 ,carbolic acid1 #c drops2 soap powder1 #fj gram2 lycopodium1 #jf gram2 powdered tragacanth1 q4 s4 ,for six pills4 ,the two first ingredients form a semi-fluid mass1 which the lycopodium does not absorb1 but which is solidified by means of the tragacanth4 ,pills of ,carbonate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,vallet',s ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,carbonatis 7,ph4 ,e71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e47 ,saccharated carbonate of iron1 #d parts2 conserve of red roses1 #a part2 mix1 and divide the mass into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 or more2 as a mild chalybeate and antichlorotic4 #e to #bj gr41 ,b4 ,p4 ,for another formula1 see ,,pills1 ,,blaud',s 7above74 ,pills1 ,carbonic ,acid4 7,mr ,morson74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,acidi ,,carbonici4 ,prep4 ,mix #a_/b dr4 of bicarbonate of soda and #be gr4 of tartaric acid1 coarsely powdered1 with the smallest possible quantity of syrup and mucilage to form a mass4 ,divide into #ab pills4 ,pills1 ,catarrh4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anticatarrhales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,trousseau and ,reveil47 ,turpentine1 #d dr42 ammoniacum1 #a dr42 balsam of tolu1 #a_/b dr42 aqueous extract of opium1 #e gr42 liquorice powder1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #hj pills4----,dose1 #e or #f daily2 in chronic catarrh of the bronchi and bladder4 #b4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,alcoholic extract of aconite1 #cj gr42 sulphuret of calcium1 #af gr42 powdered sugar1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 three or four times daily2 in chronic pulmonary catarrh4 ,pills1 ,cathartic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cathartic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,collier47 ,calomel1 #aj gr42 powdered jalap and prepared chalk1 of each #a_/b dr42 oil of caraway1 #aj drops2 syrup of buckthorn1 to mix2 divide into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #d4 #b4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,scammony1 #d gr42 extract of taraxacum1 #af gr42 divide into #f pills4----,dose1 #c pills1 twice daily2 in hypochondriasis and chronic inflammation of the liver4 #c4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,calomel1 #ae gr42 powdered jalap1 #de gr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #ah pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 at night1 to empty the bowels1 in bilious affections4 ,other formul for cathartic pills will be found both above and below4 ,pills1 ,cathartic 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cathartic ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,compound extract of colocynth1 #d dr42 powdered extract of jalap and calomel1 of each #c dr42 powdered gamboge1 #dj gr42 water1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #ahj pills4 ,an excellent purgative1 especially in bilious affections1 dyspepsia1 c4----,dose1 #a to #c pills4 ,pills of ,cetrarine4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cetrarin4 ,cetrarine1 #bd gr42 extract of calumba1 #a_/b dr42 make into #ab pills2 one every four hours as a febrifuge4 ,pills1 ,chamberlain's ,restorative4 ,a nostrum composed of cinnabar and milk of sulphur1 equal parts2 beaten up with conserve of hips4 ,pills of ,chamomile4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anthemidis1 ,p4 ,,florum ,,cham,,meli1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,extract of gentian1 #a dr42 powdered aloes1 #a_/b dr42 powdered rhubarb1 #bj gr42 oil of chamomile1 #aj drops4 ,a tonic and stomachic aperient4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,this forms the #8chamomile pills' of the shops4 ,they should be kept in a corked phial4 7,see below47 ,pills of ,chamomile 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anthemidis ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ainslie47 ,extract of chamomile1 #a dr42 assaftida1 #a_/b dr42 powdered rhubarb1 #bj gr42 divided into #cj or1 better1 #cf pills4----,dose1 #a1 as a dinner pill2 or #b to #c1 twice a day1 in flatulent dyspepsia4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,aqueous extract of aloes1 #ab gr42 extract of chamomile1 #cf gr42 oil of chamomile1 #c drops4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #b at night1 or twice a day2 in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 c4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,norton',s ,,chamomile4 ,pills1 ,chapman's4 ,prep4 ,mastic1 #ab gr42 aloes1 #af gr42 rhubarb1 #bd gr4 ,for #ab pills4 ,an excellent stomachic aperient4----,dose1 #b to #d4 ,pills of ,chirayta4 ,syn4 ,dr ,,reece',s ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,chirayt1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from chirayta1 #b dr42 dried carbonate of soda1 #bj gr42 powdered ginger 7best71 #ae gr42 divided into #cf pills4----,dose1 #b1 twice a day4 ,in acidity1 flatulence1 and dyspepsia1 especially when complicated with gout or debility4 ,pills of ,choride of ,barium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,barii ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pierquin47 ,chloride of barium1 #a dr42 resin of guaiacum1 #d dr42 conserves of fumitory1 q4 s42 divided into #ahh pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 morning and evening1 afterwards increased to #b2 in tapeworm1 and in the rheumatism of scrofulous subjects4 #b4 7,walsh47 ,chloride of barium1 #ae gr42 powdered marshmallow or liquorice root and mucilage of tragacanth1 of each q4 s4 to make #bjj pills4----,dose1 #c1 gradually increased to #aj or #ab1 daily2 in cancer1 scrofula1 goitre1 syphilis1 c4 ,obs4 ,the above are very poisonous1 and their exhibition demands great caution4 ,pills of ,chloride of ,calcium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,calcii ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as the last4 #b4 7,grfe47 ,chloride of calcium1 #a dr42 extract of opium1 #aj gr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,for #ed pills4----,dose1 #a1 every two or three hours1 gradually increased until #aj1 or even #ab1 are taken every hour2 in gonorrha1 more especially when occurring in scrofulous subjects4 ,pills of ,chloride of ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,auri ,,chloridi ,l4 ,prep4 ,from terchloride of gold1 #c gr42 powdered liquorice1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #dh pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice or thrice daily4 ,pills of ,chloride of ,gold and ,sodium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,auri ,,et ,,sodi ,,chloridi1 ,p4 ,a4 ,,sodio-,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,soda-chloride of gold1 #a gr42 extract of mezereon1 #b dr42 divide into #fj pills4 ,pills of ,chloride of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,pills ,,of ,,chlorinated ,,lime2 ,,pilul ,,calcis ,,hypochloritis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chloride of lime1 #ab gr42 starch powder1 #bd gr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s42 divide into #cf pills4 #b4 7,dr ,copland47 ,chloride of lime1 #ae gr42 compound powder of tragacanth1 #ij gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 twice or thrice daily2 in various putrid affections1 fevers1 c4 ,pills of ,chloride of ,mercury4 ,pills of calomel4 ,pills1 ,cholera4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anticholeric1 ,e4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered camphor1 #ae gr42 powdered capsicum 7pure71 #a_/b dr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #a dr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s4 ,for #cf pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 every #ae minutes1 washed down with a wine-glassful of cold water containing half a teaspoonful of ether2 repeated every #ae or #bj minutes until reaction ensues4 ,they should be freshly made4 #b4 7,,pilula ,,anticholerica ,,arabica47 ,prep4 ,assaftida1 asclepias gigantea1 and opium1 of each #a-a_/b gr4 in each pill4 ,one every half or three quarters of an hour1 broken down in a spoonful of brandy and water1 till the symptoms yield4 ,after vomiting and purging have ceased1 if prostration and spasms are urgent1 give #a_/b or #a_/d doses4 ,black pepper is substituted for asclepias in this country4 #c4 7,,pilul ,,cambogi ,,composit4 ,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,gamboge1 aloes pods1 and compound cinnamon powder1 of each #a part2 soap1 #b parts2 syrup1 q4 s4----,dose1 #e gr4 to #aj gr4 ,pills of ,citrate of ,iron and ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,citratis ,,cum ,,quina1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from citrate of iron and quinine1 #a dr42 powdered citric acid1 #bj gr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 ,for #cf pills4 ,an excellent tonic in debility1 chlorosis1 c4----,dose1 #a to #c1 twice or thrice daily4 ,pills1 ,sir ,c4 ,clark's4 ,see ,,dinner ,,pills4 ,pills1 ,coindet's4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,iodide ,,of ,,mercury4 ,pills of ,colchicum4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,gout4 ,pills of ,colocynth4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,duobus1 ,p4 ,,ex ,,colocynthide ,,simpliciores1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,colocynth and scammony1 of each #b oz42 oil of cloves1 #b dr42 syrup of buckthorn1 q4 s4 ,an active hydragogue cathartic4----,dose1 #b to #ab gr4 ,pills of ,colocynth 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pill ,,of ,,cochia2 ,,pilul ,,cocci1 ,,pilul ,,cochi1 ,,pilula ,,colocynthidis ,,composita 7,b4 ,p471 ,p4 ,,colocynthidis ,,composit 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,p4 ,,colocynthidis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract of colocynth 7simple71 #a dr42 powdered extract of aloes1 #f dr42 powdered scammony1 #b dr42 powdered cardamoms1 #a_/b dr42 soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #a-a_/b dr42 mix1 and beat them altogether1 so that a mass may be formed4 ,this is intended as a substitute for the compound extract of colocynth of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,socotrine or ,east ,indian aloes and scammony1 of each #h parts2 sulphate of potassa1 #a part2 beat them together2 add of colocynth1 in fine powder1 #d parts2 next add of oil of cloves1 #a part2 and1 with the aid of a little rectified spirit1 beat the whole to a mass and divide this into #e-;gr4 pills4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,colocynth pulp1 scammony1 and ,castile soap1 of each 7in powder7 #a oz42 hepatic aloes1 #b oz42 treacle1 #aj dr42 oil of cloves1 #a fl4 dr42 mix1 and beat them into a mass of uniform consistence4 #d4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,socotrine aloes and scammony1 of each #b oz42 pulp of colocynth1 #a oz42 oil of cloves1 #b dr42 syrup of buckthorn1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4 ,this is the original formul published by ,galen for #8pilul cochi minores1' and1 under various slight modifications1 it has continued in use ever since4 #e4 ,aloes1 #a-a_/b lb42 colocynth1 #c_/d lb42 jalap1 #f oz4 7all in powder72 oil of cloves1 #a-a_/b oz42 syrup or treacle1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,prod4 ,about #d-c_/d lbs4 ,this forms the common #8pil4 cochi' of the druggists4 ,a few1 more conscientious than the rest1 add to the above1 scammony1 #f oz4 ,it is greatly inferior to the ,ph4 pill4 #f4 7,b4 ,p47 ,colocynth1 in powder1 #a2 ,barbadoes aloes1 in powder1 #b2 scammony1 in powder1 #b2 sulphate of potash1 in powder1 #a_/d2 oil of cloves1 #a_/d2 distilled water1 a sufficiency 7about #a_/d72 mix4 ,dr ,gregory's favourite pill4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,obs4 ,compound colocynth pill is a cheap and excellent cathartic1 more powerful than the other officinal aloetic pills1 and well adapted to cases of habitual costiveness4 ,it has long been extensively used by the poorer classes1 and in domestic medicine generally4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,pills of ,colocynth and ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,colocynthidis ,,et ,,hyoscyami 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,colocynth pill-mass1 #b parts2 extract of henbane1 #a part2 beat them up with a few drops of rectified spirit 7if necessary71 and divide them into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c pills2 as an anodyne purgative1 in irritable bowels4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,colocynth1 in powder1 #b2 ,barbadoes aloes1 in powder1 #b2 scammony1 in powder1 #b2 sulphate of potash1 in powder1 #a_/d2 oil of cloves1 #a_/d2 extract of hyoscyamus1 #c2 distilled water1 a sufficiency2 mix4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,pills of ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,pure balsam of copaiba1 #b oz42 recently prepared calcined magnesia1 #a dr42 mix thoroughly1 then set the mixture aside until it acquires a pillular consistence1 and lastly1 divide it into #bjj pills4 ,obs4 ,unless the magnesia has been very recently calcined1 the copaiba hardens very slowly or not at all4 ,it is said that 8lime produces the effect more completely and uniformly than magnesia10 and that 8specimens of copaiba which are old and contain the most resin harden quickest40 7,redwood47 ,for present use1 the quantity of magnesia may be at least doubled4 ,dr ,pereira orders copaiba1 #a oz42 magnesia1 #e or #f dr4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 frequently2 in diseases of the mucous membranes of the urinary organs4 ,cubebs are often added4 ,pills1 ,dr ,copland's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,aperient and ,,pectoral4 ,pills of ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,syn4 ,,pills ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury2 ,p4 ,,of ,,bichloride ,,of ,m4 1 ,,hoffman',s ,p42 ,,pilul ,,sublimatis ,,corrosivi1 ,p4 ,,hydrargyri ,,bichloridi1 ,p4 ,,majores ,,hoffmanni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #c gr42 white sugar1 #a_/b dr42 triturate together in a glass mortar for some time1 then add of powdered gum ,arabic1 #bj gr41 and beat the whole to a mass with dilute hydrochloric acid1 q4 s4 ,for #cf pills1 each containing #a_/ab gr4 of corrosive sublimate4 #b4 7,brera47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #c gr42 rectified spirit1 the smallest possible quantity to dissolve it2 bread-crum1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #bd pills1 each containing #a_/h gr4 of the corrosive sublimate4 #c4 7,dr ,paris47 ,corrosive sublimate and sal-ammoniac1 of each #e gr42 water1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 triturate together until solution is complete1 then add of honey1 #a_/b dr42 liquorice powder1 #a dr4 7or q4 s471 and divide into #dj pills4 ,each pill contains #a_/h gr4 of corrosive sublimate4 #d4 7,ph4 ,hannov47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #ae gr42 distilled water1 #a_/d fl4 dr42 crum of bread1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #abj pills1 each containing #a_/h gr4 #e4 7,,pilul ,,hydrargyri ,,bichloridi ,,cum ,,guaiaco4 ,dupuytren47 ,prep4 ,perchloride of mercury in subtle powder1 #c gr42 extract of opium1 #f gr42 extract of guaiacum1 #ab gr4 ,make into #bj pills4 ,obs4 ,the above formul are among those most usually employed4 ,other authorities order pills containing #a_/afth of a gr4 ,dzondi orders #a_/bj gr41 and ,hfeland only #a_/cj gr41 in each pill4 ,the commencing dose should not exceed #a pill containing the #a_/ab of a grain1 twice or thrice a day4 ,it may afterwards be safely kept at #a_/hth of a grain4 ,they are chiefly employed in syphilis1 but are also occasionally exhibited with great advantage in glandular indurations and enlargements1 and in cancer2 due caution being observed4 ,pills1 ,cough4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,pectoral1 ,,expectorant1 c4 ,pills of ,creasote4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,creasoti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pitschaft47 ,creasote1 #f gr42 powdered henbane1 #bd gr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a three times daily2 in sea-sickness1 the vomiting during pregnancy1 c4 #b4 7,rieche47 ,creasote1 #a dr42 extract of liquorice and gum galbanum1 of each #a_/b dr42 powdered mallow-root1 #b dr42 to be divided into #b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #c to #f1 four times a day2 in acute rheumatism1 bronchitis1 neuralgia1 phthisis1 c4 ,pills1 ,crespigny's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,dinner4 ,pills of ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,crotonis1 ,p4 ,,tiglii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,croton oil1 #c drops2 oil of cloves1 #d drops2 bread-crum1 q4 s4 ,for #c pills1 one of which is a dose4 #b4 7,dr ,copland47 ,croton oil1 #f drops2 pill of aloes and myrrh1 #a-a_/b dr42 soap1 #bj gr42 liquorice powder1 q4 s4 ,for #cj pills4----,dose1 #b to #d4 #c4 7,dr ,reece47 ,croton oil1 #f drops2 ,castile soap1 #a_/b dr42 oil of caraway1 #h drops2 liquorice powder1 q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #c4 ,in dropsy1 visceral obstructions1 c4 ,see ,,croton ,,oil4 #d4 7,with ,,mercury----,dr ,neligan47 ,croton oil soap1 #c gr42 extract of henbane and mercurial pill1 of each #bd gr42 oil of pimento1 #ab drops2 divide into #ab pills4----,dose1 #b at bedtime4 7,see above47 ,pills of ,cyanide of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hydrargyri ,,cyanidi1 ,p4 ,h4 ,,cyanureti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guibourt47 ,cyanide of mercury1 #f gr42 opium1 #ab gr42 bread-crum1 #fj gr42 honey or syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #if pills4----,dose1 #a night and morning2 in syphilis1 chronic inflammation of the viscera1 c4 ,pills of ,cyanide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,potassii ,,cyanidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,golding ,bird47 ,cyanide of potassium1 #b gr42 arrowroot1 #bj gr42 simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #ah pills4----,dose1 #a1 twice or thrice a day2 as a sedative in hysteria1 gastrodynia1 extreme nervous excitability1 c4 ,see ,,draught and ,,mixture1 ,,hydrocyanic4 ,pills of ,dandelion4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,taraxacum4 ,pills1 ,de ,haen's4 ,prep4 7,st ,marie47 ,gum ammoniacum and pill aloes with myrrh1 of each #a dr42 extracts of hemlock and ,castile soap1 of each #a-a_/b dr4 ,for #b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #c to #f daily2 in painful or obstructed menstruation1 chlorosis1 c4 ,pills of ,delphine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,delphini1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,delphine1 #a gr42 extracts of henbane and liquorice1 of each #ab gr4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 twice a day2 in dropsy1 gout1 rheumatism1 c41 instead of veratrine4 ,pills1 ,deobstruent4 7,l4 ,ph41 #agdf47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ecphractica4 ,prep4 ,aromatic pill1 #c oz42 rhubarb1 #a oz42 extract of gentian1 #a oz42 sulphate of iron1 #a oz42 carbonate of potash1 #a_/b oz42 syrup of roses1 q4 s4 ,pills of ,deuto-iodide 7,biniodide7 of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hydrargyri ,,deuto-,,iodidi4 7,magendie47 ,prep4 ,deuto-iodide 7biniodide7 of ,mercury1 #g-a_/b gr42 extract of juniper1 #ge gr42 powdered liquorice1 q4 s4 for #ajj pills4 ,pills1 ,diaphoretic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,diaphoretic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,antimonial powder1 #a_/b dr42 opium1 #aj gr42 calomel1 #e gr42 confection of opium1 q4 s4 to mix2 divide into #aj pills4----,dose1 #a at bedtime2 in coughs and bronchial irritability1 after an aperient4 #b4 ,guaiacum1 #ai gr42 emetic tartar and opium1 of each #a gr42 simple syrup1 q4 s4 to mix2 divide into #c pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 in acute rheumatism1 c4 #c4 ,camphor and antimonial powder1 of each #a_/b dr42 opium1 #aj gr42 aromatic confection1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #ab pills4 ,in fevers1 and in some spasmodic diseases4----,dose1 #a pill4 #d4 ,powdered guaiacum1 #aj gr42 compound powder of ipecacuanha1 #e gr42 confection of roses1 q4 s4 to mix2 for a dose4 ,as a diaphoretic1 in inflammatory affections and rheumatism4 ,pills1 ,diarrha4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antidiarrh,,ales1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,soft extract of opium1 #a-a_/b gr42 calomel and powdered ipecacuanha1 of each #c gr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s42 divide into #aj pills4----,dose1 #a1 two or three times daily2 in chronic and choleraic diarrha4 ,pills1 ,digestive4 ,under this head are generally classed all the stomachic and milder aperient pills4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,bath2 ,,pills1 ,,dinner1 c4 ,pills of ,digitaline4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,digitalin1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,digitaline1 #a gr42 powdered sugar1 #a_/b dr42 thick mucilage1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a to #d daily1 watching the effects2 as a sedative to reduce the force of the circulation1 in phthisis1 enlargement of heart1 c4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,foxglove4 ,pills1 ,dinner4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,dict ,,antecibum1 ,l42 ,,grains ,,de ,,sant1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aloes1 #a dr42 rhubarb and extract of gentian1 of each #a_/b dr42 ipecacuanha and capsicum1 of each #ab gr42 syrup of ginger1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 #b4 7,dr ,baillie's47 ,see above4 #c4 7,,bath ,,digestive ,,pills47 ,see above4 #d4 7,,pills ,,of ,,aloes ,,and ,,mastic2 ,,lady ,,crespigny',s ,,pills1 ,,lady ,,hesketh',s ,p41 ,,lady ,,webster',s ,p41 ,,digestive ,p41 ,,stomach ,p41 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,et ,,mastiches1 ,p4 ,a4 ,,cum ,,mastiche1 ,p4 ,,stomachic ,,mesues2 ,,grains ,,de ,,vie1 ,,grains ,,de ,,mesues47 ,from aloes 7powdered71 #f dr42 powdered mastic and petals of red roses1 of each #b dr42 syrup of wormwood1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4 ,in small doses they excite the appetite2 in larger ones they produce a bulky and copious evacuation4 ,this is the formula of the old ,paris ,codex4 ,rhubarb is now frequently substituted for the rose petals4 #e4 7,sir ,c4 ,bell's47 ,from sulphate of quinine1 #d gr42 mastic1 #f gr42 rhubarb1 #ej gr42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #ab or1 preferably1 #ah pills4 #f4 7,sir ,chas4 ,clarke's47 ,from extract of chamomile1 #a_/b dr42 myrrh and rhubarb 7in powder71 of each #bj gr42 powdered ,socotrine aloes1 #aj gr42 oil of chamomile1 #h drops2 mucilage1 q4 s4 to form #bj pills4 8,these pills1 which were originally prescribed by ,sir ,chas4 ,clarke1 are much used in ,london40 7,redwood47 #g4 7,frank's47 ,from aloes and jalap1 of each #d parts2 rhubarb1 #a part2 syrup of wormwood1 q4 s4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4 #h4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,aloes1 #f dr42 extract of cinchona bark1 #c dr42 cinnamon1 #a dr42 syrup of wormwood1 q4 s4 ,the dose of the above is #c to #e gr41 about an hour before dinner1 to promote the appetite2 or1 as a purgative1 #aj to #ae gr4 ,pills1 ,diuretic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,diuretic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from powdered foxglove1 #ab gr42 calomel1 powdered squills1 and opium1 of each #d gr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4 #b4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,mercurial pill1 #a dr42 powdered squills1 #bj gr42 confection of roses1 q4 s42 divided into #bj pills4 ,the dose of either of the above is #a pill1 twice or thrice daily2 in dropsy1 c4 ,pills1 ,dixon's4 ,according to ,dr ,paris these pills consist of aloes1 scammony1 rhubarb1 and a little tartar emetic1 beaten up with syrup4 8,the following formula produces a pill precisely similar to this nostrum3----,take of compound extract of colocynth 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #d dr42 powdered rhubarb1 #b dr42 potassio-tartrate of antimony1 #h gr42 syrup of buckthorn1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #abj pills4 ,aperient and diaphoretic4----,dose1 #b or #c1 at bedtime40 7,cooley47 ,although a nostrum it is really an excellent medicine1 adapted for numerous cases4 ,pills1 ,duchesne's4 ,prep4 ,from aloes and gum ammoniacum1 of each #cj gr42 mastic and myrrh1 #aj gr42 carbonate of potassa and saffron1 of each #c gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,in the dyspepsia of hysterical patients1 in engorgements of the abdominal viscera1 following intermittent fevers1 c4 ,pills1 ,dysentery4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,dysenteric1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,pure alumina and tannic acid1 of each #bj gr42 antimonial powder1 #ae gr42 castor oil1 #a_/b dr4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 frequently4 ,pills of ,elaterium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,elaterii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,elaterium1 #f gr42 extract of gentian and ,castile soap1 of each #i gr42 mix1 and divide in #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #d2 in obstinate constipation1 and as a purge in dropsy1 c4 ,pills1 ,emetic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,emetic1 ,p4 ,,cupri ,,sulphatis ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,sulphate of copper and ipecacuanha equal parts2 syrup or conserve of roses1 q4 s4 ,for #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 repeated every #ae minutes1 until vomiting comes on4 ,see ,,emetics4 ,pills1 ,epilepsy4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antepileptic1 ,p4 ,,ad ,,epilepsiam1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,griffith47 ,powdered indigo1 #ge gr42 assaftida1 #ae gr42 ,russian castor1 #g gr42 mix1 and divide the mass into #bj pills4----,dose1 #a every hour4 #b4 7,rcamier47 ,oxide of iron1 #i gr42 camphor and extract of belladonna1 of each #f gr4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 every #c or #d hours4 ,pills1 ,ergot of ,rye4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ergot1 ,p4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dewees47 ,powdered ergot1 #a_/b dr42 extract of gentian1 #a dr42 divide into #ae pills4 ,in obstructed and painful menstruation1 hmorrhages1 c4----,dose1 #a pill1 thrice daily4 #b4 7,lallemande47 ,aloes1 ergot1 and rue1 of each #h gr42 for #ab pills4 ,as the last4 ,pills of ,ergotine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ergotin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bonjean47 ,ergotine 7,bonjean's71 #bd gr42 liquorice powder1 #dj gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #c to #f daily2 as an internal hmostatic1 c4 ,pills1 ,everlasting4 ,syn4 ,,perpetual ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,tern31 ,p4 ,,perpetu1 ,l4 ,small spheres of metallic antimony4 ,they possess the property of purging as often as swallowed1 but have now long fallen into disuse4 ,pills1 ,expectorant4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,expectorantes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,myrrh1 #a-a_/b dr42 powdered squills1 #a_/b dr42 extract of henbane1 #b dr42 syrup1 q4 s42 divide into #cj pills4----,dose1 #b1 night and morning4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,powdered squills and extract of hemlock1 of each #a_/b dr42 ammoniacum1 #a-a_/b dr42 divide into #cj pills4----,dose1 #b twice or thrice a day4 ,in chronic coughs1 asthma1 c41 after an aperient4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,pectoral1 c4 ,pills of ,extract of ,walnut ,leaves4 7,negrier47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,juglandis4 ,prep4 ,extract of walnut leaves1 #a dr42 powdered walnut leaves1 sufficient to form a mass2 to be divided into #bj pills1 #b or #c to be taken in the day4 ,pills1 ,family ,antibilious4 ,syn4 ,,aloe ,,pills2 ,,alo,s ,,rosata1 ,,pilul ,,alo,s ,,rosat1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,socotrine or hepatic aloes1 #c oz42 juice of roses1 #a pint2 dissolve by heat1 strain through a piece of coarse flannel1 evaporate to a proper consistence1 and form it into pills4 ,purgative1 in doses of #e to #ae gr4 ,pills1 ,fever4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,febrifug1 ,l4 ,of these the principal are those containing antimonials1 bark1 quinine1 and salicine 7which see74 ,pills1 ,fordyce's4 ,an active purgative1 closely resembling in composition the compound gamboge pill of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,pills1 ,dr ,fothergill's4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aloes1 #d dr42 extract of colocynth and scammony1 of each #a dr42 diaphoretic antimony1 #cj gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,a diaphoretic aperient4----,dose1 #a to #d pills at bedtime4 ,pills of ,foxglove and ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,digitalis ,,et ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,powdered foxglove1 #d gr42 powdered camphor1 #ab gr42 extract of henbane1 #ah gr4 ,for #f pills----,dose1 #a or #b at bedtime2 as a sedative in maniacal and spasmodic affections1 c4 ,pills of ,foxglove and ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,digitalis ,,et ,,scill 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,powdered foxglove and squills1 of each #a part2 aromatic electuary 7,ph4 ,e471 #b parts2 conserve of red roses1 q4 s42 divide into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,a valuable diuretic in dropsies4----,dose1 #a to #b pills4 ,pills1 ,frankfort4 ,these are the ,pilules ,angeliques noticed among ,,patent ,,medicines1 formed into #b-;gr4 pills1 and silvered4 ,pills1 ,franks'4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,dinner4 ,pills of ,fuligokali4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,fuligokali1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,deschamps47 ,fuligokali1 #e dr42 starch1 #b-a_/b dr42 powdered tragacanth1 #aj gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #ajj pills1 which must be covered with #b or #c coats of gum1 and preserved from the air4 ,the pills of sulphuretted fuligokal 7,pilul ,fuligokali ,sulphurati7 are prepared in a similar manner4 ,pills1 ,fuller's4 ,syn4 ,,bennet ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,benedict1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aloes and sulphate of iron1 of each #a_/b dr42 myrrh and senna1 of each #bj gr42 assaftida and galbanum1 of each #aj gr42 mace and saffron1 of each #f gr42 syrup1 q4 s42 mix and divide into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,antispasmodic1 emmenagogue1 and tonic1 and slightly aperient4----,dose1 #a to #d1 according to the object in view4 ,pills1 ,gairthorn's ,mild ,provisional4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,compound gamboge pill1 #fj gr42 aqueous extract of aloes1 #dj gr42 sulphate of potassa and extract of senna1 #cj gr42 compound scammony powder1 #ae gr42 balsam of ,peru1 #f or #h gr42 emetic tartar1 #c gr42 mix1 and divide into #cf pills4 ,purgative4----,dose1 #a1 #b1 or more1 when required4 ,pills of ,galbanum 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilula ,,galbani ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,g4 ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,myrrh and prepared sagapenum1 of each #c dr42 prepared galbanum and soft soap1 of each #b dr42 prepared assaftida1 #a dr42 treacle1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,as the last1 omitting the soap4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,as the ,ph4 ,l41 except that treacle is substituted for syrup4 ,obs4 ,these pills are stimulant1 expectorant1 antispasmodic1 and emmenagogue4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 in hysteria1 chronic coughs1 chlorosis1 amenorrha1 c4 ,pills of ,galbanum with ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,galbani ,,cum ,,ferro1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,compound galbanum pill1 #b parts2 precipitated sesquioxide of iron1 #a part2 water1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #d-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,an excellent tonic emmenagogue4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 in chlorosis1 amenorrha1 c41 when chalybeates are not contra-indicated4 ,pills of ,gamboge 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,gamboge ,,pills1 ,,fordyce',s ,p42 ,,pilul ,,cambogi ,,composita 7,,ph4 ,l471 ,p4 ,,cambogi4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered ,socotrine or hepatic aloes1 #c dr42 powdered gamboge1 #b dr42 powdered ginger1 #a dr42 soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #d dr42 mix1 and beat them to a pill-mass4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf and ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf are precisely similar4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,gamboge1 ,east ,indian or ,barbadoes aloes1 and aromatic powder1 of each 7in powder7 #a part2 ,castile soap1 #b parts2 syrup1 q4 s4 ,obs4 ,all the above are active cathartics4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 at bedtime2 in obstinate constipation1 c4 ,pills of ,gentian 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,gentian ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,extract of gentian1 #a dr42 powdered rhubarb and cardamoms1 of each #a_/b dr42 ipecacuanha1 #ab gr4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4 ,stomachic4----,dose1 #b or #c1 twice or thrice daily1 to improve the appetite and digestion4 ,pills1 ,gout4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antarthritic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bouchardat47 ,extract of colchicum and compound extract of colocynth1 of each #a dr42 aqueous extract of opium1 #c gr42 mix1 and divide into #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 according to their purgative action1 as required4 #b4 7,sir ,h4 ,halford's47 ,from acetic extract of colchicum1 #a_/b dr42 ,dover's powder and compound extract of colocynth1 of each #ah gr4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a pill4 #c4 7,lartigue's47 ,from compound extract of colocynth1 #bj gr42 alcoholic extract of colchicum seeds and alcoholic extract of digitalis1 of each #a gr4 ,for #b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 c4 ,as the last4 #d4 7,st ,george's ,hosp47 ,acetic extract of colchicum1 #ab gr42 ,dover's powder1 #cj gr4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #b pills4 #e4 7,sir ,c4 ,scudamore's47 ,from acetic extract of colchicum1 #a dr42 powdered marshmallow root1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #dj pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 or more1 with caution1 as required4 #f4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,powdered colchicum seeds1 #a_/b dr42 powdered digitalis and sulphate of quinine1 of each #ae gr42 calomel and extract of colocynth1 of each #h gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #bj pills4----,dose1 #a to #d1 during the day1 at the commencement of an attack of gout4 ,other formul for gout pills will be found under the respective names4 ,pills1 ,dr ,griffith's4 ,powdered rhubarb1 #a-a_/b dr42 sulphate of iron1 #a_/b dr42 ,castile soap1 #dj gr42 water1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #dh pills4 ,an excellent remedy in costiveness1 with loss of tone of the bowels4----,dose1 #b to #d1 at bedtime4 ,pills1 of ,guaiacum 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,guaiaci ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered resin of guaiacum1 #a dr42 oxysulphide of antimony1 #dj gr42 oil of cajeput1 #ab drops2 extract of gentian1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #c to #f1 thrice daily2 in gout1 rheumatism1 secondary syphilis1 various obstinate cutaneous affections1 c4 #b4 7,st ,b4 ,hosp47 ,guaiacum1 #cj gr42 ipecacuanha and opium1 of each #c gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #c4 ,as the last4 ,pills1 ,halford's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,gout4 ,pills1 ,dr ,hamilton's4 ,the same as the colocynth and henbane pill of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,the compound pills of gamboge1 now vended under the title of #8,,morison',s ,,no4 #b ,,pills1' were long known in ,scotland as ,dr ,hamilton's ,pills4 ,pills1 ,headache4 ,syn4 ,,cephalic ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,cephalic1 ,p4 ,,anticephalalgic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,caffeine1 #ae gr42 aloes1 #bj gr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 occasionally2 when only one side of the head is affected4 #b4 7,broussais47 ,extract of opium1 #f gr42 extracts of belladonna and henbane1 of each #ae gr42 extract of lettuce1 #cj gr42 butter of cacao1 #d dr4 ,for #abj pills4----,dose1 #a1 twice or thrice daily2 in headache1 accompanying spasmodic affections1 c4 #c4 7,dr ,wilson ,philip47 ,powdered nutmeg and rhubarb1 of each #bj gr42 extract of chamomile1 #bj gr42 oil of peppermint1 #aj or #ab drops4 ,for #cj pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 thrice daily2 in nervous headaches4 ,pills1 ,helvetius's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,aluminis ,,helvetii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,alum1 #b dr42 dragon's blood1 #a dr42 honey of roses1 to mix4 ,for #dh pills4 ,astringent4 ,pills of ,hemlock 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,conii ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract of hemlock1 #e dr42 powdered ipecacuanha1 #a dr42 treacle1 q4 s4 ,antispasmodic1 expectorant1 and narcotic4----,dose1 #d to #h gr4 7,b4 ,p4 #e to #aj gr471 twice or thrice daily2 in hooping-cough1 bronchitis1 incipient phthisis1 c4 ,pills of ,henbane 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hyoscyami ,,et ,,zinci1 ,l42 ,,pilules ,,de ,,meglin1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,extracts of henbane and ,valerian1 and oxide of zinc1 equal parts4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #aj2 as an anodyne or sedative in neuralgia1 nervous attacks1 c4 ,pills1 ,lady ,hesketh's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,dinner4 ,pills1 ,hoffmann's4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,corrosive ,,sublimate4 ,pills1 ,holloway's4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,pills1 ,hooper's ,female4 ,prep4 #a4 7,gray47 ,sulphate of iron and water1 of each #h oz42 dissolve1 add1 ,barbadoes aloes1 #b-a_/b lbs42 white canella1 #f oz42 myrrh1 #b oz42 opopanax1 #a oz4 #b4 7,phil4 ,coll4 of ,pharm47 ,barbadoes aloes1 #h oz42 dried sulphate of iron1 #b-a_/d oz42 myrrh1 extract of black hellebore1 and ,castile soap1 of each #b oz42 canella and ginger1 of each #a oz42 water1 q4 s42 divide the mass into #b-a_/b- or #c-;gr4 pills1 and put #dj in each box4 ,cathartic and emmenagogue4----,dose1 #b1 or more4 8,if we omit the soap1 lessen the quantity of extract of hellebore1 and increase that of the aloes1 we think the form will be nearer that of the original40 7,cooley47 ,pills of ,hound's-tongue4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cum ,,cynogloss4 ,prep4 ,root-bark of hound's-tongue1 #d dr42 henbane seeds1 #d dr42 extract of opium1 #d dr42 myrrh1 #f dr42 olibanum1 #d dr4 and #dh gr42 saffron1 #if gr42 castor1 #if gr42 syrup of honey1 #ad dr4 ,mix4 ,contains #a gr4 of extract of opium in #aj gr4 ,the original form of ,,nicolans contained styrax1 and seems to have been the origin of the compound styrax pill1 as well as of this compound4 ,pills1 ,humphrey's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,pectoral4 ,pills1 ,hunter's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,renal4 ,pills1 ,hydragogue4 ,see ,,bontius',s ,,pills1 c4 ,pills1 ,hydrophobia4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ad ,,rabiem1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,werlhoff47 ,cantharides 7in very fine powder71 #b gr42 belladonna and calomel1 of each #d gr42 camphor1 #h gr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #b to #c1 twice daily4 ,pills of ,iatropha4 7,dr ,barham47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,iatroph4 ,prep4 ,decorticated seeds of ,jatropha gossypifoli1 #c dr42 gamboge1 extract of colocynth and scammony1 of each #a dr4 ,make into #ij pills4----,dose1 #a1 #b1 or more4 ,pills of ,indian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cannabis ,,indic1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from alcoholic extract of ,indian hemp1 #a_/b dr42 sugar of milk1 #a dr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,for #dh pills4 ,an excellent pill for soothing pain and quieting the system1 acting without causing headache or constipation of the bowels4----,dose1 #a pill1 increased to #b or more1 as necessary4 ,pills of ,indigo4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,epilepsy4 ,pills of ,iodide of ,arsenic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,arsenici ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,iodide of arsenic1 #b gr42 manna1 #dj gr42 mucilage1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #ab pills4 #b4 7,gardner47 ,iodide of arsenic1 #a gr42 extract of hemlock1 #bj gr4 ,for #bj pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice or thrice daily2 in lepra1 psoriasis1 and some other scaly skin diseases4 ,pills of ,iodide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,unoxidised iron filings 7recently levigated71 #bj gr42 iodine1 #dj gr42 distilled water1 #a_/b dr42 mix in a cold wedgwood-ware mortar1 and triturate them together until the red colour of the mixture has entirely disappeared2 then add1 of powdered gum1 #bj gr42 powdered sugar1 #a dr42 liquorice powder1 q4 s4 to form a mass1 and divide it into #dh pills4 ,each pill contains #a gr4 of dry iodide of iron4----,dose1 #a to #f pills1 twice or thrice a day4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fine iron wire1 #dj gr42 iodine1 #hj gr42 refined sugar1 in powder1 #gj gr42 liquorice root1 in powder1 #adj gr42 distilled water1 #ej minims4 ,agitate the iron with the iodine and the water in a strong stoppered ounce phial until the froth becomes white4 ,pour the fluid upon the sugar in a mortar1 triturate briskly1 and gradually add the liquorice4----,dose1 #c to #h gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,protosulphate of iron1 #fj gr42 iodide of potassium1 #hj gr4 7both in fine powder72 mix1 add of powdered tragacanth1 #aj gr42 powdered sugar1 #cj gr42 and form the whole into a mass with syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #dj pills4 ,each pill contains nearly #b gr4 of the dry iodide1 or about #b-a_/b gr4 of the common hydrated iodide of the shops4----,dose1 #a to #c1 as the last4 ,obs4 ,the above pills are reputed alterative1 tonic1 and emmenagogue1 and are found peculiarly useful in indurations1 scrofula1 chlorosis1 leucorrha1 c41 when the administration of chalybeates is not contra-indicated4 ,pills of ,iodide of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,plumbi ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from iodide of lead1 #ae gr42 powdered sugar1 #a-a_/b dr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,for #fj pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 gradually increased to #c1 or more1 twice a day2 in scrofula1 scirrhus1 c4 ,pills of ,iodide of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hydrargyri ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,green iodide of mercury and powdered ginger1 of each #a dr42 conserve of hips1 #c dr4----,dose1 #b to #e gr41 twice or thrice daily1 as an alterative in scrofula and scrofulous syphilis1 c4 #b4 7,,coindet',s ,,pills47 ,from green iodide of mercury1 #a gr42 extract of liquorice1 #bj gr42 mix1 and divide into #h pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 as the last4 ,pills of red iodide of mercury are made in the same way1 but1 owing to its greater activity1 only one fourth of the above quantity of iodide must enter into their composition4 ,pills of ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,potassii ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodide of potassium and powdered starch1 of each #a_/b dr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 ,for #cf pills4----,dose1 #a to #f1 thrice daily2 in glandular indurations and enlargements1 goiture1 scrofula1 c4 #b4 7,vogt47 ,iodide of potassium1 #ae gr42 burnt sponge and extract of dulcamara1 of each #e dr42 water1 q4 s4 ,for #ahj pills4----,dose1 #d to #f1 twice a day1 as the last4 ,pills of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,iodinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,iodine1 #f gr42 extract of gentian1 #a dr42 powdered gum1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a to #c2 in scrofula1 c42 also1 in mercurial and scorbutic salivation4 ,pills of ,iodide of ,silver4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,argenti ,,iodidi4 7,dr ,patterson47 ,prep4 ,iodide of silver1 nitrate of potash1 of each #aj gr41 rub together into a very fine powder1 and add1 liquorice powder1 #a_/b dr42 white sugar1 #bj gr42 mucilage1 q4 s42 to form a mass1 to be divided into #dj pills2 #a three times a day4 ,pills of ,iodoform4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,iodoformi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bouchardat47 ,iodoform1 #a_/b dr42 extract of wormwood 7or gentian71 #a dr42 mix1 and divide into #cf pills4----,dose1 #a1 twice or thrice daily2 in scrofula1 c4 ,pills of ,ipecacuanha 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pills ,,of ,,ipecacuanha ,,with ,,squills1 ,p4 ,,of ,i4 ,,and ,,opium2 ,,pilul ,,ipecacuanha ,,cum ,,scill 7,ph4 ,l471 ,p4 ,,ipecacuanh ,,et ,,opii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,compound powder of ipecacuanha 7,dover's powder71 #c dr42 powdered ammoniacum and squills 7freshly powdered71 of each #a dr42 treacle1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4 ,anodyne1 sudorific1 and expectorant4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 in chronic coughs and asthma1 c4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dover's powder1 #c parts2 conserve of red roses1 #a part2 mix1 and divide into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,resembles ,dover's powder in its effects4 ,it is hence regarded by many as a useless preparation4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,,pilula ,,ipecacuanh ,,cum ,,scill4 ,prep4 ,compound ipecacuanha powder1 #c oz42 fresh-dried squill1 #a oz42 ammoniacum in powder1 #a oz42 treacle1 q4 s4 ,beat all together4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,pills of ,iron 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,p4 ,f4 ,,cum ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,myrrh 7in powder71 #b dr42 carbonate of soda1 #a dr42 rub them together in a warm mortar1 then add of sulphate of iron1 #a dr41 and again triturate2 lastly1 add of treacle1 #a dr41 and beat all together1 to form a pill mass4 ,an excellent mild chalybeate tonic and emmenagogue1 similar in its properties to #8,griffith's ,mixture1'----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 two or three times a day4 ,pills1 ,italian ,black4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,italic ,,nigr1 ,p4 ,,aloetic ,,ferrat1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,powdered aloes and dried sulphate of iron1 equal parts2 beaten up with rectified spirit1 q4 s41 and divided into #b- or #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,aloes ,,and ,,iron4 ,pills of ,jalap4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,jalap1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #aghc47 ,extract of jalap1 #b dr42 aromatic powder1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,soap of jalap1 #c parts2 powdered jalap1 #a part2 beat them to a pill-mass4----,dose 7of either71 #aj to #ae gr4 ,pills1 ,james's ,analeptic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,antimonial powder1 guaiacum1 and pill of aloes with myrrh1 equal parts2 syrup1 q4 s4 #b4 7,cooley47 ,antimonial powder 7,james's71 pill aloes with myrrh1 and compound aloes powder1 of each #b parts2 powdered ammoniacum1 #a part2 beaten up with tincture of castor1 q4 s41 and divided into #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,a diaphoretic purge4----,dose1 #b to #d pills4 ,pills1 ,dr ,j4 ,johnson's4 ,prep4 ,from compound extract of colocynth1 #b dr42 calomel1 #a_/b dr42 potassio-tartrate of antimony1 #b gr42 oil of cassia1 #ab drops4 ,for #d dozen pills4 ,an excellent alterative and diaphoretic aperient4----,dose1 #a to #c pills4 ,pills1 ,kaye's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,worsdell',s4 ,pills1 ,keyser's4 ,prep4 7,guibourt47 ,red oxide of mercury1 #a-a_/b oz42 distilled vinegar 7dilute acetic acid71 #a pint2 dissolve1 add to the resulting solution manna1 #b lbs41 and triturate for a long time before the fire1 until a proper consistence is attained2 lastly1 divide the mass into pills of #a-a_/b gr4 each4 ,obs4 ,keyser's pills were once celebrated throughout ,europe as a remedy possessing extraordinary virtue1 and so highly were they prized that the method of preparing them was purchased by the ,french ,government for the benefit of the nation4 ,richard1 who first published a full account of them1 concludes by observing that he considers this compound to be1 without exception1 the most effectual remedy for syphilis hitherto discovered4 ,in this country1 however1 it has long sunk into comparative disuse with the faculty2 probably from pills of acetate of suboxide of mercury being erroneously employed under the name1 whereas1 according to ,robiquet1 acetate of protoxide of mercury 7called by him the #8peroxide'7 forms the basis of the original preparation4 ,the dose is #a to #b1 night and morning1 as an alterative2 and #b to #f1 twice a day1 as a sialogogue4 ,pills1 ,king's4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,pills1 ,kitchener's4 ,syn4 ,dr ,,kitchener',s ,,peristaltic ,,persuaders2 ,,pilul ,,rh,i ,,et ,,carui1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from powdered ,turkey rhubarb1 #b dr42 simple syrup1 #a dr42 oil of caraway1 #aj or #ab drops4 ,for #dj pills4 ,an admirable stomachic1 dinner1 or laxative pill1 according to the quantity taken4----,dose1 #b to #f4 8,from #b to #d will generally produce one additional motion within #ab hours4 ,the best time to take them is early in the morning40 ,pills1 ,klein's4 ,prep4 ,from ammoniacum and extract of centaury1 of each #a-b dr42 ,castile soap1 #a dr42 oil of amber1 #c drops4 ,for #b-;gr4 pills4 ,stomachic1 emmenagogue1 and pectoral4----,dose1 #b to #f pills4 ,pills of ,lactate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,lactatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cap47 ,lactate of protoxide of iron and powdered marshmallow root1 equal parts2 clarified honey1 q4 s4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4 ,one of the most valuable of the chalybeates4----,dose1 #a to #b1 three or four times a day4 ,pills of ,lactucarium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,lactucarii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,brera47 ,lactucarium1 #ah gr42 conserve of elder-berries and extract of liquorice1 of each q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #b pills1 every three or four hours2 in dry asthma1 obstinate coughs without expectoration1 c4 #b4 7,dr ,duncan47 ,lactucarium1 #ab gr42 liquorice powder1 #bj gr42 simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #b pills1 every hour1 as an anodyne1 or to induce sleep4 ,pills1 ,lartigue's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,gout4 ,pills of ,lead4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,acetate ,,of ,,lead4 #b4 7,opiated2 ,,pilul ,,plumbi ,,opiat----,ph4 ,e42 ,,pilula ,,plumbi ,,cum ,,opio----,b4 ,p47 ,acetate of lead1 #f parts2 opium1 #a part2 conserve of red roses1 about #a part2 beat them to a proper mass1 and divide this into #d-;gr4 pills4 8,this pill may also be made with twice the quantity of opium40 ,in hmorrhages1 obstinate diarrha1 dysentery1 spitting of blood1 and other cases demanding the use of a powerful astringent4 ,it has also been highly extolled in cholera4----,dose1 #a to #c pills1 twice or thrice daily1 washed down with water soured with pure vinegar4 ,pills1 ,lee's ,antibilious4 ,prep4 7#8,amer4 ,journ4 of ,pharm4'7 ,aloes1 #ab oz42 scammony1 #f oz42 calomel1 #e oz42 gamboge1 #d oz42 jalap1 #c oz42 ,castile soap and syrup of buckthorn1 of each #a oz42 mucilage1 #g oz42 beat them together1 and divide the mass into #e-;gr4 pills4 ,a powerful cathartic1 and1 from containing mercury1 not adapted for frequent use4 ,see ,,wyndham',s ,,pills4 ,pills1 ,lewis's ,alterative and ,liver4 ,these 8for the most part resemble ,,scott',s ,,bilious ,,and ,,liver ,,pills4 ,they are1 however1 of a more drastic and powerful character1 and frequently operate with considerable violence40 ,pills1 ,lockstadt's4 ,prep4 7,phbus47 ,sulphate of quinine1 #c gr42 aromatic powder1 #aj gr42 essential oil of almonds1 #a drop2 extract of gentian1 q4 s4 ,for #aj pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 thrice daily1 as a stomachic tonic2 or the whole at once1 before an expected attack of an ague or intermittent4 ,pills1 ,lockyer's4 ,prep4 ,from panacea of antimony1 #f gr42 powdered white sugar1 #d dr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,for #dh pills4 ,cathartic and emetic4----,dose1 #a to #d pills4 ,pills of ,lupulin4 7,magendie47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,lupulini4 ,prep4 ,the powder triturated forms a sufficiently tenacious mass for pills1 without any addition4 ,pills1 ,dr ,lynn's4 ,prep4 ,from pill of aloes with myrrh and compound extract of colocynth1 of each #a dr42 calomel1 #a_/b dr4 ,for #d dozen pills4 ,aperient and antibilious4----,dose1 #a to #c2 in costiveness1 biliousness1 c4 ,pills of ,manganese1 ,carbonate4 7,hannon47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,carbonatis4 ,prep4 ,dissolve separately1 #ag oz4 of crystallised sulphate of manganese1 and #ai oz4 carbonate of soda1 in water1 q4 s4 ,mix the solutions and add to every #ag oz4 of the liquid1 #a oz4 of syrup1 and allow the precipitate to subside in a well-closed bottle4 ,pour off the supernatant liquid1 wash the precipitate with sugared water1 express1 mix it with #aj oz4 of honey1 and evaporate rapidly to a pill consistence4----,dose1 from #d to #aj #d-;grain pills daily1 in anmia1 chlorosis1 c4 ,pills of ,manganese1 ,iodide4 7,hannon47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 ,iodide of potassium1 #a oz42 dried sulphate of manganese1 #a oz42 mix with honey1 q4 s4 to form a pill mass2 divide into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose4 ,from #a pill daily1 gradually increased4 ,pills of ,manganese1 ,malate4 7,hannon47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,malatis4 ,malate of manganese1 #ae gr42 powdered cinchona bark1 #ae gr42 honey1 q4 s4 for #bj pills4 #c to #e or #f daily4 ,pills of ,manganese1 ,muriate4 7,niemann47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,muriatis4 ,prep4 ,chloride of manganese1 #b scruples2 gum ,arabic1 #b scruples2 liquorice1 #a scruple4 ,mix4 ,pills of ,manganese1 ,phosphate4 7,hannon47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,phosphatis4 ,prep4 ,phosphate of manganese1 #a-a_/b dr42 cinchona bark1 #a_/b dr42 syrup of catechu1 q4 s4 ,make into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,pills of ,manganese1 ,tartrate4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,tartratis4 ,as ,pills of ,malate ,manganese4 ,pills of ,manganese and ,sulphate of ,iron4 7,hannon47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,manganesii ,,et ,,ferri ,,sulphatis4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of iron1 #ac oz42 sulphate of manganese1 #c-a_/b oz42 carbonate of soda1 #ag-a_/b oz42 honey1 #aj oz42 syrup1 q4 s4 to make a mass to be divided into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,pills1 ,martial4 ,syn4 ,,pills ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,wormwood2 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,cum ,,absinthio1 ,p4 ,,martiales1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sydenham47 ,levigated iron-filings1 #a dr42 extract of wormwood1 q4 s4 ,tonic and hmatinic4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 twice a day4 ,pills1 ,matthew's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,matth,i1 ,p4 ,,pacific1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,paris47 ,black hellebore1 ,castile soap1 liquorice1 opium1 saffron1 and turmeric1 equal parts2 made into pills with oil of turpentine4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,opium and saffron1 of each #a dr42 castor1 #b dr42 soap of turpentine1 #c dr42 balsam of copaiba 7or oil of turpentine71 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,alterative and anodyne4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 ,pills1 ,mc,kinsey's4 ,see ,,mckinsey',s ,,katapotia1 among ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,pills1 ,meglin's4 ,syn4 ,,pilules ,,de ,,meglin1 ,fr4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,henbane 7,compound74 ,pills1 ,mercurial4 ,syn4 ,,blue ,,pill2 ,,pilula ,,hydrargyri 7,b4 ,p471 ,,pilul ,,hydrargyri 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,h4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,p4 ,,mercuriales1 ,l42 ,,pilules ,,mercurielles1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mercury1 #d dr42 confection of roses1 #f dr42 rub them together until globules can no longer be seen2 then add of liquorice powder1 #b dr41 and beat the whole together1 so that a proper mass may be formed4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last2 afterwards dividing the mass into #e-;gr4 pills4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,as the ,ph4 ,l4 formula1 but taking four times the quantity of the respective ingredients4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mercury1 #b2 confection of roses1 #c2 decorticated liquorice root1 in fine powder1 #a2 rub the mercury with the confection of roses until metallic globules are no longer visible1 then add the liquorice1 and mix the whole well together4----,dose1 #c to #f gr4 as an alterative1 #aj gr4 as a purgative4 ,obs4 ,the remarks under #8,,mercurial ,,ointment' 7p4 #aagi71 for the most part1 also apply here4 ,this pill1 when properly prepared1 presents no globules of mercury when moderately rubbed on a piece of white paper1 and immediately communicates a white stain to a piece of bright gold or copper4 ,it possesses considerable density1 and has a dark blue or slate colour4 ,it contains #a-crd of its weight of mercury1 which may be ascertained from its sp4 gr42 or1 more exactly1 by an assay for the metal4 ,it is the mildest and the most extensively used of all the mercurial preparations4----,dose4 ,as an alterative1 #a to #c gr42 as a purgative1 #aj to #ae gr42 and as a sialogogue1 #e or #f gr41 or more1 twice or thrice daily4 ,to prevent it affecting the bowels1 it is commonly combined with either rhubarb or opium4 ,a blue pill taken over-night1 and a black draught in the morning1 is a popular remedy in bilious complaints4 ,see ,,abernethy ,,medicines4 #e4 7,collier47 ,mercury1 #b dr42 sesquioxide of iron1 #a dr42 confection of red roses1 #c dr42 triturated1 as before1 until the globules disappear4 ,an excellent extemporaneous substitute for the common mercurial pill4 ,the addition of only a few grs4 of the sesquioxide of iron to #a oz4 of conserve1 renders the latter capable of rapidly killing a large quantity of quicksilver4 #f4 7,tyson47 ,grey oxide of mercury 7prepared by decomposing calomel with liquor of potassa to which a little liquor of ammonia has been added71 #b dr42 confection of roses1 #f dr42 powdered chamomiles1 #a dr42 mix4 ,as a substitute for the ,college pill4 #g4 7#8,pharm4 ,journ4'7 ,stearin1 #a dr42 rub it in a warm mortar till it assumes the consistence of thick cream1 then add of mercury1 #d dr41 and again triturate until the globules disappear2 next further add1 of confection of roses and wheaten flour1 of each #c dr41 powdered gum1 #a dr41 and form the whole into a pill-mass4 ,as a substitute for the ,college pill4 #h4 7,,pilul ,,hydrargyros----,p4 ,cod47 ,mercury and honey1 of each #f dr42 triturate till the globules are extinguished1 then add of aloes1 #f dr42 rhubarb1 #c dr42 scammony1 #b dr42 black pepper1 #a dr42 and make a pill-mass as before4 ,contains #a-dth part of quicksilver4 ,alterative and aperient4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,,belloste',s1 ,,barbarossa',s1 ,s,,dillot',s1 and ,,morelot',s ,,pills are nearly similar compounds4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,calomel and ,,corrosive ,,sublimate1 c4 #i4 7,,pilul ,,unguenti ,,hydrargyri----,biett47 ,prep4 ,mercurial ointment1 powdered sarsaparilla1 #a dr4 ,mix1 and divide into #dh pills4 ,from #a to #d daily4 #aj4 7,,pilul ,,hydrargyri ,,cum ,,sapone----,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,mercurial ointment1 #b dr42 soap1 #d scruples2 liquorice powder1 #b scruples4 ,make into #c-;gr4 pills4 ,pills1 ,mercurial 7,arabic74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,mercuriales ,,arabic1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of quicksilver and corrosive sublimate1 of each #a_/b dr42 triturate them patiently together until the globules disappear2 then add1 of agaric1 pellitory1 and senna1 of each #a dr42 honey1 q4 s4 to make a pill-mass4 ,for #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b a day4 ,employed in the #8traitement arabique' for the cure of obstinate cutaneous diseases4 ,pills1 ,mercurial1 ,hahnemann's4 7,f4 ,h47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hydrargyri ,,hahnemanni4 ,prep4 ,hahnemann's soluble mercury1 #bj gr42 gum ,arabic1 #cj gr42 sugar1 #cj gr4 ,mix1 and divide into #cj pills4 ,pills1 ,mitchell's4 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #a_/b dr42 rhubarb1 #a dr42 calomel1 #f gr42 emetic tartar1 #b gr4 ,for #cf pills4 ,an alterative aperient4----,dose1 #b to #d pills4 ,pills1 ,moat's4 ,similar to ,,morison',s ,,pills4 ,pills1 ,morison's4 ,prep4----a4 7,no4 #a ,pills47 ,from aloes and cream of tartar1 equal parts1 made into a mass with either syrup or mucilage4 ,a mild aperient4 b4 7,no4 #b pills47 ,from colocynth1 #a part2 gamboge1 #b parts2 aloes1 #c parts2 and cream of tartar1 #d parts2 made into a mass with syrup1 as the last4 ,an active purgative1 often acting with great violence4 ,both ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b are divided into #c-;gr4 pills1 of which #d dozen are put into each #as4 #a-a_/b;d4 box4 ,the proper dose of either is #a to #c or #d pills2 but they are often given by the ,morisons in doses of #ab1 #bj1 #cj1 or even more1 daily4 ,for the history of these pills and their proprietors1 see #8,anat4 of ,quackery1' or #8,med4 ,circ41' ii1 #i-bg4 ,pills of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,morphi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,morphine1 #a gr42 conserve of roses 7stiff71 q4 s4 ,for #f 7or1 better1 #h7 pills4----,dose1 #a pill2 as an anodyne or soporific4 ,pills of ,morphia 7,compound74 7,rougier47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,morphi ,,composit4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of morphia1 #b gr42 cyanide of potassium1 #d gr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 ,make into #bd pills2 #a every six hours1 in neuralgia4 ,pills1 ,moseley's4 ,prep4 ,finest ,turkey rhubarb1 #fj gr42 ,jamaica ginger1 #cj gr42 sugar1 #bj gr4 7all in powder72 tincture of rhubarb1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4 ,a mild and excellent medicine1 closely resembling ,,kitchener',s ,,peristaltic ,,persuaders4 ,pills of ,musk4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,moschi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dupuytren47 ,opium1 #b gr42 musk 7genuine71 #h gr42 camphor 7in powder71 #bd gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #h pills4 ,antispasmodic and stimulant4----,dose1 #a to #c1 thrice daily1 in low nervous affections2 or the whole during the day in hospital gangrene1 c4 ,pills of ,myrrh4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,aloes ,,and ,,myrrh4 ,pills1 ,napier's ,neurotonic4 ,of these1 like ,,morison',s ,,pills1 there are ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b4 ,the first is a simple stomachic aperient2 the other1 a stimulant tonic4 ,they both owe their sale and reputed virtues to extensive advertising4 7#8,anat4 of ,quackery4'7 ,pills1 ,napoleon's4 ,see ,,pectoral ,,pills4 ,pills1 ,neuralgia4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antineuralgic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,marchal ,de ,calvi47 ,aqueous extract of opium1 #d gr42 sulphate of quinine1 #af gr42 powdered cinnamon1 powdered orange leaves1 and extract of valerian1 of each #bj gr42 syrup of belladonna1 q4 s4 ,for #c dozen pills4----,dose1 #a1 hourly4 #b4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,extracts of opium and stramonium1 of each #h gr42 oxide of zinc1 #b dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #dj pills4----,dose1 #a1 every two or three hours1 gradually increased in frequency until there is some considerable disorder of vision1 c4 ,both of the above should be used with care4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,meglin',s1 c4 ,pills of ,nitrate of ,bismuth4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,bismuthi ,,trisnitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from trisnitrate of bismuth and powdered rhubarb1 equal parts2 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 every two hours2 as a tonic1 stomachic1 and antispasmodic1 in dyspepsia1 debility1 spasms1 c4 ,pills of ,nitrate of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,hydrargyri ,,proto-,,nitratis4 ,,pilules ,,de ,,sainte ,,marie4 ,prep4 ,powder of proto-nitrate of mercury1 #g-a_/b gr42 extract of liquorice1 #a_/b dr4 ,mix accurately1 and divide into #fj pills4----,dose1 #a1 four times a day4 ,pills of ,nitrate of ,silver4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,argenti ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,nitrate of silver 7crystallised71 #ab gr42 liquorice powder1 #bd gr42 treacle1 q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice or thrice a day2 in chronic epilepsy and some other spasmodic disorders4 #b4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,nitrate of silver1 #f gr42 crum of bread1 q4 s4 7say #a_/b dr472 mix1 and divide into #ab pills4----,dose1 #a1 every six hours4 ,obs4 ,to prevent the blue or slate coloured tinge of the skin1 so often produced by the continued use of the salts of silver1 #h drops of diluted nitric acid in #a fl4 oz4 of water should be taken after each pill4 ,pills1 ,norton's ,chamomile4 ,prep4 ,from aqueous extract of aloes1 #a dr42 extract of gentian1 #c dr42 mix1 and drive off the excess of moisture by the heat of a water bath2 then add of essential oil of chamomiles1 #bj drops1 and divide the mass into #fj pills4 ,to preserve their aromatic properties1 they should be kept in a dry glass bottle or a well-covered earthenware pot4----,dose1 #a1 as a dinner pill2 or #b1 night and morning1 as a stomachic tonic4 7#8,anat4 of ,quackery4'7 ,pills of ,nux ,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nux vomica and aloes 7both in powder71 equal parts2 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 twice or thrice daily1 carefully watching the effects2 in nervous derangement1 general debility1 impotence1 paralysis1 c4 #b4 ,alcoholic extract of nux vomica1 #a part2 powdered sugar1 #b parts2 beaten up with rectified spirit1 q4 s4 ,for #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #b2 as the last4 #c4 7,mondire47 ,alcoholic extract1 #f gr42 levigated black oxide of iron1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,in atonic incontinence of urine1 amenorrha1 c4 ,pills1 ,odontalgic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,odontalgic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,powdered opium and extracts of belladonna and henbane1 of each #aj gr42 oil of olives1 #bj drops2 powdered pellitory of ,spain1 #a_/b dr42 beat them to a mass1 and divide it into #a-;gr4 pills2 keep them in a corked phial4 ,pills1 ,opiated ,lead4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,lead4 ,pills of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,anodyne ,,pills1 ,,night ,p41 ,,thebaic ,p42 ,,pilul ,,opii 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,p4 ,o4 or ,,thebaic 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,opium and conserve of red roses1 of each #a part2 sulphate of potash1 #c parts2 rub them together to a proper mass1 and divide into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #b pills1 as an anodyne or soporific4 ,each pill contains #a gr4 of opium1 or double the quantity in the same pill of the previous edition of the ,ph4 ,e4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,powdered opium1 #a dr42 ,castile soap1 #ab gr42 water1 q4 s4 ,for #fj pills4 ,as the last4 ,pills of ,ox-,gall4 ,syn4 ,,bile ,,pill2 ,,pilul ,,fellis ,,bovini1 ,p4 ,,bilis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from inspissated ox-gall formed into pills by the addition of any simple powder2 or the harder extract beaten up with a little proof spirit4 ,powdered rhubarb is frequently used for the purpose4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #f2 for constipation1 flatulence1 c41 arising from a deficiency of bile4 #b4 7,compound47 ,from inspissated ox-gall1 #a dr42 powdered rhubarb1 #a_/b dr42 powdered ipecacuanha and capsicum1 of each #ae gr42 oil of caraway1 #ab drops4 ,for #dh pills4----,dose1 #a to #d2 in loss of appetite and dyspepsia1 with torpor of the bowels1 c4 ,see ,,constipation1 ,,gall1 c4 ,pills of ,oxide of ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,auri ,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,teroxide of gold1 #e gr42 extract of mezereon1 #b dr42 mix1 and divide into #fj pills4 ,each pill contains #a_/ab gr4 of teroxide4----,dose1 #a to #c2 in scrofula1 syphilis1 malignant fevers1 c4 ,pills of ,oxide of ,mercury4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,mercurial4 ,pills of ,oxide of ,silver4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,argenti ,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oxide of silver1 #f gr42 powdered rhubarb and extract of gentian1 of each #ab gr4 ,for #a dozen pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice or thrice daily2 in gastralgia1 hmorrhages1 nervous affections1 c4 ,milder than the pills of nitrate of silver4 ,pills of ,oxide of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,zinci ,,oxydi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oxide of zinc1 powdered cascarilla1 and conserve of hips1 equal parts4 ,for #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,tonic and antispasmodic4----,dose1 #a to #c1 thrice daily2 in dyspepsia1 gastric or spasmodic coughs1 epilepsy1 chorea1 c4 ,pills1 ,parr's ,life4 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #g lbs42 rhubarb and jalap1 of each #e lbs4 7all in powder72 extract of gentian1 #c-a_/b lbs42 soft soap1 #a_/b lb42 liquorice powder1 treacle1 and moist sugar1 of each #d-a_/b lbs42 oil of cloves1 #aj oz42 oil of caraway1 #c-a_/b oz42 mix1 and beat the whole to a proper mass with syrup bottoms1 q4 s41 and divide it into #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 8,there are about #d dozen in each #as4 #a-a_/b;d4 box1 weighing 7dry7 barely #c gr4 each40 ,a good stomachic and aperient pill1 but possessing none of the extraordinary virtues ascribed to it by its proprietors4 7#8,med4 ,circ41' ii1 #adf1 #afg1 c47 ,pills of ,paullinia4 ,syn4 ,,guarana ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,guaran1 ,p4 ,,paullini1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,paullinia mixed up with syrup of orange peel1 and the mass divided into #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #h4 #b4 7,dr ,gavrelle47 ,extract of guarana1 #a dr42 liquorice powder1 q4 s4 ,for #dj pills4----,dose1 #c to #f1 daily4 ,obs4 ,these pills are highly esteemed on the ,continent as a tonic and astringent1 in diseases of the bowels and bladder1 in chlorosis1 debility1 c4 ,pectoral ,pills4 ,syn4 ,,breath ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,pectorales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,compound squill pill1 #a dr42 gum benzoin1 #a_/b dr42 powdered ipecacuanha and extract of henbane1 of each #ae gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 three or four times a day2 in asthmas1 chronic bronchial affections1 coughs1 c4 #b4 7,dr ,copland47 ,camphor 7in powder71 #aj gr42 ipecacuanha1 #ae gr42 extract of hemlock1 #a dr4----,dose1 #c to #f gr42 in irritating and spasmodic coughs1 c4 #c4 7,haggart47 ,powdered ipecacuanha and squills1 of each #a_/b dr42 acetate of morphia1 #f gr42 ,castile soap1 #c dr42 mix1 and divide into #gb pills4 ,a most excellent medicine1 at once soothing and expectorant4----,dose1 #a to #b1 thrice a day1 or oftener4 #d4 7,,humphries' ,,cough ,,pills47 ,from powdered ipecacuanha1 #ae gr42 compound squill-pill1 #a dr42 compound extract of colocynth1 #a_/b dr4 ,for #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b pills1 night and morning4 #e4 7,dr ,latham47 ,compound powder of ipecacuanha1 #a dr42 fresh squill and gum ammoniacum1 of each #bj gr42 calomel1 #d gr4 ,for #bj pills4 ,a most valuable pectoral and expectorant4----,dose1 #a pill1 thrice daily2 in bronchitis1 coughs1 c41 after the more active inflammatory symptoms have subsided4 #f4 7,napoleon's47 ,from ipecacuanha1 #cj gr42 squills and ammoniacum1 of each #dj gr4 7all in powder72 mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #bd pills4 ,it is said that this was a favourite remedy with the ,emperor ,napoleon ,i for difficulty of breathing1 bronchitis1 and various affections of the organs of respiration4----,dose1 #b pills1 night and morning4 #g4 7,dr ,paris47 ,powdered squills1 #a_/b dr42 powdered myrrh1 #a-a_/b dr42 extract of henbane1 #dj gr42 water 7or simple syrup71 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills1----,dose1 #b pills1 night and morning4 ,as ,no4 #b4 #h4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,gum ammoniacum1 #d dr42 gum benzoin1 #c dr42 gum myrrh1 #b dr42 saffron1 #a dr42 anisated balsam of sulphur1 #a_/b dr42 syrup of tolu1 q4 s4 to mix4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 #i4 7,richter47 ,assaftida and valerian1 of each #a_/b dr42 castor1 #ae gr42 powdered squills and sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 of each #h gr42 extract of aconite 7alcoholic71 #c gr4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c pills1 night and morning2 in spasmodic affections of the respiratory organs4 ,pills1 ,perpetual4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,everlasting4 ,pills1 ,peter's4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aloes1 #c dr42 gamboge1 jalap1 and scammony1 of each #b dr4 7all in powder72 calomel1 #a dr42 beaten up with rectified spirit1 q4 s4 ,a powerful cathartic4----,dose1 #a to #c pills4 ,pills of ,phosphorus4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,phosphori4 ,prep4 ,phosphorus1 #b gr42 balsam of tolu1 #abj gr42 yellow wax1 #fj gr4 ,put the phosphorus and balsam into a wedgwood mortar half full of hot water1 and when the phosphorus has melted and the balsam become sufficiently soft1 rub them together beneath the surface of the water until no particles of phosphorus are visible1 the temperature of the water being maintained at or near #adj ,f4 ,add now the wax1 and as it softens mix it thoroughly with the other ingredients4 ,allow the mass to cool without being exposed to the air1 and keep it in a bottle immersed in cold water4 ,it may be softened with a few drops of rectified spirit when made into pills4----,dose1 #c to #f gr4 ,pills of ,piperine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,piperin1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from piperine1 #a_/b dr42 extract of cinchona1 q4 s4 ,for #cj pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 every two hours1 during the intermission of an ague2 also as an aphrodisiac and a remedy in piles4 ,pills of ,pitch4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,picis ,,nigr1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from black pitch and powdered black pepper1 equal parts2 beaten together in a warm mortar1 and divided into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b pills1 night and morning2 in piles1 c4 ,pills1 ,pitschaft's ,eccoprotic4 ,prep4 ,from strained aloes and disulphate of quinine1 equal parts2 made into #b-;gr4 pills4 ,a tonic and stomachic aperient4----,dose1 #b to #d1 at bedtime2 in torpor of the large intestines1 the dyspepsia of the debilitated1 c4 ,pills of ,podophyllin4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,podophyllini4 ,prep4 ,resin of podophyllin1 #a_/d gr4 ,extract of henbane4 ,to make one pill4 ,one or two for a dose4 ,pills of ,prussian ,blue4 7,jolly47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,percyanidi ,,composita4 ,prep4 ,prussian blue1 #ah gr12 sulphate of quinine1 #ab gr12 extract of opium1 #a gr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s4 ,mix1 and make into #ab pills2 #a every three hours1 in neuralgia4 ,pills1 ,plummer's4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,calomel 7,compound74 ,pills1 ,purgative4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,purgantes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,robinson47 ,aqueous extract of aloes1 #a dr42 powdered scammony1 #a_/b dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #aj or #ab gr42 oil of caraway1 #i or #aj drops2 mix1 and divide into #cj pills4 ,a warm1 stimulating aperient1 highly recommended to excite the peristaltic action of the bowels of the aged1 sedentary1 and debilitated4----,dose1 #a to #d pills1 as required4 #b4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,resin of jalap1 #a dr42 scammony1 #a_/b dr42 extract of colocynth1 #f gr42 excipient1 as required4 ,for #bj 7or1 better1 #bd7 pills4----,dose1 #a1 8every two hours1 in the morning1 fasting1 until they operate40 ,for other formulae see ,,pills1 ,,aperient and ,,cathartic1 and ,,pills ,,of ,,aloes1 ,,jalap1 ,,colocynth1 c4 ,pills of ,quinine4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,sulphate ,,of ,,quinine4 ,pills1 ,reece's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,chirayta4 ,pills1 ,renal4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,renales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,squills1 myrrh1 and digitalis1 of each 7in powder7 #aj gr42 extract of rhubarb and mercurial pill1 of each #ae gr42 powdered nitre1 #bj gr42 oil of juniper1 #aj or #ab drops4 ,for #bd pills4 ,alterative1 diuretic1 and tonic4----,dose1 #c to #f1 thrice a day4 ,hunter's ,renal ,purifying ,pills are similar1 but omitting the mercurial pill4 ,de ,roos' ,renal ,pills contain a preparation of copaiba4 ,pills1 ,rheumatism4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antirheumatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gum guaiacum1 #a dr42 nitrate of potassia1 #a-a_/b dr4 7both in powder72 soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #a_/b dr42 oil of cajeput1 #af drops4 ,for #d dozen pills4----,dose1 #b to #f1 night and morning2 in chronic rheumatism1 and rheumatic gout4 ,their action is accelerated by the copious use of lemon juice during the day4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,extract of artichoke1 #a_/b dr42 powdered sarsaparilla1 #bj gr42 oil of sassafras1 #a drop4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 thrice daily4 ,pills of ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,powdered rhubarb1 #i parts2 acetate of potassa1 #a part2 conserve of red roses1 #e parts2 mix1 and divide into #e-;gr4 pills4 ,a stomachic and gentle aperient1 particularly useful in atonic dyspepsia4----,dose1 #b to #d pills4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,powdered rhubarb1 #f dr2 ,castile soap1 #b dr42 beaten up with water1 q4 s41 and divide into #abj pills4 ,as the last4 ,pills of ,rhubarb 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,pills1 ,,balsamic ,,laxative ,p41 ,,edinburgh ,p41 ,,stomachic ,p42 ,,pilula ,,rhei ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,r4 ,,composit 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,p4 ,,stomachic1 ,p4 ,,aromatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered rhubarb1 #d dr42 powdered ,socotrine aloes1 #c dr42 powdered myrrh1 #b dr42 soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #a_/b dr42 oil of caraway1 #ae drops2 treacle1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,powdered rhubarb1 #a oz42 aloes1 #f dr42 myrrh1 #d dr42 ,castile soap1 #a dr42 oil of caraway1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,powdered rhubarb1 #ab parts2 aloes1 #i parts2 myrrh and ,castile soap1 of each #f parts2 conserve of red roses1 #e parts2 oil of peppermint1 #a part2 mix1 and divide into #e-;gr1 pills4 ,the oil of peppermint may be omitted1 when so preferred4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhubarb1 #a-a_/b oz42 hepatic aloes1 #i dr42 myrrh and ,castile soap1 of each in fine powder1 #f dr42 oil of peppermint1 #a fl4 dr42 treacle1 #b oz42 mix1 and beat the whole to a uniform mass4 #e4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,rhubarb1 #h dr42 aloes1 #f dr42 myrrh1 #d dr42 oil of peppermint1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #bdj pills4 #f4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhubarb1 in fine powder1 #c oz42 ,socotrine aloes1 in fine powder 7some physicians prefer the aqueous extract----,squire71 #b-a_/b oz42 myrrh1 in fine powder1 #a-a_/b oz42 hard soap1 #a-a_/b oz42 ,english oil of peppermint1 #a-a_/b dr42 treacle1 by weight1 #d oz42 reduce the soap to fine powder and triturate it with the rhubarb1 aloes1 and myrrh2 add the treacle and oil1 and beat into a mass4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,obs4 ,the above are tonic1 stomachic1 and gently laxative2 extremely useful for obviating costiveness and giving tone to the stomach and bowels4----,dose1 #f or #h to #bj gr4 ,the ,london pill is not only the most agreeable1 but it keeps the best4 ,pills of ,rhubarb and ,caraway4 ,see ,,kitchener',s ,,peristaltic ,,persuaders 7,patent medicines74 ,pills of ,rhubarb and ,chamomile4 ,syn4 ,,speediman',s ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,anthemidis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from aloes1 myrrh1 rhubarb 7each in powder71 and extract of chamomile1 of each #a dr42 essential oil of chamomile1 #aj or #ab drops4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4 ,an excellent tonic and stomachic aperient1 particularly useful in the dyspepsia and loss of appetite of hard drinkers4----,dose1 #a to #c pills1 either before dinner or at bedtime4 ,pills of ,rhubarb and ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,copaib1 ,p4 ,r4 ,,balsamic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,powdered rhubarb and gum1 equal parts2 balsam of copaiba1 q4 s4 ,pills of ,rhubarb and ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,stomach ,,pills2 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from powdered rhubarb1 #a dr42 powdered ginger1 #a_/b dr42 ,castile soap1 #bj gr42 tincture or essence of ginger1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #cj pills4----,dose1 #a to #f4 ,pills of ,rhubarb and ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from rhubarb1 #a_/b dr42 ipecacuanha1 #ae gr42 opium1 #e gr4 7each in powder72 oil of cinnamon1 #f drops2 syrup1 q4 s4 ,for #ah pills4----,dose4 ,in loss of appetite and spasmodic dyspepsia1 #a to #c pills1 twice a day2 in dysentery1 diarrha1 c41 to relieve tormina and tenesmus1 #a every two hours4 ,pills of ,rhubarb and ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,ferri 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dried sulphate of iron1 #d parts2 extract of rhubarb1 #aj parts2 conserve of red roses1 #e parts2 beat them to a proper mass1 and divide this into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #d pills2 in the atonic dyspepsia of debilitated subjects1 in chlorosis1 c4 ,pills of ,rhubarb and ,ox-gall4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,fellis ,,bovini1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from powdered rhubarb1 gum ammoniacum1 and inspissated ox-gall1 equal parts2 beaten up with a little tincture of ginger or proof spirit1 and the mass divided into #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,in dyspepsia and constipation dependent on a torpid action of the liver4----,dose1 #b to #f pills4 ,pills of ,rhubarb and ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,rhei ,,et ,,sod1 ,p4 ,r4 ,,comp4 ,,cum ,,sod1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,dried carbonate of soda1 powdered rhubarb1 and extract of gentian1 equal parts4 ,for #d-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #d pills2 in acidity1 heartburn1 diarrha1 loss of appetite1 c4 ,pills1 ,richter's4 ,see ,,pectoral ,,pills4 ,pills1 ,dr ,robinson's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,purgative4 ,pills1 ,rudius's4 ,syn4 ,,rudius',s ,,extract2 ,,pilul ,,rudii1 ,,extractum ,,rudii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,colocynth pulp1 #f dr42 agaric1 black hellebore1 and turpethum root1 of each #d dr42 cinnamon1 mace1 and cloves1 of each #dj gr42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 digest for #d days1 express the tincture1 and evaporate it to a proper consistence for making pills4 ,formerly esteemed one of the most safe and certain cathartics in troublesome constipation4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #aghc47 ,black hellebore and colocynth1 of each #b oz42 water1 #d pints 7o4 w4 m472 boil to a quart1 strain1 evaporate to the consistence of honey1 and add1 of aloes1 #b oz42 scammony 7powdered71 #a oz42 next remove the vessel from the fire1 and further add of sulphate of potassa1 #b dr42 oil of cloves1 #a dr42 and form the whole into a pill-mass4 ,resembles the last 7nearly74 ,pills1 ,rufus's4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,aloes ,,with ,,myrrh4 ,pills of ,sabadilla4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cevadill4 ,prep4 ,equal parts of sabadilla and honey2 make into #e-;gr4 pills4----,dose4 ,for an adult1 #d to #f pills2 for a child1 #a to #b4 ,vermifuge4 ,pills of ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,croci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from hay saffron1 #a dr42 myrrh1 #a_/b dr42 oil of cajeput1 #f drops2 syrup of saffron1 q4 s4 ,for #cf pills4----,dose1 #a to #c or #d1 occasionally2 as a stimulant in low spirits1 hypochondriasis1 c4 #b4 7,phbus47 ,saffron1 myrrh1 and sulphur1 equal parts2 inspissated bile1 q4 s4 ,for #b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #ab daily2 as an emmenagogue4 ,pills of ,sagapenum 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,sagapeni ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,sagapenum1 #a oz42 aloes1 #a_/b dr42 syrup of ginger1 q4 s4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr42 as a stimulant antispasmodic laxative1 in dyspepsia with flatulence1 flatulent colic1 c4 ,pills of ,salicin4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,salicin1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from salicin1 #a_/b dr42 powdered rhubarb1 #bj gr42 extract of gentian1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 every three hours1 during the apyrexia of intermittents4 ,pills of ,sandal ,wood ,oil4 7,ebert47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,olei ,,santali4 ,prep4 ,oil of yellow sandal wood1 #a_/b oz42 yellow wax1 #a_/b oz4 ,melt the wax into a capsule1 and weigh into it the oil of sandal wood4 ,mix1 and stir until cold1 then roll out the mass and divide it into #hj pills1 by means of the pill machine or pill-tite1 in the same manner as in the ordinary mass1 and sprinkle with marshmallow root powder4 ,each pill contains about #c gr4 or about #e drops of the oil4 ,the excipient is unobjectionable1 as it is readily soluble in the juices of the stomach4 ,pills of ,scammony 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,scammonii ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,scammony1 #bd gr42 ginger1 #bj gr42 aloes and gamboge1 of each #ab gr42 treacle1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #ab pills4 ,a powerful cathartic and vermifuge4----,dose1 #a to #c pills4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,resin of scammony1 resin of jalap1 of each #a oz42 curd soap1 in powder1 #a oz42 strong tincture of ginger1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz4 ,add the tincture and spirit to the soap and resins1 and dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat1 then evaporate the spirit over a water-bath until the mass has a pilular consistence4----,dose1 #e gr4 to #ae gr4 ,pills1 ,scot's4 ,prep4 ,from aloes1 #i lbs42 jalap1 #c lbs42 gamboge and ginger1 of each #a_/b lb42 beaten with treacle1 q4 s4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,anderson',s ,,scot',s4 ,pills1 ,dr ,scott's ,bilious and ,liver4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,compound extract of colocynth 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #h oz42 powdered rhubarb1 #d oz42 powdered myrrh1 #b oz42 soft soap1 #a_/b oz42 oil of caraway1 #b-a_/b dr42 strong syrup of saffron1 q4 s4 to form a pill-mass4 8,there are twenty-five #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills in each #as4 #a-a_/b;d4 box40 8,it has been stated that these pills contain a minute portion of antimony40 7#8,anat4 of ,quackery4'7 ,pills1 ,sedative4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,sedativ1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #f gr42 powdered sumbul1 #bj gr42 alcoholic extract of ,indian hemp1 #a_/b dr4 ,for #b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 twice or thrice daily2 in excessive nervous irritability1 painful menstruation1 c4 #b4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 reduce it to powder by means of rectified spirit1 #c or #d drops2 add of extract of henbane1 #bj gr41 and divide the mass into #bj pills4 ,to allay pain and excitement1 c4----,dose1 #a to #b pills4 #c4 ,to either of the above1 add of powdered rhubarb and extract of gentian1 of each #bj gr41 and divide the mass into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #d pills2 when1 besides the other symptoms1 the stomach and bowels are disordered4 ,pills1 ,sedillot's ,febrifuge4 ,prep4 ,from powdered opium1 #c gr42 sulphate of quinine1 #ab gr42 confection of opium1 #aj gr41 or q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 every second hour1 during the intermission of an ague4 ,pills of ,senna4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,senn1 ,p4 ,s4 ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered senna1 #a dr42 extract of rhubarb1 #a_/b dr42 powdered capsicum1 #d gr42 oil of juniper1 #f or #h drops4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4 ,an aperient well suited for females4----,dose1 #e to #h pills4 #b4 7,hufeland47 ,powdered senna1 #a dr42 extract of dandelion1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #cj pills4 ,as the last4 ,pills1 ,smith's4 ,prep4 ,from powdered aloes1 #d dr42 jalap1 #b dr42 ginger and soft soap1 of each #a dr42 oil of juniper1 #a_/b dr42 emetic tartar1 #f gr4 ,for #abj pills4 ,laxative and diuretic4----,dose1 #a to #d1 at bedtime1 or early in the morning4 ,pills1 ,dr ,hugh ,smith's4 ,see ,,stomach ,,pills4 ,pills of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,saponis1 ,p4 ,,cum ,,sapone1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,white ,castile soap1 #cb parts2 powdered marshmallow root1 #d parts2 powdered nitrate of potassa1 #a part2 beat them to a mass1 and divide this into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,in habitual costiveness1 calculary affections1 c4----,dose1 #a to #f pills1 twice or thrice a day4 ,pills of ,soap 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pills ,,of ,,soap ,,and ,,opium1 ,,laudanum ,,pills2 ,,pilula ,,saponis ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,,saponis ,,cum ,,opio1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,opium and liquorice1 of each 7in powder7 #b dr42 soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #f dr42 beat them to a uniform mass4 #b4 7,b4 ,p4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,opium 7in fine powder71 #a_/b oz42 ,castile soap1 #b oz42 distilled water1 #a_/b fl4 dr41 or q4 s42 reduce the soap to powder1 mix it with the other ingredients1 and beat the whole together1 as before4----,dose1 #c gr4 to #e gr4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,opium4 ,obs4 ,the above pills contain #a-eth part of their weight in dry opium4 ,the dose is #c to #aj gr41 in the usual cases in which the administration of opium is indicated4 ,mr ,skey1 the eminent surgeon of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital1 has shown the great value of this pill in promoting the healing of obstinate ulcers1 more especially those of the legs4 ,pills of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,sod ,,carbonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,exsiccated carbonate of soda1 #d parts2 ,castile soap1 #c parts2 syrup1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,antacid and slightly laxative4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,this pill was a great favourite of the once celebrated ,dr ,beddoes4 ,pills1 ,soot4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,fuliginis4 ,prep4 ,extract of soot1 #a_/b dr42 compound galbanum pill1 #a scruple2 oil of valerian1 #ae minims4 ,make into #ab pills4 ,take #b three times a day4 ,for hysteria4 ,pills1 ,speediman's4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aloes1 #c dr42 rhubarb1 myrrh 7all in powder71 and extract of chamomile1 of each #a dr42 oil of chamomile1 #bj drops4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4 ,an excellent aperient1 tonic1 and stomachic4----,dose1 #b to #d pills1 as a purgative2 #a1 as a stomachic or dinner pill4 ,pills1 ,splenetic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antisplenetic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,saunders47 ,strained aloes and gum ammoniacum1 of each #c dr42 myrrh and bryony1 of each #a_/b dr4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #c to #e1 8,extolled in amenorrha and hypochondriasis40 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,pills of ,squill 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,cough ,,pills1 ,,pills ,,of ,,squills ,,and ,,ginger2 ,,pilula ,,scill ,,composit 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,,scill ,,composit 7,ph4 ,d471 ,p4 ,,scill 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,freshly powdered squills1 #a dr42 powdered ginger and powdered ammoniacum1 of each #b dr42 mix1 add of soft soap 7,ph4 ,l471 #c dr42 treacle1 #a dr42 and beat the whole together1 so that a mass may be formed4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,squills1 #e parts2 ammoniacum1 ginger 7all in fine powder71 and ,spanish soap1 of each #d parts2 conserve of red roses1 #b parts2 mix1 as before1 and divide the mass into #e-;gr4 pills4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,squills 7in fine powder71 #b-a_/b dr42 ammoniacum1 ginger1 and ,castile soap1 of each 7in fine powder7 #b dr42 treacle1 #a_/b oz4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,squill 7in fine powder71 #a-a_/d2 ginger 7in fine powder71 #a2 ammoniacum 7in powder71 #a2 hard soap 7in powder71 #a2 treacle 7by weight71 #b1 or a sufficiency2 mix the powders1 add the treacle1 and beat into a mass4----,dose1 #e to #aj grains4 ,obs4 ,compound squill pill is a most useful expectorant in chronic coughs1 asthmas1 bronchial affections1 difficulty of breathing1 c42 and1 combined with calomel and foxglove1 and1 occasionally1 with croton oil1 as a diuretic1 c41 in dropsies4 ,unfortunately1 however1 it soon spoils2 and1 therefore1 to be effective as a remedy1 it must be recently prepared4 ,as an expectorant1 it should not be administered until the inflammatory symptoms have been subdued by purgatives or bleeding4 ,a little powdered opium1 or extract of henbane1 is occasionally added1 to allay irritation4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr41 twice or thrice a day1 accompanied by an occasional aperient4 ,pills1 ,stahl's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,aperient4 ,pills1 ,starkey's4 ,prep4 7,original formula47 ,extract of opium1 #d oz42 mineral benzoar and nutmeg1 of each #b oz42 saffron and ,virginian snake-root1 of each #a oz42 ,starkey's soap1 #a_/b lb42 oil of sassafras1 #a_/b oz42 tincture of antimony 7,old ,ph471 #b fl4 oz4 ,anodyne1 diaphoretic1 c4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 ,the formula already given under ,,matthew',s ,,pills is erroneously assigned to this pill by some writers4 ,pills1 ,mrs4 ,stephen's4 ,this once celebrated remedy for stone was prepared from the calcined shells of eggs and snails1 made into #c-;gr4 pills with soft soap4 ,its active ingredients were1 consequently1 lime and potash4 ,pills1 ,stimulant4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,stimulantes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,capsicum1 #a_/b dr42 nitrate of silver1 #b gr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 ,for #ab pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 washed down with a spoonful of warm spirit and water1 and repeated hourly until reaction ensues2 in cholera1 c4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,strychnine1 #a gr42 acetic acid1 #a drop2 crum of bread1 #bj gr42 mix very carefully1 and divide the mass into #aj pills4----,dose1 #a every six hours2 in paralysis arising from lead4 ,pills1 ,stoerck's4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,conii1 ,p4 ,,cicut1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from extract of hemlock1 #a dr42 powdered hemlock1 q4 s4 to make a mass4 ,for #b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #d1 twice a day2 in various glandular and visceral enlargements1 pulmonary affections1 cancer1 scrofula1 neuralgia1 c4 ,pills1 ,stomach4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,stomachic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ipecacuanha1 #aj gr42 sumbul and extract of rhubarb1 of each #cj gr42 powdered quassia1 #bj gr42 oil of sassafras1 #f drops2 beaten up with essence of ginger 7strongest71 q4 s4 ,for #c-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #c1 thrice daily2 in loss of appetite1 flatulence1 dyspepsia1 c4 #b4 7,dr ,hugh ,smith's47 ,from aloes1 rhubarb1 ginger 7all powdered71 and sagapenum1 of each #a dr42 oils of peppermint and cloves1 of each #aj drops2 balsam of ,peru1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #e-;gr4 pills----,dose1 #b or #c nightly2 or #a to #b before dinner4 ,for other formul1 see ,,dinner1 ,,aperient1 ,,compound ,,rhubarb1 ,,aloes ,,and ,,mastic ,,pills1 c4 ,pills of ,storax 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,storax ,,pills2 ,,pilula ,,styracis ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pilul ,,styracis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prepared storax1 #f dr42 saffron and powdered opium1 of each #b dr4 beat them together to a uniform mass4 ,contains #a-eth of its weight of opium4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,opium and saffron1 of each #a part2 extract of styrax1 #b parts2 beat them to a uniform mass1 and divide this into #d-;gr4 pills4 ,contains #a_/dth part of opium4 ,obs4 ,the storax is here chiefly employed to disguise the odour and taste of opium4 ,the name of the preparation has been chosen so that the word #8opium' may not appear in the prescription1 a point highly necessary with certain patients4----,dose1 #c to #aj gr42 as compound soap pill1 and as an anodyne and expectorant in chronic coughs1 c4 ,pills of ,stramonium4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,stramonii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,stramonium seeds 7in powder71 #ab gr4 7or leaves1 #be gr472 powdered camphor and extract of seneka root1 of each #a dr42 powdered savine1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil of cajeput1 #ae drops4 ,for #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #d1 thrice daily2 in rheumatism1 c4 #b4 7,sir ,h4 ,halford47 ,extract of stramonium and liquorice powder1 of each #a dr42 powdered ,castile soap1 #b dr42 mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #fj pills4----,dose1 #a night and morning2 in asthmas1 c4 ,pills of ,strychnine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,strychni1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,strychnine1 #b gr42 conserve of hips1 #cf gr4 7liquorice powder1 q4 s472 mix very carefully1 divide the mass into #bd pills1 and silver them4----,dose1 #a pill night and morning2 in amaurosis1 impotence1 paralysis1 c4 ,pills of ,sulphate of ,copper4 7,brande47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,cupri ,,sulphatis4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of copper1 #c gr42 bread crum1 #a dr4 ,mix1 for #bd pills2 #a1 three or four times a day4 ,pills of ,sulphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,sulphatis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dried sulphate of iron and conserve of red roses1 of each #b parts2 extract of dandelion1 #e parts4 ,for #e-;gr4 pills4 ,a useful chalybeate tonic4 ,dose1 #a to #b1 twice or thrice daily2 in dyspepsia1 chlorosis1 amenorrha1 c4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,sulphate of iron 7dried71 #a oz42 extract of chamomile1 #a-a_/b oz42 oil of peppermint1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,as the last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,as ,no4 #a1 but substituting extract of gentian for extract of dandelion4 ,for other formul1 see ,,pills1 ,,hooper',s ,,female1 c4 ,pills of ,sulphate of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,quini ,,sulphatis1 ,p4 ,q4 ,,disulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #bj gr42 extract of gentian1 #dj gr4 ,for #bj pills4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,sulphate of quinine1 #b dr42 powdered gum1 #a_/b dr42 strained honey1 q4 s4 ,for #abj pills4 ,each pill contains #a gr4 of the sulphate or disulphate of quinine4----,dose1 #a or #b twice a day1 as a tonic and stomachic2 #f to #ab1 every two or three hours during the remissions of agues4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix #fj gr4 of sulphate of quinine1 and #bj gr4 of confection of hips to a uniform mass4----,dose1 #b gr4 to #aj gr4 ,obs4 ,various additions are often made to the above formul1 according to the indications1 by which numerous other useful pills are produced4 ,thus1 potassio-tartrate of antimony is frequently added in obstinate intermittents2 iodide of potassium1 in scrofulous affections2 foxglove1 in the hectic fever of phthisis2 bitter tonics and aromatics1 in dyspepsia1 flatulence1 c42 carbonate of soda or magnesia1 in acidity and heartburn2 calomel1 mercurial pill1 in bilious affections2 rhubarb and aloes1 in bowelly affections2 sulphate of iron and other chalybeates1 in debility1 amenorrha1 and chlorosis2 calomel1 as an alterative1 c41 c4 ,pills of ,sulphate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,zinci ,,suphatis1 ,p4 ,z4 ,s4 ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #ab gr42 extract of gentian1 #a_/b dr42 liquorice powder1 q4 s4 ,for #bj pills4 ,in dyspepsia1 epilepsy1 and various convulsive diseases4 #b4 7,dr ,paris47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #aj gr42 powdered myrrh1 #a-a_/b dr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s4 ,for #cj pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 twice or thrice daily2 in hooping-cough1 c4 ,pills of ,sulphuret of ,iron4 7,biett47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,ferri ,,sulphureti4 ,prep4 ,sulphuret of iron1 #a_/b dr42 marshmallow powder1 #aj gr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,make into #bj pills2 #a to #d pills daily1 in scrofulous eruptions4 ,pills1 ,syphilis4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,antisyphilitic1 ,l4 ,see the various pills of mercury1 gold1 c4 ,the pills of corrosive sublimate commonly pass under this name4 ,pills1 ,tangore4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,arsenical4 ,pills of ,tannic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,tannini1 ,p4 ,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tannic acid or tannin and powdered sugar1 of each #a_/b dr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a or #b pills1 thrice daily1 in diarrha2 or #b every three hours1 in internal hmorrhages1 spitting of blood1 c4 ,pills of ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tar1 #a dr42 powdered gentian1 #a_/b dr41 or q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4 ,stimulant1 diuretic1 and sudorific4----,dose1 #a to #d1 thrice a day2 in dropsies1 worms1 ichthyosis1 and several other skin diseases1 c4 ,pills of ,taraxacum4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,taraxaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract of dandelion1 #a dr42 powdered rhubarb1 q4 s42 divide into #c-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,in dyspepsia1 c41 complicated with congestion of the liver4 #b4 7,st ,marie47 ,extract of dandelion and ,castile soap1 equal parts2 liquid acetate of potassa1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4 ,as a diuretic in dropsy4 #c4 ,extract of dandelion1 #a dr42 mercurial pill1 #bj gr42 powdered digitalis1 #ae gr42 liquorice powder1 q4 s4 ,for #bd pills4----,dose1 #a1 afterwards increased to #b or #c2 in dropsy connected with liver disease4 ,pills1 ,thomson's ,stomach and ,liver4 ,prep4 ,from extract of dandelion1 #a dr42 scammony and rhubarb1 of each #ae gr4 ,for #ad pills4----,dose1 #b pills1 night and morning2 in hysteria1 hypochondriasis1 and chronic inflammation of the liver or kidneys4 ,pills of ,tobacco4 7,augustin47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,tabaci4 ,prep4 ,powder of tobacco1 #bd gr42 confection of roses1 q4 s4 ,mix1 and form #gb pills4----,dose1 #b to #d daily1 till nausea is produced4 ,in dropsy4 ,pills1 ,tonic4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,tonic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of iron1 ginger1 and myrrh 7all in powder71 equal parts2 conserve of roses1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a1 twice a day2 in debility1 chlorosis1 c4 #b4 ,powdered myrrh and sulphate of iron1 of each #a dr42 disulphate of quinine1 #a_/b dr41 powdered capsicum1 #ae gr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #fj pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 twice or thrice a day2 in debility1 dyspepsia1 ague1 c4 #c4 7,dr ,collier47 ,tartrate of iron and extract of gentian1 of each #a dr42 oil of cinnamon1 #b drops4 ,for #cj pills4----,dose1 #c to #f1 three or four times a day4 ,a good stomachic tonic4 #d4 7,dr ,collier47 ,oxide of zinc1 #a_/b dr4 7or sulphate of zinc1 #bj gr472 myrrh1 #b dr42 camphor1 #bj gr42 confection of hips1 to mix4 ,for #dj pills4----,dose1 #a or two pills1 three times a day2 in epilepsy1 chorea1 and other nervous disorders1 debility1 c4 #e4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,rhubarb and ginger1 of each #a_/b dr42 extract of chamomile1 #a dr42 divide into #cj pills4----,dose1 #b or #c1 twice a day2 in dyspepsia and chlorosis4 #f4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,sesquioxide of iron and extract of hemlock1 of each #a dr42 mix1 and divide into #bj pills4----,dose1 #a or #b1 twice a day2 in fluor albus1 scrofula1 c4 ,several other formul for tonic pills will be found under the names of the leading ingredients1 c4 7,see above47 ,pills of ,turpentine4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,terebinthin4 ,prep4 ,venice turpentine1 #a-a_/b oz42 carbonate of magnesia1 #a oz4 ,make into #bjj pills4 ,pills of ,valerian 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,valerian ,,composit1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dupuytren47 ,powdered valerian1 #a_/b dr42 castor and white oxide of zinc1 of each #bj gr42 syrup1 q4 s42 to mix4 ,for #ah pills4----,dose1 #b or #c1 thrice daily2 in hysteria1 hypochondriasis1 chlorosis1 hemicrania1 c4 ,pills of ,valerianate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,valerianas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from valerianate of zinc and powdered gum1 of each #ae gr42 conserve of hips1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,for #ah pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 twice daily2 in nervous headache1 neuralgia1 hysteria1 c4 ,pills1 ,vallet's4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,carbonate ,,of ,,iron4 ,pills1 ,vance's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,aperient4 ,pills of ,veratrine4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,veratrin1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,magendie47 ,veratrine1 #a_/b gr42 powdered gum ,arabic and syrup of gum1 of each q4 s4 to form #f pills4 7,see below47 #b4 7,turnbull47 ,veratrine1 #a gr42 extract of henbane and liquorice powder1 of each #ab gr42 mix1 and divide into #ab pills4----,dose1 #a pill1 every #c hours2 in dropsy1 epilepsy1 hysteria1 paralysis1 nervous palpitations1 c4 ,this should be prepared and used with great caution4 ,pills1 ,ward's ,red4 ,syn4 ,,ward',s ,,antimonial ,,pills4 ,prep4 ,from glass of antimony 7finely levigated71 #d oz42 dragon's blood1 #a oz42 mountain wine1 q4 s42 to form a mass4 ,for #a-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 ,emetic4 8,they are recommended in obstinate rheumatism affections1 in foulness of the stomach and bowels1 c4 ,their action is often of a very unpleasant character40 7#8,anat4 of ,quackery4'7 ,pills1 ,lady ,webster's4 ,see ,,pills1 ,,dinner4 ,pills1 ,whitehead's ,essence of ,mustard4 ,balsam of tolu1 with resin4 7,dr ,paris47 ,pills1 ,whytt's4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,aloes1 chloride of iron1 and extract of horehound1 of each #a_/b dr42 assaftida1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,for #b-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #b to #e1 thrice daily2 in leucorrha1 chlorosis1 hysteria1 c41 with constipation4 ,pills1 ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,pilul ,,anthelmintic1 ,p4 ,,vermifug1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,calomel1 #a oz42 sugar1 #a-a_/b oz42 mucilage1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #bdj pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 overnight1 followed by a strong dose of castor oil early the next morning4 #b4 ,gamboge1 #f gr42 calomel1 #e gr42 mucilage1 q4 s42 divide into #c pills4 ,for a morning's dose1 fasting4 #c4 ,extract of wormwood1 calomel1 and powdered scammony1 equal parts4 ,for #d-;gr4 pills4----,dose1 #a to #b1 as the last4 ,for ascarides1 and other small worms4 #d4 7,bresmer47 ,powdered aloes and tansy seed1 of each #a_/b dr42 oil of rue1 #i or #aj drops4 for #ab pills4----,dose1 #c to #f1 in the morning1 fasting1 and repeated in two or three hours4 #e4 7,phbus47 ,iron filings1 #a_/b dr42 assaftida1 #a-a_/b dr42 essential oil of tansy1 #aj or #ab drops2 extract of wormwood1 q4 s42 mix1 and divide into #hj pills4----,dose1 #f pills1 thrice daily4 #f4 7,peschier47 ,ethereal extract of male fern1 #cj drops2 extract of dandelion1 #a dr42 powdered rhizomes of male fern1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,for #cj pills4 ,in tapeworm4----,dose1 #f to #ae1 at bedtime2 the dose being repeated in the morning1 and then followed in an hour by a strong dose of castor oil4 ,pills1 ,wordsell's 7,kaye's74 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,powdered aloes1 gamboge1 and ginger1 equal parts2 together with a very small quantity of diaphoretic antimony1 beaten into a mass with either syrup or treacle1 and divided into #b-a_/b-;gr4 pills4 8,there are about #d-a_/b dozen pills in each #as4 #a-a_/b;d4 box40 8,the dose1 as given in the directions1 is from #b to #h pills 7or even #aj to #ab7 daily40 7#8,anat4 of ,quackery4'7 ,they frequently operate with great violence4 ,pills1 ,wyndham's 7,lee's74 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,aloes and gamboge1 of each 7in powder7 #c oz42 ,castile soap and extract of cow-parsnip1 of each #a oz42 nitre1 #a_/b oz4 ,for #e-;gr4 pills4 ,a powerful drastic cathartic4----,dose1 #a to #c pills4 ,pills of ,zinc4 ,see ,,pills ,,of ,,oxide1 ,,sulphate and ,,valerianate of ,,zinc1 c4 ,,pilocarpine4 ,prep4 ,exhaust the leaves or bark of ,jaborandi with #hj alcohol1 to which hydrochloric acid has been added in the proportion of #h grains per litre2 distil and evaporate to the consistence of an extract4 ,redissolve the extract with a small quantity of distilled water and filter2 treat with ammonia in slight excess1 and a large quantity of chloroform4 ,distil off the chloroform1 dissolve the residue in distilled water acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and filter4 ,treat afresh with chloroform and ammonia4 ,the chloroformic solution is then shaken with water1 to which hydrochloric acid is added1 drop by drop1 up to the quantity sufficient to saturate the pilocarpine4 ,the foreign matters remain in the chloroform1 and upon evaporation of the aqueous liquid the hydrochlorate is obtained1 well crystallised1 in long needles radiating from a common centre4 ,the hydrochlorate dissolved in distilled water1 and treated with ammonia and chloroform1 yields the pilocarpine upon evaporation of the chloroform solution4 ,pilocarpine appears under the form of a soft viscous substance2 it is slightly soluble in water and very soluble in alcohol1 ether and chloroform4 ,it presents all the chemical characters of an alkaloid1 and rotates the plane of polarized light strongly to the right4 7,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society47 ,,pima,,ric ,,acid4 ,a resin acid first obtained by ,laurent from the turpentine of ,pinus maritima 7,bordeaux turpentine71 by the action of hot alcohol4 ,,pimen,,to4 ,syn4 ,,allspice1 ,,clove ,,pepper1 ,,jamaica ,p41 ,,pimento ,,berries2 ,,pimenta 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,e471 ,,piper ,,caryophyllatum1 ,p4 ,,jamaicense1 ,p4 ,,odoratum1 ,,piment ,,bacc1 ,l4 8,the dried unripe berries of the allspice tree1 ,eugenia pimenta1 from the ,west ,indies0----,b4 ,p4 8,the immature fruit of ,eugenia pimenta 7,myrtus pimenta1 ,linn470----,ph4 ,l4 ,it possesses a mixed odour of cinnamon1 cloves1 and nutmegs1 which1 with its other properties1 it for the most yields to alcohol1 ether1 and water4 ,it is a stimulant and tonic1 and is much esteemed as an adjuvant in medicines prescribed in dyspepsia1 flatulence1 gout1 hysteria c42 and also to cover the taste of disagreeable medicines4----,dose1 #e to #cj gr41 bruised or in powder4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,oils 7,volatile71 ,,spirits1 and ,,waters4 ,,pim,,ples4 ,see ,,eruptions 7,papular74 ,,pinch,,beck4 ,a gold-like alloy of copper and zinc4 ,see ,,dutch ,,gold4 ,,pine ,,apple4 ,syn4 ,,ananas4 ,the fruit of ,ananassa sativa1 a plant of the natural order ,bromeliace4 ,it is astringent1 esculent1 and possesses a rich flavour and odour4 ,in ,europe it is chiefly used as a delicacy for the table2 but in tropical climates it is said to be valuable in renal diseases4 ,see ,,essence1 c4 ,,pi,,ney ,,tal,,low4 ,syn4 ,,piney ,,resin1 ,p4 ,,dammar4 ,an oleo-resinous substance obtained from the fruit of ,vateria indica1 a tree common in ,malabar1 by boiling it with water4 ,it is intermediate between fat and wax1 makes good soap and excellent candles4 ,it melts at #ih ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ibej to #ibfe4 ,,pi,,nic ,,acid4 ,the portion of common resin or colophony which is soluble in cold alcohol of sp4 gr4 #hcc4 ,,pink4 ,a well known shade of light red4 ,the name is also applied to several pigments1 consisting of whiting stained with liquid dyes4 ,see ,,red and ,,yellow ,,pigments1 c4 ,,pink ,,dye4 ,prep4 ,from washed safflower1 #b oz42 salt of tartar1 #a_/b oz42 cold water1 #a quart2 digest for #c hours1 express the liquor1 and strain it4 ,used as a cosmetic1 and to dye silk stockings1 c41 of a rose colour4 ,the colour is brought out by afterwards applying to1 or passing the articles through1 water soured with lemon juice4 ,see ,,saucers 7,pink74 ,,pip,,erin4 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,piperina1 ,,piperinum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alcoholic extract of black pepper is treated with a weak solution of caustic potassa 7#a to #ajj71 and the residuum1 after being washed with cold water1 is dissolved in alcohol2 the solution is next agitated with a little animal charcoal1 and the filtrate is allowed to evaporate spontaneously2 the product may be purified by the re-solution in alcohol and re-crystallisation4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless1 or only slightly yellow2 tasteless2 inodorous2 fusible2 and crystallisable2 insoluble in water2 freely soluble in strong spirit1 and in the acids2 very feebly basic2 a few definite compounds have1 however1 been obtained with difficulty2 reddened by oil of vitriol4 ,it has been much employed in ,italy and on the ,continent as a febrifuge4----,dose1 #b to #aj gr41 frequently repeated1 during the apyrexia of intermittents4 ,obs4 ,an assay for its piperin is the only certain method of testing the quality of either black or white pepper4 ,for this purpose a weighted quantity of the sample is reduced to powder1 and is exhausted with alcohol of the sp4 gr4 #hhc2 the mixed tinctures are then evaporated to an extract1 which is treated as above4 ,see ,,pepper4 ,,pipes4 7,in confectionery47 ,these are formed from any of the common lozenge-masses1 by rolling them into cylinders of about the thickness of a goose-quill4 ,they are frequently medicated4 ,,pipette4 ,a graduated glass instrument1 in frequent use in the chemical laboratory1 for conveying a measured quantity of fluid from one vessel to another4 ,the pipette mostly consists of a bulb1 from each end of which proceeds a straight1 slender hollow stem1 communicating with the bulb1 and varying in length with the capacity of the instrument4 ,thus constructed1 the lower end of the pipette can be dipped into a vessel with a narrow and long neck1 such as a flask1 containing a fluid1 the required volume of which can be removed from it4 ,the pipette varies in capacity from #a to #bjj cubic centimtres4 ,dr ,fresenius gives the following directions for its use3----8,to fill a pipette with the fluid which it is intended to transfer from one vessel to another1 the lower part of the instrument is dipped into the fluid1 and suction applied to the upper aperture1 either direct with the lips or through a caoutchouc tube until the fluid in the pipette stands a little above the required mark2 the upper1 somewhat narrowed1 ground orifice is then closed with the point of the index of the right hand1 which to that end had always better be moistened a little1 and holding the pipette in a perfectly vertical direction1 the excess of over the quantity required is made to drop out by lifting the finger a little4 ,when the fluid in the pipette has fallen to the required level1 the drops which may happen to adhere to the outside of the pipette are carefully wiped off1 and the contents of the tube are then fully transferred to the other vessel4 ,in this process it is found that the fluid does not run out completely1 but that a small portion of it remains adhering to the glass in the point of the pipette2 after a time1 as this becomes increased by other minute particles of fluid trickling down from the upper part of the tube1 a drop gathers at the lower orifice1 which may be allowed to fall from its own weight1 or may be made to drop off by a slight shake2 if1 after this1 the point of the pipette be laid against a moist portion of the inner side of the vessel1 another minute portion of fluid will trickle out2 and lastly1 another trifling droplet or so may be got out by blowing into the pipette through the upper orifice4 ,now1 supposing the operator follows no fixed rule in this respect1 letting the fluid1 for instance1 in one operation simply run out1 whilst in another operation he lets it drain afterwards1 and in a third blows off the last particles of it from the pipette1 it is evident that the respective quantities of fluid delivered in the several operations cannot be quite equal4 ,i prefer in all cases the second method1 viz4 to lay the point of the pipette whilst draining finally against a moist portion of the inner side of the vessel1 which ,i have always found to give the most accurate corresponding measurements40 ,,pista,,chio ,,nuts4 ,syn4 ,,pistacia ,,nuts2 ,,nuces ,,pistaci1 ,l4 ,the kernels of the fruit of ,piscatia vera 7,linn471 one of the turpentine trees4 ,they closely resemble almonds1 but are sweeter1 and form a green emulsion with water4 ,used in confectionery and perfumery1 and also as a dessert fruit4 ,,pitch4 ,syn4 ,,black ,,pitch1 ,,boiled ,p41 ,,stone ,p41 ,,wood ,p42 ,,pix 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pix ,,nigra1 ,l4 8,a dry bitumen prepared from liquid pitch40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the residuum from boiling tar in an open iron pot1 or in a still1 until the volatile and liquid portion is driven off4 ,the volatile products principally consist of crude pyroligneous acid and oil of tar4 ,pitch is chiefly employed in ship-building4 ,as a medicine1 it is stimulant and tonic1 and has been used internally in some skin diseases1 and in piles4 ,an ointment made of it is also extensively used in cutaneous affections of the scaly4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,pitch1 ,burgundy4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,pitch1 ,,burgundy ,,pine ,,resin2 ,,pix ,,burgundica 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,impure resin prepared from the turpentine of ,abies excelsa10 or ,norway spruce fir4 7,ph4 ,l47 8,a concrete resinous exudation1 probably1 in a great measure1 from ,abies excelsa40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,it is chiefly used in plasters4 ,obs4 ,the importation of this substance has for some years past been gradually lessening in amount1 in consequence of the substitution for it of a fictitious pitch1 made by melting common resin with linseed oil1 and colouring the mass with annotta or palm oil4 ,the physiological action of the two articles is1 however1 considerably different1 since ,burgundy pitch acts upon the skin as a powerful local irritant1 exciting a slight degree of inflammation1 and not unfrequently producing a pimply eruption and an exudation of purulent matter4 ,it is celebrated for its effects when employed as a plaster in all cases where warmth1 support1 and long adhesion to the skin1 are desirable2 and in the latter quality no substance equals it4 ,the fictitious ,burgundy pitch has similar properties1 but in an immensely less degree4 ,,prepared ,,burgundy ,,pitch 7,,pix ,,burgundica ,,pr,,parata----,ph4 ,l47 is ordered to be obtained in the same way as that adopted for strained ammoniacum4 ,this plan is1 however1 seldom1 if ever1 adopted in trade4 ,pitch1 ,burgundy 7,factitious74 ,syn4 ,,pix ,,burgundica ,,factitia1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by melting good yellow resin1 #a cwt41with linseed oil1 #a gall41 and palm oil 7bright71 q4 s4 to colour4 ,the mixture is allowed to cool considerably1 and is then pulled with the hands in the same way as lead plaster is treated2 after which it is placed in #8bladders' or #8stands' for sale4 ,obs4 ,the product of the above formula is the #8,burgundy pitch' of the shops4 ,the #8pulling' or #8working' destroys the translucency of the resin1 and imparts to it the peculiar semi-opacity of foreign ,burgundy pitch4 ,cold water is commonly employed to cool it down4 ,annotta is often substituted for palm oil as a colouring substance4 ,the addition of some of the #8droppings' or #8bottoms' of ,canada balsam1 ,chio turpentine1 oil of juniper1 c41 renders this article nearly equal to foreign pitch2 but in commerce this is never attempted1 the aim being only the production of a lively colour with moderate toughness4 ,a common melting-pan and fire 7if clean1 and carefully managed7 will succeed sufficiently1 but1 both for safety and convenience1 steam is preferable1 and on the large scale1 almost indispensable4 ,a good workman can pull and put into stands or casks about #e cwt4 daily2 or from #a-a_/b cwt4 to #c cwt4 in bladders1 the latter quantity depending on the size of the bladders4 7,see above47 ,pitch1 ,canada4 ,syn4 ,,hemlock ,,gum1 ,h4 ,,pitch4 ,similar to ,burgundy pitch2 but from the ,abies canadenses1 or hemlock spruce fir4 ,pitch1 ,jews'4 ,asphaltum4 ,pitch1 ,mineral4 ,indurated mineral bitumen4 ,see ,,asphaltum1 ,,bitumen1 c4 ,,pit,,coal4 ,syn4 ,,coal2 ,,houille1 ,fr42 ,,steinkohle1 ,ger4 ,this article has been truly described as the most valuable of all those mineral substances from which ,great ,britain derives its prosperity1 and the one which may be regarded as the main support of the whole system of ,british production4 ,it fuses the metals1 it produces the steam which sets our machinery in motion1 and1 in short1 it may be said to render all the resources of this country available for use4 ,the more important kinds of coal may be classified as follows3----#a4 ,lignite or brown coal 7see page #ifi74----b4 ,bituminous or caking coals4 ,the most widely diffused and valuable of ,english coals4 ,they are subdivided into3 a4 ,caking coal4 ,splinters on heating1 but the fragments then fuse together in a semi-pasty mass4 ,the chief sources of this valuable variety of coal are the ,newcastle and ,wigan districts1 b4 ,cherry coal or soft coal4 ,lustre very bright2 does not fuse1 ignites well and burns rapidly4 ,glasgow1 ,staffordshire1 ,derbyshire1 ,nottingham1 ,lancashire1 c4 c4 ,splint1 rough1 or hard coal4 ,black and glistening2 does not ignite readily1 but burns up to a clear hot fire4 ,it constitutes the bulk of the great coal fields of ,north and ,south ,staffordshire1 and occurs in the ,glasgow district1 in ,shropshire1 ,leicestershire1 ,warwickshire1 c4 d4 ,cannel or parrot coal4 ,dense and compact1 having a shelly fracture1 and taking a polish like jet4 ,splinters in the fire1 and burns clearly and brightly4 ,wigan and other parts of ,lancashire1 ,west ,glasgow1 c4 ,the curious deposit at ,bathgate1 near ,edinburgh1 commonly known as #8,boghead cannel coal1' or #8,torbanehill mineral1' differs considerably from the ordinary #8cannels1'----#c4 ,anthracite or stone-coal4 ,the densest1 hardest1 and most lustrous of all kinds of pitcoal4 ,burns with little flame or smoke1 but gives great heat4 ,south ,wales1 ,devonshire1 c4----#d4 ,steam coal4 ,approaches nearly to anthracite4 ,admirably adapted for steam-vessels4 ,south ,wales1 ,tyne district1 c4 ,the quality of coal may be ascertained by either directly testing its heating power or by chemical analysis4 ,in the investigations undertaken at the ,museum of ,economic ,geology1 under the directions of ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,beche1 and which furnished the materials for the celebrated #8,admiralty ,reports1' three different methods were adopted for this purpose4#aji ,these consisted in----the determination of the quantity of water which a given weight of the coal was capable of converting into steam1 the quantity of litharge which it was capable of reducing to the metallic state1 and1 lastly1 its ultimate analysis by combustion with oxide of copper4 ,see ,,organic ,,substances4 ,footnote #aji3 ,see ,watt's #8,dict4 of ,chemistry1' vol4 i1 page #ajcc4 ,the quantity of sulphur in coal is another matter of importance that may be determined by chemical analysis4 7,see ,,sulphur47 ,the presence of more than #a of sulphur renders coal unfit for the economical production of good light-gas1 and more than #b of sulphur renders it objectionable for use as domestic fuel4 ,in like manner1 coals containing mineral ingredients in excess are to be avoided1 not merely on account of the quantity of ashes left by them1 but for their tendency to vitrify upon the bars of the furnace1 and to produce what is technically called #8clinkers4' ,the presence of much silica or alumina1 and more particularly of any of the salts of lime1 in #8steam coal1' is1 on this account1 highly objectionable4 ,for some further information connected with this subject1 see ,,anthracite1 ,,chimneys1 ,,coke1 ,,fuel1 ,,gas1 ,,lignite1 ,,oils1 7,mineral71 ,,organic ,,substances1 c4 ,,plague4 7,,pestis74 8,a specific fever attended with bubo of the inguinal and other glands1 and occasionally with carbuncles40 ,such is the definition of plague given in the #8,nomenclature of ,diseases' 7published in #ahfi71 drawn up by a joint committee appointed by the ,college of ,physicians4 ,more detailed accounts of the disease1 described by other pathologists1 state that it attacks the patient with great suddeness1 or only after a few premonitory symptoms4 ,these are3----,shivering1 extreme prostration1 intense headache and giddiness1 excessive restlessness1 and an overwhelming sense of anxiety4 ,the patient's gait becomes uncertain1 and he staggers like a drunken man4 ,these symptoms are more or less accompanied by nausea1 bilious vomiting1 and frequently by bilious diarrha4 ,as the disease advances1 delirium very frequently sets in2 the nausea1 vomiting1 and diarrha increase in intensity1 the tongue becomes swollen and covered with a dark fur1 whilst the lips1 teeth1 and nostrils are coated with a dry fetid incrustation4 ,provided the attack does not terminate fatally1 in a very rapid manner1 these symptoms are accompanied by sharp pains 7increasing in intensity during the progress of the malady7 in the groin1 armpits1 and neck4 ,these pains in the above parts precede the appearance of the buboes1 and in many cases1 of the carbuncles1 which1 associated with the fever1 are so characteristic of plague4 ,these glandular swellings vary1 in different cases1 as to the time when they make their appearance4 ,sometimes they do so during the first day of the attack1 at others1 after two or three days----and in others1 again1 not until near the close of the disease4 ,with the buboes and carbuncles1 small red purplish spots 7petechi71 frequently appear on the body4 ,the carbuncle is by no means an invariable accompaniment of the disease4 ,dr ,russell1 out of #bgjj cases1 found only #dij in which it showed itself4 ,he states that when carbuncle develops itself1 it is distributed over the whole surface of the body with the exception of the scalp1 the palms of the hands1 and the soles of the feet4 8,the plague may be said to assume four degrees of severity3----#a4 ,slight fever1 without delirium or buboes4 #b4 ,fever1 delirium1 and buboes4 #c4 ,fever1 delirium1 or coma1 buboes1 carbuncles1 and petechi_/e4 #d4 ,congestive fever1 fatal on the first1 second1 or third day1 before the appearance of buboes4 ,the fever1 though usually continued1 may assume the intermittent or remittent type40#aaj ,footnote #aaj3 ,hooper's #8,vade ,mecum1' edited by ,messrs ,guy and ,harley4 ,there is considerable diversity of opinion as to the origin of plague4 ,by some pathologists it is maintained that it spreads solely by contagion2 by others the contagion theory is altogether repudiated1 and certain local and epidemic agencies are referred to as its source2 whilst others1 again1 adopt a medium view and1 whilst not denying its contagious origin1 hold that it may also be developed by endemic and epidemic causes4 ,it bears a great resemblance to typhus4 ,with the exception of the outbreak of plague at ,veltianka1 in ,astrakan1 in the beginning of the current year 7#ahgi71 the pestilence has not visited ,western ,europe during the present century an exemption which1 being so obviously due to the improved sanitary and hygienic conditions of the modern ,european cities and towns1 is a forcible illustration of how largely the power of curtailing the propagation and progress of the scourge is within the means of human control4 ,there can be little1 if any1 doubt that the same total absence of drainage1 and the very possible consequent contamination of drinking water1 added to the narrowness of the streets1 the overcrowded and badly ventilated state of the houses themselves1 and the dirty habits of the inmates1 which are also characteristic of those quarters of eastern cities and towns in which plague is always more or less occasionally prevalent1 obtained in the fourteenth1 fifteenth1 sixteenth1 and seventeenth centuries1 amongst ,european communities4 ,we learn1 on the authority of ,mr ,marshall 7who gets his figures from the weekly bills of mortality of the period71 that during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ,london was seldom free from the pestilence1 and that in several years1 not usually regarded by historians as plague epochs1 it annually slew from less than #ajjj to #djjj of the inhabitants4 ,between the years #aeic and #affe1 five severe outbreaks of the disease occurred in ,london1 and the number of deaths for the respective years were as follows3----#aeic1 #aa1ejc2 #afjc1 #cf1bfi2 #afbe1 #ce1dag2 #afcf1 #aj1djj2 #affe1 #fh1eif4 ,according to ,sir ,william ,petty1 the average mortality during these several attacks amounted to about a fifth of the population4 ,that insanitary surroundings and the spread of plague1 whilst sanitary ones and its decline1 follow each other like cause and effect1 may be emphasised by the statement of two facts3----#a4 ,the medical commissioner lately sent by the ,russian government to the seat of the late outbreak of the malady in ,astrakan1 discovered the people dirty in their habits1 living in noisome1 overcrowded houses1 and the atmosphere polluted with the smell of decaying fish1 added to which the village was most miserably drained4 #b4 ,ranken records that in ,rajpootana plague propagated by the filthy habits of the inhabitants was for some years almost entirely obliterated by the adoption of sanitary precautions4 ,it may here be noticed that the ,astrakan plague was associated with inflammation of the lungs1 a feature which led an eminent ,russian physician to adopt the opinion1 that the ,astrakan malady is the same as the ,indian plague1 which is believed to be the same disease which1 under the name of #8,the ,black ,death1' committed such appalling devastation in ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa1 in the fourteenth century4 ,in his #8,epidemics of the ,middle ,ages1'#aaa ,hecker has told of the ravages of this ruthless pestilence1 which made its appearance in ,europe in #acdh4 ,its devastations at ,florence have been very powerfully described by ,boccaccio in the introduction to his #8,decameron4' ,boccaccio was in ,naples at the time it was devastating ,italy1 therefore1 it is conjectured1 his graphic description must have been derived from hearsay and the reports of eyewitnesses4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,published by the ,sydenham ,society1 #ahdd4 ,in ,august of the same year it broke out at ,dorset1 from which county it soon reached ,devon and ,somerset1 and thence rapidly spread throughout ,england1 slaying its thousands in its progress4 ,in ,london alone it has been estimated that the mortality caused by it amounted to a hundred thousand4 ,hecker assumes that in ,europe its victims were twenty-five millions4 ,these however1 as well as the following figures1 must only be received as approximations to the correct numbers1 which1 owing to the absence of any contemporary bills of mortality1 cannot but be very imperfect3---- ,in ,florence there died of the black plague #fj1jjj ,in ,venice #ajj1jjj ,in ,marseilles1 in one month #af1jjj ,in ,sienna #gj1jjj ,in ,paris #ej1jjj ,in ,st ,denis #ad1jjj ,in ,avignon #fj1jjj ,in ,strasbourg #af1jjj ,in ,lbeck #i1jjj ,in ,basle #ad1jjj ,in ,erfurt at least #af1jjj ,in ,weimar #e1jjj ,in ,lemburg #b1ejj ,in ,london at least #ajj1jjj ,in ,norwich #ea1jjj ,to which may be added3---- ,franciscan ,friars in ,germany #abd1dcd ,minorites in ,italy #cj1jjj ,from the circumstance----illustrative of the religious and blind bigotry of this period----that the ,jews were brutally tortured1 massacred1 and burnt1 on suspicion of having poisoned the wells from which drinking water was drawn1 it may be inferred that the wells1 owing to the entire absence of drainage1 which led to their contamination by sewage matters1 contributed largely to the spread of the pestilence4 ,of the potency of the contagion disseminated by the #8,black ,death' ,hecker records3---- 8,every spot which the sick had touched1 their breath1 their clothes1 spread the contagion2 and in all other places the attendants and friends1 who were either blind to their danger1 or heroically despised it1 fell a sacrifice to their sympathy4 8,even the eyes of the patient were considered as sources of contagion1 which had the power of acting at a distance1 either on account of their unwonted lustre1 or the distortion which they always suffer in plague1 or in conformity with an ancient notion1 according to which the sight was considered as the bearer of a demoniacal excitement4 8,the pestilential death of the sick1 who expectorated blood1 caused a terrible contagion far and near1 for even the vicinity of those who had fallen ill of plague was certain death1 so that parents abandoned their infected children1 and all the ties of kindred were dissolved40 ,there is a striking similarity between the above description1 referring to the plague of #acdh1 and the following1 which is extracted from ,dr ,dppner's official medical report to the ,russian government on the plague which manifested itself at ,veltianka in ,astrakan as lately as ,january1 #ahgi4 ,dr ,dppner1 writes3---- 8,the necessary remedies were employed to combat the disease4 ,i prescribed especially salicylic acid1 muriatic acid1 quinine1 c41 but everything proved useless4 ,not a single patient recovered1 viz4 ,dr ,koch and six of his assistants died1 the priest of the ,stanitza1 the ,cossacks employed in burying the dead2 in a word1 all those who approached the persons attacked with the disease1 although furnished with the means of preservation used in like circumstances1 very few escaped the plague4#aab0 ,footnote #aab3 #8,lancet4' ,no case of plague has occurred in ,england for more than two centuries1 although in #agba it half depopulated ,marseilles1 and committed fearful ravages at ,moscow1 in #agga4 ,within the present century it has appeared in ,europe at the following places3----,at ,malta1 in #ahac2 at ,calabria1 in #ahaf2 at ,corfu1 in #ahah2 in ,silesia1 in #ahai2 and amongst the ,russian troops in ,bulgaria1 in #ahbd4 ,in ,malta between #djjj and #ejjj people fell victims to it4 ,it made its last appearance in ,england in #affe1 and was especially fatal in ,london1 where it carried off1 as we have already seen1 #fe1eif people4 ,because of the frightful mortality it occasioned1 this particular outbreak of the disease has been named by historians 8,the ,great ,plague of ,london40 ,rapidly spreading from ,westminster1 where it first manifested itself1 to the more closely built city1 its progress increased with the warm weather1 until during the sultry months of ,august and ,september it reached its height4 8,thus10 writes ,pepys in his diary1 ,august #cast1 #affe 8this month ends with great sadness upon the public through the greatness of the plague everywhere through the kingdom almost4 ,every day sadder and sadder news of its increase4 ,in the city died this week #gdif1 and of them #fajb of the plague4 ,but it is feared the true number of the dead this week is near #aj1jjj2 partly from the poor that cannot be taken notice of through the greatness of the number1 and partly through the ,quakers and others that will not have the bell ring for them40 ,the general aspect of the pestilence stricken city is thus described by ,pepys1 8,to the ,exchange1 where ,i have not been a great while4 ,but1 ,lord6 how sad a sight it is to see the streets empty of people and very few upon the #8,change4 ,jealous of every door that one sees shut up1 lest it should be plague2 and about us two shops in three1 if not generally more1 shut up40 ,the doors of a house infected with the plague were marked with a red cross1 and on them was written the words1 8,the ,lord have mercy upon us40 ,pepys tells of the fright he experienced when he came upon two houses of this description1 in ,drury-lane1 for the first time2 and as he adds that he was compelled to buy some roll tobacco to smell and to chew1 it may be concluded that this substance was at that time regarded as somewhat of a safeguard against the disease4 ,large carts called nightly at the infected habitations and collecting the bodies of any dead conveyed them to pits1 into which they were flung1 covered with quicklime4 ,this rude kind of burial became a necessity as the disease gained ground1 because the ordinary grave-yards were full to overflowing4 8,this is the first time10 writes ,pepys1 8since ,i have been in the church since ,i left ,london for the plague1 and it frightened me indeed to go through the church more than ,i thought it could have done1 to see so many graves lie so high upon the churchyards where people have been buried of the plague40 ,such was the fury of the pestilence1 and frequently so sudden were its attacks1 that wayfarers were often assailed with it in the streets1 and staggering like drunken men fell down into the road or pathways insensible or dead4 ,merchants in their counting-houses1 clergymen in the act of reading the burial service1 buyers and sellers in the market-place1 were similarly assailed by the malignant malady1 and it was no uncommon occurrence for the mourner at the grave of a relative or friend one day1 to be himself borne to his own tomb the next4 ,it is not improbable the infection may have been conveyed by the rapidly decaying and putrid corpse to large numbers of people1 owing to the custom that prevailed of crowds of mourners attending the obsequies4 ,pepys records how he saw in broad daylight two or three burials1 one at the very heels of another1 each followed by forty or fifty people4 ,furthermore1 he states that one day on his way to ,greenwich1 during the month of ,august in #affe1 he passed a coffin1 8with a dead body therein1 dead of the plague1 lying in an open close belonging to ,coombe ,farm40 ,if this exposure of plague-stricken corpses were at all general1 it will readily be perceived how greatly it must have aided the propagation of the pestilence4 ,another important agent in the diffusion of the plague must have been the infected clothing1 whether of the dead or of those who had been in near or close contiguity to them4 ,on this part of our subject ,dr ,guy1 remarks3----8,nor will this surprise us if we imagine the frantic and successful efforts that must have been made by the non-infected to escape1 and the temptation to servants and nurses to appropriate and remove the property of the dying and the dead4 ,indeed1 ,dr ,hodges accuses the nurses of strangling their patients1 and secretly conveying the pestilential taint from sores of the infected to those who were well2 and he justifies his accusations #8of these abandoned miscreants'----the ,gamps and ,prigs of the seventeenth century----by two instances2 the one1 of a nurse who1 #8as she was leaving the house of a family1 all dead1 loaded with her robberies1 fell down dead under her burden in the streets1' the other1 of a worthy citizen who1 being considered dying by his nurse1 was beforehand stripped by her1 but recovering again1 he came a second time into the world naked40 ,lastly1 in endeavouring to account for the great prevalence and excessively fatal character of this pestilence1 we must not leave out of consideration one important factor----viz4 fear4 ,we can easily conceive how powerfully the appalling incidents by which the plague was accompanied must have affected the imaginations of those who were in its midst1 and thus have stimulated the fear1 which1 acting by its depressing mental effect1 would predispose and prepare men and women for the reception of the contagion4 ,in #8,pepys' ,diary' we find a circumstance recorded corroborative of this4 ,a certain alderman1 stumbling at night over a dead body in the street1 when he reaches home tells his wife of his adventure1 and she is forthwith seized with the plague and dies of it4 ,furthermore1 the belief derived from knowledge of the deadly character of the disease1 operating upon the minds of those who were attacked by it1 would greatly diminish the chances of their recovery1 since they would most likely regard seizure and death as synonymous4 ,there is an old ,eastern fable which tells of a traveller journeying from an infected city1 and overtaking the plague1 who had not long left it4 ,the traveller accosts the plague and reproaches him for having slain thirty thousand people in the city4 8,you are in error there10 replied the plague1 8,i slew only ten thousand1 fear slew the rest40 ,tropical climates are never visited by plague4 ,in those countries which suffer from its ravages it prevails most during the hot months of the year1 and its virulence and spread appear to be commensurate with increase of temperature4 ,in northern climates it diminishes with the approach of cold weather4 ,in ,europe it has always been most fatal during the summer and autumn1 and in the great plague of ,london the greatest mortality prevailed during the months of ,august and ,september4 ,,plaice4 ,the ,platessa vulgaris1 a well-known flat fish1 common to both the ,english and ,dutch coasts4 ,its flesh is good1 and easy of digestion1 but more watery than that of the flounder4 ,,plantain4 ,the plantain1 which belongs to the nat4 ord4 ,musace1 and is a native of the ,east ,indies1 is cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world1 in many of which it constitutes the principal food of the inhabitants4 ,there are a great many varieties of the plantain1 in some of which the stem is #ae or #bj feet high1 whilst in others it does not exceed #f feet4 ,it is one of the largest of the herbaceous plants4 ,the fruit is sometimes eaten raw1 but is more generally boiled or roasted4 ,it contains both starch and sugar4 ,boiled and beaten in a mortar1 it forms the common food of the negroes in the ,west ,indies4 ,it also constitutes the chief food of the ,indians of ,north and ,south ,america4 ,humboldt has calculated that the food produce of the plantain is #dd times greater than that of the potato and #acc times that of wheat4 ,the banana is a species of plantain4 ,see ,,banana4 ,,plasma4 ,the liquor sanguinis4 ,a tenacious plastic liquid1 forming the coagulating portion of the blood1 and that in which the corpuscles float4 ,,plas,,ter4 7,in boiling1 c47 ,see ,,mortar4 ,plaster of ,paris4 ,calcined sulphate of lime4 ,see ,,alabaster1 ,,gypsum1 ,,lime1 c4 ,,plaster4 7,in pharmacy47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum1 ,l4 ,plasters 7emplastra7 are external applications that possess sufficient consistence not to adhere to the fingers when cold1 but which become soft and adhesive at the temperature of the human body4 ,plasters are chiefly composed of unctuous substances united to metallic oxides1 or to powders1 wax1 or resin4 ,they are usually formed1 whilst warm1 into #a_/b-lb4 rolls1 about #h or #i inches long1 and wrapped in paper4 ,when required for use1 a little is melted off the roll by means of a heated iron spatula1 and spread upon leather1 linen1 or silk4 ,the less adhesive plasters1 when spread1 are usually surrounded with a margin of resin plaster1 to cause them to adhere4 ,in the preparation of plasters the heat of a water bath1 or of steam1 should alone be employed4 ,on the large scale1 well-cleaned and polished copper or tinned copper pans1 surrounded with iron jackets1 supplied with high-pressure steam1 are used for this purpose4 ,the resins and gum resins that enter into their composition are previously purified by straining4 ,after the ingredients are mixed1 and the mass has acquired sufficient consistence by cooling1 portions of it are taken into the hands1 anointed with a little olive oil1 and well pulled or worked until it becomes solid enough to admit of being formed into rolls4 ,to promote the cooling of the plaster it is usual to plunge it into cold water1 and to expose it to the action of the fluid by working it about under the surface1 after which it is well pulled in the hands to remove the superfluous water2 but this process must not1 on any account1 be practised on compound plasters1 containing odorous substances1 or substances soluble in water4 ,these should be suffered to cool on an oiled marbled slab1 until sufficiently #8stiff' to be formed into rolls4 ,many plasters1 as those of lead and resin1 derive much of their whiteness and beauty from the treatment just referred to4 ,white plasters are not1 however1 always the best2 but they are those which are most admired1 and the most sought after in trade4 ,plasters are preserved by enveloping the rolls with paper1 to exclude the air as much as possible1 and by keeping them in a cool situation4 ,a few1 as those of belladonna and ammoniacum with mercury1 are commonly placed in pots4 ,when kept for any length of time1 they are all more or less apt to become hard and brittle1 and to lose their colour4 ,when this is the case1 they should be remelted by a gentle heat1 and sufficient oil added to the mass to restore it to a proper consistence4 ,the operation of spreading plasters for use requires skill and experience on the part of the operator4 ,various textures are employed for the purpose1 of which linen or cotton cloth1 or leather1 are those most generally employed4 ,silk and satin are used for #8court plaster4' ,the shape and size must be regulated by the part to which they are to be applied4 ,on the large scale plasters are spread by means of a #8spreading machine4' ,compound plasters are now much less frequently employed in medicine than formerly4 ,those principally in use are such as afford protection to sores and abraded surfaces1 and give support to the parts4 ,a few1 however1 which contain acrid1 stimulating1 and narcotic substances1 and operate as rubefacients1 blisters1 or anodynes1 are still retained in the ,pharmacopias4 ,plaster of ,aconite4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,aconiti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,curtis47 ,gently evaporate tincture of aconite to the consistence of a soft extract1 then spread a very small portion over the surface of a common adhesive plaster1 on either calico or leather4 ,mr ,curtis has strongly recommended this plaster in neuralgia4 ,a little of the alcoholic extract may be employed instead of that obtained fresh from the tincture4 ,plaster1 ,adherent4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,soap 7,compound74 ,plaster1 ,adhesive4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,resin1 ,,court ,p41 c4 ,plaster1 ,adhesive ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,adh,,sivum ,,calcareum4 ,prep4 ,soap of lime1 #bjj parts2 boiled turpentine1 #ajj parts2 suet1 #be parts4 ,plaster1 ,ammoniacal4 ,syn4 ,,dr ,,kirkland',s ,,volatile ,,plaster2 ,,emplastrum ,,ammoni1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,hydrochloratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of lead plaster1 #a oz42 white soap 7shaved fine71 #a_/b oz42 melt them together1 and1 when nearly cold1 add of sal ammoniac 7in fine powder71 #a dr4 ,stimulant and rubefacient4 ,dr ,paris1 who highly recommends it in pulmonary affections1 employs double the above proportion of sal ammoniac4 ,its efficacy depends on the gradual extrication of free ammonia by the decomposition of the sal ammoniac1 on which account it is proper to renew the application of it every #bd hours4 ,plaster of ,ammoniacum4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,ammoniaci 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,ammoniacum 7strained71 #e oz42 dilute acetic acid 7distilled vinegar71 #h fl4 oz4 7#i fl4 oz4----,ph4 ,e472 dissolve1 and1 frequently stirring1 evaporate by a gentle heat to a proper consistence4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,gum ammoniacum 7in coarse powder71 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat1 and evaporate1 as before4 ,obs4 ,this plaster is adhesive1 stimulant1 and resolvent1 and is employed in scrofulous and indolent tumours1 white swellings1 c4 ,in the ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf vinegar of squills was ordered instead of distilled vinegar4 ,plaster of ,ammoniacum with ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,ammoniaci ,,cum ,,cicut1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,gum ammoniacum1 #h oz42 vinegar of squills1 q4 s4 to dissolve2 hemlock juice1 #d oz42 gently evaporate1 as before4 ,in cancerous and other painful tumours4 ,a better plan is to add #a dr4 of extract of hemlock to #a-a_/d oz4 of strained ammoniacum 7previously reduced to a proper consistence with a little distilled vinegar71 melted by a very gentle heat4 ,plaster of ,ammoniacum with ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,ammoniaci ,,cum ,,hydrargyro 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,olive oil1 #a dr42 heat it in a mortar1 add of sulphur1 #h gr42 triturate2 further add of mercury1 #c oz42 again triturate1 and when the globules are extinguished1 add it to ammoniacum 7strained71 #a lb4 7#ab oz41 ,b4 ,p471 previously melted by a gentle heat1 and mix them well together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,from ammoniacum plaster1 #d oz42 mercurial plaster1 #h oz42 melted together by a gentle heat1 and then stirred constantly until nearly cold4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,take of mercury1 #ch oz42 prepared sevum1 #e oz42 triturate1 as last1 and add the mixture to strained ammoniacum1 #aj lbs41 previously sufficiently softened by a gentle heat4 ,possesses a fine blue colour1 and is quickly made4 ,obs4 ,this plaster cannot be rolled till considerably cooled1 and neither this nor the simple plaster must be put into water4 ,it is powerfully discutient1 and is applied to indurated glands1 indolent tumours1 c4 ,plaster1 ,anodyne4 ,,see ,,plaster1 ,,opium1 ,,plaster1 ,,belladonna1 c4 ,plaster1 ,antimonial4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,antimoniale1 ,e4 ,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,tartratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,by sprinkling tartar emetic1 in very fine powder1 on the surface of a spread ,burgundy pitch 7or common adhesive7 plaster4 ,it has been successfully applied to the nape of the neck1 in the scarlatina of children2 also the chest1 in phthisis2 and1 with the addition of a little opium1 in rheumatic affections of the joints4 ,plaster1 ,arnica4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,arnic4 ,prep4 ,alcoholic extract of arnica1 #a-a_/b oz42 resin plaster1 #c oz4 ,add the extract to the plaster previously melted over a water bath1 and mix it thoroughly4 ,plaster1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,stomach ,,plaster2 ,,emplastrum ,,aromaticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,strained frankincense 7thus71 #c oz42 beeswax1 #a_/b oz42 melt them together1 and1 when the mass has considerably heated1 add1 of powdered cinnamon1 #f dr42 oils of allspice and lemons1 of each #b dr4 ,stimulant2 applied over the stomach in dyspepsia1 spasms1 nausea1 flatulence1 c4 ,camphor1 #a dr41 is commonly added4 ,plaster of ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,antihysteric ,,plaster1 ,,antispasmodic ,p42 ,,emplastrum ,,assaf,,tid 7,ph4 ,e471 ,e4 ,,antihystericum1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from lead plaster and strained assaftida1 of each #b oz42 strained galbanum and beeswax1 of each #a oz42 melted together4 ,antispasmodic2 applied to the stomach or abdomen in spasms1 hysteria1 c42 and to the chest in hooping-cough4 ,plaster1 ,baynton's ,adhesive4 ,prep4 ,from yellow resin1 #a oz42 lead plaster1 #a lb42 melted together4 ,recommended for bad legs1 and other like sores4 ,plaster of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,belladonn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,soap plaster1 #c oz42 melt it by the heat of a water bath2 add of extract of belladonna 7deadly nightshade71 #c oz42 and keep constantly stirring the mixture until it acquires a proper consistence4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,resin plaster1 #c oz42 extract of belladonna1 #a-a_/b oz42 as the last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,resin plaster1 #b oz42 extract of belladonna1 #a oz4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extract of belladonna1 #c2 resin plaster1 #c2 rectified spirit1 #f2 rub the extract and spirit together in a mortar1 and when the insoluble matter has subsided1 decant the clear solution1 remove the spirit by distillation or evaporation1 and mix the alcoholic extract thus obtained with the resin plaster melted at the heat of a water bath1 continuing the heat until with constant stirring the plaster has acquired a suitable consistence4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a powerful anodyne and antispasmodic2 in neuralgia and rheumatic pains1 and as an application to painful tumours4 ,the plaster of the shops is usually deficient in extract4 ,the following formula is in common use in the wholesale trade3----,lead plaster and resin plaster1 of each #b-a_/b lbs42 extract of belladonna1 #a-c_/d lb4 ,this plaster must not be #8pulled' in water4 ,plaster1 ,berg's ,antirheumatic4 ,syn4 ,,gout ,,paper2 ,,emplastrum ,,antirheumaticum1 ,,charta ,,antirheumatica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by digesting euphorbium1 #b parts1 and cantharides1 #a part 7both in powder71 in rectified spirit1 #aj parts1 for eight days2 adding to the strained liquid1 black resin and ,venetian turpentine1 of each #d parts2 assisting the mixture by a gentle heat4 ,two or three coats of the product are successively spread over the surface of thin paper4 ,used in gout and rheumatism4 7#8,anat4 of ,quackery4'7 ,plaster1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,nigrum4 ,prep4 ,mr ,sharp's black plaster was formed by boiling together olive oil1 #ac oz42 wax1 #b-a_/b oz42 carbonate of lead1 #aj oz4 ,plaster1 ,black ,diachylon4 ,see ,,court ,,plaster4 ,plaster of ,black ,pitch4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,picis ,,nigr1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,wirtem47 ,black pitch1 black resin1 and beeswax1 of each #h parts2 suet1 #a part2 melted together4 ,rubefacient and stimulant4 ,plaster1 ,blistering4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,cantharides4 ,plaster1 ,bree's ,antiasthmatic4 ,prep4 ,from lead plaster1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a dr42 melted together1 and1 when somewhat cooled1 mixed with powdered camphor1 #b dr42 powdered opium1 #a dr41 and at once spread on leather4 ,plaster1 ,brown4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,fuscum1 ,l42 ,,onguent ,,de ,,la ,m,,re1 ,fr4 ,the butter1 lard1 oil1 suet1 and wax should be first melted together1 and the heat gradually increased until they begin to smoke2 the litharge is then to be sifted in1 and the stirring and heat continued until the mixture assumes a brown colour2 the pitch is next added1 and the whole stirred for some time longer4 ,plaster1 ,brown ,diachylon4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,galbanum4 ,plaster1 ,bryony4 7,boerhaave47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,bryoni4 ,prep4 ,strained galbanum1 #d oz42 wax plaster1 #i oz42 olive oil1 #a oz4 ,melt together and add powdered bryony root1 #b oz42 flowers of sulphur1 #a oz42 ,ethiops mineral1 #b dr42 stir till cold4 ,plaster of ,burgundy ,pitch4 ,syn4 ,,cephalic ,,plaster1 ,,breath ,p42 ,,emplastrum ,,picis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,e4 ,p4 ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,p4 ,,burgundic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prepared 7strained7 ,burgundy pitch1 #b lbs42 prepared frankincense 7thus71 #a lb42 yellow resin and beeswax1 of each #d oz42 melt them together1 then add1 olive oil and water1 of each #b fl4 oz42 expressed oil of nutmeg 7mace71 #a oz42 and1 constantly stirring1 evaporate to a proper consistence4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,burgundy pitch1 #a lb42 resin and beeswax1 of each #b oz42 olive oil and water1 of each #a fl4 oz42 oil of mace1 #a_/b oz42 as the last4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,burgundy pitch1 #bf2 common frankincense1 #ac2 resin1 #d-a_/b2 yellow wax1 #d-a_/b2 expressed oil of nutmegs1 #a2 olive oil1 #b2 water1 #b2 add the oil and the water to the other ingredients1 previously melted together2 stir1 and evaporate to a proper consistency4 ,uses1 c4 ,burgundy-pitch plaster is stimulant1 rubefacient1 and counter-irritant4 ,it is a common application to the chest in pulmonary affections1 to the joints in rheumatism1 and to the loins in lumbago4 ,spread on leather1 it forms a good warm plaster to wear on the chest during the winter4 8,when it produces a serous exudation1 it should be frequently renewed40 ,the ,,burgundy-,,pitch ,,plaster of the shops is commonly made as follows3----,factitious ,burgundy pitch 7bright coloured71 #db lbs42 palm oil 7bright71 #c_/d lb42 beeswax 7bright71 #e lbs42 melt1 and1 when nearly cold1 add1 of oil of mace1 #f oz42 oil of nutmeg1 #a oz4 ,plaster of ,burgundy ,pitch 7,irritating74 7,ph4 ,g47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,picis ,,irritans4 ,prep4 ,burgundy pitch1 #cb oz42 yellow wax1 #ab oz42 turpentine1 #ab oz42 euphorbium1 #c oz4 ,plaster1 ,califacient4 ,syn4 ,,warm ,,plaster2 ,,emplastrum ,,calefaciens 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 #a4 ,plaster of cantharides1 #a_/b lb4 7#a part72 ,burgundy pitch1 #e-a_/b lbs4 7#aa parts72 melt them together by a gentle heat1 and stir the mixture as it cools until it stiffens4 ,stimulant1 rubefacient1 and counter-irritant2 in a variety of affections4 ,in some persons1 when long applied1 it blisters or produces a running sore4 #b4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,cantharides in coarse powder1 #d oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 expressed oil of nutmeg1 #d oz42 yellow wax1 #d oz42 resin1 #d oz42 soap plaster1 #c-a_/d lbs42 resin plaster1 #b lbs4 ,infuse the cantharides in the boiling water for six hours2 squeeze strongly through calico1 and evaporate the expressed liquid by a water bath till reduced to one third4 ,then add the other ingredients and melt in a water bath1 stirring well till the whole is thoroughly mixed4 ,plaster1 ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,camphor4 ,camphor is best applied by sprinkling the powder on the warm surface of a spread adhesive or other plaster4 ,blisters are treated in this way to prevent strangury4 ,plaster1 ,cancer4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,anticancrosum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,wax plaster1 #a oz42 extract of hemlock1 #a dr42 levigated arsenious acid1 #a_/b dr4 #b4 7,richter47 ,extract of hemlock1 #a oz42 extract of henbane1 #a_/b oz42 powdered belladonna1 #a dr42 acetate of ammonia1 q4 s4 to form a plaster4 ,both the above must be used with great caution4 ,see ,,cancer1 c4 ,plaster of ,cantharides4 ,syn4 ,,blistering ,,plaster1 ,,vesicant ,p41 ,,plaster ,,of ,,spanish ,,flies2 ,,emplastrum ,,cantharidis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,e4 ,c4 ,,vesicator1 ,e4 ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yellow wax and suet1 of each #g-a_/b oz42 lard1 #f oz42 resin1 #c oz42 melt them together1 remove the vessel from the fire1 and1 a little before they concrete1 sprinkle in of cantharides 7in very fine powder71 #a lb4 7#ab oz4 ,b4 ,p471 and mix4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,cantharides1 beeswax1 resin1 and suet1 equal parts2 as the last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,spanish flies1 #f oz42 prepared lard1 resin1 and yellow wax1 of each #d oz42 proceed as before1 and 8stir the mixture constantly until the plaster is cool40 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,from beeswax and good lard1 of each #d lbs42 flies and yellow resin1 of each #f lbs42 suet1 #aj lbs4 ,a commonly used formula1 the product of which is1 however1 greatly inferior to that of the ,pharmacopia4 ,obs4 ,all the above are used to raise blisters4 ,the plaster is spread on white leather with a cold knife1 and is surrounded with a margin of resin plaster to make it adhere4 ,a piece of thin muslin or tissue paper is usually placed between the plaster and the skin to prevent absorption4 ,a little powdered camphor is sometimes sprinkled on the surface of the spread plaster1 to prevent strangury4 ,a better mode of obviating the action on the urinary organs is by the copious use of diluents4 ,this plaster should be rolled in starch powder1 and not with oil4 ,plaster of ,cantharides 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,cantharidis ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,venice turpentine1 #d-a_/b oz42 cantharides and ,burgundy pitch1 of each #c oz42 beeswax1 #a oz42 verdigris 7in fine powder71 #a_/b oz42 powdered mustard and black pepper1 of each #b dr42 mix at a heat under #bab ,fahr4 ,stronger than the last1 and quicker in its action2 but it causes more pain1 and is much more apt to occasion troublesome ulcerations4 ,used in gout1 spasms of the stomach1 c4 ,plaster1 ,capuchin4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,euphorbium4 ,plaster of ,carbonate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,plumbi ,,carbonatis1 ,e4 ,,ceruss1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,carbonate of lead1 #a lb42 olive oil and water1 of each #b lbs42 boil them together until they combine and form a plaster2 lastly1 remelt this with white wax1 #c-a_/b oz4 ,its properties resemble those of ordinary lead plaster4 ,an excellent emollient and defensive plaster4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,mahy',s4 ,plaster1 ,cephalic4 ,syn4 ,,labdanum ,,plaster2 ,,emplastrum ,,cephalicum1 ,e4 ,,labdani1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,labdanum1 #c oz42 frankincense 7thus71 #a oz42 melt1 and add to the mixture1 when nearly cold1 powdered cinnamon and expressed oil of mace1 of each #a_/b oz42 oil of mint1 #a dr4 ,applied to the forehead or temples1 in headache2 to the stomach1 in colds1 c4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,burgundy ,,pitch1 c4 ,plaster1 ,cheselden's ,sticking4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,plumbi ,,cum ,,pice1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from lead plaster1 #b lbs42 ,burgundy pitch 7genuine71 #a oz42 melted together4 ,plaster1 ,corn4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,ad ,,clavos1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,resin plaster1 #e parts2 melt1 stir in of sal ammoniac 7in fine powder71 #a part1 and at once spread it on linen or soft leather4 #b4 7,kennedy's47 ,from beeswax1 #a lb42 ,venice turpentine1 #e oz42 verdigris 7in fine powder71 #a-a_/b oz42 mixed by a gentle heat1 and spread on cloth4 ,it is cut into pieces1 and polished1 and of these #a dozen are put into each box4 #c4 7,le ,foret47 ,galbanum plaster1 #b oz42 melt by a very gentle heat2 add1 sal ammoniac and saffron1 of each #a_/b oz42 powdered camphor1 #b oz42 and1 when nearly cold stir in of liquor of ammonia1 #b oz4 ,applied1 spread on leather1 to the corn only1 as it will blister the thinner skin surrounding its base4 #d4 7,ph4 ,sax47 ,galbanum plaster1 #a oz42 pitch1 #a_/b oz42 lead plaster1 #b dr42 melt them together1 and add verdigris and sal ammoniac 7in fine powder71 of each #a dr4 ,for other formul1 see ,,plaster ,,of ,,verdigris 7below71 and ,,corns4 ,plaster1 ,court4 ,syn4 ,,sticking ,,plaster1 ,,isinglass ,p42 ,,emplastrum ,,ichthyocoll1 ,e4 ,,adhesivum ,,anglicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,isinglass1 #a part2 water1 #aj parts2 dissolve1 strain the solution1 and gradually add to it of tincture of benzoin1 #b parts2 apply this mixture1 gently warmed1 by means of a camel-hair brush1 to the surface of silk or sarcenet1 stretched on a frame1 and allow each coating to dry before applying the next one1 the application being repeated as often as necessary2 lastly1 give the prepared surface a coating of tincture of benzoin or tincture of balsam of ,peru4 ,some manufacturers apply this to the unprepared side of the plaster1 and others add to the tincture a few drops of essence of ambergris or essence of musk4 #b4 7,deschamps47 ,a piece of fine muslin1 linen1 or silk is fastened to a flat board1 and a thin coating of smooth1 strained flour paste is given to it2 over this1 when dry1 two coats of colourless gelatin1 made into size with water1 q4 s41 are applied warm4 ,said to be superior to the ordinary court plaster4 #c4 7,liston's47 ,soak isinglass1 #a oz41 in water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 until it becomes swollen and quite soft2 then add of proof spirit1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz41 and expose the mixture to the heat of hot water1 frequently stirring1 until the union is complete2 lastly1 apply four coats of the solution to the surface of oiled silk nailed to a board1 by means of a soft brush4 #d4 7,dr ,paris47 ,black silk or sarcenet is strained and brushed over #aj or #ab times with the following composition3----,gum benzoin1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #f oz42 dissolve4 ,in a separate vessel dissolve of isinglass1 #a oz41 in as little water as possible2 strain each solution1 mix them1 decant the clear portion1 and apply it warm4 ,when the last coating is quite dry1 a finishing coat is given with a solution of ,chio turpentine1 #d oz41 in tincture of benzoin1 #f oz4 ,obs4 ,the common #8,,court ,,plaster' of the shops is generally prepared without using spirit1 and with merely sufficient tincture of benzoin1 or other aromatic1 to give it an agreeable odour4 ,formerly1 black silk or sarcenet was exclusively employed as the basis of the plaster1 but at the present time checkered silk is also much in favour4 #8,,flesh-,,coloured ,,court ,,plaster' is likewise fashionable4 #8,,transparent ,,court ,,plaster' is prepared on oiled silk4 #8,,waterproof ,,court ,,plaster' is simply the common plaster which has received a thin coating of pale drying oil on its exposed surface4 ,the ,,finest ,,court ,,plaster of the ,west-end houses is now prepared on gold-beaters' skin 7or the prepared membrane of the ccum of the ox71 one side of which is coated with the isinglass solution1 as above1 and the other with pale drying oil or a solution of either gutta percha or caoutchouc in chloroform1 or in bisulphuret of carbon4 ,plaster of ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,crotonis1 ,e4 ,,olei ,,tiglii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bouchardat47 ,to lead plaster1 #d parts1 melted by a very gentle heat1 add of croton oil1 #a part4 ,a powerful counter-irritant2 it also generally acts powerfully on the bowels4 ,plaster of ,cumin4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,cumini 7,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,,cymini1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,burgundy pitch1 #c lbs42 beeswax1 #c oz42 melt1 add of cumin seed1 caraways1 and bay-berries1 of each 7in powder7 #c oz42 next add of olive oil and water of each #a-a_/b fl4 oz41 and evaporate to a proper consistence4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from yellow resin1 #g lbs42 beeswax and linseed oil1 of each #a_/b lb42 powdered cumin and caraway seeds1 of each #g oz42 mix4 ,obs4 ,this is a mere revival of the formula of the ,ph4 ,l4 #agbd4 ,in that of the ,ph4 ,l4 #aggh no water was ordered1 and the powders simply stirred into the melted mass shortly before it cools2 the common practice in all laboratories4 ,cumin plaster is carminative1 stimulant1 and discutient4 ,it is applied over the regions of the stomach and bowels in colic1 dyspepsia1 and flatulence1 and is also applied to indolent tumours4 ,it has long been a favourite remedy with the lower classes4 ,plaster1 ,delacroix's ,agglutinative4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,glutinans ,,sancti ,,andre ,a ,,cruce1 ,e4 ,,picis ,,cum ,,elemi1 ,l4 ,,empl,,tre ,d',,andr ,,de ,,la ,,croix1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from ,burgundy pitch1 #be parts2 gum elemi1 #f parts2 ,venice turpentine and oil of bays1 of each #c parts2 melted together1 and strained4 ,plaster1 ,diachylon4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,lead4 ,plaster1 ,diapalma4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,palm4 ,plaster of ,elemi4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,elemi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from wax plaster1 #c parts2 gum elemi1 #a part2 melted together by a gentle heat4 ,stimulant and discutient4 ,used for issues1 c4 ,plaster of ,euphorbium4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,euphorbii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,burgundy pitch plaster1 #h oz42 melt1 and add of euphorbium 7in powder71 #a dr4 #b4 7,,capuchin ,,plaster----,ph4 ,wirt47 ,burgundy pitch and beeswax1 of each #c oz42 ,venice turpentine1 #a oz42 melt them together1 add1 gum ammoniacum1 olibanum1 mastic1 and lapis calaminaris1 of each #a oz42 euphorbium1 pyrethrum1 and common salt1 of each 7in powder7 #b oz42 and stir until the mass concretes4 ,both of the above are stimulant1 rubefacient1 and counter-irritant4 ,plaster1 ,fayard's4 ,see ,,paper 7,gout74 ,plaster of ,flower of ,ointments4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,flos ,,unguentorum ,,dictum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from frankincense 7thus71 yellow resin1 suet1 and beeswax1 of each #a lb42 olibanum1 #a_/b lb42 ,venice turpentine1 #e oz42 gum myrrh1 #b oz42 white wine1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to a plaster1 adding1 before the mass cool1 of camphor1 #a_/b oz4 ,calorifacient and stimulant4 ,plaster of ,frankincense4 ,syn4 ,,strengthening ,,plaster2 ,,emplastrum ,,thuris1 ,e4 ,,roborans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,to lead plaster1 #b lbs41 melted by a gentle heat1 add of frankincense 7thus71 #a_/b lb41 dragon's blood 7in powder71 #c oz41 and stir well4 ,in muscular relaxations1 weak joints1 c4 ,mr ,redwood says that a 8better-looking plaster is produced by melting the frankincense and dragon's blood together1 and straining them through a cloth1 then mixing these with the lead plaster previously melted40 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,iron4 ,plaster of ,galbanum4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,galbanum ,,plaster1 ,,yellow ,,diachylon1 ,,gum ,,plaster1 ,,diachylon ,,with ,,the ,,gums1 ,,emplastrum ,,galbani 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,,gummosum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of strained galbanum1 #h oz42 common turpentine1 #a oz42 melt them together1 then add of prepared frankincense 7thus71 #c oz42 and next1 of lead plaster1 #c lbs41 previously melted over a slow fire4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,gum ammoniacum and galbanum1 of each #a_/b oz42 melt them together1 strain1 and add1 of litharge plaster1 #d oz42 beeswax1 #a_/b oz4 7both previously melted72 and mix the whole thoroughly4 ,these proportions are the same as those of the ,b4 ,p4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from lead plaster1 #db lbs42 yellow resin1 #ab lbs42 strained galbanum1 #c lbs42 strained assaftida1 #a oz4 ,obs4 ,galbanum plaster is stimulant and resolvent1 and is much used in indolent1 scrofulous1 and other tumours1 painful gouty and rheumatic joints1 in rickets1 c4 ,plaster1 ,gaulthier's4 ,prep4 7,guibourt47 ,palm plaster1 #ab parts2 olive oil and white wax1 of each #a part2 melt1 and add of ,venice turpentine1 #b parts4 ,more adhesive than the simple ,,palm ,,plaster4 ,plaster of ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,see ,,ginger4 ,plaster1 ,gout4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,antarthriticum1 ,l4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,galbanum1 ,,pitch1 c42 ,,paper1 ,,gout4 ,plaster of ,gum4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,galbanum4 ,plaster of ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,conii1 ,e4 ,,cicut1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,wax1 #a part2 ,burgundy pitch1 #i parts2 melt them together1 and add of extract of hemlock1 #c parts4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bat47 ,lead plaster and beeswax1 of each #a lb42 olive oil1 #f fl4 oz42 melt1 and add of powdered hemlock 7recent71 #a lb4 ,obs4 ,hemlock plaster is occasionally used as an application to painful and malignant ulcers and tumours1 painful joints1 c4 ,a spread plaster of it1 with #f or #h gr4 of tartar emetic 7in very fine powder7 sprinkled over its surface1 has been highly extolled as a counter-irritant in hooping-cough1 phthisis1 c4 ,plaster of ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as the last1 but using henbane instead of hemlock4 ,as an anodyne1 in various external affections4 ,plaster of ,iodide of ,lead4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,plumbi ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 ,add iodide of lead in fine powder1 #a oz42 to soap plaster and resin plaster1 of each #d oz41 previously melted together4 ,mix thoroughly4 ,plaster of ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,potassii ,,iodidi 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #b fl4 dr42 triturate them together1 then add1 of strained frankincense 7thus71 #f oz42 wax1 #f dr42 and stir constantly until the mass cools4 8,this plaster is to be spread on linen1 rather than on leather40 ,used as a discutient or resolvent2 more particularly as an application to scrofulous tumours and indurations4 ,plaster of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,iodinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,triturate iodine1 #a dr41 in a warm mortar1 with olive oil1 #a oz42 then add1 of beeswax1 #a oz42 yellow resin1 #a_/b oz42 previously melted together1 and stir the whole until it concretes4 ,it should be1 preferably1 spread at once on leather1 and applied shortly after being prepared4 ,used as the last4 ,plaster of ,iodine 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,iodinii ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodine1 #a dr42 iodide of potassium1 #b dr42 rub them to a fine powder1 add this to lead powder1 #b oz42 ,burgundy pitch1 #a oz42 previously melted together1 and just about to concrete4 ,more active than either of the preceding4 #b4 7,,emp4 ,,iod4 ,,cum ,,belladonn47 ,to belladonna plaster1 #b oz41 melted by a very gentle heat1 add iodine and iodide of potassium 7in fine powder71 of each #a dr42 and stir the mixture until nearly cold4 ,powerfully resolvent and anodyne4 ,used in the same cases as the preceding1 when there is much pain4 ,plaster of ,iron4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,iron4 ,plaster of ,isinglass4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,court4 ,plaster1 ,issue4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,ad ,,fonticulos1 ,,sparadrapum ,,pro ,,fonticulis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 ,burgundy pitch and ,chio turpentine1 of each #d oz42 vermilion and orris powder1 of each #a oz42 musk1 #d gr42 melted together and spread upon linen4 ,this is afterwards polished with a smooth piece of glass moistened with water1 and cut into pieces4 #b4 7,ph4 ,aust47 ,yellow wax1 #f oz42 mutton suet1 #b oz42 lard1 #a-a_/b oz42 melt1 add of turpentine1 #a-a_/b oz41 and afterwards of red lead1 #d oz42 dip pieces of linen into the melted mixture1 pass these between rollers1 and1 when cold1 polish them1 as before1 and cut them into squares4 ,the issue plaster 7issue paper2 charta ad fonticulos7 of the ,ph4 ,suecica is a nearly similar compound1 with the addition of about #a-dhth part of verdigris1 in very fine powder1 and being spread upon paper4 ,plaster1 ,kennedy's4 ,see ,,plasters1 ,,corn4 ,plaster1 ,kirkland's4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,ammoniacal4 ,plaster of ,labdanum4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,cephalic4 ,plaster of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,lead ,,plaster1 ,,litharge ,p41 ,,common ,p41 ,,diachylon1 ,,simple ,,diachylon1 ,,white ,d42 ,,emplastrum ,,plumbi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,,lythargyri 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,e4 ,,commune1 ,,diachylon ,,simplex1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oxide of lead 7litharge71 in very fine powder1 #f lbs42 olive oil1 #a gall42 water1 #a quart2 boil them over a slow fire1 constantly stirring to the consistence of a plaster1 adding a little boiling water1 if nearly the whole of that used in the beginning should be consumed before the end of the process4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,litharge1 #e oz42 olive oil1 #ab fl4 oz42 water1 #h fl4 oz42 as the last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,litharge1 #e lbs42 olive oil1 #a gall42 water1 #a quart4 #d4 7,otto ,kohnke47 ,for each lb4 of litharge employed1 add #a_/d pint of colourless vinegar 7each fl4 oz4 of which is capable of saturating #a_/b dr4 of carbonate of potassa72 add the oil1 boil until all moisture is evaporated1 and until only a few stri of litharge rise to the surface1 then remove the vessel from the heat1 add gradually #a_/c to #a_/b as much vinegar as before1 and boil the mixture to a proper consistence4 #e4 7,wholesale47 ,from ,genoa oil1 #g galls4 7or #fe lbs472 litharge 7perfectly free from copper71 #bh lbs42 water1 #b-a_/b galls42 boil to a plaster1 as before4 #f4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oxide of lead1 in very fine powder1 #a2 olive oil1 #b-a_/b2 water1 #a2 boil all the ingredients together gently by the heat of a steam bath1 and keep them simmering for #d or #e hours1 stirring constantly until the product acquires the proper consistence for plaster1 adding more water during the process1 if necessary4 ,obs4 ,the ,london ,college orders too little oil4 ,the second1 fourth1 and fifth formul produce beautiful plasters1 that keep well2 those of the others1 although very white1 get hard and brittle much more rapidly4 ,the proper proportion of oil is fully #b-a_/c times the weight of the litharge1----#b-a_/b times appears the best quantity2 and without this is used1 the plaster speedily gets hard and non-adhesive4 ,the process consists in putting the water and the litharge into a perfectly clean and well-polished tinned copper or copper-pan1 mixing them well together with a spatula1 adding the oil1 and boiling1 with constant stirring1 until the plaster is sufficiently hard1 when thoroughly cold4 ,this process usually occupies from #d to #e hours1 but by adopting the fourth formula an excellent plaster may be made in from #bj to #cj minutes4 ,this plaster is generally cooled by immersion in cold water2 and to render it very white1 a quality highly prized in the trade1 it is usual to submit it to laborious #8pulling1' in the manner already noticed4 ,use4 ,as a simple defensive plaster or strapping2 but principally as a basis for other plasters4 ,plaster1 ,liston's4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,court4 ,plaster1 ,mahy's4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,plumbi ,,carbonatis1 ,e4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,carbonate of lead 7pure white lead71 #a lb42 olive oil1 #cb fl4 oz42 water1 q4 s42 boil them together1 constantly stirring until perfectly incorporated2 then add1 of yellow wax1 #d oz42 lead plaster1 #a-a_/b lb42 and when these are melted1 and the mass somewhat cooled1 stir in of powdered orris root1 #i oz4 ,a favourite application in the ,united ,states of ,america to inflamed and excoriated surfaces1 bed sores1 burns1 c4 ,plaster of ,melilot4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,meliloti1 ,e4 ,,meliloto1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,fresh melilot1 chopped small1 #f lbs42 suet1 #c lbs42 boil until crisp1 strain with pressure1 and add1 of yellow resin1 #h lbs42 beeswax1 #d lbs41 and boil to a plaster4 ,stimulant4 ,used to dress blisters1 c4 ,the greater portion of this plaster in the shops is made without the herb1 and is coloured with verdigris4 7,see the next formula47 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,take of yellow resin1 #ah lbs42 green ointment1 #d-a_/b lbs42 yellow wax1 #c lbs42 finely powdered verdigris1 q4 s4 to give a deep-green colour4 ,plaster1 ,mercurial4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,mercuriale1 ,e4 ,,hydrargyri 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,add1 gradually1 of sulphur1 #h gr41 to heated olive oil1 #a fl4 dr41 and stir the mixture constantly with a spatula until they unite2 next add of mercury1 #c oz41 and triturate until globules are no longer visible2 lastly1 gradually add of lead plaster 7melted over a slow fire71 #a lb41 and mix them all well together4 7,about #a fl4 dr4 of balsam of sulphur may be substituted for the oil and sulphur ordered above47 ,these proportions are the same as those of the ,b4 ,p4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,resin1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #i fl4 dr42 mix by heat1 cool1 add of mercury1 #c oz41 and triturate until its globules disappear2 then add of litharge plaster1 #f oz4 7previously liquefied71 and mix the whole thoroughly4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 resin1 #b oz42 dissolve1 with the aid of heat2 add of mercury1 #f oz42 triturate until the globules disappear1 and the mixture assumes a dark grey colour1 then add of litharge plaster 7previously melted71 #ab oz41 and stir the whole until it stiffens on cooling4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,take of mercury1 #g lbs42 prepared serum1 #a_/b lb42 triturate until the globules disappear1 and add the mixture to lead plaster 7melted by a gentle heat71 #cf lbs42 stir them well together1 and until they concrete4 ,very fine bluish-slate or lead colour4 ,obs4 ,mercurial plaster is used as a discutient in glandular enlargements1 and other swellings2 and is also applied over the hepatic regions in liver complaints4 ,plaster1 ,mercurial1 with ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,hydrargyri ,,cum ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from mercurial plaster1 #f dr42 extract of belladonna1 #b dr42 olive oil1 #a dr42mixed by a gentle heat4 ,one of our most useful anodyne and discutient applications1 in painful scirrhous1 scrofulous1 and syphilitic tumours4 ,the ,medico-,chirurgical ,pharm4 orders #a_/b fl4 dr4 of hydrocyanic acid to be added to every #b oz4 of the above4 ,plaster of ,mezereon and ,cantharides4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,mezerei ,,cantharidatum4 ,prep4 ,cantharides in coarse powder1 #c oz41 mezereon cut and dried1 #a oz42 acetic ether1 #aj oz4 by weight4 ,macerate for #h days1 filter1 and dissolve in the filtered liquid #age gr4 of sandarac1 #hg gr4 of eleme1 #hg gr4 of resin1 which1 spread on silk previously covered with the following solution2 isinglass1 #b oz42 distilled water1 #bj oz42 rectified spirit1 #e oz4 by weight4 ,plaster of ,minium4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,minii1 ,e4 ,,minio1 ,e4 ,,plumbi ,,oxydi ,,rubri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,olive oil1 #d lbs42 minium 7red lead71 in fine powder1 #b-a_/b lbs42 water1 q4 s42 proceed as for lead plaster 7which it closely resembles74 ,obs4 ,to ensure a good colour and the quality of keeping well1 the quantity of oil should be increased about #a-crd4 ,when discoloured by heat it forms the #8brown minium plaster' 7emp4 minio fuscum7 of old pharmacy4 ,lead plaster1 either alone or with the addition of a little red lead1 is usually sold for it4 ,plaster of ,minium 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,nuremberg ,,plaster2 ,,emplastrum ,,minii ,,compositum1 ,l42 ,,empl,,tre ,,de ,,nuremberg1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,red lead1 #ab parts2 olive oil1 #h parts2 grind them together on a porphyry slab1 and add the mixture to lead plaster1 #ej parts1 beeswax1 #bd parts1 melted together2 lastly1 when nearly cold1 stir in of camphor1 #a part4 ,plaster1 ,morrison's ,adhesive4 ,syn4 ,,morrison',s ,,adhesive ,,paste4 ,from wheaten flour1 #b oz42 mild ale1 #a_/b pint2 stir them together1 and heat the mixture to the boiling point2 when cold1 add of powdered resin1 #c oz42 and1 constantly stirring1 again heat them to boiling4 ,used as a depilatory in ringworm1 c4 ,plaster of ,mucilages4 ,syn4 ,,diachylon ,,compositum1 ,,emplastrum ,,mucilaginibus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,beeswax1 #bj oz42 oil of mucilages1 #d oz42 melt1 and add them to strained ammoniacum1 #c oz42 common turpentine1 #a oz41 previously melted together4 ,stimulant and emollient4 ,plaster of ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,sinapis1 ,l4 ,this is always an extemporaneous preparation4 ,flour of mustard is made into a stiff paste with lukewarm water1 or with vinegar1 and is then spread on a piece of calico or linen 7folded two or three times72 over the surface of the mustard is placed a piece of gauze or thin muslin1 and the plaster is then applied to the part of the body it is intended to medicate4 ,its action is that of a powerful rubefacient and counter-irritant2 but its application should not be continued long1 unless in extreme cases4 ,its effects are often apparently wonderful4 ,we have seen very severe cases of facial neuralgia1 sore throat1 painful joints1 rheumatic pains1 c41 relieved in a few minutes by means of a mustard plaster or #8poultice4' ,plaster1 ,nuremberg4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,minium 7,,compound74 ,plaster of ,oak-mistletoe4 7,hardy47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,visci ,,quercini4 ,prep4 ,to #b parts of melted beeswax add gradually #a part of juice of true oak mistletoe1 and form a plaster4 ,in neuralgic pains4 ,plaster of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,anodynum1 ,e4 ,,opii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,lead plaster1 #h oz42 melt1 and add of frankincense 7thus71 #b oz42 next1 add of extract of opium1 #a oz41 previously dissolved in boiling water1 #a fl4 oz42 and1 constantly stirring1 evaporate the mixture over a slow fire to a proper consistence4 ,this plaster is much stronger than that of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf and of the other ,british ,colleges4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,lead plaster1 #a lb42 melt1 add of powdered thus1 #c oz42 mix1 and further add1 of powdered opium1 #a_/b oz41 water1 #h fl4 oz41 and boil to a proper consistence4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,litharge plaster1 #ab oz42 ,burgundy pitch1 #c oz42 liquefy by heat1 then add1 by degrees1 of powdered opium1 #a_/b oz41 and mix them thoroughly4 ,this and the preceding contains only #a-crd part of the opium ordered in the present ,ph4 ,l4 ,d4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,resin plaster1 #i oz42 opium1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 as the last4 ,same as ,b4 ,p4 #e4 7,ph4 ,b471 ,powdered opium1 #a oz42 resin plaster1 #i oz42 melt the plaster and add the opium4 ,obs4 ,the above plaster is reputed anodyne1 and useful in various local pains2 but its virtues in this way have been greatly exaggerated4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 from being less costly1 is still often employed in place of that of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahea4 ,the following is commonly used3----,lead plaster1 #ad lbs42 yellow resin1 #b lbs42 powdered opium1 #a_/b lb4 ,plaster of ,opium and ,camphor4 7,dr ,paris47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,opii ,,et ,,camphor4 ,prep4 ,opium and camphor1 of each #a_/b dr4 ,lead plaster q4 s4 ,mix4 ,plaster of ,oxide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,iron ,,plaster1 ,,frankincense ,p41 ,,strengthening ,p42 ,,emplastrum ,,roborans1 ,e4 ,,ferri 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,e4 ,,thuris1 ,e4 ,,ferri ,,oxydi ,,rubri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,lead plaster1 #h oz42 frankincense 7thus71 #b oz42 melt them together over a slow fire1 sprinkle into the mixture sesquioxide of iron1 #a oz41 and mix the whole well together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,litharge plaster1 #c oz42 yellow resin1 #f dr42 beeswax1 #c dr42 melt them together1 then add of red oxide of iron1 #a oz41 previously triturated with olive oil1 #c-a_/b fl4 dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,litharge plaster1 #h oz42 ,burgundy pitch1 #b oz42 peroxide of iron1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 as ,no4 #a4 ,same as ,b4 ,p4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,from lead plaster 7quite dry71 #hd lbs42 powdered yellow resin1 #ad lbs42 #8crocus martis' 7lively coloured71 #ad lbs42 olive oil1 #c pints2 as ,no4 #b4 #e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,add hydrated peroxide of iron in fine powder1 #a oz41 to ,burgundy pitch1 #b oz41 and litharge plaster1 #h oz41 previously melted together1 and stir the mixture constantly till it stiffens on cooling4 ,obs4 ,iron plaster is reputed strengthening and stimulant4 ,it is employed as a mechanical support in muscular relaxation1 weakness of the joints1 c41 especially by public dancers4 ,its tonic action is probably wholly imaginary4 ,no4 #d is the #8,,emplastrum ,,roborans' of the shops at the present time4 ,plaster1 ,oxycroceum4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,oxycroceum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,beeswax1 #a lb42 black pitch and strained galbanum1 of each #a_/b lb42 melt1 and add of ,venice turpentine1 powdered myrrh1 and olibanum1 of each #c oz42 powdered saffron1 #b oz4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from black pitch1 #i lbs42 black resin1 #aa lbs42 beeswax and lard1 of each #b-a_/b lbs42 melted together4 ,warm2 discutient4 ,still popular with the lower orders4 ,the saffron of the original formula never finds its way into the oxycroceum plaster of the druggists4 ,plaster1 ,palm4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,diapalmum1 ,l42 ,,diapalme1 ,,empl,,tre ,,diapalme1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,lead plaster1 #cb parts2 yellow wax1 #b parts2 melt them together1 add of sulphate of zinc1 #a part1 dissolve in a little water1 and continue the heat1 with constant agitation1 until all the water is evaporated4 ,obs4 ,this plaster originally contained palm oil1 and this ingredient is still ordered in the formul of ,plenck and ,reuss4 ,soubeiran directs white wax to be employed4 ,plaster1 ,paracelsus's4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,paracelsi1 ,e4 ,,stypticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from lead plaster1 #bh lbs42 galbanum plaster1 #b lbs42 powdered white canella and gum thus1 of each #a-a_/b lb42 melted together4 ,the original formula1 as well as that of the ,ph4 ,l4 #agba were similar1 although much more complicated4 ,plaster of ,pitch4 ,syn4 ,,poor ,,man',s ,,plaster1 ,,gout ,p41 ,,anti-,,rheumatic ,p42 ,,emplastrum ,,pauperis1 ,e4 ,,antirheumaticum1 ,e4 ,,antarthriticum1 ,e4 ,,picis ,,commune1 ,l4 ,this has been already noticed under the head of ,,resin ,,paper4 ,it is also1 but less frequently1 spread on cloth and leather4 ,plaster1 ,prestat's ,adhesive4 ,prep4 ,from lead plaster1 #b-a_/b lbs42 yellow resin1 #e oz42 ,venice turpentine1 #d oz42 gum ammoniacum and mastic1 of each #a-a_/d oz42 made into a plaster1 and spread on linen or calico4 ,plaster of ,red ,lead4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,minium4 ,plaster of ,resin4 ,syn4 ,,adhesive ,,plaster1 ,,resinous ,p42 ,,emplastrum ,,adhesivum1 ,e4 ,,resin 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,e4 ,,resinosum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,e4 ,,lythargyri ,,cum ,,resin1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,to lead plaster1 #c lbs41 melted by a gentle heat1 add of resin1 #a_/b lb41 also liquefied by heat1 and mix4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is similar4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,litharge plaster1 #e oz42 resin1 #a oz42 mix with a moderate heat4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,to litharge plaster1 #b lbs41 melted by a gentle heat1 add1 of powdered resin1 #d oz41 ,castile soap1 in powder1 #b oz41 and mix them intimately4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,pale lead plaster 7from a previous batch1 and quite dry71 #gb lbs42 olive oil 7,genoa71 #c lbs42 melt them together in a bright and perfectly clean copper pan1 and sift in of pale yellow resin 7in powder71 #ab lbs41 stirring all the while4 ,the mixture is to be cooled1 and #8pulled' or #8worked1' after the manner of lead plaster4 #e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,resin 7in powder71 #b2 litharge plaster1 #af2 hard soap1 #a2 melt the plaster with a gentle heat1 add the resin and soap1 first liquefied1 and mix4 ,obs4 ,resin plaster1 spread upon calico1 forms the well-known #8,,strapping' or #8,,adhesive ,,plaster' so extensively used to protect raw surfaces1 support parts1 and for dressing ulcers1 retaining the lips of recent cuts and wounds in contact1 c4 ,it is gently stimulant1 and is thought to assist the healing process4 ,it is also employed as a basis for other plasters4 ,the #8,,hospital ,,plaster' of certain houses is of this kind4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,soap1 ,,compound4 ,plaster1 ,resolvent4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,resolvens1 ,e4 ,,ex ,,mixtis ,,quatuor1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,galbanum1 hemlock1 mercurial1 and soap plasters1 equal parts1 melted together4 ,plaster1 ,roper's ,royal ,bath4 ,prep4 7,cooley47 ,strained black pitch1 #af oz42 ,burgundy pitch1 #aj oz42 tar and beeswax1 of each #a oz42 melt1 and1 when considerably cooled1 add of expressed oil of mace1 #b dr42 croton oil1 #a dr42 and spread the mixture upon heart-shaped pieces of white sheep-skin1 without remelting it4 ,stimulant and counter-irritant2 recommended by its proprietor as a cure for all human ailments4 ,the #8,,bath-,,plaster ,,pills1' also prepared by ,mr ,roper1 resemble several of the aperient pills already noticed4 7,see #8,anat4 of ,quackery4'7 ,plaster1 ,scott's4 ,prep4 ,from lead plaster1 #ad oz42 olive oil and white resin1 of each #a oz42 melted together1 and spread on calico4 ,plaster1 ,sharp's ,black4 ,prep4 ,from olive oil1 #e parts2 carbonate of lead1 #d parts2 beeswax1 #a part2 boiled to a plaster4 ,plaster1 ,simple4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,wax4 ,plaster of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,sapone1 ,e4 ,,saponis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,to lead plaster1 #c lbs41 melted by a slow heat1 add of ,castile soap1 sliced1 #a_/b lb41 resin1 #a oz41 both 7also7 liquefied by heat1 and1 constantly stirring1 evaporate to a proper consistence4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,to litharge plaster1 #d oz41 gum plaster1 #b oz41 melted together1 add of ,castile soap1 in shavings1 #a oz41 and boil a little4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,to litharge plaster1 #b-a_/b lbs41 melted over a gentle fire1 add of ,castile soap1 in powder1 #d oz41 and heat them together 7constantly stirring7 until they combine4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hard soap 7in powder71 #f2 lead plaster1 #cf2 resin 7in powder71 #a2 to the lead plaster1 previously melted1 add the soap and the resin1 first liquefied1 then1 constantly stirring1 evaporate to a proper consistence4 ,obs4 ,care must be taken to evaporate all the moisture from the above compounds1 as1 if any is left in the plaster1 it turns out crumbly1 and does not keep well4 ,much heat discolours it4 7,see below47 ,soap plaster is emollient and resolvent1 and is used in abrasions and excoriations1 and as a dressing to soft corns1 lymphatic tumours1 c4 ,plaster of ,soap 7,camphorated74 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,saponis ,,camphoratum4 ,soap plaster1 #aj oz42 camphor1 #dh gr4 ,plaster of ,soap 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,saponis ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,,adh,,rens1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,resin plaster1 #c oz42 soap plaster1 #b oz42 melted together4 ,obs4 ,less emollient1 but more stimulant1 than the simple plaster4 ,the #8,,emplastrum ,,minio ,,cum ,,sapone'----,ph4 ,e4 #agdd was made by melting #a part of soap with #e parts of minium plaster4 ,neither of the above must be put into water4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,resin1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,plaster of ,soap-cerate4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,cerati ,,saponis 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 #a4 ,from soap cerate1 heated by means of a water bath until all the moisture is evaporated4 ,sometimes #b or #c dr4 each of powdered mastic and gum ammoniacum are added for each pound of cerate4 ,the product is generally spread whilst still warm4 ,said to be suppurative1 resolvent1 cooling1 and desiccative4 ,see ,,cerate 7soap74 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hard soap1 #aj2 beeswax1 #ab-a_/b2 oxide of lead 7in powder71 #ae2 olive oil1 #bj2 vinegar1 #afj2 boil the vinegar with the oxide over a slow fire1 or by a steam bath1 constantly stirring them until they unite2 then add the soap and boil again in a similar manner until all the moisture is evaporated2 lastly1 mix with the wax previously dissolved in the oil1 and continue the process till the product takes the consistence of a plaster4 ,plaster of ,squill1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,scill ,,compositum4 ,prep4 ,galbanum1 #a_/b oz42 soap1 #a_/b oz42 litharge plaster1 #b oz42 melt together1 and add opium1 #a dr42 ammoniacum1 #a_/b oz42 vinegar of squills1 #c oz41 mixed together2 keep them over the fire constantly stirred till they are incorporated4 ,plaster1 ,st ,andrew's4 ,prep4 ,from yellow resin1 #h oz42 gum elemi1 #b oz42 ,bordeaux turpentine and oil of the bay-laurel1 of each #a oz42 melted together by a gentle heat4 ,a stimulant1 resolvent1 and adhesive plaster1 once supposed to possess extraordinary virtues4 ,plaster1 ,sticking4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,court1 ,,plaster ,,of ,,resin1 c4 ,plaster1 ,stomach4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,aromatic1 c4 ,plaster1 ,strengthening4 ,see ,,plasters ,,of ,,frankincense and ,,oxide ,,of ,,iron4 ,plaster1 ,styptic4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,paracelsus',s ,p41 c4 ,plaster of ,sulphate of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,quini1 ,e4 ,q4 ,,disulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #a dr42 resin plaster1 #a oz4 ,applied to the abdomen in intermittents4 #b4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #a dr42 mercurial plaster1 #b oz4 ,in affections of the liver or spleen1 following intermittents1 applied over the regions of those viscera4 #c4 ,resin plaster1 #i dr42 sulphate of quinine1 #a dr42 camphor and oil of cajeput1 of each #a_/b dr4 ,applied over the epigastrium as a prophylactic of cholera4 ,plaster of ,thus4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,frankincense4 ,plaster of ,verdigris4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,ruginis1 ,e4 ,,cupri ,,subacetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,beeswax1 #d parts2 ,burgundy pitch1 #b parts2 melt1 add of ,venice turpentine and prepared verdigris 7in powder71 of each #a part1 and stir until the mass is nearly cold4 ,for other formul1 see ,,plaster1 ,,corn1 c4 ,plaster1 ,vermifuge4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,vermifugum1 ,e4 ,,anthelminticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from powdered aloes1 #a dr42 oil of chamomile1 #aj drops2 croton oil1 #b drops2 oil of turpentine1 q4 s4 ,plaster1 ,vigo's4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,vigonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,lead plaster1 #dj oz42 mercury1 #ab oz42 liquid styrax1 #f oz42 beeswax1 turpentine1 and resin1 of each #b oz42 ammoniacum1 bdellium1 myrrh1 and olibanum1 of each #e dr42 saffron1 #c dr42 oil of lavender1 #b dr42 made into a plaster s4a4 ,plaster1 ,warm4 ,see ,,calefacient ,,plaster1 ,,burgundy ,,pitch ,p41 c4 ,plaster of ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,simple ,,plaster2 ,,emplastrum ,,attrahens1 ,e4 ,,simplex 7,ph4 ,e471 ,e4 ,,cer1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,beeswax1 #c oz42 suet and yellow resin1 of each #b oz42 melt them together1 and stir the mixture briskly until it concretes by cooling4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,yellow wax and suet1 of each #c lbs42 yellow resin1 #a lb42 as the last4 ,intended to be employed as a simple dressing1 especially to blistered surfaces4 ,it is now seldom used4 ,plaster1 ,white ,diachylon4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,lead4 ,plaster1 ,yellow ,diachylon4 ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,galbanum4 ,plaster1 ,zinco-lead4 ,syn4 ,,emplastrum ,,zinco-,,plumbicum1 ,e4 ,,diapompholygos1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,suec47 ,beeswax1 #a lb2 olive oil and graphite 7black lead71 of each #f oz42 carbonate of lead1 #d oz42 oxide of zinc 7impure71 #c oz42 olibanum1 #a-a_/b oz42 boil to a plaster4 ,astringent and desiccant4 ,other forms substitute an equal weight of litharge for the graphite4 ,,plate4 ,the name is commonly given to gold and silver wrought into instruments or utensils for domestic use4 ,the cleaning of plate is an important operation in a large establishment1 as its durability1 and much of its beauty1 depend on this being properly done4 ,the common practice of using mercurial plate powder is destructive to both of these1 as mercury not only rapidly erodes the surface of silver1 but renders it soft1 and1 in extreme cases1 even brittle4 ,the only powder that may be safely used for silver is prepared chalk1 of the best quality4 ,for gold1 the form of red oxide of iron1 known as ,jeweller's ,rouge1 is the most useful and appropriate4 ,in his #8,workshop ,receipts' ,mr ,spon recommends the following3----8,take an ounce each of cream of tartar1 common salt1 and alum1 and boil in a gallon or more of water4 ,after the plate is taken out and rubbed dry it puts on a beautiful silvery whiteness4 ,powdered magnesia may be used dry for articles slightly tarnished1 but if very dirty it must be used first wet and then dry40 ,chamois leather1 a plate brush1 or very soft woollen rags1 should alone be used to apply them2 and their application should be gentle and long continued1 rather than the reverse4 ,dirty plate1 after being cleaned with boiling water1 may be restored by boiling it in water1 each quart of which contains a few grains of carbonate of soda1 and about an ounce of prepared chalk1 calcined hartshorn1 or cuttle-fish bone1 in very fine powder4 ,the ebullition sets up a gentle friction1 which effects its purpose admirably4 ,the boiled plate1 after being dried1 is best #8finished off' with a piece of soft leather or woollen cloth which has been dipped into the cold mixture of chalk and water1 and then dried4 ,the same method answers admirably with ,german silver1 brass1 pewter1 and all the softer metals4 ,see ,,powder 7,plate71 c4 ,,plat,,ina4 ,see ,,platinum4 ,,pla,,ting4 ,the art of covering copper and other metals with either silver or gold4 ,plating is performed in various ways4 ,sometimes the silver is fluxed on to the surface of the copper by means of a solution of borax1 and subsequent exposure in the #8plating furnace1' and the compound ingot is then rolled to the requisite thinness between cylinders of polished steel4 ,the common thickness of the silver plate before rolling is equal to about the #a-djth of that of the compound ingot4 ,sometimes the nobler metal is precipitated from its solutions upon the copper by the action of chemical affinity1 or1 more frequently1 by the agency of electro-chemical decomposition 7electro-plating74 ,the metal employed for plating is a mixture of copper and brass1 annealed or hardened1 as the case may require4 ,for electro-plated goods1 #8nickel silver' is now almost invariably employed4 ,see ,,electrotype1 ,,gilding1 ,,platinising1 ,,silvering1 c4 ,,plat,,inising4 ,metals may be coated with platinum by nearly similar processes to those already referred to under ,,plating4 ,in the #8moist way' vessels of brass1 copper1 and silver are conveniently platinised in the following manner3----,solid bichloride of platinum1 #a part1 is dissolved in water1 #ajj parts1 and to this solution is added of common salt1 #h parts2 or1 still better1 #a part of ammonio-chloride of platinum and #h parts of chloride of ammonium are placed in a suitable porcelain vessel1 with about #dj parts of water1 and the whole heated to ebullition2 the vessels or utensils1 previously made perfectly bright1 are then immersed in the boiling liquid4 ,in a few seconds they generally acquire a brilliant and firmly adhering layer of platinum4 ,silver plates for voltaic batteries are commonly platinised by immersing them for a few seconds in a mixture of saturated solution of bichloride of platinum1 #a part2 dilute sulphuric acid1 #c parts2 water1 #d to #f parts4 ,platinum battery plates are covered with a pulverulent deposit of platinum by means of the electrotype4 ,platinised asbestos is prepared by dipping asbestos into a solution of bichloride of platinum1 or one of the double chlorides of that metal1 and then gradually heating it to redness4 ,it is used as a substitute for spongy platinum4 ,see ,,electrotype1 ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 ,,plat,,inum4 ,pt4 ,syn4 ,,platina1 ,,white ,,gold2 ,,platinum1 ,l4 ,a heavy1 greyish-white metal1 occurring chiefly in certain of the alluvial districts of ,mexico and ,brazil1 in the ,ural mountains of ,russia1 in ,ceylon1 and in a few other places4 ,it occurs in nature under the form of grains and small rolled masses1 associated with palladium1 rhodium1 osmium1 ruthenium1 iridium1 and a little iron4 ,it has only been known in ,europe since #agdh4 ,prep4 ,the native alloy of this metal 7crude platinum7 is acted upon1 as far as possible1 by nitro-hydrochloric acid containing an excess of hydrochloric acid1 and slightly diluted with water1 in order to dissolve as small a quantity of iridium as possible2 to the deep yellowish-red and high acid solution thus produced ammonium chloride is added1 by which nearly the whole of the platinum is thrown down in the state of ammonio-chloride4 ,this substance1 after being washed with a little cold water1 is dried and heated to redness2 the product is spongy metallic platinum4 ,this is made into a thin uniform paste with water1 introduced into a slightly conical mould of brass1 and subjected to a graduated pressure1 by which the water is squeezed out1 and the mass rendered at length sufficiently solid to bear handling4 ,it is next dried1 very carefully heated to whiteness1 and hammered1 or subjected to powerful pressure by suitable means1 whilst in the heated state4 ,it will now bear forging into a bar1 and may afterwards be rolled into plates1 or drawn into wire1 at pleasure4 ,prop41 c4 ,platinum is one of the heaviest substances known1 its sp4 gr4 being #bae4 ,it is whiter than iron1 harder than silver1 infusible in the strongest heat of our furnaces1 and melts only when exposed to the highest temperature obtained by ,deville's oxyhydrogen gas furnace4 ,it is unaffected by air1 water1 and all the ordinary acids1 and even its polish is uninjured by the strongest heat of a smith's forge2 aqua regia1 however1 dissolves it1 though with much more difficulty than gold2 it is also superficially oxidised by fused hydrate of potassium4 ,spongy platinum1 powdered platinum1 and even perfectly clean platinum foil1 possess the remarkable property of causing the union of oxygen and hydrogen gases1 with more or less elevation of temperature4 ,platinum is precipitated from its solutions by deoxidising substances under the form of a black powder 7platinum black71 which has the power of absorbing oxygen1 and again imparting it to combustible substances1 and thus causing their oxidation4 ,in this way alcohol and pyroxylic spirit may be converted into acetic and formic acids1 c4 ,platinum black is simply platinum in a fine state of division1 and is readily obtained as follows3----#a4 ,a solution of platinic chloride1 to which an excess of carbonate of sodium and a quantity of sugar have been added1 is boiled until the precipitate which forms after a little time becomes perfectly black1 and the supernatant liquid colourless2 the black powder is then collected on a filter1 washed1 and dried by gentle heat4 #b4 ,platinic-ammonium chloride1 reduced to very fine powder1 is moistened with strong sulphuric acid1 and a small piece of zinc is thrust into the mixture2 after the whole is reduced to a black powder it is washed1 first with hydrochloric acid1 and then with pure water1 and is1 lastly1 dried4 #c4 7,zdrawkowitch47 ,platinum black1 in a highly active condition1 can be obtained1 according to the author1 by adding #c to #e c4c4 of solution of perchloride of platinum1 drop by drop1 to a boiling mixture of #ae c4c4 of glycerin and #aj c4c4 of solution of caustic potash of #ajh sp4 gr4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,boil down rapidly1 solution of potash1 #b pints1 in a silver or clean iron vessel1 until there remains a fluid of oily consistence1 a drop of which removed on a warm glass rod solidifies on cooling4 ,pour this into proper moulds1 and when solidified and while still warm put it into stoppered bottles4 ,platinum1 in the state of platinum black1 possesses the property of condensing gases1 more especially oxygen1 into its pores1 and afterwards giving it out to various oxidisable substances4 ,when placed in contact with a solution of formic acid it converts it1 with copious effervescence1 into carbonic acid2 alcohol1 dropped upon it1 becomes changed by oxidation into acetic acid1 the rise of temperature being often sufficient to cause inflammation2 exposed to a red heat1 it shrinks in volume1 assumes the appearance of spongy platinum1 and1 for the most part1 loses these peculiarities4 ,that prepared with zinc explodes1 when heated1 like gunpowder4 ,the spongy platinum is obtained by igniting the ammonium platinic chloride at a red heat4 ,the salts of platinum are recognised as follows3----,sulphuretted hydrogen throws down from neutral and acid solutions of the platinic salts a blackish-brown precipitate1 which is only formed after a time in the cold1 but immediately on heating the liquid4 ,ammonium sulphide also gives a blackish-brown precipitate1 which completely redissolves in a large excess of the precipitant1 provided the latter contains an excess of sulphur4 ,chloride of ammonium and chloride of potassium give yellow crystalline precipitates1 insoluble in acids1 but soluble in excess of the precipitate1 upon the application of heat1 and decomposable by heat1 with production of spongy platinum4 ,ammonia and potassium hydrate also give similar precipitates in solutions previously acidulated with hydrochloric acid4 ,estim4 ,this may be effected by throwing down the metal in the form of chloride of ammonium and platinum1 which1 after being washed on a filter with a little weak spirit to which a little of the precipitate has been added1 and afterwards with the spirit alone1 may be carefully dried at #bab ,fahr41 and weighed4 ,or1 the precipitate may be ignited in a platinum crucible1 and weighed in the state of a spongy platinum4 #aicbe gr4 of the platinic and ammonium chlorides are equivalent to #ihge gr4 of metallic platinum4 ,uses4 ,platinum is valuable for the formation of crucibles1 capsules1 and other utensils or instruments intended to be exposed to a strong heat1 or to the action of acids4 ,platinic chloride and the platinic and sodium chloride are much used in chemical analysis4 ,both of these are also used in medicines with the same intentions1 and in the same doses1 as the corresponding salts of gold4 ,these compounds are poisonous4 ,the antidotes and treatment are similar to those described under ,,gold4 ,concluding ,remarks4----,daville and ,debray have introduced a method of refining platinum1 which has already done much to extend the useful applications of the metal4 ,the process consists in submitting the crude metal to the action of an intensely high temperature1 obtained by the combustion of hydrogen 7or coal-gas7 with oxygen1 in a crucible of lime4 ,by this means large quantities of platinum 7#ej lbs4 or more7 can be kept fused until the sulphur1 phosphorus1 arsenic1 and osmium1 generally occurring in crude platinum1 are oxidised and volatilised1 and the iron and copper are oxidised and absorbed by the lime forming the crucible4 ,at the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb an ingot of pure platinum1 weighing over #b cwt41 was exhibited by ,messrs ,johnson ,mathey1 as an illustration of the practical results of this process4 ,platinic ,chloride4 ,pt,cl#d4 ,syn4 ,,bichloride ,,of ,,platinum1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,platinum1 ,,perchloride ,,of ,p42 ,,platini ,,bichloridum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,,platini ,,tetrachloridum4 ,prep4 ,by dissolving platinum in nitro-hydrochloric acid1 and evaporating the solution to dryness at a gentle heat4 ,prop41 c4 ,reddish-brown1 deliquescent1 and very soluble in both water and alcohol1 yielding orange-coloured solutions4 ,it combines with a variety of metallic chlorides to form #8double salts4' ,used as a test in chemical analysis1 and as an alterative in secondary syphilis1 c4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr41 dissolved in distilled water1 or made into a pill with syrup and liquorice powder4 ,some persons prescribe much larger doses1 but unsafely4 ,hoefer recommends an ointment made with it as an application to indolent ulcers4 ,in doses of #e gr4 and upwards it acts as a violent caustic poison4 ,this last salt is the #8chloride of platinum' of the shops1 and the one used in the arts and medicine4 ,it forms one of the tests included in the ,appendix to the ,ph4 ,l4 ,platinic-,ammonium ,chloride4 ,pt7,,nh#d7b;,cl#f1 or ,pt,cl#d #b,,nh#d;,cl4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio-,,chloride ,,of ,,platinum1 ,,platino-,,chloride ,,of ,,ammonium4 ,prep4 ,a solution of chloride of ammonium is added to a strong solution of platinic chloride1 and the precipitate washed with dilute alcohol4 ,prop4 ,minute1 transparent1 yellow octahedral crystals very feebly soluble in water1 less so in dilute alcohol1 and insoluble in acids2 heat converts it into spongy platinum4 ,platinic-,potassium ,chloride4 ,pt,k#b;,cl#f1 or ,pt,cl#db,k,cl4 ,syn4 ,,platino-,,chloride ,,of ,,potassium1 ,,potassio-,,chloride ,,of ,,platinum4 ,prep4 ,a bright yellow1 crystalline precipitate1 formed whenever solutions of the chlorides of platinum and of potassium are mixed2 or a salt of potassium1 acidulated with a little hydrochloric acid1 is added to platinic chloride4 ,in appearance1 solubility1 c41 it closely resembles ammonio-chloride of platinum4 ,platinic-,sodium ,chloride4 ,pt,na#b;,cl#f1 or ,pt,cl#db,na,cl4 ,syn4 ,,chloride ,,of ,,platinum ,,and ,,sodium1 ,,sodio-,,chloride ,,of ,,platinum1 ,,platino-,,bichloride ,,of ,,sodium2 ,,platini ,,et ,,sodii ,,chloridum1 ,,platini ,,sodio-,,chloridium1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,redwood47 ,platinic chloride1 #ag parts2 chloride of sodium1 #f parts2 dissolve the two salts separately in water1 q4 s41 mix the solutions1 and evaporate1 that crystals may form4 ,the crystals are large1 transparent1 and of a yellow-red colour4----,dose1 #a_/ab to #a_/b gr42 in the same cases as the bichloride4 ,platinic ,oxide4 ,pt,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,binoxide ,,of ,,platinum4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by exactly decomposing the platinic sulphate with nitrate of barium1 and adding pure hydrate of sodium to the filtered solution1 so as to precipitate only half the oxide4 7,berzelius47----#b4 ,by boiling platinic chloride with hydrate of sodium1 in considerable excess1 and then adding acetic acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,as the hydrate 7,pt7,,ho7#d71 it is a bulky brownish powder2 this1 when gently heated1 becomes black and anhydrous4 ,it forms salts with the acids1 and combines with some of the bases4 ,the salts have a red or yellow colour1 and a remarkable tendency to form double salts with the alkaline salts4 ,obs4 ,both the oxides of platinum are reduced to the metallic state on ignition4 ,platinous ,oxide4 ,pt,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,platinum4 ,prep4 ,by heating to below redness the platinic chloride and digesting with hydrate of potassium the residue4 ,prop41 c4 ,a black powder1 soluble in excess of alkali1 and freely so in the acids1 forming brown solutions of the platinous salts4 ,these are distinguished from solutions of the platinic salts by not being precipitated by chloride of ammonium4 ,platinous oxalate1 in fine copper-coloured needles1 may be obtained by heating platinic oxide in a solution of oxalic acid4 ,platinum ,gas4 ,syn4 ,,gaz-,,platine2 ,,gillard',s ,,gas4 ,in ,paris this gas is employed by gold- and silversmiths and electro-platers because it gives rise to no sulphur product and burns without giving off soot or smoke4 ,it is free from smell4 ,steam is decomposed by being made to pass through a retort filled with red-hot charcoal4 ,the hydrogen being freed from the carbonic acid which is associated with it1 by means of crystallised carbonate of soda1 is burnt from an ,argand burner provided with numerous small holes4 ,the flame1 which is not luminous in itself1 is surrounded by a network of moderately fine platinum wire1 which on becoming white-hot becomes luminous4 ,it burns quite steadily1 and its illuminating power is said to exceed slightly that of coal gas4 ,platinum1 ,spongy4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heating ammonio-chloride of platinum to redness4 #b4 ,crude bichloride of platinum and chloride of ammonium are separately dissolved in proof spirit1 and the one solution added to the other as long as a precipitate forms2 this is collected1 and1 whilst still moist1 formed into little balls or pieces1 which are then dried1 and gradually heated to redness4 ,prop41 c4 ,these have been noticed above4 ,small balls of spongy platinum are used for the hydrogen instantaneous-light lamp 7,dbereiner's lamp72 but they are apt to absorb moisture from the atmosphere1 and then lose their power of inflaming hydrogen1 until they are re-dried and heated4 ,,pleurisy4 ,inflammation of the pleura1 or membrane covering the lungs4 ,the symptoms of pleurisy are a sharp pain in the side1 which is rendered more acute when a deep breath is taken2 quick1 short1 difficult inspiration2 a quick pulse2 and fever4 ,much pain is also experienced if the attempt be made to lie on the affected side4 ,pleurisy sometimes accompanies pneumonia or inflammation of the substance of the lungs4 ,if allowed to run on1 the disease produces effusion of serum or of lymph into the cavity of the chest1 in either case giving rise to adhesions1 which cause embarrassment of breathing4 ,on the contrary1 it may terminate by resolution or complete recovery4 ,pleurisy generally arises from exposure to the cold4 ,a blow or a wound will also cause it1 and a not uncommon origin is the splintered end of a broken rib4 ,in every case the advice of the medical practitioner should be sought upon the first indications of the disease4 ,the following treatment is suggested for adoption only by emigrants1 or others unable to procure the services of the medical man in cases of urgency3---- ,under these circumstances the patient1 sitting in an upright posture1 should be bled until he is able to breathe without feeling pain4 ,if after bleeding the pain should return1 leeches1 if obtainable1 should be applied to the painful part1 and a large blister should be placed near the affected spot4 ,after being bled the patient should have a hot bath4 ,should the pain not subside1 leeching must be had free recourse to1 or blood be drawn by cupping4 ,a brisk purgative should be given at the commencement of the disease1 and after this has ceased acting the patient should take two grains of calomel and a quarter of a grain of opium every four hours1 but this treatment must not be continued longer than is necessary4 ,the patient should remain in bed in a room which has a uniform temperature of #fj ,f41 and adopt a low diet4 ,,in ,,horses4----,symptoms4 ,fever1 indicated by shivering1 indisposition to move or turn1 quick pulse1 painful cough1 and hurried respiration4 8,place the animal without delay in a cool1 airy1 loose box1 and bleed to the extent of seven or eight quarts1 or until the pulse falters4 ,bleeding is never justifiable after the third day1 when the pulse reaches #gj4 ,three or four drachms of aloes in solution will suffice for the horse1 and clysters must also be given4 ,until the physic operates sedatives must be used with great caution4 ,twenty minims of ,flemming's tincture of aconite should be given every three hours4 8,towards the close of the second day the aconite may be discontinued1 and a scruple of calomel and a drachm of opium given in a bolus1 and repeated every four hours until four or five doses have been given4 ,apply liniment of ammonia or mustard to the sides4 ,if the animal be thirsty give water in which nitre has been dissolved4 ,keep the animal perfectly quiet1 and let it have soft laxative food40 7,finlay ,dun47 ,,plug,,ging4 ,the introduction of a mass of lint1 sponge1 or other suitable material1 into a wound or cavity1 with the intention of arresting hmorrhage4 ,it is now seldom adopted1 except in cases of bleeding from the nose1 and that only after more approved methods have failed4 ,,plum4 ,a name applied to several varieties of the ,prunus domesticus 7,linn471 or wild plum4 ,among the cultivated varieties1 the damson1 greengage1 ,french plum1 magnum bonum or ,mogul p41 mirabelle p41 ,orleans p41 and prune1 are those best known4 ,grocers' #8plums' are raisins1 or dried grapes4 ,in the following table will be found the composition of the principal varieties of plum4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,greengage4 ,mussel ,plums4 ,black- ,mirabelle1-------------- blue1 ,dark --------------- common ,yellow-,large middle-black- ,italian1 yellow4 green1 green1 sized red ,common4 very middle very ,plums4 ,plums4 sweet4 size4 sweet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,soluble matter---- ,sugar #cehd #bifj #cdje #aiif #bbeb #egic #fgcj ,free acid1 reduced to equivalent in malic acid #jehb #jifj #jhgj #abgj #acca #jieb #jhda ,albuminous substances #jaig #jdgg #jdja #jdjj #jdbf #jghe #jhcb ,pectous substances1 c4 #eggb #ajdge #aajgd #bcac #ehea #cfdf #daje ,ash #jegj #jcah #jcih #jdif #jeec #jgcd #jeij ,insoluble matter---- ,seeds #eghj #cbej #bheb #daij #ccbi #cedj #cabd ,skins1 c4 #jagi #jfhj #ajce #aiij #jigb ,pectose #ajhj #jjaj #jbde #jeji #ajbj #jfcj #aecd ,ash from insoluble matter included on weights given #jjhb #jjcijjcgjjdajjfcjjidjjff ,water #hbbef #hjhda #gigbj #hhgea #hebch #haicj #habgb ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ajjjj #iiigaajjjj #iiibeajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,plumba,,go4 ,syn4 ,,graphite1 ,,black-,,lead4 ,one of the native forms of carbon4 ,it contains from #ie to #ajj of pure carbon2 has a metallic lustre1 and conducts electricity nearly as well as the metals4 ,it was formerly regarded as a carbide of iron1 but the iron generally found is now known to be merely in a state of mixture4 ,there are two distinct varieties of graphite----crystallised or foliated graphite1 obtained chiefly from ,ceylon2 and amorphous graphite 7the ordinary plumbago or black-lead71 largely imported to this country from ,germany4 ,the ,borrowdale mine in ,cumberland1 from which the finest black-lead was formerly derived1 is now nearly exhausted4 ,the foliated graphite of ,ceylon and other parts is the principal material employed for making plumbago crucibles and other fire-resisting goods4 ,the amorphous graphite is used for making black-lead pencils1 polishing powder for stoves and grates 7#8lustre1' #8servants' friend1' c471 and to diminish friction in heavy machinery 7anti-friction powder74 ,its powder is also used to give conducting surfaces to articles on which it is desired to deposit copper by the electrotype4 ,in medicine plumbago has been used with apparent advantage in herpes and several chronic skin diseases----externally1 as an ointment made with four times its weight of lard2 and internally1 made into pills4 ,purification4 ,for medical and chemical use graphite may be treated as follows3---- #a4 7,dumas and ,stas47 ,heat it to redness with caustic potassa1 in a covered crucible1 then wash it well with water1 boil it in nitric acid and in aqua regia1 again wash it with water1 dry it1 and expose it at a white heat to a stream of dry chlorine gas2 lastly1 wash it with water1 and again heat it to dull redness4 ,in analysis4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,pure native plumbago1 #a lb41 is boiled in water for #a hour1 then drained1 and digested for #bd hours in a mixture of water1 #h oz42 nitric acid and hydrochloric acid1 of each #b oz42 it is1 lastly1 well washed with water1 and dried4 #c4 7,brodie's patent47 ,this process is only applicable to the hard varieties of graphite1 as that of ,ceylon4 ,it consists in introducing coarsely powdered graphite1 previously mixed with #a_/adth of its weight of chlorate of potassa1 into #b parts of concentrated sulphuric acid1 which is heated in a water bath until the evolution of acid fumes ceases4 ,the acid is then removed by water1 and the graphite dried4 ,thus prepared1 this substance1 when heated to a temperature approaching a red heat1 swells up to a voluminous mass of finely divided graphite4 ,this powder1 which is quite free from grit1 may be afterwards consolidated by pressure1 and used for making pencils or other purposes4 ,,plum,,bic ,,acid4 ,binoxide of lead occasionally receives this name on account of its combining with some of the bases to form compounds which have been called plumbates4 ,,plum,,bum ,,cor,,neum4 ,see ,,lead1 ,,chloride ,,of4 ,,plum,,ose ,,al,,um4 ,the old name of the silky amianthine crystals of the double sulphate of aluminum and iron occasionally found on alum slate4 ,asbestos has also been so called4 ,,plunket',s ,,cancer ,,remedy4 ,see ,,caustic1 ,,plunket',s4 ,,pneumonia4 ,inflammation of the substance of the lungs4 ,when the inflammation extends to the pleura1 or covering of the lungs1 the disease is distinguished as ,,pleuro-,,pneumonia4 ,by most pathologists pneumonia is described under the three general heads of----7#a7 ,croupous pneumonia1 7#b7 catarrhal pneumonia1 7#c7 chronic pneumonia1 each of which have1 by some medical writers1 been subdivided into other forms and varieties4 #a4 ,,acute ,,croupous ,,pneumonia4 ,this first description of pneumonia is most common amongst persons of from twenty to thirty years of age1 although no age escapes it1 and it is generally very severe in character when it attacks the very young or old4 ,it prevails more amongst men than women1 since the former1 from their more frequent exposure to the weather and to changes of temperature1 run greater risk of being overtaken by a very fertile cause of croupal pneumonia1 viz4 a sudden chill when the body is unusually heated4 ,it frequently seizes those suffering from chronic or acute disorders1 as well as those who are intemperate and drunken4 ,it often assails patients suffering from contagious and acute maladies1 such as measles1 smallpox1 pymia1 puerperal fever1 typhus1 and as appears from the accounts of the recent outbreak of ,astrakan plague in that disease also4 ,it likewise frequently prevails amongst the poor and badly fed living in the overcrowded quarters of large towns and cities4 ,the following are the principal symptoms of acute croupous pneumonia1 given by ,dr ,roberts3#aac---- ,footnote #aac3 #8,handbook of the ,theory and ,practice of ,medicine1' by ,f4 ,j4 ,roberts1 ,m4,d41 c4 ,lewis1 #ahgc4 8,in some cases there are premonitory signs of general indisposition for a short time4 ,in primary1 or unmixed pneumonia1 the attack sets in usually very suddenly1 the invasion being attended with a single1 severe1 more or less prolonged rigor4 ,there may be great prostration with fever2 vomiting or nervous symptoms1 viz4 headache1 delirium1 restless stupor1 or1 in children1 convulsions4 ,the special symptoms are local and general4 8,local symptoms4----,pain in the side is usually present1 commonly stabbing or piercing1 increased by a deep breath4 ,difficulty of breathing4 ,cough also commences speedily2 it does not come on in violent paroxysms1 but is short and hacking and difficult to repress4 ,soon expectoration occurs1 the expectorated matter presenting peculiar characters4 ,it is scarcely at all frothy but extremely viscid and adhesive1 and the vessel which contains it may often be overturned without its escaping4 ,the expectorated matter has a rusty colour or presents various tints of red1 from admixture of blood1 and as the case progresses1 changes of colour are observed through shades of yellow1 until finally they become merely like the expectoration of bronchitis4 ,in some cases of croupal pneumonia pain and other symptoms are sometimes very slight or absent1 and the expectoration may be merely like that in bronchitis1 absent1 or in low cases present the appearance of a dark1 offensive1 thin fluid1 resembling liquorice or prune juice4 8,general symptoms4----,these may be summed up generally as severe fever with great depression and prostration4 ,the skin is hot1 dry1 and burning4 ,the temperature rises with great rapidity to #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 or sometimes higher4 ,it has been known to reach #ajg in cases which recovered1 and in fatal cases it has attained to #ajid4 ,in a large number of instances it does not exceed #ajd4 ,there is usually considerable flushing of the cheeks4 ,the pulse ranges generally from #ij to #abj1 or may be much above this40 ,in the majority of cases this variety of pneumonia has a favorable termination1 but however slight the form in which it shows itself1 or the mildness of its attack1 the properly qualified practitioner should be called in to combat it4 ,we have described the nature and cause of the disease and given the course to be followed in treating it1 for the benefit only of the emigrant and others similarly situated4 ,the above comments are meant to apply to the other descriptions of pneumonia1 which will be adverted to in the course of the present article4 ,treatment to be followed in croupous pneumonia4----,bleeding was formerly had recourse to1 but this treatment has either been abandoned of late years1 or very rarely practised1 the only case in which its moderate employment is recommended being that in which the patient is threatened with death from partial privation or suspension of breath4 ,leeches may be applied to the spot in pain1 and a large blister near it1 but it is preferable to first try the effect of hot fomentations and poultices containing laudanum2 or turpentine sprinkled on a warm damp flannel may be tried4 ,a third of a grain of tartarised antimony1 with a few drops of laudanum1 or a third of a grain of hydrochlorate of morphia may be given every four hours4 8,in all low forms of the disease the only chance is in free stimulation4 ,at the same times full doses of carbonate of ammonia1 with bark1 spirits of chloroform1 ether1 camphor1 and such remedies1 must be administered4 ,in some cases quinine with iron is useful40#aad ,footnote #aad3 ,dr ,roberts4 ,the best diet consists of milk and beef tea4 ,the patient1 it is needless to say1 should be kept in bed1 and the temperature of his chamber should be maintained at about #fj ,f4 ,it is also most essential that the room should be thoroughly ventilated1 and all the expectorated matter1 stools1 c41 thoroughly disinfected before removal4 #b4 ,,catarrhal ,,pneumonia4 ,the acute variety of this form of pneumonia is that which principally attacks infants and children1 and frequently complicates diphtheria1 hooping-cough1 measles1 and influenza2 although it may occasionally occur when not associated with these diseases4 ,in the other variety----chronic catarrhal pneumonia----the greater number of cases arise from bronchitis4 ,many authorities look upon the last variety of pneumonia as the cause of a great proportion of the cases of pulmonary phthisis4 ,symptoms4----,these differ1 in the great majority of cases1 from croupal pneumonia1 in not being preceded by rigors4 ,there is always fever and a rise of bodily temperature from #ajc to #aje4 ,there is often copious perspiration and increased pulse4 ,as the disease progresses the breathing becomes more difficult and rapid1 the cough changes its character1 and 8becomes short1 harsh1 hacking1 and painful1 the child endeavouring to repress it1 and having an expression of pain or crying and diminished expectoration40#aae ,footnote #aae3 ,dr ,roberts4 ,the treatment of this form of pneumonia consists in keeping up the strength of the patient by means of good nourishing food1 and stimulants judiciously administered4 ,ammonia and senega should be given if the sufferer is very weak4 ,in ordinary cases ipecacuanha wine will be found useful4 ,poultices of linseed or mustard to the chest are also prescribed4 ,during convalescence the patient requires careful watching2 his diet should be generous1 and should include wine2 cod-liver oil1 quinine1 and iron1 or other tonics are additionally necessary4 #c4 ,,chronic ,,pneumonia4 ,this disease1 in which the substance of the lung is in a more or less abnormal or altered condition1 is mostly the result of some previous pulmonary affection4 ,it frequently follows successive attacks of the catarrhal variety of pneumonia and the bronchial irritation arising from the inhalation of small particles of dust given off by substances employed in certain occupations or manufactures1 such as coal1 steel1 granite1 c4 ,the symptoms are pains in the side1 cough1 sometimes occurring in severe paroxysms1 shortness of breathing1 the patient meantime gradually becoming thinner and weaker4 ,sometimes night sweats occur1 but generally there is little or no fever4 ,the best treatment is nourishing diet1 combined with tonics and cod-liver oil4 ,of late years the doctrine of the contagious nature of some forms of acute pneumonia 7whether complicated with pleurisy or not7 seems to have been gaining ground amongst medical practitioners4 ,the well-known fact that the pleuro-pneumonia of cattle is propagated by contagion1 if it does not prove this contention1 is at any rate 8worthy10 as ,dr ,parkes remarks1 8of all attention40 ,the following cases1 selected from amongst many others equally striking1 would appear to lend considerable support to this view3 #a4 ,the #8,lancet' for ,january #ith1 #ahfb1 contains a communication from ,dr ,bryson1 describing an epidemic of pleuro-pneumonia which occurred in #ahfj amongst the ,mediterranean fleet4 ,the infectious character of the disease is stated to have been very marked2 besides which there were several points of resemblance between it and the pleuro-pneumonia which attacks cattle4 #b4 ,professor ,bock of ,christiana has recorded an outbreak of pneumonia which took place in the ,akerhus prison of that city in #ahff4 ,out of #cfj prisoners #fb of them were attacked with pneumonia in six months4 ,the prison1 like the cattle sheds1 ravaged by pleuro-pneumonia1 was badly ventilated and overcrowded4 ,the following illustrations are extracted from ,dr ,wynter ,blyth's valuable #8,dictionary of ,hygiene and ,public ,health4' #a4 8,mr ,alfred ,mayo1 ,mildenhall1 ,suffolk1 in a private letter to the author1 gives a series of cases in which the infectious character of the malady was well marked4 ,the first case was that of a bricklayer1 about thirty-five years of age1 who was taken ill with pleuro-pneumonia4 ,his mother1 who nursed him1 very shortly afterwards took the same disease and died4 ,a neighbour1 a healthy young woman over thirty1 who came in to nurse the last patient1 was also taken similarly ill1 and died with all the physical and other signs and symptoms well developed2 and lastly1 her child contracted the disease1 but eventually recovered4 ,there were other cases in the neighbourhood at the same time1 and all of them were remarkable for their fatality40 #b4 8,dr ,richard ,budd1 of ,barnstaple1 has communicated to the author the following remarkable cases3----#a4 ,a clergyman1 after attending a public meeting1 became affected with acute pneumonia4 #b4 ,the nurse in attendance became ill of the same disease about a week afterwards4 #c4 ,the clergyman's sister1 taking the place of the nurse1 was in her turn also seized with pneumonia4 #d4 ,a brother of the clergyman1 who now undertook the duty of nurse1 was in a very short time laid up with the same malady4 ,the nurse and sister died1 the two brothers recovered4 ,dr ,budd concludes his communications as follows3 #8,since that time ,i have witnessed innumerable instances of the occurrence of this disorder in several members of the same family in succession1 and ,i am thoroughly convinced that it spreads by infection1 as the facts ,i have observed admit of no other explanation4'0 ,the following table1 from the ,registrar-,general's ,report for #ahge1 gives the yearly number of deaths from pneumonia in ,england from #ahdh to #ahge3---- #ahdh #ba1hfh #ahdi #ba1aid #ahej #bj1cjc #ahea #bb1jja #aheb #ba1dba #ahec #bd1jih #ahed #bc1ebc #ahee #bf1jeb #ahef #bb1fec #aheg #bc1deb #aheh #bf1dhf #ahei #bd1ead #ahfj #be1bfd #ahfa #bb1iad #ahfb #bc1gac #ahfc #bd1aha #ahfd #bd1dgj #ahfe #bb1dhi #ahff #be1aee #ahfg #ba1aah #ahfh #ai1ijh #ahfi #be1bdf #ahgj #bc1gbi #ahga #bb1gfh #ahgb #bj1bhb #ahgc #bb1ijd #ahgd #be1ibg #ahge #bg1afa ,as a commentary upon the high death-rate from pneumonia for #ahge1 we may quote the ,report for #ahgg of the ,registrar-,general to the ,president of the ,local ,government ,board4 ,he writes1 8,the winter of #ahge was unusually severe2 extremes of temperature1 with a long continuance of east winds1 were fatal to infants and to elderly people1 and no less than #afb1aef deaths were registered in ,england for the first quarter of the year2 the mortality was at the annual rate of #bge per #ajjj1 or #bf per #ajjj above the average of the thirty-eight years----#ahch-ge40 ,in animals4 ,for pneumonia and ordinary pleuro-pneumonia1 the treatment prescribed for pleurisy may be followed4 ,,epidemic ,,pleuro-,,pneumonia ,,of ,,cattle4 ,it is now universally admitted that this disease is very often traceable to contagion1 and hence that its propagation has been largely due to the practice of purchasing infected animals in open market1 and afterwards allowing them to herd with healthy ones4 ,when a cow is attacked with this epizootic disease1 the first noticeable symptoms are generally tenderness and flabbiness of the udder1 and a frothy condition of the milk4 ,these symptoms are accompanied with a dry cough and irregularity of appetite2 at the same time the mouth1 horns1 and legs become hot1 the pulse becomes more rapid1 and the breathing also4 ,when on its feet the animal arches its back1 and when lying down rests itself upon its breast bone4 ,generally1 however1 when in the recumbent posture1 it lies on that side where the affected lung is4 ,the treatment1 omitting the bleeding1 is very similar to that recommended for pleurisy1 except that it should be supplemented by the application to the sides of fomentations of hot water1 followed by the rubbing in of mustard or of some vesicant4 8,if no improvement occur after the third or fourth day1 give three times daily an ounce each of ginger and gentian1 with four drachms of sulphate of iron4 ,where there is debility1 arrested secretion1 and cold extremities1 give several times a day a quart of warm ale1 with an ounce each of ginger1 cardamoms1 fenugreek1 or other aromatics40#aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,finlay ,dun4 ,,poach,,ing4 ,amongst cooks1 a peculiar method of cooking small articles by a slight boiling or stewing process4 ,,poached ,,eggs are prepared by breaking them into a small saucepan or stewpan containing about #a_/b a pint of boiling water1 to which a teaspoonful of common salt1 and1 occasionally1 a little vinegar1 is added1 and gently simmering them for #c or #d minutes1 or until sufficiently firm to bear removal with a spoon or #8slice4' ,another method is to employ melted butter instead of water1 and to dress them either with or without stirring4 ,poached eggs are commonly served on toast1 or with fried ham or bacon1 with spice or vegetable seasoning at will4 ,they form an excellent breakfast1 or #8make-shift dinner4' ,,podoph,,yllin4 ,syn4 ,,resin ,,of ,,podophyllum2 ,,resina ,,podophylli 7,b4 ,p474 ,obtained from the root of the ,podophyllum peltatum 7,linn471 or may-apple1 a substance officinal in the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the alcoholic extract of may-apple is digested in cold ether to remove fatty matter1 and is then dissolved in rectified spirit2 the solution is decoloured with a little animal charcoal1 and filtered2 it is1 lastly1 allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,podophyllum1 in coarse powder1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #c-c_/d1 or a sufficiency2 distilled water and hydrochloric acid1 of each a sufficiency2 exhaust the podophyllum by percolation with the spirit2 distil over the spirit2 slowly pour the liquid remaining after the distillation of the tincture into three times its volume of water acidulated with #a_/bdth part of its weight of hydrochloric acid1 constantly stirring2 let it stand #bd hours2 collect the resin which falls1 wash on a filter with distilled water1 and dry in a stove4 ,cholagogue purgative2 used as a substitute for calomel4----,dose1 #a_/f to #a_/b gr41 or even #b gr4 ,it is best to begin with #a_/h gr4 7,squire47 ,prop41 c4 ,an amorphous1 greyish-white mass1 soluble in alcohol1 and slightly soluble in water4 ,it is a safe and certain cathartic1 superior in activity to resin of jalap4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c gr4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,may-,,apple4 ,,podophyllum ,,root4 ,syn4 ,,podophylli ,,radix 7,b4 ,p47 ,the dried rhizome of the ,podophyllum peltatum2 imported from ,north ,america4 ,active and certain cathartic4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,,pois,,on4 ,syn4 ,,toxicum1 ,,venenum1 ,l4 ,any substance which1 when swallowed or applied in any particular way to the living body1 disturbs1 suspends1 or destroys one or more of the vital functions4 ,in sufficient quantity1 or in small doses long continued1 the common result of the administration of deleterious substances is either impaired vitality or death4 ,poisons are classified by ,orfila under four heads3---- #a4 ,,irritant ,,poisons1 or such as inflame or corrode the parts with which they come in contact4 ,their chief effects are upon the alimentary canal1 with1 sometimes1 ulceration of the tongue1 fauces1 and sophagus4 ,nausea1 vomiting1 stomachic and intestinal pains1 extreme anxiety and anguish1 quick and feeble pulse1 cold and clammy skin1 and mucous1 bilious1 or bloody diarrha1 are among the common leading symptoms4 ,arsenic1 blue vitriol1 verdigris1 strong acids and alkalies1 drastic purgatives1 and numerous other substances1 belong to this class4 #b4 ,,narcotic ,,or ,,stupefying ,,poisons1 or such as paralyse the functions of the nervous system1 and produce headache1 vertigo1 confused vision1 delirium1 stupor1 convulsions1 coma1 c4 ,it includes morphia1 opium1 henbane1 oil of bitter almonds1 prussic acid1 c4 #c4 ,,narcotico-,,acrid ,,poisons1 which produce at the same time narcotism and irritation of the parts which they touch4 ,alcohol1 belladonna1 cocculus indicus1 colchicum1 foxglove1 hemlock1 poisonous fungi1 strychnine1 tobacco1 veratrine1 c41 are of this kind4 #d4 ,,septic ,,or ,,putrefiant ,,poisons1 including all those which alter1 liquefy1 or cause the putrescence of the fluids of the body2 as sulphuretted hydrogen1 the gas from sewers and cesspools1 putrefying organic matter1 miasmata1 c4 ,the treatment of cases of poisoning varies with the substance occasioning it2 the proper antidotes will be found noticed under the names of the various substances that exert a deleterious action on the animal body4 ,it may here1 however1 be useful to remark that1 in almost all cases of poisoning1 copious vomiting should be excited as soon as possible by the administration of a powerful emetic2 its action being promoted by copious draughts of lukewarm water1 tickling the throat with the finger1 c4 ,should this fail1 but not otherwise1 the stomach-pump should be had recourse to4 ,the vomiting should be kept up and the stomach well washed out with bland albuminous or mucilaginous liquids1 such as milk-and-water1 barley water1 sweetened water1 flour-and-water1 or any similar matters1 as circumstances may afford4 ,after the vomiting a brisk aperient draught1 or clyster1 may be administered1 and nervous irritability or exhaustion allayed by means of ether1 opium1 wine1 or warm spirit-and-water1 as the case may require4 ,even in a suspected case of poisoning1 when proper medical advice is not at hand1 an emetic should be immediately administered4 ,vomiting may be1 in general1 produced very promptly by merely swallowing a cupful of warm water mixed with a teaspoonful of flour of mustard4 ,if no dry mustard is at hand1 a portion of the contents of a mustard-pot1 put into the water1 will answer nearly as well4 ,as mustard may thus prove of so much use1 it should never be wanting in any house2 but even should there be no mustard at hand1 warm water by itself1 freely taken1 forms a tolerably efficacious emetic4 ,,polarisa,,tion 7of ,light74 ,a change produced upon light by the action of certain media and surfaces1 by which it ceases to present the ordinary phenomena of reflection and transmission4 ,instruments or apparatus employed to effect this change are called #8polariscopes4' ,although the polarisation of light is frequently employed as a means of chemical investigation1 and is of the utmost interest to the philosophical inquirer1 its consideration scarcely comes within the province of this work4 ,see #8,watt's ,dict4 of ,chemistry1' #8,ganot's ,physics1' c4 ,,pol,,ish4 ,various substances1 differing widely from each other1 are popularly known under this name4 ,see ,,powders1 ,,varnish1 c41 and below4 ,polish1 ,french4 ,see ,,french ,,polish4 ,polish1 ,french ,reviver4 ,prep4 #a4 ,linseed oil1 #a_/b pint2 pale lac varnish and wood naphtha1 of each #a_/d pint2 well shaken together1 and again every time before use4 #b4 ,methylated rectified spirit1 #c pints2 linseed oil and ,french polish1 of each #a pint2 as the last4 #c4 ,linseed oil 7pale71 #a quart2 strong distilled vinegar1 #a_/b pint2 spirit of turpentine1 #a_/d pint2 muriatic acid1 #a oz4 ,furniture ,cream4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pearlash1 #b oz42 soft soap1 #d oz42 beeswax1 #a lb42 water1 #a gall42 boil until the whole is united and forms a creamy liquid when cold4 #b4 ,beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 good yellow soap1 #a_/d lb43 water1 #e pints2 boil to a proper consistence with constant agitation1 then add of boiled oil and spirit of turpentine1 of each #a_/b pint4 ,for use1 the above are diluted with water1 spread upon the surface with a painter's brush1 and then polished off with a hard brush1 cloth1 or leather4 #c4 ,boiled oil 7pale71 #a_/b pint2 beeswax1 #a-a_/b oz42 mixed by heat4 ,applied by a #8rubber1' and at once polished off4 #d4 7,for wooden furniture47 ,white wax1 #h parts2 resin1 #b parts2 true ,venice turpentine1 #a_/b pint2 melt at a gentle heat4 ,the warm mass1 completely melted1 is poured into a stone jar1 agitated1 and #f parts of rectified oil of turpentine added thereto4 ,after #bd hours the mass1 having the consistency of soft butter1 is ready for use4 ,before using the paste the furniture should be washed with soap and water1 and then well dried4 7#8,dingler's ,journal4'7 ,furniture ,oil4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,mixed4 ,furniture ,paste4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of turpentine1 #a pint2 alkanet root1 #a_/d oz42 digest until sufficiently coloured1 then add of beeswax 7scraped small71 #d oz42 put the vessel into hot water1 and stir until the mixture is complete1 then put it into pots4 ,if wanted pale1 the alkanet root should be omitted4 #b4 7,white47 ,white wax1 #a lb42 solution of potassa1 #a_/b gall42 boil to a proper consistence4 ,polish1 ,harness4 ,see ,,blacking1 ,,harness4 ,polish1 ,leather4 ,see ,,blacking4 ,,pol,,lard4 ,see ,,flour4 ,,pol,,ychrest4 ,syn4 ,,polychrestus1 ,l4 ,a term formerly applied to several medicines on account of the numerous virtues they were supposed to possess4 ,sal polycrestus is the old name for sulphate of potassa4 ,,pol,,ychroite4 ,the name formerly given to the colouring matter of saffron1 from the variety of colours which it exhibits with different reagents4 ,its alcoholic and aqueous solutions are of a golden yellow2 nitric acid turns it green2 sulphuric acid1 first blue1 and then lilac4 ,,pom,,ace4 ,see ,,cider4 ,,poma,,tum4 ,syn4 ,,pommade1 ,fr4 ,this term was originally applied to a fragrant ointment prepared with lard and apples2 but is now wholly restricted1 in this country1 to solid greasy substances used in dressing the hair4 ,the pomatums of ,french pharmacy 7,,pommades1 ,,graisses ,m,,dicamenteuses----,p4 ,cod42 ,,liparol,s----,guibourt2 ,,liparol,s and ,,liparoid,s----,bral2 ,,stearol,s----,chreau7 are soft ointments1 having a basis of lard or fat1 without resinous matter4 ,see ,,ointment and ,,pommade4 ,,pomegran,,ate4 ,the ,tunica granatum 7,linn471 a small tree indigenous in ,persia and the ,east4 ,fruit 7,,pomegranate2 ,,granata1 ,,mala ,,punica7 is cooling and astringent2 fruit-rind 7,,pomegranate ,,peel2 ,,matacorium1 ,,cortex ,,granati2 ,,granatum----,ph4 ,l47 and root-bark 7,,granati ,,radix----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47 are powerfully astringent1 detersive1 and anthelmintic2 the last more particularly so4 ,the double flowers of the wild tree 7,,balaustines2 ,,balausti71 as well as those of the cultivated one 7,,cytini71 are tonic and astringent4----,dose1 #ae to #bj gr4 of the root-bark1 repeated every #cj or #dj minutes1 until four doses have been taken1 followed by castor oil2 in tapeworm4 ,as an astringent1 all the parts described are commonly given under the form of decoction4 ,,pommade4 ,fr4 ,the term applied by ,continental perfumers to any soft fragrant ointment 7,,pomatum74 ,in the preparation of pommades one of the first objects of consideration is to obtain their fatty basis in as fresh and pure a state as possible4 ,lard1 beef1 and mutton suet1 beef marrow1 veal fat1 and bear's fat1 are the substances commonly employed for this purpose1 either singly or in mixtures of two or more of them4 ,the fat1 carefully selected from a young and healthy animal1 after being separated from extraneous skin and fibre1 is pounded in a marble mortar1 in the cold1 until all the membranes are completely torn asunder4 ,it is next placed in a covered porcelain or polished metal pan1 and submitted to the heat of a water bath1 which is continued until its fatty portion has liquefied1 and the albuminous and aqueous matter1 and other foreign substances1 have completely separated and subsided4 ,the liquid fat is then carefully skimmed1 and at once passed through a clean flannel filter4 ,in this state it may be aromatised or perfumed at will2 after which1 when it is intended that the pommade should be opaque and white1 it is assiduously stirred or beaten with a glass or wooden knife1 or spatula1 until it concretes2 but when it is desired that it should appear transparent or crystalline1 it is allowed to cool very slowly1 and without being disturbed4 ,to prevent the accession of rancidity1 a little benzoic acid1 gum benzoin1 or nitric ether may be added to the fat1 whilst in the liquid state1 as noticed under ,,fat and ,,ointment4 ,sometimes a small portion of white wax or beeswax 7according to the intended colour of the product7 is melted with the fat to increase its solidity4 ,some parties employ a few grains of powdered citric acid per ounce1 in a like manner1 with the intention of increasing the whiteness of the compound2 but the practice is not to be commended1 as pommades so prepared prove injurious to the hair4 ,the ,french perfumers1 who are celebrated for the variety and excellence of their pommades1 divide them into four classes3---- #a4 ,,pommades ,,by ,,infusion4 ,these are made by gently melting in a clean pan1 over a water bath1 #b parts of hog's lard1 and #a part of beef suet 7both of the finest quality1 and carefully #8rendered'71 and adding thereto one part of the given flowers1 previously carefully picked and separated from foreign matter2 or1 if the odorous substance is a solid1 then coarsely bruised1 but not reduced to fine powder4 ,the mixture is next digested at a very gentle heat for from #ab to #bd hours1 with occasional stirring1 the vessel being kept covered as much as possible during the whole time4 ,the next day the mixture is reheated1 and again well stirred for a short time1 after which it is poured into canvas bags1 and these1 being securely tied1 are submitted to powerful pressure1 gradually increased1 in a screw or barrel press4 ,this operation is repeated with the same fat and fresh flowers1 several times1 until the pommade is sufficiently perfumed4 ,a good pommade requires thrice to six times its weight in flowers to be thus consumed2 or of the aromatic barks and seeds a corresponding proportion4 ,the pommades of cassia1 orange flowers1 and several others kept by the ,french perfumers1 are prepared in this manner4 #b4 ,,pommades ,,by ,,contact 7,,enfleurage74 ,these are made by spreading1 with a palette knife1 simple pommade 7made with lard and suet as above7 on panes of glass or pewter plates1 to the thickness of a finger1 and sticking the surface all over with the sweet-scented flowers4 ,these last are renewed daily for one1 two1 or three months1 or until the pommade has become sufficiently perfumed4 ,on the large scale1 the panes are placed in small shallow frames1 made of four pieces of wood nicely fitted together1 and are then closely piled one upon another4 ,on the small scale1 pewter plates are generally used1 and they are inverted one over the other4 ,in some of the perfumeries of ,france many thousands of frames are employed at once4 ,the pommades of jasmin1 jonquil1 orange flowers1 narcissus1 tuberose1 violet1 and of some other delicate flowers1 are prepared in this manner4 #c4 ,,pommades ,,by ,,addition4 ,these are prepared by simply adding the fragrant essences or essential oils1 in the required quantity1 to the simple pommade of lard and suet to produce the proper odour4 ,in this way the pommades of bergamotte1 cdrat1 cinnamon1 lemons1 lemon thyme1 lavender1 limettes1 marjoram1 ,portugal roses1 rosemary1 thyme1 verbena1 and about #dj others kept by the ,parisian perfumers1 are made4 #d4 ,,mixed ,,pommades4 ,of these a great variety exists1 prepared by the addition of judicious combinations of the more esteemed perfumes to simple pommade2 or1 by the admixture of the different perfumed pommades1 whilst in the semi-liquid state4 7,see below47 ,,the ,,coloured ,,pommades derive their respective tints from tinctorial matter added to the melted fat before perfuming it4 ,,green is given by gum guaiacum 7in powder71 or by the green leaves or tops of spinach1 parsley1 lavender1 or walnut2----,,red1 by alkanet root and carmine2----,,yellow and ,,orange1 by annatto or palm oil2 ,,white ,,pommades are made with mutton suet1 instead of beef suet4 ,the ,,brown and ,,black hard pomatums1 vended under the name of #8,,cosmetique1' are noticed at page #eac4 ,a few compound pommades are used as skin cosmetics4 ,pommade4 ,syn4 ,,pomatum4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,plain ,,pomatum1 ,,simple ,p47----a4 ,from lard1 #b lbs42 beef suet1 #a lb42 carefully rendered as above4 ,the ordinary consistence for temperate climates4 b4 ,lard and suet1 equal parts4 ,for warm climates4 ,both may be scented at will4 #b4 7,,scented ,,pomatum47----a4 ,plain pomatum1 #a lb42 melt it by the least possible degree of heat1 add of essence of lemon or essence of bergamot1 #c dr42 and stir the mixture until it concretes4 ,this forms the ordinary #8pomatum' of the shops4 b4 ,plain pomatum1 #a-a_/b lb42 essence of bergamot1 #a-a_/b dr42 essence of lemon1 #a dr42 oils of rosemary and cassia1 of each #a_/b dr42 oil of cloves1 #bj drops4 ,more fragrant than the last4 ,pommade1 ,castor ,oil4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from castor oil1 #a lb42 white wax1 #d oz42 melt them together2 then add1 when nearly cold1 of essence of bergamot1 #c dr42 oil of lavender 7,english71 #a_/b dr42 essence of ambergris1 #aj drops4 ,supposed to render the hair glossy4 #b4 7,crystallised47 ,from castor oil1 #a lb2 spermaceti1 #c oz42 melt them together by a gentle heat1 add1 of essence of bergamot1 #c dr42 oil of verbena1 lavender1 and rosemary1 of each #a_/b dr42 pour it into wide-mouthed glass bottles1 and allow it to cool very slowly and undisturbed4 ,pommade1 ,castor ,oil and ,glycerine4 7,american receipt47 ,white wax1 #a-a_/b oz42 glycerin1 #b oz42 castor oil1 #ab oz42 essence of lemon1 #e dr42 essence of bergamot1 #b dr42 oil of lavender1 #a dr42 oil of cloves1 #aj drops2 annatto1 #aj gr42 rectified spirit and distilled water1 of each a sufficient quantity4 ,by a moderate heat dissolve the wax in a small portion of the castor oil 7one fourth71 and triturate it with the remainder of the oil and glycerin till quite cool2 then add volatile oils4 ,lastly1 rub the annatto with a drachm of water till smoothly suspended2 add a drachm of alcohol1 and stir the colouring into the pomade until it is thoroughly mixed4 ,avoid much heat4 ,pommade1 ,cazenave's4 ,prep4 ,from prepared beef marrow1 #d oz42 tincture of cantharides 7,p4 ,cod471 #c to #d dr42 powdered cinnamon1 #a_/b oz42 melt them together1 stir until the spirit has1 for the most part1 evaporated1 then decant the clear portion1 and again stir it until it concretes4 ,recommended as a remedy for baldness and weak hair4 ,it is to be used night and morning2 the head being washed with soap-and-water1 and afterwards with salt-and-water1 before applying it4 ,dr ,cattell scents it with the oils of origanum and bergamot instead of cinnamon4 ,pommade1 ,collante4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of almonds1 #c oz42 white wax1 #c_/d oz42 melt them together1 and add1 of tincture of mastic 7strong71 #a oz42 essence of bergamot1 #a_/b dr4 ,used to stiffen the hair1 and keep it in form4 #b4 ,burgundy pitch 7true71 #c oz42 white wax1 #b oz42 lard1 #a oz42 melt1 and1 when considerably cooled1 stir in1 of tincture of benzoin1 #a oz42 essence of bergamot1 #a_/b dr4 ,used to fasten false curls4 ,pommade1 ,cowslip4 ,prep4 ,from plain pommade1 #b lbs42 essence of bergamot1 #c dr42 essence of lemon and essence of orange peel1 of each #a dr42 huile au jasmin and essence de petit grain1 of each #a_/b dr42 essence of ambergris1 #f drops4 ,pommade1 ,crystallised4 ,prep4 ,from olive oil and spermaceti1 as crystallised castor oil pommade1 with scent at will4 ,pommade of ,cucumbers4 ,syn4 ,,pommade ,,de ,,concombres1 ,,unguentum ,,cucumis4 ,prep4 ,lard1 #aj oz42 veal suet1 #f oz42 balsam of tolu1 #i gr42 rose water1 #dd minims2 cucumber juice1 #ab oz41 by weight4 ,melt the lard and the suet over a water bath1 and add the tolu1 previously dissolved in a little alcohol1 and then the rose water4 ,when clear1 decant it into a tinned basin1 then add to a third of the cucumber juice1 and stir continually for #d hours2 pour off the juice and add another third1 stir as before1 then pour off1 and add the remainder of the juice2 separate as much as possible the fat from the liquid1 melt by a water bath1 and after some hours skim1 and put into pots4 7,beat1 when in a semi-liquid state1 with a wooden spatula1 when it will become much lighter and nearly double in bulk47 ,pommade d',alyon4 ,see ,,ointment ,,of ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,see ,,cups4 ,pommade de ,beaut4 ,prep4 ,from oil of almonds1 #b oz42 spermaceti1 #b dr42 white wax1 #a-a_/b dr42 glycerin1 #a dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b dr42 mixed by a gentle heat4 ,used as a skin cosmetic as well as for the hair4 ,pommade de ,casse4 ,prep4 ,from plain pommade1 #a lb42 palm oil1 #a_/b oz42 melt1 pour off the clear1 and add oil of cassia and huile au jasmin1 of each #a dr42 neroli1 #bj drops2 oil of verbena or lemon grass1 #ae drops2 otto of roses1 #e drops2 and stir until nearly cold4 ,very fragrant4 ,pommade d',hebe4 ,prep4 ,to white wax1 #a oz41 melted by a gentle heat1 add1 of the juice of lily bulbs and ,narbonne honey1 each #b oz42 rose water1 #b dr42 otto of roses1 #b drops4 ,applied night and morning to remove wrinkles4 ,pommade de ,ninon de l,enclos4 ,prep4 ,take of oil of almonds1 #d oz42 prepared lard1 #c oz42 juice of houseleek1 #c fl4 oz4 ,used chiefly as a skin cosmetic4 ,said to be very softening and refreshing4 ,pommade ,divine4 ,prep4 #a4 ,washed and purified beef marrow1 #b lbs42 liquid styrax1 cypress wood1 and powdered orris root1 of each #b oz42 powdered cinnamon1 #a oz42 cloves and nutmegs1 of each 7bruised7 #a_/b oz42 digest the whole together by the heat of a water bath for six hours1 and then strain through flannel4 #b4 ,plain pommade1 #b lbs42 essence of lemon and bergamot1 of each #b dr42 oils of lavender and origanum1 of each #a dr42 oils of verbena1 cassia1 cloves1 and neroli1 of each #ab drops2 huile au jasmin1 #c dr42 essence of violets1 #a_/b oz4 ,pommade1 ,dupuytren's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of prepared beef marrow1 #ab oz42 melt1 add of baume nerval 7see ,,ointment1 ,,nervine71 #d oz42 ,peruvian balsam and oil of almonds1 of each #c oz42 and lastly1 of alcoholic extract of cantharides1 #cf gr42 7dissolve in7 rectified spirit1 #c fl4 dr4 ,this is the original formula for this celebrated pommade4 ,the following modifications of it are now commonly employed3---- #b4 7,cap47 ,beef marrow1 #b oz42 alcoholic extract of cantharides1 #h gr42 rose oil1 #a dr42 essence of lemons1 #cj drops4 #c4 7,guibourt47 ,beef marrow and #8baume nerval' 7page #aagi71 of each #a oz42 rose oil1 #a dr42 alcoholic 7or acetic7 extract of cantharides1 #f gr42 7dissolved in7 rectified spirit1 q4 s4 ,these compounds are used to promote the growth of the hair and to prevent baldness1 for which purpose they are usually coloured and scented according to the taste of the manufacturer4 ,to be useful1 they should be well rubbed on the scalp1 at least once daily1 for several weeks1 and the head should be occasionally washed with soap-and-water4 ,pommade1 ,east ,india4 ,prep4 ,take of suet1 #c lbs42 lard1 #b lbs42 beeswax 7bright71 #a_/b lb42 palm oil1 #b oz42 powdered gum benzoin1 #c oz42 musk 7previously triturated with a little lump sugar71 #bj gr42 digest the whole together in a covered vessel1 by the heat of a water bath1 for #b hours1 then decant the clear portion1 and add1 of essence of lemon1 #a_/b oz42 oil of lavender1 #a_/d oz42 oils of cloves1 cassia1 and verbena1 of each #a_/b dr4 ,a favourite pommade in the ,east ,indies4 ,pommade for ,freckles4 7#8,new ,york ,druggists' ,circular4'7 ,prep4 ,citrine ointment and oil of almonds1 of each #a dr42 spermaceti ointment1 #f dr42 oil of roses1 #c drops4 ,mix well in a wedgwood mortar1 using a wooden or bone knife4 ,pommade1 ,hard4 ,syn4 ,,hard ,,pomatum1 ,,roll ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of beef suet1 #b lbs42 yellow wax1 #a_/d lb42 spermaceti1 #a oz42 powdered benzoin1 #a_/d oz42 melt them together1 then add1 of oil of lavender1 #b dr42 essence of ambergris1 #a_/b dr4 ,before it concretes pour it into moulds of paper or tin foil4 #b4 ,mutton suet and lard1 of each #a lb42 white wax1 #f oz42 melt1 and add1 of essence of lemon1 #b dr42 oil of cassia1 #a_/b dr4 ,other perfumes may be employed at will4 ,hard pomatums are used to gloss and set the hair4 ,they act both as #8pommade' and #8fixateur4' ,see ,,cosmetique4 ,pommade1 ,macassar4 ,prep4 ,from castor oil1 #e oz42 white wax1 #a oz42 alkanet root1 #a_/b dr42 heat them together until sufficiently coloured1 then strain1 and add1 oil of origanum and oil of rosemary1 of each #a dr42 oil of nutmeg1 #a_/b dr42 otto of roses1 #aj drops4 ,said to be equal in efficacy to ,,macassar ,,oil4 ,pommade1 ,marechal4 ,plain pommade scented by digesting it with poudre marchale4 ,pommade1 ,marrow4 ,syn4 ,,marrow ,,pomatum4 ,prep4 ,from prepared beef marrow1 #a_/b lb42 beef suet1 #a_/d lb42 palm oil1 #a_/d oz42 melted together and scented at will4 ,pommade1 ,millefleur4 ,prep4 ,from plain pommade scented with a mixture of essence of lemon and essence of ambergris1 each #d parts2 oil of lavender1 #b parts2 oil of cloves and essence de petit grain1 of each #a part2 or with other like perfumes so proportioned to each other that no one shall predominate4 ,much esteemed4 ,pommade1 ,roll4 ,see ,,pommade1 ,,hard4 ,pommade1 ,roman4 ,see below4 ,pommade1 ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,rose ,,pomatum4 ,this is plain pommade or hard lard1 which has been well beaten with eau de rose1 or1 better still1 scented with otto of roses4 ,it is sometimes tinged with alkanet root4 ,pommade1 ,soft4 ,plain pomatum scented at will4 ,pommade1 ,soubeiran's4 ,prep4 ,from beef marrow1 #a-a_/b oz42 oil of almonds1 #a_/b oz42 disulphate of quinine1 #a dr4 ,recommended for strengthening and restoring the hair4 ,pommade1 ,transparent4 ,prep4 ,spermaceti1 #b oz42 castor oil1 #e oz42 alcohol1 #e oz42 oil of bergamot1 #a_/b dr42 oil of ,portugal1 #a_/b dr4 ,pommade1 ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,roman ,,pommade1 ,,pommade ,,la ,,vanille1 ,,pommade ,,romain4 ,from plain pommade and pommade la rose1 of each #ab lbs42 powdered vanilla1 #a lb42 heat them together in a water bath1 stir constantly for #a hour1 let it settle for another hour1 decant the clear1 and add1 oil la rose1 #b-a_/b lbs42 bergamot1 #d oz4 ,,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,poppy2 ,,papaver ,,somniferum1 ,l4 ,the capsules or fruit 78mature0----,ph4 ,l42 8not quite ripe0----,ph4 ,e47 form the poppies or poppy-heads of the shops 7,,papaveris ,,capsul2 ,,papaver----,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,they are anodyne and narcotic1 similar to opium1 but in only a very slight degree4 ,the seeds 7,,maw ,,seed71 which are sweet1 oleaginous1 and nutritious1 are used as a substitute for almonds in confectionery and mixtures1 and are pressed for their oil4 ,see ,,extract1 ,,opium1 and ,,syrup4 ,poppy1 ,red4 ,syn4 ,,corn ,,poppy1 ,,corn ,,rose2 ,,papaver ,,rh,,as1 ,l4 ,the fresh petals or flowers 7,,rh,,ados ,,petala2 ,,rh,,as----,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47 are reputed pectoral1 but are chiefly employed on account of their rich colour4 ,see ,,syrup4 ,,pop,,ulin4 ,syn4 ,,populinum1 ,l4 ,a peculiar neutral1 crystallisable substance1 formerly supposed to be an alkaloid1 found1 associated with ,,salicin1 in the root-bark of the ,populus tremula 7,linn471 or aspen4 ,prep4 ,concentrate the decoction by a gentle heat1 and set it aside in a cool situation to crystallise2 dissolve the crystals which are deposited in rectified spirit1 decolour them by digestion with animal charcoal1 filter1 and again crystallise4 ,to render them still purer they may be redissolved and crystallised a second and a third time1 if necessary4 ,prop41 c4 ,it resembles salicin in appearance and solubility1 but1 unlike that substance1 has a penetrating sweet taste4 ,dilute acids convert it into benzoic acid1 grape sugar1 and saliretin2 and with a mixture of sulphuric acid and bichromate of potassa it yields a large quantity of salicylous acid4 ,it appears to be tonic1 stomachic1 and febrifuge4 ,,por,,celain4 ,see ,,pottery4 ,,pork4 ,the value of pork as an article of diet is well known4 ,that from the young and properly fed animal is savoury1 easy of digestion1 and1 when only occasionally employed1 highly wholesome2 but it is apt to disagree with some stomachs1 and should1 in such cases1 be avoided4 ,to render it proper for food1 it should be thoroughly but not overcooked4 ,when salted it is less digestible4 ,the frequent use of pork is said to favour obesity1 and to occasion disorders of the skin1 especially in the sedentary4 ,see ,,meat4 ,,por,,phyrized1 ,,porphoriza,,tion4 ,words coined by recent pharmaceutical writers1 and possessing similar meanings to ,,levigated and ,,levigation4 ,,porphy,,roxin4 ,a neutral crystallisable substance discovered by ,merck in opium4 ,it is soluble in both alcohol and ether1 insoluble in water1 and is characterised by assuming a purplish-red colour when heated in dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,,porri,,go4 ,see ,,ringworm4 ,,por,,ter4 ,this well-known beverage1 now the common drink of the inhabitants of ,london1 by whom it is generally termed #8beer1' originated with a brewer named ,harwood1 in #agbb4 ,previously to this date1 #8ale1' #8beer1' and #8twopenny1' constituted the stock in trade of the ,london publican1 and were drunk1 either singly or together1 under the names of #8half-and-half' or #8three threads1' for which the vendor was compelled to have recourse to two or three different casks1 as the case might demand4 ,the inconvenience and trouble thus incurred led ,mr ,harwood to endeavour to produce a beer which should possess the flavour of the mixed liquors4 ,in this he succeeded so well that his new beverage rapidly superseded the mixtures then in use1 and obtained a general preference among the lower classes of the people4 ,at first this liquor was called #8entire' or #8entire butt1' on account of it being drawn from one cask only1 but it afterwards acquired1 at first in derision1 the now familiar name of #8porter1' in consequence of its general consumption among porters and labourers4 ,the word #8entire' is still1 however1 frequently met with on the signboards of taverns about the metropolis4 ,the characteristics of pure and wholesome porter are its transparency1 lively dark brown colour1 and its peculiar bitter and slightly burnt taste4 ,originally1 these qualities were derived from the #8high-dried malt1' with which alone it was brewed4 ,it is now generally1 if not entirely1 made from #8pale' or #8amber malt1' mixed with a sufficient quantity of #8patent' or #8roasted malt' to impart the necessary flavour and colour4 ,formerly1 this liquor was #8vatted' and #8stored' for some time before being sent out to the retailer1 but the change in the taste of the public during the last quarter of a century in favour of the mild or new porter has rendered this unnecessary4 ,the best #8draught porter1' at the time of its consumption1 is now only a few weeks old4 ,in this state only would it be tolerated by the modern beer-drinker4 ,the old and acid beverage that was formerly sold under the name of porter would be rejected at the present day as #8hard' and unpleasant1 even by the most thirsty votaries of malt liquor4 ,the #8beer' or #8porter' of the metropolitan brewers is essentially a weak mild ale1 coloured and flavoured with roasted malt4 ,its richness in sugar and alcohol1 on which its stimulating and nutritive properties depend1 is hence less than that of an uncoloured mild ale brewed from a like original quantity of malt4 ,for pale malt is assumed to yield #hj to #hd lbs4 of saccharine per quarter2 whereas the torrefied malt employed by the porter brewers only yields #ah to #bd lbs4 per quarter1 and much of even this small quantity is altered in its properties1 and is incapable of undergoing the vinous fermentation4 ,in the manufacture of porter there is a waste of malt which does not occur in brewing ale2 and the consumer must1 therefore1 either pay a higher price for it or be content with a weaker liquor4 ,the hygienic properties of porter1 for the most part1 resemble those of other malt liquors4 ,some members of the faculty conceive that it is better suited to persons with delicate stomachs and weak digestion than either ale or beer4 ,that there may be some reason for this preference1 in such cases1 we are not prepared to deny1 but undoubtedly1 when the intention is to stimulate and nourish the system1 ale is preferable4 ,certain it is1 however1 that the dark colour and strong taste of porter render its adulteration easier than that of ale1 whilst such adulteration is more difficult of detection than in the paler varieties of malt liquors4 8,for medical purposes1 #8bottled porter' 7,,cerevisia ,,lagenaria7 is usually preferred to #8draught porter4' ,it is useful as a restorative in the latter stages of fever1 and to support the powers of the system after surgical operations1 severe accidents1 c40 7,pereira1 ii1 #ihb47 ,when #8out of condition' or adulterated1 porter1 more than perhaps any other malt liquor1 is totally unfit for use as a beverage1 even for the healthy2 and when taken by the invalid1 the consequences must necessarily be serious4 ,dr ,ure says that pure porter1 8when drank in moderation1 is a far wholesomer beverage for the people than the thin acidulous wines of ,france and ,germany40 ,the manufacture of porter has been described in our article on ,,brewing1 and is also referred to above4 ,it presents no difficulty or peculiarity beyond the choice of the proper materials4 ,a mixture of #8brown' and #8black malt' is thought to yield a finer flavour and colour to the pale malt that gives the body to the liquor than when #8black' or #8roasted malt' is employed alone4 ,the proportion of the former to the latter commonly varies from #a-fth to #a-dth4 ,when #8black malt' is alone used1 the proportion varies from the #a-ajth to #a-aeth4 #a lb4 of #8roasted malt1' mashed with about #gi lbs4 of pale malt1 is said to be capable of imparting to the liquor the flavour and colour of porter4 ,the following formul were formerly commonly employed in ,london3---- #a4 7,,draught ,,porter47 ,from pale malt1 #c-a_/b q4 s42 amber malt1 #c q4 s42 brown malt1 #a-a_/b q42 mash at twice with #bh and #bd barrels of water1 boil with brown ,kent hops1 #ef lbs41 and set with yeast1 #dj lbs4 ,prod4 #bh barrels1 or #c-a_/b times the malt1 besides #bj barrels of table-beer from a third mashing4 #b4 7,,bottling ,,porter2 ,,brown ,,stout47 ,from pale malt1 #b q4 s42 amber and brown malt1 of each #a-a_/b qr42 mash at #c times with #ab1 #g1 and #f barrels of water1 boil with hops1 #ej lbs41 and set with yeast1 #bf lbs4 ,prod4 #ag barrels1 or #a-a_/b times the malt4 ,the purity and quality of porter1 as well as of other malt liquors1 may be inferred in the manner noticed under ,,beer2 but can only be positively determined by a chemical examination4 ,for this purpose several distinct operations are required3---- #a4 ,richness in ,,alcohol4 ,this may be correctly found by the method of ,m4 ,gay-,lussac2 or from the boiling point4 7,see ,,alcoholometry and ,,ebullioscope47 ,the method with anhydrous carbonate of potassa will also give results sufficiently near to the truth for ordinary purposes1 when strong or old beer is operated on4 ,the quantity of the liquor tested should be #cfjj water grains measure2 and it should be well agitated1 with free exposure to the air1 after weighing it1 but before testing it for its alcohol4 ,the weight of alcohol found1 multiplied by #ahehg1 gives its equivalent in sugar4 ,this may be converted into #8brewer's pounds' or density per barrel1 as below4 #b4 ,richness in ,,saccharine or ,,extractive ,,matter4 ,a like quantity of the liquor under examination1 after being boiled for some time to dissipate its alcohol1 is made up with distilled water1 so as to be again exactly equal to #cfjj water-grains measure4 ,the sp4 gr4 of the resulting liquid is then taken1 and this is reduced to #8brewers' pounds' per barrel1 by multiplying its excess of density above that of water 7or #ajjj7 by #cfj1 and pointing off the three right-hand figures as decimals4 #c4 ,,acetic ,,acid or ,,vinegar4 ,this is determined by any of the common methods of ,,acidimetry 7which see2 see also ,,acetimetry74 ,each grain of anhydrous acetic acid so found represents #afgfe gr4 of sugar4 #d4 ,gravity of ,,original ,,wort4 ,this is obtained by the addition of the respective quantities of saccharine matter found in ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c 7above74 ,these results are always slightly under the true original density of the wort1 as cane sugar appears to have been taken by the ,excise as the basis of their calculations4 ,more correctly1 #ab of proof spirit is equivalent to #ai lbs4 of saccharine per barrel4 #aj-a_/b lbs4 of saccharine are equiv4 to #a gall4 of proof spirit4 #e4 ,detection of ,,narcotics4 ,this may be effected either by the method described under ,,alkaloid1 or by one or other of the following processes3---- a4 ,half a gallon of the beer under examination is evaporated to dryness in a water bath2 the resulting extract is boiled for #cj or #dj minutes in a covered vessel with #aj or #ab fl4 oz4 of alcohol or strong rectified spirit1 the mixture being occasionally stirred with a glass rod1 to promote the action of the menstruum2 the alcoholic solution is next filtered1 treated with a sufficient quantity of solution of diacetate of lead to precipitate colouring matter1 and again filtered2 the filtrate is treated with a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid1 again filtered1 and then evaporated to dryness2 it may then be tested with any of the usual reagents1 either in the solid state1 or after being dissolved in distilled water4 ,or the extract1 obtained as above1 may be boiled as directed with rectified spirit1 the solution filtered1 the spirit distilled off1 and a small quantity of pure liquor of potassa added to the aqueous residue1 which is then to be shaken up with about #a fl4 oz4 of ether2 lastly1 the ethereal solution1 which separates and floats on the surface1 is decanted1 evaporated1 and the residuum tested1 as before4 ,the alkaline liquid1 from which the ether has been decanted1 is then separated from any precipitate which may have formed1 and both of these separately tested for alkaloids4 b4 ,from #b to #c oz4 of purified animal charcoal are diffused through #a_/b gall4 of the beer1 and is digested in it1 with frequent agitation1 for from #h to #ab hours2 the liquor is next filtered1 and the charcoal collected on the filter is boiled with about #a_/b pint of rectified spirit2 the resulting alcoholic solution is then further treated as above1 and tested4 ,this answers well for the detection of strychnia or nux vomica4 #f4 ,,picric ,,acid4 ,this substance1 which was formerly employed to impart bitterness to ,london porter in lieu of hops1 may be detected as follows3---- a4 ,a portion of the liquor agitated with a little solution of diacetate of lead loses its bitter flavour if it depends on hops1 but retains it if it depends on picric acid4 b4 ,pure beer is decoloured and deodorised by animal charcoal2 but beer containing picric acid1 when thus treated1 retains a lemon-yellow colour and the odour4 c4 ,unbleached sheep's wool1 boiled for six or ten minutes1 and then washed1 takes a canary-yellow colour if picric acid be present4 ,the test is so delicate that #a grain of the adulterant in #aej1jjj gr4 of beer is readily detected4 d4 7,vitate4#aag7 ,the author agitates #aj c4c4 of the suspected beer in a test tube with half its volume of pure amylic alcohol4 ,if the mixture is left to settle1 the amylic stratum separates entirely1 and is drawn off with a pipette1 evaporated to dryness at a convenient temperature in a porcelain capsule1 and the residue is finally taken up in a little distilled water with the aid of heat4 ,the aqueous solution is divided into portions1 and submitted to the following reagents4 ,one portion is treated with a solution of ammonio-sulphate of copper1 which1 in dilute solutions of picric acid1 instantly produces a turbidity1 due to the formation of very minute crystals of the ammonio-picrate of copper1 of a greenish colour4 ,another portion may be treated with a concentrated solution of cyanide of potassium1 which produces a blood-red colour1 more or less intense1 according to the quantity of picric acid present1 in consequence of the formation of iso-purpuric acid4 ,a third portion may be submitted to the action of sulphide of ammonium1 rendered still more alkaline by the addition of a few drops of ammonia4 ,here also a blood-red colour is produced1 which becomes more intense on the application of heat1 and is due to the formation of picramic acid4 ,footnote #aag3 #8,chemical ,news1' vol4 xxxv1 p4 #ge4 #g4 ,,mineral ,,matter4----a4 ,a weighed quantity of pure beer evaporated to dryness1 and then incinerated1 does not furnish more than from #bj to #ce of ash1 the quantity varying within these limits with the strength of the liquor and the character of the water used in brewing it4 b4 ,a solution of this ash1 made by decoction with distilled water1 should be only rendered slightly turbid by solutions of acetate of lead1 bichloride of platinum1 nitrate of baryta1 nitrate of silver1 oxalate of ammonia1 and sulphuretted hydrogen4 c4 ,if the beer contained common salt1 the above solution will give a cloudy white precipitate with a solution of nitrate of silver4 ,each grain of this precipitate is equivalent to #a_/b gr4 of common salt 7nearly74 d4 ,if ,,green ,,copperas 7sulphate of iron7 is present1 ferridcyanide of potassium gives a blue precipitate1 and ferrocyanide of potassium a bluish-white one1 turning dark blue in the air2 solution of chloride of barium gives a white precipitate1 each grain of which1 after being washed1 dried1 and ignited1 represents #aahh gr4 of crystallised protosulphate of iron4 e4 ,the ash1 digested in water slightly acidulated with nitric acid1 and then boiled1 yields a solution which1 when cold1 gives a black precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen1 and a white one with dilute sulphuric acid when lead is present4 #h4 ,wittstein's method for the detection of ,,adulterants in beer4#aah ,one litre of the suspected beer is evaporated by a moderate heat to the consistence of a thick syrup4 ,this is poured into a tared glass cylinder capable of containing ten times its volume and weighed2 five times its weight of #ic to #ie alcohol is added1 and the whole frequently stirred1 by means of a thick glass rod1 during twenty-four hours4 ,footnote #aah3 #8,archiv der ,pharmacie1' ,january1 #ahgf1 7#8,pharm4 ,journal1' #crd series1 v47 ,by this means all the gum1 dextrin1 sulphates1 phosphates1 and chlorides are separated1 and a comparatively small portion is obtained in solution4 ,after clearing1 this solution is decanted1 the residue is again treated with fresh alcohol1 the two products mixed1 filtered1 and the alcohol driven off by a gentle heat4 a4 ,of the syrupy residue left after this evaporation1 a small portion is diluted with three times its bulk of water1 and tested for picric acid1 according to the directions already given4 b4 ,the remaining largest portion of the syrup is agitated for some time with six times its weight of pure colourless benzol 7boiling point #hj ,c472 this is decanted off1 and the operation is repeated with fresh benzol1 and the two liquors1 the first of which has become yellow1 the second having scarcely changed colour1 are evaporated at a gentle heat4 ,the pale1 yellow1 resinous residue thus obtained may possibly contain brucine1 strychnine1 colchicine1 or colocynthin4 ,to ascertain this1 three portions of the resin are placed on a porcelain capsule2 one is treated with nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acc to #adj71 another with concentrated sulphuric acid1 and the third1 after a few morsels of red chromate of potash have been added1 also with sulphuric acid4 ,a red colour1 produced by the nitric acid1 indicates brucine with certainty1 and a violet colour colchicine2 a red colour produced by sulphuric acid indicates colocynthin1 and a purple violet1 produced by sulphuric acid and bichromate of potash1 reveals strychnine4 ,resin in which one or other of these colorations is produced possesses an extremely bitter taste2 that in which the coloration does not take place is also bitter1 but the bitterness recalls the well-known hop flavour4 c4 ,the syrup which has been treated with benzol is freed1 by gentle heating1 from the small quantity of benzol remaining1 and agitated twice with pure colourless amylic alcohol 7boiling point #acb ,c474 ,the first portion of the alcohol acquires a more or less wine or golden-yellow colour4 ,it would take up any picrotoxin or aloes if present1 and thereby acquire a strongly bitter taste4 ,if neither of these two substances be present1 the amylic alcohol does not become bitter1 because neither the hop bitter nor the remaining four bitter principles----absinthin1 gentipicrin1 menyanthin1 and quassiin----are soluble in it4 ,in order to distinguish picrotoxin from aloes a portion of the first obtained amylic alcoholic solution is poured upon glass1 and allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,if a fine white crystallisation be formed picrotoxin is present1 if not aloes is present1 and can only be recognised by its peculiar1 saffron-like odour4 d4 ,the syrup which has been treated with benzol and amylic alcohol is freed by means of blotting paper from the small quantity of amylic alcohol adhering to it1 evaporation by heat being impracticable in consequence of the high boiling point of the alcohol1 and shaken with anhydrous ether4 ,this takes up the hop bitter yet present and absinthin4 ,after evaporation the latter is easily recognised through its wormwood-like aroma2 it also gives a reddish-yellow solution with concentrated sulphuric acid1 which changes quickly to an indigo-blue colour4 e4 ,after treating with ether the syrup has yet to be tested for gentipicrin1 menyanthin1 and quassiin4 ,as it is now free from the hop bitter1 a decidedly bitter taste points to one of these three substances4 ,any remaining ether is removed1 and the syrup is dissolved in water and filtered2 to one portion is added strong ammoniacal solution of silver1 and it is then heated4 ,if it remains clear quassiin is present2 if a silver mirror be formed it originates either with gentipicrin or menyanthin4 ,another portion is evaporated to dryness on porcelain1 and concentrated sulphuric acid added4 ,if1 while cold1 no change of colour takes place1 but on heating it becomes carmine red1 gentipicrin is present2 menyanthin would give a yellowish-brown colour1 gradually changing to violet4 ,for further information connected with this subject1 see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,ale1 ,,beer1 ,,brewing1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 c4 ,,port-,,fire4 ,a paper tube1 from #i to #ab inches in length1 filled with a slow-burning composition of metal powder1 nitre1 and sulphur1 rammed moderately hard1 by a similar process to that adopted for small rockets4 ,it is used in lieu of a touch-match1 to fire guns1 mortars1 pyrotechnical devices1 c4 ,,portland ,,cement4 ,a species of mortar formed by calcining a mixture of limestone and argillaceous earth1 and grinding the calcined mass to powder1 in which state it must be preserved from the air4 ,it is characterised by absorbing a large quantity of water1 and then rapidly becoming solid1 and1 after a time1 acquiring considerable hardness4 ,see ,,mortar and ,,cement4 ,,posol,,ogy4 ,see ,,dose4 ,,pos,,set4 ,syn4 ,,possetum1 ,l4 ,milk curdled with wine or any other slightly acidulous liquor4 ,it is usually sweetened with either sugar or treacle1 and is taken hot4 ,prep4 ,from new milk1 #a_/b pint2 sherry or marsala1 #a wine-glassful2 treacle1 #a or #b tablespoonfuls1 or q4 s42 heat them together in a clean saucepan until the milk coagulates4 ,this is called #8treacle posset' or #8molasses posset1' and1 taken on retiring to rest1 is highly esteemed in some parts of the country as a domestic remedy for colds4 ,lemon juice1 strong old ale1 or even vinegar1 is occasionally substituted for wine1 and powdered ginger or nutmeg added at will4 ,,pot ,,metal4 ,see ,,cock ,,metal4 ,,pot,,ash4 ,the #8potash1' or #8potashes' of commerce is an impure carbonate of potassium1 so named after the pots or vessels in which it was first made4 ,the #8potash1' or #8potassa1' of the chemist is the hydrate of a peculiar metal1 potassium1 which is more particularly referred to below4 ,the word potash is vulgarly applied to the crude or commercial carbonate of potassium4 ,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,potassium1 c4 ,potash is now principally obtained from the following sources3---- #a4 ,from carnallite1#aai a hydrated double chloride of potassium and magnesium1 which occurs associated with other salts of potassium and magnesium1 as well as of sodium1 in a bed of clay1 at ,stassfurth1 near ,madgeburg1 in ,prussia4 ,footnote #aai3 ,carnallite contains nearly a fourth of its weight of potassium chloride4 #b4 ,feldspar and similar minerals4 #c4 ,sea water1 and the mother-liquor of salt works4 #d4 ,native saltpetre4 #e4 ,the ashes of several plants4 #f4 ,the calcined residue of the molasses of beet-root sugar remaining after distillation4 #g4 ,the seaweeds1 as a by-product of the manufacture of iodine4 #h4 ,from the fleece of the sheep4#abj ,footnote #abj3 ,maumen and ,rogelet state that a fleece weighing #i lbs4 contains about #f ounces of pure potash4 ,the following is a process for obtaining alkali from seaweed1 described in the #8,chemical ,news' for ,nov4 #ajth1 #ahgf3---- ,at the chemical works at ,aalbourg1 in ,jutland1 ,denmark1 where about #cj tons of alkali are made per week by the ammonia process1 ,mr ,theobald ,schmidt1 the director of the manufactory1 proposes to work1 in conjunction with this process1 a method devised by himself of treating seaweed so as to obtain iodine1 potash1 salts1 and other marketable products therefrom4 ,in ,denmark a very heavy duty is levied on the importation of common salt1 whilst enormous quantities of seaweed rich in iodine and potash can be obtained at small cost in the neighbourhood of the works4 ,mr ,schmidt's process is as follows3----,after the seaweed is dried and burnt1 a concentrated solution of the ash is made and added to the liquor1 containing chlorides of sodium and calcium1 left after the ammonia has been recovered in the ammonia-soda process by boiling with lime4 ,the sulphates of potash1 soda1 and magnesia1 contained in the ash of the seaweed are thereby decomposed1 and hydrated sulphate of lime and hydrated magnesia are precipitated in a form which may be available for paper-making1 as #8pearl-hardening4' ,the last traces of sulphates are got rid of by adding a small quantity of solution of chloride of barium4 ,to the clear solution nitrate of lead is now added1 until all the iodine is precipitated as iodide of lead1 which is then separated by filtration and treated for the production of iodine or iodides4 ,after filtration the liquid is boiled2 nitrate of soda is added to convert the chloride of potassium present into nitrate of potash4 ,the latter is separated by crystallisation4 ,there remains a solution of common salt1 containing traces of ammonia from the previous soda operation1 and a trace of chloride of potassium4 ,this solution is again treated by the ordinary ammonia-soda process for the production of bicarbonate of soda and white alkali4 ,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,potassium1 c4 ,,potas,,sium4 ,k4 ,the metallic base of potash4 ,it was discovered1 in #ahjg1 by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 who obtained it by submitting moistened potassium hydrate1 under a film of naphtha1 to the action of a powerful voltaic current4 ,it has since been procured by easier methods1 of which the following1 invented by ,brunner1 is the best4 ,prep4 ,an intimate mixture of carbonate of potassium and charcoal is prepared by calcining1 in a covered iron pot1 the crude tartar of commerce2 when cold1 it is rubbed to powder1 mixed with #a-ajth part of charcoal in small lumps1 and quickly transferred into a retort of stout hammered iron2 the latter may be one of the iron bottles in which quicksilver is imported1 a short and somewhat wide iron tube having been fitted to the aperture2 the retort1 thus charged1 is placed upon its side1 in a furnace so constructed that the flame of a very strong fire1 preferably fed with dry wood1 may wrap round it1 and maintain every part of it at a very high and uniform degree of heat4 ,a copper receiver1 divided in the centre by a diaphragm1 is next connected to the iron pipe1 and kept cool by the application of ice1 whilst the receiver itself is partly filled with mineral naphtha1 to preserve the newly formed potassium as it distils over4 ,the arrangement of the apparatus being completed1 the fire is gradually raised until the requisite temperature1 which is that of full whiteness1 is reached1 when decomposition of the alkali by the charcoal commences1 carbonic acid gas is abundantly disengaged1 and potassium distils over1 and falls in large drops into the liquid4 ,to render the product absolutely pure1 it is redistilled in an iron or green-glass retort1 into which some naphtha has been put1 that its vapour may expel the air1 and prevent the oxidation of the metal4 ,the pieces of charcoal are introduced for the purpose of absorbing the melted carbonate of potassium and preventing its separation from the finely divided carbonaceous matter4 ,prod4 #c to #d of the weight of tartar acted on2 #a lb4 yielded #bhj gr4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure potassium is a brilliant white metal1 with a high lustre2 at the common temperature of the air it is soft1 and may be easily cut with a knife1 but at #cb ,fahr4 it is brittle and crystalline2 it melts completely at #acf ,fahr41 and in close vessels distils unaltered at a low red heat4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfe4 ,its most remarkable property is its affinity for oxygen1 which is so great that it takes it from most other substances containing it4 ,exposed to the air1 its surface is instantly tarnished1 and quickly becomes covered with a crust of oxide or hydrate4 ,it inflames spontaneously when thrown on water1 and burns with a beautiful purple or purple-red flame1 yielding a pure alkaline solution4 ,it can only be preserved in naphtha1 rock oil1 or some other fluid hydrocarbon4 ,the salts of potassium are all soluble in water1 the tartrate1 periodate1 and fluosilicate being the least so2 they are usually colourless1 unless the acid be coloured1 crystallise readily1 and form numerous double compounds4 ,they can be recognised as follows3---- ,sulphuretted hydrogen1 sulphide of ammonium1 and carbonate of ammonium1 do not affect them4 ,a solution of tartaric acid1 added in excess1 to moderately strong neutral or alkaline solutions of potassium salts1 gives a quickly subsiding1 gritty or crystalline1 white precipitate1 which is redissolved on heating the liquid1 and again separates as it cools2 and is also soluble in aqueous solutions containing free alkali1 or free mineral acids4 ,platinic chloride produces1 in neutral and acid solutions1 a yellow crystalline precipitate4 ,alkaline solutions require to be first slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid4 ,the separation of the precipitate here1 as well as that produced by tartaric acid1 is promoted by violent agitation and friction against the sides of the vessel1 and the delicacy of both is increased by the addition of some alcohol4 ,when converted into carbonate by igniting with excess of carbonate of ammonium and alcohol1 and treated with sulphuretted hydrogen solution and nitro-prusside of sodium1 gives a splendid violet colour1 turning through red to green on standing4 ,potassium salts give with sodium periodate and hydro-fluosilicic acid white precipitates soluble in much water4 ,heated in the inner flame of the blow-pipe on platinum wire1 they impart a violet coloration1 masked1 however1 by a mere trace of sodium salts4 ,potassium1 ,acetate of4 ,,kc#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,of ,,potash1 ,,potassic ,,acetate2 ,,potass ,,acetas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,acetic acid1 #bf fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #ab fl4 oz42 mix1 and add1 gradually1 carbonate of potassium1 #a lb41 or q4 s4 to saturate the acid2 next1 filter the solution1 and evaporate it by the heat of a sand bath1 gradually applied1 until the salt is dried4 ,prop41 c4 ,acetate of potassium1 prepared as above1 occurs in shining white masses1 having a foliated soft texture1 a slight but peculiar odour1 and a warm sharp taste2 it deliquesces in the air2 dissolves in rather less than its own weight of water1 and in about twice its weight of alcohol2 and by exposure to a red heat is converted into pure carbonate of potassium4 ,in trade it is preserved in well-corked and sealed bottles4 ,pur4 ,it is entirely soluble in water1 and in rectified spirit4 ,these solutions neither affect litmus nor turmeric1 nor are they disturbed by either chloride of barium or nitrate of silver2 but if from a stronger solution anything is thrown down by nitrate of silver1 the same is again dissolved on the addition of water or dilute nitric acid4 ,sulphuric acid being added1 the vapour of acetic acid is evolved4 #ajj gr4 of this salt1 digested in sulphuric acid1 the solution evaporated1 and the residuum dried at a high temperature1 furnish #hhh gr4 of sulphate of potassium4 ,uses1 c4 ,acetate of potassium has been found useful in dropsies1 febrile affections1 jaundice1 scurvy1 calculus1 and several chronic skin diseases4 ,during its exhibition the urine becomes at first neutral1 and then alkaline1 owing to the salt being converted into carbonate of potassium in the system4----,dose4 ,as a diaphoretic and antiscorbutic1 #ae to #bj gr42 as a diuretic1 #bj to #fj gr42 as an aperient1 #b to #c dr42 in each case dissolved in some bland liquid1 or in the infusion of some mild vegetable bitter4 ,potassium ,antimoniates4 ,the normal potassic antimoniate may be obtained by heating1 in an earthen crucible1 #a part of metallic antimony with #d parts of nitrate of potash4 ,the mass so obtained is reduced to powder1 and afterwards washed with warm water to remove the excess of potash and potassic nitrite4 ,the residue must be boiled in water for an hour or two2 the insoluble anhydrous antimoniate is thus converted into a soluble hydrated modification 7,k#b,sb#b,o#f1e;,h#b,o47 ,the insoluble residue now consists chiefly of acid antimoniate of potassium4 ,the normal salts possess the property of readily dissolving the acid antimoniate1 which is precipitated when such a solution is mixed with any neutral salt of one of the alkalies4 ,the normal antimoniate does not crystallise1 and has an alkaline reaction4 ,acid antimoniate of potassium 7,k#b,sb#d,o#aa47 may be procured by passing a stream of carbonic anhydride through a solution of the normal antimoniate4 ,acid metantimoniate of potash1 or hydro-potassic metantimoniate is prepared as follows3----,potassic antimoniate is first formed by deflagrating antimony with nitre1 the residue being washed and boiled as described above1 so as to bring the whole of the normal antimoniate into solution2 the resulting liquid is filtered1 and evaporated to a syrup consistence in a silver dish1 fragments of caustic potash are then added1 and the evaporation is continued until a drop of liquid placed upon a cold slip of glass begins to crystallise2 it is then allowed to cool and the alkaline supernatant liquid is poured off the crystals1 which are allowed to drain upon a porous tile4 ,this salt is employed as a test for sodium4 ,potassium1 ,arseniate of4 ,,kh#b;,as,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,arseniate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,monopotassic ,,arseniate1 ,,potassium ,,dihydric ,,arseniate2 ,,potass ,,binarsenias1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of arsenious acid 7white arsenic7 and nitrate of potassium1 of each1 in powder1 #a part2 heat the mixture to dull redness in a glass flask1 until it fuses and red vapours cease to be evolved2 dissolve the residuum1 when cold1 in boiling distilled water1 #ej parts2 concentrate the solution by evaporation1 and set it aside to crystallise4 ,prop41 c4 ,this salt forms large crystals1 which are permanent in dry air1 soluble in about #d-a_/b parts of water1 and insoluble in alcohol4 ,it is reputed tonic1 alterative1 and antiperiodic4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/h gr4 dissolved in sweetened water4 ,it is also used to form a resist-paste in calico printing1 and in the manufacture of cobalt blue4 ,potassium1 ,borate of4 ,k#d;,b#d,o#h4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,boras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from dry carbonate of potassium and dry boracic acids1 equal parts1 reduced to powder1 and heated to redness in a covered crucible2 the sublimed mass1 when cold1 being dissolved in boiling water1 and the filtered solution concentrated by evaporation1 and then set aside to crystallise2 or at once completely evaporated to dryness4----,dose1 #a to #f gr42 in calculi1 c4 ,potassium1 ,borotartrate of4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,borotartras1 ,,cremor ,,tartari ,,solubilis1 ,l42 ,,cr,,me ,,de ,,tartre ,,soluble1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,crystallised boracic acid1 #a part2 bitartrate of potassium1 #d parts2 water1 #bd parts2 dissolve1 by the aid of heat1 in a silver basin1 and1 constantly stirring1 evaporate the resulting solution1 either to dryness1 and then powder it1 or merely to a syrupy consistence1 when it may be spread upon plates1 and dried in scales1 by the heat of a stove4 ,it must afterwards be preserved from the air4 ,prop41 c4 ,a white1 deliquescent powder1 freely soluble in water4 ,it has been used as a solvent for lithic calculi1 and in gout1 c4----,dose1 #ae to #cj gr4 ,in doses of #b to #c dr4 it is laxative1 and is very popular as such on the ,continent4 ,potassium1 ,bromide of4 ,k,br4 ,syn4 ,,potassii ,,bromidum 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,exactly as the iodide1 which it resembles in its character1 only being somewhat less soluble in water and more in alcohol4 ,employed in similar cases and given in similar doses to the iodide4 ,potassium1 ,carbonate of4 ,k#b;,,co#c4 ,syn4 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,subcarbonate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,salt ,,of ,,tartar2 ,,potass ,,carbonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,impure or crude carbonate of potassium is chiefly imported from ,america and ,russia1 and is obtained by lixiviating wood ashes1 and evaporating the solution to dryness4 ,the mass is then transferred into iron pots1 and is kept in a state of fusion for several hours1 until it becomes quiescent1 when the heat is withdrawn1 and the whole is left to cool4 ,it is next broken up and packed in air-tight barrels1 and in this state constitutes the #8potashes' or #8potash' of commerce4 ,another method is to transfer the black salts1 or product of the first evaporation1 from the kettles to a large oven or furnace1 so constructed that the flame is made to play over the alkaline mass1 which is kept constantly stirred by means of an iron rod4 ,the ignition is continued until the impurities are burned out1 and the mass changes from a blackish tint to a dirty or bluish white4 ,the whole is next allowed to cool1 and is then broken into fragments1 and packed in casks as before4 ,it now constitutes #8pearlash4' ,when pearlash is dissolved in cold distilled water1 the solution depurated1 filtered and crystallised1 or simply evaporated to dryness1 it forms #8refined ashes1' or carbonate of potash sufficiently pure for most pharmaceutical and technical purposes4 ,the granulated carbonate of potash1 salt of tartar1 or prepared kali1 of the shops1 is simply refined ashes which1 during the evaporation1 and more especially towards the conclusion of the desiccation1 has been assiduously stirred1 so that it may form small white granulations1 instead of adhering together to form an amorphous solid mass4 ,in this state it constitutes the ordinary or carbonate of potassa of the ,pharmacopias4 ,ordinary potash or pearlash may be refined as follows3----,raw potash1 #aj parts1 is dissolved in cold water1 #f parts1 and the solution is allowed to remain for #bd hours1 in a cool place2 it is then filtered1 and somewhat concentrated by evaporation1 crystallisation being prevented by continually stirring the mass until the whole is nearly cold2 it is next decanted into a strainer1 and the mother-liquor allowed to drip off2 the residuum is evaporated to dryness at a gentle heat1 and redissolved in an equal quantity of cold distilled water2 the new solution1 after filtration1 is again evaporated to dryness4 ,the product is quite free from potassium sulphate1 and is nearly free from both potassium chloride and silicates4 ,potassium1 ,pure ,carbonate of4 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,potassa 7,,potass ,,carbonas ,,purum----,ph4 ,e4 ,d41 and ,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf74----7,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf47 ,from bicarbonate of potassium1 in crystals1 heated to redness in a crucible4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last4 ,or1 more cheaply1 by dissolving bitartrate of potassium in thirty parts of boiling water1 separating and washing the crystals which form on cooling1 heating them in a loosely covered crucible to redness as long as fumes are discharged1 breaking down the mass1 and roasting it in an oven for two hours1 with occasional stirring2 lixiviating the product with 7cold7 distilled water1 filtering the solution thus obtained1 evaporating it to dryness1 granulating the salt towards the close by brisk agitation2 and1 lastly1 heating the granular salt thus obtained nearly to redness4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,bitartrate of potassium1 #b lbs41 is exposed to a red heat in an iron crucible1 as before2 the powdered calcined mass is boiled for #bj minutes in water1 #a quart1 the solution filtered1 and the filtrate washed with water1 #a pint1 to which ammonium sesquicarbonate1 #a_/b oz41 has been added2 the mixed and filtered liquors are evaporated to dryness1 and1 a low red heat having been applied1 the residuum is rapidly reduced to powder in a warm mortar1 and at once enclosed in 7dry and7 well-stoppered bottles4 ,prop4 ,these are well known4 ,it exhibits most of the properties of hydrate of potassium1 but in a vastly less degree4 ,it is very deliquescent1 effervesces with acids1 exhibits a marked alkaline reaction with test paper1 is insoluble in alcohol1 but dissolves in less than its own weight of water1 its affinity for the last being so great that it takes it from alcoholic mixtures4 ,pur41 c4 ,carbonate of potassium frequently contains an undue quantity of water1 as well as silicic acid1 sulphates1 and chlorides4 ,the water may be detected by the loss of weight the salt suffers when heated2 the silica1 by adding to it hydrochloric acid in excess1 evaporating to dryness1 and igniting the residuum1 by which this contamination is rendered insoluble2 the sulphates and chlorides may be detected by adding nitric acid in excess1 and testing the liquid with nitrate of silver and chloride of barium4 ,if the former produces a white precipitate1 a chloride is present2 and if the latter does the same1 the contamination is a sulphate4 ,carbonate of potassium deliquesces in the air1 and is almost entirely dissolved by water2 in an open vessel it spontaneously liquefies4 ,it changes the colour of turmeric brown4 ,supersaturated with nitric acid1 neither carbonate of sodium nor chloride of barium throws down anything1 and nitrate of silver very little4 #ajj gr4 lose #af gr4 of water by a strong red heat2 and the same weight loses #bfc gr4 of carbonate anhydride when placed in contact with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,potassium1 ,bicarbonate of4 ,,khco#c4 ,syn4 ,,potassium ,,hydrogen ,,carbonate1 ,,bicarbonate ,,of ,,potassa2 ,,potass ,,bicarbonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,carbonate of potassium1 #f lbs42 distilled water1 #a gall42 dissolve1 and pass carbonic anhydride 7from chalk and sulphuric acid diluted with water7 through the solution to saturation2 apply a gentle heat1 so that whatever crystals have been formed may be dissolved1 and set aside the solution that crystals may again form2 lastly1 the liquid being poured off1 dry them4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,carbonic anhydride1 obtained by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on chalk 7the latter contained in a perforated bottle immersed in a vessel containing the acid71 is passed1 by means of glass tubes connected by vulcanised india rubber1 to the bottom of a bottle containing a solution of carbonate of potassium1 #a part1 in water1 #b-a_/b parts2 as soon as the air is expelled from the apparatus the corks through which the tubes pass are rendered air-tight1 and the process left to itself for a week2 the crystals thus obtained are then shaken with twice their bulk of cold water1 drained1 and dried on bibulous paper1 by simple exposure to the air4 ,from the mother-liquor1 filtered1 and concentrated to one half1 at a heat not exceeding #aaj ,fahr41 more crystals may be obtained4 ,the tube immersed in the solution of carbonate of potassium will have to be occasionally cleared of the crystals with which it is liable to become choked1 else the process will be suspended4 #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,the same4 #d4 7,apothecaries' ,hall1 ,london47 ,potassium carbonate1 #ajj lbs42 distilled water1 #ag galls42 dissolve1 and saturate the solution with carbonic anhydride1 as in ,no4 #a1 when #ce to #dj lbs4 of crystals of bicarbonate of potassium may be obtained2 next dissolve carbonate of potassium1 #ej lbs41 in the mother-liquor1 and add enough water to make the whole a second time equal to #ag galls42 the remaining part of the operation is then to be performed as before4 ,this plan may be repeated again and again1 for some time1 provided the carbonate used is sufficiently pure4 #e4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,take of carbonate of potassium1 #f oz42 sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 #c-a_/b oz42 triturate them together1 and1 when reduced to a very fine powder and perfectly mixed1 make them into a stiff paste with a very little water2 dry this1 very carefully1 at a heat not higher than #adj ,fahr41 until a fine powder1 perfectly devoid of ammoniacal odour1 be obtained1 occasionally triturating the mass towards the end of the process4 #f4 7,commercial47 ,from carbonate of potassium1 in powder1 made into a paste with water1 and exposed for some time on shallow trays1 in a chamber filled with an atmosphere of carbonic anhydride1 generated by the combustion of either coke or charcoal1 and purified by being forced through a cistern of cold water2 the resulting salt is next dissolved in the least possible quantity of water at the temperature of #abj ,fahr41 and the solution filtered and crystallised4 ,prop4 ,it is soluble in #d times its weight of water at #fj ,fahr42 is fixed in the air1 but loses carbonic acid below the temperature of a carbonate at a red heat4 ,it possesses the general alkaline properties of carbonate of potassium1 but in an inferior degree1 having only a slightly alkaline taste1 and1 when absolutely pure1 not affecting the colour of turmeric4 ,pur4 ,in a solution of pure bicarbonate of potassium a solution of mercuric chloride merely causes an opalescence1 or very slight white precipitate2 if it contains carbonate1 a brick-coloured precipitate is thrown down4 ,from #ajj gr4 of the pure crystals of bicarbonate1 #cjg gr4 of water and carbonic acid are expelled at a red heat4 ,in other respects it may be tested like the carbonate4 ,uses1 c4 ,bicarbonate of potassium is the most agreeable of all the salts of potassium1 and is much used as an antacid or absorbent1 and for making effervescing saline draughts4 ,it has also been successfully employed in rheumatism1 scurvy1 gout1 dyspepsia1 and various other diseases in which the use of potassium is indicated4 ,the dose is from #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 #bj gr4 bicarbonate1 in crystals1 ---------------------_/----------------- ---- are equivalent to ---------------------_/----------------- ---- #ad gr4 of crystallised nitric acid1 #ae gr4 of crystallised tartaric acid1 and #a_/b oz4 of lemon juice4 ,potassium1 ,chlorate of4 ,k,cl,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,chlorate ,,of ,,potash2 ,,potass ,,chloras 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chlorine gas is conducted by a wide tube into a moderately strong and warm solution of hydrate or carbonate of potassium1 until the absorption of the gas ceases and the alkali is completely neutralised2 the liquid is then kept at the boiling temperature for a few minutes1 after which it is gently evaporated 7if necessary7 until a pellicle forms on the surface1 and is next set aside1 so as to cool very slowly2 the crystals1 thus obtained1 are drained and carefully washed on a filter1 with ice-cold water1 and are purified by re-solution and re-crystallisation4 ,the product is chlorate of potassium4 ,the mother-liquor1 which contains much chloride of potassium mixed with some chlorate1 is either evaporated for more crystals 7which are1 however1 less pure than the first crop7 or is preserved for a future operation4 ,obs4 ,the product of the above process is small1 varying from #aj to #de of the weight of the potassium consumed in it1 according to the skill with which it is conducted2 this apparent loss of potassium arises from a large portion of it being converted into chloride1 a salt of comparatively little value4 ,the following processes have been devised principally with the view of preventing this waste1 or of employing a cheaper salt of potassium than the carbonate3---- #b4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,mix slaked lime1 #ec oz41 with carbonate of potash1 #bj oz41 and triturate them with a few ounces of distilled water1 so as to make the mixture slightly moist4 ,place oxide of manganese1 #hj oz41 in a large retort or flask1 and having poured upon it hydrochloric acid1 #bd pints1 diluted with #f pints of water1 apply a gentle sand heat1 and conduct the chlorine as it comes over1 first through a bottle containing #f oz4 of water1 and then into a large carboy containing the mixture of carbonate of potash and slaked lime4 ,when the whole of the chlorine has come over remove the contents of the carboy and boil them for #bj minutes with #g pints of distilled water2 filter and evaporate till a film forms on the surface1 and set aside to cool and crystallise4 ,the crystals thus obtained are to be purified by dissolving them in #c times their weight of boiling distilled water1 and again allowing the solution to crystallise4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr4 #c4 ,a solution of chloride of lime is precipitated with a solution of carbonate of potassium1 and the liquid1 after filtration1 saturated with chlorine gas2 it is then evaporated and crystallised as before4 ,dr ,ure has suggested the substitution of sulphate of potassium for the carbonate1 by which the process would be rendered very inexpensive4 #d4 ,carbonate of potassium1 #fi parts of the dry or #hb parts of the granulated1 hydrate of calcium1 #cg parts 7dry fresh slaked lime71 both in powder1 are mixed together1 and exposed to the action of chlorine gas1 to saturation 7the gas is absorbed with great rapidity1 the temperature rises above #bab ,fahr41 and water is freely evolved72 the heat1 with free exposure1 is then maintained at #bab for a few minutes 7to remove some trace of #8hypochlorite'71 the residuum1 consisting of chlorate of potassium and chloride of calcium1 is treated with hot water1 and the chlorate of potassium crystallised out of the resulting solution1 as before4 ,this process1 which is an excellent one 7the loss of potassium being for the most part avoided71 has been modified and improved by various authorities1 as will be seen below4 #e4 ,a solution of chloride of lime 7#ah to #bj ,baum7 is heated in a leaden or cast-iron vessel1 and sufficient of a salt of potassium added to raise the density of the liquid #c or #d hydrometer degrees2 the solution is then quickly1 but carefully1 concentrated until the gravity rises to #cj or #ca ,baum1 when it is set aside to crystallise4 ,a good and economical process4 #f4 ,chloride of potassium1 #gf parts1 and fresh calcium hydrate1 #bbb parts1 are reduced to a thin paste with water1 q4 s41 and a stream of chlorine gas passed through the mixture1 to saturation2 chloride of calcium and chlorate of potassium are formed2 the last is then removed by solution in boiling water1 and is crystallised as before4 ,this process1 which has received the approval and recommendation of ,liebig1 has long been practised in ,germany1 and was originally introduced to this country by ,dr ,wagenmann4 ,the product is very large1 and of excellent quality4 ,prop4 ,white1 inodorous1 four-or six-sided pearly scales1 soluble in about #bj parts of cold and #b-a_/b parts of boiling water2 in taste it resembles nitre1 but is somewhat more austere2 at about #dej ,fahr4 it undergoes the igneous fusion1 and on increasing the heat almost to redness effervescence ensues1 and fully #ci of pure oxygen gas is given off1 whilst the salt becomes changed into chloride of potassium4 ,when mixed with inflammable substances and triturated1 heated1 or subjected to a smart blow or strong pressure1 or moistened with a strong acid1 it explodes with great violence4 ,pur41 ,tests1 c4 ,the usual impurity of this salt is chloride of potassium1 arising from careless or imperfect manipulation4 ,when this is present1 a solution of nitrate of silver gives a curdy white precipitate1 soluble in ammonia2 whereas a solution of the pure chlorate remains clear4 ,uses4 ,chlorate of potassium is principally used in the manufacture of lucifer matches1 fireworks1 oxygen gas1 c41 and as an oxidising agent in calico printing4 ,it was formerly used to fill percussion caps1 but was abandoned for fulminating mercury1 on account of its disposition to rust the nipples of the guns4 ,as a medicine it is stimulant and diuretic4 ,it has been given in dropsy1 syphilis1 scurvy1 cholera1 typhus1 and other depressing affections4 ,it gives a fine artificial colour to the blood4 7,stevens47----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 in solution1 twice or thrice a day4 ,concluding ,remarks4----,formerly1 chlorate of potassium was a salt which was made only on the small scale1 and chiefly used in experimental chemistry2 now it is in considerable demand1 and forms an important article of chemical manufacture4 ,the latter has hence1 of late years1 received considerable attention and improvement in the leading laboratories of ,europe4 ,the chlorate requires to be handled with great care4 ,it should never be kept in admixture with any inflammable substance1 more especially with sulphur1 phosphorus1 or the sulphides1 as these compounds are exploded by the most trivial causes1 and1 not unfrequently1 explode spontaneously4 ,potassium1 ,chloride of4 ,k,cl4 ,syn4 ,,chloride ,,of ,,potassa4 ,prep4 ,the chloride of potassium of commerce is usually a secondary product in the manufacture of chlorate of potassium and other substances4 ,the mother-liquor of the former is evaporated to dryness and heated to dull redness1 the calcined mass is then dissolved in water1 the solution purified by defecation and evaporated down for crystals4 ,it can also be well prepared by neutralising boiling solution of carbonate of potassium by dilute hydrochloric acid1 evaporating down1 and crystallising4 ,prop41 c4 ,it closely resembles culinary salt in appearance2 is anhydrous2 dissolves in about #d parts of cold and #b of boiling water2 has a slightly bitter1 saline taste2 fuses at a red heat2 and is volatilised at a very high temperature4 ,as a medicine it is diuretic and aperient4 ,it was formerly in high repute as a resolvent and antiscorbutic1 and1 particularly1 as a remedy for intermittents4 ,it is now seldom used4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or more4 ,potassium1 ,chromate of4 ,k#b;,cr,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,chromate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,neutral ,,chromate ,,of ,p41 ,,monochromate ,,of ,p41 ,,yellow ,c4 ,,of ,p41 ,,salt ,,of ,,chrome2 ,,potass ,,chromas1 ,p4 ,c4 ,,flava1 ,l4 ,this salt is only prepared on the large scale4 ,its source is #8,,chrome ,,ore1' a natural octahedral chromate of iron1 found in various parts of ,europe and ,america4 ,for medicinal purposes the commercial chromate is purified by solution in hot water1 filtration1 and recrystallisation4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the ore1 previously assayed to determine its richness1 and freed as much as possible from its gangue1 is ground to powder in a mill1 and mixed with a quantity of coarsely powdered nitre rather less than that of the oxide of chromium which it contains2 this mixture is exposed1 for several hours1 to a powerful heat on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace1 during which time it is frequently stirred up with iron rods2 the calcined mass is next raked out and lixiviated with hot water1 and the resulting yellow-coloured solution evaporated briskly over a naked fire1 or by the heat of high-pressure steam2 chromate of potassium falls1 under the form of a granular yellow salt1 which is removed from time to time with a ladle1 and thrown into a wooden vessel1 furnished with a bottom full of holes 7draining box71 where it is left to drain and dry4 ,in this state it forms the chromate of potassium of commerce4 ,by a second solution and recrystallisation1 it may be obtained in large and regular crystals4 ,the next process has for its object the employment of a cheaper salt of potassa than the nitrate4 #b4 7,swindell ,co4 ,patent dated ,nov41 #ahej47 ,a mixture of pulverised chrome ore and chloride of potassium is exposed to a full red heat1 on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace1 with occasional stirring for some time1 when steam at a very elevated temperature is made to act on it until the conversion is complete1 known by assaying a portion of the mass2 the chromate is then dissolved out of the residuum1 as before4 ,common salt or hydrate of calcium may be substituted for chloride of potassium1 when the chromates of sodium or calcium are respectively produced4 #c4 ,on the small scale this salt may be prepared from the bichromate by neutralising it with hydrate of potassium4 ,prop4 ,yellow2 tastes cool1 bitter1 and disagreeable2 soluble in #b parts of water at #fj ,fahr42 the crystals are efflorescent4 ,pur4 ,the salt of commerce is frequently contaminated with large quantities of sulphate or chlorate of potassium4 ,to detect these1 ,m4 ,zueber adds tartaric acid1 dissolved in #ej parts of water1 to a like solution of the sample4 ,as soon as the decomposition is complete1 and the colour verges towards the green1 the supernatant liquor should afford no precipitate with solutions of the nitrates of silver and barium1 whence the absence of chlorides and sulphates may be respectively inferred4 ,the proportions are1 #h parts of tartaric acid to #a part of the chromate4 ,if saltpetre is the adulterating ingredient1 the sample deflagrates when thrown upon burning coals4 ,assay4 #a4 ,a solution of #ej gr4 of the salt is treated with a solution of nitrate of barium1 the precipitate digested in nitric acid1 and the insoluble portion 7sulphate of barium7 washed1 dried1 and weighed4 #aag gr4 of this substance are equivalent to #hi gr4 of sulphate of potassium4 #b4 ,the nitric solution1 with the washings 7see above71 is treated with a solution of nitrate of silver1 and the precipitate of chloride carefully collected1 washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 #add gr4 of chloride of silver represent #gf gr4 of chloride of potassium4 #c4 ,the nitric solution1 with the washing 7see above71 after having any remaining barium thrown down by adding dilute sulphuric acid1 in slight excess1 is treated with ammonia1 and the resulting precipitate of chromic oxide collected on a filter1 washed1 dried1 carefully ignited in a silver1 platinum1 or porcelain crucible1 and weighed4 #dj gr4 of this oxide represent #ajj gr4 of pure chromate of potassium4 ,any deficiency consists of impurities or adulterants4 ,uses4 ,chromate of potassium is used in dyeing1 bleaching1 the manufacture of chromic acid1 bichromate of potassium1 c4 ,it is the common source of nearly all the other compounds of chromium4 ,it is reputed alterative in doses of #a_/ab to #a_/b gr42 and is emetic in doses of #a to #d gr4 ,a solution in #h parts of water is occasionally used to destroy fungus2 #a in #cj to #dj parts of water is also used as an antiseptic and desiccant4 ,concluding ,remarks4----,the first process is undoubtedly the best1 when expense is not an object4 ,to reduce this1 a mixture of #8potash' or #8pearlash1' with about #a_/b of its weight of nitre1 or #a-eth part of its weight of peroxide of manganese1 may be substituted without much inconvenience4 ,the assay of the chrome ore1 alluded to above1 may be made by reducing #ajj gr4 of it to powder1 mixing it with twice its weight of powdered nitre1 and a little hydrate of calcium1 and subjecting the mixture to a strong red heat for #c or #d hours2 the calcined mass may then be exhausted with boiling water1 and the resulting solution1 after precipitation with dilute sulphuric acid1 in slight excess1 and filtration1 may be treated with rectified spirit1 when its chromium may be thrown down by the addition of ammonia4 7,see above47 ,in the conversion of chrome ore into chromate of potassium care should1 in all cases1 be taken that the proportion of nitre or alkali should be slightly less than what is absolutely required to saturate the ore1 as the production of a neutral salt is thereby ensured2 for should not the whole of the chromate be decomposed by the first calcination1 it may easily be roasted a second time with fresh alkali1 should the remaining quantity he thought worth the trouble4 ,the nature of the furnace to be employed in the conversion is not of any great importance1 so long as carbonaceous matters from the fire are entirely excluded1 and the required temperature is attainable4 ,potassium1 ,bichromate of4 ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g1 or ,k#b;,cr,o#d1;,cr,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,bichromate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,red ,,chromate ,,of ,,potash1 ,,acid ,c4 ,,of ,p42 ,,potass ,,bichromas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,to a concentrated solution of yellow chromate of potassium1 sulphuric acid1 or1 better1 acetic acid1 is added in quantity equal to one half that required for the entire decomposition of the salt2 the liquid is then concentrated by evaporation and slowly cooled1 so that crystals may form4 #b4 7,jacquelain47 ,chrome ore1 finely ground and sifted1 is mixed with chalk2 the mixture is spread on a thin layer on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace1 and heated to bright redness1 with repeated stirring1 for #i or #aj hours4 ,the yellowish-green product consists essentially of neutral chromate of calcium1 mixed with ferric oxide4 ,it is ground and stirred up with hot water1 and sulphuric acid is added till a slight acid reaction becomes apparent1 a sign that the neutral chromate has been converted into bichromate4 ,chalk is now stirred in to precipitate the ferric sulphate1 and after a while the clear solution is run off into another vessel1 where it is treated with carbonate of potassium1 which precipitates the lime and leaves bichromate of potassium in solution4 ,the solution is then evaporated to the crystallising point4 ,this process1 when carried out on a large scale1 is very economical4 ,prop41 c4 ,it forms very beautiful square tables1 or flat four-sided prismatic crystals2 permanent in the air2 soluble in #aj parts of water at #fj1 and in less than #c parts at #bab ,fahr42 it has a metallic1 bitter taste1 and is poisonous4 ,it is chiefly used in dyeing and bleaching1 and as a source of chromic acid4 ,the tests1 c41 are the same as for the yellow chromate4 ,potassium1 ,citrate of4 ,k#c;,c#f;,h#e,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from a solution of citric acid neutralised with carbonate of potassium1 evaporated1 and granulated1 or crystallised2 very deliquescent4 ,or1 extemporaneously1 in the form of solution1 by adding carbonate or bicarbonate of potassium to lemon juice1 as in the common effervescing draught4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,the same4 ,potassium1 ,cyanate of4 ,k,cy,o1 or ,,kcno4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by roasting1 at a red heat1 dry ferrocyanide of potassium1 in fine powder1 upon an iron plate1 constantly stirring it until it becomes fused into one mass1 which must be reduced to fine powder and digested in boiling alcohol1 from which crystals of the cyanate will be deposited as the solution cools4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,a mixture of ferrocyanide of potassium1 with half its weight of peroxide of manganese1 may also be used to produce this salt1 as the last2 the compound should be kindled by a red-hot body1 and allowed to smoulder away1 after which it may be treated with alcohol1 as before4 #c4 ,a mixture of ferrocyanide of potassium and litharge is heated as before1 and dissolved out by alcohol1 and crystallised4 ,prop4 ,crystallisable colourless or white salt1 readily soluble in alcohol and water1 but readily decomposed when moist into bicarbonate of potassium and ammonia1 or in solution into the carbonate of potassium and ammonium4 ,this salt is poisonous4 ,the cyanates of silver1 lead1 and many other metals may be made by adding a solution of cyanate of potassium to another of a neutral salt of the base4 ,potassium1 ,cyanide of4 ,,kcn1 or ,k,cy4 ,syn4 ,,cyanide ,,of ,,potash1 ,,cyanuret ,,of ,,potassium2 ,,potassii ,,cyanidum1 ,p4 ,,cyanuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,medicinal ,,cyanide ,,of ,,potassium47----a4 ,a solution of pure hydrate of potassium1 #b parts1 in highly rectified spirit1 #g parts1 is placed in a receiver furnished with a safety tube1 and surrounded with bruised ice2 the beak of a tubulated retort1 containing ferrocyanide of potassium1 in powder1 #d parts1 is then adapted to it in such a manner that any gas or vapour evolved in the retort must traverse the solution in the receiver2 the arrangement being complete1 sulphuric acid1 #c parts1 diluted with an equal weight of water1 and allowed to cool1 is cautiously poured into the retort1 and the distillation conducted very slowly1 a very gentle heat only being applied1 as circumstances may direct2 as soon as the force of ebullition in the retort has subsided1 the distillation is complete1 and the connection between the retort and receiver is broken2 the contents of the receiver1 now transformed into a mixture of a crystalline precipitate of cyanide of potassium1 and an alcoholic solution of undecomposed hydrate of potassium1 is carefully thrown on a filter1 and the precipitate1 after the mother-liquor has drained off1 very cautiously washed with ice-cold and highly rectified spirit1 and then drained1 pressed1 and dried on the same filter4 ,the product is chemically pure1 and equal to fully #aj of the ferrocyanide employed4 ,this is a modification of what is commonly known as #8,wigger's process4' b4 ,expose well-dried and powdered ferrocyanide of potassium to a moderate red heat1 in a close vessel2 when cold1 powder the fused mass1 place it in a funnel1 moisten it with a little alcohol1 and wash it with cold water2 evaporate the solution thus formed to dryness1 expose it to a dull red heat in a porcelain dish1 cool1 powder1 and digest it in boiling rectified spirit2 as the spirit cools1 crystals of cyanide of potassium1 nearly pure1 will be deposited4 ,the alcohol employed in both this and the preceding process may be recovered by distillation from calcined sulphate of iron4 #b4 7,,crude or ,,commercial ,,cyanide----,liebig47 ,commercial ferrocyanide of potassium1 #h parts1 rendered anhydrous by gently heating it on an iron plate1 is intimately mixed with dry carbonate of potassium1 #c parts2 this mixture is thrown into a red-hot earthen crucible1 and kept in a state of fusion1 with occasional stirring1 until gas ceases to be evolved1 and the fluid portion of the mass becomes colourless2 the crucible is then left at rest for a few minutes1 to allow its contents to settle1 after which the clear portion is poured from the heavy black sediment at the bottom upon a clean marble slab1 and the mass1 whilst yet warm1 broken up1 and placed in well-closed bottles4 ,obs4 ,a cheap and excellent process4 ,the product is said to contain about #a-hth part of cyanate of potassium1 and1 though not sufficiently pure for employment in medicine as potassium cyanide1 is admirably adapted for the various technical applications of this substance1 as in electro-plating1 electro-gilding1 photography1 c4 ,it may also be advantageously substituted for the ferrocyanide in the preparation of hydrocyanic acid by the distillation of that substance along with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,when pure1 this salt is colourless and odourless2 it forms cubic or octahedral crystals1 which are anhydrous2 it is freely soluble in water and in boiling alcohol1 but most of it separates from the latter as the solution cools2 it is fusible2 and undergoes no change1 even at a full red heat1 in close vessels2 it exhibits an alkaline reaction2 when exposed to the atmosphere1 it absorbs moisture1 and acquires the smell of hydrocyanic acid4 ,if it effervesces with acids1 it contains carbonate of potassium1 and if it be yellow it contains iron4 ,it is employed in chemical analysis1 and for the preparation of hydrocyanic acid2 cyanide of sodium may be made in the same way4 ,the dose is #a_/ab to #a_/d gr41 in solution2 in the usual cases in which the administration of hydrocyanic acid is indicated4----,antidotes4 ,the same as for hydrocyanic acid4 ,potassium1 ,ferricyanide of4 ,k#c;,fe,cy#f1 or ,k#c1;,fe,c#f,n#f4 ,syn4 ,,ferridcyanide ,,of ,,potassium1 ,,ferricyanuret ,,of ,p41 ,,red ,,prussiate ,,of ,,potash2 ,,potassii ,,ferricyanidum1 ,p4 ,,prussias ,,rubrum1 ,l4 ,this important and beautiful salt was discovered by ,l4 ,gmelin4 ,at first it was merely regarded as a chemical curiosity1 but it is now extensively employed in dyeing1 calico printing1 assaying1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chlorine gas1 prepared in the ordinary manner1 is slowly passed into a cold solution of ferrocyanide of potassium1 #a part1 in water1 #aj parts1 with constant agitation1 until the liquid appears of a deep reddish-green colour1 or of a fine red colour by transmitted light1 and ceases to give a blue precipitate1 or even a blue tinge1 to a solution of ferric chloride1 an excess of chlorine being carefully avoided2 the liquor is next evaporated by the heat of steam or boiling water1 until a pellicle forms upon the surface1 when it is filtered1 and set aside to cool2 the crystals are afterwards purified by re-solution and re-crystallisation4----,another method is simply to evaporate the original solution to dryness1 by a steam heat1 with agitation1 then to re-dissolve the residuum in the least possible quantity of boiling water1 and1 after defecation or filtration1 to allow the new solution to cool very slowly1 that crystals may form4 #b4 7,extemporaneous47 ,add nitric acid1 very gradually1 to a cold solution of ferrocyanide of potassium1 with constant agitation1 until a drop of the mixture ceases to impart a blue colour to a solution of ferric chloride1 carefully avoiding excess of acid4 ,it may be at once used in solution1 or evaporated1 c41 as before4 ,prop1 c4 ,magnificent regular prismatic or1 sometimes1 tubular crystals1 of a rich ruby-red tint2 permanent in the air2 combustible2 decomposed by a high temperature2 soluble in #d parts of cold water2 insoluble in alcohol4 ,colours ferric salts a pale brown1 gives with ferrous salts a deep blue1 and precipitates bismuth salts pale yellow2 cadmium and mercuric salts1 yellow2 zinc salts1 deep yellow2 mercurous1 cupric1 molybdenic1 silver1 and uranic salts1 reddish brown2 cobalt salts1 dark brown2 manganous salts1 brown2 cupric salts1 greenish2 and nickelous salts1 olive brown4 ,potassium1 ,ethylate4 7,c#b;,h#e,,ko47 ,lweg and ,weidmann obtained this compound by heating together acetate of ethyl and potassium4 ,dr ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson1 some few years ago1 recommended the employment of the alkaline ethylates as caustics1 and they are now frequently used as such in surgery4 ,when first applied to the body the ethylates produce no action1 but as they absorb water from the tissues they are decomposed1 the potassium or sodium is oxidised1 yielding caustic potash or soda in the fresh condition1 while alcohol is reformed from the recombination of hydrogen derived from the water4 ,dr ,richardson believes the ethylates of potassium and sodium will be found the most effective and manageable of all caustics1 and that in cases of cancer1 when it is important to destroy structure without resorting to the knife1 and in the removal of nvus and other simple growths1 they will be of essential service4 ,the ethylates dissolve in alcohol of different strengths2 the solution may either be applied with a glass brush or injected by the needle1 and a slow or quick effect can be insured according to the wish of the operator4 ,the ethylate of potassium is the more powerful agent4 ,potassium1 ,ferrocyanide of4 ,k#d1;,fe,cy#f1 or ,k#d1;,fe,c#f,n#f4 ,syn4 ,,ferrocyanuret ,,of ,,potassium1 ,,prussiate ,,of ,,potash1 ,,yellow ,p4 ,,of ,p42 ,,potass ,,prussia ,,flava 7,b4 ,p471 ,,potassii ,,ferrocyanidum 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,this valuable salt1 the well-known #8prussiate of potash' of commerce1 was discovered by the illustrious ,scheele about the middle of the #ahth century4 ,it is now only manufactured on the large scale4 ,prep4 ,good #8potash' or #8pearlash1' #b parts1 and dried blood1 horns1 hoofs1 woollen rags1 or other refuse animal matter1 #e or #f parts1 are reduced to coarse powder1 and mixed with some coarse iron borings2 the mixture is then injected into egg-shaped cast-iron pots in a state of moderate ignition2 the mass is frequently stirred with an iron spatula1 so as to prevent it running together1 and the calcination is continued until fetid vapours cease to be evolved1 and flame is no longer seen on stirring the mixture1 care being taken to exclude the air from the vessels as much as possible2 during the latter part of the process the pots are kept constantly covered1 and the ignited mass stirred less frequently2 the hot pasty mass is then removed with an iron ladle1 and excluded from the air until cold2 it is next exhausted by edulcoration with boiling water1 and the resulting solution1 after defecation or filtration1 is concentrated by evaporation1 so that crystals may form as the liquid cools2 these are redissolved in hot water1 and the solution allowed to cool very slowly1 when large and beautiful yellow crystals of ferrocyanide of potassium are deposited4----,product4 #a ton of dried blood or woollen refuse1 with #c cwt4 of pearlash1 yields from #b to #b-a_/b cwt4 of commercial ferrocyanide4 ,the mother-liquor contains sulphate of potassium4 ,prop4 ,it forms large and very beautiful yellow crystals1 which are permanent in the air1 and very tough and difficult to powder2 it is soluble in #d parts of cold and #b parts of boiling water2 has a mild saline taste2 at a gentle heat loses water2 at a higher temperature1 in closed vessels1 it is for the most part converted into cyanide of potassium1 and1 when exposed to the air1 into cyanate of potassium4 ,precipitates solutions of antimonous1 bismuth1 mercurous1 and zinc salts1 white2 cadmium salts1 of a pale yellow2 cuprous salts1 white1 turning red2 ferrous salts1 white1 turning blue2 lead salts1 white2 manganous salts1 white1 turned red2 mercuric salts1 white1 turning bluish2 nickelous salts1 white1 turning green2 silver salts1 white2 stannous salts1 white2 cobalt salts1 green2 cupric salts1 chocolate red2 ferric salts1 dark blue2 palladous salts1 green2 stannic salts1 yellow2 uranic salts1 reddish brown2 and zinc salts1 white4 ,uses1 c4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium is chiefly used in dyeing and calico printing1 in the manufacture of ,prussian blue1 in electro-plating1 and1 in chemistry1 as a test1 and a source of hydrocyanic acid4 ,as a medicine it is said to be sedative and astringent1 and in large doses purgative1 but appears to possess little action4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 dissolved in water2 in hooping-cough1 chronic bronchitis1 night-sweats1 leucorrha1 c4 ,d',arcet swallowed a solution containing #a_/b oz4 of this salt without experiencing any injurious effects4 ,potassium1 ,hydrate of4 ,,kho4 ,syn4 ,,potassa ,,hydrate1 ,,hydrate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,potassa1 ,,caustic ,p41 ,,hydrated ,,oxide ,,of ,,potassium2 ,,potassa ,,caustica 7,b4 ,p471 ,,potassa 7,ph4 ,e471 ,p4 ,,caustica 7,ph4 ,d471 ,p4 ,,hydras 7,ph4 ,l471 ,p4 ,,fusa4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,liquor of potassa1 #a gall42 evaporate the water in a clean iron vessel over the fire until the ebullition being finished1 the residuum of potassium hydrate liquefies2 pour this into proper moulds4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 ,as the last1 but pouring the fused hydrate upon a bright and clean iron plate 7silver or iron dish----,ph4 ,d472 as soon as it solidifies1 break it quickly 7into fragments71 and put it into stoppered glass 7green-glass----,ph4 ,d47 bottles4 #c4 7,pure47 ,the hydrate1 obtained as above1 is dissolved in alcohol or rectified spirit1 and1 after repose for a few days in a closely stopped green-glass or silver vessel1 the solution is decanted1 and cautiously evaporated in a deep silver basin1 out of contact with the air4 #d4 7,pure47 ,m4 ,polacci states that he procures very pure hydrate of potash in a few minutes by the following process4 ,he heats together in an iron vessel to a red heat a mixture consisting of #a part of nitrate of potash well triturated with #b or #c parts of iron filings4 ,the mass becomes red in a few minutes1 and1 after cooling1 it is treated with water1 left to settle1 and then decanted4 ,a more or less concentrated solution may thus be obtained1 or it may be evaporated to produce the solid potash4 ,prop41 c4 ,when perfectly pure it is white1 solid1 very soluble in water and in alcohol2 very deliquescent2 intensely acrid and corrosive2 and exhibiting the usual signs of alkalinity in the highest degree4 ,that of the shops has usually a greyish or bluish colour4 ,potassium1 ,iodate of4 ,,kio#c4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,iodas4 ,l4 ,prep4 ,neutralise a hot solution of hydrate of potassium with iodine1 evaporate to dryness by a gentle heat1 powder the residuum1 and digest it in alcohol1 to remove iodide of potassium1 dissolve the insoluble portion in hot water1 and crystallise4 ,obs4 ,iodate of potassium is resolved at a red heat into oxygen gas and iodide of potassium4 ,it has been recommended in bronchocele4----,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,potassium1 ,iodide of4 ,,ki4 ,syn4 ,,potassii ,,iodidum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 and ,d474 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,take of iron filings1 #b oz42 distilled water1 #b quarts2 iodine1 #f oz12 mix them1 and heat the solution until it turns green1 and then add of carbonate of potassium1 #d oz41 dissolved in water1 #a quart2 filter1 wash the residuum on the filter with water1 evaporate the mixed filtered liquors and crystallise4----,product1 #a oz4 of iodine yields #a oz4 #de gr4 of iodide4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,d4 and ,ph4 ,e4 are very similar4 #b4 ,add iodine to a hot solution of pure hydrate of potassium until the alkali is perfectly neutralised1 carefully avoiding excess2 evaporate the liquid to dryness1 and expose the dry mass to a gentle red heat in a platinum or iron crucible2 afterwards dissolve out the salt1 gently evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,an excellent process1 yielding a large product1 but1 if the ignition be not carefully managed1 it is apt to contain a little undecomposed iodate4 ,to obviate this1 ,mr ,scanlan proposes the addition of a little powdered charcoal to the mass before ignition----a plan adopted in the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #c4 ,iodine is treated with a small proportion of phosphorus in water1 and is thus converted into #8hydriodic acid1' hydrate of calcium is then added1 and the #8iodide of calcium' formed is first fused1 and then decomposed by sulphate of potassium into #8sulphate of calcium1' which is precipitated1 and #8iodide of potassium1' which remains in solution1 and may be crystallised1 as in the other processes4 ,this is a modification of a method devised by ,liebig4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,put solution of potash1 #a gall41 into a glass or porcelain vessel1 and add iodine #bi oz41 or q4 s41 in small quantities at a time1 with constant agitation1 until the solution acquires a permanent brown tint4 ,evaporate the whole to dryness in a porcelain dish1 pulverise the residue1 and mix this intimately with wood charcoal in fine powder1 #c oz4 ,throw the mixture1 in small quantities at a time1 into a red-hot crucible1 and when the whole has been brought to a state of fusion1 remove the crucible from the fire and pour out its contents4 ,when the fused mass has cooled1 dissolve it in #b pints of boiling distilled water1 filter through paper1 washing the filter with a little distilled boiling water2 unite the liquids1 and evaporate till a film forms on the surface4 ,set aside to cool and crystallise4 ,drain crystals and dry quickly with a gentle heat2 more crystals may be obtained by evaporating the mother liquor1 and cooling4 ,the salt should be kept in a stoppered bottle4 ,prop4 ,it crystallises in cubes1 which in the pure salt are extremely white1 though frequently opaque2 these are anhydrous2 fuse when heated1 without decomposition2 dissolve in less than an equal weight of water1 at #fj ,fahr41 and very freely in alcohol2 and do not deliquesce in moderately dry air unless they contain undecomposed hydrate of potassium4 ,its solution dissolves the iodine freely1 and also1 less readily1 several of the insoluble metallic iodides and oxides4 ,pur4 ,it is entirely soluble in both water and alcohol4 ,its aqueous solution alters the colour of turmeric either not at all or but very slightly1 nor does it affect litmus paper1 or effervesce with acids4 ,nitric acid and starch being added together1 it becomes blue4 ,it is not coloured by the addition of tartaric acid with starch4 ,no precipitate occurs on adding either a solution of hydrate of calcium or of chloride of barium4 #ajj gr41 dissolved in water1 by the addition of nitrate of silver1 yield a precipitate of #ada gr4 of iodide of silver4 ,assay4 ,the iodide of commerce frequently contains fully one half its weight of either chloride or carbonate of potassium1 or both of them1 with variable quantities of iodate of potassium1 a much less valuable salt4 ,the presence of these substances is readily detected by the above tests4 ,as the first of these is only very slightly soluble in cold alcohol1 and the others insoluble in that liquid1 a ready method of determining the richness of a sample in pure iodide1 sufficiently accurate for ordinary purposes1 is as follows3----,reduce #ej gr4 of the sample to fine powder1 introduce this into a test tube with #f fl4 dr4 of alcohol1 agitate the mixture violently for one minute1 and throw the whole on a weighed filter set in a covered funnel1 observing to wash what remains on the filter with another fl4 dr4 of alcohol4 ,the filtrate1 evaporated to dryness1 gives the quantity of pure iodide1 and the filter1 dried by the heat of boiling water1 that of the impurities present in the sample examined1 provided it contained no hydrate of potassium4 ,the quantity of alkali1 whether hydrate or carbonate1 may be found by the common method of #8alkalimetry4' ,uses1 c4 ,chiefly in photography1 medicine1 and pharmacy4----,dose1 #a to #aj gr41 twice or thrice daily1 made into pills1 or1 better1 in solution1 either alone or combined with iodine2 in bronchocele1 scrofula1 chronic rheumatism1 dropsy1 syphilis1 glandular indurations1 and various other glandular diseases4 ,also externally1 made into a lotion or ointment4 ,potassium1 ,nitrate of4 ,,kno#c4 ,syn4 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,potash1 ,,nitre1 ,,saltpeter2 ,,potass ,,nitras 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,nitrum1 ,,sal ,,nitri1 ,,sal ,,petr1 ,,kali ,,nitratum1 ,l4 ,this salt is produced naturally in the soil by the action of the atmosphere1 and crystallises upon its surface1 in various parts of the world1 especially in the ,east ,indies4 ,on the ,continent it has long been produced artificially1 by exposing a mixture of calcareous soil and animal matter to the atmosphere1 when calcium nitrate is slowly formed1 and is extracted by lixiviation4 ,the liquid is then decomposed by the addition of wood ashes1 or carbonate of potassium1 by which carbonate of calcium is precipitated1 and nitrate of potassium remains in solution4 ,the places where these operations are performed are called #8nitriaries1' or #8nitrires artificielles4' ,the ,british market is wholly supplied from ,india4 ,the salt of the first crystallisation1 by either process1 is called #8crude nitre' or #8rough saltpetre4' ,this is purified by solution in boiling water1 skimming1 and1 after a short time allowed for defecation1 straining 7while still hot7 into wooden crystallising vessels4 ,the crystals thus obtained are called #8single refined nitre1' and when the process is repeated #8double refined nitre4' #a4 7,,potass ,,nitras ,,purum----,ph4 ,d47 ,commercial nitre1 #d lbs42 boiling distilled water1 #a quart2 dissolve1 withdraw the heat1 and stir the solution constantly as it cools2 the minute crystals1 thus obtained1 are to be drained1 and washed1 in a glass or earthenware percolator1 with cold distilled water1 until that which trickles through ceases to give a precipitate with a solution of nitrate of silver1 the contents of the percolator are then to be withdrawn1 and dried in an oven4 ,prop4 ,white1 pellucid1 six-sided prisms2 permanent in the air2 soluble in #g parts of water at #fj and in #a part at #bab ,fahr42 insoluble in alcohol2 its taste is cool1 saline1 and slightly bitter and pungent2 at about #efj it fuses to an oily-looking mass1 which concretes on cooling1 forming #8sal prunella1' at a red heat it gives out oxygen1 and1 afterwards1 nitrous fumes2 sp4 gr4 #aibe to #aige4 ,pur4 ,commercial nitre generally contains chlorides1 sulphates1 or calcareous salts4 ,the first may be detected by its solution giving a cloudy white precipitate with nitrate of silver4 ,the second by chlorides of barium or calcium giving a white precipitate1 and the third by oxalate of ammonium giving a white precipitate4 ,assay4 ,of the numerous methods prescribed for this purpose1 few are sufficiently simple for mere practical men4 ,the proportion of chlorides1 sulphates1 and calcareous salts may be determined as above2 and the general richness of the sample by the method of ,gay-,lussac1 modified as follows3----#ajj gr4 of the sample 7fairly chosen7 are triturated with #ej gr4 of lampblack and #djj gr4 of common salt1 and the mixture placed in an iron ladle1 and ignited or fused therein1 due care being taken to prevent loss2 the residuum is exhausted with hot water1 and the solution thus obtained tested by the usual methods of alkalimetry for carbonate of potassium4 ,the quantity of carbonate found1 multiplied by #babe or #b-a_/h1 gives the per-centage richness of the sample in nitrate4 ,uses1 c4 ,nitre is chiefly employed in the manufacture of gunpowder1 fireworks1 and nitric acid4 ,it is also used in medicine as a sedative1 refrigerant1 and diaphoretic1 and as a cooling diuretic4 ,it has been recommended in active hmorrhages 7especially spitting of blood71 in various febrile affections1 in scurvy1 and in herpetic eruptions2 and it has been highly extolled by ,dr ,basham as a remedy in acute rheumatism4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 every #b hours4 ,a small piece1 dissolved slowly in the mouth1 frequently stops a sore throat at the commencement4 ,in large doses it is poisonous4 ,the best treatment is a powerful emetic1 followed by opiates4 ,potassium1 ,nitrite of4 ,,kno#b4 ,syn4 ,,nitrite ,,of ,,potassa2 ,,potass ,,nitris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heating nitre to redness1 dissolving the fused mass in a little water1 and adding twice the volume of the solution in alcohol2 after a few hours the upper stratum of liquid is decanted1 and the lower one1 separated from the crystals1 evaporated to dryness4 #b4 7,corenwinder47 ,nitric acid1 #aj parts1 are poured on starch1 #a part1 and the evolved gas passed through a solution of hydrate of potassium of the sp4 gr4 #achj1 to saturation2 the liquid is then either neutralised with a little hydrate of potassium 7if necessary71 and kept in the liquid form1 or at once evaporated4 ,fused pinkish mass1 or clear colourless soluble crystals1 used in chemistry as a reagent1 and deoxidiser4 ,potassium1 ,oxalate of4 ,k#b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,oxalate ,,of ,,potassa2 ,,potass ,,oxalas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,neutralise a solution of oxalic acid1 or the acid oxalates1 with carbonate of potassium1 evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,transparent colourless rhombic prisms1 soluble in #c parts of water1 and of the formula ,k#b;,c#b,o#d1;,aq4 ,potassium1 ,hydrogen ,oxalate of4 ,,khc#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,potassium ,,binoxalate1 ,,salt ,,of ,,sorrel1 ,,essential ,,salt ,,of ,,lemons2 ,,potass ,,binoxalas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by saturating a solution of oxalic acid1 #a part1 with carbonate of potassium1 adding to the mixture a similar solution of #a part of oxalic acid1 unneutralised1 and evaporating for crystals4 ,it may also be obtained from the expressed juice of wood or sheep's sorrel1 by clarifying it with eggs or milk1 and evaporating1 c41 as before4 ,colourless rhombic crystals of the formula ,,khc#b,o#d1;,aq41 soluble in #dj parts of cold and #f parts of boiling water1 yielding a very sour solution4 ,potassium1 ,trihydrogen ,oxalate of4 ,,kh#c7;,c#b,o#d71 or ,,khc#b,o#d1 ,h#b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,potassium ,,quadroxalate1 ,,potassium ,,acid ,,oxalate4 ,prep4 ,by neutralising #a part of oxalic acid with carbonate of potassium1 adding to the solution #c parts more of oxalic acid1 evaporating and crystallising4 ,resembles the last2 has the formula ,,kh#c7;,c#c,o#d7b1b;,aq2 but is less soluble1 and more intensely sour1 and forms modified octahedral crystals4 ,the salt is occasionally sold under the names of #8sal acetosell1' #8salt of sorrel1' and #8essential salt of lemons4' ,both are used to remove ink and iron stains from linen1 to bleach the straw used for making bonnets1 and1 occasionally1 in medicine1 as a refrigerant4 ,potassium1 ,oxide of4 ,k#b,o4 ,prep4 ,burn pure potassium in a current of oxygen4 ,white powder1 rapidly absorbing water and forming the hydrate4 ,potassium1 ,perchlorate of4 ,k,cl,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,perchloras1 ,l4 ,prepared by projecting well-dried and finely powdered chlorate of potassium in small portions at a time1 into warm nitric acid4 ,the salt is separated from the #8nitrate' by crystallisation4 ,potassium1 ,prussiate of4 ,see ,,potassium ,,ferricyanide and ,,ferrocyanide4 ,potassium1 ,salicylite of4 ,formed by mixing salicylous acid 7artificial oil of meadow-sweet7 with a strong solution of hydrate of potassium2 it separates1 on agitation1 as a yellow crystalline mass1 which1 after pressure in bibulous paper1 is recrystallised from alcohol4 ,golden-yellow crystals1 soluble in both water and alcohol2 damp air gradually converts them into acetate of potassium and melanic acid4 ,potassium1 ,silicate of4 7,ure47 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,silicas4 ,prep4 ,mix #a part of powdered quartz or flint1 or of fine siliceous sand with #b parts of carbonate of potash1 and fuse them in a ,hessian crucible4 ,dissolve the mass in water1 filter the solution and evaporate it to dryness----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #ae gr4 in #f or #h oz4 of water1 twice a day4 ,to dissolve gout concretions4 ,an impure silicate of potash is used as a water-glass4 ,potassium1 ,sulphate of4 ,k#b,,so#d4 ,syn4 ,,potass ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,prep4 ,the sulphate of potassium of commerce is a secondary product of several chemical and manufacturing processes4 ,thus1 the residuum of the distillation of nitric acid from nitre is dissolved in water1 the solution neutralised with carbonate of potassium1 and1 after defecation1 evaporation until a pellicle forms2 it is then strained1 or decanted1 and set aside to crystallise4 ,or1 the residuum is simply ignited1 to expel excess of acid1 and then dissolved and crystallised as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,anhydrous1 heavy1 quartz-like crystals2 permanent in the air2 soluble in #ab parts of water at #fj and in #e parts at #bab ,fahr42 insoluble in alcohol2 extremely nauseous1 and bitter-tasted4 ,it crepitates on the application of heat2 fuses at a red heat1 but loses nothing in weight4 #ajj gr4 dissolved in distilled water1 on the addition of chloride of barium and hydrochloric acid1 furnish #acb gr4 of sulphate of barium1 dried at a red heat4 ,potassium1 ,bisulphate of4 ,,khso#d4 ,syn4 ,,potassium-,,hydrogen ,,sulphate1 ,,acid ,,potassium ,,sulphate2 ,,potass ,,bisulphas4 ,prep4 #a4 7,anhydrous47 ,neutral sulphate of potassium and oil of vitriol1 equal parts2 hot water1 q4 s4 7not more7 to dissolve2 anhydrous bisulphate crystallises out1 in long delicate needles1 as the solution cools4 ,if these are left for several days in the mother-liquor they are redissolved1 and crystals of the ordinary hydrated bisulphate are deposited4 #b4 7,hydrated17----a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,salt left in distilling nitric acid1 #b lbs42 boiling water1 #c quarts2 dissolve2 add of sulphuric acid #a lb42 concentrate by evaporation1 and set the liquid aside1 so that crystals may form4 b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sulphate of potassium 7in powder71 #c oz42 sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 oz42 mix them in a porcelain capsule1 and expose it to a heat capable of liquefying its contents1 until acid vapours cease to be evolved2 powder the residuum1 and preserve it in a well-stopped bottle4 ,prop41 c4 ,sour and slightly bitter-tasted rhombic prisms2 soluble in about #b parts of cold and #a part of boiling water1 the solution exhibiting a strongly acid reaction4 ,it is much employed1 in lieu of tartaric acid1 for the production of carbonic acid1 in #8gazogenes1' c42 also to adulterate cream of tartar and tartaric acid4 ,according to ,dr ,paris1 it forms a 8grateful adjunct to rhubarb40----,dose1 #ab gr4 to #a-a_/b dr41 in solution1 combined with rhubarb or bitters1 as the neutral sulphate4 ,potassium1 ,sulphide of4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,potassium1 ,,liver ,,of ,,sulphur2 ,,potassii ,,sulphuretum 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,u4 ,s471 ,,hepar ,,sulphuris 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphur1 #a oz42 carbonate of potassium1 #d oz42 mix1 heat them in a covered crucible till they form a uniform fused mass2 when cold1 break it into fragments1 and preserve it in well-closed vessels4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf and ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 are similar4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sublimed sulphur1 #d oz42 carbonate of potassium 7from pearlash1 first dried1 and then reduced to powder71 #g oz42 mix in a warm mortar1 heat them in a ,hessian crucible1 as before1 pour the fused mass into an iron cup1 over which immediately invert a second vessel1 to exclude the air1 and1 when cold1 break the mass into fragments1 and preserve it in a green-glass stoppered bottle4 ,prop41 c4 ,a hard1 brittle1 liver or greenish-brown coloured solid2 inodorous whilst dry2 soluble in water1 forming a highly-fetid solution2 and1 in acids1 evolving strong fumes of sulphuretted hydrogen2 reaction1 alkaline2 exposed to the air1 it is gradually converted into sulphate of potassa4 ,as a medicine it is reputed diaphoretic1 expectorant1 and stimulant4----,dose1 #b to #f gr41 in solution1 or made into pills with soap2 in gout1 rheumatism1 liver affections1 and various chronic skin diseases4 ,externally1 made into a lotion and ointment4 ,it is highly acrid and corrosive1 and in large doses poisonous4 ,potassium1 ,sulphocyanide of4 ,,kcns1 or ,k,cy,s4 ,syn4 ,,sulpho-,,cyanuret ,,of ,,potassium2 ,,potassii ,,sulphocyanidum1 ,p4 ,,sulpho-,,cyanuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium 7anhydrous1 or dried by a gentle heat71 #df parts2 sulphur1 #cb parts2 pure carbonate of potassium1 #ag parts2 reduce them to powder1 and very gradually heat the mixture to low redness in a covered iron crucible1 which it will less than one half fill2 remove the half-refrigerated and still soft mass1 crush it1 exhaust it with water1 and evaporate the aqueous solution to dryness2 powder the residuum1 and exhaust it with hot alcohol or rectified spirit2 the alcoholic solution will yield beautiful white crystals as it cools1 and the residuum or mother-liquor may be evaporated for the remainder of the salt4 #b4 ,cyanide of potassium1 #c parts2 sulphur1 #a part2 water1 #f parts2 digest them together for some time1 add #c parts more of water1 filter1 evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,prop41 c4 ,long1 slender1 colourless prisms or plates1 which are anhydrous1 bitter-tasted1 deliquescent1 fusible1 very soluble in both water and alcohol1 and non-poisonous4 ,it is chiefly used as a test for ferric oxide1 for which purpose it is preferable to all other substances4 ,potassium1 ,tartrate of4 ,k#b;,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,tartrate ,,of ,,potassium1 ,,tartrate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,neutral ,,tartar1 ,,soluble ,t42 ,,potass ,,tartras 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,kali ,,tartarizatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,carbonate of potassium1 #h oz42 distilled water1 #b quarts2 dissolve1 and to the solution1 whilst boiling hot1 gradually add of bitartrate of potassium1 in fine powder1 #a lb41 or q4 s41 so that the liquid1 after ebullition for a couple of minutes1 ceases to change the colour of either blue or reddened litmus paper2 next filter the liquid through calico1 evaporate it until a pellicle forms on the surface1 and set it aside to crystallise2 after #ab hours collect the crystals1 dry them on bibulous paper1 and preserve them from the air4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf is nearly similar4 ,prop41 c4 ,the crystals of this salt1 which are obtained with difficulty1 are right rhombic prisms1 and are deliquescent4 ,the salt of commerce is usually in the form of a white granular powder1 which is obtained by simply evaporating the solution to dryness1 with constant stirring4 ,in this state it requires about #d parts of cold water for its solution4 ,acids convert it into the bitartrate4 ,as a medicine it acts as a gentle diuretic and aperient1 and is valued for correcting the griping properties of senna and resinous purgatives4 ,it is also antiscorbutic4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #c_/d oz41 in powder1 or dissolved in water4 ,the solution changes the colour neither of litmus nor turmeric4 ,the addition of almost any acid throws down crystals of bitartrate of potassium1 which generally adhere to the vessel4 ,the precipitate occasioned by either chloride of barium or acetate of lead is dissolved by dilute nitric acid4 ,potassium1 ,bitartrate of4 ,,khc#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,tartrate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,super-,,tartrate ,,of ,p41 ,,cream ,,of ,,tartar2 ,,cremor ,,tartari1 ,,potass ,,bitartras 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,potass ,,super-,,tartras1 ,,tartari ,,crystalli1 ,l4 ,this well-known salt is deposited during the fermentation of grape juice as a crust on the sides of the casks or vats4 ,in its unprepared or crude state it is called white or red tartar or argol1 according to the wine from which it has been obtained4 ,it is purified by boiling it in water1 crystallisation1 re-solution in water1 and treatment with freshly burnt charcoal and aluminous clay1 to remove the colour2 the clear liquid is then decanted1 whilst still hot1 and allowed to cool slowly2 the resulting crystals form the #8cream of tartar' of commerce4 ,prop41 c4 ,small1 translucent1 gritty1 prismatic crystals1 irregularly grouped together2 permanent in the air2 requiring fully #ajj parts of cold water1 and about #ae parts of boiling water1 for their perfect solution2 the solution has a harsh1 sour taste1 and1 like that of the tartrate1 suffers spontaneous decomposition by keeping4 ,its solution reddens litmus4 ,at a red heat it is converted into carbonate of potassium4 ,entirely soluble in #dj parts of boiling water2 #dj gr41 in solution1 are neutralised by #cj gr4 of crystallised carbonate of soda4----,dose4 ,as an aperient1 #a to #c dr42 as a diuretic1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr42 as an antiscorbutic1 #aj to #bj gr4 frequently4 ,it is much used to make a pleasant cooling drink 7#8,imperial'71 and in tooth-powders4 ,,pota,,to4 ,this well-known and valuable article of food is the tuber of the ,solanum tuberosum or esculentum1 a plant which was introduced to this country by either ,sir ,francis ,drake or ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 towards the latter part of the #afth century4 ,it is now extensively cultivated in all the temperate climates of the world4 ,it yields a vast quantity of food on a small space of ground1 but only about #a-gth part of the weight of the tuber is nutritious1 and this is chiefly farinaceous4 ,its farina or starch is1 however1 accompanied by no inconsiderable portion of saline matter1 more especially of potassa1 which renders it highly antiscorbutic1 and a powerful corrective of the grossness of animal food4 ,when forming part of a mixed diet1 perhaps no substance is more wholesome than the potato1 and1 certainly1 no other esculent hitherto discovered appears equally adapted for universal use4 ,boussingault gives the following as the average composition of the tubers of the potato3---- ,moist ,dry4 ,water #gei ---- ,albumen #bc #if ,oily matter #jb #jh ,fibre #jd #ag ,starch #bjb #hch ,salts #aj #da ------------ ------------ #ajjj #ajjj ,manuring experiments on potatoes in #ahfg-ahfi show that on light soils a mixture of mineral superphosphate1 crude potash salts1 and ammonium sulphate1 produces very beneficial results2 on stiff soils nitrogenous manures have little effect4 ,further proof is given that manuring with common salt tends to decrease the yield4 ,analyses1 conducted by ,a4 ,stockardt1 of potatoes grown in eight different years1 show that those manured with salt invariably contain less starch than those unmanured1 the decrease being from #aj to #bj per cent4 of starch2 the same effect is produced when the salt is mixed with other manures4 ,under the microscope the cells are seen to be very sparingly fitted with starch grains4 ,unmanured potatoes contained #dc per cent4 of sodium chloride in the dry substance1 and those which had received a small dressing of common salt #acd per cent4#aba ,footnote #aba3 ,voelcker #8,roy4 ,agric4 ,society's ,journal1' quoted in #8,journal of ,chemical ,society1' vol4 ,,xxv4 ,no certain rule can be laid down for #8dressing' potatoes4 8,if boiled1 it may be that they require to be put into boiling water1 or1 may be1 into cold1 and either boiled quickly or slowly2 but this you must find out4 ,choose them all about the same size1 with a smooth skin1 and when they are boiled and begin to crack1 throw off the water immediately1 as it only damages the root4 ,when dressed let them stand near the fire1 with a cloth over them1 and serve them in their skins4 ,salt may be put into the water at the beginning4 ,a watery potato will require quick boiling1 and1 sometimes1 to be put into boiling water40 7,soyer47 ,to retain the highest amount of nourishment in potatoes they should be #8dressed' with their skins on them4 ,the bruised or damaged parts1 worm-holes1 c41 being removed with a knife1 the dirt should be carefully cleaned out of the #8eyes1' and from the rough parts of the skins1 by means of a brush and water1 after which they should be well rinsed in clean water1 and drained in a colander4 ,if they are at all dry or shrivelled1 they may be advantageously left to soak for #c or #d hours in clean cold water before cooking them4 ,potatoes #8dressed' in the skins have been found to be nearly twice as rich in potassa salts as those which have been first peeled4 ,the skins are easily removed before sending them to table4 ,,new ,,potatoes should have their loose outer skin rubbed off with a cloth or stiff brush before being dressed or cooked4 ,illustration3 ,potato starch granules4 ,illustration3 ,potato starch granules swollen by liquor potass4 ,,mashed ,,potatoes are prepared by crushing1 with the back of a spoon1 or with a rolling-pin1 the hot #8dressed' tubers1 placed in a bowl or dish1 or on a pie-board4 ,a little milk1 butter1 and salt may be added to them at will1 and they may be either at once #8served up1' or pressed into #8forms1' and first #8browned off' in the oven4 ,potatoes1 if not soft and mealy1 and well masticated1 frequently escape the solvent action of the stomach1 and pass off undigested1 often to the serious derangement of the health4 ,by mashing them this inconvenience is removed4 ,the delicate1 the dyspeptic1 and the aged should take them in no other form4 ,potatoes may be preserved so as to stand the longest voyages unchanged1 by thoroughly desiccating them in an oven1 or by steam heat4 ,for this purpose the roots1 either raw or three parts dressed1 are generally first cut into dice of above #c_/d inch square1 to facilitate the operation4 ,under a patent granted to ,mr ,downes ,edwards1 ,aug41 #ahdj1 the boiled potatoes are mashed and granulated by forcing them through a perforated plate before drying them4 ,the granulated product1 beaten up with a little hot milk or hot water1 forms an excellent extemporaneous dish of mashed potatoes4 ,the microscopic detection of potato starch is easy4 ,instead of being round or oval1 and with a central hilum1 the starch grains are pyriform1 with an eccentric hilum placed at the smaller end1 and with well-marked concentric rings4 ,a weak solution of liquor potass 7one drop of the ,pharmacopia preparation to ten of water7 swells them out greatly after a time2 while wheat starch is little affected by potash of this strength2 if the strength is #a to #c 7as in the figs47 the swelling takes place very rapidly4 ,,pot ,,pourri4 ,fr4 ,a mixture of odorous flowers1 roots1 gums1 c41 varied according to the taste of the operator1 either mixed together dry1 or in the fresh state preserved with salt4 8,the usual way of making it is to collect roses1 lavender1 and other sweet-scented flowers1 as they blow2 to put them into a large jar mixed 7stratified7 with salt1 until a sufficient quantity has been collected2 then to add to these such other odorous substances as may be required to form an agreeable perfume40 ,among the substances thus added are----ambergris1 benzoin1 calamus root1 cascarilla1 cassia1 cassia buds1 cinnamon1 civet1 cloves1 musk1 musk seed1 orange berries and flowers1 orris root1 pimento1 storax1 vanilla1 yellow sandal wood1 c4 8,instead of the fresh flowers1 dried roses are sometimes used1 and1 with the addition of some essential oils1 these answer quite as well40 7,redwood47 ,the following is a ,french formula3----,take the petals of the pale and red roses1 pinks1 violets1 moss rose1 orange flower1 lily of the valley1 acacia flowers1 clove gilliflowers1 mignonette1 heliotrope1 jonquils1 with a small proportion of the flowers of myrtle1 balm1 rosemary1 and thyme2 spread them out for some days1 and as they become dry put them into a jar1 with alternate layers of dry salt mixed with orris powder1 till the vessel is filled4 ,close it for a month and stir the whole up1 and moisten it with rose water4 ,,pot,,ted ,,meats4 ,see ,,putrefaction and ,,potting 7below74 ,,pot,,tery4 ,the mechanical operations connected with the manufacture of pottery 7,,ceramic ,,art7 do not come within the province of this work4 ,the materials employed1 in this country1 to produce the best kind of earthenware 7,,staffordshire ,,ware7 are the fine white clays of ,devonshire and ,cornwall1 and powdered chert or flint4 ,this is brought to a perfectly homogeneous plastic mass with water1 and in this state is fashioned upon the potter's wheel and lathe1 or by moulding1 into all the varied objects of utility and ornament1 which are made in this material4 ,after the newly formed vessels and other articles have been dried by exposure in heated rooms1 they are enclosed in clay cases 7,,seggars7 and exposed to heat in a kiln1 by which they arrive at a state 7,,biscuit7 which renders them fit for glazing2 the patterns 7if any7 and1 afterwards1 appropriate vitreous materials having been applied to their surfaces1 they are again placed in the seggars1 and are again exposed in a kiln to a heat sufficiently high to fuse the newly applied compound1 by which they acquire a uniform enamelled surface1 and become fit for the market4 ,,porcelain1 or ,,china1 as it is commonly called1 is manufactured in a nearly similar manner1 but the materials are selected and the various processes conducted with corresponding skill and care4 ,the ornamental patterns are produced upon both ,staffordshire ware and porcelain by a number of ingenious processes1 among which printing1 painting1 and moulding are the principal4 ,the colours employed are those which have been already referred to under ,,enamels4 ,the metallic lustres now so common on stoneware1 c41 are given as follows3---- #a4 ,,gold ,,lustre4 ,dissolve grain-gold1 #a dr41 in aqua regia1 #c_/d oz42 to the solution add of metallic tin1 #f gr42 and when this is dissolved1 pour it very gradually1 with constant stirring1 into a mixture of balsam of sulphur1 #a_/b dr42 oil of turpentine1 #bj gr42 when the mass begins to stiffen1 #a_/b dr4 more of oil of turpentine must be added1 and well mixed in4 ,more gold deepens and brightens the lustre2 more tin turns it on the violet or purple4 #b4 ,,iron ,,lustre4 ,from a mixture of #8muriate of iron' 7ferric chloride7 and spirit of tar4 #c4 ,,platinum ,,lustre4 ,to a solution of platinum in aqua regia 7platinic chloride7 is added1 drop by drop1 a mixture of spirit of tar and balsam of sulphur in equal proportions1 until by a trial the composition is found to give the required result4 ,this gives the appearance of polished steel4 #d4 ,,silver ,,lustre4 ,the ammonio-chloride of platinum is reduced to an impalpable powder1 ground up to the requisite consistence with a little spirit of tar1 and at once applied with a brush4 ,the above lustres are applied1 over an easily fusible glaze1 to the outer surfaces only of the vessels1 after which adhesion is produced by exposing the pieces to a slight degree of heat in the muffle4 ,to give them their full beauty they must be rubbed with cotton1 wool1 or chamois leather1 after the firing4 ,see ,,alumina1 ,,clay1 ,,enamels1 ,,gilding1 ,,glazes1 ,,kaolin1 c4 ,,pot,,ting4 ,a term commonly applied to the operation or practice of preserving animal substances in a state fit for immediate use1 in small pots or jars4 ,the method of proceeding is1 first1 to mince the substance 7previously well dressed1 and carefully deprived of bones1 sinews1 skin1 c471 and1 next1 to pound it in a clean polished marble or iron mortar1 along with a little butter and some cayenne pepper1 or other suitable spice or sauce1 until it forms a perfectly smooth paste2 this is pressed into the pots1 so as to about #b-crds fill them1 and clarified melted butter is then poured in to the depth of about #a-hth of an inch2 the pots are1 lastly1 closely covered over1 and kept in a cool situation4 ,in this state their contents may be preserved for a year1 or longer4 ,potted beef1 ham1 veal1 poultry1 game1 anchovies1 bloaters1 salmon1 c41 are commonly sold in the shops4 ,they are all intended for relishes1 and are spread upon bread in the same manner as butter4 ,,poudre ,,kousique4 ,fr4 ,a ,french nostrum1 consisting of nitre and sulphur1 of each #ej parts2 charcoal and antimony1 of each #a part4 ,it is divided into #a_/b-;dr4 doses1 of which three are put into each packet4 ,it is given to dogs in a ball of butter1 to prevent the disorders to which they are liable4 ,,poudre ,,metallique4 ,fr4 ,see ,,tooth ,,cements4 ,,poudre ,,subtile4 ,fr4 ,see ,,depilatory4 ,,poudrette4 ,fr4 ,dried night-soil4 ,the manure sold under this name is a compound of night-soil with clay1 charcoal1 or gypsum1 made into balls or cakes4 ,its extensive use in ,belgium1 ,france1 the ,united ,states of ,america1 and1 more particularly1 in ,china1 where it was first employed1 has shown it to be the most fertilising and generally applicable of all the numerous substances used as manure4 ,unfortunately1 the prejudices of ,englishmen lead them to poison the air of their cities and towns1 and the waters of their rivers1 with a substance which1 if rightly applied1 would crown their fields with golden harvests1 and drive pauperism from the land4 ,tardieu1 speaking of the men engaged in making poudrette1 says3----8,the action of the exhalations from the manure manufacturers is certainly not injurious4 ,the workmen show actually no trace of sickness or disease which can be referred to the influence of these exhalations40 ,that #8poudrette' is1 however1 occasionally liable to set up fermentation seems undeniable2 and when this is the case1 and large quantities of poudrette are stored within a small space1 serious consequences may ensue4 ,parent ,duchtelet cites the case of a vessel carrying poudrette to ,guadaloupe1 in which half the crew died1 and the remainder were in a very low state of health on the arrival of the vessel at ,guadaloupe1 owing1 as he affirms1 to the exhalations given off by the poudrette4 ,,poul,,tice4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasm2 ,,cataplasma1 ,l4 ,an external application1 generally extemporaneous1 used to promote suppuration1 allay pain and inflammation1 resolve tumours1 c4 ,poultices 7cataplasmata7 are generally prepared with substances capable of absorbing much water1 and assuming a pulpy consistence1 so as to admit of their application to any surface1 however irregular4 ,their curative action principally depends upon the liquids with which they are moistened1 and the heat retained by the mass4 ,with this object they should never be heavy or very bulky1 and should be frequently repeated1 and lightly1 but securely1 bandaged on1 to prevent displacement4 ,the addition of a little lard1 olive oil1 or1 still better1 glycerin1 to a poultice1 tends greatly to promote its emollient action1 and to retard its hardening4 ,as the continued medication of the part with warmth and moisture1 or with substances applied in the moist way1 is the principal object to be attained in the application of poultices1 a fold or two of lint or soft linen dipped in hot water1 either simple or medicated1 and covered with a piece of thin sheet gutta percha or india-rubber cloth1 to prevent evaporation1 may be often conveniently applied in their stead4 ,a very elegant and useful substitute of this kind is sold under the name of #8spongio piline4' ,its cleanliness1 lightness1 and ease of application has led to its extensive adoption by the medical profession4 ,the following formul embrace all the cataplasma of the ,pharmacopias3---- ,poultice of ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,aluminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,alum 7in powder71 #a dr42 whites of #b eggs2 shake them together until they form a coagulum4 ,applied1 between the folds of fine linen1 to chilblains1 sore nipples1 inflamed eyes1 c4 ,poultice1 ,anodyne4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,anodynum4 ,prep4 ,poppy heads1 #a oz42 dried leaves of henbane1 #b oz42 water1 #bd oz4 ,boil1 strain1 and add to the liquor #d oz4 of emollient meals1 to form a poultice4 ,poultice1 ,antiseptic4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,antisepticum4 ,prep4 ,barley flour1 #f oz42 powdered ,peruvian bark1 #a oz42 water1 q4 s4 ,boil and1 when cool enough1 add camphor in powder1 #a dr4 ,poultice1 ,astringent4 7,foy47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,astringens4 ,prep4 ,catechu1 #a oz42 powdered oak bark and barley meal1 of each #a oz42 cold water1 q4 s4 ,poultice of ,belladonna4 7,dr ,reece47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,belladonn4 ,prep4 ,extract of belladonna1 made in vacuo1 #a dr42 oatmeal1 #a_/b lb42 boiling water1 q4 s4 ,poultice1 ,bran4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,furfuris4 ,prep4 ,fine bran1 with one tenth of linseed meal1 made into a poultice with boiling water4 ,mr ,payne recommends1 as a cheap hospital poultice1 #c-a_/b pecks of pollard1 #ad lbs4 of bruised meal1 and #a_/d lb4 of lard4 ,poultice of ,bread4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,panis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from crum of bread1 soaked in hot water1 slightly pressed1 and then beaten up with a little lard1 butter1 or oil4 ,emollient4 ,see ,,poultice1 ,,linseed ,,meal 7below74 ,poultice of ,carrot4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,dauci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the common esculent carrot1 scraped fine1 so as to form a pulp4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,from the cultivated carrot boiled with a little water until it becomes soft enough to form a poultice4 ,anodyne and antiseptic4 ,used in foul and painful ulcers1 burns1 contusions1 c4 ,that from the first formula is the more stimulant4 ,poultice of ,charcoal4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,carbonis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,c4 ,c4 ,,ligni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,soak bread1 #b oz41 in boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 to this add1 by degrees1 of linseed meal1 #aj dr42 and1 afterwards1 of powdered 7recently burnt7 charcoal1 #b dr42 lastly1 sprinkle on the surface of the poultice powdered charcoal1 #a dr4 ,as an application to fetid and gangrenous sores2 frequently renewed4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,wood charcoal1 #a_/b oz42 bread1 #b oz42 linseed meal1 #a-a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #aj oz42 soak the bread in the water near the fire1 add the linseed meal and half the charcoal1 stirring to a soft poultice1 sprinkling the remainder of the charcoal on the surface4 ,poultice of ,chloride of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,sod ,,chlorinat 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,boiling water1 #f fl4 oz42 linseed meal1 #d-a_/b oz42 mix gradually1 then add of solution of chlorinated soda1 #b fl4 oz4 ,applied to foul ulcers1 gangrenous parts1 c4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,solution of chlorinated soda1 #a2 linseed meal1 #b2 boiling water1 #d2 add the linseed meal gradually to the water1 stirring constantly1 then mix the solution of chlorinated soda4 ,poultice1 ,compound ,farina4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,farin ,,compositum4 ,prep4 ,rye flour1 #a lb42 old yeast1 #d oz42 salt1 #b oz42 hot water1 q4 s4 ,poultice1 ,cummin4 7,l4 ,ph4 #aghh47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,cumini4 ,prep4 ,cummin seeds1 #a lb42 bay berries1 scordium leaves1 serpentaria root1 of each #c oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 to be powdered together and mixed with thrice their weight of honey4 ,poultice1 ,discutient4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,discutiens4 ,prep4 ,barley meal1 #f oz42 fresh hemlock1 #b oz42 vinegar1 q4 s4 ,boil and add sal ammoniac1 #a_/b oz4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,the same1 with #b dr4 of acetate of lead added4 ,poultice1 ,effervescing4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,effervescens4 ,prep4 ,fresh wort thickened with oatmeal1 and a spoonful of yeast added4 ,poultice1 ,emetic4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,emeticum4 ,prep4 ,bruised groundsel 7,senecio vulgaris7 applied over the stomach produces vomiting4 ,cataplasma of ,fig4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,fici4 ,prep4 ,a dried fig1 roasted or boiled 7sometimes in milk71 is frequently applied to gum-boils1 c4 ,poultice1 ,foxglove4 7,mr ,alland47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,digitalis4 ,prep4 ,a strong decoction of foxglove1 with bread-crum1 or linseed meal1 q4 s4 ,poultice1 ,galbanum4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,galbani4 ,prep4 ,lily roots1 #d oz42 figs1 #a oz42 boil till soft1 and bruise them with #a-a_/b oz4 of onions and #a_/b oz4 of galbanum1 triturated with yolk of egg and a sufficient quantity of linseed meal4 ,poultice1 ,galvanic4 7,recamier47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,galvanicum4 ,it consists of cotton wadding containing a layer of very thin zinc plates1 and another layer of copper ones4 ,this pad1 conveniently quilted1 is enclosed in a bag1 one face of which is of quilted calico1 the other of impermeable tissue4 ,the natural perspiration1 confined by the impermeable tissue1 excites galvanic action between the metals4 ,poultice of ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,conii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 linseed meal1 #d-a_/b oz41 or q4 s42 make a poultice1 and on this spread of extract of hemlock 7,ph4 ,l471 #a oz41 first softened with a little hot water4 ,anodyne4 ,in irritable and painful cancerous1 scrofulous1 and syphilitic sores1 tumours1 c4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hemlock leaf1 in powder1 #a oz42 linseed meal1 #c oz42 boiling water1 #aj oz42 mix the ingredients1 then add them to the water gradually1 constantly stirring4 ,poultice1 ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,hyoscyami4 ,the same as ,,poultice ,,of ,,poppy4 ,poultice1 ,hop4 7,dr ,trotter47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,humuli4 ,hops softened with hot water4 ,to foul ulcers4 ,poultice1 ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,ioduretum4 ,to a common poultice add solution or tincture of iodine4 ,poultice1 ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,plumbi4 ,prep4 ,goulard water1 #a lb42 bread crum1 q4 s4 ,poultice1 ,lily4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,lilii4 ,the pulp of the white lily boiled and bruised4 ,poultice1 ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,calcis4 ,prep4 ,slaked lime1 #b oz42 oatmeal1 #b oz42 lard1 #d oz4 ,formerly used at ,bath ,hospital4 ,poultice of linseed ,meal4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,lini 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,to boiling water1 #a_/b pint1 add1 gradually1 constantly stirring1 of linseed meal1 #d-a_/b oz41 or q4 s4 ,emollient4 ,used to promote the suppuration or #8ripening' of tumours4 ,a little oil or lard should be added1 and some smeared over the surface as well1 to prevent its getting hard4 ,for small #8gatherings1' as of the fingers1 a little chewed bread and butter is an efficient and convenient substitute4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,linseed meal1 #d2 olive oil1 #a_/b2 boiling water1 #aj2 mix the linseed meal with the oil1 add the water gradually1 constantly stirring4 ,obs4 ,linseed meal prepared from the cake1 from which the oil has been expressed1 is less adapted for poultices than that prepared from the unpressed1 whole seed4 ,the latter is ordered in the ,ph4 ,l4 ,poultice1 ,malt4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,bynes4 ,prep4 ,ground malt1 with yeast1 q4 s41 to form a poultice2 to be applied warm4 ,poultice1 ,maturative4 7,l4 #agde47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,maturans4 ,prep4 ,pulp of figs1 #d oz42 resin ointment1 #a oz42 strained galbanum1 #a_/b oz4 ,poultice of ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,sinapis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l47 ,linseed meal and powdered mustard1 of each #b-a_/b oz41 or q4 s42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 mix as before4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,as the last1 but substituting boiling vinegar for water4 ,used as a powerful counter-irritant1 stimulant1 and rubefacient2 in low fevers1 apoplexy1 coma1 c41 where there is a determination of blood to the head2 in deep-seated inflammatory pains1 neuralgic pains1 c4 ,it should not be left on long enough to raise a blister4 ,see ,,plasters4 ,poultice1 ,onion4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,cep4 ,prep4 ,onions roasted and mashed4 ,poultice of ,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,papaveris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod4 #ahci47 ,a strong decoction of poppies1 thickened with crum of bread4 ,anodyne4 ,poultice1 ,potash1 ,acetate of4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,potass ,,acetatis2 ,,cataplasma ,,neutrale4 ,prep4 ,acetate of potash1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 crum of bread1 q4 s4 ,to ill-conditioned sores4 ,poultice of ,potato4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,solani ,,tuberosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the raw potato1 scraped or grated fine4 ,a popular application to fresh bruises1 extravasations1 burns1 scalds1 c4 ,poultice of ,potato ,starch4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,fecul4 ,prep4 ,potato starch1 #b oz42 mix with a little cold water1 add to it #bj oz4 of boiling water1 and boil for an instant4 ,cataplasms of rice and wheat starch are made in the same manner4 ,poultice1 ,pradier's4 ,syn4 ,,pradier',s ,,cataplasma2 ,,cataplasme ,,de ,,pradier1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,take of balsam of ,mecca1 #f dr42 rectified spirit1 #af oz42 dissolve2 next1 separately1 take red cinchona bark1 sarsaparilla1 and sage1 of each #a oz42 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #cb oz42 digest for #dh hours1 and filter2 mix the two liquors2 add to them twice their weight of lime water4 ,in gout2 #b fl4 oz4 are sprinkled on the surface of a hot linseed-meal poultice sufficiently large to surround the affected part4 ,it is said that the ,emperor ,napoleon gave #bejj for this receipt4 ,poultice of ,pyroligneous ,acid4 7,dr ,reece47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,acidi ,,pyrolignosi4 ,prep4 ,bran1 #a lb42 linseed meal1 #a oz42 impure pyroligneous acid1 q4 s4 ,for scrofulous ulcers2 occasionally #cj minims of tincture of perchloride of iron1 and #c dr4 of extract or powder of hemlock1 are added4 ,poultice of ,red ,wine4 7,gl4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,vini ,,rubri4 ,prep4 ,linseed meal1 #a-a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #e oz42 stir it over a slow fire for a minute1 remove1 and add #b oz4 of red wine4 ,poultice1 ,roasted ,apple4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,mali4 ,the soft pulp of roasted apple1 applied to inflamed eyes4 ,other ingredients are sometimes added4 ,poultice1 ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,ros4 ,prep4 ,powdered alum1 #cj gr42 confection of roses1 #d oz42 mix4 ,poultice of ,sea-wrack4 7,dr ,russell47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,fuci4 ,prep4 ,fresh bladder fucus 7sea-wrack7 bruised4 ,applied to glandular tumours1 c4 ,poultice1 ,simple4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,simplex1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,powder for a cataplasma and boiling water1 of each q4 s4 to form a poultice1 the surface of which is to be smeared over with olive oil4 ,emollient4 ,bread poultice and linseed-meal poultice are now generally called by this name4 ,see ,,powder 7,poultice74 ,poultice of ,slippery ,elm4 ,,cataplasma ,,ulmi4 ,the powdered bark of the slippery elm 7,ulmus fulva7 mixed with a sufficient quantity of hot water4 ,poultice of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from white soap 7scraped or sliced71 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a_/d pint2 dissolve1 and add crum of bread1 q4 s4 ,as an application to scalds and burns4 ,poultice1 ,sorrel4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,oxalis4 ,prep4 ,bruised sorrel leaves1 mixed with oatmeal and beer4 ,poultice1 ,stimulating4 7,dr ,hugh ,smith47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,stimulans4 ,prep4 ,rye flour1 #a lb42 old yeast1 #d oz42 common salt1 #b oz4 ,poultice1 ,sulphate of ,lime4 7,blizard47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,calcis ,,sulphatis4 ,prep4 ,paris plaster mixed with water to a soft paste1 and applied before it hardens4 ,formerly applied to ulcers to form an artificial scab2 now occasionally used to afford mechanical support in some surgical cases4 ,poultice of ,sulphate of ,soda4 7,kirkland47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,sod ,,sulphatis4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of soda1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a_/b lb42 crum of bread1 a sufficient quantity4 ,poultice to cause ,suppuration4 7,e4 ,ph4 #aggd47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,suppurans4 ,to an emollient cataplasm add bruised onions1 #a-a_/b oz42 basilicon ointment1 #a oz4 ,poultice of ,tannate of ,lead4 7,g4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,ad ,,decumbitum2 ,,plumbum ,,tannicum ,,pultiforme4 ,prep4 ,boil #b oz4 ,of oak bark in sufficient water to yield #aj oz4 of strained decoction2 add to this #a oz4 7by weight7 of liquid subacetate of lead1 collect the precipitate on a filter1 and put it into a bottle with #b dr4 of rectified spirit4 ,poultice1 ,tonic4 7,g4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,tonicum4 ,prep4 ,powdered bark1 #a oz42 charcoal1 #a oz42 camphor1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil of turpentine1 q4 s4 ,poultice1 ,turnip4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,rapi4 ,prep4 ,peel turnips1 boil them till soft1 beat them to a pulp1 and apply warm4 ,poultice1 ,turpentine4 7,dr ,reece47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,terebinthin4 ,prep4 ,oil of turpentine1 #b dr42 olive oil1 #a oz42 linseed meal1 #a oz42 oatmeal1 #d oz42 boiling water1 q4 s4 ,to indolent ulcers1 and1 with more turpentine1 to deep burns1 scalds1 and chilblains4 ,poultice of ,vinegar4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,aceti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from crum of bread soaked in vinegar4 ,applied cold in bruises1 extravasations1 c41 especially black eyes4 ,verjuice is often employed in the same way4 ,poultice of ,walnut ,leaves4 7,perfect47 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,juglandis4 ,prep4 ,the fresh leaves of walnut bruised and mixed with honey4 ,applied over the abdomen as a vermifuge4 ,poultice of ,yeast4 ,syn4 ,,cataplasma ,,fermenti 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,c4 ,f4 ,,cerevisi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,beer yeast and water at #ajj ,fahr41 of each #e fl4 oz42 mix1 stir in flour1 #a lb41 and place it near the fire until it rises4 ,in gangrenous or foul ulcers2 to correct the fetor of the discharge1 and to hasten the sloughing4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,beer yeast1 #f2 flour1 #ad2 water 7at #ajj ,fahr471 #f2 mix4 ,place the mass near the fire till it rises4 ,,poul,,try4 ,domestic birds1 which are propagated and fed for the table1 and for their eggs1 feathers1 c4 ,the poultry of this country are the common domestic fowl1 the turkey1 the duck1 and the goose2 to which some writers add the guinea-fowl and the peacock4 ,of these1 the first is the most generally useful4 ,though a native of ,india1 it accompanies man through almost every gradation of civilisation and climate1 and flourishes almost everywhere1 when properly secured from the inclemency of the weather1 and allowed an ample supply of fresh air1 with proper food4 ,for the production of abundance of eggs it must1 however1 be well fed and warmly lodged4 ,the hen-roosts and poultry-houses should be well protected from the weather1 and their temperature should be duly maintained by proximity to the stables1 cow-houses1 or dwelling-house1 and1 in cold weather1 by the employment1 when necessary1 of artificial heat4 ,the food should also contain an ample supply of nitrogenous matter1 for without this how can it be expected that hens can produce abundance of eggs1 which are peculiarly rich in nitrogen8 ,the #8greaves' of the tallow-chandlers1 and such-like substances1 are hence excellent additions to the ordinary food of poultry4 ,but it is not sufficient merely to supply poultry with abundance of food and warmth2 it is equally necessary that they should have ample space for exercise and recreation4 ,this space 8should always contain living plants of various kinds1 and some gravelly or sandy soil2 because worms1 snails1 as well as1 occasionally1 grass and herbage1 form a part of the food of poultry2 and sand or gravel is swallowed by them for the purpose of promoting digestion4 ,hence1 no healthy poultry can ever be reared in towns1 however much the natural food may be imitated by the supply of animal matters1 herbage1 and sand40 7,loudon47 ,,pounce4 ,powdered gum sandarac generally passes under this name4 ,it is used to prepare parchment for writing on1 and to prevent ink from spreading upon paper after erasures4 ,powdered cuttle-fish bone is occasionally employed in the same way4 ,both are applied to the surface by means of a cylindrical roll of list called a #8rubber4' ,packers rub the surface of porous and greasy woods1 as the heads of boxes1 cases1 casks1 c41 with whiting or powdered resin1 to make them bear the ink4 ,the coloured powders used by pattern drawers1 for sprinkling over pricked papers1 are also called #8pounce4' ,for liquid pounce1 see ,,marking ,,ink4 ,,powder4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis1 ,l4 ,powders are divided by pharmaceutical writers into two classes----simple and compound4 ,the first are prepared by simple pulverisation2 the second by the admixture of two or more simple powders4 ,for use the appropriate doses are separately weighed1 and placed in separate papers4 ,they are usually exhibited in a little honey1 sugar1 or milk1 either taken from a spoon or made into an electuary or bolus1 and swallowed in the semi-solid form4 ,metallic and other heavy powders are best taken in the latter state4 ,very active substances should be1 in all cases1 mixed with some inert powder1 as that of starch1 gum1 liquorice1 or marshmallow1 at the time of #8dispensing' them4 8,this form of preparing medicines is the simplest1 and perhaps the least objectionable2 but it is not applicable to all the articles of the ,materia ,medica4 ,those remedies which are very unpleasant to the taste2 those which deliquesce rapidly when exposed to the air1 or are very volatile2 and those which require to be given in very large doses1 or which are not diffused readily in water1 cannot1 with propriety1 be administered in the form of powder4 ,some substances cannot be reduced to powder unless they be very much dried1 and the heat necessary for that purpose alters their properties40 ,nor can we 8be surprised that a great alteration should be effected in a short time by the action of the air on so great an extension of surface as takes place in the operation usually adopted for reducing drugs to a fine powder40 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,in this country compound powders appear to be a favourite form of medicine in the diseases of infancy and childhood4 8,it is necessary that whatever we order to be reduced to powder should be rubbed through a fine sieve1 so that the impurities and coarser parts may be separated2 and it is needful that most powders should be recently prepared1 and not too long kept40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,as nearly all powders suffer by exposure to the air and light1 they should be preserved in closely-corked opaque or green-glass bottles1 or in tin canisters from which the external air is carefully excluded4 ,see ,,pulverisation1 c4 ,powder1 ,algaroth's4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,oxychloride4 ,powder of ,aloes 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,alo,s ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,p4 ,,alo,s ,,cum ,,guaiaco1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,socotrine or hepatic aloes 7in powder71 #a-a_/b oz42 guaiacum 7in powder71 #a oz42 compound cinnamon powder1 #a_/b oz42 rub them together4 ,a warm1 sudorific purgative4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,powder of ,aloes with ,canella4 ,syn4 ,,aloetic ,,powder1 ,,holy ,,bitter2 ,,hiera ,,picra1 ,,pulvis ,,aloes ,,cum ,,canell1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from powdered ,socotrine or hepatic aloes1 #d parts2 powdered white canella1 #a part4 ,uses and dose1 as the last4 ,obs4 ,once a highly popular remedy4 ,it was originally made into an electuary with honey1 and in this form was frequently called #8,,hiera ,,logadii1' ,it is still a favourite in domestic medicine and veterinary practice4 ,the principal objection to both this and the preceding preparation is the nauseous flavour of the aloes1 which is ill concealed by the aromatics4 ,the #8,,hiera ,,picra' for farriers is usually made with the cheapest ,cape aloes4 ,powder of ,aloes with ,iron4 7,l4 ,ph4 #aghh47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,aloeticus ,,cum ,,ferro4 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #a-a_/b oz42 myrrh1 #b oz42 sulphate of iron1 #a oz42 dried extract of gentian1 #a oz4 ,powder of ,alum 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,styptic ,,powder2 ,,pulvis ,,stypticus1 ,p4 ,,aluminis ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,alum1 #d oz42 kino1 #a oz42 mix them1 and reduce them to fine powder4 ,astringent and styptic4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr42 in diarrha1 profuse menstruation1 c4 ,externally1 in hmorrhages1 c4 ,powder1 ,alum1 ,opiated4 7,bouchardat47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,aluminis ,,opiatus4 ,prep4 ,alum1 #a dr42 sugar1 #a dr42 opium1 #d gr42 mix for #ab powders4 #b or #c daily in obstinate diarrhas and passive hmorrhages4 ,powder of ,alum with ,capsicum4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,aluminis ,,cum ,,capsico4 ,prep4 ,alum1 #c parts2 concentrated tincture of capsicum1 #a part2 mix1 dry1 and triturate again4 ,applied to the tonsils4 ,powder of ,alum with ,gum4 7,frankel47 ,prep4 ,alum1 gum tragacanth1 of each equal parts4 ,applied to sore breasts4 ,powder of ,alum with ,starch4 7,st4 ,th4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,aluminis ,,cum ,,amylo4 ,prep4 ,alum and starch1 equal parts4 ,in insufflation of rhinorrha4 ,powder of ,ambergris with ,musk4 7,bat4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,ambergrise ,,moschatus4 ,prep4 ,ambergris1 #f dr42 musk1 #a dr42 oil of cinnamon1 #b scruples2 refined sugar1 #aa-a_/b oz42 mix4 ,powder1 ,ammoniated ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,ammoniatus ,,aromaticus2 ,,leayson',s ,,ammoniacal ,,collyrium4 ,prep4 ,muriate of ammonia1 #a dr42 slaked lime1 #a oz42 charcoal1 #ae gr42 cinnamon1 #ae gr42 cloves1 #ae gr41 bole1 #a_/b dr4 ,put them into a bottle and moisten with a little water4 ,powder of ,anchovy4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,clupe ,,encrasicoli1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,pound anchovies to a paste1 then rub them through a sieve1 and add enough flour to make a dough1 which must be rolled out into thin slices and dried by a gentle heat in a stove2 it is1 lastly1 powdered and bottled4 ,colouring is frequently added4 ,chiefly used to make sauces4 ,british anchovies are frequently substituted for the genuine fish4 ,powder1 ,anthrakokali1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,anthrakokali1 ,,compound4 ,prep4 ,anthrakokali1 #b gr42 washed sulphur1 #f gr42 mix4 ,for #a dose4 ,powder1 ,anthrakokali1 ,simple4 7,poyla47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,anthrakokali ,,simplex4 ,prep4 ,anthrakokali1 #b gr42 liquorice powder1 #f gr42 mix4 ,for #a dose4 ,powder1 ,antiepileptic4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antiepilepticus 7,e4 ,ph41 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,white dittany1 pony1 valerian1 mistletoe of the oak1 equal parts4----,dose1 #aj to #f gr4 7,behrends47 ,prep4 ,valerian1 #d dr42 magnesia1 muriate of ammonia1 oil of cajeput1 of each #a scruple4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful three times a day4 ,dr ,paris says the following was used successfully by a ,dutch empiric3----,sulphur1 #a scruple2 sulphate of potash1 #aj gr42 rhubarb1 #e gr42 nutmeg1 #b gr42 mix4 7,germ4 ,hosp47 ,prep4 ,oxide of zinc1 #af gr42 carbonate of magnesia1 #dh gr42 oleo-saccharum of cajeput1 #c dr4 ,mix for #h doses4 ,poudre de ,ragolo4 ,oxide of zinc1 #aj gr42 valerian1 mistletoe1 sugar1 orange leaves1 of each #d dr42 magnesia1 #b scruples2 oil of cajeput1 #b scruples2 a teaspoonful three times a day4 ,pasquier prescribes----,wall crop1 #aj gr42 gum ,arabic1 #aj gr42 #a to #d powders daily for eight times4 ,,sommer',s ,,specific consists of----,wall crop1 #f to #aj gr42 oleo-saccharum of mint1 #h gr42 one morning and evening for six times4 ,see ,,pulvis ,,artemisi ,,saccharatus4 ,the ,poudre de ,guttte consists of mistletoe1 #b parts2 white dittany1 #b2 pony root and seeds1 #b2 prepared coral1 #a2 elk's hoof1 #b2 seeds of orache1 #b4 ,given in doses of a few grains in convulsions of infants1 or in larger doses for epilepsy4 ,powder1 ,antihydrophobic4 7,dr ,mead47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antilyssus4 ,prep4 ,ash-coloured ground liver-wort 7,pettidea canina71 #a_/b oz42 black pepper1 #b dr42 mix1 and give a fourth part every morning for #d times4 ,powder1 ,antimonial4 ,syn4 ,,fever ,,powder1 ,,lisle',s ,p41 ,,james',s ,p42 ,,pulvis ,,jacobi1 ,,pulvis ,,antimonialis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e41 ,d471 ,,pulvis ,,antimonii ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a mixture of tersulphide of antimony1 #a lb41 and hartshorn shavings1 #b lbs41 is reduced to powder1 thrown into a crucible heated to whiteness1 and stirred constantly until vapour no longer rises2 the calcined mixture is then rubbed to powder1 again put into the crucible1 and the heat gradually increased to whiteness1 and maintained so for #b hours2 the residuum is1 lastly1 reduced to a very fine powder4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from sulphide of antimony and hartshorn shavings1 equal weights2 as the last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,tartarised antimony1 #d oz41 is dissolved in water1 #a_/b gall41 and added to solution of phosphate of soda1 #d oz41 in water1 #a quart2 a solution of chloride of calcium1 #b oz41 in water1 #a quart1 and to which solution of ammonia 7,ph4 ,d471 #d fl4 oz41 has been added1 is next poured in1 and the whole boiled for #bj minutes2 the precipitate is then collected on a calico filter1 and washed with hot distilled water1 until the liquid which passes ceases to give a precipitate with a weak solution of nitrate of silver2 it is1 lastly1 dried by a steam or water heat1 and reduced to a fine powder4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oxide of antimony1 #a2 precipitated phosphate of lime1 #b2 mix4----,dose1 #b to #f gr4 ,uses1 c4 ,febrifuge and diaphoretic4 ,intended as a substitute for the proprietary and more expensive ,,james',s ,,powder4----,dose1 #c to #aj or #ab gr41 or more1 repeated every fourth or fifth hour until diaphoresis is set up2 in fevers1 rheumatic affections1 chronic skin diseases1 c4 ,it is a very uncertain and variable compound1 unless it has been carefully prepared4 ,dr ,elliotson exhibited it in doses of #ajj gr4 without producing any sensible effect4 ,a spurious article1 made by triturating #a oz4 of tartar emetic with #ah or #ai oz4 of burnt hartshorn1 is frequently sold for it in the shops4 ,see ,,antimonious ,,acid and ,,james',s ,,powder4 ,powder1 ,antispasmodic4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antispasmodicus4 ,prep4 ,cyanide of zinc1 #c gr42 calcined magnesia1 #bd gr42 cinnamon1 #ab gr42 mix4 ,for #f doses4 ,powder1 ,antispasmodic4 7,jourdan47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antispasmodicus4 ,prep4 ,valerian1 #a oz42 oxide of zinc1 #a scruple2 musk1 #h gr42 mix4 ,powder1 ,aromatic4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,compound ,,cinnamon4 ,powder1 ,arsenical4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,escharotic4 ,powder of ,asarabacca 7,compound74 ,see ,,snuff 7,cephalic74 ,powder1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,astringens1 ,p4 ,,stypticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,aleppo galls and burnt alum1 in fine powder1 equal parts4 ,used in piles1 soft polypi of the nose1 chilblains1 c4 ,powder1 ,baking4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tartaric acid1 #a_/b lb42 bicarbonate of soda and potato farina or ,british arrow-root1 of each #c_/d lb4 7each in powder72 separately dry them perfectly by a very gentle heat1 then mix them in a dry room1 pass the mixture through a sieve1 and at once put it into packets1 observing to press it hard1 and to cover it with tinfoil or close-made paper1 to preserve it as much as possible from the air and moisture4 #b4 7,delforte's47 ,powdered tartaric acid1 #a_/d lb42 powdered alum1 #a_/b lb42 bicarbonate of soda1 #c_/d lb42 farina1 #a lb42 dry separately1 as before1 mix1 and further add of sesquicarbonate of ammonia 7in powder71 #c oz42 lastly1 closely pack it in tinfoil4 #c4 7,green's47 ,tartaric acid1 #ce lbs42 sesquicarbonate of soda1 #ef lbs42 potato flour1 #a cwt42 mix as before4 ,uses1 c4 ,baking powder is chiefly employed as a substitute for yeast4 #a or #b teaspoonfuls are mixed with the dry flour and other ingredients1 which are then made into a dough1 as quickly as possible1 with cold water1 and at once baked or boiled as the case may be4 ,by the addition of about #a_/b dr4 of turmeric powder to each pound of the mixture it is converted into egg powder4 ,when intended to be kept for any length of time it should be preserved in bottles or tins1 so as to prevent the absorption of moisture4 ,we have discovered traces of arsenic in some of the baking powders of the shops1 which we refer to common washerwoman's soda being used in their composition1 instead of the pure carbonate or sesquicarbonate4 ,powder1 ,basilic4 ,syn4 ,,royal ,,powder1 ,,cornachini',s ,p42 ,,pulvis ,,basilicus1 ,p4 ,,cornachini1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from scammony1 calomel1 cream of tartar1 and diaphoretic antimony1 equal parts4 ,this is the formula generally adopted for this compound1 which has now long been omitted from the ,pharmacopias4 ,it is still a favourite with many practitioners1 as an alterative purgative1 and vermifuge for children4----,dose4 ,for a child1 #b to #h gr42 for an adult1 #e to #bj gr4 ,compound powder of scammony is now generally sold for it4 ,powder1 ,belladonna1 ,saccharated4 7,wertzler47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,belladonn ,,saccharatus4 ,prep4 ,belladonna root1 #ae gr42 pure sugar1 #a dr42 mix4 ,for #gb powders4 ,one twice a day1 or oftener1 according to the age4 ,in hooping-cough4 ,powder1 ,blaine's ,distemper4 ,the basis of this preparation is the #8aurum musivum1' or bisulphuret of tin4 7,dr ,paris47 ,powder1 ,blancmange4 ,prep4 ,from sago meal1 #a lb42 essence of lemon1 #ae drops2 mace1 #ab gr42 mix4 ,powder1 ,bleaching4 ,chloride or hypochlorite of lime4 ,powder1 ,blue4 ,see ,,smalts4 ,powder1 ,bronze4 ,see ,,stannic ,,sulphide1 ,,bronzing1 c4 ,powder of ,burnt ,hartshorn4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cornu ,,cervini ,,usti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from pieces of hartshorn calcined to whiteness1 and powdered4 ,it consists principally of phosphate of lime4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 in rickets1 c4 ,powder of ,burnt ,hartshorn with ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,opiatus1 ,,pulvis ,,cornu ,,usti ,,cum ,,opio1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from powdered calcined hartshorn1 #a oz42 powdered opium and cochineal1 of each #a dr4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 ,powder of ,camphor4 ,camphor may be readily pulverised by triturating it with the addition of a few drops of rectified spirit or ether4 ,powder1 ,camphorated ,nitre4 7,swediaur47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,nitro ,,camphoratus4 ,prep4 ,nitre1 #aj gr42 camphor1 #d gr42 gum ,arabic1 #bd gr42 mix4 ,for two or three doses4 ,powder1 ,capuchin4 ,prep4 ,from powdered cevadilla1 parsley seed1 stavesacre1 and tobacco1 equal parts4 ,used to destroy pediculi4 ,powder1 ,castillon's4 ,prep4 ,from sago meal1 salep1 and gum tragacanth1 of each #c dr42 prepared oyster shells1 #a dr42 cochineal1 q4 s4 to colour4 ,absorbent4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr41 boiled in milk2 in diarrha1 c4 ,powder of ,catechu 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,catechu ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,take catechu and kino1 of each #b oz42 cinnamon and nutmeg1 of each #a_/b oz42 reduce each to a fine powder1 mix1 and keep the prepared powder in a well-stopped bottle4 ,aromatic and astringent4----,dose1 #a_/d dr4 to #b dr42 in various affections4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pale catechu2 kino1 #b2 rhatany1 #b2 cinnamon1 #a2 nutmeg1 #a2 mix4----,dose1 #ae to #cj gr4 ,powder of ,chalk 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cret ,,aromaticus 7,b4 ,p471 ,,pulvis ,,cret ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,p4 ,,carbonatis ,,calcis ,,comp41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prepared chalk1 #a_/b lb42 cinnamon1 #d oz42 tormentil and gum acacia1 of each #c oz42 long pepper1 #a_/b oz42 rub them1 separately1 to a very fine powder1 and mix them4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,prepared chalk1 #d oz42 cinnamon1 in fine powder1 #a-a_/b dr42 nutmeg1 in fine powder1 #a dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,prepared chalk1 #e oz42 cinnamon1 #b-a_/b oz42 gum1 #b oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/b oz4 #d4 7,,aromatic ,,powder ,,of ,,chalk----,b4 ,p47 ,chalk1 #aa2 cinnamon1 #d2 nutmeg1 #c2 saffron1 #c2 cloves1 #a-a_/b2 cardamom seed1 #a2 refined sugar1 #be2 all in powder2 mix4----,dose1 #cj to #fj gr4 ,uses1 c4 ,aromatic1 astringent1 and antacid4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 in acidity1 flatulence1 heartburn1 diarrha1 c4 ,the following form is used by many wholesale houses3----,prepared chalk1 #d lbs42 powdered cassia1 #b lbs42 powdered calamus aromaticus1 #c_/d lb42 powdered gum1 #a-a_/b lb42 long pepper1 #a_/d lb4 ,powder of ,chalk with ,opium 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cret ,,aromaticus ,,cum ,,opio 7,b4 ,p472 ,,opiated ,,chalk ,,powder2 ,,pulvis ,,cret ,,compositus ,,cum ,,opio 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,pulvis ,,cret ,,opiatis 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,compound chalk powder1 #f-a_/b oz42 powdered opium1 #hj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,compound chalk powder1 #f oz42 powdered opium1 #hj gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,compound chalk powder1 #d oz4 #g dr42 opium1 in fine powder1 #a dr4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,compound chalk powder1 #ba oz42 powdered opium1 #a_/b oz4 ,anodyne1 antacid1 and carminative4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 in the same cases as the preceding1 than which it is more active4 ,it has long been a favourite remedy in all cases of simple and even choleraic diarrha4 #e4 ,aromatic powder of chalk 7see ,,powder ,,of ,,chalk 7,compound71 #d71 #ci2 opium1 in powder1 #a2 mix thoroughly1 and pass through a sieve4----,dose1 #aj to #dj gr4 ,powder1 ,chalk ,mixture4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,pro ,,mistura ,,cret1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,powdered gum acacia1 #e oz42 prepared chalk1 #d oz42 white sugar1 #c oz42 oil of cinnamon1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 #dj gr4 of this powder1 triturated with #a fl4 oz4 of water4 ,powder1 ,cholera 7,saline74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,salinus ,,anticholericus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,o',shaughnessy47 ,carbonate of soda1 #e gr42 chloride of sodium1 phosphate of soda1 and sulphate of soda1 of each #aj gr4 ,for a dose4 ,powder of ,cinnamon 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,powder2 ,,pulvis ,,cinnamomi ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,pulvis ,,aromaticus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cinnamon1 #b oz42 cardamoms1 #a-a_/b oz42 ginger1 #a oz42 long pepper1 #a_/b oz42 rub them together so that a fine powder may be made4 #b4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e47 ,cinnamon1 cardamom seeds1 and ginger1 equal parts2 to be kept in a well-closed glass vessel4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,cinnamon and ginger1 of each #b oz42 cardamom seeds 7husked71 and nutmegs1 of each #a oz4 ,aromatic and carminative4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,in the powder of the shops cassia is generally substituted for cinnamon4 ,powder1 ,clarifying4 ,flake albumen4 ,see ,,albumen4 ,powder1 ,cockle4 ,from the well-known shell-fish ,cardium edule 7,linn471 as oyster powder4 ,powder1 ,colbatche's ,specific4 ,prep4 ,from solution of sesquichloride of iron and acetate of lead1 of each #d oz42 mix1 evaporate to dryness1 powder the residuum1 and preserve it from the air4 ,astringent and hmostatic4----,dose1 #c to #h grs4 ,powder of ,colocynth4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,colocynthidis1 ,l4 ,that of the shops is generally prepared from the whole of the peeled fruit1 with the seeds1 instead of merely from the pulp1 by which its activity is greatly lessened4 ,a factitious article is also met with in trade1 made by grinding bryony root with about twice its weight of colocynth seeds and a very small quantity of gamboge4 ,powder1 ,compound ,almond4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,amygdal ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,steep #h oz4 of ,jordan almonds in warm water till their skins can be easily removed2 and1 when blanched1 dry them thoroughly with a soft cloth1 and rub them lightly in a mortar to a smooth consistence2 mix gum ,arabic in powder1 #a oz42 and refined sugar1 in powder1 #d oz42 and adding them to the pulp gradually1 rub the whole to a coarse powder4 ,keep it in a lightly covered jar4 ,powder1 ,compound ,bark4 7,geneva ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cinchon ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,peruvian bark1 #a oz42 rhubarb1 #a-a_/b dr42 muriate of ammonia1 #a-a_/b dr42 mix4 ,powder1 ,compound ,belladonna4 #a4 7,hecker47 ,prep4 ,belladonna1 #a to #c gr42 musk1 #e gr42 camphor1 #e gr42 white sugar1 #cj gr42 mix4 ,for #h powders4 #b4 7,kopp47 ,belladonna root1 #b gr42 ipecacuanha1 #b gr42 sulphur1 #cb gr42 sugar of milk1 #cb gr4 ,mix1 and divide into #c powders1 three daily4 ,in hooping-cough4 ,powder1 ,compound ,ceruse4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cerus ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,carbonate of lead1 #e oz42 sarcocol1 #a-a_/b oz42 tragacanth1 #a_/b oz42 mix4 ,for outward use4 ,powder1 ,compound1 of ,cyanide of ,zinc4 7,guibourt47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,zinci ,,cyanidi ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,cyanide of zinc1 #b gr42 calcined magnesia1 #bg gr42 cinnamon1 #aj gr42 mix4 ,for #f doses1 in cramp of the stomach4 ,powder1 ,compound ,fennel4 7,brunsw4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,f,,niculi ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #a oz42 fennel seeds1 #a-b oz42 orange peel1 #b dr42 white sugar1 #b dr4 ,reduce each to a fine powder and mix4 ,powder1 ,compound ,musk4 7,russ4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,moschi ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,musk1 #h parts2 valerian1 #aj parts2 camphor1 #c parts4 ,powder1 ,compound ,opium4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,opii ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,mix thoroughly #a-a_/b oz4 of opium1 in powder1 with #b oz4 of powdered black pepper1 #e oz4 of ginger1 #f oz4 of caraways1 and #a_/b oz4 of tragacanth4 ,pass the powders through a fine sieve1 rub them lightly in a mortar1 and keep the powder in a stoppered bottle4 ,this powder nearly represents the dry ingredients of confection of opium1 ,l4----,dose1 #b to #e gr4 ,powder1 ,compound ,silver4 7,serre47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,argenti ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,chloride of silver1 #a gr42 washed orris powder1 #b gr4 ,used in frictions1 the same as ,,compound ,,gold ,,powder4 ,powder1 ,compound of ,sulphate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,sod ,,sulphatis ,,compositus4 ,,sel ,,de ,,guindre4 ,prep4 ,dried sulphate of soda1 #ah dr42 nitrate of potash1 #a_/b dr42 potassio-tartrate of antimony1 #a gr4 ,a third part to be taken in water or herb broth4 ,powder1 ,compound ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,sulphuris ,,compositus4 ,,ratier3----,sulphur1 #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #a oz42 white sugar1 q4 s4 ,,van ,,mons 7antidysenteric powder73----,sulphur1 #a oz42 fennel seed1 #a dr42 white sugar1 #b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #b oz42 mix4 ,,swediaur 7pectoral powder73----,sulphur1 #a_/b oz42 liquorice1 #a oz42 orris1 #b dr42 benzoic acid1 #a scruple2 white sugar1 #b oz42 oil of anise and fennel1 of each #aj drops4 ,powder of ,contrayerva 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,contrayerv ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,powdered contrayerva root1 #e oz42 prepared oyster shells1 #a-a_/b lb42 mix4 ,a tonic absorbent or antacid4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 as required4 ,powder1 ,cooling4 7,g4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,temperane4 ,prep4 ,nitrate of potash1 #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #c oz42 sugar1 #f oz4 ,powder1 ,corn4 ,see ,,corn ,,solvent and ,,powder1 ,,wart 7below74 ,powder1 ,cosmetic4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cosmeticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,hann4 #ahca47 ,blanched sweet almonds and beans1 of each #ah oz42 orris root1 #h oz42 white ,spanish soap1 #f oz42 spermaceti1 #a-a_/b oz42 dried carbonate of soda1 #a oz42 oils of lavender1 bergamot1 and lemon1 of each #f dr42 mix1 and beat them to a powder4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,hair1 and ,,hand 7below71 ,,paste 7,almond71 ,,powders 7,scented71 c4 ,powder of ,crystal4 ,from quartz1 like ,,powdered ,,glass 7page #hje74 ,used to make fine glass2 also for a dryer for paints1 and sold under the name of #8diamond dust' for razor strops4 ,powder of ,cubebs with ,alum4 7,matthieu47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cubeb ,,cum ,,alumine4 ,prep4 ,cubebs1 #b oz42 alum1 #d dr42 mix4 ,for #i doses4 ,three daily1 in gonorrha4 ,powder1 ,curry4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,curry ,,powder4 ,the samples of this compound prepared by different houses vary so greatly from each other in the proportions of the ingredients1 that it is difficult to regard any one as a standard4 ,the following are therefore merely given as examples3---- ,prep4 #a4 ,corianders1 #a lb42 turmeric1 #c_/d lb42 black pepper1 #a_/b lb42 scorched mustard1 #a_/d lb42 ginger1 #b oz42 cumin seed1 #a oz42 capsicums1 #c_/d oz42 mace1 #a_/d oz4 7all in powder72 mix well4 #b4 ,coriander seeds and black pepper1 of each #h lbs42 turmeric and cumin seeds1 of each #d lbs41 allspice1 #c_/d lb42 mace1 #a oz4 7all in powder72 mix4 ,this receipt is employed by an eminent wholesale house that does very largely in curry powder4 #c4 7,see page #ebd47 ,used as a condiment and flavouring ingredient4 ,the addition of a few heads of garlic gives it an increased zest for ,indian veterans4 ,powder1 ,custard4 ,prep4 ,from sago meal1 #b lbs42 powdered turmeric1 #a_/b oz42 bitter-almond powder1 cassia1 and mace1 of each #a_/b dr4 ,powder1 ,cyprus4 ,from ,cladonia rangiferina1 or reindeer moss4 ,it has a very agreeable smell1 and1 being extremely retentive of odours1 is much used as a basis for scent-powders1 sachets1 c4 ,the lichen known as the ragged hoary evernia also possesses nearly similar properties1 and is often substituted for it4 ,see ,,powders 7,scented74 ,powder1 ,diapente4 7,ed4 ,ph4 #agdd47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,diapente4 ,prep4 ,aristolochia root1 gentian1 bay berries1 myrrh1 ivory dust1 of each #b oz42 mix4 ,powder1 ,disinfecting4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,disinfectans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,keist47 ,bisulphate of potassa1 #da parts2 sugar of lead1 #g parts2 binoxide of manganese1 #c parts1 reduce them separately to a fine powder1 and1 when wanted for use1 mix a proper quantity in any suitable vessel4 ,for other formul1 see ,,disinfecting ,,compounds4 ,the name is generally applied to hypochlorite of lime4 ,powder1 ,diuretic4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,diureticus4 ,prep4 ,gum ,arabic1 #f oz42 sugar of milk1 #f oz42 nitrate of potash1 #a oz42 marshmallow root1 #a oz42 liquorice root1 #b oz42 mix4 ,powder1 ,dover's4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,doveri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,original formula47 ,nitre and sulphate of potassa1 of each #d oz42 melt them together in a red-hot crucible1 reduce the cold fused matter to powder1 and add powdered ipecacuanha1 liquorice1 and opium1 of each #a oz4 ,this is the formula adopted in the ,paris ,codex4 ,,compound ,,ipecacuanha ,,powder is now sold under this name4 7,see below47 ,powder1 ,duke of ,portland's4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antiarthriticus4 ,prep4 ,round birthwort1 gentian1 tops of lesser centaury1 tops of ground pine1 and germander1 of each equal parts4----,dose1 #a dr4 ,powder1 ,egg4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,baking4 ,powder of ,elaterium1 ,compound4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,,pulvis ,,elaterii ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,elaterium1 #aj gr42 sugar of milk1 #ij gr4 ,rub them together to fine powder4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #e gr4 ,powder1 ,emmenagogue4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,emmenagogus1 ,p4 ,h,,matinus1 ,p4 ,,contra ,,amenorrh,,am1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,saccharine carbonate of iron1 #c parts2 powdered myrrh1 ginger1 and nutmeg1 of each #a part2 divide into #a_/b-;dr4 papers4 ,one for a dose1 twice or thrice daily4 #b4 7,augustin47 ,myrrh1 #ab gr42 saffron1 #c gr42 oil of cloves1 #a drop4 ,for a dose1 as the last4 #c4 7,klein47 ,calomel1 #d gr42 extract of yew1 #aj gr42 powdered savine1 #a dr42 ,quevenne's iron1 #a_/b dr42 loaf sugar1 #b dr4 ,for #f powders2 as before4 ,powder1 ,emulsive1 of ,gluten4 7,taddei47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,glutenis ,,emulsivus4 ,prep4 ,fresh vegetable gluten1 #aj oz42 soap1 #b oz42 water1 #a pint4 ,dissolve1 evaporate the solution1 dry it on plates1 and reduce to powder4 ,as an antidote to corrosive sublimate4 ,powder1 ,escharotic 7,arsenical74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,escharoticus ,,arsenicalis1 ,l42 ,,poudre ,,du ,,fr,,res ,,cosme1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,original formula47 ,from white arsenic1 #ab gr42 burnt hartshorn1 #a_/b dr42 cinnabar1 #a dr4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,red sulphuret of mercury and powdered dragon's blood1 of each #b parts2 levigated arsenious acid1 #a part2 carefully mixed together4 ,see ,,caustic1 ,,arsenical4 ,powder of ,extract of ,colocynth 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,extracti ,,colocynthidis ,,compositi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from compound extract of colocynth 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 dried by a gentle heat1 and powdered4 ,obs4 ,this1 like many other articles employed by lazy dispensers1 does not represent the preparation for which it is used as a substitute2 whilst1 from its peculiar character1 it is very open to sophistication----a practice1 we regret to say1 very general with certain druggists4 ,indeed1 some of these parties make this article by simply throwing the ingredients of the extract into a pan along with a little water1 and1 when they have become soft1 stirring them together with a spatula1 after which they are desiccated and powdered4 ,this is then labelled by certain houses1 8,pulv4 ,ext4 ,coloc4 co4----,p4 ,l410 and sold to their unfortunate customers as such1 although no such an extract has been in the ,ph4 ,l4 since that of #ahcf4 ,powder1 ,faynard's4 ,the charcoal of beechwood1 finely powdered4 7,paris47 ,used in piles1 and as a styptic4 ,powder1 ,fever4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,antimonial 7above74 ,powder of ,flint4 ,syn4 ,,silex ,,contritus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as powdered glass4 7,see page #hje47 ,it is ordered in the ,ph4 ,l4 to be employed1 instead of magnesia1 for the purpose of mechanically dividing the essential oils used in the preparation of distilled water4 ,it is also used as an escharotic4 ,powder1 ,fly4 ,prep4 ,from white arsenic1 #e oz42 white sugar1 #f lbs42 rose pink1 #b oz42 mix1 and put #f dr4 in each paper4 ,used to kill flies4 ,it is poisonous1 and should be employed with great caution1 particularly where there are children4 ,powder1 ,fumigating4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,fumalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,russ47 ,amber1 mastic1 and olibanum1 of each #c parts2 storax1 #b parts2 benzoin and labdanum1 of each #a part2 reduce them to coarse powder1 and mix them well4 ,see ,,fumigation4 ,powder1 ,galls of 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,gall ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,astringent4 ,powder1 ,gascoign's4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,echelis ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,prepared crab shells1 #a lb42 prepared chalk1 #c oz42 prepared coral1 #c oz42 mix4 ,powder1 ,goelis's ,antihectic4 ,prep4 ,from burnt hartshorn1 powdered nutmeg1 black pepper1 and roasted laurel berries1 of each #a part2 liquorice powder1 #c parts4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr2 in the hectic fever of scrofulous subjects4 ,powder1 ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,auri4 ,triturate gold leaf with #aj or #ab times its weight of sulphate of potash till bright particles are no longer visible2 pass it through a sieve1 mix with boiling water1 wash what remains on the filter1 and dry in a stove4 ,powder1 ,gold ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,auri ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,auro-chloride of sodium1 #a gr42 lycopodium1 starch1 or washed orris powder1 #a scruple2 mix4 ,a #a_/aeth part1 gradually increased to #a_/hth part1 of this powder to be rubbed on the gums4 ,powder of ,gold and ,iron4 7,buckler47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,auri ,,et ,,ferri4 ,prep4 ,pulverised gold1 #b scruples2 clean levigated iron filings1 #b scruples2 gum ,arabic in powder1 #cj gr42 mix4 ,for one dose1 to be given in water acidulated with a few drops of sulphuric acid1 as an antidote for corrosive sublimate4 ,powder1 ,goulard4 ,effloresced sugar of lead4 ,poisonous4 ,powder1 ,grey4 ,mercurial powder4 ,powder1 ,gregory's4 ,see ,,powder ,,of ,,rhubarb 7,compound74 ,powder of ,guarana1 ,compound4 7,dr ,gavrelle74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,paullini ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,guarana1 #a dr42 compound cinnamon powder1 #d dr4 ,mix4 ,powder1 ,gum4 7,g4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,gummosus4 ,prep4 ,gum ,arabic1 #c oz42 liquorice1 #b oz42 refined sugar1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,powder1 ,hmostatic4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,h,,mostaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guibourt47 ,charcoal and gum ,arabic1 of each1 in powder1 #a part2 powdered resin1 #d parts4 #b4 7,mialhe47 ,from powdered alum1 gum tragacanth1 and tannin1 equal parts4 ,used to check local bleeding4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,resin1 #d dr42 gum ,arabic1 #a dr42 powdered catechu1 #a dr4 ,mix4 ,powder1 ,hair4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,pro ,,crine1 ,l4 ,starch reduced to a very fine powder1 and then scented according to the fancy of the artist2 it is1 lastly1 passed through a gauze sieve4 ,in its simple form1 without any addition1 it constitutes #8plain hair powder4' ,in other cases it is distinguished by the name of the substance added to perfume it4 ,thus1 we have #8rose hair powder1' #8violet h4 p41' c4 ,potato farina1 well triturated1 is now commonly used for hair powder4 ,amongst the lower classes1 the contents of the #8flour dredger' of the kitchen are frequently misappropriated to this purpose4 ,see ,,powders1 ,,scented 7below74 ,powder1 ,hand4 ,prep4 ,from almond powder1 #a lb42 powdered cuttle-fish bone and white soap1 of each #d oz42 orris powder1 #a oz42 mix4 ,used to clean the hands1 and to render them soft and white4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,cosmetic4 ,powder1 ,helvetius's4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,helvetii1 ,l4 ,a mixture of powdered alum and dragon's blood4 7,dr ,paris47 ,powder1 ,herrenschwand's ,specific4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,powder1 ,hiera ,picra4 ,powder of aloes with canella 7see above74 ,powder1 ,hufeland's4 ,syn4 ,,hufeland',s ,,quinquina ,,factice1 ,,pulvis ,,cinchon ,,factitius1 ,p4 ,,salicis ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from bennet 7the herb71 calamus aromaticus1 chestnut bark1 gentian root1 and willow bark1 equal parts2 reduced to powder4 ,powder1 ,hunter's4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,wart 7below74 ,powder1 ,hunt's4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,breakfast4 ,powder of ,ipecacuanha 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,dover',s ,,powder1 ,,compound ,,powder ,,of ,,ipecacuanha ,,with ,,opium2 ,,pulvis ,,doveri1 ,,pulvis ,,ipecacuanh ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l42 ,,poudre ,d',,ipecacuanha ,,et ,d',,opium1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l47 ,ipecacuanha and opium1 of each1 in fine powder1 #a dr42 sulphate of potassa1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 mix them 7thoroughly74 ,the ,edin4 and ,dublin ,formul are similar4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,nitre and sulphate of potassa1 of each #d oz42 ipecacuanha1 liquorice root1 and hard extract of opium1 of each #a oz4 ,this closely resembles the original formula4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from powdered ipecacuanha and opium1 of each #a lb42 powdered sulphate of potassa1 #h lbs4 ,uses1 c4 #8,dover's powder' is a powerful and valuable sudorific4----,dose1 #e to #ae or #bj gr41 followed by warm diluents2 in inflammatory affections1 rheumatisms1 colds1 c4 ,powder1 ,itch4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antipsoricus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphur and potato farina1 of each #a_/b lb42 essence of bergamot1 #a_/d oz42 mix4 #b4 7,poudre de ,pihorel47 ,a mixture of finely pulverised sulphuret of calcium and farina1 in nearly equal quantities4 ,used either as a dusting powder or mixed with a little oil or fat1 and rubbed into the affected part4 #c4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,flowers of sulphur1 #a oz42 acetate of lead1 #a oz4 ,mix4 #d4 ,equal parts of sulphur and charcoal4 ,powder of ,jalap 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,j,,lap ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,jalap1 #c oz42 bitartrate of potassa1 #f oz42 ginger1 #b dr42 rub them separately into fine powder1 then mix them4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last1 omitting the ginger4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,jalap1 #b oz42 bitartrate of potassa1 #c-a_/b oz42 ginger1 #a_/b oz4 7all in fine powder72 mix by careful trituration4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gr42 as a purgative in habitual costiveness1 dropsies1 c42 also in worms1 the tumid bellies of children1 c4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,jalap1 in powder1 #e2 acid tartrate of potash1 #i2 ginger1 in powder1 #a2 mix4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gr4 #e4 7,,pulvis ,,lenitivus2 ,,sucre ,,orange ,,purgativ47 ,from refined sugar1 #c_/d lb42 jalap and cream of tartar1 of each #b oz42 oil of orange peel1 #a_/d oz4 ,a popular purgative on the ,continent4----,dose1 #a to #c dr4 ,powder1 ,james's4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,jacobi1 ,p4 ,,febrifugus ,,jacobi1 ,l4 ,the antimonial powder1 or compound powder of antimony1 of the ,pharmacopias 7see above7 is the preparation which usually passes under this name2 but the true ,james's powder is a nostrum the pretended secret of the preparation of which is claimed to be possessed by only two parties in the kingdom4 ,the patent specification of the once celebrated ,dr ,james runs as follows3---- 8,take of antimony1 calcine it with a continued protracted heat1 in a flat1 unglazed earthen vessel1 adding to it1 from time to time1 a sufficient quantity of any animal oil and salt1 well dephlegmated2 then boil it in melted nitre for a considerable time1 and separate the powder from the nitre by dissolving it in water40 ,on this it has been remarked that it yields a product totally different from that which ,dr ,james and his successors have sold under the name1 and he has hence been charged with concealing the real formula for his powder1 and publishing a false one in its stead4 ,according to ,dr ,robinson1 the original formula for this nostrum1 and that still adopted by the vendors of the proprietary article at the present day1 is----,tartarised antimony1 #a part2 prepared burnt hartshorn and calx of antimony1 of each #e parts2 carefully mixed together1 and divided into #ba-;gr4 powders4 7#8,phil4 ,journ4 ,pharm41' vi1 #bhb47 ,from analyses recently made of three specimens of ,james's powder 7#8,newberry's1' #8,butler's1' and a sample of #fj years old obtained by ,mr ,squire71 it appears that antimonious acid was present in different proportions1 from about #de to #cc1 the amount being greatest in the old specimen2 teroxide of antimony was also present to the extent of from #i to less than #a1 the greatest quantity being again in the old preparation2 the remainder in each specimen consisted chiefly of phosphate of lime2 no trace of tartaric acid was discoverable in any of the samples4 ,perhaps no nostrum ever received such extensive patronage from the faculty as ,james's powder4 ,dr ,james himself was remarkably successful in its use2 but whether his success depended upon his powder or the mercurials and bark which he commonly employed at the same time is still undetermined4 ,powder of ,kermes with ,camphor4 7,germ4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,kermetis ,,cum ,,camphora4 ,prep4 ,kermes mineral1 #c gr42 camphor1 #f gr42 white sugar1 #b dr42 mix4 ,for #ab doses4 ,powder of ,kermes with ,ipecacuanha4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,kermetis ,,cum ,,ipecacuanha4 ,prep4 ,kermes1 #b gr42 ipecacuanha1 #b gr42 crabs' eyes1 #b scruples2 gum ,arabic1 #b scruples2 mix4 ,for #ab doses4 ,in hooping-cough4 ,powder of ,kino 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,kino ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,kino1 #ae dr42 cinnamon1 #d dr42 dried opium1 #a dr42 reduce them separately to fine powder1 and then mix them4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr42 in diarrha1 pyrosis1 c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,kino1 #c-c_/d oz42 cinnamon1 #a oz42 opium1 #a_/d oz42 mix4----,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 ,powder1 ,lausanne4 ,prep4 ,from nitre1 #a-a_/b dr42 carbonate of magnesia1 bitartrate of potassa1 precipitated sulphur1 and oleo-saccharum of peppermint1 of each #d dr42 sugar of milk1 #a oz4 ,lenitive and antidysenteric4 ,powder1 ,laxative4 ,see ,,species1 ,,laxative4 ,powder of ,liquorice 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,glycyrrhiz ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,liquorice root and senna leaves1 of each #f oz42 fennel seed and milk of sulphur 7pure71 of each #c oz42 white sugar1 #ah oz4 7all in fine powder72 mix4 ,pectoral and laxative4 #b4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,senna and liquorice root1 both in fine powder1 of each #b oz42 sugar1 in fine powder1 #f oz4 ,mix thoroughly and pass through a fine sieve4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,powder of ,magnesia and ,rhubarb4 ,see ,,powder ,,of ,,compound ,,rhubarb 7below74 ,powder1 ,martin's ,cancer4 ,an ,american nostrum1 composed of the powdered stems of the ,orobanche ,virginiana 7,linn471 combined with a very small quantity of arsenious acid4 ,it is used as a sprinkle for open cancers and cancerous sores4 ,powder1 ,mercurial4 ,syn4 ,,grey ,,powder 7,,hydrargyrum ,,cum ,,cret1 ,b4 ,p471 ,,mercury ,,with ,,chalk4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mercury1 #a2 prepared chalk1 #b2 triturate till the globules disappear4----,dose1 #c to #h gr4 #b4 ,mercury1 #c oz42 powdered resin1 #c_/d oz42 prepared chalk1 #e oz42 rectified spirit1 q4 s42 make a paste with the resin and a small quantity of the spirit2 add the mercury1 which may be extinguished in a short time2 then the chalk and alcohol1 gradually1 so as to keep up the pasty consistence2 lastly1 add sufficient spirit to dissolve out the resin1 wash the powder on a filter1 and dry it4 ,rectified oil of turpentine may be substituted for the spirit4 ,powder1 ,morison's ,aperient4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,powder of ,mugwort1 ,saccharated4 7,bresler47 ,powdered mugwort root1 #c oz42 sugar1 #f oz42 a teaspoonful four times a day in chorea and epilepsy4 ,powder of ,mushroom4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,agarici1 ,p4 ,a4 ,,esculenti1 ,l4 ,from edible mushrooms1 dried by a gentle heat1 and then powdered along with a little white pepper1 cloves1 and mace4 ,some cayenne is frequently added4 ,powder of ,mussel4 ,from the ,mytilus edulis 7,linn471 or common mussel1 in the same way as ,,powder ,,of ,,oyster4 ,powder of ,myrrh 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,myrrh ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,myrrh1 dried savine1 dried rue1 and ,russian castor1 equal parts1 rubbed to powder1 and then well mixed4 ,emmenagogue and antispasmodic4----,dose1 #ab to #cj gr4 ,powder1 ,nephritic4 7,fuller47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,nephriticus4 ,prep4 ,powdered roots of smallage and saxifrage1 of each #b dr42 crabs' eyes1 #a dr42 sulphate of potash1 #a dr42 sal prunella1 #b scruples2 oil of juniper1 #d drops4 ,mix4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gr4 ,powder1 ,nursery4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,violet 7below74 ,powder of ,nux ,vomica1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,nucis ,,vomic ,,compositus2 ,,vogt',s ,,stomachic ,,powder4 ,prep4 ,nux vomica1 #ah gr42 ipecacuanha1 #bd gr42 rhubarb1 #a dr42 prepared oyster shell1 #dh gr42 oleo-saccharum of mint1 #a dr4 ,mix1 and divide into #ab powders4 ,powder1 ,opiated4 ,powder of chalk with opium4 ,powder1 ,opiated ,guaiacum4 7,pareira47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,guaiaci ,,opiatus4 ,prep4 ,guaiacum1 #a dr42 orange leaves1 #a_/b dr42 acetate of morphia1 #c_/d gr4 ,mix1 and divide into #f powders4 ,one every two hours in articular rheumatism4 ,powder of ,oyster4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,ostr1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the common oyster 7,ostrea edulis----,linn471 pulped through a sieve1 made into a paste with wheaten flour and a little salt1 and then rolled out into thin pieces1 and dried2 these are reduced to powder1 sifted1 and packed in well-corked bottles4 ,used to make sauce2 about #a oz41 to water1 #a pint4 ,other shell-fish are treated in the same way4 ,powder of ,oxide of ,zinc with ,starch4 7,cazenave47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,zinci ,,oxydi ,,cum ,,amylo4 ,prep4 ,starch1 #a oz42 oxide of zinc1 #a dr42 camphor1 in powder1 #a dr4 ,for excoriations and bed-sores4 ,powder1 ,parturifacient4 7,e4 ,ph4 #agdd74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,ad ,,partum4 ,prep4 ,borax1 #d dr42 castor1 #a-a_/b dr42 saffron1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil of cinnamon1 #h drops2 oil of amber1 #f drops4 ,mix4----,dose1 #bj to #cj gr4 7,this name1 and also that of ,,pulvis ,,parturifaciens1 has been given to powdered ergot47 ,powder1 ,pea4 ,syn4 ,,pea ,,flour2 ,,farina ,,pisorum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from peas1 in the usual manner4 ,used to make extemporaneous pea-soup4 ,powder1 ,pearl4 ,prep4 ,from pure pearl white and ,french chalk 7scraped fine by ,dutch rushes71 equal parts2 triturated together1 ,some makers add more ,french chalk4 ,used as a skin cosmetic4 ,this mixture is preferable to pearl white alone1 from being more adhesive4 ,powder1 ,pease4 ,prep4 ,from dried mint and sage1 of each #d oz12 celery seed and white pepper1 of each #a_/b oz42 turmeric powder1 #a_/d oz42 reduced to fine powder4 ,used as a condiment and kitchen-spice4 ,powder1 ,pectoral4 ,see ,,powder ,,of ,,liquorice1 c4 ,powder of ,phosphate of ,lime1 ,saccharated4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,calcis ,,phosphatis1 ,,saccharatus4 ,prep4 ,precipitated phosphate of lime1 #ae gr41 white sugar1 #he gr42 triturate and divide into #bj packets4 ,two or more powders daily1 according to age of child4 ,in rickets4 ,powder1 ,piles4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antih,,morrhoidalis1 ,p4 ,h,,morrhoidalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,precipitated sulphur1 #c oz42 cream of tartar and black pepper1 of each #a oz42 oil of cubebs1 #a_/b dr4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 in milk or honey1 thrice a day4 #b4 7,external47----a4 ,from ,aleppo galls1 in very fine powder1 #b oz42 opium1 in fine powder1 #a dr4 ,a pinch to be applied occasionally4 b4 ,from sesquioxide of iron1 #a oz42 powdered acetate of lead1 #a_/b dr4 ,as the last4 ,powder of ,pitch1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,picis ,,compositus2 ,,disinfecting ,,powder ,,of ,,corne ,,and ,,demaux4 #ajj parts of plaster of ,paris are triturated thoroughly with #a to #e parts of coal tar4 ,used as an absorbent and disinfectant to fetid ulcers and wounds4 ,powder1 ,plate4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,pro ,,argento1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,jeweller's rouge1 #a_/d lb42 prepared chalk or levigated burnt hartshorn1 #c_/d lb42 mix4 #b4 ,levigated putty powder1 #a_/d lb42 burnt hartshorn1 #a_/b lb42 prepared chalk1 #a lb42 rose pink1 #a oz4 #c4 7,,mercurial47 ,from quicksilver with chalk1 #a oz42 prepared chalk1 #aa oz42 mix4 ,used to clean and polish plate4 ,see ,,plate4 ,powder1 ,plate ,boiling4 ,prep4 ,from cream of tartar1 common salt1 and alum1 equal parts4 ,a little of this powder1 added to the water in which plate is boiled1 gives to it a silvery whiteness4 ,powder1 ,plummer's ,alterative4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,ethiops ,,of4 ,powder1 ,poultice4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,pro ,,cataplasmate 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from linseed meal1 #a part2 oatmeal1 #b parts2 mixed together4 ,powder1 ,purgative and ,anthelmintic4 7,boerhaave74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,purgans ,,anthelminticus4 ,prep4 ,jalap1 #ab gr4 7or agaric1 #h gr471 ,ethiops mineral1 #ab gr42 for one dose4 ,powder of ,quinine1 ,aerated4 7,dr ,meireu74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,quini ,,aeratus4 ,prep4 ,tartaric acid1 #ae gr42 disulphate of quinia1 #a-a_/b gr4 ,mix1 and add bicarbonate of soda1 #ah gr42 refined sugar1 #cj gr4 ,mix for one dose1 between the fits of intermittent fever4 ,powder of ,quinine and ,tobacco4 7,hug47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,quini ,,sulphatis ,,et ,,tabaci4 ,prep4 ,disulphate of quinine1 #ab gr42 snuff1 #a oz4 ,to be used as a snuff for nervous headaches4 ,powder1 ,rat4 ,see ,,rats4 ,powder of ,rhubarb 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,gregory',s ,,mixture1 ,,gregory',s ,,powder2 ,,pulvis ,,rhei ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 and ,d47 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,calcined magnesia1 #a lb42 rhubarb1 #d oz42 ginger1 #b oz4 7all in fine powder72 mix1 and preserve it from the air4 #b4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d47 ,calcined magnesia1 #f oz42 rhubarb1 #b oz42 ginger1 #a oz4 #c4 ,calcined magnesia1 #h oz42 rhubarb1 #c oz42 chamomile1 #b oz42 ginger1 #a oz4 ,obs4 ,an excellent stomachic1 antacid1 and laxative4----,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,some druggists substitute the heavy carbonate for the calcined magnesia ordered above1 but this alters the nature of the preparation1 and requires the dose to be increased4 ,heavy calcined magnesia may1 however1 be employed with advantage4 ,powder1 ,sachet4 ,see ,,scented ,,powders4 ,powder1 ,saline 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,salinus ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,pure chloride of sodium and sulphate of magnesia1 of each #d oz42 sulphate of potash1 #c oz42 each separately dried by a gentle heat1 and pulverised1 then triturated together1 and preserved in well-closed vessels4 ,an excellent saline purgative4----,dose1 #b to #f dr41 in #a_/b pint of water or table-beer1 in the morning1 fasting4 ,powder of ,scammony 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,scammonii ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,scammony and hard extract of jalap1 of each #b oz42 ginger1 #a_/b oz42 rub them separately to a very fine powder1 and then mix them4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,scammony and bitartrate of potassa1 of each1 in very fine powder1 equal parts4----,dose1 #g to #bj gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,scammony1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 compound powder of jalap1 #c oz42 mix1----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,scammony1 #d2 jalap1 #c2 ginger1 #a2 mix1 and reduce to fine powder4----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,obs4 ,the above are favourite cathartics in worms1 especially for children4 ,they are commonly sold for basilic powder4 7,see above47 ,powder of ,scammony with ,calomel4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,scammonii ,,cum ,,calomelane1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from scammony1 #a_/b oz42 calomel and white sugar1 of each #b dr4 ,an excellent vermifuge for children4----,dose4 ,for an adult1 #e to #bj gr42 for a child1 #b to #h gr4 ,sold for basilic powder1 to which it approaches nearer in composition than the preceding4 ,powder of ,scammony with ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,scammonii ,,cum ,,fuligine2 ,,poudre ,d',,ailhaut4 ,prep4 ,scammony1 #a dr42 wood soot1 #a-a_/b dr42 resin1 #b dr42 mix4 ,dose1 #a_/b dr4 ,a once fashionable purgative4 ,powder1 ,schmidt's ,parturifacient4 ,syn4 ,,schmidt',s ,,poudre ,,ocytique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from powdered ergot of rye1 borax1 and oleo-saccharum of camomile1 of each #h gr42 powdered sugar1 q4 s4 ,for a dose2 to be repeated every quarter of an hour until some effect is produced4 ,powder of ,scordium 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,e ,,scordio ,,compositus4 7,l4 ,ph4 #agdf47 ,prep4 ,bole1 #d oz42 scordium1 #b oz42 cinnamon1 #a-a_/b oz42 styrax tormentil1 bistort1 gentian1 dittany1 galbanum1 gum acacia1 red rose petals1 of each #a oz42 long pepper1 #a_/b oz42 ginger1 #a_/b oz4 ,make a powder4 ,powder of ,scordium with ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,e ,,scordio ,,cum ,,opio4 ,prep4 ,add to the preceding1 #c dr4 of dry strained opium1 and powder it with the other ingredients4 ,powder of ,senna 7,battley's ,green74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,senn ,,viridis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from senna leaves1 dried and heated until they turn yellow1 then powdered along with a little 7blue7 charcoal1 to give a green colour4 ,powder of ,senna 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,senn ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,senna and bitartrate of potassa1 of each #b oz42 scammony1 #a_/b oz42 ginger1 #b dr42 all in fine powder2 mix4----,dose1 #bj to #cj gr41 or more2 as a purgative or anthelmintic4 ,powder1 ,silvering4 ,prep4 #a4 ,silver dust 7fine71 #bj gr42 alum1 #cj gr42 common salt1 #a dr42 cream of tartar1 #c dr42 rub them together to a fine powder4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting #ce gr4 of nitrate of silver for the silver dust4 #c4 ,chloride of silver is dissolved in a solution of hyposulphite of soda1 and the solution made into a paste with levigated burnt hartshorn or bone dust2 this is next dried1 and powdered4 #d4 ,silver dust1 #a oz42 common salt and sal ammoniac1 of each #d oz42 corrosive sublimate1 #a_/d oz4 ,obs4 ,the above powders1 made into a paste with a little water1 are used to silver dial-plates1 statuettes1 and other articles in copper1 previously well cleaned1 by friction4 ,the best silver powder for the purpose is that precipitated from its nitric solution by means of a copper plate4 ,when the product of the last formula is used1 the articles should be afterwards made red hot1 and polished4 ,powder of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,contritus1 ,,pulvis ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,castile soap1 sliced or cut small1 dried by exposure to a warm atmosphere1 or by a very gentle heat1 and then powdered4 ,used in dispensing2 also as a hand1 shaving1 and tooth powder4 ,as a cosmetic it may be scented at will4 ,powder1 ,spermaceti4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cetacei4 ,spermaceti is pulverised as camphor1 by the aid of a few drops of spirit4 ,powder of ,spermaceti1 with ,sugar4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,cetacei ,,cum ,,saccharo4 ,one part of powdered spermaceti with two of sugar4 ,pectoral4 ,powder of ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,spongi1 ,p4 ,,spongi ,,ust1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,let sponge1 cut into small pieces1 be beaten so as to free it from sand or stones2 then burn it in a covered iron vessel1 until it becomes black and friable2 finally1 reduce it to powder4 ,deobstruent4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c dr42 in glandular indurations and enlargements1 c4 ,it should be of a brownish-black colour2 if over burnt its efficacy is destroyed4 ,powder of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,remove the membranous integuments from the bulb of the squill1 cut it into thin slices1 and dry it at a heat between #ij and #ajj ,fahr42 next reduce it to powder1 and keep it in well-stoppered bottles4 ,powder1 ,sternutatory4 ,see ,,snuffs 7,medicated74 ,powder1 ,stahl's ,resolvent4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,resolvens ,,stahlii4 ,prep4 ,antimonial powder1 nitre1 prepared crabs' eyes1 in equal parts4 ,powder of ,starch with ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,amyli ,,et ,,sod2 ,,devergie',s ,,alkaline ,,powder4 ,prep4 ,mix #a part of carbonate of soda in fine powder with #aj of white starch4 ,for external use in some skin diseases4 ,powder1 ,styptic4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,astringent1 ,,faynard',s ,p41 c4 ,powder1 ,tonquin4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,antityssus ,,tunquinensis2 ,sir ,g4 ,,cobb',s ,,tonquin ,,powder4 ,prep4 ,musk1 #af gr42 cinnabar1 #dh gr42 to be mixed or washed down with arrack or other spirit4 ,three doses to be given on three alternate days1 and three more on the three next changes of the moon4 ,powder of ,tragacanth 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,tragacanth ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gum tragacanth1 gum acacia1 and starch1 of each1 in fine powder1 #a-a_/b oz42 powdered white sugar1 #c oz4 ,the ,edinburgh formula is similar4 ,demulcent4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr41 in water or any simple liquid2 in hoarseness and catarrhs1 combined with squills and henbane1 to allay irritation2 in dysentery1 combined with ipecacuahna2 in gonorrha1 strangury1 c41 combined with acetate of potassa or nitre4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tragacanth1 in powder1 #a2 gum ,arabic1 in powder1 #a2 starch1 in powder1 #a2 refined sugar1 in powder1 #c2 rub well together4----,dose1 #aj to #fj gr4 ,powder of ,vanilla1 with ,sugar4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,vanill ,,cum ,,saccharo2 ,,poudre ,,de ,,vanille ,,sucr,e4 ,vanilla is reduced to powder by cutting it in pieces1 and triturating it with #i times its weight of refined sugar4 ,powder of ,verdigris with ,calomel4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,ruginis ,,cum ,,calomelane4 ,prep4 ,prepared verdigris1 #a dr42 calomel1 #a dr42 mix4 ,for external use4 ,powder1 ,violet4 ,syn4 ,,nursery ,,powder1 ,,skin ,p4 ,this is simply starch1 reduced to a very fine powder1 and scented with orris powder or essence of violets4 ,the best kinds are also perfumed with a little musk or ambergris1 and are now generally made with potato farina4 ,the commoner sort is only scented with a little essence of bergamot or essence of lemon4 #8,plain violet powder' is1 of course1 unscented4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered starch1 #bh lbs42 powdered orris root1 #a lb42 essence of ambergris and essence of bergamot1 of each #a_/b oz42 oil of rhodium1 #a_/b dr42 mix1 and pass the powder through a sieve4 #b4 ,powdered starch1 #ad lbs42 essence of bergamot1 #a_/b oz42 oil of cloves1 #a_/b oz42 as last4 ,used as a dusting powder in excoriations1 c4 ,see ,,powders1 ,,cosmetic 7below74 ,powder1 ,ward's ,sweating4 ,resembles ,,dover',s ,,powder4 ,powder1 ,wart4 ,syn4 ,,corn ,,powder1 ,,cosmetic ,,caustic1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ivy leaves ground to powder4 ,a pinch is applied with a rag1 the part being first moistened with strong vinegar4 ,useful for soft corns and warts4 #b4 7,hunter's47 ,from savine and verdigris1 equal parts4 ,see ,,corn ,,solvent4 ,powder1 ,warwick's 7,earl of74 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,comitis ,,warwicencis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from scammony1 prepared with the fumes of sulphur1 #b oz42 diaphoretic antimony1 #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #a_/b oz4----,dose1 #ae to #cj gr4 ,obs4 ,this is a modification of ,,cornachini',s ,,powder4 ,it is represented in the present ,pharmacopias by ,,compound ,,scammony ,,powder4 8,cornachini wrote a whole book about his powder1 the proportions of the ingredients of which he varied according to circumstances40 7#8,med4 ,lex4'7 ,powder1 ,washing4 ,the numerous compounds vended under this name have for their basis the soda-ash of commerce1 blended with common ,scotch soda in variable proportions4 ,the best of them consist either wholly or chiefly of the first of these substances4 ,the alkaline matter is reduced to coarse powder1 and stirred up with liquid size1 or with a decoction of linseed1 ,irish moss1 or ,british gum1 and is then dried1 and again crushed or powdered1 and at once put into the packages1 in which it is rammed tight1 and covered up immediately4 ,the object aimed at by the manufacturer is to keep his commodity from the air as much as possible1 because exposure renders it less caustic1 and consequently less detergent4 ,powder of ,yellow ,bladder-wrack4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,quercus ,,marin4 ,prep4 ,yellow bladder-wrack1 in flower1 is dried1 cleansed1 and heated in a crucible with a perforated lid till vapours cease to be given off1 and the carbonaceous residue reduced to powder4----,dose1 #aj gr4 to #b dr4 ,,powders4 ,the following preparations have been placed under this head instead of under #8,,powder1' because some are invariably spoken of in the plural number1 and the others may be conveniently noticed in classes or groups4 ,powders1 ,aerated ,sherbet 7,,in ,,one ,,bottle74 ,double refined sugar1 #ad-a_/b oz42 powdered orange peel1 #ab gr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #c-a_/b oz42 essence of cedrat1 #ab drops2 oil of orange peel1 #fj drops2 tartaric acid1 #d oz4 ,the powders must be carefully dried1 mixed quickly1 and afterwards kept dry1 in a bottle securely corked4 ,a measure holding nearly #c dr4 of the powder should accompany each bottle4 ,powders1 ,effervescing4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,pulveres ,,effervescentes----,ph4 ,e47 ,take of tartaric acid1 #a oz42 bicarbonate of soda1 #a oz4 #ed gr4 7#ecd gr471 or bicarbonate of potassa1 #a oz4 #b dr4 #dj gr4 7#fdj gr472 reduce the acid and either bicarbonate separately to fine powder1 divide each of these into #af powders1 and preserve the acid and alkaline powders in separate papers of different colours4 #b4 7,,pulveres ,,effervescentes ,,citrati----,ph4 ,d47 ,take of citric acid 7crystallised71 #i dr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #aa dr41 or bicarbonate of potassa1 #ac dr41 proceed as last1 dividing each into #ah parts4 #c4 7,,pulveres ,,effervescentes ,,tartarizati----,ph4 ,d47 ,take of tartaric acid 7in crystals71 #aj dr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #aa dr41 or bicarbonate of potassa1 #ac dr42 reduce them to powder1 and divide them into #ah parts1 as before4 7,see below47 ,powders1 ,effervescing1 with ,iron4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,syn4 ,,pulveres ,,effervescentes ,,cum ,,ferro4 ,prep4 ,tartaric acid1 #b-c_/d oz42 bicarbonate of soda1 #b oz42 powdered sugar1 #i oz42 dried sulphate of iron1 #df gr4 ,mix the acid and the sulphate of iron 7previously reduced to coarse powder71 add the sugar1 and lastly the soda1 not in very fine powder4 ,all the ingredients must be very dry4 ,half an ounce of this powder is to be quickly added to #b pints of pure water 7without air7 contained in a bottle1 which is to be immediately corked4 ,powders for ,gazogene4 ,for #b pints3----,powdered tartaric acid1 #ad scruples2 bicarbonate of soda1 #ag scruples4 ,for #c pints3----,powdered tartaric acid1 #ag scruples2 bicarbonate of soda1 #ba scruples4 ,for #e pints3----,one each charge of #b and #c pints4 ,powders1 ,ginger ,beer4 ,syn4 ,,pulveres ,,effervescentes ,,cum ,,zingibere1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered white sugar1 #a to #b dr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #bf gr42 finest powdered ,jamaica ginger1 #f gr42 essence of lemon1 #a drop2 mix1 and wrap it in blue paper4 ,in the white paper put of powdered tartaric acid1 #ce gr41 or of powdered citric acid1 #cj gr4 #b4 ,finest ,jamaica ginger1 #a dr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #e dr42 white sugar1 #af dr42 essence of lemon1 #f or #h drops2 mix1 and divide it between #ab papers 7blue74 ,for the white papers1 divide tartaric acid1 #f dr41 in the same way4 ,by taking the drachms as ounces1 the quantity will be sufficient for #h dozen4 ,for use dissolve one of each colour separately in somewhat less than half a glass of water1 mix the two1 and drink the mixture whilst effervescing4 #c4 7,in one bottle47----a4 ,the sugar and the saline ingredients are separately dried by a very gentle heat1 then mixed in a dry room with the ginger and essence of lemon1 and at once put into bottles4 b4 ,by adding to the #8acidulated kali1' noticed at page #ibi1 about #a-afth of its weight of the finest powdered ,jamaica ginger 7i4 e4 #a_/b dr4 to each oz42 #a oz4 to each lb47 at the time of mixing the ingredients together4 ,a dessert-spoonful1 thrown into a tumbler two thirds filled with cold water1 produces an excellent glass of ginger beer4 ,powders1 ,ink4 ,the article usually sold under this name is noticed under ,,ink4 ,another formula1 which we have adopted with considerable success1 is as follows3----,good black ink1 #c pints1 lump sugar1 #a-a_/b oz41 and gum ,arabic1 #a_/b oz41 are put into a clean iron pan1 and evaporated by the heat of boiling water1 with occasional stirring1 to dryness2 the dried mass is reduced to powder1 and divided into #ab parts1 which are enveloped in either tin-foil or glazed paper1 and kept dry4 ,one of these papers dissolved in #a_/d pint of hot water forms that quantity of excellent black ink1 without sediment1 and which answers well with the copying press4 ,powders1 ,lemonade4 ,syn4 ,,lemon ,,sherbet2 ,,limonadum ,,siccum1 ,,pulvis ,,pro ,,liminado1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered citric or tartaric acid1 #ab gr42 powdered white sugar1 #a_/b oz42 essence of lemon1 #a drop 7or a little of the yellow peel of a lemon rubbed off on a piece of sugar72 mix4 ,for one glass4 #b4 ,white sugar1 #d lbs42 citric or tartaric acid1 #a-a_/b oz42 essence of lemon1 #a_/d oz42 mix well1 and preserve it in a bottle for use4 #a to #b dessert-spoonfuls make a glass of lemonade4 ,it is also put up in papers containing about #b-a_/b dr4 each4 #c4 7,,effervescing47----a4 ,for the blue papers1 take of powdered white sugar1 #a lb42 bicarbonate of soda1 #a_/d lb42 essence of lemon1 #a-a_/b dr42 mix1 and divide it between #f dozen papers4 ,next divide tartaric or citric acid1 #e oz41 between #f dozen white papers4 ,or the two may be kept in bulk1 in separate bottles4 b4 7,in one bottle47 ,as #8,,acidulated ,,kali1' ,some makers slightly increase the quantities of acid and essence of lemon there ordered4 ,powders1 ,orangeade4 ,syn4 ,,aerated ,,sherbet4 ,prep4 ,powdered sugar1 #ad-a_/b oz42 powdered orange peel1 #ab gr42 oil of orange peel1 #fj drops2 essence of cedrat1 #ab drops2 bicarbonate of soda1 #c-a_/b oz42 mix1 and put #ade gr4 in each blue paper4 ,in the white paper put #cb gr4 of tartaric acid 7or #cj gr4 of citric acid74 ,or the alkaline and acid powders may be put into separate bottles1 with a measure holding the proper proportions of each4 ,the orange peel may be omitted1 if necessary4 ,powders1 ,polishing4 ,prep4 #a4 7,for brass and copper47----a4 ,from rotten stone1 #c oz42 powdered soap1 #a oz4 b4 ,from rotten stone1 #g oz42 powdered oxalic acid1 #a oz4 ,both are used with a little water4 ,see ,,brass ,,paste4 #b4 7,for gold47 ,jeweller's rouge4 ,see ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,iron4 #c4 7,for ivory47 ,pumice stone and putty powder4 #d4 7,for plate47 ,see ,,plate and ,,powder1 ,,plate4 #e4 7,for silver47 ,as the last4 ,powders1 ,scented4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,cosmetic ,,powders4----a4 7,,poudre ,,de ,,chipre47 ,macerate oak moss in running water for #b or #c days1 then dry and powder it4 ,used as a basis for other powders1 on account of its being highly retentive of odours4 ,reindeer moss and ragged hoary evernia are also used for the same purpose4 ,see ,,cyprus ,,powder 7above74 b4 7,,poudre ,,de ,,chipre ,,de ,,montpelier47 ,from poudre de chipre1 #b lbs42 musk1 #cj gr42 civet1 #bj gr4 7the last two powdered by means of a little sugar72 cloves1 #a_/d oz4 c4 7,,poudre ,,de ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges47 ,from starch or cyprus powder1 #be lbs42 orange flowers1 #a lb42 mixed in a covered chest1 and stirred twice or thrice daily2 the process being repeated1 with fresh flowers1 a second and a third time4 ,or1 the plain powder is scented by the addition of a little neroli or essence of petit grain4 d4 7,,poudre ,,de ,,frangipanni47 ,from poudre de fleurs d'oranges and poudre de chipre1 of each #f lbs42 essence of ambergris1 #a oz42 civet 7powdered with sugar71 #a_/b dr4 ,ash-grey colour4 e4 7,,poudre ,,de ,,jasmine47 ,as ,,poudre ,,de ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges1 but using jasmin flowers4 f4 7,,poudre ,,la ,,mar,,chale47 ,from poudre de chipre1 #b lbs42 starch powder1 #a lb42 calamus aromaticus1 cloves1 and cyperus perennis or rotundis1 of each #b oz4 ,or1 starch powder1 #bh lbs42 powdered cloves1 #c_/d lb42 powdered orris root1 #a_/b lb42 essence of ambergris1 #b dr4 g4 7,,poudre ,,la ,,mousseline47 ,from orris root1 #a lb42 coriander seed1 #f oz42 mace and violet ebony1 of each #b oz42 musk seed1 cassia1 cloves1 and sandal wood1 of each #a oz4 h4 7,,poudre ,,de ,,jonquille47 ,from jonquils1 as ,,poudre ,,de ,,jasmine4 i4 7,,poudre ,l',,illet47 ,from plain powder1 #b lbs42 orris root and dried red rose leaves1 of each #a lb42 cloves and musk seed1 of each #d oz42 essence of bergamot and essence de petit grain1 of each #a_/b dr4 k4 7,,poudre ,,de ,,roses ,,communes47 ,from pale roses1 as ,,poudre ,,de ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges4 l4 7,,poudre ,,de ,,roses ,,musqu,,es47 ,from musk roses1 as the last4 m4 7,,poudre ,,la ,,vanilla47 ,from poudre de chipre or cyprus1 #c lbs42 vanilla1 powdered by means of sugar1 #b dr42 oil of cloves and essence of ambergris1 of each #bj drops4 n4 7,,poudre ,,la ,,violette47 ,see ,,powder1 ,,violet 7as above74 ,the above are used as cosmetic powders for the skin and hair2 also1 but less frequently1 for sachets1 drawers1 c4 #b4 ,,sachet ,,powder4----a4 ,from orris root1 #b oz42 cassia1 #a-a_/b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 yellow sandal wood1 #a_/d oz42 oils of lavender and bergamot1 of each #a dr42 otto of roses1 #bj drops2 musk and ambergris1 of each1 rubbed with a little sugar1 #f gr42 reduce the dry ingredients to coarse powder1 mix them1 and add the oils4 b4 ,from corianders1 orris root1 rose leaves1 and calamus aromaticus1 of each #d oz42 lavender flowers1 #h oz42 rhodium wood1 #a dr42 musk1 #bj gr4 c4 ,from corianders1 orris1 calamus aromaticus1 and red roses 7dried71 of each #a oz42 lavender flowers1 #b oz42 mace and cloves1 of each #a dr42 essential oil of almonds1 #aj drops4 d4 ,as last1 but substituting musk1 #e gr41 for the oil of almonds4 e4 ,from patchouli1 #h oz42 lavender flowers1 7lightly dried71 #c oz42 orris root1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 essence of bergamot1 #a dr42 essences of ambergris and musk1 of each #a_/b dr4 ,these are used1 along with cotton wool1 to fill scent bags1 cassolettes1 c42 and as scent powder for boxes1 drawers1 and the like4 ,the scent is added to the dry ingredients1 separately reduced to powder1 and the whole is then passed through a fine sieve1 to ensure perfect admixture4 #c4 ,,parfum ,,pour ,,les ,,autres ,,poudres4 ,from poudre d'ambrette1 #ab lbs42 civette1 #a-a_/b oz42 musk1 #a dr42 reduce the last two to powder by grinding them with some dry lump sugar1 then mix the whole together1 and pass it through a sieve4 ,used to perfume hair powder1 sachets1 c4 ,powders1 ,seidlitz4 ,syn4 ,,pulveres ,,effervescentes ,,aperientes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,potassio-tartrate of soda 7,rochelle salt71 #b dr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #dj gr42 mix1 and put it in a blue paper2 tartaric acid1 #ce gr42 to be put in a white paper4 ,for about #a_/b pint of water4 ,laxative4 #b4 7,in one bottle47 ,from potassio-tartrate of soda1 #ab oz42 bicarbonate of do41 #d oz42 tartaric acid1 #c-a_/b oz42 white sugar1 #a lb4 7all in fine powder72 dry each separately by a gentle heat1 add of essence of lemon1 #a_/b dr42 mix well1 pass the mixture through a sieve1 and put it at once into clean dry bottles4----,dose4 ,a dessert-spoonful1 or more1 to a tumblerful of water4 ,obs4 ,the above mixtures1 though now universally sold as ,seidlitz powder1 do not1 when dissolved1 exactly resemble the natural water1 which contains carbonates1 sulphates1 and chlorides of calcium and magnesium4 ,however1 the factitious article is equally effective1 and much more agreeable4 ,powders1 ,sherbet4 ,these are made of the same materials as lemonade powders1 the flavouring ingredient being varied to suit the particular case4 ,powders1 ,soda-water4 ,syn4 ,,effervescing ,,powders1 ,e4 ,,saline ,p41 ,,sodaic ,p41 ,,aerated ,,soda ,p42 ,,pulveres ,,effervescentes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from bicarbonate of soda1 #cj gr4 in each blue paper2 tartaric acid1 #be gr4 7or citric acid1 #bd gr471 in each white paper4 ,one of each is dissolved separately in about half a glassful of water1 and the two solutions mixed1 and drank immediately4 ,a cooling1 wholesome summer beverage1 but it should not be indulged in to excess4 #b4 7,chalybeated47 ,by adding #a gr4 of dried protosulphate of iron to each paper of acid4 ,tonic4 #c4 7,midgeley's47 ,made by adding #a_/h gr4 of tartarised antimony to each paper of acid4 ,refrigerant and diaphoretic4 ,for the ,ph4 formul see ,,powders1 ,,effervescing 7above74 ,powders1 ,soup4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,curry1 ,,powder1 ,,pea1 ,,spice1 c4 ,powders1 ,spruce ,beer4 ,syn4 ,,pulveres ,,effervescentes ,,cum ,,abiete1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as ginger-beer powders1 but substituting essence of spruce1 #c to #f drops1 for the powdered ginger4 ,powders1 ,tooth4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,dentifricii1 ,l4 ,the general principles which should be kept in view in the selection of the materials1 and in the preparation of dentifrices1 have been already fully noticed under ,,dentifrices1 and need not1 therefore1 be repeated here4 ,care must be taken that all the dry ingredients be finely pulverised1 and that the harder and gritty ones be reduced to the state of an impalpable powder1 either by levigation or elutriation4 ,the mixture of the ingredients must also be complete4 ,this is the most readily effected by stirring them well together until they form an apparently homogeneous powder1 and then passing this powder through a very fine sieve4 ,those which contain volatile substances should be preserved in closely corked wide-mouth bottles1 and those which contain acidulous or gritty matter should not be frequently employed4 ,the selection of the tooth brush likewise deserves attention4 ,it should be sufficiently stiff to effect its purpose completely2 but1 at the same time1 it should be so formed as not to cause irritation or injury to the gums during its use4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cuttle-fish bone and prepared chalk1 of each #b oz42 oil of cloves1 #bj drops4 ,this may be perfumed at will1 and medicated by any of the substances referred to under ,,dentifrices4 #b4 ,to the last add of powdered ,castile soap1 #b oz4 #c4 ,prepared chalk1 #ab oz42 cuttle-fish bone1 #h oz42 orris root1 #d oz42 dragon's blood1 #a-a_/b oz42 oils of cloves and cassia1 of each #a_/b dr4 #d4 ,prepared chalk1 #a lb42 pumice-stone1 in impalpable powder1 #a_/d lb42 orris root1 #b oz42 pure rouge1 #a_/d oz42 neroli1 #a_/b dr4 #e4 ,yellow cinchona bark and myrrh1 of each #a_/b oz42 recently burnt charcoal1 #c oz42 cloves1 #a dr4 #f4 ,pumice-stone1 red coral1 and powdered rhatany root1 of each1 #b oz42 orris root1 #a_/b oz42 essence of vanilla1 #a_/b dr4 #g4 7,,aromatic ,,tooth ,,powder47 ,from cuttle-fish bone1 #d oz42 calamus aromaticus1 #b oz42 powdered ,castile soap1 #a oz42 oil of cloves1 #a_/b dr4 #h4 7,,asiatic ,,dentifrice47 ,from prepared red coral1 #h-a_/d lbs42 ,venetian red1 #c_/d lb42 prepared chalk and pumice-stone1 of each #a-a_/d lb42 ,china musk1 #cj gr4 #i4 7,cadet's47 ,from lump sugar and charcoal1 of each #a oz42 ,peruvian bark1 #a_/b oz42 cream of tartar1 #a_/d oz42 cinnamon1 #a_/b dr4 #aj4 7,camphorated47 ,see ,,camphorated ,,chalk4 #aa4 7,,charcoal ,,dentifrice47 ,from charcoal1 preferably that from the willow or the areka nut1 either alone or combined with twice its weight of prepared chalk4 ,scent or medicinals injure it4 7,see #i1 #ai1 and #bf47 #ab4 7,,coral ,,dentifrice47 ,see #af1 #bc1 and #be 7below74 #ac4 7,deschamp's ,,alkaline ,,dentifrice47 ,from powdered talc1 #d oz42 bicarbonate of soda1 #a oz42 carmine1 #f gr42 oil of mint1 #ab or #ae drops4 #ad4 7,,florentine ,,dentifrice47 ,from prepared shells1 #d oz42 orris root1 #a-a_/b oz42 bitartrate of potassa1 #c_/d oz42 ,florentine lake1 q4 s4 to colour4 #ae4 7,,galvanic ,,dentifrice47 ,from gold1 #c leaves2 silver1 #d leaves2 triturate them with alum and sulphate of potassa1 of each #a-a_/b dr42 then add1 of dry common salt1 pellitory of ,spain1 and ,peruvian bark1 of each #a dr42 prepared hartshorn1 #a oz42 mix1 and either colour it blue with smalts or red with lake4 ,a useless compound4 #af4 7,grosvenor's47 ,from red coral1 #c lbs42 prepared oyster-shells1 #b-a_/b lbs42 orris powder1 #a_/b lb42 oil of rhodium1 #be drops4 ,rose-pink is now commonly substituted for the coral4 #ag4 7,hemet's47 ,from cuttle-fish bone1 #f oz42 cream of tartar1 #a oz42 orris root1 #a_/b oz4 #ah4 7#8,lancet4'7 ,red bark and ,armenian hole1 of each #a oz42 powdered cinnamon and bicarbonate of soda1 of each #a_/b oz42 oil of cinnamon1 #b or #c drops4 #ai4 7,lardner's47 ,from charcoal1 in very fine powder1 #a oz42 prepared chalk1 #c oz42 mix4 #bj4 7,mialhe's ,,rational ,,dentifrice47 ,from sugar of milk1 #c oz42 pure tannin1 #c dr42 red lake1 #a dr42 oils of mint and aniseed1 of each #g or #h drops2 neroli1 #d or #e drops4 #ba4 7,,myrrh ,,dentifrice47 ,from cuttle-fish bone1 #f oz42 myrrh and orris root1 of each #b oz4 #bb4 7,,pearl ,,dentifrice47 ,from heavy carbonate of magnesia or precipitated chalk1 #a lb42 finest smalts1 #c dr42 essence de petit grain1 #a_/b dr4 #bc4 7,pelletier's ,,quinine ,,dentifrice47 ,from prepared red coral1 #c oz42 myrrh1 #a dr42 disulphate of quinine1 #ab to #ae gr4 #bd4 7,ph4 ,russ47 ,cinchona bark1 #d oz42 orris root1 #b oz42 catechu and myrrh1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 sal ammoniac1 #a oz42 oil of cloves1 #bj drops4 #be4 7,,poudre ,,dentifrice----,p4 ,cod47 ,red coral1 red bole1 and cuttle-fish bone1 of each #c oz42 dragon's blood1 #a-a_/b oz42 cinnamon1 #c_/d oz42 cochineal1 #c dr42 cloves1 #a dr42 bitartrate of potassa1 #d-a_/b oz42 reduce them separately to very fine powder before mixing them4 ,this is the #8coral dentifrice' of the ,french4 #bf4 7,rignini's47 ,from charcoal1 #a oz42 yellow bark1 #a_/d oz4 #bg4 7,,rose ,,dentifrice47 ,from precipitated chalk1 #f oz42 cuttle-fish bone1 #c oz42 bicarbonate of soda1 #b oz42 red lake1 #a_/d oz42 otto of roses1 #bj drops4 #bh4 7,ruspini's47 ,from cuttle-fish bone1 #h oz42 ,roman alum and orris root1 of each #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #b oz42 oil of rhodium1 #f or #h drops4 #bi4 7,,violet ,,tooth ,,powder47 ,from orris root1 #c oz42 cuttle-fish bone and rose pink1 of each #e oz42 precipitated chalk1 #ab oz42 pure indigo1 q4 s4 to give it a pale violet tinge4 #cj4 7,zieter's47 ,from finely powdered calcined hartshorn and cuttle-fish bone1 of each #f oz42 calamus aromaticus1 cassia1 and pellitory of ,spain1 of each #a oz42 essence of vanilla1 #a dr42 essence of ambergris1 #aj or #ab drops4 #ca4 ,chalk1 carbonate of magnesia1 and pale bark1 of each #a oz42 oil of peppermint1 #e drops4 #cb4 ,cream of tartar1 sugar of milk1 of each #b oz42 carmine1 #hh gr4 7all in very subtle powder72 oil of peppermint1 #d drops4 ,powders1 ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,pulveres ,,anthelmintici1 ,p4 ,,vermifugi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bouchardat47 ,powdered ,corsican moss and worm-seed1 of each #e dr42 calomel1 #dj gr42 rub them together4 #b4 7,collier47 ,from powdered jalap and scammony1 of each #a dr42 cream of tartar1 #b dr42 ,ethiops mineral1 #c dr4 #c4 7,guibourt47 ,sulphate of iron1 #a dr42 tansy1 #b dr42 worm-seed1 #c dr4 #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,corsican moss and worm-seed1 of each #b oz42 rhubarb1 #a oz42 rubbed to a fine powder1 and carefully mixed4 ,,pox4 ,a corruption of a ,saxon word1 originally applied to pustules or eruptions of any kind1 but now restricted to varicella1 variola1 vaccinia1 and1 in its unqualified form1 to syphilis4 7,see below47 ,pox1 ,chicken4 ,syn4 ,,water-,,pox2 ,,varicella1 ,l4 ,an eruptive disease1 consisting of smooth1 semi-transparent vesicles1 of various sizes1 which afterwards become white and straw-coloured1 and about the fourth day break and scale off1 without leaving any permanent mark behind them4 ,in hot weather the discharge sometimes becomes purulent1 and at others the eruption is attended with considerable fever4 ,sometimes the vesicles assume a pointed form1 and the fluid remains clear throughout the disease2 it is then frequently called the 8swine-pox40 ,when the vesicles are large and globular1 and their contents1 at first whey-coloured1 afterwards turn yellow1 it is popularly known as #8hives4' ,the treatment of chicken-pox consists in the adoption of a light1 vegetable diet1 and in the administration of mild saline aperients and cooling drinks4 ,the chicken-pox1 except in children of a very bad habit of body1 is an extremely mild disease4 ,like the smallpox1 it rarely attacks the same person more than once during life4 ,pox1 ,cow4 ,syn4 ,,vaccinia1 ,,variola ,,vaccina1 ,l4 ,this disease was proposed as a substitute and a preventive of smallpox by ,dr ,jenner in #agih1 and its artificial production 7vaccination7 has rendered smallpox a comparatively rare disease in ,britain4 ,there appears no reason to doubt that the pretensions of the advocates of vaccination have been fully justified by the experience of more than half a century2 or that this disease1 when actively developed1 evinced by the completeness and maturation of the pustules1 acts as a prophylactic of smallpox4 ,the process of vaccination is similar to that of inoculation for smallpox4 ,the point of a lance is wetted with the matter taken from one of the pustules1 and is then gently inserted under the cuticle1 and the scratch afterwards rubbed over with the same4 ,hmorrhage should be avoided1 as the blood is apt to wash away the virus1 or to form a cake which shields the living tissue from its action4 ,pox1 ,small4 ,syn4 ,,variola1 ,l4 ,this disease comes on with the usual symptoms of inflammatory fever4 ,about the third day red spots1 resembling flea-bites1 make their appearance on the face and head1 and gradually extend over the whole body4 ,about the fifth day small circular vesicles1 depressed in the centre1 surrounded by an areola1 and containing a colourless fluid1 begin to form1 when the feverish symptoms abate2 about the sixth day the throat becomes sore2 about the eighth day the face is swollen2 and about the eleventh day the pustules acquire the size of a pea1 and cease to enlarge1 the matter which they contain becomes opaque and yellow1 a dark central spot forms on each1 the swelling of the face subsides1 and secondary symptoms of fever come on2 the pustules become rough1 break1 and scab over1 and a dark spot remains for some days1 often followed by permanent indentations1 popularly known as #8pock-marks4' ,at the end of the sixteenth or eighteenth day the symptoms usually disappear4 ,in the confluent smallpox1 a severer form of the disease1 the pustules coalesce1 the eruption is irregular in its progress1 and the inflammatory symptoms are more severe4 ,the treatment of ordinary cases of smallpox resembles1 for the most part1 that mentioned above for chicken-pox4 ,as soon as the febrile symptoms become marked the patient should not be suffered to lie in a hot bed1 but on a mattress1 in a cool and well-ventilated apartment1 and antiseptic cooling drinks should be freely administered4 ,when convulsions occur1 or great irritability exists1 small doses of morphine1 opium1 or camphor may be administered1 and obstinate vomiting arrested by effervescing saline draughts4 ,when the skin is pale and cold1 the pulse weak1 and the eruption languidly developed1 the warm or tepid bath is often serviceable4 ,an infusion of the root of ,sarracenia pupurea1 an ,american plant1 has been strongly recommended as a preventive and cure of smallpox1 but many of our most eminent physicians regard it as valueless4 ,the application on the third day of a mask formed of thin muslin1 covered with mercurial ointment1 and having holes cut in it for the nostrils1 eyes1 and mouth1 will effectually prevent #8pitting4' 7,dr4 ,stewardson47 ,with the same intention some persons recommend the puncture of the pustules as soon as they are mature4 ,a solution of india rubber in chloroform is now often painted over the face when the eruption has become fully developed4 ,the chloroform quickly evaporates1 leaving an elastic film of india rubber1 which almost entirely removes the itchiness of the pustules and prevents #8pitting4' ,to remove the pock-marks1 whether recent or old1 nothing appears to be better than warm sea-bathing1 or the use of tepid ioduretted lotions4 ,the smallpox is eminently contagious1 but only attacks the same person once during life4 ,formerly1 a milder form of the disease was propagated by inoculation1 a practice introduced into ,england from ,turkey by ,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montague1 about the year #agba4 ,at the present day1 in ,england1 inoculation1 as well as the exposure of a patient labouring under smallpox1 is penal1 the punishment being either by fine or imprisonment4 ,see ,,pox1 ,,cow 7above74 8,the absolute necessity for enforcing this measure after smallpox is conclusively shown by the following cases which occurred during the late severe outbreak of the disease at ,ipswich4 ,in the first instance a young man brought a bundle of infected linen with him from ,london and had it washed at ,ipswich4 ,twelve days after1 the servant who washed it showed symptoms of smallpox4 ,in another case1 a woman who had been at ,highgate ,hospital brought with her a shawl which she had worn during convalescence1 but had not been disinfected2 and in fourteen days her sister1 who washed the shawl1 was attacked with smallpox40----,sanitary ,record4 ,,precip,,itate4 ,any substance which has separated from its solution in a solid and1 usually1 a pulverulent or flocculent form4 ,the substance by which such a change is produced is called the #8precipitant1' and the act or operation by which it is effected is called #8precipitation4' ,the old chemists gave this name to several compounds4 ,red precipitate1 or precipitate per se1 is the red oxide of mercury prepared by heat4 ,white precipitate is the ,,ammoniated ,,mercury of the ,b4 ,p4 ,,precipita,,tion4 ,the formation or subsidence of a precipitate4 7,see above47 ,when the precipitate is the chief object of the process1 it is necessary to wash it1 after it is separated1 by filtration4 ,this operation requires little attention when the substance thrown down is insoluble in water2 but when it is in some degree soluble in that liquid1 great attention is required to prevent the loss which might result from the use of too much water4 ,precipitates soluble in water1 but insoluble in alcohol1 are frequently1 on the small scale1 washed with spirit more or less concentrated4 ,illustration ,the best precipitating vessel is a very tall glass jar1 furnished with a lip and spout1 and narrower at the bottom than at the mouth1 so that the precipitate may readily collect by subsidence1 and the supernatant liquor be decanted off with more ease4 ,,preg,,nancy4 ,for the preservation of the health1 and the prevention of the numerous discomforts and dangers which so frequently attend this condition1 nothing is so effective as exercise4 ,it is this that is so favorable to the humble peasant1 and it is its absence that inflicts such calamities on the wealthier classes4 ,exercise1 moderate and unfatiguing1 when assisted by regular habits1 and a diet nutritious1 but not too liberal1 is1 indeed1 capable of not only affording pleasure and increasing the comforts of existence1 but is also generally sufficient to greatly lessen the severity of the sufferings1 and to ward off the not unfrequently fatal results which terminate this interesting condition4 ,the sickness of pregnancy may be greatly ameliorated1 if not removed1 by the occasional use of a saline aperient1 and by effervescing draughts formed with the bicarbonate of potassa and citric acid4 ,the oxalate of cerium is strongly recommended by ,professor ,simpson1 of ,edinburgh1 as a remedy for obstinate vomiting in pregnancy4----,dose1 #a gr4 to #b gr4 three times a day in pills4 ,,prescri,,bing 7,art of74 ,besides a knowledge of diseases and their treatment1 much of the success of the physician depends on circumstances connected with the form in which the remedies are exhibited4 ,in writing a prescription it is necessary to consider the age1 sex1 temperament1 habits and idiosyncracy of the patient1 as well as the conditions of climate and season1 before the selection of the leading medicament and the apportioning of the dose4 ,the most convenient form of exhibiting it1 whether it should be given alone or in some simple form1 or combined with other ingredients1 the compatibility of the latter1 and how far these are likely to assist1 impede1 or modify its operation1 must also receive the consideration of the practitioner4 ,without a careful attention to all these circumstances the most valuable remedies may be rendered worthless1 and the highest medical skill and the best intentions frustrated4 ,a prescription generally contains several medicinal substances1 which are distinguished by medical writers by names indicative of the office which each of them performs4 ,these are----#a4 ,the ,,basis1 which is the principal or most active ingredient2----#b4 ,the ,,adjuvant1 or that which is intended to promote the action of the base2----#c4 ,the ,,corrective1 intended to correct1 modify1 or control its action1 or to cover its odour or taste1 as when we add carminatives or diaphoretics to cathartics1 or aromatics or liquorice to nauseous substances2----#d4 ,the ,,excipient1 or that which gives the whole a commodious or agreeable form1 and which1 consequently1 gives the prescription its peculiar character1 as that of draught1 mixture1 pills1 c4 ,to these1 certain ,continental writers add a #eth1 the ,,intermedium1 which is the substance employed to unite remedies which are not1 by themselves1 miscible with each other1 or with the excipient4 ,of this character are the yolk of egg and mucilage1 employed in the preparation of emulsions4 ,the medicinal substances1 with the quantities to be taken1 generally arranged as above1 are said to form the #8inscription1'----the directions as to their combination or dispensing1 which usually comes next1 the #8subscription1' and----the orders for the exhibition of the compound medicine1 which follow these1 the #8instructions4' ,these distinctions are1 however1 in many cases more technical than useful4 ,in choosing the form of a prescription it should be recollected that solutions and emulsions generally act with more certainty and rapidity than powders diffused through water2 and these1 again1 than the semi-solid and solid forms of medicine1 represented by electuaries1 boluses1 and pills4 ,on these matters1 however1 the taste and wishes of the patient should not be disregarded4 ,for this purpose the taste of nauseous medicines should be disguised as much as possible by the judicious selection of an appropriate corrective or excipient4 ,thus1 the disagreeable flavour of ,epsom salt may be in a great measure covered by dissolving it in peppermint water2 that of aloes by liquorice2 that of castor oil and copaiba by orange peel2 and that of powdered bark by mixing it with milk immediately before taking it2 whilst the bitterness of all bitter substances is concealed by strong coffee4 ,in order that a prescription may be well made it is not necessary to unite all the elements above referred to4 ,the basis and the excipient are the only two which are absolutely necessary1 since there are many medicines which have no need of an adjuvant4 ,the agreeable flavour and odour of some1 and the mild and harmless nature of others1 often render the intervention of a corrigent unnecessary when they are employed4 ,a single substance may also 8be capable of answering two or more purposes4 ,thus1 the adjuvant may also act as a corrigent1 as when the addition of soap to aloes1 or to extract of jalap1 lessens their griping properties1 and at the same time promotes their action4 ,in the same way neutral salts correct the colic which follows the use of resinous purgatives1 and accelerate their action40 ,according to ,gaubius1 the number of ingredients in a prescription should scarcely ever exceed three or four4 ,see ,,dose1 ,,medicines1 ,,incompatibles1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,prescrip,,tions4 ,recipes or formul for the preparation and exhibition of medicines intended1 generally1 for immediate use4 ,see ,,prescribing 7above74 ,,preserves4 ,a general term1 under which are included the various fruits and vegetables which are seasoned and kept in sugar or syrup1 more especially those which are so preserved whole or in slices4 ,see ,,candying1 ,,jam1 ,,marmalade1 c4 ,,press 7,correcting for the74 ,see ,,proofs4 ,,pressure1 ,,barometric1 on the ,phenomena of ,life4 ,m4 ,bert has contributed to the #8,comptes ,rendus'#abb 7lxxiii1 #bac1 #ejc2 lxxiv1 #fag2 lxxv1 #bi1 #hh7 an account of the following experimental researches on the influence of changes in the ,barometric ,pressure on the ,phenomena of ,life3---- ,footnote #abb3 #8,journal ,chemical ,society1' vol4 xxv4 ,he finds that at pressures under #ah centimtres of mercury animals die from want of oxygen2 at a pressure of one to two atmospheres1 from want of oxygen and presence of carbonic acid2 at #b-f atmospheres1 from the presence of carbonic acid alone2 at #f-ae atmospheres1 from the presence of carbonic acid and of excess of oxygen2 and at #ae-be atmospheres1 from the poisonous action of oxygen alone4 ,animals die from want of oxygen when the amount contained in their arterial blood is not sufficient to balance a pressure of #ce per cent4 of oxygen in the atmosphere4 ,they die from poisoning by carbonic anhydride when the amount contained in their venous blood is sufficient to balance a pressure of #bf to #bh per cent4 of carbonic anhydride in the atmosphere in the case of sparrows1 of #bh to #cj for mammals1 and of #ae or #af for reptiles4 ,as the pressure of oxygen in the surrounding air depends on two factors1 the percentage proportion and the barometric pressure1 the barometric pressure may be reduced to #f centimtres for sparrows1 if the proportion of oxygen in the air is increased2 and it may be raised to #bc atmospheres without causing death1 if the proportion of oxygen is reduced by mixing the air with nitrogen4 ,aeronauts might1 therefore1 ascend higher than it has hitherto been possible to do by taking with them a bag of oxygen to inhale2 and the danger that threatens divers of being poisoned by the oxygen in the compressed air might be averted by using a mixture of air and nitrogen4 ,from an examination of the gases in the blood of animals confined in rarefied air the author finds that both the oxygen and the carbonic anhydride in the blood diminish4 ,the dyspna which is felt in ascending mountains is therefore due to want of oxygen in the blood4 ,the diminution in oxygen becomes diminished at #bj centimtres pressure1 yet this is the pressure under which the inhabitants of the elevated ,mexican plateau of ,anahuac live4 ,the oxygen diminishes more quickly and more regularly than the carbonic anhydride4 ,although there are but very small quantities of gases simply dissolved in the blood1 the chemical combinations in which they take part are dissociated very easily and in a progressive manner under the influence of diminished pressure1 and this dissociation takes place more easily in the organisms than in experiments in vacuo4 ,,prince',s ,,metal4 ,one of the names for ,dutch gold4 7,see ,,gold1 ,,dutch47 ,,print,,ing 7,anastatic74 ,a method of zincography1 patented in #ahde1 having for its object the reproduction of drawings1 engravings1 and letter-press1 from copies however old4 ,to describe briefly the preparation of a plate or cylinder1 let us suppose a newspaper about to be reprinted by this means4 ,the sheet is first moistened with dilute acid and placed between sheets of blotting paper1 in order that the superfluous moisture may be absorbed4 ,the ink resists the acid1 which attacks the blanks only4 ,in all cases where the letter-press is of recent date1 or not perhaps older than half a year1 a few minutes suffice for this purpose4 ,the paper is then carefully placed upon the plate with which the letter-press to be transferred is in immediate contact1 and the whole passed under a press1 on removal from which1 and on carefully disengaging the paper1 the letters are found in reverse on the plate4 ,a preparation of gum is then applied to the plate by means of a roller1 after which the letters receive an addition of ink1 which is immediately incorporated with that by which they are already formed4 ,these operations are effected in a few minutes4 ,the surface of the plate round the letters is next bitten in a very slight degree by dilute acid1 and on the fresh application of the ink it is rejected by the zinc1 and received only by the letters1 which are charged with the ink by the common roller used in hand-printing4 ,each letter comes from the press as clear as if it had been imprinted by type metal2 and the copies are fac-similes1 which cannot easily be distinguished from the original sheet4 ,when pen-and-ink drawings are to be reproduced1 they are made on any paper free from hairs or filaments1 and well-sized4 ,the ink used is a preparation made for the purpose1 closely resembling lithographic ink1 and may be mixed to any degree of thickness in pure distilled water4 ,it should be used fresh1 and slightly warm when a fine effect is to be given4 ,in making or copying a design a pencil may be used2 but the marks must be left on the paper1 and by no means rubbed with india rubber or bread4 ,it is necessary to add that the paper should be kept quite clean and free from friction1 and should not be touched by the fingers1 inasmuch as it will retain marks of very slight touches4 ,before closing this notice of anastatic printing it may be proper to remark1 that the great pretensions originally set up by the patentees have not been fulfilled by its extensive adoption in trade4 ,,printing 7,letterpress74#abc ,syn4 ,,typography4 ,the art of collecting together and arranging movable types for the purpose of printing1 in one or more colours1 by pressure applied from a flat surface or by means of a cylinder biting the paper to be printed1 and which is inserted between itself and the type4 ,footnote #abc3 ,the ,editor is much indebted to ,mr ,j4 ,e4 ,adlard for this interesting article4 ,in illustration of this section1 some specimen types are appended1 the greater portion being from the well-known foundry of ,messrs ,v4 ,j4 ,figgins1 and should now be carefully read down to render the further remarks intelligible4 ,the key is contained in itself by reading the column as one continuous paragraph with the help of the foot-notes4 ,some idea may thus be formed of the vast number of distinct kinds of type necessary to carry out the requirements of the present system of printing4 ,mention there has been made that the name of the body is determined by its number of lines to a foot2 but this must be qualified4 ,the ,imperial foot1 or inch1 or yard1 is an arbitrary measure of length in reality as well as in name4 ,when one foundry was sufficient to supply all the types that were required for use in the early ages of printing1 then a name and its dimensions could be taken as absolute4 ,but with the increase of printing1 type-founders also increased2 and this has produced the variations of bodies which are so annoying to the typographer1 for one single letter or space taken from a body larger than its own1 yet of the same name1 will be enough to throw the column of type out of a straight line all the way through4 ,still1 when we look to the fact that1 according to the ancient masters1 the large-sized type called ,pica 7,no4 #c and ,nos4 #ah1 #ai1bj #ba7 requires #gb-a_/b lines to the foot1 and that ,nonpareil1 half its size 7,no4 #i1 and ,nos4 #bf1 #bg1 #bh #bi71 requires #ade lines to the foot1 and recollecting that the slightest variation multiplied #ade times must produce a very sensible deviation1 the wonder is that each of the founders should approach each other so closely as they do4 ,an attempt was made some years ago to introduce a certain fixity of standard for each body throughout the trade1 based on the ,french system2 the difficulties of altering the standards and matrices of each foundry were seen to be so great that the effort was unavailing4 ,illustration3 ,references to the above types----by reading across4 ,,body4 ,,bookwork ,,face4 ,,display ,,face4 #a ,great ,primer---- ,roman #ad ,gt ,primer ,manuscript #ae ,gt ,primer ,ext4 ,ornamented #af ,gt ,primer ,black #b ,english---- ,roman #ag ,gt ,primer ,condensed ,black #c ,pica---- ,roman #ah ,pica ,antique #ai ,pica ,clarendon #bj ,pica ,rustic #d ,small ,pica---- ,roman #ba ,pica ,narrow ,gauge #e ,long ,primer---- ,roman #bb ,long ,primer ,condensed #f ,bourgeois---- ,roman ,sansserif #g ,brevier---- ,roman #bc ,brevier ,grotesque #bd ,brevier ,extended #h ,minion----,rom4 ,italic #be ,brevier ,open ,sansserif #i ,nonpareil---- ,roman #bf ,nonpareil ,egyptian #bg ,nonpareil ,hair line #bh ,nonpareil ,ornamented #bi ,nonpareil ,condensed ,grotesque #aj ,ruby---- ,roman #aa ,pearl---- ,roman #cj ,pearl ,clarendon #ab ,diamond---- ,roman #ca ,diamond ,grotesque #ac ,small ,pica #b-line 7,no4 #d doubled7 ,german ,text ,during the latter half of the present century there has been a growing disposition to return to the cut of the letters as used by the early printers4 ,to meet this desire1 nearly all the type-founders have introduced ,old-style faces1 but yet modernised as to their peculiarities4 ,considering that this article would not be complete without some such notice thereof1 as well as to show the contrast1 the following is here introduced to the reader4 ,illustration ,these old-faced types cut by the celebrated ,william ,caslon1 in or about the years #agaf-cj1 are even now viewed with great satisfaction1 and held in high esteem1 by judges of the typographic art as master-pieces of shape and finish4 ,to the list of types presented1 and which give a sufficient general view1 may be added ,emerald----between ,minion and ,nonpareil----for book-work1 and also for borders and flowers to be used in neat and artistic work2 ,gem and ,semi-,nonpareil for music2 and ,minikin1 for music and ,oriental work4 ,the larger sizes of type are1 with very few exceptions1 simple multiples of the ,pica2 for instance1 #f-line ,roman means a roman letter of the depth of six lines of ,pica2 #bj-line ,antique1 an antique of the depth of twenty lines2 and so on4 ,very little more need be said on the names applied to the different faces4 ,letters used in ,title-pages are especially cut for and styled ,titling----,square1 ,condensed1 and if very much condensed in width1 ,compressed or ,narrow-,gauge4 ,on the other hand1 when the letters seem pulled out right and left1 they are styled ,extended4 ,if the reader will notice the type in which this volume is composed1 he will observe that the bottoms of the tail letters are very close down upon the tops of the tall letters1 and all but touch3 this is termed solid4 ,when a page or book is required to look light and less wearisome to the vision1 the lines of type are removed from each other1 and a space-line inserted between them----the page is now termed leaded4 ,these space-lines used to be cut1 by the compositor1 from milled lead1 first in strips of the necessary width1 then of the required length2 hence the term leads1 by which name they are commonly known4 ,however1 they were but poor appliances at the best4 ,moulds are now used for casting the metal to the specified thickness in strips of about #i inches long1 then cut by a machine to a set gauge2 by these means the thickness of the space-lines1 or leads is not only more uniformly secured1 but far greater regularity obtained in the lengths cut4 ,here1 as in the large type1 as above mentioned1 ,pica is the standard which regulates the lead2 in other words1 leads are cast as #c to a pica1 that is1 #c leads form the solid measurement of the ,pica body2 #d-to-pica requires #d leads1 and the body of the lead continues to decrease according to the prefixed figure1 which simply denotes into how many parts the pica is to be divided4 ,leads are cast so delicately fine that #af form the pica1 but they are seldom used4 ,in many of the ,news offices brass space-lines have superseded those cast from type-metal4 ,the method of manufacturing type is---- ,the face having been determined upon----light or heavy1 round or narrow1 as well as the thickness of the downstroke----a piece of prepared soft iron is taken1 and upon the tip-end thereof the proposed letter is cut in relief2 when this cutting is finished it is case-hardened1 and afterwards styled the punch4 ,the strike is the next operation4 ,the punch 7the letter cut upon which1 by-the-bye1 is backward7 is now punched1 or struck1 into an oblong piece of copper1 about #c inches long and #a_/crd of an inch thick1 the breadth such as the size of the letter may require3 this is the matrix4 ,a most particular part has now to be performed1 called justifying2 which means that the matrices shall1 when placed in the mould1 deliver the letters perfectly upright1 and all to be true on a line as fine as a razor's edge4 ,when the process of justifying is accomplished1 the matrix is fixed at the bottom of a mould1 of the shape of a parallelogram1 of the size of the body one way1 of the width of the letter the other1 and the depth the standard height of the type2 the molten metal is forced down this tube1 either by hand or by a pump worked by hand or steam1 the metal filling the matrix 7the sunk letter upon which is now forward7 receives the shape of the letter1 which is once more reversed1 or in a backward position1 like as the original punch was cut4 ,the castings are released from the mould by a very ingenious method of opening from the two diagonal corners4 ,the types as cast are forwarded on to the dressers to remove burrs and other superfluities2 then are placed in long lines in a frame for finishing2 next turned face downwards1 and a grooving plane driven across the feet to insure correctness in height2 finally looked over for blemishes1 when all faulty letters are thrown out2 the process is completed by ranging into lines of handy length1 and tied up----ready for delivery to the typographer4 ,,print,,ing ,,ink4 ,prep4----a4 ,the ,,varnish4 ,linseed or nut oil1 #aj or #bj galls41 is set over the fire in an iron pot capable of containing fully as much more2 when it boils1 it is kept stirred with an iron ladle1 and1 if it does not take fire of itself soon after the smoke begins to rise1 it is kindled by means of a piece of burning paper1 stuck in the cleft end of a long stick2 the pot is shortly afterwards removed from the fire1 and the oil is suffered to burn for about half an hour1 or until a sample of the varnish cooled upon a palette knife may be drawn into strings of about #a_/b inch long1 between the fingers2 the flame is now extinguished by the application of a closely fitting tin cover1 and1 as soon as the froth of the ebullition has subsided1 black resin is added1 in the proportion of #c_/d lb4 to #a lb4 for every quart of oil thus treated2 the mixture is next stirred until the resin is dissolved1 when dry brown soap1 cut into slices1 #a-c_/d lbs41 is further added 7cautiously71 and the ingredients are again stirred with the spatula until the whole is united1 the pot being once more placed over the fire to promote the combination2 when this is effected1 the varnish is removed from the heat1 and1 after a good stirring1 is covered over and set aside4 b4 ,the ,,ink4 ,indigo and ,prussian blue1 of each1 in fine powder1 #b-a_/b oz42 mineral lampblack 7finest71 #d lbs42 vegetable lampblack1 #c-a_/b lbs42 stir them gradually into the warm varnish 7a71 and submit the mixture to careful grinding1 either in a mill or by means of a slab and muller4 ,on the large scale1 steam power is now generally employed for this purpose4 ,an extemporaneous superfine black ink may be made by the following formula3----,take of balsam of copaiba 7pure71 #i oz42 lampblack1 #c oz42 indigo and ,prussian blue1 of each #a_/b oz42 ,indian red1 #c_/d oz42 yellow soap 7dry71 #c oz42 grind the mixture to an impalpable smoothness by means of a stone and muller4 ,canada balsam may be substituted for balsam of copaiba where the smell of the latter is objectionable1 but the ink then dries very quickly4 ,,coloured ,,printing ,,inks are made in a similar way from the following pigments3----,carmine1 lakes1 vermilion1 chrome yellow1 red lead1 orange red1 ,indian red1 ,venetian red1 for red2 orange chrome1 chrome yellow1 burnt terra di sienna1 gall-stone1 ,roman ochre1 yellow ochre1 for orange and yellow2 verdigris1 ,scheele's green1 ,schweinfurt green1 blues1 and yellows mixed1 for greens2 indigo1 ,prussian blue1 ,antwerp b41 cobalt b41 charcoal b41 for blue2 lustre1 bronze powders1 c41 for metallic colours2 and umbia1 sepia1 c41 for brown4 ,obs4 ,it is necessary to prepare two kinds of varnish1 varying in consistence1 from more or less boiling1 to be occasionally mixed together as circumstances may require2 that which answers well in hot weather being too thick in cold1 and vice vers4 ,large characters also require a thinner ink than small ones4 ,old linseed oil is preferable to new4 ,yellow resin soap is preferred for black and dark-coloured inks1 and white curd soap for light ones4 ,a good varnish may be drawn into threads like glue1 and is very thick and tenacious4 ,the oil loses from #aj to #ad by the boiling4 ,mr ,savage obtained the large medal of the ,society of ,arts for his black ink made as above4 ,a ,,printer',s ,,ink ,,easily ,,removed ,,from ,,waste ,,paper4 ,the following process for the preparation of a printer's ink that can be far more readily removed from waste paper than ordinary printer's ink has been patented by ,kirscher and ,ebner4 ,iron is dissolved in some acid----sulphuric1 hydrochloric1 acetic1 c41 will answer1 and half of the solution is oxidised with nitric acid and added to the other half and the oxide precipitated from the mixture by means of soda or potash4 ,the precipitate is thoroughly washed1 and treated with equal parts of solutions of tannic and gallic acids1 and the bluish black1 or pure black pigment formed1 is thoroughly washed and dried1 and mixed with linseed-oil varnish1 and can then be immediately used for printing from type1 copper1 wood1 steel1 or stone4 ,waste paper printed with it can be bleached by digesting it for #bd hours in a lukewarm bath of pure water1 and #aj per cent4 of caustic potash or soda1 and then grinding it well in the rag engine1 and throwing the pulp upon cloth and allowing it to drain4 ,it is then to be washed with pure water1 containing #aj per cent4 of hydrochloric1 acetic1 or oxalic acids1 or of binoxalate of potassa1 and allowed to digest for #bd hours1 and may then be worked up into paper1 or it can be dried and used as a substitute in the manufacture of finer paper4 ,,prints 7,ackerman's ,liquor for74 ,prep4 ,take of the finest pale glue and white curd soap1 of each #d oz42 boiling water1 #c pints2 dissolve1 then add of powdered alum1 #b oz4 ,used to size prints and pictures before colouring them4 ,,prints1 ,to ,bleach4 ,simple immersion of the prints in a solution of hypochlorous acid 7the article remaining in the solution for a longer or shorter space1 according to the strength of the solution7 is generally all that is required to whiten it4 ,,privies4 ,see ,,water-,,closets4 ,,proof4 ,see ,,acetimetry1 ,,alcoholometry1 c4 ,,proofs 7,correcting74 ,the specimen below1 with the notes1 will1 if carefully perused1 put the reader into possession of all the secrets of this useful art4 ,illustration ,the same corrected4 ,as the vine1 which has long twined its graceful foliage about the oak1 and been lifted by it into sunshine1 will1 when the hardy plant is rifted by the thunderbolt1 cling round it with its caressing tendrils1 and bind up its shattered boughs so is it beautifully ordered by ,providence1 that ,,woman1 who is the mere dependant and ornament of man in his happier hours1 should be his stay and solace when smitten by sudden calamity2 winding herself into the rugged recesses of his nature1 tenderly supporting the drooping head1 and binding up the broken heart4 ,it also is interesting to notice how some minds seem almost to create ,,themselves1 springing up under every disadvantage1 and working their 8solitary1 but irresistible way10 through a thousand obstacles4 ,nature seems1 c4 ,,irving4 ,explanation of the marks3 #a4 ,when a letter or word is to be in italics4 #b4 ,when a letter is turned upside down4 #c4 ,the substitution of a comma for another point or letter4 #d4 ,the insertion of a hyphen2 also marked 7-74 #e4 ,when letters should be close together4 #f4 ,when a letter or word is to be omitted4 #g4 ,when a word is to be changed to roman4 #h1 #i4 ,two methods of marking a transposition3 when there are several words to be transposed1 and they are much intermixed1 it is a common plan to number them1 and to put the usual mark in the margin4 #aj4 ,substitution of a capital for a small letter4 #aa4 ,when a word is to be changed from small letters to capitals4 #ab4 ,the transposition of letters in a word4 #ac4 ,the substitution of one word for another4 #ad4 ,when a word or letter is to be inserted4 #ae4 ,when a paragraph occurs improperly4 #af4 ,the insertion of a semicolon4 #ag4 ,when a space or quadrat stands up1 and is seen along with the type4 #ah4 ,when letters of a wrong fount are used4 #ai4 ,when words crossed off are to remain4 #bj4 ,the mark for a paragraph1 when its commencement has been neglected4 ,sometimes the sign 1 or 1 or the word #8break1' is used instead of the syllables #8,new ,par1' #ba4 ,for the insertion of a space when omitted or insufficient4 #bb4 ,to change capitals to small letters4 #bc4 ,to change small letters to small capitals4 #bd4 ,when lines or words are not straight4 #be1 #bf4 ,the insertion of inverted commas4 ,the apostrophe is similarly marked4 #bg4 ,the insertion of a period when omitted1 or in place of another point or letter4 #bh4 ,substitution of one letter for another4 #bi4 ,the method of marking an omission or insertion when too long for the side margin4 ,,propyla,,mine4 ,syn4 ,,tritylamine4 ,c#c;,h#i,n1 or ,c#c;,h#g ,h ,n4 ,h ,this compound or substituted ammonia1 in which one of the three atoms of hydrogen is displaced by the radicle propyl or trityl 7,c#c;,h#g71 is isomorphous with trimethylamine1 which has been often mistaken for it4 ,proposed as a remedy for acute and chronic rheumatism4 ,hence it is that the commercial substance known under the name of #8propylamine1' which has been proposed and employed as a remedy for rheumatism1 has been shown to be not propylamine1 but its isomer1 trimethylamine1 or a mixture of this latter1 in varying proportions1 with ammonia4 ,mendius gives the following process for the preparation of propylamine3----#cf grams of cyanide of ethyl1 #ejj grams of common alcohol1 #bjj grams of water1 and #ej grams of #bj per cent4 hydrochloric acid1 are allowed to act on excess of granulated zinc1 and then distilled4 ,the distillate is put back once1 and #djj grams of hydrochloric acid are added4 ,the product is distilled to get rid of the alcohol1 then excess of alkali added to the residue1 and the distillation continued1 whereupon propylamine and water come over4 ,mendius says #cf grams of the cyanide of ethyl yield #i grams of pure propylamine4 ,the propylamine is dried by distillation from solid potash4 ,propylamine is a bright1 colourless1 highly refracting1 very mobile liquid1 possessing a peculiar1 strongly ammoniacal odour4 ,it mixes with water1 heat being generated by the mixture4 ,it boils at #ej ,c41 and has a sp4 gr4 of #gacd at #ba ,c4 ,propylamine combines with acids1 and forms crystallised salts4 ,the chloride is a very deliquescent salt4 ,the sulphate occurs in crystals1 and is also deliquescent4 ,see ,,trimethylamine4 ,,propyl,,ic ,,alcohol4 ,c#c;,h#g,o4 ,syn4 ,,hydrated ,,oxide ,,of ,,propyl1 ,,trityl ,,alcohol4 ,a liquid boiling at #bjdh ,fahr41 obtained by repeatedly rectifying the first products of the distillation of the fusel oil of marc brandy4 ,it stands to ethylic alcohol 7ordinary alcohol7 in the same relation in which the latter stands to methylic alcohol 7pyroxylic spirit74 ,,pro,,tein4 ,the name given by ,mlder to a substance which he regarded as the original matter from which animal albumen1 casein1 and fibrin1 were derived2 but which is now considered as a product of the decomposition of those important principles by moderately strong caustic alkali4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,albumen1 casein1 or fibrin is dissolved in moderately strong potassa1 the solution heated for some time to #abj ,fahr41 and acetic acid added2 a gelatinous precipitate subsides1 which1 after being washed and dried1 is protein4 ,obs4 ,the names binoxide and teroxide of protein have been given by ,mlder to products of the long-continued action of boiling water upon fibrin in contact with the air4 ,,pro,,tide4 ,a soluble1 straw-yellow substance1 formed1 along with other products1 by the action of strong solution of potassa on albumen1 fibrin1 or casein4 ,see ,,erythroprotide4 ,,proto-4 ,see ,,nomenclature4 ,,provi,,sions 7,preservation of74 ,see ,,putrefaction4 ,,prunes4 ,fr4 ,the fruit of cultivated varieties of ,prunus domestica 7,linn474 ,the dried fruit 7,,french ,,prunes or ,,plums2 ,,prunum----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,,pruna----,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 is cooling and gently laxative1 and1 as such1 is useful in habitual costiveness and fevers4 ,prunes1 ,pulp of4 ,syn4 ,,prepared ,,prunes2 ,,pulpa ,,prunorum1 ,,prunum ,,pr,,paratum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,the imported dried fruit is boiled gently for four hours with water1 q4 s4 to cover them1 and then pressed1 first through a fine cane sieve1 and afterwards through a fine hair sieve2 the pulp is1 lastly1 evaporated by the heat of a water bath to the consistence of a confection4 ,a better plan is to use as little water as possible1 by which the necessity of subsequent evaporation is avoided4 ,used in the preparation of confection of senna4 ,,pru,,ning varies according to the kind of plant or tree operated on and the particular object in view1 and its skilful performance must1 therefore1 greatly depend on the experience and knowledge of the gardener4 8,in the operation of pruning1 the shoots are cut off close to the buds1 or at a distance not greater than the diameter of the branch to be cut off2 because without the near proximity of a bud the wounds will not heal over4 ,in shoots which produce their buds alternately the cut is made at the back of the bud sloping from it1 so that it may be readily covered by the bark in the same or in the following year2 but in the case of branches where the buds are produced opposite each other1 either one bud must be sacrificed or the branch must be cut off at right angles to its line of direction1 which is most conveniently done with the pruning shears40 7,loudon47 ,,prus,,sian ,,al,,kali4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,,prus,,sian ,,blue4 ,syn4 ,,berlin ,,blue1 ,,paris ,b41 ,,ferrocyanide ,,of ,,iron1 ,,prussiate ,,of ,i41 ,,cyanuret ,,of ,i4 ,this is the well-known blue pigment of the shops4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the crude but clear solution of ferrocyanide of potassium 7blood lye7 is precipitated by a mixed solution of alum1 #b parts1 and green sulphate of iron1 #a part2 the dingy greenish precipitate that falls gradually becomes blue by absorption of atmospheric oxygen1 which is promoted by exposure and agitation of the liquor2 as soon as it has acquired its full colour1 the sediment is repeatedly washed with water1 and is then drained1 and dried1 at first in a stove1 but afterwards on chalk stones4 ,product large1 but inferior in quality4 #b4 ,repeatedly digest and wash the precipitate obtained by the above process in very dilute hydrochloric acid1 and then in pure water2 drain and dry it1 as before4 ,superior4 #c4 7,paris blue47----a4 ,neutralise the solution of ferrocyanide of potassium 7blood lye7 with dilute sulphuric acid1 precipitate the liquid with a solution of any persalt or sesquisalt of iron 7as the persulphate1 nitrate1 sesquichloride1 or peracetate72 well wash the precipitate with water1 and dry it1 as before4 ,a very rich and intense colour4 b4 7,hochsttter47 ,crystallised ferrocyanide of potassium and green sulphate of iron1 of each #f parts1 are each separately dissolved in water1 #ae parts2 after the admixture of the solutions1 and frequent agitation1 oil of vitriol1 #a part1 and fuming hydrochloric acid1 #bd parts1 are stirred in2 after some hours have elapsed a strained solution of chloride of lime1 #a part1 dissolved in water1 #hj parts1 is gradually added1 the addition being stopped as soon as an effervescence from the escape of chlorine is perceived2 the whole is now left for #e or #f hours1 when the precipitate is thoroughly washed in pure soft water1 drained1 and dried4 ,or1 instead of the above1 the precipitate is at once washed in dilute nitric acid until its colour ceases to be improved by the process4 ,the product is of the finest quality4 ,prop4 ,insoluble in water and in dilute acids1 except the oxalic1 in solutions of which it dissolves freely when pure2 oil of vitriol dissolves it to a white pasty mass1 which is again precipitated of the usual blue colour by water2 alkalies instantly decompose it1 and so do red oxide of mercury and some other oxides when boiled with it2 it burns in the air like tinder1 leaving an ash of oxide of iron4 ,it is not poisonous4 ,pur41 c4 ,the quality of ,prussian blue may be estimated by the richness of its colour1 and by the quantity of potassa or soda required to destroy this4 ,if it effervesces with acids1 it contains chalk2 and if it forms a paste with boiling water1 it is adulterated with starch4 ,it is pure if1 8after being boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid1 ammonia throws down nothing from the filtered liquid40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,it is distinguished from indigo by exhibiting a coppery tint when broken1 but which is removed by rubbing with the nail4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the commercial ,prussian blue is not pure ferrocyanide of iron1 but a mixture of this salt with varying proportions of the ferricyanide of iron and potassium1 which also has a fine deep blue colour4 ,the object in employing alum is to prevent or lessen the precipitation of oxide of iron by the free alkali in the blood lye1 but a portion of alumina is in consequence thrown down with the blue1 and tends to render it paler and increase the product4 ,the quantity of alum employed may be varied according to the shades of the intended blue4 ,samples containing this contamination must not be employed medicinally4 7,see page #cbd47 ,prussian ,blue1 ,soluble4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,basic ,,prussian ,,blue47 ,by adding a solution of protosulphate of iron to a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium2 a bluish-white precipitate1 turning dark blue by free exposure1 is formed1 which1 after it has acquired this colour1 is washed until it begins to dissolve in the water1 and colour it blue2 it is then either collected and dried1 or is at once dissolved in pure water4 ,this variety is not precipitated from its solution by alcohol4 #b4 7,,ferrocyanide ,,of ,,potassium ,,and ,,iron47 ,by precipitating a solution of a sesquisalt or persalt of iron 7as the persulphate1 pernitrate1 peracetate1 or sesquichloride7 with a stronger solution of ferrocyanide of potassium1 so that the latter may be in considerable excess4 ,a blue precipitate is formed1 which is treated as before4 ,this variety is precipitated by alcohol4 ,both are freely soluble in pure water1 but not in water which has the slightest saline contamination4 ,hence it is that lengthened exposure to the atmosphere and the use of the common steel pen causes the gradual precipitation of this substance from its solution when used as ink4 ,see ,,writing ,,fluids4 ,,pru,,ssic ,,acid4 ,see ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 ,,pseu,,do-,,mor,,phia4 ,a substance of little importance1 occasionally found in opium4 ,it differs from morphine chiefly in not decomposing iodic acid4 ,it is said to contain nitrogen4 ,,ptis,,an4 ,syn4 ,,ptisana1 ,l4 ,a decoction made of pearl barley1 liquorice1 raisins1 and other like vegetable matters1 either alone or so slightly medicated as to be taken as a common drink in fevers1 catarrhs1 c4 ,those retained in ,english pharmacy have been already noticed4 ,the ,french physicians often employ this form of medicine4 ,the 'tisanes' of the ,p4 ,cod4 are numerous4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,infusion1 ,,julep1 ,,tisane1 c4 ,,pty,,alin4 ,a peculiar animal matter1 analogous to diastase1 obtained from the saliva4 ,it is soluble in water1 but insoluble in alcohol4 ,mialhe named ptyalin 8animal diastase10 and regarded it as the principal agent in effecting the digestion of starchy foods1 by converting them into soluble glucose4 ,one part of ptyalin1 according to ,mialhe1 was capable of transforming #hjj parts of insoluble starch into sugar4 ,it has been computed that the average daily secretion of ptyalin by an adult amounts to #aaf grains4 ,it very quickly decomposes1 and in properties somewhat resembles sodic albuminate4 ,,pucha ,,pat4 ,syn4 ,,patchouli4 ,puch pt is the dried foliaceous tops of ,pogostemon ,patchouli1 an ,indian species of ,labiat4 ,it is much used in perfumery1 particularly for making sachets2 but its odour1 although very durable1 is not so agreeable as that of many other substances1 unless it is combined with lavender1 bergamot1 ambergris1 musk1 or some other like perfume4 ,,pud,,dings4 ,the instructions given under ,,cakes1 ,,pies1 c41 will be found1 with some slight modifications1 also to apply to puddings1 and1 therefore1 need not be repeated here4 ,soyer tells us that every sort of pudding1 if sweet or savory1 is preferably dressed in a basin instead of in a cloth4 ,if boiled in a basin the paste receives all the nutriment of the materials1 which1 if boiled in a cloth1 are dissolved out by the water1 when by neglect it ceases boiling4 ,to cause them to turn well out1 the inside of the basin should be thoroughly #8larded' or rubbed with butter4 ,in the preparation of meat puddings the first and most important point is never to use any meat that is tainted2 for in pudding1 above all other dishes1 it is least possible to disguise it by the confined progress which the ingredients undergo4 ,the gradual heating of the meat1 which alone would accelerate decomposition1 will cause the smallest piece of tainted meat to contaminate all the rest4 ,be particular1 also1 that the suet and fat are not rancid1 ever remembering the grand principle that everything which gratifies the palate nourishes40 8,a pudding cloth1 however coarse1 ought never to be washed with soap2 it should be simply dried as quickly as possible1 and kept dry and free from dust1 and in a drawer or cupboard free from smell40 7,soyer47 ,,pud,,dling4 ,see ,,iron4 ,,pulmoni,,tis4 ,inflammation of the lungs4 ,,pulp4 ,syn4 ,,pulpa1 ,l4 ,the softer parts of plants1 more particularly of fruits1 separated from the fibrous and harder portions4 8,pulpy fruits1 if they be unripe1 or ripe and dried1 are to be placed in a damp situation until they become soft2 then the pulp is to be pressed out through a hair sieve2 afterwards it is to be boiled with a gentle heat1 frequently stirring2 and finally1 the 7excess of7 water is to be evaporated in a water bath1 until the pulp acquire proper consistence4 8,press the pulpy fruits which are ripe and fresh through a hair sieve1 without boiling them40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,,pulverisa,,tion4 ,the reduction of any substance to dust or powder4 ,on the small scale1 pulverisation is usually performed by means of a pestle and mortar2 on the large scale1 by stamping1 grinding or cutting the substance in a mill4 ,a few soft substances1 as carbonate of magnesia1 carbonate of lead1 c41 may be pulverised by simply rubbing them through a fine sieve1 placed over a sheet of paper2 whilst many hard1 gritty substances can only be reduced to fine powder by porphyrisation or levigation4 ,elutriation1 or #8washing over1' is adopted for several substances1 as chalk1 antimony1 c41 which are required to be reduced to fine powder on the large scale4 ,for some articles which are very tough1 fibrous1 or resisting1 a rasp or file is employed4 ,whichever of these methods is adopted1 the body to be powdered must be very dry1 and where spontaneous drying is insufficient1 artificial desiccation in a stove or oven1 gently heated1 is employed4 ,to facilitate this1 the substance should be first cut into pieces or crushed small4 ,on the other hand1 a few substances1 as rice1 sago1 nux vomica1 and ,st ,ignatius's bean1 are often soaked in water1 or steamed1 before being further operated on4 ,whenever a substance cannot be dried completely1 without an alteration of its properties1 an intermedium is had recourse to1 by which the moisture may be absorbed1 or its state of aggregation modified4 ,thus1 sugar is employed in pulverising civet1 musk1 nutmeg1 and vanilla4 ,when camphor is to be pulverised1 the addition of a very small quantity of alcohol renders the operation easy4 ,in other cases the intermedium is of so hard a nature as to assist in breaking down the substance to be powdered2 thus1 gold leaf is reduced to powder by rubbing it with sulphate of potassa1 and afterwards removing this last by means of water4 ,fusible metals1 as zinc and tin1 are powdered by pouring them into a mortar1 and stirring them rapidly whilst cooling2 or1 by briskly agitating them1 in the melted state1 in a wooden box covered with chalk or whiting4 ,phosphorus is powdered by melting it in urine or lime water1 and then shaking the bottle until its contents have become quite cold4 ,glass1 quartz1 and silicated stones1 require to be heated red hot1 and in this state to be thrown into cold water1 by which they become sufficiently friable to admit of pulverisation4 ,many salts which are reduced to fine powder with very great difficulty1 and do not dissolve in spirit of wine1 are easily obtained in a pulverulent form1 by agitating their concentrated aqueous solution with a considerable quantity of rectified spirit2 the disengaged fine crystallised powder may then be dried1 and further divided by trituration4 ,potassio tartrate of antimony may be advantageously thus treated4 ,a large number of salts1 including nitre1 sal ammoniac1 and carbonate of potash1 may also be reduced to powder by keeping their solutions in a state of constant and violent agitation during their rapid evaporation4 ,the following rules should be observed in the preparation of powders3---- #a4 ,if possible1 perfectly dry articles should alone be operated on1 and only in dry weather4 #b4 ,the nature of the mortar1 and the mode of operating1 should be adapted to the nature of the substance4 ,thus1 woods and barks should be pulverised in an iron mortar2 sugar1 alum1 and nitre1 in one of marble or wedgwood-ware2 and corrosive sublimate1 only in one of glass4 #c4 ,the mortar should be provided with a cover1 to prevent loss and annoyance to the operator4 ,if much powder escapes1 or if it is dangerous or disagreeable when breathed1 or if the substance is rare or costly1 the mortar should be covered with a skin of leather1 to which the pestle is attached1 so that the latter may be freely moved without causing the slightest opening for the escape of the dust occasioned by the process4 ,when aloes or gamboge is powdered1 a few drops of olive oil are commonly added with the same intention4 #d4 ,the pulverised portions should be separated from time to time by aid of a sieve1 the coarser particles being returned to the mortar to be again beaten and triturated2 and this alternate pulverisation and sifting is to be repeated until the process is complete4 ,,pum,,ice ,,stone4 ,syn4 ,,pumex1 ,,lapis ,,pumiceus1 ,l4 ,,pumicis1 ,l4 ,found in the neighbourhood of volcanoes4 ,used1 in the solid form1 to polish wood1 paint1 c42 also1 when pulverised1 as a polishing powder for glass1 bone1 ivory1 marble1 metals1 c4 ,,pump ,,for ,,use ,,in ,,chemical1 ,,paper1 and other ,works4 ,the ,perreaux ,pump ,valve is made of vulcanised india rubber1 and is of the form of the valves in the human body4 ,it is of the greatest1 and perhaps the really only valuable improvement in valves applicable1 equally1 to the common hand or jack pump1 and the most elaborate mechanical combinations for raising water4 ,the valve may be taken as the key of the pump2 a perfect valve renders an indifferent pump a valuable and effective machine1 whereas an imperfect valve1 in an otherwise excellently constructed pump1 renders it practically useless4 ,the pump which ,simon the tanner1 of ,joppa1 used for pumping his pits1 nearly two thousand years ago1 may be taken as the type of the common hand pump in use to this day4 ,various mechanical improvements have been made in its form and construction1 but1 practically1 and effectively1 the only real and valuable improvement is the ,perreaux valve1 now under consideration4 ,constructed of a flexible material1 and made in form1 as nearly as may be1 to the valves of the human body1 they may be said to be automatic in their action1 or self acting2 upon the pump being actuated1 the least motion of the pump ensuring a corresponding action of the valve1 and the most rapid action of the pump1 being equally responded to by the pulsation of the valves4 ,although the most perfect valves for pumping clear water1 because1 what is mechanically termed the duty of the pump is complete1 in other words1 the quantity displaced is discharged1 absolutely without loss1 yet their most valuable feature is that they pump semi-fluids equally well as clear water4 ,for the pulps and stuffs in paper mills1 for bleaches1 dyes1 and corrosive liquors1 for liquid manures and other such semi-fluids1 they stand alone1 they are absolutely unchokable4 ,used in conjunction with cylinders or barrels made of toughened glass1 they form the most perfect pump where the fluid to be raised is of a caustic or corrosive nature1 and where the fluid would be destructive to or destroyed by its action upon metals1 such for example as the caustic bleach used in the manufacture of paper1 c4 ,see ,,valves4 ,,punch4 ,an acidulous1 intoxicating beverage1 composed of water sweetened with sugar1 with a mixture of lemon juice and spirit1 to which some aromatic1 as nutmeg1 mace1 or cinnamon1 is occasionally added4 ,wine is sometimes substituted for spirit4 ,it is much less drunk than formerly4 ,rum punch is the most popular amongst sailors1 who are now the principal consumers of this beverage4 ,prep4 #a4 ,juice of #c or #d lemons2 yellow peel of #a lemon2 lump sugar1 #c_/d lb42 boiling water1 #c-a_/b pints2 infuse #a_/b an hour1 strain1 and add1 of bitter ale1 #a_/b pint2 rum and brandy1 of each #c_/d to #a pint 7or rum alone1 #a-a_/b to #b pints74 ,more hot water and sugar may be added if the punch is desired either weaker or sweeter4 #b4 7,,cold ,,punch47 ,from arrack1 port wine1 and water1 of each #a pint2 juice of #d lemons2 white sugar1 #a lb4 #c4 7,,gin ,,punch47 ,from the yellow peel of #a_/b a lemon2 juice of #a lemon2 strongest gin1 #c_/d pint2 water1 #a-c_/d pint2 sherry1 #a glassful4 #d4 7,,iced ,,punch47 ,from champagne or ,rhenish wine1 #a quart2 arrack1 #a pint2 juice of #f lemons2 yellow peel of #c lemons2 white sugar1 #a lb42 soda water1 #a or #b bottles2 to be iced as cream4 #e4 7,,milk ,,punch2 ,,verder47 ,steep the yellow rinds of #ah lemons and #f oranges1 for #b days1 in rum or brandy1 #b quarts2 then add #c quarts more of either spirit2 hot water1 #c quarts2 lemon juice1 #a quart2 loaf sugar1 #d lbs42 #b nutmegs1 grated2 and boiling milk1 #b quarts2 mix well1 and in #b hours strain the liquor through a jelly-bag4 #f4 7,,norfolk ,,punch47 ,take of ,french brandy1 #bj quarts2 yellow peels of #ah oranges and #cj lemons2 infuse for #ab hours2 add1 of cold water1 #cj quarts2 lump sugar1 #bj lbs42 and the juice of the oranges and lemons2 mix well1 strain through a hair sieve1 add of new milk #b quarts1 and in #f weeks bottle in4 ,keeps well4 #g4 7,,orange ,,punch47 ,as ,no4 #a1 using oranges1 and adding some orange wine1 if at hand4 ,a little curacoa1 noyau1 or mareschino improves it4 #h4 7,,raspberry ,,punch47 ,as the last1 but using raspberry juice1 or raspberry vinegar1 for the oranges or lemons4 #i4 7,,regent',s ,,punch47 ,from strong hot green tea1 lemon juice1 and capillaire1 of each #a-a_/b pint2 rum1 brandy1 arrack1 and curacoa1 of each #a pint2 champagne1 #a bottle2 mix and slice a pineapple into it4 #aj4 7,,tea ,,punch47 ,from strong hot tea1 #a quart2 arrack1 #a_/b bottle2 white sugar1 #f oz42 juice of #h lemons2 and the yellow rinds of #d lemons2 mixed together4 #aa4 7,,wine ,,punch47 ,from white sugar1 #a lb42 yellow peel of #c lemons2 juice of #i lemons2 arrack1 #a pint2 port or sherry 7hot71 #a gall42 cinnamon1 #a_/d oz42 nutmeg1 #a dr42 mix4 #ab4 7,,yankee ,,punch47 ,macerate sliced pineapple1 #c oz42 vanilla1 #f gr42 and ambergris 7rubbed with a little sugar71 #a gr41 in the strongest pale brandy1 #a pint1 for a few hours1 with frequent agitation2 then strain with expression2 add1 of lemon juice1 #a pint2 lemon syrup1 and either claret or port wine1 of each #a bottle2 with sugar1 #a_/b lb41 dissolved in boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,see ,,shrub4 ,,purg,,atives4 ,syn4 ,,dejectoria1 ,,purgantia1 ,,purgativa1 ,l4 ,these have been divided into five orders or classes1 according to their particular actions4 ,the following are the principal of each class3---- #a4 7,,laxatives1 ,,lenitives1 or ,,mild ,,cathartics47 ,manna1 cassia pulp1 tamarinds1 prunes1 honey1 phosphate of soda2 castor1 almond1 and olive oils2 ripe fruit4 #b4 7,,saline or ,,cooling ,,laxatives47 ,epsom salt1 ,glauber's salt1 phosphate of soda 7tasteless salt71 seidlitz powders1 c4 #c4 7,,active ,,cathartics1 occasionally acrid1 frequently tonic and stomachic47 ,rhubarb1 senna1 aloes1 c4 #d4 7,,drastic or ,,violent ,,cathartics47 ,jalap1 scammony1 gamboge1 croton oil1 colocynth1 elaterium1 c4 #e4 7,,mercurial ,,purgatives47 ,calomel1 blue-pill1 quicksilver with chalk1 c4 ,in prescribing purgatives regard should be had to the particular portion of the alimentary canal on which we desire more immediately to act1 as well as to the manner in which the medicine effects its purpose4 ,thus1 ,epsom salt1 sulphate of potassa1 and rhubarb1 act chiefly on the duodenum2 aloes on the rectum2 blue-pill1 calomel1 and jalap on the larger intestines generally2 and tartrate and bitartrate of potassa1 and sulphur on the whole length of the intestinal canal4 ,again1 others are stimulant1 as aloes1 croton oil1 jalap1 scammony1 c42 others are refrigerant1 as most of the saline aperients2 magnesia and its carbonate are both aperient and antacid2 whilst another class1 including rhubarb1 damask roses1 c41 are astringent4 ,further1 some produce only serous or watery dejections1 without greatly increasing the peristaltic action of the bowels2 whilst a few occasion a copious discharge of the fces in an apparently natural form4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,mixture1 ,,pills1 ,,prescribing1 c4 ,,purl4 ,prep4 ,to ale or beer1 #a_/b pint1 gently warmed1 add of bitters1 #a wine-glassful1 or q4 s4 ,some add a little spirit4 ,a favourite beverage with hard drinkers early in the morning4 ,,pur,,ple4 ,a rich compound colour1 produced by the admixture of pure blue and pure red4 ,this colour has always been the distinguishing badge of royalty and distinction4 ,the celebrated ,tyrian purple was produced from a shell-fish called murex4 ,purple ,aniline4 ,syn4 ,,perkin',s ,,purple1 ,,mauve4 ,this valuable dye-stuff is prepared under ,w4 ,h4 ,perkin's patent1 by mixing solutions of sulphate of aniline and bichromate of potassa in equivalent proportions1 and1 after some hours1 washing the black precipitate with water1 drying it1 digesting it repeatedly in coal-tar naphtha1 and1 finally1 dissolving it in boiling alcohol4 ,it may be further purified by evaporating the alcoholic solution to dryness1 dissolving the residue in a large quantity of boiling water1 reprecipitating by caustic soda1 washing with water1 dissolving in alcohol1 filtering1 and evaporating to dryness4 ,thus purified1 mauve forms a brittle substance1 having a bronze-coloured surface4 ,it imparts a deep purple colour to cold water1 though dissolving sparingly in that liquid2 it is more soluble in hot water1 and very soluble in alcohol4 ,see ,,purple ,,dye 7below71 and ,,tar ,,colours4 ,purple of ,cassius4 ,syn4 ,,purple ,,precipitate ,,of ,,cassius1 ,,gold ,,purple1 ,,gold ,,prepared ,,with ,,tin2 ,,aurum ,,stanno ,,paratum1 ,,purpura ,,mineralis ,,casii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,crystallised protochloride of tin1 #a part2 crystallised perchloride of tin1 #b parts2 dissolve each separately1 mix the solutions1 and add of crystallised terchloride of gold 7in solution71 #a part2 carefully wash1 and dry the precipitate4 ,very fine4 #b4 7,frick47 ,dissolve pure grain tin in cold dilute aqua regia until the fluid becomes faintly opalescent1 then take the metal out and weigh it2 next1 dilute the solution largely with water1 and add1 simultaneously1 a dilute solution of gold and dilute sulphuric acid in such proportion that the tin in the one shall be to the gold in the other in the ratio of #aj to #cf4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,terchloride of gold1 #a part1 is dissolved in distilled water1 #bjj parts2 another solution is made by dissolving in the cold1 pure tin1 #a part1 in a mixture of nitric acid1 #a part1 and hydrochloric acid1 #b parts2 this last solution is diluted with distilled water1 #ajj parts1 and is then added to the solution of terchloride of gold until precipitation ceases to take place2 the powder is1 lastly1 washed by decantation1 and dried by a very gentle heat4 #d4 ,silver1 #aej parts2 gold1 #bj parts2 pure grain tin1 #ce parts2 fuse them together under charcoal and borax1 cool1 laminate1 and dissolve out the silver with nitric acid4 ,obs4 ,purple of ,cassius is generally supposed to be a combination of oxide of gold and sesquioxide of tin1 in which the latter acts as an acid4 ,heat resolves it into a mixture of metallic gold and binoxide of tin4 ,it is used as a purple in porcelain painting1 and to communicate a ruby-red colour to glass1 when melted in open vessels4 ,,purple ,,dye4 ,the purples now in vogue are the numerous shades of #8mauve' and #8magenta' obtained by the #8aniline colours4' 7,see above1 also ,,red47 ,for silk and woollen goods no mordant is required4 ,the proper proportion of the clear alcoholic solution is mixed with water slightly warm1 any scum that may form is cleared off1 and the goods are entered and worked until the required shade is obtained2 a small quantity of acetic or tartaric acid is recommended to be added in some cases4 ,for dyeing on cotton with the aniline colours1 the cloth or yarn is steeped in sumac or tannic acid1 dyed in the colour1 and then fixed by tin2 or it may be steeped in sumac and mordanted with tin1 and then dyed4 ,purples were formerly1 and are still occasionally1 produced by first dyeing a blue in the #8indigo vat1' and then dyeing a cochineal or lac scarlet upon the top4 ,see ,,violet ,,dye4 ,,pur,,purate ,,of ,,ammo,,nia4 ,see ,,murexide4 ,,purpu,,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,murexan4 ,,purpurin4 ,c#i;,h#f,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,madder ,,purple4 ,the name given by ,robiquet and ,colin to a beautiful colouring principle obtained from madder4 ,prep4 ,coarsely powdered madder is allowed to ferment with water1 after which it is boiled in a strong solution of alum2 the decoction is next mixed with sulphuric acid1 and the resulting red precipitate is purified by one or more crystallisations from alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,crystalline red needles1 insoluble in cold water1 but soluble in hot water1 and in alcohol1 ether1 and solutions of alum and the alkalies4 ,it differs from alizarin or madder red in containing #b atoms less of carbon4 ,,pur,,ree4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,yellow4 ,a yellow substance1 of doubtful origin1 imported from ,china and ,india1 and now extensively used in both oil and water-colour painting4 ,according to the researches of ,stenhouse and ,erdmann it consists of purreic acid1 a strongly tinctorial vegetable substance1 united to magnesia4 ,,purre,,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,euxanthic ,,acid4 ,this substance is obtained from purree4 ,it crystallises in nearly colourless needles1 which are only sparingly soluble in cold water1 and forms rich yellow-coloured compounds with the alkalies and earths4 ,heat converts it into a neutral1 crystallisable substance1 called purrenone4 ,,pus4 ,the cream-like1 white or yellowish liquid secreted by wounded surfaces1 abscesses1 sores1 c4 ,,putrefac,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,putrefactio1 ,l4 ,the spontaneous decomposition of animal and nitrogenised vegetable substances1 under the joint influence of warmth1 air1 and moisture4 ,the solid and fluid matters are resolved into gaseous compounds and vapours1 which escape1 and into earthy matters1 which remain4 ,the most striking characteristic of this species of decomposition is the ammoniacal or fetid exhalations that constantly accompany it4 ,the nature of putrefaction1 and the conditions essential to its occurrence1 have been briefly alluded to under fermentation1 to which we must refer the reader4 ,it may here1 however1 be useful to reiterate that this change can only be prevented by the abstraction or exclusion of the conditions essential to its occurrence4 ,this may be affected by----reduction of temperature1----exclusion of atmospheric air1 or----the abstraction of moisture4 ,the antiseptic processes in common use are effective in precisely the same degree as these preventive means are carried out4 ,frozen meat may be preserved for an unlimited period1 while the same substance will scarcely keep for more than a few days at the ordinary heat of summer4 ,animal substances will also remain uninjured for a long period if kept in vessels from which the air is entirely excluded1 as in the process now so extensively adopted for the preservation of fresh meat for the use of our army and marine4 ,the third condition is fulfilled when nitrogenised matter is preserved in alcohol1 brine1 or any similar fluid1 and when it is dried4 ,in either case water is abstracted from the surface1 which then loses its propensity to putrefy1 and forms an impervious layer1 which excludes atmospheric oxygen from the interior and softer portion of the substance4 ,creasote1 and most of the antiseptic salts1 also act in this way4 ,among special antiseptic processes are the following3 ,,application ,,of ,,cold4 ,the accession of putrefaction is prevented1 and its progress arrested1 by a temperature below that at which water freezes4 ,in the colder climates of the world1 butchers' meat1 poultry1 and even vegetables1 are preserved from one season to the other in the frozen state4 ,in ,north ,america millions are thus supplied with animal food1 which1 we can state1 from personal experience1 is often superior in flavour1 tenderness1 and apparent freshness1 to that from the recently killed animal4 ,in temperate climates1 and in cold ones during their short summer1 ice-houses and ice-safes afford a temperature sufficiently low for keeping meat fresh and sweet for an indefinite period4 ,substances preserved in this manner should be allowed to gradually assume their natural condition before cooking them2 and on no account should they be plunged into hot water1 or put before the fire1 whilst in the frozen state4 ,,bucaning4 ,a rude kind of drying and smoking meat1 cut into thin slices1 practised by hunters in the prairies and forests4 ,,desiccation or ,,drying4 ,in this way every article of food1 both animal and vegetable1 may be preserved without the application of salt or other foreign matter4 ,the proper method is to expose the substances1 cut into slices or small fragments1 in the sun1 or in a current of warm dry air1 the temperature of which should be under #adj ,fahr4 ,articles so treated1 when immersed for a short time in cold water1 to allow the albumen and organic fibres to swell1 and then boiled in the same water1 are nearly as nutritious as fresh meat cooked in the same manner4 ,if a higher degree of heat than #adj be employed for animal substances1 they become hard and insipid4 ,owing to the practical difficulties in the way of applying the above process to fresh meats1 it is usually employed in conjunction with either salting or smoking1 and1 frequently1 with both of them4 ,,exclusion ,,of ,,atmospheric ,,air4 ,this is effected by the method of preserving in sugar1 potting in oil1 and1 more particularly1 by some of the patented methods noticed below4 ,fresh meat may be preserved for some months in that state1 by keeping it in water perfectly deprived of air4 ,in practice some iron filings and sulphur may be placed at the bottom of the vessel1 over which must be set the meat2 over the whole is gently poured recently boiled water1 and the vessel is at once closed1 so as to exclude the external air4 ,,immersion ,,in ,,antiseptic ,,liquids4 ,one of the commonest and most effective liquids employed for this purpose is alcohol of #fj to #gj1 to which a little camphor1 ammonia1 sal ammoniac1 or common salt1 is occasionally added4 ,a cheaper and equally efficient plan is to employ a weak spirit holding a little creasote in solution4 ,a weak solution of sulphurous acid may be substituted for alcohol4 ,weak solutions of alum1 or carbolic acid1 with or without the addition of a few grains of corrosive sublimate1 or of arsenious acid1 are also highly antiseptic4 ,these are chiefly employed for anatomical specimens1 c4 ,a solution containing only #a_/fjjth part of nitrate of silver is likewise very effective2 but1 from this salt being poisonous1 it cannot be employed for preserving articles of food4 ,butchers' meat is occasionally pickled in vinegar4 ,by immersing it for #a hour in water holding #a_/djjth part of creasote in solution1 it may be preserved unchanged for some time even during summer4 ,,injection ,,of ,,antiseptic ,,liquids into the veins or arteries of the recently killed animal4 ,it is found that the sooner this is done after the slaughter of the animal the more effective it becomes1 as the absorbent power of the vessels rapidly decrease by age4 ,see ,,gannal',s ,,process 7below74 ,,jerking is a method of preserving flesh sometimes adopted in hot climates4 ,it consists in cutting the lean parts of the meat into thin slices1 and exposing these to the sunshine until quite dry and brittle1 when they are bruised in a mortar1 and pressed into pots4 ,,pickling ,,in ,,vinegar4 ,in this method the substances1 rendered as dry as possible by exposure to the air1 are placed in glass or stoneware jars 7not salt-glazed71 or wooden vessels1 when strong vinegar1 either cold or boiling hot1 is poured over them1 and the vessel at once closely corked or otherwise covered up1 and preserved in a cool situation4 ,meat is occasionally thus treated2 vegetables frequently so4 ,see ,,pickle4 ,,potting ,,in ,,oil4 ,in this case salad or olive oil is substituted for vinegar 7see above71 and is always used cold4 ,,salting acts chiefly by abstracting water from the albuminous portions of the meat1 by which its disposition to change is lessened4 ,,smoking4 ,this process1 which1 as well as the last1 is referred to further on1 acts both by the abstraction of moisture and the antiseptic properties of certain substances 7creasote1 c47 contained in wood smoke4 ,fresh meat and fish are occasionally smoked2 but1 in general1 substances intended to be thus treated are first salted4 ,in ,donkin and ,gamble's patent process the substances1 previously parboiled1 are placed in small tin cylinders1 which are then filled up with rich soup2 the lids are next soldered on quite air-tight1 and a small hole is afterwards made in the centre2 the cylinders are then placed in a bath of strong brine1 or a strong solution of chloride of calcium1 which is at once heated to the boiling point1 to nearly complete the cooking process2 after which the small hole in the lid is hermetically sealed by covering it with solder while the vessel still remains boiling hot2 the tins are1 lastly1 again submitted to heat in the heated bath1 the duration of which is proportioned to the quantity and character of their contents1 the #8dressing' of which is to be perfected by this operation4 ,the ends of the tins1 on cooling1 assume a concave form1 from the pressure of the atmosphere1 without which they cannot be air-tight1 and the process has been unsuccessful4 ,to determine this1 the patentees expose the canisters1 prepared as before1 for at least a month in an apartment heated to about #ajj ,fahr42 when1 if the process has failed1 putrefaction commences1 and the ends of the cases1 instead of remaining concave1 bulge or become convex4 ,this is called the #8test4' ,by this process1 which was invented by ,m4 ,appert in ,france about the year #ahjh1 fish1 flesh1 poultry1 and vegetables may be preserved for years in any climate4 ,goldner's process differs somewhat from the preceding1 in the employment of a higher degree of heat1 more hastily applied1 and not prolonged or repeated after the tins are soldered up4 ,gannal's process1 having for its object the preservation of butchers' meat in the fresh state1 depends on the peculiarly absorbent property of the flesh of recently killed animals1 above referred to4 ,this process consists in injecting a solution of sulphate of alumina1 or1 better1 of chloride of aluminium1 of the sp4 gr4 #ajgj to #ajhe 7#aj to #ab ,baum71 into the carotid artery1 by means of a syphon1 as soon as the blood ceases to flow from the slaughtered animal2 both extremities of the jugular vein being previously tied4 #i to #ab quarts of the solution are sufficient for an ox1 and a proportionate quantity for smaller animals4 ,a less quantity is also required in winter than summer4 ,when the animal has been well bled1 and the injection skilfully performed1 it is scarcely perceptible that the animal has undergone any preparation4 ,the injected animal is cut up in the usual way2 and when intended to be eaten within #b or #c weeks merely requires to be hung up in a dry1 airy situation free from flies2 but if it is to be kept for a longer period1 it is directed to be washed with a mixed solution of common salt and chloride of aluminium at #aj ,baum1 and then simply dried and packed in clean air-tight barrels1 and kept in a cool1 dry place4 ,if the air cannot be perfectly excluded1 it should be packed in dry salt1 not for the purpose of preserving it1 but to prevent the vegetation of bissus1 as1 without this precaution1 the meat becomes musty from exposure and the action of moisture4 ,meat preserved by this process may be kept for several years1 and merely requires soaking for #bd hours in water1 for the purpose of swelling its pores1 to give it the appearance and taste of fresh meat1 fit for either roasting or boiling4 ,for hot climates a somewhat stronger solution1 or a larger quantity of the usual one1 may be injected4 ,the use of the strong solutions ordered in some recent works1 however1 deprives the flesh of a portion of its apparent freshness1 and makes it more nearly approach in flavour to that which has been slightly salted in the ordinary manner4 ,in addition to the above it may be added that both flesh and fish may be preserved by dipping them into1 or brushing them over with1 pyroligneous acid1 and then drying them4 ,this gives them a smoky flavour2 but if pure acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l47 be used1 no taste will be imparted4 ,these fluids may be applied by means of a clean painter's brush1 or even a stiff feather4 ,a table-spoonful is sufficient to brush over a large surface4 ,fish and flesh so prepared will bear a voyage to the ,east ,indies and back1 uninjured4 ,fish may also be preserved in a dry state1 and perfectly fresh1 by means of sugar alone4 ,fresh fish may be thus kept for some days1 so as to be as good when boiled as if just caught4 ,if dried and kept free from mouldiness1 there seems no limit to their preservation2 and they are much more nutritious in this way than when salted4 ,this process is particularly valuable in making what is called #8kippered salmon1' and the fish preserved in this manner are far superior in quality and flavour to those which are salted or smoked4 ,a few tablespoonfuls of brown sugar are sufficient for a salmon of five or six pounds' weight2 and if salt be desired1 a teaspoonful or two may be added4 ,saltpetre may be used instead of salt1 if it be wished to make the kipper hard4 ,the well-known property possessed by ether1 alcohol1 pyroxylic spirit1 chloroform1 and certain other hydrocarbons1 of averting putrefaction1 has been thus applied by ,m4 ,robin3----,he encloses the meat or other substances to be preserved in a glass case1 along with a sponge or a capsule containing the preservative liquid1 which latter is continually evolved in a vaporous condition1 and exercises the preservative agency4 ,in this way the vapours of hydrocyanic acid are found to be very efficacious4 ,camphor is thus employed in the ,,mummy ,,cases in the ,british ,museum4 ,it has been asserted by ,mr ,george ,hamilton that in an atmosphere of binoxide of nitrogen1 in the dark1 flesh preserves its natural colour and freshness for about five months2 and eats well provided it be boiled in open vessels1 to expel nitrous fumes4 ,see ,,candying1 ,,egg1 ,,fish1 ,,fruit1 ,,milk1 ,,pickles1 ,,potting1 ,,preserves1 ,,salting1 ,,smoking1 ,,stuffing1 ,,vegetable ,,substances1 c4 ,,put,,ty4 ,this name is given to the following preparations 7when used alone4 #8,glazier's putty' is generally indicated73---- ,putty1 ,glazier's4 ,from whiting made into a stiff paste with drying oil4 ,it is used to fix panes of glass in sashes1 to fill holes and cracks in wood before painting it1 c4 ,putty1 ,plasterer's4 ,a fine cement used by plasterers1 made of lime only4 ,it differs from #8,,fine ,,stuff' in the absence of hair4 ,putty1 ,polisher's4 ,syn4 ,,putty ,,powder1 ,,calcine2 ,,cineres ,,stanni1 ,,stanni ,,oxydum ,,crudum1 ,l4 ,a crude peroxide of tin1 obtained by exposing metallic tin in a reverberatory furnace1 and raking off the dross as it forms2 this is afterwards calcined until it becomes whitish1 and is then reduced to powder4 ,another method is to melt tin with rather more than an equal weight of lead1 and then to rapidly raise the heat so as to render the mixed metal red hot1 when the tin will be immediately flung out in the state of #8putty' or #8peroxide4' ,the products of both these processes are very hard1 and are used for polishing glass and japan work1 and to colour opaque white enamel4 ,see ,,tin4 ,putty1 ,to ,soften4 ,take #a lb4 of ,american pearlash and #c lbs4 of quick-lime4 ,after slaking the lime in water add the pearlash1 and let the mixture be made of a consistence about the same as that of paint4 ,when required for use apply it to both sides of the glass1 and let it remain in contact with the putty for twelve hours2 after which the putty will have become so softened that the glass may be removed from the frame without any difficulty4 ,,puzzola,,na4 ,,puozzolana1 or1 more correctly1 ,,puzzuolana1 is a volcanic ash found at ,puzzuoli1 near ,naples4 ,when mixed with lime it forms an excellent hydraulic cement4 ,a good ,,factitious ,,puzzolana may be made by heating a mixture of #c bushels of clay and #a bushel of fresh-slaked lime for some hours to redness4 7,m4 ,bruyere47 ,see ,,cement and ,,mortar4 ,,pyri,,tes4 ,a term applied to several native metallic sulphides4 ,,iron ,,pyrites is the best known of these4 ,,py,,ro-4 ,the term is applied to several acids that are obtained by the action of heat on other substances2 as1 ,,pyrogallic ,,acid1 ,,pyroligneous ,a41 c4 ,,pyroace,,tic ,,spirit4 ,see ,,spirit 7,pyroacetic74 ,,pyrogal,,lic ,,acid4 ,,hc#f;,h#e,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,pyrogallicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from either gallic or tannic acid1 heated in a retort by means of an oil bath1 and steadily maintained at a temperature of about #dbj ,fahr4 as long as crystals are formed in the neck of the retort1 or in the receiver1 both of which should be kept well cooled4 ,pure4 ,if a much higher heat is employed1 the product consists chiefly of metagallic acid4 #b4 ,from ,aleppo galls1 in very coarse powder1 heated in a dish covered with thin filtering paper pasted to its edge1 and connected with a well-cooled receiver4 ,dr ,ure says that the so-called ,chinese galls furnish1 by dry distillation1 a 8very concentrated solution of pyrogallic acid1 which1 evaporated on the water bath1 yields of brown crystalline pyrogallic acid nearly #ae of the weight of the galls40 #c4 7,dr ,stenhouse47 ,by sublimation from the dry aqueous extract of nut-galls1 in a ,mohr's apparatus1 in the same way that benzoic acid is obtained from benzoin resin1 observing the precautions referred to in ,no4 #a 7above74 ,nearly pure4 ,the product is fully #aj of the weight of extract operated on4 ,prop4 ,light crystals1 which1 when perfectly pure1 are quite white2 freely soluble in water1 but the solution cannot be evaporated without turning black and suffering decomposition2 it strikes a rich blackish-blue colour with the protosalts of iron1 and reduces those of the sesquioxide to the state of protoxide2 when heated to #dhj ,fahr41 it is converted into ,,metagallic ,,acid and water4 ,uses1 c4 ,pure pyrogallic acid is now very extensively employed in photography4 ,a solution of the crude acid mixed with a little spirit is used to dye the hair1 to which it imparts a fine brown colour1 but has the disadvantage of also staining the skin when applied to it4 ,,py,,rogen ,,acids4 ,those generated by heat4 ,,pyro,,la4 ,see ,,winter ,,green4 ,,pyrolig,,neous ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,vinegar ,,of ,,wood1 ,,spirit ,,of ,w41 ,,smoking ,,liquor1 ,,essence ,,of ,,smoke2 ,,acidum ,,pyrolignosum1 ,l4 ,impure acetic acid1 obtained by the destructive distillation of wood in close vessels4 ,it comes over along with tar creasote1 and other liquid and gaseous matters4 ,in this state it contains much empyreumatic matter in solution2 but by separation from the tar1 saturation with slaked lime or chalk1 defecation1 and evaporation1 an impure acetate of pyrolignate of lime is obtained1 which1 after being gently heated1 to destroy part of its empyreumatic matter1 without injuring its acetic acid1 is again dissolved and defecated1 and then precipitated by a solution of sulphate of soda1 when a solution of acetate of soda and a precipitate of sulphate of lime are formed by double decomposition4 ,the solution is next evaporated to dryness1 the dry mass 7pyrolignite of soda7 dissolved in water1 and the new solution filtered and recrystallised4 ,the crystals of acetate of soda1 obtained by the last process1 yield nearly pure acetic acid by distillation along with sulphuric acid4 ,see ,,acetic ,,acid and ,,vinegar4 ,,pyrolig,,neous ,,spirit4 ,see ,,spirit 7,pyroxilic74 ,,pyrom,,eter4 ,an instrument to measure high degrees of heat4 ,,wedgwood',s ,,pyrometer1 the one best known1 depends on the property which clay possesses of contracting when strongly heated4 ,,prof ,,daniel',s ,,pyrometer consists1 essentially1 of a small rod or bar of platinum1 which acts in a precisely opposite manner to the preceding1 viz41 by its expansion4 ,,pyroph,,orus4 ,syn4 ,,luft-,,zunder1 ,ger4 ,any substance that inflames spontaneously when exposed to the air4 ,prep4 #a4 ,neutral chromate of lead1 #f parts2 sulphur1 #a part2 triturate them with water1 q4 s4 to form a paste1 and make this into pellets2 dry these perfectly by a gentle heat1 then heat them in a closed tube until the sulphur is all driven off2 lastly1 transfer them to a stoppered phial4 #b4 7,,homberg',s ,,pyrophorus47 ,from alum and brown sugar1 equal parts2 stir the mixture in an iron ladle over the fire until dry1 then put it into an earthen or coated glass phial1 and keep it at a red heat so long as the flame is emitted2 it must then be carefully stopped up and cooled4 #c4 7,dr ,hare47 ,lampblack1 #c parts2 burnt alum1 #d parts2 carbonate of potassa1 #h parts2 as the last4 #d4 7,gay ,lussac47 ,from sulphate of potassa1 #i parts2 calcined lampblack1 #e parts2 as ,no4 #b4 #e4 ,alum1 #c parts2 wheat flour1 #a part2 as ,no4 #b4 #f4 7,,lead ,,pyrophorus----,gbel47 ,heat tartrate of lead to redness in a glass tube1 and then hermetically seal it4 ,see ,,tartrate ,,of ,,lead4 ,obs4 ,when the above are properly prepared1 a little of the powder rapidly becomes very hot1 and inflames on exposure to the air4 ,the accession of the combustion is promoted by moisture1 as a damp atmosphere or the breath4 ,with the exception of the first and sixth1 8they owe their combustibility to the presence of sulphide of potassium40 7,gay ,lussac47 ,,pyrophosphor,,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,dibasic ,,phosphoric ,,acid 7,phosphorus74 ,,pyro,,sis4 ,syn4 ,,black ,,water1 ,,water ,,brash1 ,,water ,,qualm4 ,an affection of the stomach1 attended by a sensation of heat and the eructation of a thin1 sour liquid1 often in considerable quantity1 especially in the morning4 ,the following pill will be found of service in this affection3----,powdered opium1 #a_/hth gr42 subnitrate of bismuth1 #e gr42 extract of gentian1 sufficient to make into #b pills4 ,to be taken two or three times a day1 before meals4 ,the solution of bismuth and citrate of ammonia 7,liquor ,bismuthi et ,ammoni ,citratis1 ,b4 ,p471 in doses of #a_/b dr4 to #a dr41 taken as above1 is another medicine which may be had recourse to1 should the above fail to give relief4 ,,pybotartar,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#e;,h#f,o#d4 ,obtained by the destructive distillation of tartaric acid4 ,see ,,tartaric ,,acid4 ,,pyrotech,,ny4 ,the art of making fireworks4 ,the three principal materials employed in this art are charcoal1 nitre1 and sulphur1 along with filings of iron1 steel1 copper1 or zinc1 or with resin1 camphor1 lycopodium1 or other substances1 to impart colour1 or to modify the effect or the duration of the combustion4 ,gunpowder is used 8either in grain1 half crushed1 or finely ground1 for different purposes4 ,the longer the iron filings are1 the brighter red and white spots they give2 those being preferred which are made with a coarse file1 and quite free from rust4 ,steel filings and cast-iron borings contain carbon1 and afford a more brilliant fire1 with wavy radiations4 ,copper filings give a greenish tint to flame2 those of zinc1 a fine blue colour2 the sulphide of antimony gives a less greenish blue than zinc1 but with much smoke2 amber affords a yellow fire1 as well as colophony 7resin7 and common salt2 but the last must be very dry4 ,lampblack produces a very red colour with gunpowder1 and a pink one with nitre in excess2 it serves for making golden showers40 ,when this substance is lightly mixed with gunpowder and put into cases1 it throws out small stars resembling the rowel of a spur2 this composition has hence been called #8spur fire4' 8,the yellow sand1 or glistening mica1 communicates to fire-works golden radiations4 ,verdigris imparts a pale green2 sulphate of copper and sal ammoniac gives a palm-tree green4 ,camphor yields a very white flame and aromatic fumes1 which masks the bad smell of other substances4 ,benzoin and storax are also used1 on account of their agreeable odour4 ,lycopodium burns with a rose colour and a magnificent flame2 but it is principally employed in theatres to represent lightning1 or to charge the torch of a ,fury40 7,ure47 ,see ,,fires 7,coloured71 ,,flame ,,colours1 ,,gunpowder1 ,,stars1 ,,rockets1 c4 ,the following substances are in requisition by the ,pyrotechnist3---- ,,zinc4 ,this metal is employed in the form of fine powder1 which is obtained as follows3----,the metal1 scarcely melted1 is poured into a hot mortar1 where it is reduced to powder1 being kept during the operation at a temperature of #dja ,f4 ,it is then sifted to remove any particles which may have escaped contact with the pestle4 ,,copper4 ,this metal may be obtained in a state of minute division by precipitating it from a solution of sulphate of copper by means of iron1 the precaution being taken of using a large quantity of iron4 ,the precipitate1 after being well washed1 is dried between folds of blotting paper1 and kept in well stoppered bottles4 ,,iron-,,sand4 ,a quantity of sulphur is melted in a crucible over a slow fire1 and when it is quite fluid1 iron filings are thrown in while the whole is being stirred4 ,the crucible is removed from the fire1 and the contents are rapidly stirred until cold4 ,the material is then rolled on a board till it is broken up as fine as corned powder1 after which the sulphur is sifted out4 ,,soda ,,powder4 ,this powder is prepared with the same precaution as ordinary gunpowder1 the proportions which answer best being3 ,nitrate of soda #fcj parts4 ,sulphur #abe 0 ,charcoal #abe 0 -------- #hhj parts4 ,as the nitrate of soda is hygrometric1 this powder must be preserved in closed vessels from the moisture of the air4 ,,lead ,,powder4 ,this mixture is also prepared like gunpowder1 and the constituents are used in the following proportions3 ,nitrate of lead #ab parts4 ,nitrate of potash #b 0 ,charcoal #c 0 ---- #ag parts4 ,in the manufacture of this mixture on a large scale considerable care is necessary1 since the mixture of nitrate of lead and charcoal is very liable to ignite by friction4 ,,prepared ,,blood4 #dej to #ejj grammes of zinc is dissolved in #acdj grammes of hydrochloric acid #bb ,b41 largely diluted with water1 and filtered4 ,this solution is again diluted with its own volume of water1 and mixed with fresh blood4 ,the whole is well stirred from time to time for #dh hours1 and the clear liquor is siphoned off from the precipitate4 ,the precipitate is well washed with water1 dried1 and reduced to powder1 in which state it may be kept for any length of time4 ,,touch ,,paper4 ,this paper is prepared by immersing purple or blue paper in a solution of nitrate of potash in spirits of wine or vinegar1 and carefully drying it4 ,when the touch paper is used with small articles1 a piece is tied round the orifice with thread1 leaving sufficient paper to form a small tube at the end4 ,this tube is filled with gunpowder1 and the paper twisted over it1 when all is ready for firing4 ,touch paper for capping every description of fireworks1 such as squibs1 crackers1 ,roman candles1 c41 is prepared in the following manner3----,dissolve #b oz4 of the best saltpetre in #a quart of warm water1 and take care that the water is very clean4 ,after the mixture has stood for half an hour1 pour off #a-a_/b pint into a white basin1 then cut your sheets of dark blue double-crown paper in half4 ,the weight of the paper should be #ab or #ad lbs4 per ream4 ,place the paper on a slab sufficiently large to give you room to use a small piece of sponge1 with which you use the liquor to wet your paper4 ,cover each half sheet with the liquor as quickly as possible1 on one side only1 and immediately this is done place it on a line1 the wet side on outwards1 and when nearly dry1 if you have a great number of sheets1 place them together as evenly as possible under a press for one hour1 then lay them out to dry1 after which they will be quite smooth and ready for use4 ,in pasting this paper on the work1 take care that the paste does not touch that part which is to burn4 ,to use this paper correctly1 cut it in strips sufficiently long to go twice round the mouth of the case1 or even more if requisite4 ,when you paste on the strips1 leave a little above the mouth of the case not pasted2 in small cases a little meal powder is put into the mouth1 and then the paper is twisted to a point4 ,in larger cases damp priming is used1 and when dry1 the capping process is proceeded with4 ,,crackers4 ,the following mixtures are used for ordinary crackers3---- ,meal powder parts #e #ae #f #h #af ,fine charcoal 0 #a #d ---- #b #ag ,coarse charcoal 0 ---- ---- #f ---- ---- ,sulphur 0 ---- ---- #b ---- #a ,saltpetre 0 ---- ---- #af #a #g ,composition for crackers with ,chinese fire---- ,meal powder parts #i #f #af ,saltpetre 0 #f #h ---- ,sulphur 0 #a #b #c ,charcoal 0 #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #b ,fine iron 0 #e ---- #g ,sand 0 ---- #e ---- ,composition for crackers with brilliant fire---- ,meal powder parts #h #h #cf #ah #cb ,sulphur 0 #a #a-a_/b #a #a #c ,iron filings 0 #b #b-a_/b ---- ---- ---- ,litharge 0 ---- ---- ---- #b ---- ,steel filings 0 ---- ---- #h #c #ab ,the paper generally used for cartridge is that known as #8elephant' or cartridge1 the latter being the more frequently employed4 ,cartridge paper is employed in the preparation of crackers1 which vary from #ab to #ae inches1 and #c-a_/b inches diameter4 ,one edge of the paper is folded down about #c_/d-;inch in breadth1 then the double edge is turned down about #a_/d-;inch1 and the single edge is bent back over the double fold so as to form a channel #a_/d-;inch wide4 ,this is filled with meal powder1 which is then to be covered by the folds on each side1 when the whole is to be pressed very smooth and close1 by passing it over the edge of a flat ruler4 ,the part containing the powder is to be gradually folded into the remainder of the paper1 each fold being carefully pressed down4 ,the cracker is then doubled backwards and forwards into as many folds of about #b-a_/d inches as the paper will allow4 ,the whole is pressed together by means of a wooden vice1 a piece of twine is passed twice round the middle across the folds1 and the joinings are secured by causing the twine to take a turn round the middle at every turn4 ,one of the ends of the folds may be doubled short under1 which will produce an extra report1 but the other must project a little beyond the rest1 for the priming and capping with the touch paper4 ,when these crackers are fired they give a report at every turn of the paper4 ,the crackers may also be made of two single cards1 rolled over each other and covered with paper coated with paste4 ,the crackers are partially filled with the composition by means of a tin funnel4 ,ordinary powder is then introduced1 and the remaining space is filled with a little sawdust4 ,,revolving ,,crackers4 ,these crackers are charged at each end with clay to a depth of two lines1 and filled with a composition without gunpowder4 ,the clay prevents the fire streaming out at the ends1 and it escapes through two holes placed opposite each other4 ,the two holes are united at the same time by connecting them by means of a quick-match1 and a rotatory motion is thus communicated to the cylinder4 ,,english ,,pin ,,wheels4 ,pin1 or ,catherine wheels are of very simple construction4 ,a long wire about #c_/afth of an inch in diameter is the former2 on this wire are formed the pipes1 which being filled with composition1 are afterwards wound round a small circle of wood so as to form a helix or spiral line4 ,the cases are generally made of double-crown paper 7yellow wove71 and cut into strips to give the greatest length1 and of width sufficient to roll about four times round the wire1 and pasted at the edge so as to bite firmly at the end of the last turn4 ,when a number of pipes are made and perfectly dry1 they are filled with composition4 ,these cases are not driven for filling1 but are filled by means of a tin funnel with a tube #c_/d of an inch long1 made to pass easily into the mouth of the case1 which is gradually filled by lifting a wire up and down in this tube1 the diameter of the charging wire being half that of the tube4 ,the dry composition being placed in the funnel1 the moment an action of the wire takes place the composition begins to fall into the case1 which the charging wire compresses by continuous motion until you have filled the pipe to within #c_/d of an inch of the top4 ,the pipe is then removed1 and the mouth neatly twisted1 which will be the point for lighting4 ,when a number of pipes are ready1 place them on a damp floor1 or in any damp situation1 until they become very pliant1 but by no means wet2 then commence winding them round a circle of wood whose substance must be equal to the thickness of the diameter of the pipe2 and when wound1 secure the end with sealing-wax1 to prevent its springing open2 after winding the required quantity let them dry4 ,now cut some strips of crimson or purple paper #c_/afth of an inch wide1 and in length twice the diameter of the wheel2 then paste all over thoroughly4 ,take a strip and paste it across the wheel diametrically1 rub it down1 then turn the wheel over1 and place the ends down to correspond with the opposite side2 when dry1 the wheel will be ready for firing4 ,they may be fired on a large pin or held in the hand1 but it is preferable to drive the pin into the end of a stick1 which will prevent any accident1 should a section of the wheel burst4 ,,squibs4 ,these are either filled with grained powder1 or with a mixture consisting of3----,gunpowder1 #h parts2 charcoal1 #a part2 sulphur1 #a part4 ,the cases1 which are about #f inches long1 are made by rolling strips of stout cartridge paper three times round a roller1 and pasting the last fold4 ,they are then firmly tied down near the bottom1 and the end is either dipped into hot pitch or covered with sealing-wax4 ,the cases are filled by putting a thimble full of the powder in1 and ramming it tightly down with a roller1 this operation being continued until the case is filled4 ,it is then capped with touch paper4 ,,serpents 7,,marroon ,,squibs74 ,a suitable case being ready1 it is filled two thirds up with a powder consisting of3----,saltpetre1 #af parts2 sulphur1 #h parts2 fine gunpowder1 #d parts2 antimony1 #a part4 ,this1 after being rammed down into the case tolerably tightly1 the remainder of the space is filled with grained or corned powder4 ,,sparks4 ,these fireworks differs from stars in size1 being very small and made without cases4 ,the ,english method of preparing them is as follows3----,a mixture of ,fine gunpowder #a part ,powdered saltpetre #c parts ,powdered camphor #d 0 is placed in a mortar1 and some weak gum-water in which a little gum tragacanth has been dissolved1 is poured over it1 and the whole worked up into a thin paste4 ,some lint1 prepared by boiling it in vinegar or saltpetre1 and afterwards dried and unravelled1 is placed in the composition so as to absorb the whole4 ,this is then poured into balls about the size of a pea1 dried and sprinkled with fine gunpowder4 ,in ,germany the following compositions are used3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacad ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,chlorate of potash parts #bddjabbj------------djbabaadbjifdj ,chlorate of potash and copper 0 --------------------------------#bcbc--- ------------- ,chlorate of baryta 0 ----------------#ah--------------------- --------------- ,nitrate of potash 0 --------------------#abbf--------------- ------------- ,nitrate of lead 0 #bd------------------------------------- --------------- ,nitrate of baryta 0 ------------#dj------------------------- --------------- ,calomel 0 ------------#ac #g--------bhabab #d #hah---- ,sulphide of copper 0 ----------------------------#bh----abf #d-------- ,sulphate of strontia 0 ---------------------------------------- ----#bjgbcg ,oxalate of soda 0 ----#afaj------------------------------- ------------- ,chalk 0 ---------------------------------------- #e------------ ,powdered zinc 0 --------------------#adbh--------------- ------------- ,powdered charcoal 0 -------------------- #eaa---------------------------- ,sulphur 0 #ab---- #aac------------------------ #f #c-------- ,gum lac 0 #a #h---- #a #c------------------------ #bah #h ,soap 0 ---- #c #a---------------- #c #c #c---------------- ,starch 0 ----------------------------#aj--------- --------------- ,sugar 0 -------------------------------- #d #d---------------- ,pine soot 0 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,the above mixtures are intended to give coloured sparks1 according to the numbers4 ,no4 #a gives a bluish-white colour4 0 #b and #c give yellow4 0 #d gives green4 0 #e gives green4 0 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i and #aj give blue4 0 #aa and #ab give violet4 0 #ac gives red4 0 #ad gives purple4 ,the materials are mixed with a small quantity of a solution of starch1 so as to form a thick paste1 which is forced through a perforated plate1 the holes in which are twice as large as it is intended the sparks should be on drying4 ,the small pieces fall on a pasteboard1 to which the workman gives a rapid horizontal motion to round the grains4 ,they are then dried1 and those which are perfectly round are selected and separated by sieves of different meshes to collect those of the same size together4 ,,chinese ,,fire4 ,red ,chinese or ,gerbe ,fire4 ,calibre of the case4 ,saltpetre4 ,sulphur4 ,charcoal4 ,iron ,sand4 #ast order4 #ab to #af lbs4 #a lb4 #c oz4 #d oz4 #g oz4 #af to #bb 0 #a 0 #c 0 #e 0 #g 0 #h drms4 #bb to #cf 0 #a 0 #d 0 #f 0 #h 0 ,white ,chinese ,fire4 ,calibre4 ,saltpetre4 ,bruised ,powder4 ,charcoal4 ,iron ,sand4 #crd order4 #ab to #af lbs4 #a lb4 #ab oz4 #g oz4 #h drms4 #aa oz4 #af to #bb 0 #a 0 #aa 0 #h 0 #aa 0 #h drms4 #bb to #cf 0 #a 0 #aa 0 #h 0 #h 0 #ab 0 ,the iron sand is moistened with a little spirits of wine1 and then mixed with the charcoal and saltpetre1 which have been previously incorporated in another mortar4 ,,simple ,,stars ,,or ,,fireballs4 ,these are generally used in combination with other arrangements1 c41 and the composition of which they are made1 consists of----saltpetre1 #af parts2 sulphur1 #h parts2 fine gunpowder1 #c parts4 ,these materials are mixed with gum and as little spirits of wine as will suffice to make a very stiff paste4 ,this paste is cut up into small squares1 which are rolled up into balls on a board covered with gunpowder4 ,the gunpowder1 which adheres1 serves for the purpose of firing them4 ,when perfectly dry1 they are ready for use4 ,,gerbes4 ,these fireworks display themselves as luminous jets of fire somewhat resembling a water spout4 ,previously to putting in the brilliant composition1 put two scoops of first firing or preparatory fire1 for which the following will suit1 in cases not larger than #a_/d lb4 size3----#af oz4 meal powder1 #f oz4 saltpetre1 #c oz4 sulphur1 #c oz4 fine coal4 ,it is important to see that the interior of the cases are quite smooth and free from wrinkles4 ,,gold ,,rain4 ,the larger rockets are filled with this material1 which consists of small squares made in the same way as the simple stars4 ,it is composed as follows3---- ,ordinary4 ,chinese4 ,composition for immediate use4 ,saltpetre parts #af #d ,saltpetre parts #d ,sulphur 0 #h #b ,sulphur 0 #b ,fine charcoal 0 #b #d ,fine small coals 0 #a ,pine soot 0 #b ---- ,fine gunpowder 0 #h ,meal powder 0 #d #af ,coarse cast iron 0 #d ,a portion of the cotton is softened in linseed oil and the materials prepared in a mortar with water4 ,,roman ,,candles4 ,these are made somewhat like gerbes and filled with the same materials1 the only difference being that stars are placed between the different layers of substances4 ,the materials must not be too tightly rammed down or the stars will be destroyed4 ,,simple ,,stars ,,or ,,fireballs4 ,take of saltpetre #af parts1 sulphur #h parts1 fine gunpowder #c parts2 mix them with gum and only just enough spirits of wine to make a very stiff paste4 ,cut this up into small squares1 and roll into balls covered with gunpowder4 ,when properly dry they are ready for use4 ,,marroons4 ,these are small cubical boxes filled with an explosive composition which explodes suddenly1 making a loud report4 ,they are generally used in combination with other fireworks4 ,the boxes are made of pasteboard1 the corners being made tight by pasting paper over them1 but leaving the top open until they are filled4 ,they are filled with coarse gunpowder1 when the top is closed with strong paper well cemented1 and the whole box is wrapped round two or three times with lind cord dipped in strong glue4 ,a hole is made in one of the corners1 into which a quick-match is introduced1 and the marroon is ready for action4 ,the reader who may be desirous of further information on the subject of ,pyrotechny1 cannot do better than consult the article on the subject in #8,knapp's ,chemical ,technology1' edited by ,messrs4 ,richardson and ,watts4#abd ,footnote #abd3 ,vol4 #a1 part #d1 ,no4 #a4 ,ballire ,co4 ,to this work we are indebted for much of the material contained in the present papers4 ,see ,,coloured ,,fires4 ,,pyroxyl,,ic ,,spirit4 ,see ,,spirit 7,pyroxylic74 ,,pyrox,,ylin4 ,syn4 ,,fulminating ,,cotton1 ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,a highly inflammable and explosive compound1 discovered by ,schnbein4 ,it is obtained by the action of nitric acid on cotton 7cellulin1 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e71 in the presence of sulphuric acid4 ,by varying the strength of the nitric acid three kinds of gun-cotton may be obtained1 called respectively mononitro-cellulin ,c#f;,h#i7,,no#b7,o#e1 dinitro-cellulin ,c#f;,h#h7,,no#b7b,o#e1 and trinitro-cellulin ,c#f;,h#g7,,no#b7c,o#e4 ,the first is but slightly explosive2 the second is not sufficiently explosive to be used as a substitute for gunpowder1 but is best adapted for the preparation of collodion2 the third is highly explosive1 and is the variety employed in mining and military operations1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p41 ,,dinitro-,,cellulin47 ,cotton-wool1 #a2 sulphuric acid1 #e2 nitric acid1 #e2 mix the acids1 immerse the cotton1 and stir with a glass rod for three minutes1 or until it is thoroughly wetted1 then remove it1 and thoroughly wash out the acid1 so that the washings cease to produce a precipitate with chloride of barium4 ,drain on filtering paper1 and dry in a water bath4 ,used in the preparation of ,,collodion4 #b4 ,concentrated nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj7 and concentrated sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahde7 are mixed together in about equal measures2 when the mixture has become cold it is poured into a glass or wedgwood-ware mortar or basin1 and clean1 dry carded cotton1 in as loose a state as practicable1 is immersed in it for #d or #e minutes1 the action of the liquid being promoted by incessant stirring with a glass rod2 the acid is next poured off1 and the cotton1 after being squeezed as dry as possible1 by means of the glass stirrer1 or between two plates of glass1 is thrown into a large quantity of clean soft water1 and again squeezed to free it from superfluous moisture2 it is then washed in a stream of pure water until it becomes perfectly free from acid1 and is1 lastly1 carefully dried by the heat of hot water or steam1 at a temperature not higher than about #ahj ,fahr4 #c4 7,schnbein47 ,nitric acid 7#ade to #aej71 #a part2 sulphuric acid 7#ahe71 #c parts 7both by volume72 proceed as above1 but1 after the cotton has been squeezed from the acid1 allow it to remain in a covered vessel for an hour before washing it1 and after washing it1 dip it into a solution of carbonate of potassa1 #a oz41 in pure water1 #a gall41 then squeeze1 and partially dry it2 next dip it into a weak solution of nitre1 and dry it in a room heated by hot air or steam to about #aej ,fahr4 7,see ,patent ,specif47 #d4 7,von ,lenk47 ,the cotton1 having been thoroughly cleansed and dried1 is steeped1 as above1 in a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids 7the strongest obtainable in commerce71 squeezed as dry as possible1 and immersed in a fresh mixture of strong acids1 being allowed to remain in this second mixture #dh hours4 ,it is then washed in a stream of water for several weeks1 and finally treated with a solution of silicate of potassa 7soluble glass74 ,this is the celebrated ,austrian gun-cotton which was reported on so favorably by a committee of the ,british ,association in #ahfc4 ,the treatment with silicate of potassa is adopted merely for the purpose of retarding the combustion4 #e4 7#8,bulletin de ,st ,ptersbourg1'7----a4 ,take of powdered nitre1 #bj parts2 sulphuric acid 7#ahcj to #ahce71 #ca parts2 dissolve in a glass vessel1 and1 whilst the solution is still warm 7#abb ,fahr471 add of dry carded cotton #a part1 and employ agitation until this last is well saturated2 then cover over the vessel with a plate of glass1 and let it stand1 for #bd hours1 at a temperature of about #hf ,fahr42 next well wash the cotton1 as above1 first with cold and afterwards with boiling water1 and dry it carefully at a very low temperature4 b4 ,from sulphuric acid 7containing #c equiv4 of water71 #ac parts2 nitric acid 7monohydrated71 #ab parts2 carded cotton1 #a part2 the immersion being limited to one hour at a temperature of from #ajd to #abb ,fahr4 7,see #8,pharm4 ,journ41' vol4 xiii1 ,no4 #b47 ,prop41 c4 ,pyroxylin explodes1 with a very sudden flash1 and the development of very little heat1 without either smoke or residue1 at a temperature of about #cjj ,fahr4 7,no4 #c at #bgg ,fahr474 ,several modifications of pyroxylin are known1 varying considerably in composition1 though they all contain the elements of hyponitric acid1 and are all explosive4 ,some are insoluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol1 whilst others are readily dissolved1 forming the glutinous solution which is used in surgery under the name of #8collodion1' and which is also extensively used in photography4 ,the best gun-cotton 7,von ,lenk's7 is of no use whatever for making collodion4 ,the pyroxylin prepared by the formula #e1 a 7above71 is soluble in a mixture of #g parts of ether and #a part of alcohol2 whilst the product of #e1 b1 if prepared by #b hours' digestion instead of #a1 is said to be even soluble in absolute alcohol4 ,obs4 ,general von ,lenk has overcome all the difficulties which have hitherto prevented gun-cotton being used in place of gunpowder4 ,by spinning the gun-cotton into thread or yarn1 and weaving this into webs1 he has succeeded in making cartridges which will produce the exact amount of force required4 ,the time needed for the complete ignition of the cartridge can be diminished or increased at pleasure by varying the mechanical arrangement of the spun threads4 ,each gun and each kind of projectile requires a certain density of cartridge4 ,in general1 it is found that the proportion of #aa lbs4 of gun-cotton occupying #a cubic foot of space produces a greater force than gunpowder of which from #ej to #fj lbs4 occupies the same space1 and a force of the nature required for ordinary artillery4 ,see ,,collodion and ,,xyloidin2 consult also ,abel's researches in the #8,transactions of the ,royal ,society4' ,,quack ,,med,,icines4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines1 ,,ointment1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,quail4 ,the ,coturnix vulgaris1 a gallinaceous bird1 allied to the partridge1 but of smaller size4 ,its flesh is highly esteemed by epicures4 ,it is imported from ,turkey1 preserved in oil2 and from ,italy1 potted with clarified butter4 ,,quarantine4 ,the old laws of ,quarantine1 as the ,french derivation of the word indicates1 compelled a vessel coming from the shores of a country liable to1 or ravaged by1 an infectious disease1 such as plague1 to those of a region free from contagion1 to undergo forty days' isolation before it was unladen1 or its passengers were allowed to land at the healthy port4 ,in ,europe these ancient enactments against the importation of infection are still more or less vexatiously enforced in ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,greece and ,turkey2 and in a modified form at ,malta and some of the ,french and ,italian ports4 ,in the ,mediterranean ports1 ships coming from countries which lie in the southern or eastern shores of that sea are usually subjected to a quarantine of from six to fifteen days1 during which period the passengers are confined in a sort of barrack called a #8lazaretto1' the merchandise1 letters1 c41 of the vessel being in the meantime frequently fumigated1 or otherwise disinfected4 ,the inconveniences to commerce and the necessary intercourse between nations attending the too rigorous carrying out of quarantine have1 within the last twelve years1 led to a series of sanitary international conferences between the ,european ,governments1 with the object of divising some methods which1 without weakening the safeguards to the public health1 should as much as possible reduce the inconveniences attending the enforcement of quarantine to a minimum4 ,at the last of these conferences1 which was held at ,vienna in #ahgc1 the members were almost unanimous in advising the abolition of quarantine on ,european rivers4 ,until within the last twenty years the old quarantine laws were pretty strictly enforced in this country4 ,since this time1 however1 they have been considerably relaxed1 or1 we should rather say1 superseded by the following ordinances1 which1 upon the authority of an order in council of ,july #cast1 #ahga1 can be enforced in the case of suspected vessels4 ,this ordinance declares that it is lawful for a sanitary authority1 having reason to believe that any ship arriving in its district comes from a place infected with cholera1 to visit and examine the ship before it enters the port4 ,art4 #c provides that the master of a cholera-infected ship1 or one that has even been exposed to the infection of cholera1 is to moor1 anchor1 or place her in such a position as from time to time the sanitary authority shall direct4 ,art4 #d provides that no person shall land from any such ship until after the examination4 ,art4 #e provides for the proper examination of all persons on board by a legally-qualified practitioner1 and permits those not suffering from cholera to land immediately4 ,another order in council1 dated ,august #crd1 #ahgd1 empowers any custom-house officer1 or other person having authority from the ,commissioners or ,board of ,customs1 at any time before the ,nuisance ,authority shall visit and examine the ship1 to detain the ship4 8,no person shall1 after such detention1 land from the ship1 and the officer shall forthwith give notice of the detention1 and of the cause thereof1 to the proper nuisance 7local7 authority2 and the detention shall cease as soon as the nuisance authority shall visit and examine the ship1 or at the expiration of twelve hours after notice shall have been given to such nuisance authority40 ,another order in council1 dated ,august #eth1 #ahga1 directs that the master of a vessel1 in which cholera has existed1 shall not be allowed to bring his vessel into port until he has destroyed the infected clothes and bedding4 ,local ,government ,boards are also invested with considerable executive powers1 by which they are enabled to enforce quarantine during the prevalence of any contagious disease in other countries4 ,the main ,act1 however1 relating to quarantine1 is the #fth of ,geo4 ,,iv41 c4 #gh2 and all vessels having on board any person or persons affected with a dangerous or infections disorder1 are to be deemed as coming within its provisions 7see #8,public ,health ,act1' ,schedule v41 part #c74 ,there is a land1 as well as a sea quarantine4 ,thus1 for instance1 in some countries1 more particularly those of ,eastern ,europe1 the former is still in force on the frontiers of contiguous ,states1 to the great impediment of commerce and inconvenience of travellers4 ,the late outbreak of plague in ,astrakan has led to its being established and very strictly carried out on the borders of ,russia1 ,austria1 ,hungary1 and ,germany4 ,hecker1 writing on the probable origin of quarantine1 remarks3----8,the fortieth day1 according to the most ancient notions1 has always been regarded as the last of ardent diseases1 and the limit of separation between these and those which are chronic4 ,it was the custom to subject lying-in women for forty days to a more exact superintendence4 ,there was a good deal also said in medical works of forty days' epochs in the formation of the ftus1 not to mention that the alchemists always expected more durable revolutions in forty days1 which period they called the philosophical month4 ,this period being generally held to prevail in natural processes1 it appeared reasonable to assume and reasonably to establish it2 as that required for the development of latent principles of contagion1 since public regulations cannot dispense with decisions of this kind1 even though they should not be wholly justified by the nature of the case4 ,great stress has also been laid on theological and legal grounds1 which were certainly of greater weight in the fifteenth century than in modern times2 such as the forty days' duration of the flood2 the forty days' sojourn of ,moses on ,mount ,sinai2 our ,saviour's fast for the same length of time in the wilderness2 lastly1 what is called the ,saxon term1 which lasts for forty days4 ,,quar,,tan4 ,occurring every fourth day4 ,,quarta,,tion4 ,the practice1 among assayers1 of alloying #a part of gold with #c parts of silver1 before submitting it to the operation of #8parting1' in order that its particles may be too far separated to protect the copper1 lead1 palladium1 silver1 or other metals1 with which it is contaminated1 from the solvent action of the nitric or sulphuric acid1 as the case may be4 ,see ,,assaying4 ,,quartz4 ,pure native silica4 ,it is an essential constituent of granite and many other rocks4 ,its crystalline1 transparent varieties1 are known as rock crystal4 ,see ,,glass1 ,,powder1 c4 ,,quass4 ,syn4 ,,posca ,,venalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,mix rye-flour and warm water together1 and keep the mixture by the fireside until it has turned sour4 ,used as vinegar in ,russia4 ,,quas,,sia4 ,syn4 ,,quassia 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d42 ,,quassia ,,lignum1 ,,quassia ,,wood1 ,b4 ,p474 ,the 8wood of ,picrna 7,picrasma7 excelsa1 ,lindl40 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 or ,jamaica quassia2 and also of the 8,quassia amara1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,e471 or ,surinam quassia4 ,the latter is the original quassia1 but it is no longer imported4 ,quassia is characterised by its intense bitterness4 ,it is reputed tonic and stomachic1 assisting digestion1 and giving tone and vigour to the system4 ,its name was given to it by ,linnus1 in honour of a negro slave who had long employed it as a remedy for the malignant endemic fevers of ,surinam4 ,when sliced1 it forms the #8quassia chips' of the shops4 ,it is generally taken in the form of infusion4 ,this last1 sweetened with sugar1 forms a safe and effective poison for flies4----,dose 7in powder71 #aj to #bj gr4 ,,roasted ,,quassia1 reduced to powder1 is largely employed1 instead of hops1 to embitter porter2 and the unroasted powder is used for the same purpose in the adulteration of the bitter varieties of ale4 ,,quas,,sin4 ,syn4 ,,quassite1 ,,quassina4 ,a peculiar bitter principle1 obtained by precipitating decoction of quassia with milk of lime1 evaporating the filtrate1 dissolving the residue in alcohol1 treating with animal charcoal1 again evaporating1 dissolving in water1 and crystallising4 #h lbs4 of quassia chips yield #a drachm4 ,,queen',s ,,blue4 ,thumb blue4 ,see ,,blue4 ,,queen',s ,,met,,al4 ,a species of pewter used for teapots1 c41 made by fusing under charcoal a mixture of tin1 #i parts1 and antimony1 bismuth1 and lead1 of each #a part2 or1 tin1 #ajj parts2 antimony1 #h parts2 copper1 #d parts2 bismuth1 #a part4 ,see ,,britannia ,,metal and ,,pewter4 ,,queen',s ,,yel,,low4 ,subsulphate of mercury4 ,,quercitrin4 ,the bark of the ,quercus tinctoria yields a neutral substance1 to which the above name has been given4 ,quercitrin may be prepared as follows by the process of ,rochleder3----,the bark is boiled with water1 the decoction is left to cool1 and the impure quercitrin which separates is collected1 then rubbed to a pulp with alcohol of #ce ,b41 heated over the water bath1 collected on linen1 and pressed1 whereby the principal impurities are removed4 ,the residue is dissolved in a larger quantity of boiling alcohol1 the solution is filtered hot1 and water is added to it until it becomes turbid1 so that the greater part of the quercitrin separates before the liquid is cold4 ,it is then collected1 pressed1 and purified by a repetition of the same treatment4 ,another process1 by ,zwenger and ,dronke1 is this3----,the bark1 in small pieces1 is exhausted with boiling alcohol1 the alcohol is distilled off1 and the residue1 while still warm1 is mixed with a little acetic acid1 and then with neutral acetate of lead2 the filtrate1 freed from lead by sulphuric acid1 is evaporated1 and the quercitrin which crystallises is purified by repeated crystallisation from alcohol4 8,hydrated quercitrin forms microscopic1 rectangular1 partly rhombic tablets1 having their obtuse lateral edges truncated2 pale yellow when pulverised4 ,it is neutral1 inodorous1 tasteless in the solid state1 bitter in solution1 permanent in the air40#abe ,footnote #abe3 ,watts4 ,,quer,,citron4 ,the bark of ,quercus nigra or tinctoria1 a species of oak indigenous in ,north ,america4 ,with alum mordants it yields a very permanent yellow dye4 ,,quer,,citron4 ,a yellow dye stuff1 composed of the shavings and powder of the bark of ,quercus tinctoria1 or ,q4 nigra1 or ,q4 citrina1 a kind of oak1 a native of ,north ,america4 ,it abounds more particularly in ,pennsylvania1 ,carolina1 and ,georgia4 ,in ,america quercitron is used for tanning1 and in ,europe for dyeing only4 ,when employed for the latter purpose it is used in the form of an aqueous decoction1 mordanted with alum or chloride of tin4 ,leesching states that a dye possessing greater colorific powder may be procured by boiling the bark with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid4 ,,quick,,silver4 ,see ,,mercury4 ,,quillai ,,bark4 ,syn4 ,,quillay ,,bark1 ,,soap ,,bark4 ,the ,quillaya saponaria1 from which yields this bark1 is an evergreen tree1 growing in the mountainous parts of ,chili1 in ,south ,america4 ,it is believed to take its name from the native word quillay1 which signifies to wash4 ,the inner bark only is employed4 ,when bruised and agitated in water it imparts a lather to the water1 in the same way that soap does4 ,this quality has been found to be due to the existence in the bark of saponin----the same principle which confers a similar property on ,saponaria officinalis4 ,the bark is free from any bitter principle1 as well as from tannic acid4 ,it is very generally used amongst the inhabitants residing on the western side of ,south ,america1 where it is employed for removing grease from silk1 and also in the form of a wash for cleansing and preserving the hair4 ,when had recourse to for cleansing silks1 quillai bark is said not to change the colour of the fabric4 ,it is sometimes given as a febrifuge1 and as a remedy for cold in the head4 ,for this latter purpose the powder is snuffed up the nostrils1 when it occasions sneezing and profuse discharge from the nose4 ,,quills4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the quills or wing-feathers of the goose 7goose quills7 are separately plunged1 for a few seconds1 into hot ashes1 cinders1 or sand1 of a temperature about equal to that of boiling water1 after which they are scraped with a blunt knife1 strongly rubbed with a piece of flannel or woollen cloth1 and gently #8stoved1' they are1 lastly1 tied up in bundles by women or children4 ,a yellow tinge is often given to them by dipping them for a short time into dilute hydrochloric or nitric acid1 or into an infusion of turmeric4 #b4 ,suspend the quills in a copper over water sufficiently high to nearly touch the nibs2 then close it steam tight1 and apply three or four hours' hard boiling2 next1 withdraw the quills1 and dry them1 and in #bd hours cut the nibs and draw out the pith2 lastly1 rub them with a piece of cloth1 and expose them to a moderate heat in an oven or stove4 ,quills prepared in this way are as hard as bone1 without being brittle1 and nearly as transparent as glass4 ,crow quills and swan quills may be cured in the same manner4 ,,qui,,na4 ,see ,,quinine4 ,,quinamine4 ,syn4 ,,quinamina4 ,c#bj;,h#bf,n#b,o#b4 ,this alkaloid was discovered by ,hesse1 in #ahgb1 in the bark of ,cinchona succirubra1 cultivated at ,darjeeling1 in ,british ,sikhim4 ,dr de ,vrij gives the following process for the preparation of quinamine3----,the mixed alkaloids obtained from the red bark are converted into neutral sulphates1 and the solution treated with ,rochelle salt1 whereby the tartrates of quinine and of cinchonidine are separated4 ,after collecting these upon a filter the filtered liquid is shaken with caustic soda and ether4 ,by this process the amorphous alkaloid and the quinamine are dissolved by the ether1 with slight traces of cinchonine1 whilst the bulk of this last alkaloid remains undissolved4 ,after distilling the ethereal solution the residue is transformed into neutral acetate1 and the solution of this mixed with a solution of sulphocyanate of potassium4 ,by this reaction the sulphocyanate of the amorphous alkaloid is precipitated in the shape of a yellow1 soft1 resinous substance1 whilst the sulphocyanate of quinamine remains dissolved4 ,after subsiding and filtering1 the solution is clear and quite colourless1 and by addition of caustic soda the quinamine is precipitated4 ,it is then collected upon a filter1 washed1 and dried4 ,it can now easily be obtained crystallised by dissolving it in boiling spirit1 from which it crystallises in cooling4 ,by this process the author obtained #jch per cent4 of pure quinamine from samples of red cinchona quill bark1 which he had received1 through the ,secretary of ,state for ,india1 from the plantations in ,british ,sikhim4 ,,quince4 ,syn4 ,,cydonia1 ,l4 ,the fruit of ,cydonia vulgaris1 or common quince tree4 ,its flavour in the raw state is austere1 but it forms an excellent marmalade 7quince marmalade71 and its juice yields an agreeable and wholesome wine4 ,the seed or pips 7cydoni semin2 cydonium----,ph4 ,l47 abound in gummy matter1 which forms a mucilage with water1 and possesses the advantage of not being affected by the salts of iron or alcohol4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,fixature1 and ,,jelly4 ,,quinetum4 ,the alkaloids contained in the ,east ,indian red bark 7,cinchona succirubra7 consist of a large percentage of cinchonidine1 cinchonine1 quinine1 and amorphous alkaloid1 besides a trace of quinidine1 the preponderating alkaloid being cinchonidine4 ,dr de ,vrij1 of the ,hague1 has devised a process by which these can be extracted in their entirety1 and to the mixed alkaloids so obtained the name #8quinetum' has been given4 ,it is affirmed of quinetum that it possesses a remedial value as a tonic and antiperiodic that renders it1 in many cases1 superior to quinine1 ague being one of these2 also that it may be advantageously employed in affections in which quinine would be inadmissible4 ,a medical correspondent informs us that he has used it with signal success in hay asthma4 ,another advantage it has over quinine is1 it is much lower in price4 ,quinetum1 according to ,dr de ,vrij's process1 as well as a sulphate and hydrochlorate1 are prepared by ,mr ,whiffen1 of ,battersea4 ,,quinicine4 ,an alkaloid obtained in #ahec by ,pasteur1 by exposing quinine or quinidine1 under favorable circumstances1 to a temperature varying from #bdh to #bff ,fahr41 for several hours4 ,it is very probable that this alkaloid is either identical1 or in very close connection1 with the amorphous alkaloid soluble in ether which occurs in all barks1 and particularly in the young barks of the plantations in ,india4 ,,quinidine4 ,c#bj;,h#bd,o#b,n#b4b;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,quinidia1 ,,conchinine1 c4 ,an alkaloid contained in many species of cinchona1 together with quinine and cinchonine1 and therefore often found in the mother liquors of quinine manufactures4 ,it is identical with the quinine of ,van ,heyningen1 and was discovered1 in #ahcc1 by ,henry and ,delondre4 ,as the cinchonidine discovered by ,winckler1 in #ahdh1 has been unhappily denominated quinidine by this chemist1 there is still a confusion about these alkaloids1 and1 therefore1 the quinidine of commerce was very often a mixture of both1 till ,pasteur made1 in #ahec1 a classical investigation of this matter4 ,he maintained the name of quinidine for the alkaloid discovered by ,henry and ,delondre1 because it is isomeric with quinine1 and gives the same green colour when treated with chlorine followed by ammonia1 and gave the name of cinchonidine to the alkaloid discovered by ,winckler1 because it is isomeric with cinchonine4 ,he determined also the action of the solutions of these alkaloids on the plane of polarisation1 and found that the quinidine turned this plane to the right1 its molecular rotation in alcoholic solution being a #bejge 1 whilst he found that the cinchonidine turned this plane to the left1 its molecular rotation in alcoholic solution being a #addfa 4 ,prop4 c4 ,many of the salts of quinidine are very similar to those of quinine1 but the normal salt with hydriodic acid is not only very different from that of quinine1 but also from those of all the other cinchona-alkaloids4 ,the normal hydriodate of quinidine is so very sparingly soluble in water that #a part requires1 at #fj ,fahr41 not less than #abjj parts of water to be dissolved4 ,therefore the presence of sulphate of quinidine in the sulphate of quinine1 which often occurs1 either from that article being carelessly made or from wilful adulteration1 can be easily detected by adding a few minims of solution of iodide of potassium to the saturated solution of sulphate of quinine in water of #fj ,fahr41 whereby1 if quinidine is present1 its hydriodate will be separated either in the shape of a sandy precipitate or1 if only traces are present1 in the shape of stri on the sides of the glass where this has been rubbed by a glass rod4 ,for an account of its medicinal properties1 the reader should consult the recent report from ,india upon the experiments made there by order of ,government with all the four cinchona-alkaloids1 which experiments are very favorable to the therapeutical action of quinidine compared with that of quinine4 ,,quinine4 ,c#aj;,h#ab,,on4 ,syn4 ,,quina1 ,,quinia4 ,till recently it was found in the greatest quantity in good ,calisaya bark1 particularly in that from ,bolivia1 but since it has been found in great quantity in some other barks1 especially in the bark of ,cinchona officinalis1 for instance1 in the bark of that species grown in ,ceylon4 ,red bark contains not only quinine and cinchonine1 but also cinchonidine4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by precipitating a solution of sulphate of quinine with a slight excess of ammonia1 potassa1 or soda1 and washing and drying the precipitate4 ,by solution in alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hae1 and spontaneous evaporation1 it may be procured in crystals4 ,crystals may also be obtained from 8its solution in hot water with a little ammonia40 7,liebig47 #b4 7,direct47 ,by adding hydrate of lime1 in slight excess1 to a strong decoction of the ground bark made with water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 washing the precipitate which ensues1 and boiling it in alcohol2 the solution1 filtered while hot1 deposits the alkaloid on cooling4 ,prop41 c4 ,quinine1 when prepared by precipitation1 is an amorphous white powder1 but when this precipitate is left in the liquor it assumes1 after some time1 the appearance of aggregated crystalline needles2 when slowly crystallised from its solution1 these needles are remarkably fine1 and of a pearly or silky lustre4 ,it is freely soluble in rectified spirit and in ether1 and of all the cinchona-alkaloids it is the most soluble in ammonia4 ,it is upon this fact that ,kerner's method for testing the purity of sulphate of quinine is founded4 ,its normal salts1 if dissolved in water1 have a slightly alkaline reaction upon red litmus paper4 ,it is only sparingly soluble in water1 even when boiling2 both the fixed and volatile oils dissolve it with the aid of heat1 more especially when it has been rendered anhydrous1 or is presented to them under the form of an ethereal solution4 ,it fuses by a gentle heat1 without decomposition2 forms crystallisable salts1 which are only slightly soluble in water1 unless it be acidulated1 and1 like the pure alkaloid1 are extremely bitter1 and possess much of the characteristic flavour of cinchona bark4 ,it is precipitated by the alkalies and their carbonates1 by tannic acid1 and by most astringent substances4 ,pur4 ,see ,,quinine1 ,,sulphates ,,of1 and ,,quinometry 7below74 ,tests4 ,quinine is recognised by----#a4 ,its appearance under the microscope4----#b4 ,its solubility in ether1 and in pure ammonia water4----#c4 ,its solubility in concentrated nitric acid1 forming a colourless liquid1 which does not become yellowish until it is heated4----#d4 ,the solubility of itself and salts1 when pure1 in concentrated sulphuric acid1 forming colourless fluids1 8which do not acquire any coloration upon being heated to the point of incipient evaporation of the sulphuric acid1 but which afterwards become yellow1 and finally brown40 7,fresenius47----#e4 ,its solubility in concentrated sulphuric acid to which some nitric acid has been added1 forming a colourless1 or1 at the most1 only a faintly yellowish liquid4----#f4 ,it is wholly destroyed by heat4 ,a solution of quinine in acidulated water1 and solutions of its salts1 exhibit the following reactions3----#a4 ,ammonia1 potassa1 and the alkaline carbonates1 give white1 pulverulent precipitates1 becoming crystalline after some time 7see above71 and which are soluble in ammonia in excess1 and which1 when ether is added after the ammonia1 and the whole is agitated1 redissolve in the ether1 whilst the clear liquid1 on repose1 presents two distinct layers4----#b4 ,bicarbonate of soda 7avoiding excess7 gives a similar precipitate1 both in acid and neutral solutions of quinine1 either at once or after a short time4 ,the precipitate is soluble in excess of the precipitant1 and is again precipitated from the new solution upon protracted ebullition4 8,vigorous stirring of the liquid promotes the separation of this precipitate40 7,fresenius47----#c4 ,if recently prepared chlorine be added to it1 and then ammonia1 a beautiful emerald-green colour is developed4 7,ph4 ,l47----#d4 ,a concentrated solution of ferrocyanide of potassium being added1 in excess1 after the chlorine1 instead of the ammonia1 a dark red colour is instantly produced1 which after some time passes into green1 especially when freely exposed to the light4 ,this reaction is not characteristic of quinine1 for with quinidine one gets the same reaction4----#e4 ,if caustic potassa be used instead of ammonia 7see above71 the solution acquires a sulphur-yellow colour4 8,these reactions are restricted to this alkaloid40 7,dr ,garrod47 ,flckiger#abf says2----8,the most characteristic test for ascertaining the presence of quinine is the formation of the splendid green compound called thalleiochine1 which is produced if solutions of the alkaloid or its salts are mixed with chlorine water1 and then a drop of ammonia added40 ,footnote #abf3 ,in #8,jahrb4 f4 ,pharm41' ,april1 #ahgb1 #acf 7#8,ph4 ,journ1'1 #crd series1 ii1 #ija74 ,if one part of quinine is dissolved in #djjj parts of acidulated water1 and then about #a_/aj of the volume of the liquid1 of chlorine water1 and a drop of ammonia added1 a green zone will be readily formed if the liquids are cautiously placed in a flask without shaking4 ,if the solution of quinine contain no more than #a_/ejjj1 the green of one may still be obtained1 but in more diluted solutions the success becomes more and more uncertain4 ,from a practical point of view we may state that #a_/ejjj of the alkaloid is the smallest quantity whose presence can thus be discovered with certainty2 ,kerner 7#ahgj7 has succeeded with #a_/bjjjj but ,i was not able to corroborate this statement4 ,the author was also induced to try the action of bromine in place of chlorine4 ,the thalleiochine is then1 indeed1 produced in solution which contain only #a_/bjjjj of quinine4 ,yet the behaviour of bromine displays some striking differences4 ,chlorine alone1 as already stated1 causes no immediate alteration of somewhat diluted solutions of quinine1 whereas they became turbid on addition of bromine as long as there is about #a_/bejj or more of quinine present4 ,now1 the precipitate which is produced by bromine in solution of quinine does not turn green if a little ammonia is subsequently added1 or1 at least1 the thalleiochine thus obtained is rather greyish4 ,but in more dilute solutions of quinine bromine acts more readily than chlorine4 ,an excess of bromine is to be carefully avoided4 ,this is easily performed if the vapour of bromine1 not the liquid bromine itself1 is allowed to fall down on the surface of the solutions of quinine2 their superficial layer only must be saturated with bromine by gently moving the liquid4 ,then a drop of ammonia will produce the green or somewhat bluish zone1 which is much more persistent than that due to chlorine4 ,consequently1 for demonstration of the test under notice1 chlorine is to be used in comparatively concentrated solutions4 ,in solutions containing so little quinine 7less than #a_/bejj7 that it is no longer precipitated by the vapour of bromine1 the thalleiochine test succeeds much better with bromine1 and goes much further1 as shown above4 ,the author also shows that morphine gives a dark1 dingy brown colour with chlorine and ammonia1 which is capable of more or less masking the reaction of quinine4 ,another test for quinine is the formation of its iodosulphate1 the so-called herapathite4 ,for this purpose the quinine is dissolved in #aj parts of proof spirit1 acidulated with #a_/bjth part of sulphuric acid1 and to this solution an alcoholic solution of iodine is carefully added1 and the liquid in the meanwhile stirred with a glass rod4 ,there appears either immediately or after some minutes a black precipitate of iodosulphate of quinine1 which if redissolved in boiling proof spirit1 forms in cooling the beautiful crystals of herapathite4 #ajj parts of this herapathite1 if dried on a water bath1 represent #efe parts of pure quinine4 ,dr de ,vrij prefers the employment of the iodosulphate of chiniodine as a reagent for the detection and estimation of quinine4 ,in a communication to the #8,pharmaceutical ,journal' he writes3----8,in estimating quinine in a mixture of cinchona-alkaloids by means of an alcoholic solution of iodine the reagent requires to be added in slight excess1 in order to ensure complete precipitation4 ,an undue excess of the reagent1 however1 causes the formation of a compound richer in iodine and much more soluble in alcohol than herapathite1 and thus renders the determination inaccurate40#abg ,for this reason the author suggests the application of an alcoholic solution of iodosulphate of chiniodine 7so-called sulphate of amorphous quinine7 in place of free iodine4 ,the reagent is made as following3---- ,footnote #abg3 #crd series1 vi1 #dfa4 ,two parts of sulphate of chiniodine are dissolved in eight parts of water containing #e per cent4 of sulphuric acid4 ,to this clear solution1 contained in a large capsule1 a solution of one part of iodine and two parts of iodide of potassium1 in #ajj parts of water1 is slowly added with continuous stirring1 so that no part of the solution of chiniodine comes into contact with excess of iodine4 ,by this addition an orange-coloured flocculent precipitate is formed of iodosulphate of chiniodine1 which either spontaneously1 or by a slight elevation of temperature1 collapses into a dark brown1 red-coloured1 resinous substance1 whilst the supernatant liquor becomes clear and slightly yellow coloured4 ,this liquor is poured off1 and the resinous substance is washed by heating it on a water bath with distilled water4 ,after washing1 the resinous substance is heated on the water bath till all the water has been evaporated4 ,it is then soft and tenacious at the temperature of boiling water1 but becomes hard and brittle after cooling4 ,one part of this substance is now treated with #f parts of alcohol of #ib or #id per cent4 until it is completely dissolved1 and the solution allowed to cool4 ,in cooling a part of the dissolved substance is separated4 ,the clear dark-coloured solution is evaporated on a water bath1 and the residue dissolved in #e parts of cold alcohol4 ,this second solution leaves a small part of insoluble substance4 ,the clear dark-coloured solution obtained by the separation of this insoluble matter1 either by decantation or filtration1 constitutes the reagent which the author has used for some time under the name of iodosulphate of chiniodine1 both for the qualitative and quantitative determination of crystallisable quinine4 ,to determine a quantity of quinine contained in the mixed alkaloids obtained from a sample of cinchona bark1 #a part of the alkaloid is dissolved in #bj parts of alcohol1 of #ij or #ib per cent41 containing #af per cent4 of sulphuric acid1 to obtain an alcoholic solution of the acid sulphates of the alkaloids4 ,from this solution the quinine is separated by adding carefully1 by means of a pipette1 the above-mentioned solution of the iodosulphate of chiniodine1 as long as a dark brown-red precipitate of iodosulphate of quinine-herapathite is formed4 ,as soon as all the quinine has been precipitated1 and a slight excess of the reagent has been added1 the liquor acquires an intense yellow colour4 ,the beaker containing the liquor with the precipitate is now covered by a watch-glass1 and heated on a water bath till the liquid begins to boil4 ,after cooling1 the beaker is weighed1 to ascertain the amount of liquid which is necessary in order to be able to apply later the above-mentioned correction4 ,for although quinine-herapathite is very little soluble in alcohol1 it is not insoluble1 and therefore a correction must be applied for the quantity which has been dissolved both by the alcohol used for the solution of the alkaloids and the alcohol contained in the reagents4 ,the liquor is now filtered to collect the iodosulphate of quinine on a small filter1 where it is washed with a saturated solution of herapathite in alcohol4 ,after the washing has been completed1 the weight of the funnel with the moist filter is taken1 and the filter allowed to dry in the funnel4 ,as soon as it is dry the weight is taken again1 to ascertain the amount of solution of herapathite which remained in the filter1 and which left the dissolved herapathite on the filter after the evaporation of the alcohol4 ,this amount is subtracted from the total amount of liquid1 and for the remaining the correction is calculated with reference to the temperature of the laboratory during the time of the analysis4 ,the dry iodosulphate of quinine is taken from the filter and dried on a water bath1 in one of a couple of large watch-glasses closing tightly upon each other1 so that the weight of the substance contained in the glass may be taken without the access of air4 ,when1 after repeatedly ascertaining the weight1 it remains constant1 this weight is noted down1 and to it is added the product of the calculated correction4 ,the sum of this addition is the total amount of iodosulphate of quinine obtained from the mixed alkaloids subjected to the operation1 and from this weight the amount of crystallisable quinine can be calculated by the use of ,hauer's formula1 #b;,c#dj;,h#bd,n#b,o#dc7;,,ho#a,,so#c71 #ca 7old notation71 which the author has found to be correct4 ,according to this formula1 #a part of iodosulphate of quinine1 dried at #ajj ,c41 represents #jeeji per cent4 of anhydrous quinine1 or #jgcde per cent4 of disulphate of quinine4 ,the accuracy of this determination may be seen from the following examples3 #jbd gram of anhydrous crystallised quinine gave #jeda gram of herapathite dried at #ajj ,c4 #jbih gram of quinine4 ,according to ,hauer's formula1 #jeccf gram of herapathite #jbid gram of quinine1 which ought to have been obtained4 #ajdh gram of bitartrate of quinine gave #abbd gram of herapathite #jfgd gram of quinine4 ,according to the formula of the bitartrate1 ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#ba;,c#d;,h#f,o#f ,aq4 #ddb2 #ajdh of bitartrate represents #jfi of quinine1 so that #abee gram of herapathite should have been obtained4 ,notwithstanding the different circumstances in which the reagent was applied1 the results are satisfactory4 ,the two following experiments were made with pure quinine1 dried at #ajj ,c41 at which temperature it still retains water1 under identical circumstances3---- #ajffd gram of hydrated quinine gave #agbff gram of herapathite #afde per cent4 #ajee grams of the same hydrated quinine gave #agcdc gram of herapathite #afdc per cent4 ,the author further states that the iodosulphate of quinine and of quinidine prepared by means of his new reagent have an analogous composition1 and are identical with the compound described by ,herapath1 whilst the iodosulphates of cinchonine and cinchonidine have a different composition from the former1 and both require more iodine to be converted into the optical iodosulphates described by ,herapath4 ,of all these iodosulphates that of quinine is by far the most insoluble in alcohol1 and is precipitated first and free from the others by a judicious application of the iodosulphate of chinioidine4 ,quinine is distinguished from both cinchonine and quinidine by its comparatively free solubility in ether2 the last of these being very sparingly soluble1 and the other wholly insoluble1 in that menstruum4 ,the presence of cinchonine may also be positively determined by reference to the behaviour of that alkaloid4 ,quinidine is also distinguished from quinine by the different crystallisation1 greater specific gravity1 and freer solubility of its salts in cold water4#abh ,footnote #abh3 ,an extremely elegant and highly sensitive method of testing for quinine and quinidine by means of the microscope1 c41 is described at considerable length1 by ,dr ,herapath1 in the #8,pharm4 ,journ4' for ,november1 #ahec4 ,estim4 ,see ,,quinometry4 ,uses1 c4 ,pure quinine is but rarely used in medicine1 but several of its salts are employed as remedies1 on account of their great stimulant1 tonic1 and febrifuge powers4 ,as a tonic in dyspeptic affections1 and for restoring strength and vigour to morbidly weakened habits1 and as an antiperiodic or agent to counteract febrile action1 it appears to be superior to all other remedies1 provided no abnormal irritability of the mucous membranes1 or of the circulatory organs1 exists4 ,the dose of the salts of quinine1 as a tonic1 is #a_/b to #a gr41 twice or thrice daily2 as an antiperiodic1 #b to #e gr41 or even more1 every second or third hour1 during the intervals of the paroxysms of ague1 and of other intermittent or periodic affections2 also in acute rheumatism4 ,the sulphate 7disulphate7 is the salt generally used2 this and other salts are most effective when taken in solution4 ,the nature of the influence exerted upon blood by quinine was1 in #ahgb1 made the subject of a fresh investigation by ,schulte4#abi ,its extraordinary power of stopping fermentation and putrefaction1 by destroying low organisms1 such as bacteria and fungi1 has been before pointed out4 ,it is supposed to diminish the formation of pus in inflammation by arresting the motions and preventing the exit from the blood-vessels of the white blood-corpuscles1 the accumulation of which1 according to ,cohnheim1 constitutes pus4 ,footnote #abi3 #8,n4 ,rep4 ,pharm41' xx1 #eci 7#8,pharm4 ,journ41' #crd series1 ii1 #fbi74 ,by depriving the red blood-corpuscles of the power to produce ozone1 it diminishes the change of tissue in the body1 and thereby lessens the production of heat4 ,ranke and ,kerner have shown the waste of tissue is reduced when large doses of quinine are administered1 as indicated in the small proportion of uric acid and urea excreted4 ,with the object of ascertaining whether this effect is referable to the direct influence of quinine on oxidation in the blood1 or to its indirect influence through the nervous system1 ,schulte employed a method1 based upon the changes occurring in the alkalinity of the blood1 observed by ,zuntz1 who had noticed that a considerable formation of acid takes place in freshly-drawn blood1 and continues in a less degree till putrefaction commences4 ,the amount of acid formed was estimated from the diminished alkalinity of the blood1 as comparatively shown by the quantity of dilute phosphoric acid required for exact saturation4 ,a sufficient quantity of chloride of sodium was added to the phosphoric acid to prevent the blood-corpuscles from being dissolved1 and interfering with the reaction by their colouring matter4 ,the point of saturation was fixed at the point of transient reddening of carefully prepared test paper by the carbonic acid4 ,schulte has thus been enabled to confirm the experiments of ,zuntz and ,scharrenbroich1 showing that quinine and berberine lessen the production of acid1 and that quinine can stop it both before and after coagulation2 that sodium nitropicrate has an action similar to1 and nearly as powerful as1 quinine2 while the action of cinchonine is much less energetic4 ,harley has shown that whilst quinine lessens oxidation in blood1 some substances1 such as snake poisons1 increase it4 ,binz found that when putrid fluids were injected into the circulation of an animal1 the temperature rose2 but that this increase of temperature could be more or less prevented by the addition of quinine to the putrid liquid1 or the simultaneous injection of the quinine4 ,with respect to the influences of quinine on the change of tissue1 ,schulte gives the result of some careful experiments made by ,zuntz1 who found that after taking three #jf gram doses of hydrochlorate of quinine for two days1 the amount of urine he excreted was increased by one third1 and then decreased as much1 the specific gravity falling from #ajah to #ajab2 the urea also showed a marked decrease4 ,the salts of quinine may be made by simply saturating the dilute acids with the base1 so that part of the latter remains undissolved1 and gently evaporating the solutions for crystals1 or to dryness4 ,prince ,lucien ,bonaparte recommends all these salts to be prepared by the addition of a strong alcoholic solution of quinine to a cold solution of the acid4 ,we have tried this method with success4 ,quinine1 ,acetate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,acetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,mix quinine1 #b parts1 with water1 #c parts2 heat the mixture1 and add of acetic acid1 q4 s4 to dissolve the alkaloid1 and to render the solution slightly acid2 lastly1 decant or filter the solution whilst boiling hot1 and set it aside to crystallise4 ,the mother water1 on evaporation1 will yield a second crop of the acetate4 #b4 ,effloresced sulphate of quinine1 #ag parts1 is dissolved in boiling water1 and mixed with crystallised acetate of soda1 #f parts4 ,the acetate of quinine crystallises4 ,prop41 c4 ,satiny1 acicular crystals1 which are rather more soluble in water than those of the sulphate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #e grains4 ,quinine1 ,arseniate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,arsenias1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bourires47 ,arsenic acid1 #a-a_/b dr42 quinine1 #e dr42 distilled water1 #f fl4 oz42 boil them together in a covered glass vessel until the alkaloid is dissolved1 then set the solution aside to crystallise4 ,uses1 c4 ,recommended by ,dr ,neligan1 and others1 as being more powerfully antiperiodic than the other preparations of quinine4----,dose1 #a_/ab to #a_/d gr41 made into pills2 in agues1 neuralgia1 c42 also in cancer4 ,quinine1 ,arsenite of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,arsenis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #ajj parts1 is dissolved in alcohol1 #fjj parts1 and boiled with arsenious acid1 #ad parts4 ,the liquid is then filtered4 ,the poisonous salt is deposited in the crystalline form as the liquid cools4 ,uses1 c4 ,as the last4 ,quinine1 ,chloride of4 ,hydrochlorate of quinine 7see below74 ,quinine1 ,citrate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,citras1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by mixing a hot solution of sulphate of quinine with a like solution of citrate of soda4 #b4 ,from quinine and citric acid1 as the acetate4 ,needle-shaped prisms4----,dose1 c4 ,as the sulphate or disulphate4 ,quinine1 ,disulphate of4 ,sulphate of quinine 7see below74 ,quinine1 ,ferrocyanide of4 ,syn4 ,,cyanide ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,quinine2 ,,quin ,,hydroferrocyanas1 ,,quin ,,ferro-,,prussias1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,sulphate of quinine1 #ajj parts2 ferrocyanide of potassium1 #ca parts2 distilled water1 #bejj parts2 boil for a few minutes1 and1 when cold1 separate the impure salt which floats as an oily mass on the surface1 wash it with a little cold water1 and dissolve it in boiling alcohol2 the solution will deposit crystals as it cools4 ,obs4 ,this compound is by some said to be the most efficacious of all the salts of quinia4 ,pelouze asserts that it is simply quinine mixed with some ,prussian blue4----,dose1 #a to #f gr4 ,quinine1 ,ferrosulphate of4 ,see ,,quinine ,,and ,,iron1 ,,sulphate ,,of 7below74 ,quinine1 ,hydriodate of4 ,syn4 ,,iodide ,,of ,,quinine2 ,,quin ,,hydriodas1 ,q4 ,,iodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by adding1 drop by drop1 a concentrated solution of iodide of potassium to a like solution of acid sulphate of quinine1 and drying the precipitate in the shade2 or heat the liquid nearly to the boiling point1 and allow it to crystallise4 #b4 7,parrish47 ,effloresced sulphate of quinine1 #e parts1 dissolved in alcohol1 and decomposed by an alcoholic solution of #c parts of iodide of potassium1 precipitates sulphate of potassa1 and yields1 on cooling and evaporating1 hydriodate of quinine in fine crystalline needles4#acj ,footnote #acj3 8#a and #b are not identical2 #a is an acid salt which readily crystallises1 but #b is a normal salt which ,i never saw crystallise1 but always like a fluid resin1 quite amorphous40----,de ,vrij4 #c4 7,,ioduretted----,bouchardat47 ,from an acid solution of quinia and a solution of iodide of iron containing a slight excess of iron1 as ,no4 #a4 ,obs4 ,the above are reputed alterative1 tonic1 and antiperiodic4----,dose1 #a to #d gr42 in obstinate intermittents1 and in the scrofulous affections of debilitated subjects4 ,quinine1 ,hydrochlorate of4 ,syn4 ,,chloride ,,of ,,quinine1 ,,muriate ,,of ,,quinine2 ,,quin ,,hydrochloras1 ,,quin ,,murias1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by neutralising dilute hydrochloric acid with the base1 as above4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,chloride of barium1 #e dr42 boiling water1 #a lb42 dissolve1 add1 gradually1 of sulphate of quinine1 #b oz42 boil gently for a few minutes1 filter the solution whilst hot1 and set it aside that crystals may form4 #c4 7,,quin ,,murias----,ph4 ,d47 ,dissolve chloride of barium1 #abc gr41 in distilled water1 #b fl4 oz42 add of sulphate of quinine1 #a oz41 dissolved in boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix1 evaporate the solution to one half1 filter1 and again evaporate until spicul begin to appear2 next allow the liquid to cool1 collect the crystals1 and dry them on bibulous paper4 ,the mother liquor1 by further concentration and cooling1 will yield an additional product4 ,obs4 ,hydrochlorate of quinine occurs in snow-white groups of feathery crystals1 of a mother-of-pearl lustre1 which are more freely soluble than those of the disulphate4 ,quinine and ,iodide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,et ,,ferri ,,iodidum4 7,bouchardat47 ,prep4 ,pour a strong solution of acid sulphate of quinine into a fresh solution of iodide of iron2 collect the precipitate1 dry it quickly by pressing it between blotting paper1 and keep it from the air4 ,quinine1 ,kinate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,kinas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by saturating a solution of kinic acid with quinine1 and purifying by crystallisation out of alcohol4 ,the kinate of quinine is obtained in crystalline warts1 soluble in #d parts of water and #h parts of alcohol4 ,quinine1 ,lactate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,lactas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as the ,,acetate or ,,citrate4 ,by spontaneous evaporation fine crystals may be obtained4 ,said to agree better with dyspeptic patients than the other salts of quinine4 ,quinine1 ,muriate of4 ,hydrochlorate of quinine 7see above74 ,quinine1 ,neutral ,hydrobromate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,hydrobromas4 7,m4 ,boille47 ,this salt is prepared by double decomposition of bromide of barium and neutral sulphate of quinia1 and is thus easily obtained pure and free from chloride1 the great solubility of bromide of barium in alcohol facilitating the removal of any chloride which is insoluble4 ,the two salts are dissolved separately in alcohol and the solutions filtered4 ,the neutral sulphate of quinia solution is gradually added1 in slight excess1 to the bromide of barium solution until a precipitate ceases to form4 ,the solutions1 diluted with water1 are distilled to recover the alcohol1 afterwards filtered to separate the sulphate of quinia which has been precipitated by the water1 and then concentrated sufficiently to induce rapid crystallisation4 ,the addition of water is indispensable for the concentration and crystallisation2 the hydrobromate1 being soluble in alcohol of all proportions1 redissolves as the alcoholic liquor is concentrated4 ,m4 ,boille claims for his neutral hydrobromate of quinine its much readier solubility over the officinal sulphate1 as well as its superior richness in quinine4 ,quinine1 ,nitrate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as the ,,hydrochlorate1 substituting dilute nitric acid1 or nitrate of baryta 7,p4 ,cod471 for hydrochloric acid or chloride of barium4 ,quinine1 ,phosphate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,phosphas1 ,l4 ,as the ,,acetate4 ,silky1 needle-shaped crystals1 with a pearly lustre4 ,it has been highly recommended in intermittents1 c41 associated with rickets and stomach affections4 ,quinine1 ,salicylate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,salicylas4 ,this may be made by mixing an alcoholic solution of quinine with an alcoholic solution of salicylic acid to complete saturation1 and afterwards allowing the alcohol slowly to evaporate4 ,quinine1 ,sulphates of4 ,the salt often called #8disulphate of quinine' is now generally regarded as the normal sulphate1 while the soluble salt1 often called the #8neutral sulphate' is considered to be an acid salt4 ,this change in nomenclature results from doubling the atomic weight of the alkaloid quinine3---- #a4 ,quinine ,acid1 ,sulphate of4 7,c#bj,p#bd,n#c,o#b4;,h#b,,so#d4g;,aq47 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,quinine1 ,,neutral ,,sulphate ,,of ,,quinine1 ,,soluble ,s4 ,,of ,q42 ,,quin ,,sulphas ,,solubilis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sulphate of quinine1 #a oz41 dissolved1 by the aid of heat1 in water1 #a_/b pint1 previously acidulated with dilute sulphuric acid1 #e fl4 dr42 the solution affords crystals on cooling1 and more on evaporation4 ,obs4 ,this salt possesses the advantage of being soluble in about #aj parts of water at #fj ,fahr42 but it is seldom used in the crystalline form2 still1 as the officinal sulphate 7#8disulphate'7 is generally prescribed along with a small quantity of dilute sulphuric acid to render it soluble1 this acid sulphate is1 in fact1 the compound which is commonly given4 ,it is the #8bisulphate1' #8supersulphate1' or #8acid sulphate of quina' of ,soubeiran and other ,continental chemists4 #b4 ,quinine1 ,sulphate of4 7,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b7b4b;,h#b,,so#d4g;,a q4 ,syn4 ,,normal ,,sulphate ,,of ,,quinine1 ,,disulphate ,,of ,q41 ,,quinine2 ,,quin ,,disulphas 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,quin ,,sulphas 7,ph4 ,e41 ,d41 ,u4 ,s41 ,p4 ,cod471 ,,quin ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p471 ,l42 ,,sulphate ,,de ,,quinine1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,take of yellow cinchona bark1 bruised1 #g lbs42 sulphuric acid1 #d-a_/d oz42 7diluted with7 water1 #f galls42 boil them for #a hour1 and strain2 repeat this a second time for #a hour1 with a like quantity of acid and water1 and again strain2 next boil the bark for #c hours1 in water1 #h galls41 and strain2 wash the residue with fresh quantities of boiling distilled water2 to the mixed decoctions and washings1 add moist hydrated oxide of lead to saturation1 decant the supernatant fluid1 and wash the sediment with distilled water2 boil down the liquor for #ae minutes1 and strain1 then precipitate the quina with liquor of ammonia and wash the precipitate 7with very cold water7 until nothing alkaline is perceptible2 saturate what remains with sulphuric acid1 #a_/b oz41 diluted with water1 q4 s41 digest with animal charcoal1 #b oz41 and strain2 lastly1 the charcoal being well washed1 evaporate the mixed liquors1 that crystals may form4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,this process varies from the last one1 in the bark 7#a lb47 being first boiled in water 7#d pints7 along with carbonate of soda 7#d oz472 the residuum1 being pressed1 is moistened with water1 and again pressed1 and this operation is repeated a second and a third time1 the object being to remove1 as much as possible1 the acids1 colouring matter1 gum1 and extractive1 before proceeding to extract the alkaloid4 ,carbonate of soda is also used as the precipitant1 instead of ammonia1 and the precipitate is formed into a sulphate 7disulphate7 by being stirred with boiling water1 #a pint1 to which sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 scruple1 or q4 s41 is subsequently added4 ,the crystals1 after digestion with prepared animal charcoal1 #b dr41 are ordered to be dried at a heat not higher than #adj ,fahr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,yellow bark1 #a lb41 is macerated for #bd hours in water1 #b quarts1 acidulated with oil of vitriol1 #b fl4 dr41 and then boiled for half an hour1 after which the fluid is decanted2 this is repeated a second and a third time with water1 #b quarts1 and oil of vitriol1 #a fl4 dr42 the decanted 7or strained7 liquors are evaporated to a quart1 and filtered1 and slaked lime1 #a oz41 or q4 s41 added to the solution until it exhibits a decidedly alkaline reaction2 the precipitate is next collected on a calico filter1 and1 after having been washed with cold water1 partially dried on porous bricks1 and subjected to powerful pressure enveloped in blotting paper1 is boiled for #bj minutes in rectified spirit1 #a pint1 and the liquid1 after subsidence1 decanted2 this is repeated a second and a third time with a fresh pint of spirit1 and the residuum being well pressed1 the mixed liquors are filtered1 and the spirit removed by distillation2 the brown viscid residuum is dissolved in boiling water1 #af fl4 oz41 boiled1 and dilute sulphuric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz1 or q4 s41 added to render the solution neutral or only slightly acid2 animal charcoal1 #a_/b oz41 is next stirred in1 the mixture boiled for about #e minutes1 filtered1 and set aside to crystallise2 the crystals are dried on blotting paper by mere exposure to a dry atmosphere4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,yellow cinchona bark1 in coarse powder1 #af2 hydrochloric acid1 #c2 distilled water1 a sufficiency2 solution of soda1 #hj2 dilute sulphuric acid1 a sufficiency4 ,dilute the hydrochloric acid with #aj pints of the water4 ,place the bark in a porcelain basin1 and add to it as much of the diluted hydrochloric acid as will render it thoroughly moist4 ,after maceration1 with occasional stirring1 for twenty-four hours1 place the bark in a displacement apparatus1 and percolate with the diluted hydrochloric acid until the solution which drops through is nearly destitute of bitter taste4 ,into this liquid 7hydrochlorate of quinine7 pour the solution of soda1 agitate well1 let the precipitate 7quinine7 completely subside1 decant the supernatant fluid1 collect the precipitate on a filter1 and wash it with cold distilled water until the washings cease to have colour4 ,transfer the precipitate to a porcelain dish containing a pint of distilled water1 and1 applying to this the heat of a water bath1 gradually add diluted sulphuric acid until very nearly the whole of the precipitate has been dissolved1 and a neutral liquid has been obtained4 7,or add about half the precipitated quinine to some water in an evaporating basin1 warm the mixture and pour in diluted sulphuric acid until the precipitate has dissolved and the liquid is neutral or only faintly acid1 then add the other half1 stir well1 and again heat liquid47 ,filter the solution 7sulphate of quinine71 while hot1 through paper1 wash the filter with boiling distilled water1 concentrate till a film forms on the surface of the solution1 and set it aside to crystallise4 ,the crystals should be dried on filtering paper without the application of heat4 #e4 8,those who are well acquainted with the chemistry of the cinchona-alkaloids all agree with me in condemning the boiling of bark with dilute acids4 ,i prefer the following method1 which can also be used on a small scale for quinometry3---- 8,yellow bark1 or any other bark in which quinine prevails1 like1 for instance1 that of ,cinchona officinalis1 #a lb41 is mixed with milk of lime1 made from #d oz4 of lime and #dj oz4 of water4 ,after drying this mixture it is exhausted with strong methylated spirit 7the strongest possible7 and the slightly coloured solution neutralised with sulphuric acid1 so that the liquor has a slight acid reaction upon blue litmus paper4 ,after filtering or subsiding1 the clear liquid is distilled and the residue in the still dissolved in water1 carefully neutralised1 so that the solution has a slight alkaline reaction upon red litmus paper1 treated with charcoal and crystallised1 c40----,de ,vrij4 #f4 7#8,,hospital ,,sulphate'----,mr ,e4 ,herring47 ,the crushed bark is boiled in a solution of caustic soda or potassa1 to extract colouring matter and gum2 it is then pressed1 washed with cold water1 a second time boiled with a solution of caustic alkali1 and again pressed1 washed1 and pressed2 the decoloured and purified bark is next exhausted by coction with acidulated water1 in the usual way1 and the filtered mixed decoctions are precipitated with carbonate of soda2 the precipitated quina is then dissolved in hot dilute sulphuric acid1 to saturation1 when the #8,,hospital ,,sulphate' crystallises out as the solution cools2 this is1 lastly1 washed with a little cold water1 drained1 and dried4----,the advantage of this process is the non-use of animal charcoal as a bleacher1 and the consequent less cost of the product4 ,in the preparation of his #8,,white ,,sulphate1' ,mr ,herring uses benzol as a solvent1 instead of alcohol4 ,patent dated ,july #bhth1 #ahec4 ,prop4 ,when pure1 sulphate of quinine forms very light1 delicate1 flexible1 white needles1 which are efflorescent1 inodorous1 and intensely bitter2 it is soluble in #gdj parts of water at #fj1 and in #cj parts at #bab ,fahr42 it takes about #hj parts of cold rectified spirit for its solution1 but is freely soluble in boiling alcohol and in acidulated water2 it melts at #bdj ,fahr41 and is charred and destroyed at a heat below that of redness4 ,the crystals contain #gfa of quinine1 #hg of sulphuric acid1 and #aeb of water2 of the last1 they lose about #c-dths by exposure to dry air1 and nearly the whole when kept in a state of fusion for some time4 ,pur4 ,this may not be inferred from the form of its crystallisation1 for the sulphates of quinidine and of cinchonidine may be obtained in the same form of crystallisation4 ,as mentioned already1 the reaction with chlorine and ammonia does not distinguish quinine from quinidine1 as both give the same green colour4 8,it is entirely soluble in water 7hot71 and more readily so when an acid is present4 ,precipitated by ammonia1 the residuary liquid1 after evaporation1 should not taste of sugar4 ,by a gentle heat it loses #h or #aj of water4 ,it is wholly consumed by heat4 ,if chlorine be first added1 and then ammonia1 it becomes green40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 8,on adding chloride of barium to #ajj gr4 of this salt1 dissolved in water mixed with hydrochloric acid1 #bff gr4 of sulphate of baryta1 dried at a red heat1 are prepared40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea47 8,a solution of #aj gr41 in #a fl4 oz4 of distilled water1 and #b or #c drops of sulphuric acid1 if decomposed by a solution of #a_/b oz4 of carbonate of soda1 in two waters1 and heated until the precipitate shrinks and fuses1 yields1 on cooling1 a solid mass1 which1 when dry1 weighs #gd gr4 and when reduced to powder1 dissolves entirely in a solution of oxalic acid40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,adult4 ,sulphate of quinine is said to be often adulterated with starch1 magnesia1 gum1 sugar1 cinchonine1 quinidine1 c42 but1 according to ,de ,vrij1 those with starch1 magnesia1 gum1 and sugar1 are very rare if ever they were really observed4 ,very frequent are those with the sulphates of the other cinchona-alkaloids1 and these become even still more frequent1 as very different kinds of bark are used for the manufacture of quinine4 ,salicin is1 if ever1 but very seldom used for adulteration of quinine4 ,the best practical test for the purity of sulphate of quinine is the following3----,a saturated solution of the salt is made at #fj ,fahr41 and one part of this solution is mixed with #b or #c minims of a concentrated solution of iodide of potassium1 whilst another part is mixed with #b or #c minims of a concentrated solution of tartrate of potash and soda4 ,if the sulphate of quinine is pure its solution will remain unaltered by both reagents1 even after rubbing the sides of the test tube with a glass rod and standing many hours4 ,but if it contains one or more of the other cinchona-alkaloids there will appear either precipitates or stri on the glass where it has been rubbed by the glass rod4 ,iodide of potassium indicates particularly the presence of even traces of quinidine1 but also of cinchonidine and cinchonine1 provided their quantity be not too small4 ,tartrate of potash and soda indicate1 under these circumstances1 only the presence of cinchonidine4 ,the first three remain undissolved when the salt is digested in spirit2 the fourth is dissolved out by cold water2 the fifth may be detected by its total insolubility in ether2 or1 by precipitating the quinine by solution of potassa1 and dissolving the precipitate in boiling alcohol2 cinchonine crystallises out as the solution cools1 but the quinine remains in the mother liquor2 and the last1 by the greater solubility and sp4 gr4 of the salt1 c4 ,if the sample disengages ammoniacal fumes when treated with liquor of potassa1 it contains sal ammoniac4 ,the presence of most foreign organic substances is also shown by the sample being turned brown1 and being soon charred when treated with a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,if it turn red it contains salicin1 a substance which is now frequently used to adulterate sulphate of quinine4 ,the pure sulphate is not discoloured by this reagent4 ,uses1 c4 ,the sulphate is more extensively employed than any of the other salts of quinine1 and1 indeed1 to almost the exclusion of them4 ,it is the article intended to be used whenever #8sulphate' or #8disulphate' of quinine1 or even #8quinine1' is ordered for medicinal purposes1 unless the name is qualified by some other term4 ,it is a most valuable stomachic1 in doses of #a_/d to #a gr42 as a tonic1 #a to #c gr42 and as a febrifuge1 #b to #bj gr4 ,quinine1 ,sulpho-tartrate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,sulpho-,,tartras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sulphate of quinine1 #d parts2 tartaric acid1 #e parts2 distilled water1 #bj parts2 mix1 gently evaporate to dryness1 and powder the residuum4 ,quinine1 ,tannate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,tannas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,dissolve sulphate of quinine in slightly acidulated water1 and add a solution of tannic acid as long as a precipitate forms2 wash this with a little cold water1 and dry it4 ,the ,ph4 ,grca orders infusion of galls to be used as the precipitant4 ,in intermittent neuralgia4 ,quinine1 ,tartrate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,tartras1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from tartaric acid and quinine1 as the acetate4 ,quinine1 ,valerianate of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,valerianas 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as the acetate or citrate4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,valerianate of soda1 #abd gr41 distilled water1 #b fl4 oz42 dissolve2 also dissolve hydrochlorate of quinine1 #g dr41 in distilled water1 #ad fl4 oz42 next heat each solution to #abj 7not higher71 mix them1 and set the vessel aside for #bd hours2 lastly1 press the mass of crystals thus obtained1 and dry them1 without the application of artificial heat4 ,prop41 c4 ,silky needles and prisms2 its solution suffers decomposition when heated much above #abj ,fahr4 ,it is powerfully antispasmodic1 antiperiodic1 and nervine4----,dose1 #a_/b gr41 every two hours1 or #a to #c gr4 twice or thrice daily2 in epilepsy1 hemicrania1 hysteria1 neuralgia1 and other nervous affections4 ,,quinine ,,and ,,cod-,,liver ,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,cod-,,liver ,,oil ,,with ,,quinine1 ,,quiniaretted ,,cod-,,liver ,,oil2 ,,oleum ,,morrhu ,,cum ,,quin1 ,,oleum ,,jecoris ,,aselli ,,cum ,,quin1 ,l4 ,this medicine is a solution of pure anhydrous quinine in pure cod-liver oil4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pure quinine 7preferably recently precipitated7 is fused in a glass or porcelain capsule by the heat of an oil or sand bath1 carefully applied1 by which it assumes a brown colour and the appearance of a resin2 it is then allowed to cool out of contact with the air1 after which it is reduced to powder in a dry mortar1 and added to pure pale ,newfoundland cod-liver oil1 gently heated in a closed glass vessel over a water bath2 the solution of the alkaloid is promoted by constant agitation1 and1 when complete1 the vessel1 still corked1 is set aside in a dark situation to cool2 when the #8quiniaretted oil' is quite cold it is put into bottles1 in the usual manner1 and preserved as much as possible from the light and air4 #b4 ,the anhydrous quinine is dissolved in a little anhydrous ether before adding it to the oil1 which in this case need not be heated1 as the union is effected by simple agitation2 should this not take place1 it may be gently warmed for a few minutes4 #c4 ,the anhydrous quinine is dissolved in anhydrous alcohol1 and after being added to the oil1 the whole is gently heated1 in an open vessel1 by the heat of a water bath1 until the alcohol is expelled2 agitation1 c41 being had recourse to as in ,no4 #a4 ,prop41 c4 ,the above preparation resembles ordinary cod-liver oil1 except in having a pale yellowish colour and a slightly bitter taste1 similar to that of cinchona bark4 ,it is said to possess all the properties of cod-liver oil combined with those peculiar to quinine1 by which the tonic1 stomachic1 and antiperiodic qualities of the latter are associated1 in one remedy1 with the genial supporting1 and alterative action of the other4 ,the common strength is #b gr4 of quinine per oz4 ,,quinine ,,and ,i,,ron4 ,these two important medicinal agents are combined together in various ways4 ,the following compound salts are often prescribed4 ,quinine and ,iron1 ,citrate of4 ,syn4 ,,citrate ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,quinine2 ,,ferri ,,et ,,quin ,,citras1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,solution of persulphate of iron1 #d-a_/b2 sulphate of quinia1 #a2 dilute sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b2 citric acid1 #c2 solution of ammonia and distilled water1 of each a sufficiency2 mix #h of the solution of ammonia with #dj of the water1 and to this add the solution of persulphate of iron1 previously diluted with #dj of the water1 stirring them constantly and briskly4 ,let the mixture stand for #b hours1 stirring it occasionally1 then put it on a calico filter1 and when the liquid has drained away1 wash the precipitate with distilled water until that which passes through the filter ceases to give a precipitate with chloride of barium4 ,mix the sulphate of quinia with #h of the water1 add the sulphuric acid1 and when the salt is dissolved1 precipitate the quinia with a slight excess of solution of ammonia4 ,collect the precipitate on a filter1 and wash it with #cj of the water4 ,dissolve the citric acid in #e of the water1 and having applied the heat of a water bath1 add the oxide of iron1 previously well drained2 stir them together1 and when the oxalic acid has dissolved1 add the precipitated quinia1 continuing the agitation until this also has dissolved4 ,let the solution cool1 then add1 in small quantities at a time1 #a-a_/b solution of ammonia1 dilute with #b of the water1 stirring the solution briskly1 and allowing the quinia which separates with each addition of ammonia to dissolve before the next addition is made4 ,filter the solution1 evaporate it to the consistence of a thin syrup1 then dry it in layers on flat porcelain or glass plates1 at the temperature of #ajj ,fahr41 remove the dry salt in flakes1 and keep it in a stoppered bottle4 ,solubility1 #b in #a4----,test4 ,taste bitter as well as chalybeate4 ,when burned with exposure to air1 it leaves a residue 7oxide of iron7 which yields nothing to water4 #ej gr41 dissolved in an ounce of water1 and treated with a slight excess of ammonia1 gives a white precipitate 7quinia7 which1 when collected on a filter and dried1 weighs #h gr4 ,the precipitate is entirely soluble in pure ether1 indicating absence of quinidia and cinchonia4 ,when burned it leaves no residue4 ,when dissolved by the aid of an acid it forms a solution which1 after decolorisation by a little purified animal charcoal1 turns the plane of polarisation strongly to the left 7cinchona turns it to the right74----,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 as a tonic1 three times a day1 in solution or in pill4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,triturate sulphate of quinine1 #a oz41 with distilled water1 #f fl4 oz41 and having added sufficient diluted sulphuric acid to dissolve it1 cautiously pour into the solution water of ammonia with constant stirring1 until in slight excess4 ,wash the precipitated quinine on a filter1 and having added solution of citrate of iron1 #aj fl4 oz41 keep the whole at a temperature of #abj by means of a water bath1 and stir constantly until the alkaloid is dissolved4 ,lastly1 evaporate the solution to the consistence of a syrup1 and spread it on plates of glass1 so that1 on drying1 the salt may be obtained in scales4----,dose1 #b gr4 to #e gr4 ,quinine and ,iron1 ,iodide of4 ,syn4 ,,quin ,,et ,,ferri ,,iodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from protiodide of iron1 #b parts2 hydriodate of quinine1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #ab parts2 heat them together1 and either evaporate to dryness or crystallise by refrigeration4 ,a powder1 or crystalline scales4 ,quinine and ,iron1 ,sulphate of4 ,syn4 ,,ferrosulphate ,,of ,,quinine2 ,,quin ,,ferro-,,sulphas1 ,,quin ,,et ,,ferri ,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from solutions of the sulphates of iron and quinine1 in atomic proportions1 mixed whilst hot1 and the crystals which form as the liquid cools carefully dried and preserved from the air4 ,,quinine ,,and ,,mercury4 ,see ,,mercuric ,,and ,,quinine ,,chloride4 ,,quinoa4 ,the seed of this plant 7a species of ,chenopodium7 is largely consumed by the people who dwell in the elevated regions of ,chili and ,peru1 in which countries it is found growing at a height of some #ac1jjj feet above the sea-level4 ,mr ,johnston says there are two varieties of it1 a sweet and a bitter one4 ,it is a highly nutritious cereal1 resembling ointment in properties4 ,according to ,voelker1 quinoa has the following composition3 ,quinoa seeds dried ,quinoa at #bab ,f4 flour4 ,nitrogenous matter #bbhf #ai ,starch #efhj #fj ,fatty matter #egd #e ,vegetable fibre #iec ---- ,ash #eje ---- ,water ---- #af ,,quinoid,,ine4 ,syn4 ,,amorphous ,,quinine1 ,,chinoidine2 ,,quina ,,amorpha1 ,,quina ,,informis1 ,,quinoidia1 ,,quinoidina1 ,,quinoidinum1 ,,chinoideum1 ,l4 ,a few years after the discovery of the quinine by ,pelletier and ,caventou1 ,sertuerner1 a ,german physician1 and known as the discoverer of morphia1 obtained1 by a peculiar method1 from yellow bark1 an amorphous alkaloid which was called by him ,chinoidin#aca 7to which the name amorphous quinine is improperly given71 and also fever-killer 7,fiebertdter74 ,he found that not only this alkaloid itself1 but also all its compounds with acids1 were equally amorphous4 ,as recent investigations have proved that this amorphous alkaloid occurs in all cinchona barks1 and is found particularly in many young ,indian barks in great quantity1 it is quite natural that in the manufacture of quinine the uncrystallisable sulphate of this alkaloid should accumulate in the mother liquors of the sulphate of quinine4 ,from such liquors it is precipitated in an impure state by an alkali1 and brought into commerce under the name of quinoidine4 ,as this amorphous alkaloid has the property of preventing the crystallisation of the salts of the other alkaloids1 particularly those of quinidine1 it is clear that the quinoidine of commerce very often contains quinidine and also cinchonidine4 ,dr de ,vrij1 for instance1 found sometimes more than #bj of quinidine in some samples of quinoidine of commerce4 ,although commercial quinoidine contains many impurities which may have their origin partly in the adulteration of the cinchona-alkaloids1 unadulterated quinoidine1 no doubt1 chiefly consists of the amorphous alkaloid discovered by ,sertuerner4 ,footnote #aca3 ,sertuerner1 #8,die neuesten ,entdeckungen in der ,physik1 ,heilkunde1 und ,chemie1' #cter ,band1 #btes ,heft1 ,suite #bfi 7#ahcj74 ,the quinoidine of commerce ought never to be used in medicine unless purified4 ,for this purification there are two methods3 #a4 ,that of ,mr ,bullock1 which gives the purer but the more expensive product4 ,crude quinoidine is exhausted with ether1 which1 after defecation1 is distilled off1 leaving the purified quinoidine behind4 ,this process has been patented in ,england by ,mr ,bullock4 #b4 ,that of ,dr de ,vrij1 which consists in boiling #i parts of crude quinoidine with a solution of #b parts of oxalate of ammonium in water4 ,by this process the alkaloids contained in the quinoidine are dissolved whilst the impurities1 and amongst them the lime which is often contained in the crude quinoidine1 remain undissolved4 ,the solution is mixed with a large bulk of water1 then filtered and the purified quinoidine precipitated by a slight excess of liquor of soda4 ,prop41 c4 ,in its crude form quinoidine somewhat resembles aloes2 in its purest state it is a yellowish-brown1 resin-like mass1 freely soluble in alcohol and ether1 but nearly insoluble in water2 with the acids it forms dark-coloured1 uncrystallisable salts4 ,it is powerfully febrifuge1 but less so than either quinidine or quinine1 although it is identical in chemical composition with both of them4----,dose1 #b to #d gr4 for adults1 #a_/d to #a gr4 for children1 given in wine1 lemonade1 or acidulated honey4 ,,quinom,,etry4 ,syn4 ,,cinchonometry4 ,the art of estimating the quantity of quinine in cinchona bark1 and in the commercial salts of this alkaloid4 ,proc4 #a4 ,,for ,,bark4----a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,a filtered decoction of #ajj gr4 of bark1 in distilled water1 #b fl4 oz41 is precipitated with #a fl4 dr41 or q4 s4 of a concentrated solution of carbonate of soda2 the precipitate1 after being heated in the fluid so as to become a fused mass1 and having again become cold1 is dried and weighed4 8,it should be #b gr41 or more1 and entirely dissolve in a solution of oxalic acid40 ,to render the result strictly accurate1 the product should be dissolved in #aj parts of proof spirit1 containing #a_/bjth of sulphuric acid1 and to this solution carefully added an alcoholic solution of iodine as long as there appears a brown precipitate1 which immediately turns black by stirring with a glass rod4 ,this precipitate1 collected upon a filter1 washed with strong alcohol and dried on a water bath1 is ,herapath's iodosulphate of quinine1 of which #ajj parts represent #efe parts of pure quinine4 b4 7,rebourdain47 #ajj gr4 of the bark 7coarsely powdered7 are exhausted with acidulated water1 and the filtered solution rendered alkaline with solution of potassa2 it is next shaken with about #a-crd of its volume of chloroform1 and then allowed to repose for a short time2 the chloroform holding the alkaloid in solution sinks to the bottom of the vessel in a distinct stratum1 from which the supernatant liquid is separated by decantation2 the chloroformic solution1 either at once or after being washed with a little cold water1 is allowed to evaporate2 the residuum1 when weighed1 gives the per-centage richness of the sample4 ,obs4 ,a like result may be obtained with ether instead of chloroform2 in which case the solution of quinine will form the upper stratum4 c4 ,instead of ,rebourdain's process1 ,dr de ,vrij prefers that of ,charles1#acb so far as regards the separation of the total mixed alkaloids from the bark4 ,to this mixture is applied the process mentioned above 7a71 viz4 solution in acidulated proof spirit1 c4 ,footnote #acb3 #8,journal de ,pharmacie et de ,chimie1' #d;e srie1 t4 #ab1 p4 #ha 7,aot1 #ahgj74 #b4 ,for the ,,salts4 ,the above methods1 as well as several others which have been devised for the purpose1 may also be applied to the salts of quinine2 but1 unfortunately1 they are inapplicable when great accuracy is required1 owing to the non-recognition of the presence of quinidine1 as such1 and which1 consequently1 goes to swell the apparent richness of the sample in quinine4 ,the following ingenious method1 invented by ,dr ,ure1 not merely enables us to detect the presence of cinchonine and quinidine in commercial samples of the salts of quinine1 but1 with some trifling modifications1 it also enables us to determine the quantity of each of these alkaloids present in any sample3----8#aj gr4 of the salts to be examined0 7the sulphate is here more especially referred to7 8is put into a strong test-tube1 furnished with a tight-fitting cork2 to this are to be added #aj drops of dilute sulphuric acid 7#a acid and #e water71 with #ae drops of water1 and a gentle heat applied to accelerate solution4 ,this having been effected1 and the solution entirely cooled1 #fj drops of officinal sulphuric ether1 with #bj drops of liquor of ammonia1 must be added1 and the whole well shaken while the top is closed by the thumb4 ,the tube is then to be closely stopped1 and shaken gently from time to time1 so that the bubbles of air may readily enter the layer of ether4 ,if the salt be free from cinchonine and quinidine1 or contain the latter in no greater proportion than #aj1 it will be completely dissolved2 while on the surface1 where contact of the two layers of clear fluid takes place1 the mechanical impurities only will be separated4 ,after some time the layer of ether becomes hard and gelatinous1 and no further observation is possible40 8,from the above statement respecting the solubility of quinidine in ether1 it appears that the #aj gr4 of the salt examined may contain #a gr4 of quinidine1 and still a complete solution with ether and ammonia may follow2 but in this case the quinidine will shortly begin to crystallise in a layer of ether4 ,the least trace of quinidine may be yet more definitely detected by employing1 instead of the ordinary ether1 some ether previously saturated with quinidine1 by which means all of the quinidine contained in the quinine examined must remain undissolved4 ,it is particularly requisite1 in performing this last experiment1 to observe1 7immediately7 after the shaking1 whether all has dissolved2 for1 owing to the great tendency of quinidine to crystallisation1 it may become again separated in a crystalline form1 and be a source of error40 8,if more than #a-ajth of quinidine or 7any7 cinchonine be present1 there will be found an insoluble precipitate at the limits of the two layers of fluid4 ,if this be quinidine1 it will be dissolved on the addition of proportionately more ether1 while cinchonine will remain unaffected40 ,note4 ,to ,dr ,ure's test ,dr de ,vrij prefers1 for several reasons1 ,dr ,kerner's test1 #8,zeitschrift fr ,analytische ,chemie1' von ,fresenius1 #ast ,jahrg1 #ahfb2 #8,ueber ,die ,prufung des ,kuflichen ,schwefelsauren ,chinins auf fremde ,alkaloides1' von ,dr ,g4 ,keraer4 ,,quinovic ,,acid4 ,c#bh;,h#cc,o#d4 ,this is insoluble in water1 also in chloroform1 and difficultly soluble in alcohol4 ,it can be obtained from the boiling alcoholic solution1 by cooling1 in small crystals4 ,in the leaves1 bark1 and wood of the cinchona tree this acid is contained1 together with quinovin1 and it is this mixture which has been recently applied in therapeutics1 as a powerful tonic in cases of dysentery1 c4 ,the mixture can easily be obtained from the leaves1 bark1 or wood of cinchona1 and even from bark which has been exhausted by ebullition with water or diluted acids1 by cold maceration with weak milk of lime1 by which it is dissolved1 as it combines easily with bases4 ,it is only the quinovate of lime which has till now been used in medicine4----,dose1 #b to #h gr4 every two hours4 ,,quinovin4 ,c#cj;,h#dh,o#h4 ,syn4 ,,cinchovin1 ,,quinovia4 ,,quinovin4 ,a very bitter amorphous glucoside contained in the genus ,cinchona1 ,nauslea1 and probably in many other allied genera4 ,it is insoluble in water1 very soluble in rectified spirit and in chloroform1 with which last liquid it forms1 in concentrated solutions1 a jelly4 ,if a current of hydrochloric gas is passed into its alcoholic solution the liquid becomes hot and the quinovin is split up into a peculiar kind of sugar4 ,,quin,,quina4 ,dr de ,vrij states that the substance known under this name is a mixture of hydrochlorate of cinchonidine and of cinchonine4 ,see ,,cinchona4 ,,quin,,sy4 ,see ,,throat ,,affections4 ,,quintes,,sence4 ,syn4 ,,quinta ,,essentia1 ,l4 ,a term invented by the alchemists to represent a concentrated alcoholic solution of the active principles of organic bodies4 ,it is still occasionally employed in perfumery and the culinary art4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,,quittor4 ,it generally shows itself at the top or coronet of the hoof of the horse1 in the form of a fistulous opening 7whence quittor is also called #8the pipes'71 filled with a purulent discharge4 ,quittor invariably points to the presence of an internal ulcer1 abscess1 or some other irritating cause1 the discharge from which1 accumulating under the hard hoof1 slowly works its way to the surface4 ,the origin of quittor is generally some injury to the hoof1 such as a corn1 a prick1 or an inequality of tread4 ,the first thing to be done is to remove the animal's shoe1 to cut away any dead or discoloured horn1 so as to reach the seat of the suppuration1 and to allow it to escape by a more direct outlet4 ,hot-water fomentations and poultices should afterwards be applied for a few days4 ,should the sores show an indisposition to heal1 the parts should be washed with a tolerably strong solution of sulphate of zinc1 or of bichloride of mercury----#be grams of the latter to an ounce of water4 ,the application of strong caustics is to be particularly deprecated4 ,,quotid,,ian4 ,occurring or returning daily4 ,see ,,ague4 ,,rab,,bit4 ,the ,lepus cuniculus 7,linn47 of the ,cuvian order ,rodentia4 ,the domestic rabbit1 when young1 is a light and wholesome article of food1 approaching in delicacy to the common barn-door fowl2 but has less flavour than the wild animal4 ,the fat is among the #8simples' of the ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4 ,its hair and skin are made into cheap furs1 gloves1 hats1 c4 ,composition of ,rabbit's ,flesh 7,,bartlett74#acc ,footnote #acc3 #8,lancet1' ,march #bith1 #ahgc4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,rabbit ,rabbit ,rabbit ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,average ,percentage4 ,grains4 ,grains4 ,grains4 ,grains4 ,grains4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,water #e1ihb #f1fbc #g1cae #f1fdj #gcag ,fibrin and ,syntonin #a1adc #a1bdg #a1cic #a1bfa #acij ,gelatin #cjb #cce #cej #cbi #cfc ,fat #bdj #bgb #cde #bhf #cae ,albumen #bgf #cje #cdj #cjg #cch ,alcoholic extract1 #ajf #aai #ace #abj #acb including salts ,watery extract #ajb #ajh #abe #aab #abc ,calcium phosphates #af #ai #be #bj #jbb ---------------------------------------- ------- ,edible portion #h1afg #i1jbh #aj1jbi #i1jge #ajjjj ,additional gelatin from stewing bones #bae #bcb #bea #bcc #bjf ,bones1 c41 dissected out and stewed #a1eja #a1fgd #a1hed #aghh ,shank bones1 fur and eyes1 thrown away #cac #ceb #chb #b1jbg waste4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #aj1bja #aa1bhf #ab1eaf #aa1cce 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,rabbit ,pie4 ,cut up two young rabbits1 season with white pepper1 salt1 a little mace1 and nutmeg1 all in fine powder2 add also a little cayenne4 ,pack the rabbit with slices of ham1 forcemeat balls1 and hard eggs1 by turns in layers4 ,if it is to be baked in a dish add a little water1 but omit the water if it is to be raised in a crust4 ,by the time it is taken out of the oven have ready a gravy of knuckle of veal1 or a bit of the scrag1 with some shank bones of mutton1 seasoned with herbs1 onions1 mace1 and white pepper4 ,if the pie is to be eaten hot1 truffles1 morels or mushrooms may be added1 but not if intended to be eaten cold4 ,if it be made in a dish put as much gravy as will fill the dish1 but in raised crusts the gravy must be carefully strained1 and then put in cold as jelly4 ,rabbit ,pudding4 ,cut a rabbit into sixteen pieces1 and slice a quarter of a pound of bacon2 season with chopped sage1 pepper1 and salt2 then add potatoes and onions according to the size of the family1 and half a pint of water4 ,boil for two hours4 ,the meat and vegetables must be well mixed4 ,rice may be substituted for potatoes if preferred4 ,rabbit1 ,ragout of4 8,wash and clean a good-sized ,ostend rabbit2 boil the liver and heart1 chop them1 and mix with veal stuffing2 fill the rabbit1 sew it up1 and tie it into shape4 ,put a piece of fat beef and #a lb4 of bacon1 cut in slices1 into a saucepan1 with #a oz4 of dripping2 put in the rabbit to brown1 turning it over to brown both sides2 pour off the dripping1 and put in #a quart of water2 let it simmer gently an hour and a half4 ,a quarter of an hour before serving skim off all the fat1 and thicken the gravy with a little corn flour2 season with pepper and salt1 and1 if liked1 stew a bunch of herbs and half an onion with it4 ,lay the rabbit on a dish with the bacon round it1 and pour the gravy over40 7,tegetmeier47 ,,rac,,ahout4 ,syn4 ,,racahout ,,des ,,arabes4 ,this is said to be farina prepared from the acorns of ,quercus ,ballota1 or ,barbary oak1 disguised with a little flavouring4 ,the following is recommended as an imitation3----,roasted cacao or chocolate nuts1 #d oz42 tapioca1 and potato farina1 of each #f oz42 white sugar1 slightly flavoured with vanilla1 #a_/b lb4 ,very nutritious4 ,used as arrow-root4 ,,race,,mic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,paratartaric ,,acid4 ,this compound was discovered by ,kestner in #ahbj1 replacing tartaric acid in grape juice of the ,department of the ,vosges4 ,racemic acid and tartaric acid have exactly the same composition1 and yield1 when exposed to heat1 the same products2 the racemates also correspond in the closest manner with the tartrates4 ,racemic acid is rather less soluble than tartaric1 and separates first from a solution containing the two acids4 ,a solution of racemic acid precipitates a neutral salt of calcium1 which is not the case with tartaric acid4 ,a solution of racemic acid does not affect a ray of polarised light1 while a solution of tartaric acid rotates the ray to the right4 8,dessargnes and ,jungfleisch found by experiment that under the influence of heat ordinary tartaric acid is readily transformed into inactive tartaric acid and racemic acid1 and the latter chemist thought to find in this fact an explanation of the production of racemic acid4 8,but observations continued through many years upon mother liquors from various tartaric acid factories showed that although more or less inactive tartaric acid was present in all of them1 racemic acid was not1 even when they had been subjected to prolonged treatment1 and its occurrence in appreciable quantity was confined to a small number of specimens4 ,in fact1 some samples of mother liquor from factories where evaporation was carried on in a partial vacuum contained more racemic acid than others from factories where evaporation was carried on over a pure fire4 ,recently ,jungfleisch noticed that the liquors richest in inactive tartaric acid were also rich in alumina1 and the suspicion that alumina favoured the conversion was confirmed by direct experiment2 also that the neutral aluminum sulphate has but little action4 ,jungfleisch has come to the conclusion that when there is an accumulation of alumina on the mother liquor1 the conditions are favorable for the production of a large proportion of inactive tartaric acid1 and a small proportion of racemic acid1 although when the latter is present in considerable quantity1 it becomes the most manifest through its comparative insolubility4 ,examination of liquors from which racemic acid has been deposited has always shown them to contain much inactive tartaric acid4 ,this theory does not exclude the probability that certain vines under particular conditions produce racemic acid40#acd ,footnote #acd3 #8,pharmaceutical ,journal4' ,,rack,,ing4 ,see ,,cider and ,,wines4 ,,rad,,icle4 ,syn4 ,,radical4 ,according to the binary theory of the constitution of saline compounds1 every salt is composed1 like chloride of sodium 7,na,cl71 of two sides or parts1 which are termed its radicals4 ,that part of a salt which consists of a metal1 or of a body exercising the chemical functions of one1 is called the metallic1 basic1 or basylous radical2 while the other part1 which1 like chlorine1 by combining with hydrogen would produce an acid1 is designated the chlorous or acidulous radical4 ,every salt1 therefore1 consists of a basic and of an acid radical4 ,sometimes radicals are elementary in their nature1 when they are called simple2 and sometimes they are made up of a group of elements1 when they are termed compound4 ,some radicals1 both simple and compound1 have been isolated1 while many have but a hypothetical existence4 ,in the following formul the vertical line separates the basic from the acid radicals1 the former being on the left1 the latter on the right3---- ,h ,f ,hydrofluoric acid 7,fluoride of hydrogen74 ,na ,cl ,chloride of sodium4 ,k ,,cn ,cyanide of potassium4 ,ca ,,co#c ,carbonate of calcium4 ,,nh#d ,cl ,chloride of ammonium4 ,c#b;,h#e ,,no#b ,nitrite of ethyl4 ,,rad,,ish4 ,the common garden radish 7,,raphanus1 ,l47 is the root of ,raphanus sativus 7,linn471 one of the ,crucifer4 ,there are several varieties4 ,they are all slightly diuretic and laxative1 and possess considerable power in exciting the appetite4 ,the seed is pressed for oil4 ,the horseradish 7,,armoracia1 ,l47 belongs to a distinct genus4 ,,rain-,,gauge4 ,syn4 ,,ombometer1 ,,pluviameter1 ,,udometer4 ,an instrument for determining the quantity of water1 which falls as rain1 at any given place4 ,a simple and convenient rain-gauge for agricultural purposes is formed of a wide mouthed funnel1 or open receiver1 connected with a glass tube furnished with a stop-cock4 ,the diameter of the tube may be exactly #a-ajjth that of the receiver1 and if the tube be graduated into inches and tenths1 the quantity of rain that falls may be easily read off to the #a-ajjjth of an inch4 ,the instrument should be set in some perfectly open situation2 and1 for agricultural purposes1 with its edge as nearly level with the ground as possible4 ,another form of gauge is furnished with a float1 the height of which marks the amount of liquid4 ,the diameter of the gauge should range between #d and #h inches4 ,the quantity of water should be duly measured and registered at #i a4m4 daily4 ,mr ,symonds1 ,f4,r4,b4,s41 has drawn the following code of instructions for the guidance of those registering the amount of rainfall at any locality3---- #a4 ,site4 ,a rain-gauge should not be set on a slope or terrace1 but on a level piece of ground1 at a distance from shrubs1 trees1 walls1 and buildings----at the very least as many feet from their base as they are in height4 ,tall growing flowers1 vegetables1 and bushes must be kept away from the gauges4 ,if a thoroughly clear site cannot be obtained1 shelter is most endurable from north-west1 north1 and east2 less so from south1 south-east1 and west2 and not at all from south-west or north-east4 #b4 ,old ,gauges4 ,old-established gauges should not be moved1 nor their registration discontinued1 until at least two years after a new one has been in operation1 otherwise the continuity of the register will be irreparably destroyed4 ,both the old and the new ones must be registered at the same time1 and the results recorded for comparison4 #c4 ,level4 ,the funnel of a rain-gauge must be set quite level1 and so firmly fixed that it will remain so1 in spite of any gale of wind or ordinary circumstances4 ,its correctness in this respect should be tested from time to time4 #d4 ,height4 ,the funnel of gauges newly placed should be one foot above grass4 ,information respecting height above sea level may be obtained from ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ,esq41 #fd1 ,camden ,square1 ,n4,w41 ,london4 #e4 ,rust4 ,if the funnel of a japanned gauge become so oxidised as to retain the rain in its pores1 or threatens to become rusty1 it should have a coat of gas tar or japan black1 or a fresh funnel of zinc or copper should be provided4 #f4 ,float ,gauges4 ,if the measuring rod is detached from the float it should never be left in the gauge2 if it is attached to the float it should be pegged or tied down1 and only allowed to rise to its proper position at the time of reading4 ,to allow for the weight of the float and rod these gauges are generally so constructed as to show #j only when a small amount of water is left in them4 ,care must always be taken to set the rod to the zero or #j4 #g4 ,can and ,bottle ,gauges4 ,the measuring glass should always be held upright4 ,the reading is to be taken midway between the two apparent surfaces of the water4 #h4 ,date of ,entry4 ,the amount measured at #i a4m4 on any day is to be set against the previous one1 because the amount measured at #i a4m4 of1 say1 the #agth1 contains the fall during fifteen hours of the #afth1 and only nine hours of the #agth4 7,the rule has been approved by the meteorological societies of ,england and ,scotland1 cannot be altered1 and is particularly commended to the notice of observers47 #i4 ,mode of ,entry4 ,if less than one tenth 7#aj7 has fallen1 the cipher must always be prefixed2 thus1 if the measure is full up to the seventh line1 it must be entered as #jg----that is1 no inches1 no tenths1 and seven hundredths4 ,for the sake of clearness it has been found necessary to lay down an invariable rule that there shall always be two figures to the right of the decimal point4 ,if there be only one figure1 as in the case of one tenth of an inch 7usually written #a71 a cipher must be added1 making it #aj4 ,neglect of this rule causes much inconvenience4 ,all columns should be cast twice----once up and once down----so as to avoid the same error being made twice4 ,when there is no rain a line should be drawn rather than a cipher inserted4 #aj4 ,caution4 ,the amount should always be written down before the water is thrown away4 #aa4 ,small ,quantities4 ,the unit of measurement being #ja1 observers whose gauges are sufficiently delicate to show less than that are1 if the amount is under #jje1 to throw it away2 if it is #jje to #jaj inclusive1 they are not to enter it as #ja4 #ab4 ,absence4 ,every observer should train some one as an assistant2 but where this is not possible1 instructions should be given that the gauge should be emptied at #i a4m4 on the #ast of the month1 and the water bottled1 labelled1 and tightly corked1 to await the observer's return4 #ac4 ,heavy ,rains4 ,when very heavy rains occur it is desirable to measure immediately on their termination2 and it will be found a safe plan1 after measuring1 to return the water to the gauge1 so that the morning registration will not be interfered with4 ,of course1 if there is the slightest doubt as to the gauge holding all the falls it must be emptied1 the amount being previously written down4 #ad4 ,snow4 ,in snow three methods may be adopted2 it is well to try them all3----7#a7 ,melt what is caught in the funnel by adding to the snow a previously ascertained quantity of warm water1 and then deducting this quantity from the total measurement1 enter the residue as rain4 7#b7 ,select a place where the snow has not drifted1 invert the funnel1 and1 turning it round1 lift and melt what is enclosed4 7#c7 ,measure with a rule the average depth of snow1 and take one twelfth as the equivalent of water4 ,some observers use in snowy weather a cylinder of the same diameter as the rain-gauge1 and of considerable depth4 ,if the wind is at all rough all the snow is blown out of a flat-funnelled rain-gauge4 #ae4 ,overflow4 ,it would seem needless to caution observers on this head1 but as a recent foreign table contains six instances in one day1 in which gauges were allowed to run over1 it is evidently necessary that ,british observers should be on the alert4 ,it is not desirable to purchase any new gauge of which the capacity is less than four inches4 #af4 ,second ,gauges4 ,it is often desirable that observers should have two gauges1 and that one of them should be capable of holding eight inches of rain4 ,one of the gauges should be registered daily1 the other weekly or monthly1 as preferred1 but always on the #ast of each month4 ,by this means a thorough check is kept on accidental errors in the entries1 which is not the case if both are read daily4 #ag4 ,dew and ,fog4 ,small amounts of water are at times deposited in rain-gauges by fog and dew4 ,they should be added to the amount of rainfall1 because 7#a7 8they tend to water the earth and nourish the streams10 and not for that reason only1 but 7#b7 because in many cases the rain-gauges can only be visited monthly1 and it would then obviously be impossible to separate the yield of snow1 rain1 c42 therefore1 for the sake of uniformity1 all must be taken together4 #ah4 ,doubtful ,entries4 ,whenever there is the least doubt respecting the accuracy of any observation1 the entry should be marked with a 81 and the reason stated for its being placed there4 ,obs4 ,the height at which the rain-gauge is elevated from the ground is a matter of considerable moment4 ,thus1 one observer found the fall of rain at ,york for twelve months 7#ahcc-ahcd7 to be----at a height of #bac feet from the ground1 #adif inches2 at #dd feet1 #aihe inches2 and on the ground1 #bega inches4 ,later experimentalists have confirmed this curious fact4 ,thus1 ,colonel ,warde found the following to be the relative rainfall at different periods for the four years extending from #ahfd to #ahfg3 ,inches4 ,on a level with the ground #ajg ,at a height of #b inches #aje 0 #f 0 #aja 0 #a foot #ajj 0 #b feet #jii 0 #c 0 #jih 0 #e 0 #jif 0 #aj 0 #jie 0 #bj 0 #jid ,one of the causes that have been assigned for this singular phenomenon has been----the greater exposure in elevated situations of the rain to dispersive action of the wind1 a surmise which derives some support from the circumstance1 that when a rain-gauge is placed on a building1 the roof of which is flat1 of large area1 and with few1 if any1 chimneys to disturb the air currents1 an amount of rain is collected equalling that obtained on the surface of the ground4 ,,rai,,sins4 ,syn4 ,,dried ,,grapes2 ,,uv 7,b4 ,p474 ,,uv ,,siccat1 ,,uva 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,uv ,,pass 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 8,the prepared fruit of ,vitis vinifera0 7,linn47----,ph4 ,l4 ,the grapes are allowed to ripen and dry on the vine4 ,after being plucked and cleaned1 they are dipped1 for a few seconds1 into a boiling lye of wood ashes and quicklime at #ab or #ae ,baum1 to every #d galls4 of which a handful of culinary salt and a pint of salad oil has been added2 they are then exposed for #ab or #ad days in the sun to dry2 they are1 lastly1 carefully garbled1 and packed for exportation4 ,the sweet1 fleshy kinds of grapes are those selected for the above treatment2 and1 in general1 their stalks are cut about one half through1 or a ring of bark is removed1 to hasten their maturation4 ,raisins are nutritious1 cooling1 antiseptic1 and1 in general1 laxative2 the latter to a greater extent than the fresh fruit4 ,there are many varieties found in commerce4 ,their uses as a dessert and culinary fruit1 and in the manufacture of wine1 c41 are well known1 and are referred to elsewhere4 ,see ,,grapes1 ,,wines1 c4 ,,rancid,,ity4 ,the strong1 sour flavour and odour which oleaginous bodies acquire by age and exposure to the air4 ,for its prevention1 see ,,fats1 ,,oils 7,fixed71 c4 ,,rape ,,oil4 ,see ,,oils 7,fixed74 ,,rash4 ,erasmus ,wilson notices four different affections1 as included under this head3---- #a4 ,,st ,,anthony',s ,,fire1 or ,,erysipelas1 the severest of them all1 already referred to4 #b4 ,,nettle-,,rash1 or ,,urticaria1 characterised by its tingling and pricking pain1 and its little white elevations on a reddish ground1 like the wheals caused by the sting of a nettle4 ,this efflorescence seldom stays many hours1 and1 sometimes1 not even many minutes1 in the same place1 and is multiplied or reproduced whenever any part of the skin is scratched or even touched4 ,no part of the body is exempt from it1 and when many of them occur together1 and continue for an hour or two1 the parts are often considerably swelled1 and the features temporarily disfigured4 ,in many cases these eruptions continue to infest the skin1 sometimes in one place1 and sometimes in another1 for one or two hours together1 two or three times a day1 or perhaps1 for the greatest part of the twenty-four hours4 ,in some constitutions this lasts only a few days2 in others several months4 ,there are several varieties of nettle-rash or urticaria noticed by medical writers1 among which ,,urticaria ,,febrilis1 ,,persistans1 and ,,evanida1 are the principal4 ,the common cause of nettle-rash is some derangement of the digestive functions1 arising either from the use of improper food or a disordered state of the nervous or other systems of the body4 ,lobsters1 crabs1 mussels1 shrimps1 dried fish1 pork1 cucumbers1 mushrooms1 and adulterated beer or porter1 bear the character of frequently causing this affection4 ,in childhood it commonly arises from teething4 ,occasionally1 in persons of peculiar idiosyncrasy1 the most simple article of food1 as almonds1 nuts1 and even milk1 rice1 and eggs1 will produce this affection4 ,the treatment may consist of the administration of gentle saline aperients1 and in severer cases a gentle emetic1 followed by the copious use of acidulated diluent drinks1 as weak lemon-juice-and-water1 effervescing potassa-draughts1 c41 and1 when required1 diaphoretics4 ,the clothing should be light1 but warm1 and the itching1 when severe1 may be allayed by the application of a lotion of water to which a little vinegar or camphorated spirit has been added2 the latter must1 however1 be employed with caution4 ,a hot knee-bath is useful in drawing the affection from the face and upper part of the body4 ,a #8compress1' wrung out of cold water until it ceases to drip1 and kept in contact with the stomach by means of a dry bandage1 has been recommended to relieve excessive irritation of the stomach and bowels4 ,it has been stated that decoction of ,virginian snake-root is particularly useful in relieving chronic urticaria4 #c4 ,,red-,,rash1 ,,red-,,blotch1 or ,,fiery ,,spot1 is commonly the consequence of disordered general health1 of dyspepsia1 and particularly1 of females1 of tight lacing4 ,sometimes it is slight and evanescent2 at others it approaches in severity to the milder forms of erysipelas1 there being much swelling and inflammation4 ,chaps1 galls1 excoriations1 and chilblains are varieties of this disease produced by cold1 excessive moisture1 or friction4 ,the treatment is similar to that of nettle-rash4 #d4 ,,rose-,,rash1 ,,false ,,measles1 or ,,roseola1 is an efflorescence1 or rather a discoloration of a rose-red tint1 in small irregular patches1 without wheals or papul1 which spread over the surface of the body1 and are ushered in by slight febrile symptoms4 ,there are several varieties4 ,the causes are the same as those which produce the preceding affections1 and the treatment may be similar4 ,in all of them strict attention to the diet1 and a careful avoidance of cold applications1 or exposure to cold1 so as to cause a retrocession1 are matters of the first moment4 ,,rasp,,berry4 ,syn4 ,,hindberry4 ,the fruit of ,rubus ,idus 7,linn471 a small shrub of the natural order ,rosace4 ,it is cooling1 antiscorbutic1 and mildly aperitive4 ,it is frequently used to communicate a fine flavour to liqueurs1 confectionery1 wine1 c4 ,see ,,fruits and ,,vegetables4 ,fresenius gives the following as the composition of raspberries3 ,,cultivated4 ,wild ,red4 ,red4 ,white4 ,soluble ,matter---- ,sugar #ceig #dgjh #cgjc ,free acid 7reduced to equivalent in malic acid7 #aihj #acef #aaae ,albuminous substances #jedf #jedd #jffe ,pectous substances1 c4 #aajg #agdf #acig ,ash #jbgj #jdha #jcah ,insoluble ,matter---- ,seeds ,skins1 c4 #hdfj #dajf #debj ,pectose #jahj #jejb #jjdj ,ash from insoluble matter included in weights given #jacd #jbif #jjha ,water #hfhfj #hfeeg #hhahj ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- #ajjjjj #ajjjjj #ajjjjj ,,ratafi,a4 ,originally a liquor drank at the ratification of an agreement or treaty4 ,it is now the common generic name in ,france of liqueurs compounded of spirit1 sugar1 and the odoriferous and flavouring principles of vegetables1 more particularly of those containing the juices of recent fruits1 or the kernels of apricots1 cherries1 or peaches4 ,in its unqualified sense this name is commonly understood as referring to cherry-brandy or peach-brandy4 ,ratafias are prepared by distillation1 maceration1 or extemporaneous admixture1 in the manner explained under the head ,,liqueur4 ,the following list includes those which are commonly prepared by the ,french liquoristes3---- ,ratafia d',angelique4 ,from angelica seeds1 #a dr42 angelica stalks1 #d oz42 blanched bitter almonds1 bruised1 #a oz42 proof spirit or brandy1 #f quarts2 digest for #aj days1 filter2 add1 of water1 #a quart2 white sugar1 #c-a_/b lbs42 mix well1 and in a fortnight decant the clear portion through a piece of clean flannel4 ,ratafia d',anis4 ,see 7,liqueur7 ,,cordial1 ,,aniseed4 ,ratafia de ,baume de ,tolu4 ,from balsam of ,tolu1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 dissolve1 add water1 #c pints2 filter1 and further add of white sugar1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,pectoral and traumatic4 ,ratafia de ,brou de ,noix4 ,from young walnuts with soft shells 7pricked or pierced71 #fj in no42 brandy1 #b quarts2 mace1 cinnamon1 and cloves1 of each #ae gr42 digest for #h weeks2 press1 filter1 add of white sugar1 #a lb42 and keeping it for some months before decanting it for use4 ,stomachic4 ,ratafia de ,cacao4 ,syn4 ,r4 ,,de ,,chocolat4 ,from ,caracca cacao-nuts1 #a lb42 ,west ,indian do41 #a_/b lb42 7both roasted and bruised27 proof spirit1 #a gall42 digest for #ad days1 filter1 and add1 of white sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs42 tincture of vanilla1 #a_/b dr4 7or shred of vanilla may be infused with the nuts in the spirit instead72 lastly1 decant in a month1 and bottle it4 ,ratafia de ,caf4 ,from coffee1 ground and roasted1 #a lb42 brandy or proof spirit1 #a gall42 sugar1 #b lbs4 7dissolved in72 water1 #a quart2 as last4 ,ratafia de ,cassis4 ,from black currant juice1 #a quart2 cinnamon1 #a dr42 cloves and peach kernels1 of each #a_/b dr42 brandy1 #a gall42 white sugar1 #c lbs42 digest for a fortnight1 and strain through flannel4 ,ratafia de ,cerise4 ,from ,morello cherries1 with their kernels bruised1 #h lbs42 brandy or proof spirit1 #a gall42 white sugar1 #b lbs42 as last4 ,ratafia de ,chocolat4 ,ratafia de cacao 7see above74 ,ratafia de ,coings4 ,from quince juice1 #c quarts2 bitter almonds1 #c dr42 cinnamon and coriander seeds1 of each #b dr42 mace1 #a_/b dr42 cloves1 #ae gr4 7all bruised72 rectified spirit1 7quite flavourless71 #a_/b gall42 digest for a week1 filter1 and add of white sugar1 #c-a_/b lbs4 ,ratafia de ,crme4 ,from crme de noyeau and sherry1 of each #a_/d pint2 capillaire1 #a_/b pint2 fresh cream1 #a pint2 beaten together4 ,ratafia de ,curaoa4 ,curaoa4 ,ratafia de ,framboises4 ,raspberry cordial4 ,ratafia de ,genivre4 ,from juniper berries 7each pricked with a fork71 #a_/d lb42 caraway and coriander seed1 of each #dj gr42 finest malt spirit 7#bb u4 p471 #a gall42 white sugar #b lbs42 digest a week1 and strain with expression4 ,ratafia de ,grenoble4 ,from the small wild black cherry 7with the kernels bruised71 #b lbs42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 white sugar1 #c lbs42 citron peels1 a few grains2 as before4 ,ratafia de ,grenoble1 de ,teyssre4 ,from cherries 7bruised with the stones71 #a quart2 rectified spirit1 #b quarts2 mix1 digest for #dh hours1 then express the liquor1 and heat it to boiling in a close vessel2 when cold1 add of sugar or capillaire1 q4 s41 together with some noyeau1 to flavour1 and a little syrup of the bay laurel1 and of galangal2 in #c months decant1 and bottle it4 ,ratafia de ,noyeau4 ,from peach or apricot kernels 7bruised71 #abj in no42 proof spirit or brandy1 #b quarts2 white sugar1 #a lb42 digest for a week1 press1 and filter4 ,ratafia de illets4 ,from clove-pinks 7without the white buds71 #d lbs42 cinnamon and cloves1 of each #ae gr42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 macerate for #aj days1 express the tincture1 filter1 and add of white sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ,ratafia d',ecorce d',orange4 ,crme d',orange4 ,ratafia de ,fleurs d',oranger4 ,from fresh orange petals1 #b lbs42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 white sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs42 as last4 ,instead of orange flowers1 neroli1 #a dr41 may be used4 ,ratafia la ,provenale4 ,from striped pinks1 #a lb42 brandy or proof spirit1 #a quart2 white sugar1 #c_/d lb42 juice of strawberries1 #c_/d pint2 saffron1 #bj gr42 as before4 ,ratafia des ,quatre ,fruits4 ,from cherries1 #cj lbs42 gooseberries1 #ae lbs42 raspberries1 #h lbs42 black currants1 #g lbs42 express the juice1 and to each pint add1 of white sugar1 #f oz42 cinnamon1 #f gr42 cloves and mace1 of each #c gr4 ,ratafia ,rouge4 ,from the juice of black cherries1 #c quarts2 juices of strawberries and raspberries1 of each #a quart2 cinnamon1 #a dr42 mace and cloves1 of each #ae gr42 proof spirit or brandy1 #b galls42 white sugar1 #g lbs42 macerate1 c41 as before4 ,ratafia ,sec4 ,take of the juice of gooseberries1 #e pints2 juices of cherries1 strawberries1 and raspberries1 of each #a pint2 proof spirit1 #f quarts2 sugar1 #g lbs42 as before4 ,ratafia la ,violette4 ,from orris powder1 #c oz42 litmus1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #b galls42 digest for #aj days1 strain1 and add of white sugar1 #ab lbs42 dissolved in soft water1 #a gall4 ,,rats4 ,the common or brown rat is the ,mus ,decumanus 7,linn471 one of the most prolific and destructive species of the ,rodentia4 ,it was introduced to these ,islands from ,asia2 and has since spread over the whole country1 and multiplied at the expense of the black rat 7,mus ,rattus----,linn471 which is the old ,british species of this animal1 until its inroads on our granaries1 our stores1 and dwelling-houses have increased to such an extent1 that its extirpation has become a matter of serious1 if not of national1 importance4 ,for the destruction of these noxious animals two methods are adopted3---- #a4 ,trapping4 ,to render the bait more attractive1 it is commonly sprinkled with a little of one of the rat scents noticed below4 ,the trap is also occasionally so treated4 #b4 ,poisoning4 ,the following are reputed the most effective mixtures for this purpose3---- ,,arsenical ,,paste4 ,from oatmeal or wheaten flour1 #c lbs42 powdered indigo1 #a_/b oz42 finely powdered white arsenic1 #a_/d lb42 oil of aniseed1 #a_/b dr42 mix1 add of melted suet1 #b-a_/b lbs42 and beat the whole into a paste4 ,a similar compound has the sanction of the ,french ,government4 ,,arsenical ,,powder4 ,from oatmeal1 #a lb42 moist sugar1 #a_/d lb42 white arsenic and rotten cheese1 of each #a oz42 rat-scent1 a few drops4 ,,millers' ,,rat ,,powder4 ,from fresh oatmeal1 #a lb42 nux vomica 7in very fine powder71 #a oz42 rat-scent1 #e or #f drops4 ,this is highly spoken of by those who have used it4 ,,mineral ,,rat-,,poison4 ,from carbonate of baryta1 #a_/d lb42 sugar and oatmeal1 of each #f oz42 oils of aniseed and caraway1 of each a few drops4 ,,philantrope ,,muophobon4 ,a ,french preparation1 which1 according to ,mr ,beasley1 consists of tartar emetic1 #a part1 with farinaceous matter1 #d parts1 and some other 7unimportant7 ingredients4 ,,phosphor ,,paste4 ,,rat-,,scents4 ,the following are said to be the most attractive3 a4 ,powdered cantharides steeped in ,french brandy4 ,for traps4 ,it is said that rats are so fond of this1 that if a little be rubbed about the hands they may be handled with impunity4 b4 ,from powdered assaftida1 #h gr42 oil of rhodium1 #b dr42 oil of aniseed1 #a dr42 oil of lavender1 #a_/b dr42 mix by agitation4 c4 ,from oil of aniseed1 #a_/b oz42 tincture of assaftida1 #a_/d oz4 d4 ,from oil of aniseed1 #a_/d oz42 nitrous acid1 #b to #c drops2 musk1 triturated with a little powdered sugar1 #a gr4 ,,ra,,zors4 ,see ,,papers1 ,,paste1 and ,,shaving4 ,,rea,,gents4 ,see ,,tests4 ,,real,,gar4 ,this valuable red pigment is the bisulphide of arsenic4 ,it is found native in some volcanic districts2 but that of commerce is prepared by distilling1 in an earthen retort1 arsenical pyrites1 or a mixture of sulphur and arsenic1 of orpiment and sulphur1 or of arsenious acid1 sulphur1 and charcoal1 in the proper proportions4 ,see ,,disulphide ,,of ,,arsenic4 ,,recommendations ,,to ,,farmers4 ,a series of valuable suggestions1 intended for the guidance of farmers in the purchase of manures and cattle-feeding materials have lately been issued by the ,royal ,agricultural ,society of ,england4 ,in substance they are as follows3----,in the purchase of feeding-cakes1 the guarantee of #8pure' should be insisted upon1 since this means a legal warranty that the article is produced from good clean seed4 ,the terms #8best' and #8genuine' are of no value1 and should be objected to4 ,furthermore1 the sample should be subjected to analysis4 ,for this purpose a sample should be taken out of the middle of the cake1 whilst the remainder of the cake from which the sample has been selected1 should be sealed up and placed aside for reference in case of dispute4 ,the following advice is given to farmers about to purchase manures3----,raw bones or bone dust should be purchased #8as pure1' whilst they should be guaranteed to contain not less than #de per cent4 of tribasic phosphate of lime1 and #d per cent4 of ammonia4 #8,boiled bones' should be purchased as #8pure' boiled bones1 guaranteed to contain not less than #dh per cent4 of tribasic phosphate of lime1 and #a-c_/d per cent4 of ammonia4 ,dissolved bones vary so greatly that the buyer should insist on a guarantee of quality under the heads of #8soluble phosphate of lime1' #8insoluble phosphate of lime1' and #8nitrogen' or #8ammonia1' also for an allowance at current rates for each unit per cent4 if the bones should prove on analysis to contain less than the guaranteed per-centages1 c4 ,it should be insisted that mineral superphosphates are delivered dry and in good condition1 and be guaranteed to contain a certain per-centage of soluble phosphates at a certain price per unit per cent4 ,no value is to be attached to #8insoluble phosphates4' ,compound artificial manures1 which are rarely used1 should be purchased on exactly the same terms4 ,nitrate of soda should be purchased on exactly the same terms4 ,nitrate of soda should be guaranteed to contain #id to #ie per cent4 of pure nitrate4 ,sulphate of ammonia should yield #ce per cent4 of ammonia4 ,peruvian guano should be sold under that name1 and guaranteed to be in a dry1 friable condition1 and to contain a certain per-centage of ammonia4 ,in buying artificial manures the purchaser is recommended to obtain a guarantee that they shall be delivered in a sufficiently dry and powdery condition to allow of sowing by the drill4 ,samples1 taken out of three or four bags1 should be well mixed together1 and they should be analysed not later than three days after delivery4 ,two tins1 holding about half a pound each1 should be filled in the presence of a witness1 sealed up1 one sent to the analyst1 and the other retained for future reference4 ,,rectifca,,tion4 ,the redistillation1 c41 of a fluid1 for the purpose of rendering it purer4 ,,red4 ,a term denoting a bright colour1 resembling blood4 ,red is a simple or primary colour1 but of several different shades or hues1 as scarlet1 crimson1 vermilion1 orange-red1 c4 ,,red1 ,,an,,iline4 ,syn4 ,,rosaniline4 ,this artificial base is prepared by the action of bichloride of tin1 mercurial salts1 arsenic acid1 and many other oxidising agents1 upon aniline4 ,the aniline reps of commerce1 now so largely used for dyeing1 are saline compounds1 more or less pure1 of rosaline1 with #a equiv4 of acid4 ,these compounds are known under the names of #8magenta1' #8fuchsine1' #8roseine1' #8azaleine1' c4 ,in ,england the aniline red commonly employed is the acetate of rosaniline1 which has been prepared by ,mr ,nicholson in splendid crystals of very considerable dimensions4 ,in ,france the hydrochlorate of rosaniline is chiefly employed4 ,the free base presents itself in colourless crystalline plates1 but its compounds with #a equiv4 of acid have1 when dry1 a beautiful green colour1 with golden lustre1 and furnish with water an intensely coloured red solution4 ,see ,,purple 7,aniline7 and ,,red ,,dye1 also ,,tar ,,colours4 ,,red ,,dye4 ,the substances principally employed for dyeing reds are cochineal1 lac-dye1 and madder1 which1 under proper treatment1 yield permanent colours of considerable brilliancy1 the first and third more particularly so4 ,extremely beautiful but fugitive colours are also obtained from ,brazil wood1 safflower1 archil1 and some other substances4 ,for purple-red or crimsons 7magenta1 fuchsine1 c471 on silk or wool1 the aniline reds 7salts of rosaniline7 are now extensively used4 7,see ,,tar-,,colours47 ,the mode of applying them is noticed under ,,purple ,,dye4 ,,silk is usually dyed of a permanent red or scarlet with cochineal1 safflower1 or lac dye2 wool1 with cochineal and1 still more frequently1 with madder2 and cotton1 with madder 7chiefly71 ,brazil wood1 c4 ,the leading properties of these substances are given under their respective names1 and the methods of employing them are generally referred to in the articles ,,dyeing1 ,,mordants1 c41 and1 therefore1 need not be repeated here4 ,the following may1 however1 be useful to the reader3---- #a4 ,first1 give the #8goods' a mordant of alum1 or of alum-and-tartar1 rinse1 dry1 and boil them in a bath of madder4 ,if acetate of iron be used instead of alum1 the colour will be purple1 and by combining the two1 as mordants1 any intermediate shade may be produced4 #b4 ,the yarn or cloth is put into a very weak alkaline bath at the boiling temperature1 then washed1 dried1 and #8galled' 7or1 when the calico is to be printed1 for this bath may be substituted one of cow-dung1 subsequent exposure to the air for a day or two1 and immersion in very dilute sulphuric acid4 ,in this way the stuff gets opened1 and takes and retains the colour better74 ,after the #8galling' the goods are dried1 and alumed twice2 then dried1 rinsed1 and passed through a madder bath1 composed of #c_/d lb4 of good madder for every lb4 weight of the goods2 this bath is slowly raised to the boiling point in the course of #ej or #fj minutes1 more or less1 according to the shade of colour required2 after a few minutes the stuff is taken out1 and slightly washed2 the operation is then repeated1 in the same manner1 with fresh madder2 it is1 lastly1 washed and dried1 or passed through a hot soap bath1 which carries off the fawn-coloured particles4 #c4 7,,adrianople ,,red1 ,,turkey ,r47 ,this commences with cleansing or scouring the goods by alkaline baths1 after which they are steeped in oily liquors brought to a creamy state by a little carbonate of soda2 a bath of sheep's dung is next often used as an intermediate or secondary steep2 the oleaginous bath1 and the operation of removing the superfluous or loosely adhering oil with an alkaline bath1 is repeated two or three times1 due care being taken to dry the goods thoroughly after each distinct process2 then follow the distinct operations of galling1 aluming1 maddering1 and brightening1 the last for removing the dun-coloured principle1 by boiling at an elevated temperature with alkaline liquids and soap2 the whole is generally concluded with treatment by spirit of tin4 ,in this way are given the most brilliant reds on cotton4 ,obs4 ,wool takes from half its weight of madder to an equal weight to dye it red2 cotton and linen take rather less4 ,on account of the comparative insolubility of the colouring matter of madder1 this dye-stuff must be boiled along with the goods to be dyed1 and not removed from the decoction1 as is the practice in using many other articles4 ,other dye-stuffs are frequently added to the madder bath1 to vary the shades of colour4 ,decoction of fustic1 weld1 logwood1 quercitron1 c41 are often thus employed1 the mordants being modified accordingly4 ,by adding bran to the madder bath the colour is said to be rendered much lighter1 and of a more agreeable tint4 ,,red ,,gum4 ,a slight eruptive disease of infancy1 occasioned by teething1 and1 less frequently1 by irritation from rough flannel worn next to the skin4 ,see ,,strophulus4 ,,red ,,lav,,ender4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,lavender 7,compound74 ,,red ,,liq,,uor4 ,the crude solution of acetate or sulpho-acetate of alumina employed in calico printing4 ,it is generally prepared by mixing crude sulphate of alumina with about an equal weight of crude pyrolignite of lime1 both being in the state of solution4 ,,red ,,pig,,ments4 ,the preparation of the principal red pigments are described under their respective names4 ,the following list includes most of the reds in use3---- ,armenian ,bole4 ,syn4 ,,bole ,,armenian2 ,,bolus ,,armeni1 ,l4 ,formerly imported from ,armenia1 ,portugal1 ,tuscany1 c42 now generally made by grinding together a mixture of whiting1 red oxide of iron1 and red ochre1 in nearly equal proportions4 ,red1 ,brown4 ,a factitious mixture of red oxide of iron and red ochre1 in variable proportions4 ,carmine4 ,carminated ,lake4 ,red ,chrome4 ,syn4 ,,dichromate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,red ,,chromate ,,of ,l42 ,,plumbi ,,dichromas1 ,p4 ,,chromus ,,rubrum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,boil pure carbonate of lead with chromate of potassa1 in excess1 until it assumes a proper colour2 then wash it well with pure water1 and dry it in the shade4 #b4 ,boil neutral chromate of lead with a little water of ammonia or lime water4 #c4 7,liebig and ,whler47 ,fuse saltpetre at a low red heat in a ,hessian crucible1 and throw in chromate of lead 7pure chrome yellow71 by small portions at a time1 as long as a strong ebullition follows upon each addition of the pigment1 observing to stir the mixture frequently with a glass rod2 after repose for a minute or two1 pour off the fluid part1 and1 as soon as the solid residuum is cold1 wash it with water1 and dry it by a gentle heat4 ,obs4 ,great care must be taken1 in conducting the last process1 not to employ too much heat1 nor to allow the saline matter to stand long over the newly formed chrome-red1 as the colour is thus apt to change to a brown or orange4 ,when well managed the product has a crystalline texture1 and so beautiful a red colour that it vies with native cinnabar4 ,the liquid poured from the crucible is reserved for manufacturing chrome yellow4 ,red1 ,indian4 ,syn4 ,,purple ,,ochre2 ,,ochra ,,purpurea ,,persica1 ,,terra ,,persica1 ,l4 ,this is a native production1 brought from ,ormus4 ,a factitious article is prepared by calcining a mixture of colcothar and red ochre4 ,lakes 7,various74 ,red1 ,light4 ,from yellow ochre1 by careful calcination4 ,it works well with both oil and water1 and produces an admirable flesh-colour by admixture with pure white4 ,all the ochres1 both red and yellow1 are darkened by heat4 ,red ,orange4 ,syn4 ,,sandix4 ,obtained from white lead by calcination4 ,very bright4 ,realgar4 ,bisulphide of arsenic4 ,red ,bole4 ,see ,,armenian and ,,venetian ,,bole4 7,ochres47 ,red ,chalk4 ,a clay iron ore1 much used for pencils and crayons1 and1 when ground1 also for paints4 ,red ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,minium4 ,the finest red lead is prepared by exposing ground and elutriated massicott1 or dross of lend1 in shallow iron trays 7about #ab inches square1 and about #d or #e inches deep71 piled up on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace1 to a heat of about #fjj to #fej ,fahr41 with occasional stirring1 until it acquires the proper colour4 ,the furnace employed for the preparation of massicot during the day usually possesses sufficient residuary heat during the night for this process1 by which fuel is saved4 ,lead for the above purpose should be quite free from copper and iron4 ,red ,ochre4 ,a natural product abounding on the ,mendip hills4 ,red ,orpiment4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,arsenic4 ,tersulphide of arsenic4 ,red ,venetian4 ,syn4 ,,bolus ,,veneta1 ,l4 ,a species of ochre1 brought from ,italy4 ,rose ,pink4 ,this is whiting coloured with a decoction of ,brazil wood to which a little pearlash has been added4 ,a very pretty colour1 but it does not stand4 ,it is always kept in a damp state4 ,the colour may be varied by substituting alum for pearlash1 or by the addition of a little spirits of tin4 ,vermilion4 7,see under that word47 ,,reduc,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,revivification4 ,a term in its fullest sense applied to any operation by which a substance is restored to its neutral state2 but now generally restricted1 in chemistry1 to the abstraction of oxygen1 and hence frequently termed deoxidation or deoxidisement4 ,this change is operated by either heating the substance in contact with carbon or hydrogen1 or in exposing it to the action of some other body having a powerful affinity for oxygen4 ,see ,,potassium1 c4 ,,refi,,ning4 ,a term employed in commercial chemistry and metallurgy synonymously with purification4 ,the separation of the precious metals from those of less value1 as in the operation of parting1 constitutes the business of the #8refiner4' ,see ,,gold1 ,,silver1 c4 ,,refrac,,tion 7of ,light74 ,the deviation of a ray of light from its original path on entering a medium of a different density or power4 ,for the practical application of this property1 see ,,gems4 ,,refri,,gerants4 ,medicines or agents which tend to lessen the animal temperature without causing any marked diminution of sensibility or nervous energy4 ,among internal refrigerants cold water1 weak acidulous drinks1 and saline aperients1 are those which are probably the best known and the most useful4 ,among external refrigerants are cold water1 evaporating lotions1 weak solutions of subacetate of lead1 c4 ,,refrigera,,tion4 ,the abatement of heat2 the act or operation of cooling4 ,among the purposes to which refrigeratory processes are applied in the arts1 the principal are----the condensation of vapours----the cooling of liquids----the congelation of water1 and----the production of extreme degrees of cold in chemical operations4 ,the first of these is referred to under the heads ,,distillation1 ,,still1 c41 and the second under ,,wort4 ,it is1 therefore1 only necessary to notice here the third and fourth applications of cold1 artificially produced1 above referred to4 ,the refrigeratory processes at present employed depend upon the greater capacity for heat which the same body possesses as its density lessens1 or its attenuation increases2 as exhibited in the sudden liquefaction of solids1 the rapid evaporation of liquids1 and the almost instantaneous return of atmospheric air1 or other gaseous body1 from a highly condensed state to its normal condition4 ,the loss of sensible heat in the first example is the basis of the various processes of producing cold by what are commonly called #8,,freezing-' or #8,,frigorific-,,mixtures1' all of which act upon the principle of liquefying solid substances without supplying heat4 ,the caloric of liquidity being in these cases derived from that previously existing in the solid itself in a sensible state1 the temperature must necessarily fall4 ,the degree of cold produced depends upon the quantity of heat which is thus diffused through a larger mass1 or which1 as it were1 disappears2 and this is dependent on the quantity of solid matter liquefied1 and the rapidity of the liquefaction4 ,saline compounds are the substances most frequently employed for this purpose1 and those which have the greatest affinity for water1 and thus liquefy the most rapidly1 produce the greatest degree of cold4 ,similar changes occur during the evaporation of liquids4 ,when heat passes from the sensible to the insensible state1 as in the formation of vapour1 cold is generated4 ,this may be shown by pouring a few drops of ether or rectified spirit on the palm of the hand1 when a strong sensation of cold is experienced4 ,a still more familiar illustration of this fact is exhibited in the rapidity with which the animal body loses heat when enveloped in damp or wet clothing4 ,the evaporation of water produces a degree of cold which is greater than that of other liquids1 in exact proportion as the insensible or latent heat of its vapour exceeds theirs4 ,in the attenuation or rarefaction of gases similar phenomena occur4 ,it has been found that evaporation proceeds much more rapidly from the surface of fluids in a vacuum than in the atmosphere4 ,water may be easily frozen by introducing a surface of sulphuric acid under the receiver of an air-pump1 over which is placed a capsule filled with water1 so that the vapour arising from the latter may be immediately absorbed by the former4 ,after a few strokes of the piston the water is converted into a solid cake of ice4 ,the acid operates by absorbing the aqueous vapours as soon as generated1 and thus maintaining the integrity of the vacuum4 ,professor ,leslie found that1 when air is thus rarified #bej times1 the surface of evaporation was cooled down #abj in winter2 and when only #ej times1 a depression of #hj or even #ajj took place4 8,sulphuric acid is capable of congealing more than #bj times its weight of water before it has imbibed nearly its own bulk of that liquid1 or has lost about #a_/hth of its refrigerating power40 7,ure47 ,sulphuric acid1 which has become diluted in this way1 may be reconcentrated by heat4 ,any substance having a great tendency to absorb moisture may be substituted for the sulphuric acid4 ,fused chloride of calcium1 quicklime1 nitrate of magnesium1 chloride of zinc1 and oatmeal 7dried nearly to brownness before a common fire71 have been used for this purpose4 ,again1 instead of employing an air-pump1 a vacuum may be produced by the agency of steam1 afterwards condensed by the affusion of cold water4 ,a pleasing philosophical toy1 illustrative of the evaporative power of a vacuum1 is the #8,,cryophorus1' or #8,,frost-,,bearer1' of ,dr ,wollaston4 ,this instrument consists of two small glass globes1 united by a tube1 one of which is partly filled with water4 ,the whole apparatus is perfectly free from air1 and is1 consequently1 filled with attenuated aqueous vapours4 ,no sooner is the pressure removed as by plunging the empty ball into a freezing mixture 7which condenses the vapour71 than rapid evaporation commences1 and the water in the other ball is frozen in two or three minutes4 ,illustration ,even in hot climates ice may be produced under favorable circumstances by evaporation4 ,on the open plains1 near ,calcutta1 this is effected by exposing a thin stratum of water to the atmosphere1 during the fine clear nights of ,december1 ,january1 and ,february4 ,the pans are made of porous earthenware1 and water is poured in to the depth of about #a-a_/b inch4 ,a large number of these vessels are arranged in an excavation in the ground1 #cj or #dj feet square and #b feet deep1 the bottom of which is covered1 to the depth of #aj or #ab inches1 with sugar canes or the stalks of ,indian corn4 ,at sunrise the pans are visited1 the ice separated from the water1 and packed as tight as possible in a deep cavity or pit1 well screened from the heat4 ,several machines have recently been invented by which water is frozen in large quantities by exposure to condensed air in the act of its subsequent expansion4 ,they are worked by either hand or steam power4 ,the refrigerating apparatus invented by ,mr ,kirk1 of the ,bathgate ,paraffin ,works1 acts on this principle2 and it does its work so efficiently that it produces a cooling effect equivalent to two tons of ice every twenty-four hours1 at a very small expenditure of fuel4 ,a small model worked by hand will readily freeze mercury4 ,kirk's apparatus is used at ,bathgate to cause the crystallisation of solid paraffin from the heavy paraffin oils4 ,formerly1 a machine1 acting by the evaporation of ether1 was employed for the same purpose4 ,for the production of an extremely low temperature1 such as is required for the liquefaction of some gases1 ,faraday employed solid carbonic acid mixed with a little ether4 ,in the production of ice or an extreme degree of cold1 by saline mixtures1 the salts should be in the crystallised state1 and as rich as possible in water1 but without being in the least damp4 ,they should also be coarsely pulverised at the time of using them1 and should not be mixed until immediately before throwing them into the liquid ingredients4 ,the mixture should be made in a thick vessel1 well clothed1 to prevent the accession of external heat2 and the substance to be acted on should be contained in a very thin vessel1 so as to expose it more fully to the action of the mixture4 ,on the large scale1 a vessel called a #8,,freezing ,,pot' or #8,,saboti,,re' is commonly employed4 ,the following table1 though founded on experiments made more than #ej years ago by ,mr ,walker1 gives full and accurate information on the subject of freezing mixtures3---- ,table exhibiting a few of the most useful ,,frigorific ,,mixtures4 ,drawn up from actual experiments performed by ,,mr ,,walker4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,deg4 of cold ,ingredients4 ,thermometer sinks4 produced4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,snow or pounded ice #b parts ,from any ,chloride of sodium #a 0 temperature4 to -#e ---- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,snow or pounded ice #e 0 ,from any ,chloride of sodium #b 0 temperature4 to -#ab ---- ,sal ammoniac #a 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,snow or pounded ice #ab 0 ,from any ,chloride of sodium #e 0 temperature to -#be ---- ,nitrate of ammonia #e 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,snow #h 0 ,hydrochloric ,from #cb to -#bg #ei acid 7concentrated7 #e 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,snow #b 0 ,crystallised chloride ,from #cb to -#ej #hb of calcium #c 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,sal ammoniac #e 0 ,nitrate of potassa #e 0 ,from #ej to #aj #dj ,water #af 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,nitrate of ammonia #a 0 ,from #ej to #d #df ,water #a 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,nitrate of ammonia #a 0 ,carbonate of soda #a 0 ,from #ej to #g #eg ,water #a 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,phosphate of soda #i 0 ,nitrate of ammonia #f 0 ,from #ej to -#ba #ga ,diluted nitrous acid#aced 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,sulphate of soda #h 0 ,from #ej to #j #ej ,hydrochloric acid #e 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,snow #c 0 ,from #j to -#df #df ,diluted nitrous acid#aceb 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,snow #b 0 ,sulphuric acid#acf #a 0 ,from -#bj to -#fj #dj ,water #a 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,snow #a 0 ,crystallised chloride ,from #j to -#ff #ff of calcium #b 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,snow #a 0 ,crystallised chloride ,from -#dj to -#gc #cc of calcium #c 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,snow #h 0 ,sulphuric acid #e 0 ,from -#fh to -#ia #bc ,water #e 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,footnote #ace3 ,fuming 8nitrous acid10 #b parts2 water1 #a part2 by weight4 ,footnote #acf3 ,prof4 ,pfaundler has shown that an acid containing #ffai per cent4 of ,h#b,,so#d1 is the most advantageous to employ for this purpose2 one part of an acid of this strength with #ajig parts of snow forming a refrigerating mixture which will reduce the temperature to -#cg ,c4 7-#cf ,f474 ,for practical purposes it is suggested an excess of snow would be better1 since the refrigerating value of the mixture is thereby largely increased1 though the lowest temperature is not obtained4 ,see ,,ice4 ,obs4 ,the materials in the first column are to be cooled1 previously to mixing1 to the temperature required in the second1 by the use of other mixtures4 ,,reg,,ulus4 ,a term applied by the alchemists to various metallic matters obtained by fusion2 as ,,regulus ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,arsenic1 c4 ,it is now obsolete4 ,,rel,,ishes4 ,see ,,sauces4 ,,remedies1 ,,ferruginous4 ,rob4 ,freygang3---- ,,steel ,,brandy is an ordinary clear brownish brandy1 containing a very little bitter matter1 like the stomachic bitters of the apothecaries1 and mixed with about #a per cent4 of sugar4 #aj1jjj parts contain about #a-a_/b part oxide of iron4 ,,steel ,,stomachic ,,bitters4 ,this is more aromatic1 but otherwise similar to the steel brandy2 #aj1jjj parts contain #b_/c part iron oxide4 ,,steel ,,liqueur is a clear1 agreeably-tasting liqueur1 of the colour and containing much of the juice of raspberries4 #aj1jjj parts contain nearly #a1bjj of sugar and only #a of iron oxide4 ,,steel ,,syrup----,syrop ferrugineux de ,quinquina4 ,a clear slightly violet-coloured1 thin1 sweet fluid1 containing spirit and sugar1 of which cinchona bark may be an ingredient1 though it is appreciable by neither taste nor tests4 ,it contains #a-a_/d part iron in #aj1jjj parts4 ,,steel ,,bonbons contain a trace of iron oxide4 ,the iron present in the above preparations is in the form of citrate4 7,hager47 ,,remit,,tent4 ,a term applied to fevers1 and other diseases1 which exhibit a decided remission in violence during the twenty-four hours1 but without entirely leaving the patient1 in which they differ from intermittents or agues4 ,,ren,,net4 ,syn4 ,,runnet1 ,,prepared ,,calf',s ,,maw4 ,the fourth or true digesting stomach of the calf1 freed from the outer skin1 fat1 and useless membrane1 washed1 treated with either brine or dry salt for a few hours1 and then hung up to dry4 ,when well prepared1 the dried #8vells' somewhat resemble parchment in appearance4 ,uses1 c4 ,rennet is employed to curdle milk4 ,a piece of the requisite size is cut off1 and soaked for some hours in whey or water1 after which the whole is added to the milk for curdling1 slightly warmed1 and the mixture is slowly heated1 if necessary1 to about #abb ,fahr4 ,in a short time after this temperature has been attained the milk separates into a solid white coagulum 7curd71 and into a yellowish1 translucent liquid 7whey74 ,two square inches from the bottom of a good #8vell' are sufficient for a cheese of #fj lbs4 ,it is the gastric juice of the stomach that operates these changes4 ,the stomachs of all sucking quadrupeds possess the same properties4 ,see ,,cheese4 ,rennet1 ,liquid4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,rennet4 ,prep4 ,from fresh rennet 7cut small71 #ab oz42 common salt1 #c oz42 knead them together1 and leave the mixture at rest1 in a cool place1 for #e or #f weeks2 then add of water #ah oz42 good rum or proof spirit1 #b oz42 lastly1 digest for #bd hours1 filter1 and colour the liquid with a little burnt sugar4 ,rennet1 ,liquid4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,rennet4 ,fresh rennet1 #ab oz42 salt1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #b oz42 white wine1 a quart2 digest for #bd hours and strain4 ,a quart of milk requires #b or #c teaspoonfuls4 ,,wislin directs #aj parts of a calf's stomach2 salt1 #c parts4 ,the membrane of the stomach is to be cut with scissors and kneaded with the salt1 and with the rennet found in the interior of that organ2 the whole left in a cool place in an earthen pot till the cheesy odour is replaced by the proper odour of rennet1 which will be in one or two months4 ,then add #af parts of water and #a of spirit4 ,filter and colour with burnt sugar4 ,the ,german ,pharmacopia gives the following formula for liquid rennet3----#c parts of the mucous membrane of fresh calf's rennet1 macerated for three days in #bf parts of white wine1 #a part of table salt being added4 ,obs4 #b or #c teaspoonfuls will curdle a quart of milk4 ,some persons use white wine instead of water1 with simple digestion for a day or two4 ,,res,,in4 ,syn4 ,,resina1 ,l4 ,this name is applied to many vegetable principles composed of the elements carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen4 ,the resins 7,,resin7 cannot be very accurately defined1 but we may in a general way describe them as substances which are solid at ordinary temperatures1 more or less transparent1 inflammable1 readily fusible1 do not volatilise unchanged1 become negatively electrified by rubbing2 are insoluble in water1 but soluble in alcohol2 mostly inodorous1 and readily incorporated with fatty bodies by fusion4 ,their sp4 gr4 varies from #i to #ab4 ,according to ,liebig1 they are oxidised essential oils4 ,common resin1 rosin1 or colophony1 and the shellac of which sealing-wax is made1 are familiar examples of these substances4 7,see below47 ,resin1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,rosin1 ,,black ,r41 ,,colophony2 ,,resina ,,nigra1 ,,colophonia1 ,l4 ,what remains of turpentine after the oil has been distilled4 ,when this substance1 whilst still fluid1 is agitated with about #a-hth part of water1 it forms the yellow resin of pharmacy4 ,used for violin bows1 dark-coloured ointments1 varnishes1 c4 ,resin1 ,yellow4 ,syn4 ,,yellow ,,rosin1 ,,white ,r42 ,,resina ,,flava1 ,,resina 7,ph4 ,l471 ,la4 ,detergent4 ,used in ointments1 plasters1 c4 7,see above47 ,,res,,inoids4 ,syn4 ,,resinous ,,extracts1 ,,concentrated ,e42 ,,extracta ,,resina1 ,l4 ,under this head1 the so-called #8,eclectics1' who form a numerous class among ,american physicians1 place their most important #8concentrated remedies4' 8,viewed as pharmaceutical preparations eligible for use in medicine1 though not purified so as to rank as distinctive proximate principles1 these are very appropriately named #8resinous extracts1' or #8resins4' ,the term #8resinoid1' so commonly used1 is less appropriate to the class1 implying1 as it does1 a resemblance to resins1 while all of these are either resins1 oleo-resins1 or more or less mixed proximate principles possessing no real resemblance to the class of resins40 7,parrish47 ,most of them are prepared from plants indigenous to ,north ,america1 by precipitating a strong alcoholic tincture with water4 ,they are all brought to the condition of powder1 those which are naturally soft and oily being mixed with a sufficient quantity of sugar of milk1 or other dry material4 ,one of these eclectic remedies has been introduced into regular practice4 ,see ,,podophyllin4 ,,resin1 or ,,rosin ,,oil4 ,this is a product of the dry distillation of resin4 ,the apparatus used consists of an iron pot1 a head piece1 a condensing arrangement1 and a receiver4 ,in distilling the resin1 a bright oil first comes over with water4 ,as soon as a cessation in the flow of the distillate occurs the receiver is changed1 and the heat is further raised1 when a red-coloured and heavy rosin oil comes over4 ,the black residue remaining in the pot is used as pitch4 ,the light oil1 called #8pinoline1' is rectified1 and the acetic acid water passing over with it is saturated with calcium hydrate1 filtered and evaporated to dryness2 and the calcium acetate obtained is employed in the manufacture of acetic acid4 ,the rosin oil1 obtained after the light oil has passed over1 has a dark violet-blue colour1 and is called #8blue rosin oil4' ,the red oil is boiled for a day with water1 the evaporated water being returned to the vessel2 next day the water is drawn off1 and the remaining rosin oil is saponified with caustic soda lye of #cf ,baum1 and the resulting solid mass is distilled so long as oil passes over4 ,the product obtained is #8rectified rosin oil1' which is allowed to stand in iron vessels1 protected by a thin layer of gypsum1 whereby after a few weeks a perfectly clear oil is obtained free from water4 ,the oil of first quality is obtained by a repetition of the foregoing operation upon the once rectified oil4 ,the residues of both operations are melted up with the pitch4#acg ,footnote #acg3 ,dingler's #8,polytech4 ,journ41' ccvi1 #bdf 7#8,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41' new series1 vol4 xi1 #cjd74 ,rosin oil is employed in the manufacture of axle grease1 the oil being previously converted into a soap by heating with slaked lime4 ,,resolv,,ents4 ,syn4 ,,discutients2 ,,resolventia1 ,l4 ,substances or agents which discuss or resolve inflammatory and other tumours4 ,see ,,digestives4 ,,respira,,tion4 ,the peculiar function by which the blood is submitted to the action of the air1 for the purpose of removing carbonic acid1 and restoring its vitality by the absorption of atmospheric oxygen4 ,the air expired from the lungs is found to have undergone a most remarkable change4 ,it is now loaded with aqueous vapour1 whilst a considerable portion of its oxygen has disappeared1 and its place is supplied by about a like volume of carbonic acid4 ,it is no longer capable of supporting animal life1 and even a lighted taper plunged into it is immediately extinguished4 ,in the mean time the #8venous blood' which entered the lungs from the right chambers of the heart has lost its dingy hue1 and has acquired the rich florid colour which is characteristic of #8arterial blood4' ,in this state it is returned to the left chambers of the heart1 and is propelled by that organ to every part of the body1 from which it passes by the capillaries to the veins1 and by these again to the heart and lungs1 to undergo the same changes and circulation as before4 ,the carbon and hydrogen of the blood1 ultimately derived from the food1 are1 in this course1 gradually converted into carbonic acid and water by a species of slow combustion2 but how these changes are effected is not definitely ascertained4 ,the lungs1 as is well known1 receive the atmospheric air through the trachea or windpipe4 ,at the root of the neck this divides into two branches1 called bronchi1 and each bronchus1 upon entering its respective lung1 divides into an infinity of small tubes4 ,the latter terminate in small pouches1 called the air-cells1 and a number of these little air-cells communicate together at the extremity of each small tube4 ,the number of air-cells in the two lungs has been estimated at #a1gdd1jjj1jjj1 and the extent of the membrane which lines the cells and tubes together at #aejj square feet4 7,dr ,addison47 ,under ordinary circumstances1 from #bb to #dc cubic inches of air are thrown out at each expiration2 but1 by a forced effort1 #ej or #fj inches are ordinarily expelled4 ,the number of respirations per minute in health1 when the individual is tranquil and undisturbed1 is about #ae4 ,exercise increases this number4 ,see ,,food1 ,,nutrition1 c4 ,respiration1 ,artificial4 ,various means have been adopted for this purpose1 among which blowing air into the lungs is1 perhaps1 that generally adopted4 ,a better1 and1 in general1 a much more efficient method1 is as follows3----,powerful but not violent pressure is made upon the sides of the chest and upon the abdomen at the same time1 by which the cavity of the thorax is diminished1 and the air contained in the lungs is expelled2 the compression is then suddenly withdrawn1 when the elasticity of the ribs causes them to resume their old expanded positions2 the chest is again enlarged1 a partial vacuum is formed1 and air rushes into the lungs1 to be again expelled by pressure upon the ribs and abdomen as before4 ,by this means artificial respiration may be kept up for a great length of time1 without the use of bellows1 or any other apparatus4 ,the chief principle of ,dr ,marshall ,hall's so-called #8ready method' is the postural performance of artificial respiration4 ,the patient is first placed gently on the face1 and then turned on the side2 then on the face again1 alternately2 these measures being repeated deliberately1 efficiently1 and perseveringly1 fifteen times in the minute4 ,when the prone position is resumed1 equable1 but efficient1 pressure is applied along the spine2 this pressure is removed immediately before rotation on the side4 ,the #8,silvester method1' invented by ,dr ,henry ,silvester1 is now acknowledged to be far more effective than ,dr ,hall's method1 and is adopted by the ,royal ,humane ,society for the restoration of the apparently drowned4 ,it consists in laying the patient on the back1 slightly raising the head and shoulders1 drawing the tongue forwards1 and keeping it so by passing an elastic band over it and under the chin4 ,the arms are then grasped just above the elbows1 and drawn gently upwards until they meet above the head 7this is for the purpose of drawing air into the lungs71 keeping the arms in that position for two seconds4 ,the patient's arms are then turned down1 and pressed gently and firmly for two seconds against the sides of the chest 7this is for the purpose of pressing the air out of the lungs74 ,artificial breathing is thus carried on4 ,these efforts are repeated fifteen times in a minute1 until a spontaneous effort to respire is perceived4 ,during the employment of these means the nostrils are excited with snuff or smelling salts1 or the throat is tickled with a feather4 ,after natural breathing has been restored1 warmth and circulation are induced by wrapping the body in hot blankets1 applying bottles or bladders of hot water1 heated bricks1 c41 to the pit of the stomach1 the armpits1 between the thighs1 and to the soles of the feet1 and by rubbing the limbs upwards firmly and energetically4 ,in the #8,landw4 ,versuchs ,stat4' 7xviii1 #ha-afi7ach ,rudolph ,pott has recorded a series of interesting experiments instituted with the object of determining the comparative quantities of carbonic acid excreted by respiration and perspiration in different species of animals in equal intervals of time2 together with some experiments on the excretion of carbonic acid by the same animals under different physiological conditions4 ,footnote #ach3 #8,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41' #ahgf1 vol4 i1 p4 #gba4 ,the author states that in his researches he used an air tight box1 with glass sides1 in which the animal is placed1 and through which the air can be drawn at any rate required by means of an aspirator4 ,the air before entering the glass chamber passes over caustic potash and through baryta water2 after leaving the chamber it passes through three flasks containing known quantities of baryta water4 ,in the first part of this paper the author estimates the amount of carbonic acid excreted by different animals during the space of six hours1 and under otherwise similar circumstances4 ,the following are the most important conclusions he arrives at3---- #a4 ,the greatest quantity of carbonic acid in proportion to their weight is given off by birds4 ,mammals are the next in order4 ,insects exhale less than either of these4 #b4 ,worms1 amphibia1 fishes1 and snails form another group which excrete much less carbonic acid4 ,of these worms exhale the most and snails the least4 #c4 ,those animals of the second group1 which live in water1 give off the greatest part of their carbonic acid to the air1 and only a much smaller portion to the surrounding water4 #d4 ,young animals excrete more carbonic acid than old ones2 this is most marked in amphibia4 ,for example #ajj grams of an old frog 7,rana temporaria7 exhaled in six hours #bac grm41 whereas #ajj grams of a young frog gave off in the same time #gfe grm4 #e4 ,the larv of insects exhale less carbonic acid than the insects themselves4 #f4 ,different individuals of the same species exhale in the same time nearly the same quantity of carbonic acid in proportion to their body-weight4 ,in the second part of this paper the author describes experiments in the influence of coloured light on the excretion of carbonic acid2 in the same animal 7mouse7 and for the same time4 ,he concludes that---- #a4 ,the excretion of carbonic acid is less in ordinary daylight than in coloured light4 #b4 ,the violet and red rays exercise the least influence on the excretion of carbonic acid1 the green and yellow are the most active2 and the milk-white and blue rays occupy an intermediate position4 ,the relation of these different actions may be expressed by the following figures3---- ,violet4 ,red4 ,milk-white4 #hfhi #icch #ajj ,blue4 ,green4 ,yellow4 #abbfc #abheb #agdgi ,finally1 the author experimented with a mouse during the night1 and found then the excretion of carbonic acid at that time is considerably less than during the day4 ,,revalen,,ta ,,arabica4 ,a mixture of the red ,arabian or ,egyptian lentil with barley flour1 and a little sugar or salt4 7#8,lancet4'7 ,see ,,lentil and ,,revalenta4 ,,reverb,,eratory ,,furnace4 ,see ,,furnace4 ,,revi,,ver4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,black ,,reviver1 ,,paris',s ,,anticardium47----a4 ,blue galls 7bruised71 #d oz42 logwood and sumach1 of each #a oz42 vinegar1 #a quart2 macerate in a closed vessel1 at a gentle heat1 for #bd hours1 then strain off the clear1 add iron filings and green copperas1 of each #a oz41 shake it occasionally for a week1 and preserve it in a corked bottle4 b4 ,galls1 #a lb42 logwood1 #b lb42 boil for #b hours in water1 #e quarts1 until reduced to a gallon1 then strain1 and add of green copperas #a_/b lb4 ,used to restore the colour of faded black cloth4 #b4 7,,blue ,,reviver47 ,from soluble ,prussian blue1 #a oz42 dissolved in distilled water1 #a quart4 ,used for either black or blue cloth4 ,,rham,,nin4 ,prep4 ,express the juice from buckthorn berries scarcely ripe1 which is to be rejected2 boil the cake or residue with water1 strain with pressure1 and filter the liquid whilst hot2 crude rhamnin will be deposited as the liquid cools1 which1 by solution in boiling alcohol and filtration1 may be procured in crystals4 ,obs4 ,buckthorn juice 7succus rhamni71 8the juice of the fruit of ,rhamnus catharticus 7,linn4710 is officinal in the ,ph4 ,l4 ,,rhat,,any4 ,syn4 ,,rhatany ,,root2 ,,krameri ,,radix 7,b4 ,p472 ,,krameria 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,rhatani ,,radix1 ,l4 8,the root of ,krameria triandria40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it is stomachic1 and powerfully astringent and styptic4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gr41 either in powder or made into a decoction or infusion4 ,it is much employed in tooth powders1 to fix the teeth when they become loosened by the recession of the gums1 and also for improving the natural red colour of the lips and gums4 ,a saturated tincture or fluid extract1 made with brandy1 forms the #8wine-colouring' used by the ,portuguese to give roughness1 colour1 and tone to their port wine4 ,hard extract of rhatany is also much employed for the same purpose4 ,,rhe,,in4 ,syn4 ,,chrysophanic ,,acid4 ,the yellow colouring principle of rhubarb4 ,,rheumatic and ,,gout ,,pills4 7,w4 ,gross ,cardiff74 ,pills weighing #b grammes rolled in lycopodium1 the essential ingredients of which are quinine sulphate1 gamboge1 jalap1 resin1 and a little rhubarb4 7,hager47 ,,rheu,,matism4 ,syn4 ,,rheumatismus1 ,l4 ,an affection of the joints1 and of the external muscular1 tendinous1 and fibrous textures of the body1 attended with swelling1 stiffness1 and great pain4 ,acute rheumatism or rheumatic fever1----arthritis1 inflammation of the synovial membrane1 or rheumatic gout1----sciatica1 or rheumatism of the cellular envelope of the great sciatic nerve1 affecting the hip1----and lumbago1 or rheumatism of the loins1 are varieties of this disease4 ,the treatment of rheumatism consists in the administration of purgatives and diaphoretics or sudorifics1 accompanied by tonics1 as bark1 quinine1 c4 ,calomel with opium1 and iodide of potassium1 have also been frequently and successfully employed in this complaint4 ,of late years the administration of the bicarbonate1 citrate1 or nitrate of potassa1 in rather large doses1 has been strongly recommended1 and in numerous cases adopted with success4 ,lemon juice1 liberally taken1 has also proved useful in suddenly cutting short severe attacks of certain forms of rheumatism4 ,the compound powder of ipecacuanha1 taken at night1 will generally promote the ease and sleep of the patient1 and1 by its sudorific action1 tend considerably to hasten a cure4 ,where possible1 a dry atmosphere and a regular temperature should be sought1 since a damp atmosphere1 and1 indeed1 exposure to damp under any form1 are the principal causes of rheumatism4 ,stimulating embrocations1 blisters1 frictions1 and1 above all1 the hot or vapour bath1 are also frequently serviceable in rheumatism1 especially in lumbago and casual attacks arising from cold4 ,the daily use of oranges1 or of lemon juice diluted with water1 has been found1 in the majority of cases1 to lessen the susceptibility of those who employ them to attacks of rheumatism and rheumatic gout arising from a damp situation or exposure to the weather4 ,see ,,lemon ,,juice4 ,,rho,,dium4 ,a whitish metal discovered by ,wollaston1 in #ahjc1 associated with palladium in the ore of platinum4 ,it is chiefly employed for tipping the nibs of metallic pens 7#8rhodium' or #8everlasting pens'74 ,a very small quantity added to steel is said to improve its closeness1 hardness1 and toughness1 and to render it less easily corrodible by damp4 ,,rhu,,barb4 ,syn4 ,,rhei ,,radix 7,b4 ,p472 ,,rheum 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,rheum----,sinense 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,rhabarbarum1 ,,rh,m1 ,l4 8,the root of uncertain species of ,rheum40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,according to ,dr ,f4 ,farre1 the term #8sinense' 7,chinese71 employed by the ,london ,college1 8was placed after #8rheum1' to include the so-called ,russian and ,east ,indian rhubarbs1 which are considered to be the produce of ,china and ,chinese ,tartary1 and to exclude ,european1 ,himalayan1 c40 ,three principal varieties of rhubarb are known in this country3---- ,russian or ,turkey rhubarb is the produce of six-year-old plants of the mountain declivities of ,chinese ,tartary2 and its principal excellence depends on its more careful preparation1 and subsequent garbling1 both before its selection for the ,russian market1 and after its arrival at ,kiachta1 and again at ,st ,petersburg4 ,at ,kiachta all pieces of a porous1 grey1 or pale colour are rejected1 the whole being pared and perforated1 the better to determine the quality of the interior portion4 ,at ,st ,petersburg the pieces are again carefully examined and garbled1 and are1 finally1 packed in close cases or chests1 which are rendered air-tight by the application of pitch on the outside4 ,east ,india or ,chinese rhubarb is the produce of the locality just referred to1 as well as of other parts of ,china4 ,it is obtained from younger plants1 and its preparation and subsequent selection or garbling is conducted with less care4 ,english rhubarb is principally produced at ,banbury1 ,oxfordshire1 from the ,rheum rhaponticum4 ,it is cut and dressed up after the manner of ,turkey rhubarb1 for which it is sold by itinerant vendors1 habited as ,turks4 ,adult4 ,dr ,maisch#aci says the presence of turmeric may be detected in powdered rhubarb by the following method3----,a small quantity of the suspected rhubarb is agitated for a minute or two with strong alcohol1 and then filtered1 chrysophanic acid being sparingly soluble in this menstruum4 ,the brown yellow colour of the filtrate is due to the resinous principles of rhubarb mainly2 if adulterated with turmeric1 the tincture will be of a brighter yellow shade2 a strong solution of borax produces in both tinctures a deep red-brown colour4 ,footnote #aci3 #8,american ,journal of ,pharmacy1' xliii1 #bei4 ,if now pure hydrochloric acid be added in large excess1 the tincture of pure rhubarb will instantly assume a light yellow colour1 while the tincture of the adulterated powder will change merely to a lighter shade of brown-red4 ,the test is a very delicate one1 and is based on the liberation of boracic acid1 which imparts to curcumine a colour similar to that produced by alkalies1 while all the principles of rhubarb soluble in strong alcohol yield pale yellow solutions in acid liquids4 ,qual4 ,russian or ,turkey rhubarb occurs in irregular plano-convex or roundish lumps1 perforated with a circular hole2 it possesses a yellow colour outside2 when recently broken1 the inside presents a rich mottled appearance1 and evolves a peculiar and somewhat aromatic odour4 ,it is firm1 compact1 heavy1 perfectly free from moisture1 and easily grated4 ,its taste is bitter1 slightly astringent1 and sub-acid2 and when chewed it feels gritty1 and tinges the saliva of a beautiful yellow colour4 ,it breaks with a rough1 hackly fracture1 is easily pulverised1 and its powder is of a bright buff-yellow colour4 ,east ,india1 ,canton1 or ,chinese rhubarb is in flat pieces1 seldom perforated1 and its taste and odour are stronger than the other4 ,it is also heavier1 tinges the saliva of an orange-red hue1 and when pulverised the powder is redder than that of ,russian rhubarb4 ,english rhubarb possesses all the preceding qualities in a greatly less degree4 ,it is light and spongy1 does not feel gritty between the teeth1 its taste is mucilaginous1 and its powder has a peculiar pinkish hue not present in either of the other varieties of rhubarb4 ,as a medicine it possesses little value1 and is chiefly employed to adulterate ,east ,india and ,turkey rhubarb4 ,prop41 c4 ,rhubarb is astringent1 stomachic1 and purgative4 ,in small doses its operation is principally or wholly confined to the digestive organs2 in larger ones1 it first acts as a mild aperient1 and1 afterwards1 as an astringent2 hence its value in diarrha4 ,it has also been used externally to promote the healing of indolent sores4----,dose4 ,as a stomachic1 #a to #e gr42 as a purgative1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,it is most effective when chewed1 or in the form of powder produced by grating it4 ,rhubarb1 ,roasted4 ,syn4 ,,burnt ,,rhubarb2 ,,rheum ,,ustum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,rhubarb1 in coarse powder1 is carefully and regularly heated in a smooth shallow iron disc1 with constant stirring1 until its colour has changed to a moderately dark brown1 when it is allowed to cool out of contact with the air2 when cold1 it is reduced to powder1 and at once put into a well-closed bottle4 #b4 7,hoblyn47 ,roast powdered rhubarb1 in an iron vessel1 constantly stirring1 until it becomes almost black2 then smother it in a covered jar4----,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 as an astringent in diarrha1 and a tonic in dyspepsia1 c4 ,prof4 ,procter1 the well-known ,american ,pharmaceutist1 recommends the rhubarb to be only roasted to a #8light brown4' ,,rice4 ,syn4 ,,oryza1 ,l4 ,the seed of ,oryza sativa1 a plant of the natural order ,graminace4 ,several varieties are known in commerce1 distinguished by the name of the country or district which produces them4 ,the finest is that imported from ,carolina4 ,it reaches this country in a decorticated condition4 #8,paddy' is rice with the husk upon it4 ,dr ,letheby estimates that it affords nourishment to not less than a hundred millions of people4 ,as an article of diet1 rice is highly nutritious and wholesome when combined with fresh animal or other nitrogenised food2 but1 owing to the very small quantity of #8flesh-formers' which it contains1 and its comparative destitution in saline matter1 it is totally unfit to form the principal portion of the diet of the working classes1 or the poorly fed1 at least in this climate4 8,it does not appear so well calculated for ,european constitutions as the potato1 for we find the poor constantly reject it when potatoes can be had40 ,this preference evidently depends on something more than mere whim or taste1 for some years ago1 when rice was substituted for potatoes in some of our union workhouses1 the most serious consequences followed4 ,in one of these1 nine or ten deaths from scurvy and allied diseases occurred in a single fortnight4 ,large quantities of rice are annually imported into ,britain1 and used by distillers in the manufacture of spirits4 ,letheby gives the following as the composition of rice3---- ,nitrogenous matter #fc ,carbo-hydrates #gie ,fatty matter #jg ,saline matter #je ,water #acj ------------ #ajjj ,payen gives the following as the composition of dried rice3---- ,nitrogenous matter #gee ,starch #hhfe ,dextrin1 c4 #ajj ,fatty matter #jhj ,cellulose #aaj ,mineral water #jij ------------ #ajjjj ,ash of rice3---- ,potash #ahdh ,soda #ajfg ,lime #abg ,magnesia #aafi ,oxide of iron #jde ,phosphoric acid #eccf ,chlorine #jbg ,silica #cce ------------ #iied ,rice1 ,to ,cook4 ,if rice is boiled it should be subjected to a low temperature4 ,the best way of cooking rice1 however1 is by thoroughly steaming it4 ,by this method1 it is said1 the loss of nitrogenous matter is prevented1 and the grain consequently suffers no diminution of nutritive power1 as in the case of boiling4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,microscopic appearance of ,rice4 ,fig4 #a----,transverse section of the husk of rice4 ,fig4 #b4----;,appearance of husk as seen in a transparent medium of glycerin and gum3 a1 ,siliceous granules arranged in longitudinal and transverse ridges1 perforated by openings----stomata1 some having hairs over them4 b c1 ,transverse and longitudinal1 brittle1 rough-edged fibres1 d1 ,a fine membrane of transverse angular cells2 these overlie a very delicate membrane of large cells1 e4 ,illustration3 ,microscopic appearance of ground rice-flour4 ,,ricino,,leic ,,acid4 ,a variety of oleic acid discovered in saponified castor oil4 ,,rick,,ets4 ,syn4 ,,rachitis1 ,l4 ,a disease1 generally confined to childhood1 characterised by a large head1 prominent forehead1 protruded breast bone1 flattened ribs1 tumid belly1 emaciated limbs1 and great general debility4 ,the bones1 more particularly those of the spine and legs1 become distorted1 and exhibit a deficiency of earthy matter2 the stools are frequent and loose1 a slow fever succeeds1 with cough1 painful and difficult respiration1 and1 unless the child rallies1 atrophy is confirmed1 and death ensues4 ,when recovery takes place there is always more or less deformity left4 ,the common causes of rickets are bad nursing1 exposure to damp and cold1 and insufficient nutrition1 arising from the use of white bread containing alum1 or any of the pernicious compounds vended under the names of #8,,farinaceous ,,food1' #8,,infants' ,f41' #8,,patent ,f41' c4 ,rickets1 like caries of the bones1 is a disease which is scarcely known amongst infants whose pap is made of pure wheaten bread1 and whose mothers or nurses consume the same themselves4 ,the treatment of rickets depends more on proper domestic management than on direct medication4 ,careful nursing1 warm dry clothing1 thorough ventilation1 moderate exercise1 and1 above all1 a light nutritious mixed diet abounding in nitrogenous matter and the phosphates1 will do much to effect a cure4 ,to these may be added the administration of the milder chalybeate tonics1 bark1 or quinine1 with occasional doses of some mild aperient1 as phosphate of soda1 or1 when there is diarrha1 of rhubarb or some other tonic purge4 ,the administration of small doses of phosphate of lime or of dilute phosphoric acid1 frequently repeated1 or1 still better1 the daily use of jelly made of pure ivory or bone shavings1 will often effect wonders in those cases in which the bones are implicated from an apparent deficiency of earthy matter4 ,see ,,bread1 ,,farina1 ,,nursing1 c4 ,,ring,,worm4 ,syn4 ,,scald-,,head2 ,,porrigo1 ,l4 ,the common ringworm1 the ,,porrigo ,,scutulata of medical writers1 is a disease that appears in circular patches of little pustules1 which afterwards form scabs1 leaving a red pimply surface1 and destroying the bulbs of the hair in its progress4 ,it spreads rapidly1 and is very infectious1 often running through a whole school4 ,it chiefly affects the neck1 forehead1 and scalp of weakly children1 and frequently arises without any apparent cause1 but1 in general1 may be traced to uncleanness1 or contact with parties suffering from the disease4 ,the treatment of ringworm consists in shaving the part1 and keeping it clean with soap and water1 at the same time that an occasional mild saline aperient is administered1 and a light1 nutritious diet1 of which the red meat and ripe fruits should form a portion1 be rigorously adhered to4 ,when the scabbing commences1 dressings of tar ointment1 or of the ointment of nitrate or red oxide of mercury1 or a mixture of equal parts of the first and either the second or third1 should be applied1 in each case diluting the mixture with sufficient lard to adapt it to the state of irritability of the part4 ,during this treatment the head should be covered with an ordinary nightcap1 or some simple bandage1 and not enveloped in a bladder or oil-skin case1 as is commonly the practice1 since the complete exclusion of atmospheric air tends to aggravate the disease4 ,,ri,,pening4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,wine1 c4 ,,roast,,ing4 ,alexis ,soyer recommends1 8as an invariable rule10 that 8all dark meats1 such as beef and mutton1 should be put down to a sharp fire for at least fifteen minutes1 until the outside has acquired a coating of osmazome1 or condensed gravy1 and then removed back1 and allowed to cook gently4 ,lamb1 veal1 and pork1 if young and tender1 should be done at a moderate fire4 ,veal should even be covered with paper4 8,very rich meat1 if covered with paper1 does not require basting4 ,fowls1 c41 should be placed close to the fire1 to set the skin1 and in about ten minutes rubbed over with a small piece of butter1 pressed in a spoon4 ,meats1 whilst roasting1 should be dredged with flour1 just at the time when the gravy begins to appear2 the flour absorbs it1 and forms a coating which prevents any more coming out4 ,hares and small game should be treated in the same manner40 ,under ordinary circumstances as to the fire1 and the distance between it and the joint1 beef1 mutton1 and veal1 take about #a_/d hour per lb4 in roasting4 ,lamb1 poultry1 and small game1 require only #ab to #ad minutes per lb42 whilst veal takes fully #ae minutes1 and pork takes from #a_/d hour to #bj minutes1 as they must always be well done4 ,the flesh of old animals requires more cooking than the flesh of young ones2 and inferior1 tough1 and bony parts than the prime joints and pieces4 ,roasting is not an economical method of cooking pieces of meat abounding in bone or tendinous matter1 since the nutritious portion of these is either destroyed or rendered insoluble by the heat employed4 ,thus1 the raw bones from a joint are capable of affording a rich and excellent basin of soup1 highly nutritious2 whilst the bones from a corresponding joint which has been roasted are nearly worthless when so treated4 ,the same applies with even greater force to the gristly and tendinous portions4 ,a dry heat either destroys them or converts them into a horny substance1 unfit for food2 whilst by boiling they are transformed into a highly succulent and nutritious article of food1 besides affording excellent soup or jelly4 ,hence the policy of #8boning' meat before roasting or baking it2 or1 at all events1 of removing the bony portion which would be most exposed to the action of the fire4 ,see ,,bone and ,,jelly4 ,,rob4 ,syn4 ,,roob4 ,a term1 derived from the ,arabic1 formerly applied to the inspissated juice of ripe fruit1 mixed with honey or sugar to the consistence of a conserve of thin extract4 ,rob of elder-berries 7,,elder ,,rob2 ,,roob ,,sambuci71 juniper berries 7,,juniper ,,rob2 ,,roob ,,juniperi71 mulberries 7,,mulberry ,,rob2 ,,roob ,,diamorum71 and walnuts 7,,walnut ,,rob2 ,,roob ,,dyacaryon71 with a few others1 are still found in some of the foreign ,pharmacopias4 ,,rock4 ,the popular name of a sweetmeat formed of sugar boiled to a candy1 and then poured upon an oiled slab1 and allowed to cool in the lump4 ,it is variously flavoured4 ,,rock ,,crys,,tal4 ,native crystallised silica4 ,see ,,quartz4 ,,rock ,,oil4 ,see ,,petroleum4 ,,rock ,,soap4 ,a native silicate of alumina2 used for crayons1 and for washing cloth4 ,,roc,,kets4 7,in pyrotechny47 ,prep4 ,the ,,cases4----,these are made of stout cartridge paper1 rolled on a mould and pasted1 and then throttled a little below the mouth1 like the neck of a phial4 ,the diameter should be exactly equal to that of a leaden ball of the same weight1 and the length should be equal to #c-a_/b times the external diameter4 ,above the spindle there must be one interior diameter of composition driven solid4 ,they are filled with the following mixtures1 tightly driven in1 and when intended for flight 7,,sky-,,rockets71 they are #8garnished1' and affixed to willow rods to direct their course4 ,the ,,composition4----#a4 7,marsh47----a4 ,for #b-oz4 rockets4 ,from nitre1 #ed-a_/b parts2 sulphur1 #ah parts2 charcoal1 #bg-a_/d parts2 all in fine powder1 and passed through lawn4 b4 ,for #d-oz4 do4 ,from nitre1 #fd parts2 sulphur1 #af parts2 charcoal1 #bj parts2 as the last4 c4 ,for #a_/b-lb4 to #a-lb4 do4 ,from nitre1 #fb-c_/d parts2 sulphur1 #ae-c_/d parts2 charcoal1 #ba-a_/b parts4 #b4 7,ruggieri47----a4 ,for rockets of #c_/d-;inch diameter4 ,from nitre1 #af parts2 charcoal1 #g parts2 sulphur1 #d parts4 b4 ,for #c_/d- to #a-a_/b-;inch rockets1 use #a part more of nitre4 c4 ,for #a-c_/d-;inch rockets1 use #b parts more of nitre4 d4 ,by using #a part less of charcoal and adding respectively #c1 #d1 and #e parts of fine steel filings1 the above are converted into #8,,brilliant ,,fires1' e4 ,by the substitution of coarse cast-iron borings for filings1 and a further omission of #b parts of charcoal from each1 the latter are converted into #8,,chinese ,,fire1' ,,hand-,,rockets and ,,ground-,,rockets are usually loaded with nothing but very fine meal gunpowder and iron or zinc filings or borings4 ,after ,,sky-,,rockets and ,,water-,,rockets are charged1 a piece of clay is driven in1 through which a hole is pierced1 and the #8head' or #8garniture' filled with stars1 and a little corn-powder is then applied4 ,see ,,fires1 ,,stars1 and ,,pyrotechny4 ,,rolls4 ,a variety of fancy bread1 generally in the form of small semi-cylindrical cakes1 prepared by the bakers1 and intended to be eaten hot for breakfast4 ,they differ from ordinary fine or ,french bread1 as it is called1 chiefly in containing more water4 ,some are wetted up with milk and water1 and are hence called #8milk rolls4' ,,roll 7,wine74 ,prep4 ,soak a ,french roll or sponge-biscuit in raisin1 marsala1 or sherry wine1 surround it by a custard or cream thickened with eggs1 and add some spice and ornaments4 ,,root4 ,syn4 ,,radix1 ,l4 ,that part of a plant which imbibes its nourishment from the soil or medium in which it grows4 ,in popular language1 bulbs1 corms1 tubers1 c41 are improperly included under this term4 ,,ro,,piness4 ,see ,,malt ,,liquors and ,,wines4 ,,rhypoph,,agon4 ,prep4 ,from yellow soap1 sliced1 #a oz42 soft soap 7finest71 #c oz42 melt them by the heat of hot water1 then allow them to cool a little1 and stir in of oil of cloves1 #a_/b dr42 essence of ambergris1 #aj drops4 ,it is kept a month before sale4 ,used for shaving4 ,,rose4 ,syn4 ,,rosa1 ,l4 ,the typical genus of the natural order ,rosace4 ,it includes numerous species greatly prized as garden plants4 ,rose1 ,cabbage4 ,syn4 ,,hundred-,,leaved ,,rose2 ,,ros ,,centilfoli ,,petala 7,b4 ,p471 ,,rosa ,,centifolia 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 8,the fresh petals0 7,ph4 ,l47 of this species are used in medicine4 ,odorous and slightly astringent and laxative4 ,see ,,waters and ,,syrup4 ,rose1 ,dog4 ,the ,rosa canina1 or wild briar4 ,see ,,hips4 ,rose1 ,french4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,rose2 ,,ros ,,gallic ,,petala 7,b4 ,p471 ,,rosa ,,gallica 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 8,the fresh and dried unexpanded petals0 7,ph4 ,l47 of this species are officinal4 ,the white claws of the petals are removed before drying them4 ,uses1 c4 ,the red rose is an elegant astringent and tonic1 and1 as such1 is used as the basis of several pharmaceutical preparations4 ,see ,,confection1 ,,honeys1 ,,infusion1 and ,,syrup4 ,,rose,,mary4 ,syn4 ,,rosmarinus 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d47 ,the flowering tops of ,rosmarinus officinalis 7,linn471 or the common rosemary of our gardens1 are officinal in the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d42 as is also the oil 7oleum rosmarini7 in the ,b4 ,p4 and ,ph4 ,l4 ,the odour of both is refreshing1 and they are reputed carminative1 emmenagogue1 and neurotic4 ,the dried leaves are occasionally used by the hysterical and hypochondriacal as a substitute for ,china tea4 ,the oil is an ingredient in ,hungary water1 and is much used in various cosmetic compounds1 under the presumption of its encouraging the growth of hair and improving its quality4 ,,rose ,,pink4 ,see ,,red ,,pigments4 ,,ro,,sin4 ,see ,,resin4 ,,rosy-,,drop4 ,see ,,acne4 ,,rot4 ,syn4 ,,greatrot1 ,,hydrophic ,r41 ,,sheep ,r41 ,,wet ,r4 ,a disease peculiar to sheep1 produced by the presence in the liver of the ,distoma hepatica1 a parasite commonly known under the name of 8a fluke40 ,rot prevails during very wet or rainy seasons4 ,the leading symptoms are loss of flesh and vivacity2 the lips and tongue look vivid1 and the eyes sad and glassy2 the pelt comes off on the slightest pull2 the breath is fetid1 and the urine highly coloured and scanty2 and there is either black purging or obstinate costiveness4 ,the treatment consists in a change to a dry warm elevated situation1 and a dry diet1 consisting of oats1 barley meal1 tail-wheat1 c41 to which some turnips1 carrots1 or mangel wurzel may be added1 with a liberal supply of common salt1 and a few grains of sulphur1 daily4 ,these last two substances form the active ingredients in ,flesh's #8,patent ,restorative4' ,see ,,meat1 ,,disease ,,of4 ,,rot 7in ,timber74 ,see ,,dry ,,rot4 ,,rota,,tion 7of ,crops74 ,the rotation or succession of crops is absolutely necessary for the successful and economical cultivation of the soils4 ,crops have been divided by agriculturists into exhausting crops1 restoring crops1 and cleaning crops4 ,the most exhausting crops are usually considered to be those of corn1 but all those that are allowed to ripen their seed and which are carried off the ground are also exhausting1 but in different degrees4 ,even clover1 tares1 and grass cut green are considered as exhausting1 but in a less degree than those that are allowed to ripen4 ,restoring crops are such as are allowed to decay upon the ground1 or are consumed upon it by domestic animals4 ,cleaning crops are such as are grown in drills1 and undergo the usual operations of weeding1 hoeing1 c42 the majority of these may also be regarded as exhausting crops4 ,an exhausting crop should always be followed by a restoring or a cleaning crop2 or1 where possible1 by both combined4 ,crops should also succeed each other in such a way that the soil may not be exhausted of any one particular kind of nutriment4 ,this is best effected by so rotating the crops that plants which are nearly allied should not succeed each other on the same soil1 or1 at all events1 not more than once4 ,see ,,agriculture1 ,,soils1 c4 ,,rot,,ten ,,stone4 ,see ,,tripoli4 ,,rouge4 ,syn4 ,,toilet ,,rouge2 ,,rouge ,,vegetal1 ,,rouge ,d',,espagne1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,wash safflower 7any quantity7 until the water comes off colourless2 dry and pulverise it1 and digest the powder in a weak solution of crystallised carbonate of soda2 then place some fine cotton-wool at the bottom of a porcelain or glass vessel1 pour the filtered tinctorial solution on this1 and throw down the colouring matter1 by gradually adding lemon juice or white-wine vinegar1 until it ceases to produce a precipitate2 next wash the prepared cotton in pure cold water1 and dissolve out the colour with a fresh solution of soda2 to the new solution add a quantity of finely powdered talc or ,french chalk1 proportionate to the intended quality of rouge2 mix well1 and precipitate with lemon juice1 as before2 lastly1 collect the powder1 dry it with great care1 with as little heat as possible1 and triturate it with a very small quantity of oil of olives1 to render it smooth and adhesive4 ,obs4 ,according to the best authorities1 this is the only article which will brighten a lady's complexion without injuring the skin4 ,the relative fineness and proportion of talc employed determines the quality of the rouge4 ,it is applied by means of a camel-hair pencil1 a small #8powder puff1' or a hare's foot4 ,it is also employed under the form of #8pommade' and #8crepons4' ,the last of these consist of pieces of white woollen crape1 upon which the colouring matter of the carthamus has been precipitated1 instead of upon the talc1 noticed above4 ,the following articles also pass under the name of rouge1 and are used for the purposes named after each3---- ,rouge1 ,brown-red4 ,jeweller's rouge4 ,rouge1 ,chinese ,card4 ,this is said to be a #8carthamate of soda1' it is colourless when applied1 but1 being decomposed by the acid secretions of the skin1 acquires a most beautiful rose-like tint4 7,o',shaughnessy47 ,rouge1 ,jeweller's4 ,sesquioxide of iron prepared by calcination4 ,used to polish gold1 c4 ,rouge1 ,liquid4 ,the red liquid left from the preparation of carmine2 or a solution of carmine in weak carbonate of potash water1 or of pure rouge in alcohol acidulated with acetic acid4 ,rouge1 ,indienne4 ,the terra persica1 or ,indian red2 imported from ,ormuz4 ,rouge de ,prusse4 ,light red or burnt yellow ochre4 ,see ,,red ,,pigments4 ,rouge1 ,spanish ,lady's4 ,this is cotton wool which has been repeatedly wetted with an ammoniacal solution of carmine1 and dried4 ,it is applied like #8rouge crepons4' ,rouge d',athenes1 ,vert4 ,syn4 ,,pure ,,rouge4 ,see ,,carthamine4 ,,rough,,ening4 ,see ,,wines4 ,,rubefa,,cients4 ,syn4 ,,rubefacientia1 ,l4 ,substances or agents which1 when applied for a certain time to the skin1 occasion a redness and increase of heat1 without blistering4 ,they act as counter-irritants4 ,mustard1 powdered ginger 7both made into a paste with water71 hartshorn and oil1 and ether and spirit of wine 7when their evaporation is prevented71 are familiar examples of this class of remedies4 ,,rube,,ola4 ,see ,,measles4 ,,rubia,,cin4 ,an orange-coloured substance1 obtained from madder4 ,,rubid,,ium4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,a metal belonging to the alkaline group discovered by ,bunsen and ,kirchhoff by means of spectrum analysis4 ,it is found in many mineral waters associated with csium4 ,,ru,,by4 ,see ,,gems and ,,pastes4 ,,rue4 ,syn4 ,,rut ,,folia1 ,,ruta 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 8,the leaf ,ruta graveolens40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a powerful antispasmodic1 diuretic1 and stimulant4 ,it is also reputed nervine and emmenagogue4 ,the fresh leaves are powerfully acrid1 and even vesicant2 but they become milder in drying4----,dose4 ,of the powder1 #ae to #cj gr41 twice or thrice daily2 in hysteria1 flatulent colic1 c4 ,see ,,infusion and ,,oils 7,volatile74 ,,rum4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,jamaciensis1 ,,spiritus ,,sacchari1 ,l4 ,an ardent spirit obtained by distillation from the fermented skimmings of the sugar-boilers 7syrup scum71 the drainings of the sugar-pots and hogsheads 7molasses71 the washings of the boilers and other vessels1 together with sufficient recent cane juice or wort1 prepared by mashing the crushed cane1 to impart the necessary flavour4 ,the sweet liquor before fermentation commonly contains from #ab to #af of saccharine1 and every ten gallons yield from one to two gallons of rum4 ,the average strength of rum1 as imported into this country1 is about #bj ,o4,p4 ,like all other spirits1 it is colourless when it issues from the still1 but owing to the taste of the consumer the distiller is compelled to colour it before it leaves his premises4 ,obs4 ,rum is imported from the ,west ,indies4 ,the best comes from ,jamaica1 and is hence distinguished by that name4 ,leeward ,island rum is less esteemed4 ,the duty on rum is #ajs4 #b;d4 per proof-gallon if imported direct from any of the ,british ,colonies 7,colonial rum71 but #ajs4 #e;d4 if from any other part of the world 7foreign rum74 ,the consumption of rum has long been declining in ,england2 its place being chiefly supplied by gin4 ,rum owes its flavour to a volatile oil and butyric acid1 a fact which the wary chemist has availed himself of in the manufacture of a butyric compound 7essence of rum7 for the especial purpose of enabling the spirit dealer to manufacture a factitious rum from malt or molasses spirit4 ,in ,jamaica it is usual to put sliced pine apples into the puncheons containing the finer qualities of rum1 which is then termed pine-apple rum4 ,see ,,alcohol1 ,,spirit1 c4 ,,rum1 ,,bay1 ,r4 ,rother's ,formula for4 ,according to an ,american authority1 true bay rum is made from ,pimenta acris 7,myrica acris1 ,schwartz2 ,myrtus acris1 ,willd471 and not from ,laurus nobilis1 as commonly supposed2 the method of its distillation not being known outside the ,west ,indies1 it has been customary to make it extemporaneously with the oil of bay distilled from the leaves of the former plant4 ,this preparation is inferior in fragrance1 however1 to the genuine article4 ,the following formula of ,r4 ,rother is said to give very good results4 ,take of oil of bayberry1 #a fl4 oz42 ,jamaica rum1 #a pint2 strong alcohol1 #d pints2 water1 #c pints4 ,mix the rum1 alcohol1 and water1 then add the oil2 mix and filter4 ,,rupert',s ,,drops4 ,these are made by letting drops of melted glass fall into cold water4 ,by this means they assume an oval form1 with a tail or neck resembling a retort4 ,they possess this singular property that1 if a small portion of the tail is broken off1 the whole bursts into powder with an explosion1 and a considerable shock is communicated to the hand4 ,,rupia4 ,this is an affection of the skin attended by the formation on it of vesicles1 that develop into ulcers which copiously discharge a foul1 unhealthy1 and reddish matter4 ,after a time this matter hardens and forms a thick incrustation over the sores4 ,the best treatment is to put the patient upon a generous diet1 including wine1 and to administer iodide of potassium with sarsaparilla or quinine4 ,the scabs should be poulticed4 ,,rup,,ture4 ,see ,,surgery4 ,,rusks4 ,prep4 ,from #d eggs2 new milk and warm water1 of each #a_/b pint2 melted butter and sugar1 of each #a_/d lb42 yeast1 #c table-spoonfuls2 beat well together with as much flour1 added gradually1 as will make a very light paste2 let it rise before the fire for half an hour1 then add a little more flour1 form into small loaves or cakes #e or #f inches wide1 and flatten them2 bake these moderately1 and1 when cold1 cut them into slices of the size of rusks1 and put them into the oven to brown a little4 ,a nice tea-cake when hot1 or with caraways1 to eat cold4 ,,plain ,,rusks are made by simply cutting loaves of bread into slices1 and baking them in a slow oven to the proper colour4 ,,rus,,ma4 ,an arsenical iron pyrites1 found in ,galatia1 which1 when reduced to powder1 and mixed with half its weight of quicklime1 is used by the ,turkish ladies to make their #8,,psilothrons1' or compounds to remove superfluous hair4 ,see ,,depilatory4 ,,rust4 ,syn4 ,,rubigo1 ,l4 ,the coating or film of oxide or carbonate which forms on the surface of several of the metals when exposed to a moist atmosphere2 more particularly1 that which forms on iron or steel 7,,ferri ,,hydrate2 ,,hydrated ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferrugo1 ,,ferri ,,rubigo74 ,to prevent iron or steel goods rusting1 it is merely necessary to preserve them from damp or moisture4 ,in the shops1 small articles in steel are1 commonly1 either varnished or enclosed in quick-lime finely pulverised2 large articles are generally protected with a coating of plumbago1 or of boiled oil1 or some cheap varnish1 applied to them1 previously gently heated4 ,surgical instruments are frequently slightly smeared with a little strong mercurial ointment1 with the same intention4 ,spots of rust may be removed from the surface of polished iron or steel by rubbing them with a little tripoli or very fine emery made into a paste with sweet oil2 or1 chemically1 by a mixture of polisher's putty-powder with a little oxalic acid1 applied with water4 ,when the last is employed1 the articles should be afterwards well rinsed in pure water1 then wiped dry1 and finished off with a warm and dry rubber1 in order to remove every trace of acid4 ,,ruthenic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,ruthenic ,,anhydride 7,ru,o#c74 ,this may be procured by heating any of the preceding oxides with potassic nitrate4 ,ruthenic acid is insoluble in water4 ,ruthenic ,sesquioxide 7,ru#b,o#c72 occurs in the anhydrous form when the metal is ignited in a current of air4 ,it is the most stable of the basic oxides of the metal4 ,alkalies fail to dissolve it4 ,with acids it forms soluble salts of a yellow colour2 when1 to a solution of these1 an alkali is added1 a bulky blackish-brown precipitate of the hydrated oxide1 having the composition ,ru#b,o#c1h;,h#b,o1 is thrown down4 ,there are three chlorides of ruthenium3----,ru,cl#b2 ,ru,cl#c2 and ,ru,cl#d4 ,,ruthen,,ium4 7,ru4 #ajdb47 ,a metal discovered by ,claus1 associated with iridium1 in the residue from crude platinum1 which is insoluble in aqua regia4 ,it forms small angular masses1 with a metallic lustre2 is very brittle and infusible2 resists the action of acids1 but readily oxidises when heated in the air4 ,sp4 gr4 #aa to #aad4 ,in ,fremy's process for separating osmium from the residues of platinum ore1 ruthenium occurs in a dioxide4 ,by heating this dioxide in a current of oxygen1 the metal may be obtained in the form of a powder of dark grey colour4 ,with oxygen1 ruthenium forms four compounds3----,ru,o2 ,ru#b,o#c2 ,ru,o#b2 and ,ru,o#c4 ,ruthenium ,trichloride 7,ru,cl#c71 which is the most important of the chlorides1 may be procured by dissolving the sesquioxide in hydrochloric acid4 ,the solution being evaporated1 the trichloride occurs as a greenish-blue deliquescent mass1 which is soluble in alcohol4 ,tests4 ,in solutions of the trichloride1 hydrogen sulphide gives a brown precipitate of ruthenic sesquisulphide1 the supernatant liquid being of a bright blue colour4 ,this reaction is a very delicate as well as a very characteristic one4 ,metallic zinc reduces the yellow trichloride to the blue dichloride1 the metal being afterwards precipitated as a black powder4 ,plumbic acetate gives a purplish-red precipitate1 mercuric cyanide a blue one1 the supernatant liquid being also blue4 ,the caustic and carbonated alkalies throw down a black precipitate of sesquioxide of ruthenium1 which is insoluble in excess of the precipitant4 ,if the salts of ruthenium are boiled with sodic formiate or oxalate the solution becomes colourless1 but no precipitate of reduced metal takes place4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4----,transverse section of testa1 c4 #ajh4 ,,fig4 #b4----;,coats in situ from without1 #agj4 a1 ,external2 b1 ,middle2 c1 ,internal coat2 d1 ,starch grains1 #ajh4 ,,rye4 ,syn4 ,,secale1 ,l4 ,the seed of ,secale cereale1 a gramineous plant1 the native country of which is undetermined4 ,it is a more certain crop and requires less culture and manure than wheat1 and is hence largely cultivated in ,germany1 ,russia1 and in the northern parts of ,europe1 where it is extensively employed for bread4 ,when roasted it is occasionally used as a substitute for coffee4 ,it furnishes an excellent malt for the distillation of spirit1 and is much used in the making of ,hollands4 ,rye bread is very likely to cause diarrha in those unaccustomed to partake of it4 ,by continued use1 however1 this inconvenience disappears4 ,rye bread is acid and dark in colour4 ,it is about equal in nutritive power to wheat4 ,it is less abundant than wheat in fibrin1 but richer in casein and albumen4 ,the foregoing plate represents the microscopic appearance of rye4 ,sommer recommends the microscopic examination of rye flour to be conducted as follows3----,the flour is placed on a glass slide1 and moistened with water2 a single drop of oil of vitriol is added1 and a small disc is laid upon it4 ,if1 now1 it be viewed with a magnifying power of #bjj1 the starch grains of wheat and rye are seen to dissolve in a uniform manner1 but the grains of barley starch1 after losing their external coat1 break up into a number of polyhedrons before their solution is completed4 ,rye1 ,spurred4 ,see ,,ergot4 ,,sabadil,,la4 ,syn4 ,,cebadilla1 ,,cevadilla1 ,,sabadilla 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the dried fruit 7,asagra officinalis74 ,a drastic and dangerous cathartic1 occasionally used in tapeworm2 and1 externally1 to destroy pediculi1 but1 even for this purpose1 when the scalp has been denuded or ulcerated1 it has sometimes caused death4 ,it is now used chiefly as a source of ,,veratrine4 ,,sa,,ble4 ,the ,mustella ,zibellina 7,linn471 a small quadruped of the martin-cat family1 found in ,northern ,asia4 ,its fur is remarkable for its fine quality and rich colour1 and for the hairs turning with equal ease in every direction4 ,the skins of the rabbit1 cat1 c41 dressed1 painted1 and lustred1 are sold under the name of ,,common or ,,mock ,,sable4 ,,saboti,,re4 ,fr4 ,an apparatus of peculiar construction1 employed by the ,french confectioners for making ices4 ,it consists of a pail to contain a freezing mixture1 and an inner vessel for the creams to be iced4 ,it may be used with a mixture of pounded ice and salt1 or any other freezing mixture4 ,the pail and cream vessels being loaded1 and closely covered1 an alternate rotatory motion is given to the apparatus by means of the handle1 for #aj or #ae minutes1 care being taken to occasionally scrape down the frozen portion of the cream from the sides1 by means of a wooden spoon4 ,see ,,ices and ,,refrigeration4 ,,sacchar,,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,oxalhydric ,,acid4 ,a compound1 resulting from the action of dilate nitric acid on sugar4 ,,sac,,charine4 ,the technical name of the uncrystallisable sugar found in malt-wort4 ,,saccharine ,,fermentation4 ,this occurs during the germination and kiln-drying of grain in the operation of malting1 and in the mashing of malt in brewing4 ,the sweetening of bread during its exposure to heat in the oven is also included under this head by many writers4 ,the substance which most powerfully excites the sugar fermentation was first shown by ,payen and ,persoz to be a peculiar principle to which they have given the name of #8,,diastase1' ,this is always present in good malt1 and possesses the singular property of converting ,,starch successively into gum 7dextrin7 and sugar1 at a temperature ranging between #adi and #afh ,fahr4 ,during the action of this substance on starch it is itself decomposed2 and when the sugar fermentation ceases it is found to have entirely disappeared4 ,it is the presence of diastase in malt which alone converts the starch of the grain into sugar during the operation of mashing with hot water2 and hence the absolute necessity of employing water at the proper temperature1 as on this depends the strength and sweetness of the wort1 and consequently its fitness for undergoing the vinous fermentation1 and for making beer4 ,vegetable albumen and gluten also possess the property of exciting the saccharine fermentation1 but in a considerably inferior degree to diastase4 ,the sugar formed during the germination of seeds containing starch results from the action of diastase1 and disappears as soon as the woody fibre 7lignin71 which has a similar constitution1 is developed1 forming the skeleton of the young plant4 7,liebig47 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,diastase1 ,,dextrin1 c4 ,,saccharom,,eter4 ,an instrument similar in principle to the common spirit hydrometer1 but so weighted and graduated as to adapt it for the indication of the richness of malt-worts in sugar1 or saccharine1 expressed in pounds per barrel1 or the excess of gravity over that of water1 the last being taken at #ajjj4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,syrup1 ,,wort1 c4 ,,sach,,et4 ,syn4 ,,sacculus1 ,l4 ,sachets 7,,sacculi7 are little bags containing dry substances1 used for the external medication of parts1 or for communicating agreeable perfumes to wearing apparel1 drawers1 furniture1 c4 ,those belonging to perfumery are commonly filled with mixtures of fragrant vegetable substances1 reduced to coarse powder1 and differ from those employed for pot pourri chiefly in being used in the dry state4 ,sacculi are now seldom employed in this country in legitimate medicine4 ,see ,,powders 7,scented71 c4 ,sachet1 ,ammoniacal4 ,syn4 ,,sacculus ,,ammoniacalis4 ,prep4 ,equal parts of sal ammoniac and quicklime are mixed1 and sprinkled between cotton wadding1 which is to be quilted in muslin4 ,sachet1 ,anodyne4 7,quincy47 ,syn4 ,,sacculus ,,anodynus4 ,prep4 ,chamomiles1 #a oz42 bay berries1 #a oz42 lavender flower1 #a_/b oz42 henbane seed1 #a dr42 opium1 #a dr4 ,to be dipped in hot spirits4 ,sachet1 ,anti-phthisic4 ,syn4 ,,sacculus ,,anti-,,phthisicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,dissolve of aloes1 #a oz41 in strong decoction of fresh rue1 #a_/b pint2 next fold a piece of soft muslin in eight folds large enough to cover the chest and part of the stomach2 steep this in the decoction1 and dry it in the shade2 lastly1 place in a small bag1 one side of which is formed of scarlet silk or wool1 and the other1 intended to be worn next the skin1 of the finest net or gauze4 ,a celebrated domestic remedy for consumption and asthma4 ,it is intended to be constantly worn on the chest4 ,sachet1 ,resolvent4 ,syn4 ,,melting ,,bag2 ,,sacculus ,,resolvens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,breslau47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a part2 sal ammoniac1 #h parts2 dry1 and reduce each separately to fine powder2 mix them1 and enclose #a_/b oz4 to #a oz4 of the mixed powder in a small bag of linen or silk4 ,used as a resolvent to indolent tumours1 especially goitres and scrofulous indurations4 ,it should be worn on the part night and day for some time4 ,the part next the skin should be well pricked with a needle1 and the powder shaken up and readjusted every #b or #c days2 and it should be renewed about once a fortnight4 #b4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a part2 burnt sponge1 #d parts2 fine sawdust1 #e parts2 as before4 ,sachet1 ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,sacculus ,,spongii1 ,,collier ,,de ,,morand4 ,prep4 ,muriate of ammonia1 chloride of sodium1 burnt sponge1 of each #a oz42 mix1 sprinkle the powder on a piece of cotton wool1 and quilt between muslin1 in the form of a cravat4 ,to be worn constantly in goitre or bronchocele1 renewing it every month4 ,sachet1 ,stomachic4 7,fuller47 ,syn4 ,,sacculus4 ,prep4 ,mint1 #d drm42 wormwood1 thyme1 red roses1 each #b drm42 balastines1 angelica root1 caraway seed1 nutmeg1 mace1 cloves1 of each #a drm4 ,coarsely powder the ingredients1 and put them into a bag1 to be moistened with hot red wine when applied for flatulence4 ,,sack4 7,from ,,sec1 ,fr41 dry47 ,a wine used by our ancestors1 supposed by some to have been ,rhenish or ,canary2 but1 with more probability1 by others1 to have been dry mountain----vin d',espagne2 vin sec----7,howell1 #8,fr4 and ,eng4 ,dict41' #afej74 ,falstaff#adj calls it #8sherris sack' 7sherry sack71 from ,xeres1 a sea town of ,corduba1 where that kind of sack 7wine7 is made4 7,blount47 ,at a later period the term came to be used as a general name for all sweet wines4 ,footnote #adj3 ,in ,shakespeare's day sack was occasionally adulterated with lime1 as we learn from ,falstaff's speech to the ,drawer3 8,you rogue1 there's lime in this sack40 ,,saf,,flower4 ,syn4 ,,bastard ,,saffron1 ,,dyer',s ,s42 ,,carthamus1 ,l4 ,the florets of ,carthamus tinctorius1 a plant cultivated in ,spain1 ,egypt1 and the ,levant4 ,it contains two colouring principles----the one yellow1 and the other red4 ,the first is removed by water1 and is rejected4 ,the second is easily dissolved out by weak solutions of the carbonated alkalies1 and is again precipitated on the addition of an acid4 ,this property is taken advantage of in the manufacture of rouge1 and in dyeing silk and cotton4 ,the most lively tints of cherry1 flame1 flesh1 orange-red1 poppy1 and rose colour1 are imparted to silk by the following process1 modified to suit the particular shade required3----,the safflower 7previously deprived of its yellow colouring matter by water7 is exhausted with water containing either carbonate of soda or of potassa1 in the proportion of about #e of the weight of the prepared dye-stuff acted on2 the resulting liquid is next treated with pure lemon juice until it acquires a distinct and rich red colour2 the silk is then introduced and turned about as long as it is perceived to take up colour1 a little more lemon juice being added as may appear necessary2 for deep shades this is repeated with one or more fresh baths1 the silk being dried and rinsed between each immersion2 it is1 lastly1 brightened by turning it for a few minutes through a bath of warm water1 to which a little lemon juice has been previously added4 ,for flame colour the silk should receive a slight shade with annotta before putting it into the safflower bath4 ,for the deeper shades1 when expense is an object1 a little archil is commonly added to the first and second bath4 ,see ,,catharmin4 ,,saf,,fron4 ,the prepared stigmata or stigmas of the ,crocus sativus1 or saffron crocus4 ,there are two principal varieties known in commerce3---- #a4 7,,saffron1 ,,hay',s42 ,,crocus ,,in ,f,,no1 ,c4 ,,hispaniolus1 ,,crocistigmata2 ,,crocus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47 ,this consisted of the stigmas1 with part of the styles1 carefully picked from the other parts of the flowers1 and then dried on paper by a very gentle heat1 generally in a portable oven constructed for the purpose4 #b4 7,,cake ,,saffron2 ,,crocus ,,in ,,placent47 ,this1 professedly1 merely varies from the last1 it being compressed into a cake after it has become softened by the fire1 and being then dried in that condition4 ,the #8cake saffron' of commerce is now1 however1 mostly1 if not entirely1 composed of safflower made into a paste with some sugar and gum water1 rolled out on paper into oval cakes #aj to #ab inches long1 #i or #aj broad1 and about #a_/hth of an inch thick1 and then dried4 8,i can detect neither saffron nor marigold in them40 7,dr ,pereira47 ,pur4 ,saffron1 of all the articles of commerce1 except ,french brandy1 is1 perhaps1 the one most largely and constantly adulterated4 ,abroad it is frequently mixed with safflower1 and in ,england with #8prepared marigolds1' or #8,french 7mock7 saffron4' ,these frauds may be detected by the inferiority of the colour1 and by soaking the leaves in water1 when the stigmas of the ,crocus sativus may be readily distinguished from the florets of safflower and the petals of marigolds4 ,winckler and ,grner proposed to detect these substances by means of a solution of nitrate of silver or of sesquichloride of iron4 ,the infusion of true saffron is not altered by those reagents1 but that of either of the above-mentioned adulterants is rendered opaque1 and is at length precipitated4 8,it consists of tripartite filaments1 of an orange-red colour1 with the small filaments towards the apex dilated40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,in the wholesale drug trade prepared marigolds are not only employed to mix with genuine saffron1 but are extensively sold to the country dealers for that purpose4 ,old and dry saffron is #8freshened up' by rubbing it between the hands slightly oiled1 and then repicking it4 ,the late ,mr ,d4 ,hanbury1 ,f4,r4,s41 found that the article known in commerce as alicante saffron was largely sophisticated with carbonate of lime1 which he says had been made to adhere to the thread-like saffron without in the least altering its general appearance4 ,to ascertain the amount of earthy matter thus fraudulently added1 he subjected several specimens of saffron to incineration1 each having in the first instance been dried in warm air until it caused it to lose its weight4 ,the result indicated that while good ,valentia saffron yields from #d to #f per cent4 of ash1 the alicante furnishes from #ab to #bh per cent4 ,the method of taking a sample of saffron for earthy adulteration which ,mr ,hanbury recommends is this3----,place in a watch glass a small quantity 7say #a grain7 of the saffron1 and drop upon it #h or #aj drops of water2 lightly touch the saffron with the tip of the finger1 so as to cause the water to wet it4 ,if the drug is free from earthy matter1 a clear bright-yellow solution will be immediately obtained2 if adulterated1 a white powder will instantly separate1 causing the water to appear turbid2 and if a drop of hydrochloric acid be now added1 a brisk effervescence will take place4 ,mr ,hanbury says that saffron almost always contains a few of the pale yellow stamens1 accidentally gathered2 but the pollen from them which is detached when the drug is wetted1 but which is minute in quantity1 is easily distinguished from carbonate of lime1 by not dissolving when hydrochloric acid is added4 ,moreover1 the form of pollen grains may be easily recognised under the microscope4 ,mr ,hanbury furthermore states that an effectual method of examination is to scatter a very small pinch of saffron on the surface of a glass of warm water4 ,the stigma of the saffron-crocus immediately expands1 and exhibits a form so characteristic that it cannot be confounded with the flowerets of safflower1 marigold1 or arnica1 or with the stamens of crocus itself4#ada ,footnote #ada3 #8,pharm4 ,journ4' ,prop41 c4 ,saffron is anodyne1 cordial1 emmenagogue1 and exhilarant2 but is now seldom employed1 except as an adjuvant1 in medicine4 ,amongst cooks1 confectioners1 and liquoristes1 it is largely used on account of its fine colour4 ,saffron1 ,meadow4 ,see ,,colchicum4 ,,sagape,,num4 ,this substance is described in the ,london ,pharmacopia as a gum resin1 the production of an uncertain species of ,ferula4 ,the mass of the sagapenum sold to the retail trader is1 however1 a factitious article1 formed by softening a mixture of assaftida1 #c parts1 and galbanum1 #ae parts1 over a water or steam bath1 and then stirring in about #a_/agth of their weight of oil of turpentine1 with a little oil of juniper4 ,this mixture is labelled #8,gum ,sagapeni ,opt4' an inferior sort being made by adding sundry portions of yellow resin and paste of gum tragacanth to the above4 ,,prepared ,,sagapenum 7,,sagapenum ,,pr,,paratum----,ph4 ,l47 is ordered to be prepared in the same manner as #8prepared ammoniacum4' ,obs4 ,sagapenum is the feeblest of all the fetid gum resins4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 made into pills2 as an antispasmodic and emmenagogue4 ,,sa,,go4 ,syn4 ,,sago 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,the fcula 7starch7 from the stem of ,sagus lvis1 ,s4 ,rumphii1 and1 perhaps1 of other species of palms40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it forms the principal portion of the pith of the ,sago palms1 the ,gommuti palm1 the ,talipot palm1 and other allied trees4 ,its properties and uses1 for the most part1 resemble those of arrow-root4 ,it is used for making puddings1 jellies1 c4 ,under the microscope the starch-grains of sago present an elongated form1 rounded at the larger ends1 and compressed at the smaller4 ,they differ altogether in appearance from potato starch4 ,the pilum of the sago starch-grains is a point1 or1 more frequently1 a crop1 slit1 or star1 and is seated at the smaller end1 whilst in the marsanta arrow-root the pilum is situated at the larger end4 ,rings are more or less clearly seen4 ,sago1 ,to ,prepare4 ,wash an ounce of pearl sago in cold water2 then boil it very gently in a pint of fresh water1 stirring it frequently till dissolved4 ,it may be flavoured with wine1 spices1 and sugar4 ,for children1 and for consumptive and debilitated persons1 it will be found advantageous to substitute milk for water4 ,the common sago being in larger grains1 more time is required to dissolve it1 and it is usually steeped for some hours before boiling it4 ,sago ,milk4 7,see above47 ,illustration3 ,sago of commerce1 magnified #adg times4 ,sago ,posset4 7,for invalids47 ,macerate a table-spoonful of sago in a pint of water for two hours on the hob of a stove1 then boil for #ae minutes1 assiduously stirring4 ,add sugar1 with an aromatic1 such as ginger or nutmeg1 and a table-spoonful or more of white wine4 ,if white wine be not permitted flavour with lemon juice4 ,,st ,,vitus' ,,dance4 ,see ,,chorea4 ,,sal4 ,l4 ,salt4 ,a word much used in compound names1 handed down to us from the old chemists4 ,sal ,absinthii4 ,carbonate of potassium4 ,sal ,acetosell4 ,binoxalate and quadroxalate of potassium4 ,sal ,alembroth4 ,ammoniated mercury 7white precipitate74 ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,chloride of ammonium4 ,sal de ,duobus4 ,sulphate of potassium4 ,sal ,diureticus4 ,acetate of potassium4 ,sal ,enixum4 ,crude bisulphate of potassium4 ,sal ,gemm4 ,rock or fossil salt 7chloride of sodium74 ,sal ,martis4 ,sulphate of iron4 ,sal ,mirabile4 ,sulphate of sodium4 ,sal ,perlatum4 ,phosphate of sodium4 ,sal ,polycrestus4 ,sulphate of potassium4 ,sal ,prunella4 ,syn4 ,,sore-,,throat ,,salt1 ,,crystal ,,mineral2 ,,potass ,,nitras ,,fusa1 ,,nitrum ,,tabulatum1 ,,sal ,,prunell1 ,l4 ,from nitre fused in a ,hessian crucible1 and poured out on a smooth surface1 or into moulds1 to cool4 ,its usual form and size is that of an ordinary musket bullet1 with the tail1 in which state it is known in the drug trade as #8sal prunell globosum4' ,when in cakes it is often called #8sal p4 in placentis1' or #8s4 p4 tabulatum4' ,a small portion allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth1 the saliva being slowly swallowed1 often removes incipient inflammatory sore throat4 ,sal ,saturni4 ,sugar of lead 7neutral acetate of lead74 ,sal ,seignette4 ,rochelle salt 7tartrate of potassium and sodium74 ,sal ,volatile4 ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia4 ,the name is commonly used as an abbreviation of aromatic spirit of ammonia4 ,see ,,spirits 7,medicinal74 ,,sal,,ads are generally made of esculent vegetables1 either singly or mixed1 chosen according to taste or time of year1 and #8dressed' with oil1 vinegar1 and salt1 and sometimes also with mustard and other condiments4 ,sliced boiled egg is a common addition4 ,sydney ,smith's recipe for salad dressing3---- ,to make this condiment your poet begs ,the powdered yellow of two hard-boiled eggs2 ,two boiled potatoes passed through kitchen-sieve ,smoothness and softness to the salad give2 ,let onion atoms lurk within the bowl1 ,and1 half suspected1 animate the whole2 ,of mordant mustard add a single spoon 7,distrust the condiment that bites too soon72 ,but deem it not1 thou man of taste1 a fault ,to add a double quantity of salt2 ,and1 lastly1 o'er the flavoured compound toss ,a magic soupon of anchovy sauce4 ,oh6 green and glorious6 ,oh6 herbaceous treat6 ',twould tempt the dying anchorite to eat2 ,back to the world he'd turn his fleeting soul1 ,and plunge his finger in the salad bowl2 ,serenely full the epicure would say1 8,fate cannot harm me1 ,i have dined today40#adb ,footnote #adb3 ,the poet has inadvertently ignored the oil and vinegar4 ,another recipe for salad dressing3----,yolk of two eggs2 table salt1 #a_/d oz42 salad oil1 #d oz42 mustard1 #a_/b oz42 best vinegar1 #f oz42 isinglass1 #a dr42 soluble cayenne1 #aj grams4 7#8,phar4 ,jour4'7 ,cold meat1 poultry1 and game1 sliced small1 with some cucumber or celery1 and a little onion or chopped parsley1 or1 instead of them1 some pickles1 make a very relishing salad4 ,fish are also employed in the same manner4 ,mr ,c4 ,j4 ,robinson1 writing to #8,nature'#adc on our salad herbs1 says3----8,there is1 perhaps1 no country in the world so rich as ,england in native materials for salad making1 and none in which ignorance and prejudice have more restricted their employment4 ,at every season of the year the peasant may cull from the field and hedgerow wholesome herbs which would impart a pleasant variety to his monotonous meal1 and save his store of potatoes from premature exhaustion4 ,besides there can be no question that in hot seasons a judicious admixture of fresh green food is as salutary as it is agreeable4 ,much has been said lately about the advantage which the labouring man would derive from an accurate acquaintance with the various forms of fungus2 he has been gravely told that the ,fistulina hepatica is an admirable substitute for beef-steak1 the ,agaricus gambosus for the equally unknown veal cutlet4 ,footnote #adc3 ,august #ahth1 #ahgj4 8,but deep-seated suspicion is not easily eradicated1 and there will always be a certain amount of hazard in dealing with a class of products in which the distinctions between noxious and innocuous are not very clearly marked4 8,there is not this difficulty with regard to salad herbs1 and we conceive that the diffusion of a little knowledge as to their properties and value would be an unmixed benefit to our rural population4 8,the first place must be assigned on the score of antiquity to the sorrel plant 7,rumex acetosa71 which in some districts still preserves the name of #8green sauce1' assigned to it in early times1 when it formed almost the only dinner vegetable4 8,its acid is pleasant and wholesome1 more delicate in flavour than that of the wood-sorrel 7,oxalis acetosella71 which1 however1 is used for table purposes in ,france and ,germany4 ,chervil 7,anthriscus cerefolium7 is often found in a wild state1 and is an admirable addition to the salad bowl2 and it is unnecessary to enlarge upon the virtues of celery 7,apium graveolens7 when improved by cultivation40 ,john ,ray1 writing in #affc1 says that 8the ,italians use several herbs for sallets1 which are not yet1 or have not been used lately1 but in ,england1 viz4 ,selleri1 which is nothing else but the sweet smallage2 the young shoots whereof1 with a little of the head of the root1 cut off1 they eat raw with oil and pepper10 and to this we may add that the alisander 7,smyrnium olusattrum7 is no bad substitute for its better-known congener4 ,the dandelion1 which in ,france is blanched for the purpose1 affords that amarie aliquid which the professed salad maker finds in the leaves of the endive1 and the same essential ingredient may be supplied by the avens 7,geum urbanum71 the bladder campion 7,silene inflata71 and the tender shoots of the wild hop4 ,most people are familiar with the properties of the watercress 7,nasturtium officinale71 garlic hedge mustard 7,erysimum aliaria71 but it may not be generally known that the common shepherd's purse 7,eupsulla ,bursa-pastoris7 and the lady's-smock 7,cardamine pratensis7 are pleasant additions1 whose merits have long been recognised by our foreign neighbours4 ,in fact1 there is scarcely a herb that grows which has not some culinary virtue in a ,french peasant's eyes4 ,out of the blanched shoots of the wild chicory 7,cichorium ,intybus7 he forms the well-known barbe de capucius1 and dignifies with the title of ,salade de chamoine our own neglected corn-salad 7,fedia olitaria74 ,it would be very easy to extend the dimensions of our list of native salad herbs1 for there are1 perhaps1 some palates to which the strong flavours of the chives 7,allium schnoprasum7 and stonecrop 7,sedum reflexum7 may commend themselves2 but enough has been said to show that nature has not dealt niggardly with us1 and that only knowledge is needful to make the riches she offers available4 ,if the ,british peasant can be taught to discover hidden virtues in these plants1 with whose outward forms he has had life-long familiarity1 we do not despair of his acquiring the one secret of salad-making1 viz4 the judicious employment of oil1 so as to correct the acrid juices of the plants1 and yet preserve their several flavours unimpaired4 ,salad1 ,lettuce4 ,prep4 ,take two large lettuces1 remove the faded leaves and the coarser green ones2 next cut the green tops off1 pull each leaf off separately1 rinse it in cold water1 cut it lengthways1 and then into four or ten pieces2 put these into a bowl1 and sprinkle over them1 with your fingers1 #a small teaspoonful of salt1 #a_/b do4 of pepper1 #c do4 of salad oil1 and #b do4 of ,english or #a of ,french vinegar2 then with the spoon and fork turn the salad lightly in the bowl until thoroughly mixed2 the less it is handled the better4 ,a teaspoonful each of chopped chervil and tarragon is an immense improvement4 ,obs4 ,the above seasoning is said to be enough for #a_/d lb4 of lettuce4 ,according to ,soyer1 it is 8such as the ,italian count used to make some years since1 by which he made a fortune in dressing salads for the tables of the aristocracy40 ,the above may be varied by the addition of #b eggs1 boiled hard1 and sliced1 a little eschalot1 or a few chives or young onions4 ,several other salad herbs1 especially endive1 water-cresses1 and mustard-and-cress1 may be #8dressed' in the same manner2 always remembering that the excellence of a salad depends chiefly on the vegetables which compose them being recently gathered and carefully cleansed4 ,to improve the appearance of the above and other salads1 when on the table or sideboard1 before being used1 the gay flower of the nasturtium or marigold1 with a little sliced beet-root or radish1 and sliced cucumber1 may be tastefully intermixed with them4 ,salad1 ,lobster4 ,prep4 7,soyer47 8,have the bowl half filled with any kind of salad herb you like1 as endive1 lettuce1 c42 then break a lobster in two1 open the tail1 extract the meat in one piece1 break the claws1 cut the meat of both in small slices1 about a quarter of an inch thick1 and arrange these tastefully on the salad2 next take out all the soft part from the belly1 mix it in a basin with #a teaspoonful of salt1 half do4 of pepper1 #d do4 of vinegar1 and #d do4 of oil2 stir these well together1 and pour the mixture on the salad2 lastly1 cover it with #b hard eggs1 cut into slices1 and a few slices of cucumber40 8,to vary this1 a few capers and some fillets of anchovy may be added1 stirred lightly1 and then served either with or without some salad sauce4 ,if for a dinner ornament it with some flowers of the nasturtium and marigold40 ,,sal,,ep4 ,syn4 ,,salop1 ,,saloop4 ,the tuberous roots of ,orchis mascula1 and other allied species1 washed1 dried1 and afterwards reduced to coarse powder4 ,that imported from ,persia and ,asia ,minor occurs in small oval grains1 of a whitish-yellow colour1 often semitranslucent1 with a faint1 peculiar smell1 and a taste somewhat resembling gum tragacanth4 ,it consists1 chiefly1 of bassorin and starch1 is very nutritious1 and is reputed aphrodisiac4 ,it is employed in the same way as sago4 ,a decoction of about #a oz4 of this substance in a pint of water was formerly sold at street-stalls4 ,a tea made of sassafras chips1 flavoured with milk and coarse brown sugar or treacle1 was also sold in the same way1 and under the same name4 ,,french ,,salep is prepared from the potato4 ,dr ,ure says that the ,orchis mascula of our own country1 properly treated1 would afford an article of salep equal to the ,turkey1 and at a vastly lower price4 ,,sal,,icin4 ,c#ac;,h#ah,o#g4 ,a white1 crystalline substance discovered by ,le ,roux and ,buchner in the bark and leaves of several species of ,salix and ,populus4 ,it occurs most abundantly in the white willow 7,salix alba7 and the aspen 7,salix helix71 but is also found in all the bitter poplars and willows4 ,from willow bark which is fresh1 and rich in salicin1 it may be obtained by the cautious evaporation of the cold aqueous infusion4 ,prep4 #a4 7,merck47 ,exhaust willow bark by repeated coction with water1 concentrate the mixed liquors1 and1 while boiling1 add litharge until the liquid is nearly decoloured2 filter1 remove the dissolved oxide of lead1 first by sulphuric acid1 and afterwards by sulphuret of barium2 filter1 and evaporate1 that crystals may form2 the crystals must be purified by re-solution and recrystallisation4 #b4 ,as ,no #a1 but using a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen1 to free the solution from lead4 #c4 7,p4 ,codex47 ,to a strong filtered decoction of willow bark add milk of lime1 to throw down the colour2 filter1 evaporate the liquor to a syrupy consistence1 add alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hdg71 to separate the gummy matter1 filter1 distil off the spirit1 evaporate the residuum1 and set it aside in a cool place to crystallise2 the crystals are purified by solution in boiling water1 agitation with a little animal charcoal1 and recrystallisation4 ,prop41 c4 ,salicin forms white1 silky needles and plates2 it is intensely bitter2 inodorous2 neutral2 non-basic2 fuses at #bcj ,fahr41 with decomposition2 burns with a bright flame2 is soluble in #e-a_/b parts of water at #fj1 and in much less at #bab2 dissolves readily in alcohol1 but is insoluble in ether4 ,it is tonic1 like sulphate of quinine1 but less liable to irritate the stomach4 ,it is given in indigestion and intermittent diseases1 in from #e- to #aj-;gr4 doses4 ,salicin has lately been used with considerable advantage in acute rheumatism4 ,dr ,maclagan#add states that he found when administered in doses of #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 every #b to #d hours1 the pain and fever ceased in the course of #dh hours4 ,the results are stated to have been quite as favorable as those following the employment of salicylic acid4 ,it was found to effect with certainty a great reduction in the bodily temperature4 ,footnote #add3 #8,lancet1' ,march #dth and #aath1 #ahgf4 ,pur4 ,tests4----#a4 ,it is entirely soluble in water and rectified spirit4----#b4 ,when strongly heated it is wholly dissipated1 and1 if kindled1 burns with a bright flame1 leaving a bulky charcoal4----#c4 ,its solution is absolutely neutral to test-paper4----#d4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid causes it to agglutinate into resin-like lumps1 with the accession of an intense blood-red colour4----#e4 ,when its aqueous solution is mixed with some hydrochloric acid1 or dilute sulphuric acid1 and the mixture is boiled for a short time1 the liquid suddenly becomes turbid1 and deposits ,,saliretin1 under the form of a granular crystalline precipitate4 ,this is characteristic4----#f4 ,no reagent deposits salicin without decomposition4 ,see ,,salicylic and ,,salicylous ,,acids4 ,,sal,,icyl4 ,c#g;,h#d,o4 ,a compound radical1 forming the basis of the so-called ,,salicyl-,,compounds1 or ,,salicyl-,,series4 ,it is known only in combination4 ,the volatile oil of meadow-sweet is a natural hydride of salicyl1 a substance which1 when artificially prepared1 is better known under the name of ,,salicylous ,,acid4 7,see below47 ,,salicyl,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#g;,h#d,o#c4 ,a peculiar volatile1 crystallisable acid1 discovered by ,piria4 ,it is obtained by fusing salicylous acid with solid hydrate of potassa in slight excess1 until the mixture turns white and gas is disengaged1 and treating a solution of the residuum with hydrochloric acid1 in slight excess to separate the potassa2 the salicylic acid separates in crystals1 which are purified by solution in hot water4 ,it may also be obtained from the oil of partridge-berry 7,gaultheria procumbens71 by acting on it with a strong and hot solution of potassa1 and afterwards separating the acid as before4 ,this oil is methylo-salicylic ether1 or salicylate of methyl4 ,in its general properties1 salicylic acid closely resembles benzoic acid4 ,the greater part1 if not the whole1 of the salicylic acid of commerce is now obtained by a method invented by ,professor ,kolbe4 ,this process1 which consists in acting on sodium carbolate with carbonic acid1 is thus described in the #8,archiv der ,pharm41' #crd series1 v1 #dde4ade ,in a strong crude soda liquor of known strength is dissolved a sufficiency of previously melted crystals of carbolic acid to saturate the soda4 ,footnote #ade3 #8,pharm4 ,journal1' #crd series1 v1 #dba4 ,the solution is then evaporated in an iron capsule1 and by means of stirring brought to a dry powder4 ,the sodium carbolate so obtained is gradually heated in a retort to a temperature of from #bbj to #bej ,c41 in a continuous current of dry carbonic anhydride4 ,the reaction is ended when at the above-mentioned temperature no more carbolic acid passes over4 ,it might have been expected that1 the reaction going forward in this manner1 a molecule of carbonic anhydride would have been introduced into the molecule of sodium carbonate1 and thus a molecule of sodium salicylate be formed4 ,this1 however1 is not the case1 only half the sodium carbolate being converted into salicylate4 ,the reaction proceeds according to the following equation3---- #b,na,c#f;,h#e,o ,,co#b ,na#b;,c#g;,h#d,o#c ,,hc#f;,h#e,o4 ,the disodic salicylate is dissolved in water and decomposed by hydrochloric acid4 ,salicylic acid then separates in crystalline films and may be purified by recrystallisation out of its solution in hot water4 ,props4----,salicylic acid is a white solid which forms acicular crystals2 it melts at from #aee-aef ,c42 it dissolves in about #ahjj parts of cold water1 but is more soluble in boiling water as well as in alcohol and in ether4 ,an aqueous solution of salicylic acid mixed with one of a ferric salt produces a deep violet colour4 ,professor ,kolbe surmised that from the constitution of salicylic acid1 as revealed by his synthetical process1 that it would split up with heat into carbonic anhydrate and carbolic acid1 and hence that it might be employed as an antiseptic and antiputrefactive agent4 ,he quotes the following experiments as confirmatory of his views on this point3----,mustard meal1 which1 in a few minutes after being mixed with warm water1 gave off a strong smell of mustard oil1 formed with water a scentless mixture1 when a little salicylic acid had been previously added4 ,no fermentation was set up by yeast in a fermentation of grape sugar1 to which salicylic acid had been added2 whilst in a sugar solution already in fermentation the action stopped after the addition of some salicylic acid4 ,the preservation influence of this acid upon fresh meat is also recorded4 ,the following1 among other experiments1 in their results1 illustrate the physiological action of salicylic acid3---- ,solution of amygdalin mixed with emulsion of sweet almonds developed no smell of bitter almonds if some salicylic acid were added4 ,beer1 to which salicylic acid1 in the proportion of #a to #ajjj1 was added1 was thereby prevented from being spoiled by fungoid growth4 ,fresh pure cow's milk1 mixed with #jjd per cent4 of salicylic acid1 and allowed to stand in an open vessel at a temperature of #ah ,c41 curdled thirty-six hours later than a similar quantity of milk standing by the side of it1 but containing no salicylic acid4 ,the milk remained of a good flavour1 the small quantity of salicylic acid present not being perceptible to the palate4 ,some fresh urine was divided into two portions1 and placed in separate vessels1 after some salicylic acid had been added to one portion4 ,the urine containing the acid was on the third day still clear and free from ammoniacal odour1 whilst the other portion was far advanced in putrefaction4 ,professor ,thiersch has investigated the antiseptic action of this acid1 specially in relation to surgery4 ,he has found that as a powder1 either alone or mixed with starch1 it destroys for a long time the fetid odour of cancerous surfaces or uncleansed wounds1 without setting up any inflammatory symptoms4 ,a solution of one part of salicylic acid1 and three parts of sodium phosphate in fifty parts of water1 promotes the healing of granulated surfaces4 ,according to ,dr ,rudolph ,wagner1 salicylic acid may be applied to the following industrial purposes3---- ,if a concentrated aqueous solution of salicylic acid be applied to fresh meat1 and the meat be then placed in well-closed vessels1 it will remain perfectly fresh for a long period4 ,this solution is also very useful in the manufacture of sausages and such food4 ,butter containing a bitter salicylic acid will remain fresh for months1 even in the hottest weather4 ,the same acid prevents the moulding of preserved fruits4 ,in the manufacture of vinegar this acid is of great utility4 ,the addition of a little salicylic acid renders glue more tenacious4 ,the acid also prevents decomposition in gut and parchment during their manufacture4 ,skins to be used for making leather do not undergo decomposition if steeped in a dilute solution of salicylic acid4 ,weaver's or bookbinder's glue and other allied substances may be preserved for a long period by treating them with a solution of this acid4 ,albumen may be preserved by the same means4 ,this acid is a very delicate test reagent for iron4 ,the methyl ether and amyl ether of salicylic acid are used as perfumes4 ,the calcium salt on keeping and distilling with water yields a liquid which has a strong odour of roses4 ,mr ,rother1 an ,american chemist1 contends that the antiseptic powers of salicylic acid have been much overrated4 ,he states that he had tried it for the preservation of the syrups of marshmallow1 raspberry juice1 and milk1 and that it was a failure4 ,professor ,salkowsky regards it as of less value as an antiseptic than benzoic acid4 ,dr ,muter gives the following method for estimating the value of commercial samples of salicylic acid1 and of detecting it in milk and similar organic solutions3----,a standard solution of pure salicylic acid 7#a grain of acid dissolved in #a litre of water1 so that #a c4c4 represents #a mgm4 of acid7 is prepared2 the indicator solution consists of a solution of pure neutral ferric chloride1 of such a strength that #a c4c4 added1 drop by drop1 to #ej c4c4 of standard acid1 just ceases to give any increase in intensity of colour2 #a gram of the commercial sample is then dissolved in #a litre of water1 and #ej c4c4 is put into a ,nessler tube2 to this #a c4c4 of ferric solution is added1 and the colour observed after standing for five minutes1 some of the standard acid is also poured into another tube1 and made up to #ej c4c4 with water1 and the #a c4c4 of ferric chloride added4 ,when the colours are alike the amount of pure acid present in the sample is equal to the amount of pure acid added4 ,all mineral acids should be absent1 even acetic acid affects the reaction4 ,to detect the presence of salicylic acid added to beer or milk1 four ounces of these liquids are dialysed for twelve hours in a pint of distilled water2 if after that time salicylic acid is still found to be present1 the dialysis must be continued for forty-eight hours4 ,the amount present is determined in the manner above stated4 ,,salicyl,,ous ,,acid4 ,c#g;,h#f,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,salicylol1 ,,hydrosalicylic ,,acid1 ,,hydride ,,of ,,salicyl1 ,,artificial ,,oil ,,of ,,meadow-,,sweet4 ,a nearly colourless1 oily1 inflammable liquid1 discovered by ,pagenstecher in the volatile oil of ,spira ulmaria 7meadow-sweet71 which1 when pure1 entirely consists of it2 and by ,piria1 as a product of the decomposition of salicin4 ,prep4 ,the oil of meadow-sweet is mixed with a strong solution of caustic potassa1 and the yellow crystalline mass which separates on agitation is purified by pressure between folds of bibulous paper and recrystallisation from alcohol2 the resulting crystals 7salicylite of potassium7 are then decomposed by the addition of dilute sulphuric acid1 the floating oil separated from the water1 and freed from moisture by careful distillation from chloride of calcium4 ,prop41 c4 ,salicylous acid is soluble in ether and alcohol1 and slightly so in water1 to which it imparts its peculiar fragrance and the characteristic property of striking a deep violet colour with the sesquisalts of iron4 ,it is distinguished from salicylic acid1 which also exhibits this reaction1 by its liquid form and odour4 ,,sali,,va4 ,see ,,mastication4 ,,salm,,on4 ,syn4 ,,salmo1 ,l4 ,the ,salmo ,salar 7,linn471 a well-known1 soft-finned abdominal fish4 ,its normal locality is at the mouth or estuary of the larger rivers of the northern seas1 which1 during the breeding season1 it ascends1 sooner or later1 in the summer months1 against all obstacles1 for the purpose of depositing its spawn4 ,the salmon is an excellent and highly esteemed fish2 but it is rich1 oily1 and difficult of digestion1 and1 therefore1 ill adapted to the delicate or dyspeptic4 ,when pickled1 salted1 or smoked it is only fitted for persons of very strong stomachs1 although in this state it is regarded as a great delicacy by epicures4 ,salmon has the following composition3---- ,nitrogenous matter #afa ,fat #ee ,saline matter #ad ,water #gg -------------- #ajjj ,salmon is preferably cooked by boiling4 ,one weighing #aj lbs4 will require to be gently simmered for about an hour1 reckoning from the time the water commences boiling4 ,for fish of other weights1 from #f to #g minutes per lb4 may be allowed4 ,see ,,fish1 c4 ,,saloop4 ,sassafras 7chips7 tea1 flavoured with milk and sugar4 ,a wholesome and useful drink in cutaneous and rheumatic affections4 ,see ,,salep4 ,,salt4 ,syn4 ,,sal1 ,l42 ,,sel1 ,fr4 ,salts may be regarded as acids in which one or more atoms of hydrogen1 a constant constituent of all true acids1 are replaced by a metal or other basic radical4 ,this relationship between acids and salts will be better understood by reference to the subjoined list of acids and their corresponding potassium and ammonium salts3---- ,acids4 ,salts4 ,h,cl 7,hydrochloric acid7 ---- ,k,cl 7,chloride of potassium74 0 0 0 ---- ,,nh#d;,cl 7,chloride of ammonium74 ,,hno#c 7,nitric acid7 ---- ,,kno#c 7,nitrate of potassium74 0 0 0 ---- ,,nh#d,,no#c 7,nitrate of ammonium74 ,h#b,,so#d 7,sulphuric acid7 ---- ,k#b,,so#d 7,sulphate of potassium74 0 0 0 ---- 7,,nh#d7b,,so#d 7,sulphate of ammonium74 ,acids are1 in fact1 hydrogen salts4 ,the so-called ,,double ,,salts are1 according to one view1 combinations of two salts of the same acid1 but of different basic radicles2 thus1 common alum is a compound of sulphate of aluminum and sulphate of potassium4 ,the salts are a most important class of bodies1 and their applications and uses in the arts of life and civilisation are almost infinite4 ,see ,,nomenclature1 c4 ,salt of ,bark4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,bark1 ,,dried4 ,salt1 ,bitter ,purging4 ,epsom salt4 ,salt1 ,cathartic4 ,of ,,glauber1 sulphate of sodium2 ,,english or ,,bitter ,s41 sulphate of magnesium 7,epsom salt74 ,salt1 ,common4 ,syn4 ,,culinary ,,salt4 ,chloride of sodium4 ,salt1 ,diuretic4 ,acetate of potassium4 ,salt1 ,epsom4 ,sulphate of magnesium4 ,salt1 ,febrifuge4 ,chloride of potassium4 ,salt1 ,fusible4 ,phosphate of ammonium4 ,salt1 ,glauber's4 ,sulphate of sodium4 ,salt1 ,macqueer's4 ,binarseniate of potassium4 ,salt1 ,microcosmic4 ,phosphate of sodium and ammonium4 ,salt1 ,red4 ,common salt wetted with an infusion of beet-root1 or cochineal1 or tincture of red sanders wood1 then dried1 and rubbed through a sieve4 ,used to impart a colour to gravies1 c4 ,infusion of saffron also gives a beautiful colour for this purpose4 ,it has been proposed to colour ,epsom salt in this way1 to distinguish it from oxalic acid4 ,salt1 ,rochelle4 ,tartrate of potassium and sodium4 ,salt1 ,sea4 ,chloride of sodium4 ,salt1 ,sedative4 ,boracic acid4 ,salt1 ,smelling4 ,see ,,salts 7below74 ,salt1 ,sore-throat4 ,sal prunella4 ,salt1 ,tasteless4 ,phosphate of sodium4 ,salt1 ,vegetable4 ,tartrate of potassium4 ,salt1 ,volatile4 ,common carbonate of ammonium4 ,salt of ,lemons4 ,syn4 ,,sal ,,limonum1 ,l4 ,citric acid4 ,that sold in the shops for the removal of ink spots from linen is binoxalate or quadroxalate of potassium1 either alone or mixed with one half its weight of cream of tartar4 ,salt of ,sorrel4 ,binoxalate or quadroxalate of potassium4 ,salt of ,steel4 ,sulphate of iron4 ,salt of ,tartar4 ,carbonate of potassium4 ,salt of ,vitriol4 ,sulphate of zinc4 ,salt of ,wormwood4 ,carbonate of potassium4 ,,salt,,ing4 ,,pickling4 ,syn4 ,this is an easy method of preserving butcher's meat1 fish1 and1 indeed1 most animal substances4 ,it is performed in two ways3---- #a4 7,,dry ,,salting47 ,this1 as practised in ,hampshire1 ,yorkshire1 and in various large establishments elsewhere1 consists in merely well rubbing ordinary culinary salt1 mixed with a little saltpetre1 into the meat1 until every crevice is thoroughly penetrated1 and1 afterwards1 sprinkling some over it1 and placing it on a board or in a trough1 in such a manner that the brine may drain off4 ,on the small scale1 in private families1 a mixture of salt1 #b lbs41 with saltpetre1 #a-a_/b or #b oz41 either with or without about an oz4 of good moist sugar1 is commonly used for the purpose1 and imparts a fine flavour to the meat4 ,in both cases the pieces are turned every day1 or every other day1 until sufficiently cured1 a little fresh salt being added as required4 ,sometimes the fresh meat is packed at once in casks1 with the best coarse-grained or bay salt4 ,this method is that commonly adopted for sea stores4 #b4 7,,wet ,,salting1 or ,,pickling ,,in ,,brine47 ,when the meat is allowed to lie in the liquor that runs from it 7see above71 or is at once plunged into strong brine1 it is said to be #8pickled1' or #8wet salted4' ,on the small scale1 this is most conveniently performed by rubbing the fresh meat with salt1 c41 as above1 and1 after it has lain a few hours1 putting it into a pickle formed by dissolving about #d lbs4 of good salt and #b oz4 of saltpetre in #a gall4 of water1 either with or without the addition of #a_/b to #a lb4 of moist sugar4 ,this pickling liquor gets weaker by use1 and should1 therefore1 be occasionally boiled down a little1 and skimmed1 at the same time adding some more of the dry ingredients4 ,three to ten days1 depending on the size1 is sufficiently long to keep meat in the brine4 ,when it is taken out it should be hung up to dry1 after which it may be packed in barrels with coarse-grained salt1 or smoked1 whichever may be desired4 ,saltpetre added to brine gives the meat a red colour1 and brown sugar improves the flavour4 ,the sooner animal substances1 more especially flesh1 are salted after being killed1 the better1 as they then possess considerable absorbent power1 which they gradually lose by age4 ,see ,,putrefaction1 ,,scurvy1 ,,smoking1 c4 ,,saltpe,,tre4 ,nitrate of potassium4 ,,salts for producing ,factitious ,mineral ,waters4 ,,aerated1 ,,or ,,carbonate ,,waters4 ,these require the aid of the powerful machine employed by soda-water manufacturers1 to charge the waters strongly with carbonic-acid gas4 ,the gas is made from whiting and diluted sulphuric acid1 and is forced by a pump into the watery solution4 ,sometimes the gas is produced by the mutual action of the ingredients introduced into the bottle of water1 which must be instantly closed2 but this method is found practically inconvenient1 and is only adopted in the absence of proper apparatus4 ,the quantity of gas introduced is directed1 in the ,french and ,american pharmacopias1 in most cases1 to be #e times the volume of liquid4 ,for chalybeate and sulphuretted waters the water should be previously deprived of the air it naturally contains1 by boiling1 and allowing it to cool in a closed vessel4 ,there are various manufacturers of aerated-water machines1 and of syphon bottles for holding these waters when made4 ,the names and addresses of these makers may be found in any trade directory4 ,,simple ,,aerated ,,water4 ,carbonic-acid gas water4 ,water charged with five or more volumes of carbonic-acid gas1 as above4 ,,alkaline ,,aerated ,,waters4 ,aerated soda and potash waters should be made by dissolving a drachm of the carbonated alkali in each pint of water1 and charging it strongly with carbonic-acid gas4 ,the soda water of the shops generally contains but little 7or no7 soda4 ,,aerated ,,magnesia ,,water4 ,this is made of various strengths4 ,,murray',s and ,,dinneford',s ,,fluid ,,magnesia may be thus made3----,to a boiling solution of #af oz4 of sulphate of magnesia in #f pints of water add a solution of #ai oz4 of crystallised carbonate of soda in the same quantity of water2 boil the mixture till gas ceases to escape1 stirring constantly2 then set it aside to settle2 pour off the liquid1 and wash the precipitate on a cotton or linen cloth1 with warm water1 till the latter passes tasteless4 ,mix the precipitate1 without drying it1 with a gallon of water1 and force carbonic-acid gas into it under strong pressure1 till a complete solution is effected4 ,the ,eau ,magnsienne of the ,french codex is about a third of this strength2 and we have met with some prepared in this country not much stronger4 ,,carbonated ,,lime ,,water4 ,carrara water4 ,lime water 7prepared from lime made by calcining ,carrara marble7 is supersaturated by strong pressure with carbonic acid1 so that the carbonate of lime at first thrown down is redissolved4 ,it contains #h gr4 of carbonate of lime in #aj fl4 oz4 of water4 ,,aerated ,,lithia ,,water4 ,this may be conveniently made from the fresh precipitated carbonate1 dissolved in carbonated water1 as directed for fluid magnesia4 ,its antacid and antilithic properties promise to be useful4 ,,saline ,,carbonated ,,waters4 ,the following afford approximate imitations of these waters4 ,the earthy salts1 with the salts of iron1 should be dissolved together in the smallest quantity of water4 ,the other ingredients to be dissolved in the larger portion of the water1 and the solution impregnated with the gas4 ,the first solution may be then added or be previously introduced into the bottles4 ,the salts1 unless otherwise stated1 are to be crystallised4 ,,baden ,,water4 ,chloride of magnesium1 #b gr42 chloride of calcium1 #dj gr42 perchloride of iron1 #a_/d gr4 7or #c minims of the tincture72 chloride of sodium1 #cj gr42 sulphate of soda1 #aj gr42 carbonate of soda1 #a gr42 water1 #a pint2 carbonic-acid gas1 #e volumes4 ,,carlsbad ,,water4 ,chloride of calcium1 #h gr42 tincture of chloride of iron1 #a drop2 sulphate of soda1 #ej gr42 carbonate of soda1 #fj gr42 chloride of sodium1 #h gr42 carbonated water1 #a pint4 ,,eger4 ,carbonate of soda1 #e gr42 sulphate of soda1 #d scruples2 chloride of sodium1 #aj gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #c gr42 chloride of calcium1 #e gr42 carbonated water1 #a pint4 7,or it may be made without apparatus1 thus3----,bicarbonate of soda1 #cj gr42 chloride of sodium1 #h gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #c gr42 water1 a pint2 dissolve1 and add a scruple of dry bisulphate of soda1 and close the bottle immediately47 ,,ems4 ,carbonate of soda1 #b scruples2 sulphate of potash1 #a gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #e gr42 chloride of sodium1 #aj gr42 chloride of calcium1 #c gr42 carbonated water1 a pint4 ,,marienbad4 ,carbonate of soda1 #b scruples2 sulphate of soda1 #if gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #h gr42 chloride of sodium1 #ae gr42 chloride of calcium1 #aj gr42 carbonated water1 a pint4 7,or1 bicarbonate of soda1 #ej gr42 sulphate of soda1 #a dr42 chloride of sodium1 #ae gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #aj gr42 dissolve in a pint of water1 add #be gr4 of dry bisulphate of soda1 and cork immediately47 ,,marienbad ,,purging ,,salts4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #e oz42 dried sulphate of soda1 #ab oz42 dry chloride of sodium1 #a-a_/b oz42 sulphate of magnesia1 dried1 #b oz42 dried bisulphate of soda1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,mix the salts1 previously dried1 separately1 and keep them carefully from the air4 ,,pullna ,,water4 ,sulphate of soda1 #d dr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #d dr42 chloride of calcium1 #ae gr42 chloride of magnesium 7dry71 a scruple2 chloride of sodium1 a scruple2 bicarbonate of soda1 #aj gr42 water1 slightly carbonated1 #a pint4 ,one of the most active of the purgative saline waters4 ,,pullna ,,water ,,without ,,the ,,machine4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #ej gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #d dr42 sulphate of soda1 #c dr42 chloride of sodium1 a scruple2 dissolve in a pint of water2 add1 lastly1 #b scruples of bisulphate of soda1 and close the bottle immediately4 ,,salts ,,for ,,making ,,pullna ,,water4 ,dry bicarbonate of soda1 #a oz42 exsiccated sulphate of soda1 #b oz42 exsiccated sulphate of magnesia1 #a-a_/b oz42 dry chloride of sodium1 #b dr42 dry tartaric acid1 #c_/d oz4 7or rather dry bisulphate of soda1 #a oz474 ,,seidlitz ,,water4 ,this is usually imitated by strongly aerating a solution of #b dr4 of sulphate of magnesia in a pint of water4 ,it is also made with #d1 #f1 and #h dr4 of the salts to a pint of water4 ,,seidlitz ,,powder4 ,the common seidlitz powders do not resemble the water4 ,a closer imitation would be made by using effloresced sulphate of magnesia instead of the potassio-tartrate of soda4 ,a still more exact compound will be the following3----,effloresced sulphate of magnesia1 #b oz42 bicarbonate of soda1 #a_/b oz42 dry bisulphate of soda1 #a_/b oz42 mix1 and keep in a close bottle4 ,,seidschutz ,,water4 ,sulphate of magnesia1 #c dr42 chloride of calcium1 nitrate of lime1 bicarbonate of soda1 of each #h gr42 sulphate of potash1 #e gr42 aerated water1 #a pint4 ,,seltzer ,,water4 ,chloride of calcium and chloride of magnesium1 of each #d gr42 dissolve these in a small quantity of water1 and add it to a similar solution of #h gr4 of bicarbonate of soda1 #bj gr4 of chloride sodium1 and #b gr4 of phosphate of soda2 mix1 and add a solution of #a_/d gr4 of sulphate of iron2 put the mixed solution into a #bj-oz4 bottle1 and fill up with aerated water4 ,much of the ,seltzer water sold is said to be nothing more than simple carbonated water1 containing a little chloride of sodium4 ,an imitation of ,seltzer water is also made by putting into a stone ,seltzer bottle1 filled with water1 #b dr4 bicarbonate of soda1 and #b dr4 of citric acid in crystals1 corking the bottle immediately4 ,sodaic powders are sometimes sold as ,seltzer powders4 ,,vichy ,,water4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #a dr42 chloride of sodium1 #b gr42 sulphate of soda1 #h gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #c gr42 tincture of chloride of iron1 #b drops2 aerated water1 a pint4 ,dorvault directs #ge gr4 of bicarbonate of soda1 #d gr4 of chloride of sodium1 #a_/e gr4 sulphate of iron1 #aj gr4 sulphate of soda1 #c gr4 sulphate of magnesia1 to a pint of water4 ,by adding #de gr4 7or less7 of citric acid1 an effervescing water is obtained4 ,m4 ,soubeiran1 relying on the analysis of ,longchamps1 imitates ,vichy water by the following combination3----,bicarbonate of soda1 #ace gr42 chloride of sodium1 #b-a_/b gr42 cryst4 chloride of calcium1 #ab gr42 sulphate of soda1 #aa-a_/b gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #c-c_/d gr42 tartrate of iron and potash1 #a_/h gr42 water1 #b-a_/aj pints 7#a litre72 carbonic acid1 #cje cub4 inches 7#e litres74 ,dissolve the salts of soda and iron in part of the water1 and add the sulph4 magnes4 and then the chlor4 calc4 in the remaining water4 ,charge now with the carbonic-acid gas under pressure4 ,,vichy ,,salts4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #a-a_/b oz42 chloride of sodium1 #ae gr42 effloresced sulphate of soda1 #a dr42 effloresced sulphate of magnesia1 #a scruple2 dry tartarised potash and iron1 #a gr42 dry tartaric acid1 #a oz4 7or dry bisulphate of soda72 mix the powders1 previously dried1 and keep them in a close bottle4 ,,saline ,,waters1 ,c41 ,,not ,,carbonated4 ,,sea ,,water4 ,chloride of sodium1 #d oz42 sulphate of soda1 #b oz42 chloride of calcium1 #a_/d oz42 chloride of magnesium1 #a oz42 iodide of potassium1 #d gr42 bromide of potassium1 #b gr42 water1 a gallon4 ,a common substitute for sea water as a bath is made by dissolving #d or #e oz4 of common salt in a gallon of water4 ,the following mixture of dry salts may be kept for the immediate production of a good imitation of sea water3----,chloride of sodium 7that obtained from evaporating sea water1 and not recrystallised1 in preference71 #he oz42 effloresced sulphate of soda1 #ae oz42 dry chloride of calcium1 #d oz42 dry chloride of magnesium1 #af oz42 iodide of potassium1 #b dr42 bromide of potassium1 #a gr4 ,mix1 and keep dry4 ,put #d or #e oz4 to a gallon of water4 ,,balaruc ,,water4 ,chloride of sodium1 #a oz42 chloride of calcium1 #a oz42 chloride of magnesium1 #a_/b oz42 sulphate of soda1 #c dr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #b dr42 bromide of potassium1 #a gr42 water1 a gallon4 ,chiefly used for baths4 ,,sulphuretted ,,waters4 ,,simple ,,sulphuretted ,,waters4 ,pass sulphuretted hydrogen into cold water 7previously deprived of air by boiling1 and cooled in a closed vessel7 till it ceases to be absorbed4 ,,aix-,,la-,,chapelle ,,water4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #ab gr42 chloride of sodium1 #be gr42 chloride of calcium1 #c gr42 sulphate of soda1 #h gr42 simple sulphuretted water1 #b-a_/b oz42 water1 slightly carbonated1 #ag-a_/b oz4 ,,bar,,ges ,,water4 7,cauterets1 ,bagnres de ,luchon1 ,eaux ,bonnes1 ,st ,sauveur1 may be made the same47 ,crystallised hydrosulphate of soda1 crystallised carbonate of soda1 and chloride of sodium1 of each #a-a_/b gr42 water 7freed from air71 a pint4 ,a stronger solution for adding to baths is thus made3----,crystallised hydrosulphate of soda1 crystallised carbonate of soda1 and chloride of sodium1 of each #b oz42 water1 #aj oz42 dissolve4 ,to be added to a common bath at the time of using4 ,,naples ,,water4 ,crystallised carbonate of soda1 #ae gr42 fluid magnesia1 #a oz42 simple sulphuretted water1 #b oz42 aerated water1 #af oz4 ,introduce the sulphuretted water into the bottle last4 ,,harrogate ,,water4 ,chloride of sodium1 #ajj gr42 chloride of calcium1 #aj gr42 chloride of magnesium1 #f gr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #b gr42 water1 #ah-a_/b oz4 ,dissolve1 and add simple sulphuretted water1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,,chalybeate ,,waters4 ,,simple ,,chalybeate ,,water4 ,water freed from air by boiling1 #a pint2 sulphate of iron1 #a_/b gr4 ,,aerated ,,chalybeate ,,water4 ,sulphate of iron1 #a gr42 carbonate of soda1 #d gr42 water 7deprived of air and charged with carbonic-acid gas71 a pint4 ,dr ,pereira recommends #aj gr4 each of sulphate of iron and bicarbonate of soda to be taken in a bottle of ordinary soda water4 ,this is equivalent to #d gr4 of carbonate of iron4 ,,brighton ,,chalybeate4 ,sulphate of iron1 chloride of sodium1 chloride of calcium1 of each #b gr42 carbonate of soda1 #c gr42 carbonated water1 #a pint4 ,,bussang1 ,,forges1 ,,provins1 and other similar waters1 may be imitated by dissolving from #a_/b to #b_/crds of a grain of sulphate of iron1 #b or #c gr4 of carbonate of soda1 #a gr4 of sulphate of magnesia1 and #a of chloride of sodium1 in a pint of aerated water4 ,,mont ,d',,or ,,water4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #gj gr42 sulphate of iron1 #b_/c gr42 chloride of sodium1 #ab gr42 sulphate of soda1 #a_/b gr42 chloride of calcium1 #d gr42 chloride of magnesium1 #b gr42 aerated water1 a pint4 ,,passy ,,water4 ,sulphate of iron1 #b gr42 chloride of sodium1 #c gr42 carbonate of soda1 #d gr42 chloride of magnesium1 #b gr42 aerated water1 a pint4 ,,pyrmont ,,water4 ,sulphate of magnesia1 #bj gr42 chloride of magnesium1 #d gr42 chloride of sodium1 #b gr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #af gr42 sulphate of iron1 #b gr42 ,carrara water1 a pint4 ,,various ,,aerated ,,medicinal ,,waters ,,not ,,resembling ,,any ,,natural ,,spring4 ,,mialhe',s ,,aerated ,,chalybeate ,,water4 ,water1 a pint2 citric acid1 #a dr42 citrate of iron1 #ae gr42 dissolve1 and add #ge gr4 of bicarbonate of soda4 ,,trosseau',s ,,martial ,,aerated ,,water4 ,potassio-tartrate of iron1 #aj gr42 artificial ,seltzer water1 a pint4 ,,bouchardat',s ,,gaseous ,,purgative4 ,phosphate of soda1 #a-a_/b oz42 carbonated water1 a pint4 ,,mialhe',s ,,ioduretted ,,gaseous ,,water4 ,iodide of potassium1 #ae gr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #ge gr42 water1 a pint2 dissolve and add sulphuric acid1 diluted with its weight of water1 #ge gr4 ,cork immediately4 ,,dupasquier',s ,,gaseous ,,water ,,of ,,iodide ,,of ,,iron4 ,solution of iodide of iron 7containing #a_/ajth of dry iodide71 #cj gr42 syrup of gum1 #b-a_/b oz42 aerated water1 #ag-a_/b oz4 ,,salts 7,smelling74 ,syn4 ,,sal ,,volatilis ,,oleosus1 ,l4 ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia commonly passes under the name of #8,,smelling ,,salts1' and1 with the addition of a few drops of essential oil1 is frequently employed to fill #8,,smelling ,,bottles1' but when a strong and durable pungency is desired1 the carbonate should alone be used1 as in one or other of the following formul3---- #a4 ,carbonate 7not sesquicarbonate7 of ammonia1 #a lb42 oil of lavender 7,mitcham71 #b oz42 essence of bergamot1 #a oz42 oil of cloves1 #a_/d oz42 rub them together1 and sublime2 keep the product in well-stopped bottles4 #b4 ,carbonate of ammonia1 #a lb42 oil of lavender1 #b oz42 oils of bergamot and lemon1 of each #a oz42 as the last4 #c4 ,carbonate of ammonia1 #a_/b lb42 essence of bergamot1 #a oz42 oil of verbena1 #a_/d oz42 otto of roses1 #a dr42 as before4 #d4 ,carbonate of ammonia1 #c_/d lb42 essences of bergamot and lemon1 of each #a_/b oz42 essence de petit grain1 #a_/d oz42 oil of cloves1 #a dr42 as before4 #e4 7,extemporaneous47----a4 ,from sal ammoniac1 #a dr42 pure potassa1 #c dr42 grind them together1 and add1 of essence of lemons1 #ae drops2 oil of cloves1 #c or #d drops4----b4 ,from carbonate or sesquicarbonate of ammonia 7bruised71 q4 s42 volatile ammoniacal essence1 a few drops4 ,according to ,dr ,paris1 ,,godfrey',s ,,smelling ,,salts are made by resubliming volatile salt with subcarbonate of potassa and a little spirits of wine 7and essential oil74 ,,salve4 ,a name indiscriminately applied by the vulgar to any consistent1 greasy preparation used in medicine4 ,salve1 ,lip-4 ,syn4 ,,ceratum ,,labiale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,red or ,,peruvian47 ,from spermaceti ointment1 #a_/b lb42 alkanet root1 #a_/b oz42 melt them together until sufficiently coloured1 strain1 and1 when the strained fat has cooled a little1 add of balsam of ,peru1 #c dr42 stir well1 and in a few minutes pour off the clear portion from the dregs2 lastly1 stir in of oil of cloves1 #bj or #cj drops4 ,this never gets rancid4 #b4 7,,rose47 ,see ,,cerate4 #c4 7,,white47 ,from the finest spermaceti ointment or cerate1 #c oz42 finely powdered white sugar1 #a oz42 neroli or essence de petit grain1 #aj or #ab drops1 or q4 s4 ,obs4 ,numerous formul are extant for lip-salves1 as for other like articles1 but the preceding are those generally employed in trade4 ,the perfumes may be varied at will and the salve named after them4 ,a very small quantity of finely powdered borax is occasionally added4 ,,french ,,lip-,,salve is said to contain alum1 in fine powder2 and ,,german ,,lip-,,salve is said to be made of cacao butter4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,pommade1 and ,,ointment4 ,,sand4 ,syn4 ,,arena1 ,l4 ,river and sea sand consist chiefly of finely divided siliceous matter1 mixed1 occasionally1 with carbonate of lime4 ,that of ,lynn and ,alum ,bay is nearly purely silica1 and is1 therefore1 selected for the manufacture of glass4 ,sand is used by moulders in metal1 and as a manure for heavy land4 ,it is a large and necessary portion of every fertile soil4 ,,sand ,,paper4 ,the #8,american ,builder' gives the following process for making sand-paper of superior quality1 at almost nominal cost3 8,the device for making sand-paper is simple and at hand to any one who has occasion to use the paper4 ,a quantity of ordinary window glass is taken 7that having a green colour is said to be the best7 and pounded fine1 after which it is passed through one or more sieves of different degrees of fineness1 to secure the glass for coarse or fine paper4 ,then any tough paper is covered evenly with glue1 having about one third more water than is generally employed for wood work4 ,the glass is sifted upon the paper1 allowed a day or two in which to become fixed in the glue1 when the refuse glue is shaken off1 and the paper is fit for use40 ,,san,,dal ,,wood4 #a4 7,,red ,,sanders ,,wood1 ,r4 ,,saunders ,w42 ,,lignum ,,santali ,,rubri1 ,,lignum ,,santalinum ,,rubrum1 ,,pterocarpus----,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,the wood of ,pterocarpus santilinus4 ,it is used in medicine as a colouring matter4 ,it is also employed in dyeing1 and to stain varnishes4 ,,wool may be dyed a carmine red by dipping it alternately into an infusion of this wood and an acidulous bath1 7,trommsdorff47 ,prepared with a mordant of alum and tartar1 and then dyed in a bath of sandal wood and sumach1 it takes a reddish-yellow4 7,bancroft47 ,see ,,santalin4 #b4 7,,white ,,sandal ,,wood1 ,,white ,,sanders2 ,,santalum ,,album47 ,the young timber1 or1 according to others1 the outside wood of ,santalum album4 7,linn47 #c4 7,,yellow ,,sandal ,,wood2 ,,santalum ,,citrinum1 ,s4 ,,flavum47 ,the old timber1 or1 according to others1 the heart of the same tree4 ,both the latter are much esteemed on account of their fragrance1 and yield a valuable essential oil4 ,,san,,darach4 ,syn4 ,,sandrac1 ,,gums4 ,a resin obtained from ,thuja articulata1 and ,juniperus communis 7in warm climates74 ,it is slightly fragrant1 is freely soluble in rectified spirit1 and has a sp4 gr4 of #aje to #aji4 ,it is used as incense1 pounce1 in varnishes1 c4 ,,san,,ders ,,wood4 ,see ,,sandal ,,wood4 ,,san,,diver4 ,syn4 ,,glass ,,gall2 ,,fell ,,vitri1 ,,sal ,,vitri1 ,l4 ,the saline scum that swims on glass when first made4 ,it is occasionally used in tooth powders4 ,,sanguina,,rine4 ,syn4 ,,sanguinarina1 ,l4 ,obtained from the root of ,sanguinaria ,canadensis 7,linn471 or blood-root1 by digesting it in anhydrous alcohol2 exhausting it with weak sulphuric acid2 precipitating by liquor of ammonia2 dissolving out by ether1 and precipitating sulphate of sanguinarine by the addition of sulphuric acid4 ,the sulphate may be decomposed by ammonia1 which precipitates the alkaloid as a white pearly substance1 of an acrid taste1 very soluble in alcohol1 also soluble in ether and volatile oils4 ,with acids it forms soluble salts1 remarkable for their beautiful red1 crimson1 and scarlet colours4 ,these salts are used in medicine as expectorants1 in doses of fractions of a grain4 ,the #8sanguinarin' of the ,american #8,eclectics' is prepared by precipitating a saturated tincture of blood-root by water4 ,it contains an uncertain proportion of the alkaloid1 and is of a deep reddish-brown colour4 ,see ,,resinoids4 ,,sanitary ,,authorities ,,and ,,sanitary ,,districts4 ,with the exception of the metropolis1 the whole of ,england and ,ireland is divided into urban and rural sanitary districts1 which are respectively governed by urban and rural authorities4 ,the ,public ,health ,act 7sec4 #f7 thus defines an urban district1 and an urban authority in ,england3---- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,urban ,districts4 ,urban ,authority4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,borough1 constituted such either before ,the mayor1 aldermen1 or after the passing of this ,act4 and burgesses1 acting by the council4 ,improvement act district1 constituted ,the improvement such before the passing of the ,public commissioners4 ,health ,act1 #ahgb1 and having no part of its area situated within a borough or local government district4 ,local government district constituted ,the local board4 such either before or after the passing of this ,act1 having no part of its area situated within a borough1 and not coincident in area with a borough or improvement act district4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,provided that---- #a4 ,any borough the whole of which is included in and forms part of a local government district or improvement act district1 and any improvement act district which is included in and forms part of a local government district1 and any local government district which is included in and forms part of an improvement act district1 shall1 for the purposes of this ,act1 be deemed to be absorbed in the larger district in which it is included1 or of which it forms part2 and the ,improvement commissioners1 or local board1 as the case may be1 of such larger district1 shall be the urban authority therein2 and #b4 ,where an improvement act district is coincident in area with a local government district1 the improvement commissioners1 and not a local board1 shall be the urban authority there2 and #c4 ,where any part of an improvement act district is situated within a borough or local act district1 or where any part of a local government district is situated within a borough1 the remaining part of such improvement act district or of such local government district so partly situated within a borough1 shall for the purposes of this ,act continue subject to the like jurisdiction as it would have been subject to if this ,act had not been passed1 unless and until the ,local ,government ,board by provisional order otherwise directs4 ,for the purposes of the ,public ,health ,act1 the boroughs of ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 ,blandford1 ,calne1 ,wenlock1 ,folkestone1 and ,newport1 ,isle of ,wight1 are not to be deemed boroughs4 ,the borough of ,cambridge is to be deemed an improvement act district1 the borough of ,oxford is to be included in the local government district of ,oxford1 and there is a special provision in the case of the borough of ,folkestone4 ,an ,english rural sanitary district and authority are thus defined by the ,public ,health ,act 7sec4 #i73---- 8,the area of any union which is not coincident in area with an urban district1 nor wholly included in an urban district 7in this section called a rural union71 with the exception of those portions 7if any7 of the area which are included in any urban district1 shall be a rural district1 and the guardians of the union shall form the rural authority of such district1 provided that---- 8#a4 ,an ex officio guardian resident in any parish or part of a parish belonging to such union1 which parish or part of a parish forms or is situated in an urban district1 shall not act or vote in any case in which guardians of such union act or vote as members of the rural authority1 unless he is the owner or occupier of property situated in the rural district of a value sufficient to qualify him as an elective guardian for the union4 8#b4 ,an elective guardian of any parish belonging to such union1 and forming or being included within an urban district1 shall not act or vote in any case in which guardians of such union act or vote as members of the rural authority4 8#c4 ,where part of a parish belonging to a rural union forms or is situated in an urban district1 the ,local ,government ,board may by order divide such parish into separate wards1 and determine the number of guardians to be elected by such wards respectively1 in such manner as to provide for the due representation of the part of the parish situated within the rural district2 but until such order has been made1 the guardian or guardians of such parish may act and vote as members of the rural authority in the same manner as if no part of such parish formed part of1 or was situated in1 the urban district40 ,where the number of elective guardians1 who are not by this section disqualified from acting and voting as members of the rural authority1 is less than five1 the ,local ,government ,board may from time to time by order nominate such number of persons as may be necessary to make up that number1 from owners or occupiers of property situated in the rural district of a value sufficient to qualify them as elective guardians for the union2 and the persons so nominated shall be entitled to act and vote as members of the rural authority1 but not further or otherwise4 ,subject to the provisions of this ,act1 all statutes1 orders1 and legal provisions applicable to any board of guardians shall apply to them in their capacity of rural authority under this ,act for the purposes of this ,act2 and it is hereby declared that the rural authority are the same body as the guardians of the union or parish for or within which such authority act4 ,sanitary districts in ,ireland are3----,the ,city of ,dublin1 other corporate towns above #fjjj1 and towns or townships having commissioners under local ,acts4 ,and urban authorities are3---- ,in the ,city of ,dublin1 the ,right ,hon4 the ,lord ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,burgesses acting by the town council4 ,in towns corporate1 the town council4 ,in towns exceeding #fjjj1 having commissioners under the ,lighting1 ,cleaning1 and ,watching ,act of ,george ,,iv2 or having municipal commissioners under #c and #d ,vict41 c4 #ajh2 or town commissioners under the ,towns ,improvement 7,ireland7 ,act 7#ag and #ah ,vict41 c4 #ajc71 the said commissioners1 municipal1 or town councillors respectively4 ,in towns or townships having commissioners under local ,acts1 the town or township commissioners 7#cg and #ch ,vict4 c4 #ih1 s4 #c74 ,the ,irish rural sanitary districts and authorities are exactly analogous to the ,english4 ,in ,scotland1 sanitary powers are exercised by town councils1 police commissioners1 and parochial boards1 controlled and supervised by a board of supervision2 but the names of urban and rural sanitary authorities have not yet been applied to them4 ,under the ,english ,public ,health ,act1 there may also be formed united districts2 for example3 ,where1 on the application of any local authority of any district1 it appears to the ,local ,government ,board that it would be for the advantage of the districts1 or any of them1 or any parts thereof1 or of any contributory places1 in any rural district or districts1 to be formed into a united district for all or any of the purposes following3---- #a4 ,the procuring a common supply of water2 or #b4 ,the making a main sewer1 or carrying into effect a system of sewerage for the use of all such districts1 or contributory places2 or #c4 ,for any other purposes of this ,act1 the ,local ,government ,board may1 by provisional order1 form such districts or contributory places into a united district4 ,all costs1 charges1 and expenses of and incidental to the formation of a united district are1 in the event of the united district being formed1 to be a first charge on the rates leviable in the united district in pursuance section #bgi of the ,public ,health ,act4 ,notice of the provisional order must be made public in the locality2 and should the union be carried out1 the incidental expenses thereto are a first charge on the sanitary rates of the united district4 ,a united district is governed by a joint board consisting of such ex officio1 and of such number of elective members as the provisional order determines4 ,the business arrangements of the joint board differ little from those of a sanitary authority4 ,the joint board is a body corporate having a name----determined by the provisional order----a perpetual succession1 and a common seal1 and having power to acquire and hold lands without any licence in mortmain4 ,the joint board has only business and power in matters for which it has been formed4 ,with the exception of these special objects1 the component districts continue as before to exercise independent powers4 ,nevertheless1 the joint board may delegate to the sanitary authority of any component district the exercise of any of its powers1 or the performance of any of its duties 7,public ,health ,act1 sec4 #bha74 ,sanitary authorities and districts may be also combined for the execution and maintenance of works1 for the prevention of epidemic diseases1 as well as for the purpose of appointing a medical officer of health4 ,districts when once formed are not fixed and unvariable1 the ,local ,government ,board having the most extensive powers over the alterations of areas4 #a4 ,the ,local ,government ,board1 by provisional order1 may dissolve any local government district1 and may merge any such district in some other district1 or may declare the whole or any portion of a local government or a rural district immediately adjoining a local government district to be included in such last mentioned district1 or may declare any portion of a local government district immediately adjoining a rural district to be included in such last-mentioned district2 and thereupon the included area shall1 for the purposes of the ,public ,health ,act1 be deemed to form part of the district in which it is included in such order2 and the remaining part 7if any7 of such local government district or rural district affected by such order1 shall continue subject to the like jurisdiction as it would have been subject to if such order had not been made1 unless and until the ,local ,government ,board by provisional order otherwise directs4 #b4 ,in the case of a borough comprising within its area the whole of an improvement act district1 or having an area coextensive with such district1 the ,local ,government ,board1 by provisional order1 may dissolve such district1 and transfer to the council of the borough1 all or any of the jurisdiction and powers of the improvement commissioners of such district1 remaining vested in them at the time of the passing of the ,public ,health ,act4 #c4 ,the ,local ,government ,board may1 by order1 dissolve any special drainage district constituted either before or after the passing of the ,public ,health ,act in which a loan for the execution of works has not been raised1 and merge it into the parish or parishes in which it is situated2 but in the cases where a loan has been raised the ,local ,government ,board can only do this by provisional order 7,public ,health ,act1 sec4 #bga74 ,disputes with regard to the boundaries of districts are to be settled by the ,local ,government ,board after local inquiry 7,public ,health ,act1 sec4 #bgh74 ,where districts also are constituted for the purposes of main sewerage only1 in pursuance of the ,public ,health ,act of #ahdh1 or where a district has been formed subject to the jurisdiction of a joint sewerage board1 in pursuance of the ,sewage ,utilisation ,act of #ahfg1 such districts or district may be dissolved by provisional order1 and the ,local ,government ,board may constitute it a united district1 subject to the jurisdiction of a joint board 7,public ,health ,act1 sec4 #cbc74 ,the ,local ,government ,board may also declare by provisional order any rural district to be a local government district4 ,the ,local ,government ,board has also the important power of investing a rural authority with urban powers as follows3 8,the ,local ,government ,board may1 on the application of the authority of any rural district1 or of persons rated to the relief of the poor1 the assessment of whose hereditaments amounts at the least to one tenth of the net rateable value of such district1 or of any contributory place therein1 by order to be published in the #8,london ,gazette1' or in such other manner as the ,local ,government ,board may direct1 declare any provisions of this ,act in force in urban districts to be in force in such rural district or contributory place1 and may invest such authority with all or any of the powers1 rights1 duties1 capacities1 liabilities1 and obligations of an urban authority under this ,act1 and such investment may be made either unconditionally or subject to any conditions to be specified by the board as to the time1 portion of its district1 or manner during1 at1 and in which such powers1 rights1 duties1 liabilities1 capacities1 and obligations are to be exercised and attach1 provided that an order of the ,local ,government ,board made on the application of one tenth of the persons rated to the relief of the poor in any contributory place shall not invest the rural authority with any new powers beyond the limits of such contributory places0 7,public ,health ,act1 sec4 #bgf74 ,powers and ,duties of ,sanitary ,authorities4 ,in ,england urban sanitary authorities have very extensive powers and duties under the ,public ,health ,act of #ahge1 and in addition they have to carry out the ,bakehouse ,regulation ,act1 and the ,artisans' and ,labourers' ,dwellings ,act4 ,they also have power to adopt the ,baths and ,wash-houses ,acts1 and the ,labouring ,classes' ,lodging ,houses ,acts2 but where adopted or in force1 the powers1 rights1 duties1 c41 of these ,acts belong to the urban authority4 ,the powers of any local act for sanitary purposes 7except a ,river ,conservancy ,act7 are transferred to the urban authority4 ,the powers of an ,english rural authority are exercised principally under the ,public ,health ,act1 but they have also to carry out the ,bakehouse ,regulation ,act4 ,the powers given by the ,irish ,public ,health ,act to ,irish ,sanitary ,authorities are similar4 ,the ,local ,government ,act is not in force there1 and equal powers are given without distinction to urban and rural sanitary authorities4 ,the duties of sanitary authorities are to carry out the ,acts which apply to them1 and appoint certain officers1 such as medical officers of health1 inspectors of nuisances1 clerk1 treasurer1 c4 ,speaking generally1 it may be affirmed that all sanitary authorities are invested with ample powers for enforcing sanitary measures4 ,their duty consists in perfecting drainage1 sewerage1 and water supply4 ,in towns they have the control of streets and houses1 both private and public1 and in all localities they possess ample powers to cause every species of nuisance to be abated1 which is in the least inimical to health4 ,the ,public ,health ,act contains a proviso for dealing with an authority which fails in its duty4 ,under these circumstances1 the ,local ,government ,board is invested with compulsory powers1 and may compel the due performance of whatever it may deem necessary4 ,,sanitary ,,herbal ,,bitters----,gesundheitskruter-,bitter4 ,an indispensable household remedy for every family1 for colic1 stomach-ache1 cramp in the bladder1 flatulence1 loss of appetite1 nausea1 chronic liver diseases1 constipation1 and diarrha2 also as a soothing agent for infants 7,gottschlich74 ,the fluid contains in #ajj grammes the soluble portion of about #h gramme opium4 7,hager47 ,,sanitary ,,liqueur----,gesundheits ,liqueur4 ,swedish elixir of life1 with rhubarb in place of the aloes1 made into a liqueur with sugar and spirit4 7,hager47 ,,sanitary1 ,,popular1 ,,errors4 ,it is a popular sanitary error to think that the more a man eats the fatter and stronger he will become4 ,to believe that the more hours children study the faster they learn4 ,to conclude that1 if exercise is good1 the more violent the more good is done4 ,to imagine that every hour taken from sleep is an hour gained4 ,to act on the presumption that the smallest room in the house is large enough to sleep in4 ,to imagine that whatever remedy causes one to feel immediately better is good for the system1 without regard to the ulterior effects4 ,to eat without an appetite2 or to continue after it has been satisfied1 merely to gratify the taste4 ,to eat a hearty supper at the expense of a whole night of disturbed sleep and weary waking in the morning 7#8,sanitary ,record'74 ,,sanitary ,,ratafia----,gesundheits ,ratafia4 ,for removing all stomach1 chest1 and bowel complaints1 indigestion1 colic1 diarrha1 vomiting1 flatulence1 dysuria1 and affections caused by chills4 ,a clear brown schnapps containing1 in #bej grammes by weight1 #ge grammes sugar1 #aje grammes water1 #ajj grammes strong spirit1 #dj grammes each of tincture of orange peel and tincture of orange berries1 #be grammes each tincture of cloves and tincture of wormwood1 #a drop oil of peppermint1 #e drops acetic ether1 and some drops of caramel4 7,dr ,horn47 ,,sanitary ,,soul1 ,flowers of4----,gesundheitsblumengeist4 ,a mixture of spirit1 #ejj parts2 tinct4 aromatica1 #e parts2 oils of bergamot1 lavender1 and rosemary1 of each #b parts2 oil of thyme1 #c parts2 oil of spearmint1 #a part4 7,hager47 ,,sanitation1 ,,domestic4 ,not one of the least creditable or important benefits conferred of late years1 by the efforts of philanthropic and enlightened enterprise upon the poorer classes of this country1 has been the erection----in cities and large towns more particularly----of healthy houses for them to dwell in4 ,in the construction of these habitations the architects and designers have for the most part been guided by sound sanitary principles1 the carrying out of which has been effected by means of legislative supervision1 and if needful1 of legislative action4 ,the result of these measures has1 in most cases1 been to provide residences for our poorer brethren1 wherein1 amongst other advantages1 they enjoy the two primary ones of pure air and water4 ,that the richer1 upper1 and middle classes1 whilst devising and achieving so much in the way of comfort and health for those beneath them1 should themselves in so many cases live in houses notoriously unhealthy1 and should fail to recognise the advantages of the compulsory enforcement of necessary hygienic arrangements1 are anomalies so amazing as to be1 at first sight1 scarcely credible4 ,yet a little piece of statistics may serve to discomfit those who are incredulous on this point4 ,the average mortality in ,london is #bd persons in a #ajjj4 ,in the improved dwellings of the poor it is only #ad in the #ajjj4 ,this subject was ventilated in a very earnest and valuable paper read before the ,social ,science ,congress at ,brighton in #ahge by ,mr ,h4 ,h4 ,collins4 ,in this paper ,mr ,collins refers only to the houses of the metropolis and its suburbs1 and maintains that1 as far as regards the enforcement of sanitary precautions in house building1 ,london and its suburbs are infinitely worse provided for than many second-rate provincial towns1 most of which1 he says1 have the construction of their buildings and streets regulated by bye-laws issued under the powers of the ,public ,health ,act1 and sanctioned by the ,home ,secretary1 whereas in ,london the various ,acts of ,parliament for this purpose have been inoperative4 ,mr ,collins describes the insanitary condition of some of the high-rented houses he examined and says the descriptions which follow equally apply to many others situated in the most aristocratic quarters of ,london4 ,imagine one of our legislators who1 perhaps1 had been voting for the passing of the 8,nuisance ,removals ,act10 returning from his parliamentary duties to such a mansion as is portrayed by ,mr ,collins in the following extract3----8,i have recently purchased on behalf of a client the lease of a mansion in ,portland ,place from a well-known nobleman1 who had spent1 as ,i was informed1 a fortune in providing new drainage2 indeed1 ,i found the principal water-closet built out of the house altogether2 the soil-pipe of it1 however1 was carried through the basement1 where it was supposed to be connected with the drain4 ,upon removing the floor-boards to examine it1 ,i found the ground surrounding the connection literally one mass of black sewage1 the soil oozing through the point even at the time of the examination1 and the connection with the main-drain laid in it at right angles4 ,the #i-;inch drain-pipes ran through the centre of the house1 having a very slight gradient1 and had evidently not been laid in many years1 yet they were nearly full of consolidated sewage1 and but little space was left for the passage of the fluid4 ,with but a slightly increased pressure the joints would have given way1 and the sewage would have flowed under the boards instead of into the sewer4 ,the sinks1 water-closets1 and cisterns were all badly situated1 and all more or less defective in sanitary arrangement4 ,in the butler's pantry the sink was placed next to the turn-up bedstead of the butler1 who must have inhaled draughts of impure atmosphere at every inspiration4 ,the soil-pipes of the closets had indeed been ventilated with a zinc rectangular tube1 but1 as this had been so placed as to let the sewer-gas through an adjacent skylight into the house1 and the odour being extremely disagreeable1 it had been by his lordship's directions 7as ,i am told7 closed4 ,here was evidence that it had at all events been doing some service1 and probably had only poisoned a few of the domestics4 ,i found the bends of soil-pipes likewise riddled with holes1 as described by ,dr ,leargus4 ,there happened to be a housemaids' sink situated close to a bedroom1 the waste from which had been carefully connected with the soil-pipe1 so that probably had the closets been satisfactorily ventilated1 this arrangement would have defeated the object in view4 ,i should also mention that the best water-closet was situated on the bedroom floor under the stairs1 and was lighted and ventilated through a small shaft formed of wood boarding and carried to the roof2 it also opened by a window to the main or principal staircase4 ,the gutter of the roof ran through the bedrooms and under the floors2 at the time of examination it was full of black slimy filth4 ,this is a fair specimen of the sanitary arrangements of a nobleman's town house1 situated in one of the best streets of this great metropolis in the year of grace #ahge40 ,let us take another example3----8,a few years ago a client of mine1 who resided in a large house in a wealthy suburb1 informed me that his wife and two daughters had suffered in health ever since they had occupied their house1 that he had consulted several medical men without beneficial result1 and that he wished me to make a survey of the premises4 ,he paid a rental of about #bjj per annum4 ,i found that the drainage was in every way defective1 although he told me that he had spent a large sum of money in making it #8perfect1' the gradients were bad1 the pipes choked1 and the joints unsound4 ,the servants' water-closet was adjacent to the scullery1 which was in communication with the kitchen1 the sink being directly opposite the kitchen range4 ,the water-closet was supplied direct from the cistern1 the waste from which entered the drain1 although it was said to be trapped4 ,the waste of the sink was simply connected with the drains and trapped with an ordinary bell-trap1 the cover or trap of which ,i found broken4 ,under the kitchen range hot-water tap ,i found a trapped opening1 also leading into the drain4 ,the domestics complained of frequent headaches and general depression1 and ,i need not add that it excited no surprise1 seeing that the kitchen fire was continuously drawing in from the sewers and house drains a steady supply of sewer-gas to the house and drinking-water cistern4 ,in addition ,i found the basement walls damp1 owing to the absence of a damp-proof course and the want of dry areas4 ,the upper water-closets1 house-closets1 and cisterns were situated over each other1 off the first-floor landing1 and directly opposite the bedroom doors4 ,the bath and lavatory were fixed in the dressing-room1 communicating with the best bedroom1 the wastes from which were carried into the soil-pipe of closets4 ,this latter was unventilated1 but was trapped with an ,s pipe at bottom4 ,the water-closets were pan closets1 and were trapped by ,d traps4 ,the upper closet periodically untrapped the lower closet1 and both traps leaving the impure air free access to the house and cistern1 which latter was also in communication by means of its waste-pipe with the house-drains4 ,the overflows from safes of the water-closets were practically untrapped4 ,the peculiar nauseating odour of sewer-gas was distinctly perceptible1 and ,i had but little doubt but that atonic disease was rapidly making its inroads on the occupants4 ,the landlord refused to recognise the truth of my report4 ,my client1 acting on my advice1 relinquished his lease1 took another house1 the sanitation of which was carefully attended to1 and his wife and children have had no recurrence of illness40 ,mr ,collins mentions a very alarming and unsuspected source of aerial poisoning in many town-houses to be the existence of old disused cesspools in the centre of the buildings4 ,these receptacles1 which are frequently nearly filled with decaying fcal substances1 are very often found to be insecurely covered over with tiles1 stones1 or boarding4 ,to ensure the construction of a healthy dwelling-house1 ,mr ,collins regards attention to the following conditions as essential3----8,all subsoil should be properly drained1 proper thickness of the concrete should be applied to the foundations1 damp-proof courses should be inserted over footings1 earth should be kept back from walls by dry areas properly drained and ventilated1 external walls should be built of good hard well-burnt stock brickwork1 of graduated thicknesses1 and never less than #ad inches thick2 internal divisions should be of brick in cement4 ,the mortar and cement should be of good quality4 ,all basement floors should have a concrete or cement bottom1 with air flowing under the same1 and the boarding thereof should be tongued so as to prevent draught and exhalation penetrating through the joints of the same4 ,ample areas back and front should be insisted on1 the divisional or party fence walls of which should never be allowed to exceed #g feet in height1 to allow free circulation and to prevent the areas becoming wells or shafts for stagnant air4 ,the main drains should be carried through the back yards1 and1 to prevent inconvenience to adjoining owners from any obstruction1 they should be laid in subways1 so that the sewer inspector could gain ready access thereto without entering any of the premises or causing any annoyance to the tenants4 ,no basement should on any account be allowed to be constructed at such a level as will not permit of the pipes having good steep gradients to the sewer4 ,all sinks should be placed next external walls1 having windows over the same1 and removed from the influence of the fire-grates4 ,all wastes should discharge exteriorly over and not into trapped cess-pits1 all of which should be provided with splashing stones fixed round the same4 ,the basement cisternage should be placed in convenient and accessible positions1 protected from dirt and guarded from the effects of alternations of temperature4 ,they should be of slate and galvanised iron1 and never of lead or zinc4 ,they should be fitted with overflows discharging over the sink1 or over trapped cesses as just mentioned4 ,they should be supplied with stout lead encased1 block-tin pipe1 the services therefrom for all drinking purposes should be of the same description1 and should be attached to an ascending filter1 so that water may be delivered free from lead or organic impurities4 ,lead poisoning is more frequent than is generally believed4 ,cupboards under stairs1 under sinks1 under dressers1 or out-of-the-way places should be avoided1 and when fitted up should always be well ventilated4 ,all passages should be well lighted and ventilated4 ,borrowed lights are better than none at all4 ,every room should be furnished with a fireplace1 and ,comyn and ,chingo ventilators over doors and windows should be freely disposed4 ,it would conduce to the health of the house1 without adding one shilling to its cost1 to build next the kitchen flue a separate ventilating flue1 and to conduct the products of combustion from gas and other impure or soiled air1 c41 into the same1 from ventilators placed in the centre of or close to the ceilings1 as may be found most convenient4 ,by carefully proportioning the inlet and outlet ventilation1 the air will be kept moving without draught1 and preserved in a pure and sweet condition for respiration4 ,the windows and doors will then serve only their legitimate objects of admitting light1 and of affording ingress and egress to the various apartments4 ,the staircase should be made the main ventilator of the house1 and it is essentially necessary to preserve the air surrounding the same1 uncontaminated1 pure1 and undefiled4 ,it will be better to light and ventilate it from the top2 and to prevent the ,ethiopians or blacks of ,london finding their way into the house1 an invisible gauze net may be placed under it1 which can periodically be easily removed and cleansed1 or it may be furnished with a movable inner1 ornamental flat light4 ,under no circumstances must lavatories or sinks be brought in connection with the drains4 ,most people desire the bath-room to be in proximity to the bedrooms2 whether so placed or not1 all connection with main drainage must be studiously avoided4 ,the hot and cold pipes1 known as the flow and return pipes1 should be of galvanised iron1 with junctions carefully made with running joints in red lead2 on no account should these be in contact with any other pipes4 ,the wastes from the bath safe 7and lavatories if any7 should be carried through the front wall of the house1 and should turn over and into rain-water head1 covered with domical wire grating to prevent birds building their nests therein1 and carried down to the basement area1 where they must discharge over a trapped cess-pit1 as before described1 surrounded with a splash-stone or curve to obviate the nuisance of the soap-suds flowing over the pavement4 ,a brush passed up and down these waters now and then will effectually remove any soapy sediment which may cling to their surfaces4 ,the waste from bath1 c41 into heads should be furnished with a ground valve flap and collar to prevent draught1 and the bath should be fitted with india-rubber seatings between the metal and wood framing4 ,mansarde or sloping roofs should be avoided2 they are injurious to the health of the domestics1 whose sleeping chambers they are generally appropriated to2 they are unhealthy1 hot in summer1 and prejudicially cold in winter1 laying the basis for future disease for those least able to bear it4 ,gutters taken through roofs1 known as #8trough1' should never be permitted2 they congregate putrescent filth1 which remains in them for years to taint and poison the atmosphere40 ,consult also1 as supplementing this subject1 the articles ,,drains1 ,,dustbins1 ,,cesspools1 ,,tanks1 ,,traps1 ,,water-,,closets4 ,,san,,talin4 ,the colouring principle of red sanders wood4 ,,san,,tonin4 ,c#ae;,h#ah,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,santonic ,,acid2 ,,santoninum1 ,l4 ,the crystalline and characteristic principle of the seed of several varieties of ,artemisia4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,baden1 #ahda47 ,take of worm-seed1 #d parts2 hydrate of lime1 #a-a_/b part2 mix1 and exhaust them with alcohol of #ij2 distil1 off #c-dths of the spirit1 and evaporate the remainder to one half1 which1 at the boiling temperature1 is to be mixed with acetic acid in excess1 and afterwards with water2 on repose1 impure santonin subsides2 wash this with a little weak spirit1 then dissolve it in rectified spirit1 #aj parts1 decolour by ebullition for a few minutes with animal charcoal1 and filter2 the filtrate deposits colourless crystals of santonin as it cools2 these are to be dried1 and kept in opaque bottles4 ,mr ,w4 ,g4 ,smith1 ,m4,b41 states that two singular effects are known to result from the administration of santonin in moderate doses1 viz4 visual derangements and a peculiar alteration in the colour of the urine4 ,he adds that three hours after taking #e gr4 of pure white santonin1 he became conscious1 while reading1 of a yellowish tint on the paper1 and a yellow haze in the air4 ,his own hands1 and the complexions of others1 appeared of a sallow unhealthy colour2 and the evening sky1 which was really of a pale lavender colour1 seemed to be light green4 ,vision was not perfectly distinct for some hours1 and was accompanied by a certain vagueness of definition4 ,mr ,smith endorses the observations of previous observers who had noticed that the urine of persons under the influence of santonin is tinged of a saffron yellow or greenish colour4 ,the coloured urine resembles that of a person slightly jaundiced1 and like this permanently stains linen of a light yellow colour4 ,the best test for santonin in the urine is an alkali1 upon the addition of which the urine immediately assumes a fine cherry-red colour1 varying in depth according to the amount of santonin present4 ,potash was found to be the preferable alkali4 ,prop41 c4 ,prismatic or tubular crystals2 inodorous2 tasteless1 or only slightly bitter2 fusible2 volatilisable2 soluble in #dejj parts of cold and about #bej parts of boiling water2 soluble in cold alcohol and ether2 freely soluble in hot alcohol4 ,it is much esteemed as a tasteless worm medicine1 and is especially adapted to remove lumbricales 7large round worms74----,dose1 #f to #ah or #bj gr41 repeated night and morning1 followed by a brisk purge4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,boil #a lb4 of santonico1 bruised1 with #a gall4 of distilled water1 and #e oz4 of slaked lime1 in a copper or tinned iron vessel for an hour1 strain through a stout cloth and express strongly4 ,mix the residue with #a_/b gall4 of distilled water and #b oz4 of lime1 boil for half an hour1 strain and express as before4 ,mix the strained liquors1 let them settle1 decant the fluid from the deposit1 evaporate to the bulk of #b-a_/b pints4 ,to the liquor while hot add1 with diligent stirring1 hydrochloric acid1 until the fluid has become slightly and permanently acid1 and set it aside for five days that the precipitate may subside4 ,remove1 by skimming1 any oily matter which floats on the surface1 and carefully decant the greater part of the fluid from the precipitate4 ,collect this on a paper filter1 wash it first with cold distilled water1 till the washings pass colourless and nearly free from acid reaction1 then with #a_/b fl4 oz4 of solution of ammonia1 previously diluted with #e oz4 of distilled water1 and1 lastly1 with cold distilled water1 till the washings pass colourless4 ,press the filter containing the precipitate between folds of filtering paper1 and dry it with a gentle heat4 ,scrape the dry precipitate from the filter1 and mix it with #fj gr4 of purified animal charcoal4 ,pour on them #i fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit1 digest for half an hour1 and boil for ten minutes4 ,filter while hot1 wash the charcoal with #a fl4 oz4 of boiling spirit1 and set the filtrate aside for two days in a cool dark place to crystallise4 ,separate the mother liquor from the crystals1 and concentrate to obtain a further product4 ,collect the crystals1 let them drain1 redissolve them in #d fl4 oz4 of boiling spirit1 and let the solution crystallise as before4 ,lastly1 dry the crystals on filtering paper in the dark and preserve them in a bottle protected from the light4 ,,sap ,,green4 ,see ,,green ,,pigments4 ,,saponifica,,tion4 ,see ,,soap4 ,,sap,,onin4 ,syn4 ,,saponinum1 ,l4 ,a white1 non-crystallisable substance1 obtained by the action of hot diluted alcohol on the root of ,saponaria officinalis 7,linn471 or soapwort4 ,prop41 c4 ,saponin is soluble in hot water1 and the solution froths strongly on agitation4 ,the smallest quantity of the powder causes violent sneezing4 ,,sarcocol,,la4 ,a gum-resin supposed to be derived from one or more plants of the natural order ,renace1 growing in ,arabia and ,persia4 ,it somewhat resembles gum ,arabic1 except in being soluble in both water and alcohol1 and in having a bitter-sweet taste4 ,it was formerly used in surgery4 ,,sar,,cosine4 ,c#c;,h#g,o#b,n4 ,a feebly basic substance1 obtained by boiling kreatine for some time with a solution of pure baryta4 ,it forms colourless1 transparent plates1 freely soluble in water1 sparingly so in alcohol1 and insoluble in ether2 it may be fused and volatilised4 ,,sarsaparil,,la4 ,syn4 ,,sars ,,radix 7,b4 ,p471 ,,radix ,,sarz1 ,,radix ,,sarsaparill1 ,,sarza 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,sarsaparilla 7,ph4 ,d4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 8,jamaica sarza4 ,the root of ,smilax officinalis1 ,kunth0 7,ph4 ,l472 8and probably of other species40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the sarsaparillas of commerce are divided by ,dr ,pereira into two classes3----#8,mealy sarsaparilla' and #8non-mealy sarsaparillas4' ,in the first are placed ,brazilian or ,lisbon1 ,caraccas or gouty ,vera ,cruz1 and ,honduras2 the second includes ,jamaica1 ,lima1 and true ,vera ,cruz4 ,the mealy sarsaparillas are distinguished by 8the mealy character of the inner cortical layers1 which are white or pale-coloured4 ,the meal or starch is sometimes so abundant1 that a shower of it1 in the form of white dust1 falls when we fracture the roots40 ,the medulla or pith is also frequently very amylaceous4 ,the non-mealy sarsaparillas 8are characterised by a deeply coloured 7red or brown71 usually non-mealy1 cortex4 ,the cortex is red1 and much thinner than in the mealy sorts40 8,if a drop of oil of vitriol be applied to a transverse section of the root of the non-mealy sarsaparillas1 both cortex and wood acquire a dark-red or purplish tint20 whilst in the preceding varieties1 the mealy coat1 and1 sometimes1 the pith1 is but little altered in colour4 8,the decoction of non-mealy sarsaparilla1 when cold1 is somewhat darkened1 but does not yield a blue colour when a solution of iodine is added to it40 ,the aqueous extract1 when rubbed down with a little cold distilled water in a mortar1 does not yield a turbid liquid1 nor become blue on the addition of iodine4 ,the reverse is the case with the decoction and extract of the mealy varieties4 ,the ,,jamaica1 ,,red ,,jamaica1 or ,,red-,,bearded ,,sarsaparilla 7,,sarza ,,jamaicensis----,ph4 ,d471 is the variety which should alone be used in medicine4 ,this kind yields from #cc to #dd of its weight of extract 7,battley1 ,hennell1 ,pope71 and contains less starchy matter than the other varieties4 ,it is distinguished by exhibiting the above peculiarities in a marked degree1 by the dirty reddish colour of its bark1 which 8is not mealy10 and by being 8beset very plentifully with rootlets0 7fibres74----,ph4 ,l4 ,its powder has also a pale reddish-brown colour4 ,the other varieties of sarsaparilla1 viz4 the ,lisbon1 ,lima1 ,vera ,cruz1 and ,honduras1 are frequently substituted for the ,jamaica by the druggists in the preparations of the decoctions and extracts of this drug2 but the products are vastly inferior in quantity1 colour1 taste1 and medicinal virtue1 to those prepared from the officinal sarsaparilla4 ,decoction of sarsaparilla1 when made with the ,honduras root1 is very liable to ferment1 even by a few hours' exposure1 in hot weather4 ,we have seen hogsheads of the strong decoction1 after exposure for a single night1 in as active a state of fermentation as a gyle of beer1 with a frothy head1 and evolving a most disagreeable odour1 that was not wholly removed by several hours' boiling4 ,when this occurs the decoction suffers in density1 and the product in extract is1 consequently1 considerably lessened4 ,yet this is frequently allowed to occur in the wholesale laboratory1 where the rule should be----always begin a #8bath of sarza' 7as it is called71 and1 indeed1 of other perishable articles1 early in the morning1 and finish it1 completely and entirely1 the same day4 ,sarsaparilla has been recommended as a mild but efficacious alterative1 diaphoretic and tonic4 ,it has long been a popular remedy in chronic rheumatism1 rheumatic and gouty pains1 scurvy1 scrofula1 syphilis1 secondary syphilis1 lepra1 psoriasis1 and several other skin diseases2 and1 especially1 in cachexia1 or a general bad habit of body1 and to remove the symptoms arising from the injudicious use of mercurials1 often falsely called #8secondary syphilis4' ,during its use the skin should be kept warm1 and diluents should be freely taken4 ,its efficacy has been greatly exaggerated4 ,it is1 however1 much more effective in warm than in northern climates4----,dose4 ,in substance1 #a_/b to #a dr41 three or four times daily2 but1 preferably1 made into a decoction or infusion4 ,the articles so much puffed under the names of ,american or ,united ,states sarsaparilla and extract of sarsaparilla are 8nothing more than the decoction of a common herb1 a sort of #8aralia1' inhabiting the swamps and marshes of the ,united ,states4 ,when cut up it has the appearance of chaff1 but not the slightest resemblance in character1 colour1 or taste1 to even the most inferior species of smilax 7or sarza74 ,the decoction is sweetened with a little sugar1 flavoured with benzoin and sassafras1 and1 finally1 preserved from decomposition by means of the bichloride of mercury40 8,i have heard of several cases of deadly sickness1 and other dangerous symptoms1 following its use40 8,we do not believe that a particle of real sarsaparilla ever entered into the composition of either of the articles referred to40 7#8,med4 ,circ41' ii1 #bbg47 ,see ,,decoction and ,,extract4 ,,sarsaparil,,lin4 ,syn4 ,,pariglin1 ,,parillic ,,acid1 ,,salsaparin1 ,,smilacin4 ,a white1 crystallisable1 odourless1 and nearly tasteless substance1 discovered by ,pallotta and ,folchi1 in sarsaparilla4 ,prep4 ,the bark of ,jamaica sarsaparilla is treated with hot rectified spirit1 and the resulting tincture reduced to about one third by distilling off the spirit2 the residual liquid is then filtered1 whilst boiling1 slightly concentrated by evaporation1 and set aside to crystallise2 the crystalline deposit is redissolved in either hot rectified spirit or boiling water1 and decoloured by agitation with a little animal charcoal2 the filtrate deposits crystals of nearly pure smilacin as it cools4 ,it may also be extracted by boiling water4 ,prop41 c4 ,a non-nitrogenised neutral body4 ,water holding a very small quantity of it in solution froths considerably on agitation4 ,this is especially the case with infusion of ,jamaica sarsaparilla1 and this property has consequently been proposed as a test of the quality of sarsaparilla root4 ,its medicinal properties are similar to those of sarsaparilla4 ,according to ,pallotta1 it is a powerful sedative1 and diminishes the vital energies in proportion to the quantity taken4----,dose1 #b to #aj gr42 in the usual cases in which the root is given4 ,,sas,,safras4 ,syn4 ,,sassafras ,,radix 7,b4 ,p471 ,,sassafras ,,radix1 ,,sassafras 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,the root of ,sassafras officinale1 ,nees4 ,laurus sassafras1 ,linn40----,ph4 ,l4 ,it has a fragrant odour1 and a sweetish aromatic taste4 ,it has long been reputed a stimulating1 alterative1 diaphoretic1 diuretic1 and tonic2 and an infusion of the chips 7sassafras chips71 under the name of sassafras tea1 has been a popular #8diet drink' in various cutaneous affections1 gout1 chronic rheumatism1 c4 ,,satura,,tion4 ,the state in which a body has taken its full dose1 or chemical proportion1 of any other substance with which it can combine1 or which it can dissolve2 as water with sugar or a salt1 or an alkali with an acid1 when the properties of both are neutralised4 ,,saucers 7for ,dyeing74 ,prep4 #a4 7,,blue47 ,from blue carmine1 made into a paste with gum water1 which is then spread over the inside of the saucers1 and dried4 #b4 7,,pink47----a4 ,from pure rouge mixed with a little carbonate of soda1 then made into a paste with thin gum water1 and applied as the last4 b4 ,well-washed safflower1 #h oz42 carbonate of soda1 #b oz42 water1 #b gall42 infuse1 strain1 add of ,french chalk 7scraped fine with ,dutch rushes71 #b lbs42 mix well1 and precipitate the colour by adding a solution of tartaric acid2 collect the red powder1 drain it1 add a very small quantity of gum1 and apply the paste to the saucers4 ,inferior4 ,both the above are used to tinge silk stockings1 gloves1 c4 ,,sauce4 ,a liquid or semi-liquid condiment or seasoning for food4 ,the following receipts for sauces may be useful to the reader3 ,sauce1 ,anchovy4 #a4 7,extemporaneous47 ,from #c or #d anchovies1 chopped small2 butter1 #c oz42 water1 a wine-glassful2 vinegar1 #b tablespoonfuls2 flour1 #a do42 stir the mixture over the fire till it thickens1 then rub it through a coarse hair sleeve4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,as essence of anchovies4 ,other fish sauces may be made in the same manner4 ,sauce1 ,apple4 ,from sharp apples1 cored1 sliced1 stewed with a spoonful or two of water1 and then beaten1 to a perfectly smooth pulp with a little good moist sugar4 ,tomato1 and many other like sauces1 may be made in the same manner4 ,sauce1 ,aristocratique4 ,from green-walnut juice and anchovies1 equal parts2 cloves1 mace1 and pimento1 of each1 bruised1 #a dr4 to every lb4 of juice2 boil and strain1 and then add to every pint1 #a pint of vinegar1 #a_/b pint of port wine1 #a_/d pint of soy1 and a few shallots2 let the whole stand for a few days1 and decant the clear liquor4 ,bechamel4 ,a species of fine white broth or consomme1 thickened with cream1 and used as #8white sauce4' ,sauce1 ,caper4 ,put twelve table-spoonfuls of melted butter into a stewpan1 place it on the fire1 and1 when on the point of boiling1 add #a oz4 of fresh butter and #a table-spoonful of capers2 shake the stewpan round over the fire until the butter is melted1 add a little pepper and salt1 and serve where directed4 ,also as mint sauce4 ,sauce1 ,chutney4 #a4 ,from sour apples 7pared and cored71 tomatoes1 brown sugar1 and sultana raisins1 of each #c oz42 common salt1 #d oz42 red chillies and powdered ginger1 of each #bi oz42 garlic and shallots1 of each #a oz42 pound the whole well1 add1 of strong vinegar1 #c quarts2 lemon juice1 #a do42 and digest1 with frequent agitation1 for a month2 then pour off nearly all the liquor1 and bottle it4 ,used for fish or meat1 either hot or cold1 or to flavour stews1 c4 ,the residue is the #8,chutney1' #8,chetney1' or #8,chitni1' which must be ground to a smooth paste with a stone and muller1 and then put into pots or jars4 ,it is used like mustard4 #b4 7,,bengal ,,chitni47 ,as the last1 but using tamarinds instead of apples1 and only sufficient vinegar and lemon juice to form a paste4 ,coratch4 ,from good mushroom ketchup1 #a_/b gal42 walnut ketchup1 #c_/d pint2 ,india soy and chillie vinegar1 of each #a_/b pint2 essence of anchovies1 #e or #f oz42 macerate for a fortnight4 ,sauce1 ,epicurienne4 ,to the last add of walnut ketchup and port wine1 of each #a quart2 garlic and white pepper1 of each 7bruised7 #d oz42 chillies 7bruised71 #a oz42 mace and cloves1 of each #a_/b oz4 ,sauce1 ,fish4 ,from port wine #a gall42 mountain do41 #a quart2 walnut ketchup1 #b quarts2 anchovies 7with the liquor71 #b lbs42 #h lemons1 #dh shallots1 scraped horseradish1 #a-a_/b lb42 flour of mustard1 #h oz42 mace1 #a oz42 cayenne1 q4 s42 boil the whole up gently1 strain1 and bottle4 ,ketchup4 ,see under that name4 ,sauce1 ,kitchener's4 ,syn4 ,,kitchener',s ,,relish4 ,from salt1 #c oz42 black pepper1 #b oz42 allspice1 horseradish1 and shallots1 of each #a oz42 burnt-sugar colouring1 a wine-glassful2 mushroom ketchup1 #a quart 7all bruised or scraped72 macerate for #c weeks1 strain1 and bottle4 ,lemon ,pickle4 ,from lemon juice and vinegar1 of each #c gall42 bruised ginger1 #a lb42 allspice1 pepper1 and grated lemon peel1 of each #h oz42 salt1 #c-a_/b lbs42 cayenne1 #b oz42 mace and nutmegs1 of each #a oz42 digest for #ad days4 ,sauce1 ,lobster4 ,from lobsters1 as ,,anchovy ,,sauce4 ,sauce1 ,mint4 ,from garden mint1 chopped small1 and then beaten up with vinegar1 some moist sugar1 and a little salt and pepper4 ,sauce1 ,onion4 ,from onions boiled to a pulp and then beaten up with melted butter and a little warm milk4 ,sauce1 ,oyster4 ,from about #ab oysters1 and #f or #g oz4 of melted butter1 with a little cayenne pepper1 and #b or #c spoonfuls of cream1 stirred together over a slow fire1 then brought to a boil1 and served4 ,sauce1 ,piquante4 ,from soy and cayenne pepper1 of each #d oz42 port wine1 #a_/b pint2 brown pickling vinegar1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix1 and let them stand for #g or #h days before bottling4 ,sauce1 ,quin's4 ,from walnut pickle and port wine1 of each #a pint2 mushroom ketchup1 #a quart2 anchovies and shallots 7chopped fine71 of each #b dozen2 soy1 #a_/b pint2 cayenne1 #a_/d oz42 simmer gently for #aj minutes1 and in a fortnight strain1 and bottle4 ,sauce au ,roi4 ,from brown vinegar 7good71 #c quarts2 soy and walnut ketchup1 of each #a_/b pint2 cloves and shallots1 of each #a doz42 cayenne pepper1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix1 and digest for #ad days4 ,sauce1 ,shrimp4 ,from shrimps or prawns1 as ,,anchovy ,,sauce4 ,soy4 ,see that article4 ,sauce1 ,superlative4 ,from port wine1 and mushroom ketchup1 of each #a quart2 walnut pickle1 #a pint2 soy1 #a_/b pint2 powdered anchovies1 #a_/b lb42 fresh lemon peel1 minced shallots1 and scraped horseradish1 of each #b oz42 allspice and black pepper 7bruised71 of each #a oz42 cayenne pepper and bruised celery seed1 of each #a_/d oz4 7or currie powder1 #c_/d oz472 digest for #ad days1 strain1 and bottle4 ,very relishing4 ,sauce1 ,tomato4 ,from bruised tomatoes1 #a gall42 good salt1 #a_/b lb42 mix1 in #c days press out the juice1 to each quart of which add of shallots1 #b oz42 black pepper1 #a dr42 simmer very gently for #bj to #cj minutes1 strain1 and add to the strained liquor1 mace1 allspice1 ginger1 nutmegs1 and cochineal1 of each #a_/d oz42 coriander seed1 #a dr42 simmer gently for #aj minutes1 strain1 cool1 and in a week put it into bottles4 ,sauce1 ,waterloo4 ,from strong vinegar 7nearly boiling71 #a quart1 port wine1 #c_/d pint2 mushroom ketchup1 #a_/b pint2 walnut ketchup1 #a_/d pint2 essence of anchovies1 #d oz42 #h cloves of garlic2 cochineal 7powdered71 #a_/b oz4 7or red beet1 sliced1 #c oz472 let them stand together for a fortnight or longer1 occasionally shaking the bottle4 ,sauce1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,butter ,,sauce1 ,,melted ,,butter4 ,from good butter1 #d oz42 cream1 #b-a_/b oz42 salt 7in very fine powder71 #a_/b teaspoonful2 put them into a pot or basin1 set this in hot water1 and beat the whole with a bone1 wooden1 or silver spoon1 until it forms a perfectly smooth1 cream-like mixture1 avoiding too much heat1 which would make it run oily4 ,a table-spoonful of sherry1 marsala1 lemon juice1 or vinegar1 is sometimes added2 but the selection must depend on the dishes the sauce is intended for4 ,used either by itself1 or as a basis for other sauces4 ,beaten up with any of the #8bottled sauces1' an excellent compound sauce of the added ingredient is immediately obtained4 ,sauces1 ,american4 ,white vinegar1 #ae gall42 walnut ketchup1 #aj gall42 ,madeira wine1 #e gall42 mushroom ketchup1 #aj gall12 table salt1 #be lbs4 7troy72 ,canton soy1 #d gall42 powdered capsicum #b lbs4 7troy72 allspice1 powdered1 coriander powder1 of each #a lb4 7troy72 cloves1 mace1 cinnamon1 of each #a_/b lb4 7troy72 assaftida1 #a_/d lb4 7troy72 dissolved in brandy1 #a gall42 #bj lbs4 of hog's liver is boiled for #ab hours with #aj gall4 of water1 renewing the water from time to time4 ,take out the liver1 chop it1 mix it with water1 and work it through a sieve2 mix with the sauce4 #b4 ,white vinegar1 #bdj gall42 ,canton soy1 #cf gall42 sugar-house syrup1 #cj gall42 walnut ketchup1 #ej gall42 mushroom ketchup1 #ej gall42 table salt1 #abj lbs4 7troy72 powdered capsicum1 #ae lbs4 7troy72 allspice1 coriander1 of each #g lbs4 7troy72 cloves1 mace1 cinnamon1 of each #d lbs4 7troy72 assaftida1 #b-a_/b lbs4 7troy71 dissolved in ,st ,croix rum1 #a gall4 #c4 ,white vinegar1 #a gall4 ,canton soy1 molasses1 of each #a pint2 walnut ketchup1 #a-a_/b pint2 table salt1 #d oz42 powdered capsicum1 allspice1 of each #a oz42 coriander1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 mace1 of each #a_/b oz42 cinnamon1 #f dr41 assaftida #a_/d oz4 in #d oz4 of rum4 ,,sauerkraut4 ,ger4 ,prep4 ,clean white cabbages1 cut them into small pieces1 and stratify them in a cask along with culinary salt and a few juniper berries and caraway seeds1 observing to pack them down as hard as possible1 without crushing them1 and to cover them with a lid pressed down with a heavy weight4 ,the cask should be placed in a cold situation as soon as a sour smell is perceived4 ,used by the ,germans and other northern nations of ,europe1 like our #8pickled cabbage1' but more extensively4 ,,sau,,sages4 ,from the fat and lean of pork 7,,pork ,,sausages71 or of beef 7,,beef ,,sausages71 chopped small1 flavoured with spice1 and put into gut skins1 or pressed into pots or balls 7,,sausage ,,meat74 ,crum of bread is also added4 ,their quality is proportionate to that of the ingredients1 and to the care and cleanliness employed in preparing them4 ,a pea sausage1 composed of pea flour1 fat pork1 and a little salt1 was largely consumed by the ,german soldiers during the ,franco-,german campaign4 ,dr ,parkes found #ajj parts of this sausage to consist of----#afb parts of water1 #gai of salts1 #abbig of albuminates1 #ccfe of fat1 and #cjffc of carbohydrates4 ,it is ready cooked1 but can be made into soup1 although much relished for a few days4 ,the soldiers soon became tired of it4 ,in some cases it gave rise to flatulence and diarrha4 ,see ,,meat4 ,,sav,,eloys4 ,pork sausages made in such a way that they keep good for a considerable time4 ,prep4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,take of young pork1 free from bone and skin1 #c lbs42 salt it with #a oz4 of saltpetre1 and #a_/b lb4 of common salt1 for #b days2 then chop it fine1 add1 #c teaspoonfuls of pepper1 #a doz4 sage leaves1 chopped fine1 and #a lb4 of grated bread2 mix well1 fill the skins1 and steam them or bake them half an hour in a slack oven4 ,they are said to be good either hot or cold4 ,,sav,,ine4 ,syn4 ,,savin2 ,,folia ,,sabin1 ,,sabina 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,the recent and dried tops of ,juniperis sabina1 ,linn410 or common savine4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it is a powerful stimulant1 diaphoretic1 emmenagogue1 and anthelmintic2 and1 externally1 rubefacient1 escharotic and vesicant4 ,in large doses it is apt to occasion abortion1 and acts as a poison4 ,,savine ,,powder mixed with verdigris is often applied to corns and warts4 ,it is now chiefly used in the form of ointment4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 twice or thrice daily 7with care71 in amenorrha and worms4 ,see ,,cerate4 ,,savonettes4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,wash ,,balls4 ,these are made of any of the mild toilet soaps1 scented at will1 generally with the addition of some powdered starch or farina1 and sometimes sand4 ,the spherical or spheroidal form is given to them by pressure in moulds1 or by first roughly forming them with the hands1 and1 when quite hard1 turning them in a lathe4 ,according to ,mr ,beasley1 8they are formed into spherical balls by taking a mass of the prepared soap in the left hand1 and a conical drinking-glass with rather thin edges in the right4 ,by turning the glass and ball of soap in every direction1 the rounded form is soon given2 when dry1 the surface is scraped1 to render it more smooth and even40 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of curd soap1 #c lbs42 finest yellow soap1 #b lbs4 7both in shavings72 soft water1 #c_/d pint2 melt by a gentle heat1 stir in of powdered starch 7farina71 #a-a_/b lb42 when the mass has considerably cooled1 further add of essence of lemon or bergamot1 #a oz41 and make it into balls4 #b4 7,,camphor47 ,melt spermaceti1 #b oz42 add camphor 7cut small71 #a oz42 dissolve1 and add the liquid mass to white curd soap1 #a-a_/b lb41 previously melted by the aid of a little water and a gentle heat1 and allowed to cool considerably as above4 ,these should be covered with tin-foil4 #c4 7,,honey47 ,from the finest bright-coloured yellow soap1 #g lbs42 palm oil1 #a_/d lb42 melt1 and add of oil of verbena1 rose-geranium1 or ginger-grass1 #a oz42 as ,no4 #a4 ,sometimes #a_/b oz4 of oil of rosemary is also added4 #d4 7,,mottled47----a4 ,,red4 ,cut white curd or ,windsor soap 7not too dry7 into small square pieces1 and roll these in a mixture of powder bole or rouge1 either with or without the addition of some starch2 then squeeze them strongly into balls1 observing to mix the colour as little as possible4----b4 ,,blue4 ,roll the pieces in powdered blue1 and proceed as before4----c4 ,,green4 ,roll the pieces in a mixture of powder blue and bright yellow ochre4 ,by varying the colour of the powder1 mottled savonettes of any colour may be produced4 #e4 7,,sand47 ,from soap 7at will71 #b lbs42 fine siliceous sand1 #a lb42 scent1 q4 s42 as ,no4 #a4 ,for the finer qualities1 finely powdered pumice-stone is substituted for sand4 #f4 7,,violet47 ,from palm-oil soap1 #d lbs42 farina1 #b lbs42 finely powdered orris root1 #a lb4 ,sometimes a little smalts1 or indigo1 is added4 ,,sawdust1 ,preparation of ,alcohol from4 ,m4 ,zetterland#adf states that he has obtained alcohol from sawdust by the following process3----,into an ordinary steam-boiler1 heated by means of steam1 were introduced #i cwt4 of very wet sawdust1 #ajg cwt4 of hydrochloric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aah71 and #cj cwt4 of water2 after eleven hours boiling there was formed #aifg per cent4 of grape sugar4 ,footnote #adf3 #8,chemical ,news1' xxvi----#aha4 ,the acid was next saturated with chalk1 so as to leave in the liquid only a small quantity 7#a_/b degree by ,ludersdorf's acid areometer72 when the saccharine liquid was cooled down to #cj yeast was added1 and the fermentation finished in twenty-four hours4 ,by distillation there were obtained #bfe litres of alcohol of #ej per cent4 at #ae1 quite free from any smell of turpentine1 and of excellent taste4 ,it appears that the preparation of alcohol from sawdust may be successfully carried on industrially when it is precisely ascertained what degree of dilution of acid is required1 and how long the liquid has to be boiled4 ,if all the cellulose present in sawdust could be converted into sugar1 #ej kilos of the former substance would yield1 after fermentation1 #ab litres of alcohol at #ej per cent4 ,,scab,,ies4 ,see ,,itch4 ,,scab ,,in ,,sheep4 ,this disease1 corresponding to mange in the dog1 the horse1 or in cattle1 is caused by a species of acaris1 a minute insect which burrows under the skin of the sheep1 and sets up therein a considerable amount of irritation1 which is followed by an irruption of pimples1 accompanied with scurf1 but frequently the wool comes off from the affected part4 ,the following are some of the numerous remedies employed for this disease3---- #a4 ,quicksilver1 #a lb42 ,venice turpentine1 #a_/b lb42 rub them together until the globules are no longer visible2 then add #a_/b pint of oil of turpentine1 and #d lbs4 of lard4 ,the mode of applying this ointment is as follows3----,begin at the head of the sheep1 and proceeding from between the ears along the back to the end of the tail1 divide the wool in a furrow till the skin can be touched2 and let a finger1 slightly dipped in the ointment1 be drawn along the bottom of the furrow4 ,from this furrow similar ones must be drawn along the shoulders and thighs to the legs1 as far as the wool extends4 ,and if much infected1 #b or more should also be drawn along each side1 parallel with that on the back1 and one down each side before the hind and fore legs4 ,it kills the sheep-fag1 and probably the tick and other vermin4 ,it should not be used in very cold or wet weather4 7,sir ,joseph ,banks47 #b4 ,tar oils4 ,tobacco juice4 ,stavesacre4 7,finlay ,dun47 #c4 ,strong mercurial ointment1 #a part2 lard1 #e parts2 mix4 7,youatt47 #d4 ,quicksilver1 #a lb42 ,venice turpentine1 #a_/b lb42 spirit of turpentine1 #b oz41 lard1 #d-a_/b lb42 to be made and used as ,no4 #a4 ,in summer #a lb4 of resin may be substituted for alike quantity of lard4 7,clater47 #e4 ,strong mercurial ointment1 #a lb42 lard1 #d lbs42 oil of turpentine1 #h oz42 sulphur1 #ab oz4----,,white4 #f4 ,mild4 ,flowers of sulphur1 #a lb42 ,venice turpentine1 #d oz42 rancid lard1 #b lbs42 strong mercurial ointment1 #d oz42 mix well4----,,clater4 #g4 ,lard or other fat1 with an equal quantity of oil of turpentine4----,,daubenton4 #h4 ,without mercury4 ,lard1 #a lb42 oil of turpentine1 #d oz42 flowers of sulphur1 #f oz4----,,white4 #i4 ,strong mercurial ointment1 #a lb42 lard1 #d lbs42 ,venice turpentine1 #h oz42 oil of turpentine1 #b oz4 ,if mixed by heat1 care must be taken not to use more heat than is necessary1 and to add the oil of turpentine when the other ingredients begin to cool and to stir till cold4----,m',,ewen4 #aj4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #b oz42 white hellebore1 #c oz42 fish oil1 #f quarts2 resin1 #a_/b lb42 tallow1 #a_/b lb4 ,the sublimate and then the hellebore to be rubbed with a portion of the oil till perfectly smooth1 and then mixed with the other ingredients melted together4----,,stevenson4 #aa4 ,the following once had considerable local celebrity1 but it obviously requires to be used with caution4 ,dissolve #b-a_/d oz4 of corrosive sublimate in the same quantity of muriatic acid1 and beat up the solution with #f lbs4 of strong mercurial ointment2 put in a large pan1 and pour on it #ai-a_/b lbs4 of lard1 and #a-a_/b lb4 of common turpentine1 melted together and still hot1 and stir the whole continually until it becomes solid4 #ab4 ,castor-oil seeds well bruised and steeped for #ab hours in sour milk1 after straining rub the liquid briskly into the skin4 7,an ,indian remedy47 ,,scaglio,,la4 ,a species of plaster or stucco1 made of pure gypsum1 with variegated colours1 in imitation of marble4 ,in general1 the liquid employed is a weak solution of ,flanders glue2 and the colours1 any which are not decomposed or destroyed by admixture with sulphate of lime and exposure to the light4 ,the composition is often applied upon hollow columns formed of wood1 or even of laths nailed together1 and the surface1 when hard1 is turned smooth in a lathe1 and polished4 ,,scales4 ,a special article under the head of 8,,balance0 has been devoted to the scales employed by the chemist and analyst4 ,but although these claimed from their greater complexity of structure and the extreme delicacy of movement required of them a separate notice1 every pharmacist and apothecary will recognise the importance of bestowing an equal amount of attention upon his dispensing scales2 and1 to ensure accurate weighing by them1 will take care to keep them scrupulously clean1 and properly poised4 ,for dispensing purposes1 scales fitted with glass pans 7or at least with one glass pan1 in which medicinal substances can be weighed7 should always be employed4 ,the beams should be of steel1 and the attachments of one piece of brass only1 in preference to chains1 or supports of silken thread4 ,the beams are best cleaned with sand paper1 or rotten stone1 and may be protected from rust by being rubbed over with a little almond oil4 ,,scald-,,head4 ,see ,,ringworm4 ,,scalds4 ,see ,,burns ,,and ,,scalds4 ,,scall4 ,syn4 ,,scald4 ,the popular name of several skin diseases distinguished by scabs or scurfiness1 whether dry or humid4 ,see ,,eruptions1 ,,ringworm1 c4 ,,scam,,mony4 ,syn4 ,,scammonium 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,the 8gum resin emitted from the cut root of ,convolvulus ,scammonia1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l471 or ,aleppo scammony plant4 ,there are three principal varieties or qualities of scammony known in the market2 viz4 ,,virgin 7sp4 gr4 #aba72 ,,seconds 7sp4 gr4 #adfj to #adfc72 and ,,thirds 7sp4 gr4 #adfe to #aejj74 ,the best1 and that only intended to be used in medicine1 is imported from ,aleppo4 ,pur4 ,scammony is not only largely adulterated in the country of its production1 but again after its arrival in ,england4 ,,smyrna ,,scammony1 a very inferior variety1 is also commonly dressed up1 and sold as ,aleppo scammony4 ,in many cases substances are sold at the public sales in ,london1 and elsewhere1 as scammony1 which contain only a mere trace of that article4 ,this is all ground up to form the scammony powder of the shops4 7,vide #8,evid4 ,com4 ,ho4 ,com41' #aaee47 ,,pure ,,scammony has a peculiar cheesy smell1 and a greenish-grey colour4 ,it is 8porous and brittle1 and the freshly broken surface shines2 hydrochloric acid being dropped on it1 it emits no bubbles2 nor does the powder digested in water1 at heat of #agj ,fahr41 become blue by the simultaneous addition of iodide of potassium and dilute nitric acid4 ,out of #ajj gr41 #gh 7#hj----,ph4 ,e47 should be soluble in ether40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the tincture of pure scammony is not turned green by nitric acid4 ,if the powder effervesce with dilute acids1 it contains chalk4 ,uses1 c4 ,pure scammony is a powerful drastic purgative and anthelmintic1 inadmissible in inflammatory conditions of the alimentary canal1 but well adapted for torpid and inactive conditions of the abdominal organs4 ,associated with calomel1 rhubarb1 or sulphate of potassa1 it is useful in all cases in which an active cathartic or vermifuge may be required1 especially for children4----,dose4 7,for an adult7 #e to #ae gr41 in powder1 or made into a bolus or emulsion4 ,,scarlati,,na4 ,see ,,scarlet ,,fever4 ,,scar,,let ,,dye4 ,proc4 7,porner47----a4 ,the #8,bouillon4' ,take of cream of tartar1 #a-c_/d oz42 water1 q4 s42 boil in a block-tin vessel1 and when dissolved1 add of solution of tin 7made by dissolving #b oz4 of grain tin in a mixture of #a lb4 each of nitric acid and water1 and #a-a_/b oz4 of sal ammoniac71 #a-c_/d oz42 boil for #c minutes1 then introduce the cloth1 boil for #b hours1 drain it1 and let it cool4----b4 ,the #8,rougie4' ,next take of cream of tartar1 #a_/d oz42 water1 q4 s42 boil1 and add powdered cochineal1 #a oz42 again boil for #e minutes1 then gradually add of solution of tin1 #a oz41 stirring well all the time2 lastly1 put in the goods and dye as quickly as possible4 ,the quantities given are those for #a to #a-a_/d lb4 of woollen cloth4 ,the result is a full scarlet4 ,to make the colour turn on the #8ponceau' or poppy1 a little turmeric is added to the bath4 ,obs4 ,scarlet is red with a tinge of yellow2 it is nearly always produced by cochineal4 ,see ,,red ,,dye4 ,,scarlet ,,fe,,ver4 ,syn4 ,,scarlatina1 ,,febris ,,scarlatina1 ,l4 ,a highly contagious disease1 so named after the peculiar eruption or efflorescence of the skin which accompanies it4 ,the milder form of this disease 7,,scarlatina ,,simplex1 ,s4 ,,mitis7 comes on with languor1 chilliness alternated by fits of heat1 nausea1 vomiting 7frequently71 and other common symptoms of fever2 followed1 on the third or fourth day1 by a scarlet efflorescence upon the skin1 which after three or four days ends in the cuticle or scarf-skin peeling off in branny scales4 ,dropsical swelling of the whole body sometimes follows the disappearance of the eruption2 but this1 with the febrile symptoms1 and the soreness of the throat 7if any71 then give way1 and the patient gradually regains his former health and strength4 ,in the malignant form of scarlet fever 7,,scarlatina ,,cynanchica1 ,s4 ,,anginosa1 ,s4 ,,maligna7 the febrile symptoms1 from the first1 are more alarming2 there is bilious vomiting1 great soreness and ulceration of the throat1 the pulse is small and quick1 and the breathing laborious4 ,these symptoms rapidly increase on the appearance of the eruption2 the body then becomes swollen1 the nose and eyes inflamed1 the breath fetid1 the throat suppurates1 putrid symptoms ensue1 and the patient is either suddenly cut off or recovers very slowly4 ,the early symptoms of scarlet fever are distinguished from those of the ,,measles and ,,smallpox by the greater extent and want of elevation of the eruption1 and by its not congregating into patches4 ,nor are there the cough or running from the eyes and nose which usher in the measles4 ,the treatment of the milder form of scarlet fever1 especially that of childhood1 may consist of the administration of an emetic1 followed by a saline aperient1 to clear the bowels2 the latter being repeated as occasion may require4 ,the patient should be kept in a cool and well-ventilated room1 the diet should be light and farinaceous1 and the use of diluent drinks copiously indulged in4 ,if the febrile symptoms are severe1 or the throat much affected1 small doses of some mild mercurial1 as calomel1 mercurial pill1 or quicksilver with chalk1 may be administered1 either separately or combined with antimonial diaphoretics or ,dover's powder4 ,in malignant scarlet fever a smart emetic should be given early1 and mercurials and diaphoretics at once freely exhibited4 ,acidulated gargles may be used for the throat1 and1 when the heat of the body is much above the natural standard1 sponging the whole body with cold water1 or with vinegar and water1 may be had recourse to4 ,if the malignant symptoms run high1 and assume a typhoid or putrid character1 the system must be supported with stimulant tonics as wine1 bark1 capsicum1 c4 ,according to ,hahnemann1 ,koreff1 and ,randhahn1 belladonna is a prophylactic against scarlet fever4 ,the homopathists also hold it to be almost a specific in the disease4 ,dr ,renfrew's medicinal treatment consists in the administration of a mixture consisting of tincture of perchloride of iron and chlorate of potash4 ,he contends that the chlorine which the mixture contains destroys the blood poison1 that the hydrochloric acid supplies a desirable ingredient for the blood1 that the iron improves the impaired red blood disks and assists in forming new ones1 whilst the chlorate of potash is a source of oxygen whereby the disintegrated matters floating in the blood are burnt up and destroyed4 ,scarlet fever is common to all ages of life1 but children and young persons are the most subject to it4 ,unlike the smallpox1 it occasionally attacks the same person more than once4 ,it is most common in dirty1 close1 damp situations4 ,in horses1 the commencing symptoms are very similar to those in man----indisposition to movement1 febrile symptoms as indicated by a hot and dry skin1 and sore throat1 the glands about the head and neck being frequently tender and swollen4 ,the respiration becomes quickened and the pulse thready4 ,in about #dh hours scarlet spots about the size of a pea show themselves on the mucous membrane about the lips and nostrils1 the spots after a time becoming confluent4 ,except the attack be a very mild one1 similar spots spread all over the body1 but are most plentiful about the animal's head and neck4 ,after about a fortnight or three weeks1 the hair leaves the parts on which the spots are1 and then desquamation sets in1 and bare bald patches are left4 ,the after results bear a great resemblance to those which frequently follow an attack of the same disease in the human being4 ,the best treatment consists in placing the animal in a cool1 well-ventilated loose box1 applying bandages to the legs1 and a linen cover to the body1 with a warm rug over that4 ,a dose of nitre and ,mindererus spirit should be given in water three times a day1 combined with mild tonics1 stimulants1 and diuretics4 ,see ,,disinfectants4 ,,scene-,,painting4 ,a variety of distemper painting employed in theatres1 c41 governed by perspective1 and having for its object the production of striking effects when viewed at a distance4 ,water1 size1 turpentine1 and the ordinary pigments1 are the materials used for the purpose4 ,,scent ,,bags4 ,see ,,sachets4 ,,scent ,,balls4 ,syn4 ,,pastilles ,,de ,,toilette ,,odorantes1 ,fr4 ,these are prepared from any of the materials noticed under ,,pot ,,pourri1 ,,scented ,,powders1 and ,,sachets1 made into a paste with mucilage of gum tragacanth1 and moulded into any desired forms1 as that of balls1 beads1 medallions1 c4 ,the larger ones are frequently polished4 ,,scented ,,cas,,solettes4 ,see ,,pot ,,pourri1 and above4 ,,scents 7,pommade74 ,prep4 #a4 7,,cowslip47 ,from essence of bergamot1 #h oz42 essence of lemon1 #d oz42 oil of cloves1 #b oz12 essence de petit grain1 #a oz4 #b4 7,,jonquille47 ,from essence of bergamot and lemon1 of each #h oz42 oils of orange peel and cloves1 of each #b oz42 oil of sassafras1 #a oz42 liquid storax1 #a_/b oz12 digest1 with warmth and agitation1 for a few hours1 and decant the clear portion in a week4 #c4 7,,millefleur47 ,from essence of ambergris 7finest71 #d oz42 essence of lemon1 #c oz42 oil of cloves and ,english oil of lavender1 of each #b oz42 essence de petit grain1 essence of bergamot1 and balsam of ,peru 7genuine71 of each #a oz42 as the last4 ,obs4 ,the above are employed to scent pomatums1 hair oils1 c4 #a oz4 of any one of them1 dissolved in one pint of the strongest rectified spirit1 produces a delicious perfume for the handkerchief4 ,,scents 7,snuff74 ,prep4 #a4 ,essence of bergamot1 #b oz42 otto of roses and neroli1 of each #a dr4 #b4 ,oil of lavender1 #a oz42 essence of lemon1 #b oz42 essence of bergamot1 #d oz4 #c4 ,to the last1 add of oil of cloves1 #b oz4 #d4 ,essence of musk and ambergris1 of each #a oz42 liquor of ammonia1 #a_/b dr4 ,see ,,snuff1 c4 ,,scheele',s ,,green4 ,see ,,green ,,pigments4 ,,schlippe',s ,,salt4 ,sulphantimoniate of sodium4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,sulphantimoniate4 ,,schwartz',s ,,drops4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,worm4 ,,sciat,,ica4 ,see ,,rheumatism4 ,,science4 8,man10 says ,whewell1 8is the interpreter of nature4 ,science the right interpretation4 ,the senses place before us the characters of the #8,book of ,nature1' but these convey no knowledge to us till we have discovered the alphabet by which they are to be read40 ,various classifications of the sciences have been proposed by different authors4 ,dr ,neil ,arnott conceived that the object of all the sciences1 viz4 a knowledge of nature1 might be best attained by the study of physics1 chemistry1 life and mind1 including under this latter the laws of society1 or the modern science of sociology4 ,as to mathematics he regarded it as a system of 8technical mensuration10 invaded by the mind in order to enable it to study the other sciences4 ,in his #8,cours de ,philosophie ,positive1' ,comte traverses the entire circle of the theoretical1 abstract1 or fundamental sciences1 and divides them into mathematics1 astronomy1 physics1 chemistry1 biology1 and sociology4 ,he admits no distinct science on psychology or the science of mind4 ,mr ,herbert ,spencer proposes to classify the sciences into three groups2 viz43----#a4 ,abstract science1 which treats of the forms of phenomena detached from their embodiments4 #b4 ,abstract concrete science1 or the phenomena of nature analysed into their separate elements4 #c4 ,concrete science or natural phenomena in their totalities4 8,for the classification of the sciences it is convenient to prepare the way by distinguishing between theoretical sciences which are the sciences properly so called1 and practical science4 ,a theoretical science embraces a distinct department of nature1 and is so arranged as to give in the most compact form the entire body of ascertained 7scientific7 knowledge in that department1 such as mathematics1 chemistry1 physiology1 and zoology4 ,a practical science is the application of scientifically obtained facts and laws in one or more departments to some practical end1 which end rules the selection and arrangement of the whole2 as for example1 navigation1 engineering1 mining1 and medicine4 ,another distinction must be made before laying down the systematic order of the theoretical sciences4 8,a certain number of these sciences have for their subject-matter each a separate department of natural forces or powers2 thus1 biology deals with the department of organised beings1 psychology with mind4 ,others deal with the application of powers elsewhere recognised to some region of concrete facts or phenomena4 ,thus1 geology does not discuss any natural powers not found in other sciences1 but seeks to apply the laws of physics1 chemistry1 and biology to account for the appearance of the earth's crust4 8,the sciences that embrace peculiar natural powers are called abstract1 general1 or fundamental sciences2 those that apply to the powers treated of under these1 to regions of concrete phenomena1 are called concrete1 derived1 or applied sciences40#adg ,footnote #adg3 #8,chambers's ,encyclopdia4' ,the separation of the sciences into these two sections is that now generally accepted4 ,the first section1 that of the abstract or theoretical sciences1 is subdivided by almost common consent into mathematics1 physics1 chemistry1 biology 7vegetable and animal physiology71 psychology 7mind71 and sociology 7the laws of society74 ,the second section1 that of the concrete sciences1 includes meteorology1 mineralogy1 botany1 zoology1 geology1 and geography4 ,the order in which the abstract sciences are arranged above has also been found to best illustrate the sequence in which they may be most advantageously studied4 ,,scil,,litin4 ,syn4 ,,scillitina1 ,,scillitite4 ,a whitish1 resinous1 translucent1 bitter1 deliquescent substance1 obtained by ,vgel from squills4 ,it is soluble in water1 alcohol1 and acetic acid1 and is purgative1 acrid1 and poisonous4 ,,scorbu,,tus4 ,see ,,scurvy4 ,,sco,,ria4 ,dross2 the refuse or useless part of any substance1 more especially that left from bodies which have been subjected to the action of fire4 ,it is frequently used in the plural 7,,scori74 ,,scott',s ,,drops4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,,scour,,ing4 ,the common method of cleaning cloth is by heating and brushing it1 unless it be very dirty1 when it undergoes the operation of scouring4 ,this is best done on the small scale1 as with ,,articles ,,of ,,wearing ,,apparel1 as follows3----,a little curd soap is dissolved in water1 and1 after mixing it with a little clarified ox-gall1 is applied to all the spots of grease1 dirt1 c41 and well rubbed into them with a stiff brush1 until they appear to be removed2 after which the article is well cleaned all over with a brush or sponge dipped into some warm water1 to which the previous mixture and a little more ox-gall has been added4 ,the cloth is next thoroughly rinsed in clean water1 and hung up to dry4 ,for dark-coloured cloths1 some fullers earth is often added to the mixture of soap and gall4 ,when the article is nearly dry1 the nap is laid smooth1 and it is carefully pressed 7if with a hot iron1 on the wrong side71 after which a soft brush1 moistened with a drop or two of olive oil1 is frequently passed over it1 to give it a finish and gloss4 ,cloth is also cleaned in the dry way3----,the spots being removed1 as above1 and the wetted parts having become dry1 clean damp sand is strewed over it1 and beaten into it with a brush1 after which the article is well gone over with a hard brush1 when the sand comes out1 and brings the dirt with it4 ,,buff and ,,drab ,,cloth is generally cleaned by covering it with a paste made with pipe-clay and water1 either with or without a little umber to temper the colour1 which1 when dry1 is rubbed and brushed off4 ,when the article requires renovation as well as scouring1 it is placed1 whilst still damp1 on a board1 and the threadbare parts are rubbed with a half-worn hatter's card filled with flocks1 or with a teasel1 or a prickly thistle1 until a nap is raised2 it is next hung up to dry1 after which it is #8finished off' as before4 ,when the cloth is much faded1 it is usual to give it a #8dip1' as it is called1 or to pass it through a dye bath to freshen up the colour4 ,,black and ,,dark ,,blue ,,cloth1 if rusty or faded1 is commonly treated to a coat of #8reviver1' instead of being #8re-dipped1' and is then hung up until next day1 before being pressed and finished off4 ,see ,,spots and ,,stains4 ,,scouring ,,in ,,animals4 ,see ,,diarrh,a4 ,,scouring ,,drops4 ,see ,,drops4 ,,scrofula4 ,syn4 ,,king',s ,,evil1 ,,struma1 ,,strumous ,,disease4 ,by modern pathologists scrofula is regarded as a constitutional tendency to form and deposit in various tissues and organs of the body a substance called tubercle4#adh ,the tendency may1 however1 in some cases only exist without any actual tuberculous deposit taking place4 ,sir ,james ,paget thus describes scrofula as generally understood to be a 8state of constitution distinguished in some measure by peculiarities of appearance even during health1 but much more by peculiar liability to certain diseases1 including pulmonary phthisis4 ,the chief of these #8scrofulous' diseases are various swellings of the lymphatic glands1 arising from causes which would be inadequate to produce them in healthy persons4 ,footnote #adh3 ,see ,phthisis4 8,the swellings are due sometimes to mere enlargement1 as from an increase of natural structure1 sometimes to chronic inflammation1 sometimes to an acute inflammation or abscess1 sometimes to tuberculous disease of the glands4 8,but besides these it is usual to reckon as #8scrofulous' affections certain chronic inflammations of the joints2 slowly progressive carious inflammations of bones2 chronic and frequent ulcers of the cornea2 ophthalmia attended with extreme intolerance of light1 but with little1 if any1 of the ordinary consequences of inflammation2 frequent chronic abscesses2 pustules or other cutaneous eruptions frequently appearing upon slight affection of the health or local irritation2 habitual swelling and catarrh of the mucous membrane of the nose2 habitual swelling of the upper lip40 ,scrofula is a disease which almost always shows itself during childhood1 and rarely after maturity has been attained4 ,scrofulous children1 or those of scrofulous diathesis1 are frequently narrow-chested1 or their chests present that projecting appearance known as #8pigeon-breasted1' their abdomens are also unnaturally large1 and their limbs emaciated4 ,their circulation is languid1 and they are very generally attacked with chilblains during inclement weather4 ,they also suffer from obstinate indigestion4 ,bearing in mind the fact that scrofula is frequently induced1 irrespective of hereditary taint1 in the children of the poor by bad and damp air1 insufficient food and clothing1 exclusion from sunshine1 and such like insanitary surroundings1 the chief treatment that will suggest itself will consist in remedying these adverse conditions4 ,hence the patient should live on generous but digestible food1 partaking of meat twice a day4 ,milk and eggs also form an excellent diet for the scrofulous4 ,a scrofulous mother should refrain from suckling her offspring1 and procure a wet-nurse for that purpose4 ,flannel should be worn both summer and winter4 ,various medicines have been employed in this disease1 including cod-liver oil1 sarsaparilla1 bark1 syrup of iodide of iron1 the alkalies1 and mineral acids4 ,of these cod-liver oil and syrup of iodide of iron deservedly enjoy the highest reputation4 ,,scudamore',s ,,lotion4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,gout4 ,,scurf4 ,syn4 ,,furfura4 ,scurf 8is a natural and healthy formation1 and though it may be kept from accumulating1 it cannot be prevented4 ,it is produced on every part of the body where hair is found1 although1 from the more active growth of hair on the scalp1 the facilities for collecting1 and the contrast of colour1 it strikes the eye most disagreeably in that situation4 ,this will show how futile any attempt must be which shall have for its object to prevent the formation of the scurf4 ,it may be removed1 and should be removed1 every day1 with the hair-brush2 but prevention is impossible1 inasmuch as it is opposed to a law of nature4 ,occasionally1 as a morbid action1 an unusual quantity of scurf is produced1 in which case medical means may be adopted to bring the scalp into a more healthful state40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,in such cases the daily use of some mild stimulating or detergent wash1 with due attention to the stomach and bowels1 will generally abate this annoyance4 ,,scurf ,,powder----,grindpulver 7,mahon1 ,paris74 ,three powders which1 according to ,chevalier and ,figuier1 are nothing but wood ashes4 ,buchner found no alkalies1 but announced the following composition3----,organic calcium carbonate 7oyster shells1 egg shells1 crab shells71 with a little gypsum1 charcoal powder1 and more or less brick-dust1 powdered1 mixed1 and exposed to a moderate red heat in a covered crucible1 till part of the chalk is converted into quicklime1 and the gypsum reduced by the charcoal powder to calcium sulphide1 which in its turn is gradually converted by the air into calcium sulphite4 ,all three powders are made of the same ingredients1 but in different proportions4 ,no4 #a has more gypsum and charcoal powder2 ,no4 #b less charcoal and more chalk2 and ,no4 #c more brickdust4 7,wittstein47 ,,scurf ,,salve----,grinsalbe4 ,in ,france it is generally a mixture of #b parts slaked lime1 #e parts soda crystals1 and #be parts fat4 7,hager47 ,,scur,,vy4 ,syn4 ,,scorbutus1 ,l4 ,this disease commences with indolence1 sallow looks1 debility1 and loss of spirits2 the gums become sore and spongy1 the teeth loose1 and the breath fetid2 the legs swell1 eruptions appear on different parts of the body1 and1 at length1 the patient sinks under general emaciation1 diarrha1 and hmorrhages4 ,the treatment of ordinary cases of this disease mainly consists in employing a diet of fresh animal and green vegetable food1 with mild ale1 beer1 or lemonade1 as beverages2 scrupulously avoiding salted and dried meat4 ,the fresh-squeezed juice of lemons is1 perhaps1 of all other substances1 the most powerful remedy in this disease in its early stages1 and is useful in all of them4 ,effervescing draughts formed with the bicarbonate of potassa 7not soda7 are also excellent4 ,in former years1 before the nature of this malady had been intelligently investigated1 and the proper preventive methods and remedial measures for combating it were unknown1 scurvy was not only a very common but a very fatal disease in our own navy1 as well as in the navies of other powers4 ,of #ifa men who constituted ,anson's fleet sent out during our war with ,spain in #agdb1 #fbf died of scurvy in nine months2 whilst ,sir ,gilbert ,blane records that in the year #aghj1 out of a fleet composed of between #gjjj and #hjjj men1 more than #ajjj1 or one in seven1 perished from the same cause4 ,sir ,richard ,hawkins1 one of the naval celebrities of ,elizabeth and ,james' reign1 affirmed that daring twenty years he had known #bj1jjj sailors fall victims to scurvy alone2 and a ,portuguese writer1 quoted by ,sir ,charles ,blane1 speaking of the number of victims from scurvy1 during a naval exploring expedition of his own country men1 says 8that if the dead who from this cause had been thrown overboard between the coast of ,guinea and the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and between that ,cape and ,mozambique1 could have had tombstones placed for them1 each on the spot where he sank1 the whole way would have appeared one continued cemetery40#adi ,footnote #adi3 ,dr ,guy4 ,the statistical report of the navy for #ahga offers a gratifying contrast to the above figures4 ,from this document it appears that out of a total force of #dgbj sailors1 only four were affected with scurvy during that year4 ,the much greater number of men attacked by the disease on board merchant ships appears to be due to the inferior or worthless character of the lime or lemon juice purchased by them4 ,writing on the hygienic condition of the merchant marine in #ahfg1 ,mr ,harry ,leach says3---- 8,we are prepared to maintain1 from the following table 7and other statistics from which these have been taken71 that the want of good lime or lemon juice was distinctly the cause of scurvy in the vessels below mentioned4 ,no4 of ,hands ,cases of ,result of examination ,name of ,ship4 7all told74 ,scurvy4 of ,lime juice4 ,hermione #ag #e ,sulphuric acid4 ,merrie ,england #bi #aj ,stinking4 ,stirling ,castle #cb #f ,very weak4 ,hoang-,ho #ba #e ,acetic acid4 ,blanche ,moore #ce #h ,musty and nauseous4 ,st ,andrew's ,castle #ai #g ,citric acid4 ,tamerlane #ba #d ,nauseous4 ,marlborough #bc #h ,very weak4 ,galloway #bi #f ,short allowance4 ,tamar #ag #b ,very weak4 ,french ,empire #bg #g or #h ,citric acid4 ,eaglet #ad #c ,thick and nasty4 ,geelong #ad #i ,taken irregularly4 ,thorndean #ce #b ,spoiled 7short supply of provisions74 ,taken with ships that1 with others1 have arrived in the port of ,london during the past two years with cases of scurvy4 8,of direct causes this is undoubtedly first and foremost2 but of indirect causes we have a few words to say4 ,dirt1 bad provisions1 and any form of disease to which sailors1 in common with other men1 are subject1 will predispose to scurvy4 ,this cannot and should not be denied1 but it affords to parsimonious captains a very large peg whereon to hang sundry invectives as to the cry lately made about the continued prevalence of this disease in the mercantile marine4 ,such captains1 with pardonable ignorance1 consider scurvy a form of venereal disease1 give the wretched subject thereof mercury1 and bring him into port salivated as well as scorbutic40 ,mr ,leach further adds3---- 8,in summing up statistics of scurvy for the past year 7#ahfg71 we find that a total of #bce accredited cases were admitted into ,british hospitals1 giving no account of those who convalesced in sailors' homes or elsewhere4 8,to this we may add1 that seven sailors were left at ,st ,helena1 from a ship recently arrived in the ,thames2 that a vessel put into ,falmouth on the #bith ult41 with no less than sixteen severe cases of scurvy on board1 and that between twenty and thirty cases have arrived in this port during the present month4 ,it would be well 7as a supplementary aid to the prevention of scurvy by inspection of lime juice7 that the dues levied for the ,st ,helena ,hospital should be abolished4 ,it was stated to us some weeks ago by a very old inhabitant of that ,island1 that this fact alone caused many ships to pass without calling for needful supplies of antiscorbutic material4 8,i would however remark1 that if the system proposed by the ,seamen's ,hospital ,society were put in force1 no such aid to the prevention of this disease would be required1 inasmuch as every ship would then be supplied with good lime juice40 ,the following figures1 giving the number of patients suffering from scurvy admitted into the ,seamen's ,hospital1 shows a decrease in the disease1 since the publication of the above3---- ,in #ahfe1 from ,british vessels1 #aja2 foreign do4 #a 0 #ahff 0 0 #if 0 #e 0 #ahfg 0 0 #ij 0 #d 0 #ahfh 0 0 #fd 0 #aj 0 #ahfi 0 0 #ca 0 #i 0 #ahgj 0 0 #cj 0 #ba 0 #ahga 0 0 #bd 0 #af ,,seal,,ing ,,wax4 ,see ,,wax4 ,,sea ,,sickness4 ,the most effectual preventive of sea sickness appears to be the horizontal position4 ,when there is much pain1 after the stomach has been well cleared1 a few drops of laudanum may be taken1 or an opium plaster may be applied over the region of the stomach4 ,persons about to proceed to sea should put their stomach and bowels in proper order1 by the use of mild aperients1 and even an emetic1 if required1 when it will generally be found that a glass of warm and weak brandy-and-water1 to which #ae or #bj drops of laudanum1 or1 still better1 #a or #b drops of creasote1 have been added1 will effectually prevent any disposition to sea sickness1 provided the bowels be attended to1 and excess in eating and drinking be at the same time avoided4 ,a spoonful of crushed ice1 in a wine-glassful of cold water1 or weak brandy-and-water1 will often afford relief when all other means fail4 ,smoking at sea is very apt to induce sickness4 ,m4 ,f4 ,curie1 in the #8,comptes ,rendus1' asserts that drawing in the breath as the vessel descends1 and exhaling it as it ascends1 on the billows1 by preventing the movements of the diaphragm acting abnormally on the phrenetic nerves1 prevents sea sickness4 ,on this ,mr ,atkinson1 at one of the meetings of the ,british ,association1 observed that----if a person1 seated on board ship1 holding a tumbler filled with water in his hand1 makes an effort to prevent the water running over1 at the same time allowing not merely his arm1 but also his whole body1 to participate in the movements1 he will find that this has the effect of preventing the giddiness and nausea that the rolling and tossing of the vessel have a tendency to produce in inexperienced voyagers4 ,if the person is suffering from sickness at the commencement of his experiment1 as soon as he grasps the glass of liquid in his hand1 and suffers his arm to take its course and go through the movements alluded to1 he feels as if he were performing them of his own free will1 and the nausea abates immediately1 and very soon ceases entirely1 and does not return so long as he suffers his arm and body to assume the postures into which they seem to be drawn4 ,should he1 however1 resist the free course of his hand1 he instantly feels a thrill of pain1 of a peculiarly stunning kind1 shoot through his head1 and experiences a sense of dizziness and returning nausea4 ,dr ,doring1 a ,viennese physician1 states that an ordinary dose of chloral hydrate is an unfailing remedy for sea sickness4 ,in various cases recorded by him it seems to have been of the greatest service1 even during long sea voyages1 ensuring a good night's rest1 arresting violent sickness when it has set in1 and preventing its return4 ,,sedative ,,pills1 ,gunther's4 ,these are composed of the following ingredients3----,assaftida powder1 #ej parts2 extract of valerian1 #ej2 extract of belladonna1 #c2 oxide of zinc1 #a part2 castor1 #b parts4 ,make into a pill-mass1 to be administered in doses of #c to #aj grains1 twice daily1 in chorea1 c4 ,,sed,,atives4 ,syn4 ,,sedativa1 ,l4 ,medicines and agents which diminish the force of the circulation or the animal energy1 and allay pain4 ,foxglove1 henbane1 tobacco1 potassio-tartrate of antimony1 and several of the neutral salts and acids1 act as sedatives4 ,cold is1 perhaps1 the most powerful agent of this class4 ,,seed4 ,syn4 ,,semen1 ,l4 ,the seeds of plants are conspicuous for their vast number and variety1 and their extreme usefulness to man4 ,the seeds of certain of the ,graminace furnish him with his daily bread2 some of those of the ,leguminos in either the immature or ripe state1 supply his table with wholesome esculents1 or provide a nourishing diet for his domestic animals2 whilst those of numerous other plants1 dispersed through every class1 orders1 and family1 yield their treasures of oil1 medicinals1 or perfumes for his use4 ,,selen,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b,se,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,selenicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by fusing selenium with nitrate of potassium or of sodium1 acting on the fused mass with water1 precipitating the resulting solution with acetate or nitrate of lead1 and decomposing the precipitate 7selenate of lead71 diffused in water1 with sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,the selenic acid1 thus obtained1 may be cautiously concentrated in a glass vessel1 if necessary2 but if this be pushed too far1 it is resolved into selenious acid 7,h#b,se,o#c7 and oxygen4 ,prop41 c4 ,hydrated selenic acid is a colourless liquid1 closely resembling sulphuric acid2 its salts 7selenates7 bear the closest analogy to the sulphates4 ,,selenic ,,acid 7,h#b,se,o#d74 ,no selenic anhydride is known4 ,selenic acid may be obtained in solution by deflagrating selenium or a selenite with potassic nitrate4 ,the residue dissolved in water is mixed with a solution of plumbic nitrate1 an insoluble plumbic seleniate being precipitated4 ,the plumbic seleniate is suspended in water and decomposed by means of a current of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,plumbic sulphide is precipitated1 and the liberated selenic acid separated by filtration is concentrated until it acquires a sp4 gr4 of #bf2 if heated above #eed ,f4 it decomposes into selenious anhydride1 water1 and oxygen4 ,selenic acid has a great resemblance to sulphuric acid4 ,it acts upon the metals in the same manner1 and even dissolves gold4 ,the seleniates are also very similar in properties to the sulphates1 and both classes of salts are isomorphous4 ,the seleniates give the same characteristic odour before the blowpipe as the selenites4 ,their solutions give white precipitates with the salts of barium1 strontian and lead1 insoluble in nitric acid4 ,if a soluble seleniate is boiled with hydrochloric acid1 selenic acid is set free1 and is reduced to selenious acid1 sulphurous acid will then precipitate reduced selenium from the solution4 ,baric seleniate may be also decomposed in a similar manner1 and this reaction distinguishes it from baric sulphate4 ,,sele,,nium4 ,se4 ,a rare chemical element1 discovered by ,berzelius in #ahag in the refuse of a sulphuric acid manufactory near ,fahlun1 in ,sweden1 it having been derived from the pyrites employed in the manufacture of the acid4 ,hence the pyrites of ,fahlun forms the chief source of this rare body1 although it exists1 but less abundantly1 in combination with a few other metals1 termed selenides4 ,selenium is chiefly interesting to the chemist from its remarkable analogy in chemical properties to sulphur4 ,like this latter element1 it is capable of assuming three allotropic forms----the amorphous1 the vitreous1 and the crystalline4 ,the latter variety of selenium1 like the crystalline form of sulphur1 dissolves in bisulphide of carbon1 but much less readily4 ,selenium boils below a red heat and becomes converted into a deep yellow vapour1 which1 when heated1 is subject to the same anomalous expansion as sulphur vapour4 ,it is not so combustible as sulphur1 which it still further resembles by burning with a blue flame when ignited in the air4 ,during combustion it gives off a peculiar and characteristic smell1 resembling that of putrid horse-radish4 ,heated with strong sulphuric acid1 selenium forms a green solution4 ,if this solution is poured into water1 the selenium separates and is thrown down4 ,selenium is without taste or smell1 is insoluble in water1 and in its normal state is a non-conductor of heat and electricity4 ,selenium may be extracted from the ,fahlun residue by the following process3----,it should be first boiled with sulphuric acid1 diluted with an equal volume of water1 and nitric acid should then be added in small quantities until the oxidation of the selenium is accomplished1 which may be known when red fumes cease to be cooled4 ,the solution which contains selenious 7,se,o#b7 and selenic 7,se,o#c7 acid is then to be largely diluted with water1 filtered1 the filtrate mixed with about one fourth of its bulk of hydrochloric acid1 and then concentrated a little by evaporation1 the result of which is that the hydrochloric acid reduces the selenic to selenious acid4 ,a current of sulphurous acid being then passed through the solution1 the selenium is precipitated in red flakes1 which form into a dense black mass when the liquid is gently heated4 ,the following equation illustrates the reaction3---- ,h#b,o1,se,o#b ,h#b,o #b,,so#b #b7;,h#b,,so#c7 ,se4 ,like sulphur1 selenium combines with oxygen and forms an anhydride corresponding to sulphurous anhydride4 ,,selenious ,,anhydride 7,se,o#b7 may be obtained by burning selenium in a current of oxygen2 it is1 however1 more easily prepared by boiling selenium with nitric acid or with aqua regia1 the excess of acid being expelled by heat1 the selenious anhydride is left as a white mass4 ,when this is dissolved in water it yields a crystalline hydrate of selenious acid 7,h#b,se,o#c74 ,the salts formed by selenious acid 7selenites71 with the exception of those of the alkali metals1 are mostly insoluble in water4 ,they are easily known by the peculiar odour of selenium which they give off when heated on charcoal in the reducing flame of the blowpipe2 solutions of the selenites give a reddish-brown precipitate when treated with sulphurous acid4 ,seleniuretted ,hydrogen 7,h#b,se74 ,this may be obtained in a precisely similar manner1 namely1 by acting on selenide of iron or potassium with diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acid4 ,seleniuretted hydrogen is soluble in water1 and precipitates many metals from their salts as selenides4 ,the solution is feebly acid1 and1 like its analogue solution of sulphuretted hydrogen1 if exposed to the air1 absorbs oxygen and deposits selenium4 ,the selenides of the alkali metals are soluble in water4 ,the selenides of cerium1 zinc1 and manganese are flesh-coloured2 most of the others are black4 ,this gas is inflammable like sulphuretted hydrogen2 it has1 however1 a still more offensive smell than this latter gas1 ,berzelius lost his sense of smell for several hours by the application to his nose of a bubble of seleniuretted hydrogen not larger than a pea4 ,there are two chlorides of selenium----a dichloride 7,se#b;,cl#b71 a volatile liquid of a brown colour1 and a tetra-chloride 7,se,cl#d71 which occurs as a white crystalline solid4 ,selenium unites with sulphur1 forming a bisulphide 7,se,s#b7 and a tersulphide 7,se,s#c74 ,a very curious physical property of selenium when exposed to the action of light was first noticed in #ahgc by ,mr ,may1 assistant chemist at the ,telegraph ,station at ,valentia1 in ,ireland1 who observed that a stick of crystallised selenium which had been used for some time in telegraphy1 where high electrical resistance was required1 offered a considerably diminished resistance to the current when exposed to the light than when kept in the dark4 ,mr ,may's discovery1 which was at first received with some amount of incredulity1 has since been amply corroborated by the observations and researches of many physicists1 amongst them by ,professor ,werner ,siemens1 the result of whose experiments on this interesting subject we quote from a lecture delivered at the ,royal ,institution by his brother1 ,dr ,william ,siemens1 in ,february1 #ahgf4 ,after describing the method by which his brother arranged the selenium1 so that1 when inserted in the galvanic current of a single ,daniell's cell1 the surface action produced by the light upon it attained a maximum effect1 and thereby did away with the necessity of employing a large galvanic battery1 and at the same time allowed an ordinary galvanometer to be used instead of a delicate one1 as hitherto employed1 ,dr ,siemens proceeded to illustrate the action of light upon the element by experiment4 8,i here hold10 he said1 8an element so prepared of amorphous selenium1 which ,i place in a dark box1 and insert in a galvanic circuit comprising a ,daniell's cell and a delicate galvanometer1 the face of which will be thrown upon the screen through a mirror by means of the electric light4 8,in closing the circuit it will be seen that no deflection of the needle ensues4 ,we will now admit light upon the selenium disc and close the circuit1 when again no deflection will be observed1 showing that the selenium in its present condition is a non-conductor both in the dark and under the influence of light4 ,i will now submit a similar disc of selenium which has been kept in boiling water for an hour and gradually cooled to the same tests as before4 ,in closing the circuit while the plate is in the dark a certain deflection of the galvanometer will be discernible1 but ,i will now open the lid of the box so as to admit light upon the disc1 when on again closing the circuit a slight deflection of the galvanometer needle will be observed4 ,in closing the box against the light this deflection will subside1 but will again be visible the moment the light is readmitted to the box4 ,here we have1 then1 the extraordinary effect of light upon selenium clearly illustrated4 8,i will now insert into the same circuit another selenium plate which has been heated up to #baj ,c1 and1 after having been kept at that temperature for several hours1 has been gradually cooled2 it will be observed that this plate is affected to a greater extent than the former by the action of light1 and other conditions1 to which ,i shall presently allude1 prove the selenium heated to a higher temperature to be in other respects dissimilar to the other two modifications of the same4 ,these differences will be best revealed in describing my brother's experiment4 ,he placed one of his amorphous preparations of selenium in an air-bath heated above the melting point of selenium 7to #bfj ,c471 while the connecting wires were inserted in a galvanic circuit consisting of only one ,daniell's element and a delicate reflecting galvanometer1 and every five minutes the temperature and conductivity of the selenium were noted4 ,up to the temperature of #hj ,c4 no current passed2 from this point onward the conductivity of the material rapidly increased until it obtained its maximum at the temperature of #baj ,c41 being nearly its melting point1 after which an equally rapid diminution of conductivity commenced1 reaching a minimum at a temperature of about #bdj ,c41 when the conductivity was only such as could be detected by a most delicate galvanometer4 ,in continuing to increase the temperature of the fluid selenium very gradually but steadily1 its conductivity increased again4 ,the interpretation of these experiments is as follows3 ,amorphous selenium retains a very large amount of specific heat1 which renders it a non-conductor of electricity3 when heated to #hj this amorphous solid mass begins to change its amorphous condition for the crystalline form1 in which form it possesses a greatly reduced amount of specific heat1 giving rise to the increase of temperature beyond that of surrounding objects when the change of condition is once set in4 ,if care is taken to limit the rise of temperature of the selenium to #ajj ,c41 and if it is very gradually cooled after being maintained for an hour or two at that temperature1 a mass is obtained which conducts electricity to some extent1 and which shows increased conductivity under the influence of light4 ,but in examining the conductivity of selenium so prepared at various temperatures below #hj1 and without accession of light1 it was found that its conductivity increases with rise of temperature1 in which respect it resembles carbon1 sulphide of metals1 and generally electrolytes4 ,this my brother terms his first modification of selenium4 ,but in extending the heating influence up to #baj1 and in maintaining that temperature by means of a bath of paraffin for some hours before gradually reducing the same1 he obtained a second modification of selenium1 in which its conductivity increases with fall of temperature1 and in which modification it is1 therefore1 analogous to the metals4 ,this second modification of selenium is a better conductor of electricity than the first1 and its sensitiveness to light is so great that its conductivity in sunlight is fifteen times greater than it is in the dark1 as will be seen from the following table1 in which is given the effects of different intensities of light on selenium 7,modification ,,ii7 obtained at ,woolwich on the #adth of ,february1 #ahgf3---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,selenium in ,relative ,conductivities4 ,resistance in ------------------------- ,ohms4 ,deflections4 ,ratio4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a4 ,dark #cb #aj #aj1jgj1jjj #b4 ,diffused daylight4 #aaj #cd #b1icj1jjj #c4 ,lamplight #ahj #ef #a1gij1jjj #d4 ,sunlight #dgj #adg #fhj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unfortunately1 however1 the second modification is not so stable as the first2 when lowered in temperature parts of it change back into the first or metalloid modification by taking up specific heat1 and in watching this effect a point is discovered at which ratio of increase of conductivity with fall of temperature changes sign1 or where the electrolyte substance appears to predominate over the metallic selenium4 ,if cooled down to #ae ,c41 the whole of the metallic selenium is gradually being converted back into the first variety4 ,the physical conclusions here arrived at may be said to be an extension of ,helmholtz's theory that the conductivity of metals varies inversely as the total heat contained in them4 ,helmholtz had only the sensible heat of temperature 7counting from the absolute zero point7 in view1 but it has already been shown by ,hittorf and ,werner ,siemens that it applies in the case of tin and some other metals1 also to specific heat and to the latent heat of fusion4 ,in selenium the specific heat is an extremely variable quantity1 changing in the solid mass at certain temperatures1 and1 it is contended1 under the influence of light4 ,aided by these experimental researches1 my brother arrives at the conclusion that the influence of light upon selenium may be explained by a 8change of its molecular condition near the surface1 from the first or electrolyte into the second or metallic modification1 or in other words1 by a liberation of specific heat upon the illuminated surface of crystalline selenium1 which liberated heat is reabsorbed when the liberating cause has ceased to act40 ,professor ,adams1 who has likewise investigated this singular action of light upon selenium1 ascribes it to a different cause4 ,he says3---- #a4 ,that the light falling on the selenium causes an electromotive force in it in the same direction as the battery current passing through it1 the effect being similar to the effect due to polarisation in an electrolyte1 but in the opposite direction4 #b4 ,that the light falling on the selenium causes a change on its surface akin to the change which it produces on the surface of a phosphorescent body1 and that in consequence of this change the electro-current is enabled to pass more readily over the surface of the selenium4 ,,sem,,ola 7,bullock's74 ,this preparation consists of wheaten flour deprived of much of its starch by washings with water1 and contains the largest amount 7#dh per cent47 of nitrogenous or albumenoid principles consistent with its adaptability to culinary purposes4 ,it is specially intended as a food for infants1 weakly children1 and invalids4 ,,semoli,,na4 ,syn4 ,s,,moule1 ,,semoulina4 ,the large hard grains of wheat flour retained in the bolting machine1 after the fine flour has passed through its meshes4 8,the best smoule is obtained from the wheat of the southern parts of ,europe4 ,with the smoule the fine white ,parisian bread called #8gruau' is baked40 7,ure47 ,,sen,,ega4 ,syn4 ,,seneka1 ,,snakeroot1 ,,rattlesnake ,r42 ,,seneg ,,radix 7,b4 ,p472 ,,senega 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,radix ,,seneg1 ,l4 8,the root of the ,polygala ,senega1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a stimulating diaphoretic1 and expectorant2 in large doses diuretic1 cathartic1 and emetic4 ,in ,america it is used as an antidote to the bite of the rattlesnake4 ,drs ,chapman and ,hartshorne extol it as an emmenagogue4 ,dr ,pereira says that it is an exceedingly valuable remedy in the latter stages of bronchial or pulmonary inflammation1 when this disease occurs in aged1 debilitated1 or torpid constitutions4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 in powder or decoction 7combined with aromatics1 opium1 or camphor71 thrice daily4 ,according to ,patrouillard senega is occasionally adulterated with the roots of ,asclepias vincetoxicum4 ,the branches of the latter root are cylindrical1 very white1 and almost devoid of taste2 those of senega1 on the contrary1 are yellowish and twisted1 and have a very acrid taste4 ,the froth produced by shaking an infusion of senega keeps much longer than that produced by an infusion of the adulterant4 ,in other respects there is a great resemblance between the two roots4 ,,sen,,egin4 ,syn4 ,,polygalin1 ,,polygalic ,,acid4 ,a white odourless powder1 discovered by ,gehlin in the bark of seneka root 7,polygala ,senega74 ,,sen,,na4 ,syn4 ,,senna1 ,,senn ,,folia1 ,l4 ,there are three principal varieties3---- #a4 ,,alexandrian ,,senna 7,,senna ,,alexandrina----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 referred in the1 ,ph4 ,l4 to ,cassia officinalis and ,cassia obovata1 in the ,ph4 ,d4 to ,cassia acutifolia 7,delile71 and in the ,ph4 ,e4 to various species of cassia4 ,the leaves are 8unequal at the base1 ovate acute1 or obovate mucronate40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it is generally mixed with the leaves of ,solenostemma ,argel 7argel leaves71 the presence of which is often the occasion of much griping4 ,the leaf of argel is fully an inch long1 warty1 regular in its formation1 and the lateral nerves are imperfectly seen on the under side2 whilst that of the true ,alexandrian senna never exceeds #c_/d inch in length1 is oblique1 and the nerves on the under side are very conspicuous4 #b4 ,,indian ,,senna 7,,senna ,,indica----,b4 ,p42 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e47 is referred to ,cassia officinalis in the ,ph4 ,l41 and in the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 to ,cassia elongata 7,lemaire1 ,lisancourt74 ,the leaf is 8unequal at the base10 and 8,lanceolate40 7,ph4 ,l47 #c4 ,,tinnevelly ,,senna1 forming the finest ,indian1 now introduced into the ,ph4 ,d41 is therein described as composed of the leaflets of ,cassia oblongata4 ,these are pale green1 thin1 flexible1 and from #a to #b inches long1 and nearly #a_/b inch broad4 ,this variety is equal in medicinal virtue to the best ,alexandrian1 and is to be preferred1 on account of its being imported perfectly free from adulteration4 ,senna is purgative in doses of #aj to #cj gr41 either in powder or made into an infusion of tea with ,water1 combined with ginger1 caraways1 or some other aromatic1 to prevent griping4 ,it acts chiefly on the small intestines1 and generally effects its purpose within #d hours after being taken4 ,,se,,pia4 ,a pigment prepared from the #8ink' or black fluid secreted by ,sepia officinalis 7,linn471 and several other varieties of cuttle-fish4 ,the contents of the #8ink bags' are inspissated as soon as possible after collection1 and then form the crude sepia of commerce4 ,this is prepared for artists by boiling it for a short time in a weak lye of caustic alkali1 precipitating the solution with an acid1 and well washing and carefully drying the precipitate by a gentle heat4 ,it possesses a fine brown colour1 and is used like ,indian ink4 ,,ser,,pentary4 ,syn4 ,,virginian ,,snake-,,root2 ,,serpentaria ,,radix 7,b4 ,p471 ,,serpentari ,,radix1 ,,serpentaria 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,aristolochia ,,serpentaria 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,an excellent stimulating diaphoretic and tonic2 in typhoid and putrid fevers1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,it is admirably suited to check vomiting and to tranquilise the stomach1 particularly in bilious cases4 7,dr ,chapman47----,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 every third or fourth hour1 its use being preceded by an aperient4 ,,se,,rum4 ,syn4 ,,seralbumen4 ,the clear pale fluid in which the blood-globules float1 and which separates from blood during its coagulation4 ,it is1 essentially1 a feebly alkaline solution of albumen4 ,see ,,albumen4 ,,sesqui-4 ,see ,,nomenclature4 ,,se,,ton4 ,syn4 ,,setaceum4 ,an artificial ulcer1 made by passing a portion of silk or thread under the skin by means of a seton needle1 a part of which is drawn through daily1 and thus keeps up a constant irritation4 ,occasionally the thread is anointed with some irritating substance for the purpose of increasing the discharge4 ,,seven ,,seals1 or ,golden ,wonder----,dr ,radcliffe's ,great ,remedy4 ,according to the prospectus1 this remedy is good for cholera morbus1 dysentery1 diarrha1 burns1 sprains1 rheumatism1 warts and corns1 and all diseases4 ,in a quadrangular bottle we find about #ie grammes of a brownish-orange clear fluid1 which is a spirituous tincture of cayenne pepper mixed with ether1 chloroform1 ,american oil of peppermint1 and a little camphor4 ,the proportion of these ingredients is1 approximately1 #d grammes ether1 #f grammes chloroform1 #d gramme camphor or camphoraceous oil1 #b grammes oil of peppermint1 #ce grammes tincture of capsicum4 #ej grammes spirit of wine 7#ij per cent47 7,hager47 ,,se,,vum 7,prepared74 ,syn4 ,,sevum ,,pr,,paratum 7,b4 ,p471 ,,sevum ,,magneticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7#8,pharm4 ,journ4'7 ,mould candles1 at least #b years old1 melted by a very gentle heat1 and strained from the wicks4 #b4 ,as ,,magnetic ,,adeps4 ,used to make mercurial ointment4 ,triturated with #h1 #ab1 or #af times its weight of quicksilver1 the globules are completely extinguished in from #aj to #ae minutes4 ,,sewage1 ,removal and ,disposal of4 ,the waste and putrescible refuse discharged from dwelling-houses by house-pipes and drains into sewers may be said1 in general terms1 to consist1 besides human fces and urine1#aej of the dirty water and soapsuds arising from washing our bodies1 our houses1 and linen1 more or less foul1 as well as the water which1 having been used for cooking operations1 necessarily contains variable quantities of mineral and vegetable matter4 ,footnote #aej3 ,in the drainage of some towns the fces are not allowed to enter the sewers4 ,this1 however1 is the exception4 ,the above statement will have prepared us not only for the complex nature of sewage water as shown in the following tables1 but also for the variability in the amount of its constituents1 this latter condition depending upon locality1 and1 as experiment shows1 the hour of the day at which the sewage was collected4 ,composition of ,sewer ,water 7,,way74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,grains per ,gallon4 ------------------------------- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,organic matters 7soluble7 #aidj #dajc #abcj #ibj ,organic matters 7suspended7 #ciaj #agjj #bdcg ,lime #ajac #adga #abeb #aabe ,magnesia #adb #ahb #aei #ace ,soda #dja #bdj #bda #ahi ,potash #cff #ceg #cca #aji ,chloride of ,sodium #bfdj #bbfa #cdcj #eeh ,sulphuric ,acid #ecd #eca #fdj #cdc ,phosphoric ,acid #bfc #egf #bdh #jfd ,carbonic ,acid #ija #hib #aagf ,silicia ,oxide of ,iron #fbj #acee #fdf #dgg ,oxide of ,zinc ,ammonia #gdh #hdc #ghh ------------------------------- #acdgh #adeaa #abegh #cibj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,london ,sewer ,water 7,,letheby74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,grains per gallon4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,day ,sewage4 ,night ,sewage4 ,storm ,sewage4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,soluble matters #eegd #feji #gjbf ,organic matters #aejh #gdb #adge ,nitrogen #edd #eai #gbf ,mineral matters #djff #egfg #eega ,phosphoric acid #jhe #jfi #ajc ,potash #aba #aae #afa ,suspended matters #chae #acii #cahh ,organic #afaa #gdh #agee ,nitrogen #jgh #jbi #jfg ,mineral #bbjd #fea #adcc ,phosphoric acid #jhi #jfd #jih ,potash #hjh #jjd #jaf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,letheby states that the sewer water in towns with water-closets has the following average composition per gallon3 ,organic matter #bggb ,nitrogen #fba ,phosphoric acid #aeg ,potash #bjc ,sewer water placed under the microscope reveals various dead decaying matters1 besides swarms of bacteria1 ciliated infusoria1 ambiform bodies1 and fungi1 consisting of spores and mycelium4 ,the rotifera1 diatoms1 and desmids are few in number4#aea ,that a fluid having a composition such as sewage water has been shown to possess1 when mixed with solid excreta1 would1 from the decomposition that so soon takes place in it1 seriously endanger the health of those in whose habitations it was allowed to remain1 is so self-evident to the sanitarian and pathologist that it is no wonder every civilised community should endeavour to get rid of this refuse from their habitations as speedily and effectively as possible4 ,but the removal of the home sewage is a proceeding as illogical as it is imperfect if we afterwards neglect so to dispose of it as to render it innocuous or devoid of danger to the public health4 ,the old method of getting rid of sewage 7even when deprived of the fcal matter7 by turning it into rivers and streams1 has1 more particularly since the ,report of the ,rivers ,pollution ,commissioners in #ahgj1 been gradually abandoned4 ,that when sewer water passes into a river it undergoes a great amount of purification from oxidation1 subsidence1 and the agency of water-plants is undeniable4 ,footnote #aea3 ,parkes4 ,letheby considered that if sewage mixed with twenty times its bulk of water flowed for nine miles it would be perfectly oxidised4 ,it appears1 however1 from the experiments of ,frankland1 that so far as sewage when mixed with twenty times its volume of water being oxidised during a flow of ten or twelve miles1 scarcely two thirds of it would be so destroyed in the flow of #afh miles1 at the rate of one mile per hour1 or after the lapse of a week4 ,the results of ,frankland's experiments led him to infer that there is no river in the ,united ,kingdom of sufficient length to effect the destruction of sewage by oxidation2 and he adds1 8there is no process practicable on a large scale by which the noxious material 7sewage matter7 can be removed from water once so contaminated1 and1 therefore1 ,i am of opinion that water which has been once contaminated by sewage or manure matter is thenceforth unsuitable for domestic use40 ,the discharge of sewage water1 whether with or without solid excreta1 into our springs and rivers1 was a practice so dangerous and prejudicial to health that it is no cause for wonder the ,legislature should1 during the session of #ahgf1 have passed a measure the object of which was after the lapse of one year to facilitate legal proceedings being instituted against persons who permitted sewage or other deleterious refuse to flow into rivers or streams4 ,this measure1 known as the 8,rivers ,pollution ,prevention ,act10 is now in force1 and permits offenders to be proceeded against2 but it still leaves unsolved the important hygienic problem----,how are we ultimately and with safety to the community to dispose of our sewage8 ,the numerous processes 7the chief of which will be brought under notice7 proposed for the attainment of this end have been divided by writers and authorities on sanitary science into---- #a4 ,,wet ,,methods4 #b4 ,,dry ,,methods4 #a4 ,,wet ,,methods4 ,these comprise the removal of excreta----7#a7 ,by discharging it into running water4 7#b7 ,by storage in tank with overflow4 7#c7 ,by carrying it into the sea4 7#d7 ,by precipitation4 7#e7 ,by irrigation and filtration4 7#a7 ,by discharging it into running water4 ,our previous remarks have already shown in what respect this proposal is fallacious1 and why it has1 therefore1 been discontinued4 7#b7 ,by storage in tank with overflow4 ,in this process the sewage runs into a well-cemented tank fitted with an overflow pipe1 which sometimes leads into a second tank arranged in the same manner2 the solids subside1 and are removed from time to time1 whilst the liquid is allowed to run away4 ,instead of permitting the liquid to escape into a ditch or stream1 it has been proposed to carry it into drain pipes1 which are buried from half a foot to a foot in the subsoil1 where it will be readily sucked up by the roots of grasses4 ,this plan is only suited for small villages1 or for a single house or mansion4 7#c7 ,by carrying it into the sea4 ,the precautions to be observed in the working of this system are1 wherever possible1 to let the outlet or discharge pipe1 which conveys the sewage to the sea1 be always under water even at ebb tide1 and to take special care that the wind does not blow up the sewers4 ,a tide-flap1 opening outwards1 which is usually fixed by a hinge on the sewer at its outlet1 will obviate this last contingency4 ,at high water the tide will fill the outfall sewers to its own level1 and to that extent will check the discharge of sewage1 and thus cause a deposit in the sewers filled with mixed sea water and sewage4 ,it is most important that this should be removed4 8,if the sewage cannot be got well out to sea1 and if it issues in narrow channels1 it may cause a nuisance1 and may require to be purified before discharge40#aeb ,footnote #aeb3 ,parkes4 7#d7 ,by precipitation4 ,the simplest of the plans proposed for this method of removal is by subsidence only1 and would afterwards permit the discharge of the supernatant sewage water into running water or over the land4 ,the removal of the solid material is effected in a manner somewhat similar to that followed in plan ,no4 #b1 but as the thin water which runs off must1 when poured into rivers or streams1 be almost as dangerous as the sewage itself1 the process of precipitation by settlement alone has little to commend it over the old rude and objectionable practice1 a circumstance that in these days will doubtless lead to its entire prohibition4 ,in order to ensure greater purification the sewage in the subsiding tanks is now usually mixed with certain chemical reagents1 which1 it is believed1 have the effect not only of speedily precipitating the solid materials1 but also carrying down injurious matters suspended in the sewage water1 thus rendering it sufficiently pure to be discharged without risk to health into any watercourse4 ,of the numerous precipitants employed for this purpose1 we may mention the following3 ,lime and salts of lime4 ,quicklime1 in the proportion of #h gr4 to a gallon of water2 or #a lb4 to about #fjj galls4 of sewage2 lime1 with the addition of about a fortieth of its weight of chloride of lime2 calcic phosphate dissolved in sulphuric acid2 ,whitehead's patent1 which consists of a mixture of mono- and dicalcic phosphate2 chloride of calcium4 ,aluminous compounds4 ,bird's process----,a mixture of aluminous earths and sulphuric acid4 ,andersons and ,lenk's----,impure sulphate of alum2 refuse of alum works1 either alone or mixed with lime or charcoal4 ,scott's cement process----,clay mixed with lime2 natural phosphate of aluminium dissolved by sulphuric acid and mixed with lime4 ,the quantities of the above substances when used as precipitants vary1 in some of them fifty1 and in others eighty grains to a gallon of sewer water being employed4 ,magnesium salts4 ,impure chloride of magnesium mixed with superphosphate of lime4 ,carbon4 ,as vegetable charcoal1 peat1 seaweed charcoal1 carbonised tan1 lignite1 and ,boghead coke4 ,iron4 ,in the form of sulphate4 ,ellerman's and ,dale's----,perchloride2 the sulphate is sometimes mixed with coal dust4 ,manganese4 ,condy's fluid4 ,zinc4 ,as sulphate and chloride4 ,sillar's process4 ,the ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 process1 so called because composed of alum1 blood1 charcoal1 and clay4 ,hill's process4 ,lime and tar are the precipitants4 ,the effluent water is filtered through charcoal4 ,the question now arises as to whether the sewer water after treatment with any of the above substances is in a fit condition to be poured into a stream or river4 ,the ,rivers ,pollution ,commissioners in their first and second reports give a number of analyses1 from which it appears that on an average the chemical treatment removes #hih per cent4 of the matters suspended in the sewage waters1 but only #cff per cent4 of the organic nitrogen is dissolved in them4 ,of the ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 process1 ,mr ,crookes states that1 when properly carried out1 it removes all the phosphoric acid2 and ,professor ,voelcker's analysis of the effluent water from sewage treated by the acid phosphate of alumina process gives more ammonia than the original sewer water1 less organic nitrogen by one half1 and less phosphoric acid4 ,such a water is said by some authorities to be pure enough to be discharged into streams4 ,general ,scott's process4 ,general ,scott proposes to treat the sewer water with lime and clay1 and instead of employing the precipitate obtained by this means as a manure1 would1 after burning it1 use it as cement4 ,he argues that the deposit contains so much combustible matter as to considerably reduce the quantity of coal usually expended in the manufacture of cement1 and consequently the cement could be sold at a remunerative price4 ,this1 like the #8carbonisation' process1 possesses the merit of effectually destroying any noxious principles present in the deposit4 ,commenting on the various precipitation processes ,dr ,parkes writes3----8,when the sewer water is cleared by any of these plans is it fit to be discharged into streams8 ,in the opinion of some authorities1 if the precipitate is a good one it may be so1 and it appears certain that in many cases it is chemically a tolerably pure water1 and it will no longer silt up the bed nor cause a nuisance4 ,but it still contains1 in all cases1 some organic matter1 as well as ammonia1 potash1 and phosphoric acid4 ,it has1 therefore1 fertilising powers certainly1 and possibly it has also injurious powers4 ,no proof of this has been given1 but also no disproof at present1 and when we consider how small the agencies of the specific diseases probably are1 and how likely it is that they remain suspended1 we do not seem to be in a position to expect that the water1 after subsidence of the deposit1 will be safe to drink4 7#e7 ,by irrigation and filtration4 ,by this process is meant the passing of the sewer water over and through soil1 with the object not only of effecting its purification to such an extent as to render it fit to be discharged into a river or stream1 but also of employing it as a valuable manure4 ,in the present article we shall treat only of the application of the process to the first of these purposes4 ,there is ample evidence to show that1 if carried out with due attention to detail1 no process for the treatment of effluent sewage water1 so as to render it innocuous1 is equal to that which subjects it to irrigation and filtration4 ,the ,rivers ,pollution ,commissioners thus report on it3----8,we are1 therefore1 justified in recommending irrigation as a safe as well as profitable and efficient method of cleansing town sewage40 ,the conditions necessary for the successful carrying out of this system are thus stated by ,mr ,t4 ,j4 ,dyke1 in explaining 8the process of the downward intermittent filtration of sewage at ,troedyrhiw1 near ,merthyr ,tydvil30----8#a4 ,the soil of the land to be used must be porous4 #b4 ,a main effluent drain1 which must not be less than six feet from the surface1 must be provided4 #c4 ,the surface of the soil to be so inclined as to permit the sewage stream to flow over the whole land4 #d4 ,the filtering area should be divided into four equal parts1 each part to be irrigated with the sewage for six hours1 and then an interval of eighteen hours to elapse before a second irrigation takes place2 each of the four parts would thus be used for six hours out of the twenty-four4 ,an acre of land so prepared would purify #ajj1jjj gallons of sewage per day40 ,at ,troedyrhiw the sewage has lime added to it1 and the mixture is strained through cinders into tanks4 ,from the tank it flows on to the conduit1 by which it is conveyed to the filtering areas4 8,these consist of about twenty acres of land1 immediately adjoining the road on which the tanks are placed1 and have been arranged into filtering areas or beds on a plan devised by ,mr ,j4 ,bayley ,denton4 ,the land is a loamy soil1 eighteen inches thick1 overlying a bed of gravel4 ,the whole of these twenty acres have been underdrained to a depth of from five to seven feet4 ,the lateral drains are placed at regular distances from each other1 and run towards the main or effluent drain4 ,this is everywhere six feet deep4 ,the surface of the land is formed into beds2 these have been made to slope towards the main drain by a fall of #a in #aej4 8,the surface is ploughed in ridges2 on these vegetables are planted or seeds sown4 ,the line of the ridged furrow is in the direction of the under drain4 ,along the raised margin of each bed1 in each area1 delivering carriers are placed1 one edge being slightly depressed4 8,the strained sewage passes from the conduits into the delivery carriers1 and as it overflows the depressed edges runs gently into and along the farrows down to the lowest and most distant part of the plot4 ,the sewage continues to be so delivered for six hours1 then an interval of rest of eighteen hours takes place1 and again the land is thoroughly charged with the fertilising stream4 ,the water percolates through the six feet of earth1 and reaches the lateral drains1 which convey it to the main effluent drain4 8,the result of this plan of disposing of sewage by downward intermittent filtration1 may be seen in samples of the effluent water taken from the outlet of the main drain4 ,such water is bright1 perfectly pellucid1 free from smell1 and tastes only of common salt4 ,it may be safely drunk----in fact1 is used by the workmen employed on the farm4 ,during the process of irrigation no nuisance is caused1 for the soil quickly absorbs all the fluids passed on to it2 in fact1 in two or three hours after the water has ceased to flow on the land1 an observer would say that the ground had not been wetted for days4 ,the workmen say that no unpleasant smell is noticed1 nor has the health of the persons employed1 in any one instance1 been affected by any presumed poisonous exhalation4 8,the only imperfection of the plan is that1 at the end of the furrows nearest the lowest corner of a plot1 a slight deposit of scum is formed4 ,this scum is formed by the fine insoluble precipitate caused mainly by the addition of lime to the sewage stream40 ,the table below1 taken from the report of the ,rivers ,pollution ,commissioners1 gives the composition of the effluent water after it has passed through the soil4 ,if those results be compared with the condition of the supernatant sewage water1 after treatment by any of the chemical precipitants already enumerated1 the inferiority of these latter as methods of removal of the organic impurity of the sewage water will be evident4 ,the best of these precipitants give a removal of only #feh per cent4 of organic nitrogen1 whilst the ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 process shows a diminution of #ehi only4 ,it appears from the first and second reports of the ,rivers ,pollution ,commissioners1 that on an average the precipitation processes remove #hih per cent4 of the suspended matters1 but only #cff per cent4 of the organic nitrogen dissolved in the liquid4 ,the effects of a soil upon sewage water passing through it are the following3---- #a4 ,the filtering property of the soil mechanically arrests and retains the suspended particles of the sewage4 #b and #c4 ,the porosity and physical attraction of the soil lead to the oxidation of the organic matter contained in the sewage1 as instanced in the discovery of nitrates and nitrites in the effluent water1 which did not exist previous to filtration4 #d4 ,a chemical reaction takes place between the constituents of the sewage and those of the soil4 ,if the charges brought against the system of irrigation1 viz4 that it is detrimental to the health and comfort of those who reside near sewage farms cannot be denied1 it seems pretty certain that1 in most cases1 any ill effects arising from the method may be traced to its defective management4 ,the selection of the soil which is to receive the sewage is a highly important consideration4 ,the best for this purpose seems to be a loose marl1 containing oxide of iron and alumina2 but sand1 as well as chalk1 are both said to answer excellently4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,percentage of dissolved,percentage ,organic ,pollution suspended removed4 ,organic ,results of irrigation1 in part per #ajj1jjj4----------------------,pollutio n ,organic ,organic removed ,carbon4 ,nitrogen4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,on fallow land at ,chorley 7adhesive loam7 #fbc #gjb #ajj ,at ,edinburgh 7both sand and clay7 #dec #haa #hdi ,barking 7gravelly soil7 #feh #hfb #ajj ,aldershot 7light sand7---- ,best result #iah #hgc #iig ,worst result #fii #hbi #hgg ,average result #hji #hea #icg ,carlisle 7light loam7 #ggi #eih #ajj ,penrith 7light loam7 #gej #ggb #ajj ,rugby 7adhesive soil7 #gbc #ibi #ifj ,banbury 7principally clay7---- ,best result #hgh #iac #ifj ,worst result #fda #hja #ijc ,average result #gf #heg #icb ,warwick 7stiff clay7 #gag #hif #ajj ,worthing 7loam7 #dbg #hec #ajj ,bedford 7light gravelly soil71 average result #gaf #hac #ajj ,norwood 7clay71 average result #fej #gea #ajj ,croydon 7gravelly soil7---- ,best result #gcb #icb #ajj ,worst result #faf #ijd #ajj ,average result #fgd #iah #ajj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,if the soil be of a stiff clayey nature it must be broken up and mixed with sand1 lime1 or ashes4 ,the upper parts must be comminuted and rendered porous1 and it must be efficiently and deeply drained4 ,at ,troedyrhiw1 as we have seen1 the effluent drain is six feet deep4 ,the sewer water should be poured over the land in as fresh a condition as possible1 having been previously deprived of any solid or grosser parts by straining4 ,at ,carlisle1 decomposition of the sewage during its flow is prevented by adding carbolic acid to it4 ,lastly1 it is of the utmost consequence that the amount of land used as the filtering medium shall be large4 ,letheby has shown that where this precaution is neglected1 not only is the purification of the sewage incomplete1 but the plan becomes a public nuisance4 ,the amount of filtering earth should not be less than one cubic yard for eight gallons of sewage in twenty-four hours1 in properly prepared soils2 in some soils more than a cubic yard is required4 ,the late ,dr ,parkes has given a summary of various reports that have from time to time been issued as to the effects of sewage farms upon the public health and comfort4 ,he says3----8,that sewage farms1 if too near to houses1 and if not carefully conducted1 may give off disagreeable effluvia is certain2 but it is also clear that in some farms this is very trifling1 and that when the sewer water gets on the land it soon ceases4 ,it is denied by some persons that more nuisance is excited than by any other mode of using manure4 ,as regards health1 it has been alleged that these farms may----#ast1 give off effluvia which may produce enteric fever or dysentery1 or some allied affection2 or1 #bnd1 and in the spread of entozoic diseases2 or1 #crd1 make ground swampy and marshy1 and may also poison wells1 and thus affect health40 ,the evidence of ,edinburgh1 ,croydon1 ,aldershot1 ,rugby1 ,worthing1 ,romford1 the ,sussex ,lunatic ,asylum1 is very strong against any influence in the production of typhoid by sewage farms effluvia4 ,on the other hand1 ,dr ,clouston's record of the outbreak of dysentery in the ,cumberland ,asylum is counter evidence of weight1 and so is one of the cases noted by ,letheby of typhoid fever outbreak in ,copley1 when a meadow was irrigated with the brook water containing the sewage of ,halifax4 ,the negative evidence is1 however1 so strong as to justify the view that the effluvia from a well-managed sewage farm do not produce typhoid fever1 or dysentery1 or any affection of the kind4 ,in a case at ,eton in which some cases of enteric fever were attributed to the effluvia1 ,dr ,buchanan discovered that the sewer water had been drunk2 this was more likely to have been the cause4 ,with regard to the second point1 the spread of entozoic diseases by the carriage of the sewer water to the land1 has been thought probable by ,cobbold1 though as solid excreta from towns have been for some years largely employed as manure1 it is doubtful whether the liquid plans would be more dangerous4 ,the special entozoic diseases which1 it is feared1 might thus arise1 are tapeworms1 round worms1 trichina1 ,bilharzia1 and distoma hepaticum in sheep4 ,cobbold's latest observations show that the embryos of ,bilharzia die so rapidly1 that even were it introduced into ,england there would be little danger4 ,the trichina disease is only known at present to be produced in men by the worms in the flesh of pigs which is eaten1 and it seems doubtful whether pigs receive them from the land4 ,there remain1 then1 only tapeworms and round worms for men and distoma hepaticum for sheep to be dreaded4 ,with regard to these1 the evidence at present is negative2 and though much weight must be attached to any opinion of ,cobbold's1 this argument against sewage irrigation must be admitted to want evidence from experience4 ,the third criticism appears to be true4 ,the land may become swampy and the adjacent wells poisoned1 and disease 7ague1 and perhaps diarrha and dysentery7 be thus produced4 ,but this is owing to mismanagement1 and when a sewage farm is properly arranged it is not damp1 and the wells do not suffer4#aec ,footnote #aec3 #8,practical ,hygiene4' ,the foregoing processes for the removal of excreta from dwellings necessitates the joint employment of sewers and large quantities of water4 ,it may1 however1 sometimes happen that the adoption of either of these appliances may be not only difficult1 but altogether impracticable2 as for instance1 in localities where a sufficient fall cannot be obtained for the sewers2 or where the supply of water is not adequate2 or when the severity of the climate at certain times is such1 that for months in the year the water is frozen4 ,under these conditions the excreta must either be allowed to accumulate about houses1 or else be removed by methods other than those we have described1 at more or less short intervals4 ,of course their speedy removal is the best and safest2 but in cases where they are permitted to accumulate1 it is essential they should be mixed with deodorants1 and confined in properly constructed receptacles 7as far as possible from dwellings71 from which category such pre-eminently unsanitary arrangements as cesspools and dead wells must be excluded4 ,when excreta are got rid of from houses by other means than those of sewers and water1 the processes employed are termed1 #b4 ,,dry ,,methods4 ,these comprise---- #a4 ,removal of the excreta without admixture4 #b4 ,removal of the excreta after treatment with deodorising and anti-putrescent substances4 #a4 ,removal without admixture4 ,in some cases boxes and tanks receive the ordure and urine1 and these are changed more or less frequently4 ,in ,glasgow the excreta from a part of the city containing eighty thousand people is thus collected and removed without admixture1#aed daily4 ,footnote #aed3 ,except that from the garbage of the houses4 ,in ,edinburgh there are also many closets supplied with movable metal pails1 which are likewise removed daily4 ,many large dwelling-houses in this latter city are entirely without water-closet accommodation2 hence the custom of placing pails full of excrement1 urine1 c41 outside the houses to be taken away by the scavenger4 ,in ,rochdale the excrement1 c41 is collected in tubs1 with tight-fitting lids1 which are emptied twice or thrice a week4 ,these tubs are manufactured out of disused paraffin casks4 ,in ,leeds1 also1 the excreta are collected in boxes without being subjected to admixture4 ,in some towns in the north of ,england the excreta fall into receptacles constructed upon what is termed the #8,goux' principle4 ,in this system the pails or receptacles are lined with some absorbent lining1 which abstracts the urine2#aee another contrivance is to have the receptacle fitted with a pipe or drain2 the object in each case being to render the fces drier and to delay their decomposition4 ,footnote #aee3 ,the refuse of cloth manufacturers is chiefly used for this purpose4 ,the pail or tub system 7,fosses ,mobiles7 which is employed in ,belgium1 has for its object the collection of the fces in a state of purity1 without admixture with water1 in a clean and odourless condition4 ,the apparatus for carrying it out consists of---- #a4 ,the seat4 ,this consists simply of a soil-pan of stoneware or faence1 without woodwork1 the soil-pan merely projecting from the top of the descent pipe4 ,its borders are furnished with a groove filled with water or sand1 into which the raised rim of the lid fits4 #b4 ,the connecting pipe4 ,this pipe is straight without a syphon1 and joins the descent pipe at the very acute angle of #bb1 and is about #d inches in diameter inside4 ,it is1 like the next1 made of stoneware1 glazed inside4 #c4 ,descent pipe4 ,this is from #f to #h inches in internal diameter2 it is vertical1 and is composed of a series of pipes1 connected with each other by dry sand joints1 without cements1 fixed to the wall by iron bands4 ,it rests at the ground-floor level on a strong flagstone4 ,its prolongation through and below this stone consists of a sliding pipe of wrought copper capable of being lengthened or shortened1 and solidly fixed to the stone by a cast-iron connector4 ,a sort of circular shallow dish 7ecuelle71 which can be hung under this last part of the descent pipe1 serves at a given moment to shut its lower orifice4 #d4 ,tub 7,tonneau74 ,the excremental matters coming down the descent pipe fall into a tub of from #b to #c hectolitres 7#dd to #ff gallons71 in a hole in the top of which the lower part of the pipe fits tightly4 ,a cover fitted with a spring serves to shut and lute the tub when it is full4 ,placed on a stand furnished with wheels1 the tub is easily managed4 ,when filled it is immediately replaced by another similar contrivance4 ,if the tub is underground1 the rails 7on which the stand moves7 should be placed on an incline1 so that the removal and replacement may be easily effected4 ,the underground chamber must be isolated1 and the entrance to it placed outside the building4 ,the thorough tarring of the interior of the tub not only preserves the staves1 but also partly neutralises the effect of the mephitic gases which the excremental matters discharge4 ,ventilation pipe4 ,to prevent the smells and gases which are given off from the mouth of the tub from spreading themselves 7in the house7 by means of the opening in the privy seat1 at the upper extremity of the descent pipe1 is fixed a ventilation pipe1 which rises above the coping of the roof1 and the action of which is increased by means of a vane1 or any other contrivance producing the same effect4#aef ,footnote #aef3 ,corfield4 ,it is said that in the working of any of the above processes1 little or no nuisance ensues1 if only ordinary care and intelligence are used4 ,in many cases the excreta collected by the methods above specified is conveyed to manufactories and then converted into manure4 ,it does not appear that in ,england the health of the workmen employed in a manure manufactory or of those who live in the neighbourhood of it suffers in consequence4 ,removal of the excreta after treatment with deodorising and antiputrescent substances4 ,this is the method usually adopted when the dry process is followed2 the excreta mixed with the deodorising substance when removed from the house being at once applied to the land4 a4 ,coal and wood ashes4 ,it is a common practice in the north of ,england to throw coal ashes on the excreta1 which fall into closets made with hinged flaps or seats for the purpose of admitting the ashes1 as at ,manchester and ,salford4 ,wood ashes are far more effective deodorisers than coal ashes1 but they are seldom procurable4 8,in some towns there are receptacles called #8middens1' intended both for excreta and ashes2 sometimes these are cemented1 and there may be a pipe leading into a sewer so as to dry them4 ,the midden system is a bad one2 even with every care1 the vast heaps of putrefying material which accumulate in some of our towns must have a very serious influence on the health1 and the sooner the middens are abolished the better40#aeg ,footnote #aeg3 ,parkes4 b4 ,deodorising powders4 ,at some of the ,indian stations deodorants1 such as ,m',dougall's1 or ,calvert's carbolic acid powders1 have been successfully employed1 a comparatively small quantity being mixed with the excreta4 ,in ,germany a mixture of lime1 chloride of magnesium1 and tar is largely used for the same purpose1 and is known as ,sverns' deodoriser40 ,another deodoriser 7the ,mller ,schr71 also used in the dry method1 is composed of lime1 #ajj lbs42 powdered wood charcoal #bj lbs42 peat powder or sawdust1 #aj lbs42 and carbolic acid 7containing #fj to #gj per cent4 of real acid7 #a lb4 ,after having been mixed1 the mass is placed under cover for a night to avoid any chance of spontaneous ignition1 and when dry it is packed in barrels4 c4 ,charcoal4 ,the powerfully deodorising properties of charcoal obviously adapt it for the removal of excreta in the dry state1 after the admixture with them4 ,but the comparatively high price of animal charcoal1 although nearly six times the value of dry earth as a deodorant1 prohibits its being extensively used4 ,peat is1 however1 cheaper than animal charcoal4 ,to obviate the objection of cost1 ,mr ,stanford1 in #ahgb1 proposed to make charcoal for this purpose from seaweed4 ,the charcoal obtained from this source is said to be cheap and of great service as an excretal deodoriser4 ,the mixed charcoal and sewage is sufficiently odourless to be stored for some months in a convenient receptacle outside a dwelling-house4 ,after the seaweed charcoal has become thoroughly impregnated with fces and urine1 the mixture is recarbonised in a retort1 and the carbon can be again used2 the distilled products 7ammoniacal liquor1 containing acetate of lime1 tar1 and gas7 are sufficient to pay the cost1 and it is said even to yield a profit4#aeh ,footnote #aeh3 ,about the same time carbonisation of sewage in retorts1 with or without previous admixture with charcoal1 was proposed by ,mr ,hickey1 of ,darjeeling4 ,there can be little doubt that1 regarded in a purely sanitary point of view1 carbonisation of sewage matter is an excellent plan4 ,mr ,hickey proposed the utilisation of the ammoniacal products resulting from his process4 d4 ,dried earth4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr ,moule was the first to direct attention to the value of dried earth as a deodorant of excreta4 ,mr ,moule's #8earth closet' consists of a box with a receptacle below for the excreta4 ,by pulling a plug dried earth1 which is placed in a hopper above1 enters the closet and falls upon the excreta1 thus disinfecting and deodorising it4 ,the consumption of earth averages from #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b lb4 a day4 ,the slop water should not be thrown into the closet1 but disposed of in some other way4 ,in another plan1 as in ,taylor's improved closet1 the urine is carried off without mixing at all with the fces4 ,clay1 marl1 and vegetable humus form the best kind of earths4 ,when dried the clay may be easily reduced to powder4 ,chalk and sand are comparatively useless4 ,the receptacle is emptied from time to time1 the contents forming a valuable manure4 ,the earth closet is more particularly adapted for small villages and isolated mansions4 ,one difficulty of its application by cottagers consists in the necessity of collecting1 drying1 and storing the earth2 the cottager's mostly limited space in his dwelling not permitting this4 ,one great obstacle to the effective carrying out of this system amongst extensive communities is the difficulty of procuring the large supply of earth that its adoption necessitates4 ,with proper supervision and care the #8earth system' answers admirably2 but if these are not bestowed on it1 it as signally fails4 ,it has been adopted with great success in many schools1 barracks1 and other large buildings4 8,it is coming into great use in ,india1 and is carried out with great attention to detail4 ,in those ,european stations where water is not procurable ,mr ,moule's invention has been a boon of great value1 and medical officers say that nothing has been done in ,india of late years which has contributed so much to the health and comfort of the men4 ,the plan of separating the urine from the fces has been strongly advocated by ,dr ,cornish1 of ,madras1 and would1 no doubt1 be attended with great advantages in ,india if there are means of disposal of the urine4 ,the chief difficulty in the ,european barracks in ,india is felt during the rainy season1 when the mixed excreta and earth cannot be kept sufficiently dry4 ,in the case of natives of ,india1 however1 a serious difficulty arises in the use of the earth system1 in consequence of the universal use of water for ablution after using the closet4 ,every native takes with him a small vessel holding ten to twenty ounces of water1 so that a large amount of fluid has to be disposed of4 ,the usual earth closet does not suffice for this4 ,mr ,charles ,turner1 ,c4,e41 of ,southampton1 has contrived a closet suitable for the native family2 it is unfortunately too costly1 and possibly a simple iron box1 with a pipe to carry off the urine and ablution water1 would be better suited for the poorer classes40#aei ,footnote #aei3 ,parkes4 e4 ,captain ,lieurnur's pneumatic plan4 ,this process1 the invention of a ,dutch engineer1 is in use at ,amsterdam1 ,leyden1 ,drodrecht1 and a few other ,continental towns4 ,it is also known as the #8aspiration plan4' ,its outlines are as follows3----8,the pipes and1 tubes leading from the various water-closets and privies peculiar to the system are connected with street mains1 which mains again communicate with underground horizontal cast-iron cylinders or tanks1 these tanks being directly connected with a powerful air-pump worked by steam4 ,communication between the main and the tanks1 as well as between the tanks and the pump1 can be made or broken by means of stopcocks4 ,hence it follows that when access is allowed between one of the tanks and the air-pump1 this latter will1 when put into action1 produce a vacuum in the tank1 and if the stopcock of the main leading to the tank be then opened1 the contents of all the privies and water-closets1 the pipes of which run into the main1 will be removed by being swept into the tank by pneumatic force4 ,in this manner each tank is treated in succession4 ,similarly the sewage is carried to the large reservoirs of a manure manufactory4 ,it is here mixed with a little sulphuric acid to prevent the formation of ammonia1 and being evaporated down in vacuo becomes converted1 when sufficiently dry1 into poudrette4 ,in ,lieurnur's process all deodorants are dispensed with1 and its mixture with water is prevented by means of porous drain pipes laid above the sewers1 by which contrivance the subsoil water is kept out of the sewers4 ,sewage1 ,utilisation of4 8,mr ,peregrine ,birch read before the ,institution of ,surveyors a paper on #8,the ,use of ,sewage by ,farmers1' which embodied some facts that deserve to be noticed1 as bearing on a question we have repeatedly discussed4 ,it appears that there are at the present time #8upwards of one hundred owners and occupiers of land in ,great ,britain who use sewage for the sake alone of what they can get out of it by agricultural means4' ,of these #8more than sixty are tenant farmers1 who continue to use it although they have1 annually at least1 the option of ceasing to do so1' ,it seems five out of six of the tenant farmers purchase the sewage they employ1 so that their adhesion to the method proves conclusively that it pays4 ,nearly four thousand acres of land are under regular cultivation with sewage4 ,mr ,birch is of opinion that #8advocates of sewage precipitation processes should not regard sewage farmers as their rivals1 for a chemical process might be very largely used with advantage when farmers are being persuaded or taught to use sewage4 ,but this should be the distinct aim of all cultivation1 for there is no chemical process that could not be worked to greater advantage during two months of the year than twelve1 or applied to a small quantity of sewage at less cost than to a large4' ,our primary interest is to see the utilisation of sewage generally adopted2 the method employed must be determined by experience on the grounds of cheapness and expediency40----,lancet4 ,,shad,,dock4 ,a large species of orange1 the fruit of ,citrus ,decumana 7,linn474 ,,shagreen4 ,this is prepared from the skins of the horse1 wild ass1 and camel1 as follows3----,the skin1 freed from epidermis and hair by soaking in water1 and1 after dressing with the currier's fleshing-knife1 is sprinkled over1 whilst still wet and stretched1 with the seeds of a species of chenopodium1 which are imbedded in it by strong pressure1 and in this state it is dried2 the seeds are then shaken off1 and the surface rubbed or shaved down1 nearly to the bottom of the seed-pits or indentations2 it is next soaked in water1 by which the skin swells1 and the recently depressed surface rises into a number of minute prominences2 it is1 lastly1 dyed and smoothed off4 ,black is given to it with galls and copperas2 blue1 with a solution of indigo2 green1 with copper filings and sal ammoniac2 and red1 with cochineal and alum4 ,shagreen was formerly very extensively used for covering the cases of watches1 spectacles1 surgical instruments1 c4 ,,shallot4 ,syn4 ,,eschalot4 ,the ,allium ascalonicum 7,linn471 a plant allied to the onion1 the bulb of which is much used as a sauce or pot-herb4 ,,shampoo,,ing4 ,a practice common in the ,east1 having for its object the increase or restoration of the tone and vigour of the body1 or the mitigation of pain4 ,it is applied either in the bath or immediately after quitting it1 generally the latter1 and consists in pressing and kneading the flesh1 stretching and relaxing the knee-joints1 and laboriously brushing and scrubbing the skin4 ,,sharps4 ,see ,,flour4 ,,sha,,ving4 ,the following are ,mr ,mechi's instructions for this1 to many persons1 troublesome operation3----,never fail to well wash your beard with soap and cold water1 and to rub it dry1 immediately before you apply the lather1 of which the more you use the easier you will shave4 ,never use warm water1 which makes a tender face4 ,place the razor 7closed1 of course7 in your pocket1 or under your arm1 to warm it4 ,the moment you leave your bed is the best time to shave4 ,always put your shaving-brush away with the lather on it4 ,the razor 7being only a very fine saw7 should be moved in a sloping or sawing direction1 holding it nearly flat to your face1 care being taken to draw the skin as tight as possible with the left hand1 so as to present an even surface and throw out the beard4 ,the practice of pressing on the edge of a razor in stropping generally rounds it2 the pressure should be directed to the back1 which must never be raised from the strop4 ,if you shave from heel to point of the razor1 strop it from point to heel2 but if you begin with the point1 then strop from heel to point4 ,if you only once put away your razor without stropping or otherwise cleaning the edge1 you must no longer expect to shave well1 the soap and damp so soon rust the fine teeth or edge4 ,a piece of plate leather should always be kept with the razors4 ,,shaving ,,fluid4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,soap4 ,,shawls1 ,to ,scour4 ,scrape one pound of soap into thin shavings1 and let it be boiled with as much water as will convert into a thin jelly4 ,when cold1 beat it with the hand1 and mix with it three tablespoonfuls of oil of turpentine1 and one of hartshorn4 ,let the shawl be well washed in this mixture1 and afterwards rinsed in cold water1 so as to get rid of all the soap4 ,next let the shawl be rinsed in salt and water1 then wring out the water from it1 and fold it between two sheets1 being careful not to allow two folds of the shawl to lie together2 finally mangle1 and iron with a cool iron4 ,,sheep4 ,syn4 ,,ovis1 ,l4 ,the ,ovis aries1 an animal domesticated almost everywhere4 ,its flesh supplies us with food1 its skin with leather1 its fleece with wool1 and its intestines with catgut4 ,its fat 7sevum7 is officinal4 ,see ,,mutton1 ,,suet1 c4 ,sheep ,washes4 #a4 ,arsenious acid in powder1 carbonate of potash1 of each #f oz42 water1 #ad gall4 ,boil together for half an hour4 #b4 ,arsenious acid in powder1 soft soap1 and carbonate of potash1 of each #f oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 bruised hellebore root1 #b oz42 water1 #ad gall4 ,boil the ingredients in a portion of the water for half an hour1 or until the arsenic is dissolved1 then add the remainder of the water1 and strain through a coarse sieve4 ,mr ,youatt says3----8,more care than is usually taken should be exercised in order that the fluid may penetrate to every part of the skin1 and which should be ensured by a previous washing in soap and water4 ,the arsenic that necessarily remains about the wool when the water has dried away would probably destroy the acari as fast as they are produced4 ,when a greater quantity of arsenic has been used1 or the sheep has been kept too long in the water1 fatal consequences have occasionally ensued40 #c4 ,a sheep-dipping composition employed on the ,continent is3----,arsenious acid1 #a lb42 sulphate of zinc1 #aj lbs42 dissolved in #be gallons of water4 #d4 ,the ,australian sheep farmers use a weak solution of bichloride of mercury 7#a oz4 of the bichloride to #d gall4 of water74 #e4 ,water1 #dj parts1 at the temperature of #ej to #eg ,c42 to this add #a part of soluble glass 7the soluble silicates74 ,this is recommended as a very efficient and perfectly safe sheep wash by ,messrs ,baerle and ,co41 of ,worms4 ,in washing the sheep with this preparation care should be taken to cover the eyes of the animal with a bandage1 to perform the washing with the solution instantaneously1 and to remove the surplus with tepid water4 8,yards into which newly clipped sheep are to be turned should be previously cleared of all green food1 hay1 and even fresh water2 if perfectly empty they are still safer4 ,when the dipping is finished they should be cleaned1 washed1 and swept1 and any of the unused dipping solution at once poured down the drains4 ,dipped sheep should remain1 if possible1 in an open exposed place1 as on a dry road1 or in a large open yard4 ,over-crowding should be avoided1 and every facility given for rapid drying1 which is greatly expedited by selecting for the operation fine1 clear1 drying weather4 ,on no account should sheep be returned to their grazings until they are dry1 and all risk of dripping over4#afj ,footnote #afj3 ,finlay ,dunn4 ,,shell-,,fish4 ,the common name for the ,crustacean and ,molluscous animals that are used for food4 #8,shell-fish' are extremely liable to disturb the functions of the stomach and bowels4 ,the oyster 7,ostrea edulis71 and the cockle 7,cardium edule71 are1 perhaps1 the least objectionable4 ,the crab 7,cancer pagurus71 the crayfish 7,astacus fluvialis71 the lobster 7,homarus vulgaris71 the mussel 7,mytilus edulis71 the prawn 7,palmon serratus71 the periwinkle 7,littorina littorea71 and the shrimp 7,crangon vulgaris71 with the exception of the claws of the first three1 are always suspicious1 particularly in hot weather1 and often absolutely poisonous4 ,we have seen the most alarming1 nay1 fatal symptoms1 follow the use of mussels1 even amongst those habitually accustomed to take them2 whilst it is a well known fact that the luscious bodies of the crab and lobster have too often formed the last supper of the epicure4 ,see ,,oyster1 c4 ,,shel-,,lac4 ,see ,,lac4 ,,shells 7,prepared74 ,syn4 ,,test ,,pr,,parat 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,wash oyster-shells 7,,ostr----,ph4 ,l47 with boiling water1 having previously freed them from extraneous matters2 then prepare them in the manner directed for chalk4 ,the product is similar in constitution and properties to prepared chalk4 ,shells1 ,to ,polish4 #a4 ,the surface of the shell should be first cleaned by rubbing it over with a rag dipped in hydrochloric acid1 till the outer dull skin is removed4 ,it must be then washed in warm water1 dried in hot sawdust1 and polished with chamois leather4 ,those shells which are destitute of a natural polished surface1 may be either varnished or rubbed with a mixture of tripoli powder and turpentine applied by means of a wash-leather1 after which fine tripoli alone should be used1 and1 finally1 a little olive oil1 the surface being brought up with the chamois leather as before4 #b4 8,the shells are first boiled in a strong solution of potash1 then wound on wheels1 sometimes through one strata to show an underlying one1 then polished with hydrochloric acid and putty powder4 ,in this operation the hands are in great danger4 ,shell grinders are generally almost all cripples in their hands4 7,spon47 ,,sher,,bet4 ,pers4 ,a cooling drink1 used in the ,east1 prepared with the juices of fruit1 and water1 variously sweetened and flavoured4 ,the word has been1 of late years1 commonly employed in these countries in a similar manner4 ,see ,,lemonade1 ,,orangeade1 and ,,powders4 ,,sher,,ry4 ,syn4 ,,sherry ,,wine1 ,,sherris2 ,,vinum ,,xericum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,vinum ,,album 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,vinum ,,album ,,hispanicum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,this is the only wine ordered in the ,british ,pharmacopias4 ,see ,,wines4 ,,sherry-,,cobbler4 ,prep4 7,redwood47 ,half fill a tumbler with clean pounded ice2 add a table-spoonful of powdered white sugar1 a few thin slices of lemon with the peel 7or some strawberries or other similar fruit1 bruised71 and a wine-glassful or more of sherry wine2 mix them together 7lightly71 and as the ice melts1 suck the liquor through a straw 7or a small tube of silver or glass74 ,obs4 ,a favourite ,american drink2 very refreshing in hot weather4 ,,shin,,gles4 ,syn4 ,,zoster1 ,,herpes ,,zoster1 ,,herpes ,,zona1 ,l4 ,a local variety of herpes or tetter1 remarkable for forming a kind of belt round or partly round some part of the trunk of the body1 chiefly the waist or abdomen4 ,see ,,tetters4 ,,shoddy4 ,the epithet 7we believe of ,american origin7 is applied to the old1 used-up wool and cloth1 fraudulently mixed with fresh woollen fabrics4 ,a plan for the examination of a fabric suspected of containing shoddy has been given by a ,german chemist1 ,herr ,schlesinger1 and is as follows3----,examine it with the microscope and note if it contains cotton1 silk1 or linen1 as well as wool4 ,if so dissolve them by ammoniacal solution of copper4 ,a qualitative examination is thus obtained4 ,then direct attention to the wool4 ,in shoddy both coloured and colourless fibres are often seen1 the fibres having been derived from different cloths which have been partially bleached2 the colouring matter1 if any1 instead of consisting of one pigment1 will be composed of two or three different kinds1 such as indigo1 purpurin1 or madder4 ,again1 the diameter of the wool is never so regular as in fresh wool1 but is seen to vary suddenly or gradually in diameter1 and suddenly widens again with a little swelling1 and tapers off again1 besides which the cross markings or scales are almost always absent4 ,when shoddy-wool is placed in liquor potass it is much more speedily attacked than new wool4 ,,shot ,,metal4 ,prep4 ,from lead1 #ajjj parts2 arsenic1 #c parts4 ,when the lead is coarse1 #f to #h parts of metallic arsenic are required to fit it for this purpose4 ,,show ,,bottles4 ,the large ornamental carboys and jars filled with coloured liquids1 and displayed in the shop-windows of druggists1 may be noticed under this head4 ,they are striking objects when the solutions they contain are bright and of a deep pure tint1 especially at night1 when they are seen by transmitted light4 ,the following formul for the solutions have been recommended by different persons3---- ,,amber4 ,from dragon's blood 7in coarse powder71 #a part2 oil of vitriol1 #d parts2 digest1 and1 when the solution is complete1 dilute the mixture with distilled or soft water1 q4 s4 ,,blue4----a4 ,from blue vitriol1 #b oz42 oil of vitriol1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint4----b4 ,a solution of indigo in sulphuric acid1 diluted with water1 q4 s4----c4 ,a solution of soluble ,prussian blue in either oxalic or hydrochloric acid1 slightly diluted1 and afterwards further diluted with water to the proper shade of colour4 ,,crimson4----a4 ,from alkanet root1 #a oz42 oil of turpentine1 #a pint4 ,used chiefly for the bull's eyes of lamps4----b4 ,as ,,pink 7b71 below4 ,,green4----a4 ,from sulphate of copper1 #b oz42 bichromate of potash1 #a dr41 or q4 s42 water1 #a pint4----b4 ,a solution of sulphate of copper1 #b oz42 chloride of sodium1 #d oz42 water1 #a pint1 or q4 s4----c4 ,a solution of distilled verdigris in acetic acid1 diluted with water1 q4 s4----d4 ,dissolve blue vitriol in water1 and add nitric acid until it turns green4 ,,lilac4----a4 ,dissolve crude oxide of cobalt 7zaffre7 in nitric or hydrochloric acid1 add sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 in excess1 and afterwards sufficient ammonio-sulphate of copper to strike the colour4----b4 ,as the purple1 but more diluted4 ,,magenta4 ,acetate of rosaniline1 dissolved in water1 q4 s4 ,,olive4 ,dissolve sulphate of iron and oil of vitriol1 equal weights1 in water1 and add of nitrate of copper1 q4 s4 to strike the colour4 ,,orange4----a4 ,a solution of bichromate of potash in water1 either with or without the addition of some hydrochloric or sulphuric acid4----b4 ,dissolve gamboge or annotta in liquor of potassa2 dilute with water1 and add a little spirit4 ,,pink4----a4 ,to a solution of chloride or nitrate of cobalt1 in water1 add sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 q4 s4 to dissolve the precipitate at first formed4----b4 ,from madder 7washed with cold water71 #a oz42 sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #d oz42 water1 #c pints2 digest1 with agitation1 for #bd hours1 then dilute with more water1 and filter4 ,,purple4----a4 ,a solution of sulphate of copper1 #a oz41 in water1 #a quart1 or q4 s41 with the addition of sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #a-a_/b oz4----b4 ,to the last add a sufficient quantity of the first pink 7above7 to turn the colour4----c4 ,to an infusion of logwood1 add carbonate of ammonia or of potassa1 q4 s4----d4 ,sugar of lead1 #c oz42 powdered cochineal1 #a dr42 water1 q4 s4----e4 ,add sulphate of indigo1 nearly neutralised with chalk1 to an infusion of cochineal1 till it turns purple4 ,,red4----a4 ,dissolve carmine in liquor of ammonia1 and dilute with water4----b4 ,digest powdered cochineal in a weak solution of ammonia or of sal ammoniac1 and afterwards dilute with water4----c4 ,add oil of vitriol1 #d oz41 to water1 #a gall41 and digest dried red rose leaves1 #h oz41 in the mixture for #bd hours4----d4 ,dissolve madder lake in a solution of sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 and dilute the solution with water4 ,,violet4 ,to a solution of nitrate of cobalt in a solution of sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 add solution of ammonio-sulphate of copper1 q4 s4 to strike the colour4 ,,yellow4----a4 ,a solution of sesquioxide or rust of iron1 #a_/b lb41 in hydrochloric acid1 #a quart1 diluted with water4----b4 ,to a strong decoction of ,french berries add a little alum4----c4 ,a simple solution of chromate or bichromate of potash in distilled water4----d4 ,a solution of equal parts of nitre and either chromate or bichromate of potash1 in water4 ,obs4 ,most of the above require filtering1 which should be done through powdered glass1 placed in a glass funnel1 and never through paper4 ,they usually need a second filtration1 after being exposed to the light for some weeks2 hence it is convenient always to make a little more of them than is required to fill the bottle1 as several of them1 when diluted after filtration1 become again turbid4 ,distilled water or filtered rain water should be used4 ,,shrimp4 ,see ,,shell-,,fish4 ,,shrub4 ,a species of concentrated cold punch1 prepared with lemon juice1 spirit1 sugar1 and water4 ,when the word is used in its unqualified form1 ,,rum ,,shrub is alluded to4 ,shrub1 ,brandy4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of brandy1 #a gall42 orange and lemon juice1 of each #a pint2 peels of #b oranges2 do4 of #a lemon2 digest for #bd hours1 strain1 and add of white sugar1 #d lbs41 dissolved in water1 #e pints2 in a fortnight decant the clear liquid for use4 #b4 ,as ,,rum ,,shrub 7below71 but using brandy4 ,shrub1 ,lemon4 ,syn4 ,,lemonade ,,shrub4 ,concentrated lemonade1 either with or without the addition of a little spirit4 ,used to make lemonade or lemon sherbet4 ,shrub1 ,punch4 ,concentrated punch1 made with equal parts of spirit and water4 ,used to make punch4 ,shrub1 ,rum4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as ,,brandy ,,shrub1 but substituting rum for brandy4 #b4 ,take of rum1 at proof1 #cd gall4 7or1 if of any other strength1 an equivalent quantity72 essential oils of orange and lemon1 of each #b oz41 dissolved in rectified spirit1 #a quart2 good lump sugar1 #cjj lbs42 dissolved in water1 #bj galls42 mix well by #8rummaging1' and gradually and cautiously add of ,seville orange juice1 or of a solution of tartaric acid in water1 q4 s4 to produce a pleasant but scarcely perceptible acidity2 next #8rummage' well for #ae minutes1 then add sufficient water to make the whole measure exactly #ajj galls41 and again #8rummage' well for at least half an hour2 lastly1 bung the cask down loosely1 and allow it to repose for some days4 ,in a fortnight1 or less1 it will usually be sufficiently #8brilliant' to be racked4 ,the product is #ajj galls41 at #ff u4 p4 ,obs4 ,rum shrub is the kind in the greatest demand1 and that having a slight preponderance of the orange flavour is the most esteemed4 ,if wholly flavoured with lemon it is apt to acquire a kind of #8dead' or #8musty' flavour by long keeping4 ,the substitution of a few gallons of brandy for a portion of the rum1 or the addition1 after racking1 of about #a oz4 each of bruised bitter almonds1 cloves1 and cassia1 the peels of about #b dozen oranges1 and a #8thread' of the essences of ambergris and vanilla1 render it delicious4 ,,sial,,ogogues4 ,medicines which increase the flow of saliva4 ,mercurials and pellitory of ,spain belong to this class4 ,,sick,,ness4 ,nausea and vomiting frequently arise from the use of improper food1 and other articles which offend the stomach2 at other times it is symptomatic of some disease1 as colic1 cholera1 dyspepsia1 head affections1 incipient fever1 c42 in which case the primary affection should be attended to4 ,nausea lowers the pulse1 contracts the small vessels1 occasions cold perspiration1 severe rigors1 and trembling2 and diminishes1 as long as it lasts1 the actions1 and even the general powers1 of life4 ,the act of retching1 and vomiting more especially1 on the contrary1 rouses rather than depresses1 puts to flight all the preceding symptoms1 and often restores the system to itself4 ,the best remedies or palliatives in these affections are effervescing saline draughts1 either with or without the addition of a few drops of tincture of henbane1 or tincture of opium4 ,a glass of genuine lemonade1 iced1 or a spoonful of crushed ice in a wine-glassful of mint water1 is also very serviceable4 ,pepsin 7,bullock and ,reynolds7 and oxalate of cerium are said to be most valuable remedies in the sickness of pregnancy4 ,see ,,draughts1 ,,pregnancy1 ,,sea ,,sickness1 c4 ,,sift,,ing is to pulverulent substances what filtration is to liquids2 but in this case the medium through which the substance passes is1 usually1 of a simpler and coarser description4 ,sieves are commonly employed for the purpose1 which are fitted with silk or brass-wire gauze for fine purposes1 and horsehair cloth1 or wire netting1 for coarser ones4 ,drum sieves are such as are furnished with covers and an enclosed space to receive the fine powder that passes through1 by which dust and loss are prevented4 ,,sight4 ,see ,,vision4 ,sight1 ,effect of ,gaslight on4 ,the ,german ,minister of ,instruction has recently issued a report on the influence of gaslight on the eye4 ,the conclusion arrived at in this report----the result of frequent conference with well-known physicians----is that no evil results follow a moderate use of gas1 if the direct action of the yellow flame on the eye is prevented4 ,for this purpose screens or shades are employed4 ,very great objections1 however1 exist to the use of zinc or lead shades1 most evils affecting the eye being traceable to them4 ,their use1 it is said1 inevitably tends to blindness or inflammation1 and other harmful effects4 ,the milky-white glass shade is the best1 as it distributes the light and has a grateful effect on the eyes4 ,the burner should not be too close to the head1 as congestions of the forehead and headaches result from the radiated heat4 ,the glass plate below the gas1 employed in some places1 is especially useful for the purpose1 as it causes an equal distribution of the light----necessary where a number are working at one burner----prevents the radiation of heat1 and tends to a steady illumination by shielding the flames from currents of air4 ,in cases of highly-inflamed eyes1 dark-blue globes can be very beneficially employed4 ,with precautions of this kind no evil effects from the burning of gas need be feared4 ,,sig,,natures 7,fac-similes of74 ,these may be readily obtained as follows3---- #a4 ,let the name be written on a piece of paper1 and1 while the ink is still wet1 sprinkle over it some finely-powdered gum ,arabic1 then make a rim round it1 and pour on it some fusible alloy in a liquid state4 ,impressions may be taken from the plates formed in this way1 by means of printing ink and the copper-plate press4 #b4 ,by the use of transfer ink and lithography4 ,,silber ,,light4 ,this light is thus described in #8,dingler's ,polytechnic ,journal1'#afa----,this mode of illumination is recommended where gas cannot be had4 ,footnote #afa3 ccix1 #gi 7#8,journ4 ,chem4 ,society1' vol4 xi1 new series1 #abgc74 ,the material used is oil1 which is converted into gas before combustion takes place1 whereby the combustion of the wick is greatly lessened 7one wick may last a year72 the accumulation of impurity is obviated1 and the prevention of smell completely effected4 ,the light is regular and uniform1 and of a white colour4 ,the light1 with a burner #a-a_/d inch wide1 is equal to that of #bh sperm candles1 each consuming #abj gr4 per hour1 and with one #a-c_/d inch wide a light is obtained equal to #ej such candles4 ,the burning apparatus consists of a row of concentrically enclosed double cylinders1 perpendicularly arranged at definite intervals4 ,the innermost cylinder contains the wick between its two walls1 the hollow space in the interior serving to convey fresh air to the interior of the flame4 ,the second cylinder conveys air to the outer side of the wick1 and the third contains oil1 and is in direct communication with both wick and reservoir4 ,the mouths of all these chambers have a dome-shaped head1 and form a suitable opening in this2 the gas streams forth in such a manner that it comes in contact with a current of air1 and thus a complete combustion is attained4 ,according to the nature of the oil burnt the construction is somewhat varied in its minor details4 ,rape oil or light hydrocarbon oils are mentioned4 ,,sil,,ica4 ,si,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,silicic ,,anhydride1 ,,silicic ,,acid1 ,,silex1 ,,siliceous ,,earth1 ,,earth ,,of ,,flints4 ,this exists in quartz and rock crystal in a nearly pure state4 ,the sands of rivers and the sea-shore1 flint1 and almost all the scintillating stones1 chiefly consist of it4 ,silica occurs under two conditions----the crystalline and the amorphous4 ,the former variety has a sp4 gr4 of #bfdb2 the amorphous of #bb-bc4 ,some of our well-known native gems and precious stones consist almost wholly of one of the above forms of silica4 ,in agate and calcedony the two varieties are combined4 ,amethyst is silica1 coloured purple by ferric oxide4 ,onyx is formed of calcedony arranged in layers of different colours4 ,cornelian is a red or brown variety of silica coloured with ferric oxide1 whilst opal is amorphous silica combined with varying quantities of water4 ,silica is present in the stems of certain plants1 such as wheat1 many grasses1 to which the shining appearance of the stems is due1 c4 ,the ,italians polish marble with the ashes of burnt straw1 the usefulness of which for such a purpose depends upon the silica contained in the straw2 for similar reasons the ,dutch rush is thus employed4 ,silica also occurs in solution in many natural waters4 ,in the geysers1 or boiling springs of ,iceland1 it exists in large quantity4 ,it may be obtained in a state of absolute purity by passing gaseous fluoride of silicon into water1 collecting the resulting gelatinous precipitate on a calico filter1 washing it with distilled water1 drying it1 and heating it to redness4 ,another method is to precipitate a solution of silicate of soda or potassa 7soluble glass7 with dilute hydrochloric acid1 and to treat the precipitate as before4 ,nearly pure silica may also be procured by heating colourless quartz to redness1 and plunging it into cold water1 by which treatment the quartz is rendered so friable as to be easily reducible to fine powder4 ,ordinary flints1 subjected to this method1 are found to yield silica in a condition approaching to purity4 ,amorphous silica is much more easily attacked by solvents than the crystalline variety4 ,the artificial forms of silica are all amorphous4 ,the test for a silicate consists in fusing the suspected body with sodic or potassic carbonate1 heating the residue with acid1 and evaporating to dryness4 ,if the residue be then treated with hot water the silica remains undissolved in the form of a white powder1 which will yield a colourless bead when fused with sodic carbonate upon a piece of platinum foil before the blowpipe flame4 ,if silica be fused with borax it becomes slowly dissolved1 forming a clear1 colourless bead4 ,chapman contests ,plattner's opinion that1 when silicates are fused with phosphor salt1 the #8silica skeleton' that results is especially due to the presence of alkalies or earthy bases4 ,chapman says3 8,it is true enough that silicates in which these bases are present exhibit the reaction2 but as other silicates----practically all1 indeed----exhibit the reaction also1 the inference implied in the above statement is quite erroneous4 8,the opalescence of the glass arises entirely from precipitated silica4 8,if some pure silica 7or a silicate of any kind71 in a powdered condition1 be dissolved before the blowpipe flame in borax until the glass be saturated1 and some phosphor salt be then added1 and the blowing be continued for an instant1 a precipitate of silicate will immediately take place1 the bead becoming milky white 7or1 in the case of many silicates1 opaque7 on cooling4 ,this test may be resorted to for the detection of silica in the case of silicates1 which dissolve with difficulty in phosphor salt alone1 or which do not give the pronounced #8skeleton' with that reagent40#afb ,footnote #afb3 ,chapman on #8,blow-pipe ,reactions4' ,prop41 c4 ,a fine1 white1 tasteless1 infusible powder1 insoluble in all acids1 after being heated1 except the hydrofluoric2 requires the heat of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe for its fusion2 approaches the precious stones in hardness2 soluble in strong alkaline solutions2 its salts are called ,,silicates4 ,sp4 gr4 #bff4 ,see ,,glass1 ,,glass1 ,,soluble1 c4 ,silica1 ,hydrates of4 ,by pouring a dilute solution of sodium silicate into a considerable excess of hydrochloric acid the whole of the silica is retained in solution1 together with the chloride of sodium formed by the action of the hydrochloric acid upon the soda4 ,by subjecting this solution to dialysis 7see ,,dialysis7 the hydrochloric acid and chloride of sodium are removed1 whilst the hydrate of silica is left behind1 in solution1 in the dialyser4 ,graham recommends a stratum of the liquid four tenths of an inch in depth1 to be subjected for four or five days to dialysis1 the water in the outer vessel to be changed every twenty-four hours4 ,if the solution so obtained be carefully evaporated down in a flask1 and any drying of the silicic acid at the edges of the liquid being prevented1 a solution may be obtained containing #ad per cent4 of silica4 ,the solution has a very feebly acid reaction1 and is without taste or colour4 ,it cannot be preserved in the liquid state for more than a very few days1 even in well-closed vessels1 but becomes converted into a transparent gelatinous mass1 which separates from the water4 ,hydrochloric acid1 as well as small quantities of caustic potash or soda1 retard the coagulation4 ,when the solution is evaporated in vacuo at #ei ,f4 over sulphuric acid1 a lustrous transparent glass is left behind1 which consists of #bb per cent4 of water1 which closely accords with the formula ,si,o#b;,h#b,o4 ,by the action of moist air upon silicic ether a transparent glassy hydrate was obtained by ,ebelmen1 to which this chemist assigned the formula #b,si,o#b1c;,h#b,o4 ,two hydrates of silica were obtained by ,fuchs1 one having the formula #c,si,o#b1;,h#b,o1 the other1 #d,si,o#b1;,h#b,o4 ,silicic ,chloride4 ,syn4 ,,silicic ,,tetrachloride4 7,si,cl#d47 ,this compound is rarely1 if ever1 obtained by the direct method1 viz4 by heating silicon in chlorine1 but by the following indirect process3----,a paste is made of finely divided silica1 oil1 and charcoal1 and heated in a covered crucible4 ,the fragments of the charred substance 7consisting of silica and carbon7 are then placed in a porcelain tube1 which is raised to a red heat in a furnace1 and during the ignition of the fragments a current of dry chlorine is passed into and over them2 the silicic chloride which is thus formed being made to distil over into a bent tube surrounded by a freezing mixture of ice and salt1 whereby it becomes condensed4 ,silicic chloride is a very voluble and strongly fuming gas1 transparent and colourless1 with an irritating and pungent smell4 ,it is immediately decomposed by water into hydrochloric acid and hydrated silica1 which deposits in the vessel4 ,silicic ,fluoride4 ,syn4 ,,silicic ,,tetrafluoride4 7,si,f#d47 ,this gas is best prepared by heating in a capacious flask or retort equal parts of finely powdered fluorspar and white sand1 or glass with ten or twelve times their weight of strong sulphuric acid4 ,this gas must be collected over mercury1 and in jars that are free from the least trace of moisture4 ,silicic fluoride is a colourless gas1 with a very pungent odour1 fuming strongly in the air1 and neither burning nor supporting combustion4 ,faraday succeeded in liquefying it under great pressure1 and ,natterer states that at a temperature of -#bbj ,f4 it may be solidified4 ,by water it is partially decomposed and partially dissolved1 yielding silicic acid and hydrofluosilic acid4 ,with twice its volume of ammoniacal gas silicic fluoride combines to form a crystalline volatile4 ,silicic hydride has an acid reaction4 ,silicic ,hydride4 7,h#d,si87 ,to procure this gas silicide of magnesium is decomposed with cold diluted hydrochloric acid4 ,the silicide of magnesium may be prepared as follows3----,mix intimately #dj parts of fused magnesic chloride1 #ce of dried sodic silico-fluoride1 and #aj of fused sodic chloride2 these are mixed in a warm1 dry tube1 with #bj parts of sodium in small fragments1 and thrown into a red-hot ,hessian crucible1 which is immediately covered1 the operation being finished when the vapours of sodium cease to burn4 ,silicic hydride becomes spontaneously ignited in the air1 and in doing so gives off white fumes1 which consist of amorphous silica 7,si,o#b74 ,a cold body1 such as a piece of porcelain or glass1 introduced into the flame1 becomes covered with a brown deposit of reduced silicon4 ,passed into solutions of cupric sulphate1 argentic nitrate1 and palladium chloride1 this gas throws down the metals1 in most cases combined with silicon4 ,,silicofluoric ,,acid4 ,see ,,fluosilicic ,,acid4 ,,sil,,icon4 ,si4 ,syn4 ,,silicium4 ,an elementary substance forming the base of silica4 ,this element was first obtained by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 by acting upon silica with potassium4 ,it is now procured much more easily by the decomposition of silico-fluoride of potassium1 at an elevated temperature1 with potassium or sodium4 ,by heating a mixture of fluorspar and ground flints with sulphuric acid a gaseous tetra-fluoride of silicon is formed1 which1 being partially soluble in water1 yields an acid solution of the tetra-fluoride4 ,caustic potash is then added to the acid solution of the tetra-chloride until it becomes neutralised1 and the sparingly soluble silico-fluoride of potassium thus formed is thoroughly dried and mixed in a glass or iron tube with eight or nine tenths of its weight of potassium or half its weight of sodium1 and heated4 ,the following equation explains the reaction that takes place3 #b,,kf1,si,f#d #b,k#b ,si #f,,kf4 ,the resulting mass1 consisting of potassic fluoride1 and reduced silicon in partial combination with the excess of potassium1 is treated with cold water1 when a copious evolution of hydrogen gas ensues1 owing to the decomposition of the water by the excess of potassium4 ,the potassic fluoride is got rid of by washing with cold water1 its entire removal being indicated by the water ceasing to have an alkaline reaction on test paper1 whilst amorphous silicon is left behind in the form of a brown powder4 ,another method by which silicon may also be procured is by passing the vapour of silicic chloride over heated potassium or sodium1 placed on a porcelain tray in a glass tube4 ,in this operation it is advisable to protect the lining of the tube with thin plates of mica4 ,the silicon obtained by the above processes is known as amorphous silicon1 and1 as already stated1 occurs as a brown powder4 ,it is dull in colour1 and1 being heavier than water1 as well as insoluble in it1 sinks in that fluid4 ,it is a non-conductor of electricity1 is unaffected by nitric or sulphuric acid1 but dissolves readily in hydrofluoric acid1 and in a warm solution of caustic potash4 ,it burns with great brilliancy when heated in air or oxygen1 and becomes converted into silica1 which1 owing to the great heat of combustion1 fuses1 and thus forms a superficial crust over the unburnt silicon4 ,a crystalline variety of silicon may also be procured by heating the brown amorphous silicon1 already described1 intensely in a platinum crucible1 with exclusion of air4 ,this crystalline silicon so obtained is much darker in colour than the amorphous1 and also considerably denser2 besides which it differs widely in properties from the latter4 ,it will not take fire if heated strongly in the air or oxygen1 even if before the blowpipe flame4 ,its density is such that it sinks in strong sulphuric acid1 and hydrofluoric acid fails to dissolve it1 although it is soluble in a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids4 ,it does not become oxidised1 even if fused with potassic nitrate or chlorate1 unless a white heat is obtained1 when it burns brilliantly1 giving rise1 on so doing1 to the formation of silica4 ,in addition to the above1 a graphitoid form of silicon1 occurring in plates1 has been described by ,deville and ,whler4 ,these chemists obtained this last modification from an alloy of silicon and aluminium1 which was treated in succession with boiling hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids4 ,the plates of silicon which are left have a metallic lustre1 and a sp4 gr4 of #bdi4 ,the graphitoid bears a great resemblance in properties to the crystalline silicon4 ,it is a conductor of electricity4 ,like the crystalline variety1 it dissolves in a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids1 although slowly1 but1 unlike the crystalline1 it undergoes no change when heated to whiteness in a current of oxygen4 ,deville states that silicon requires a temperature between the melting points of iron and steel to fuse it4 ,he effected its fusion in a platinum crucible lined with lime1 the platinum crucible being then placed in a clay crucible1 which was then exposed to intense heat in a wind furnace4 ,by passing the vapour of silicic chloride over pure aluminium1 placed on a porcelain tray1 and raised to an intense heat1 the aluminium becomes volatilised as aluminic chloride1 whilst the silicon remains behind in crystals possessing a reddish lustre4 ,these crystals occur in regular six-sided prisms1 terminated by three-sided pyramids1 derived from the octohedra1 and are so hard that glass may be cut by them1 in the same way as by the diamond4 ,with oxygen silicon forms only one oxide1 silica1 described above4 ,,silk4 ,as an article of clothing1 as far as 8roundness of fibre1 softness of texture1 absence of attraction for moisture1 and power of communicating warmth1 are concerned1 silk is greatly superior to both linen and cotton2 moreover1 it gives the sensation of freshness to the touch which is so agreeable in linen4 ,but1 with all these advantages1 silk 7when worn next the body7 has its defects2 on the slightest friction it disturbs the electricity of the skin1 and thus becomes a source of irritation4 ,sometimes1 it is true1 this irritation is advantageous1 as causing a determination of blood to the surface2 but when this action is not required1 it is disagreeable1 and quite equal1 in a sensitive constitution1 to producing an eruption on the skin4 ,i have seen eruptions occasioned in this manner1 and1 when they have not occurred1 so much itching and irritation as to call for the abandonment of the garment40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,silk is characterised by its fibres appearing perfectly smooth and cylindrical1 without depressions1 even under a magnifying power of #afj4 ,its fibres 7even when dyed7 acquire a permanent straw-yellow colour when steeped in nitric acid of the sp4 gr4 #abj to #acj4 ,the fibres of white or light-coloured silk are similarly stained by a solution of picric acid4 ,a thread of silk1 when inflamed1 shrivels and burns with difficulty1 evolves a peculiar odour1 and leaves a bulky charcoal4 ,by these properties silk is distinguished from cotton and linen4 ,cotton1 wool1 and silk may be easily distinguished from each other by means of the microscope4 ,the cotton fibre will be seen to consist of only one cell2 wool 7as well as hair and alpaca7 is made up of numerous cells in juxtaposition2 whilst silk fibre is similar to the secreted matter of spiders and caterpillars4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a-c4 ,the silk fibre 7fig4 #a7 is smooth1 cylindrical1 devoid of structure1 not hollow inside1 and equally broad4 ,the surface is glossy1 and only seldom are any irregularities seen on it4 ,if it is desired to detect in a woven fabric the genuineness of the silk1 it is best to cut a sample to pieces1 place it under water under the object-glass of a microscope1 magnifying #abj to #bjj times1 covering it with a thin piece of glass4 ,the round1 glazed1 equally proportioned silk fibre 7fig4 #a71 is easily distinguished from the unequalled and scaled wool fibre 7,w in fig4 #b71 and from the flat1 band-like1 and spiral cotton fibre 7,b1 fig4 #c74 ,under the microscope also the mixture of inferior with superior fibres of silk can be easily detected4 ,black silk1 the weight of which has been augmented by extensive sophistication1 is not uncommon in ,english1 ,french1 and ,german markets4 ,it is known as #8weighted' or #8shotted' silk1 and very frequently contains no more----and frequently less----than one third of its weight of silk1 the remaining two thirds consisting1 according to ,persoz1 of a combination of iron salts1 with some astringent substance1 salts of tin1 and cyanides4 ,it is easily distinguishable from genuine silk by its want of elasticity and tenacity1 and its much greater combustibility4 ,persoz found a specimen of this adulterated silk to yield1 upon incineration1 more than #h per cent4 of ferric oxide4 ,the cleaning and renovation of articles of wearing apparel made of silk are matters requiring some care4 ,no silk goods look well after being washed1 however carefully it may be done2 and this method should1 therefore1 never be resorted to but from absolute necessity4 ,it is recommended to sponge faded silks with warm water and curd soap1 then to rub them with a dry cloth on a flat board1 and afterwards to iron them on the wrong side with an ordinary smoothing iron4 ,sponging with spirit1 benzol1 or pure oil of turpentine1 also greatly improves old silk1 and is often preferable to any other method4 ,the odour of the benzol passes off very quickly1 that of the turpentine after exposure for a few days4 ,when the ironing is done on the right side thin paper should be spread over the surface to prevent #8glazing4' ,see ,,dyeing1 ,,gilding1 c4 ,silk ,material1 a ,new4 ,the #8,textile ,manufacturer' contains the following3----,the utilisation of new substances as raw material for manufactures is a distinguishing feature of the scientific investigations of the nineteenth century4 ,one of the most recent suggestions is the result of the researches of ,herr ,tycho ,tulburg1 an eminent ,german naturalist1 on the products of the mussel4 ,it will be remembered it was from one of the mussel species the famous purple dye was in past ages obtained1 and this colour gained an imperishable renown from its being adopted by the ,roman emperors1 and the imperial purple became the symbol of sovereignty4 ,in these latter days animal products have been displaced by aniline dyes1 and there is no likelihood of their regaining their former celebrity4 ,the researches of ,tulburg have not1 however1 been in the direction of dyes1 but in the adaptation of animal products other than the silkworm for silk yarns4 ,the mussel 7,mytilus edulis7 fastens itself to the rocks by strong threads1 called by naturalists byssus1 and it is this substance which it is proposed to utilise for the manufacture of silk4 ,the material is of a silky texture and very tough1 and the experiments that have been made prove that it is well adapted to be made into yarn4 ,already the ,pinna1 one of the mussel tribe1 has been already manufactured into fabrics1 although it is not of general use1 nor at present of much commercial value1 and the same obstacles to the use of the byssus of the common mussel are apparent4 ,notwithstanding the abundant supply of this popular shell fish1 it is difficult to see how a sufficient quantity of byssus can be collected to enable manufacturers to purchase the raw material at rates low enough for a marketable remuneration on the manufactured article4 ,but the records of industrial progress testify to greater difficulties than these having been successfully overcome2 and should the commercial value of the new material be satisfactorily demonstrated1 there is no doubt some agency will be developed whereby the requisite supply may be obtained4 ,at present it is sufficient to notice the discovery that has been made1 and to welcome another instance of the results of scientific labour being for the advantage of manufacturers4 ,,silk,,worm1 ,diseases of4 ,silkworms are liable to a disease known as pbrine1 which ,pasteur has shown to be due to the presence1 on the body1 the egg1 and in the blood of the insect1 of peculiar parasitic corpuscles4 ,pasteur states that the black specks which constitute these bodies are very easily distinguishable in the moth of the silkworm1 but that in the earlier stages of its development1 such as in the egg and worm condition1 the detection of them becomes difficult1 if not impossible4 ,pasteur further adds that sound moths produce sound eggs1 and unsound moths the reverse1 and that although the unsound eggs show no sign of disease1 they never give rise to healthy worms4 ,pasteur advises the silk cultivator1 therefore1 to ensure breeding from healthy moths at starting1 and to abandon the old and useless precaution of hatching apparently healthy eggs4 ,the loss resulting from the silkworm disease in ,italy may be seen from the following tables1 which are calculated for bales of #ajb lbs4 weight3#afc---- ,footnote #afc3 #8,british ,manufactory of ,industries1' ,stamford4 ,average production prior to disease1 #ha1fjj4 #ahfc ,bales1 #ej1fjj ,deficit1 #ch per cent4 #ahfd 0 #ch1jjj 0 #ec 0 #ahfe 0 #ch1gjj 0 #eb 0 #ahff 0 #ci1fjj 0 #ea 0 #ahfg 0 #dd1jjj 0 #df 0 #ahfh 0 #da1jjj 0 #di 0 #ahfi 0 #dg1cjj 0 #db 0 #ahgj 0 #fi1ijj 0 #ad 0 #ahga 0 #gf1cjj 0 #f 0 #ahgb 0 #fh1jjj 0 #af 0 ,the value of the cocoons grown in the whole world in #ahgj was said to be as follows3----,france1 #d1ccd1jjj2 ,italy1 #aa1bfj1jjj2 ,spain and other ,european countries1 #ihd1jjj2 giving a total for ,europe of #af1ehh1jjj4 ,china1 #ag1jjj1jjj2 ,india1 #d1hjj1jjj2 ,japan1 #c1bjj1jjj2 ,persia1 #ibj1jjj2 other ,asiatic states1 #b1aib1jjj2 giving a total for ,asia of #bh1aab1jjj4 ,africa1 #fh1jjj4 ,america1 #bj1jjj4 ,making a general total of #dd1ghh1jjj4 ,silkworm ,gut4 ,see ,,gut4 ,,sil,,labub4 ,prep4 ,grate off the yellow peel of a lemon with lump sugar1 and dissolve the sugar in #c_/d pint of wine2 add the juice of #a_/c a lemon1 and a #a_/d pint of cream2 beat the whole together until of a proper thickness1 and then put it into glasses4 ,obs4 #c_/d to #a pint of new milk is often substituted for the cream1 and strong cider or perry for the wine4 ,grated nutmeg is often added4 ,when #8whipped' to a froth it is called #8,,whipped ,,sillabub1' ,see ,,cream 7,whipped74 ,,silver4 ,ag4 ,syn4 ,,argentum1 ,l4 ,this metal1 like gold1 appears to have been as much valued in the remotest ages of antiquity of which we have any record1 as at the present time4 ,it is found in nature1 both in the metallic state and mineralised1 in the state of alloy1 and combined with sulphur1 chlorine1 and other metallic sulphurets4 ,in ,great ,britain it is found in combination chiefly with lead4 ,it is extracted from its ores principally by the process of amalgamation1 founded on its easy solubility in mercury1 and by subsequent cupellation4 ,it is only prepared on the large scale4 ,chemically pure silver may be obtained by the methods noticed subsequently4 ,prop4 ,pure silver has a very white colour1 a high degree of lustre1 is exceedingly malleable and ductile1 and is the best conductor of heat and electricity known4 ,its hardness is between that of copper and gold2 its sp4 gr4 is #ajdge to #ajejj2 it melts at about #ahgc ,fahr42 or bright redness 7,daniell72 is freely soluble in nitric acid1 and dissolves in sulphuric acid by the aid of heat2 it refuses to oxidise alone at any temperature1 but1 when strongly heated in open vessels1 it absorbs many times its bulk of oxygen1 which is again disengaged at the moment of solidification2 its surface is rapidly tarnished by sulphuretted hydrogen and by the fumes of sulphur4 ,pur4 8,entirely soluble in diluted nitric acid4 ,this solution1 treated with an excess of muriate of soda1 gives a white precipitate entirely soluble in ammonia water1 and a fluid which is not affected by sulphuretted hydrogen40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tests4 #a4 ,the compounds of silver1 mixed with carbonate of soda1 and exposed on a charcoal support to the inner flame of the blowpipe1 afford white1 brilliant1 and ductile metallic globules1 without any incrustation of the charcoal4----#b4 ,the salts of silver are non-volatile and colourless1 but most of them acquire more or less a black tint by exposure to full daylight4 ,the soluble salts of silver give----#a4 ,a white curdy precipitate 7chloride of silver7 with hydrochloric acid and the soluble metallic chlorides1 which is soluble in ammonia and insoluble in nitric acid1 and blackened by exposure to light2----#b4 ,white precipitates with solutions of the alkaline carbonates1 oxalates1 and ferrocyanides2----#c4 ,yellow precipitates with the alkaline arsenites and phosphates2----#d4 ,with the arseniates1 red precipitates2----#e4 ,with the fixed alkalies1 brown precipitates2----#f4 ,with sulphuretted hydrogen and hydrosulphuret of ammonia1 a black powder1 which is insoluble in dilute acids1 alkalies1 alkaline sulphurets1 and cyanide of potassium1 but readily soluble1 with separation of sulphur1 in boiling nitric acid2 and----#g4 ,with phosphorus1 and with metallic copper or zinc1 pure silver4 ,assay4 #a4 ,the method of assaying silver by cupellation has been explained under ,,assay and ,,cupellation2 and that method is alone applicable when the alloy contains a very small quantity of silver1 as a few ounces only per ton4 ,when the reverse is the case1 as with the silver of commerce1 the following is a much more accurate method3---- #b4 ,humid assay of silver4----a4 ,dissolve #aj gr4 of the silver for assay in #ajj gr4 of nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #abh1 by the aid of heat1 the solution being made in a tall stoppered glass tube1 furnished with a foot2 then place it in a very delicate balance1 bring it into an exact state of equilibrium1 and add the test solution 7see below71 gradually and cautiously1 until the whole of the silver be thrown down1 the number of grains now required to restore the equilibrium of the balance or scales gives the exact quantity of pure silver in #ajjj parts of the sample4----,obs4 ,to ensure accuracy1 after each addition the stopper should be placed in the tube1 and the latter violently agitated for a short time1 when the liquor will rapidly clear and enable us to see when the operation is concluded4 ,we must then1 as a check1 add a small quantity of a solution of nitrate of silver to the liquor in the tube1 after having first carefully taken the weight4 ,if too much of the test liquor has been added1 this will produce a fresh precipitate1 and the assay cannot then be depended on4----,instead of weighing the quantity of test liquor used1 a tube graduated into #ajj parts1 and holding #ajjj gr41 may be employed1 every division of which1 required to throw down the silver1 will represent the #a_/ajth of a grain4 ,see ,,alkalimetry and ,,acidimetry4 b4 ,the precipitate of chloride of silver may be collected in a paper filter1 and be dried1 washed1 fused1 and weighed4 ,the previous weight of the paper1 deducted from the gross weight of the filter and its contents1 gives the quantity of chloride of silver present1 which multiplied by #jgebgh1 gives the weight of the pure silver in the sample4 ,test liquor4 ,dissolve #edbg 7#ed-a_/d7 gr4 of pure sea salt in #iidegc gr4 7or #bb oz4 and #cbj-c_/d gr4 avoirdupois7 of distilled water2 filter1 and keep the liquor in a stoppered bottle for use4 ,pure sea salt is obtained by boiling together1 for a few minutes1 in a glass vessel1 a solution of common salt with a little pure bicarbonate of soda2 then adding to the filtered liquor sufficient hydrochloric acid to render it neutral to litmus and turmeric paper1 and1 lastly1 evaporating and crystallising4 ,obs4 ,the presence of mercury1 lead1 or sulphuret of silver1 interferes with the accuracy of the above assay4 ,when mercury is present1 the precipitate blackens less readily by exposure to light2 and when it contains #d_/ajjj or #e_/ajjj of chloride of mercury1 it remains of a dead white2 with #c_/ajjj it is not sensibly discoloured by the diffused light of a room1 with #b_/ajjj only slightly darkened1 with #a_/ajjj more so1 but with pure chloride of silver1 the effect is very rapid and intense4 ,when this metal is present1 which is1 however1 seldom the case1 the assay sample must be placed in a small crucible1 and exposed to a full red heat1 before solution in the acid4 ,another method1 proposed by ,m4 ,levol1 and modified by ,m4 ,gay-,lussac1 is to add to the nitric solution of the silver sufficient acetate of ammonia or crystallised acetate of soda to saturate all the nitric acid existing in the liquor1 either in the free state or combined with the silver4 ,when the alloy contains lead1 shown by the precipitated chloride being partly soluble in water1 it may either be laminated and subjected to the action of acetic acid before solution in the nitric acid2 or1 the test solution of chloride of soda should be replaced by one of chloride of lead2 7#acicee gr4 of the latter are equiv4 to #ehgcb gr4 of the former74 ,the presence of sulphuret of silver is detected whilst dissolving the sample in nitric acid1 by the black flakes which may be observed floating about in the liquor in an insoluble state4 ,these flakes may be dissolved by fuming nitric acid1 or by adding pure concentrated sulphuric acid to the solution1 which should be then heated for about a #a_/d hour in a steam-bath4 ,when thus treated1 the precipitate produced by the test liquor represents the whole of the silver contained in the alloy4 ,dr ,grger#afd gives the following process of the preparation of pure metallic silver3----,he dissolved the alloy of silver in nitric acid1 taking care to use as small a quantity of the acid as possible4 ,the solution is then transferred to a large-sized porcelain basin1 and gradually neutralised with previously lixiviated chalk free from chlorine4 ,the neutralised liquid is next boiled1 and chalk again added to it1 while boiling1 until the fluid has become colourless4 7,in order to test more accurately1 a drop of the liquid is poured on a piece of white filtering-paper1 and next to that drop is placed one of a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium2 as long as the well-known red colouration1 copper reaction1 hereby ensues1 chalk is added47 ,the fluid is next filtered to separate the carbonate of copper1 and the filtrate 7a solution of nitrate of silver1 and nitrate of lime7 is again boiled1 and either further treated with carbonate of lime1 or better still1 with carbonate of soda4 ,the bright yellow-coloured precipitate thereby ensuing1 a mixture of carbonate of silver1 and carbonate of lime1 is washed1 dried1 and ignited1 leaving a greyish-white mass of metallic silver1 mixed with carbonate of lime4 ,this mixture is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid1 washed with distilled water1 and then fused along with borax1 yielding pure silver4 ,the bright green coloured carbonate of copper can be used as a pigment for painting purposes4 ,footnote #afd3 #8,chemical ,news1' xxv1 ,no4 #fda1 #aai4 ,krger says3----,in frequently experimenting with silver salts1 a mixture of solution of precipitates is obtained1 in which silver exists in all kinds of combination4 ,when such mixtures are shaken up with an ethereal solution of phosphorus1 the solution and the precipitate soon separate1 the former being more or less yellow1 the latter intensely black4 ,if light-coloured particles are perceived in the precipitate1 the quantity of phosphorus solution employed is not sufficient1 and more must be added till the precipitate is uniformly black4 ,the precipitate is next filtered1 washed1 and dried1 or placed while still damp1 in a porcelain dish and boiled with potash solution4 ,pure metallic silver is thus obtained4 ,if a solid fused mass is required1 pure potassium hydrate is fused in a crucible1 and to this the dried precipitate is added in small portions4 ,uses1 c4 ,metallic silver1 unless in a state of very minute division1 has no action on the human body4 ,a plate of silver is ordered1 in the ,ph4 ,l41 as a test of the presence of nitric acid in the acetic and phosphoric acids2 and metallic silver 7preferably granulated7 is employed by the other colleges in the preparation of the nitrate4 ,its numerous applications in the arts are well known4 ,the standard silver of ,england contains #aaa parts of silver and #i parts of copper4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the researches of ,tillet1 ,d',arcet1 and ,gay-,lussac have clearly shown that the percentage of silver in an alloy1 as indicated by cupellation1 is always below its real richness in that metal1 owing to loss in the process2 and1 that the cupelled button always retains a trace of lead and copper1 the precise quantity of which is variable4 ,the following table exhibits the additions to be made on this score1 when the quantity assayed 7assay pound7 is #bj gr43---- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,actual richness ,percentage ,weight after cupellation4 in pure of richness in silver4 pure silver4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aiigi #bj #ajj #ahie #ai #ie #agib #ah #ij #afiag #ag #he #aeiad #af #hj #adia #ae #ge #acije #ad #gj #abije #ac #fe #aaijf #ab #fj #ajijf #aa #ee #iijf #aj #ej #giba #h #dj #eidh #f #cj #cidi #d #bj #aihb #b #aj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,in assaying lead ores very poor in silver the best quantity to be taken for cupellation is #ejj gr42 and from that quantity #jjadh of silver1 including compensation for loss1 represents one ounce of silver to the ton4 ,a cupel may absorb its own weight of lead4 ,if the quantity of lead to be absorbed is more considerable1 another cupel may be turned topsy-turvy1 and the cupel in which the assay is to be made may be placed upon it4 ,see ,assay1 and ,m4 ,gay-,lussac's elaborate memoir on the #8,humid ,assay of ,silver1' ,for the recovery or reduction of silver from the chloride and its other compounds1 several methods are employed3---- a4 ,the washed chloride is placed in a zinc or iron cup1 along with a little water strongly acidulated with sulphuric acid2 or in a glass or porcelain cup along with a zinc plate2 the whole may then be left to itself for some hours2 or1 to hasten the reduction1 gently heated1 or even boiled2 the precipitated silver is washed with pure water1 and dried4 b4 7,hornung47 ,digest the chloride with some ammonia and pure copper filings1 for #bd hours1 then wash and dry the powder4 c4 7,m4 ,levol47 ,the washed chloride is mixed with an equal weight of sugar1 and the mixture is digested in an excess of a moderately strong solution of caustic potassa1 with occasional agitation for #bd hours2 or the whole is boiled for some time2 the reduced silver is washed with distilled water4 d4 7,mohr47 ,the dry chloride is mixed with #a-crd of its weight of powdered black resin1 and moderately heated in a crucible until the flame ceases to have a greenish-blue colour2 the heat is then suddenly increased so as to melt the metal into a button or ingot4 e4 7,m4 ,gay-,lussac47 ,if the chloride1 dry it1 and throw it1 in successive portions1 into twice its weight of carbonate of potassa fused in a red-hot ,hessian crucible2 effervescence ensues1 and the pure silver subsides to the bottom4----,if a 8soluble salt10 as the nitrate1 acidulate the solution1 and precipitate it by means of a polished plate of copper2 the silver is then obtained in the form of powder4 ,the products of the above processes1 when the latter are carefully conducted1 are chemically pure silver4 ,silver1 ,acetate of4 ,syn4 ,,argenti ,,acetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding a solution of acetate of potassa to a like solution of nitrate of silver1 washing the precipitate with cold water1 redissolving it in a little hot water1 and setting the solution aside to crystallise4 ,small colourless needles4 ,silver1 ,ammoniuret of4 ,see ,,fulminating ,,silver 7,berthollet's1 ,nos4 #a and #b1 page #gfh74 ,silver1 ,ammonio-chloride of4 ,syn4 ,,argentochloride ,,of ,,ammonia2 ,,argenti ,,ammonio-,,chloridum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add1 gradually1 chloride of silver 7recently precipitated and well washed7 to concentrated liquor of ammonia1 as long as it is dissolved on agitation1 applying a gentle heat towards the end2 then heat the solution to the boiling-point1 concentrate a little1 and allow it to cool very slowly2 collect the crystals which form1 dry them by pressure 7with care7 between folds of bibulous paper1 and at once preserve them from the light and air4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/h gr4 ,silver1 ,benzoate of4 ,ag,c#g;,h#e,o#b4 ,thin transparent plates1 which are blackened by exposure to the light4 ,see ,,benzoate4 ,silver1 ,bromide of4 ,ag,br4 ,resembles the chloride4 ,silver1 ,carbonate of4 ,ag#b;,,co#c4 ,syn4 ,,argenti ,,carbonas1 ,l4 ,a white insoluble powder1 obtained by precipitating a cold solution of nitrate of silver with another of carbonate of sodium4 ,it is decomposed by heat4 ,silver1 ,chloride of4 ,ag,cl4 ,syn4 ,,argentic ,,chloride4 ,prep4 ,precipitate a solution of nitrate of silver by dilute hydrochloric acid or a solution of common salt2 wash the precipitate1 and dry it in the shade4----,dose1 #a_/d to #c gr41 thrice daily2 in epilepsy1 chronic dysentery1 cholera1 diarrha1 c4 ,dr ,perry regards it as preferable to the nitrate4 ,when fused1 chloride of silver forms horn silver1 the #8luna cornea' of the older writers4 ,silver1 ,cyanide of4 ,ag,c,n4 ,syn4 ,,argentic ,,cyanide1 ,,hydrocyanate ,,of ,,silver4 ,prep4 ,add dilute hydrocyanic acid to a solution of nitrate of silver1 as long as a precipitate falls2 wash this with distilled water1 and dry it4 ,prop41 c4 ,cyanide of silver is a white powder1 soluble in ammonia1 and decomposed by contact with vegetable substances2 light turns it violet-coloured4----,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/h gr42 in syphilis1 c4 ,it has been proposed as a source of hydrocyanic acid4 7,everitt47 ,silver ,hyposulphite of4 ,ag#b,s#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,argenti ,,hyposulphis1 ,l4 ,a white substance1 insoluble in water1 and very prone to decomposition4 ,it is very soluble in the alkaline hyposulphites1 forming compounds possessing an intensely sweet taste4 ,see ,,hyposulphurous ,,acid4 ,silver1 ,iodide of4 ,ag,i4 ,syn4 ,,argentic ,,iodide2 ,,argenti ,,iodidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,precipitate a solution of nitrate of silver with another of iodide of potassium2 wash the precipitate with distilled water1 and dry it in the shade4 ,pale greenish-yellow2 insoluble in water and in liquor of ammonia2 soluble in a solution of hyposulphite of soda4 ,used in some of the ,french hospitals in the stomach affections of scrofulous subjects3 also in epilepsy4----,dose1 #a_/ab to #a gr4 ,silver1 ,nitrate of4 ,ag,n,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,argenti ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,this article is found in commerce under two forms3---- #a4 ,,crystallised4 ,prep4 ,by dissolving grain silver in nitric acid diluted with about twice its weight of water1 evaporating the solution until it is strong enough to crystallise on cooling1 and then allowing it to cool very slowly4 ,colourless2 transparent1 anhydrous rhombic prisms or tables2 soluble in an equal weight of cold and in half their weight of boiling water2 soluble in alcohol2 fuse when heated1 and at a higher temperature suffer decomposition2 blackened by light1 and by contact with organic substances4 ,its solution in distilled water is not sensibly darkened by light1 in the absence of organic matter4 ,used for solutions1 and in photography4 #b4 ,,fused 7,,lunar ,,caustic2 ,,argenti ,,nitras----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e41 ,a4 ,n4 ,,fusum----,ph4 ,d474 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,refined silver1 #c oz42 pure nitric acid1 #d fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #e fl4 oz42 mix in a glass flask1 and apply in a gentle heat until the metal is dissolved2 transfer the solution to a porcelain capsule 7or a large porcelain crucible71 decanting it off a heavy black powder which appears at the bottom of the flask1 and1 having evaporated it to dryness1 raise the heat 7in a dark room7 until the mass liquefies2 then pour it into a brass mould 7iron moulds----,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 furnished with cylindrical cavities of the size of a goose-quill1 and which then admits of being opened by a hinge2 preserve the concreted salt in well-stopped bottles1 impervious to the light4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf are similar4 ,obs4 ,in preparing this salt care should be had that the silver is free from copper4 ,pure nitrate of silver may1 however1 be prepared from silver containing copper1 by evaporating the nitric solution to dryness1 and cautiously heating the mixed nitrates to fusion4 ,a small portion of the melted mass is examined from time to time1 until a little dissolved in water1 and treated with ammonia in excess1 ceases to strike a blue colour4 ,when this point is arrived at1 the fused nitrate is allowed to cool1 when it is redissolved in water1 filtered or decanted from the insoluble black oxide of copper1 and evaporated in the usual way4 ,the heat employed in preparing the fused nitrate should not exceed #dbj ,fahr41 and the fusion should be effected completely1 but with moderate expedition1 to prevent loss of nitric acid4 ,formerly1 a mass of well-tempered white clay1 perforated by means of a well-greased goose-quill1 was used instead of metal moulds4 ,in the ,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf the moulds are ordered to be greased2 when this is done1 the sticks of caustic should be wiped clean before rolling them in paper4 ,the moulds should be gently heated before pouring the fused nitrate into them4 ,mr ,benzoin1 the celebrated ,danish pharmaceutist1 recommends mould formed of the massive white ,bohemian talc or of ,english slate4 ,pur41 c4 ,pure nitrate of silver1 whether crystallised or fused1 is entirely soluble in water1 yielding a colourless solution1 from which metallic silver is precipitated by a piece of bright copper2 both are originally white1 but are darkened by exposure to light and contact with organic matter4 ,uses1 c4 ,nitrate of silver is a powerful tonic1 antispasmodic1 astringent and escharotic4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a gr41 gradually increased1 twice or thrice a day1 made into a pill with crum of bread2 in cholera1 epilepsy1 c41 preceded by purgatives4 ,it has been highly extolled by ,mr ,ross as a remedy in cholera4 ,its continued use permanently colours the skin4 ,it is also extensively employed externally as a caustic4 ,it is powerfully poisonous4 ,a solution of common salt1 emetics1 and demulcents1 constitute the treatment in such cases4 ,nitrate of silver is much employed in the manufacture of #8indelible ink' for linen1 and hair dyes4 ,silver1 ,dioxide of4 ,ag#b,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,argenti ,,suboxydum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from dry citrate of silver heated to #bab ,fahr41 in a stream of hydrogen gas1 until it turns dark brown1 when it is dissolved in water2 the solution is next treated with potassa1 and the precipitate is carefully washed and dried4 ,a black powder1 easily decomposed1 and soluble in ammonia4 ,silver1 ,oxide of4 ,ag#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,silver2 ,,argenti ,,oxydum1 ,a4 ,,protoxydum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,lane47 ,nitrate of silver1 #b parts2 hydrate of potassa1 #a part2 dissolve each separately in distilled water1 mix the solutions1 and1 after frequent agitation during an hour1 collect and wash the precipitate1 and dry it by a gentle heat in the shade4 ,a pale brown powder4 #b4 ,recently precipitated chloride of silver is boiled in a solution of hydrate of potassium of the sp4 gr4 #abe1 with frequent stirring and trituration1 until1 on testing a little of it1 it is found to be entirely soluble in dilute nitric acid1 when it is washed and dried1 as before4 ,a black and very dense powder4 ,chemically pure4 #c4 ,nitrate of silver1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #d fl4 oz41 dissolve1 and pour the solution into a bottle containing lime water1 #b quarts1 or q4 s42 agitate the mixture well1 collect and wash the sediment1 and dry it at a heat not exceeding #bab ,fahr4 ,a dark olive-brown powder4 ,pure4 ,prop41 c4 ,very soluble in solutions of ammonia and of the alkaline hyposulphites2 slightly soluble in water2 reaction alkaline2 decomposed by light4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr42 in epilepsy1 gastralgic irritations1 c4 ,it is much used in ,france1 and has been highly extolled in menorrhagia4 ,by some1 however1 it is not considered superior to the nitrate4 ,silver ,pencils1 ,nitrate of4 ,according to ,a4 ,huber1 very thin pencils of nitrate of silver1 such as are sometimes required for intra-uterine applications may be prepared in the following manner3----,silver nitrate is fused in a capsule1 and the liquid drawn up by slow and cautious suction into a glass tube1 the calibre of which is a trifle larger than the required diameter of the pencil4 ,especial care is to be taken that no cavities filled with air-bubbles are produced in the contents of the tube4 ,when entirely cold the tube is warmed by turning over a spirit-lamp until the outer surface of the stick has become soft1 when it may be easily pushed out by means of a knitting needle4 ,with a little practice very handsome pencils of considerable length may be obtained in this manner4 ,silver1 ,peroxide of4 ,syn4 ,,argenti ,,peroxydum1 ,l4 ,a black crystalline substance which forms on the positive electrode of a voltaic arrangement employed to decompose solution of nitrate of silver4 ,silver1 ,sulphate of4 ,ag#b,,so#d4 ,syn4 ,,argenti-,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by boiling silver in sulphuric acid2 or1 by precipitating a solution of the nitrate by another of sulphate of sodium4 ,it dissolves in #hj parts of hot water1 and falls in small colourless needles as the solution cools4 ,silver1 ,sulphide of4 ,ag#b,s4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,silver2 ,,argenti ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,prepared by passing sulphuretted hydrogen through a solution of nitrate of silver2 or1 by melting its constituents together4 ,it possesses a greyish-black colour1 and is a strong sulphur-base4 ,silver1 ,oxidised4 ,the high appreciation in which ornamental articles in oxidised silver are now held1 renders a notice of the process followed interesting4 ,there are two distinct shades in use1 one produced by chlorine1 which has a brownish tint1 and the other by sulphur1 which has a bluish-black tint4 ,to produce the former1 it is only necessary to wash the article with a solution of sal ammoniac4 ,a much more beautiful tint may1 however1 be obtained by employing a solution composed of equal parts of sulphate of copper and sal ammoniac dissolved in vinegar4 ,a fine black tint may be produced by a slightly warm solution of sulphide of potassium or of sodium4 7#8,chem4 ,techn4'7 ,,silver ,,dust4 ,syn4 ,,silver ,,powder2 ,,argenti ,,crocus1 ,a4 ,,pulvis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pure pulverulent silver1 obtained by any of the methods explained on the previous page4 ,used to coat pills1 by japanners1 c4 #b4 ,heat oxide of silver to dull redness in a porcelain crucible1 cool1 triturate the powder in an agate mortar1 and pass it through a fine sieve4 ,used at the hospital of ,montpellier4 ,,silver ,,shells4 ,these are prepared and used like gold shells4 ,,sil,,vering4 ,the art of covering the surfaces of bodies with a thin coating of silver4 ,leather1 paper1 wood1 c41 are silvered by covering them with silver leaf1 by a similar process to that employed for gilding them4 ,silvering of ,glass4 ,two distinct methods are adopted for this purpose----one of which consists in employing a layer of tin-foil and mercury1 falsely called #8silvering1' the other in using a coating of real silver precipitated from a solution of that metal4 #a4 ,plane surfaces1 as those of mirrors1 c41 are commonly silvered as follows3----,a sheet of tin-foil corresponding to the size of the plate of glass is evenly spread on a perfectly smooth and solid marble table1 and every wrinkle on its surface is carefully rubbed down with a brush2 a portion of mercury is then poured on1 and rubbed over the foil with a clean piece of very soft woollen stuff1 or a hare's foot1 after which two rules are applied to the edges1 and mercury poured on to the depth of a crown-piece1 when any oxide on the surface is carefully removed1 and the sheet of glass1 made perfectly clean and dry1 is slid along over the surface of the liquid metal1 so that no air1 dirt1 or oxide can possibly either remain or get between them4 ,when the glass has arrived at its proper position1 gentle pressure is applied1 and the table sloped a little to carry off the waste mercury1 after which it is covered with flannel and loaded with heavy weights2 in #bd hours it is removed to a wooden table and further slanted1 and this position is progressively increased during a month1 until it becomes perpendicular4 ,for silvering convex or concave surfaces a mould of plaster of ,paris is employed1 so that the amalgamated foil may be accurately fitted to the surface4 ,globes and other hollow vessels are commonly silvered by the application of one of the silvering amalgams noticed at page #aag4 #b4 ,in the ,,humid ,,way4----a4 7,drayton47 ,a mixture is first made of nitrate of silver 7in coarse powder71 #a oz41 ammonia1 #a_/b oz41 and water1 #b oz41 which1 after standing for #bd hours1 is filtered 7the deposit upon the filter1 which is silver1 being preserved71 and an addition is made thereto of spirit 7by preference1 rectified spirit at #fj o4 p471 or naphtha1 #c oz42 from #bj to #cj drops of oil of cassia are then added2 and1 after remaining for about #f hours longer1 the solution is ready for use4 ,the glass to be silvered 7first well cleaned and polished7 is placed in a horizontal position1 and a wall of putty1 or other suitable material1 formed around it2 the above solution is then poured over it to the depth of from #a_/h to #a_/d inch2 from #f to #ab drops of a mixture of oil of cloves and spirit of wine 7in the proportion of #a part1 by measure1 of oil of cloves1 to #c of spirit of wine7 are next dropped into it1 at different places2 or the diluted oil of cloves may be mixed with the solution before it is poured upon the glass1 a larger quantity1 in both cases1 increasing the rate of the deposit4 ,when the glass is sufficiently silvered1 the solution is poured off2 and as soon as the silver on the glass is perfectly dry1 it is varnished with a composition formed by melting together equal quantities of beeswax and tallow4 ,the solution1 after being poured off1 is allowed to stand for #c or #d days1 in a close vessel2 as it still contains silver1 and may be again employed after filtration1 and the addition of a sufficient quantity of fresh ingredients to supply the place of those which have been used4 #ah gr4 of nitrate of silver are sufficient for one square foot of glass4 ,hollow vessels may he silvered by pouring the solution into them4 ,by the addition of a small quantity of oil of caraway1 oil of cloves1 or oil of thyme1 the colour of the silver may be varied4 7#8,patent ,journ4'7 b4 7,thomson ,mellish47 ,nitrate of silver1 #b oz42 water and rectified spirit1 of each #c fl4 oz42 dissolve1 add of spirit of hartshorn or liquor of ammonia1 #a fl4 oz41 mix1 and after a short time filter the solution2 to each ounce of this add of grape sugar1 #a_/d oz41 previously dissolved in a mixture of rectified spirit and water1 of each #a_/b pint2 after #c or #d hours' repose it is fit for use4 ,this solution is applied to the glass1 heated to about #afj ,fahr41 in a similar manner to the last4 ,patented4 c4 ,the best plan of silvering plain or slightly curved surfaces is1 however1 the method employed for coating the specula of the silvered-glass ,newtonian telescopes4 ,this method is very easy1 and has the advantages of giving a brilliant and durable surface on both sides1 and the film is sufficiently firm to admit of being polished with rouge and fine wash-leather4 ,one half ounce of pure nitrate of silver is dissolved in #d oz4 of distilled water1 and divided into two equal portions4 ,one is treated with dilute ammonia until the brownish precipitate is entirely redissolved2 and to this clear solution1 #a_/b oz4 of pure hydrate of potassium dissolved in #h oz4 of water added2 and the brown precipitate1 and grey sediment that remains after the brown precipitate disappears1 dissolved by the cautious addition of ammonia1 stirring well all the time4 ,the remaining nitrate of silver solution is now added1 stirring well until it gives a greyish precipitate that does not disappear after well stirring4 ,the bulk of the solution is next made up to #ajj oz41 and allowed to settle1 when the clear solution is poured off for use4 ,the reducing solution is prepared by dissolving #a_/b oz4 of pure milk sugar in #aj oz4 of hot water1 and adding #aj minims of pure alcohol4 ,this quantity of silvering solution will coat over two square feet of glass surface with a brilliant film of pure silver4 ,the glass must be perfectly clean1 and is to be suspended face downwards on the surface of the solution and allowed to stand one hour2 the temperature of the solution being best about #hj ,fahr4 d4 7,r4 ,siemens47 ,as a reducing agent1 acetic aldehyde is used in the form of aldehyde ammonia1 prepared by passing dry ammoniacal gas into aldehyde4 ,four grams of silver nitrate and #b-a_/b grams of aldehyde ammonia are separately dissolved in a litre of distilled water1 and the solutions mixed and filtered4 ,the article to be silvered1 after washing out with potassium carbonate1 and then with spirits of wine and distilled water1 to remove every trace of grease1 is filled with this solution 7as far as it is desired to silver71 and then hung up in the water bath4 ,it is now gradually heated1 and as soon as the temperature reaches #ej ,c4 the separation of the silver mirror begins1 and soon spreads over the whole inner glass surface4 ,its formation is soon finished1 usually between #ee or #fj4 ,when the beauty of the silver surface reaches a maximum it is time to withdraw the article from the water bath1 and pour off the contents1 or the brilliancy of the mirror will be impaired4 ,the article is finally rinsed in distilled water4 e4 7,martin47 ,m4 ,martin makes use of four liquids1 viz41 first1 a #aj per cent4 solution of nitrate of silver2 second1 liquor ammoni1 sp4 gr4 #igj2 third1 a #d per cent4 solution of caustic soda2 and fourth1 a #ab-a_/b per cent1 solution of white sugar1 to which he adds #b-a_/b per cent4 of nitric acid1 and after twenty minutes' boiling he adds to it #be parts of alcohol and water1 to make up the bulk to #bej4 ,the silvering solution is made by mixing together #ab parts of solution ,no4 #a1 #h parts of ,no4 #b1 #bj parts of ,no4 #c1 and #fj parts of distilled water1 and finally1 in twenty-four hours1 #aj parts of ,no4 #d4 ,the object to be silvered is then immersed1 when it will be covered with a film of reduced silver1 which in ten minutes' time will be sufficiently thick for use4 ,after having been washed with distilled water and dried the surface may be polished with chamois leather and rouge4 ,silvering of ,metals4 #a4 7,,leaf ,,silvering47 ,this is performed with leaf silvering in the way described under ,,gilding for the gilding of polished metals4 #c4 7,,cold ,,silvering47 ,mix chloride of silver1 #a part1 with pearlash1 #c parts1 common salt1 #a-a_/b part1 and whiting1 #a part2 and well rub the mixture on the surface of the brass or copper 7previously well cleaned71 by means of a piece of soft leather1 or a cork moistened with water and dipped into the powder4 ,when properly silvered the metal should be well washed in hot water slightly alkalised1 and then wiped dry4 #c4 7,,electeo-,,silvering47 ,this is described under ,,electrotype4 ,silver1 ,a ,new ,imitation of4 ,a patent for an alloy has been taken out by ,m4 ,lemarquand1 which is said to bear a close resemblance to silver in appearance1 and to be unaffected by atmospheric influences4 ,it has the following composition3---- ,pure copper #gej parts4 ,nickel #adj 0 ,black oxide of cobalt #bj 0 ,tin1 in sticks #ah 0 ,zinc #gb 0 ,,simarou,,ba4 ,syn4 ,,simaruba 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the root-bark of ,simaruba amara or officinalis1 the mountain damson4 ,tonic1 bitter1 and astringent4----,dose1 #bj to #cj gr42 in intermittents1 obstinate diarrha1 dysentery1 and dyspepsia4 ,,sin,,amine4 ,c#d;,h#f,n#b4 ,a basic substance formed1 along with sulphide of lead1 when thiosinamine is treated with oxide of lead4 ,it is very bitter tasted1 has a powerful alkaline reaction1 and1 when slowly obtained from its concentrated aqueous solution1 forms brilliant colourless crystals4 ,,sin,,apism4 ,syn4 ,,sinapismus1 ,l4 ,a mustard poultice4 ,,sin,,apoline4 ,c#g;,h#ab,n#b,o4 ,a basic substance1 formed1 along with carbonic acid1 when the volatile oil of mustard1 or sulphocyanide of allyl1 is treated with oxide of lead4 ,it is soluble in water and alcohol1 has an alkaline reaction1 and crystallises in colourless plates4 ,,sinks4 8,in no case10 says ,mr ,eassie1#afe 8should the waste pipe of sink1 laboratory1 or bath lead direct into the drains2 yet how frequently is this the case1 and a special card sent out to disease and death4 ,footnote #afe3 #8,healthy ,houses1' by ,wm4 ,eassie1 ,c4,e4 ,simpkin1 ,marshall ,co4 8,it must also be remembered it is every whit as dangerous if these waste conduits lead into the soil pipe of a closet4 ,waste pipes from the above-named places should be led down to within #ab or #ah inches from the ground1 and should deliver on to the grating of a gully or yard trap40 ,this subject has been already treated in the article on 8,sanitation1 ,domestic10 wherein we have embodied the practical suggestions of ,mr ,collins1 another sanitary house reformer1 as well as in our article on 8,drainage10 in which will be found details for carrying out the system recommended by ,messrs ,eassie and ,symonds1 and thus preventing the admission into our dwelling-houses of the poisonous sewer gas4 ,the matter has so important a bearing upon health1 that we shall make no apology for having thus reiterated and emphasised it by quoting ,mr ,eassie's words of warning4 ,see ,,traps4 ,,sit,,fasts4 ,these hard tumours1 possessing but little sensibility1 are situated in those superficial parts of the horse's body which have been exposed to the unequal pressure of the collar1 the saddle1 or the harness4 ,the tumour should be removed by the veterinary surgeon1 if the previous application of either blisters1 biniodide of mercury ointment1 or a seton have been tried and failed to disperse it4 ,the precursor of the sitfast is always a swelling filled with serum and lymph1 caused1 as before stated1 by badly-fitting harness4 ,hence the soundest treatment is to prevent its development into the hard form1 by proper means1 directly it shows itself1 the best remedies being the application of salt and water or ,goulard water1 and correcting the defects of the harness4 ,,size4 ,obtained1 like glue1 from the skins of animals1 but is evaporated less1 and kept in the soft state4 ,see ,,gold and ,,gold ,,size4 ,size1 ,oil4 ,this may be made by grinding yellow ochre or burnt red ochre with boiled linseed oil1 and thinning it with oil of turpentine4 ,,skate4 ,the ,raia batis 7,linn474 ,other varieties of ,raia also pass under the name4 ,it is a coarse fish1 and is principally salted and dried for exportation4 ,,skin 7,the74 ,syn4 ,,cutis1 ,,dermis1 ,,pellis1 ,l4 ,every person must be familiar with the external appearance and general properties of the skin2 but there are many of our readers who may not be aware of its peculiar compound character4 ,the skin1 then1 although apparently a single membrane1 is composed of three distinct layers or membranes1 each of which performs its special duties3----#a4 ,the exterior of these is called the cuticle1 epidermis1 or scarf-skin4 ,it is an albuminous tissue1 possessing no sensibility1 and is found thickest on those parts of the body most exposed to friction or injury4----#b4 ,the mucous net1 or rete mucosum1 which is a thin layer of soft pulpy matter1 which lies immediately under the cuticle1 and is supposed to be the seat of the colour of the skin4----#c4 ,the derma1 cutis vera1 or true skin1 is a highly sensitive1 vascular1 gelatinous texture1 the third1 and last in succession from the surface of the body4 ,it is this which1 when the scarf-skin and hair have been removed1 is converted by the process of tanning or tawing into leather4 ,the skin1 because of its tough1 elastic1 flexible nature and its underlying layer of fat1 is admirably adapted for covering the various internal parts and organs1 as well as for bodily movement and exertion4 ,besides this1 it exercises1 in common with the lungs1 the liver1 and the kidneys1 the important function of a depurator1 and may1 with the organs above specified1 be regarded as one of the main outlets for the waste products of the body2 the effete and noxious matters of which1 when in a healthy condition1 it effects the removal1 are those contained in the perspiration1 and in addition carbonic acid1 and1 in the case of unhealthy subjects1 nitrogen4 ,the importance of the removal of these substances from the organism will be realised when it is stated that1 when this excretory function of the skin has1 in the course of experiments upon animals1 been prevented by covering their bodies over with a coat of varnish or some other impermeable agent1 the animal has quickly perished4 ,the perspiration is variable in amount1 owing to various causes1 such as temperature1 the amount of exercise taken1 the more or less hygroscopic condition of the surrounding atmospheres1 the quantity of fluid swallowed1 the season of the year1 c41 with the exception of that which occurs under the armpits and upon the soles of the feet1 it has generally an acid reaction1 due to the presence in it of uncombined formic and lactic acids4 ,under ordinary conditions of life it averages daily about #b lbs4 in quantity1 being1 as might be expected1 more abundant than the urine in summer1 and less in winter4 ,the perspiration is of very complex composition1 and contains lactates1 butyrates1 and acetates of sodium and ammonium1 sodic chloride1 phosphate of calcium1 and sulphates----these latter1 however1 occurring in but small quantities4 ,it also contains a peculiar nitrogenous substance that very quickly decomposes1 and a peculiar odorous principle4 ,according to ,anselmino the proportion of solid matter in the perspiration varies from #e to #abe parts in #ajjj4 ,various observers have arrived at different conclusions respecting the amount of carbonic acid exhaled from the skin4 ,professor ,scharling believed it to be from a fortieth to a sixtieth the amount given off by the lungs4 ,recent observations seem1 however1 to have shown that this estimate was too high4 ,dr ,edward ,smith1 operating upon himself by placing every part of his body except the head in a caoutchouc bag1 and subsequently collecting the evolved carbonic acid 7the experiment being performed in the summer time71 found the quantity evolved to be #f grains per hour1 or about a hundredth part of that passing off from the lungs4 ,aubert's experiments led him to the conclusion that it was about half the amount given by ,smith2 whilst ,reinhart estimated it at #cd or #ce grains a day4 ,these excretory processes of the skin are effected by means of very minute vessels called the sudoriparous or sweat-glands4 ,these glands abound in almost every part of the human skin4 ,they are of largest size under the axill or arm-pits1 where perspiration is most profuse4 ,they are also very abundant upon the palms of the hand4 ,professor ,erasmus ,wilson says that as many as #cebh of these sweat-glands exist in a square inch of surface on the palm of the hand2 and as every tube1 when straightened out1 is about a quarter of an inch in length1 it follows that1 in a square inch of skin from the palm of the hand1 there exists a length of tube equal to #hhb inches1 or #gc-a_/b feet4 ,these glands1 as we have seen1 vary in number for different parts of the human body2 but if we take ,professor ,wilson's average for the superficial area of a man of ordinary stature1 viz41 #bhjj of them to the square inch1 it follows 8the total number of pores on such a man's skin would be about seven millions1 and the length of perspiratory tubing would then be #a1gej1jjj inches1 or #ade1hcc feet1 or #dh1faa yards1 or nearly #bh miles40#aff ,footnote #aff3 ,carpenter's #8,human ,physiology4' ,illustration3 ,sudoriferous ,gland from the palm of the hand magnified #dj diam43----a1 a1 contorted tubes1 composing the gland1 and uniting in two excretory ducts2 b1 b1 which unite into one spiral canal that perforates the epidermis at c1 and opens on its surface at d2 the gland is imbedded in fat-vesicles1 which are seen at e1 e4 ,in addition to the sudoriparous1 the skin also possesses sebaceous glands which stud almost every part of its surface except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet4 ,the sebaceous glands secrete a semi-fluid1 greasy kind of substance1 the office of which is probably to aid in rendering the skin soft and supple1 and to prevent the too rapid evaporation of moisture from it4 ,the sebaceous glands are more particularly found on the scalp1 the anus1 and the nose1 their locality in the skin of this last feature being sometimes marked by small black specs1 which when squeezed yield a little white mass resembling a maggot in appearance4 ,this is merely the solidified secretion from the sebaceous gland4 ,a parasite known as the ,acarus folliculorum infests the sebaceous glands4 ,in the cartilaginous part of the external passage of the ear are other glands1 the ceruminous1 which secrete the wax that forms a protective film for the membrane of the tympanum or drum1 and guards it against dust1 insects1 c4 ,see ,,exercise1 ,,perspiration4 ,,skin ,,balsam1 ,glycerin----,glycerin ,haut1 ,balsam4 ,a mixture of #ajjj parts glycerin1 #abj parts orange-flower water1 #a part each oils of neroli and bitter almonds4 7,hager47 ,,skin ,,cosmet,,ics4 ,the simplest1 cheapest1 and most generally employed cutaneous cosmetics are soap and water1 which at once cleanse and soften the skin4 ,soap containing a full proportion of alkali exercises a solvent power upon the cuticle1 a minute portion of which it dissolves2 but when it contains a small preponderance of oily matter1 as the principal part of the milder toilet soaps now do1 it mechanically softens the skin and promotes its smoothness4 ,almond1 ,naples1 and ,castile soaps are esteemed for these properties1 and milk of roses1 cold cream1 and almond powder 7paste71 are also used for a similar purpose4 ,to produce an opposite effect1 and to harden the cuticle1 spirits1 astringents1 acids1 and astringent salts1 are commonly employed4 ,the frequent use of hard water has a similar effect4 ,the application of these articles is generally for the purpose of strengthening or preserving some particular part against the action of cold1 moisture1 c42 as the lips1 or mamm1 from chapping1 or the hands from contracting chilblains2 but in this respect oils1 pommades1 and other oleaginous bodies1 are generally regarded as preferable4 ,another class of cutaneous cosmetics are employed to remove freckles and eruptions4 ,among the most innocent and valuable of these is ,gowland's lotion1 which has long been a popular article1 and deservedly so1 for it not only tends to impart a delightful softness to the skin1 but is a most valuable remedy for many obstinate eruptive diseases which frequently resist the usual methods of treatment4 ,bitter almonds have been recommended to remove freckles 7,celsus71 but moistening them with a lotion made by mixing #a fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit1 and a teaspoonful of hydrochloric acid with #g or #h fl4 oz4 of water1 is said to do this more effectually4 ,a safe and excellent cosmetic is an infusion of horseradish in cold milk4 7,withering47 ,hermann prescribes the following lotion3----,blanched almonds1 #b oz42 rose water1 #h oz42 orange-flower water1 #b oz4 ,make an emulsion1 strain1 and add sal ammoniac1 #a dr42 simple tincture of benzoin1 #b dr4 ,skin paints and skin stains are employed to give an artificial bloom or delicacy to the skin4 ,rouge and carmine are the articles most generally used to communicate a red colour4 ,the first is the only cosmetic that can be employed1 without injury1 to brighten a lady's complexion4 ,the other1 though possessing unrivalled beauty1 is apt to impart a sallowness to the skin by frequent use4 ,starch powder is employed to impart a white tint1 and generally proves perfectly harmless4 ,the ,american ladies1 who are very fond of painting their necks white1 use finely-powdered magnesia1 another very innocent substance4 ,several metallic compounds1 as the trisnitrate1 chloride1 and oxide of bismuth 7pearl white1 ,fard's white1 c71 carbonate of lead 7flake white71 white precipitate1 c41 are frequently used to revive faded complexions2 but they are not only injurious to the skin1 but act as poisons if taken up by the absorbents4 ,trisnitrate of bismuth 7pearl white71 probably the least injurious of these articles1 has been known to cause spasmodic tremblings of the muscles of the face1 ending in paralysis4 7#8,voght4 ,pharm4'7 ,the employment of liquid preparations containing sugar of lead1 which are commonly sold under the name of milk of roses1 cream of roses1 c41 is equally injurious4 ,another disadvantage of these metallic preparations is1 that they readily turn black when exposed to the action of sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 or the vapours of sulphur1 such as frequently escape into the apartment from coal fires4 ,there are many instances recorded of a whole company being suddenly alarmed by the pearly complexion of one of its belles being thus transformed into a sickly grey or black colour4 ,in conclusion1 it may be remarked that the best purifiers of the skin are soap and water1 followed by the use of a coarse but not a stiff cloth1 in opposition to the costly and smooth diapers that are commonly employed2 and the best beautifiers are health1 exercise1 and good temper4 ,skin1 ,goldbeater's4 ,see ,,goldbeater',s ,,skin4 ,,skins 7of ,animals74 ,the preparation and preservation of fur skins are noticed under ,,peltry2 the preparation and uses of the skins of the larger animals under ,,leather1 ,,tanning1 ,,tawing1 c4 ,,slack4 ,small coal1 such as is used for kilns4 ,,slag4 ,the semi-vitrified compounds1 produced1 on the large scale1 during the reduction of metallic ores by fluxes4 ,those from iron and copper works are often used for building materials1 mending roads1 c4 ,according to ,egleston#afg the following are some of the industrial applications to which the slag from blast furnaces is put4 ,footnote #afg3 ,dingler's #8,polytech4 ,journ41' #8,journ4 ,chem4 ,society4' ,when required for building stones the slag is run from the blast furnace into a semicircular vessel on moving wheels1 and having its bottom covered three centimetres deep with sand and coke dust4 ,by means of a bent iron instrument the slag is mixed with sand and coke dust till the escape of gases has nearly ceased and the mass is sufficiently tough4 ,with the same tool it is next pressed into a mould furnished with a lid1 which is forced down as soon as the escape of gas ceases4 ,the red-hot stone is then placed in the cooling oven1 covered with coke dust1 and allowed to remain three or four days to cool completely4 ,these stones are impervious to damp1 and make good foundations4 ,according to another method the slag1 which should contain from #ch to #dd per cent4 of silica1 is run down a shoot into a large cavity1 and then covered over with sand and ashes1 and left to cool from five to ten days1 when it is distributed in moulds1 and there hardens4 ,in certain parts of ,belgium slag is poured upon iron plates and cooled by water1 and thus a kind of glass is manufactured4 ,in other districts the slag is granulated as it flows from the blast furnace by means of a stream of water4 ,the granulated slag is preferred by the puddlers to the sand for the moulds of pig iron4 ,the slag gravel may be advantageously substituted for sand in mortar making1 a more rapid hardening being thus secured1 a matter of great moment in building foundation walls4 ,artificial stone is also manufactured from the granulated slag1 and used for building purposes1 furnishing warm dry houses of handsome appearance4 ,when stones for building with enamelled surfaces are required they are obtained in some parts of ,europe as follows3----,the unburnt bricks are covered with granulated slag1 and after drying are burnt in a furnace where they do not come in contact with carbon4 ,the stones are completely glazed1 and according to the different kinds of slag used are tinted of different colours4 ,this operation is also employed advantageously with tiles1 pipes1 and earthenware4 ,if1 in the preparation of fire-proof bricks1 a certain proportion of mixture of clay and granulated slag be added to the mixture1 very hard and durable fire bricks are obtained4 ,these have been tested in a brass furnace1 and experiments are being tried as to their applicability to building puddling furnaces4 ,this granulated slag may also be advantageously used for manure4 ,blast furnace slag has also been drawn out in fine threads or filaments1 furnishing the so-called #8furnace wool4' ,this substance1 being a very bad conductor of heat1 has suggested various household and other uses4 ,a cheap and valuable cement1 said to be equal to ,portland cement1 has been prepared from the finely granulated slag1 which will also resist well the action of acids4 ,mr ,britten in #ahgf patented a process for the manufacture of glass from blast furnace slag4 ,large works for the purpose of carrying out this invention1 under the title of #8,britten's ,patent ,glass ,company1' have been erected at ,finedon in ,northamptonshire1 and are1 we believe1 successfully worked in manufacturing glass bottles4 ,the method consists in removing molten slag in a ladle from the blast furnace1 and pouring into a ,siemen's furnace1 when certain amounts of carbonate of sodium and silica are added1 depending upon the quality of the slag used1 and of the glass required4 ,,slate4 ,the excellence of this material for water cisterns deserves a passing notice here4 ,irish slate 7,lapis ,hibernicus7 is an argillaceous mineral1 said to contain iron and sulphur1 found in different parts of ,ireland4 ,it is a common remedy1 among the vulgar1 for internal bruises1 taken in a glass of gin4 ,,sleep4 ,during the period of our waking hours the exercise of the animal functions entails a waste or destruction of tissue in the organs performing them1 which1 unless duly repaired1 would soon lead to the enfeeblement and consequent failure of the powers of the organs themselves4 ,for the animal economy therefore to be maintained in a state of efficiency the repair of the reduced tissues is a necessity2 and this essential condition is effected by the agency of sleep1 during which respiration1 circulation1 digestion1 c41 continue to be carried on simultaneously with assimilative processes which end in the regeneration of the impaired tissue4 ,a proper amount of sleep is therefore as great or even a greater necessity than a proper supply of food2 and any one failing to obtain it soon perishes of exhaustion4 ,thus it is that any great mental emotion----such as intense remorse1 grief1 anxiety1 or the depressing effect of a reverse of fortune----so frequently expedites death4 ,like ,macbeth 8it murders sleep10 one of the great needs of man's existence4 ,infants and children it is well known require much more sleep than adults4 ,in these latter the organism1 being already matured1 demands only so much sleep as will enable it to make up for the daily waste of the body1 which waste falls very far below the amount of nutrition required by the growing infant4 ,in a still earlier state of development1 viz41 the ftal one1 life may be said to be passed entirely in slumber2 whilst children prematurely born scarcely ever wake except for food4 ,we may assume that1 as a general rule1 infants take treble the amount of sleep that adults do1 and that very young infants thrive the better the larger the amount of sleep they get1 is borne out by the experience of medical practitioners1 who affirm that they have known many children who were born small and weakly1 but who slept the greatest part of their early existence1 afterwards became strong and healthy2 whilst those children on the contrary who1 being born large and strong1 were not good sleepers1 became subsequently enfeebled and unhealthy4 ,as regards the sleep of adults1 if the slumber has been of average length1 or the subject of it awakes fully refreshed therefrom1 a second sleep instead of being conducive is prejudicial to health1 and should never be encouraged4 ,during sickness a patient1 if in a very helpless and enfeebled state1 may often be exposed whilst asleep to great peril1 unless the nurse who attends him exercises intelligence and a proper amount of vigilance4 ,in his work on #8,household ,medicine' ,dr ,gardner has pointed out the dangers that beset the sleeping patient1 and the means by which they may be avoided4 8,having disposed10 he says1 8of the patient in bed in the best manner1 be careful that no part of the pillow can project over the mouth or nose1 and that the bedclothes do not cover the mouth4 8,the attendant should be particularly attentive to these points1 when a narcotic has been taken1 when the disease is paralysis1 fever1 head diseases1 bronchitis1 or any pulmonary complaint4 ,the patient should be watched until he sleeps1 and during his sleep1 if a nurse is not constantly present1 should be visited frequently1 to observe whether the mouth and nostrils are free1 and nothing obstructs the breathing4 8,very little suffices for an obstruction in such cases1 which may extinguish life4 ,hundreds1 perhaps we may say thousands of persons die prematurely from suffocation during sleep1 in a low condition of the vital energies4 8,how often does it happen that a patient left in a calm sleep is found dead upon being visited an hour or two after4 ,soft yielding pillows1 in which the head and face get buried1 are the instruments of suffocation to weakly persons1 very1 very often40 ,the larger amount of sleep indulged in by the very old1 over adults1 is referable to the incapacity of the aged for exercise1 and to their enfeebled powers of nutrition4 ,besides age1 temperament1 habit1 and surrounding circumstances exercise considerable influence on the amount of sleep necessary for man4 ,persons of lymphatic temperament are generally great sleepers2 whilst those of a nervous and active nature are mostly the reverse4 ,the late ,earl ,russell was we believe in the years of his active political life a very small sleeper1 his slumbers seldom extending over five hours4 ,so1 likewise was the ,duke of ,wellington2 ,general ,elliott1 the defender of ,gibraltar1 seldom slept more than four hours out of the twenty-four4 ,as a contrast to these cases may be mentioned that of ,dr ,reid1 the metaphysician1 of whom it is stated that he could take as sufficient food and afterwards as much sleep as would suffice for an ordinary man for two days4 ,several well-attested cases of excessive slumber are on record in which the sleep lasted in some cases for weeks1 and in others even for months4 ,in the #8,comptes ,rendus' for #ahfd ,dr ,blanchet records the case of one of his patients1 a lady of #bd years of age1 who had slept for #dj days when she was #ah years of age4 ,two years later she had a sleep lasting #ej days4 ,upon a subsequent occasion she fell asleep on ,easter ,sunday1 #ahfb1 and did not wake till ,march1 #ahfc4 ,she was fed during this period with milk and soup4 ,she continued motionless and insensible1 the pulse was low1 the breathing scarcely perceptible1 there were no evacuations1 and she betrayed no signs of wasting away1 whilst her complexion is described as florid and healthy4 ,this1 however1 as well as other cases of a similar kind1 must not be regarded as an extreme instance of healthy slumber1 but as a form of lethargy or coma1 as indicative of disease1 as the opposite condition or sleeplessness1 that is frequently an accompaniment of certain forms of fevers1 inflammatory affections1 and brain disorders4 ,mr ,durham1 of ,guy's ,hospital1 seems to have disposed of the condition that sleep is caused by the pressure of the distended veins on the brain4 ,a piece of bone being removed from a dog's skull so that the animal's brain could be observed when sleeping1 it was found1 #a1 the veins were not distended4 #b4 ,during sleep the brain is in a comparatively bloodless condition1 and the blood in the encephalic vessels is not only diminished in quantity1 but moves with diminished rapidity2 and this is corroborated by the observations of ,dr ,hughlings ,jackson on the ophthalmoscopic condition of the retina during sleep1 the optic disk being then whiter1 the arteries smaller1 and the retina generally more anmic than in the waking state4 #c4 ,the condition of the cerebral circulation during sleep is from physical causes1 that which is most favorable to the nutrition of the brain tissue4 ,see ,,bed1 ,,watchfulness4 ,,sleeplessness ,,and ,,cold ,,feet4 ,the association betwixt cold feet and sleeplessness is much closer than is commonly imagined4 ,persons with cold feet rarely sleep well1 especially women4 ,yet the number of persons so troubled is considerable4 ,we now know that if the blood-supply to the brain be kept up1 sleep is impossible4 ,an old theologian1 when weary and sleepy with much writing1 found that he could keep his brain active by immersing his feet in cold water2 the cold drove the blood from the feet to the head4 ,now1 what this old gentleman accomplished by design is secured for many persons much against their will4 ,cold feet are the bane of many women4 ,light boots keep up a bloodless condition of the feet in the day1 and in many women there is no subsequent dilatation of the blood-vessels when the boots are taken off4 ,these women come in from a walk and put their feet to the fire to warm----the most effective plan of cultivating chilblains4 ,at night they put their feet to the fire1 and have a hot bottle in bed4 ,but it is all of no use2 their feet still remain cold4 ,how to get their feet warm is the great question of life with them----in cold weather4 ,the effective plan is not very attractive at first sight to many minds4 ,it consists in first driving the blood-vessels into firm contraction1 after which secondary dilatation follows4 ,see the snowballer's hands6 ,the first contact of the snow makes the hands terribly cold2 for the small arteries are driven thereby into firm contraction1 and the nerve-endings of the finger-tips feel the low temperature very keenly4 ,but as the snowballer perseveres1 his hands commence to glow2 the blood-vessels have become secondarily dilated1 and the rush of warm arterial blood is felt agreeably by the peripheral nerve-endings4 ,this is the plan to adopt with cold feet4 ,they should be dipped in cold water for a brief period2 often just to immerse them1 and no more1 is sufficient2 and then they should be rubbed with a pair of hair flesh gloves1 or a rough ,turkish towel1 till they glow1 immediately before getting into bed4 ,after this a hot-water bottle will be successful enough in maintaining the temperature of the feet1 though without this preliminary it is impotent to do so4 ,disagreeable as the plan at first sight may appear1 it is efficient2 and those who have once fairly tried it continue it1 and find that they have put an end to their bad nights and cold feet4 ,pills1 potions1 lozenges1 8night-caps10 all narcotics1 fail to enable the sufferer to woo sleep successfully3 get rid of the cold feet1 and then sleep will come of itself4----,british ,medical ,journal4 ,,smallpox4 ,see ,,pox4 ,smallpox in ,sheep4 ,syn4 ,,variola ,,ovina4 ,this disease1 although bearing the same name as that which attacks the human subject1 is a perfectly distinct malady1 and incapable of being communicated to man either by inoculation or contagion4 ,in about ten days from the time of the animal's having imbibed the contagion feverish symptoms set in accompanied with a mucous discharge of a purulent character from the nose4 ,red inflammatory pimples then begin to develop1 first appearing where the skin is thin4 ,after the pimples have been out about three days they assume a white appearance1 and are filled with serum and pus4 8,some of the vessels dry up1 leaving brown scabs2 others1 especially in the severer cases1 run together1 and the scarf skin is detached1 leaving an ulcerated surface4 ,it is in this ulcerated stage that the prostration reaches its height1 and that most sheep die4 ,the mortality from smallpox in sheep ranges from #be to #ij per cent40#afh ,footnote #afh3 ,finlay ,dun4 ,the disease being a very infectious one1 the affected animals must be kept separate from the healthy ones4 ,thirty grains of chlorate of potash should be given three times a day1 whilst the food should be nutritious and such as to tempt the animal's appetite4 ,it may consist of bruised oilcake1 bran1 and steeped oats4 ,professor ,simonds recommends inoculation as a prophylactic measure4 ,smallpox ,marks1 ,prevention of4 #a4 ,for preventing disfigurement from smallpox marks1 ,dr ,bernard suggests that the pustules as soon as they have acquired a certain size should be punctured with a fine needle1 and then repeatedly washed with tepid water4 #b4 ,dr ,thorburn ,patterson prescribes the following ointment3----,carbonic acid1 #bj to #cj minims2 glycerine1 #a-a_/b dr42 ointment of oxide of zinc1 #f dr4 #c4 ,cream smeared on the pustules1 frequently during the day1 with a feather4 ,see also ,,ointments4 ,,smalts4 ,syn4 ,,azure1 ,,powder ,,blue1 ,,siliceous ,b41 ,,smalt1 ,,azurum1 ,,smalta1 ,l4 ,this consists1 essentially1 of glass coloured by fusing it with oxide of cobalt4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cobalt ore is roasted1 to drive off the arsenic1 then made into a paste with oil of vitriol1 and heated to redness for an hour2 the residuum is powdered1 dissolved in water1 and the ferric oxide precipitated with carbonate of potassium1 gradually added1 until a rose-coloured powder begins to fall2 the clear portion is then decanted1 and precipitated with a solution of silicate of potassium 7prepared by fusing together1 for #e hours1 a mixture of #aj parts of potash1 #ae parts of finely ground flints1 and #a part of charcoal72 the precipitate after being dried is fused1 and reduced to a very fine powder4 ,a very rich colour4 #b4 ,roasted cobalt ore and carbonate of potassium1 of each #a part2 siliceous sand1 #c parts2 fuse them together1 and cool and powder the residuum4 ,used as a blue pigment1 also to colour glass1 and for #8blueing' the starch used to get up linen4 ,see ,,blue ,,pigments4 ,,smell,,ing ,,salts4 ,see ,,salts1 ,,smelling4 ,,smelt4 ,a beautiful little abdominal fish abounding in the ,thames1 and a few other rivers1 between the months of ,november and ,february4 ,it is esteemed a great delicacy by epicures1 but sometimes proves offensive to the delicate and dyspeptic4 ,,smoke ,,preven,,tion4 ,although the full consideration of this subject belongs to public hygiene and civil engineering1 its immediate application and advantages are interesting and important to everybody4 ,the history of smoke burning scarcely commences before the year #ahdj1 at which date ,mr ,charles ,wye ,williams obtained a patent for this purpose4 ,since that time a #8thousand-and-one' schemes1 either patented or non-patented1 professedly for the same object1 have been brought before the public4 ,most of these have been supported by the most reckless statements regarding their value1 made by interested parties2 and the most serious inconvenience and losses have often followed their adoption4 ,williams's method is to admit an abundant supply of cold air through a large number of small perforations in the door and front part of the furnace4 ,lark's method is based on the admission of heated air1 under due regulation1 both through the door1 and at the bridge or back of the furnace1 by which means combustion is rendered more complete1 and smoke thereby prevented4 ,ivison's plan consists in the introduction of steam by minute jets over the fire1 which is thus greatly increased in intensity without the production of smoke1 and with a saving of fuel4 ,in ,jucke's arrangement the grate bars of a furnace are replaced by an endless chain web1 which is carried round upon two rollers1 in such a way that each part of the fuel is exposed to conditions most favorable for perfect combustion4 ,other inventions are based upon supplying fuel to the fires from beneath1 so that the products of combustion must pass through the incandescent coals above4 ,for household fires1 the smokeless grate1 invented by ,dr ,arnott1 will be found entirely successful1 and most economical4 ,its general introduction would be a great advance in both domestic and public hygiene2 and1 being hence of national importance1 should be enforced by law4 ,,smo,,king4 ,this is done1 on the large scale1 by hanging up the articles 7previously more or less salted7 in smoking rooms1 into which smoke is very slowly admitted from smothered dry-wood fires1 kindled in the cellar1 for the purpose of allowing it to cool and deposit its cruder part before it arrives at the meat4 ,this process requires from six days to as many weeks to perform it properly1 and is best done in winter4 ,in farm-houses1 where dry wood is burnt1 hams1 c41 are often smoked by hanging them up in some cool part of the kitchen chimney4 ,when the meat is cut into slices1 or scored deeply with a knife1 to allow the smoke to penetrate it1 it is called #8,,bucaning1' 8,the quality of the wood has an influence upon the smell and taste of the smoke-dried meat2 smoke from beech wood and oak being preferable to that from fir and larch4 ,smoke from the twigs and berries of juniper1 from rosemary1 peppermint1 c41 impart somewhat of the aromatic flavour of these plants40 7,ure47 ,the occasional addition of a few cloves or allspice to the fuel gives a very agreeable flavour to the meat4 ,hung beef1 a highly esteemed variety of smoked beef1 is prepared from any part1 free from bone and fat1 by well salting and pressing it1 and then drying and smoking it in the usual manner4 ,it is best eaten shredded4 ,see ,,putrefaction1 ,,salting1 c4 ,,snake-,,poisoning1 ,mortality from4 ,the #8,lancet'#afi quoting a letter from ,t4 ,b4 ,beighton1 ,esq41 of the ,bengal ,civil ,service1 magistrate of the ,culna district of the ,burdwan province of ,bengal1 says3----8,the ,culna district comprises1 we presume1 #hj or #ajj square miles1 and has a population of about #cjj1jjj4 ,mr ,beighton says that deaths from snakebite are singularly common in the subdivision4 ,an average of one per day is reported through the police4 ,the actual deaths are probably double the number reported4 ,if this daily average is meant to apply the whole year round1 we should thus get in a comparatively small district the frightful death of #gjj persons from snakebite4 ,it is lamentable to think that despite the supposed remedial discoveries in this direction1 we still seem to be without an agent to neutralise the effects of the bites of poisonous snakes40 ,footnote #afi3 #8,analyst1' #aath1 #ahgj4 ,,snake-,,root4 ,see ,,senega4 ,for #8,virginian snake-root' see ,,serpentary4 ,snakeweed 7,bistort radix7 is the root of ,polygonum ,bistorta 7,linn474 ,,snipe4 ,the ,scolopax ,gallinago1 a well-known bird indigenous to this country4 ,it is fine-flavoured1 but rather indigestible4 ,,snow1 ,foreign ,bodies in4 ,m4 ,bondier#agj having lately made an examination of snow1 records that of the solid matters floating in the air and retained in the snow1 the most abundant was found to be soot2 next some cells of ,protococcus virictis1 and spores and filaments of other cryptograms2 then granules of starch and cells and fibres of various plants4 ,epithelial cells and hairs of animals were also present1 as well as fibres of wool and silk4 ,these last1 being dyed1 indicated the presence of man1 as did also the fibres of hemp1 cotton1 and indigo4 ,the amount of foreign matter was greatest in the snow collected at the lowest levels1 especially in the vicinity of human habitations and of woods1 which are both fertile sources of floating particles4 ,permanganate of potassium was used to estimate the amount of organic matter dissolved by the filtered snow water4 ,footnote #agj3 #8,journ4 ,ch4 ,soc4' ,immediately mixed with the soot were the ferruginous corpuscles observed by ,tissandier4 ,these are regarded by the author1 in opposition to the opinion of ,tissandier1 as of terrestrial origin4 ,,snuff4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,tabaci1 ,l42 ,,tabac ,,en ,,poudre1 ,fr4 ,a powder1 prepared from tobacco1 for the purpose of being sniffed up the nose as a stimulant or intoxicant4 ,the finer kinds of snuff are made from the soft portions of the best description of manufactured leaf-tobacco1 separated from the damaged portion2 but the ordinary snuffs of the shops are mostly prepared from the coarser and damaged portions1 the mid-ribs1 stems1 or stalky parts that remain from the manufacture of #8shag tobacco1' the dust or powder sifted from the bales1 and the fragments that are unfit for other purposes4 ,prep4 ,the proper material being chosen1 and if not in a sufficiently mature state rendered so by further fermentation1 they are sufficiently dried by a gentle heat or exposure to the air to admit of being pulverised4 ,this is performed1 on the large scale1 in a mill1 and on the small scale1 with a kind of pestle and mortar4 ,during the operation the tobacco is frequently sifted1 that it may not be reduced to too fine a powder1 and is several times slightly moistened with rose or orange-flower water1 or eau d'ange1 which are the only liquids fit for the superior kinds of snuff4 ,in preparing the dry snuffs no moisture is used4 ,the scent or other like matters are next added1 and1 after thorough admixture1 the snuff is packed in jars or canisters4 ,adult4 ,during the grinding of tobacco it is frequently mixed with dark-coloured rotten wood1 various ,english leaves1 colouring1 and other matter4 ,ammonia1 hellebore1 euphorbium1 and powdered glass are common additions to snuffs to increase their pungency4 ,we have seen powdered sal ammoniac sent by the hundredweight at one time to a certain celebrated ,london tobacconist4 ,the moist kinds of snuff are generally drugged with pearlash1 for the triple purpose of keeping them damp and increasing their pungency and colour4 ,the dry snuffs1 especially #8,scotch' and #8,welsh1' are commonly adulterated with quicklime1 the particles of which may be occasionally distinguished even by the naked eye4 ,this addition causes their biting and desiccating effect on the pituitary membrane4 8,we were once severely injured by taking snuff which1 after our suspicions were awakened1 we found to contain a mixture of red lead and umber40 7,cooley47 ,the following circumstance related by ,dr ,garrod#aga in a lecture at ,king's ,college ,hospital leads to the inference that the custom of packing snuff in lead is not free from danger4 ,the doctor says3----,a gentleman1 a resident in ,india1 began to suffer some time since from nervous exhaustion1 anmia1 and debility of both extremities2 he was a great snuff taker1 taking on an average as much as an ounce in the course of a day4 ,he consulted several medical men in ,india1 and they attributed his symptoms to inordinate snuff taking4 ,he1 however1 continued to take snuff and to get worse1 and at last came to ,england to seek further advice4 ,when ,dr ,garrod saw him he discovered a blue line on the gums4 ,his suspicions were directed to the snuff1 which he found to contain a considerable quantity of lead4 ,to ascertain whether or not the presence of lead in this circumstance was an accidental circumstance1 six packets were ordered from the house in ,calcutta with which the gentleman had been in the habit of dealing4 ,the snuff was contained in sheet-lead packages1 which were all found to contain lead to about the same extent as the first specimen4 ,dr ,garrod exhibited a solution1 which he tested in the following way3----,ten grains of snuff were burned in a platinum crucible1 and the ash was treated with nitric acid1 the crystallised result was dissolved in water with the addition of a small quantity of acetic acid1 and then tested with iodide of potassium1 which threw down an abundant precipitate of yellow iodide of lead4 ,the leaden packages were labelled #8best brown rappee1' and bore the name of a well-known ,english firm1 from which they had been exported to ,india4 ,the snuff itself was rather moist4 ,where it adhered to the sides of the case it was dotted with white spots1 probably consisting of carbonate of lead1 formed by1 ,dr ,garrod suggests1 the fermentation of the damp snuff4 ,footnote #aga3 #8,lancet4' ,since ,dr ,garrod's attention has been directed to this subject1 he has spoken to a medical man recently returned from ,calcutta1 who told him that he had quite lately met with three cases of lead-poisoning1 which1 on investigation1 were found to be due to the use of snuff4 ,var4 ,snuffs are divided into two kinds----,,dry ,,snuffs1 as #8,scotch1' #8,irish1' #8,welsh1' and #8,spanish snuff1' #8,lundyfoot1' c42 and ,,moist ,,snuffs1 or ,,rappees1 including #8black' and #8brown rappee1' #8carrotte1' #8,cuba1' #8,hardham's mixture1' #8prince's mixture1' #8princeza1' #8queen's snuff1' c4 ,the last three also come under the denomination of ,,scented ,,snuffs4 ,the immense variety of snuffs kept in the shops1 independently of the above-named conditions1 depend for their distinguishing characteristics on the length of the fermentation1 the fineness of the powder1 the height to which they are dried1 and the addition of odorous substances4 ,tonquin beans1 essence of tonquin bean1 ambergris1 musk1 civet1 leaves of orchis fusca1 root and oil of calamus aromaticus1 powder and essence of orris root1 and the essences or oils of bergamot1 cedra1 cloves1 lavender1 petit grain1 neroli1 and roses 7otto71 as well as several others1 either alone or compounded1 are thus employed4 ,,tabac ,,parfum,e ,,aux ,,fleurs is perfumed by putting orange flowers1 jasmins1 tuberoses1 musk roses1 or common roses1 to the snuff in a close chest or jar1 sifting them out after #bd hours1 and repeating the treatment with fresh flowers1 as necessary4 ,another way is to lay paper1 pricked all over with a large pin1 between the flowers and the snuff4 ,,macouba ,,snuff is imitated by moistening the tobacco with a mixture of treacle and water1 and allowing it to ferment well4 ,,spanish ,,snuff is made from unsifted #8,havannah snuff1' reduced by adding ground ,spanish nutshells1 sprinkling the mixture with treacle water1 and allowing it to sweat for some days before packing4 ,,yellow ,,snuff is prepared from ordinary pale snuff moistened with a mixture of yellow ochre diffused in water1 to which a few spoonfuls of thin mucilage have been added2 when dry1 the colour that does not adhere to the snuff is separated with a fine sieve4 ,,red ,,snuff4 ,as last1 but using red ochre4 ,snuff1 ,asarabacca4 ,syn4 ,,cephalic ,,snuff1 ,,compound ,,powder ,,of ,,asarabacca2 ,,pulvis ,,asari ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,asarabacca leaves1 #a oz42 lavender flowers1 #a dr4 7both dried72 mix and powder them4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,asarabacca leaves1 #c dr42 leaves of marjoram and flowers of lavender1 of each #a dr42 as before4 ,both are used as errhines in headaches and ophthalmia4 ,see ,,snuff1 ,,cephalic1 ,,asarabacca1 c4 ,snuff1 ,cephalic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from asarabacca leaves and ,lundyfoot snuff1 of each #b oz42 lavender flowers1 #a_/d oz42 essence of bergamotte and oil of cloves1 of each #b or #c drops2 mixed and ground to a powder1 the perfume being added last4 #b4 7,boeli's47 ,from tobacco or pure snuff and valerian root1 of each #a_/b oz42 reduced to powder1 and scented with the oils of lavender and marjoram1 of each #e or #f drops4 ,obs4 ,the first formula is an excellent one2 and the product is very useful in nervous headaches1 dimness of sight1 c4 ,see ,,snuff1 ,,asarabacca 7above74 ,snuff1 ,eye4 ,prep4 ,from finely levigated tribasic sulphate of mercury 7#8,turpeth mineral'71 #a_/b dr42 pure dry ,scotch or ,lundyfoot snuff1 #a oz42 triturate them well together4 ,a pinch of this1 occasionally1 has been recommended in inflammation of the eyes1 dimness of sight1 headache1 polypus1 c42 but it should be used with caution1 and not too often4 ,,soap4 ,syn4 ,,sapo1 ,l42 ,,savon1 ,fr4 ,,spanish1 ,,castile1 or ,,hard ,,soap1 made with olive oil and soda 7,,sapo1 ,,sapo ,,ex ,,oliv ,,oleo ,,et ,,sod ,,confectus----,ph4 ,l42 ,,sapo ,,durus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e41 ,d471 and ,,soft ,,soap1 made with olive oil and potash 7,,sapo ,,mollis----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,,sapo ,,ex ,,oliv ,,oleo ,,et ,,potass ,,confectus----,ph4 ,l471 are the only kinds directed to be employed in medicine4 ,the former is intended whenever #8soap' is ordered1 and is the one which is principally employed internally2 the latter is used in ointments1 c41 and in some of the officinal pills4 ,prep4 ,the fatty or oleaginous matter is boiled with a weak alkaline lye 7soap-lye7 rendered caustic by quicklime1 and portions of stronger lye are added from time to time1 the ebullition being still continued1 until these substances1 reacting on each other1 combine to form a tenacious compound1 which begins to separate from the water2 to promote this separation and the granulation of the newly-formed soap1 some common salt is generally added1 and the fire being withdrawn1 the contents of the boiler are allowed to repose for some hours1 in order that the soap may collect into one stratum1 and solidify2 when this happens it is put into wooden frames or moulds1 and when it has become stiff enough to be handled it is cut into bars or pieces1 and exposed to the air1 in a warm situation1 to further harden and to dry4 ,in the print works of ,alsace1 where an immense quantity of egg albumen is consumed1 there collect1 as a necessary result1 enormous quantities of the yolks of egg4 ,amongst other purposes to which these are applied that of soap-making is one4 ,according to ,kingzett1 the olein is not the only ingredient of the yolk which reacts upon the soda or potash1 and thus produces soap2 but the yolk also contains another body1 which1 absorbing water under the influence of the bases1 splits up into oleic and margaric acids4 8,besides the olein contained in the free state1 there is10 says ,mr ,kingzett1 8present a body called lecithine of the formula ,c#db;,h#hd,,npo#i40 ,gobloy1 ,diakonow1 ,strecker1 ,thudicum1 and ,kingzett have studied this substance1 and express its chemolysis as follows3---- ,lecithine4 ,water4 ,glycero-phosphoric acid4 ,c#db;,h#hd,,npo#i - #c;,h#b,o ,c#c;,h#i,,po#f ,choline4 ,oleic acid4 ,palmitic acid4 ,c#e;,h#ae,,no#b ,c#ah;,h#cd,o#b ,c#af;,h#cb,o#b4 ,that is to say1 bases have the power1 by abstracting water1 to split up lecithine into1 among other products1 oleic and palmitic acid2 so that when eggs are used for soap-making this process actually occurs1 the soda or potash employed being sufficient to effect the necessary decomposition1 and the resulting soap being1 therefore1 the product from not only the olein1 but from the fatty acids so formed4 ,tessie du ,mothay has proposed a method for the recovery of potash1 soda1 c41 from soap water1 which is as follows3----,he decomposes the soap water by calcium1 barium1 or magnesium carbonate1 and then passes carbonic acid through the liquid4 ,the bicarbonate form precipitates organic matter and other impurities1 and these settle down4 ,the solution is then evaporated or treated with baryta water1 which precipitates the last portion of foreign matters1 and leaves a solution of caustic alkali4 ,at a particular stage of the process an acid is used in order to hasten the separation of the resinous substances1 and1 in certain cases1 of the sulphides of sodium and calcium1 or barium and calcium and ferric oxide1 and then passes carbonic acid into the liquid4 ,the precipitated metallic substances carry down with them the humus-like substances present4 ,var4 ,the principal varieties of soap found in commerce are3---- ,,almond ,,soap 7,,sapo ,,amygdalinus71 made from almond oil and caustic soda1 and chiefly used for the toilet4 ,the ,p4 ,codex gives the following formula for its preparation3----,solution of caustic soda 7#accd71 by weight1 #aj oz42 oil of almonds1 by weight1 #ba oz42 add the lye to the oil in small portions1 stirring frequently2 leave the mixture for some days at a temperature of from #fd to #fh ,fahr41 stirring occasionally1 and when it has acquired the consistence of a soft paste1 put it into moulds until sufficiently solidified4 ,it should be exposed to the air for one or two months before it is used4 ,,animal ,,soap4 ,,sapo ,,animalis1 ,,curd ,,soap 7,b4 ,p474 ,a soap made with soda and a purified animal fat consisting principally of stearin 7,p4 ,cod474 ,put #e parts of beef marrow with #aj parts of water into a porcelain or silver basin1 heat1 and when melted add by portions1 with constant stirring1 #b-a_/b parts of liquor sod 7#acc72 when saponified1 add #a part of salt2 stir1 remove the soap from the surface1 drain it1 melt it with a gentle heat1 and pour it into moulds4 ,,castile ,,soap1 ,,spanish ,s41 ,,marseilles ,s42 ,,sapo ,,castiliensis1 ,,sapo ,,hispanicus4 ,an olive-oil soda soap1 kept both in the white and marbled state4 ,the former is said to be the purest1 the latter the strongest4 ,,curd ,,soap1 made with tallow 7chiefly7 and soda 7see above74 ,,medicated ,,soaps1 containing various active ingredients4 ,the chief of these are noticed below4 ,,mottled ,,soap1 made with refuse kitchen-stuff1 c4 ,,soft ,,soap 7of commerce71 made with whale1 seal1 or cod oil1 tallow1 and caustic potash4 ,n4 ,grger#agb gives the following method for the easy determination of the fat and alkali in soft 7potash7 soaps3----#be to #ej grammes of soap are dissolved in #aej c4c4 of water by aid of heat1 cooled1 and mixed with an excess of salt1 so that a soda-soap separates out2 the latter is washed on a paper filter with a saturated solution of salt4 ,in the filtrate the free alkali is estimated by a normal acid4 ,the precipitate is decomposed by warming with excess of normal acid1 and the quantity of acid neutralised by the combined alkali1 determined by a standard soda solution4 ,the cake of fat which separates in the last operation1 is dried and weighed after adding to it1 while melted1 a known weight of stearin or paraffin to give it hardness4 ,footnote #agb3 #8,dingler's ,journal' 7#8,journ4 of ,chem4 ,soc41' vol4 ix1 new ,,toilet ,,soaps1 prepared from any of the preceding varieties1 and variously coloured and scented4 ,formul are given below4 ,,yellow ,,soap1 ,,resin ,,soap1 made with tallow1 resin1 and caustic soda4 ,soluble glass is now largely employed in place of resin4 ,soaps are also divided into ,,soft or ,,potash ,,soaps1 and ,,hard or ,,soda ,,soaps4 ,assay4 #a4 ,for the ,,water4 ,a piece1 fairly taken from the sample1 and weighing #ajj gr41 is reduced to thin shavings1 which are dried by the heat of boiling water1 until they cease to lose weight4 ,the loss indicates the proportion of free water4 ,this should not exceed #ce for ordinary curd and mottled soap1 #de for yellow soap1 and about #ae to #af for ,castile soap4 #b4 ,for the ,,alkali4 #ajj gr4 of the soap are dissolved in #d or #e fl4 oz4 of boiling water1 and the solution tested by the common method of alkalimetry4 ,curd and yellow soap usually contain from #f to #g1 mottled soap from #g to #h1 and ,castile soap #h to #i of soda4 #c4 ,for the ,,oil or ,,fat4 ,the solution tested for alkali 7see ,no4 #b7 is heated1 and then allowed to cool slowly2 when cold the floating fatty matter is removed1 freed from water1 and weighed4 ,when the fat or oil has little consistence1 #ajj gr4 of pure white wax is added to the soap solution before heating it4 ,the weight obtained1 in grains in the one case1 and the excess above #ajj gr4 in the other1 give the proportion of oil or fat present4 ,this1 in ordinary mottled soap1 should be about #fh2 in yellow soap1 #fe2 in curd soap1 #fj2 and in ,castile soap1 #ge4 #d4 ,,unsaponified ,,fatty ,,matter4----a4 ,pure soap is entirely soluble in distilled water and insoluble in saline solution2 if a film of fatty matter forms on its solution in the former1 after repose1 that portion has not been saponified4 b4 ,the fat separated from soap 7see ,no4 #b71 when it has been perfectly saponified1 is entirely soluble in alcohol4 #e4 ,,other ,,impurities4 ,pure soap is soluble in rectified spirit1 forming a colourless or nearly colourless solution4 ,the undissolved portion1 if exceeding #a1 is adulteration4 ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,soap ,,assay 7,m4 ,moffit74 ,the constituents to be determined in an analysis of soap are alkalies 7combined and free71 carbonates1 fatty acids1 resin1 glycerin1 salts1 colouring matters1 and water4 ,three portions of the finely divided soap are weighed off1 containing respectively #aj grams1 #bj grams1 and #dj grams4 ,ten grams are digested with alcohol on the water-bath and filtered4 ,the residue containing carbonates and other salts1 colouring matter1 c41 is dried at #ajj1 weighed1 digested with water1 and titrated with normal oxalic acid4 ,every c4c4 of acid used indicates #jjec ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,regard must be had to a slight precipitate of calcium oxalate4 ,the weight of ,na#b;,,co#c found is subtracted from the total residue insoluble in alcohol1 the difference is the weight of the salts and foreign matters4 ,the filtrate is subjected to a stream of carbonic acid1 filtered1 and the precipitate dissolved in water and titrated with oxalic acid4 ,each c4c4 of acid indicates #jjca free soda1 or #jjdb free potash4 ,no precipitate shows the absence of free alkalies4 ,the filtrate from the precipitate produced by the carbonic acid is1 after the addition of #ae c4c4 of water1 evaporated to remove the alcohol4 ,the aqueous solution1 treated with normal oxalic acid to acid reaction1 shows for every c4c4 of acid #jjca soda1 or #jjdb potash in combination4 ,sulphuric acid is then added1 and the whole is heated on a water bath with pure beeswax to separate the fatty acids and resin1 which are then weighed1 the weight of the beeswax being subtracted4 ,forty grams of the soap are next dissolved in water and mixed with sulphuric acid1 as long as any precipitate is formed4 ,on standing the fatty acids separate1 and can be dried and weighed4 ,these fatty acids are digested with a mixture of equal volumes of water and alcohol1 till the liquid on cooling ceases to appear milky4 ,the solid layer is again weighed1 and the difference between the weight and that obtained above shows the weight of the resin4 ,the melting point of the acids is next determined4 ,ten grams are then dissolved in alcohol1 and sulphuric acid diluted with alcohol is added1 till a precipitate is no longer formed4 ,the liquid is filtered1 mixed with barium carbonate1 and again filtered4 ,the sweet residue left after evaporation of the alcohol is glycerin4 ,the weights of the carbonates1 salts1 and foreign matters1 free and combined alkalies1 fatty acids1 resin1 and glycerin are added together1 and the sum subtracted from #aj grams gives the weight of the water4 ,see also ,soap analysis1 #8,chem4 ,news1' xxxv1 #b4 ,the article is too long to allow of insertion here4 ,uses1 c4 ,the common uses of soap need not be enumerated4 ,as a medicine it acts as a mild purgative and lithontriptic1 and it has been thought by some to be useful in certain affections of the stomach arising from deficiency of bile4 ,externally it is stimulant and detergent4----,dose1 #c to #bj or #cj gr41 made into pills1 and usually combined with aloes or rhubarb4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,prior to the researches of ,chevreul1 no correct ideas were entertained as to the constitution of soap4 ,it was long known that the fixed oils and fats1 in contact with caustic alkaline solutions at a high temperature1 undergo the remarkable change which is called saponification2 but here the knowledge of the matter stopped4 ,chevreul discovered that if the soap1 so produced1 be afterwards decomposed by the addition of an acid1 the fat which separates is found to be completely changed in character2 to have acquired a strong acid reaction when applied in a melted state to test paper1 and to have become soluble with the greatest facility in warm alcohol2 in other words----that a new substance1 capable of forming salts1 and exhibiting all the characteristic properties of an acid1 has been generated out of the elements of the neutral fat under the influence of the base4 ,stearin1 when thus treated1 yields stearic acid1 palmitin gives palmitic acid1 olein gives oleic acid1 and common animal fat1 which is a mixture of several neutral bodies1 affords1 by saponification by an alkali and subsequent decomposition of the soap1 a mixture of the corresponding fatty acids4 ,these bodies are not1 however1 the only products of saponification2 the change is always accompanied by the formation of a very peculiar sweet substance called glycerin1 which remains in the mother liquor from which the acidified fat has been separated4 ,the process of saponification itself proceeds with perfect facility1 even in a closed vessel2 no gas is disengaged2 the neutral fat1 of whatsoever kind1 is simply resolved into an alkaline salt of the fatty acid1 which is soap1 and into glycerin1 a neutral body resembling syrup1 and1 like that liquid1 miscible with water in every proportion4 8,when yellow soap is made with the cheaper kinds of fat it will hardly acquire a sufficient degree of firmness or hardness to satisfy the thrifty washerwoman4 ,it melts away too rapidly in hot water1 a defect which may be well remedied by the introduction into the soap of a little 7#abjth7 fused sulphate of soda2 and this salt concreting gives the soap a desirable hardness1 whilst it improves its colour1 and renders it a more desirable article for the washing tub40 7,ure47 ,this process was patented by ,dr ,normandy1 but soon proved a source of annoyance and molestation to him on the part of the ,board of ,excise1 it being an enormous crime in law to attempt to improve and cheapen soap4 8,soda which contains sulphurets is preferred for making mottled or marble soap1 whereas the desulphuretted soda makes the best white curd soap40 8,the ,barillas always contain a small proportion of potash1 to which their peculiar value1 in making a less brittle or more plastic hard soap than the factitious sodas1 may1 with great probability1 be ascribed40 7,ure47 ,the mottled appearance is usually given1 in the ,london ,soap-works1 by watering the nearly finished soap with a strong lye of crude soda1 by means of a watering can furnished with a rose spout4 ,for #8,castile soap' a solution of sulphate of iron is so employed4 ,see ,,soaps 7,medicated and ,toilet74 ,soap1 ,arsenical4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,arsenicalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bcurs47 ,from carbonate of potash1 #ab oz42 white arsenic1 white soap1 and air-slaked lime1 of each #d oz42 powdered camphor1 #c_/d oz42 made into a paste with water1 q4 s4 ,used to preserve the skins of birds1 and other small animals4 ,soap1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,niger1 ,s4 ,,mollis ,,communis1 ,l4 ,a crude soft soap1 made of fish oil and potash2 but the following mixture is usually sold for it3----,soft soap1 #g lbs42 train oil1 #a lb42 water1 #a gall42 boil to a proper consistence1 adding ivory black or powdered charcoal1 q4 s41 to colour4 ,used by farriers4 ,,soaps 7,medicated74 ,a few only of these deserve notice here3---- ,soap1 ,antimonial4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,antimonialis1 ,,sapo ,,stibiatus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hamb4 ,cod4 #ahde47 ,golden sulphuret of antimony1 #b dr42 solution of caustic potassa1 #f dr4 7or q4 s472 dissolve and triturate the solution with medicated 7,castile7 soap 7in powder71 #a-a_/b oz41 until the mass assumes a pilular consistence4 ,it should be of a greyish-white colour4 ,soap1 ,chlorinated4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,calcis ,,chlorinat1 ,l42 ,,savon ,,antisyphilitique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from ,castile soap 7in powder71 #aa oz42 chloride of lime 7dry and good71 #a oz42 mix1 beat them to a mass with rectified spirit1 q4 s42 7holding in solution7 oil of verbena or of ginger grass1 #a_/d oz42 lastly1 form the mass into flat tablets1 and wrap these in thin sheet gutta percha4 ,a most excellent detergent and stimulant soap in various affections1 admirably adapted for hospital use1 and for removing stains from the skin and rendering it white4 ,it is the most powerful known agent against infection from contagious diseases communicable by contact4 ,soap1 ,cod-,liver ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,olei ,,jecoris 7,deschamps74 ,prep4 ,cod-liver oil1 #b oz42 caustic soda1 #b dr42 water1 #e dr42 dissolve the soda in the water1 and mix it with the oil4 ,an ioduretted soap is made by mixing with the above1 #a dr4 of iodide of potassium dissolved in #a dr4 of water4 ,soap1 ,croton4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,crotonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from croton oil and liquor of potassa1 equal parts2 triturated together in a warm mortar until they combine4 ,cathartic4----,dose1 #a to #c gr4 ,soap of ,gamboge4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,gambogi4 7,soubeiran47 ,prep4 ,mix #a part of gamboge with #b of soap1 dissolve it with a little spirit1 and evaporate to a pilular consistence4 ,soap1 of ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,guaiaci1 ,,sapo ,,guaiacinus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,liquor of potassa1 #a oz42 water1 #b oz42 mix in a porcelain capsule1 apply heat1 and gradually add of resin of guaiacum 7in powder71 #f dr41 or as much as it will dissolve2 next decant or filter1 and evaporate to a pilular consistence4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 in chronic rheumatism1 various skin diseases1 c4 ,soap ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,ioduratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from ,castile soap 7sliced71 #a lb42 iodide of potassium1 #a oz42 7dissolved in7 water1 #c fl4 oz42 melt them together in a glass or porcelain vessel1 over a water bath4 ,excellent in various skin diseases2 also as a common soap for scrofulous subjects4 ,soap of ,jalap4 ,see ,,jalap1 ,,soap ,,of4 ,soap1 ,larch4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,laricis4 7,dr ,moore47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #ab oz4 of white curd soap in #bd oz4 of rose water on a steam bath4 ,infuse #d oz4 of wheat bran in #aj oz4 of cold water for #bd hours1 and express4 ,add to the last1 #c oz4 of pure glycerin4 ,dissolve #f dr4 of extract of larch bark in #a oz4 of boiling water4 ,mix these solutions with the dissolved soap1 evaporate over a steam bath to a proper consistence1 and pour into moulds to cool4 ,for the local treatment of psoriasis4 ,soap1 ,macquer's ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,vitriolicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from ,castile soap1 #d oz42 softened by heat and a little water1 and then continually triturated in a mortar with oil of vitriol 7added drop by drop74 ,detergent4 ,used where alkalies would be prejudicial4 ,soap1 ,marine4 ,patent4 ,this is made by substituting cocoa nut oil for the fats and oils used in the manufacture of common soap4 ,it has the advantage of forming a lather with salt water4 ,soap1 ,mercurial4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,hydrargyri4 7,m4 ,herbert47 #a4 ,prep4 ,dissolve #d oz4 of quicksilver in its weight of nitric acid without heat2 melt in a porcelain basin by water bath #ah oz4 of veal suet1 and add the solution1 stirring the mixture till the union is complete4 ,to #e oz4 of this ointment1 add #b oz4 of solution of caustic soda 7#acc71 porphyry slag1 till a soap is formed1 which is completely soluble in water4 ,for external use1 alone1 or dissolved in water1 in some cutaneous diseases4 #b4 ,,sapo ,,mercurialis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,,sapo ,,sublimatis ,,corrosivi47 ,from ,castile soap 7in powder71 #d oz42 corrosive sublimate1 #a dr42 7dissolved in7 rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz42 beaten to a uniform mass in a porcelain or wedgwood-ware mortar4 #c4 7,,sapo ,,hydrargyri1 ,,precipitati ,,albi----,sir ,h4 ,marsh47 ,prep4 ,beat #ab oz4 of white ,windsor soap in a marble mortar1 add #a dr4 of rectified spirit1 #b dr4 of white precipitate1 and #aj drops of otto4 ,beat the whole to a uniform paste4 #d4 7,,sapo ,,hydrargyri1 ,,precipitati ,,rubri----,sir ,h4 ,marsh47 ,from white ,windsor soap1 #b oz42 nitric oxide of mercury 7levigated71 #a dr42 otto of roses1 #f or #h drops2 7dissolved in7 rectified spirit1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 as the last4 ,both the above are employed as stimulant detergents and repellants1 in various skin diseases2 also as ,,savon ,,antisyphilitique4 ,soap of ,subacetate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,saturni 7,bristol ,infirmary74 ,prep4 ,boil #a lb4 of white soap in #d pints of rain water2 when the soap is dissolved add #a oz4 of camphor pulverised with spirit1 and mixed with #b oz4 of liquid subacetate of lead1 stir the whole till cold4 ,soap1 ,sulphuretted4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,sulphuris1 ,,sapo ,,sulphuratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sir ,h4 ,marsh47 ,from white soap1 #b oz42 sublimed sulphur1 #a_/d oz42 beaten to a smooth paste in a marble mortar with #a or #b fl4 dr4 of rectified spirit strongly coloured with alkanet root1 and holding in solution otto of roses1 #aj or #ab drops4 ,in itch and various other cutaneous diseases4 ,soap1 ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,,sapo ,,piceus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tar1 #a part2 liquor of potassa and soap 7in shavings71 of each #b parts2 beat them together until they unite4 ,stimulant4 ,used in psoriasis1 lepra1 c4 ,soap1 ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,starkey',s ,,soap2 ,,sapo ,,terebinthin1 ,s4 ,,terebinthinatus1 ,l42 ,,savon ,t,r,,binthine1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,subcarbonate of potash1 oil of turpentine1 and ,venice turpentine1 equal parts2 triturate them together1 in a warm mortar1 with a little water1 until they combine2 put the product into paper moulds1 and in a few days slice it1 and preserve it in a well-stopped bottle4 ,,soaps 7,toilet74 ,of toilet soaps there are two principal varieties3---- #a4 7,hard47 ,the basis of these is1 generally1 a mixture of suet1 #i parts1 and olive oil1 #a part1 saponified by caustic soda2 the product is variously scented and coloured4 ,they are also made of white tallow1 olive1 almond1 and palm-oil soaps1 either alone or combined in various proportions1 and scented4 #b4 7,soft47 ,the basis of these is a soap made of hog's lard and potash1 variously scented and coloured4 #c4 ,guido ,schnitzer1 writing to #8,dingler's ,journal' 7cciii1 #abi-acb71agc says that the use of sodium silicate 7ordinary water-glass7 has proved of great value in the manufacture of palm oil and cocoa-nut oil soaps1 as it increases their alkalinity1 and gives to them greater hardness and durability4 ,it is for these reasons the silicate is much used in the manufacture of toilette soaps4 ,footnote #agc3 #8,journ4 of ,chem4 ,soc41' new series1 vol4 x4 ,he states that during the ,american war1 when the price of resin soap reached a high price1 sodium silicate was much used as a substitute in soap making4 ,the soap is found to be the more active and durable in proportion to the amount of silica in the silicate4 ,schnitzer made a series of experiments in order to discover a mixture which1 on fusing1 will yield a silicate as rich as possible in silica1 without being insoluble in boiling water1 and he found the following proportions yielded on fusion the best silicate for the above purposes3---- #ajj parts of soda ash 7containing #ia per cent1 of ,na#b;,,co#c71 and #ahj of sand4 ,in the solution of silicate obtained on treatment with boiling water1 the proportion of the ,na#b,o to the ,si,o#b would then be as #a to #bi4 ,after long boiling with water1 there ordinarily remains a slimy residue1 which1 on boiling up with fresh dilute soda-lye for a long time1 furnishes a concentrated solution of silicate4 ,this residue1 consisting of silica1 with insoluble higher silicates1 was boiled with soda solution at #f ,baume1 and the solution concentrated to #dj ,baume1 when the proportion therein of ,na#b,o to ,si,o#b was found to be as #a to #a1 and on cooling those crystallised out1 sodium silicate of the formula ,na#b,si,o#c #h;,h#b,o1 in white foliated crystals4 ,on the small scale the perfume is generally added to the soap melted in a bright copper pan by the heat of a water bath2 on the large scale it is mixed with the liquid soap1 at the soap-maker's1 before the latter is poured into the frames4 ,the following are examples of a few of the leading toilet soaps3#agd ,footnote #agd3 ,see also ,,savonettes4 ,soap1 ,bitter ,almond4 ,syn4 ,,savon ,d',,amande1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from white tallow soap1 #ef lbs42 essential oil of almonds1 #c_/d lb42 as before4 ,savon au ,bouquet4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from tallow soap1 #cj lbs42 olive-oil soap1 #aj lbs42 essence of bergamot1 #d oz42 oils of cloves1 sassafras1 and thyme1 of each #a oz42 pure neroli1 #a_/b oz42 brown ochre 7finely powdered71 #a_/b lb42 mixed as the last4 ,soap1 ,cinnamon4 ,prep4 ,from tallow soap1 #ad lbs42 palm-oil soap1 #g lbs42 oil of cinnamon 7cassia71 #c oz42 oil of sassafras and essence of bergamot1 of each #a_/b oz42 levigated yellow ochre1 #a_/b lb4 ,soap1 ,floating4 ,prep4 ,from good oil soap1 #ad lbs42 water1 #c pints2 melted together by the heat of a steam or water bath1 and assiduously beaten until the mixture has at least doubled its volume1 when it must be put into the frames1 cooled1 and cut into pieces4 ,any scent may be added4 ,soap1 ,glycerin4 ,any mild toilet soap being liquefied1 glycerin is intimately mixed with it in the proportion of from a #bjth to a #beth of the weight of the soap4 ,sometimes a red1 and others an orange tint is given to it4 ,the scent usually consists of bergamot1 or rose geranium1 mixed with a little oil of cassia1 to which sometimes a little oil of bitter almonds is added4 #b4 7,spon47 #dj lbs4 of tallow1 #dj lbs4 of lard1 and #bj lbs4 of cocoa-nut oil1 are saponified with #de lbs4 of soda lye1 and #e lbs4 of potash lye1 of #dj ,baume1 when the soap is to be made in the cold way4 ,to the paste then add1 pure glycerin #f lbs41 oil of ,portugal1 #a_/b oz41 oil of bergamot1 #a_/c oz41 bitter almond oil1 #e oz41 oil of vitivert1 #c oz4 ,soap1 ,honey4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from palm-oil soap and olive-oil soap1 of each #a part2 curd soap1 #c parts2 melted together and scented with the oil of verbena1 rose-geranium1 or ginger-grass4 #b4 ,from the finest bright-coloured yellow soap1 scented with the oils of ginger-grass and bergamot4 ,soap1 ,liquid ,glycerin----,glycerinseife1 ,flssige4 ,sesame or cotton-seed oil is saponified with sufficient caustic potash1 and while moist is dissolved in six times its weight of spirit of wine4 ,the solution is filtered1 five-sixths of the spirit is distilled from a water bath1 and the cooled residue is reduced to the consistence of thin honey1 with a mixture of #b parts glycerin and #a part spirit4 ,it is then perfumed4 ,soap1 ,musk4 #a4 ,a good ox suet or tallow soap is generally used for the basis of this4 ,the scent is composed of a mixture of essence of musk1 with small quantities of the oils of bergamot1 cinnamon1 and cloves4 ,the quantity of musk must be regulated by the amount of fragrance required4 ,the soap is usually coloured with caramel4 #b4 ,another kind is made with tallow and palm-oil soap1 to which is added a mixture of the powders of cloves1 roses1 and gilliflowers1 oil of bergamot1 and essence of musk4 ,the colouring matter is brown ochre4 ,soap1 ,musk4 ,as ,,cinnamon ,,soap1 but with essence of musk1 supported with a little essence of bergamot and oil of cloves1 as perfume1 and burnt sugar1 to colour4 ,soap1 ,naples4 ,from olive oil and potash4 ,soap1 ,orange-flower4 ,as ,,savon ,,la ,,rose1 with oil of neroli or essence de petit grain1 supported with a little of the essence of ambergris and ,portugal1 for perfume4 ,soap1 ,palm-oil4 ,syn4 ,,violet ,,soap4 ,made of palm oil and caustic soda lye4 ,it has a pleasant odour of violets and a lively colour4 ,soap1 ,pearl4 ,syn4 ,,almond ,,cream2 ,,cr,,me ,d',,amandes1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from a soap made of lard and caustic potash lye2 when quite cold it is beaten in small portions at a time in a marble mortar1 until it unites to form a homogeneous mass1 or #8pearls1' as it is called2 essence of bitter almonds1 q4 s41 to perfume1 being added during the pounding4 ,savon la ,rose4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from a mixture of olive-oil soap1 #cf lbs42 best tallow soap1 #bd lbs4 7both new and in shavings72 water1 #a quart2 melted in a covered bright copper pan1 by the heat of a water bath1 then coloured with vermilion 7finely levigated71 #b-a_/b oz42 and1 after the mixture has cooled a little1 scented with otto of roses1 #c oz42 essence of bergamot1 #b-a_/b oz42 oil of cloves and cinnamon1 of each #a oz4 ,soap1 ,rondeletia4 ,this is merely cinnamon soap scented with the essence made with mixed essential oils1 c41 known as rondeletia4 ,it is coloured with brown or yellow ochre4 ,soap1 ,shaving4 ,see ,,paste 7,shaving74 ,soap1 ,transparent4 ,prep4 ,from perfectly dry almond1 tallow1 or soft soap1 reduced to shavings1 and dissolved1 in a closed vessel or still1 in an equal weight of rectified spirit1 the clear portion1 after a few hours' repose1 being poured into moulds or frames2 after a few weeks' exposure to a dry atmosphere1 the pieces are #8trimmed up' and stamped1 as desired4 ,it may be scented and coloured1 at will1 by adding the ingredients to it while in the soft state4 ,a rose colour is given by tincture of archil2 and yellow1 by tincture of turmeric or annotta4 ,it does not lather well4 ,soap1 ,windsor4 ,syn4 ,,sapo ,,vindesor1 ,s4 ,,vindesoriensis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,white2 ,s4 ,v4 ,,albus47 ,the best #8,english' is made of a mixture of olive oil1 #a part1 and ox tallow or suet1 #i parts1 saponified by caustic soda4 #8,french ,windsor-soap' is made of hogs' lard1 with the addition of a little palm oil4 ,that of the shops is merely ordinary curd soap1 scented with oil of caraway1 supported with a little oil of bergamot1 lavender1 or origanum4 ,to the finer qualities a little of the essences of musk and ambergris is occasionally added4 #a-a_/b lb4 of the mixed scents is the common proportion per cwt4 #b4 7,,brown2 ,s4 ,v4 ,,fuscus47 ,this merely differs from the last in being coloured with burnt sugar1 or 7less frequently7 with umber4 ,originally it was the white variety1 that had become mellow and brown with age4 ,,so,,da4 ,see ,,sodium4 ,,so,,dium4 ,na4 ,syn4 ,,natrium4 ,the metallic base of soda4 ,it was first obtained by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 in #ahjg1 by means of a powerful galvanic battery2 but it may be more conveniently and cheaply procured1 in quantity1 by the method described under ,,potassium4 ,the process1 when well conducted1 is1 however1 much easier and more certain than that for the last-named metal4 ,prep4 ,the anhydrous carbonate of sodium1 #f parts1 is dissolved in a little water1 and the solution mixed with charcoal in fine powder1 #b parts1 and charcoal in small lumps1 #a part2 the whole is then evaporated to dryness1 transferred to an iron retort1 and treated in the manner described at page #acec4 ,obs4 ,very important improvements have been made in the manufacture of this metal by ,deville1 consisting partly in the simplification of the receiver1 and partly in the addition of carbonate of calcium to the mixture1 which addition appears to facilitate the reduction of the sodium in a most remarkable manner4 ,prop41 c4 ,sodium is a soft silver-white metal1 scarcely solid at common temperatures1 fuses at #aid ,fahr41 and volatilises at a red heat2 it oxidises very rapidly in the air2 when placed on the surface of cold water1 it decomposes that liquid with great violence1 but generally without flame1 in which it differs from potassium2 on hot water it burns with a bright yellow flame----in both cases a solution of pure soda being formed4 ,sp4 gr4 #igb2 it is more malleable than any other metal1 and may be easily reduced into very thin leaves 7,ure72 its other properties resemble those of potassium1 but are of a feebler character4 ,with oxygen it forms two oxides2 with chlorine1 a chloride 7common salt72 and----with bromine1 iodine1 fluorine1 c41 bromide1 iodide1 fluoride1 c41 all of which may be obtained by similar processes to the respective compounds of potassium1 which1 for the most part they resemble4 ,uses4 ,until recently sodium has been regarded as a mere mechanical or philosophical curiosity2 it has now1 however1 become of great practical importance1 from being employed in the manufacture of the metals aluminium1 magnesium1 c4 ,tests4 ,sodium salts are recognised by their solubility in water1 and by their giving a precipitate with none of the ordinary reagents4 ,they give a rich yellow colour to the colourless ,bunsen or the pale blue blowpipe flame4 ,they can1 to a certain extent1 be also distinguished from potassium salts by the carbonate being an easily crystallisable salt1 effervescing in dry air2 the carbonate of potassium being crystallised with difficulty1 and deliquescent4 ,platinum chloride does not give a precipitate with sodium chloride2 neither does picric acid1 perchlorate of ammonium1 nor tartaric acid4 ,sodium1 ,acetate of4 ,na,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,of ,,soda2 ,,sod ,,acetas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prepared from carbonate of sodium as the corresponding potassium salt2 but the resulting solution is evaporated to a pellicle1 and set aside to crystallise4 ,its crystals are striated oblique rhombic prisms2 it effloresces slightly in the air1 and is soluble in #d parts of water at #fj ,fahr4 ,diuretic4----,dose1 #bj to #dj gr4 ,sodium1 ,aluminate4 ,this salt has of late been in extensive demand by the calico printer and dyer4 ,in ,france it is obtained from banxite1 a native hydrate of aluminate1 by treatment with caustic or carbonate of soda4 ,if caustic soda be employed1 the powdered banxite is boiled with a solution of the alkali1 whereas if carbonate of soda be used1 it is fused with the banxite in a reverbatory furnace4 ,by the first process the resulting aluminate of soda is dissolved in water1 and evaporated to dryness1 forms the commercial article4 ,if prepared by ignition1 the semifused mass is lixiviated with water1 and then evaporated to dryness4 ,aluminate of soda prepared as above occurs as a white powder1 of a greenish-yellow hue1 and dry to the touch4 ,it is equally soluble in both hot and cold water1 and readily decomposed by carbonic and acetic acids1 bicarbonate and acetate of soda1 chloride of ammonia1 c4 ,dr ,wagner states that it is used for the preparation of lake colours1 the induration of stone1 in the manufacture of artificial stone1 and for the saponification of fats in the manufacture of stearin candle manufacture1 also in the preparation of an opaque1 milky-looking glass1 or semi-porcelain4 ,aluminate of soda may likewise be procured from cryolite1 as described under ,,alum4 ,sodium ,arseniates4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,arsenias 7,b4 ,p474 ,arsenious acid1 #aj oz42 nitrate of soda1 #h-a_/b oz42 dried carbonate of soda1 #e-a_/b oz42 boiling distilled water1 #ce fl4 oz4 ,reduce the dry ingredients separately to fine powder1 and mix them thoroughly in a porcelain mortar4 ,put the mixture into a large clay crucible and cover it with the lid4 ,expose it to a full red heat till all effervescence has ceased1 and complete fusion has taken place4 ,pour out the fused salt on a clean flagstone1 and as soon as it has solidified and while it is still warm put it into the boiling distilled water1 stirring diligently4 ,when the salt has dissolved filter the solution through paper1 and set it aside to crystallise4 ,drain the crystals1 and having dried them rapidly on filtering paper1 enclose them in a stoppered bottle4 ,sodium1 ,benzoate4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,benzoas4 7,b4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,heat gently benzoic acid and water1 and add caustic soda1 q4 s4 to neutralise the acid4 ,filter1 evaporate1 and crystallise over sulphuric acid under a bell-glass4 ,sodium1 ,bisulphate4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,sulphate1 ,,sod ,,bisulphis4 ,prep4 ,dissolve crystallised carbonate of soda in twice its weight of water1 and pass sulphurous acid in excess through the solution4 ,set it aside to crystallise4 ,its solution is used to preserve subjects4 ,sodium1 ,bromide of4 ,syn4 ,,sodii ,,bromidum4 ,prepared as bromide of potassium4 ,sodium1 ,carbonate of4 ,na#b;,,co#c4 #aj;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,soda1 ,,mono-,,carbonate ,,of ,,soda1 ,,subcarbonate ,,of ,s41 ,salt of barilla2 ,,sod ,,carbonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,the carbonate of sodium of commerce 7,,washing ,,soda7 was formerly prepared from the ashes of seaweed1 and other marine vegetables1 in a somewhat similar manner to that by which carbonate of potassium is obtained2 but it is now usually obtained from chloride of sodium by the action of heat1 sulphuric acid1 and carbonaceous matter4 ,illustration3 ,scotch ,soda ,furnace4 ,prep4 #a4 7,from common salt or sulphate of sodium47 ,the latter is generally obtained by decomposing the former with sulphuric acid1 the evolved gas being passed into water1 or through flues filled with coke1 over which a very small stream of cold water constantly flows1 by which it is condensed1 and forms #8,,liquid ,,hydrochloric ,,acid1' a substance afterwards consumed1 in large quantities1 in the manufacture of chloride of lime1 and for other purposes4 ,the sulphate of sodium1 obtained from this or any other source1 is well mixed with an equal weight of chalk or limestone1 and about half its weight of small coal1 each being previously ground to powder1 and the mixture is exposed to a strong heat in a #8reverbatory furnace' 7see engr47 until the decomposition of the sulphate is complete1 the mass during the calcination being frequently stirred about with a long iron rod2 the semi-liquid is now raked into an iron trough1 where it is allowed to cool1 whilst the furnace is recharged with fresh materials4 ,the crude dark-grey product1 thus obtained1 is known as #8ball alkali1' or #8,british barilla1' and usually contains about #bb or #bc of pure hydrate of sodium4 ,this is now lixiviated with tepid water1 and the solution1 after defecation1 evaporated to dryness2 the residuum is mixed with a certain quantity of sawdust1 coal-dust1 or charcoal1 and roasted in a reverberatory furnace1 at a heat not exceeding #gjj ,fahr41 until all the sulphur is expelled4 ,the product is the #8soda-ash1' #8soda salt1' or #8,british alkali1' of commerce1 and contains about #ej of pure sodium1 partly in the state of carbonate1 and partly as hydrate1 the remainder being chiefly sulphate of sodium and common salt4 ,when this is purified by solution in water1 defecation1 evaporation1 and crystallisation1 it furnishes commercial crystallised carbonate of soda4 ,when this last is redissolved1 and the filtered solution is carefully crystallised1 it constitutes the ordinary carbonate of sodium used in pharmacy and medicine4 ,another process for the preparation of commercial carbonate of sodium1 known as the #8ammonia process1' has of late years met with considerable adoption4 ,the history of this process1 together with the process itself1 are thus described by ,dr ,r4 ,wagner3#age 8,six years ago 7he was writing in #ahgc71 when the international jury at the ,paris ,exhibition expressed their opinion upon the state of the soda industry at that time1 all the judges1 whether practical or theoretical men1 believed that ,leblanc's process 7that previously described7 would hold the field for a long time yet4 ,this seemed still more probable1 since a process had just been introduced for recovering the sulphur from the soda residues4 ,at that time all the soda in use was prepared by this process1 excepting a comparatively small amount obtained from ,chili saltpetre and cryolite1 although there were already tangible indications that soda could be made on a larger scale by another method1 which would be cheaper than ,leblanc's process4 ,footnote #age3 #8,journal of ,applied ,chemistry4' 8,the chemical section of the international jury at the ,vienna ,exposition1 under the presidency of ,professor ,a4 ,w4 ,hofmann1 constituted a congress of chemical technology4 ,by its labours during the course of the summer this congress of scientific men was able to authenticate the very important fact that although ,leblanc's process might in the future possess some importance for certain branches of the industry1 yet in most places another soda process would be introduced in the immediate future1 and entirely supersede that of ,leblanc4 ,since the time of the ,paris ,exhibition this new process has grown from a small germ to a strong tree4 8,the process in question1 and which is called by ,professor ,hofmann #8the ammonia process1' is not new1 from either a chemical or scientific point of view4 ,it belongs to the same methods as those in which oxide of lead1 bicarbonate of magnesia1 quicklime1 alumina1 silicate of alumina1 oxide of chromium1 or fluosilicic acid are employed to decompose chloride of sodium1 and convert it directly into soda or its carbonate4 ,none of these attempts met with a success deserving of notice2 although for a century past efforts have been made to render them practically operative4 ,the new process is founded upon a reaction noticed over thirty years ago----that of bicarbonate of ammonia upon a strong solution of common salt4 ,the greater part of the sodium is precipitated as bicarbonate1 while chloride of ammonium remains in solution1 from which the ammonia for a second operation is expelled by quicklime4 ,the carbonic acid necessary to convert the ammonia into bicarbonate of ammonia1 and thus make the process a continuous one1 is obtained by heating the bicarbonate of soda to convert it into the simple carbonate4 8,the sensation which the ammonia process has created in industrial circles will render a brief history of its development not uninteresting4 8,so far as ,i know1 ,harrison1 ,dyer1 ,grey1 and ,hemming were the first to patent the ammonia process in ,great ,britain in #ahch4 ,great expectations were excited by it1 but it soon sank into oblivion4 8,thirty or forty years ago the manufacture of soda was by no means at the head of the great branches of industry2 at that time1 too1 ammonia was not to be had cheaply and in immense quantities1 and that branch of machine building which has furnished the necessary apparatus for chemical industries did not exist4 ,besides this1 ,anton1 of ,prague1 in #ahdj1 claimed to have proved that in the ammonia process a very considerable portion of the common salt still remained undecomposed4 8,after a sleep of sixteen years the ammonia process again entered the field4 ,on the #bfth of ,may1 #ahed1 ,turck took out a patent in ,france1 and on the #bast ,june1 the same year1 ,schlsing1 chemist of the ,imperial ,tobacco ,factory at ,paris1 took out a patent for ,france and ,great ,britain4 ,the mechanical portion and machinery for ,schlsing's process were designed by ,engineer ,e4 ,rolland1 director of the tobacco factory4 ,in #ahee a company was organised to work this process4 ,an experimental manufactory was started at ,puteaux1 near ,paris1 but1 owing to its situation and arrangements1 as well as the salt monopoly1 it could not produce soda cheap enough to compete with the other process1 and hence1 in #aheh1 the experiment was abandoned4 ,schlsing and ,rolland were of the opinion that sooner or later the new process must come into use in making soda4 8,it must here be noticed that in #aheh ,professor ,heeren1 of ,hanover1 subjected the ammonia process to a very careful test in his laboratory4 8,from his experiments and calculations it was ascertained that this process was better adapted to the manufacture of the bicarbonate than of the simple protocarbonate of soda4 8,to render this sketch more complete and historically true1 it must be mentioned that ,t4 ,bell1 of ,england1 took out a patent1 ,oct4 #acth1 #aheg1 for a new soda process1 which in principle and practice was almost literally the same as that of ,dyer4 8,it was known when the jury was working at ,paris in #ahfg that essential improvements had been introduced into the ammonia process by the efforts of ,marguerite and ,de ,sourdeval1 of ,paris1 and ,james ,young1 of ,glasgow4 ,a more important fact1 however1 is that ,solvay and ,co41 of ,conillet1 in ,belgium1 actually exhibited at the ,paris ,exhibition carbonate of soda prepared by this new process4 8,since that time the ammonia process has been developed and perfected to such an extent1 especially by ,solvay1 ,honigmann1 and ,prof4 ,gerstenhfer1 that as early as ,february1 #ahgc1 ,a4 ,w4 ,hofmann1 in his introduction to the third group of the catalogue of the ,exhibition of the ,german ,empire1 was able to make this remark3----#8,at all events the ammonia process is the only one which threatens to become an important competitor of the now also most exclusively employed process of ,leblanc4' ,the ,vienna ,exposition has since proved the truth of this assertion4 8,there are now large works in ,england1 ,hungary1 ,switzerland1 ,westphalia1 ,thueringia1 and ,baden1 which employ the improved ammonia process1 and some of them make fifteen tons of soda per day4 8,the advantages of the new process over that of ,leblanc are very evident1 although the details of the process have not yet been made public4 8,the chief advantage consists in the direct conversion of salt into carbonate of soda1 and next from the fact1 that from a saturated brine only the sodium is precipitated1 with none of the other metals of the mother liquor4 ,besides this1 the product is absolutely free from all sulphur compounds1 the soda is of a high grade1 the apparatus and utensils are very simple1 there is a great saving of labour and fuel1 and no noxious gases and waste products are produced1 which is of importance from a sanitary point of view4 ,the only weak point of the ammonia process is the loss of chlorine1 which is converted into worthless chloride of calcium4 8,the effect which the general introduction of the new soda process will exert upon large chemical industries in general1 and especially upon the consumption of sulphur1 the manufacture of sulphuric acid1 and chloride of lime1 cannot be overlooked40 #c4 ,another method for the direct preparation of soda and potash from their chlorides is described in the #8,bayerisches ,industrie und ,gewerbe ,blatt4'#agf ,the process is thus described by its author1 ,herr ,e4 ,bohlig3 ,footnote #agf3 #8,new ,remedies1' #ahgh1 #d4 #a4 ,magnesium oxalate 7freshly prepared when newly starting1 but1 after the first operation1 obtained as a dry product in the next step7 is allowed to drain1 and then mixed in a large vat with the proper quantities of sodium chloride1 or concentrated brine and hydrochloric acid1 after which it is allowed to stand a few hours4 ,decomposition takes place almost instantaneously2 all the magnesium goes into solution in form of syrupy magnesium chloride1 while all the sodium and oxalic acid are deposited as a crystalline acid salt 7acid sodium oxalate1 or binoxalate of sodium74 ,since the magnesium oxalate is always obtained of the same composition and in the same quantity1 it is sufficient to determine its weight once for all1 and to take each time the previously common amounts of common salt4 ,the acid need not be weighed either2 it must be added in just sufficient quantity to destroy the milky appearance which the mixture first assumes4 ,the reaction is as follows3 ,mg,c#b,o#d ,h,cl ,na,cl ,na,h,c#b,o#d ,mg,cl#b ,magnesium ,hydrochloric ,sodium ,sodium ,magnesium oxalate4 acid4 chloride4 binoxalate4 chloride4 ,the crystalline powder of sodium binoxalate is transferred to large draining filters1 washed with water until the acid solution of magnesium chloride is removed1 and worked up1 as below described1 while still moist4 ,the acid solution of magnesium chloride is made use of several times in succession as so much hydrochloric acid1 together with a quantity of fresh acid sufficient for the reaction4 ,finally1 when the magnesium chloride has inconveniently accumulated1 it is worked up by itself into magnesia and hydrochloric acid4 #b4 ,in order to obtain the soda1 the sodium binoxalate is brought together with an equivalent quantity of magnesium carbonate and water in a tight cask4 ,as soon as the remaining air has been nearly expelled by the generated carbonic acid gas1 the cask is closed1 and a stirring mechanism set in motion4 ,a pressure gauge attached to the cask indicates a gradual rise of the pressure to two atmospheres1 but1 on continual stirring1 this diminishes1 until1 finally1 the gauge stands again at #j4 ,the cask now contains a concentrated solution of sodium bicarbonate1 and a precipitate of magnesium oxalate1 which latter1 being coarsely granular1 is easily separated from the liquid1 and is used over again1 after washing1 for a new operation4 ,the solution of sodium bicarbonate is boiled for a short time with magnesia1 obtained in distilling magnesium chloride1 and both are thereby converted into simple carbonates4 ,both reactions are shown in the following scheme3 #a4 ,na,h,c#b,o#d ,mg,c,o#c ,na,h,c,o#c ,mg,c#b,o#d ,sodium ,magnesium ,sodium ,magnesium binoxalate4 carbonate4 bicarbonate4 oxalate4 #b4 #b,na,h,c,o#c ,mg,o ,na#b;,,co#c ,mg,c,o#c ,h#b,o ,sodium ,magnesia4 ,sodium ,magnesium ,water bicarbonate4 carbonate4 carbonate4 ,as the solution of sodium carbonate1 after concentration to #dj;,b41 is incapable of dissolving or retaining in solution any sodium oxalate1 it follows that the whole of the oxalic acid is recovered4 ,the magnesia which is required for the purpose is obtained by distilling magnesium chloride1 which thereby splits up into hydrochloric acid and magnesia4 ,one half of the latter receives1 as we have seen1 its carbonic acid by boiling with sodium bicarbonate2 the other half is placed1 whilst still moist1 upon trays in great wooden closets1 through which the gases of the furnace pass1 and is thereby carbonated4 ,the process may also be so modified that the sodium binoxalate is first decomposed by caustic magnesia1 and that magnesium carbonate is afterwards added4 ,the whole mixture is then transferred to a stirring cask1 provided with openings for the passage of cooled furnace gases1 whereby the caustic soda present is very soon carbonated4 #c4 ,as soon as a large quantity of magnesium chloride solution has accumulated1 it is tested as follows3----,a small sample is mixed1 while boiling1 with magnesium oxalate1 as long as the latter is dissolved1 and then allowed to cool4 ,there should be no crystalline deposit of sodium binoxalate formed1 a proof that the solution does not contain any sodium chloride in excess1 and is fit for distillation4 ,it is first neutralised by adding some more magnesia1 and evaporated over a naked fire in large kettles to a doughy consistence1 short of driving off the hydrochloric acid4 ,it is then transferred into the ordinary soda furnace1 where it is distilled with a moderate fire4 ,the eliminated hydrochloric acid is condensed in the usual manner4 ,the residuary mass should not be heated red hot1 so as not to impair its porosity or its ready affinity for carbonic acid4 ,if1 however1 the first-mentioned test shows the magnesium chloride to contain sodium chloride the whole mass must be mixed with magnesium oxalate1 and after removal of the precipitated sodium oxalate1 saturated with magnesia and distilled4 ,the same process1 in all its details1 may also be employed for the manufacture of potassa and its carbonate4 #d4 ,another method of manufacture of commercial soda is by treating the mineral cryolite 7a double fluoride of sodium and aluminium7 with either caustic1 or hydrate of lime4 ,the results of the reaction are caustic soda1 sodium aluminate1 and calcium fluoride4 ,the aluminate and caustic soda being both soluble in water1 a stream of carbonic acid is passed through the solution containing them1 whereby all the soda becomes converted into carbonate1 whilst the alumina is thrown down as an insoluble precipitate4 ,in the wet way1 if enough hydrate of lime be employed1 all the soda may be obtained in the caustic condition4 ,this process is largely used in ,germany4 ,various other processes for the manufacture of commercial soda have been devised1 some of which are still followed1 whilst others1 being impracticable1 have collapsed4 ,mr ,kingzett1 in his work on the alkali trade1 has described most of them4 ,when anhydrous carbonate of sodium is required 7,,sod ,,carbonas ,,exsiccata1 ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l42 ,,sod ,,carbonas ,,siccatum1 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 the crystallised carbonate is heated to redness1 and1 when cold1 powdered4 ,prop41 c4 ,carbonate of sodium forms large1 transparent1 oblique rhombic prisms1 which1 as ordinarily met with1 and of the formul ,na#b;,,co#c4aj;,aq2 but by particular management may be had with fifteen1 nine1 seven1 or sometimes with only one molecule of water of crystallisation 7,fownes72 it is soluble in twice its weight of water at #fj1 and less than an equal weight at #bab ,fahr4 ,as a medicine it is deobstruent and antacid1 and is given in doses of #aj to #cj gr4 ,it is also1 occasionally1 used to make effervescing draughts4 ,when taken in an overdose it is poisonous4 ,the antidotes are the same as for carbonate of potassium4 ,the crude carbonate is largely employed in the manufacture of soap1 glass1 c4 ,fifty three gr4 of the dried carbonate are equal to #adc of the crystallised salt4 ,the medicinal properties of both are similar4 ,it has1 however1 the disadvantage of being difficultly soluble in water4 ,the ordinary carbonate of sodium generally contains either sulphates or chlorides1 or both2 and these may be detected as under ,,carbonate ,,of ,,potassium4 8,when supersaturated with nitric acid1 it precipitates only slightly1 or not at all1 chloride of barium or nitrate of silver2 and #adc gr4 require at least #ifj grain-measures of solution of oxalic acid0 7,b4 ,p474 ,at a high temperature #ajj gr4 lose #fbe gr4 of water4 ,sodium1 ,bicarbonate of4 ,na,h,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquicarbonate ,,of ,,soda1 ,,sod ,,bicarbonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,this salt can be prepared in exactly the same manner as the corresponding salt of potassium4 ,another method is as follows3----,take of crystallised carbonate of sodium1 #a part2 dried carbonate of sodium1 #b parts 7both in powder72 triturate them well together1 and surround them with an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas1 under pressure2 let the action go on until no more gas is absorbed1 which will generally occupy #aj to #ad hours1 according to the pressure employed1 then remove the salt1 and dry it at a heat not above #abj ,fahr4 ,prop41 c4 ,a crystalline white powder2 it is soluble in #aj parts of water at #fj ,fahr41 but it cannot be dissolved in even warm water without partial decomposition2 it is more pleasant tasted and more feebly alkaline than the carbonate of the same base4 ,when absolutely pure it does not darken turmeric paper1 or only very slightly4 ,the dose is from #aj to #dj gr41 as an antacid and absorbent4 ,it is much employed in the preparation of effervescing powders and draughts1 for which purpose #bj gr4 of commercial bicarbonate of sodium ------------------_/-------------------- _/ are taken with _/------------------_/--------------- #ah gr4 of crystallised tartaric acid2 #ag gr4 of crystallised citric acid2 or #a_/b fl4 oz4 of lemon juice4 ,the quantity of bicarbonate any given sample contains may be approximately determined by well washing #ajj gr4 of the salt with an equal weight of water1 and filtering the solution4 ,the residuum left upon the filter1 dried at a heat of #abj ,fahr41 and weighed1 gives the per-centage of pure bicarbonate of sodium present 7very nearly74 ,the solution of this in water will give only a very trifling white precipitate with corrosive sublimate2 whilst the filtered portion1 which was used to wash the salt1 will give a red one1 if it contains the simple carbonate of sodium4 ,sodium1 ,chloride of4 ,na,cl4 ,syn4 ,,sodii ,,chloridum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,d471 ,,sod ,,murias 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,this important and wholesome compound appears to have been known in the earliest ages of which we have any record4 ,it is mentioned by ,moses 7,gen4 xix1 #bf71 and by ,homer in the ,iliad 7lib4 ix1 #bad74 ,in ancient ,rome it was subjected to a duty 7vectigal salinarium72 and even at the present day a similar tax furnishes no inconsiderable portion of the revenue of certain nations4 ,common salt forms no small portion of the mineral wealth of ,england1 and has become an important article of commerce in every part of the known world4 ,the principal portion of the salt consumed in this country is procured by the evaporation of the water of brine springs4 ,it is also prepared by the evaporation of sea-water 7hence the term #8sea-salt'71 but this process has been almost abandoned in ,england1 being more suited to hot dry climates or to very cold ones4 ,var4 ,,bay ,,salt2 ,,sal ,,marinus1 ,,sal ,,niger2 imported from ,france1 ,portugal1 and ,spain1 and obtained from sea-water evaporated in shallow ponds by the sun2 large-grained and dark-coloured4----,,british ,,bay ,,salt1 ,,cheshire ,,large-,,grained ,s42 by evaporating native brine at a heat of #acj to #adj ,fahr42 hard cubical crystals4 ,both of the above are used to salt provisions for hot climates1 as they dissolve very slowly in the brine as it grows weaker4 ,,cheshire ,,stoved ,,salt1 ,,lump ,s41 ,,basket ,s42 obtained by evaporating the brine of salt springs2 small flaky crystals4----,,london',s ,,patent ,,solid ,,salt2 ,cheshire rock salt1 melted and ladled into moulds4----,,rock ,,salt1 ,,fossil ,s42 ,,sal ,,gemm1 ,,sal ,,fossilis2 found in mineral beds in ,cheshire2 has commonly a reddish colour2 chiefly exported for purification4 ,prop4 ,pure chloride of sodium is fixed in the air2 crystallises in anhydrous cubes1 which are often grouped into pyramids or steps2 dissolves in about #b-a_/b parts of water at #fj ,fahr42 its solubility is not increased by heat2 it is slightly soluble in proof spirit2 insoluble in alcohol2 decrepitates when heated2 fuses at a red heat1 and volatilises at a much higher temperature4 ,pur41 c4 ,the common salt of commerce contains small portions of chloride of magnesium1 chloride of calcium1 and sulphate of calcium2 and hence has commonly a slightly bitter taste1 and deliquesces in the air4 ,to separate these1 dissolve the salt in #d times its weight of pure water1 and drop into the filtered solution1 first1 chloride of barium1 and then carbonate of sodium1 as long as any precipitate falls2 filter1 and evaporate the clear fluid very slowly1 until the last crystallises1 which is pure chloride of sodium4 7#8,thomson's ,chem41' ii1 #cgg47 ,for medical purposes the ,ph4 ,e4 orders the salt to be dissolved in boiling water1 and the solution to be filtered and evaporated over the fire1 skimming off the crystals as they form1 which must then be quickly washed in cold water1 and dried4 ,a solution of pure salt is not precipitated by a solution of carbonate of ammonium1 followed by a solution of phosphate of sodium2 a solution of #i gr4 in distilled water is not entirely precipitated by a solution of #bf gr4 of nitrate of silver4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,uses4 ,common salt is stimulant1 antiseptic1 and vermifuge1 and is hence employed as a condiment1 and for preserving animal and vegetable substances4 ,it is also occasionally used in medicine1 in clysters and lotions4 ,sodium1 ,dried ,sulphate of4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,sulphas ,,exsiccata1 ,,effloresced ,,glauber ,,salt4 ,expose the crystals to a warm dry air till they fall into powder4 ,they lose half their weight4 ,the dose is reduced in like proportion4 ,sodium1 ,effervescing ,citro-tartrate of4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,citro-,,tartras ,,effervescens4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,mix thoroughly1 powdered bicarbonate of soda1 #ag oz42 tartaric acid1 #h oz42 and citric acid1 #f oz42 place in a dish or pan of suitable form1 heated to between #bjj and #bbj ,fahr41 and when the particles begin to aggregate1 stir assiduously till they assume a granular form4 ,by means of suitable sieves separate the granules of uniform and most convenient size4 ,preserve in well-closed bottles4 ,sodium1 ,ethylate4 ,prepared as ,,potassium ,,ethylate1 substituting sodium for potassium4 ,properties similar to ethylate of potassium4 ,sodium1 ,hydrate of4 ,na,h,o4 ,syn4 ,,hydrate ,,of ,,soda1 ,,sodium ,,hydrate1 ,,caustic ,,soda2 ,,sod ,,hydras4 ,prep4 ,exactly in the same manner from carbonate of sodium as potassium hydrate is prepared from carbonate of potassium4 ,the #8,pharmaceutical ,journal'#agg states that a pure hydrate of sodium is now manufactured from metallic sodium by the following method3----,a deep silver vessel1 of a hemispherical form1 and capable of holding about four gallons of water1 is employed4 ,into this vessel1 which is cooled externally with a current of cold water1 is placed a very little water1 and upon the water is placed a cube of metallic sodium1 of about half an inch in diameter4 ,footnote #agg3 #crd series1 i1 #fe4 ,the vessel is made to revolve1 so as continually to bring fresh portions of liquid into contact with the metal1 and by this means explosion is avoided4 ,when the first cube of metal has dissolved1 and yielded a thick syrupy liquid1 a little more water and a second cube of metal are added1 and the reaction allowed to take place1 as before1 the vessel being kept in motion all the time4 ,in this manner several pounds of sodium may be worked up into soda4 ,the thick syrup so resulting is next evaporated down1 heated to redness1 fused1 and poured into a mould4 ,inasmuch as the price of sodium is five shillings a pound1 the yield of soda from #a lb4 of metal being about #a-c_/d lb41 it is plain that the alkali so prepared must be cheap4 ,the danger of explosions 7which1 however1 are not likely to occur if proper care is taken7 necessitates the employment of skilled labour in this manufacture1 and constitutes a very serious drawback to the commercial success of the process4 ,greyish1 semitranslucent1 deliquescent masses1 very soluble in water1 and bearing a very great resemblance to the corresponding potassium compound4 ,sodium1 ,hypochlorite of4 ,syn4 ,,chlorinated ,,soda1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,soda2 ,,soda ,,chlorinata1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,christison47 ,dried carbonate of sodium1 #ai parts1 are triturated with water1 #a part1 and the mixture placed in a proper vessel1 and exposed to the prolonged action of chlorine gas1 generated from a mixture of chloride of sodium1 #aj parts2 binoxide of manganese1 #h parts2 sulphuric acid1 #ad parts2 7diluted with7 water1 #aj parts4 ,sodium ,hypophosphate4 ,see ,,phosphorus4 ,sodium1 ,hyposulphite of4 ,na#b,s#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,hyposulphis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dried carbonate of sodium1 #a lb42 flower of sulphur1 #aj oz42 mix1 and slowly heat the powder in a porcelain dish until the sulphur melts2 stir the fused mass freely to expose it to the atmosphere until the incandescence flags1 then dissolve the mass in water1 and immediately boil the filtered liquid with some flowers of sulphur2 lastly1 carefully concentrate the solution for crystals4 #b4 ,a stream of well-washed sulphurous anhydride gas is passed into a strong solution of carbonate of sodium1 which is then digested with sulphur at a gentle heat during several days2 by evaporating the solution at a moderate temperature1 the salt is obtained in large and regular crystals4 #c4 7,capaun's process47 ,boil a dilute solution of caustic soda with sulphur to saturation1 then pass sulphurous acid gas into the solution until a small portion1 when filtered1 is found to have a very pale yellow colour2 when this is the case1 it must be filtered and evaporated1 as before4 #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,dissolve carbonate of sodium1 #h parts1 in water1 #af parts2 add of sublimed sulphur1 #a part1 and pass sulphurous acid gas1 in excess1 into the solution2 next boil the liquid in a glass matrass for a few minutes1 filter1 gently evaporate the filtrate to #a-crd its volume1 and set it aside in a cool place to crystallise4 ,prop41 c4 ,hyposulphite of sodium crystallises in four-sided prisms1 which1 in the dry state1 are unalterable in the air2 it is freely soluble in water4 ,it may be perfectly freed from sulphide of sodium by agitating it with about half its weight of alcohol2 the alcohol dissolves out the sulphide1 which may then be easily separated4 ,this salt is now very extensively used in the practice of photography1 also as an #8antichlore1' to extract the last traces from paper pulp4 ,sodium1 ,iodide of4 ,na,i4 ,syn4 ,,sodii ,,iodidum4 ,prep4 ,as ,,iodide ,,of ,,potassium4 ,this1 as well as the bromide1 crystallises in clear or whitish cubes1 deliquescent1 and soluble in water4 ,used in medicine in the same manner as the corresponding potassium salts4 ,sodium and ,iron1 ,pyrophosphate of4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,et ,,ferri ,,pyrophosphas1 ,,natrum ,,pyrophosphoricum ,,ferratum4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #bj oz4 of pyrophosphate of soda in #dj oz4 of cold distilled water1 and add1 gradually1 to the solution1 and with constant stirring1 #h oz4 7by weight7 of solution of perchloride of iron 7,ph4 ,g471 previously diluted with #bb oz4 of distilled water1 as long as the precipitate is redissolved4 ,filter1 and to the clear1 bright green liquid thus obtained pour in #ajj oz4 7by weight7 of rectified spirit1 wash the precipitate with more spirit1 press it between blotting paper1 and dry by a gentle heat4 ,sodium ,lactate4 ,syn4 ,,sodii ,,lactas4 ,prep4 ,let lactate acid be diluted with three parts of water2 saturate whilst boiling with sodium bicarbonate2 then evaporate1 and run into flakes4 ,sodium lactate is a very deliquescent salt4 ,the solution evaporated to the consistence of a syrup deposits flattened prismatic crystals1 and stellar groups of needles4 ,sodium1 ,nitrate of4 ,na,n,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,chili ,,saltpetre1 ,,cubic ,,nitre2 ,,sod ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,this salt occurs native like ordinary nitre1 and is chiefly imported into ,england from ,south ,america4 ,it is largely employed as a manure1 in the preparation of nitric acid1 and1 recently1 in the manufacture of fireworks1 on account of the comparative slowness with which it burns4 ,it is deliquescent and very soluble in water4 ,sodium1 ,nitrite of4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,nitris4 7,b4 ,p41 #ahfd47 ,mix nitrate of soda1 #a lb41 and charcoal1 recently burned1 and in fine powder1 #a-a_/d oz41 thoroughly in a mortar1 and drop the mixture in successive portions into a clay crucible1 heated to a dull redness4 ,when the salt has become quite white1 raise the heat so as to liquefy it1 pour on to a clean flagstone1 and when it has solidified break into fragments1 and keep in a stoppered bottle4 ,sodium1 ,oxide of4 ,na#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,anhydrous ,,soda4 ,prep4 ,by burning dry metallic sodium in air4 ,white powder1 very deliquescent1 and soluble in water1 forming pure sodium hydrate4 ,sodium1 ,phosphate of4 ,na#b,,po#d4ab;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,tribasic ,,phosphate ,,of ,,soda1 ,,rhombic ,p4 ,,of ,s42 ,,sod ,,phosphas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,take of powdered bone ashes1 #aj lbs42 sulphuric acid1 #dd fl4 oz42 mix1 add gradually of water #f pints1 and digest for #c days1 replacing the water which evaporates2 then add #f pints of boiling water1 strain through linen1 and wash the residue on the filter with boiling water2 mix the liquors1 and1 after defecation1 decant and evaporate to #f pints2 let the impurities again settle1 and neutralise the clear fluid1 heated to boiling1 with a solution of carbonate of sodium in slight excess2 crystals will be deposited as the solution cools1 and by successively evaporating1 adding a little more carbonate of sodium to the mother liquor till it is feebly alkaline1 and cooling1 more crystals may be obtained2 these must be kept in close vessels4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,d4 is nearly similar4 ,it is placed in the ,materia ,medica of the ,b4 ,p4 and ,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,funcke47 ,to ground calcined bones1 diffused through water1 add a little dilute sulphuric acid to saturate any carbonate of calcium present2 when effervescence ceases1 dissolve the whole in nitric acid1 q4 s42 to this solution add as much sulphate of sodium as the bone ash used1 and distil the whole to recover the nitric acid2 the residuum is treated with water1 and the resulting solution filtered1 evaporated1 and crystallised4 ,prop41 c4 ,it forms very beautiful oblique rhombic prisms1 of the formula ,na#b;,h1,,po#d1ab;,h#b,o1 which effloresce in the air1 dissolve in about #d parts of cold water and in #b parts at #bab ,fahr41 and fuse when heated4 ,as a medicine it is mildly aperient1 in doses of #a_/b to #a oz41 or even more2 and antacid in doses of #bj to #cj gr41 frequently repeated4 ,it has a purely saline taste1 resembling that of culinary salt1 and is commonly taken in broth or soup4 ,sodium ,pyrophosphate 7,crystallised74 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,pyrophosphas ,,crystallisata4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,this salt may be obtained by heating1 gently at first1 and afterwards to a red heat1 crystallised phosphate of sodium in a platinum crucible until all the water is driven off1 and the salt has become fused4 ,dissolve the fused mass in water1 filter1 and concentrate until it has a density of #abj1 and crystallise in the cold4 ,sodium1 ,salicylate of4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,salicylus4 ,prep4 ,made by neutralising a solution of pure salicylic acid with caustic soda1 and evaporating to dryness4 ,it must be purified by crystallisation from alcohol4 ,antipyretic2 given in acute rheumatism4----,dose1 #aj to #bj grams4 ,sodium ,santonate4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,santonas4 ,this salt is made by digesting an alcoholic solution of santonic acid with carbonate of soda1 evaporating1 redissolving in strong alcohol1 and crystallising4 ,sodium1 ,sesquicarbonate of4 ,na#d;,h#b7;,,co#c7c4 ,a salt found native on the banks of the soda lakes of ,sotrena1 in ,africa1 whence it is exported as #8,trona4' ,sodium ,silicate4 ,see ,,glass1 ,,soluble4 ,sodium1 ,stannate of4 ,na#b,sn,o#c4 ,prep4 7,greenwood ,co47 ,caustic soda1 #bb lbs41 is heated to low redness in an iron crucible1 when nitrate of sodium1 #h lbs41 and common salt1 #d lbs41 are added2 when the mixture is at a #8fluxing heat1' #aj lbs4 of feathered block tin is stirred in with an iron rod1 both the stirring and heat being continued until the mass becomes red hot and #8pasty1' and ammoniacal fumes are given off4 ,the product may be purified by solution and crystallisation4 ,patented4 7,see below47 ,sodium1 ,stannite of4 ,prep4 7,greenwood ,co47 ,from caustic soda1 #ac-a_/b lbs42 feathered block tin and common salt1 of each #d lbs42 as the last4 ,patented4 ,both the above are used to prepare tin mordants 7about #ab oz4 to water1 #a gall474 ,the stannate and stannite of potassium are prepared in a similar manner4 ,sodium ,sulphate4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,sulphis4 ,prep4 ,pass sulphurous acid to saturation through a solution of carbonate of soda4 ,used internally for sarcina ventriculi1 and externally as an application in skin diseases of fungous origin4 ,hyposulphate of soda is employed in the same cases4 ,sodium1 ,sulphate of4 ,na#b,,so#d4aj;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,glauber',s ,,salt2 ,,sod ,,sulphas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,sal ,,catharticus ,,glauberi1 ,l4 ,this is obtained as a secondary product in various chemical processes2 but it may be easily formed directly from its constituents4 ,prop41 c4 ,it forms transparent1 six-sided1 irregular1 channelled prisms1 with dihedral summits1 of the formulae ,na#b,,so#daj;,h#b,o1 which effloresce in the air1 and fall to an opaque white powder2 soluble in about #c parts of water at #fj1 and in considerably less at #ajj ,fahr41 but at a higher temperature its solubility rapidly lessens2 insoluble in alcohol2 fuses when heated4 ,it is seldom wilfully adulterated4 ,when pure the solution is neutral to test paper2 nitrate of silver throws down scarcely anything from a dilute solution2 nitrate of baryta more1 which is not dissolved by nitric acid4 ,it loses #eee of its weight by a strong heat4 ,uses4 ,it is purgative1 but being extremely bitter-tasted1 is now less frequently used than formerly4 ,its nauseous flavour is said to be covered by lemon juice4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a oz4 ,the dried salts 7,,sod ,,sulphas ,,exsiccata7 is twice as strong4 ,,lymington ,,glauber',s ,,salt is a mixture of the sulphates of soda and potassa obtained from the mother liquor of sea salt4 ,sodium1 ,sulphide of4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,saturate a solution of caustic soda 7sp4 gr4 #abjj7 with sulphuretted hydrogen1 closely cover up the vessel1 and set it aside that crystals may form2 drain1 press them in bibulous paper1 and at once preserve them in a well-closed bottle4 ,used to make mineral waters1 and in certain skin diseases4 ,of this salt ,dr ,ringer says----8it possesses the property of preventing and arresting suppuration1 and stopping the formation of pus4 ,given for boils and carbuncles2 it also produces excellent results4----,dose4 ,for adults1 #a_/ajth of a grain1 mixed with sugar of milk every hour or two on the tongue4 ,the anhydrous sulphides resemble closely and are prepared in the same manner as the potassium sulphides4 ,sodium1 ,sulpho-,carbolate4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,sulpho-,,carbolas4 7,pareira47 ,prep4 ,mix two volumes of pure carbolic acid with one volume of sulphuric acid in a flask1 and heat the mixture to #bhj or #bij ,f4 for five minutes4 ,let cool1 dilute1 and saturate with carbonate of soda1 evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,the other sulpho-carbolates may be prepared in the same manner4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 in phthisis and zymotic diseases2 externally1 as a lotion in ozna and fetid ulcers4 ,sodium1 ,sulpho-,salicylate of4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,sulpho-,,salicylas4 ,mr ,j4 ,williams obtains this salt by treating very pure salicylic acid with about twice its weight of sulphuric acid1 then adding carbonate of barium1 and decomposing the sulpho-salicylate of barium by sulphate of soda 7see #8,pharm4 ,journ41' ,sept4 #cjth1 #ahgf74 ,sodium ,sulphovinate4 ,syn4 ,,sodii ,,sulphovinas4 ,prep4 ,sulphovinic acid is first prepared by pouring gradually1 with great care1 and increasingly stirring with a glass rod1 #ajjj grams of #fj sulphuric acid into #ajjj grams of rectified #if alcohol4 ,the mixture is left for some hours in contact1 then diluted with #d litres of distilled water1 and afterwards saturated with pure barium carbonate4 ,when the saturation is complete the barium sulphate is allowed to deposit on a filter4 ,the solution of barium sulphovinate is then decomposed with pure carbonate of soda until it ceases to give a precipitate4 ,the liquid1 evaporated in a water bath1 is left to crystallise4 ,if necessary the crystals are purified by recrystallisation4 ,they should be kept in well-closed flasks4 ,sodium sulphovinate crystallises in hexagonal tables1 which are slightly unctuous to the touch1 and very soluble in water and in alcohol4 ,if heated in a capsule they give off1 at #abj1 the alcohol which they contain in combination4 ,they become gradually deprived of bitterness4 ,sodium sulphovinate ought not to contain sulphuric acid1 nor have an acid taste4 ,it should not be precipitated by barium chloride1 and especially by soluble sulphates4 ,the possession of either of these properties is a proof of faulty preparation1 and that a portion of the sulphovinic acid has been decomposed4 ,in such a case it should be rejected4 ,sulphovinate of soda is said to be a very effective1 and by no means unpleasant1 saline aperient1 and to be unattended with subsequent constipation4 ,the dose is from #e to #f dr4 ,sodium1 ,tartrate of1 and ,potassium4 ,k,na,c#d;,h#d,o#f4d;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,tartrate ,,of ,,potassa ,,and ,,soda1 ,,rochelle ,,salt1 ,,seignette',s ,s41 ,,tartarised ,,soda2 ,,sod ,,tartarata 7,b4 ,p471 ,,sod1 ,,potassio-,,tartras 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,sod ,,et ,,potass ,,tartras 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,soda ,,tartarizata11 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,take of carbonate of sodium1 #ab oz42 boiling water1 #b quarts2 dissolve1 and add1 gradually1 of powdered bitartrate of potassium1 #af oz4 7or q4 s472 strain1 evaporate to a pellicle1 and set it aside to crystallise2 dry the resulting crystals1 and evaporate the mother liquor that it may yield more of them4 ,the formul of the other colleges are nearly similar4 ,prop41 c4 ,large1 transparent1 hard1 right rhombic prisms1 often occurring in halves2 slightly efflorescent2 soluble in #e parts of water at #fj ,fahr4 ,its 8solution neither changes the colour of litmus nor of turmeric4 ,on the addition of sulphuric acid1 bitartrate of potassium is thrown down2 on adding either nitrate of silver or chloride of barium nothing is thrown down1 or only what is redissolved by the addition of water40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,by heat it yields a mixture of the pure carbonates of potassium and sodium4 ,potassio-tartrate of sodium is a mild and cooling laxative4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a oz41 largely diluted with water4 ,it forms the basis of the popular aperient called ,,seidlitz ,,powders4 ,sodium1 ,valerianate of4 ,na,c#e;,h#f,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,sod ,,valerianas 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep47,ph4 ,d47 ,dilute oil of vitriol1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz41 with water1 #a_/b pint2 then dissolve of powdered bichromate of potassium1 #i oz41 with the aid of heat1 in water1 #c-a_/c pints2 when both solutions have cooled1 put them into a matrass1 and having added of fusel oil 7alcohol amylicum----,ph4 ,d47 #d fl4 oz41 shake them together repeatedly until the temperature1 which first rises to #aej1 has fallen to #hj or #ij ,fahr42 a condenser being connected1 next apply heat so as to distil over about #d pints of liquid2 saturate this exactly with a pint1 or q4 s41 of solution of caustic soda1 separate the liquid from the oil which floats upon the surface1 and evaporate it until the residual salt is partially liquefied2 the heat being now withdrawn1 and the salt concreted1 this last1 whilst still warm1 is to be divided into fragments1 and preserved in well-stopped bottles4 ,obs4 ,this salt is intended to be used in the preparation of the ,,valerianates ,,of ,,iron1 ,,quinine1 and ,,zinc4 ,,soils4 ,these are classified by agriculturists according to their chief ingredients1 as loamy1 clayey1 sandy1 chalky1 and peaty soils4 ,of these the first is the best for most purposes1 but the others may be improved by the addition of the mineral constituents of which they are deficient4 ,sand and lime or chalk are the proper additions to clayey soils1 and clay gypsum1 or loam1 to sandy and gravelly ones4 ,clayey soils are expensive to bring into a fertile state2 but when this is once effected1 and they are well manured1 they yield immense crops of wheat1 oats1 beans1 clover1 and most fruits and flowers of the rosaceous kinds4 ,the fertilisation of soils is suggested partly by chemical analysis1 practical experience1 and geological observations4 ,in cases where a barren soil is examined with a view to its improvement it is1 when possible1 compared with an extremely fertile soil in the same neighbourhood1 and in a similar situation2 the difference given by their analyses indicates the nature of the manure required1 and the most judicious methods of cultivation2 and thus a plan of improvement is suggested1 founded upon scientific principles4 ,the analysis of soils may be briefly and generally described as follows3---- #a4 ,the general character of the soil1 as loamy1 sandy1 stony1 rather stony1 c41 being noted1 #c or #d lbs4 of it1 fairly selected as an average specimen1 may be taken during a period of ordinary dry weather4 ,from this1 after crushing or bruising the lumps with a piece of wood1 all stones of a larger size than that of a filbert may be picked out1 and their proportion to the whole quantity duly registered4 #b4 #ajjj grains of the remainder may be next dried by the heat of boiling water1 until the mass ceases to lose weight2 and1 afterwards1 exposed to a moist atmosphere for some time4 ,the loss of weight in the first case1 and the increase of weight in the second1 indicate the absorbent powers of the soil4 #c4 ,the matter from ,no4 #b1 freed from siliceous stones by garbling1 may be gradually heated to dull redness in a shallow open vessel1 avoiding waste from decrepitation1 c4 ,the loss of weight1 divided by #aj1 gives the percentage quantity of vegetable or organic matter present 7nearly74 #d4 ,another #ajjj grains 7see ,no4 #a7 may be next washed with successive portions of cold water as long as anything is removed4 ,the residuum1 after being dried1 indicates the proportion of sand and gravel 7nearly74 #e4 ,another portion of the soil 7#ajj1 #bjj1 or more gr41 according to its character7 is tested in the manner described under ,,carbonate and ,,alkalimetry4 ,the loss of weight in carbonic acid indicates the quantity of ,,carbonate of lime present in the sample examined2 #bb gr4 of the former being equal to #ej gr4 of the latter4 #f4 ,another like portion of the soil may be gently boiled for #d or #e hours1 along with dilute hydrochloric acid1 in a flask furnished with a long glass tube passing through the cork1 to prevent loss 7see ,,ether72 after that time the whole must be thrown upon a filter1 and what refuses to pass through 7silica7 washed with distilled water1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 #g4 ,the filtrate and washings from ,no4 #f are next successively treated for alumina 7pure clay71 lime1 phosphate of lime1 phosphoric acid1 oxide of iron1 alkalies 7potassa or soda71 ammonia 7both ready formed and latent71 c4 c41 in the manner noticed under ,,glass1 ,,guano1 and the names of the respective substances referred to4 ,see ,,agriculture1 ,,manures1 c4 ,,sol,,anine4 ,syn4 ,,solani1 ,,solanina1 ,l4 ,a peculiar basic substance1 obtained from the leaves and stem of ,solanum ,dulcamara or bitter-sweet1 and other species of the ,solanace4 ,,sol,,dering4 ,the union of metallic surfaces by means of a more fusible metal fluxed between them4 ,the method of autogenous soldering1 invented by ,m4 ,de4 ,richmont1 is an exception to this definition4 ,in all the cases surfaces must be perfectly clean1 and in absolute contact1 and the air must be excluded1 to prevent oxidation4 ,for this last purpose the brazier and silversmith use powdered borax made into a paste with water2 the coppersmith1 powdered sal ammoniac2 and the tinman1 powdered resin4 ,tin-foil applied between the joints of fine brass work1 first wetted with a strong solution of sal ammoniac1 makes an excellent juncture1 care being taken to avoid too much heat4 ,see ,,solution 7,soldering71 and below4 ,,sol,,ders4 ,prep4 #a4 7,for copper1 iron1 and dark brass47 ,from copper and zinc1 equal parts2 melted together4 ,for pale brass more zinc must be used4 #b4 7,fine solder47 ,from tin1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part4 ,melts at #cej ,fahr4 ,used to tin and solder copper1 tin plates1 c4 #c4 7,for ,german silver47 ,from ,german silver1 #e parts2 zinc1 #d parts2 melted together1 run into thin flakes1 and then powdered4 ,also as ,no4 #g4 #d4 7,glazier's47 ,from lead1 #c parts2 tin1 #a part4 ,melts at #ejj ,fahr4 #e4 7,for gold47 ,gold1 #ab pennyweights2 copper1 #d do42 silver1 #b do4 #f4 7,for lead and zinc47 ,from lead1 #b parts2 tin1 #a part4 #g4 7,for pewter1 ,britannia metal1 c47 ,from tin1 #aj parts2 lead1 #e parts2 bismuth1 #a to #c parts4 #h4 7,for silver47 ,from fine brass1 #f parts2 silver1 #e parts2 zinc1 #b parts4 #i4 7,for tin plate47 ,from tin1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part4 ,the addition of bismuth1 #a part1 renders it fit for pewter4 ,,sole4 ,the ,solea vulgaris1 a well-known fish4 ,it is perhaps more frequently eaten than any other flat fish1 and1 when skilfully cooked1 exceeds them all in delicacy1 nutritiousness1 and flavour4 ,,solu,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,solutio1 ,l4 ,under the head of solutions 7,,solutiones71 in pharmacy1 are properly included only those liquids which consist of water1 or an aqueous menstruum1 in which has been dissolved an appropriate quantity of any soluble substance to impart to the liquor its peculiar properties4 ,when spirit is the menstruum1 the liquid receives the name of alcoholic solution1 spirit1 or tincture4 ,in the ,b4 ,p4 and the ,ph4 ,l4 ,d4 aqueous solutions are named ,,liquors 7,,liquores71 whilst in the ,ph4 ,e41 and in the old pharmacopias generally1 they are termed ,,waters 7,,aqu74 ,the following list embraces all the solutions of the ,british pharmacopias1 with a few others likely to be useful to the reader4 ,some other preparations to which the name has been given will be found under ,,liquors1 ,,tinctures1 c4 ,solution of ,acetate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,of ,,acetate ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,water ,,of ,a4 ,,of ,a41 ,,mindererus' ,,spirit2 ,,ammoni ,,acetatis ,,liquor 7,b4 ,p471 ,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,acetatis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,ammoni ,,acetatis ,,aqua 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from dilute acetic acid1 #a pint2 exactly neutralised by sesquicarbonate of ammonia 7in coarse powder71 #i dr41 or q4 s4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajbb4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,distilled vinegar 7preferably from ,french vinegar71 sp4 gr1 #ajje1 #bd fl4 oz42 carbonate 7sesquicarbonate7 of ammonia1 #a oz41 or q4 s4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajaa4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #b-a_/b oz42 dilute acetic acid1 #c pints4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajab4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,carbonate of ammonia1 #c-a_/d1 or sufficient2 acetic acid 7#bh per cent471 #aj2 distilled water1 #ej4 ,dissolve the carbonate in the acid1 and add the water4 ,prop41 c4 ,free from colour and odour4 ,it changes the colour neither of litmus nor turmeric4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen being dropped in1 it is not discoloured1 neither is anything thrown down on the addition of chloride of barium4 ,what is precipitated by nitrate of silver is soluble in water1 but especially so in nitric acid4 ,potassa being added1 it emits ammonia2 and sulphuric acid being added1 it gives off acetic vapours4 ,the fluid being evaporated1 what remains is completely destroyed by heat4 ,uses1 c4 ,solution of acetate of ammonia is a very common and excellent febrifuge and diaphoretic1 and1 in large doses1 aperient saline liquor4 ,taken warm1 in bed1 it generally proves a powerful sudorific2 and as it operates without heat1 it is much used in febrile and inflammatory disorders4 ,its action may likewise be determined to the kidneys1 by walking about in the cold air4----,dose1 #b to #f dr41 twice or thrice daily1 either by itself or along with other medicines4 ,externally1 as a discutient and refrigerant lotion2 and diluted 7#a oz4 to #i oz4 of water71 as a collyrium in chronic ophthalmia4 ,for this last purpose it must be free from excess of ammonia4 #e4 7,concentrated47 ,saturate acetic acid1 sp4 gr4 #ajch1 #a_/b gall41 with carbonate of ammonia 7in powder71 #b-a_/b lbs41 or q4 s42 carefully avoiding excess4 ,obs4 ,this article is in great demand in the wholesale drug trade1 under the name of #8concentrated liquor of acetate of ammonia' 7,,liq4 ,,ammon4 ,,acet4 ,,conc474 ,it is very convenient for dispensing4 ,one fl4 dr4 added to #g fl4 dr4 of water forms the ,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,acetatis of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,solution of ,acetate of ,lead4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,diacetate ,,of ,,lead4 ,solution of ,acetate of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,morphi ,,acetatis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,acetate of morphia1 #d dr42 acetic acid1 #ae drops2 distilled water1 #a pint2 proof spirit1 #a_/b pint2 mix1 and dissolve4 ,sixty drops 7minims7 contain #a gr4 of acetate of morphia4----,dose1 #e to #ae or #bj drops4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,acetate of morphia1 #d gr42 diluted acetic acid1 #h minims2 rectified spirit1 #b dr42 distilled water1 #f dr42 dissolve in the mixed liquids4----,dose1 #aj to #fj minims4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,acetate of morphia1 #hb gr42 rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #ae fl4 oz4 #abj drops 7minims7 contain #a gr4 of the acetate4----,dose1 #aj to #de or #ej drops1 or similar to that of tincture of opium4 #d4 7,magendie47 ,each fl4 dr4 contains #a-a_/b gr4 of acetate 7nearly74----,dose1 #e to #ae drops4 ,anodyne1 hypnotic1 and narcotic2 in those cases in which opium is inadmissible4 ,see ,,morphia4 ,solution of ,aconitia4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,aconiti 7,dr ,turnbull74 ,prep4 ,aconitia1 #a gr42 rectified spirit1 #a dr4 ,to be applied externally by means of a sponge in neuralgic and rheumatic affections4 ,solution of ,alum 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,bate',s ,,alum ,,water2 ,,liquor ,,aluminis ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,aqua ,,aluminosa ,,composita 1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,alum and sulphate of zinc1 of each #a oz42 boiling water1 #c pints2 dissolve1 and filter 7if necessary74 ,detergent and astringent4 ,used as a lotion for old ulcers1 chilblains1 excoriations1 c42 and1 largely diluted with water1 as an eye-wash and injection4 ,solution of ,ammonia4 ,see ,,liquor ,,of ,,ammonia4 ,solution of ,ammonio-nitrate of ,silver4 ,syn4 ,,hume',s ,,test2 ,,solutio ,,argenti ,,ammoniati 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,nitrate of silver 7pure crystallised71 #dd gr42 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve and add ammonia water1 gradually1 until the precipitate1 at first thrown down1 is very nearly1 but not entirely1 redissolved4 ,used as a test for arsenic4 ,solution of ,ammonio-sulphate of ,copper4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,cupri ,,ammonio-,,sulphatis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,cupri ,,ammoniati ,,solutio 7,ph4 ,e471 ,c4 ,a4 ,,aqua1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ammonio-sulphate of copper1 #a dr42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and filter4 ,stimulant and detergent4 ,applied to indolent ulcers1 and1 when largely diluted1 to remove specks on the cornea2 also used as a test for arsenic4 ,solution for ,anatomical ,preparations1 c4 ,syn4 ,,antiseptic ,,solution4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nearly saturate water with sulphurous acid1 and add a little creasote4 #b4 ,dissolve chloride of tin1 #d parts1 in water1 #ajj parts1 to which #c of hydrochloric acid has been added4 #c4 ,dissolve corrosive sublimate1 #a part1 and chloride of sodium1 #c parts1 in water1 #ajj parts1 to which #b of hydrochloric acid has been added4 #d4 ,mix liquor of ammonia 7strong7 with #c times its weight 7each7 of water and rectified spirit4 #e4 ,sal ammoniac1 #a part2 water1 #aj or #aa parts4 ,for muscular parts of animals4 #f4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #a part2 water1 #ae to #be parts4 ,for muscles1 integuments1 and cerebral masses4 #g4 7,dr ,babington47 ,wood naphtha1 #a part2 water1 #g parts2 or wood naphtha undiluted1 as an injection4 #h4 7,sir ,w4 ,burnett47 ,concentrated solution of chloride of zinc1 #a lb42 water1 #a gall4 ,the substances are immersed in the solution for #b to #d days1 and then dried in the air4 #i4 7,gannal47 ,alum and culinary salt1 of each #a_/b lb42 nitre1 #a_/d lb42 water1 #a gall4 #aj4 7,goadsby47----a4 ,from bay salt1 #b oz42 alum1 #a oz42 bichloride of mercury1 #a gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,for ordinary purposes4 b4 ,to the last add of bichloride of mercury1 #a gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,for very tender tissues1 and where there is a tendency to mouldiness4 c4 ,from bay salt1 #a_/d lb42 bichloride of mercury1 #a gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,for subjects containing carbonate of lime4 d4 ,from bay salt1 #a_/d lb42 arsenious acid1 #aj gr42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve by heat4 ,for old preparations4 e4 ,to the last add of bichloride of mercury1 #a gr4 ,as the last1 when there is a tendency to the softening of parts2 and1 diluted1 for mollusca4 ,these solutions are approved of by ,prof4 ,owen4 #aa4 7,m4 ,rboulet47 ,nitre1 #a part2 alum1 #b parts2 chloride of lime1 #d parts2 water1 #af or #bj parts2 to be afterwards diluted according to circumstances4 ,for pathological specimens4 #ab4 7,dr ,stapleton47 ,alum1 #b-a_/d oz42 nitre1 #a dr42 water1 #a quart4 ,for pathological specimens4 #ac4 7,for ,,feathers----,beasley47 ,strychnia1 #af gr42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,obs4 ,these fluids are used for preserving ,,anatomical ,,preparations1 ,,objects ,,of ,,natural ,,history1 c41 by immersing them therein1 in close vessels2 or1 for temporary purposes1 applying them by means of a brush or piece of rag4 ,the presence of corrosive sublimate is apt to render animal substances very hard4 ,see ,,putrefaction4 ,solution1 ,antiseptic4 7,see above47 ,solution of ,arseniate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,arseniatis ,,ammoni4 7,hosp4 ,of ,st ,louis47 ,prep4 ,arseniate of ammonia1 #d gr42 distilled water1 #d oz42 spirit of angelica1 #b dr4----,dose1 #ab to #cj minims4 ,there are other formul for the solution1 differing in strength from the above4 ,dr ,neligan gives us ,biett's3----,arseniate of ammonia1 #a-a_/b gr42 distilled water1 #c oz42 spirit of angelica1 #f dr4----,dose1 #a to #c dr4 ,bouchardat says #f gr4 to #h oz4 of distilled water4----,dose4 ,from #ab drops to #a dr4 ,solution of ,arseniate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,arseniatis ,,sod4 ,,pearson',s ,,arsenical ,,solution4 ,prep4 ,arseniate of soda1 #d gr42 distilled water1 #d oz4----,dose1 #ab minims to #cj4 ,solution of ,arseniate of ,soda4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,sod ,,arseniatis4 ,prep4 ,dissolve arseniate of soda 7rendered anhydrous by a heat not exceeding #cjj ,fahr47 #d gr4 in distilled water1 #a oz4----,dose1 #e to #aj minims4 ,solution1 ,arsenical4 ,syn4 ,,mineral ,,solution2 ,,solutio ,,arsenicalis1 ,,solutio ,,mineralis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,devergie47 ,as ,,solution ,,of ,,arsenite ,,of ,,potassa1 ,ph4 ,l41 but of only #a-ejth the strength1 and flavoured with compound spirit of balm1 and coloured to a deep rose with cochineal4 #b4 7,pearson47 ,arseniate of soda1 #d gr42 water1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops during the day4 7,see below47 ,solution of ,arsenious ,acid4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,ague1 and ,,arsenious ,,acid4 ,solution of ,arsenite of ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,fowler',s ,,mineral ,,solution2 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,arsenitis4 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,liquor ,,arsenicalis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e41 ,d41 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e47 ,arsenious acid1 coarsely powdered1 and carbonate of potassa1 of each #hj gr42 distilled water1 #a pint2 boil until dissolved1 and add1 to the cold solution1 compound tincture of lavender1 #e fl4 dr42 water1 q4 s4 to make the whole exactly measure a pint4 ,tonic1 antiperiodic1 and alterative4----,dose1 #d or #e drops1 gradually and cautiously increased2 in agues and various scaly skin diseases4 ,it is preferably taken soon after a meal4 ,see ,,arsenious ,,acid1 c4 ,solution of ,atropia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,atropi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,atropia1 #d gr43 rectified spirit1 #a dr42 dissolve1 and add water1 #g dr42 mix4----,dose1 #a minim4 ,solution of ,auro-,chloride of ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,auri ,,ammonio-,,chloridi4 7,furnari47 ,prep4 ,ammonio-chloride of gold1 #h gr42 distilled water and rectified spirit1 of each #aj oz4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful morning and evening in sugared water for dysmenorrha and amenorrha4 ,solution of ,bimeconate of ,morphi4 ,,solutio ,,morphi ,,bimeconatis4 ,there is no standard formula for this preparation4 ,it is made about the same strength as tincture of opium4 ,the following contains #a gr4 in #hd minims3----,bimeconate of morphia1 #aj gr42 rectified spirit1 #a dr42 distilled water1 #ac dr4 ,solution of ,bismuth and ,citrate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,bismuthi ,,et ,,ammoni ,,citratis 7,b4 ,p474 ,purified bismuth1 #a2 nitric acid1 #b2 citric acid1 #b2 solution of ammonia1 a sufficiency2 mix the nitric acid with an ounce of distilled water1 and add the bismuth in successive portions4 ,when effervescence has ceased1 apply for ten minutes a heat approaching that of ebullition1 and decant the solution from any insoluble matter4 ,evaporate the solution until it is reduced to #b1 then add the citric acid previously dissolved in #d of distilled water1 and afterwards the solution of ammonia in small quantities at a time1 until the precipitate formed is redissolved1 and the solution is neutral or slightly alkaline to test paper2 dilute with distilled water to the volume of #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 ,solution of ,bromine4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,brominii4 7,pourche47 ,prep4 ,bromine1 #a part2 distilled water1 #dj parts4----,dose1 #e or #f drops1 #c times a day4 ,a stronger solution 7#a part to #aj7 is sometimes used externally4 ,solution of ,carbon 7,detergent74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,carbonis ,,detergens4 ,this name is applied to an alcoholic solution of coal tar4 ,properly diluted it is used externally in skin diseases4 ,solution1 ,brandish's4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,potassa4 ,solution1 ,burnett's4 ,a solution of chloride of zinc4 ,see ,,solution ,,for ,,anatomical ,,preparations 7above71 also ,,disinfecting ,,compounds4 ,solution of ,camphor1 ,carbonated4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,camphor ,,carbonica4 7,swediaur47 ,prep4 ,water saturated with carbonic acid gas1 #b lbs42 powdered camphor1 #c dr4 ,solution of ,camphor and ,chloroform4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,camphor ,,et ,,chloroformi4 7,messrs ,smith47 ,prep4 ,camphor1 #c dr42 chloroform1 #a fl4 dr4 ,dissolve4 ,for exhibiting camphor with yolk of egg in emulsions4 ,solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,,for ,,the ,,toilette4 ,prep4 ,crystallised carbolic acid1 #aj parts2 essence of millefleur1 #a part2 tincture of ,quillai ,saponaria1 #ej2 water1 #ajjj parts4 ,mix4 ,the saponine replaces soap with advantage4 ,the above should be employed diluted with #aj times its bulk of water1 for disinfecting the skin1 for washing the hands1 after any risk of contagion1 inoculation1 c4 ,solution of ,carbonate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,sesquicarbonate ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,ammonia ,,water2 ,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,sesquicarbonatis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,aqua ,,ammoni ,,carbonatis 7,ph4 ,e474 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #d oz42 distilled water1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,stimulant and antacid4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr41 in water4 ,solution of ,carbonate of ,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,magnesi ,,carbonatis 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,dissolve separately1 each in #a_/b a pint of distilled water1 sulphate of magnesia1 #b oz42 and carbonate of soda1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,heat the solution of sulphate of magnesia to the boiling point1 add the solution of carbonate of soda1 and boil together until carbonic acid ceases to be evolved4 ,collect the precipitated carbonate of magnesia1 and wash until what passes ceases to give a precipitate with chloride of barium4 ,mix the precipitate with a pint of distilled water1 and in a suitable apparatus1 charge with pure washed carbonic acid gas4 ,retain excess of carbonic acid under pressure for #bd hours4 ,filter to remove undissolved carbonate1 and again pass carbonic acid into the solution4 ,keep in a bottle securely closed4 7,this contains about #ac gr4 of carbonate of magnesia in each fluid ounce47 ,solution of ,carbonate of ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,tartar1 ,,water ,,of ,,subcarbonate ,,of ,,potash2 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,carbonatis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,p4 ,,subcarbonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #bj oz4 7#aj oz4----,ph4 ,d472 water1 #a pint2 dissolve and filter 7or decant74 ,sp4 gr4----,ph4 ,l41 #adgc2 ,ph4 ,d41 #acaj4----;,dose1 #aj drops to #a dr41 as an antacid1 c4 ,solution of ,carbonate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,subcarbonate ,,of ,,soda ,,water2 ,,sod ,,carbonatis ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,carbonate of soda 7in crystals71 #a-a_/b oz42 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajbf4----;,dose1 #a_/d to #a-a_/b fl4 oz41 as an antacid2 in heartburn1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,solution of ,chloride of ,antimony4 ,syn4 ,,antimonii ,,chloridi ,,liquor 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,dissolve black sulphide of antimony in boiling hydrochloric acid4 ,used as an escharotic1 and in the preparation of oxide of antimony4 ,solution of ,chloride of ,arsenic4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,arsenici ,,hydrochloricus 7,b4 ,p471 ,,liquor ,,arsenici ,,chloridi 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,arsenious acid 7in coarse powder71 #a_/b dr42 hydrochloric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz42 boil until the solution of the arsenious acid is complete1 and1 when cold1 add enough distilled water to make the whole exactly measure a pint4----,dose1 #d to #e drops4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,arsenious acid1 #hj gr42 hydrochloric acid1 #b dr42 distilled water1 #bj oz42 boil the two acids with #d oz4 of the water until a solution is effected1 then add sufficient distilled water to make up #bj oz4----,dose1 #b to #h minims4 ,solution of ,chloride of ,barium4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,muriate ,,of ,,baryta2 ,,liquor ,,barii ,,chloridi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,solutio ,,baryt ,,muriatis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,dissolve chloride of barium1 #a dr4 7#a oz4----,ph4 ,d471 in water1 #a fl4 oz4 7#h oz4 ,ph4 ,d471 and filter the solution4 ,sp4 gr4 7,ph4 ,d47 #ajhh4----;,dose1 #e drops1 gradually increased to #aj or #ab1 twice or thrice daily2 in scrofula1 scirrhous affections1 and worms2 externally1 largely diluted1 as a lotion in scrofulous ophthalmia4 ,solution of ,chloride of ,calcium4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,muriate ,,of ,,lime2 ,,calcii ,,chloridi ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,calcis ,,muriatis ,,solutio 7,ph4 ,e474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,fused chloride of calcium1 #d oz4 7crystals1 #h oz4----,ph4 ,e472 water1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and filter4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,fused chloride of calcium1 #c oz42 water1 #ab oz4 ,sp4 gr4 #abbe4----;,dose1 #aj drops to #a dr41 or more2 in scrofulous and glandular diseases1 c4 ,solution of ,chloride of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,zinci ,,chloridi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,granulated zinc1 #h2 hydrochloric acid1 #bb2 solution of chlorine1 q4 s42 carbonate of zinc1 #a_/d2 distilled water1 #aj4 ,mix the acid and water in a porcelain dish1 add the zinc1 and apply a gentle heat to promote the action until gas is no longer evolved2 boil for half an hour1 supplying the water lost by evaporation1 and allow the product to cool4 ,filter it into a bottle1 and add solution of chlorine by degrees1 with frequent agitation until a brown sediment appears4 ,filter the liquid into a porcelain basin1 and evaporate until it is reduced to the bulk of #bj4 ,solution of ,chlorinated ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,bleaching ,,liquid1 ,,solution ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,lime1 ,s4 ,,of ,,hypochlorite ,,of ,,lime2 ,,solutio ,,calcis ,,hypochloris1 ,s4 ,,calcis ,,chloridi1 ,,calcis ,,chlorinat ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,chlorinated lime 7#8chloride of lime'71 #a_/b lb42 water1 #a_/b gall42 triturate them together1 then transfer the mixture to a stoppered bottle1 and shake it repeatedly for the space of #c hours2 lastly1 filter through calico1 and preserve it in a well-stopped bottle4 #b4 ,chloride of lime 7dry and good1 and rubbed to fine powder71 #i lbs42 tepid water1 #f galls42 mix in a stoneware bottle capable of holding #h galls41 agitate frequently for a day or two1 and1 after #b or #c days' repose1 decant the clear portion1 and keep it in well-corked bottles1 in a cool situation4 ,if filtered1 it should be done as rapidly as possible1 and only through coarsely powdered glass in a covered vessel4 #c4 ,,liquor ,,calcis ,,chlorat 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,blend well together1 by trituration in a large mortar1 #a lb4 of chlorinated lime with #a gall4 of water1 transfer the mixture to a stoppered bottle1 and shake it frequently for the space of #c hours2 pour it on a calico filter1 and let the solution which passes through be kept in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajce4 ,obs4 ,the last is the usual strength sold in trade1 under various attractive names1 to give it importance4 ,it is used as a disinfectant1 bleacher1 and fumigation2 and1 diluted with water1 as a lotion1 injection1 or collyrium1 in several diseases4 ,see ,,hypochlorite ,,of ,,calcium4 ,solution of ,chlorinated lime1 ,spirituous4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,calcis ,,chloridi1 ,,spirituosa4 7,chevallier74 ,prep4 ,chloride of lime1 #c dr42 distilled water1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #b oz4 ,mix and filter4 ,solution of ,chlorinated ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,potash1 ,s4 ,,of ,,hypochlorite ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,javelle',s ,,bleaching ,,liquid2 ,,solutio ,,potass ,,hypochloris1 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,,potass ,,chlorinat1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,de ,,javelle1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve carbonate of potassa1 #a part1 in water1 #aj parts1 and pass chlorine gas through the solution to saturation4 #b4 ,chloride of lime 7dry and good71 #a part2 water1 #ae parts3 agitate them together for an hour2 next dissolve of carbonate of potassa1 #b oz41 in water1 #a_/d pint2 mix the two solutions1 and after a time either decant or filter4----,uses1 c4 ,as the last4 ,solution of ,chlorinated ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,soda1 ,s4 ,,of ,,hypochlorite ,,of ,,soda1 ,,labarraque',s ,,disinfecting ,,liquid2 ,,solutio ,,sod ,,hypochloris1 ,,hypochloris ,,sodicus ,,aqua ,,solutus 7,p4 ,cod471 ,,liquor ,,sod ,,chlorinat 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l471 ,carbonate of soda 7in crystals71 #a lb42 water1 #a quart2 dissolve1 and pass through the solution the chlorine evolved from a mixture of common salt1 #d oz42 binoxide of manganese1 #c oz42 sulphuric acid1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 7#d oz4----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf72 diluted with water1 #c fl4 oz42 placed in a retort1 heat being applied to promote the action1 and the gas being purified by passing through #e fl4 oz4 of water before it enters the alkaline solution4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,chlorinated lime1 #a_/b lb41 and water1 #c pints1 are triturated together in a marble mortar1 after which the mixture is transferred to a stoppered bottle1 agitated frequently during three hours1 and then filtered through calico2 in the mean time carbonate of soda 7cryst471 #g oz41 is dissolved in water1 #a pint2 the two solutions are next mixed1 and1 after agitation for about #aj minutes1 the whole is filtered as before4 ,the filtrate is to be preserved in a well-stopped bottle4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dissolve #ab oz4 of carbonate of soda in #cf oz4 of distilled water1 and put the solution into a glass vessel4 ,mix black oxide of manganese1 #d oz41 and hydrochloric acid1 #ae fl4 oz41 in a glass flask1 with a bent tube attached by means of a cork to its mouth1 apply a gentle heat1 and with a suitable arrangement cause the gas evolved to pass first through a wash-bottle containing #d oz4 of water1 and then into the solution of carbonate of soda1 regulating heat so that the gas shall be slowly but constantly introduced4 ,when the disengagement of chlorine has ceased1 transfer the solution which has absorbed it to a stoppered bottle1 and keep in a cool and dark place4 ,sp4 gr4 #aajc4 ,obs4 ,this solution is used as an antiseptic1 disinfectant1 and bleaching liquid4----,dose1 #bj to #cj drops1 in any bland fluid1 in scarlet fever1 sore throat1 c42 it is also made into a lotion1 gargle1 injection1 and eye-water4 ,meat in a nearly putrid state1 unfit for food1 is immediately restored by washing or immersion in this liquid4 ,solution of ,chlorine4 ,syn4 ,,chlorine ,,water2 ,,solutio ,,chlorinii1 ,,liquor ,,chlorini 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,chlorinei ,,aqua 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,on binoxide of manganese 7in powder71 #b dr41 placed in a retort1 pour hydrochloric acid1 #a fl4 oz41 and pass the chlorine in distilled water1 #a_/b pint1 until it ceases to be evolved4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,muriate of soda 7common salt71 #fj gr42 red oxide of lead1 #cej gr42 triturate them together1 and put them into #h fl4 oz4 of distilled water1 contained in a stoppered bottle2 then add of sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 dr42 and having replaced the stopper1 agitate the whole1 occasionally1 until the oxide of lead turns white2 lastly1 after subsidence1 pour off the clear liquid into another stoppered bottle4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,introduce into a gas bottle peroxide of manganese 7in fine powder71 #a_/b oz42 add of hydrochloric acid1 #c fl4 oz41 7diluted with7 water1 #b fl4 oz42 apply a gentle heat1 and cause the evolved gas to pass through water1 #b fl4 oz41 and then into a #c-pint bottle containing distilled water1 #bj fl4 oz41 and whose mouth is loosely plugged with tow2 when the air has been entirely displaced by the chlorine1 cork the bottle loosely1 and shake it until the chlorine is absorbed2 it should now be transferred to a pint stoppered bottle1 and preserved in a dark and cool place4 7,b4 ,p47 ,,liquor ,,chlori4 ,prep4 ,put #a oz4 of black oxide of manganese1 in fine powder1 into a gas bottle1 and having poured upon it #f fl4 oz4 of hydrochloric acid1 diluted with #b oz4 of distilled water1 apply a gentle heat1 and by suitable tubes cause the gas1 as it is developed1 to pass through #b oz4 of distilled water placed in an intermediate small phial1 and thence to the bottom of a #c-pint bottle containing #cj oz4 of distilled water1 the mouth of which is loosely plugged with tow4 ,as soon as the chlorine ceases to be developed1 let the bottle be disconnected from the apparatus in which the gas has been generated1 corked loosely1 and shaken until the chlorine is absorbed4 ,lastly1 introduce the solution into a green bottle furnished with a well-fitting stopper1 and keep it in a cool and dark place4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajjc4 ,one fluid ounce contains #bff grains of chlorine4 ,prop41 c4 ,irritant and acrid1 but1 when largely diluted1 stimulant and antiseptic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr41 in #a_/b pint of water1 sweetened with a little sugar1 in divided doses1 during the day2 in scarlatina1 malignant sore throat1 c4 ,on the large scale1 liquid chlorine may be procured by passing the gas obtained by any of the methods named under ,,chlorine into water1 until it will absorb no more4 ,solution of ,citrate of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,citratis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dissolve citric acid1 #c oz41 in distilled water1 #a pint2 and to the solution add of sesquicarbonate of ammonia 7in powder71 #b-a_/b oz41 or q4 s4 to exactly neutralise the liquor4----,dose1 #b to #f fl4 dr4 ,solution of ,citrate of ,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,magnesi ,,citratis4 ,see ,,magnesium1 ,,citrate ,,of4 7,b4 ,p47 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #ajj gr42 citric acid1 #bjj gr42 syrup of lemons1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 bicarbonate of potash in crystals1 #dj gr42 water1 q4 s4 ,dissolve the citric acid in #b oz4 of the water1 and having added the carbonate of magnesia1 stir until it is dissolved4 ,filter the solution into a strong half-pint bottle1 add the syrup and water sufficient to nearly fill the bottle1 then introduce the bicarbonate of potash1 and immediately close the bottle with a cork1 which should be secured with string or wire1 afterwards shake till the bicarbonate has dissolved4----,dose1 #e to #aj fl4 oz4 ,solution of ,citrate of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,morphi ,,citratis1 ,,solutio ,m4 ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,pure morphia1 #ac gr42 citric acid1 #h or #aj gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of cochineal1 #b fl4 dr4----,dose1 #c to #ab drops4 ,solution of ,citrate of ,potash4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,citratis4 ,,neutral ,,mixture4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,citric acid1 #a_/b troy oz42 bicarbonate of potash1 #ccj gr42 water1 #h oz4 ,solution of ,copaiba4 ,see ,,solution1 ,,specific4 ,solution of ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,liquor ,,hydrargyri ,,bichloridi 7,ph4 ,l474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,corrosive sublimate and sal ammoniac1 of each #aj gr42 water1 #a pint1 dissolve4----,dose4 ,as an alterative1 #aj to #cj drops2 as an antisyphilitic1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr41 in simple or sweetened water4 ,it must not be allowed to touch anything metallic4 ,it also forms a most useful lotion in various skin diseases4 #b4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,mercurial4 ,solution of ,cyanide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,potassii ,,cyanidi4 7,laming47 ,prep4 ,cyanide of potassium1 #bb gr42 proof spirit1 #i fl4 dr4 ,this is the strength of his hydrocyanic acid1 which contains #a gr4 of real acid in #a fl4 dr4 ,magendie's medicinal hydrocyanate of potash consists of cyanide of potassium dissolved in #h times its weight of distilled water4 ,solution of ,delphinia4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,delphini4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,delphinia1 #a scruple2 rectified spirit1 #b oz4 ,for outward use4 ,solution of ,diacetate of ,lead4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,subacetate ,,of ,,lead4 ,solution1 ,donovan's4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,hydriodate ,,of ,,arsenic ,,and ,,mercury 7below74 ,solution1 ,escharotic 7,freyburg's74 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,escharotica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from camphor1 #cj gr42 corrosive sublimate1 #fj to #ajj gr42 rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,in syphilitic vegetations1 and specially condylomes4 ,it is spread over the diseased surface1 either at once or after the application of a ligature4 ,solution of ,flints4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,of ,,flints2 ,,liquamen ,,silicum1 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,silicatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,soluble glass dissolved in water4 #b4 7,bate47 ,powdered quartz1 #a part2 dry carbonate of potash1 #b parts 7#c parts----,turner72 triturate them together1 fuse the mixture in a ,hessian crucible1 and allow the resulting glass to deliquesce by exposure in a damp situation4----,dose1 #e or #f to #cj drops2 in gouty concretions1 stone1 c4 8,it resolves the stone1 and opens obstructions40 ,see ,,soluble ,,glass4 ,solution1 ,gannal's4 ,see ,,solution ,,for ,solution1 ,goadsby's4 ,,anatomical ,,preparations4 ,solution1 ,goulard's4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,subacetate ,,of ,,lead4 ,solution1 ,hahnemann's ,prophylactic4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,belladonn1 ,,solutio ,,prophylactica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from extract of belladonna 7alcoholic71 #c gr42 distilled water1 #f fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 dr42 dissolve4 ,used against scarlet fever4----,dose1 #b or #c drops for a child under #ab months2 and an additional drop for every year above that age to maturity4 ,solution of ,hartshorn1 ,succinated4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,cornu ,,cervi ,,succinatus4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,neutralise true spirits of hartshorn 7or a solution of #a oz4 of salt of hartshorn in #a oz4 of water7 with acid of amber4 ,solution of ,hydriodate of ,arsenic and ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,donovan',s ,,solution2 ,,solutio ,,arsenici ,,et ,,hydrargyri ,,iodidi1 ,,arsenici ,,et ,,hydrargyri ,,hydriodatis ,,liquor4 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,donovan47 ,triturate metallic arsenic1 #fjh gr41 mercury1 #aech gr41 and iodine1 #ej gr41 with alcohol1 #a fl4 dr41 until dry2 to this add1 gradually1 of distilled water1 #h fl4 oz41 and again well triturate2 next put the whole into a flask1 add of hydriodic acid1 #a_/b fl4 dr41 and boil for a few minutes2 lastly1 when cold1 add distilled water1 q4 s4 to make the whole measure exactly #h fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,pure arsenic 7in fine powder71 #f gr42 pure mercury1 #af gr42 pure incline1 #ej-a_/b gr42 alcohol1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 triturate as before1 add1 gradually1 of water1 #h fl4 oz41 heat the mixture until it begins to boil1 and1 afterwards1 make up the cold and filtered solution to exactly #h fl4 oz4 #f fl4 dr4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from metallic arsenic1 #fa gr42 iodine1 #ejj gr42 mercury1 #aed gr42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #b quarts2 hydriodic acid1 #e fl4 dr42 as ,no4 #a2 the product being made up with distilled water so as to measure exactly #d pints1 or #hj fl4 oz41 or to weigh #e lbs4 #a-a_/d oz4 7av471 when cold4 ,obs4 ,great care must be taken that the whole of the arsenic be dissolved1 which can only be effected by the most careful trituration4 ,soubeiran recommends the employment of #a part1 each1 of the respective iodides1 with #ih parts of water1 as furnishing a simpler and equally effective product1 proportions which are almost exactly those employed by ,mr ,donovan4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 twice or thrice a day1 preferable soon after a meal2 in lepra1 psoriasis1 lupus1 and several other scaly skin diseases4 ,it is a most valuable medicine in these affections4 ,solution of ,hydrochlorate of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,muriate ,,of ,,morphia2 ,,liquor ,,morphi ,,hydrochloratis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,solutio ,,morphi ,,muriatis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,morphi ,,muriatis ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #d dr42 proof spirit1 #a_/b pint2 distilled water1 #a pint2 dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat4 #fj drops 7minims7 of this solution contain #a gr4 of hydrochlorate of morphia4----,dose1 #e to #ae or #bj drops4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 ,muriate of morphia1 #ij gr42 rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #ae fl4 oz4 #ajg drops 7minims7 contain #a gr4 of the hydrochlorate4----,dose1 #aj to #cj or #dj drops1 or nearly as laudanum4 #c4 7,apothecaries' ,hall47 ,muriate of morphia1 #af gr42 rectified spirit1 #a fl4 dr42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 #cj drops 7minims7 contain #a gr4----,dose1 #c to #aj drops4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,acetate ,,of ,,morphia1 c4 ,solution of ,hypochlorite of ,lime4 ,solution of chlorinated lime4 ,solution of ,iodide of ,arsenic4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,arsenici ,,periodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,wackenroder47 ,each drachm contains #a_/h gr4 of teriodide of arsenic2 equivalent to #a_/dh gr4 of metallic arsenic1 and #a_/aj gr4 7nearly7 of iodine4 ,solution of ,iodide of ,mercury and ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,iodohydrargyratis ,,potassii ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,channing47 ,iodide of potassium1 #c-a_/b gr42 binoxide of mercury1 #da_/b gr42 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve4----,dose1 #b to #e or #f drops1 three times a day1 much diluted2 in dyspepsia1 indurations1 enlargement of the spleen1 dropsy1 c4 ,solution of ,iodide of ,potassium 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,ioduretted ,,water1 ,,compound ,,solution ,,of ,,iodine2 ,,liquor ,,potassii ,,iodidi ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,liquor ,,iodinei ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d47 ,iodide of potassium1 #aj gr42 iodine1 #e gr42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve4----,dose1 #a to #f dr42 in the usual cases where iodine is employed4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,iodide of potassium1 #a oz42 iodine1 #b dr42 water1 #af fl4 oz4 ,this is #cj times as strong as the preceding4----,dose1 #e to #bj drops4 ,solutions of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,iodi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,dissolve #bj gr4 of iodine and #cj gr4 of iodide of potassium in #a oz4 of distilled water4 7,lugol's47 ,syn4 ,,solutiones ,,iodinii ,,vel ,,ioduret4 ,prep4 ,ioduretted waters1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c2 iodine1 #a-a_/b gr41 #b gr41 and #b-a_/b gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,drops4----,iodine1 #a scruple2 iodide of potassium1 #b scruples2 water1 #i dr4 ,lotions1 c4----,iodine1 #a-a_/b gr4 to #c gr42 iodide of potassium1 #c gr4 to #f gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,rubefacient4----,iodine1 #a pint2 iodide of potassium1 #b parts2 water1 #ab parts4 ,caustic4----,iodine1 #a part2 iodide of potassium1 #a part2 water1 #b parts4 ,solution of ,iodide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ferri ,,iodidi4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,mix #b oz4 7troy7 of iodine with #e oz4 of water1 and add #a oz4 7troy7 of iron filings1 stir frequently1 and heat the mixture gently till it assumes a greenish colour2 then filter into a glass bottle containing #ab oz4 of powdered sugar1 and after it has passed1 pour distilled water on the filter1 until the filtered liquor1 including the sugar1 measures #bj oz41 last shake the bottle till the sugar is dissolved4----,dose1 #ae minims to #a dr4 ,solution of ,iodine with ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,iodinii ,,cum ,,conio4 ,dr ,,scudamore',s ,,solution4 ,for inhaling4 ,iodine1 #f gr42 iodide of potassium1 #f gr42 rectified spirit1 #b dr42 water1 #e oz4 #f dr4 ,from #a_/b dr4 to #e dr4 of this solution1 with #a_/b dr4 of tincture of hemlock to be added to warm water at #abj ,f4 in a glass inhaler1 and used twice a day4 ,two thirds of the ingredients are first put into the inhaler1 and the rest added when half the time for inhaling has elapsed4 ,solution of ,iron 7,alkaline74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ferri ,,alkalini1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,iron filings1 #b-a_/b dr42 nitric acid1 #b fl4 oz42 water1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve1 decant1 gradually add of solution of carbonate of potash #f fl4 oz41 and in #f hours decant the clear portion4 ,this was intended as an imitation of ,stahl's ,tinctura ,martis ,alkalina4 ,it is tonic1 emmenagogue1 c4----,dose1 #bj to #fj drops4 ,solution of ,iron and ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,ferri ,,aluminosa4 7,swediaur47 ,calcined sulphate of iron1 #aj scruples2 alum1 #e scruples2 water sufficient to dissolve them2 sulphuric acid1 #ae drops4----,dose1 #aj to #ae drops4 ,once a celebrated nostrum in ,germany1 under the name of ,tinctura nervosa4 ,solution1 ,javelle's4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,chlorinated ,,potash4 ,solution1 ,labarraque's4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,chlorinated ,,soda4 ,solution of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,lime ,,water2 ,,solutio ,,calcis ,,hydratis1 ,,liquor ,,calcis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,aqua ,,calcis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,upon the lime1 #a_/b lb41 first slaked 7by sprinkling it7 with a little of the water1 pour the remainder of water1 #ab pints1 and shake them well together 7for #e minutes----,ph4 ,d472 immediately cover the vessel1 and set it aside for three hours2 then keep the solution with the remaining lime 7equally divided7 in stoppered glass vessels1 and1 when it is to be used1 decant the required portion from the clear solution 7replacing it with more water1 and agitating briskly1 as before----,ph4 ,e474 ,,liquor ,,calcis 7,b4 ,p474 ,syn4 ,lime water4 ,put #b oz4 of slaked lime into a stoppered bottle containing #a gall4 of distilled water1 and shake well for two or three minutes4 ,after #ab hours the excess of lime will have subsided1 and the clear solution may be drawn off with a siphon as it is required for use1 or transferred to a green glass bottle furnished with a well-ground stopper4 ,obs4 ,cold water dissolves more lime than hot water4 #a pint of water at #cb ,fahr4 dissolves #ac-a_/d gr41 at #fj it dissolves #aa-a_/b gr41 but at #bab only #f-a_/b gr4 7,phillips47 ,uses1 c4 ,lime water is antacid1 astringent1 antilithic1 tonic and vermifuge4----,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 or more1 #b or #c times a day1 in milk or broth2 in dyspepsia1 diarrha1 calculous affections1 c42 and1 externally1 as a detersive and discutient lotion4 ,solution of ,lime 7,saccharated74 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,calcis ,,saccharatus4 ,prep4 ,slaked lime1 #a2 refined sugar 7in powder71 #b2 distilled water1 #bj2 digest for some hours and strain4----,dose1 #ae to #fj minims in milk4 ,solution of ,lithia1 ,effervescing4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,lithi ,,effervescens4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,mix #aj gr4 of carbonate of lithia and #a pint of water in a suitable apparatus1 and charge with carbonic acid gas under a pressure of #g atmospheres4 ,keep in bottles securely corked4 ,solution1 ,mackenzie's4 ,prep4 ,from nitrate of silver1 #bj gr41 dissolved in distilled water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,used to wash the throat and fauces1 and to sponge the trachea1 in affections of those parts4 ,solution of ,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,aerated ,,magnesia ,,water1 ,,carbonated ,m4 ,w41 ,,fluid ,,magnesia1 ,,condensed ,,solution ,,of ,m41 ,,concentrated ,s4 ,,of ,m42 ,,liquor ,,magnesi ,,carbonatis1 ,,aqua ,m4 ,c41 ,l42 ,,eau ,,magnesienne1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,dinneford's47 ,water and ,howard's heavy carbonate of magnesia1 in the proportion of #ag-a_/b gr4 of the latter to every fl4 oz4 of the former1 are introduced into a cylindrical tinned copper vessel1 and carbonic acid1 generated by the action of sulphuric acid on whiting1 is forced into it by steam power for #e-a_/b hours1 during the whole of which time the cylinder is kept in motion4 ,sir ,j4 ,murray's is similar4 ,the ,paris ,codex orders recently precipitated carbonate of magnesia to be used while still moist4 ,antacid and laxative4 ,see ,,fluid ,,magnesia4 ,solution1 ,mineral4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,arsenite ,,of ,,potassa4 ,solution of ,morphia4 ,see ,,solutions ,,of ,,acetate1 ,,hydrochlorate1 and ,,sulphate4 ,solution of ,myrrh1 ,alkaline4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,myrrh ,,alkalina4 7,swediaur47 ,prep4 ,carbonate of soda1 #a dr42 myrrh1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #h oz4 ,digest in a water bath for #b days1 frequently stirring1 and strain4 ,solution of ,nitrate of ,mercury 7,acid74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,hydrargyri ,,nitratis ,,acidus 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,mercury1 #d2 nitric acid1 #e2 distilled water1 #a-a_/b2 mix the nitric acid with the water in a flask1 and dissolve the mercury in the mixture without the application of heat4 ,boil gently for #ae minutes1 cool1 and preserve the solution in a stoppered bottle4 ,used alone1 as a caustic2 #a to #b minims to #a oz4 of water1 as a gargle2 and #a minim to #b oz4 of water1 as an injection in gonorrha4 ,solution of ,nitrate of ,mercury and ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,hydrargyri ,,et ,,ammoni ,,nitratis4 ,,ward',s ,,white ,,drop4 ,prep4 ,nitrate of ammonia and mercury in crystals1 #a part2 rose water1 #c parts2 digest till dissolved4 ,solution of ,nitrate of ,silver4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,argenti ,,nitratis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,solutio ,a4 ,n4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,nitrate of silver 7cryst471 #a dr4 7#dj gr4----,ph4 ,e472 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz4 7#afjj gr4----,ph4 ,e472 dissolve4 ,used as an escharotic1 c4 ,it should be kept from the light4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,silver1 c4 ,solution of ,opium 7,sedative74 ,see ,,liquor4 ,solution of ,oxysulphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ferri ,,oxysulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sulphate of iron 7in powder7 and nitric acid1 of each #c dr42 triturated together for #ae minutes1 and then dissolved in distilled water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4----,dose1 #e or #f to #ab drops4 ,solution of ,perchloride of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ferri ,,perchloridi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,stronger solution of perchloride of iron 7see below71 #a2 distilled water1 #c4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 ,solution of ,perchloride of ,iron 7,stronger74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ferri ,,perchloridi ,,fortior 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,iron wire1 #b oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #ab oz42 nitric acid1 #i dr42 distilled water1 #h gr4 ,mix #h of the hydrochloric acid with the water1 and pour the mixture on the iron wire1 applying a gentle heat1 so that the whole of the metal may be dissolved2 filter the solution1 and add to it the remainder of the hydrochloric and nitric acids2 heat the mixture briskly1 until1 on the sudden evolution of red fumes1 the liquid becomes of an orange-brown colour1 then evaporate by the heat of a water bath until it is reduced to #aj fl4 oz4 ,used as an application to diphtheritic patches1 for injecting nvi1 as a powerful styptic1 and in the preparation of ,,solution ,,of ,,perchloride ,,of ,,iron4 7,see above47 ,solution of ,perchloride of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,hydrargyri ,,perchloridi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #aj gr42 chloride of ammonium1 #aj gr42 distilled water1 #bj oz42 dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #abj minims4 ,solution of ,perchloride of ,mercury 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,hydrargyri1 ,,perchloridi ,,compositus1 ,,liquor ,,mercurielle ,,normale 7,mialhe74 ,prep4 ,distilled water1 #af oz12 chloride of sodium1 #af gr42 chloride of ammonium1 #af gr42 white of #a egg1 perchloride of mercury1 #d gr4 ,beat the white of egg with the water1 filter1 dissolve the salts in the liquid and filter again4 ,solution of ,permanganate of ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,permanganatis 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,permanganate of potassa1 #d gr42 distilled water1 #a oz42 dissolve4 ,diluted with #dj parts of water1 it is used as a gargle or as a cleansing wash for diseased surface4----,dose1 #b to #d dr4 ,solution of ,pernitrate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,persesquinitrate ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,pernitras ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,solutio ,,persesquinitras ,,ferri 7,kerr71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d474 ,take of pure nitric acid1 #c fl4 oz42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 mix1 add fine iron wire1 #a oz42 dissolve1 and to the clear solution add as much water as will make the whole measure #a-a_/b pint4 ,sp4 gr4 #aajg4----;,dose1 #e or #f to #cj drops1 or more2 in passive hmorrhages1 mucous discharges1 chronic diarrha with prostration1 c4 ,solution of ,persulphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,ferri ,,persulphatis4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of iron1 #h2 sulphuric acid1 #c_/d2 nitric acid1 #c_/d2 distilled water1 #ab4 ,add the sulphuric acid to #aj of the water1 and dissolve the sulphate of iron in the mixture with the aid of heat4 ,mix the nitric acid with the remaining #b of the water1 and add the dilute acid to the solution of sulphate of iron4 ,concentrate the whole by boiling until1 by the sudden evolution of ruddy vapours1 the liquid ceases to be black1 and acquires a red colour4 ,a drop of the solution is now to be tested with ferricyanide of potassium1 and if a blue precipitate be formed1 a few additional drops of nitric acid should be added1 and the boiling renewed1 in order that the whole may be converted into persulphate of iron4 ,when the solution is cold1 make up the quantity to #aa by the addition1 if necessary1 of distilled water4 ,used in making several preparations of iron2 it is also a good styptic4 ,solution of ,phosphoric ,ether4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,phosphori ,,therea4 ,prep4 ,sliced phosphorus1 #e gr42 rectified ether1 #a oz42 mix1 set the bottle in a dark place for #c or #d days1 shaking occasionally1 and decant4 ,solution for ,plate4 ,syn4 ,,plate ,,liquor2 ,,solutio ,,pro ,,argento1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from alum1 cream of tartar1 and common salt1 of each #a oz42 water1 #a_/b gall42 dissolve4 ,used to increase the lustre and whiteness of silver plate1 the articles being boiled in it4 ,solution of ,potassa4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,hydrate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,liquor ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,potash ,,water1 ,,caustic ,p4 ,w42 ,,liquor ,,potass 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,aqua ,,potass 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,potass ,,caustic ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,aqua ,,kali ,,puri1 ,,lixivium ,,saponarum1 ,,aqua ,,kali ,,causticum1 ,,lixivium ,,causticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,lime 7recently burnt71 #h oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a gall42 sprinkle a little of the water on the lime in an earthen vessel1 and1 when it is slaked and fallen to powder1 add of carbonate of potassa #ae oz41 dissolved in the remainder of the water2 bung down1 and shake frequently1 until the mixture is cold1 then allow the whole to settle1 and decant the clear supernatant portion into perfectly clean and well-stoppered green-glass bottles4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfc4 ,it contains #fg of pure potassa4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,carbonate of potassa 7dry71 #d oz42 quicklime1 #b oz42 water1 #de fl4 oz42 boiling briskly for a few minutes after each addition of the milk of lime2 to yield at least #ce fl4 oz41 by decantation1 after #bd hours' repose in a deep1 narrow1 glass vessel4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajgb4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,pure carbonate of potassa1 #a lb42 distilled water1 #a gall42 dissolve1 heat the solution to the boiling point in a clean iron vessel1 gradually add to it of fresh quicklime1 #aj oz41 previously slaked with water1 #g fl4 oz41 and continue the ebullition for #aj minutes1 with constant stirring2 next allow it to cool out of contact with the air1 and1 when perfectly clear1 decant it by means of a syphon1 and bottle it as before4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfh4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,carbonate of potash1 #b2 slaked lime1 #a-a_/b2 distilled water1 #bj2 dissolve the carbonate of potash in the water1 and having heated the solution to the boiling point in a clean iron vessel1 gradually mix the slaked lime1 and continue the ebullition for #aj minutes with constant stirring2 decant the clear liquid4----,dose1 #ae to #fj minims #c times a day in beer1 milk1 or ,mistura ,amygdal4 #e4 7,whler47 ,nitrate of potassa1 #a part1 is mixed1 in alternate layers1 with clippings of sheet copper1 #b or #c parts1 and then heated to moderate redness for about #a_/b an hour in a copper or iron crucible2 when cold1 the potassa is washed out with distilled water1 and the solution1 after repose in a closed vessel1 decanted as before4 ,not a trace of copper can be detected in the liquid4 ,the clippings may be again used if mixed with a little fresh metallic copper4 #f4 7,wholesale47 ,from carbonate of potash 7kali71 #a lb41 and quicklime1 #a_/b lb41 to each gall4 of water4 #g4 7,,brandish',s ,,alkaline ,,solution2 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,brandishii47 ,from ,american pearlashes1 #f lbs42 quicklime and wood ashes 7from the ash71 of each #b lbs42 boiling water1 #f galls4 7old meas472 to each gall4 of the clear product is added #ab or #ae drops of oil of juniper4 ,this #8solution' is much asked for in trade4 ,ordinary liquor of potassa is generally sold for it4 ,pur4 8,nothing1 or scarcely anything1 is thrown down from this solution on the addition of lime water2 and when it has been first saturated by nitric acid1 no precipitate falls on the addition of carbonate of soda1 chloride of barium1 or nitrate of silver4 ,what is thrown down by bichloride of platinum is yellowish40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,uses1 c4 ,liquor of potassa is antacid1 diuretic1 resolvent1 and lithontriptic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj or #dj drops1 in any bland diluent 7not acidulous72 in heartburn1 gout1 calculi1 indurations1 scrofula1 lepra1 psoriasis1 c4 ,obs4 ,quicklime fails to abstract the carbonic acid from the alkaline carbonates in solutions much stronger than those above referred to4 ,weaker solutions may1 however1 be easily concentrated by evaporation in iron vessels4 ,see ,,potassium1 ,,hydrate ,,of1 and below4 ,solution of ,potassa 7,effervescing74 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,effervescens 7,b4 ,p472 ,,effervescing ,,potash ,,water1 ,,supercarbonate ,,of ,,potassa ,w42 ,,aqua ,,potass ,,effervescens 7,ph4 ,e471 ,a4 ,p4 ,,supercarbonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,bicarbonate of potash1 #a dr42 distilled water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 force in carbonic acid gas in excess1 and keep it in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,resembles soda water1 but sits better on the stomach4 ,it is almost specific in the early stages of scurvy4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dissolve #cj gr4 of bicarbonate of potash in one pint of distilled water1 filter1 pass in washed carbonic acid 7obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on chalk7 up to a pressure of #g atmospheres4 ,keep in bottles closely secured4 ,obs4 ,an excellent substitute for this preparation is to pour a bottle of soda water into a tumbler containing #bj gr4 of powdered bicarbonate of potash1 and to drink it immediately4 ,solution of ,potassio-tartrate of ,antimony4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,tartratis1 ,,antimonii ,,tartarizati ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,tartarised antimony1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #g fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,strength1 doses1 and uses1 similar to those of antimonial wine 7which see71 than which it keeps better4 ,solution1 ,prophylactic4 ,see ,,hahnemann',s ,,solution4 ,solution of ,protonitrate of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,hydrargyri ,,nitrici 7,,proto-,,nitratis7 7,g4 ,ph474 ,prep4 ,protonitrate of mercury1 #a oz42 distilled water1 #i oz42 nitric acid 7#aahe71 #df gr4 ,filter4----,dose1 #a to #e drops4 ,solution of ,sesquicarbonate of ,ammonia4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,carbonate ,,of ,,ammonia4 ,solution of ,silicate of ,potassa4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,flints4 ,solution of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,hydrate ,,of ,,soda1 ,,liquor ,,of ,,soda1 ,,caustic ,,soda ,,water2 ,,liquor ,,sod 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,sod ,,caustic ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,carbonate of soda1 7cryst471 #cb oz42 lime1 #i oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a gall42 proceed as for solution of potassa4 8,in #ajj gr4 are contained #a gr4 of 7pure7 soda40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfa4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,carbonate of soda 7cryst471 #b lbs42 fresh-burned lime1 #aj oz42 water1 #a gall4 #g fl4 oz42 as liquor of potassa4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajef4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,carbonate of soda1 #g2 slaked lime1 #c2 distilled water1 #dj2 dissolve the carbonate in the water1 boil in a clean iron vessel1 gradually mixing the lime1 and stirring constantly for ten minutes2 decant into a green-glass bottle1 with air-tight stopper4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajdg4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 ,solution of ,soda 7,effervescing74 ,syn4 ,,soda ,,water2 ,,liquor ,,sod ,,effervescens1 ,,aqua ,s4 ,e4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,a4 ,s4 ,,supercarbonatis1 ,,sod ,,carbonatis ,,aqua ,,acidula1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #a dr42 distilled water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and force carbonic acid gas into the solution under pressure4 ,used as an antacid and grateful stimulant1 often proving gently laxative4 ,the soda water of the shops cannot be substituted for this preparation1 as1 in opposition to its name1 it is usually made without soda4 7,b4 ,p47 ,half the strength4 ,solution1 ,soldering4 ,prep4 ,dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid nearly to saturation1 add #a-eth part of powdered sal ammoniac1 and simmer for #e minutes4 ,used to make solder flow easily and take well2 applied with a feather4 ,see ,,soldering4 ,solution1 ,specific 7,frank's74 ,syn4 ,,specific ,,solution ,,of ,,copaiba2 ,,liquor ,,copaib ,,alkalina1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of balsam of copaiba1 #b parts2 liquor of potassa 7,ph4 ,l471 #c parts2 water1 #g parts2 boil the mixture for #b or #c minutes1 put it into a separator1 and allow it to stand for #e or #f days2 then draw it off from the bottom1 avoiding the upper stratum of oil1 and to the clear liquid add of sweet spirit of nitre 7perfectly free from acid71 #a part2 should it turn foul or milky1 a very little liquor of potassa will usually brighten it2 if not1 place it in a clean separator1 and let it stand1 closely covered1 for a few days1 and then draw it off from the bottom as before1 when it will be perfectly transparent1 without filtering4 ,some persons add the sweet spirit of nitre whilst the solution is still warm1 mix it in as rapidly as possible1 and immediately cork or fasten up the vessel4 ,this is a good way when the article is wanted in a hurry1 but is objectionable from the loss of spirit thereby occasioned1 and the danger1 without care1 of bursting the separator4 ,obs4 ,a receipt for this article1 upon the authority of ,battley1 has been going the round of the pharmaceutical works for many years4 ,it is as follows3----,take #ab oz4 of balsam of copaiba1 and #f oz1 of calcined magnesia2 rub together1 add a pint of proof spirit1 filter1 and then add #a_/b oz4 of sweet spirits of nitre4 7#8,gray's ,supplement4'7 ,the product of this formula1 utterly unlike #8,frank's ,specific ,solution1' is a colourless tincture1 scarcely flavoured with copaiba1 and holding very little of the active matter of the balsam in solution1 owing to the compound formed with the magnesia being insoluble in spirit4 ,such is the affinity of this earth for copaiba 7copaibic acid71 that it will even take it from caustic potassa4 ,see ,,copaiba1 and its preparations4 ,solution of ,strychnia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,strychni 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,strychnia1 in crystals1 #d gr42 dilute hydrochloric acid #f minims2 rectified spirit1 #b dr42 distilled water1 #f dr42 mix the hydrochloric acid with #d dr4 of the water1 and dissolve the strychnia in it by means of heat2 then add the spirit and the remainder of the water4----,dose1 #d to #aj minims4 ,solution of ,subacetate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,of ,,subacetate ,,of ,,lead1 ,l4 ,,of ,,diacetate ,,of ,l41 ,,goulard',s ,,extract2 ,,liquor ,,plumbi1 ,l4 ,,plumbi ,,diacetatis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,plumbi ,,diacetatis ,,solutio 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,plumbi ,,subacetatis ,,liquor 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,acetate of lead1 #bg oz42 litharge1 in fine powder1 #af oz42 water1 #c quarts2 boil for #a_/b an hour1 constantly stirring1 and then add enough distilled water to make the whole measure #c quarts2 lastly1 filter1 if required1 and keep it in a closed vessel4 ,the proportions1 ordered in the ,ph4 ,e4 are similar4 ,sp4 gr4 #abfj4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,acetate of lead1 #f oz42 litharge1 #d oz42 distilled water1 #a quart2 boil1 c41 as before2 to produce #a quart4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajff4 7,b4 ,p47 the same4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from finely powdered litharge1 #cb lbs42 distilled vinegar1 #cb galls42 boil in a perfectly bright copper pan for #b hours1 cool1 add water to make up #cb galls41 again simmer for #a minute1 cover up the vessel1 and in an hour decant the clear portion4 ,common trade strength4 7,see below47 ,solution of ,subacetate of ,lead 7,dilute74 ,syn4 ,,goulard1 ,,goulard',s ,,lotion1 ,,goulard',s ,,water2 ,,liquor ,,plumbi ,,diacetatis ,,dilutus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,plumbi ,,subacetatis ,,liquor ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,liquor of diacetate of lead1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 proof-spirit1 #b fl4 dr42 distilled water1 #a pint2 mix4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,solution of subacetate of lead and proof spirit1 of each #b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #a_/b gall42 mix1 filter1 and preserve it in a well-stoppered bottle4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,solution of subacetate of lead1 #b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 dr42 distilled water1 #ai-a_/b oz4 ,filter through paper4 ,obs4 ,both the above preparations were formerly made with common vinegar1 and hence were coloured1 but those of the ,pharm4 are white4 ,if wanted coloured1 a little spirit colouring may be added4 ,the stronger liquor is only used diluted2 and the dilute solution is now seldom prepared by the wholesale druggist4 ,the last 7diluted solution7 is employed as a sedative1 refrigerant1 and astringent wash1 in various affections4 ,both are poisonous4 ,for the antidotes1 see ,,lead4 ,solution of ,sulphate of ,atropia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,atropi ,,sulphatis 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,sulphate of atropia1 #d gr42 distilled water1 #a oz42 dissolve4----,dose1 #a to #b minims4 ,solution of ,sulphate of ,copper4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,cupri ,,sulphatis ,,compositus1 ,,aqua ,,styptica4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf74 ,sulphate of copper1 #c oz42 alum1 #c oz42 sulphuric acid1 #b oz42 7by wt471 water1 #bd oz4 ,for external use4 ,solution of ,sulphate of ,indigo4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,indigo ,,sulphatis4 ,prep4 ,digest #a part of powdered indigo in #aj of sulphuric acid2 when dissolved dilute it with water4 ,used as a test4 ,solution of ,sulphate of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,morphi ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sulphate of morphia1 as the solution of the acetate or hydrochlorate4 ,the uses1 doses1 c41 are the same4 ,solution of ,sulphate of ,zinc 7,compound74 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,alum1 ,,compound4 ,solution of ,sulphuret of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,hydrosulphate ,,of ,,potassa2 ,,solutio ,,potassii ,,sulphureti1 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,hydrosulphatis1 ,,aqua ,,potass ,,sulphureti 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of washed sublimed sulphur1 #a part2 water of caustic potassa1 #aa parts3 mix1 boil for #aj minutes1 filter1 and keep the solution in well-closed bottles4 ,sp4 gr4 #aaag4 ,the product is a mixed solution of hydrosulphate and hyposulphate of potassa4----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops1 diluted in water2 and1 externally1 made into a lotion2 in itch1 and several other eruptive diseases4 ,solution of ,tartrate of ,magnesia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,magnesi ,,tartratis4 7,airat47 ,prep4 ,tartaric acid1 #ae-a_/d oz4 troy2 distilled water1 #bj pints2 fresh calcined magnesia1 diffused in #af oz4 of distilled water1 #c oz4 troy and #a dr4----,dose4 ,as a purgative1 #ae oz4 ,solution of ,veratria4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,veratri4 ,prep4 ,veratrine1 #a gr42 distilled water1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,dr ,turnbull's solution1 for external use1 is----veratria1 #a scruple2 rectified spirit1 #b oz4 ,solution1 ,swan's4 ,syn4 ,,solutio ,,sod ,,hypophosphitis4 ,prep4 ,mr4 ,squire says this contains #c gr4 of the salt in a drachm4 ,,sol,,vent4 ,syn4 ,,menstruum1 ,l4 ,the liquid in which any substance is dissolved4 ,the substance dissolved is1 occasionally1 called the #8solvend4' 7,kirwan47 ,solvent1 ,glazier's4 ,syn4 ,,glazier',s ,,pickle4 ,from soft soap dissolved in thrice its weight of strong soapers' lye2 or1 from freshly slaked lime made into a thin paste or cream with twice its weight of pearlash dissolved in a little water4 ,very caustic4 ,used to soften old putty1 and to remove old paint4 ,,somnambulism4 ,children are most subjected to sleep-walking4 ,when adults are affected with it the cause may generally be traced to mental exhaustion1 over-excitement1 or emotional feeling4 ,the most preferable method of awakening a somnambulist1 if this be desirable1 is by dashing cold water on the face4 ,it is well to occasionally administer an aperient1 and also to rectify any errors of diet1 if necessary1 and to remove by the exercise of judicious and kindly advice1 and change of scene undue excitement or morbid feeling4 ,the other precautions1 such as securing the feet1 c41 during sleep1 guarding the exits of the bed-chamber1 are so obvious as to need no further allusion to4 ,,soot4 ,syn4 ,,fuligo4 ,wood soot was formerly officinal1 and reputed vermifuge and antiseptic4 ,the soot from pit-coal contains1 besides empyreumatic matter1 sulphate of ammonia2 hence it is valuable as a manure1 when not too freely applied4 ,it is also employed by gardeners to kill insects4 ,,soporif,,ics4 ,hypnotics 7which see74 ,,sorbite4 ,a crystalline saccharine substance resembling mannite1 obtained by ,boussingault from the berries of the mountain ash4 ,it was obtained from the liquid containing the undecomposed saccharine matter remaining after the juice of the berries had been subjected to fermentation4 ,,sou,,jee4 ,syn4 ,,soojee4 ,a species of semolina4 ,semoletta 7semola rarita7 is a still smaller variety of pearled wheat1 separated from the others by means of a sieve4 #8,baster's soojee' is said to be a mixture of ordinary wheat flour and sugar4 ,,sour ,,krout4 ,see ,,sauer-,,krout4 ,,soup4 ,a strong decoction of flesh1 properly seasoned with salts1 spices1 c41 for the table4 ,the different tastes of people require more or less of the flavour of spices1 salt1 garlic1 butter1 c41 which can1 therefore1 never be ordered by general rules4 ,if the cook has not a good taste1 and attention to that of his or her employers1 not all the ingredients which nature and art can furnish will give an exquisite flavour to the dishes4 ,the proper articles should be always at hand1 and must be proportioned until the true zest be obtained4 ,a variety of flavours may be given to different dishes served at the same time1 or even to the same soup1 by varying the condiments and spices4 ,at a ,parisian restaurant one cauldron is made to produce almost every imaginable variety of soup4 ,soup1 ,cabbage1 ,cheap4 ,wash a large cabbage and cut it into narrow strips1 throwing them into #a_/b a gallon of boiling water1 containing #b oz4 of butter4 ,let it boil for an hour and a half2 then add half a pint of milk and flavour with pepper and salt4 ,serve when hot4 ,soup1 ,carrot4 ,,ingredients ,,required4----#d quarts of liquor in which a leg of mutton or beef has been boiled1 a few beef bones1 #f large carrots1 #b large onions1 #a turnip1 seasoning of salt and pepper to taste1 #c lumps of sugar1 and cayenne4 ,mode4 ,put the liquor1 bones1 onions1 turnips1 pepper and salt into a stewpan1 and simmer for #c hours4 ,scrape and cut the carrots thin1 strain the soup on them1 and stew them till soft enough to pulp through a hair sieve or coarse cloth2 then boil the pulp with the soup1 which should be of the consistency of pea soup4 ,add cayenne4 ,pulp only the red part of the carrot1 and make this soup the day before it is wanted4 ,time4----#d-a_/b hours4 ,seasonable from ,october to ,march4 ,sufficient for #h persons4 ,soup1 ,celery4 ,,ingredients4----#i heads of celery1 #a teaspoonful of salt1 nutmeg to taste1 #a lump of sugar1 #a_/b pint of strong stock1 a pint of cream1 and #b quarts of boiling water4 ,mode4----,cut the celery into small pieces2 throw it into the water1 seasoned with the nutmeg1 salt and sugar4 ,boil it till sufficiently tender2 pass it through a sieve1 add the stock and simmer it for half an hour4 ,now put in the cream1 bring it to the boiling point1 and serve immediately4 ,time4----#a hour4 ,soup1 ,giblet4 ,scald and carefully clean #c or #d sets of goose or duck giblets2 let them stew well1 a pound or two of gravy beef1 scrag of mutton1 or the bone of a knuckle of veal1 an ox-tail1 or some shanks of mutton1 with #c onions1 a large bunch of sweet herbs1 a teaspoonful of white pepper1 and a large spoonful of salt4 ,add #e pints of water and simmer till the gizzards 7which must be each in four pieces7 are quite tender2 skim nicely1 and add a #a_/d pint of cream1 #b teaspoonfuls of mushroom powder1 and #a oz4 of butter mixed with a dessert-spoonful of flour4 ,let it boil a few minutes1 and serve with the giblets4 ,instead of cream1 two glasses of sherry or ,madeira1 a large spoonful of ketchup1 and some cayenne may be used for the seasoning4 ,add salt when the soup is in the tureen4 ,for the larger part of the above culinary preparations we are indebted to the excellent cooking manuals of ,miss ,acton and ,mrs ,beeton4 ,soup1 a ,good ,family4 ,,ingredients4----,remains of a cold tongue1 #b lbs4 of shin of beef1 any cold pieces of meat or beef bones1 #b turnips1 #b carrots1 #b onions1 #a parsnip1 #a head of celery1 #d quarts of water1 #a_/b teacupful of rice1 salt and pepper to taste4 ,mode4----,put all the ingredients in a stewpan1 and simmer gently for #d hours1 or until all the goodness is drawn from the meat4 ,strain off the soup and let it stand till cold4 ,the kernels and soft part of the tongue must be saved4 ,when the soup is wanted for use1 skim off all the fat1 put in the kernels and soft parts of the tongue1 slice in a small quantity of fresh carrot1 turnip1 and onion2 stew till the vegetables are tender1 and serve with toasted bread4 ,time4----#e hours4 ,seasonable at any time4 ,sufficient for #h persons4 ,soup1 ,gravy4 ,,ingredients4----#d lbs4 of shin of beef1 a piece of the knuckle of veal weighing #d lbs41 a few pieces of trimmings of meat or poultry1 #c slices of nicely flavoured lean ham1 #a_/d lb4 of butter1 #b onions1 #d carrots1 #a turnip1 nearly a head of celery1 #a blade of mace1 #f cloves1 a bunch of savoury herbs1 seasoning of salt and pepper to taste1 #c lumps of sugar1 #e quarts of boiling soft water4 ,it can be flavoured with ketchup1 ,leamington sauce1 or ,harvey's sauce and a little soy4 ,mode4----,slightly brown the meat and ham in the butter1 but do not let them burn4 ,when this done1 pour to it the water1 put in the salt1 and as the scum rises take it off2 when no more appears1 add all the other ingredients1 and let the soup simmer slowly by the fire for #f hours without stirring it any more from the bottom2 take it off1 and pass it through a sieve4 ,when perfectly cold and settled all the fat should be removed1 leaving the sediment untouched1 which serves nicely for thick gravies1 hashes1 c4 ,the flavourings should be added when the soup is heated for table4 ,time4----#g hours4 ,seasonable all the year4 ,sufficient for #ab persons4 ,soup1 ,green ,pea4 ,,ingredients4----#c pints of green peas1 #a_/d lb4 of butter1 #b or #c thin slices of ham1 #d onions sliced1 #d shredded lettuces1 the crumb of #b ,french rolls1 #b handfuls of spinach1 #a lump of sugar1 #b quarts of medium stock4 ,mode4----,put the butter1 ham1 #a quart of the peas1 onions and lettuces1 to a pint of stock and simmer for an hour2 then add the remainder of the stock1 with the crumb of the ,french rolls1 and boil for another hour4 ,now boil the spinach1 squeeze it very dry1 and rub it1 with the soup1 through a sieve1 to give the preparation a good colour4 ,have ready a pint of young peas boiled2 add them to the soup1 put in the sugar1 give one boil1 and serve4 ,time4----#b-a_/b hours4 ,seasonable from ,june to the end of ,august4 ,sufficient for six persons4 ,it will be well to add1 if the peas are not quite young1 a little more sugar2 where economy is essential1 water may be used instead of stock for this soup1 boiling in it likewise the peashells1 and using rather a larger quantity of vegetables4 ,soup1 ,hare4 ,cut down a hare into joints1 and put it into a soup-pot or large stewpan1 with about a pound of lean ham1 in thick slices1 #c moderately sized mild onions1 #c blades of mace1 a faggot of thyme1 sweet marjoram and parsley1 with about #c quarts of good beef stock4 ,let it stew very gently for full three hours from the time of its first beginning to boil1 and more if the hare be old4 ,strain the soup1 and pound together very fine1 the slices of ham and all the flesh of the back1 legs1 and shoulders of the hare1 and put this meat into a stewpan with the liquor1 in which it was boiled1 the crumb of two ,french rolls1 and half a pint of port wine4 ,set it on the stove to simmer twenty minutes2 then rub it through a sieve1 place it again on the stove till very hot1 but do not let it boil2 season it with salt and cayenne1 and send it to table directly4 ,,ingredients4----,hare1 #a2 ham1 #ab to #af oz42 onions1 #c to #f2 mace1 #c blades2 faggot of savoury herbs2 beef stock1 #c quarts2 #b hours4 ,crumb of #b rolls2 port wine1 #a_/b pint2 little salt and cayenne2 #bj minutes4 ,soup1 ,hare1 a less ,expensive4 ,pour on two pounds of neck or shin of beef1 and a hare well washed and carved into joints1 one gallon of cold water1 and when it boils and has been thoroughly skimmed1 add #a-a_/b oz4 of salt1 #b onions1 #a large head of celery1 #c moderate-sized carrots1 a tablespoonful black peppercorns1 and #f cloves4 ,let these stew gently for #c hours1 or longer1 should the hare not be perfectly tender4 ,then take up the principal joints1 cut the meat from them1 mince1 and pound it to fine paste1 with the crumb of #b penny rolls 7or #b oz4 of crumb of household bread71 which has been soaked in a little of the boiling soup1 and then pressed very dry in a cloth2 strain1 and mix smoothly with it the stock from the remainder of the hare2 pass the soup through a strainer1 season it with cayenne1 and serve it when at the point of boiling2 if not sufficiently thick1 add to it a tablespoonful of arrow-root1 moistened with a little broth1 and let the soup simmer for an instant afterwards4 ,two or #c glasses of port wine1 and #b dozen of small forcemeat balls may be added to this soup with good effect4 ,,ingredients4----,beef1 #b lbs42 hare1 #a2 water1 #a gall42 salt1 #a-a_/b oz42 onions1 #b2 celery1 #a head2 carrots1 #c2 bunch of savoury herbs2 peppercorns1 #a teaspoonful2 cloves1 #f2 #c hours or more4 ,bread1 #b oz42 cayenne1 arrow-root 7if needed7 #a tablespoonful4 ,soup1 ,haricot ,bean4 ,take a quart of haricot beans and let them soak all night in cold water4 ,then pour on them #b-a_/b pints of cold water1 add #a onion1 and put on the fire1 and when the liquid begins to boil1 let them continue to boil for #c hours4 ,then remove from the fire and strain through a wire sieve1 after which return to the saucepan1 and season with pepper and salt2 next add #b oz4 of butter and a little milk4 ,then just boil up1 and serve4 ,an economical and nutritious soup for the poor4 ,soup1 ,julienne4 ,,ingredients4----#a_/b pint carrots1 #a_/b pint of turnips1 #a_/b pint of onions1 #b or #c leeks1 #a_/b head of celery1 #a lettuce1 a little sorrel and chervil1 if liked1 #b oz4 butter1 #b quarts of medium stock4 ,mode4----,cut the vegetables into strips about #a-a_/d in4 long1 and be particular they are all the same size1 or some will be hard1 whilst the others will be done to a pulp4 ,cut the lettuce1 sorrel1 and chervil into larger pieces2 fry the carrots in the butter1 and pour the stock boiling to them4 ,when this is done1 add all the other vegetables thereto1 and stew gently for nearly an hour4 ,skim off all the fat1 pour the soup over thin slices of bread cut round1 about the size of a shilling1 and serve4 ,time4----#a-a_/b hour4 ,seasonable all the year4 ,sufficient for #g or #h persons4 ,in summer1 green peas1 as asparagus tops1 ,french beans1 c41 can be added4 ,when the vegetables are very strong1 instead of frying them in butter at first1 they should be blanched1 and afterwards simmered in the stock4 ,soup1 ,macaroni4 ,throw #d oz4 of fine1 fresh1 mellow ,naples macaroni into a pan of fast-boiling water1 with about #a oz4 of fresh butter1 and a small onion stuck with #c or #d cloves 7the onion must be omitted for white soups74 ,when it has swelled to its full size1 and become tender1 drain it well1 cut it into half-inch lengths1 and slip it into a couple of quarts of clear gravy soup2 let it simmer for a few minutes1 when it will be ready for table4 ,observe that the macaroni should be boiled quite tender2 but it should by no means be allowed to burst1 nor to become pulpy4 ,serve grated ,parmesan cheese with it4 ,,ingredients4----,macaroni1 #d oz42 butter1 #a oz42 #a small onion2 #e cloves2 #c_/d hour1 or more4 ,in soup #e to #aj minutes4 ,soup1 ,mock ,turtle4 ,,ingredients4----,half a calf's head1 #a_/d lb4 butter1 #a_/d lb4 lean ham1 #b tablespoonfuls of minced parsley1 a little minced lemon thyme1 sweet marjoram1 basil1 #b onions1 a few chopped mushrooms 7when obtainable71 #b shalots1 #b tablespoonfuls of flour1 #b glasses of madeira or sherry1 forcemeat balls1 cayenne1 salt and mace to taste1 the juice of one lemon and #a ,seville orange1 #a dessert-spoonful of pounded sugar1 #c quarts of best strong stock4 ,mode4----,scald the head with the skin on1 remove the brain1 tie the head up in a cloth1 and let it boil for an hour4 ,then take the meat from the bones1 cut it into small square pieces1 and throw them into cold water4 ,now take the meat1 put it into a stewpan1 and cover it with stock2 let it boil gently for an hour1 or rather more1 if not quite tender1 and set it on one side4 ,melt the butter in another stewpan1 and add the ham1 cut small1 with the herbs1 parsley1 onions1 shalots1 mushrooms1 and nearly a pint of stock2 let these simmer slowly1 for #b hours1 and then dredge in as much flour as will dry up the butter4 ,fill up with the remainder of the stock1 add the wine1 let it stew gently for #aj minutes1 rub it through a sieve1 and put it to the calf's head2 season with cayenne1 and1 if required1 a little salt2 add the juice of the orange and lemon2 and when liked1 #a_/d teaspoonful of pounded mace1 and the sugar4 ,put in the forcemeat balls1 simmer #e minutes1 and serve very hot4 ,time4----#d-a_/b hours4 ,seasonable in winter4 ,sufficient for #aj persons4 ,the bones of the head should be well stewed in the liquor it was first boiled in1 and will make good white stock1 flavoured with vegetables4 ,soup1 ,ox-tail4 ,a very inexpensive and nutritious soup may be made of ox-tails1 but it will be insipid without the addition of a little ham1 knuckle of bacon1 or a pound or two of other meat4 ,wash and soak #c tails1 pour on them a gallon of cold water1 let them be brought gradually to boil1 throw in #a-a_/b oz4 of salt1 and clear off the scum carefully as soon as it forms upon the surface2 when it ceases to rise1 add four moderate-sized carrots1 from #b to #d onions1 according to the taste1 a large faggot of savoury herbs1 a head of celery1 a couple of turnips1 #f or #h cloves1 and #a_/b a teaspoonful of peppercorns4 ,stew these gently from #c to #c-a_/b hours1 if the tails be very large2 lift them out1 strain the liquor1 and skim off all the fat2 divide the tails into joints1 and put them into a couple of quarts or rather more of the stock2 stir in when these begin to boil1 a thickening of arrow-root or rice flour1 mixed with as much cayenne and salt as may be required to flavour the soup well1 and serve it very hot4 ,,ingredients4----,ox tails1 #c2 water1 #a gall42 salt #a-a_/b oz42 carrots1 #d2 onions1 #b to #d2 turnips1 #b2 celery1 #a head2 cloves1 #h2 peppercorns1 #a_/b teaspoonful2 faggot of savoury herbs2 #c to #c-a_/b hours4 ,for a richer soup1 #e to #f hours4 ,soup1 ,ordinary ,pea4 ,wash well a quart of good split peas1 and float off such as remain on the surface of the water2 soak them for one night1 and boil them with a bit of soda the size of a filbert1 in just sufficient water to allow them to break to a mash4 ,put them into from #c to #d quarts of good beef broth1 and stew them in it gently for an hour2 then work the whole through a sieve1 heat afresh as much as may be required for table1 season it with salt1 or cayenne1 or common pepper1 clear it perfectly from scum1 and send it to table with fried or toasted bread4 ,celery sliced and stewed in it will be found a great improvement4 ,,ingredients4----,peas1 #a quart2 soaked one night1 boiled in #b quarts or rather more of water1 #b to #b-a_/b hours4 ,beef broth1 #c to #d quarts2 #a hour4 ,salt and cayenne or pepper1 as needed2 #c minutes4 ,soup1 ,portable4 ,syn4 ,,glaze4 ,from skin of beef1 or other like part2 the soup being gently simmered until reduced to the consistence of a thin syrup1 and then poured into small upright jelly-pots1 with covers1 or1 upon flat dishes1 to lie about #a_/d inch deep4 ,the latter1 when set1 is divided into pieces1 which are dried4 ,used to make extemporaneous soup and glazes4 ,a similar article1 prepared on the large scale1 now generally forms part of every ship's stores4 ,soup1 ,potato4 ,mash to a smooth paste1 #c lbs4 of good mealy potatoes1 which have been steamed1 or boiled very dry2 mix with them1 by degrees1 #b quarts of boiling broth1 pass the soup through a strainer1 set it again on the fire1 add pepper and salt1 and let it boil for five minutes4 ,take off entirely the black scum that will rise upon it1 and serve it very hot1 with fried or toasted bread4 ,where the flavour is approved1 #b oz4 of onions minced and fried a light brown1 may be added to the soup1 and stewed in it for #aj minutes before it is sent to the table4 ,,ingredients4----,potatoes1 #c lbs42 broth1 #b quarts2 #e minutes4 7,with onions1 #b oz47 #aj minutes4 ,soup1 ,spanish ,onion4 ,peel two large ,spanish onions and cut them into rings2 fry them with a little dripping in a stewpan4 ,when the onions have browned1 add #b-a_/b pints of boiling water1 and let them boil for two hours and a half2 add pepper and salt to flavour1 and a little vinegar4 ,thicken with oatmeal or bread crumbs 7oatmeal is the more nourishing72 let the mixture boil for another half hour1 and serve4 ,a good cheap wholesome soup4 ,soup1 ,turnip1 ,cheap4 ,wash and wipe the turnips1 pare and weigh them2 allow #a-a_/b lb4 for every quart of soup1 cut them in slices about #a_/d inch thick4 ,melt #d oz4 of butter in a clean stewpan1 and put in the turnips before it begins to boil2 stew them gently #c_/d hour1 taking care that they shall not brown1 then have the proper quantity of soup ready boiling1 pour it on them and let them simmer in it for #c_/d hour4 ,pulp the whole through a coarse sieve or soup strainer1 put it again on the fire1 keep it stirred until it has boiled three or four minutes1 take off the scum1 add salt or pepper if required1 and serve it very hot4 ,,ingredients4----,turnips1 #c lbs42 butter1 #d oz42 #c_/d hour4 ,soup1 #b quarts2 #c_/d hour4 ,last time1 #c minutes4 ,soup1 ,vermicelli4 ,drop very lightly and by degrees #f oz4 of vermicelli1 broken rather small1 into #c quarts of boiling bouillon1 or clear gravy soup2 let it simmer for half an hour over a gentle fire1 and stir it often4 ,,ingredients4----,bouillon or gravy soup1 #c quarts1 vermicelli1 #f oz42 #cj minutes4 ,or soup1 #c quarts2 vermicelli1 #d oz42 blanched in boiling water1 #e minutes2 stewed in soup #aj to #ae minutes4 ,,sour,,ing4 ,see ,,malt ,,liquors and ,,wines4 ,,soy4 ,genuine soy is a species of thick black sauce1 imported from ,china4 ,prep4 ,take of the seeds of ,soja hispida 7white haricots or kidney beans may be used for them71 #a gall42 boil them in water1 q4 s41 until soft1 add of bruised wheat1 #a gall41 and keep the mixture in a warm place for #bd hours2 then add of common salt1 #a gall42 water1 #b gall42 put the whole into a stone jar1 and bung it up loosely for two or three months1 shaking it very frequently during the whole time2 lastly press out the liquor and bottle it2 the residuum may be treated afresh with water and salt1 for soy of an inferior quality4 ,obs4 ,the soy of the shops is1 in nine cases out of ten1 a spurious article made in this country1 by simply saturating molasses or treacle with common salt4 ,a better and a really wholesome imitation is made as follows3----,malt syrup1 #a gall4 7or1 #ac-a_/b lbs472 treacle1 #e lbs42 salt1 #d-a_/d lbs42 mushroom juice1 #a quart2 mix1 with a gentle heat1 and stir until the union is complete2 in a fortnight decant the clear portion4 ,,span,,ish ,,flies4 ,see ,,cantharides4 ,,spar,,adrap4 ,syn4 ,,sparadrapum1 ,l4 ,originally a cerecloth2 now applied to spread plasters2 as ,,sparadrapum ,,commune1 common strapping or adhesive plaster2 ,s4 ,,vesicatorium1 blistering plaster or tissue1 c4 ,the following are in occasional demand by the pharmacist3---- ,sparadrap1 ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,sparadrapum ,,opii 7,m4 ,schufelle47 ,prep4 ,on a piece of black sarcenet of a close and strong texture1 properly stretched2 spread with a brush1 #c layers of extract of opium1 softened with water1 to the consistence of treacle1 and mixed with a sixth part of powdered gum4 ,keep the plaster dry4 ,sparadrap1 ,thapsian4 ,syn4 ,,sparadrapum ,,thapsi4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,yellow wax1 #d-a_/d oz42 resin1 #a-a_/b oz42 ,burgundy pitch1 #a-a_/b oz42 boiled turpentine1 #a-a_/b oz42 ,swiss turpentine1 #a_/b oz42 glycerin1 #a_/b oz42 honey1 #a_/b oz42 resin of thapsia1 #c_/d oz4 ,melt the first five substances together and strain through linen4 ,keep them liquefied and add the glycerin1 the honey1 and the resin4 ,when well mixed1 and of a proper consistence1 spread on strips of linen cloth4 ,sparadrap1 ,wax4 ,,sparadrapum ,,cum ,,cera1 ,,toile ,,de ,,mai4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,white wax1 #h oz42 7by wt471 oil of almonds1 #d oz42 7by wt471 ,swiss turpentine1 #a oz4 ,melt together and dip into it strips of linen cloth1 which are to be passed between wooden rollers1 to remove the superfluous plaster4 ,spread on paper it forms waxed paper4 ,,sparte,,ine4 ,syn4 ,,sparteina1 ,l4 ,a volatile oily liquid1 possessing basic properties1 obtained from ,spartium scoparium1 or broom4 ,it is highly poisonous1 and resembles conine and nicotine in its general properties4 ,,spasms4 ,syn4 ,,cramp2 ,,spasmus1 ,l4 ,an involuntary contraction of the muscles1 generally of the extremities1 accompanied with pain more or less severe4 ,spasms are distinguished into clonic spasms or convulsions1 in which the contractions and relaxations are alternate1 as in epilepsy2 and into tonic spasms1 in which there is continued rigidity1 as in locked-jaw4 ,that form which commonly attacks the muscles of the legs and feet1 especially after great exertion or exposure to cold1 is commonly called cramp4 ,the best treatment for this is immediately to stand upright1 and to well rub the part with the hand4 ,the application of strong stimulants1 as spirits of ammonia1 or of anodynes1 as opiate liniments1 has been recommended4 ,when spasm or cramp occurs in the stomach1 a teaspoonful of sal volatile in water1 or a teaspoonful of good brandy1 may be swallowed immediately4 ,when cramp comes or during cold bathing1 the limb should be thrown out as suddenly and violently as possible1 which will generally remove it1 care being also taken not to become flurried or frightened1 as presence of mind is very essential to personal safety on such an occasion4 ,a common cause of spasm is indigestion1 and the use of acescent liquors2 these should1 therefore1 be avoided1 and bitters and absorbents had recourse to4 ,see ,,antispasmodics1 and the names of the principal spasmodic diseases4 ,,spear,,mint4 ,see ,,mint4 ,,spe,,cies4 7,in pharmacy47 ,mixtures of dried plants1 or parts of plants1 in a divided state1 which1 for convenience1 are kept mixed for use4 ,the dry ingredients of pills1 conserves1 electuaries1 mixtures1 c41 that do not keep well when made up1 or which are in little demand1 may be economically and conveniently preserved in this state4 ,the word1 thus applied1 is obsolete out of the pharmaceutical laboratory4 ,species1 ,anthelmintic4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,anthelmintic1 ,l4 ,the dried flowering tops of tansy and wormwood1 and the flowers of chamomile1 equal parts2 mix1 and keep them in a close vessel4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,species1 ,aperitive4 ,see ,,species1 ,,diuretic 7below74 ,species1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,powder2 ,,species ,,aromatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,leaves of balm and curled-leaf mint 7,mentha crispa71 of each #d oz42 lavender flowers1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 dry them by a gentle heat1 and then powder them4 ,species1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,astringentes1 ,l4 ,the roots of bistort and tormentil1 and bark of pomegranate1 equal parts4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,species1 ,bechic4 7,p4 ,cod47 #a4 ,leaves of ,canadian maidenhair1 ground ivy1 hartstongue1 speedwell1 hyssop tops and poppy capsules1 7freed from seed71 of each equal parts4 ,cut and mix4 #b4 ,dried flowers of mallow1 catsfoot1 coltsfoot and petals of red poppy1 of each #a oz4 ,mix4 ,the ,fructs ,bechici are3----,dates 7stored7 #a oz42 jujubes1 #a oz42 figs1 #a oz42 raisins1 #a oz4 ,species1 ,bitter4 ,syn4 ,,three ,,bitter ,,herbs2 ,,species ,,amar1 ,,herb ,,amar1 ,l4 ,the leaves of germander1 and dried tops of lesser centaury and wormwood1 equal parts4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,species1 ,carminative4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,carminative4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,equal parts of aniseeds1 caraway seeds1 coriander seeds1 and fennel seeds4 ,species1 ,capillary4 ,syn4 ,,five ,,capillary ,,herbs2 ,,herb ,,quinque ,,capillares1 ,l4 ,hartstongue1 black maiden hair1 white do41 golden do41 and spleenwort1 equal parts4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agbj47 ,species1 ,cordial4 ,syn4 ,,four ,,cordial ,,flowers2 ,,species ,,cordiales1 ,l4 ,the flowers of borage1 bugloss1 roses1 and violets1 equal parts4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agbj47 ,species for ,decoction ,woods4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,ad ,,decoctum ,,liquorum4 7,g4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,rasped guaiacum wood1 #d oz42 cut burdock root1 #b oz42 ononis root1 #b oz42 cut liquorice1 #a oz2 cut sassafras1 #a oz4 ,mix1 ,species1 ,diuretic4 ,syn4 ,,aperient ,,roots1 ,,aperitive ,,species2 ,,species ,,diuretic1 ,l4 #a4 7,,five ,,greater ,,aperitive ,,roots----,p4 ,cod41 ,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,the dried roots of asparagus1 butcher's broom1 parsley1 smallage1 and sweet fennel1 equal parts4 #b4 7,,five ,,lesser ,,aperitive ,,roots47 ,those of caper1 dog-grass1 eryngo1 madder1 and restharrow4 ,species1 ,emollient4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,emollientes1 ,l4 #a4 7,,three ,,emollient ,,meals2 ,,farin ,,emollientes47 ,the meal of barley1 linseed1 and rye1 equal parts4 7,p4 ,cod47 #b4 7,,five ,,emollient ,,herbs2 ,,herb ,,quinque ,,emollientes47----a4 ,the dried leaves of groundsel1 common mallow1 marshmallow1 great mullein1 and wall pellitory1 equal parts4 7,p4 ,cod47 b4 ,the leaves of mallow1 marshmallow1 ,french mercury1 pellitory of the wall1 and violet4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,species for ,enemas4 ,syn4 ,,herbs ,,for ,,clysters2 ,,herb ,,pro ,,enemate1 ,l4 ,mallow leaves1 #b parts2 chamomile flowers1 #a part4 ,species of the five ,herbs4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,diet2 ,,quinque ,,herb4 ,,five ,,capillary ,,herbs4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agbj47 ,prep4 ,black and white maidenhair1 spleenwort1 hartstongue1 and golden maidenhair4 ,species for ,fomentations4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,pro ,,fotu1 ,,herb ,,pro ,,fotu1 ,l4 ,leaves of southernwood1 tops of sea-wormwood1 and flowers of chamomile1 of each #b parts2 bay leaves1 #a part4 ,species1 ,hot4 #a4 7,,four ,,greater ,,hot ,,seeds47 ,the seeds of anise1 caraway1 cumin1 and fennel4 #b4 7,,four ,,lesser ,,hot ,,seeds47 ,the seeds of bishop's weed1 smallage1 stone parsley1 and wild carrot4 ,species1 ,laxative4 ,syn4 ,,st ,,germain ,,laxative ,,powder2 ,,species ,,laxantes ,,st ,,germain1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,senna leaves 7exhausted with spirit71 #d oz42 elder flowers1 #b-a_/b oz42 aniseed and fennel seed1 of each #a-a_/d oz42 reduce them to coarse powder1 and1 when dispensing1 add of powdered cream of tartar1 #a dr41 to each #a-a_/b oz4 of the mixture4 ,species1 ,narcotic4 ,syn4 ,,four ,,narcotic ,,herbs2 ,,species ,,narcotic1 ,l4 ,dried leaves of belladonna1 black nightshade1 henbane1 and thorn-apple1 equal parts4 ,species1 ,purging4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,purgantes4 ,,th ,,de ,,sant4 ,,th ,,de ,,st ,,germain4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,senna1 #ab dr42 elder flowers1 #e dr42 fennel seeds1 #c dr42 aniseed1 #e dr42 cream of tartar1 #c dr4 ,eighty grains in a cup of boiling water for a dose1 said to be very serviceable and largely used in ,france for habitual constipation4 ,species1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,bechic1 ,,species ,,ad ,,infusum ,,pectorales1 ,l1 #a4 ,mallow root1 #d oz42 coltsfoot leaves1 #b oz42 liquorice root1 #a-a_/b oz42 aniseed1 great mullein flowers and red-poppy flowers1 of each #a oz42 orris root1 #a_/b oz4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,species1 ,refrigerant4----#a4 7,,four ,,cold ,,seeds47 ,the seeds of cucumber1 gourd1 melon1 and water-melon4 #b4 7,,four ,,lesser ,,cold ,,seeds47 ,the seeds of endive1 lettuce1 purslane1 and succory4 ,species1 ,resolvent4 ,syn4 ,,farin ,,resolventes1 ,l4 ,the meal of the seeds of barley1 bean1 tare1 and white lupin4 ,species1 ,vulnerary4 ,syn4 ,,species ,,vulnerari4 ,,th ,,siusse4 ,prep4 ,leaves and tops of wormwood1 betony1 bugle1 calamint1 germander1 hyssop1 ground ivy1 millefoil1 origanum1 periwinkle1 rosemary1 self-heat1 sage1 hartstongue1 water-germander1 thyme1 speedwell1 flower of ,armea1 flower of catsfoot1 flower of coltsfoot1 of each equal parts4 ,cut and mixed4 ,,specif,,ic ,,gravity is the comparative weights of equal bulks of different substances1 the assumed standard being #a and sometimes #ajjj4 ,this standard is pure distilled water for liquids and solids1 and atmospheric air for gaseous bodies and vapours4#agh ,in ,england the sp4 gr41 unless when otherwise expressed1 is always taken at #fj ,fahr42 but in ,france it is taken at #cb ,fahr4 7#j ,c71 or the temperature of melting ice4 ,in the #8,british ,pharmacopia1' whenever specific gravity is mentioned1 the substance spoken of is supposed to be of the temperature of #fj ,fahr4 ,in most cases1 however1 it is sufficient merely to note the temperature1 and to apply a correction1 depending on the known density of water1 or air1 at the different degrees of the thermometric scale4 ,footnote #agh3 ,by many modern chemists hydrogen1 the lightest substance in nature1 is taken as the standard for the specific gravity of gases and vapours4 ,to determine the specific gravity as a solid1 we weigh it1 first in the air1 and then in water4 ,in the latter case it loses1 of its weight1 a quantity precisely equal to the weight of its own bulk of water2 and hence1 by comparing this weight with its total weight1 we find its specific gravity4 ,the rule is----,divide the total weight by the loss of weight in water2 the quotient is the specific gravity4 ,the specific gravity of a substance lighter than water may be determined by attaching it to some substance1 as a piece of lead1 the sp4 gr41 c41 of which is known4 ,in this way1 by deducting the loss in weight of the two substances1 when weighed in water1 from the loss sustained by the lead alone1 when so weighed1 we obtain a difference 7a7 which1 added to the weight of the substance taken in air 7b71 gives the respective densities4 ,from these the sp4 gr4 is found by the rule of three3---- 7a b7 3 #a 33 b 3 sp4 gr4 ,the specific gravities of substances soluble in water are taken in pure oil of turpentine1 rectified spirit1 olive oil1 or some other liquid1 the density of which is exactly known4 ,sometimes1 for rough purposes1 the article is covered with a coating of mastic varnish4 ,this last method answers for mercurial pill4 ,the specific gravity of a substance in fragments1 or in powder1 may be found by putting a portion 7say #ajj gr47 into a sp4 gr4 bottle1 filling the latter with distilled water1 and then weighing it4 ,the weight of water which it is found to contain1 deducted from #ajjj 7the weight of the bottle when filled with distilled water71 gives a difference 7a7 which bears the same relation to the sp4 gr4 of water 7#ajjj7 as the weight of the powder 7b7 put into the bottle does to the required sp4 gr4 ,or---- a 3 #ajjj 33 b 3 sp4 gr4 ,the specific gravity of alloys and mixtures1 when no condensation has occurred1 is equal to the sum of the weights divided by the sum of the volumes1 compared to water reckoned as unity2 and is not merely the arithmetical mean between the two numbers denoting the two sp4 gr41 as is frequently taught4 ,see ,,beads 7,lovi's71 ,,hydrometer1 ,,mixtures 7,arithmetic of71 c4 ,for the mode of determining the specific gravity of gases1 the reader is referred to the works on chemistry of ,miller and ,fownes4 ,the specific gravity of a liquid is found by weighing it in a sp4 gr4 bottle1 glass flask1 or other vessel of known capacity1 and dividing that weight by the weight of the same bulk of water2 the quotient is1 as before1 the specific gravity4 ,a bottle of the capacity of #ajjj water-grains 7specific gravity bottle7 gives the density of a liquid at once1 by simply filling it to the given mark1 and then accurately weighing it4 ,we reprint from the #8,journal of the ,chemical ,society'#agi a new method of determining the specific gravity of liquids1 which is said by ,dr ,h4 ,sprengel1 the chemist who devised it1 to be both expeditious and accurate4 ,dr ,sprengel says3 ,footnote #agi3 7#b7 xi1 #egg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 8,the form of my instrument1 as shown in the accompanying fig4 #a1 is that of an elongated ,u-tube1 the open ends of which terminate in two capillary tubes1 which are bent at right angles in opposite directions4 ,the size and weight of this instrument should be adapted to the size and capability of the balance in which it is to be weighed4 ,as our usual balances indicate #a_/aj milligram when loaded with #ej grams1 the ,u-tube1 when charged with the liquid1 should not be heavier than #ajjj gr47#fdgii grams74 ,the instrument which served for my determinations1 mentioned below1 had a length of #agg cm4 7#g inches71 and was made of a glass tube1 the outer diameter of which was #aa mm4 7#g_/af of an inch74 ,it need hardly be mentioned that the ,u-shape is adopted for the sake of presenting a large surface1 and so rendering the instrument sensitive to changes of temperature4 ,the point1 however1 ,i wish to notice more particularly 7for reasons explained below7 is the different calibre of the two capillary tubes4 ,the shorter one is a good deal narrower 7at least towards the end7 than the longer one1 the inner diameter of which is about #a_/b mm4 ,the horizontal part of this wider tube is marked near the bend with a delicate line 7b74 ,this line1 and the extremity of the opposite capillary tube 7a71 are the marks which limit the volume of the liquid to be laid4 ,the filling of the instrument is easily effected by suction1 provided that the little bulb apparatus 7as represented in fig4 #b7 has previously been attached to the narrow capillary tube by means of a perforated stopper1 i4 e4 a bit of an india-rubber tube tightly fitting the conical tubules of the bulb4 ,on dipping the wider and longer capillary tube into a liquid1 suction applied to the open end of the india-rubber tube will produce a partial vacuum in the apparatus1 causing the liquid to enter the ,u-tube4 ,as the partial vacuum maintains itself for some time 7on account of the bulb1 which acts as an air-chamber71 it is not necessary to continue the suction if the end of the india-rubber tube be timely closed by compression between the fingers4 ,when bulb and ,u-tube have about equal capacity1 it is hardly necessary during the filling to repeat the exhaustion more than once4 ,without such a bulb the filling of the ,u-tube through these fine capillary tubes is found somewhat tiresome2 the emptying the ,u-tube is effected by reversing the action1 and so compressing the air4 ,after the ,u-tube has been filled1 it is detached from the bulb1 placed in water of the standard temperature almost up to the bends of the capillary tubes1 left there until it has assumed this temperature1 and after a careful adjustment of the volume1 is taken out1 dried1 and weighed4 ,particular care must be taken to ensure the correctness of the standard temperature1 for a mistake of #ja causes the weight of #aj c4c4 of water to be estimated either too high or too low by #jad milligram1 giving rise to an error in the fifth decimal1 or making #ajj1jjj parts #ajjjjad parts4 ,these determinations have been made in ,dupr's apparatus1 which1 when furnished with a sensitive thermometer1 allows the fluctuations of temperature to be fixed within the limits of #jja4 ,if many determinations had to be made1 ,i should avail myself of ,scheibler's 7#8,zeitschrift fr ,analytische ,chemie1' vol4 vii1 p4 #hh1 #ahfh7 electro-magnetic regulator for maintaining a constant temperature4 ,a peculiar feature of my instrument is the ease and precision with which the measurement of the liquid can be adjusted at the moment it has taken the standard temperature2 for it will be found that the liquid expands and contracts only in the wider capillary tube1 viz4 in the direction of the least resistance4 ,the narrow capillary tube remains always completely filled4 ,supposing the liquid reaches beyond the mark b1 it may be reduced through capillary force by touching the point a with a little roll of filtering paper4 ,supposing1 however1 that in so doing too much liquid is abstracted1 capillary force will redress the fault if point a be touched with a drop of the liquid under examination2 for this gentle force acts instantly through the whole mass of the liquid1 causing it to move forward again to or beyond the mark4 ,as the instrument itself possesses the properties of a delicate thermometer1 the time when it has reached the standard temperature of the bath may be learned from the stability of the thread of liquid inside the wider tube4 ,the length of this thread remains constant after the lapse of about five minutes4 ,in wiping the instrument 7after its removal from the bath7 care should be taken not to touch point a1 as capillarity might extract some of the liquid2 otherwise the handling of the liquid requires no especial precaution4 ,the capillary tubes need not be closed for the purpose of arresting evaporation1 at least that of water4 ,i have learned from the mean of several determinations that the error arising from this source amounts in one hour to #a_/bj of a milligram4 ,in cases where the temperature of the balance-room is high1 and the expansion coefficient of the liquid to be examined is considerable1 it may be found necessary to put a small cap 7bead-shaped and open at both ends7 over the extremity of the wider capillary tube1 for the purpose of retaining the liquid1 which during the time of weighing might otherwise be lost1 owing to its expansion4 ,when a cap is used the wider capillary tube need not be longer than the narrow one4#ahj ,footnote #ahj3 ,this instrument is manufactured by ,e4 ,cetti ,co41 #aa1 ,brooke ,street1 ,holborn1 ,london4 ,the #8,compte ,rendus'#aha describes a new specific gravity apparatus1 the invention of ,m4 ,pisani4 ,the apparatus in question consists of a glass vessel about #e c4c4 capacity1 closed with a perforated stopper like an ordinary specific gravity bottle4 ,to the side of the vessel is joined a tube1 coming off at an angle of about #de1 about #be cm4 long1 and #d mm4 internal diameter1 and graduated at #ejths of a c4c4 ,the vessel is filled with water1 the level of which is read off in the tube held vertically1 the finger being held over the hole in the stopper2 #b or #c grams of a mineral are then placed in the flask1 the stopper is replaced1 care being taken to lose no water1 and the level is again read off in the graduated tube1 held vertically as before4 ,the difference in the two readings gives the volume of the mineral taken4 ,footnote #aha3 lxxxvi1 #cej-ceb 7#8,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4'7 ,illustration ,,spec,,tacles4 ,see ,,eye1 ,,vision1 c4 ,,spec,,troscope4 ,an instrument devised for examining the spectra of flames4 7,see below47 ,,spec,,trum ,,anal,,ysis4 ,see ,,analysis1 ,,spectrum4 ,,spec,,ulum ,,met,,al4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of copper1 #fd parts2 pure tin1 #fi parts2 melt them separately under a little black flux2 next incorporate them thoroughly by stirring with a wooden spatula1 and run the metal into the moulds1 so that the face of the intended mirror may be downwards2 lastly1 allow the whole to cool very slowly4 #b4 ,pure copper1 #b parts2 pure tin1 #a part4 ,used to make the mirrors of reflecting telescopes4 ,the addition of a little metallic arsenic renders it whiter4 ,,spel,,ter4 ,see ,,zinc4 ,,spermace,,ti4 ,syn4 ,,cetaceum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,a concretion prepared from the oily matter of the head of the ,physeter macrocephalus1 or spermaceti whale4 ,it is demulcent and emollient2 chiefly used in ointments and cerates4 ,,spheroid,,al ,,state4 ,it is found that water1 or any other volatile liquid1 thrown on a metallic plate heated to dull redness1 is not resolved into vapour1 but1 assuming a somewhat globular form1 remains intact1 until the temperature becomes sufficiently lowered to allow of contact between the liquid and the heated surface4 ,it is then immediately volatilised4 ,m4 ,boutigny1 who fully investigated this subject1 has also shown that the same thing happens when a solid body containing water is substituted for the liquid in the above and similar experiments4 ,thus1 the finger or hand1 under certain restrictions1 may be thrust1 with perfect impunity1 into a stream of molten metal1 and ice may be produced by throwing water into a red-hot crucible4 ,this last experiment1 as performed by ,,mm4 ,boutigny and ,prevostaye1 is essentially as follows3----,a thick platinum crucible1 of the capacity of #a fl4 oz41 is heated to redness over a powerful spirit lamp1 and some liquid anhydrous sulphurous acid 7a very volatile substance7 poured into it by means of a pipette2 the acid assumes a spheroidal form1 and does not evaporate2 a few drops of water are now introduced into the sulphurous acid in the same way2 the diluted and slightly cooled acid instantly flashes off in vapour1 and1 robbing the water of its caloric1 leaves the latter in a frozen state2 and1 if the operator seizes the right moment1 a solid lump of ice may be thrown out of the red-hot crucible4 ,by substituting for anhydrous sulphurous acid a mixture of solid carbonic anhydride and ether1 and for water a few grains of quicksilver1 this latter may be reduced to the solid condition1 and may be turned out of the red-hot crucible in the form of a small frozen mass4 ,the spheroidal condition of 8liquids is a complicated result of at least four distinct causes4 ,of these the most influential is the repulsive force which heat exerts between objects which are closely approximated towards each other4 ,when the temperature reaches a certain point actual repulsion between the particles ensues4 8,besides this repulsive action occasioned by heat1 the other causes which may be mentioned as tending to produce the assumption of the spheroidal condition by the liquid are these3---- 8#a4 ,the temperature of the plate is so high that it immediately converts any liquid that touches it into vapour1 upon which the spheroid rests as on a cushion4 8#b4 ,this vapour is a bad conductor of heat1 and prevents the rapid conduction of heat from the metal to the globule4 8#c4 ,the evaporation from the entire surface of the liquid carries off the heat as it arrives1 and assists in keeping the temperature below the points of ebullition4 ,the drop assumes the spheroidal form as a necessary consequence of the action of cohesion among the particles of the liquid1 and the simultaneous action of gravity on the mass40#ahb ,boutigny found that1 when a liquid in a state of ebullition was brought into contact with a surface heated to such a degree as to cause the liquid to assume the spheroidal state1 its temperature immediately fell #c or #d ,c4 below the boiling point4 ,all liquids are capable of assuming the spheroidal condition2 but1 as the temperature necessary for this purpose1 varies with the boiling point of each liquid 7the lower the boiling point the lower the temperature necessary1 and vice vers71 it follows that the conducting surface requires to be differently heated for each liquid4 ,the exact temperature to which the plate should be heated to produce the spheroidal condition in any liquid1 depends partly upon the conducting power of the plate1 and partly upon the latent heat of the vapour2 the less this is1 the more nearly the temperature of the plate approximates to the boiling point of the liquid4 ,boutigny believed that the temperature of each liquid1 when in the spheroid condition1 was as invariable as that of its boiling point2 but ,boutan has demonstrated that this is a not quite accurate statement1 since the temperature of the same liquids1 when assuming the spheroidal form1 is liable to slight divergence4 ,the following table1 showing the lowest temperature of the plate and the temperature of the spheroid for certain liquids1 is given by ,boutigny3---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,temperature of ,plate4 ,temperature of ,spheroid4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,liquid employed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,f4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,water #cdj #aga #bjeg #ifd ,alcohol #bgc #acd #afgi #gee ,ether #adb #fa #icf #cdb ,sulphurous anhydride 444 444 #aca #aje ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,solids may also be made to assume the spheroidal condition1 as when1 for instance1 some crystals of iodine are thrown upon a red-hot platinum disc1 or into a platinum crucible similarly heated4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,miller4 ,the nature of the plate or crucible employed appears to be immaterial1 provided it is a good conductor4 ,platinum1 silver1 copper1 and iron answer equally well2 indeed1 ,tomlinson has shown that one liquid may even be made to assume the spheroidal state1 on the surface of another1 as when water1 alcohol1 and ether are placed upon hot oil4 ,if the experiment be conducted with water it must be carefully managed1 since1 if the water be allowed to sink in the oil1 it soon becomes converted into steam1 with the result of scattering about the hot oil to the danger of the operator4 ,boutigny has advanced the opinion that the property of water to assume the spheroidal state under the conditions we have specified will account for certain cases of explosion in steam-boilers4 ,thus we can imagine a boiler1 which has run dry of water1 to have become intensely overheated4 ,under these circumstances1 when fresh water was admitted it would at first assume the spheroidal state2 and as more cold water flowed into it1 the boiler would become thereby reduced in temperature until it reached the point at which its conversion into steam would take place2 the sudden generation1 large volume1 and elastic force of which would lead to the rupture of the boiler1 accompanied with explosive violence4 ,,spice4 ,a general name for vegetable substances possessing aromatic and pungent properties1 and employed for seasoning or flavouring food4 ,spice1 ,horse4 ,syn4 ,,cow ,,spice2 ,,species ,,equinus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aniseed1 allspice1 cumin seed1 ginger1 liquorice1 and turmeric1 equal parts4 #b4 ,turmeric and cumin seed1 of each #e lbs42 ginger1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ,used by farriers4 ,spice1 ,kitchen4 ,syn4 ,,mixed ,,spice1 ,,kitchen ,,pepper1 c4 ,prep4 ,from black pepper1 #b lbs42 ginger1 #a lb42 cinnamon1 allspice1 and nutmegs1 of each #h oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 dry salt1 #f lbs42 well ground together4 ,useful to flavour gravies1 soup1 c4 ,spice1 ,mixed4 ,as the last1 omitting half the salt4 ,spice1 ,pease4 ,see ,,powder4 ,spice1 ,ragout4 ,prep4 ,from dry salt1 #a lb42 flour of mustard1 black pepper1 and grated lemon peel1 of each #a_/b lb42 cayenne pepper1 #b oz42 allspice1 and ginger1 of each #a oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/b oz42 all separately powdered4 ,spice1 ,sausage 7,french74 ,syn4 ,,epice ,,fines1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from black pepper1 #e lbs42 ginger1 #b-a_/b lbs42 cloves and nutmegs1 of each #a lb42 aniseed and coriander seeds1 of each #a_/b lb42 powder and mix them4 ,spice1 ,savoury4 ,prep4 #a4 7,kidder's47 ,from cloves1 mace1 nutmegs1 pepper1 and salt1 equal parts4 ,used by cooks4 #b4 7,dr ,kitchener's47 ,see ,,spice1 ,,ragout 7above74 ,spice1 ,soup4 ,syn4 ,,kitchener',s ,,soup-,,herb ,,powder1 ,,kitchener',s ,,vegetable ,,relish1 c4 ,prep4 ,from parsley1 lemon thyme1 sweet marjoram1 and winter savoury1 of each1 dried1 #b oz42 sweet bazil and yellow peel of lemon1 of each1 dried1 #a oz42 mix1 and powder4 ,spice1 ,sweet 7,kidder's74 ,prep4 ,from cinnamon1 cloves1 mace1 nutmegs1 and sugar1 equal parts4 ,used in pastry4 ,,spige,,lia4 ,syn4 ,,carolina ,,pink ,,root2 ,,spigelia 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the root of ,spigelia ,marilandica1 or worm grass4 ,it is purgative1 narcotic1 and vermifuge4----,dose1 #aj to #dj gr41 in powder or infusion1 night and morning1 until the worms are expelled4 ,rhubarb or calomel is commonly added to it4 ,,spirit4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus1 ,l4 ,under this term are included all the inflammable and intoxicating liquors obtained by distillation1 and used as beverages1 as ,,brandy1 ,,gin1 ,,rum1 c41 each of which is noticed in its alphabetical order4 ,spirit may also be obtained by fermentation and distillation from all vegetable juices or solutions that contain sugar4 ,the spirit used in pharmacy and chemistry is distinguished by names which have reference to its richness in alcohol4 7,see ,,tables47 ,spirituous liquors1 like all other fluids at common temperatures1 expand when they are heated1 and diminish in volume when they are cooled4 ,it is found that #ajjj galls4 of proof spirit1 measured at the temperature of #ej ,fahr41 will1 if re-measured at #ei1 be found to have increased in bulk to full #ajjd-a_/d galls42 whilst #ajjj galls4 of the same spirit1 measured at #gg ,fahr41 will be only equal to #iia-a_/d galls4 at #ei4 ,these changes are still more marked at higher strengths1 and at extreme temperatures1 and1 from not being recognisable by the hydrometer1 often lead to serious losses in trade1 and to serious fluctuations in #8stock1' which1 to those unaware of the action of temperature1 are perfectly unaccountable4 ,a gallon of proof spirit only weighs #i-a_/e lbs4 at #fj ,fahr4 ,at a higher temperature it will weigh less----at a lower one more2 but as this weight constitutes the standard gallon at the temperature the proof is calculated for1 it is manifest that any variations from it must result in loss either to the buyer or seller4 ,hence the equity of buying and selling liquors by weight instead of by measure4 ,the stock-keeper in every wholesale house should be aware of this fact1 and on #8taking stock' should as regularly enter the temperature of his liquors in his stock-book as he does the #8dip' or #8wet inches4' ,see ,,alcohol1 ,,alcoholometry1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 ,,spirits 7,medicinal71 ,,spirits 7,perfumed71 c4 ,spirit of ,acetic ,ether4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,theris ,,acetici4 7,prus4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,acetic ether1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #c oz4 ,spirit1 ,alexiterius4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,alexiterius1 ,,aqua ,,alexiteria ,,spirituosa4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf74 ,prep4 ,mint1 #a_/b lb42 ,angelica root1 #d oz42 tops of sea wormwood1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #a gall4 7old wine measure72 water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,distil #a gall4 ,spirit1 ,amylic4 ,see ,,fusel ,,oil4 ,spirit of ,angelica4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,angelic4 ,prep4 ,sliced angelica root1 #b oz42 sliced valerian1 #a_/b oz42 bruised juniper berries1 #a_/b oz4 ,put into a retort1 and pour on #i oz4 of rectified spirit by weight1 and #ae-a_/b oz4 of water1 and macerate for #bd hours2 then draw out #ab-a_/b oz4 7by weight71 in which dissolve #a_/d oz4 of camphor4 ,spirit of ,ants4 ,,spiritus ,,formicarum4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,ants freshly collected1 and bruised1 #b lbs42 spirit of wine 7at #hcj71 #c lbs42 water1 #c lbs4 ,macerate for #b days4 ,distil #d lbs4----,dose1 #bj to #fj drops1 also used outwardly4 ,i4 ,,table of the ,pharmacopial ,spirits4 ,sp4 gr4 ,alcohol1 ,ph4 ,b4 7absolute7 #jgie nearly 0 ,ph4 ,e4 #jgif pure ,alcohol4 0 ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf #jhaj or #gj o4 p4 0 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf #jhae 0 #fh 0 ,stronger ,spirit 7,spiritus ,fortior71 #jhah 0 #ff 0 ,ph4 ,d4 #ahc,rectified ,spirit 7,spirit of ,wine72 #jhch 0 #ef 0 7,spiritus ,rectificatus71 ,b4 ,p4 ,rectified ,spirit ,ph4 ,d4 #jhdj or #ed-c_/d o4 p4 ,proof ,spirit 7,spiritus ,tenuior71 #jibj 0 ---- ,ph4 ,b4 ,alcohol 7absolu71 ,p4 ,cod4 #jgig 0 ---- 0 7at #dj7 0 #jhaj 0 #gj 0 0 7du commerce71 ,p4 ,cod4 #jhfc 0 #da 0 0 7faible7 0 #jibc 0 #b-a_/b u4 p4 ,footnote #ahc3 8,this spirit can be reduced to the standard of the weaker 7or proof7 spirit1 by adding1 to every #e pints of it1 #c pints of distilled water1 at #fb ,fahr40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,,ii4 ,,table of the ,principal ,spirituous ,liquors sold in ,england1 with their usual ,strengths1 c4 ,,key3 ,headings3 ,a4 ,denomination4 ,b4 ,revenue ,mark4 ,c4 ,import ,strength4 ,d4 ,legal ,limits of ,strength4 ,e4 ,usual ,selling ,strength4 ,f4 ,by ,permit4 ,g4 ,contains ,alcohol of #jhbe4 ,h4 ,contains absolute ,alcohol4 ,i4 ,specific gravity at #fj ,fahr4 ,a4 ,denominations3 #a4 ,gin 7strongest7#ahd #b4 ,do4 7best ordinary7#ahd #c4 ,do4 7cordial7#ahe #d4 ,do4#ahe #e4 ,peppermint#ahf #f4 ,do4#ahf #g4 ,cloves#ahf #h4 ,bitters#ahf #i4 ,raspberry#ahf #aj4 ,noyau#ahf #aa4 ,cinnamon#ahf #ab4 ,tent#ahf #ac4 ,aniseed#ahf #ad4 ,caraway#ahf #ae4 ,loveage#ahf #af4 ,usquebaugh#ahf #ag4 ,orange ,cordial#ahf #ah4 ,citron#ahf #ai4 ,rum #bj4 ,rum ,shrub#ahf #ba4 ,do4#ahf #bb4 ,french ,brandy #bc4 ,spirit of ,wine#ahg #bd4 ,malt1 grain1 or molasses spirit 7sent out by ,british distillers7 #be4 ,hollands #bf4 ,whiskey 7,irish7 #bg4 ,do4 7,scotch7 ,footnote #ahd3 ,frequently retailed at #be to #ce u4 p4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,though #8permitted' at #bb to #bd1 are generally from #be to #ce u4 p41 or even weaker4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,these1 though #8permitted' at #fj or #fd u4 p41 are generally #ge or #hj u4 p4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,usual strength #ed to #fj o4 p4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,e4 ------------------------------- ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a4 ,x7#ag u4p47 44444 ,not stronger #ag u4p4 44444 #dj #jicie than #be o4p4 #b4 ,x7#bb u4p47 44444 do4 #bb u4 p444444 #cgd #jidde #c4 ,x7#bb u4p47 44444 do4 #bb u4 p444444 do4 #ahhj #d4 ,x7#bd u4p47 44444 do4 #bd u4 p444444 #cfeahhj #e4 ,x mint4 44444 do4 #fj u4 p444444 #ba #ahhj #f4 do4 44444 do4 #fd u4 p444444 #ah #ahhj #g4 #h4 #i4 #aj4 #aa4 #ab4 ,x7#fd u4p47 44444 do4 #fd u4 p444444 do4 #ahhajfe #ac4 to #ad4 #ajhj #ae4 #af4 #ag4 #ah4 #ai4 ,r4 ,about ,no limit4 #aa u4 p444444 #dc #jicbi #aj o4p4 to to #dc o4p4 #jheig #bj4 ,r4 ,sh4 44444 do4 #fd u4 p444444 #ah #ahhj #ba4 do4 44444 do4 #fj u4 p444444 #ba #ahhj #bb4 ,f4 ,about do4 #aj u4 p444444 #dd #jicah #e o4p4 to #h or #aj u4p4 #bc4 ,s4 ,w4 444444 ,not less than#ed to #fd44444 44444 #jhdae #dc o4p4 o4p4 to #jhbba #bd4 ,p4 ,s4 444444 ,not stronger 44444 44444 44444 #jhffi to than #be o4p4 #jicah #be4 ,geneva4 444444 ,no limit4 44444 #eafjdje #jiceh #bf4 ,p4 ,s4 444444 ,not stronger 44444 #ed #ej #bg4 ,p4 ,s4 444444 than #be o4p4 44444 #edc #ejb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,footnote #ahh3 ,the specific gravity is no guide when sugar is present1 as in compounds4 ,spirit1 ,blue4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,c,,ruleus4 7,ham4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,wormwood1 scordium1 savin1 lavender flowers1 of each #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #e pints2 distil #b-a_/b pints1 and add #f dr4 of verdigris and water of ammonia1 #i oz4 ,for outward use4 ,spirit of ,bryony 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,bryon ,,compositus4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,bryony1 #a_/b lb42 valerian1 #b oz42 pennyroyal1 #c oz42 rue1 #c oz42 mugwort feverfew flowers1 savin tops1 of each #d dr42 orange peel1 #a oz42 loveage seeds1 #a oz42 brandy1 #a gall4 ,distil4 ,without the bryony this preparation is known as ,aqua hysterica4----,dose1 #a oz4 ,spirit of ,cajeput4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,cajeputi4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #a fl4 oz4 of oil of cajeput in #ci fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit4 ,spirit of ,cardamom4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,cardamomi4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,prep4 ,cardamom seed1 #e troy oz42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 water a sufficient quantity4 ,distil #a gall4 ,spirit of ,chloroform4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,chloroformi4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #a fl4 oz4 of chloroform in #ai fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit4 ,sp4 gr4 #hga4 ,spirit of ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,caryophylli4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,cloves1 #aj oz42 spirit 7#hfd71 #hj oz41 by weight2 draw over all the spirituous part4 ,spirit of ,coriander4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,coriandri4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,coriander seed1 #a oz42 spirit 7#jhfd71 by weight1 #h oz4 ,distil to dryness4 ,spirit1 ,dyer's4 ,see ,,tin ,,mordants4 ,spirit1 ,febrifuge1 of ,clutton4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,febrifugus ,,cluttoni4 ,see ,,spirit ,,of ,,hydrochloric ,,ether4 ,prep4 ,the original form is----oil of sulphur by the bell1 oil of vitriol and sea salt1 of each #a oz42 spirit of wine1 #f oz4 ,let them digest for a month1 then distil to dryness4 ,spirit1 ,fioravanti4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,fioravanti4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,swiss turpentine1 #e oz42 eleme1 #a oz42 resin of tacamahaca1 #a oz42 amber1 #a oz42 liquid styrax1 #a oz42 galbanum1 #a oz42 myrrh1 #a oz42 aloes1 #a_/b oz42 bay berries1 #a oz42 galanga root1 #a_/b oz42 ginger1 #a_/b oz42 zedoary root1 #a_/b oz42 cinnamon1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/b oz42 leaves of cretum marum1 #a_/b oz4 ,macerate #f days and distil over a water bath till #ce oz4 come over4 ,spirit of ,flower ,sage4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,salvi4 ,prep4 ,flower sage1 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #c lbs42 water1 #a lb4 ,distil #c lbs4 ,spirit of ,french ,wine4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,vini ,,gallici1 ,,brandy4 ,spirit of ,lemon ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,citri ,,corticis4 ,with lemon peel as spirit of orange peel4 ,spirit of ,marjoram4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,marjoram4 ,prep4 ,sweet marjoram1 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #c lb42 water1 #a lb42 distil #c lbs4 ,spirit of ,mastic 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,mastiches ,,compositus4 ,prep4 ,mastic1 #a oz42 myrrh1 #a oz42 olibanum1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,distil4 ,spirit1 ,methylated4 ,spirit of wine to which one tenth of its volume of wood naphtha 7strength not less than #fj o4 p47 has been added1 the object of such addition being that of rendering the mixture unpotable through its offensive odour and taste4 ,the purification of this mixed spirit1 or the separation of the two alcohols1 though often attempted1 has always proved a failure4 ,it might be supposed that1 owing to the low boiling-point of methylic alcohol1 simple distillation would effect this2 but experience has shown that both spirits distil over simultaneously4 ,this is1 no doubt1 due to the difference of their vapour densities4 ,methylated spirit1 being sold duty free1 can be employed by the chemical manufacturer as a solvent in many processes for which1 from its greater cost1 duty-paid spirit would be commercially inapplicable4 ,but in the preparation of medicines1 containing spirit1 as the vehicle or menstruum by which more active substances are administered1 the employment of methylated spirit is highly improper4 ,the ,council of the ,pharmaceutical ,society obtained from the ,pharmacopia ,committee of the ,medical ,council1 the decided opinion that 8the substitution of #8methylated' for #8rectified' spirit in any of the processes of the ,pharmacopia should be strictly prohibited40 ,the use of methylated spirit in the preparation of tinctures1 sweet spirit of nitre1 common ether1 or any medicine to be used internally1 is now prohibited by law4 ,spirit of ,orange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,aurantii4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,the yellow part of fresh orange peel1 #a lb42 spirit of wine 7#hfd71 #f lbs42 macerate for #b days1 and distil by water bath to dryness4 ,spirit of ,origanum4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,origani4 ,prep4 ,wild marjoram1 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #c lbs42 water1 #a lb4 ,distil #c lbs4 ,spirit of ,para ,cress4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,spilanthi4 7,beral47 ,prep4 ,bruised ,para cress 7,spilanthes oleracea71 in flower1 #a part2 spirit 7#hfc71 #b parts4 ,macerate #b or #c days1 and distil #b parts4 ,spirit1 ,proof4 ,see ,,alcohol4 ,spirit1 ,pyroacetic4 ,syn4 ,,acetone2 ,,spiritus ,,pyroaceticus1 ,l42 ,,ac,,tone1 ,,esprit ,,pyroacetique1 ,fr4 ,an inflammable volatile liquid obtained with carbonic acid and other products when the metallic acetates in an anhydrous state are subjected to destructive distillation4 ,the acetate of lead is the most eligible salt for this purpose4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dried acetate of lead is carefully distilled in a large earthen or coated-glass retort1 by a heat gradually raised to redness1 the volatile products being passed through a condenser well supplied with cold water4 ,the distillation is continued until nothing but finely divided lead 7lead pyrophorus7 remains in the retort4 ,the receiver contains crude acetone1 which is to be saturated with carbonate of potassa1 and afterwards rectified in a water bath from chloride of calcium4 #b4 ,by passing the vapour of strong acetic acid through an iron tube heated to dull redness1 and condensing the acetone thus formed4 ,obs4 ,in both of the above processes carbonic acid and other permanent gases are produced1 consequently the receiver must not fit too closely to the tube of the condenser4 ,prop4 ,colourless1 limpid1 of peculiar odour1 and very inflammable1 giving a brilliant flame1 without smoke2 boiling point #acb ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #gib4 ,it dissolves resins and essential oils4 ,see ,,mesitilol1 ,,mesityl1 ,,metacetone1 c4 ,spirit1 ,pyroxylic4 ,syn4 ,,pyroligneous ,,spirit1 ,,wood ,s41 ,,medicinal ,,naphtha1 ,,wood ,n41 ,,hydrated ,,oxide ,,of ,,methyl2 ,,spiritus ,,pyroxylicus 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,a light volatile liquid1 discovered by ,p4 ,taylor1 in #ahab1 among the limpid products of the distillation of dry wood4 ,it has been shown by ,dumas and ,peligot to be 8really a second alcohol1 forming an ether1 and a series of compounds 7,,mytayl-,,series7 exactly corresponding with those of vinous spirit1 and1 in some points1 even more complete than the latter40 ,prep4 ,crude pyroligneous acid 7which contains about #a of the spirit7 is subjected to distillation1 and the first or more volatile portion which passes over is neutralised with hydrate of lime4 ,after repose the clear liquid is separated from the oil which floats on the surface1 and from the sediment at the bottom of the vessel2 this1 when redistilled1 forms the wood spirit of commerce4 ,it may be strengthened in the same manner as ordinary alcohol1 by rectification1 and ultimately rendered pure by careful distillation from quicklime by the heat of a water bath4 ,berzelius recommends the crude spirit to be agitated with a fatty oil1 to remove empyreumatic matter1 and then to rectify it1 first1 from recently burnt charcoal1 and next with chloride of calcium4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure pyroxylic spirit is a transparent colourless liquid1 having a penetrating ethereal smell1 and a hot disagreeable taste2 it is very inflammable1 burning with a pale blue flame4 ,it is neutral to test paper2 mixes with water1 alcohol1 and ether1 in all proportion2 and boils at #aeb ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #gih at #fh ,fahr4 7,regnault and ,liebig47 ,dr ,ure states the sp4 gr4 to be #hbd at #fj2 the ,dublin ,college makes it #hdf4 ,that of the latter must therefore have contained a little water4 ,it does not dissolve india rubber and gutta percha1 like mineral or true naphtha4 ,pyroxylic spirit is distinguished from acetone or pyroacetic spirit by the character of its flame1 and by freely dissolving chloride of calcium1 which is quite insoluble in the latter4 ,in a mixture of these two liquids two distinct strata are formed when this substance1 either in powder or concentrated solution1 is added4 ,pyroxylic spirit is distinguished from vinous spirit by ,nessler's test 7which see71 by its forming a solid crystalline salt 7methylic oxalate7 when distilled with an oxalate and sulphuric acid1 and by its lower boiling point4 ,the presence of alcohol1 in a mixture of the two1 is readily detected by distilling the suspected sample with sulphuric acid4 ,the formation of common ether indicates ethylic alcohol1 and from the amount formed the proportion of alcohol may be determined4 ,uses1 c4 ,chiefly to dissolve resins and volatile oils1 especially shell-lac1 and as a substitute for alcohol in spirit lamps4 ,as a medicine it is anodyne and sedative2 and has been beneficially employed by ,drs ,christison1 ,hastings1 and ,neligan1 to allay the harassing cough1 troublesome vomiting1 and excessive expectoration1 in phthisis and some other affections4----,dose1 #e to #cj drops1 thrice a day1 in water4 ,spirit1 ,raisin4 ,prep4 ,from raisins fermented along with water1 and the wash distilled by a quick fire4 ,used to give a brandy flavour to malt spirit4 #a gall4 added to #aej gall4 of plain spirit1 along with some colouring1 and a little catechu1 either with or without a little acetic ether1 makes a very decent 8,british brandy40 ,spirit of ,raspberries4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,rubri ,,id,i4 ,prep4 ,raspberries1 #c lbs42 rectified spirit1 #b lbs42 distil #b lbs4 ,spirit1 ,rectified4 ,see ,,alcohol1 and ,table ,i1 under ,,spirit4 ,spirit of ,salt4 ,hydrochloric acid4 ,spirit of ,sassafras4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,sassafras4 ,prep4 ,sassafras1 troy1 #a lb42 rectified spirit 7#hfc71 #h lbs4 ,macerate #d days1 and distil nearly to dryness4 ,spirit of ,scurvy ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,cochlearia4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,fresh leaves of flowering scurvy grass1 #h lbs42 rectified spirit1 #c lbs42 water1 #c lbs4 ,distil #d lbs4 ,spirit of ,scurvy ,grass 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,cochleari ,,compositus4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,fresh scurvy grass1 #e lbs42 spirit 7#jhfd71 #f lbs42 horseradish1 #aj-a_/b oz4 ,distil #e lbs4 ,spirit of ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,fuliginis4 ,an empyreumatic spirit was formerly distilled from wood soot1 in the same manner as hartshorn4 ,an alcoholic spirit is also made from #a part of wood-soot1 #e of proof spirit1 #ae of water4 ,distil #d parts4 ,spirit of ,soup-herbs4 ,as essence of soup-herbs1 but substituting #a quart of brandy or proof spirit for the rectified spirit4 ,spirit of ,sweet ,flag ,root4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,calamus4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,calamus1 #a lb41 troy1 spirit of wine 7#hfc71 #h lbs42 macerate #d days1 and distil nearly to dryness4 ,spirit of ,thyme4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,thyme4 ,from lime1 as spirit of sage4 ,spirit of ,turpentine1 ,ethereal4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,terebinthin ,,thereus4 7,van ,mons47 ,prep4 ,spirit of nitric ether1 with as much rectified oil of turpentine as it will dissolve4 ,rectified oil of turpentine is also termed 8,ethereal ,spirit of ,turpentine40 ,spirit of ,wine4 ,see ,,alcohol1 and ,table ,i1 under ,,spirit4 ,spirit of ,wormwood 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,absinthii ,,compositus ,,vel ,,aqua4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agbj47 ,prep4 ,dried wormwood1 #a_/b lb42 cardamom seed1 #a_/b oz42 coriander seed1 #a-a_/b oz42 brandy1 #a gall4 ,distil4 ,spirit of ,vanilla4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,vanilla4 ,,spirits 7,medicinal74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,medicinales1 ,l4 ,the spirits of pharmacy are either prepared by macerating the bruised seeds1 flowers1 herbs1 c41 in the spirit1 for #b or #c days before distillation1 and then drawing it off by a gentle heat2 or extemporaneously1 by adding a proper proportion of essential oil to pure spirit of the prescribed strength4#ahi ,this latter plan is very generally adopted in the ,ph4 ,d4 ,in the first method1 when a naked fire is employed1 a little water is put into the still along with the spirit1 to prevent empyreuma4 ,these spirits are principally employed as aromatics and stimulants1 or as adjuvants in draughts and mixtures4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,in the ,british ,pharmacopia1 for most distilled spirits is substituted a solution of #a part of volatile oil in #di of rectified spirit4----,,ed4 ,the following are the principal medicinal spirits3---- ,spirit of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,ammoni 7,ph4 ,e474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,take of quicklime1 #ab oz42 shake it with water1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz42 add of finely powdered chloride of ammonium1 #c oz42 and distil in a glass retort furnished with a tube reaching nearly to the bottom of a bottle containing rectified spirit1 #b pints1 and kept well cooled4 ,a sand heat is to be employed1 and the distillation continued as long as anything passes over4 ,the product has a sp4 gr4 about #hde1 and should not effervesce with acids4 ,the alkali is here in the caustic state1 and in this respect it resembles the spirit of ammonia1 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 and ,dzond's caustic spirit of ammonia1 ,ph4 ,bor4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,chloride of ammonium1 #aj oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #af oz42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #c pints2 mix1 and let #c pints distil4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,dissolve #c-a_/b oz4 of carbonate of ammonia1 in rectified spirit1 #c wine pints4 ,obs4 ,the ammonia in the last two preparations exist in the carbonated state4 ,they are chiefly employed to make other preparations4 #d4 7,,anisated ,,spirit ,,of ,,ammonia2 ,,liquor ,,ammoni ,,anisanus1 ,,spiritus ,a4 ,a4----,ph4 ,bor47 ,rectified spirit1 #ab oz42 oil of aniseed1 #c dr42 dissolve1 and add of caustic solution of ammonia 7#ifj71 #c oz4 #e4 7,,aromatic ,,spirit ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,spirit ,,of ,,sal ,,volatile2 ,,spiritus ,,ammoni ,,aromaticus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47----a4 7,ph4 ,l474 ,take of hydrochlorate of ammonia1 #f oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #aj oz42 cinnamon and cloves1 of each1 bruised1 #b-a_/b dr42 fresh lemon peel1 #e oz42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #b quarts2 mix1 and distil #c quarts4 ,sp4 gr4 #iah4 b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,spirit of ammonia1 #h fl4 oz42 oil of rosemary1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oil of lemon peel1 #a fl4 dr42 mix4 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rectified spirit1 #c pints2 oil of lemon1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 oil of nutmeg1 #b fl4 dr42 oil of cinnamon1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 dissolve and add of stronger solution of ammonia1 #f fl4 oz4 ,sp4 gr1 #heb4 d4 7,b4 ,p474 ,carbonate of ammonia1 #h oz42 strong solution of ammonia1 #d oz42 volatile oil of nutmeg1 #d dr42 oil of lemon1 #f dr42 rectified spirit1 #f pints2 water1 #c pints2 distil #g pints4----,dose1 #bj to #fj minims in camphor water4 ,obs4 ,the ammonia exists in the state of neutral carbonate in the product of the a formula1 but in the caustic state in those of the others4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr41 in water or1 any bland liquid2 as a diffusible stimulant and antacid1 in debility1 low spirits1 dyspepsia1 heartburn1 flatulent colic1 hysteria1 c4 ,the spirit of sal volatile of the shops is generally a spurious compound of little more than half the above strength4 #f4 7,,fetid ,,spirit ,,of ,,ammonia2 ,,spiritus ,,ammoni ,f,,tidus----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4----a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,hydrochlorate of ammonia1 #aj oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #af oz42 assaftida1 #e oz42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #c pints2 mix well1 then slowly distil #c pints4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfa4 b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,spirit of ammonia1 #aj-a_/b fl4 oz42 assaftida 7broken small71 #a_/b oz42 digest for #ab hours1 then distil #aj-a_/b fl4 oz41 by the heat of a vapour 7water7 bath4 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,assaftida1 #a-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 digest for #bd hours1 then distil off the whole of the spirit1 and mix the product with stronger solution of ammonia1 #c fl4 oz4 ,sp4 gr4 #hdi4 d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,strong solution of ammonia1 #b2 assaftida1 in small pieces1 #a-a_/b2 rectified spirit1 sufficient2 macerate the assaftida in #ae of the spirit for #bd hours1 distil1 add the distillate to the ammonia1 and make up with spirit to #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 ,obs4 ,the dose1 c41 are the same as those of the last1 but it is preferred for hysterical and spasmodic affections4 ,spirit1 ,amylic4 ,syn4 ,alcohol amylicum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,see ,,fusel ,,oil4 ,spirit of ,aniseed4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,anisi 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil of aniseed1 #c fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 ,carminative4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 to #d fl4 dr4 #b4 7,,essentia ,,anisi----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of aniseed1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 oz42 mix with agitation4 ,chiefly used to make aniseed water4 #c4 7,,compound ,,spirit ,,of ,,aniseed2 ,,spiritus ,,anisi ,,compositus----,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,aniseed and angelica seed1 of each #a_/b lb42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 water1 q4 s42 distil #a gallon4 ,when coloured with saffron1 or sap green1 it closely resembles the ,irish usquebaugh4 7,montgomery47----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr4 ,spirit1 ,arquebusade4 ,see ,,vulnerary ,,spirit 7below74 ,spirit of ,balm 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,balm ,,water1 ,,carmelite ,w42 ,,aqua ,,meliss ,,composita1 ,,spiritus ,m4 ,,compositus1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,des ,,carmes1 ,,eau ,,de ,,melisse ,,des ,,carmes1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,fresh flowering tops of balm1 #bd oz42 fresh lemon peel1 #d oz42 cinnamon1 cloves1 and nutmegs1 of each #b oz42 coriander seed and dried angelica root1 of each #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #h lbs42 macerate for #h days and distil in a water bath to dryness4 ,the spirit is much esteemed in ,france as a stomachic1 a cosmetic1 and a stimulant4 ,spirit1 ,bathing4 ,soap liniment4 ,spirit of ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,camphorated ,,spirit2 ,,spiritus ,,camphor2 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,tinctura ,,camphor1 ,,spiritus ,,camphoratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,camphor1 #e oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 dissolve4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,camphor1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #i2 dissolve4----,dose1 #aj to #cj minims1 in milk or on sugar4 ,used as an application to chilblains1 and in chronic rheumatism1 cholera1 c4 ,see ,,essence and ,,tincture4 ,spirit of ,caraway4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,carui 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil of caraway1 #b fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,caraway seeds 7bruised71 #a_/b lb42 proof spirit1 #g pints2 macerate for #b days in a covered vessel1 then add of water1 #a-a_/b pint1 and distil #g pints4 ,aromatic and carminative4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr4 ,a similar spirit1 8sweetened with sugar10 is drunk in ,germany as a dram 7,k,,melliqueur2 ,k,,melbrandtwein74 #c4 7,,essentia ,,carui----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of caraway1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 oz4 ,used to make caraway water4 ,spirit of ,cassia4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,cassi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from coarsely powdered cassia1 #a lb42 proof spirit1 #g pints2 water1 #a-a_/b pint1 or q4 s42 draw off #g pints4----,dose1 c41 as the last4 ,it is almost universally substituted for spirit of cinnamon4 ,spirit of ,cinnamon4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,cinnamomi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil of cinnamon1 #b fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from cinnamon1 as spirit of cassia4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr4 #c4 7,,essentia ,,cinnamomi----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of cinnamon1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 oz4 ,used to make cinnamon water1 c4 ,spirit of ,ether4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,sulphuric ,,ether1 ,,sweet ,,spirit ,,of ,,vitriol2 ,,spiritus ,,theris 7,b4 ,p471 ,,spiritus ,,theris ,,sulphurici 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4----;a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphuric ether1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #b parts4 ,sp4 gr4 #hji4 ,obs4 ,this preparation should be neutral to test paper1 mix 7clear7 with water1 and1 when shaken with twice its volume of concentrated solution of chloride of calcium1 #bh of ether should separate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b or #c fl4 dr42 as a stimulant and anodyne4 b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ether1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #b2 mix4----,dose1 #cj to #fj minims4 #b4 ,,compound ,,spirit ,,of ,,ether1 ,,hoffmann',s ,,anodyne ,,liquor2 ,,spiritus ,,theris ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,s4 ,,theris ,,oleosus 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4----a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ether1 #h fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #af fl4 oz42 ethereal oil1 #c fl4 dr42 mix4 b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,mix in a glass matrass1 oil of vitriol1 #a-a_/b pint1 with rectified spirit1 #a pint2 connect this with a ,liebig's condenser1 apply heat1 and distil until a black froth begins to rise2 then separate the upper stratum of the distilled liquid1 and1 having exposed it to the air for #bd hours1 let the oil be transferred to a moist paper filter1 and washed with a little cold water2 lastly1 dissolve it in a mixture of rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 sulphuric ether1 #e fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,this compound is anodyne and antispasmodic1 and was once held in very great repute4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 #c4 ,,aromatic ,,spirit ,,of ,,ether1 ,a4 ,s4 ,,of ,,sulphuric ,e41 ,,sweet ,,elixir ,,of ,,vitriol2 ,,spiritus ,,theris ,,aromaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,bruised cinnamon1 #c dr42 cardamoms1 #a-a_/b dr42 long pepper and ginger1 of each #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #aj fl4 oz42 sulphuric ether1 #e fl4 oz42 mix1 and digest #ad days4 ,the last two preparations are also frequently called #8sweet elixir of vitriol4' ,spirit of ,hartshorn4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,of ,,spiritus ,,volatilis ,,cornu ,,cervi1 ,l4 ,originally distilled from hartshorn4 ,dilute liquor ammonia is now generally sold for spirit of hartshorn4 ,spirit of ,horseradish 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,armoraci ,,compositus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sliced horseradish and dried orange peel1 of each #bj oz42 bruised nutmegs1 #e dr42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 water1 #a quart1 or q4 s42 distil #a gall4 ,stimulant and diuretic4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 in dropsies1 when there is much debility4 ,it is usually combined with infusion of juniper berries or foxglove4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fresh root1 sliced1 #bj2 dried orange peel1 #bj2 nutmeg1 bruised1 #a_/b2 proof spirit1 #afj2 water1 #dj2 mix1 and distil over #afj4----;,dose1 #a to #c dr4 ,spirit of ,hydrochloric ,ether4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,muriatic ,,ether1 ,,clutton',s ,,febrifuge ,,spirit2 ,,ther ,,hydrochloricus ,,alcoholicus1 ,,spiritus ,,theris ,,muriatici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from hydrochloric ether and rectified spirit1 equal parts1 mixed together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #c parts2 digest some days1 and distil in a sand bath4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c fl4 dr42 in dyspepsia1 liver complaints1 hectic fever1 c4 ,spirit of ,juniper4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,juniperi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,english oil of juniper1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #di2 dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #fj minims4 ,spirit of ,juniper 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,juniperi ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil of juniper1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oils of caraway and fennel1 of each #ab drops2 proof spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,juniper berries1 bruised1 #ae oz42 caraway and fennel seed1 of each1 bruised1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 water1 #a quart1 or q4 s42 distil #a gallon4 ,obs4 ,this spirit is stimulant and diuretic4----,dose1 #b to #d fl4 dr4 ,mixed with twice or thrice its w eight of proof spirit1 and sweetened with a little sugar1 it makes no bad substitute for ,hollands gin4 ,spirit of ,lavender4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,lavandul 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from fresh lavender1 #b-a_/b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 water1 #a quart1 or q4 s42 distil #a gallon 7#g pints----,ph4 ,e474 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from ,mitcham oil of lavender1 #c oz42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 ,cordial and fragrant4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,english oil of lavender1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #di2 dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #fj minims4 ,see ,,spirits 7,perfumed71 ,,tincture1 c4 ,spirit of ,nitric ,ether4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,nitrous ,,ether1 ,,sweet ,,spirit ,,of ,,nitre1 ,,nitrous ,,ethereal ,,spirit1 ,,nitre ,,drops2 ,,spiritus ,,theris ,,nitrici 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e471 ,,spiritus ,,theris ,,nitrosus 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of rectified spirit1 #a quart2 nitric acid1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 add the acid1 by degrees1 to the spirit2 then mix them1 and let #bh fl4 oz4 distil over4 ,an earthenware still and condensing worm should be employed4 ,sp4 gr4 #hcd4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,pure hyponitrous ether 7,ph4 ,e471 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #d parts 7both by volume72 mix4 ,sp4 gr4 #hdg4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,nitrous or hyponitrous ether 7which has been washed with half of its volume of liquor of ammonia71 #d fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 8in #db fl4 oz42 mix1 and preserve the compound in small1 strong1 and accurately-stopped bottles40 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adb71 #c2 sulphuric acid1 #b2 copper1 in fine powder 7,no4 #be71 #b2 rectified spirit1 a sufficiency2 to #bj of the spirit add gradually the sulphuric acid1 stirring them together2 then add to this1 also gradually1 #b-a_/b of the nitric acid4 ,put the mixture into a retort or other suitable apparatus1 into which the copper has been introduced1 and to which a thermometer is fitted4 ,attach now an efficient condenser1 and1 applying a gentle heat1 let the spirit distil at a temperature commencing at #agj and rising to #age1 but not exceeding #ahj1 until #ab have passed over and been collected in a bottle kept cool1 if necessary1 with ice-cold water2 then withdraw the heat1 and1 having allowed the contents of the retort to cool1 introduce the remaining #a_/b of nitric acid1 and resume the distillation as before1 until the increased product has been increased to #ae4 ,mix this with #dj of the rectified spirit1 or as much as will make the product correspond to the tests of specific gravity and per-centage of ether separated by chloride of calcium4 ,preserve it in well-closed vessels4 ,char4 and ,tests4 ,transparent1 and nearly colourless1 with a very light tinge of yellow1 mobile1 inflammable1 of a peculiar penetrating apple-like odour1 and sweetish1 cooling1 sharp taste4 ,it effervesces feebly1 or not at all1 when shaken with a little bicarbonate of soda4 ,when agitated with solution of sulphate of iron and a few drops of sulphuric acid1 it becomes deep olive-brown or black4 ,if it be agitated with twice its volume of a saturated solution of chloride of calcium in a closed tube1 #b of its original volume will separate in the form of nitrous ether1 and rise to the surface of the mixture4 ,sp4 gr4 #hde4----;,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,pur41 c4 ,pure spirit of nitric ether boils at about #afj ,fahr41 scarcely reddens litmus paper1 and 8gives off no bubbles of carbonic acid gas on the addition of carbonate of soda40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,when agitated with twice its volume of concentrated solution of chloride of calcium1 #ab of ether slowly separates40 7,ph4 ,e47----,dose1 #a_/b to #c fl4 dr41 as a febrifuge1 a diaphoretic1 diuretic1 antispasmodic1 c42 in various affections4 ,obs4 ,the mass of the sweet spirits of nitre of the shops is of very inferior quality1 and is scarcely1 if ever1 made directly from spirit that has paid the duty4 ,one1 and a very large portion1 is obtained from ,scotland2 another1 from the manufacturers of fulminating mercury2 and a third1 and1 in fact1 the principal part1 from certain persons in the neighbourhood of the metropolis who employ contraband spirit for its preparation1 as this article is not under the excise4 ,recently methylated spirit has been employed for the purpose4 ,sweet spirits of nitre1 sp4 gr4 #hej1 is now commonly and publicly sold1 in quantity1 at a price which is only about #b-crds that of the spirit in it1 if the latter had paid duty4 ,the spirit obtained from the manufacturers of fulminating mercury frequently contains no inconsiderable quantity of hydrocyanic acid4 ,the mere admixture of nitric or hyponitrous ether with alcohol does not afford an officinal ,,spir4 ,,ther4 ,,nitr41 as this always contains aldehyde1 which1 according to ,prof4 ,liebig1 is an essential constituent of the officinal compound4 ,spirit of ,nitrous ,ether4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,theris ,,nitrosi 7,b4 ,p474 ,see ,,spirit ,,of ,,nitric ,,ether4 ,spirit of ,nutmeg4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,myristic 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e471 ,s4 ,,nucis ,,moschat1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,bruised nutmegs1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 water1 #a pint1 or q4 s42 distil a gallon4 ,cordial and carminative4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 chiefly used to flavour mixtures and draughts4 #b4 7,,essentia ,,myristic ,,moschate----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of nutmegs1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 oz4 ,used in dispensing4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,volatile oil of nutmeg1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #di2 dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #fj minims4 ,spirit of ,pennyroyal4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,pulegii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,s4 ,,menth ,,pulegii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil of pennyroyal1 #c fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 ,stimulant1 antispasmodic1 and carminative4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 #b4 7,,essentia ,,menth ,,pulegii----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of pennyroyal1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 oz4 ,used chiefly in dispensing4 ,spirit of ,peppermint4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,menth ,,piperit 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,s4 ,,menth 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil of peppermint1 #c fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,green peppermint1 #a-a_/b lb42 proof spirit1 #g pints2 macerate #b days2 add of water1 q4 s41 and distil #g pints4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #c4 7,,essentia ,,menth ,,piperit----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of peppermint1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 oz4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,peppermint4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,english oil of peppermint1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #di2 dissolve4----,dose1 #cj to #fj minims1 or1 for children under five years1 #a to #c minims4 ,spirit of ,pimento4 ,syn4 7,,spirit ,,of ,,allspice2 ,,spiritus ,,piment----,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil of pimento1 #b fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from pimento1 bruised1 #a_/b lb42 and proof spirit1 #g pints2 as spirit of caraway4 ,carminative and stomachic4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 in flatulent colic1 dyspepsia1 c4 #c4 7,,essenti ,,piment----,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of pimento1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 oz4 ,used to make pimento water1 and in dispensing4 ,spirit of ,pine-tops4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,turionum ,,pini1 ,l4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,riga4 ,spirit of ,rosemary4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,rosmarini 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,as ,,spirit ,,of ,,pimento4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,rosemary tops1 #b-a_/b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 as ,,spirit ,,of ,,lavender4 ,fragrant and stimulant4 #c4 7,,essentia ,,rosmarini----,ph4 ,d47 ,as ,,essence ,,of ,,pimento4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil of rosemary1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #di2 dissolve4----,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 ,spirit of ,spearmint4 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,menth ,,viridis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,s4 ,,menth ,,sativ1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,as ,,spirit ,,of ,,peppermint----,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,,essentia ,,menth ,,viridis----,ph4 ,d47 ,as ,,essence ,,of ,,peppermint----,ph4 ,d4 ,the uses and doses are also the same4 ,spirit of ,sulphuric ,ether4 ,see ,,spirit ,,of ,,ether 7above74 ,spirit of ,vitriol 7,sweet74 ,see ,,aromatic ,,spirit ,,of ,,ether 7above74 ,spirit1 ,vulnerary4 ,syn4 ,,vulnerary ,,water1 ,,arquebusade2 ,,spiritus ,,vulnerarius1 ,l42 ,,eau ,d',,arquebusade1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dried tops of sage1 wormwood1 fennel1 hyssop1 marjoram1 savory1 thyme1 rosemary1 calamint1 balm1 peppermint1 and scordium1 fresh leaves of angelica and basil1 and lavender flowers1 of each #d oz42 proof spirit1 #b galls42 digest for #ad days1 and distil over #a-a_/b gall4 #b4 ,rosemary leaves1 #a-a_/b lb42 leaves of thyme and summits of millefoil1 of each #a_/b lb42 juniper berries1 #c oz42 proof spirit1 #b galls12 distil over #e quarts4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is stimulant and vulnerary1 and is in great repute on the ,continent as a cosmetic and cordial4 ,,spirits 7,perfumed74 ,syn4 ,,spiritus ,,odoriferi1 ,,odores ,,spirituosi1 ,l4 ,the odoriferous spirits of the perfumer are1 for the most part1 prepared from various aromatic and odorous substances1 by a similar process to that described under ,,essences and ,,spirits 7,medicinal72 but in this case a perfectly pure1 flavourless1 and scentless spirit must be employed4 ,the distillation should also be preferably conducted by steam1 or the heat of a water bath1 and the distilled spirit should be kept for some time in a cellar1 or other cold situation1 previously to being used4 ,when simple solution of an essential oil in the spirit is adopted1 cart should be taken that the oil is pale and new2 or1 at least1 has not been much exposed to the air2 as in that case it would contain resin1 which would make the perfumed spirit1 or essence1 liable to stain delicate articles of clothing to which it may be applied4 ,most of the #8eaux' and #8esprits' of the perfumers are prepared by one or other of the above methods4 ,it is found1 however1 that the perfumed spirits of some of the more delicate flowers cannot be well obtained by either infusion or distillation1 or by the simple solution of their essential oils in spirit2 or1 at least1 they are not usually so prepared by the foreign perfumers4 ,the spirits of orange flowers1 jasmin1 tuberose1 jonquille1 roses1 and of some other flowers1 and of cassia1 vanilla1 c41 are commonly prepared by digesting pure rectified spirit for #c or #d days on half its weight of the respective pommades or oils1 obtained by infusion or contact4 ,the operation is performed in a closed vessel placed in a water bath1 and frequent agitation is employed for #c or #d days1 when the perfumed spirit is decanted into a second digester1 containing a like quantity of oil to the first4 ,the whole process is repeated a second and a third time1 after which the spirit is allowed to settle and is then decanted4 ,it now forms the most fragrant and perfect odoriferous spirit 7extrait7 of the ,continental perfumer4 ,the product is called #8esprit' or #8extrait of the first infusion4' ,the three portions of oil are then treated again with fresh spirit in the same manner1 and thus spirits or essences of inferior quality are obtained1 which are distinguished by the perfumers as ,no4 #b1 #c1 #d1 c41 or #8esprits' or #8extraits of the first1 second1 third1' c41 operation or infusion4 ,in some1 though only a very few cases1 the spirits are afterwards distilled4 ,the strength of the spirit for the concentrated essences should not be less than #ef o4 p4 7sp4 gr4 #hcgf72 that for eaux1 esprits1 and extraits1 not less than #ce o4 p4 7sp4 gr4 #hgbc74 ,the strength of the second quality of the last three must be fully proof 7sp4 g4 #ibj74 ,see ,,alcohol1 ,,distillation1 ,,essence1 ,,oils1 ,,pommade1 c41 and below4 ,eau d',ambre ,royale4 ,fr4 ,from essences of ambergris and musk1 of each #a fl4 oz42 spirit of ambrette and orange-flower water1 of each #a pint2 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 mix4 ,eau d',ange4 ,fr4 ,from flowering tops of myrtle 7bruised71 #a-a_/b lb42 rectified spirit1 #g pints2 water1 #c pints2 digest a week1 add of common salt1 #b lbs41 and distil #a gall4 ,eau d',arquebusade4 ,fr4 ,see ,,vulnerary ,,spirit 7back74 ,eau de ,bouquet4 ,fr4 ,from spirits of rosemary and essence of violets1 of each #a fl4 oz42 essences of bergamot and jasmin1 of each #a fl4 dr42 oils of verbena and lavender1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr42 orange-flower water1 #a fl4 oz42 eau de rose1 #a_/b pint2 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 mix4 ,eau de ,bouquet de ,flore4 ,fr4 ,from spirits of rosemary and roses and essence of violets1 of each #a_/b fl4 oz42 oil of cedra and essence of ambergris1 of each #a fl4 dr42 orange-flower water1 #e fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,eau des ,carmes4 ,fr4 ,see ,,spirit ,,of ,,balm 7,,compound74 ,eau de ,cologne4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,cologne ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,coloniensis1 ,a4 ,c4 ,,spirituosa1 ,,spiritus ,,coloniensis1 ,l4 ,for the production of good eau de ,cologne it is absolutely essential that the spirit be of the purest description1 both tasteless and scentless1 and that the oils be not only genuine1 but recently distilled1 as old oils are less odorous1 and contain a considerable quantity of resin and camphor1 which prove injurious4 ,when flowers and the flowering tops of plants are ordered1 it is also necessary that they be either fresh gathered or well preserved1 without drying them4 ,to produce an article of the finest quality1 distillation should be had recourse to4 ,a very excellent eau de ,cologne may1 however1 be produced by simple solution of the oils or essences in the spirit1 provided they be new1 pale coloured1 and pure4 ,the mass of the eau de ,cologne prepared in ,england1 some of which possess the most delicate fragrance1 and is nearly equal to the best imported1 is made without distillation4 ,in the shops two kinds of this article are generally kept----,french and ,german4 ,that prepared by ,farina of ,cologne is esteemed the best1 and is preferred in the fashionable world4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from essences of bergamot and lemon1 of each #a fl4 dr42 oil of orange1 #a_/b dr4 oil of neroli1 #bj drops2 oil of rosemary1 #aj drops2 essence of ambergris and musk1 of each #a drop2 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 mix4 #b4 ,essence of bergamot1 #c fl4 oz42 essence of lemon1 #c fl4 dr42 essence of cedrat1 #b fl4 dr42 oils of neroli and rosemary1 of each #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oil of balm1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b gall42 mix4 #c4 7,cadet ,gassincourt47 ,take of pure neroli1 essences 7oils7 of cedrat1 orange1 lemon1 bergamot1 and rosemary1 of each #bd drops2 lesser cardamom seeds1 #a_/d oz42 spirit at #cb ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #hfi71 #a quart2 digest a few days and then distil #a-a_/b pint4 #d4 7,farina47 ,take of rectified spirit1 #e galls42 calamus aromaticus1 sage1 and thyme1 of each #a_/b dr42 balm-mint and spearmint1 of each #a oz42 angelica root1 #aj gr42 camphor1 #ae gr42 petals of roses and violets1 of each #c dr42 lavender flowers1 #a-a_/b dr42 orange flowers1 #a dr42 wormwood1 nutmeg1 cloves1 cassia lignea1 and mace1 of each #bj gr42 oranges and lemons1 sliced1 of each #b in no42 bruise or slice the solids1 macerate1 with agitation1 for #dh hours1 then distil off #b_/crds1 and add to the product----essences of lemon1 cedrat1 balm-mint1 and lavender1 of each #a fl4 dr42 pure neroli and essence of the seeds of anthos1 of each #bj drops2 essences of jasmin and bergamot1 of each #a fl4 oz42 mix well and filter1 if necessary4 #e4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,oils of bergamot1 lemon1 and cedrat1 of each #c oz42 oils of rosemary1 lavender1 and neroli1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 oil of cinnamon1 #c_/d oz42 spirit of rosemary1 #a quart2 compound spirit of balm 7eau de melisse des ,carmes71 #c pints2 rectified spirit1 #c galls42 digest for #h days1 then distil #c galls4 #f4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,oils of bergamot1 orange1 and rosemary1 of each #a fl4 dr42 cardamom seeds1 #a dr42 rectified spirit and orange-flower water1 of each #a pint2 mix1 digest for a day1 and then distil a pint4 #g4 7,trommsdorff47 ,oils of neroli1 citron1 bergamot1 orange1 and rosemary1 of each #ab drops2 ,malabar cardamoms1 bruised1 #a dr42 rectified spirit of wine1 #a quart2 mix1 and1 after standing #b or #c days1 distil a quart4 ,obs4 ,eau de ,cologne is principally used as a perfume1 but a very large quantity is consumed by fashionable ladies as a cordial and stimulant4 ,for this purpose it is dulcified with sugar4 ,a piece of linen dipped in ,cologne water1 and laid across the forehead1 is a fashionable remedy for headache4 ,eau d',elegance4 ,fr4 ,from spirit of jessamine1 #a pint2 rectified spirit and spirits of hyacinth and storax1 of each #a_/b pint2 tinctures of star-anise and tolu1 of each #b fl4 oz42 tincture of vanilla1 #a fl4 oz42 essence of ambergris1 #a_/b dr42 mix1 and in a week decant the clear portion4 ,eau de ,framboises4 ,fr4 ,from strawberries1 bruised1 #af lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 digest1 and distil to dryness in a salt-water or steam bath4 ,eau d',heliotrope4 ,fr4 ,from essence of ambergris1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 vanilla1 #a_/b oz42 orange-flower water1 #a_/b pint2 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 digest a week1 and filter4 ,eau d',hongrie4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,hungary ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,hungarica1 ,,spiritus ,,rosmarini ,,compositus1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,de ,,la ,,reine ,d',,hongrie1 ,fr4 ,a fragrant stimulant and cosmetic4 ,sweetened with sugar it is also used as a liqueur4 ,prep4 #a4 ,rosemary tops1 in blossom1 #d lbs42 fresh sage1 #a_/b lb42 bruised ginger1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b gall42 water1 #a_/b gall42 macerate for #aj days1 add of common salt1 #c lbs41 and then distil #aa pints4 #b4 ,from oil of rosemary 7genuine71 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oil of lavender1 #a_/b dr42 orange flower water1 #a_/b pint2 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,rosemary 7see above7 is now commonly sold for it4 ,eau d',ispahan4 ,fr4 ,from oil of the bitter orange1 #b fl4 oz42 oil of rosemary1 #b dr42 oils of cloves and neroli1 of each #a fl4 dr42 oil of spearmint1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 eau de rose1 #a pint2 rectified spirit1 #g pints2 mix4 ,it is better for distillation4 ,used as ,eau de ,cologne4 ,eau de ,jasmin4 ,fr4 ,see ,,esprit ,,de ,,jasmin ,,odorante 7below74 ,eau de ,lavande4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,lavender ,,water1 ,,double ,,distilled ,l4 ,w42 ,,aqua ,,lavandul1 ,a4 ,l4 ,,odorifera1 ,,spiritus ,l41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the flowering tops of lavender 7freshly and carefully picked71 #g lbs42 rectified spirit1 #b gall42 macerate for a week1 add of water1 #a_/b gall42 7holding in solution7 common salt1 #c lbs42 and distil #b gallons4 #b4 ,from ,mitcham oil of lavender1 #h oz42 essence of musk1 #d oz42 essence of ambergris and oil of bergamot1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #b gall42 mix well4 ,very fine4 #c4 7,brande47 ,oil of lavender1 #bj oz42 oil of bergamot1 #e oz42 essence of ambergris 7finest71 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #e gall42 mix4 ,obs4 ,the products of the last two formul are better for distillation2 but in that case the essences of ambergris and musk should be added to the distilled spirit4 ,the oils should be of the best quality1 and newly distilled1 and the spirit should be perfectly scentless4 ,it may be useful to observe here1 that the common lavender water1 double distilled lavender water1 or spirit of lavender of the shops1 is made with spirit at proof1 or even weaker2 hence its inferior quality to that of the more celebrated perfumers4 ,one ounce of true ,english oil of lavender is all that will properly combine with #a gall4 of proof spirit1 without rendering it muddy or cloudy4 ,eau de lavande is a most agreeable and fashionable perfume4 ,the article produced by the second formula has received the commendation of ,her ,majesty and many of the nobility4 ,eau de ,lavande de ,millefleurs4 ,to each quart of the ordinary eau de lavande 7,no4 #b or #c71 add of oil of cloves1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 essence of ambergris1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 ,eau de ,lavange 7,ammoniacal74 #a4 ,to lavender water1 #a pint2 add of liquor of ammonia1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,english oil of lavender1 #a oz42 spirit of ammonia1 #b lbs42 dissolve4 ,used as a stimulating scent in fainting4 ,see ,,perfumes 7,ammoniated74 ,eau de ,luce4 ,fr4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,compound4 ,eau de ,marchale4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,extrait ,,de ,,mar,,chale1 ,fr4 #a4 ,from ambergris and grain musk1 of each #bj gr42 oils of bergamot1 lavender1 and cloves1 of each #a oz42 oils of sassafras and origanum1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #b quarts2 macerate with agitation for a week4 #b4 ,rectified spirit1 #a pint2 essence of violets1 #a oz42 essences of bergamot and illets1 of each #a_/d oz42 orange-flower water1 #a_/b pint2 mix4 ,eau de ,melisse4 ,fr4 ,see ,,spirit ,,of ,,balm1 ,,compound4 ,eau de ,miel4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,honey ,,water1 ,,sweet-,,scented ,h4 ,w42 ,,aqua ,,mellis1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,odorifera1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of spirit of roses 7,no4 #c----see above71 #b quarts2 spirit of jasmin and rectified spirit1 of each #a quart2 essence of ,portugal1 #a fl4 oz42 essences of vanilla and musk1 of each 7,no4 #c7 #d fl4 oz42 flowers of benzoin1 #a-a_/b dr42 mix1 agitate1 and add of eau de fleurs d'oranges1 #a quart4 ,delightfully fragrant4 #b4 ,honey 7finest71 #a_/d lb42 essence of bergamot1 #a_/b oz42 essence of lemon1 #a_/d oz42 oil of cloves1 #ab drops2 musk1 #ab gr42 ambergris1 #f gr42 orange-flower and rose water1 of each #a quart2 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 macerate for #ad days1 with frequent agitation1 and filter4 ,obs4 ,the last is often coloured with #bj or #cj gr4 of saffron1 and made into a ratafia with sugar4 ,,honey ,,water ,,for ,,the ,,hair is a different article to the above4 ,it is obtained by the dry distillation of honey1 mixed with an equal weight of clean sand1 a gentle heat only being employed4 ,the product is yellowish and acidulous1 from the presence of acetic acid4 ,this last is used to promote the growth of the hair4 ,eau de ,millefleurs4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,extrait ,,de ,,millefleurs1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from grain musk1 #ab gr42 ambergris1 #bj gr42 essence of lemon1 #a-a_/b oz42 oils of cloves and lavender 7,english71 of each #a oz42 neroli and oil of verbena1 of each #a_/b dr42 rectified spirits1 #b quarts2 macerate in a closed vessel1 and a warm situation for a fortnight4 #b4 ,balsam of ,peru 7genuine7 and essence of cloves1 of each #a oz42 essences of bergamot and musk1 of each #b oz42 essences of neroli and thyme1 of each #a_/d oz42 eau de fleurs d'oranges1 #a quart2 rectified spirit1 #i pints2 mix well4 ,very fine4 #c4 ,essence of bergamot1 #a_/d oz42 eau de lavande and essence of jasmin1 of each #a oz42 orange-flower water1 #h fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 mix4 ,eau de ,mousselline4 ,fr4 ,from eau de fleurs d'oranges and spirit of clove-gillyflower1 of each #a quart2 spirit of roses 7,no4 #c----see above71 spirit of jasmin 7,no4 #d71 and spirit of orange flowers 7,no4 #d71 of each #b quarts2 essences of vanilla and musk1 of each 7,no4 #c71 #b fl4 oz42 sanders wood1 #a_/b oz4 ,very fine4 ,eau de ,naphe4 ,fr4 ,see ,,waters 7,perfumed74 ,eau sans ,pareille4 ,fr4 #a4 ,from essence of bergamot1 #e dr42 essence of lemon1 #h dr42 essence of citron1 #d dr42 ,hungary water1 #a pint2 rectified spirit1 #f quarts2 mix1 and distil4 #b4 ,grain musk1 #bj gr42 ambergris1 #be gr42 oils of lavender and cloves1 of each #a oz42 essence of bergamot1 #a_/b oz42 oils of sassafras and origanum1 of each #bj drops2 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 macerate for #ad days4 ,eau1 ,romain4 ,fr4 ,from essence of ambergris1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of benzoin1 #d fl4 oz42 spirit of tuberose1 #a_/b pint2 spirit of acacia flowers and tincture of vanilla1 of each #a pint2 spirit of jasmin1 #c pints2 mix4 ,eau de ,rosires4 ,fr4 ,from spirit of roses1 #a pint2 spirits of cucumber1 angelica root1 and celery seeds1 of each #a_/b pint2 spirits of jasmin and orange flowers1 of each #a_/d pint2 tincture of benzoin1 #b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,eau de ,violette4 ,fr4 ,see ,,esprit ,,de ,,violettes 7below74 ,esprit d',ambrette4 ,fr4 ,see ,,essence4 ,esprit de ,bergamotte4 ,fr4 ,from essence 7oil7 of bergamot 7best71 #e oz42 essence of ambergris 7pale71 #b fl4 oz42 essence of musk1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 oil of verbena1 #b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #a gall12 mix4 ,esprit de ,bouquet4 ,fr4 ,from ,mitcham oil of lavender1 #a oz42 oils of cloves and bergamot1 of each #c fl4 dr42 essence of musk1 #a fl4 dr42 otto of roses1 #aj drops2 rectified spirit1 #a quart4 ,esprit de ,fleurs4 ,fr4 ,see ,,spirit ,,of ,,the ,,flowers ,,of ,,italy 7below74 ,esprit de ,jasmin4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,eau ,,de ,,jasmin1 ,fr4 ,esprit de ,jasmin ,odorante4 ,fr4 ,from spirit of jasmin and rectified spirit1 of each #a pint2 essence of ambergris1 #a fl4 dr4 ,esprit de ,jonquille4 ,fr4 ,esprit de la ,reine4 ,fr4 ,from oil of bergamot1 #a fl4 oz42 essence of ambergris1 #b fl4 dr42 otto of roses1 #a fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #a quart4 ,esprit de ,rondeletia4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,extrait ,,de ,,rondeletia1 ,fr4 ,from ,mitcham oil of lavender1 #c oz42 oil of cloves1 #a-a_/d oz42 oil of bergamot1 #a oz42 essences of musk and ambergris1 of each #b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #c pints4 ,esprit de ,rose4 ,fr4 #a4 ,from spirit of roses 7see general directions1 page #aedg71 #a pint2 essence of ambergris and oil of rose-geranium1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr4 #b4 ,from otto of roses1 #b dr42 neroli1 #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve1 add of chloride of calcium 7well dried and in powder71 #a-a_/b lb42 agitate well1 and distil #g pints4 ,very fine4 ,esprit de ,suave4 ,fr4 ,from the essences of cloves and bergamot1 of each #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 neroli1 #a fl4 dr42 essence of musk1 #a fl4 oz42 spirit of tuberose and rectified spirit1 of each #a pint2 spirits of jasmin and cassia1 of each #a quart2 dissolve1 then add of eau de rose1 #a pint1 and mix well4 ,esprit de ,tain4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,lemon ,,thyme2 ,,spiritus ,,thymi1 ,l4 ,from tops of lemon thyme1 #b lbs42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 distil #g pints4 ,esprit de ,violettes4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,violets1 ,,essence ,,of ,v41 ,e4 ,,of ,,orris4 ,from ,florentine orris root1 reduced to coarse powder1 #a_/d lb42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 by simple maceration for a fortnight4 ,a stronger and finer article 7,,essence ,,of ,,violets7 is prepared from orris root1 #e lbs41 to rectified spirit1 #a gall42 by percolation4 ,extrait de ,bouquet4 ,fr4 ,extract of nosegay4 ,extrait de ,marchale4 ,fr4 ,see ,,eau ,,de ,,mar,,chale 7above74 ,extrait de ,millefleurs4 ,fr4 ,see ,,eau ,,de ,,millefleurs 7above74 ,extrait de ,rondeletia4 ,fr4 ,see ,,esprit 7above74 ,odeur1 ,dlectable4 ,fr4 ,from oils of lavender1 bergamot1 rose-geranium1 and cloves1 of each #a fl4 dr42 eaux de rose and fleurs d'orange1 of each #a_/d pint2 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,odeur ,suave4 ,fr4 ,see ,,esprit 7above74 ,spirit of ,cytherea4 ,from the spirits of violets1 tuberose1 clove-gillyflower1 jasmin 7,no4 #b----see above71 roses 7,no4 #b71 and ,portugal1 of each #a pint2 orange-flower water1 #a quart2 mix4 ,spirit of the ,flowers of ,italy4 ,syn4 ,,esprit ,,de ,,fleurs1 ,fr4 ,from the spirits of roses 7,no4 #a----see above71 jasmin 7,no4 #b71 oranges 7,no4 #c71 and cassia 7,no4 #b71 of each #d pints2 orange-flower water1 #c pints2 mix4 ,victoria ,perfume4 ,see ,,esprit ,,de ,,la ,,reine 7above74 ,,spit,,ting ,,of ,,blood4 ,see ,h,,moptysis4 ,,splint4 ,this is the common name given to an enlargement of the bone in horses2 which generally occurs below the knee1 between the large and small splint bones1 usually on the inside of the limb4 ,it mostly results from fast driving or riding1 or from the animal having been much worked while young1 or made to unduly traverse hard or paved roads4 ,the splint is a frequent cause of lameness if it develops just under the knee1 since it interferes with and circumscribes the free movement of the joint4 ,it is very essential to have recourse to prompt measures directly this affection shows itself4 ,the treatment usually prescribed is the constant application to the part of cold water1 if the splint he accompanied by much tenderness or inflammation4 ,this may be accomplished by bandages soaked in cold water1 taking care to renew the cold water as soon as it becomes warm4 ,mr ,finlay ,dun advises the horse1 where practicable1 to stand for an hour several times a day up to the knees in a stream or pool of water4 ,in addition he prescribes rest for ten days or a fortnight1 and when the heat and tenderness have been subdued the application of a blister1 or of biniodide of mercury ointment1 or the hot iron4 ,,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,spongia1 ,s4 ,,officinalis1 ,l4 ,sponge is a cellular fibrous structure1 produced by marine animals of the humblest type1 belonging to the subkingdom ,protozoa4 ,the finest quality is imported from ,smyrna1 and is known as ,,turkey ,,sponge2 another1 called ,,west ,,indian or ,,bahama ,,sponge1 is much less esteemed1 being coarse1 dark coloured1 and very rotten4 ,sponge1 as collected1 and also as generally imported1 contains many impurities1 more especially sand1 most of which may be removed by beating it1 and by washing it in water4 ,amusing disputes often arise between the smaller importers and the wholesale purchasers on this subject----the privilege of beating it before weighing it1 the number of minutes so employed1 and even the size of the stick1 being often made important matters in the #8haggling4' #a4 ,,bleached ,,sponge 7,,white ,,sponge2 ,,spongia ,,dealbata7 is prepared by soaking ordinary sponge in very dilute hydrochloric acid1 to remove calcareous matter1 then in cold water1 changing it frequently1 and squeezing the sponge out each time1 and next1 in water holding a little sulphuric or sulphurous acid1 or1 still better1 a very little chlorine1 in solution2 the sponge is1 lastly1 repeatedly washed and soaked in clean water scented with rose or orange-flower water1 and dried4 #b4 ,the sponges are first soaked in hydrochloric acid to remove the lime1 they are then washed in water1 and afterwards placed for ten minutes in a #b per cent4 solution of permanganate of potassium4 ,when taken out they have a brown appearance2 this is owing to the deposition of manganous oxide1 and may be removed by steeping the sponge for about two minutes in a #b per cent4 solution of oxalic acid1 to which a little sulphuric acid has been added4 ,as soon as the sponges appear white they are well washed out in water to remove the acid4 ,strongly diluted sulphuric acid may be used instead of oxalic acid4 #c4 ,sponges can be bleached by first soaking them in hydrochloric acid1 diluted with #a-a_/b parts of water1 until no more carbonic acid is given off2 then wash in pure water1 and afterwards leave in a bath composed of #b lbs4 of hyposulphite of soda1 #ab lbs4 of water1 and #b lbs4 of hydrochloric acid4 ,if the sponge be afterwards dipped in glycerin and well pressed1 to remove excess of liquid1 it remains elastic1 and can be used for mattresses1 cushions1 and general upholstery4 ,sponge mattresses prepared in this way are now finding great favour4 ,it is1 of course1 not necessary to bleach the sponge where it is intended to be used for such purposes4#aij ,footnote #aij3 #8,pharmacist4' ,,burnt ,,sponge 7,,spongia ,,usta----,ph4 ,d47 is prepared by heating the cuttings and unsaleable pieces in a closed iron crucible until they become black and friable1 avoiding too much heat1 and allowing the whole to cool before exposing it to the air4 ,it was formerly in great repute in bronchocele and scrofulous complaints4----,dose1 #a to #c dr41 in water1 or made into an electuary or lozenges4 ,when good burnt sponge evolves violet fumes of iodine on being heated in a flask along with sulphuric acid4 ,,compressed or ,,waxed ,,sponge 7,,spongia ,,cerata1 ,s4 ,,compressa7 is sponge which has been dipped into melted wax and then compressed between two iron plates until cold4 ,when cut into pieces it forms #8,,sponge ,,tents1' which are used by surgeons to dilate wounds4 ,sponge1 ,to ,clean a4 ,there is nothing more pleasant for washing the skin than a fresh good sponge1 or the reverse when not kept thoroughly clean4 ,without the greatest care1 a sponge is apt to get slimy long before it is worn out4 ,it may be made almost as good as1 in fact often better than1 new1 by the following process3----,take about #b or #c oz4 of carbonate of soda1 or of potash2 dissolve in #b-a_/b pints of water2 soak the sponge in it for #bd hours1 then wash and rinse it in pure water4 ,then put it for some hours in a mixture1 #a glassful of muriatic acid to #c pints of water2 finally1 rinse in cold water1 and dry thoroughly4 ,a sponge should always be dried1 if possible1 in the sun every time it has been used4 ,,sponges ,employed in ,washing ,wounds1 ,purification of4 ,m4 ,leriche advises the sponge to be first saturated with a solution of #d parts of permanganate of potassium in #ajj parts of water2 then passed through a solution of sulphurous acid1 and finally washed thoroughly with water4 ,the sponges are said to become perfectly disinfected and deodorised1 whilst the tissue is not affected by the treatment4 ,,sporokton4 ,see ,,sulphurous ,,anhydride4 ,,spots and ,,stains4 #a4 ,,oil and ,,grease ,,spots on boards1 marble1 c41 when recent1 may be removed by covering them with a paste made of fullers earth and hot water1 and the next day1 when the mixture has become perfectly dry1 scouring it off with hot soap-and-water4 ,for old spots1 a mixture of fullers earth and soft soap1 or a paste made of fresh-slaked lime and pearlash1 will be better2 observing not to touch the last with the fingers4 #b4 ,,recent ,,spots of ,,oil1 ,,grease1 or ,,wax1 on woollen cloth or silk1 may be removed with a little clean oil of turpentine or benzol2 or with a little fullers earth or scraped ,french chalk1 made into a paste with water1 and allowed to dry on them4 ,they may also be generally removed by means of a rather hot flat-iron and blotting-paper or spongy brown paper1 more especially if the cloth1 or one of the pieces of paper1 be first slightly damped4 ,,old ,,oil and ,,grease ,,spots require to be treated with ox-gall or yolk of egg1 made into a paste with fullers earth or soap4 ,,paint ,,spots1 when recent1 generally yield to the last treatment4 ,old ones1 however1 are more obstinate1 and require some fullers earth and soft soap made into a paste with either ox-gall or spirit of turpentine4 ,the #8,american ,chemist' gives the following method for extracting grease-spots from books or paper3----,gently warm the greased or spotted part of the book or paper1 and then press upon it pieces of blotting paper one after another1 so as to absorb as much of the grease as possible4 ,have ready some fine1 clear1 essential oil of turpentine heated almost to a boiling state2#aia warm the greased leaf a little1 and then with a soft1 clean brush1 wet with the heated turpentine both sides of the spotted part4 ,by repeating this application the grease will be extracted4 ,lastly1 with another brush dipped in rectified spirits of wine go over the place1 and the grease will no longer appear1 neither will the paper be discoloured4 ,footnote #aia3 ,this operation ought to be very carefully accomplished1 as the turpentine is a highly inflammable body4 ,,fruit and ,,wine ,,stains1 on linen1 commonly yield easily to hot soap-and-water4 ,if not1 they must be treated as those below4 ,,ink ,,spots and ,,recent ,,iron ,,moulds on washable fabrics may be removed by dropping on the part a little melted tallow from a common candle1 before washing the articles2 or1 by the application of a little lemon juice1 or of a little powdered cream of tartar made into a paste with hot water4 ,old ink spots and iron moulds will be found to yield almost immediately to a very little powdered oxalic acid1 which must be well rubbed upon the spot previously moistened with boiling water1 and kept hot over a basin filled with the same4 ,boettger recommends the use of pyrophosphate of soda for the removal of ink stains from coloured woven tissues1 to be applied in the form of a concentrated solution4 ,the recent ink stains are readily removed1 but older stains require washing and rubbing with the solution for a long time4 ,,stains arising from ,,alkalies and ,,alkaline ,,liquors1 when the colours are not destroyed1 give way before the application of a little lemon juice2 whilst those arising from the weaker acids and acidulous liquids yield to the fumes of ammonia1 or the application of a little spirit of hartshorn or sal volatile4 ,,stains ,,of ,,marking ,,ink may be removed by soaking the part in a solution of chloride of lime1 and afterwards rinsing it in a little solution of ammonia or of hyposulphate of soda2 or they may be rubbed with the tincture of iodine1 and then rinsed as before4 ,,nitric ,,acid ,,stains1 ,,to ,,remove4 ,the yellow stain left by nitric acid can be removed either from the skin or from brown or black woollen garments by moistening the spots for awhile with permanganate of potash1 and rinsing with water4 ,a brownish stain of manganese remains1 which may be removed from the skin by washing with aqueous solution of sulphurous acid4 ,if the spots are old they cannot be entirely removed4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,clothes1 ,,hands1 ,,scouring1 ,,stains1 c4 ,,sprain4 ,syn4 ,,subluxatio1 ,l4 ,an injury of a joint1 in which it has been strained or twisted in an unnatural manner1 without actual dislocation4 ,pain1 swelling1 and inflammation1 are the common consequences1 which must be combated by purgatives1 repose1 and a low diet1 with refrigerant lotions1 or warm fomentations1 according to circumstances4 ,in extreme cases1 blood should be taken4 ,where there is simple stiffness and weakness1 exercise is often serviceable4 ,treatment for the ,horse and other ,animals4 ,foment4 ,apply lead lotion and refrigerants4 ,,if ,,for ,,curb use counter-irritants1 or red iodide of mercury ointment1 or the firing iron2 and if for a horse a high-heeled shoe4 ,,sprat4 ,the ,clupea ,sprattus 7,linn471 a small fish of the herring family1 abounding on our coasts4 ,gutted1 coloured1 and pickled1 it is sold for anchovies1 or as ,british anchovies1 and much used to make the sauce of that name4 ,sprats contain about #f per cent4 of fat4 ,,sprengel',s ,,pump4 ,see ,,air ,,pump4 ,,sprinkles4 ,see ,,bookbinding4 ,,spruce4 ,see ,,beer1 ,,essence1 and ,,powders4 ,,spunk4 ,see ,,amadou4 ,,squill4 ,syn4 ,,scilla 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,the bulb of 8,urginea ,scilla10 sliced and dried4 ,in small doses1 squill acts as a stimulating expectorant and diuretic2 in larger ones1 as an emetic and purgative4 ,with the first intention it is generally given in substance 7powder71 in doses of #a to #c or #d gr42 with the latter1 either made into vinegar or oxymel 7which see74 ,it is an excellent remedy in coughs1 c41 after the inflammatory symptoms have subsided4 ,,staggers4 ,there are two varieties of the disease known under this name by which horses are affected1 viz4 stomach staggers1 and grass or sleepy staggers4 ,the first1 which occasionally kills the horse in twelve or fifteen hours after the attack1 is generally induced by an overladen stomach and improper food4 ,the animal has perhaps partaken largely and rapidly1 and after too long a fast1 of some diet to which it is unaccustomed1 such as vetches1 clover1 or grass4 ,these undergo decomposition within the stomach and intestines1 and give rise to such an evolution of gas1 as either to set up inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 or to lead to their rupture1 in which latter case the result is1 of course1 fatal4 ,the symptoms are a quick and feeble pulse1 attempts at vomiting1 a staggering gait1 whilst very frequently the animal sits on its haunches like a dog4 ,sleepy staggers1 which is a more chronic manifestation of the disease1 is most common during the summer and autumn months1 and generally occurs amongst horses fed on tough and indigestible food1 such as vetches or rye grass1 from which circumstances the complaint has been called #8grass staggers4' ,both kinds of the disease require the same treatment4 ,mr ,finlay ,dun prescribes a brisk purge1 consisting of #f dr4 of aloes in solution1 with a dr4 of calomel and #b oz4 of oil of turpentine2 also the injection every hour of clysters1 consisting of salt1 soap1 or tobacco smoke1 the abdomen being at the same time diligently rubbed and fomented with water nearly boiling4 ,to ward off stupor he recommends the frequent administration of #b or #c dr4 of carbonate of ammonia1 with an ounce or two of spirit of nitrous ether1 or of strong whiskey toddy1 combined with plenty of ginger4 ,to guard against a return of the attack light and easily digestible food should be administered every four or five hours1 and occasional mild purgatives should be given4 ,horses are also subject to another form of staggers called #8mad staggers4' ,this disease originates1 however1 in causes wholly dissimilar from those just stated1 being the result of phrenitis or inflammation of the brain4 ,the animal is frequently very furious and excited1 and seems wholly unable to control itself1 throwing itself madly about1 and attempting to run down anybody that comes in its way2 it is also frequently unable to keep on its legs1 and when it falls1 plunges1 and struggles violently4 ,the treatment recommended is prompt and copious bloodletting1 combined with active purges and enemas1 with refrigerant lotions to the head4 ,,stained ,,glass4 ,the art of painting or staining glass resembles enamel painting1 in the effect being produced by fluxing certain metallic substances1 as oxides or chlorides1 on its surface1 by means of heat applied in a suitable furnace4 ,the operations it embraces are difficult1 and require great promptitude and experience to prove successful4 ,the colours or compounds employed are1 for the most part1 similar to those noticed under ,,enamel and ,,paste4 ,,stains4 ,discolorations from foreign matters4 ,liquid dyes are also frequently termed #8stains4' ,see ,,spots1 c41 and below4 ,stains1 ,blood4 ,spots of dried blood on wood1 linen1 c41 however old1 are easily recognised by the microscope2 but simple stains or marks of blood of a slight character1 especially those occurring on iron or steel1 are recognised with greater difficulty4 ,to obviate this1 ,h4 ,zollikofer adopts the following plan3----,the spot is removed1 by scraping1 from the surface of the metal1 and the resulting powder is digested in tepid water1 when a liquid is obtained which exhibits the following reactions3 #a4 ,the liquid is neutralised with acid1 and heated to ebullition1 when opalisation occurs1 or a dirty red coagulum forms4 #b4 ,the coagulum is dissolved in hot liquor of potassa2 the solution1 if blood 7hmatin7 be present1 is diachromatic1 or appears green by transmitted light and red by reflected light4 #c4 ,by the addition of concentrated chlorine water1 in excess1 to either solution1 white flocks of albumen and chlorhmatin separate1 which are free from iron1 as tested by sulphocyanide of potassium4 ,obs4 ,the last two reactions are said to be characteristic4 ,very old spots must be boiled in water containing a little liquor of potassa4 ,see ,dr ,taylor's #8,medical ,jurisprudence1' and ,,blood4 ,stains1 ,bookbinder's4 ,see ,,leather1 ,,marbling1 c4 ,stains1 ,confectioner's4 ,these are similar to those noticed under ,,liqueur4 ,mineral colours1 especially mineral blues1 greens1 and yellows1 must on no account be used1 as they are nearly all dangerous poisons2 nor is there any inducement to use them1 since the vegetable substances referred to afford1 by proper management1 every shade that can be possibly required4 ,these stains are also used for cakes and pastry4 ,stains1 ,liqueur4 ,see ,,liqueur4 ,stains1 ,map4 ,see ,,maps1 ,,velvet ,,colours1 c4 ,,stam,,mering4 ,syn4 ,,bl,,sitas1 ,l4 ,occasionally this depends on some organic affection1 or slight malformation of the parts of the mouth or throat immediately connected with the utterance of vocal sounds2 but1 much more frequently1 it is a habit resulting from carelessness1 or acquired from example or imitation4 ,when the latter is the case1 it may be generally removed by perseveringly adopting the plan of never speaking without having the chest moderately filled with air1 and then only slowly and deliberately4 ,hasty and rapid speaking must not be attempted until the habit of stammering is completely subdued4 ,nervous excitement and confusion must be avoided as much as possible1 and the general health attended to1 as circumstances may direct4 ,this variety of stammering is commonly distinguished by the person being able to sing without hesitation4 ,stammering depending on elongation of the uvula1 and other like causes1 may be generally removed by a simple surgical operation4 ,,stan,,nic ,,acid4 ,peroxide of tin4 ,,starch4 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,amylaceous ,,fecula2 ,,amylum1 ,l4 ,one of the most important and widely diffused of the proximate principles of vegetables being found1 in greater or less quantity1 in every plant4 ,the mealy and farinaceous seeds1 fruits1 roots1 and the stem-pith of certain trees1 consist chiefly of starch in a nearly pure state4 ,wheat contains about #ge and potatoes about #ae of this substance4 ,from these sources the fecula is obtained by rasping or grinding to pulp the vegetable structure1 and washing the mass upon a sieve1 by which the torn cellular tissue is retained1 whilst the starch passes through with the liquid1 and eventually settles down from the latter as a soft1 white1 insoluble powder1 which1 after being thoroughly washed with cold water1 is dried in the air1 or with a very gentle heat4 ,,wheat ,,starch 7,,amylum1 ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47 is commonly prepared by steeping the flour in water for a week1 or a fortnight1 during which time the saccharine portion ferments and the starch granules become freed1 for the most part1 from the glutinous matter which envelops them1 by the disintegrating and solvent action of the lactic acid generated by the fermentation4 ,the sour liquor is then drawn off1 and the feculous residue washed on a sieve2 what passes through is allowed to settle1 when the liquid is again drawn off1 and the starch thoroughly washed from the slimy matter2 it is then drained in perforated boxes1 cut up into square lumps1 placed on porous bricks to absorb the moisture1 and1 lastly1 air- or stove-dried4 ,in the preparation of starch from potatoes 7potato starch7 and other like vegetable substances1 the roots or tubers1 after being washed and peeled1 either by hand-labour or by machinery1 are rasped by a revolving grater1 and the pulp washed on hair sieves until freed from feculous matter4 ,successive portions of the pulp are thus treated until the vessel over which the sieves are placed1 or into which the washings run1 is sufficiently full4 ,the starch held in suspension in the water having subsided to the bottom1 the water is drawn off1 and the starch stirred up with fresh water1 and again allowed to subside4 ,this operation is repeated several times1 with fresh water1 until the starch is rendered sufficiently pure for commercial purposes1 when it is washed and dried as before4 ,the waste fibres and the washing waters are used as manure4 ,the starch manufactory at ,hohenziatz treated #abaf tons of potatoes for starch between the #dth ,october1 #ahgd1 and the #fth ,february1 #ahge4 ,the waste water after passing through precipitating vats1 c41 for the purpose of collecting all the particles of starch1 was conducted into a reservoir and mixed with spring water4 ,this water was conducted over a meadow of #ahe acres1 and then passed to a meadow of #die acres1 and from this to the third and last1 which contained #fai acres4 ,the #bifd acres received the water from #ajfd tons of potatoes1 or for each acre #dch cwt4 of potash1 #abf cwt4 of phosphoric acid and #abg of nitrogen4 ,the following table shows analysis 7#a7 of potato water2 7#b7 of the same diluted2 7#c7 of water from the first meadow2 7#d7 water from the second meadow2 #a litre contained---- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 mg4 mg4 mg4 mg4 ,whole solid matter #ahegh #cbch #cbbh #bfbj ,organic matter #aacdb #ajah #chj #ghh ,inorganic matter #gbch #bbbj #cdhh #ahcb ,potash #babe #eej #dab #hb ,phosphoric acid #eff #ee trace trace ,nitrogen #adjg #abj #dj #ia ,ammonia #cgd #j #j #j ,nitric acid #ch trace trace trace ,the disappearance of ammonia and phosphoric acid in #b is accounted for by the precipitation of phosphate of magnesium and ammonium on the addition of the spring water4 ,the harvest in hay before the use of potato water was #aiac cwt4 per acre1 and afterwards #cahh cwt4 ,the composition of the hay is better than before1 as will be seen by the following comparative table3---- #a #b ,moisture #aejj #aejj ,woody matter #bbff #bbhh ,mineral matter #gfd #hfi ,sol4 in ether #bjj #bcj ,albumen #ajhi #aehe ,extractable matter not containing #daha #cecd nitrogen ------------ ------------ #ajjjj #ajjjjaib ,footnote #aib3 #8,dingl4 ,polyt4 ,jour41' ccxxv1 #cid-cif 7#8,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc1'74 ,in the manufacture of starch from rice and ,indian corn 7rice starch1 maize starch71 a very dilute solution of caustic soda1 containing about #bjj gr4 of alkali to each gallon of liquid1 is employed to facilitate the disintegration and separation of the gluten and other nitrogenised matters4 ,a weak solution of ammonia1 or sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 is also similarly employed with advantage4 ,the gluten may be recovered by saturating the alkali with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,such starch does not require boiling1 and is less apt than wheat starch to attract moisture from the atmosphere4 ,most of the so-called #8wheaten starch' of commerce used by laundresses is now prepared from rice4 ,to whiten the starches made from damaged roots and grains1 and the coarser portions of those from sound ones1 a little solution of chloride of lime is occasionally added to the water1 followed by another water containing a very little dilute sulphuric acid2 every trace of the last being afterwards removed by the copious use of pure soft or spring water4 ,the bluish-white starch used by laundresses is coloured with a mixture of smalts and alum in water1 and is regarded as unfit for medicinal purposes4 ,prop41 c4 ,starch is insoluble in cold water1 and in alcohol and most other liquids1 but it readily forms a gelatinous compound 7amidin7 with water at about #age ,fahr42 alcohol and most of the astringent salts precipitate it from its solutions2 infusion of galls throws down a copious yellowish precipitate1 containing tannic acid1 which is redissolved by heating the liquid2 heat and dilute acids convert it into dextrin and grape sugar2 strong alkaline lyes dissolve it1 and ultimately decompose it4 ,sp4 gr4 #aec4 ,to the naked eye it presents the appearance of a soft1 white1 and often glistening powder2 under the microscope it is seen to be altogether destitute of crystalline structure1 but to possess1 on the contrary1 a kind of organisation1 being made of multitudes of little rounded transparent bodies1 upon each of which a series of depressed parallel rings1 surrounding a central spot or hilum1 may be traced4 ,the starch granules from different plants vary both in magnitude and form4 ,those of potato starch and canna starch 7tous les mois7 are the largest1 and those of rice and millet starch the smallest1 the dimensions ranging from #a_/bjj to the #a_/ajjjj of an inch4 ,the granules of arrow-root and tous les mois are ovoid1 those of potato starch both oblong and circular those of tapioca muller-shaped1 and those of wheat starch circular4 ,identif4 ,one of the commonest frauds practised upon the profession and the public is the admixture of the cheaper kinds of starch1 chiefly potato farina1 with arrow-root1 and vending manufactured for genuine tapioca1 sago1 and other articles of diet1 used for invalids and children4 ,these sophistications are most easily detected with a good microscope4#aic ,footnote #aic3 ,drawings of the principal starches will be found under the substances from which they are obtained1 as 8arrow-root10 c4 ,starch1 ,iodide of4 ,syn4 ,,amyli ,,iodidum1 ,,amyli ,,iodatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,castr4 ,ruthena47 ,iodine1 #bd gr42 rectified spirit1 a few drops2 rub them to a powder2 then add of starch1 #a oz41 and again triturate1 until the mass assumes a uniform colour4 ,recommended by ,dr ,a4 ,buchanan1 of ,glasgow1 as producing the alterative effects of iodine1 without the usual irritant action of that medicine4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or more1 in water-gruel1 or any bland liquid1 twice or thrice a day4 ,starch1 ,soluble ,iodide of4 7,petit47 ,prep4 ,iodine1 #ab grammes2 starch1 #ajj grammes2 ether1 q4 s4 ,dissolve the iodine in the ether1 pour the resulting solution over the starch1 and triturate until the ether has sufficiently evaporated4 ,put the product in a porcelain capsule and expose it to the heat of a boiling water bath for half an hour1 with occasional stirring4 ,this treatment is sufficient to render it entirely soluble in hot water4 ,dr ,bellini strongly recommends iodide of starch as a valuable antidote in cases of poisoning by caustic alkalies1 alkaline1 or earthy sulphides1 and vegetable alkaloids4 ,the advantages attending its employment1 he says1 are3 that it may be administered in large doses2 that it does not possess the irritating properties of free iodine2 and that it readily forms harmless compounds with the substances named4 ,to avoid the subsequent decomposition of the latter1 he advises its administration to be followed by an emetic4 ,as an antidote to alkaline and earthy sulphides1 the author thinks it preferable to all others4 ,in cases of poisoning by ammonia1 caustic potash1 or soda1 it is applicable when acid drinks are not on hand4 ,,starching 7,clear74 ,muslins1 c41 are #8clear-starched' or #8got-up' by laundresses in the following manner3----,rinse the articles in three waters1 dry them1 and dip them into thick-made starch1 which has been previously strained through a piece of muslin2 squeeze them1 shake them gently1 and again hang them up to dry2 when they are dry1 dip them twice or thrice into clear water1 squeeze them1 spread them on a linen cloth1 roll them up in it1 and let them lie an hour before ironing them4 ,some persons put a morsel of sugar into the starch1 to prevent its sticking whilst ironing1 and others stir the starch with a candle to effect the same end2 both these practices are as injurious as unnecessary4 ,the best plan to prevent sticking is simply to use the best starch1 and to make it well1 and to have the irons quite clean and highly polished4 ,mr ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmeier recommends the addition of a small piece of paraffin 7a piece of paraffin candle-end7 to the starch1 to increase the glossiness of the ironed fabric4 ,,stars4 7,in pyrotechny47 ,prop4 #a4 7,brilliant----,marsh47 ,nitrate1 #eb-a_/b parts2 sulphur and black antimony1 of each #ac parts2 reduce them to powder1 make them into a stiff paste with isinglass1 #a-a_/b parts1 dissolved in a mixture of vinegar1 #f-a_/b parts2 and spirits of wine1 #ac parts2 lastly1 form this into small pieces1 and whilst moist1 roll them in meal gunpowder4 #b4 7,,white----,ruggieri47 ,nitre1 #af parts2 sulphur1 #g parts2 gunpowder1 #d parts2 as the last4 #c4 7,,golden ,,rain47----a4 7,ruggieri47 ,nitre and gunpowder1 of each #af parts2 sulphur1 #aj parts2 charcoal1 #d parts2 lampblack1 #b parts2 mix1 and pack it into small paper tubes4 b4 7,ruggieri47 ,nitre1 #af parts2 sulphur and gunpowder1 of each #h parts2 charcoal and lampblack1 of each #b parts2 as the last4 c4 7,marsh47 ,mealed gunpowder1 #ff-c_/d parts2 sulphur1 #aa parts2 charcoal1 #bb-a_/d parts2 as before4 ,used for the #8garniture' of rockets1 c4 ,see ,,pyrotechny4 ,,staves,,acre4 ,syn4 ,,stavesacre ,,seeds2 ,,staphisagri ,,semina1 ,,staphisagria 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 8,the seed of ,delphinium ,staphisagria1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,this article is powerfully emetic and cathartic1 but is now scarcely ever used internally4 ,mixed with hair powder1 it is used to kill lice4 ,an infusion or ointment made with it is said to be infallible in itch1 but its use requires some caution4 ,,stays4 ,syn4 ,,corset4 ,stays1 8before womanhood1 are instruments of barbarity and torture1 and then they are needed only to give beauty to the chest4 ,it is the duty of every mother1 and every guardian of children1 to inquire the purpose for which stays were introduced into female attire4 ,was it for warmth8 ,if so1 they certainly fulfil the intention very badly1 and are much inferior to an elastic woollen habit1 or one of silk quilted with wool4 ,was it to force the ribs1 while yet soft and pliable1 into the place of the liver and stomach1 and the two latter into the space allotted for other parts1 to engender disease and deformity to the sufferer and her children for generations8 ,truly1 if this were the object1 the device is most successful1 and the intention most ingeniously fulfilled40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 8,only observe10 exclaimed ,dr ,john ,hunter----8only observe1 if the statue of the ,medicean ,venus were to be dressed in stays1 and her beautiful feet compressed into a pair of execrably tight shoes1 it would extort a smile from an ,heraclitus1 and a horse-laugh from a ,cynic40 8,the ,turkish ladies express horror at seeing ,englishwomen so tightly laced40 7,lady ,m4 ,w4 ,montague47 ,see ,,distortions4 ,,steam4 ,the application of steam of the laboratory1 as a source of heat1 is commonly effected by means of double pans1 to the space between which steam1 at a moderate pressure1 is introduced1 the arrangements being such as to permit of the condensed steam1 or distilled water1 being removed1 by means of a cock1 nearly as soon as formed1 or as may be desirable4 ,another plan is to place coils of metal pipe along the bottom of cisterns1 vats1 c41 formed either of wood or metal1 and to keep them supplied with high-pressure steam4 8,it is quite susceptible of positive proof that by no arrangement yet discovered1 can more than two thirds of the heat generated by a given quantity of coal1 during combustion1 be fairly absorbed and utilised in any of our manufactories2 and1 moreover1 there are undeniable facts1 which demonstrate that seldom1 in the burning of coal1 are more than three fourths of the total heat1 which might be eliminated1 actually obtained2 thus justifying the supposition that one half of all the coal now consumed is virtually wasted and lost to society40 ,to lessen1 as much as possible1 this loss various improvements have been made1 8which1 for the most part1 have consisted in lengthening the flues1 and exposing a larger surface of the boiler to the action of the heated air passing from the furnace to the chimney40 8,remembering that air is an extremely bad conductor of heat1 and that water about to be converted into steam is also a bad conductor1 it is evident that time must form an important element in the perfect transmission of heat from one of these to the other2 and hence1 with a great velocity of current existing in the flues1 very little heat would pass from air1 however high its temperature1 to water contained in a boiler1 and so circumstanced with respect to its all but gaseous condition40 ,the results of the experiments on fuel made at the ,museum of ,practical ,geology by ,sir ,h4 de la ,beche and ,dr ,lyon ,playfair go clearly to show that 8to open the damper of a steam-boiler furnace is pretty generally to diminish the effective power of the fuel40 8,great waste of coal now arises from this simple circumstance2 and much of the heat of the fire1 which ought to go to the boiler1 is lost by its 7too7 hasty transmission up the chimney4 ,if1 however1 there be thus far room for improvement in the direction just indicated1 still wider is the vacant space1 caused by imperfect combustion1 or1 in technical phrase1 #8bad stoking1' merely because the stoker1 to economise his labour1 and to avoid trouble1 throws on to the bars of his furnace a thick layer of fuel1 by which loss is caused in two or three directions40 ,these are1 principally1 imperfect combustion1 and the volatilisation of fuel1 as smoke1 c41 from an insufficient supply of air1 and from a mass of mere red-hot coke or cinder1 two or three inches thick1 lying between the boiler and the hottest part of the furnace2 which last1 according to ,dr ,kennedy1 is about one inch above the fire-bars4 ,besides which1 8in passing over this red-hot coke1 the carbonic acid would be converted into carbonic oxide1 and thus not only remove a quantity of carbon equal to its own1 without yielding any additional heat1 but actually with the production of cold1 or1 in other words1 the absorption of heat40 7#8,dict4 ,arts1 ,manuf41 and ,mines4'7 ,this points to the evident policy of using a smoke-consuming furnace1 as noticed elsewhere4 ,another matter worthy of remark is the constant waste of heat1 and1 consequently1 of fuel1 in laboratories and manufactories in which steam is employed1 owing to the exposed condition of the pipes1 boilers1 and pans4 ,all of these should be well #8clothed' or covered by some non-conducting medium1 to prevent loss of heat by radiation1 and by contact with the atmosphere4 ,not only does economy dictate such a course1 but the health and comfort of the workpeople demand that the atmosphere in which they labour should be as little heated and poisoned as possible4 ,,table of corresponding ,pressure and ,temperatures of ,steam4 ,by ,,arago and ,,dulong4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,pressure ,temperature1,pressure ,temperature1 in in ,atmospheres4#aid ,fahr4 ,atmospheres4#aid ,fahr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,degrees4 ,degrees4 #a #bab #ac #chjff #a-a_/b #bcd #ad #chfid #b #beje #ae #cibhf #b-a_/b #bfch #af #cihdh #c #bgeb #ag #djchc #c-a_/b #bhe #ah #djhib #d #bicg #ai #dacgh #d-a_/b #cjjc #bj #dahdf #e #cjge #ba #dbbif #e-a_/b #cadbd #bb #dbgbh #f #cbjcf #bc #dcadb #f-a_/b #cbfbf #bd #dceef #g #ccag #be #dcicd #g-a_/b #ccfhf #cj #degaf #h #cdagh #ce #dgbgc #i #cejgh #dj #dhfei #aj #cehhh #de #diiad #aa #cffhe #ej #eajf #ab #cgd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,footnote #aid3 ,estimating #adf lbs4 #a atmosphere4 ,a cubic inch of water1 during its conversion into steam1 under the ordinary pressure of the atmosphere1 expands into #afif cubic inches1 or nearly a cubic foot4 ,one part1 by weight1 of steam1 at #bab ,fahr41 when condensed into cold water1 is found to be capable of raising #ef parts of the latter from the freezing to the boiling point4 ,see ,,fuel1 ,,pit-,,coal1 ,,smoke1 c4 ,,stear,,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#ah;,h#ce,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,stearin 7,commercial74 ,this is obtained from stearin 7see below71 by saponification4 ,prep4 #a4 ,repeatedly dissolve and crystallise commercial stearic acid in hot alcohol1 until its melting point becomes constant at not less than #aeh ,fahr4 ,pure4 #b4 7,chevreul47 ,saponify mutton suet with caustic potassa1 and dissolve the newly formed soap in #f times its weight of hot water2 to the solution add #dj or #ej parts of cold water1 and set the mixture aside in a temperature of about #eb ,fahr42 after a time separate the pearly matter 7stearate and margarate of potassa7 which falls1 drain and wash it on a filter1 and dissolve it in #bd parts of hot alcohol of sp4 gr4 #hbj2 collect the stearate of potassa which falls as the liquid cools1 recrystallise it in alcohol1 and decompose it1 in boiling water1 with hydrochloric acid2 lastly1 wash the disengaged stearic acid in hot water1 and dry it4 #c4 7,commercial47 ,ordinary tallow is boiled in large wooden vessels1 by means of high pressure steam1 with about #af of hydrate of lime 7equiv4 to #aa of pure lime71 for #c or #d hours1 or until the combination is complete1 and an earthy soap is formed1 when the whole is allowed to cool2 the product 7stearate of lime7 is then transferred to another wooden vessel1 and decomposed by adding to it #d parts of oil of vitriol 7diluted with water7 for every #c parts of slaked lime previously employed1 the action being promoted by steam heat and brisk agitation2 after repose1 the liberated fat is decanted from the sediment 7sulphate of lime7 and water1 and is then well washed with water1 and by blowing steam into it2 it is next allowed to cool1 when it is reduced to shavings by means of a number of knives worked by machinery1 and in this divided state is placed in canvas bags and submitted to the action of a powerful hydraulic press1 by which a large portion of the oleic acid which it contains is expelled2 the pressed cakes are then a second time exposed to the action of steam and water1 again cooled1 and coarsely powdered1 and again submitted to the joint action of steam and pressure2 they are1 lastly1 melted1 and cast into blocks for sale4 ,obs4 ,this product is a more or less impure mixture of stearic acid and other fatty bodies1 particularly the so-called margaric acid1 now generally regarded as a mixture of palmitic and stearic acids4 ,the hard1 fatty acids of vegetable origin 7palmitic1 cocinic1 myristic1 c471 now so extensively used as candle materials1 are obtained from the natural oils and butters by the process known as #8sulphuric acid saponification1' which consists in treating the fatty bodies with #e or #f of concentrated sulphuric acid at a high temperature 7about #cej ,fahr41 produced by superheated steam71 and distilling the resulting mass by the aid of steam heated to about #efj ,fahr4 ,frequently the operations of hot and cold pressing are resorted to in order to free the product from the softer fats4 ,by a patent process employed at ,price's candle works the natural vegetable fats are decomposed into their constituents 7fatty acids and glycerin7 by the action of superheated steam alone1 without previous #8saponification' with lime or sulphuric acid4 ,another method for the preparation of commercial stearic acid is that of ,messrs ,moinier and ,bontigny4 ,this process is thus described in the #8,chemical ,technology' of ,messrs ,ronalds and ,richardson3----,two tons of tallow and #ijj gall4 of water are introduced into a large rectangular vat of about #bgj feet capacity4 ,the tallow is melted by means of steam admitted through a pipe coiled round the bottom1 and the whole kept at the boiling heat for an hour1 during which a current of sulphurous acid is forced in4 ,at the end of this period #f cwt4 of lime1 made into milk with #cej gall4 of water1 are added4 ,the mixture soon acquires consistence1 and becomes frothy and viscid4 ,the whole is now agitated in order to regulate the ebullitions1 and prevent the sudden swelling up of the soapy materials4 ,the pasty appearance of the lime soap succeeds1 and it then agglomerates into small nodular masses4 ,the admission of sulphurous acid is now stopped2 but the injection of the steam is continued until the small masses become hard and homogeneous4 ,the whole period occupies eight hours1 but the admission of the sulphurous acid is discontinued at the end of about three hours4 ,the water containing the glycerin is run off through a tube into cisterns prepared to receive it4 ,the arrangements for preparing sulphurous acids are retorts1 into which are put sulphuric acid and pieces of wood2 upon the application of heat the sulphurous acid passes off1 and is conveyed by leaden pipes into the vessels containing the tallow4 ,the lime soap formed is then moistened with #ab cwt4 of sulphuric acid1 at #aej ,fahr41 diluted with #ej gall4 of water4 ,the whole is thoroughly agitated and the steam cautiously admitted1 so as not to dilute the acid too much until the decomposition is general at all points4 ,this occupies about #c hours1 and in #b or #c hours more the sulphate of lime has collected at the bottom1 while the fatty acids are floating on the surface of the solution of the bisulphate of lime4 ,several processes of washing with steam and water are necessary to ensure the removal of the sulphate of lime1 c41 and after settling for #d hours the fatty acids are forced through a fixed siphon1 into a vat1 where they are again washed with water2 they are then siphoned at last into a trough lined with lead1 on the bottom of which are placed leaden gutters1 pierced below by long pegs of wood4 ,the fatty acids are then placed in clothes and subjected to pressure in the stearin cold press4 ,in #ahga ,professor ,boek of ,copenhagen1 after a careful microscopic and chemical investigation1 discovered that the neutral fats were composed of a congeries of little globules enclosed in albuminous envelopes4 ,to the presence of these latter substances in the fat he attributed the difficulty of eliminating the fatty acids from it by means either of sulphuric acid1 except in excess1 or of alkali1 except under great pressure2 conceiving that both these agents as employed under the usual methods were expended in rupturing and destroying the albuminous coverings4 ,the inconveniences arising from the above processes are1 in the case of the excess of the sulphuric acid1 a considerable destruction of the fatty acid1 as well as the necessity of its distillation1 and the consequent danger of conflagration2 whilst in the case of the alkali1 this must either be used in quantities much greater than theory requires1 or else be heated under great pressure1 at the risk of giving rise to an explosion4 ,in ,professor ,boek's process these dangers1 together with the waste of material1 are avoided4 ,by submitting the fat for a limited time and at a given temperature to the action of a small quantity of sulphuric acid1 the albuminous envelopes are broken and partly destroyed4 ,the neutral fat thus liberated is then placed in open tanks in water1 by which1 after the expiration of several hours1 it becomes decomposed4 ,when this is completely effected the glycerin1 dissolved in the water used for the decomposition1 is removed2 the fatty acids which remain behind1 and which amount to #id per cent4 of the original fat1 being at this stage of the operation dark brown or blackish in colour4 ,in this condition they are placed in open tanks1 and dilute solutions of certain agents are poured upon them1 whereby the albuminous dbris as well as the colouring matters with which they are associated become oxidised1 whilst the specific gravity of these latter is in consequence so increased as to cause them to subside to the bottom of the tank1 leaving the fatty acids1 now greatly whitened1 on the upper part of the liquid4 ,the acids after being washed #b or #c times with dilute acid and water are then cooled1 and hot-pressed in the usual manner1 and the stearic acid thus obtained is said to have a higher melting point1 and to be larger in yield than that obtained by any other method1 an oleic acid of excellent quality being at the same time produced4 ,in #ahgd a ,french patent was taken out for an improvement in the manufacture of stearic acid4 ,the patentee employs carbon disulphide to increase the fluidity of the oleic acid1 so that the warm pressure of the crude stearic acid is avoided4 ,the addition of the carbon disulphide may be made either before or after the cold pressing of the stearic acid4 ,the crude fat acid is melted in a special apparatus1 and #bj per cent4 of the disulphide is mixed with it whilst in the fluid state4 ,it is then left to cool and subjected to cold pressure4 ,the stearic acid thus obtained should be free from oleic acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure stearic acid crystallises in milk-white needles1 which are soluble in ether and in cold alcohol1 and forms salts with the bases1 called stearates4 ,the commercial acid is made into candles4 ,see ,,candles1 ,,fat1 ,,oils 7,fixed71 and ,,tallow4 ,,ste,,arin4 ,c#eg;,h#aaj,o#f4 ,the solid portion of fats which is insoluble in cold alcohol4 ,prep4 ,pure strained mutton suet is melted in a glass flask along with #g or #h times its weight of ether1 and the solution allowed to cool2 the soft1 pasty1 semi-crystalline mass is then transferred to a cloth and is strongly pressed as rapidly as possible1 in order to avoid unnecessary evaporation2 the solid portion is then redissolved in ether1 and the solution allowed to crystallise1 as before4 ,the product is nearly pure4 ,prop41 c4 ,white2 semi-crystalline2 insoluble in water and cold alcohol2 soluble in #bbe parts of cold ether1 and freely so in boiling ether4 ,it melts at #acj ,fahr4 ,the stearin of commerce is stearic acid4 ,,stearop,,ten4 ,the name given by ,herberger to the concrete portion or camphor of volatile oils4 ,bizio calls it stereusin4 ,,steel4 ,this important material may be defined as iron chemically combined with sufficient carbon to give it extreme toughness and hardness without brittleness4 ,according to one of our greatest authorities on metallurgy1 steel should contain from #hcc to #afg of carbon1 these numbers referring respectively to the softest and the hardest varieties4 ,by some authorities silicon in small quantities is supposed to be a useful ingredient in steel1 and to increase its capacity for being hardened2 an opinion dissented from by others1 who hold that its presence has a tendency to interfere with the welding of the metal4 ,faraday and ,stodart believed that the addition of small quantities of chromium and iridium to steel served to improve its quality1 and the same has been asserted of tungsten and titanium2 but on these points there is still a divergence of opinion1 and no satisfactory decision has yet been arrived at concerning them4 ,manganese has also been credited with the property of improving steel1 but as it has been found that only a very minute quantity of the manganese is taken up by the steel1 an indirect influence may possibly be exercised by it1 viz4 its power of uniting with the stage1 and of carrying away any prejudicial excess of sulphur and phosphorus with it2 and in this manner it may contribute to the increased purity of the metal4 ,the addition of manganese to cast steel constitutes ,mr ,heath's patent1 the chief advantage of which is that blistered steel made from ,british bar iron can be substituted for the much more expensive ,swedish and ,russian iron1 in certain branches of iron manufacture4 8,among the various substances which are frequently present in malleable iron and in cast iron1 those which are more prejudicial to the quality of steel are sulphur1 phosphorus1 and copper4 ,the amount of sulphur in steel of the best quality rarely exceeds #jab2 within the limit of #a per cent4 it is considered to render the metal more capable of being welded at a moderate heat1 but to make it red short4 ,phosphorus also renders steel more capable of being welded1 and at the same time makes its cold short when it amounts to #a per cent4 ,the best steel rarely contains so much4 ,copper renders steel decidedly red short when present in very small amount1 and for this reason iron smelted from ores containing copper pyrites is not suitable for making steel40#aie ,footnote #aie3 ,payen4 ,within the last few years great attention has been paid to the investigation of the chemistry of steel4 ,the researches of ,despretz and ,fremy tend to the conclusion that nitrogen exercises a very important influence over the phenomena of #8steeling1' and that carbon plays a less necessary part2 while those of ,caron and ,deville still refer the formation of steel to the chemical combination of iron with carbon4 ,there is no test of the value of steel beyond its elasticity and temper1 and the fineness1 equality1 and smoothness of its grain4 ,cast iron1 wrought iron1 and steel are all combinations of iron and carbon1 differing in the amount they contain of the latter element4 ,as cast iron contains a larger and wrought iron a smaller proportion of carbon than steel1 it follows that to convert the cast iron into steel1 its excess of carbon must be removed2 whilst conversely1 to make the wrought iron into steel1 the requisite amount of carbon must be added to it4 ,thus it is that the various processes for the manufacture of steel 7with the exception of those which propose to obtain it direct from the ores7 are directed to one or other of these ends1 viz4 the decarburation of cast or pig iron1 and the carburation of wrought or malleable iron4 #a4 ,in the first1 or decarburation method1 the oxygen of the air plays an important part4 ,best carbon is heated with coal or charcoal1 in some works on the refining hearth1 in others upon the bed of the puddling furnace4 ,the oxygen burnt off the excess of carbon from the iron and steel is left4 ,payen says that when the iron contains slag1 the ferrous silicate present in this takes part in the reaction4 ,the steel obtained by this method is called natural steel4 ,it is afterwards subjected to forging1 and being of inferior quality is employed in the manufacture of springs for machinery1 railway carriages1 wheel tyres1 ploughs1 and other farming implements4 ,the following ,table1 from #8,payen's ,industrial ,chemistry' gives the ,composition of several kinds of ,steel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,carbon4 -------------- ,kind of ,steel4,locality4 ,fe4 ,mn4 ,cu4 ,comb- ,graphi- ined4 tic4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,natural ,steel ,siegen 444 444 #cgi #afih 444 ,ditto ,solingen 444 444 444 #aegj 444 ,puddled ,steel ,hartz 444 #jab 444 #achj 444 ,cement ,steel ,english 444 444 444 #ahjg 444 ,ditto ,german 444 444 444 #daf #jhj ,cast ,steel ,sheffield 444 444 444 #iej #bbj ,ditto ,ditto 444 444 444 #ageh ,ditto ,french 444 444 444 #fe ,sword ,steel ,damascus 444 #jgj 444 #ajhi ,ditto ,ditto 444 trace 444 #gge ,wootz ,indian 444 444 444 #aejj ,ditto ,ditto #ihjib 444 444 #accc #cab ,cast ,steel ,german 444 trace #cjj #aahj ,ditto ,english 444 #jbd #jff #abge ,bessemer ,steel,dowlais 444 #egf #jbe #dij ,ditto ,sweden 444 trace 444 #jhe ,ditto 444 444 #agi 444 #cjj ,ditto 444 444 #bef 444 #gjj ,ditto 444 444 #dfh 444 #iej ,ditto 444 444 #cee 444 #ajej ,wired ,barrow- 444 #bad 444 #bjj in-,furness ,rail ,heads ,german 444 #chf 444 #ach ,rails 444 444 #bfd 444 #aej ,ditto 444 444 #fch 444 #jdf ,boiler ,plates 444 444 #acf 444 #bej ,ditto 444 444 #bgc 444 #cjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,kind of ,steel4 ,si4 ,s4 ,p4 ,authority4 ---------------------------------------- - ,natural ,steel #jch 444 444 ,karsten4 ,ditto #jbj 444 444 ,lampadius4 ,puddled ,steel #jjf 7at#ab7trace,brauns4 ,cement ,steel #ajj 444 444 ,berthier4 ,ditto 444 444 444 ,bromeis4 ,cast ,steel 444 444 444 ,ditto4 ,ditto 444 444 444 ,karsten4 ,ditto #jdj 444 444 444 ,sword ,steel 444 7,ni#jg ,wo#ja7 444 ,ditto 444 7,ni#ba 444 ,co trace ,wo trace7 ,wootz #fjj 444 444 444 ,ditto #jde 7as #jcg7 444 ,henry4 ,cast ,steel #ccj 7,ni #ab7 #jbj 444 ,ditto #bac 7as#jjg7 444 444 ,bessemer ,steel#jji #jjc #jcf 444 ,ditto #jjh trace #jbe;,brusewitz4 ,ditto #jdd do4 #jcc ,ditto4 ,ditto #jcb do4 444 ,ditto4 ,ditto #jdg do4 #jcb ,ditto4 ,ditto #jfg do4 444 ,ditto4 ,wired #agi #jcj #jbf ,ditto4 ,rail ,heads #cjf #jdj #jcd ,ditto4 ,rails #jia #jbe #jcb ,ditto4 ,ditto #fcd #jde #jic ,ditto4 ,boiler ,plates #jaf #jaj 444 ,ditto4 ,ditto #jef #jdj #jda ,ditto4 ---------------------------------------- - ,krupp's cast steel1 manufactured at ,essen1 near ,cologne1 is a natural steel1 being made on the bed of a puddling furnace4 ,it is obtained from hmatite and spathic ore1 coke being used for the smelting4 ,the proportion of carbon in ,krupp's steel is about #ab per cent4 ,when required for ordnance it is fused with a little bar iron in pots1 each of which holds #cj lbs4 ,it sometimes happens that in the manufacture of a huge gun or cannon the contents of as many as #abjj of these pots are required4 ,when this is the case the pots are emptied of their molten contents simultaneously into a channel leading to the cast1 #djj well-drilled men being required to carry out the operation4 ,it is very essential that castings of such magnitude should be allowed to cool very gradually4 ,they are therefore enveloped in hot cinders for two or three months1 after which they are ready for the forging4 #b4 ,the carburation method4 ,this is generally effected by the process known as #8cementation1' which is carried out as follows3----,two chests1 made of fire-brick or stone1 one narrow end of each of which is shown in the accompanying plate1 are so fixed in a dome-shaped furnace1 so that the flames from the hearth beneath can effectually play around them4 ,the process renders it necessary that the temperature of the furnace should be steadily maintained for some days2 and this is achieved by surrounding the furnace with a conical wall of brick-work1 as shown in the cut4 ,the chests are usually about #aj or #ab feet in length1 #c feet in height1 and #c feet in depth4 ,a layer of charcoal of a fineness to pass through a sieve of a #a_/d inch mesh1 or of soot1 is placed on the bottom of each chest1 and upon this the bars of wrought iron which are intended for conversion into steel4 ,the bars inside must be of iron of the best quality1 and generally about #c inches broad and #c_/d of an inch thick4 ,when arranged regularly a little distance apart1 the interstices between them are filled up with charcoal1 with which they are then covered to a depth of about an inch4 ,similar layers of bars1 similarly arranged1 succeed to this first one1 until the chests are filled4 ,they are then covered in to a depth of #f inches with a luting of damp clay or sand4 ,each chest when thus filled contains from #e to #f tons of iron4 ,one of the bars projects through an opening at the end of the chest1 to facilitate an inspection of it from time to time by a workman1 so that he may be enabled to judge of the progress of the operation4 ,the materials of which the chests are composed render it important that the temperature of the furnace should be carefully and gradually increased1 as a too sudden accession of heat would lead to the splitting of the chests4 ,the temperature necessary to effect the carburation of the iron has been found to be that required for the melting of copper1 viz4 #aiif ,fahr4 ,when this temperature is reached it is maintained for eight or ten days1 or even longer1 the period depending upon the thickness of the iron1 and the degree of hardness it is desired it shall possess4 ,six or eight days are sufficient to yield steel of a moderate degree of hardness4 ,at the end of the requisite time the fire is gradually put out1 and the chests as gradually cooled1 a process which occupies about another ten days4 ,illustration ,the effect of the treatment to which the iron bars have been subjected has been1 in the first place1 to entirely alter their interior structure2 for if they are broken asunder at any part1 instead of showing the fibrous arrangement observable in bar iron1 they present a closely granular one4 ,in the second place1 chemical analyses demonstrate that the iron has combined with about #a per cent4 of carbon1 and that this combination has not only taken place on the surface of the bar1 but has extended throughout its whole substance4 ,it is because of this perfect impregnation of the iron by the solid carbon that the process by which it has thus been converted into steel is called #8cementation4' ,two suggestions have been offered in explanation of the blistered surface presented by the steel4 ,one of these1 the theory of ,mr ,t4 ,h4 ,henry1 is that part of the carbon in penetrating into the body of the bar iron had combined with the small quantity of sulphur present in the iron1 and that the bisulphide of carbon thus formed becoming vaporised by the elevated temperature1 in escaping through the soft surface of the metal1 has caused its blistered condition4 ,the second conjecture is that the blebs have arisen from the extrication of carbonic oxide1 which had been formed in the bar by the union of the carbon with the small quantity of oxide of iron or slag accidentally remaining in it4 ,graham has shown that soft iron has the power of absorbing or occluding at a low red heat #dae times its volume of carbolic oxide1 which the metal1 when it becomes cold1 retains1 but which it parts with when subjected to a temperature such as that which prevailed in the cementation box4 ,this fact seems to offer a reasonable confirmation of the reaction it has been surmised takes place during the cementation process1 and which is supposed to be as follows3 ,the small quantity of atmospheric oxygen remaining in the chest unites with the carbon to form carbonic oxide4 ,this carbonic oxide gives up half its carbon to the iron 7which thereby becomes converted into steel71 and in doing so changes to carbonic acid1 which becomes reduced to carbonic oxide by the absorption of more carbon from the charcoal1 which carbon the carbonic oxide again transfers to the iron4 ,the above reaction may not improbably occur throughout the substance of the bar4 ,by some chemists1 cyanogen compounds are supposed to be present in the cementation powder1 and the cyanogen contained in these is supposed to be the carrier of the carbon to the iron4 8,the blistered steel obtained by this process is1 as would be expected1 far from uniform1 either in composition or texture2 some portions of the bar contain more carbon than others1 and the interior contains numerous cavities4 ,in order to improve its quality it is subjected to a process of fagotting similar to that employed in the case of bar iron2 the bars of blistered steel1 being cut into short lengths are made up into bundles1 which are raised to a welding heat1 and placed under a tilt hammer weighing about #b cwt41 which strikes #bjj or #cjj blows in a minute2 in this way1 the several bars are consolidated into one compound bar1 which is then extended under the hammer till of the required dimensions4 8,the bars1 before being hammered1 are sprinkled with sand1 which combines with the oxide of iron upon the surface1 and forms a vitreous layer which protects the bar from oxidation4 ,the steel which has been thus hammered is much denser and more uniform in composition2 its tenacity1 malleability1 and ductibility are greatly increased1 and it is fitted for the manufacture of shears1 files1 and other tools4 ,it is commonly known as shear steel4 ,double shear steel is obtained by breaking the tilted bars in two1 and welding these into a compound bar4 ,the best variety of steel1 however1 which is perfectly homogeneous in composition1 is that known as cast steel1 to obtain which about #cj lbs4 of blistered steel are broken into fragments1 and fused in a fire-clay or plumbago crucible1 heated in a wind furnace1 the surface of the metal being protected from oxidation by a little glass melted upon it4 ,the fused steel is cast into ingots1 several crucibles being emptied simultaneously into the same mould4 ,cast steel is far superior in density and hardness to shear steel1 but1 since it is exceedingly brittle at a red heat1 great care is necessary in forging it4 ,it has been found that1 in addition to #ajj parts of the cast steel1 of one part of a mixture of charcoal and oxide of manganese1 produces a very fine grained steel1 which admits of being cast on to a bar of wrought iron in the ingot mould1 so that the tenacity of the latter may compensate for the brittleness of the steel2 when the compound bar is forged1 the wrought iron forming the back of the implement1 and the steel its cutting edge40#aif ,footnote #aif3 ,bloxam's #8,chemistry ,inorganic and ,organic4' ,another distinct method from the cementation one1 by which the carburation of iron is affected1 is that in which scrap or malleable iron is mixed with pig or cast iron1 this latter being fused with the scrap iron in quantity sufficient to afford such an amount of carbon as is necessary to convert the mixture into steel4 ,steel made by this operation is entirely homogeneous1 the tilting process which precedes the casting of the steel obtained by cementation is therefore unnecessary4 ,the pig iron is placed on the bed 7made of refractory sand7 of one of ,siemens' regenerative furnaces1 heated by gaseous fuel4 ,the temperature in this furnace is so intense that the pig iron becomes perfectly liquid1 and1 when in this condition1 the scrap iron1 which has been previously heated to redness in an adjoining refractory furnace1 is added1 it becomes dissolved by it4 ,iron may also be carburetted by heating wrought iron bars in carburetted hydrogen4 ,this process1 however1 is seldom had recourse to4 ,in the manufacture of ,bessemer steel both the carburation and decarburation processes are practised4 ,from #a to #e tons of pig or cast iron in a molten state are run from a contiguous blast1 cupola1 or reverberatory furnace1 with an apparatus known as a converter1 which is previously heated up to redness by means of coke4 ,the converter is figured under two aspects in the annexed engraving4 ,this vessel1 which is generally made of boiler plates of sheet iron1 has an inside lining1 consisting of a siliceous fireproof material1 and is perforated at the bottom with a number of concentric little openings1 which are the orifices of as many little tubes or tuyeres1 that lead into an outside main tube1 as shown in the plate4 ,by means of these tubes condensed air is forced into the mass of melted metal1 which is soon thrown into violent commotion1 and sends out a shower of ignited sparks4 ,the oxide of iron formed at the same time being set into active movement by the incoming blast of air1 is brought into intimate contact with every particle of the carbon and silicon contained in the cast iron1 and converts the former into carbonic oxide1 which burns with its characteristic flame at the mouth of the converter1 and the silica into silicic acid1 which enters into the slag1 and floats1 in the form of foam1 on the top of the heavier molten iron4 ,illustration ,the removal of the carbon 7which is known by the discontinuance of the carbonic oxide flame7 being thus accomplished1 the iron has next to be submitted to the carburetting operation4 ,this is performed by running into the liquid iron in the converter such a quantity of molten pig or cast iron as contains the required proportion of carbon4 ,the pig iron used for this purpose generally contains1 in addition to a large amount of carbon1 a very perceptible quantity of manganese4 ,the converter 7as shown in the plate7 is then by means of the trunnion tilted1 so that its contents can be run into a ladle and transferred to the necessary moulds4 ,the time of conversion occupies from ten to twenty minutes4 ,by ,bessemer's process the sulphur present in the pig iron is almost entirely eliminated2 the greater part of the silicon is also separated1 together with the carbon1 and almost in the same proportion2 but the phosphorus is not removed1 and1 owing to the oxidation of some iron1 the amount is actually greater in the finished steel than in the pig iron4#aig ,footnote #aig3 ,payen's #8,industrial ,chemistry1' edited by ,b4 ,h4 ,paul1 ,ph4,d4 ,bessemer's steel is in large demand1 and is excellently suited for rails for railroads1 cannon1 boiler plates1 armour plates1 and similar heavy material1 for the manufacture of which it has largely supplanted wrought iron1 but not at all adapted for the manufacture of knives1 razors1 lancets1 or similar instruments1 in which a sharp or keen edge is desirable4 ,the ,bessemer process1 which is largely adopted by the manufacturers of steel throughout ,europe and ,america1 has proved a source of princely income to its inventor1 who obtains a bounty of a shilling on every ton of steel made by it4 ,in ,europe alone in #ahei #e-a_/b million cwts4 ,seventy per cent4 of this quantity was the produce of ,british industry4 ,latterly1 attempts have been made to obtain steel direct from the ores4 ,the efforts made in this direction have been greatly stimulated by the invention of the regenerating furnace of ,siemens4 ,in these furnaces1 in which an intense temperature is obtained by means of the combustion of inflammable gases 7chiefly consisting of carbonic oxide1 hydrogen1 and carburetted hydrogen71 the ore after 7in one process7 being melted in hoppers by means of the burning gases1 runs down1 and is gradually dissolved in some melted pig iron placed on the hearth of the furnace4 ,when this latter has been sufficiently diluted with the decarbonised iron the operation is complete4 ,properties of ,steel4 ,the effects of temperature upon steel are remarkable1 and a knowledge of them has proved of great practical utility in the manufacture of the various steel-ware articles that are so indispensable to our every-day wants and needs4 ,if forged and soft steel is heated1 and then suddenly cooled1 it becomes hard1 the hardness varying with the temperature and the rapidity with which this has been reduced4 ,the higher the temperature and the more rapidly it is cooled1 the greater will be its hardness4 ,steel1 which has been heated until white-hot1 and then suddenly plunged into a bath of cold mercury1 acquires a hardness nearly equalling that of the diamond4 ,that1 however1 which the steel gains in hardness1 it loses in pliancy and elasticity1 besides becoming so brittle as to be of no possible use4 ,soft steel1 which has been made hard by heating it to redness1 and by subsequent sudden immersion in cold water1 may be reconverted into soft steel by again heating it to redness and allowing it to cool suddenly4 ,by stopping short1 however1 of heating it to redness1 its hardness may be proportionally modified4 ,hence steel articles1 varying as much in the qualities of hardness and elasticity as a lancet and watch-spring1 are made either by #8heating down' hard steel to requisite temperature and allowing it to cool1 or by #8heating up' soft steel to the necessary point and also letting it gradually cool4 ,when steel is so treated it is said to be tempered or annealed4 ,if polished steel be heated over a flame to a temperature of #dcj ,f4 its surface becomes of a very pale yellow colour2 the colour passes through different shades of yellow and blue with each successive increase of temperature1 until when raised to #fjj ,f4 it becomes blackish blue4 ,these effects are due to the formation on the surface of the steel of films of oxide of different degrees of thickness1 and to the action of the light on these4 ,they are precisely analogous to those which are caused when a ray of reflected light falls upon any other body1 the surface of which is composed of thin layers1 which are continually changing in thickness1 such as a soap-bubble1 or a thin coating of tar or oil swimming on water1 and which are exemplified in ,newton's rings4 ,as each shade of colour is an index of the temperature of the steel1 and as this determines its adaptability for various purposes1 all that the workman has to do1 when he requires it for any special object1 is to heat it by the proper methods 7such as a bath of oil1 or tallow1 or melted metal7 until it acquires the desired colour1 and then to allow it to gradually cool4 ,the following table1 exhibiting the different melting points of steel when employed in the manufacture of different kinds of works1 together with the corresponding colours1 the composition of the metallic baths1 c41 is from ,dr ,wagner's #8,handbook of ,chemical ,technology1' edited by ,w4 ,crookes1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,composition of ,metallic ,mixture4 ,melting ,lead4 ,tin4 ,point4 ,temperature4 ,lancets #g #d #bbj ,c ,hardly pale yellow4 ,razors #h #d #bbh 0 ,pale yellow to straw yellow4 ,penknives #h-a_/b #d #bcb 0 ,straw yellow4 ,pairs of scissors #ad #d #bed 0 ,brown4 ,clasp-knives1 joiners' and #ai #d #bfe 0 ,purplish colour4 carpenters' tools ,swords1 cutlasses1 watch- #dh #d #bhh 0 ,bright blue4 springs ,stilettos1 boring tools1 and #ej #b #bib 0 ,deep blue4 fine saws ,ordinary saws in boiling linseed oil #caf 0 ,blackish blue4 ,steel is of a greyish-white colour1 and has a sp4 gr4 varying from #gff to #gic4 ,during hardening the sp4 gr4 becomes reduced from #gic to #gff1 whilst it experiences a slight increase of volume4 ,the property 7already pointed out7 that steel possesses of becoming hard after being heated to redness1 and suddenly chilled1 does not belong to pure iron1 such as may be obtained by electrolysis4 ,unlike pure iron1 too1 steel presents a granular instead of a fibrous structure when broken2 the best samples closely resembling silver in this respect4 ,the chemical difference between hard and soft steel appears to consist in the much more intimate combination of the carbon with the iron in the hard variety than in the soft4 ,in this latter kind the carbon seems to be only mechanically mixed1 for if it be immersed in hydrochloric acid the iron is dissolved1 and leaves the carbon behind4 ,steel is the most tenacious of all the metals1 being greater than that of either cast or malleable iron4 ,what is termed case-hardening 7which see7 is a process by which small articles of iron1 such as keys1 gun-locks1 c41 are superficially converted into steel4 ,it is performed by heating the articles in contact with iron filings or powdered charcoal4 ,another method is to make the iron substance red hot1 and then to sprinkle powdered potassic ferrocyanide all over it4 ,,stereochromy4 ,this is a branch of the pictorial art confined to the embellishment of walls and monuments4 ,in the operations by which it is accomplished it will be seen that the soluble silicates 7water glass7 play an important part4 ,the foundation for the future picture or coloured design must be of some durable stone or imperishable cement4 ,over this is first placed a layer of lime mortar1 to which is applied when it is dry and has become sufficiently hard1 a solution of water glass1 by which all the interstices of the mortar are filled up4 ,another coating of mortar made of sharp sand and a lye of chalk is next laid on1 and this1 after it has been carefully smoothed1 properly levelled on the surface1 and become quite dry1 is washed over and thoroughly impregnated with water-glass solution4 ,when this last layer has become dry it is ready to receive the painting1 which must be executed in water colours4 ,after laying on these colours may be permanently fixed by covering them with water glass4 ,the following are the colours used3----,zinc white1 chrome green1 chrome oxide1 cobalt green1 chrome red1 zinc yellow1 oxide of iron1 sulphide of cadmium1 ultramarine1 ochre1 c4 ,vermillion is inadmissible1 since1 in fixing1 it turns from red to brown4 ,cobalt ultramarine1 on the contrary1 increases greatly in brilliancy upon the application of the fixing solution4 ,stereochromatic paintings are found to be very durable1 and impervious to damp1 smoke1 or variations of temperature4 ,,ste,,reotype ,,metal4 ,see ,,type ,,metal4 ,,ster,,ling4 ,the truth of the old proverb1 that 8all is not gold which glitters10 is often painfully experienced by the purchaser of modern jewelry4 ,the following table will1 therefore1 prove highly useful to the reader in determining the value of articles in gold1 provided he ascertain the #8fineness' of the metal1 either by examination or written warranty3---- ,sterling value of ,gold of different degrees of #8,fineness1' ,carats4 ,value per ,fine4 oz4 ,troy4 s4 d4 #bd carats #d #d #aa-a_/b #bc 0 #d #a #e #bb 0 7,british standard7 #c #ag #aj-a_/b #ba 0 #c #ad #d #bj 0 #c #aj #i-a_/b #ai 0 #c #g #c #ah 0 7lowest ,hall-mark7 #c #c #h-a_/b #ag 0 #c #j #b #af 0 #b #af #g-a_/b #ae 0 #b #ac #a #ad 0 #b #i #f-a_/b #ac 0 #b #f #j #ab 0 #b #b #e-a_/b #aa 0 #a #ah #aa #aj 0 #a #ae #d-a_/b #i 0 #a #aa #aj #h 0 #a #h #c-a_/b #g 0 #a #d #i #f 0 #a #a #b-a_/b #e 0 #j #ag #h #d 0 #j #ad #b #c 0 #j #aj #g-a_/b #b 0 #j #g #a #a 0 #j #c #f ,,stereo-,,metal4 ,a remarkable alloy recently invented by ,baron de ,rosthorn1 of ,vienna1 and used in place of ordinary gun-metal4 ,it consists of copper and spelter1 with small proportions of iron and tin1 and to these latter its peculiar hardness1 tensile strength1 and elasticity1 are attributed4 ,,steth,,oscope4 ,an instrument employed in auscultation4 ,it consists of a tube 7usually made of wood1 sometimes of gutta percha7 widening considerably at one end1 and but slightly at the other4 ,the wide end is applied to the chest or other part of the patient1 the physician putting his ear at the other end2 and from the sounds emitted by the heart1 lungs1 c41 the state of these parts is ascertained4 ,,stew,,ing4 ,a method of cooking food intermediate to frying and boiling1 performed by simmering it in a saucepan or stewpan1 with merely sufficient water to prevent burning1 and to effect the object in view2 the whole being served up to form the #8dish4' ,it is undoubtedly the most simple and economical1 and1 when skilfully conducted1 one of those best calculated to develop the flavour and nutritious qualities of animal food4 ,the following is one of the most popular stews3---- ,stew1 ,irish4 ,prep4 7,soyer47 ,take about #b lbs4 of scrag or neck of mutton2 divide it into ten or twelve pieces1 and lay them in the pan2 add #h large potatoes and #d onions cut into slices1 season with #a-a_/b teaspoonful of pepper1 and #c do4 of salt2 cover all with water1 put it into a slow oven1 or on a stove1 for two hours1 then stir it all up well1 and serve it up in deep dishes4 ,if a little more water is added at the commencement1 you can take out1 when half done1 a nice cup of broth4 ,,still4 ,a vessel or apparatus employed for the distillation of liquids on the large scale4 ,the forms of stills1 and the materials of which they are made1 vary according to the purposes for which they are intended1 some being exceedingly simple1 whilst others are equally elaborate and complicated4 ,the engr4 represents the most common and useful apparatus of this kind1 and the one almost exclusively employed in the laboratory4 ,it is used as follows3----,after the fluid and other matters 7if any7 are put into the still1 the head is placed on and connected with the worm-tub or refrigerator1 and the joints are all securely luted4 ,for ordinary liquids1 a stiff paste made with linseed meal and water1 to which a little chalk may be added1 answers well for this purpose4 ,for corrosive liquids1 nothing is better than elastic bands or rings interposed between the joints1 which are then #8brought home1' as it is called1 with screws or clamps4 ,heat is next applied1 and the worm-tub is supplied with cold water in sufficient quantity to preserve its contents at a proper temperature2 the application of the heat being so regulated that the liquid may drop from the end of the refrigerator quite cold and unaccompanied with vapour4 ,for highly volatile liquids a closed receiver should be provided4 ,illustration3 a4 ,body of still1 which may be either placed in a steam jacket or in a brick furnace4 b4 ,still head or capital4 c4 ,worm-tub4 d4 ,pewter-worm or refrigerator4 e4 ,cold-water pipe4 f4 ,waste-pipe4 g4 ,receiver4 ,of the various forms of distillatory apparatus that patented by ,coffey in #ahcb is the one almost universally employed in this country4 ,it yields the strongest spirits obtainable on a large scale4 ,coffey's still 7of which a drawing is given on the next page7 effects a great economy in the expenditure of heat1 by causing the liquid to be exposed to a very extended heated service2 whilst it effects the evaporation of the alcohol from the wash by passing a current of steam through it4 ,illustration3 ,coffey's ,still4 ,the wash is pumped from the #8wash charger' into the worm-tub1 which passes from top to bottom of the rectifier4 ,in circulating through this tube it experiences a slight elevation of temperature4 ,arrived at the last convolution of the tube in the rectifier1 the wash passes by the tube ,m in at the top of the #8analyser4' ,it falls1 and collects on the top shelf till this overflows1 whence it falls on the second shelf1 and so on to the bottom4 ,all the time this operation is going on steam is passed up from the steam boiler through fine holes in the shelves1 and through valves opening upwards4 ,as the wash gradually descends in the analyser it becomes rapidly weaker in alcohol1 partly from condensation of steam which is passed into it1 and partly from loss of alcohol1 either evaporated or expelled by the steam1 till when it arrives at the bottom it has parted with the last traces of spirits4 ,at the same time the vapour1 as it rises through each shelf of the analyser1 becomes constantly richer in alcohol1 and contains less and less water because of its condensation2 it then passes from the top of the analyser in at the bottom of the lower compartment of the rectifier4 ,here it ascends in a similar way1 bubbling through the descending wash1 until it arrives at ,f1 above which it merely circulates round the earlier windings of the wash pipe2 the low temperature of which condenses the spirits2 which1 collecting on the shelf at ,f1 flows off by the tube into the finished spirit condenser4 ,to still further effect a saving of heat1 the water for supplying the boiler is made to pass through a long coil of pipe1 immersed in boiling spent wash1 by which means its temperature is raised before it enters the boiler4 ,another variety of distillatory apparatus is that of ,siemens' 7see page #aeff71 much employed in the distillation of brandy4 ,it consists of two mash stills set in a boiler1 and capable of being alternately used by means of the three cocks 7a1 b1 and c74 ,l is the boiler2 ,p one of the mash retorts2 ,k is the low wine receiver2 ,r the fore warmer1 a reservoir in which the condensed water intended as feed water of the boiler is collected2 ,c is the dephlegmator2 ,b a reservoir for the vapours condensed in ,c4 ,from the dephlegmator the vapour passes to a condenser1 not shown in the engraving4 ,the mash warmer consists of a cylindrical portion 7i i71 the lower part of which has an indentation 7c74 ,in the cylinder is placed a narrower portion 7o o7 of the real mash1 containing a vessel1 fitted with the heading tube 7f n74 ,the upper part of the fore warmer is fitted to the lower part by means of the flange 7h h72 r is a stirring apparatus1 which is frequently set in operation during the process of distillation4 ,the vapours from the second still are carried into the depression 7c7 under the fore warmer1 which1 in order that the vapours may come into contact with the phlegma1 is covered with a sieve4 ,illustration3 ,siemens' ,distillatory ,apparatus4 ,the vapours surround the under part of the mash reservoir1 and enter into the tube 7f71 through which they pass to the lower cylinder of the dephlegmator4 ,the condensed water of the dephlegmator is conducted into the reservoir 7,a74 ,the upper and under part of the fore warmer are made of cast iron1 but the interior bottom and heating surfaces are made of copper4 ,this kind of fore warmer has the advantage of uniformly distributing the heat1 while it can be easily cleansed4 ,the dephlegmator 7,c7 is so contrived that the rectified vapour can be conveyed to the condenser by two separate pipes placed in an opposite direction to each other1 which are joined again in close proximity to the condenser4 ,the remainder of the details will be seen by studying the engraving4 ,another distilling apparatus is that known as ,derosne's1 which is an improvement upon one invented by ,cellier-,blumenthal4 ,this apparatus is only designed for the distillation of wine1 and not1 like the previous ones1 of mash4 ,the engraving on page #aefh gives a representation of it4 ,it consists of two stills 7,a and ,a72 the first rectifier 7,b72 the second rectificator 7,c72 the wine warmer and dephlegmator 7,d72 the condenser 7,f72 the regulator 7,e72 a contrivance for regulating the flow of the fluid wine from the cistern 7,g74 ,the still ,a1 which1 as well as the still ,a1 is filled with wine1 acts as a steam boiler4 ,the low wine vapours evolved come1 when they have arrived in the rectifiers1 in contact with an uninterrupted stream of wine1 whereby dephlegmation is effected2 the vapour1 thus enriched in alcohol1 becomes stronger in the vessel 7,d71 and thus arrives at the cooling apparatus 7,f74 ,in order that a real rectification should take place in the rectificators the stream of wine should be heated to a certain temperature1 which is imparted to it by the heating of the condensed water4 ,the steam from the still ,a is carried by means of the pipe 7,z7 to the bottom of the still ,a4 ,both stills are heated by the fire of the same furnace4 ,by means of the tube ,b the liquid contained in the still ,a can be run into the still ,a4 ,the first rectificator 7,b7 containing a number of semicircular discs of unequal size1 placed one above the other1 and which are so fastened to a vertical centre rod that they can be easily removed and cleansed4 ,the larger discs1 perforated in the manner of sieves1 are placed with their concave surfaces upwards4 ,illustration3 ,derosne's ,distillatory ,apparatus4 ,in consequence of this arrangement the vapours ascending from the stills meet with large surfaces moistened with wine1 which1 moreover1 trickles downward in the manner of a cascade from the discs1 and comes1 therefore1 into very intimate contact with the vapours4 ,the second rectificator 7,c7 is fitted with six compartments2 in the centre of each of the partition walls 7iron or copper plates7 a hole is cut1 and over this hole1 by means of a vertical bar1 is fastened an inverted cup1 which nearly reaches to the bottom of the compartment wherein it is placed4 ,as a portion of the vapours are condensed in these compartments1 the vapours are necessarily forced through a layer of low wine1 and have to overcome a pressure of a column of liquid two centimtres high4 ,the fore warmer and dephlegmator 7,d7 is a horizontal cylinder made of copper fitted with a worm1 the convolutions of which are placed vertically4 ,the tube 7,m7 communicates with this worm1 the other end of which passes to ,o4 ,a phlegma collects in the convolutions of this tube1 which is richer in alcohol in the formost windings1 and weaker in those more remote2 this fluid1 collecting in the lower part of the spirals1 may be drawn off by means of small tubes1 thence to be transferred1 at the operator's pleasure1 either all or in part1 by the aid of another tube and stopcocks1 to the tube 7,o71 or into the rectificator4 ,by means of the tube 7,l7 the previously warmed wine of the dephlegmator can be run into the rectificator4 ,the condensor 7,f7 is a cylindrical vessel closed on all sides1 and containing a worm communicating with the tube 7,o74 ,the other end of the condensing tube carries the distillate away4 ,on the top of this portion of the apparatus the tube 7,k7 is placed1 by means of which wine is run into the dephlegmator4 ,the cold wine flows into the cooling vessel by the tube 7,i74 ,another variety of distillatory apparatus1 invented by ,langier1 is that represented in the accompanying cut4 ,illustration ,the fluid intended for distillation flows from the tube 7s7 into the funnel 7p71 thence into the vessel 7,a71 entering its lower part1 and serving to condense the alcoholic vapour4 ,from this vessel the warmed fluid passes by means of the tube 7r7 into the lower part of the second vessel 7,b71 where dephlegmation takes place by means of a condensing tube4 ,from ,b the fluid flows through the tube 7c7 into the second still 7,c71 which is heated by the hot gases evolved from the fire1 kept burning under the first still 7,d72 in the still 7,c7 the fluid undergoes a rectification1 and the vinasse flows by the tube 7e7 into the still 7,d72 m is the pipe for conveying the hot vapour from ,d into ,c2 the tube 7b7 carries the alcoholic vapours into the dephlegmator4 ,the tube 7d7 conveys the phlegma into the still 7,c72 g and h are glass gauging-tubes for indicating the height of the fluid in the interior of the stills2 the tube 7l7 conveys the uncondensed vapours from the dephlegmator into the condensing apparatus1 while i carries the vapours formed in the vessel 7,b7 into the condensing apparatus4 ,the alcohol condensed in the cooling apparatus flows1 as shown in the cut1 into the vessel 7o71 provided with a hydrometer1 which shows the strength of the liquid4 ,the cooling apparatus of the vessel 7,b7 consists of seven compartments or sections formed by wide spirals1 to each of which1 at its lower level1 is attached a narrow tube1 all of which tubes are connected to the tube 7d71 which latter conveys the condensed fluids back into the still4 ,a very simple form of apparatus in use is that figured below4 ,illustration ,a is a cylinder made of cast iron or copper1 in which the fluid to be distilled is heated by a spiral tube made of copper4 ,the inlet of this tube is shown at b and the outlet at a42 c serves to carry off the vinasse2 ,b is the dephlegmator1 through which the fluid to be distilled continually flows in a downward direction1 while the vapour of the low wine evolved in ,a ascends uninterruptedly4 ,the dephlegmator is so constructed as to have as large a surface and as many points of contact as possible4 ,the vapour ascends to the reservoir 7,e71 and passes into the rectifier 7,c7 by the tube 7,f74 ,the condensed portion returns through the tube 7,h7 to the dephlegmator1 whilst the uncondensed vapour passes on to the condenser of the vessel 7,d71 where it becomes condensed1 and is carried off through ,m4 ,the liquid intended for distillation is kept in a tank 7not shown in the engraving71 placed above the apparatus1 and is conveyed to the latter by the tube 7,l ,i71 fitted with the stop-cock 7,k71 so that the liquid arrives first in ,d1 is next conveyed to ,c1 thence through ,g into the dephlegmator1 and finally into the cylinder4 ,divers adaptations for heating by steam have been arranged1 in a very convenient form1 by ,mr ,coffey4 ,his so-called ,,esculapian ,,still affords the pharmaceutical chemist the means of conducting the processes of ebullition1 distillation1 evaporation1 desiccation1 c41 on the small scale4 ,the following cut represents his apparatus4 ,illustration3 ,b1 a burner supplied with gas by a flexible tube2 ,c4 the boiler or still2 ,i1 an evaporating pan fixed over the boiler1 and forming the top of the still head2 ,k1 a valve for shutting off the steam from ,i1 when it passes through the tube 7,m71 otherwise it would pass through ,l1 and communicate heat to the drying closet 7,o ,o71 and from thence to the condenser 7,t ,t74 o is a second evaporating pan over the drying closet4 ,for further information on the subject of stills consult #8,ure's ,dictionary1' #8,illustrated ,chemistry1' and ,wagner's #8,chemical ,technology4' ,,stim,,ulants4 ,syn4 ,,stimulantia1 ,l4 ,medicines or agents which possess the power of exciting vital action4 ,they are divided in general stimulants1 or those which affect the whole system1 as mercury or bark2 and local or topical stimulants1 or those which affect a particular organ or part only1 as mustard applied as a poultice4 ,diffusible stimulants are general stimulants the effects of which are rapid but fugacious1 as ether or alcohol4 8,much discrimination and caution are required in the administration of articles of this class1 because1 if given when inflammation is present1 they are liable to create more mischief than benefit2 but they are called for when1 on the decline of that condition of an organ or organs1 a state of relaxation or torpidity exists4 ,in this state of things a gentle stimulation materially assists the functions1 and is productive of much benefit40 ,,stings4 ,see ,,bites4 ,,stir-,,about4 ,thick gruel formed of oatmeal and water boiled together4 ,when eaten with cold milk1 it forms the porridge of the ,scotch2 and when mixed with the liquor in which meat or vegetables have been boiled1 it is called beef brose1 kale brose1 c4 ,,stock4 ,among cooks1 is condensed soup or jelly1 used to make extemporaneous soup1 broth1 c4 ,,stom,,ach ,,affec,,tions4 ,those of a character to admit of being usefully noticed in a popular work are referred to under the heads ,,appetite1 ,,dyspepsia1 ,,sickness1 c4 ,dr ,budd recommends small doses of ipecacuanha as a remedy for those cases of indigestion in which digestion is slow1 and the food lies heavily on the stomach1 and there is an inability for mental or bodily exertion for some time after meals4 ,he says it should be given in the morning1 fasting1 and in quantity barely sufficient to occasion a slight feeling of vermiculating motion in the stomach1 but without causing any sensation of pain or nausea4 ,the dose to produce this effect varies from #a_/d to #b gr4 ,he thinks there is no other medicine which appears so effectual in removing the affections in question4 ,small doses of rhubarb1 ginger1 and cayenne pepper1 have a similar kind of action1 and may be given singly or together for the same purpose4 8,i generally prescribe from #a_/b to #a gr4 of ipecacuanha1 in a pill1 with #c or #d gr4 of rhubarb4 ,with many1 a favourite remedy for the discomfort resulting from slow digestion is a grain of cayenne pepper1 with #c or #d gr4 of rhubarb4 ,the best time for giving these medicines is shortly0 7say #a_/b an hour7 8before any meal after which a sense of oppression is usually felt40 ,,stopp,,ers1 when obstinately immoveable in bottles1 are the most safely treated by patiently hitting them upwards alternately on opposite sides with a piece of wood4 ,when this fails the part may be dipped into hot water4 8,another method of removing a bottle-stopper is to insert its head into a chink1 and then endeavouring to turn the bottle with both hands4 ,if the neck of the stopper break1 the hand is out of the way of danger4 ,an upright board1 such an one as supports the ends of a set of shelves1 should be selected in a convenient situation in the laboratory1 and a vertical slit cut through it about a foot in length1 an inch in width above1 but gradually decreasing in size1 so as to be about one third of an inch at the bottom4 ,the top of the hole may be about the height of the breast4 ,this aperture will in one part or another receive and retain the head of almost any stopper1 and prevent its turning with the bottle4 ,then by wrapping a cloth about the bottle and grasping it with both hands1 the attempt to turn it round so as to move the stopper may be made with any degree of force which it may be thought safe to exert4 ,the force employed should never be carried so far as to cause fracture anywhere1 but the attempts1 if unavailing with the application of a moderate degree1 should be desisted4 ,another and very successful method of removing a stopper is to turn the bottle round when held horizontally over the small flame of a spirit lamp or candle applied to the neck4 ,the heat should be applied only to the part round the plug of the stopper1 and in a few moments1 when that has become warm1 the stopper should be tapped with the piece of wood as before stated4 ,as soon as the stopper moves by tapping it is to be taken out1 and must not be replaced till the glass is cold4 8,the application of heat in this manner must be short and the operation altogether1 to be successful1 must be a quick one4 ,if the contents of the bottle are fluid1 it should be so inclined that they must not become heated2 if they are volatile this method should be tried very carefully1 lest the vapour formed within should burst the bottle4 8,it is often advantageous to put a little olive oil round the edge of the stopper at its insertion1 allowing it to soak in for a day or two4 ,if this be done before the heat be applied1 it frequently penetrates by increased facility2 by oil1 heat1 and tapping very obstinate stoppers may be removed4 8,when a stopper has been fixed by crystallisation from solution1 water will sometimes set it free1 and it is more efficacious in such cases than oil1 because it dissolves the cement4 ,when the cementing matter is a metallic oxide or sub-salt1 a little muriatic acid may be useful if there be no objection to its application arising from the nature of the substance within40#aih ,footnote #aih3 ,faraday4 ,a writes in #8,new ,remedies' suggests that1 in attempting to extricate the fixed stopper by means of knocking with a piece of wood1 the motion given to it when putting it in should be reversed1 that is1 the stopper should be knocked from right to left4 ,,storm-,,glass4 ,a philosophical toy1 consisting of a thin glass tube about #ab inches long and #c_/d inch in diameter1 about three fourths filled with the following liquid1 and covered with a brass car having an almost capillary hole through it1 or else tied over with bladder4 ,the solution4 ,take of camphor1 #b dr42 nitre #a-a_/b dr42 sal ammoniac1 #a dr42 proof spirit #b-a_/d fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and place it in the tube above referred to4 ,used to foretell changes of the weather4 ,,stoves4 ,in ,england the open grate or fireplace1 because of its cheerful appearance and the sense of comfort it suggests when filled with glowing coal1 is the favorite and general receptacle for the fuel with which we warm our apartments4 ,the cozy appearance1 however1 of our old-fashioned ,english grate1 constitutes its chief1 if not its only merit2 for it not only fails in uniformly warming and effectively ventilating our apartments1 but it more or less sets into circulation a number of draughts of cold air1 and besides occasionally filling our rooms with smoke and spoiling our furniture by the deposition of soot and dust1 wastes our fuel1 by allowing it to escape unconsumed in the shape of smoke1 and thus pollutes the atmosphere of our cities and towns4 ,in ,france1 ,germany1 ,belgium1 ,russia1 and other ,european countries1 as well as in ,america and ,canada1 the stove or closed fireplace is used4 ,the domestic stove of these countries is made either of sheet or cast-iron1 or fire-clay4 ,the iron stoves1 being mostly composed of thin plates1 soon absorb and radiate the heat2 and although this property enables them to rapidly warm an apartment1 it has the disadvantage1 if the stove becomes red-hot1 of allowing the escape through the heated metal into the surrounding air of the carbonic acid generated in the stove2 and furthermore1 in its immediate vicinity converts a portion of it into carbonic oxide4 ,such stoves must necessarily be unsafe unless used in well-ventilated apartments4#aii ,another effect of the over heating of the stove is to desiccate or parch the air1 and to render it irritating when breathed4 ,the fire-clay stoves are free from these drawbacks1 and continue to radiate from their surfaces a large amount of heat1 even when the fuel with which they have been supplied is consumed4 ,but although we exclude the close stove from our sitting rooms and dormitories1 it is in frequent requisition in halls1 picture-galleries1 churches1 theatres1 lecture-rooms1 and the like4 ,footnote #aii3 ,dr ,bond has suggested coating them with soluble glass1 as a remedy for this4 8,stove literature10 if such a term may be applied to the various treatises descriptive of the multitude of patterns in use1 which have emanated alike from inventors and their critics1 is so voluminous that it is impossible for us to attempt to give even a list of the numberless stoves in use1 to say nothing of a commentary on their relative value4 ,of close stoves suitable for heating spaces other than dwelling or sleeping-rooms1 mention may be made of ,arnott's stove1 and one known as 8,the ,belfast40 ,these stoves are serviceable when it is desirable to keep up a fire for some time1 as in heating a lobby4 ,they have the advantage of requiring little1 if any1 attention after the fuel has been placed in them and ignited4 ,of late years1 gas-stoves1 both for heating and cooking purposes1 have come largely into use4 ,one of those for the former purpose is called the 8,pyropneumatic40 ,the inner part of this apparatus is formed of lumps of fire-clay traversed by vertical air-passages which communicate with the external air by a special channel4 ,the air becomes heated as it passes through the lumps of fire-clay1 and rising to the top of the stove1 escapes therefrom by an outlet into the room4 ,another so-called 8ventilating0 warming gas-stove is ,mr ,george's 8,culirogen40 ,it consists of a stove made of thin-rolled iron1 inside of which is a coil of wrought-iron tubing open at the top of the stove4 ,the lower end of this tubing is in connection with an iron pipe which is carried through the wall of the apartment1 and fed with air from without4 ,gas is the fuel generally used to heat the inside of the stove4 ,the continuous current of air as it rushes into the iron pipe from without1 thus becomes warmed as it ascends into the coil1 which it leaves to become diffused into the surrounding apartment1 whilst the products of combustion of the gas used as fuel are1 by means of a pipe attached to the stove1 carried into the chimney1 as with coal fire4 ,a gas-cooking apparatus possesses many advantages over an ordinary coal fire4 ,in the first place1 it is more cleanly2 in the second1 it affords a much more uniform and equable temperature2 in the third1 it forms no smoke1 and in the fourth it is more economical as well as expeditious4 ,mr ,eassie gives the following practical suggestions to intending purchasers of gas-stoves3---- 8,it is not necessary here to enter into a description of any of the numberless common patterns extant1 but it might be well to record the opinion of the best engineers1 that the simplest gas-stove is the best4 ,they should not be surrounded by a non-conducting material1 as that affords no advantage1 but the contrary4 ,an ,argand or fish-tail burner should also be used instead of rings pierced for so many separate jets1 and where practicable1 the ,bunsen-burner should be employed1 as the mixture of common air with the gas not only prevents the formation of soot1 but also intensifies the heat40 ,,strabis,,mus4 ,syn4 ,,squinting4 ,this need not be described4 ,when one eye only is affected1 an excellent plan is to blindfold the sound eye during several hours each day1 until the affection be removed4 ,when both eyes are affected1 a projecting piece of pasteboard1 in the line of the nose1 may be worn as much as possible with the same object4 ,in bad cases of squinting inwards1 as it is called1 the division of the internal rectus muscle of the eyeball by a skilful surgeon1 is said to often relieve the deformity4 ,,strangulation4 ,see ,,hanging4 ,,strap,,ping4 ,spread adhesive plaster4 ,used to dress wounds1 c4 ,,strass4 ,see ,,enamel4 ,,straw,,berry4 ,syn4 ,,fragaria1 ,l4 ,the fruit of ,fragaria vesca 7,linn471 or strawberry plant4 ,strawberries are1 perhaps1 the mildest of all the cultivated fruits2 they are cooling1 and slightly laxative and diuretic2 rubbed on the teeth1 they dissolve the tartar1 and whiten them4 ,they were formerly in repute in gout1 stone1 and consumption4 ,the root of the plant is aperient4 ,strawberry essence1 factitious4 ,nitric ether1 #a part2 acetate of ethyl1 #e parts2 forminate of ethyl1 #e parts2 butyrate of ethyl1 #e parts2 salicylate of methyl1 #a part2 acetate of amyl1 #c parts2 butyrate of amyl1 #b parts2 glycerin1 #b parts2 alcohol1 #ajj parts4#bjj ,footnote #bjj3 #8,pharm4 ,journ4' ,,straw ,,plait1 and the articles made of it1 are bleached by exposing them to the fumes of burning sulphur in a close chest or box2 or1 by immersing them in a weak solution of chloride of lime1 and afterwards well washing them in water4 ,water acidulated with oil of vitriol or oxalic acid is also used for the same purpose4 ,straw plait may be dyed with any of the simple liquid dyes4 ,,stringhalt4 ,the same as ,,chorea1 which see4 ,,stron,,tium4 ,sr4 ,the metallic base of the earth strontia4 ,it was discovered by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 in #ahjh4 ,it closely resembles barium1 but is less lustrous4 ,with chlorine it combines to form a chloride of strontium1 a somewhat deliquescent salt1 soluble in #b parts of cold and in less of boiling water1 and freely soluble in alcohol4 ,with oxygen it forms an oxide4 ,test4 ,strontium salts are precipitated by sulphuric acid and alkaline carbonates and sulphate4 ,they are distinguished from barium by not giving such a decided precipitate with sulphates1 and by not being precipitated by bichromate of potassium4 ,from calcium1 by sulphates of calcium solution giving a precipitate1 and by concentrated solutions giving a precipitate with chromate of potassium4 ,it is distinguished from magnesium by the insolubility of its sulphate4 ,strontium1 ,oxide of4 ,sr,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,strontium1 ,,strontia4 ,prep4 ,quite pure crystalline nitrate of strontium4 ,prop4 ,greyish-white powder1 uniting with water to form a white1 somewhat soluble substance1 the hydrate of strontium1 ,sr7,,ho7#b4 ,with acids it forms various salts1 of which the carbonate is a white insoluble powder1 and the nitrate a white crystalline salt1 soluble in #e parts of cold water1 and in alcohol2 communicating a brilliant red colour to flame4 ,,stroph,,ulus4 ,a papular eruption peculiar to infants4 ,there are several varieties3----,in strophulus intertinctus1 red gum1 or red gown1 the pimples rise sensibly above the level of the cuticle1 possess a vivid red colour1 and are usually distinct from each other2 they commonly attack the cheeks1 forearm1 and back of the hand1 and1 occasionally1 other parts of the body4----,in strophulus albidus1 or white gum1 there are a number of minute whitish specks1 which are1 sometimes1 surrounded by a slight redness4 ,the two preceding varieties commonly occur during the first two or three months of lactation4----,in strophulus confertus1 rank red gum1 or tooth rash1 which usually appears about the fourth or fifth month1 the pimples usually occur on the cheeks and sides of the nose1 sometimes on the forehead and arms1 and still less frequently on the loins4 ,they are smaller1 set closer together1 and less vivid1 but more permanent than in the common red gum4----,in strophulus volaticus small circular patches or clusters of pimples1 each containing from #f to #ab1 appear successively on different parts of the body1 accompanied with redness2 and as one patch declines another springs up near it1 by which the efflorescence often spreads gradually over the whole face and body4----,in strophulus candidus the pimples are larger than in the preceding1 and are pale1 smooth and shining2 it principally attacks the upper parts of the arms1 the shoulders1 and the loins4 ,the last two varieties commonly appear between the third and ninth month4 ,the treatment of the above affections consists chiefly in removing acidity and indigestion and duly regulating the bowels by an occasional dose of magnesia or rhubarb1 or both combined4 ,diarrha may be met by the warm bath and the daily use of arrowroot 7genuine71 to which a teaspoonful or two of pure port wine has been added2 and itching and irritation may be alleviated by the use of a lotion consisting of water1 to which a little milk1 lemon juice1 borax1 or glycerin1 has been added4 ,,strych,,nine4 ,c#ba;,h#bb,n#b,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,strychnina1 ,,strychnia 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve hydrochlorate or sulphate of strychnine in distilled water1 and throw down the alkaloid with ammonia1 carefully avoiding excess2 redissolve the precipitate in hot rectified spirit1 and collect the crystals which form as the liquid cools4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,nux vomica 7in powder71 #a lb41 is digested for #bd hours in #a_/b gall4 of water acidulated with #b fl4 dr4 of sulphuric acid1 after which it is boiled for half an hour1 and the decoction decanted2 the residuum is boiled a second and a third time with a fresh #a_/b gall4 of water acidulated with #a fl4 dr4 of the acid1 and the undissolved matter is finally submitted to strong expression2 the decoctions are next filtered and concentrated to the consistence of a syrup1 which is boiled with rectified spirit1 #c pints1 for about #bj minutes1 hydrate of calcium1 #a oz41 or q4 s41 being added in successive portions during the ebullition1 until the solution becomes distinctly alkaline2 the liquid is then filtered1 the spirit distilled off1 and the residuum dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid1 q4 s42 ammonia1 in slight excess1 is added to the filtered solution1 and the precipitate which falls is collected upon a paper filter1 and dried2 it is next redissolved in a minimum of boiling rectified spirit1 and digested with #a_/b oz4 of animal charcoal for #bj minutes2 the filtered liquid1 as it cools1 deposits strychnine1 in crystals4 #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,nux vomica #a lb41 acetate of lead #ahj gr41 solution of ammonia q4 s41 rectified spirit q4 s41 distilled water q4 s4 ,subject the nux vomica for two hours to steam in any convenient vessel2 chop or slice it2 dry it in a water bath or hot-air chamber1 and immediately grind it in a coffee mill4 ,digest the powder at a gentle heat for #ab hours with two pints of the spirit and #a pint of the water1 strain through linen1 express strongly1 and repeat the process twice4 ,distil off the spirit from the mixed fluid1 evaporate the watery residue to about #af oz41 and filter when cold4 ,add now the acetate of lead1 previously dissolved in distilled water1 so long as it occasions any precipitate2 filter2 wash the precipitate with #aj oz4 of cold water1 adding the washings to the filtrate2 evaporate the clear fluid to #h oz41 and when it has cooled add the ammonia in slight excess1 stirring thoroughly4 ,let the mixture stand at the ordinary temperature for #ab hours2 collect the precipitate on a filter1 wash it once with a few ounces of cold distilled water1 dry it in a water-bath or hot-air chamber1 and boil it with successive portions of rectified spirit1 till the fluid scarcely tastes bitter4 ,distil off most of the spirit1 evaporate the residue to the bulk of about #a_/b oz41 and set it aside to cool4 ,cautiously pour off the yellowish mother-liquor 7which contains the brucia of the seeds7 from the white crust of strychnia which adheres to the vessel4 ,throw the crust on a paper filter1 wash it with a mixture of two parts of rectified spirit and one of water1 till the washings cease to become red on the addition of nitric acid2 finally1 dissolve it1 by boiling it with #a oz4 of rectified spirit1 and set it aside to crystallise4 ,more crystals may be obtained by evaporating the mother-liquor4 ,strychnine is more readily obtained1 and in greater purity1 from ,st ,ignatius's ,bean4 ,the usual dose of strychnia and its salts to commence with is from #a_/cjth to #a_/abth of a grain1 to be very slowly increased1 carefully watching its effects4 ,magendie says the salts are more active than their base4 ,prop4 ,a white1 inodorous1 infusible powder2 or small1 but exceedingly brilliant1 transparent1 colourless1 octahedral crystals2 soluble in about #gjjj parts of water at #fj1 and in #bejj parts at #bab ,fahr42 freebly soluble in hot rectified spirit2 insoluble in absolute alcohol1 ether1 and solutions of the caustic alkalies2 imparts a distinctly bitter taste to #fjj1jjj times its weight of water 7#a part in #a1jjj1jjj parts of water is still perceptible----,fownes72 exhibits an alkaline reaction2 and forms salts with the acids1 which are easily prepared1 are crystallisable1 and well defined4 ,tests4----#a4 ,potassium hydrate and the carbonate produce1 in solutions of the salts of strychnia1 white precipitates1 which are insoluble in excess of the precipitant1 and which1 when viewed through a lens magnifying #ajj times1 appear as aggregates of small crystalline needles4 ,in weak solutions the precipitate only separates after some time1 in the form of crystalline needles1 which are1 however1 in this case1 perfectly visible to the naked eye4----#b4 ,ammonia gives a similar precipitate1 which is soluble in excess of the precipitant4----#c4 ,bicarbonate of sodium produces1 in neutral solutions1 a like white precipitate1 which is insoluble in excess1 but which redissolves on the addition of a single drop of acid2 in acid solutions no precipitate occurs for some time in the cold1 but immediately on boiling the liquid4----#d4 ,nitric acid dissolves pure strychnia and its salts to colourless fluids1 which become yellow when heated4 ,commercial strychnine1 from containing a little brucine1 is reddened by this test4----#e4 ,a minute quantity of strychnine being mixed with a small drop of concentrated sulphuric acid1 placed on a white capsule or slip of glass1 forms a colourless solution1 but yields1 on the addition of a very small crystal of bichromate of potassium1 or a very minute portion of chromic acid1 a rich violet colour1 which gradually changes to red and yellow1 and disappears after some time4 ,the #a_/ajjjth of a grain yields very distinct indications4----#f4 ,pure oxide or peroxide of lead produces a similar reaction to the last1 provided the sulphuric acid contain about #a of nitric acid4 ,pois4 ,the characteristic symptom is the special influence exerted upon the nervous system1 which is manifested by a general contraction of all the muscles of the body1 with rigidity of the spinal column4 ,a profound calm soon succeeds1 which is followed by a new tetanic seizure1 longer than the first1 during which the respiration is suspended4 ,these symptoms then cease1 the breathing becomes easy1 and there is stupor1 followed by another general contraction4 ,in fatal cases these attacks are renewed1 at intervals1 with increasing violence1 until death ensues4 ,one phenomenon which is only found in poisonings by substances containing strychnine is1 that touching any part of the body1 or even threatening to do so1 instantly produces the tetanic spasm4 ,treat4 ,the stomach should be immediately cleared by means of an emetic1 tickling the fauces1 c4 ,to counteract the asphyxia from tetanus1 c41 artificial respiration should be practised with diligence and care4 8,if the poison has been applied externally1 we ought immediately to cauterise the part1 and apply a ligature tightly above the wound4 ,if the poison has been swallowed for some time1 we should give a purgative clyster1 and administer draughts containing sulphuric ether or oil of turpentine1 which in most cases produce a salutary effect4 ,lastly1 injections of chlorine and decoction of tannin are of value40 ,according to ,ch4 ,gunther1 the greatest reliance may be placed on full doses of opium1 assisted by venesection1 in cases of poisoning by strychnia or nux vomica4 ,his plan is to administer this drug in the form of solution or mixture1 in combination with a saline aperient4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is a most frightful poison1 producing tetanus and death in very small doses4 ,even #a_/bd gr4 will sometimes occasion tetanic twitchings in persons of delicate temperament4 #a_/d gr4 blown into the throat of a small dog produced death in #f minutes4 ,in very minute doses it acts as a useful tonic in various nervous diseases1 chronic diarrha1 leucorrha1 c42 in slightly larger ones1 it has been advantageously employed in certain forms of paralysis1 in tic douloureux1 impotence1 c4----,dose1 #a_/bd to #a_/af gr4 7dissolved in water by means of a drop of acetic or hydrochloric acid71 gradually and cautiously increased until it slightly affects the muscular system4 ,externally1 #a_/h to #a_/d gr4 at a time4 ,the ,edinburgh ,college ordered the nux vomica to be exposed for two hours to steam1 to soften it1 then to chop or slice it1 next to dry it by the heat of a vapour bath or hot air1 and1 lastly1 to grind it in a coffee-mill4 ,in the process of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf magnesia was employed to effect the precipitation4 ,in the last ,ph4 ,l4 strychnine appears in the ,materia ,medica4 ,most of that of commerce is now obtained from ,st ,ignatius's bean1 which1 according to ,geiseler1 yields #a-a_/d of it2 whereas #c lbs4 of nux vomica produce little more than #a dr4 ,commercial strychnine may be freed from brucine by digesting the powder in dilute alcohol4 ,the salts of strychnine1 which are occasionally asked for in trade1 are the acetate 7strychni acetas71 hydrochlorate or muriate 7s4 murias----,ph4 ,d471 hydriodate 7s4 hydriodas71 nitrate 7s4 nitras71 phosphate 7s4 phosphas71 and sulphate 7s4 sulphas74 ,all of these may be easily formed by simply neutralising the acid previously diluted with #b or #c parts of water1 with the alkaloid1 assisting the solution with heat2 crystals are deposited as the liquid cools1 and more may be obtained by evaporating the mother-liquor4 ,,strychnos4 ,see ,,nux ,,vomica and ,,bean1 ,,st ,,ignatius',s4 ,,stuc,,co4 ,the name of several calcareous cements or mortars4 ,fine stucco is the third or last coat of three-coat plaster1 and consists of a mixture of fine lime and quartzose sand1 which1 in application1 is 8twice hand floated and well trowelled40 ,see ,,cements4 ,,stuffing4 ,seasoning1 placed in meat1 poultry1 game1 c41 before dressing them1 to give them an increased relish4 ,the same materials formed into balls1 are added to soups1 gravies1 c41 under the name of ,,forcemeat4 ,prep4 #a4 7,for fowls1 c47 ,shred a little ham or gammon1 some cold veal or fowl1 some beef suet1 a small quantity of onion1 some parsley1 a very little lemon peel1 salt1 nutmeg1 or pounded mace1 and either white pepper or cayenne1 and bread crumbs1 pound them in a mortar1 and bind it with #a or #b eggs4 #b4 7,for hare1 or anything in imitation of it4----,mrs ,rundell47 ,the scalded liver1 an anchovy1 some fat bacon1 a little suet1 some parsley1 thyme1 knotted marjoram1 a little shalot1 and either onion or chives1 all chopped fine1 with some crumbs of bread1 pepper1 and nutmeg1 beaten in a mortar with an egg4 #c4 7,for goose47 ,from sage1 onion1 suet1 and crumb of bread4 ,geese are now1 however1 more commonly stuffed with veal stuffing4 #d4 7,for veal----,soyer47 ,chop #a_/b lb4 of suet1 put it into a basin with #c_/d lb4 of bread crumbs1 a teaspoonful of salt1 a #a_/d do4 of pepper1 a little thyme or lemon peel chopped1 and #c whole eggs2 mix well4 ,obs4 #a lb4 of bread crumbs and one more egg may be used2 they will make it cut firmer4 ,this1 as well as ,no4 #a1 is now commonly employed for poultry and meat4 ,ude1 a great authority in these matters1 observes that 8it would not be amiss to add a piece of butter1 and to pound the whole in a mortar40 8,grated ham or tongue may be added to this stuffing40 7,rundell47 ,this is also used for turkeys1 and for #8forcemeat patties4' ,,stuffing 7,birds1 c474 ,the skins are commonly dusted over with a mixture of camphor1 alum1 and sulphur1 in about equal quantities2 or1 they are smeared with ,bcur's arsenical soap1 noticed under ,,soap4 ,according to ,crace ,calvert1 carbolic acid1 which is worth only about #bs4 per gall41 is superior to all other substances for preserving the skins of birds and animals1 as well as corpses4 ,see ,,taxidermy1 ,,practical4 ,,sturdy4 ,this disease1 known also by the name of ,,gad1 which attacks cattle and sheep1 but more particularly the latter1 is caused by the presence in the brain of the animal1 of a hydatid----a creature enclosed in a sac of serous fluid4 ,this hydatid develops from the ova of the tape worm1 in the animal's body1 whence it has gained an entrance1 with the grass which constitutes the cattle or sheep's food upon which it has been voided by dogs and other animals4 ,it is most common in sheep of from #f to #h months old1 and1 as might be expected1 with those which feed in damp meadows4 ,the animals attacked by it turn round and round in one position1 lose their gregarious habits1 seem dazed1 and refuse their food2 which latter circumstance frequently causes death by inducing starvation4 ,as regards the treatment of this disease ,mr ,finlay ,dun writes3 8,a stout stocking wire thrust up the nostrils has long been used with occasional success1 to get rid of the hydatid2 but the use of the trocar and canula now sold by most surgical instrument makers is much safer and better4 ,the sheep is placed with its feet tied upon a table or bench1 and the head carefully examined1 when a soft place may often be detected1 indicating that the hydatid lies underneath4 ,a portion of the skin is dissected back and the trocar and canula introduced1 when the hydatid will often come away as the trocar is withdrawn40 ,mr ,dun says 8that1 should the trocar fail to extract it1 it must be drawn to the surface by a small syringe made for the purpose4 ,furthermore1 the wound1 after the removal of the hydatid1 must be treated with a cold water dressing40 ,all cattle similarly affected should be treated as above4 ,,stur,,geon4 ,several species of ,acipenser pass under this name4 ,the common sturgeon is the ,acipenser sturio 7,linn474 ,the roe is made into #8caviare1' the swimming-bladder into #8isinglass4' ,,sty4 ,syn4 ,,stye1 ,,stian2 ,,hordeolum1 ,l4 ,a small inflamed tumour1 or boil1 at the edge of the eyelid1 somewhat resembling a barleycorn4 ,it is usually recommended to promote its maturation by warm applications1 since 8the stye1 like other furunculous inflammations1 forms an exception to the general rule1 that the best mode in which inflammatory swellings can end is resolution40 ,,styp,,tics4 ,syn4 ,,styptica1 ,l4 ,substances which arrest local bleeding4 ,creasote1 tannic acid1 alcohol1 alum1 and most of the astringent salts1 belong to this class4 ,styptic1 ,brocchieri's4 ,a nostrum consisting of the water distilled from pine tops4 ,styptic1 ,eaton's4 ,a solution of sulphate disguised by the addition of some unimportant substances4 8,helvetius's styptic was for a long time employed under this title40 7,paris47 ,styptic ,helvetius's4 ,syn4 ,,stypticum ,,helvetii1 ,l4 ,iron filings 7fine71 and cream of tartar1 mixed to a proper consistence with ,french brandy4 ,see ,,powder1 ,,helvetius',s4 ,,sty,,rax4 ,syn4 ,,storax1 ,,storax ,,balsam2 ,,styrax 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e471 ,l4 8,the liquid balsam of an uncertain plant40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the 8balsamic exudation of ,styrax officinale1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,e471 or cane storax tree4 ,two or three varieties are known in commerce3----,liquid storax 7styrax liquida71 lump of red storax 7s4 in massis71 which is generally very impure2 storax in tears 7s4 in lachrymis71 and storax in reeds 7s4 calamita74 ,the last are now seldom met with in trade4 ,,prepared ,,storax 7styrax colata2 s4 prparata1 ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l47 is obtained by dissolving storax1 #a lb41 in rectified spirit1 #d pints1 by a gentle heat1 straining the solution through linen1 distilling off greater part of the spirit1 and evaporating what is left to a proper consistence by the heat of a water bath4 ,it is less fragrant than the raw drug4 ,storax is stimulant1 expectorant1 and nervine4 ,it was formerly much used in menstrual obstructions1 phthisis1 coughs1 asthmas1 and other breath diseases4 ,it is now chiefly used as a perfume4----,dose1 #f to #bj or #cj gr4 7#aj to #bj gr4 twice a day1 ,b4 ,p474 ,a factitious strained ,storax is made as follows3----#a4 ,balsam of ,peru1 #a lb42 balsam of tolu1 #d lbs42 mix4 #b4 ,gum benzoin1 #h lbs42 liquid storax1 #f lbs42 balsam of tolu and ,socotrine aloes1 of each #c lbs42 balsam of ,peru1 #b lbs42 ,n4,s4,w4 yellow gum1 #g lbs42 rectified spirit1 #g gall42 digest1 with frequent agitation1 for a fortnight1 strain and distil off the spirit 7about #e-a_/b galls47 until the residuum has a proper consistence4 ,prod4 #bh lbs4 #c4 ,liquid storax1 #a oz42 ,socotrine aloes1 #a_/d lb42 balsam of tolu1 #b lbs42 rectified spirit1 q4 s4 ,,sub-4 ,see ,,nomenclature and ,,salts4 ,,su,,beric ,,acid4 ,obtained by boiling rasped cork for some time in nitric acid4 ,,sublima,,tion4 ,the process by which volatile substances are reduced to the state of vapour by heat1 and again condensed in the solid form4 ,it differs from ordinary distillation in being confined to dry solid substances1 and in the heat employed being1 in general1 much greater4 ,,sub,,stantive ,,colours1 in the art of dyeing1 are such as impart their tints to cloth and yarns without the intervention of a mordant2 in contradistinction to adjective colours1 which require to be fixed by certain #8intermedes1' or substances which have a joint affinity for the colouring matter and the material to be dyed4 ,,succin,,ic ,,acid4 ,c#d;,h#d,o#d;,h#b4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,succinicum4 ,prep4 ,from amber1 in coarse powder1 mixed with an equal weight of sand1 and distilled by a gradually increased heat2 or from the impure acid obtained during the distillation of oil of amber2 the product in both cases being purified by wrapping it in bibulous paper1 and submitting it to strong pressure1 to remove the oil1 and then resubliming it4 ,from malic acid1 by fermentation1 or by digestion with hydriodic acid in sealed tubes4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless2 inodorous 7when pure72 crystallises in oblique rhombic prisms2 soluble in #e parts of cold and in #b-a_/b parts of boiling water2 fusible and volatile1 without decomposition4 ,its salts are called #8succinates1' most of which are soluble4 ,succinate of ammonium is used as a test for iron4 ,succinic acid is distinguished from benzoic acid by its greater solubility1 and by giving a brownish or pale red bulky precipitate with ferric chloride in neutral solutions2 whereas that with benzoic acid is paler and yellower4 ,uses1 c4 ,succinic acid is antispasmodic1 stimulant1 and diuretic1 but is now seldom used4----,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,,suc,,cory4 ,chicory1 or wild endive4 7,see ,,chicory47 ,,sudorif,,ics4 ,see ,,diaphoretics4 ,,su,,et4 ,syn4 ,,sevum1 ,,sebum1 ,l4 ,this is prepared from the fat of the loins of the sheep or bullock by melting it by a gentle heat1 and straining the liquid fat4 ,in this state it forms the ,,adeps ,,ovillus 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,sevum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,sevum ,,ovillum1 or ,,sevum ,,pr,,paratum1 employed in medicine and perfumery1 as the basis of ointments1 cerates1 plasters1 pommades1 c4 ,suet1 ,melilot4 ,syn4 ,,sevum ,,meliloti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from suet1 #h lb42 melilot leaves1 #b lb42 boil until the leaves are crisp1 strain1 and allow it to cool very slowly1 so that it may #8grain well4' ,used by farriers1 and to make melilot plaster4 ,,suffoca,,tion4 ,the treatment varies with the cause4 ,see ,,asphyxia1 ,,charcoal1 ,,drowning1 ,,hanging1 ,,sulphuretted ,,hydrogen1 c4 ,,sug,,ar4 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,syn4 ,,cane ,,sugar2 ,,saccharum1 ,l42 ,,sucre1 ,fr4 ,this well-known and most useful substance is found in the juice of many of the canes or grasses1 in the sap of several forest trees1 and in the roots of various plants4 ,in tropical climates it is extracted from the sugar-cane 7,saccharum officinarum71 in ,china from the sweet sorgho 7,sorghum saccharatum71 in ,north ,america from the sugar-maple 7,acer saccharinum71 and in ,france1 ,germany1 ,russia1 and ,belgium1 from white beet-root 7,beta vulgaris1 var4 alba74 ,until of late years the ordinary sugar consumed in this country was that chiefly sent from the ,west ,indian ,islands1 ,south ,america1 the ,mauritius1 c41 and was the produce of the sugar cane2 recently1 however1 large and increasing quantities of beet-root sugar have found their way into the ,english markets from the ,continental factories4 ,the ,saccharum officinarum1 of which there are several varieties1 the sugar-cane ranges in height from #f to #ae feet1 and in diameter from #a to #b inches4 ,in order to obtain the saccharine juice contained in it1 the cane1 stripped of its leaves1 is cut just before the commencement of inflorescence1 the period in which it is richest in juice4 ,as this sap or juice is found to abound most in sugar1 when taken from the lower part of the stem1 the cane is cut off nearly close to the ground4 ,the stump which remains develops into a fresh plant1 and one plant thus treated will last several years1 not1 however1 without a gradual diminution in the size of the successive crops4 ,in ,south ,america and the ,west ,indies a variety known as the ,otaheita cane is extensively cultivated1 since it is very productive and yields a large amount of juice4 ,the annual average produce in raw sugar for a hectare 7about #b-a_/d ,english statute acres7 of land is in ,martinique #bjjj kilos4#bja ,guadaloupe #cdjj 0 ,mauritius #djjj 0 ,brazil #fjjj 0 ,footnote #bja3 ,a kilo #bbjdf lbs4 ,sugar-cane growing in the below-mentioned places has1 according to the analysis of the three chemists whose names are appended1 the following composition3---- 7a47 7b47 7c47 ,pligot4 ,dupuy4 ,icery4 ,sugar #ahj #agh #bjj ,water #gba #gbj #fij ,cellulose #ii #ih #ajj ,salts ---- #jd #jg-ab ,the cane1 therefore1 may be said to yield #ij per cent4 of juice1 which latter contains from #ah to #bj parts of pure sugar4 ,however1 the actual quantity obtained is rarely if ever more than #a lb4 of sugar to a gallon of juice1 or #aj per cent42 and much more frequently only #h per cent4 ,a large part of this loss is due to the prolonged exposure of the cane juice during its repeated boilings to heat1 whereby a large proportion of its crystallisable sugar is converted into the uncrystallisable variety which passes away in the form of molasses and treacle4 ,another important cause of loss is the retention of a large amount of juice by the cane4 ,the following figures will convey an idea of the enormous quantities of cane sugar produced and consumed yearly throughout the globe4 ,it is taken from #8,british ,manufacturing ,industries1' one of a series of excellent industrial manuals published by ,mr ,sandford1 of ,charing ,cross3---- ,cuba #fjj1jjj tons4 ,the other ,west ,indian colonies #bej1jjj 0 ,java and ,sumatra #agj1jjj 0 ,china #adj1jjj 0 ,french colonies in ,america and ,africa #abj1jjj 0 ,brazil #ajj1jjj 0 ,mauritius #hj1jjj 0 ,british ,guiana #hj1jjj 0 ,porto ,rico #ij1jjj 0 ,manilla #fj1jjj 0 ,mexico #ce1jjj 0 ,egypt ,large and growing4 ,the late ,dr ,edward ,smith found that #ih per cent4 of indoor operatives partook of #g-a_/b oz4 of sugar per adult weekly2 that #if per cent4 of ,scotch labourers use it2 and #hj per cent4 of ,irish4 ,he further states that in ,wales sugar is commonly used to an average extent of #f oz4 per adult weekly2 but that there is a marked difference in the rate of consumption in the northern and southern portions of the principality4 ,in ,north ,wales1 for example1 the average amount per head is #aa-a_/d oz42 whereas in ,south ,wales it is only #c oz4 ,the manufacture of sugar is exclusively conducted on the large scale4 ,the recent canes are crushed between rollers1 and the expressed juice is suffered to flow into a suitable vessel1 where it is slowly heated to nearly the boiling-point1 to coagulate albuminous matter4 ,the crushed canes generally supply the fuel needed for this purpose4 ,the ashes left after the combustion of the canes are carefully collected and used as a manure for future crops of sugar cane4 ,the cut below represents a press for the extraction of the juice from the canes4 ,by means of the screws 7i i71 the rollers are adjusted to the proper distance apart2 the upper roller is half the size of the two lower ones1 and all are moved by cogged wheels fitting on to the axes of the rollers4 ,the sugar-canes are transferred from the slate gutter 7d d7 to the rollers 7a c71 which press them a little2 and from thence they are carried over the arched plate 7n7 to the rollers 7c b74 ,the pressed sugar-canes fall over the gutter 7f71 the expressed juice collecting in g g1 and running off through h4 ,a small quantity of milk of lime is then added to the juice to remove mechanical impurities1 and the skimmed and clarified juice1 after being sufficiently concentrated by rapid evaporation in open pans1 is transferred to coolers1 and thence into upright casks perforated at the bottom1 and so placed that the syrup1 or uncrystallisable portion1 may drain off into a tank or cistern from the newly formed sugar4 ,during the period of crystallisation it is frequently agitated1 in order to hasten the change1 and to prevent the formation of large crystals4 ,the solid portion of the product forms moist1 raw1 or muscovado sugar2 the uncrystallisable syrup1 molasses or treacle4#bjb ,footnote #bjb3 ,the term #8molasses' is usually restricted to the drainings from raw sugar1 and #8treacle' to the thicker syrup which has drained from refined sugar in the moulds4 ,illustration ,raw sugar is refined by redissolving it in water1 adding to the solution albumen1 under the form of serum of blood or white of egg1 and1 sometimes1 a little lime-water1 and heating the whole to the boiling-point2 the impurities are then removed by careful skimming1 and the syrup is decoloured by filtration through recently burnt animal charcoal2 the clear decolorised syrup is next evaporated to the crystallising-point in vacuo1 and at once transferred into conical earthern moulds1 where it solidifies1 after some time1 to a confusedly crystallised mass2 this1 when drained1 washed with a little clean syrup1 and dried in a stove1 constitutes ordinary loaf1 lump1 or refined sugar4 ,sometimes in washing the crystallised mass for the purpose of removing the coloured syrup which is mingled with it1 the process known as #8claying' is followed4 ,in this case1 instead of white syrup being used1 a layer of thin mud or a paste of thin pipe-clay is poured into the mould on to the base of the inverted sugar cone1 through which the water escaping from the mud or pipe-clay permeates1 and carries with it the coloured syrup4 ,neither the mud nor the pipe-clay mix with the sugar1 but remaining on the top soon become hard1 when they are removed4 ,as the syrup running from the moulds still contains a large quantity of crystalline cane sugar1 this is recovered as follows3 ,the syrup1 after being sufficiently concentrated by boiling in the vacuum pan1 is removed and allowed to cool1 when it assumes the appearance of a crystalline magma known as #8crushed sugar4' ,crushed sugar is a mixture of a large quantity of sugar crystals with uncrystallisable syrup4 ,to get rid of this latter from the crystals1 the mass is placed in quantities of #c or #d cwts4 at a time in a #8centrifugal machine4' ,this1 of which an engraving is given below1 consists1 as will be seen1 of a drum fixed on a vertical axis4 ,the walls of the drum are made of perforated metal1 or are formed of meshed wire work1 and the drum itself enclosed in an outer metal cylinder1 which is fixed1 and1 of course1 unperforated4 ,when the drum is made to revolve on its axis at the rate of #ajjj or #abjj revolutions in a minute1 the syrup flying off by centrifugal action1 and escaping through the perforation at the sides of the drum1 is received into the outer cylinder1 whence it escapes by a trough into a proper receptacle1 leaving behind the crystals in the interior of the drum4 ,illustration a is an open drum of fine meshed wirework1 caused to revolve in the cast-iron vessel 7b b71 by means of the bevel wheels 7c d71 gearing with a motive power4 ,the motion of the drum can be stopped by means of the brake 7e71 and regulated by the weights placed at o4 ,when the crystallisation of sugar is allowed to take place quietly and slowly1 the product is sugar candy4 ,the evaporation at a low temperature in vacuum pans has the effect of diminishing the yield of treacle4 ,prop4 ,sugar requires for its solution only #a_/crd of its weight of cold and still less of boiling water2 it is slowly dissolved by cold rectified spirit2 it dissolves in #d parts of boiling rectified spirit and in #hj parts of boiling absolute alcohol2 it melts by heat1 and cools to a glassy amorphous mass 7barley sugar72 at about #djj ,fahr4 it suffers rapid decomposition1 and fuses to a brown1 uncrystallisable mass 7caramel72 long boiling with water increases its colour1 and lessens its tendency to crystallise2 its aqueous solution dissolves alkalies1 earths1 and many metallic oxides1 with facility4 ,the presence of cane sugar in solutions containing certain metallic salts prevents the precipitation of their oxides by alkalies4 ,the oxides of copper and iron are amongst those thus kept in solution4 ,sugar also possesses the power of effecting the partial or complete reduction of many metallic oxides1 if boiled with their salts2 the first results is exemplified in the case of the chromates2 for if a chromate be added to a solution of sugar1 and to the mixture a few drops of free acid1 the chromic acid suffers reduction to chromic oxide1 which1 dissolving in the excess of acid1 imparts a green colour to the liquid4 ,mercuric salts become reduced to mercurous1 whilst the salts of gold throw down a precipitate of the metal in fine powder4 ,the action of strong oil of vitriol on cane sugar is very energetic4 ,the sugar is instantly reduced to a black charred mass1 whilst carbonic and formic acids are given off4 ,the same effects are produced by exposing it to dry chlorine at a temperature of #bab ,f4 ,by nitric acid of sp4 gr4 #abe1 cane sugar is converted into saccharic acid2 if a stronger acid be employed1 oxalic acid is produced4 ,when a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids is poured on to cane sugar1 an explosive compound1 resembling gun cotton1 is produced4 ,this body is known as #8nitro-sugar4' ,weak syrups take up about half as much hydrate of calcium as they contain sugar2 when slowly crystallised1 it assumes the form of oblique #d-sided prisms1 terminated by #b-sided summits4 ,sp4 gr4 #afj 7#aegg----,ure74 ,pur4 ,moist or muscovado sugar and crushed lump sugar are occasionally adulterated with chalk1 plaster1 sand1 potato-flour1 and other fecula2 but frequently1 and in certain neighbourhoods constantly1 with starch sugar or potato-sugar4#bjc ,these frauds may be detected as follows3 ,footnote #bjc3 ,see further on4 ,tests4----#a4 ,pure cane sugar dissolves freely and entirely in both water and proof spirit1 forming transparent colourless solutions1 which are unaffected by either sulphuretted hydrogen or dilute sulphuric acid4----#b4 ,its solution bends the luminous rays in circumpolarisation to the right1 whereas grape and fecula sugars bend it to the left4#bjd----c4 7,chevallier47 ,boiled for a short time in water containing #b or #c of caustic potassa1 the liquid remains colourless2 but it turns brown1 which is more or less intense1 according to the quantity1 if starch sugar is present4 ,even #b or #c of starch sugar may be thus detected4----#d4 7,e4 ,krantz47 ,a filtered solution of #cc gr4 of cane or beet sugar in #a fl4 oz4 of water1 mixed with #c gr4 of pure hydrate of potassium1 and then agitated with #a-a_/b gr4 of sulphate of copper in an air-tight bottle1 remains clear1 even after the lapse of several days2 but if starch sugar be present1 a red precipitate is formed after some time2 and if it is present in considerable quantity1 the copper will be wholly converted into oxide within #bd hours1 the solution turning first blue or green1 and then entirely losing its colour4----#e4 7,trommer's test47 ,a solution of cane sugar is mixed with a solution of sulphate of copper1 and hydrate of potassium added in excess2 a blue liquid is obtained1 which1 on being heated1 is at first but little altered2 a small quantity of red powder falls after a time1 but the liquid long retains its blue tint4 ,when grape sugar or fecula sugar is thus treated1 the first application of heat throws down a copious greenish precipitate1 which rapidly changes to scarlet1 and eventually to dark red1 leaving a nearly colourless solution4 ,this is an excellent test for distinguishing the two varieties of sugar1 or discovering an admixture of grape sugar with cane sugar4 ,the #a_/ajjjth part of grape sugar may be thus detected4 ,the proportion of oxide of copper produced affords a good criterion1 not only of the purity of the sugar1 but also of the extent of the adulteration4----#f4 7,ure47 ,dissolve a little sulphate of copper 7say #bj gr47 in a measured quantity of water1 and add to it1 in the cold1 a solution of hydrate of potassium1 until1 by testing with turmeric paper1 the liquid appears faintly alkaline1 shown by the paper becoming slightly brown4 ,if a small quantity of this test-liquor 7previously well shaken7 be added to an aqueous solution of the sugar1 and the whole boiled1 the solution becomes at first green1 and then olive-green1 if dextrin is present2 but if it contain grape sugar1 the salt of copper is immediately reduced into the state of orange and oxide2 whilst a solution of pure sugar undergoes no change1 or is scarcely altered4----#g4 ,m4 ,riffard1#bje taking advantage of the fact that sugar1 like tartaric1 malic1 citric acid1 and albumen1 prevents the precipitation of iron by ammonia1 employs iron as a means for estimating sugar4 ,a solution containing sugar and iron in a certain proportion1 when saturated with ammonia1 will form a compound of a fine red colour1 which remains clear if no alkaline earthy metals are present4 ,m4 ,riffard has applied to sugar the method proposed by ,m4 ,juette for the estimation of tartaric acid4 ,he observed that a neutral or acid solution of crystallised perchloride of iron1 when heated for a considerable time to #ajj ,c1 requires #bgaj grams of sugar1 if #ajj milligrams of iron are to remain in solution in the presence of ammonia4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the solution is prepared simply by dissolving crystallised perchloride of iron in pure water1 without the addition of an acid1 #ajj milligrams of iron only require #behg grammes of sugar to remain dissolved4 ,in this case the liquid is perfectly clear1 and remains so2 but if a smaller quantity of sugar be added1 it is turbid1 and deposits peroxide of iron4 ,to estimate the sugar by this process1 #behgj grammes of the substance to be tested are dissolved1 the solution mixed with a few drops of oxalate of ammonia to precipitate the lime1 filtered and made up with water to #bej c4c41 #be c4c4 of this mixture require the addition of as many milligrams of iron as there are per cents4 of pure sugar in the sample under examination1 and by two tests the following results will be arrived at3----,with n milligrams of iron the solution is clear4 ,with n #a milligrams of iron the solution is precipitated4 n representing the number of per cents4 of sugar contained in the sample4----#h4 ,m4 ,perrot's method for the determination of sugars by means of normal solutions is as follows3----,he prepares a standard solution of copper by dissolving #cibge grams of sulphate of copper1 very pure1 and dried between several folds of filtering paper1 and makes it up with distilled water to #ajjj c4c4 ,each c4c4 of this solution contains #jja grams of copper4 ,on the other hand1 he dissolves about #be grams of pure cyanide of potassium in #a litre of distilled water4 ,of this solution #aj c4c4 are taken and put in a flask1 to which about #bj c4c4 of ammonia are added1 and the liquid is kept at a temperature of #fj or #gj4 ,he pours in the copper solution drop by drop by means of a burette graduated into tenths of a c4c41 until there appears the blue tint characteristic of salts of copper in an ammoniacal solution4 ,the number of degrees of the burette are then read off1 and indicate the quantity of copper which has been required to produce the reaction4 ,the solution of the sugar in question 7previously inverted if it is required to determine crystalline sugar7 is then placed in contact with an excess of ,fehling's liquor1 and reduced in the water-bath4 ,the whole is filtered in order to collect the precipitate of suboxide1 which is first well washed with hot water1 and dissolved in nitric acid1 diluted with an equal volume of water1 and a few fragments of chlorate of potassa are added4 ,this solution is effected on the filter1 which is then carefully washed in acidulated water4 ,the filtrate to which the washings are added is then mixed with water enough to make up #ajj or #aej c4c41 and is then poured by means of the burette into #aj c4c4 of cyanide1 mixed with #bj c4c4 of ammonia as above1 stopping when the blue colour appears1 and reading off the quantity of copper employed4 ,from the former experiment it is known how much copper #aj c4c4 of the cyanide solution require4 ,hence it is easy to calculate the total amount of copper which has been present as suboxide4 ,the amount of sugar is then found from the data that #ibih parts of copper equal #ejjj of crystalline sugar1 or #ebfc of glucose4#bjf----i4 ,the specific gravities and crystalline forms offer other means of distinguishing the varieties of sugar4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,of late years1 owing to the little difference in price between the two1 this form of adulteration has been abandoned4----,,ed4 ,footnote #bje3 #8,journ4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chimie1' #ahgd1 #di 7#8,pharm4 ,year ,book1' #ahgd74 ,footnote #bjf3 #8,comptes ,rendus ,hebdomadaire des ,sciences' 7#8,chem4 ,news'71 ,january #eth1 #ahgg4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,refined sugar 7,,saccharum----,ph4 ,l41 ,s4 ,,purum----,ph4 ,e41 ,s4 ,,purificatum----,ph4 ,d471 raw sugar 7,s4 ,,commune----,ph4 ,e471 and molasses or treacle 7,,sacchari ,f,x----,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 were officinal4 ,the relative sweetening power of cane sugar is estimated at #ajj2 that of pure grape sugar1 at #fj2 that of fecula or starch sugar1 at #cj to #dj4 ,according to ,messrs ,oxland's method 7patented #ahdi7 of defecating and bleaching the juice of beet-root1 cane1 c41 acetate of aluminium1 formed by dissolving #d lbs4 of that earth in acetic acid1 is boiled with each ton of sugar1 and as soon as the acetic acid is nearly all driven off1 a solution of tannin1 formed from #a lb4 of bruised valonia and #b galls4 of hot water1 is added to the boiling syrup2 the excess of aluminium is afterwards separated by lime1 and the usual method of further procedure adopted4 ,by their second patent 7#ahea71 superphosphate of aluminium or of calcium is substituted for acetate of aluminium1 in the proportion of about #f lbs4 of aluminium1 dissolved in phosphoric acid1 for each ton of sugar4 ,the presence of certain saline bodies in a solution of cane sugar1 exercises a very prejudicial effect upon it1 since these1 by combining with the sugar1 give rise to compounds which contribute to the more or less reduction of the sugar to the uncrystallisable condition1 and to a consequent increase of the molasses4 ,of one of the chief constituents of the sugar-cane that possesses this objectionable property is potash in combination with acids1 both organic and inorganic4 ,last year a patent for the removal of these potash salts was taken out by the ,messrs ,newlands4 ,the patentees proceed upon the facts that the solubility of alum in water is very trifling1 and that it contains only #a_/ajth part of its weight of potash4 ,they add to a concentrated syrup a strong solution of sulphate of alumina 7having by a previous examination of the syrup determined the quantity required74 ,sulphate of potash is thereby formed1 and this1 uniting with the sulphate of alumina1 the resulting alum after a time deposits in a crystalline form at the bottom of the vessel containing the sugar solution4 ,this being run off into another receptacle1 the free acid1 of which it now contains a large quantity1 is neutralised with lime or chalk1 boiled1 filtered1 and passed through charcoal4 ,the addition of the lime has also thrown down the alumina liberated by the reaction1 which has carried with it and removed certain injurious nitrogenous principles previously present in the saccharine liquid4 ,some few years back ,messrs ,dubrunfaut and ,pligot being cognisant of the fact of the insolubility1 in boiling water1 of the compounds of sugar with lime1 based upon it a method of separating crystallisable sugar from treacle4 ,pligot has obtained from common treacle one fourth of its weight of crystallised sugar1 by dissolving the precipitated sugar lime in water1 and separating the lime by passing into the mixture a stream of carbonic acid4 ,sugar may be obtained from nearly all sweet vegetable substances1 by a process essentially similar to that described above4 ,table showing the ,specific ,weight of ,sugar ,solutions with the corresponding percentage of ,cane ,sugar at #age ,c4----,,gerlach4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,percentage1 ,specific ,percentage1 ,specific ,percentage1 ,specific ,cane ,sugar4 ,weight ,cane ,sugar4 ,weight ,cane ,sugar4 ,weight of ,sol4 of ,sol4 of ,sol4 #ge #achc1cdb #di #abbg1bda #bd #aaja1cgg #gd #acgf1hbb #dh #abba1gga #bc #ajif1gib #gc #acgj1cde #dg #abaf1cci #bb #ajib1bdj #gb #acfc1iaj #df #abaj1ide #ba #ajhg1gba #ga #aceg1eah #de #abje1ehi #bj #ajhc1bcd #gj #acea1afh #dd #abjj1bfi #ai #ajgh1ggi #fi #acdd1hfj #dc #aaid1ihf #ah #ajgd1cef #fh #acch1eid #db #aahi1gdj #ag #ajfi1ife #fg #accb1cgj #da #aahd1eca #af #ajfe1fjf #ff #acbf1ahh #dj #aagi1ceh #ae #ajfa1bgh #fe #acbj1jdf #ci #aagd1bba #ad #ajef1ihb #fd #acac1idf #ch #aafi1aba #ac #ajeb1gaf #fc #acjg1hhg #cg #aafd1jef #ab #ajdh1dhb #fb #acja1hfh #cf #aaei1jbf #aa #ajdd1bgh #fa #abie1hij #ce #aaed1jcb #aj #ajdj1ajd #fj #abhi1ieb #cd #aadi1jgc #i #ajce1ifa #ei #abhd1jed #cc #aadd1aej #h #ajca1hdh #eh #abgh1aig #cb #aaci1bfa #g #ajbg1gfd #eg #abgb1cgi #ca #aacd1djf #f #ajbc1gaj #ef #abff1fjj #cj #aabi1ehf #e #ajai1fhf #ee #abfj1hfa #bi #aabd1hjj #d #ajae1fia #ed #abee1afa #bh #aabj1jdh #c #ajaa1gbe #ec #abdi1ejj #bg #aaae1ccj #b #ajjg1ghh #eb #abdc1hgg #bf #aaaj1fdf #a #ajjc1hhj #ea #abch1bic #be #aaje1iie #j #ajjj1jjj #ej #abcb1gdh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sugar1 ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,saccharum ,,aluminatum1 ,,alumen ,,saccharinum1 ,l4 ,from alum and white sugar1 in fine powder1 equal parts1 formed into minute sugar-loaf shaped lumps with mucilage of gum ,arabic made with rose water4 ,used to make astringent lotions and eye-waters4 ,sugar4 ,barley4 ,syn4 ,,saccharum ,,hordeatum1 ,,penidium1 ,,saccharum ,,penidium1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of saffron1 #ab gr42 hot water1 q4 s42 sugar1 #a lb42 boil to a full #8candy height1' or that state called #8crack1' or #8crackled sugar1' when #b or #c drops of clear lemon juice or white vinegar must be added1 and the pan removed from the fire and set for a single minute in cold water1 to prevent its burning2 the sugar must be then at once poured out on an oiled marble slab1 and either cut into pieces or rolled into cylinders and twisted in the usual manner4 ,one drop of oil of citron1 orange1 or lemon1 will flavour a considerable quantity4 ,white barley sugar is made with a strained decoction of barley instead of water1 or starch is added to whiten it4 ,sugar1 ,beet-root4 ,syn4 ,,saccharum ,,bet1 ,l4 ,sugar obtained from the white beet4 ,in the following table the names of the countries in which this plant is cultivated are given1 together with the amount of sugar annually produced in each3 ,france #bhj1jjj tons4#bjg ,germany #bfj1jjj 0 ,austria and ,hungary #ahj1jjj 0 ,russia and ,poland #acj1jjj 0 ,belgium #ej1jjj 0 ,holland and other countries #ag1jjj 0 ,footnote #bjg3 ,british ,manufacturing ,industries1 ,glanford4 ,the white beet is used in preference to the red varieties1 not only because of the colour of its juice1 but also in consequence of its being richer in sugar4 ,the roots vary in their yield of sugar according to quality and the season of the year4 ,they are generally in best condition in ,october4 ,the root is made up of a series of small cells1 which are filled with the saccharine fluid4 ,according to ,wagner the constituents of the sugar-beet are as follows3 ,water #hbg ,sugar #aac ,cellulose #jh ,albumen1 casein1 and other bodies #ae ,fatty matter #ja ,organic substances1 citric acid1 pectin1 and pectic acid4 ,asparagin1 aspartic acid1 and betain1 a substance having1 according to ,schiebler1 the formula ,c#ae;,h#cc,n#c,o#f ,organic salts1 oxalate and pectate of calcium1 oxalate and pectate of potassium and sodium #cg ,inorganic salts1 nitrate and sulphate of potash1 phosphate of lime and magnesia ,twelve and a half hundred weight of beet yield on an average #a cwt4 of raw sugar1 or #h per cent4 ,the first operation in the manufacture of beet-root sugar after washing and cleansing the roots 7an operation which sometimes reduces their weight #aj or #bj per cent47 is the extraction from them of the juice4 ,this may be effected either by3 #a4 ,pressure4 #b4 ,centrifugal power4 #c4 ,dialysis4 #a4 ,pressure4 ,the roots being put into a proper crushing machine are soon reduced to an uniform pulp1 which in some manufactories is subjected to pressure wrapped in linen cloths under stone or iron rollers1 and in others is placed in bags and placed under the ,bramah or hydraulic press1 the resulting juice being collected in proper receptacles4 #b4 ,centrifugal power4 ,this method is that generally employed for separating the juice from the pulp1 which thus yields between #ej or #fj per cent4 of juice4 ,a weak saccharine solution1 also used in sugar manufacture1 is afterwards obtained by mixing the residue of the pulp with water1 and subjecting it to the same process4 #c4 ,dialysis4 ,the application of the principle of diffusion for the extraction of the sugar from the beet-root originated with ,m4 ,robert4 ,the fresh roots1 cut into thin slices1 are immersed in a little more than their own weight of water heated to about #abj ,f4 ,the crystalloid sugar thus diffuses out through the cell membrane which encloses it into the surrounding water1 leaving the pectous and colloid matters1 such as albumen1 gum1 c41 behind4 ,the operation which is so managed as to bring the same water into contact with successive quantities of root1 yields a saccharine solution of nearly the same strength as the natural juice4 ,the solution so obtained is1 after concentration and the usual methods1 converted into sugar4 ,the same process is said to have been tried with cane sugar1 and with equally satisfactory results4 ,the succeeding stages of the manufacture of beet sugar1 such as refining1 liming1 decolorising1 c41 are the same as those already described under cane sugar4 ,beet sugar is in every respect identical with cane4 ,it was discovered in #agdg by ,marggraf1 of ,berlin1 but it did not come into use until about the beginning of the present century1 its manufacture at this period in ,france being necessitated by an edict of the first ,napoleon's1 which prohibited the importation of cane sugar into that country4 ,the engraving represents a vacuum pan much used in the ,french sugar refineries4 ,fig4 #a gives a perspective1 and fig4 #b a sectional view of this evaporating pan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,the boiling-pan 7,b7 consists of two air-tight hemispheres1 surmounted by a funnel1 connected by the tube 7l7 with the condenser 7,a74 ,the apparatus is supplied by steam by 7r s71 the steam circulating in the boiling-pan by means of the pipes 7g71 fig4 #b4 ,by opening the lever valves 7f7 the juice can be run by means of the pipe 7o7 into the pan 7p74 ,when the pan1 after continued boiling1 requires to be refitted1 the pipes 7l and w7 are connected to an air-pump4 ,the manometer 7h7 shows the state of the air pressure1 which can be regulated by opening the pipes connected to the vacuum chamber4 ,by means of the gauge cylinder 7,g7 the quantity of syrup in the boiling-pan can be ascertained1 the gauge cylinder being connected to the boiling-pan by the pipes 7a and i71 and the height read off from the gauge tube 7n74 ,the syrup can be removed1 for the purpose of ascertaining its consistency1 from the gauge cylinder by means of either of the three pipes 7b1 c1 d74 ,by u steam can be admitted to the boiling-pan and condenser4 e is generally of stout glass1 and enables the state of the juice to be seen4 g is the grease cock1 f the manhole4 ,the condenser consists of the jacket 7,b71 arranged to prevent the mixing of the juice with the water used for condensation4 x is the gauge4 ,the pipe 7m7 conveying water to the condenser terminates in a rose4 z is a thermometer showing the interior temperature of the boiling-pan4 ,the air-pump being set in operation the tube 7c7 is opened1 and the gauge cylinder filled by the juice rising from q4 ,by closing m and opening y the juice is admitted to the boiling-pan4 ,when this is half full the steam pipe 7s7 is opened1 the steam quickly heating the contents of the pan to the boiling point4 ,the condenser is then placed in working2 by opening the pipe 7l7 the steam of the juice passes into the condenser1 where it is speedily condensed1 passing with the water through 4 ,sugar1 ,diabetic4 ,grape sugar found in the urine of persons labouring under diabetes4 ,in diabetes insipidus1 a substance having the general properties of a sugar1 but destitute of a sweet taste1 appears to be produced 7,thnard47 ,sugar1 ,gelatin4 ,see ,,glycocine4 ,sugar1 ,grape1 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f4;,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,glucose1 ,,fruit ,,sugar2 ,,saccharum ,,uv1 ,s4 ,,fructus1 ,l4 ,this substance is found in the juice of grapes and other fruit1 in the urine of diabetic patients1 and in the liquid formed by acting on starch and woody fibre with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the juice of ripe grapes or an infusion of the ripe fruit 7raisins71 by saturating the acid with chalk1 decanting the clear liquid1 evaporating to a syrup1 clarifying with white of egg or bullock's blood1 and then carefully evaporating to dryness2 it may be purified for chemical purposes by solution and crystallisation in either water or boiling alcohol4 ,like other sugar1 it may be decoloured by animal charcoal4 #b4 ,from honey1 by washing with cold alcohol1 which dissolves the fluid syrup and leaves the solid crystallisable portion4 ,prop4 ,it is less sweet and less soluble than cane sugar1 requiring #a-a_/b part of cold water for its solution2 instead of bold crystals1 it forms granular warty masses1 without distinct crystalline faces2 it does not easily combine with either oxide of calcium or oxide of lead2 with heat1 caustic alkaline solutions turn it brown or black1 but it dissolves in oil of vitriol without blackening1 the reverse being the case with cane sugar2 with chloride of sodium it forms a soluble salt1 which yields large1 regular1 and beautiful crystals4 ,sp4 gr4 #adjj4 ,the various fruits contain grape sugar in the following proportions3 ,per ,cent4 ,peach #aeg ,apricot #ahj ,plum #bab ,raspberry #djj ,blackberry #ddd ,strawberry #egc ,bilberry #egh ,currant #faj ,plum #fbf ,gooseberry #gaf ,cranberry #gde 7according to ,fresenius74 ,pear #hjb to #ajh 7,e4 ,wolff74 ,apple #hcg 7,fresenius74 0 #gbh to #hjd 7,e4 ,wolff74 ,sour cherry #hgg ,mulberry #iai ,sweet cherry #ajgi ,grape #adic ,obs4 ,cane sugar is converted into grape sugar during the process of fermentation1 and by the action of acids4 ,see ,,sugar1 and ,,sugar1 ,,starch 7below74 ,sugar1 ,maple4 ,syn4 ,,saccharum ,,acerinum1 ,l4 ,from the juice of the sugar maple4 ,it is identical with cane sugar4 ,in the ,united ,states and the ,british ,colonies of ,north ,america considerable quantities of this sugar are made4 ,the juice is obtained by boring through the bark of the tree to a depth of about a quarter or half an inch4 ,each tree has generally two perforations made in it1 and they are always made on that side of the tree which faces towards the south1 and at a distance of about #bj inches from the ground4 ,the juice flows into suitable vessels1 into which it is conducted by reeds placed under the perforations4 ,the period chosen for tapping the trees is that during which it is known the sap is ascending1 from ,march to ,may4 ,sometimes the tree undergoes a second tapping in the autumn1 but this is not generally practised1 inasmuch as it is injurious to the tree4 ,a daily yield of #f galls1 of juice from each incision is looked upon as a #8good run1' and if this #f gall4 be the produce of an old tree or #8old bush' they will yield #a lb4 of sugar4 ,in a young tree or #8young bush' the yield of sugar from the same quantity of sap is only half4 ,by proper care the same tree may be tapped #bj or #cj years following4 ,unlike the sugar-cane the juice in the maple is the richest in sugar the higher it is found from the ground4 ,the concentrated saccharine liquid is concentrated every #bd hours4 ,the raw crystallised sugar undergoes no refining1 and being made into blocks is then sent to market4 ,sugar1 ,milk4 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4;,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,sugar ,,of ,,milk1 ,,lactin2 ,,saccharum ,,lactis 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,gently evaporate clarified whey until it crystallises on cooling1 and purify the crystals by digestion with animal charcoal and repeated crystallisations4 ,prop41 c4 ,white1 translucent1 very hard cylindrical masses or four-sided prisms2 soluble in about #f parts of cold and in #b parts of boiling water2 nearly insoluble in alcohol and ether2 ammoniacal plumbic acetate precipitates it from its solutions4 ,when an alkaline solution of grape sugar is boiled with the salts of copper1 silver1 or mercury1 it reduces them2 it produces right-handed rotation of a ray of polarised light2 by boiling with dilute acid it is converted into galactose 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f72 treated with nitric acid it yields mucic acid1 with small quantities of saccharic1 oxalic1 and tartaric acid4 ,milk sugar is unsusceptible of the vinous fermentation1 except under the action of dilute acids1 which convert it into grape sugar2 in solution1 it is converted into lactic or butyric acid by the action of caseine and albuminous matter4 ,milk contains about #e of it4 7,boussingault47 ,obs4 ,sugar of milk is chiefly imported from ,switzerland4 ,in this country it is chiefly used as a vehicle for more active medicines1 especially among the homopathists4 ,sugar1 ,starch4 ,syn4 ,,potato ,,sugar1 ,f,,cula ,s4 ,this is grape sugar obtained by the action of diastase on starch1 in the manner noticed under ,,gum 7,british71 or by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on starch1 or of the strong acid on lignin1 or on substances containing it4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from corn4 ,the corn is first steeped in soda lye2 it is then ground wet and passed through revolving sieves to separate the husks and gluten4 ,the starch is carried through long troughs1 in which are placed transverse pieces of wood1 against which the solid particles of starch lodge1 and are thus separated from the washing waters4 ,these wash waters run into a large cistern1 where it undergoes fermentation into weak vinegar4 ,the starch in the wet state is then put into a mash tub and treated for from #c to #h hours with #a per cent4 of sulphuric acid4 ,the acid liquor is neutralised with chalk and evaporated in vacuum pans2 and after being separated from the sulphate of lime it is run into barrels and allowed to crystallise4 ,the grape sugar is sometimes manufactured in blocks #f inches square1 and dried on plaster plates in a current of dry air1 as hot air would decolorise it4 ,large quantities of grape sugar manufactured as above are now produced in the ,united ,states1 particularly in ,new ,orleans1 ,buffalo1 and ,brooklyn4 ,a considerable amount from the same source reaches this country from the ,continent1 and is employed in our breweries4 ,when specially prepared for the use of the latter the blocks are crushed into small pieces about the size of malt grains4 ,our excise authorities prohibit the entrance of glucose into a brewer's premises in the liquid state4 ,in the brewing of pale sparkling ales grape is esteemed more than either cane sugar or malt1 and is said to yield a more sound and wholesome liquor1 and one free from the acidity1 impurity1 and treacly sweetness frequently found in beers brewed from raw or inferior sugars4 ,glucose may also be obtained from cellulose1 but the process is too expensive to admit of being practically worked4 #b4 ,potato starch1 #ajj parts2 water1 #jj parts2 sulphuric acid1 #f parts2 mix1 boil for #ce or #dj hours1 adding water1 to make up for evaporation2 then saturate the acid with lime or chalk1 decant or filter1 and evaporate the clear liquor4 ,under pressure the conversion is more rapid4 ,prod4 #aje4 #c4 8,the starch of potatoes can be converted into glucose by digestion for a few hours with parings of the potato4 ,this operation is largely practised by ,german farmers in the preparation of food for fattening hogs4 ,an excellent starch sugar can be prepared from ,indian corn1 which will yield alcohol one eighth cheaper1 and quite as pure as that from cane sugar40#bjh ,footnote #bjh3 #8,journ4 of ,applied ,chemistry4' #d4 ,shreds of linen or paper1 #ab parts2 strong sulphuric acid1 #ag parts 7,braconnot2 #e of acid1 and #a of water----,vogel72 mix in the cold2 in #bd hours dilute with water1 and boil it for #aj hours2 then neutralise with chalk1 filter1 evaporate to a syrup1 and set the vessel aside to crystallise4 ,prod4 #aad4 ,sawdust1 glue1 c41 also yield grape sugar by like treatment4 ,see ,,lignin4 ,sugar from other ,sources4 ,considerable quantities of ,east ,indian cane sugar are yielded by certain ,indian palms1 the principal of which are the ,arenga saccharifera and the ,phnix sylvestris or wild date4 ,another source whence large quantities of cane sugar are procured is the ,sorghum saccharatum or sugar grass4 ,this plant is exclusively grown in ,ohio1 and yields annually more than #ae1jjj1jjj gall4 of juice1 which is made into sugar4 ,melezitose 7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa74 ,from larch manna4 ,mycose or trehalose 7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa74 ,from ,turkish manna4 ,melitose 7,c#ab;,h#bd,o#ab74 ,from the eucalyptus4 ,maltose 7,c#ab;,h#bd,o#ab74 ,from malt4 ,eucalen 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f74 ,by fermentation of melitose4 ,sorbin 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f74 ,from the berries of the service tree4 ,effects of the varieties of ,sugar on ,polarised ,light4 ,both sucrose1 or cane sugar1 and dextrose produce rotation upon a ray of polarised light4 ,the plane of rotation is rotated to the right by sucrose rather more powerfully than by dextrose4 ,it is remarkable that the uncrystallisable sugar of fruits produces an opposite rotation1 viz4 to the left4 ,since the degree of rotation is proportionate in columns of equal length to the quantity of sugar present1 it has been proposed to employ this property in order to determine the quantity of sugar present in syrups4#bji ,the following1 according to ,berthelot1 are the rotatory powers of the different varieties of sugar1 if equal weights of each are dissolved in an equal bulk of water2 the quantities of each sugar are calculated for the formul annexed3 ,footnote #bji3 ,miller4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,temperature4 ,variety4 ,formula4 ,rotation4 ,fahr4 ,cent4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,sucrose 7cane sugar7 7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa7,right #gch ,melezitose 7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa7 0 #ida ,mycose 7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa7 0 #aic ,melitose 7,c#ab;,h#bd,o#ab7 0 #ajb ,dextrose 7grape sugar77,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 0 #egd ,malt sugar 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 0 #agb ,lvulose 7fruit sugar7 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 ,left #ajf #ef #acc ,eucalin 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 ,right #ej ,sorbin 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 ,left #dfi ,lactose 7milk sugar7 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 ,right #efd ,glucose of ditto 7galactose7 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 0 #hcc ,inverted cane sugar 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 ,left #bh #eg #aci ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,sugar-,,boiling4 ,the art or business of the confectioner or sugar-baker2 the candying of sugar4 ,the stages are as follow3----,well clarified and perfectly transparent syrup is boiled until a #8skimmer' dipped into it1 and a portion #8touched' between the forefinger and thumb1 on opening them1 is drawn into a small thread1 which crystallises and breaks4 ,this is called a #8weak candy height4' ,if boiled again1 it will draw into a larger string1 and if bladders may be blown through the #8drippings' from the ladle1 with the mouth1 it has acquired the second degree1 and is now called #8bloom sugar4' ,after still further boiling1 it arrives at the state called #8feathered sugar4' ,to determine this re-dip the skimmer1 and shake it over the pan1 then give it a sudden flirt behind1 and the sugar will fly off like feathers4 ,the next degree is that of #8crackled sugar1' in which state the sugar that hangs to a stick dipped into it1 and put directly into a pan of cold water1 is not dissolved off1 but turns hard and snaps4 ,the last stage of refining this article reduces it to what is called #8carmel sugar1' proved by dipping a stick first into the sugar1 and then into cold water1 when1 on the moment it touches the latter1 it will1 if matured1 snap like glass4 ,it has now arrived at a #8full candy height4' ,care must be taken throughout that the fire is not too fierce1 as1 by flaming up against the sides of the pan1 it will burn and discolour the sugar2 hence the boiling is best conducted by steam heat4 ,any flavour or colour may be given to the candy by adding the colouring matter to the syrup before boiling it1 or the flavouring essences when the process is nearly complete4 ,see ,,stains1 c4 ,,sugar ,,can,,dy4 ,syn4 ,,saccharum ,,candidum1 ,s4 ,,crystallinum1 ,s4 ,,crystallizatum1 ,l4 ,sugar crystallised by leaving the saturated syrup in a warm place 7#ij to #ajj ,fahr471 the shooting being promoted by placing sticks1 or threads1 at small distances from each other in the liquor2 it is also deposited from compound syrups1 and does not seem to retain much of the foreign substances with which they are loaded4 ,brown sugar candy is prepared in this way from raw sugar2 white do41 from refined sugar2 and red do41 from a syrup of refined sugar which has been coloured red by means of cochineal4 ,sugar candy is chiefly used as a sweetmeat2 and1 being longer in dissolving than sugar1 in coughs1 to keep the throat moist2 reduced to powder1 it is also blown into the eye1 as a mild escharotic in films or dimness of that organ4 ,,sugar ,,of ,,lead4 ,acetate of lead4 ,,sugar ,,plums4 ,syn4 ,,bon-,,bons1 ,,drag,,es1 ,fr4 ,these are made by various methods1 among which are those noticed under ,,drops 7,confectionery71 ,,lozenges1 and ,,pastils1 to which may be added the following3----,take a quantity of sugar syrup1 in the proportion to their size1 in that state called a #8blow' 7which may be known by dipping the skimmer into the sugar1 shaking it1 and blowing through the holes1 when parts of light may be seen71 and add a drop or two of any esteemed flavouring essence4 ,if the #8bon-bons' are preferred white1 when the sugar has cooled a little1 stir it round the pan till it grains and shines on the surface4 ,when all is ready1 pour it through a funnel into little clean1 bright1 leaden moulds1 which must be of various shapes1 and be previously slightly moistened with oil of sweet almonds2 it will then take a proper form and harden4 ,as soon as the plums are cold1 take them from the moulds2 dry them for two or three days in the air1 and put them upon paper4 ,if the bon-bons are required to be coloured1 add the colour just as the sugar is ready to be taken off the fire4 ,,crystallised ,,bon-,,bons are prepared by dusting them with powdered double-refined lump sugar before drying them4 ,,liqueur ,,bon-,,bons1 now so beautifully got up by the ,parisian confectioners1 are obtained by pressing pieces of polished bone or metal into finely powdered sugar1 filling the hollow spaces so formed with saturated solutions of sugar in the respective liqueurs1 and then spreading over the whole an ample layer of powdered sugar4 ,in the course of three or four days the bon-bons may be removed1 and tinted by the artist at will4 ,instead of white powdered sugar ordered above1 coloured sugar may be used4 ,these bon-bons are found to be hollow spheres1 containing a small quantity of the spirit or liqueur employed1 and will bear keeping for many months4 ,see ,,sweetmeats1 c4 ,,sugars 7,medicated74 ,syn4 ,,saccharides2 ,,sacchara ,,medicata1 ,l42 ,,saccharol,s1 ,,saccharures1 ,fr4 ,some of these are prepared by moistening white sugar with the medicinal substance1 then gently drying it1 and rubbing it to powder2 in other cases they are obtained in the manner noticed under ,,pulverulent ,,extracts1 or ,,oleosaccharum4 ,the most valuable preparation of this class in ,british pharmacy is the saccharated carbonate of iron 7,,ferri ,,carbonas ,,cum ,,saccharo----,ph4 ,l474 ,,suint1 ,gas from4 ,by this is understood a gas prepared from the fatty materials present in the soap-suds used in washing raw wool and spun yarns4 ,the water containing the suint and soap-suds is run into cisterns1 and is there mixed with milk of lime1 and left to stand for twelve hours4 ,a thin precipitate is formed1 which1 after the supernatant clear liquor has been run off1 is put upon coarse canvas for the purpose of draining off any impurities1 sand1 hair1 c41 while the mass which runs through the filter is put into a tank1 in which it forms1 after six or eight days1 a pasty mass1 which1 having been dug out and moulded into bricks1 is dried in open air4 ,at ,rheims the first wash-water of the wool is used for making both gas and potash1 because the water contains no soap and only suintate of potash4 ,havrez1 at ,verviers1 has recently proposed to employ suint----which1 by-the-bye1 is very rich in nitrogen----for the purpose of making ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,the dried brick-shaped lumps are submitted to distillation1 yielding a gas which does not require purification1 and which possesses an illuminating power three times that of good coal gas4 ,the wash-water of a wool-spinning mill with #bj1jjj spindles yields daily1 when treated as described1 about #ejj kilos of dried suinter1 as the substance is technically called4 ,one kilo of this substance yields #baj litres of gas4 ,annually about #aej1jjj kilos of suinter are obtained1 and this quantity will yield #ca1ejj1jjj litres #a1aab1dhe cubic feet of gas4 ,every burner consuming #ce litres of gas per hour1 and taking the time of burning at #abjj hours1 the quantity of gas will suffice for #gej burners1 and as a spinning mill of #bj1jjj spindles only requires #ejj burners1 there is an excess of gas supply available for #bej other burners1 or the owner may dispose of #ejjj kilos of suinter1 which is valued at ,augsburgh at about #cs4 per #ej kilos1 and at about #ds4 at ,mulhouse4#baj ,footnote #baj3 ,wagner's #8,chemical ,technology4' ,,sul,,phate4 ,syn4 ,,sulphas1 ,l4 ,a salt of sulphuric acid4 ,,sul,,phide4 ,a salt consisting of sulphur and a metal or other basic radical4 ,see ,,sulphuretted ,,hydrogen4 ,,sulphindyl,,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,sulphindigotic ,,acid4 ,an intensely blue pasty mass1 formed by dissolving #a part of indigo in about #ae parts of concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,see ,,sulphate ,,of ,,indigo4 ,,sul,,phite4 ,a salt of sulphurous acid4 ,,sulphocarbolic ,,acid4 7,,sulphocarbolates47 ,carbolic acid1 when acted upon by bases1 yields a class of salts termed carbolates4 ,these compounds are very unstable2 they readily absorb water from the air1 which sets free carbolic acid2 they usually have the powerful odour of the latter4 ,when1 however1 equivalent weights of carbolic and sulphuric acids are mixed1 union takes place1 a definite double acid 7sulphocarbolic7 results1 and the salts formed by this double acid with the various bases are entirely different from the simple salts of carbolic acid4 ,they are very stable1 very soluble1 possess neither odour nor taste of carbolic acid1 and are singularly beautiful in crystalline form4 ,sulphocarbolic ,acid 7,,hc#f;,h#c,,so#d7 is obtained by the crystallisation in long colourless needles2 unlike carbolic acid1 it is soluble in water1 alcohol1 and ether1 in any proportions4 ,sulphocarbolate of ,calcium ,ca7,c#f;,h#e,,so#d7b ,aq4 is obtained in very long1 fine1 densely interlacing crystals1 which form in bulk1 by their interlacement1 a porous mass4 ,unlike the usual lime-salts1 this is exceedingly soluble4 ,this fact overcomes the great difficulty of treatment when in disease there is a deficiency of lime in the body1 especially in rickets1 in which disease the want of lime in the bones gives rise to distortions4 ,the sulphocarbolate of magnesium crystallises in large1 clear1 rhombic prisms1 easily soluble in water4 ,sulphocarbolate of ,copper ,cu7,c#f;,h#e,,so#d7b forms fine prismatic crystals of a blue colour4 ,it is used as the zinc sulphocarbolate1 chiefly as a lotion and dressing1 in the proportion of #c to #aj grains to the ounce of distilled water4 ,sulphocarbolate of ,iron ,fe7,c#f;,h#e,,so#d7b is in colourless or pale green rhombic plates4 ,it is readily administered1 and seems in some instances to be preferred to other salts of iron4 ,it seems to have been of especial use in the skin diseases of children1 wherein there is much formation of matter4 ,sulphocarbolate of ,sodium ,na7,c#f;,h#e7,,so#d4;,aq is in brilliant1 clear1 rhombic prisms4 ,the salt is very soluble in water4 ,this salt can be administered as a medicine in doses of #bj to #fj gr42 it is slowly decomposed in the textures1 carbolic acid being evolved4 ,it thus becomes a very simple means of obtaining the beneficial effects of the administration of this antiseptic without the difficulties and dangers which attend it in its uncombined irritant and caustic form4 ,it has proved of great service in the treatment of infectious diseases4 ,administered in the severest cases of diphtheria1 malignant scarlet fever1 typhoid1 erysipelas1 c41 the remedy has proved of extreme value4 ,sulphocarbolate of ,zinc ,zn7,c#f;,h#e,,so#d7b is chiefly employed in solution as a lotion4 ,by high surgical authorities it is considered to answer all the purposes of the antiseptic dressing of carbolic acid4 ,it is inodorous1 and has very slight irritating action4 ,the ,sulphocarbolates of ,potassium ,,kc#f;,h#e,,so#d and ,ammonium ,,nh#d;,c#f;,h#e,,so#d are also brilliant crystals2 they are freely soluble1 administered with the greatest ease1 and have been used with success as remedial agents4 ,,sulphocyan,,ogen4 ,a well-defined salt radical1 containing sulphur united to the elements of cyanogen4 ,its compounds are the sulphocyanides1 most of which may be formed by directly saturating hydrosulphocyanic acid with the oxide or hydrate of the base2 or1 from the sulphocyanide of potassium and a soluble salt of the base1 by double decomposition4 ,,sulphoform4 ,syn4 ,,sulpoformum4 ,an oily liquid obtained by distilling one part of iodoform with three of sulphide of mercury4 ,,sulphophe,,nic ,,acid4 ,a synonym of sulphocarbolic acid4 ,see ,,sulphocarbolates4 ,,sulphovin,,ic ,,acid4 ,c#b;,h#e;,,hso#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphethylic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,sulphovinicum1 ,l4 ,this substance is formed by the action of heat on a mixture of alcohol and sulphuric acid2 it is the intermediate product which is developed in the preparation of ether4 ,the salts are called sulphovinates or sulphothylates4 ,,sul,,phur4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,brimstone2 ,,soufre1 ,fr4 ,an elementary substance4 ,that of commerce is chiefly imported from ,sicily and ,italy1 and is a volcanic production4 ,var4 ,the principal of these are3 ,,amorphous ,,sulphur1 ,,brown ,s42 ,,sulphur ,,amorphum1 ,s4 ,,fuscum1 ,s4 ,,informe1 ,s4 ,,rubrum1 ,l4 ,prepared from sublimed sulphur1 by melting it1 increasing the heat to from #cbj to #cej ,fahr41 and continuing it at that temperature for about half an hour1 or until it becomes brown and viscid1 and then pouring it into water4 ,in this state it is ductile1 like wax1 may be easily moulded in any form1 is much heavier than usual1 and when it has cooled does not again become fluid until heated to above #fjj ,fahr4 ,the same effect is produced more rapidly by at once raising the temperature of the melted mass to from #dcj to #dhj ,fahr4 ,,precipitated ,,sulphur1 ,,hydrate ,,of ,,sulphur1 ,,milk ,,of ,s42 ,,sulphuris ,,hydras1 ,,lac ,,sulphuris1 ,,sulphur ,,pr,,cipitatum 7,ph4 ,l474 ,prep4 #a4 ,from sublimed sulphur1 #a part2 dry and recently slaked lime1 #b parts2 water1 #be parts1 or q4 s42 boil for #b or #c hours1 dilute with #be parts more of water1 filter1 and precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid2 drain1 and well wash the precipitate1 and dry it by a gentle heat4 ,resembles sublimed sulphur in its general properties1 but is much paler1 and in a finer state of division4 #b4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,sublimed sulphur1 #e oz42 slaked lime1 #c oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #c fl4 oz41 or q4 s42 distilled water1 q4 s4 ,heat the sulphur and lime1 previously well mixed1 in #a pint of water1 stirring diligently with a wooden spatula1 boil for #ae minutes and filter4 ,boil the residue again in #a_/b pint of water and filter4 ,let the united filtrates cool1 dilute with #b pints of water1 and in an open place1 or under a chimney1 add in successive quantities the hydrochloric acid previously diluted with #a pint of water until effervescence ceases1 and the mixture acquires an acid reaction4 ,allow the precipitate to settle1 decant off the supernatant liquid1 pour on fresh distilled water1 and continue the purification by affusion of distilled water and subsidence1 until the fluid ceases to have an acid reaction1 and to precipitate with oxalate of ammonia4 ,collect the precipitated sulphur on a calico filter1 wash it once with distilled water1 and dry it at a temperature not exceeding #abj ,fahr4 ,prop4 ,a greyish-yellow powder free from grittiness1 and with no smell of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,obs4 ,many pharmacists regard ,,lac ,,sulphuris and ,,sulphur ,,precipitatum as distinct substances1 and assume that by milk of sulphur is intended a preparation made by an old pharmacopial process1 in which sulphuric acid being employed1 the sulphur so precipitated contains from #ej to #ge per cent4 of sulphate of lime4 ,pareira1 ,royle1 ,atfield1 and some other authorities1 hold that ,,lac ,,sulphuris and ,,sulphur ,,precipitatum are synonymous2 whilst others1 including ,professor ,redwood 7one of the compilers of the ,b4 ,p47 entertain a contrary opinion4 ,,roll ,,sulphur1 ,,cane ,s41 ,,stick ,s42 ,,sulphur ,,in ,,bacculis1 ,s4 ,,in ,,rotulis1 ,s4 ,,rotundum1 ,l4 ,this is crude sulphur1 purified by melting and skimming it1 and then pouring it into moulds4 ,that obtained during the roasting of copper pyrites1 and which forms the common roll sulphur of ,england1 frequently contains from #c to #g of yellow arsenic4 ,,sublimed ,,sulphur1 ,,flowers ,,of ,,sulphur2 ,,flores ,,sulphuris1 ,,sulphur 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,sulphur ,,sublimatum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prepared by subliming sulphur in iron vessels4 ,for medical purposes1 it is ordered to be well washed with water1 and dried by a gentle heat4 8,a slightly gritty powder1 of a fine greenish-yellow colour1 without taste and without odour till heated40 7,b4 ,p47 ,,sulphur ,,vivum1 ,,black ,,sulphur1 ,,crude ,s41 ,,horse ,,brimstone2 ,,sulphur ,,nigrum1 ,s4 ,,caballinum1 ,s4 ,,griseum1 ,l4 ,this is crude native sulphur4 ,it is a grey or mouse-coloured powder4 ,the residuum in the subliming pots from the preparation of flowers of sulphur is now commonly substituted for it4 ,it generally contains much arsenic1 and is consequently very poisonous4 ,pur4 ,the sublimed sulphur of the shops is now1 in general1 of respectable quality1 but the precipitated sulphur frequently contains about #b_/c of its weight of sulphate of lime 7plaster of ,paris71 owing to the substitution of sulphuric acid for hydrochloric acid in its manufacture4#baa ,this is readily detected by strongly heating a little of the suspected sample in an iron spoon or shovel1 when the sulphur is burnt or volatilised1 and leaves behind the sulphate of lime as a white ash2 this1 when mixed with water1 and gently dried1 gives the amount of the adulteration4 ,a still simpler plan is to dissolve out the sulphur in the sample with a little hot oil of turpentine or liquor of potassa2 the undissolved portion is foreign matter4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see ,,precipitated ,,sulphur1 above4 ,prop4 ,sulphur melts to a clear thin fluid1 and volatilises at about #bcb ,fahr41 and in open vessels rapidly takes fire1 burning with a bluish flame4 ,it is insoluble in both water and alcohol2 it is soluble in oil of turpentine and the fatty oils1 and freely so in bisulphide of carbon and hot liquor of potassa4 ,with oxygen it unites to form sulphurous anhydride1 and with the metals to form sulphides4 ,sp4 gr4 #aihb to #bjae4 ,estim4 ,the determination of the quantity of sulphur1 phosphorus1 and chlorine1 in a state of combination1 especially in organic mixtures1 is often rather troublesome4 ,the proportion of sulphur is best determined by oxidising a known weight of the substances by strong nitric acid1 or by fusing it in a silver vessel with #aj or #ab times its weight of pure hydrate of potassa and about half as much nitre4 ,the sulphur is thus converted into sulphuric acid1 the quantity of which can be determined by dissolving the fused mass in water1 acidulating the solution with nitric acid1 adding a salt of baryta1 and weighing the resulting sulphate4 ,phosphorus is1 in like manner1 oxidised to phosphoric acid1 the quantity of which is determined by precipitation in combination with sesquioxide of iron1 or otherwise4 ,the chlorine is correctly determined by placing a small weighed portion in a combustion-tube1 which is afterwards filled with fragments of pure quicklime4 ,the lime is then brought to a red heat1 and the vapour of the liquid driven over it1 when chloride of calcium is formed4 ,the contents of the tube1 when cold1 are dissolved in dilute nitric acid1 filtered1 the chlorine precipitated by nitrate of silver1 and the chlorine weighed under the form of chloride of silver4 ,see ,,organic ,,substances4 ,uses1 c4 ,sulphur is extensively used in the manufacture of gunpowder1 in bleaching1 c41 c4 ,when swallowed1 it acts as a mild laxative and stimulating diaphoretic2 and has hence been long taken in various chronic skin diseases1 in pulmonary1 rheumatic1 and gouty affections1 and as a mild purgative in piles1 prolapsus ani1 c4 ,externally1 it is extensively used in skin diseases1 especially the itch1 for which it appears to be a specific4----,dose1 #bj to #fc gr41 in sugar1 honey1 treacle1 or milk4 ,sulphur1 ,chlorides of4 ,several of these compounds exist but the following are the most important4 #a4 7,,dichloride1 ,s#b;,cl#b47 ,prepared by passing dry chlorine gas over the surface of sulphur melted in a bulbed-tube or small retort connected with a well-cooled receiver4 ,the product is a deep orange-yellow and very mobile liquid1 which possesses a disagreeable odour1 and boils at #bhj ,fahr4 ,it is soluble in bisulphide of carbon1 and in benzol1 without decomposing4 ,it dissolves sulphur in large quantities1 especially when heated4 ,a solution of the dichloride with excess of sulphur in crude benzol is used for vulcanising caoutchouc4 #b4 7,,chloride1 ,,hypochloride1 or ,,hypochlorite of the shops2 ,,sulphuris ,,chloridum1 ,s4 ,,hypochloridum1 ,s4 ,,hypochloritis1 ,l47 ,this is prepared by spreading washed sulphur thinly on the bottom of a wooden box1 or other chamber1 and passing chlorine gas slowly over until it ceases to be absorbed4 ,obs4 ,this last compound is of variable and undetermined constitution4 ,it has been recommended for internal use1 by ,derksengi1 in old gouty affections1 combined with pains in the stomach1 and in severe nervous fever4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr42 dissolved in ether1 and taken with old ,hungary wine4 ,it is also used externally in psoriasis inveterata1 and other skin diseases4 ,sulphur1 ,iodide of4 ,s#b;,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,biniodide ,,of ,,sulphur2 ,,sulphuris ,,iodidum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,sulphur ,,iodatum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,into a glass flask put #a part of sublimed sulphur1 and over it place #d parts of iodine2 insert the cork loosely1 and place the flask in a water bath2 as soon as its contents melt1 stir them with a glass rod1 replace the cork1 remove the bath from the fire1 and let the whole cool together4 ,when cold1 break the iodide into pieces1 and place it in a wide-mouthed stoppered bottle4 ,in this way a beautiful semi-crystalline1 dark grey mass1 resembling antimony1 is obtained4 ,the formul of the ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d41 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 ,p4 ,cod41 are essentially similar4 ,the ,ph4 ,d4 orders the two substances to be powdered and mixed before heating them4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is stimulant and alterative4 ,an ointment made of it has been recommended by ,biett and others in tuberculous affections of the skin1 in lepra1 psoriasis1 lupus1 porrigo1 c4 ,iodide of sulphur stains the skin like iodine1 and is readily decomposed by contact with organic substances4 ,,sulphura,,tion4 ,the process by which silk1 cotton1 and woollen goods1 straw plait1 c41 are subjected to the fumes of burning sulphur1 or sulphurous acid1 for the purpose of bleaching or decolouring them4 ,on the large scale1 this is effected in closed apartments1 called #8sulphuring rooms1' to which sufficient air only is admitted to keep up the slow combustion of the sulphur4 ,on the small scale1 as for straw hats1 bonnets1 c41 a large wooden chest is frequently employed in the same way4 ,,sul,,phuret4 ,syn4 ,,sulphide2 ,,sulphuretum1 ,,sulphidum1 ,l4 ,see ,,sulphide4 ,,sulphuret,,ted ,,hy,,drogen 7,h#b,s74 ,syn4 ,,hydrogen ,,sulphide1 ,,dihydric ,,sulphide1 ,,hydric ,,sulphide2 ,,hydrosulphuric ,,acid4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen occurs in nature amongst the gaseous products given off by volcanoes1 as well as in many mineral waters1 amongst which may be instanced those of ,harrogate1 in ,england1 of ,moffat1 in ,scotland1 and of ,barges1 ,eaux ,bonnes1 ,st4 ,sauveur1 c41 in the ,pyrenees4 ,it is also evolved from decaying animal matter containing albumen1 such as white-of-egg1 as well as from putrisable animal and vegetable substances1 when in contact with a soluble sulphate1 and is always one of the gases present in the air of drains and sewers4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen may be procured by the direct union of hydrogen and sulphur1 as by passing hydrogen into boiling sulphur4 ,but this method of procuring it is rarely1 if ever1 adopted4 ,the much readier process of acting upon a metallic sulphide by an acid constitutes the means by which the chemist almost invariably obtains this gas4 ,the details of the process are as follows3 #a4 ,about an ounce of ferrous sulphide1 previously reduced to small pieces1 is placed in a bottle1 and then there is poured on to it a fluid ounce of sulphuric acid diluted with #h times its bulk of water1 when the following reaction ensues3----,fe,s ,h#b,,so#d ,h#b,s ,fe,s,o#d4 ,the gas which is immediately and copiously given off may be collected in an apparatus1 a drawing and description of which are given below4 ,illustration ,the diluted acid1 having become cool1 is poured through the bulb-shaped aperture down the glass tube upon the ferrous sulphide1 and the evolved gas passing through the small intermediate wash-bottle into the bottle at the reader's right hand1 is absorbed by the water therein contained1 the operation being continued until the water has become saturated with the gas4 ,the glass tubes are connected with vulcanised india rubber1 as shown in the above plate4 ,diluted hydrochloric acid is frequently substituted for sulphuric4 #b4 ,in the above process1 the gas obtained1 owing to the contamination of the iron sulphide1 is more or less impure4 ,when sulphuretted hydrogen is required in a state of purity1 #a oz4 of antimonious sulphide must be employed instead of the iron sulphide1 and instead of sulphuric #c or #d parts of hydrochloric acid4 ,as heat must be applied to the mixture1 it will be necessary to substitute a flask for the larger bottle1 and to support it on a retort stand4 ,in other respects the apparatus needs no alteration4 #c4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen is also obtainable when paraffin is heated at a moderately elevated temperature with sulphur1 the reaction being attended with an abundant evolution of the gas1 and a simultaneous separation of carbon4 ,the solution of sulphuretted hydrogen1 which is so indispensable to the chemist1 and consequently in such constant requisition in the laboratory1 unfortunately very quickly decomposes into water1 and sulphur1 which deposits at the bottom of the vessel containing it4 ,to diminish as much as possible the tendency to deterioration1 the solution should be made either with boiled water1 or with the clear spoilt solution4 ,qualities1 c4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen is a colourless inflammable gas1 somewhat heavier than air1 its specific gravity being #aagd4 ,when ignited1 it burns with a bluish flame1 to water and sulphurous anhydride if the combustion take place in a sufficient quantity of air1 but if the supply of air be too limited1 sulphur is deposited4 ,under a pressure of #ag atmospheres it is condensed to a colourless and very mobile fluid1 which boils at #gif ,f41 and freezes at #gbh ,f4 to a transparent solid4 ,both the gas and its aqueous solution exercise a feebly acid reaction on litmus4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen is highly poisonous2 when inhaled in any quantity it causes fainting2 and in smaller quantities1 even when considerably diluted by air1 if breathed for any length of time1 it acts as a dangerous depressant and insiduous poison4 ,upon the lower animals it acts with fatal rapidity1 even if diluted with #hjj or #ajjj parts of atmospheric air4 ,transmitted through tubes heated to redness1 sulphuretted hydrogen becomes partially decomposed into its elements1 hydrogen and sulphur4 ,water at #cb ,f4 takes up #dcg times its bulk of this gas1 and at #ei1 #cbc times its hulk1 hence the importance of collecting it1 over warm water1 if required in the gaseous form4 ,in the presence of moisture1 sulphurous anhydride and sulphuretted hydrogen1 if equivalent quantities of each react upon each other1 become decomposed into sulphur1 water1 and pentathronic acid2 hence the value of sulphurous acid as a disinfectant4 ,the deposited sulphur is found always to occur in the electro-positive condition4 ,chlorine1 bromine1 and iodine1 also decompose sulphuretted hydrogen with deposition of sulphur1 and formation of hydrochloric1 hydrobromic1 and hydriodic acids4 ,hydrosulphates or ,sulphides4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen or hydrosulphuric acid1 as it is sometimes called1 when brought into contact with bases in solution1 gives rise to compounds1 which by some chemists are regarded as hydrosulphates1 or combinations of the base with hydrosulphuric acid2 and by others as sulphides or combinations of the metal with sulphur1 the latter reaction being attended with the elimination of water1 as when a base is acted upon by hydrochloric acid4 ,by those who hold the former view the reaction would be as follows3 ,k#b,o ,h#b,s ,k#b,o#a;,h#b,s4 ,in the latter case it would be thus represented3 ,k#b,o ,h#b,s ,k#b,s ,h#b,o4 ,the latter is the more general opinion1 and it receives support from the fact that when sulphuretted hydrogen is passed into the solution of a metallic salt1 an insoluble precipitate of a sulphide of the metal is thrown down4 ,thus1 when the gas is passed into a solution of cupric sulphate1 the precipitate consists of hydrated cupric sulphide1 the liberated sulphuric acid renders the liquid which was before neutral1 acid4 ,the larger number of sulphides so formed1 combining with water at the instance of their precipitation1 occur as hydrates4 ,there is also a class of sulphides known as hydrosulphides1 sulphydrates1 or double sulphides1 in which an equivalent of the metal is replaced by an equivalent of hydrogen4 ,examples of these are the potassic hydrosulphide 7,,khs71 sodic hydrosulphide 7,na,h,s71 and ammonic hydrosulphide 7,h#d,,nhs74 ,no such combinations occur with hydrogen and the metals of the earth proper1 and of the iron group4 ,tests4 ,many of the hydrosulphates or sulphides may be detected1 by dropping on them some hydrochloric acid1 when the characteristic smell of sulphuretted hydrogen will be immediately evolved from them4 ,very small quantities of a sulphide may be detected as follows3----,place the suspected sulphide in a small test tube1 on the upper part of which is inserted a piece of blotting paper moistened with a solution of plumbic acetate1 then carefully pour some hydrochloric acid on to the substance1 when1 if it be a sulphide1 the paper will become4 immediately browned or blackened4 ,many small quantities of the soluble sulphides are revealed in neutral or alkaline solutions by the rich purple colour which they form on the addition of a solution of sodic nitro-prusside4 ,most of them1 when heated before the blow-pipe1 give off the smell of sulphurous acid4 ,the quantitative determination of free sulphuretted hydrogen1 or of a soluble sulphide in any solution1 is conducted as follows3----,the liquid to be tested is mixed with a small quantity of a cold solution of starch1 made slightly acid with acetic acid4 ,a solution of iodine of known strength1 dissolved in potassic iodide is then added1 until the liquid just begins to turn blue from the action of the excess of iodine on the starch4 ,in this process the sulphuretted hydrogen converts the iodine into hydriodic acid1 whilst sulphur is liberated4 ,of course the quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen is calculated from the quantity of iodine employed4 ,the reaction is---- #b;,h#b,s #b;,i#b #d;,,hi ,s#b4 ,the value of sulphuretted hydrogen as a reagent has already been alluded to4 ,it throws down most of the metals from solutions of their salts in the form of insoluble sulphides2 and each of the sulphides so produced in many cases being distinguished from the others by a special and characteristic colour4 ,the sulphuretted hydrogen thus presents the metal in a form in which it can1 in many instances1 be easily and with certainty recognised4 ,thus sulphide of lead is black1 of arsenic yellow1 of antimony orange1 of manganese salmon colour1 and of zinc white4 ,by means of sulphuretted hydrogen1 also1 the chemist is enabled to separate the metals into groups4 ,for instance1 from solutions containing certain metallic salts1 sulphuretted hydrogen throws down the metals as sulphides1 provided the solution has been previously made slightly acid4 ,copper1 arsenic1 tin1 and cadmium1 are some of the metals thrown down under these conditions4 ,the salts of iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 and certain others1 although they do not yield precipitates under like circumstances1 are found to do so if their solutions are made alkaline instead of acid4 ,again1 there are other salts1 those of the alkalies and alkaline earths1 which1 when sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through these solutions1 give no precipitates either in acid or alkaline solutions4 ,the chemist1 therefore1 in the course of an analysis1 frequently avails himself of a knowledge of these facts to separate certain metals from each other4 ,hydrogen1 ,persulphide of4 ,syn4 ,,hydric ,,persulphide1 ,,hydrogen ,,disulphide4 ,to procure this substance1 calcium disulphide 7,ca,s#b7 in solution is poured into hydrochloric acid diluted with twice its bulk of water4 ,the solution being gently warmed1 the persulphide subsides at the bottom as an oily fluid4 ,hydric persulphide has a great resemblance to hydric peroxide in qualities4 ,it bleaches1 and is decomposed1 with violence1 when brought into contact with the oxides of manganese and silver4 ,it easily decomposes into sulphur and sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,,sulphu,,ric ,,acid4 ,h#b,,so#d4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,vitriol1 ,,british ,o4 ,,of ,v41 ,,vitriolic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,venale 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,acidum ,,vitriolicum1 ,l4 ,this acid1 in a concentrated form1 was discovered by ,basil ,valentine towards the end of the #aeth century4 ,at first it was obtained by the distillation of green vitriol1 but is now made by the oxidation of sulphurous anhydride1 obtained by the combustion either of sulphur or of certain sulphides4 ,in consequence of the growing demand for sulphur in the manufacture of gunpowder1 ultramarine1 and for the destruction of the vine parasites in the vineyards of ,france1 ,italy1 and ,spain1 sulphuric acid is now seldom made by burning sulphur1 but1 with few exceptions1 by roasting iron pyrites1 or bisulphide of iron4 ,the following table will convey an idea of the enormous consumption of this mineral in vitriol making in ,england alone4 ,the quantities given represent tons4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,pyrites from#bab ,date4---------------------------------- ------------------- ,sum ,norway4,germany4,belgium4,portugal4 ,spain4 ,italy4,sundry ,total4 ,places4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahfb #d1ige #f1hag #i1hfj #ec1bif #cc1gag 444 #b1ahg #aaj1heb #ahfc #f1gcf #ae1dji #ab1jei #aji1ahj #cc1bac 444 #b1fbh #agi1bbe #ahfd #af1jhg #ab1gea #g1jfi #aah1dhi #ae1ebi 444 #a1jfe #agj1iij #ahfe #bb1bbi #ad1gbg #b1aba #acg1ghg #af1cic 444 #cfi #aic1fbf #ahff #ch1bfb #ba1egd #d1jjf #afe1iic #aa1iaj 444 #a1fbe #bdd1eif #ahfg #gg1hie #cd1eib #b1bii #aje1eef #ej1bbb 444 #b1acd #bgb1fih #ahfh #fc1jjg #da1eei 444 #ge1hhc #dg1deh #gid #a1jai #bbi1gbj #ahfi #fc1jia #ac1ihc 444 #adj1hje #ii1fdh 444 #b1dbj #cai1idg #ahgj #fg1dfd #ad1iad 444 #agd1dei #aej1iij 444 #c1fgf #daa1eab #ahga #gd1daf #ab1hji 444 #abj1egc #bdb1afc 444 #d1eha #ded1edb #ahgb #ga1ffe #e1fhb 444 #ahj1cbi #beg1dbi 444 #b1eba #eag1fbf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #bab3 8,development of the ,chemical ,arts during the last ,ten ,years10 by ,dr ,a4 ,w4 ,hofman 7#8,chemical ,news1' vol4 xxv1 #ahgi74 ,of the other sulphides employed in vitriol making may be mentioned galena1 or native sulphide of lead1 which1 when roasted1 is made to give up half its sulphur4 ,the chief consumption of this mineral is in the ,harz4 ,copper pyrites is also used in the ,harz1 as well as in ,swansea and ,glasgow4 ,blende1 or native sulphide of zinc1 is also occasionally had recourse to4 ,in addition to the above sulphides1 the vitriol maker in ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany has lately largely availed himself of a compound known as #8,laming's mixture1' which is an impure oxide of iron that has been used in gas manufacture for the removal from the gas of the sulphur4 ,laming's mixture is consequently rich in this last element4 ,associated with the pyrites in small quantities are various substances1 some of which1 becoming volatilised when the ore is burnt1 enter the chambers with the mixed gases1 and thus find their entrance into the acid1 whilst others remain behind in the iron residue of impure ferric oxide1 left on the hearth of the furnace after roasting4 ,the former of these foreign bodies1 which are found in most commercial acids1 are described below under the section 8,purification40 ,amongst the solid non-volatile matters1 the extraction of which from the burnt iron has been found in many works to yield a profit1 are zinc1 copper1 silver and thallium4 ,at ,wolcrum1 in ,germany1 the zinc which exists in the residue in the form of sulphate is extracted by lixiviation1 and then treated with common salt1 the reaction giving rise to the production of sulphate of soda and chloride of zinc4 ,the soda obtained is sufficient to pay for the working of the operation1 whilst a good profit is made by the sale of the large quantities of chloride of zinc which are thus yielded4#bac ,footnote #bac3 ,ibid4 ,the copper1 which in some residues is met with to the amount of #d per cent41 also pays for extraction1 and is sold to the smelter4 ,it is first converted into chloride1 and then precipitated by iron4 ,the silver is recovered by ,claudet's process1 which consists in precipitating it from a saline solution in which it is in the state of a soluble chloride1 by iodide of potassium4 ,in the ,widnes ,copper ,works the silver so extracted yields an annual profit of #cjjj4bad ,footnote #bad3 ,ibid4 ,thallium is found in the fine dust caused by the combustion of the pyrites1 which dust deposits in the flues between the furnace and the chambers4 ,the metal is extracted from the dust by treating this latter with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,the resulting sulphate is converted into chloride1 and again reconverted alternately into sulphate and chloride several times1 the sulphate last obtained being reduced by metallic zinc4#bae ,footnote #bae3 ,ibid4 ,selenium is also a frequent constituent in the flue dust4 ,some ores1 after being subjected to roasting1 yield iron capable of being worked4 ,this is more particularly the case with the ,spanish and ,portuguese pyrites4 ,the following is an outline of the process by which sulphuric acid is obtained1 and of the chemical changes which occur during its manufacture3 ,the sulphur or sulphide being placed on the hearth of the furnace1 shown at ,a in the accompanying cut1 when heated from below1 soon takes fire1 and combining with the oxygen of the atmospheric air1 the admission of which into the furnace is regulated by an experienced workman1 by the door shown in the plate1 forms sulphurous anhydride4 ,an iron pot1 standing on the hearth of the furnace1 contains a mixture of nitrate of soda and oil of vitriol1 and this becoming heated by the burning sulphur1 decomposition of the salt ensues1 and fumes of nitric acid are given off4 ,the sulphurous anhydride and nitric acid gases thus formed together with air are carried into large leaden chambers1 standing on1 and supported by1 massive frameworks of stout timber4 ,steam is admitted continuously by several jets 7see plate7 into these chambers1 which are covered at the bottom with water to a depth of about three inches4 ,as soon as the mixed gases enter the chamber and come into contact with the steam1 the sulphurous anhydride acts on the nitric acid1 forming sulphuric acid1 which falls into and is absorbed by the water on the floor of the chamber1 and nitric oxide1 which is liberated in the chamber4 ,the following equation will illustrate the reaction3 #b;,,hno#c #c,,so#b #b;,h#b,o #c;,h#b,,so#d #b,,no4 #agj parts by weight of nitrate of soda are required to oxidise to sulphuric acid #if parts of sulphur1 whereas rarely more1 and frequently less1 than #e parts of soda are required by the vitriol maker4 ,this saving of material is effected by the function performed in the chamber by the nitric oxide resulting from the decomposition of the nitric acid4 ,the nitric oxide reacting upon the air in the chamber abstracts oxygen from it and becomes converted into nitric peroxide1 thus3 #b,,no ,o#b #b,,no#b4 ,nitric peroxide is a very unstable compound1 and directly it comes into contact with the fresh sulphurous anhydride entering the chamber1 it oxidises it in the presence of water to sulphuric acid1 thus3 #b,,no#b #b,,so#b #b;,h#b,o #b;,h#b,,so#d #b,,no4 ,this deportment of the nitric oxide being continuous1 it will be seen it acts the part of a carrier of oxygen from the atmospheric air contained in the chamber to the sulphurous acid1 and by so doing 7theoretically7 renders any further supply of nitrate of soda than that required to start the process unnecessary4 ,as soon as the water1 or rather liquid acid on the floor of the leaden chambers1 has acquired the sp4 gr4 of #ace to #aej1 it is drawn off1 and concentrated by boiling in shallow leaden pans to the density of about #agb1 after which it is further concentrated in green-glass or platinum retorts1 until the sp4 gr4 reaches #ahdb to #ahdf4 ,when of sp4 gr4 from #ace to #aej it is called chamber acid1 and when of the last strength1 is used in the manufacture of salt-cake1 sulphate of ammonia1 some kinds of manure1 and nitric acid4 ,sulphuric acid of sp4 gr4 #agbj is mostly employed in the preparation of superphosphate of lime4 ,after concentration to #ahdb or #ahdf1 the clear acid is put into large globular bottles of green glass 7carboys71 surrounded with straw and basket-work1 and is sent into the market under the name of #8oil of vitriol4' ,the leaden chambers in which the chemical changes take place1 that result in the formation of the acid1 vary greatly in dimensions in different works1 being sometimes as much as #ab or #ae feet high1 #ae or #bj wide1 and from #aej to #cjj feet long4 ,they are mostly partially divided by incomplete leaden partitions1 known as curtains1 so arranged on the roof and the floor as to cause the currents of mixed gases to come into collision1 and thus cause their admixture4 ,where there are a number of small separate chambers they are connected by means of leaden tubes4 ,a chamber having a capacity of #be1jjj cubic feet will yield #aj tons of acid weekly4 ,the sheets of lead used in the construction of the chambers are united by fusion1 or melting together of their edges4 ,if cement were used it would be speedily attacked and destroyed by the acid and gaseous products4 ,the process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid above described1 was devised in #aggd by a calico printer of ,rouen1 and improved by ,chaptal4 ,in #aggf the first vitriol factory was set up at ,prestonpans1 by ,dr ,roebuck1 of ,birmingham1 with whom originated the idea of the leaden chambers4 ,various attempts have been at different times unsuccessfully made to supersede the old process4 ,of these we may mention3 #a4 ,the proposal to oxidise sulphurous acid by means of chlorine in the presence of steam4 #b4 ,persoz's method to oxidise sulphurous acid by means of nitric acid1 and to regenerate the nitric oxide resulting from the reduction of the acid by the oxygen of the air in the presence of steam4 #c4 a1 by the decomposition of gypsum by superheated steam at a red heat2 or b1 by decomposing the gypsum by chloride of lead4 ,the failure of the above and other efforts has led to the chemist turning his attention to the elaboration and perfection of the old process1 in the working of which considerable improvements have been introduced within the last ten or fifteen years2 improvements resulting not only in a diminished cost of production1 but in the manufacture of a purer1 and therefore better acid4 ,the proper construction of the furnaces1 ovens1 and grates on which the firing of the sulphur or pyrites takes place1 together with the flues1 is an important condition in the manufacture of the acid2 and to this end a great deal of scientific knowledge and experience have lately been applied with excellent effect4 ,of the many improvements in this direction for burning poor ores of pyrites is a contrivance much used in ,germany1 where the furnace on which it is carried out is known as ,gerstenhfer's oven4 ,it is shown in the accompanying drawing4 ,illustration ,the furnace is fitted inside with a number of little fire-clay projections1 arranged as shown in the plate1 in banks or terraces1 the function of which is to prolong the exposure of the pyrites to heat4 ,the furnace having been previously raised to a red heat1 by means of a coal or wood fire 7which is then extinguished71 the pyrites are admitted into it through the hoppers 7a74 ,at the base of the hoppers are grooved iron rollers1 which crush the lumps of ore as they enter the chambers1 and by thus reducing their size1 expose a larger amount of surface to the action of heat4 ,the greater part of the sulphur of the pyrites is thus burnt off1 as the lumps pass from terrace to terrace1 the heat at the same time generated by their combustion being sufficient to keep up that of the furnace4 ,a moderate blast of air is admitted at c1 whilst the sulphurous acid formed ascends through d into the leaden chambers1 the spent pyrites falling out through the apertures at c4 ,another improved furnace is ,perret's1 which is largely used in ,france4 ,in this1 small lumps of pyrites are placed on horizontal plates1 and exposed to the hot gases generated in kilns below4 ,the gases1 on their way to the chambers1 sweep over the pyrites and rob them of their sulphur4 ,the most important and noticeable improvement1 however1 of late years in sulphuric acid manufacture is that resulting from the addition to the plant of a contrivance of ,gay-,lussac4 ,previous to this invention1 the sulphuric acid of commerce1 amongst other impurities1 always contained appreciable quantities of certain oxides of nitrogen1 the results of which were not only the contamination of the acid1 but a waste of substances1 which1 properly utilised1 are essential for the conversion of the sulphurous and sulphuric acid1 and the loss of which leads to an increased consumption of nitrate of soda4 ,under the old method1 these valuable oxides of nitrogen1 which1 with a large amount of nitrogen and a small quantity of oxygen1 constituted the spent air of the last leaden chamber1 were carried off into the air1 and consequently lost4 ,now1 instead of being allowed to diffuse into the atmosphere1 they are made to pass through a tower or chamber 7shown at ,c in the plate below7 filled with coke1 through which a thin stream of sulphuric acid is made to trickle4 ,in passing through the coke1 therefore1 the expiring spent gases come into contact with the sulphuric acid1 to which they give up their oxides of nitrogen4 ,from the tower 7,c7 the acid flows into a cistern 7,d71 whence it is pumped up to the top of another tower 7,e71 either filled with coke1 or arranged with inclined shelves1 as shown in the plate4 ,in this tower the acid meets with a current of hot sulphurous acid and air coming up from the furnace1 which deprive it of the oxides of nitrogen1 and the gaseous mixture enters the chambers1 whilst the denitrafied acid flows off into a suitable reservoir4 ,illustration ,since the introduction of the above1 the consumption of nitrate of soda is sometimes lessened by more than half4 ,another very recent improvement1 the invention of a ,german chemist named ,sprengel1 is the substitution of water spray1 blown in by steam1 for steam jets1 in the leaden chambers4 ,by this method a saving of coal to the extent of one third is said to be effected4 ,in theory1 #a molecule of sulphur requires only #c molecules of oxygen to convert it into sulphuric acid1 viz4 #b to form sulphurous anhydride1 and #a to convert the latter into sulphuric anhydride1 which combines with #a molecule of water to form the acid4 ,thus1 #a kilogram of sulphur requires #aejj grams or #ajee litres of oxygen1 which is equivalent to #ebge litres of air containing #dbbj litres of nitrogen2 when pyrites is used1 a far larger quantity of air is required1 for the obvious reason that the pyrites becomes converted into ferric peroxide4 #a kilogram of pyrites requires for its combustion nearly #ffjj litres of air4 ,in well-regulated works the spent and escaping gases should not contain more than #b per cent4 of oxygen4 ,if from #ajj kilograms of sulphur #cjf kilograms of strong acid of sp4 gr4 #ahd be obtained1 the result is regarded as very satisfactory2 more frequently the product from #ajj kilograms of sulphur does not exceed #bhj or #bij kilograms4 ,purif4 ,commercial sulphuric acid frequently contains nitrous acid and other oxides of nitrogen1 arsenic1 lead1 and saline matter4 ,the nitrous acid may be removed by adding a little sulphate of ammonia1 and heating the acid to ebullition for a few minutes4 ,both nitric and nitrous acid are thus entirely decomposed into water and nitrogen gas4 ,the arsenic may be got rid of by adding a little sulphide of barium to the acid1 agitating the mixture well1 and1 after repose1 decanting and distilling it4 ,lead1 which exists as sulphate1 may be separated as a white precipitate by simply diluting the acid with water4 ,saline matter may be removed by simple rectification4 ,a good way of purifying oil of vitriol is to heat it nearly to the boiling point1 and pass a current of hydrochloric acid through it2 the arsenic is thus carried over as the volatile chloride of arsenic1 while the nitrous and nitric acids are expelled almost completely4 ,to obtain a perfectly pure acid1 it should be distilled after the removal of the nitrous acid and arsenic by the methods indicated above4 8,the distillation is most conveniently conducted1 on the small scale1 in a glass retort1 containing a few platinum chips1 and heated by a sand bath or gas-flame1 rejecting the first #a_/b fl4 oz4 that comes over40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,in the ,ph4 ,d4 the first tenth of the distillate is ordered to be rejected1 and the process to be stopped when no more than about #a fl4 oz4 is left in the retort4 ,according to ,dr ,ure1 the capacity of the retort should be from #d to #h times as great as the volume of the acid1 and connected with a large tubular receiver by a loosely fitting glass tube1 #d feet long and #a to #b inches in diameter4 8,the receiver should not be surrounded with cold water40 ,we find that fragments of glass1 or of rock crystals1 may be advantageously substituted for platinum foil1 to lessen the explosive violence of the ebullition4 ,sulphuric acid which has become brown by exposure may be decolorised by heating it gently1 the carbon of the organic substances being thus converted into carbonic acid4 ,prop4 ,commercial sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol7 is a colourless1 odourless1 and highly corrosive liquid1 the general properties of which are well known4 ,its sp4 gr4 at #fj should never be greater than #ahdh1 or less than #ahdj4 7,miller and ,odling give the sp4 gr4 of the pure and concentrated acid as #ahdb2 ,abel and ,bloxam1 as #ahdh2 ,apjohn gives it as #ahdf1 and ,hardwich about #ahde47 ,it is immediately coloured by contact with organic matter4 ,it attracts water so rapidly from the atmosphere when freely exposed to it1 as to absorb #a-crd of its weight in #bd hours1 and #f times its weight in a few months4 ,when #c volumes are suddenly mixed with #b of water1 the temperature of the mixture rises more than #ahj ,fahr4 ,its freezing point appears to be about #fj below that of water 7,miller and ,odling give that of the rectified acid as -#cj ,fahr42 ,apjohn and ,abel and ,bloxam1 -#bi74 ,it boils at about #fbj ,fahr4 7#fbjf1 ,odling2 #fbj1 ,hardwich and ,fownes2 #fag1 ,apjohn2 #eijf1 ,abel and ,bloxam74 ,it exhibits all the properties of the acids in an exalted degree4 ,its salts are called sulphates4 ,in the following table is given the quantity of anhydrous sulphuric acid contained in sulphuric acid at #fj;,f4 7#aee;,c474 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,hydrated ,sp4 ,gr4 ,anhydrous ,hydrated ,sp4 ,gr4 ,anhydrous ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,acid4 ,acid4 #ajj #ahdhe #haed #gf #affcj #faig #ii #ahdge #hjgb #ge #afebj #faae #ih #ahdfj #giij #gd #afdae #fjcd #ig #ahdci #giji #gc #afcba #eiee #if #ahdaj #ghbh #gb #afbjd #ehga #ie #ahcgf #ggdj #ga #afjij #eghi #id #ahccf #gffe #gj #aeige #egjh #ic #ahbij #gehc #fi #aehfh #efbf #ib #ahbcc #gejb #fh #aegfj #eede #ia #ahagi #gdbj #fg #aefdh #edfc #ij #ahaae #gcci #ff #aeejc #echb #hi #ahjdc #gbeg #fe #aecij #ecjj #hh #agifb #gage #fd #aebhj #ebah #hg #aghgj #gjid #fc #aeagj #eacg #hf #agggd #gjab #fb #aejff #ejee #he #agfgc #fica #fa #adifj #digd #hd #agegj #fhdi #fj #adhfj #dhib #hc #agdfe #fgfh #ei #adgfj #dhaa #hb #agcfj #ffhf #eh #adffj #dgbi #ha #agbde #ffje #eg #adefj #dfeh #hj #agabj #febc #ef #addfj #defh #gi #afiic #fddb #ee #adcfj #ddhe #gh #afhgj #fcfj #ed #adbfe #dejc #gg #afgej #fbgh #ec #adagj #dcbb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pur4 8,free from colour and odour4 ,sp4 gr4 #ahdc4 #ajj gr4 are saturated by #bhe gr4 of crystallised carbonate of soda40 7,ph4 ,l47 8,what remains after the acid is distilled to dryness does not exceed #a_/djjth part of its weight4 ,diluted sulphuric acid is not discoloured by sulphuretted hydrogen40 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 8,diluted with its own volume of water1 only a scanty muddiness arises1 and no orange fumes escape4 ,sp4 gr4 #ahdj40 7,ph4 ,e47 8,the rectified acid 7,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,purum----,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 is colourless2 dilution causes no muddiness2 solution of sulphate of iron shows no reddening at the line of contact when poured over it4 ,sp4 gr4 #ahde40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sp4 gr4 #ahdf----,ph4 ,d42 #ahdc----;,b4 ,p42 #ahdb----,ure4 ,tests4----,see ,,sulphate4 ,uses1 c4 8,the uses of sulphuric acid are so numerous that it would be impossible to mention all of them1 sulphuric acid being to chemical industry what iron is to the mechanical4 ,sulphuric acid is employed in preparing a great many other acids----among them1 nitric1 hydrochloric1 sulphurous1 carbonic1 tartaric1 citric1 phosphoric1 stearic1 oleic1 and palmitic4 ,further1 sulphuric acid is used in making superphosphates1 soda1 sulphate of ammonia1 alum1 sulphates of copper and iron1 in paraffin and petroleum refining1 silver refining1 manufacture of garacine1 garanceux1 and other madder preparations1 manufacture of glucose from starch1 to dissolve indigo1 c4#baf ,in the diluted state it is used in medicine4 ,when swallowed1 it acts as a violent corrosive poison4 ,the antidotes are chalk1 whiting1 magnesia1 carbonate of soda1 or carbonate of potash1 mixed with water1 or any bland diluent1 and taken freely1 an emetic being also administered4 ,footnote #baf3 ,wagner4 ,estim4 ,the strength of sulphuric acid is most correctly ascertained by its power of saturating bases4 ,in commerce1 it is usually determined from its sp4 gr4 ,the quantity of sulphuric acid present in a compound may be determined by weighing it under the form of sulphate1 as explained in a former part of this volume4 ,see ,,acidimetry4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,according to most of our standard works on chemistry1 ,british oil of vitriol1 when purified and brought to its maximum strength by distillation1 is a definite chemical compound1 having the formula ,h#b,,so#d1 and designated normal sulphuric acid by ,odling4 ,marignac1 however1 asserts that the distilled acid always contains an excess of water1 and that the true monohydrate can only be obtained by submitting fuming sulphuric acid 7#8,nordhausen s4 a1'7 to congelation4 ,according to this chemist1 the true monohydrate readily freezes in cold weather1 and remains solid up to #ea ,fahr4 ,two other definite hydrates of sulphuric acid are generally recognised by chemists1 viz4----,bihydrated sulphuric acid 7#8glacial s4 a1'71 having a sp4 gr4 of #agh2 freezing at about #dj ,fahr4 7#dg1 ,miller72 and boiling at about #dce 7,apjohn2 #dja to #daj1 ,odling73 ,terhydrated sulphuric acid1 having a sp4 gr4 of #afcb1 and the boiling-point #cdh ,fahr4 ,see also ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 ,,nordhausen 7below74 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,alcoholised4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,alcoholisatum1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,de ,,rabel1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,to rectified spirit1 #c parts1 add1 very gradually1 sulphuric acid1 #a part4 ,it is generally coloured by letting it stand over a little cochineal4 ,refrigerent1 and1 externally1 escharotic4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 to water1 #a pint2 as a cooling drink in fevers1 c4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,anhydrous4 ,,so#c4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuric ,,anhydride1 ,,dry ,,sulphuric ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,sine ,,aqu1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heating ,nordhausen acid to about #ajj ,fahr4 in a glass retort connected with a well-cooled receiver4 #b4 ,by distilling anhydrous bisulphate of soda1 which has previously been raised to a low red heat in an earthen retort1 to which a receiver is fitted without the aid of corks4 #c4 7,barreswill47 #b parts of the strongest oil of vitriol are gradually added to #c parts of anhydrous phosphoric acid1 contained in a retort surrounded by a freezing mixture2 when the compound has assumed a brown colour1 the retort is removed from the bath1 and connected with a receiver which is set there in its place2 a gentle heat is now applied to it1 when white vapours pass over into the receiver1 and condense there under the form of beautiful silky crystals4 ,the product equals in weight that of the phosphorus originally employed4 8,if a few drops of water be added1 a dangerous explosion ensues40 ,prop4 ,white1 silky1 asbestos-like crystals1 deliquescing rapidly1 and fuming in the air2 put into water1 it hisses like a red-hot iron2 it melts at #gg1 and rapidly volatilises at #hf ,fahr42 it does not redden dry litmus paper2 sp4 gr4 #aig at #gh ,fahr4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,of ,,vitriol1 ,,acid ,e4 ,,of ,v42 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,aromaticum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 ,oil of vitriol1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix1 add of powdered cinnamon1 #a-a_/b oz42 powdered ginger1 #a oz42 digest for #f days 7#g days----,ph4 ,d471 and filter4 ,sp4 gr4 #igd----,ph4 ,d4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from compound tincture of cinnamon1 #a gall42 oil of vitriol1 #a lb42 mix1 and in a week filter----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 in the same case as the dilute acid4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sulphuric acid1 #c2 rectified spirit1 #dj2 cinnamon1 in powder1 #b2 ginger1 in powder1 #a-a_/d2 mix the acid gradually with the spirit1 add the powders1 macerate for #g days1 and filter4----,dose1 #e to #cj minims4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,dilute4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,vitriol2 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,dilutum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of sulphuric acid1 #ae fl4 dr41 and dilute it gradually with distilled water1 q4 s4 to make the whole exactly measure a pint4 ,sp4 gr4 #aajc4 8#a fl4 oz4 of this acid is exactly saturated by #baf gr4 of crystallised carbonate of soda40 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #ac fl4 oz4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajij4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,pure sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #ac oz4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajhd4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sulphuric acid1 #c2 distilled water1 q4 s4 to measure #ce-c_/d2 mix by adding the acid gradually to the water4----,dose1 #d to #bj minims4 ,prop41 c4 ,antiseptic1 tonic1 and refrigerant4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 largely diluted with water1 several times daily2 in low typhoid fevers1 passive hmorrhages1 profuse perspiration1 in various skin diseases to relieve the itching1 in dyspepsia1 c4 ,it is also used externally4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,nordhausen4 ,syn4 ,,fuming ,,sulphuric ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,sulphuricum ,,fumans1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by distilling calcined ferrous sulphate 7#8green vitriol'7 in earthen retorts4 ,the retorts1 which are shown at ,a in the plate after the #8green vitriol' has been put into them1 are placed in a galley-furnace1 as shown below1 the necks passing through the wall of the furnace1 and being properly secured to the necks of the receivers 7,b ,b474 ,into each of the flasks #b-a_/b lbs4 of green vitriol are put2 on the first application of heat only sulphurous acid and weak hydrated sulphuric acid come over1 and are usually allowed to escape1 the receivers not being securely luted until white vapours of anhydrous sulphuric acid are seen4 ,into each of the receiving flasks #cj grams of water are poured1 and the distillation continued for #bd to #cf hours4 ,the retort flasks are then again filled with raw material1 and the operation repeated four times before the oil of vitriol is deemed strong enough4 ,the residue in the retorts is red 7peroxide7 of iron1 still retaining some sulphuric acid4 ,the product is a brown oily liquid1 which fumes in the air1 is intensely corrosive1 and has a sp4 gr4 about #aijj4 ,when heated to about #ajj ,fahr4 the anhydrous acid is given off1 and ordinary oil of vitriol is left4 ,according to ,marignac1 crystals of normal sulphuric acid 7,h#b,,so#d7 are formed in this acid when it is submitted to a low temperature4 ,nordhausen acid is so called from the place of its manufacture in ,saxony4 ,it may be regarded as a mixture or compound of ,h#b,,so#d and ,,so#b4 ,it is chiefly used for dissolving indigo4 ,illustration ,,sulphuric ,,anhydride4 ,see ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 ,,anhydrous4 ,,sulphuric ,e,,ther4 ,see ,,ether4 ,,sul,,phurous ,,acid4 ,,so#b4 ,syn4 ,,sulphurus ,,anhydride2 ,,acidum ,,sulphurosum1 ,b4 ,p4 ,this compound is freely evolved in the gaseous form when sulphur is burnt in air or oxygen1 and when the metals are digested in hot sulphuric acid2 and1 mixed with carbonic acid1 when charcoal1 chips of wood1 cork1 and sawdust1 are treated in the same way4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heating together sulphur and strong sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,by the action of sulphuric acid on chippings of copper or mercury at a gentle heat4 ,pure4 #c4 7,berthier47 ,by heating1 in a glass retort1 a mixture of black oxide of manganese1 #ajj parts1 and sulphur1 #ab or #ad parts4 ,pure4 ,the gas evolved should be collected over mercury1 or received into water4 #d4 7,redwood47 ,pounded charcoal1 #a_/b oz42 oil of vitriol1 #d fl4 oz42 mix in a retort1 apply the heat of a spirit lamp1 and conduct the evolved gases by means of a bent tube into a bottle containing water4 ,the sulphurous acid is absorbed1 whilst the carbonic acid gas passes off4 #e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,distilled water1 saturated with sulphurous anhydride4 ,it is colourless and emits a pungent odour4 ,used as a deoxidiser1 disinfectant1 and antiseptic4 ,diluted with from #a to #b parts of water it is employed as a lotion for wounds1 cuts1 ulcers1 bed-sores1 scalds1 and burns2 with from #a to #e of water it is used as a gargle1 also as a lotion in parasitic skin diseases2 from #a_/b to #a dr41 in a wine-glassful of water1 #c times a day1 relieves constant sickness4 ,prop41 c4 ,water absorbs #cj times its volume of this gas4 ,pure liquid sulphurous acid can only be obtained by passing the pure dry gas through a glass tube surrounded by a powerful freezing mixture4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #ade2 boiling point1 #ad ,fahr42 it causes intense cold by its evaporation4 ,sulphurous acid forms salts called sulphites4 ,uses4 ,to bleach silks1 woollens1 straw1 c41 and to remove vegetable stains and iron-moulds from linen4 ,for these purposes it is prepared from sawdust or any other refuse carbonaceous matter4 ,several preparations containing sulphurous acid have recently been invented by the ,editor and introduced to the public as agents in sanitation under the name of ,sporokton 7germ-killer74 ,to understand the nature and merits of these preparations it is desirable to explain the true and individual meanings of #8,deodoriser1' #8,antiseptic1' and #8,disinfectant1'----words which are too often improperly employed as if they had the same signification1 and as if1 in fact1 they were convertible terms4 ,a deodoriser is a substance which will absorb or destroy bad smells2 an antiseptic is an agent which will prevent or retard putrefaction2 and a disinfectant is an agent which will render harmless the virus of smallpox1 scarlet fever1 measles1 diphtheria1 influenza1 pleuro-pneumonia1 cattle plague1 glanders1 distemper in dogs1 and other infectious or contagious diseases4 ,now1 medical authorities and sanitarians are of opinion that the most potent disinfectant with which we are acquainted is sulphurous acid1 a gas which has been used for ages1 as a fumigator4 ,sulphurous acid has not1 however1 been so generally employed for disinfecting purposes as one might from these circumstances have expected1 on account of the difficulties and inconveniences which formerly attended its generation4 ,to remove these drawbacks1 and to render sulphurous acid1 both as a gas and in solution1 easily and cheaply available for the above-named and many other applications1 sporokton has been invented4 ,several varieties are made2 they are as follows3 ,liquid ,no4 #a4----,this preparation consists of a colourless solution of a non-volatile antiseptic1 usually a salt of zinc1 impregnated with eighty times its bulk of sulphurous acid gas2 in other words1 one pint of the liquid contains ten gallons of gas4 ,liquid sporokton is1 in fact1 a combination of one of the most powerful antiseptics with the disinfectant2 the former ingredient will effectually prevent the putrefaction of any solid or liquid animal or vegetable matter with which it may come in contact1 while the sulphurous acid will rapidly pass off in the gaseous state into the surrounding air and act as an energetic destroyer of noxious atmospheric impurities4 ,liquid sporokton absorbs ammonia and sulphuretted hydrogen1 destroys bad smells1 and prevents the spread of infectious diseases2 it is1 consequently1 a valuable agent for the deodorisation and disinfection of wards of hospitals1 sick rooms1 dairies1 larders1 ship1 stables1 cow-houses1 kennels1 piggeries1 slaughter-houses1 urinals1 water-closets1 privies1 cesspools1 sewers1 drains1 and other similar buildings and places4 ,after it has parted with the whole of its sulphurous acid gas1 liquid sporokton leaves an odourless1 non-volatile antiseptic and absorber of ammonia and sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,liquid sporokton evolves its sulphurous acid by simple exposure to air1 without the aid of heat1 so that no risk of fire attends its use1 as is the case when rooms1 buildings1 holds of ships1 c41 are fumigated with this gas by the old plan2 it will not stain or in any other way injure undyed woollen1 linen1 or cotton goods4 ,it is consequently well adapted for the disinfection of underclothing1 sheets1 blankets1 bed-furniture1 c4 ,liquid sporokton may be employed for the instantaneous preparation of a bath or lotion of sulphurous acid1 to be used1 under medical direction1 in the treatment of itch1 ringworm1 chronic eczema1 lepra1 psoriasis1 impetigo1 pityriasis1 c41 in man1 as well as mange1 scab1 and other skin affections in the lower animals4 ,liquid sporokton is clean1 it requires no skill in using it1 and its action is perfectly controllable4 ,liquid1 ,no4 #b4----,this preparation is specially made for the disinfection and purification of old beer barrels1 wine casks1 and the like4 ,it is similar in composition to1 and may be used for the same purpose as ,no4 #a2 except1 however1 that as ,no4 #b1 unlike ,no4 #a1 is liable1 from its containing iron instead of zinc1 to stain linen1 wood1 c41 it should not be employed for disinfecting clothing or sprinkling over floors1 decks of ships1 and the like4 ,solid4----,this is a powder1 usually a mixture of calcium sulphite and ferric chloride1 which1 by simple expose to air1 will slowly and steadily1 or when sprinkled with water1 rapidly give out #be per cent4 of its weight of sulphurous acid and leave no unpleasant smell behind it4 ,sulphurous acid gas1 unlike non-volatile disinfectants1 quickly mingles with the air1 and seeks out1 as it were1 the noxious atmospheric impurities it is capable of destroying4 ,solid sporokton1 in addition to evolving sulphurous acid1 contains an excess of ferric chloride which1 together with this gas1 renders it a most useful and efficient antiseptic4 ,sulphurous ,anhydride4 ,see ,,sulphurous ,,acid4 ,,su,,mach4 ,this dye stuff is chiefly used as a substitute for galls4 ,with a mordant of acetate of iron1 it gives grey or black2 with tin or acetate of alumina1 yellow2 and with sulphate of zinc1 a yellowish-brown2 alone1 it gives a greenish-fawn colour4 ,,sum,,bul4 ,syn4 ,,musk ,,root1 ,,jatamansi1 ,,sumbul ,,root2 ,,sumbul ,,radix 7,b4 ,p474 ,a substance introduced to ,british medicine by ,dr ,a4 ,b4 ,granville1 in #ahej4 ,it occurs in circular pieces1 varying from #a to #c or #d inches in diameter2 has a musk-like odour1 and a sweet balsamic taste4 ,it acts as a powerful stimulant1 especially of the nervous system4 ,in ,india and ,persia it has long been used as a medicine1 a perfume1 and as incense4----,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a dr41 either masticated1 or made into an infusion1 electuary1 or tincture2 in cholera1 hysteria1 neuralgia1 epilepsy1 low fevers1 and various other spasmodic and nervous disorders4 ,,summer ,,drinks4 ,see ,,lemonade1 ,,sherbet1 c4 ,,su,,per-4 ,see ,,nomenclature4 ,,sup,,per4 ,the evening meal2 the last meal of the day4 ,supper is generally an unnecessary meal1 and1 when either heavy1 or taken at a period not long before that of retiring to rest1 proves nearly always injurious1 preventing sound and refreshing sleep1 and occasioning unpleasant dreams1 nightmare1 biliousness1 and all the worst symptoms of imperfect digestion4 ,the last meal of the day should be taken at least three hours before bedtime4 ,even when it consists of some #8trifle1' as a sandwich or biscuit1 an interval of at least an hour should elapse before retiring to rest4 ,in this way restlessness and unpleasant dreams will become rare4 ,,suppos,,itory4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium1 ,l4 ,a medicine placed in the rectum for the purpose of affecting the lower intestine1 or1 by absorption1 the system generally4 ,suppositories are rounded1 usually elongated masses1 having the active medicine combined with some substance which will retain the proper shape1 as soap1 spermaceti cerate1 or cacao-butter4 ,the latter substance is1 perhaps1 the best vehicle for remedies prescribed in this form4 ,it is1 however1 rather too soft to be used without admixture4 ,according to ,dorvault1 the addition of one eighth part by weight of wax imparts the proper hardness4 ,all difficulty of removing suppositories from the mould may be obviated by having the moulds previously dusted with lycopodium4 ,the mode of proportioning the doses of active ingredients has been noticed in the article ,,enema4 ,suppository1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,astringens 7,reuss74 ,prep4 ,powdered oak bark1 #b dr42 tormentil1 #b dr42 honey1 q4 s4 ,for #h suppositories4 ,suppository of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,acidi ,,carbolici 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,carbolic acid1 #ab gr42 oil of theobroma1 #cdh gr42 water1 q4 s4 ,dissolve the acid in a few drops of water1 and mix it with #a dr4 of oil of theobroma2 then add it to the remainder of the theobroma previously melted1 and cooled to the temperature of #ie ,f41 and pour the whole immediately into moulds of #cj gr4 each1 standing in iced water4 ,suppository of ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,copaiba 7,colombat74 ,prep4 ,solidified copaiba1 #a dr42 butter of cacao1 #a dr42 extract of opium1 #a_/b gr4 ,suppository of ,elaterium4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,elaterii 7,st ,b4 ,h474 ,prep4 ,extract of elaterium1 #b gr42 hard soap1 #aj gr42 water1 q4 s4 ,mix4 ,suppository1 ,emollient4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,emolliens4 ,prep4 ,butter of cacao and spermaceti in equal parts2 melted together4 ,suppository of ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,potassii ,,iodidii 7,mr ,stafford74 ,prep4 ,iodide of potassium1 #a gr4 to #d gr42 extract of henbane1 #f gr42 extract of hemlock1 #f gr4 ,in enlarged prostate4 ,suppository1 ,irritant4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,irritans 7,richard74 ,prep4 ,butter of cacao1 #b dr42 aloes1 #d gr42 tartarised antimony1 #a gr4 ,to restore the hmorrhoidal flux4 ,suppository of ,lead 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,plumbi ,,compositum 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,acetate of lead1 in powder1 #cf2 opium1 in powder1 #ab2 benzoated lard1 #db2 white wax1 #aj2 oil of theobroma1 #hj2 melt the wax and oil of theobroma with a gentle heat1 then add the other ingredients1 previously rubbed together in a mortar1 and1 having mixed them thoroughly1 pour the mixture while it is fluid into suitable moulds of the capacity of #ae gr4 ,the above makes #ab suppositories4 ,suppository of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,hydrargyri 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,ointment of mercury1 #fj gr42 benzoated lard1 #bj gr42 white wax1 #bj gr42 oil of theobroma1 #hj gr42 melt all but the mercurial ointment together1 then add the ointment of mercury1 stir till well mixed1 and immediately pour into moulds of the capacity of #ae gr4 ,the above makes #ab suppositories4 ,suppository of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,morphi 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #f gr42 oil of theobroma1 #ij gr42 benzoated lard1 #fd gr42 white wax1 #bj gr42 melt the wax and oil of theobroma with a gentle heat1 then add the hydrochlorate of morphia and benzoated lard1 previously rubbed together in a mortar1 and mix all the ingredients thoroughly2 pour the mixture1 while it is fluid1 into suitable moulds of the capacity of #ae gr41 or the fluid mixture may be allowed to cool1 and then be divided into #ab equal parts1 each of which should be made into a conical form4 ,suppository of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,opii 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,extract of opium1 #ab gr42 oil of theobroma1 #cdh gr42 water1 q4 s4 ,proceed as for carbolic acid suppository4 ,suppository for ,piles4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,h,,morrhoidale1 ,s4 ,,sedativum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered opium1 #b gr42 finely powdered galls1 #aj gr42 spermaceti cerate1 #a dr4 #b4 7,ellis47 ,powdered opium1 #b gr42 soap1 #aj gr42 mix4 #c4 7,richard47 ,extracts of opium and stramonium1 of each #a gr42 cacao-butter1 #b dr4 ,used when the piles are very painful4 ,suppository1 ,purgative4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,catharticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,soap1 #a dr42 elaterium1 #a to #b gr42 mix4 ,as a strong purge4 #b4 7,niemann47 ,soap1 #b dr42 common salt1 #a dr42 honey1 q4 s42 mix4 ,as a mild cathartic4 ,suppository of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,quin 7,boudin74 ,prep4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #ae gr42 butter of cacao1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,mix4 ,suppository1 ,resolvent4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,resolvens1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,stafford47 ,iodide of potassium1 #c to #d gr42 extracts of henbane and hemlock1 of each #f gr4 ,in enlargement or induration of the prostate gland4 ,suppository of ,rhatany4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,rhatani 7,p4 ,cod74 ,prep4 ,butter of cacao1 #a dr42 extract of rhatany1 #ae gr41 for #a suppository4 ,suppository1 ,sedative4 ,see above4 ,suppository of ,sulphate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,sod ,,sulphatis 7,phbus74 ,prep4 ,dried sulphate of soda1 #b dr42 powdered soap1 #d dr42 honey1 q4 s4 ,for #d suppositories4 ,to be smeared over with oil when applied4 ,suppository of ,tannic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,acidi ,,tannici 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,tannic acid1 #cf gr42 benzoated lard1 #dd gr42 white wax1 #aj gr42 oil of theobroma1 #ij gr42 melt the wax and oil with a gentle heat1 then add the tannic acid and benzoated lard1 previously rubbed together1 and mix thoroughly4 ,pour the mixture while it is fluid into suitable moulds of the capacity of #ae gr4 ,the above makes #ab suppositories4 ,suppository1 ,vermifuge4 ,syn4 ,,suppositorium ,,anthelminticum1 ,s4 ,,vermifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,aloes1 #d dr42 common salt1 #c dr42 flour1 #b dr42 honey1 q4 s4 to make a stiff mass2 divide into proper-shaped pieces1 weighing about #ae gr4 each4 ,one to be used after each motion4 ,suppositories of ,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,aloes 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,aloes in fine powder4 #a dr42 oil of theobroma1 #cjj gr4 ,proceed as for carbolic acid suppository1 omitting the water4 ,suppositories of ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,assaf,,tid 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,tincture of assaftida1 #a oz42 oil of theobroma1 #cbj gr4 ,let the tincture evaporate by exposure to the air until of the consistence of a thick syrup1 and proceed as for suppositories of carbolic acid4 ,suppositories of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,belladonn 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,alcoholic extract of belladonna1 #f gr42 oil of theobroma1 #ced gr4 ,proceed as for carbolic acid suppositories4 ,suppositories of ,carbolic ,acid with ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,acidi ,,carbolici ,,cum ,,sapone 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,carbolic acid1 #ab gr42 curd soap1 in powder1 #ahj gr42 starch1 q4 s42 mix the carbolic acid with the soap1 and add starch1 q4 s41 to make of a suitable consistency2 divide into #ab equal parts1 and make each suppository into a conical or other convenient form4 ,suppositories of ,colocynth4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,colocynthidis 7,sp4 ,ph474 ,prep4 ,colocynth1 #cj gr42 salt1 #a dr4 ,evaporate to a due consistence4 ,suppositories of ,morphia with ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,morphi ,,cum ,,sapone 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #f gr42 glycerin of starch1 #ej gr42 curd soap in powder1 #ajj gr42 starch1 q4 s4 ,mix the hydrochlorate with the glycerin of starch and soap1 and add starch q4 s4 to form a paste of suitable consistence4 ,divide into #ab equal parts1 each of which is to be made into a conical or other convenient form of suppository4 ,suppositories of ,tannic ,acid with ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,acidi ,,tannici ,,cum ,,sapone 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,tannic acid1 #cf gr42 glycerin of starch1 #ej gr42 curd soap in powder1 #ajj gr42 starch1 q4 s4 ,mix the tannic acid with the glycerin of starch and soap1 and add starch q4 s4 to form a paste of suitable consistence1 divide into #ab equal parts1 each of which is to be made into a conical or other convenient form of suppository4 ,suppositories1 ,vaginal4 ,syn4 ,,suppositoria ,,vaginale 7,guadrist74 ,prep4 ,liquid chloride of zinc1 #e minims2 sulphate of morphia1 #a_/b gr42 mix with #b dr4 of the following paste3----,thick mucilage of tragacanth1 #f parts2 white sugar1 #c parts2 starch1 #i parts4 ,mr ,druitt prescribes in leucorrha3----,tannin1 #aj gr41 with mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 ,,surgery4 8,this word10 says ,brande1 8in its modern acceptation1 may be defined as the practical application of science1 in the use of all mechanical and instrumental means1 for the removal of diseases and the relief of human suffering40 ,one of the earliest professors of the ancient art of surgery1 of whom history affords a reliable record1 was ,hippocrates1 a ,greek1 who lived in the fifth century of our era1 and who seems to have been a man of considerable skill for the period in which he flourished1 since he could set fractures1 reduce dislocations1 and perform other important operations4 ,about two centuries after ,hippocrates the studies of surgery1 anatomy1 and medicine were prosecuted with evident success at ,alexandria4 ,the ,alexandrian school produced some able surgeons1 one of whom1 ,ammianus1 invented an instrument for crushing the stone in the bladder1 and was thus the first to practise the now important surgical operation known as lithotrity4 ,at the beginning of the ,christian era ,celsus practised the art of surgery in ,rome2 he appears to have been the first to operate for cataract1 and to apply ligatures to arteries after operations4 ,it is curious to note that so practical a people as the ,romans held the art of surgery in comparative contempt1 and banished its professors1 whose services they discarded1 for the practice of spells1 incantations1 and charms4 ,in the sixth century lived tius1 who conceived the idea of dissolving urinary calculi by the administration of internal remedies2 and in the tenth1 ,avicenna1 who1 it has been conjectured1 invented the flexible catheter1 and was the inventor of the instrument now known as ,hey's saw4 ,in #abga the ,paris ,college of ,surgeons was founded1 and the ,college of ,surgeons of ,london in #adfj1 and the ,edinburgh ,college in #aeje4 ,the most prominent figure in the annals of surgery of the #afth century was ,par1 a man of great originality of thought1 whose works exercised a considerable influence over his own contemporaries1 and for many years subsequently4 ,towards the end of the #agth century lived ,wiseman1 serjeant surgeon to ,charles ,,ii4 ,wiseman was a man of considerable ability1 and was the first to demonstrate that gun-shot wounds were not of a poisonous nature2 and that therefore the old practice of applying painful and caustic dressings to them might most advantageously be abandoned4 ,a contemporary of ,wiseman was ,young1 of ,plymouth1 who merits notice as being the first who performed the flap-operation in amputation4 ,in the #agth century also lived ,frre ,st ,cosme1 a ,french monk1 who obtained considerable fame as an operator for lithotomy1 for the performance of which he regarded himself as especially chosen by ,heaven4 ,in the #ahth century lived in ,england ,cheselden and ,douglas1 two eminent lithotomists2 ,john ,hunter1 ,pott and ,ley2 in ,scotland1 ,benjamin and ,john ,bell and ,monro2 and in ,ireland1 ,o',halloran and ,deases2 whilst in ,france flourished ,petit1 celebrated for his treatise on diseases of the bones2 from ,germany1 ,rechter and ,haller4 ,in this century 7#aghd7 was founded the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons in ,ireland4 ,in the present century there are few branches of science in which greater progress has been made than that of surgery4 ,from amongst the most eminent of the ,english surgeons of the present century we may select the following names3----,abernethy1 ,blizard1 ,astley ,cooper1 ,brodie1 ,dalrymple1 ,guthrie1 ,aston ,key1 ,liston1 ,stanley1 ,travers1 ,arnott1 ,bowman1 ,erichsen1 ,fergusson1 ,prescott ,hewett1 ,hilton1 ,lane1 ,lawrence1 ,paget1 ,spencer ,wells1 ,marshall1 ,christopher ,heath1 ,durham1 ,bryant1 ,nunn1 ,lee1 ,h4 ,smith1 ,mason1 and ,pollock4 ,,suspended ,,animation4 ,see ,,asphyxia4 ,,swal,,low4 ,three or four species of hirundo 7,linn47 pass under this name4 ,it was once held in great repute in medicine4 ,even the excrement was included among the simples of the ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4 ,the swallow is an insectivorous bird1 but1 like the sparrow and rook1 is much persecuted for its good services4 ,it has been calculated that1 directly and indirectly1 a single swallow is the humble means of lessening the race of one kind of insect alone to the extent of #efj1igj1dhi1jjj1jjj1jjj of its race in one year4 ,,sweeping4 ,before commencing to sweep1 the floor should be strewed with a good amount of damp tea-leaves1 saved for the purpose2 these collect the dust and thereby save the furniture1 which as far as practicable should be covered up during the process4 ,tea-leaves may also be advantageously used upon druggets and short-piled carpets4 ,light sweeping and soft brooms are desirable if these latter are to be operated upon4 ,many a carpet is prematurely worn out by over-violent sweeping4 ,in sweeping thick-piled carpets1 such as ,axminster and ,turkey carpets1 the servant should always be instructed to brush the way of the pile2 by following this advice the carpets may be kept clean for years2 but if the broom is used in a contrary direction1 all the dust will be forced into the carpet1 and soon spoil it4 ,,sweet ,,balls4 ,prep4 ,take of ,florentine orris root1 #c oz42 cassia1 #a oz42 cloves1 rhodium wood1 and lavender flowers1 of each #a_/b oz42 ambergris and musk1 of each #f gr42 oil of verbena1 #aj or #ab drops2 beat them to a paste1 form this into balls with mucilage of gum tragacanth made with rose water1 pierce them1 whilst soft1 with a needle1 and1 when they are quite dry and hard1 polish them4 ,worn in the pocket as a perfume4 ,some persons varnish them1 but that keeps in the smell4 ,,sweet ,,bay4 ,syn4 ,,laurel2 ,,laurus ,,nobilis 7,linn471 ,l4 ,the fruit 7,,lauri ,,bacc2 ,,laurus----,ph4 ,l471 as well as the leaves 7,,lauri ,,folia71 are reputed aromatic1 stimulant1 and narcotic4 ,they were formerly very popular in coughs1 colic1 hysteria1 suppressions1 c42 and externally1 in sprains1 bruises1 c4 ,,sweet,,bread4 ,the thymus gland of the calf4 ,when boiled1 it is light and digestible2 but when highly dressed and seasoned it is improper both for dyspeptics and invalids4 7,pereira47 ,,sweet ,,flag4 ,syn4 ,,acorus ,,calamus1 ,l4 ,a plant of the natural order ,orontiace4 ,the rhizome 7#8root'7 is an aromatic stimulant1 and is regarded by some as a valuable medicine in agues1 and as a useful adjunct to other stimulants and bitter tonics4 ,it is sometimes employed by the rectifiers of gin4 ,the volatile oil obtained from it by distillation is employed for scenting snuff and in the preparation of aromatic vinegar4 ,,sweet,,meats4 ,under this head are properly included confections1 candies1 and preserves1 in sugar2 but1 as generally employed1 the word embraces all the sweet compounds of the confectioner4 ,sweetmeats1 as well as cakes1 blancmange1 and jellies1 are not unfrequently coloured with deleterious substances1 the consequences of which are always pernicious1 and in many instances have proved fatal4 ,gamboge1 a drastic cathartic2 chrome yellow1 red lead1 orpiment1 emerald green1 and various other pigments containing lead1 arsenic1 copper1 or other poisons1 have been thus employed4 ,the whole of these may be readily detected by the tests and characteristics appended to their respective names4 ,the colours and stains which may be safely employed to increase the beauty of these articles are noticed under ,,stains and ,,liqueur4 ,,sweets4 ,home-made wines3 ,british wines4 ,,swine-,,pox4 ,see ,,pox4 ,,sydenham',s ,,len,,itive4 ,prep4 ,take of rhubarb 7recently grated or powdered71 #c dr42 tamarinds1 #b oz42 senna1 #a_/b oz42 coriander seeds 7bruised71 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate for #c hours in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,an excellent stomachic and laxative4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful4 ,,syl,,vic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,silvic ,,acid4 ,the portion of common resin or colophony which is the least soluble in cold and somewhat dilute alcohol4 ,,symbols4 ,in chemistry are representations of one atom of each of the elementary bodies1 by the capital initial letter with or without the addition of a small letter of their ,latin names4 ,as ,c1 for carbon2 ,fe 7ferrum71 iron2 ,o1 oxygen1 c4 ,symbols1 ,alchemical#bag---- ,footnote #bag3 ,this list of alchemical and botanical symbols and abbreviations is a reprint of that contained in the #8,lexicon of ,terms used in ,medicine and the ,allied ,sciences1' now being published by the ,new ,sydenham ,society1 under the ,editorship of ,henry ,power1 ,m4,b41 and ,leonard ,w4 ,sedgwick1 ,m4,d4 ,acetum symbol ,acetum destillatum symbol ,acidum symbol ,ar symbol ,aerugo symbol ,alumen symbol ,alembic symbol ther symbol ,amalgama symbol ,ammonium symbol ,aqua symbol ,aqua fortis symbol ,aqua pluvialis symbol ,aqua regia symbol ,arena symbol ,argentum symbol ,arsenicum symbol ,auripigmentum symbol ,aurum symbol ,aurantium symbol ,baln4 aren symbol ,baln4 mari symbol ,baln4 vaporis symbol ,baryta symbol ,bismuth symbol ,borax symbol ,calcaria symbol ,calcaria usta symbol ,camphora symbol ,cancer symbol ,caput mortuum symbol ,carbo symbol ,carbonicum symbol ,carduus benedictus symbol ,card4 marianus symbol ,cera symbol ,cinis clavelatum symbol ,cinis symbol ,cinnabar symbol ,cornu cervi symbol ,cristalli symbol ,crucibulum symbol ,cuprum symbol ,distillare symbol ,ferrum symbol ,fictile symbol ,fixum symbol ,flores symbol ,gummi symbol ,hora symbol ,hydrargyrum symbol ,hydr4 chloridum symbol ,hydr4 corrosivum symbol ,ignis symbol ,kali symbol ,lapis symbol ,lithargyrum symbol ,magnet symbol ,magnesia symbol ,menstruum symbol ,natrum symbol ,nitrum symbol ,oleum symbol ,oxidatum symbol ,oxidulatum symbol ,per deliquium symbol ,plumbum symbol ,precipitare symbol ,preparare symbol ,pulvis symbol ,regulus symbol ,resina symbol ,retorta symbol ,saccharum symbol ,sal symbol ,sal kali symbol ,sal ammoniac symbol ,sal medius symbol ,sapo symbol ,spiritus symbol ,spiritus vini symbol ,spiritus rectificatissimus symbol ,spiritus rectificatus symbol ,stannum symbol ,stibium symbol ,stratum super stratum symbol ,sublimare symbol ,succinum symbol ,sulphur symbol ,tartarus symbol ,terra symbol ,terra foliata symbol ,tinctura symbol ,vitriolum symbol ,vitrum symbol ,volatile symbol ,urina symbol ,ustare symbol ,zincum symbol ,symbols and ,abbreviations1 ,botanical4 symbol ,monocarp4 ,a plant which produces seed only once during its life4 ,the symbol representing the sun4 ,a1 symbol ,annual4 ,a monocarp which dies in the same year that it germinated1 e4g4 ,mustard4 ,b1 symbol ,biennial4 ,a monocarp which produces leaves only the first year and perfects its seed the next1 e4g4 ,mullein4 ,p ,perennial4 ,a plant which produces seed for an indefinite number of years1 e4g4 ,apple4 symbol ,rhizocarp4 ,a perennial the stems of which die down to the ground every year1 e4g4 ,rhubarb1 ,mint4 ,the symbol representing ,jupiter1 which has a period of revolution round the sun of #ab years4 symbol ,caulocarp4 ,a perennial1 the stems of which are persistent throughout the whole of its life1 e4g4 ,apple4 ,the symbol representing ,saturn1 the period of revolution of which round the sun is #cj years4 ,h ,herb4 ,a plant1 the stems of which remain soft or succulent1 e4g4 ,mint or ,rhubarb4 ,s1 symbol ,shrub4 ,a plant in which the stems are woody1 and which usually divide near the ground into numerous branches and twigs1 e4g4 ,lilac4 symbol ,under shrub4 ,a small shrub2 one that does not grow more than #c feet in height1 e4g4 ,gooseberry4 ,t1 symbol ,tree4 ,a plant which grows to #bj feet or more in height1 having a woody stem forming a distinct trunk1 e4g4 ,oak4 symbol ,a climbing plant which follows the sun1 e4g4 ,hop4 symbol ,a climbing plant which moves against the sun1 e4g4 ,scarlet-runner4 symbol ,flowers having stamens only 7unisexual1 staminiferous1 or male71 e4g4 male flowers of ,box4 ,the symbol representing ,mars1 the period of revolution of which is #b years4 symbol ,flowers having pistils only 7unisexual1 pistillate1 or female71 e4g4 female flowers of ,box4 ,the symbol representing ,venus4 symbol ,flowers having both stamens and pistils 7bisexual or hermaphrodite71 e4g4 ,buttercup4 symbol ,abortive staminiferous flowers 7neuter74 symbol ,abortive pistillate flowers 7neuter71 e4g4 the florets of the ray in ,daisy4 symbol ,moncious plants1 producing male and female flowers upon the same individual1 e4g4 ,box4 symbol ,dicious plants1 producing male and female flowers1 but upon separate individuals1 e4g4 ,willow4 symbol ,polygamous plants1 which produce hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers upon the same or different individuals1 e4g4 ,atriplex4 symbol ,indefinite in number2 applied to stamens and other parts of flowers4 symbol ,cotyledons accumbent1 radicle lateral4 symbol ,cotyledons incumbent1 radicle dorsal4 symbol ,cotyledons conduplicate1 radicle dorsal4 symbol ,cotyledons twice folded1 radicle dorsal4 symbol ,cotyledons thrice folded1 radicle dorsal4 symbol ,trimerous1 applied to flowers when the whorls of the flower are multiples of three1 as in most endogens4 symbol ,pentamerous1 applied to flowers when the whorls of the flower are multiples of five1 as in exogens generally4 ,bab41 ,babington4 ,berk41 ,berkeley4 ,br41 ,brown4 ,cal41 calyx4 ,caul1 caulis1 stem4 ,cl41 ,classis1 class4 ,cor41 corolla4 ,cuv41 ,cuvier4 ,d4 ,c41 or ,de ,cand41 ,de ,candolle4 ,endl41 ,endlicher4 ,fam41 family4 ,fr41 fructus1 fruit4 ,gen41 genus1 genus4 ,hook41 ,hooker4 ,juss41 ,jussieu4 ,d4 or ,linn41 ,linnus4 ,lindl41 ,lindley4 ,nat4 ,ord41 ,natural order4 ,o4 or ,ord41 ordo1 order4 ,per41 perianthus1 perianth4 ,rad41 radix1 root4 ,rich41 ,richard4 ,sp4 or ,spec1 species1 species4 ,subord41 ,suborder4 ,subk41 ,subkingdom4 ,var41 varietas1 variety1 ,v4 s4 c41 vidi siccam cultam1 a dry cultivated plant seen4 ,v4 s4 s41 vidi siccam spontaneam1 a dried specimen seen4 ,v4 v4 c1 vidi vivam cultam1 a living cultivated plant seen4 ,v4 v4 s41 vidi vivam spontaneam1 a living wild plant seen4 ,willd41 ,willdenow4 ,with41 ,withering4 ,,sympathet,,ic ,,ink4 ,see ,,ink4 ,,syn,,aptase4 ,syn4 ,,emulsin4 ,the name given by ,robiquet to the ,,emulsin1 a nitrogenised or albuminoid principle existing in both the bitter and sweet almond4 ,it possesses the remarkable property of converting amygdalin1 in the presence of water1 into hydrocyanic acid and the essential oil of bitter almonds4 #ajj gr4 of amygdalin yield1 under the influence of synaptase and water1 #dg gr4 of raw oil1 and #ei gr4 of anhydrous hydrocyanic acid4 7,liebig47 ,,syn,,cope4 ,see ,,fainting4 ,,syr,,up4 ,syn4 ,,sirup1 ,,sirop2 ,,syrupus1 ,l4 ,a saturated1 or nearly saturated1 solution of sugar in water1 either simple1 flavoured1 or medicated4 ,in the preparation of syrups care should be taken to employ the best refined sugar1 and either distilled water or filtered rain water2 by which they will be rendered much less liable to spontaneous decomposition1 and will be perfectly transparent1 without the trouble of clarification4 ,when inferior sugar is employed1 clarification is always necessary4 ,this is best done by dissolving the sugar in the water1 or other aqueous menstruum1 in the cold1 and then beating up a little of the cold syrup with some white of egg1 and an ounce or two of cold water1 until the mixture froths well2 this must be added to the syrup in the boiler1 and the whole #8whisked up' to a good froth2 heat should now be applied1 and the scum which forms removed from time to time with a clean #8skimmer4' ,as soon as the syrup begins to slightly simmer it must be removed from the fire1 and allowed to stand until it has cooled a little1 when it should be again skimmed1 if necessary1 and then passed through clean flannel4 ,when vegetable infusions or solutions enter into the composition of syrups1 they should be rendered perfectly transparent by filtration or clarification1 before being added to the sugar4 ,m4 ,magnes-,lahens#bah describes below a process for the clarification of syrups1 the originator of which was ,m4 ,demarest1 a pharmacien4 ,the process is as follows3----,white unsized paper is beaten up into a pulp with a portion of the syrup1 and then mixed with the bulk4 ,the proportion of paper should be one gram to every litre of syrup2 and the latter should be maintained at a temperature of #ce to #dj ,c4 ,footnote #bah3 #8,germ4 ,pharm4 ,chem41' #dth ,series1 xv1 #adj 7#8,year ,book1 ,phar41' #ahgb74 ,a filter of moleskin capable of holding about one third of the volume of the syrup1 and having the form of an inverted sugar-loaf1 is supported over a suitable receptacle2 the syrup with the pulp is poured rapidly into it1 so as to fill it as quickly as possible2 and the filter is kept full so long as any of the syrup remains4 ,when the greater part has run through1 and but little remains in the filter1 and consequently the #8felting' of the paper pulp is complete1 the syrup which has already run through1 is again poured into the filter4 ,the liquid which now passes is perfectly bright1 and may be collected4 ,in pouring the syrup into the filter1 the stream should be directed into the middle1 and not upon the sides1 so as to avoid disarranging the felt1 which would interfere with the success of the operation4 ,the author very strongly recommends this method for the clarification of all kinds of syrups2 its advantages being that it results in a perfectly limpid liquid1 and that it involves neither trouble nor loss of time or material4 ,he states that in #d or #e hours1 with a filter of #h litres in capacity1 #bd litres of syrup may be clarified4 ,the small quantity of syrup retained in the filter and pulp1 may be recovered by pouring on a sufficient quantity of warm water1 pressing strongly1 evaporating the liquid to a syrupy consistence1 beating up with a little paper pulp1 and passing1 it again through a small filter4 ,the proper quantity of sugar for syrups will1 in general1 be found to be #b lbs4 7avoir47 to every imperial pint of water or thin aqueous fluid4 ,these proportions1 allowing for the water that is lost by evaporation during the process1 are those best calculated to produce a syrup of the proper consistence1 and possessing good #8keeping qualities4' ,they closely correspond to those recommended by ,guibourt for the production of a perfect syrup1 which1 he says1 consists of #cj parts of sugar to #af parts of water4 ,in the preparation of syrups it is of great importance to employ as little heat as possible1 as a solution of sugar1 even when kept at the temperature of boiling water1 undergoes slow decomposition4 ,the plan which we adopt is to pour the water 7cold7 over the sugar1 and to allow the two to lie together for a few hours1 in a covered vessel1 occasionally stirring1 and then to apply a gentle heat 7preferably that of steam or water bath7 to finish the solution4 ,some persons 7falsely7 deem a syrup ill prepared unless it has been allowed to boil well2 but if this method be adopted1 the ebullition should be only of the gentlest kind 7#8simmering'71 and should be checked after the lapse of #a or #b minutes4 ,mr ,orynski recommends the preparation of all syrups without the application of heat1 as follows3 ,introduce #cj or #cb oz4 of sugar 7according to the temperature7 into a percolator1 in which has been previously introduced a piece of lint or sponge1 well adjusted1 and gradually pour on #af ounces of liquid1 so as to make the percolate 7syrup7 pass drop by drop4 ,if the first liquid is turbid pour it back into the percolator till the syrup passes clear4 ,the advantages claimed for this process are3 ,first1 the syrups are clear2 and there is no necessity for purifying them4 ,secondly1 they possess their medicinal properties unaltered2 since many drugs may be injured by heat1 more especially aromatics1 and those containing readily volatile substances2 and---- ,thirdly1 the syrups will neither crystallise nor ferment2 and may be prepared in large quantity1 provided the vessels or bottles are clean before filling them with syrup4 ,when it is necessary to thicken a syrup by boiling1 a few fragments of glass should be introduced1 in order to lower the boiling point4 ,to make highly transparent syrups1 the sugar should be in a single lump1 and1 by preference1 taken from the bottom or broad end of the loaf1 as1 when taken from the smaller end1 or if it be powdered or bruised1 the syrup will be more or less cloudy4 ,syrups are judged1 by the laboratory man1 to be sufficiently boiled when some taken up in a spoon1 pours out like oil1 or a drop cooled on the thumb-nail gives a proper #8thread' when touched4 ,when a thin skin appears on blowing upon the syrup1 it is judged1 by the same party1 to be completely saturated4 ,these rude tests often lead to errors1 which might be easily prevented by employing the proper proportions1 or determining the sp4 gr4 ,a fluid ounce of ,,saturated ,,syrup weighs #egg-a_/b gr42 a gallon weighs #ac-a_/e lbs4 7avoir472 its sp4 gr4 is #acai to #acba1 or #ce of ,baum's arometer2 its boiling-point is #bba ,fahr41 and its density at the temperature of #bab is #abfj to #abfa1 or #cj ,baum4 ,the syrups prepared with the juices of fruits1 or which contain much extractive matter1 as those of sarsaparilla1 poppies1 c41 mark about #b or #c more on ,baum's scale than the other syrups4 ,in most pharmaceutical works directions are given to completely saturate the water with sugar4 ,our own experience1 which is extensive1 leads us to disapprove of such a practice1 since we find that1 under all ordinary circumstances1 a syrup with a very slight excess of water keeps better than one fully saturated4 ,in the latter case a portion of sugar generally crystallises out on standing1 and thus1 by abstracting sugar from the remainder of the syrup1 so weakens it1 that it rapidly ferments and spoils4 ,this change proceeds at a rapidity proportionate to the temperature4 ,saturated syrup kept in a vessel that is frequently uncorked or exposed to the air soon loses sufficient water1 by evaporation from its surface1 to cause the formation of minute crystals of sugar1 which1 falling to the bottom of the vessel1 continue to increase in size at the expense of the sugar in the solution4 ,we have seen a single #f-;gallon stone bottle1 in which syrup has been kept for some time1 the inside of which1 when broken1 has been found to be entirely cased with sugar candy1 amounting in weight to #af or #ah lbs4 ,on the other hand1 syrups containing too much water also rapidly ferment1 and become acescent2 but of the two this is the less evil1 and may be more easily prevented4 ,the proportions of sugar and water given above will form an excellent syrup1 provided care be taken that an undue quantity be not lost by evaporation4 ,the decimal part of the number denoting the sp4 gr4 of a syrup1 multiplied by #bf1 gives the number of pounds of sugar it contains per gallon1 very nearly4 7,ure47 ,in boiling syrups1 if they appear likely to boil over1 a little oil1 or rubbing the edges of the pan with soap1 will prevent it4 ,syrups may be decoloured by agitation with1 or filtration through1 recently burnt animal charcoal4 ,medicated syrups should not1 however1 be treated in this way4 ,the preservation of syrups1 as well as of all other saccharine solutions1 is best promoted by keeping them in a moderately cool1 but not a very cold1 place4 8,let syrups be kept in vessels well closed1 and in a situation where the temperature never rises above #ee ,fahr40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,they are better kept in smaller rather than in large bottles1 as the longer a bottle lasts the more frequently it will be opened1 and1 consequently1 the more it will be exposed to the air4 ,by bottling syrups whilst boiling hot1 and immediately corking down and tying the bottles over with bladder perfectly air-tight1 they may be preserved1 even at a summer heat1 for years1 without fermenting or losing their transparency4 ,the #8candying1' or crystallisation1 of syrup1 unless it be oversaturated with sugar1 may be prevented by the addition of a little acetic or citric acid 7#b or #c dr4 per gall474 ,the fermentation of syrups may be effectually prevented by the addition of a little sulphite of potassa or of limes4 ,chlorate of potassa has been proposed for this purpose by ,dr ,macculloch1 on theoretical grounds4 ,m4 ,chereau recommends the addition of some 7about #c to #d7 sugar of milk1 with the same intention4 ,dr ,durand asserts that by adding about #a fl4 dr4 of #8,hofmann's anodyne' to each pint of syrup1 the accession of fermentation may not only be prevented1 but arrested when it occurs1 fermenting syrups may be immediately restored by exposing the vessel containing them to the temperature of boiling water4 ,the addition of a little spirit is ordered in the new #8,london ,pharmacopia4' ,in making the above additions to syrup1 care must be had not to mix incompatible substances4 ,thus1 in general the two methods referred to cannot be practised together4 ,syrup is1 perhaps1 the worst possible form of medicine1 owing to the difficulty of accurately saturating it with active medicinals1 and its liability to change4 ,few persons think that 8sweetness renders a nauseous drug more palatable40 ,see also ,squire's #8,companion to the ,british ,pharmacopia4' ,syrup of ,acetate of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,morphi ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,solution of acetate of morphia1 #a fl4 oz42 simple syrup1 #ae fl4 oz42 mix4 ,each fl4 oz4 contains #a_/d gr4 of acetate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,syrup of ,almond4 ,syn4 ,,barley ,,syrup1 ,,orgeat2 ,,syrupus ,,amygdal1 ,l42 ,,sirop ,d',,orgeat1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sweet almonds1 #a lb42 bitter almonds1 #a oz42 blanch1 beat them to a smooth paste1 and make an emulsion with barley water1 #a quart2 strain1 to each pint add of sugar1 #b lbs41 and a table-spoonful or two of orange-flower water2 put the mixture into small bottles1 and preserve it in a cool place4 ,some persons add a little brandy4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,sweet almonds1 #h oz42 bitter almonds1 #b oz42 blanch them1 after cold maceration1 then beat them in a marble mortar1 with a wooden pestle1 to a paste1 adding1 gradually1 of water1 #af fl4 oz42 orange-flower water1 #c fl4 oz42 after straining through flannel1 dissolve #c lbs4 of sugar in each pint of the emulsion4 ,an agreeable pectoral and demulcent4 ,syrup of ,aniseed4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,anisi4 ,prep4 ,infuse #a_/b oz4 of bruised aniseed in #d oz4 of hot water1 strain1 and add #b dr4 of sugar4 ,syrup1 ,antiscorbutic4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,antiscorbuticus 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,scurvy-grass1 watercresses1 horseradish1 all fresh1 of each #aj oz42 buckbean1 #a oz42 bitter orange peel1 #b oz42 cinnamon1 #a_/b oz42 white wine1 #dj oz4 7by weight72 macerate #b days and distil off #aj oz4 7by weight72 then add to the distillate1 sugar1 #be oz42 strain the residue left in the retort1 decant and make into a syrup with another #be oz4 of sugar2 clarify with white of egg1 and when cold1 add to it the former syrup4----,dose1 #d dr4 ,syrup of ,balsam of ,peru4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,balsami ,,peruviani4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,balsam of ,peru1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #aa oz42 digest with frequent agitation till cold1 and form #aj oz4 of the filtered liquid into a syrup1 with #ah oz4 of sugar4 ,syrup of ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,cinchon4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,calisaya bark1 #a oz42 percolate1 with #aj oz4 of proof spirits 7#iif71 and then with water1 so as to yield #aj oz4 of liquid2 distil off spirit1 filter1 and add #aj oz4 of sugar2 reduce by a gentle heat1 so as to obtain #ae-a_/d oz4 7by weight7 of product4 ,syrup of ,bark1 ,vinous4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,cinchon ,,vinosus4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,soft extract of bark1 #a oz42 white wine1 #b pints #c oz42 dissolve1 filter1 add #c-a_/b lbs4 of white sugar1 and dissolve by a water bath4 ,syrup of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,belladonn4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,tincture of belladonna 7,p4 ,cod71 #c_/d oz4 7by weight72 syrup1 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,syrup1 ,boyle's4 ,see ,,syrup1 ,,symphytic4 ,syrup of ,buckthorn4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rhamni 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,s4 ,,rhamnni ,,cathartici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,juice of ,buckthorn1 defecated by #c days' repose1 #b quarts2 ginger and allspice1 of each 7bruised7 #f dr42 macerate the spice in #a pint of the juice1 at a gentle heat1 for #d hours1 and filter2 boil the remainder of the juice to #a-a_/b pint1 mix the liquors1 dissolve therein of white sugar1 #f lbs42 and add to the 7nearly cold7 syrup #f fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit4 ,in the ,ph4 ,e4 the spirit is omitted4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,buckthorn juice1 #ig2 ginger1 sliced1 #a2 pimento1 bruised1 #a2 refined sugar1 #ig2 rectified spirit1 #h oz42 evaporate the juice to nearly half 7#e_/h72 add the ginger and pimento1 digest at a gentle heat for four hours1 and strain2 when cold add the spirit1 let the mixture stand for two days1 then decant off the clear liquor1 and in this dissolve the sugar at a gentle heat2 sp4 gr4 #acb4----;,dose1 #a dr4 #c4 7,wholesale47----a4 ,take of buckthorn juice1 #c gall42 bruised pimento and ginger 7sifted from the dust71 of each #a_/b lb42 simmer for #ae minutes1 strain1 and add of sugar1 #dd lbs4 b4 ,take of buckthorn juice1 #c galls42 boil to #b gall42 add of bruised pimento and ginger gruffs 7free from dust71 of each #c_/d lb42 boil to #a gall41 strain1 add molasses1 #gb lbs41 and finish the boiling4 ,obs4 ,syrup of buckthorn is a brisk but unpleasant cathartic4 ,it is now chiefly used in veterinary practice4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 to #a fl4 oz4 ,should the colour be dull1 the addition of a few grains of citric or tartaric acid will brighten it4 ,syrup of ,cabbage-tree ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,geoffroy4 7,dr ,wright47 ,prep4 ,decoction of cabbage-tree bark made into a syrup with twice its weight of sugar4 ,vermifuge4----,dose1 #a to #d tablespoonfuls4 ,syrup of ,cahinca4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,cahinc4 7,soubeiran47 ,prep4 ,alcoholic extract of cahinca1 #fd gr42 syrup1 #af oz42 dissolve the extract in a little water1 and add the solution to the boiling syrup4----,dose1 #a oz4 daily4 ,syrup of ,capillaire4 ,syn4 ,,syrup ,,of ,,maidenhair2 ,,syrupus ,,adianthi1 ,,syrupus ,,capillorum ,,veneris1 ,l42 ,,capillaire1 ,,sirop ,,de ,,capillaire1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,canadian maidenhair 7,adiantum pedatum----,linn471 #d oz42 boiling water1 #b-a_/b pints2 infuse1 strain1 add of white sugar1 #e lbs41 and pour the boiling clarified syrup over #b oz4 more of maidenhair2 re-infuse for #b hours1 and again strain4 ,obs4 ,demulcent4 ,clarified syrup flavoured with orange-flower water or curaoa is now commonly sold for ,,capillaire4 ,it is usually #8put up' in small bottles of a peculiar shape1 known in the trade as #8capillaires4' ,it is now chiefly used to sweeten and flavour grog4 ,see ,,capillaire4 ,syrup of ,carrageen4 ,syn4 ,,syrup ,,of ,,iceland ,,moss4 ,prep4 ,boil horehound1 #a oz41 liverwort1 #f dr41 in water1 #d pints1 for #ae minutes2 express and strain2 then add carrageen 7previously softened with cold water71 #f dr42 again boil for #ae minutes1 strain through flannel1 and add sugar1 #a lb41 to each pint4 ,an agreeable demulcent in coughs4 ,syrup of ,castor1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,castorii ,,compositus4 7,lebron47 ,prep4 ,valerian water1 #e oz42 cherry laurel water1 #b-a_/b oz42 castor 7dissolved in a sufficient quantity of spirit71 #c dr42 white sugar1 #ae oz4 ,in spasmodic asthma4 ,syrup of ,catechu4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,catechu4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,extract catechu1 #b-a_/b oz42 syrup1 #f lbs42 dissolve the extract in double its weight of water1 and add to the syrup4 ,syrup of ,chamomile4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,anthemidis4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,chamomile flowers1 dried1 #a lb42 boiling water1 #aj lbs42 macerate1 strain with expression1 and form the infusion into a syrup with twice its weight of sugar4 ,syrup of ,chloral ,hydrate4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,chloralis ,,hydratis4 7,b4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,hydrate of chloral1 #hj gr42 distilled water1 #d fl4 dr4 ,syrup to measure1 #a fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 to #b fl4 dr4 ,syrup of ,chloride of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,chloridi ,,calcis4 7,dr ,reid47 ,prep4 ,liquid chloride of lime1 #a dr42 mucilage1 #b dr42 syrup of orange peel1 #aj dr4 ,syrup of ,cinchonine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,cinchonin4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,sulphate cinchonine1 #bj gr42 syrup1 #af oz4 7by weight74 ,syrup of ,citrate of ,caffeine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,caffein ,,citratis4 7,hannon47 ,prep4 ,citrate of caffeine1 #a scruple2 syrup1 #a oz4 ,syrup of ,citrate of ,iron and ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,et ,,ammoni ,,citratis4 7,beral47 ,prep4 ,ammonio-citrate of iron1 #a_/d oz42 syrup #i-a_/b oz4 7by weight72 cinnamon water1 #a_/d oz4 ,syrup of ,citrate of ,iron and ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,et ,,quini ,,citratis4 ,a syrup is prepared by ,mr ,bullock under this name1 but its composition has not been made known4 ,another form is citrate of iron and quinine1 #a oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #a pint4 7,beasley47 ,syrup of ,citric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,acidi ,,citrici 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,take of citric acid 7in powder7 and distilled water1 of each1 #b-a_/b oz42 dissolve1 add the solution1 together with tincture of lemon peel1 #e fl4 dr41 to simple syrup1 #c pints1 and mix with agitation4 ,an agreeable refrigerant4 ,used for sweetening barley water1 c41 and for flavouring water to be used as a beverage in fevers and other inflammatory diseases4 ,syrup of ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,caryophylli4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,prep4 ,clove1 ,july flowers1 #a troy oz42 boiling water1 #d oz42 macerate for #ab hours1 strain1 and add sugar1 #g oz42 make a syrup4 ,used for its colour and flavour4 ,syrup of ,cochineal4 ,syn4 ,,sryupus ,,coccinell1 ,,syrupus ,,cocci 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of cochineal 7bruised71 #hj gr42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 boil for #ae minutes in a closed vessel1 strain1 and add of sugar1 #c lbs41 or twice that of the strained liquor2 lastly1 when the syrup has cooled1 add of rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 or #a_/b fl4 dr4 to each fl4 oz4 of syrup4 ,used as a colouring syrup1 and often sold for ,,syrup ,,of ,,clove-,,pinks4 ,syrup of ,cochineal1 ,alkaline4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,cocci ,,alkalinus4 ,prep4 ,cochineal in powder1 #b scruples2 carbonate of potash in powder1 #d scruples2 triturate1 and add boiling distilled water1 #af oz42 strain1 and add #d oz4 of sugar candy4 ,a popular domestic remedy for hooping cough4----,dose4 ,from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful1 according to the age of the child1 #c or #d times a day4 ,syrup of ,cod-liver ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,olei ,,morrhu4 7,duclos47 ,prep4 ,mix #e parts of powdered gum with #d of simple syrup2 add #h parts of cod-liver oil1 triturate till perfectly mixed1 gradually adding #ab parts of water2 lastly1 dissolve in the emulsion1 #bd oz4 of sugar by means of a gentle heat4 ,in the same manner may be prepared syrups from the oil of skate1 castor oil1 c4 ,syrup of ,coffee4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,caffe4 ,prep4 ,concentrated infusion of fresh-roasted coffee1 #d oz42 refined sugar1 #h oz42 dissolved in a closed vessel by a gentle heat4 ,syrup of ,colchicum4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,colchici4 7,ph4 ,e41 #ahag47 ,prep4 ,fresh colchicum1 #a oz42 vinegar1 #af oz42 macerate for #b days1 and strain with gentle expression2 add to the clear liquor #bf oz4 of sugar1 and boil4 ,syrup of ,coltsfoot4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,tussilaginis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,flowers of coltsfoot1 #a lb4 7or dried flowers1 #b oz472 boiling water1 #b lbs42 macerate for #ab hours2 strain1 press1 filter1 and add of white sugar1 #d lbs4 ,a popular remedy in coughs1 colds1 c4----,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 ad libitum4 ,syrup of ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,copaib4 7,puche47 ,prep4 ,triturate #b oz4 of copaiba with #a_/b oz4 of powdered gum and #a-a_/b oz4 of water2 add #cb drops of essence of peppermint1 and #ab oz4 of simple syrup4 ,syrup of ,corsican ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,helminthocorti4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,macerate #a lb4 of cleansed ,corsican moss in #b-a_/b lbs4 of boiling water2 in six hours strain4 ,macerate the residue in sufficient boiling water1 so as to obtain1 including the product of the first maceration1 #b-c_/d lbs41 in which dissolve #e lbs4 of sugar4 ,syrup of ,cream4 ,finely powdered lump sugar mixed with an equal weight of fresh cream4 ,it will keep for a long time if put into bottles1 and closely corked and sealed over4 ,it is commonly placed in #b-oz4 wide-mouthed phials1 and taken on long voyages1 a fresh phial being opened at every meal4 ,syrup of ,cyanide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,potassii ,,cyanidi2 ,,syrop ,,de ,,hydrocyanate ,,de ,,potasse4 ,prep4 ,clarified syrup1 #af oz42 medicinal hydrocyanate of potash 7a solution of #a part of cyanide of potassium in #h of water71 #a dr4 ,syrup of ,dittany4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,diotamni4 ,from ,dittany of ,crete1 as ,,syrup ,,of ,,hyssop4 ,syrup of ,dulcamara4 ,syn4 ,,syrup ,,of ,,bitter ,,sweet1 ,,syrupus ,,dulcamar4 ,as ,,syrup ,,of ,,corsican ,,moss4 ,syrup1 ,easton's4 ,this preparation is said to contain in each fluid drachm----#a gr4 of phosphate of iron1 #a gr4 of phosphate of quinia1 and a #a_/cb gr4 of strychnia4 ,the dose is #a dr4 ,a precipitate1 which consists of phosphate of quinine1 sometimes forms in this syrup4 ,this may be obviated by avoiding as much as possible exposure of the syrup to the air1 caused by filtration of the quinine solution into the syrup4 ,syrup of ,eggs4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ovorum4 7,fuller47 ,prep4 ,beat the whites of #c eggs with #f oz4 of plantain water1 and work it in a mortar with #f oz4 of powdered sugar till they form a syrup4 ,syrup of ,emetina4 ,,syrupus ,,emitin4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,coloured emetine1 #ab gr42 syrup1 #ag-a_/b oz4 7by weight72 mix4 ,syrup1 ,empyreumatic4 ,treacle4 ,syrup of ,ergotine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ergotin 7,bonjean47 ,ergotine 7watery extract of ergot71 #b dr42 orange-flower water1 #a oz42 dissolve1 and add the solution to #af oz4 7by weight7 of boiling syrup4----,dose1 #b to #d spoonfuls in the day4 ,syrup of ,ether4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,theris1 ,s4 4 ,,sulphurici1 ,l42 ,,sirop ,d',,ther1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,sulphuric ether1 #a part2 white 7simple7 syrup1 #af parts2 place them in a glass vessel having a tap at the bottom1 shake them frequently for #e or #f days1 and then draw off the clear syrup into small bottles4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c fl4 dr4 ,syrup of ,eucalyptus4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4 ,prep4 #a4 #ajj gr4 of the chopped leaves are infused for #f hours in #a litre of boiling water1 the liquid expressed1 and after allowing it to deposit1 it is made into a syrup by the addition of #aij grams of sugar1 for #ajj grams of the clear liquid4 #b4 7,dorvault47 ,distilled water of eucalyptus1 #ej parts2 sugar1 #ie parts2 dissolve4 ,syrup1 ,euston's4 ,see ,,syrup ,,of ,,phosphate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,with ,,quinine ,,and ,,strychnia4 ,syrup of ,fennel4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,f,,niculi4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,infuse bruised fennel seed1 #b oz41 in #ab oz4 of boiling water for three hours2 strain off #aj oz41 and dissolve it in #ah oz4 sugar4 ,syrup of ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,digitalis4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,tincture of foxglove 7,p4 ,cod71 #a_/b oz4 7by weight72 syrup1 #bj oz4 7by weight74 ,syrup of ,fumitory4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,fumari4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,clarified juice of fumitory1 #a lb42 white sugar1 #b lbs42 boil to a syrup4 ,syrup of ,garlic4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,allii4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,garlic1 #f oz4 troy2 distilled vinegar1 #af oz4 7o4 m472 macerate for #d days2 express1 and form a syrup with the clear liquor and sugar1 #b troy lbs4 ,syrup of ,garlic1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,allii ,,compositus4 ,dr ,,will',s ,,syrup4 ,prep4 ,garlic1 cut small1 #a_/b oz42 bruised aniseed1 #a_/b oz42 elecampane root1 #c dr42 liquorice root1 #b dr42 brandy1 #bd oz42 digest for #b or #c days1 strain1 and form a syrup with #a-a_/b lb4 of sugar4 ,syrup of ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,zingiberis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,bruised ginger1 #b-a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate for #d hours1 strain1 and add of white sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs41 or q4 s42 and rectified spirit1 as directed for syrup of cochineal4 ,the ,ph4 ,e4 omits the spirit4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,tincture of ginger1 #a fl4 oz42 simple syrup1 #g fl4 oz42 mix4 ,stimulant and carminative4 ,chiefly used as an adjuvant1 in mixtures4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,strong tincture of ginger1 #a2 syrup1 #be2 mix4----,dose1 #a to #d dr4 ,syrup of ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,auri4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,powdered gold1 #bj gr42 syrup1 #a oz4 ,as a local application4 ,syrup of ,guaiacum ,wood4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,guaiaci ,,ligni4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,boil rasped guaiacum wood1 #c oz4 twice1 and for an hour each time1 in #cj oz4 of water2 strain through a thick cloth2 mix the two liquids1 and concentrate until they are reduced to #f oz4 7by weight72 let cool1 filter through paper1 and add #aj oz4 of sugar4 ,syrup of ,guarana4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,paullini1 ,,syrupus ,,guaran4 ,prep4 ,extract of guarana1 #b-a_/b dr42 syrup1 #cb oz4 ,syrup of ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,acaci1 ,l42 ,,sirop ,,de ,,gomme1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,dissolve pale and picked gum ,arabic in an equal weight of water1 by a gentle heat1 add the solution to four times its weight of simple syrup1 simmer for #b or #c minutes1 remove the scum1 and cool4 ,a pleasant demulcent4 ,the addition of #a or #b fl4 oz4 of orange-flower water to each pint greatly improves it4 ,syrup of ,gum ,ammoniacum4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,gummi ,,ammoniaci4 7,wurt4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #b oz4 of gum ammoniacum in #h oz4 of white wine1 by the heat of a water-bath1 and add sugar1 #af oz4 ,syrup of ,gum ,tragacanth4 ,,syrupus ,,gummi ,,tragacanth4 7,mouchon47 ,prep4 ,gum tragacanth1 #a oz42 water1 #cb oz42 macerate for #dh hours1 press through a linen cloth1 and mix the mucilage with #h lbs4 of syrup1 heated to #agf ,f41 and strain through coarse cloth4 ,syrup of ,hedge ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,erysimi4 ,prep4 ,from the expressed juice of hedge mustard 7clarified71 #a lb42 sugar1 #b lbs42 make into a syrup4 ,syrup of ,hedge ,mustard1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,erysimi ,,compositus1 ,,sirop ,,de ,,velar1 ,,sirop ,,de ,,chantre4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,pearl barley1 raisins1 liquorice root1 of each #c_/d oz42 cut and dried leaves of borage and chicory1 of each #a oz42 fresh hedge mustard1 #ae oz42 dried elecampane root1 #a oz42 maidenhair1 #a_/d oz42 dried lavender and rosemary tops1 of each #a_/d oz42 green aniseeds1 #a_/d oz42 sugar1 #bj oz42 honey1 #e oz4 ,boil the pearl barley in the water until it bursts1 add the raisins and the sliced liquorice1 the borage and the chicory1 and after just boiling strain and press4 ,then pour the strained liquid on to the other substances properly bruised and cut1 and let the mixture digest for #bd hours over a water bath2 then distil1 drawing over #b-a_/b oz4 liquid 7by weight72 on the other hand1 press and strain the liquor that remains in the retort1 clarify with white of egg1 add the sugar and honey1 and make into a syrup that1 when boiling1 shall have a sp4 gr4 of #abi2 when nearly cold add the #b-a_/b oz4 of distilled liquid1 and strain4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b oz4 ,syrup of ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hyoscyami 7,p4 ,cod474 ,from the tincture 7,p4 ,cod47 as syrup of belladonna4 ,syrup1 ,hive4 ,compound syrup of squills4 ,syrup of ,horehound4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,marubii1 ,l42 ,,sirop ,,de ,,prassio1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,dried horehound1 #a oz42 horehound water1 #b lbs42 digest in a water bath for #b hours1 strain1 and add of white sugar1 #d lbs4 #b4 ,white horehound 7fresh71 #a lb42 boiling water1 #a gall42 infuse for #b hours1 press out the liquor1 filter1 and add of sugar1 q4 s4 ,obs4 ,a popular remedy in coughs and diseases of the lungs4----,dose4 ,a table-spoonful1 ad libitum4 8,it is sold for any syrup of herbs that is demanded1 and which is not in the shop40 7,gray47 ,syrup1 ,horseradish4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,armoraci4 7,dr ,cullen47 ,prep4 ,scraped horseradish1 #a oz42 hot water1 #h oz42 digest1 strain1 and dissolve in the liquor twice its weight of sugar4----,dose1 #a dr4 frequently in hoarseness from relaxation4 ,syrup of ,houndstongue4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,cynoglossi4 7,fuller47 ,prep4 ,clarified juice of houndstongue boiled1 with its weight of sugar1 to a syrup4 ,in catarrhous humours4 ,syrup of ,hydrochlorate of ,morphine4 ,syn4 ,,syrup ,,of ,,muriate ,,of ,,morphine2 ,,syrupus ,,morphi ,,muriatis 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,solution of muriate of morphia1 #a fl4 oz42 simple syrup1 #ag fl4 oz42 mix4 ,each fl4 oz4 contains #a_/d gr4 of the muriate4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,syrup of ,hydrocyanic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,acidi ,,hydrocyanici4 ,the ,paris ,codex orders a syrup1 in which #bjj parts 7by weight7 contain #a part 7by weight7 of officinal medicinal hydrocyanic acid1 containing #aj per cent4 of anhydrous acid4 ,syrup of ,hypophosphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,hypophosphitis4 7,wood47 ,prep4 ,granulated sulphate of iron1 #dhj gr42 hypophosphite of lime1 #cbf gr42 diluted phosphoric acid1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #a-a_/b oz42 syrup1 #c dr4 ,dissolve without heat the iron in the acid1 mixed with the water2 rub the hypophosphite to fine powder1 and pour on it the solution of sulphate of iron2 rub together for two or three minutes2 then pour the mixture on a piece of damp calico1 and squeeze out the liquid2 filter the solution so obtained1 and add to it seven times its volume of syrup4 ,syrup of ,hypophosphite of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,calcis ,,hypophosphitis4 7,churchill47 ,prep4 ,hypophosphite of lime1 #a part2 syrup1 #ajj parts4 ,syrup of ,hypophosphite of ,potash4 ,see ,,syrup ,,of ,,the ,,hypophosphites4 ,syrup of ,hypophosphite of ,soda4 ,see ,,syrup ,,of ,,the ,,hypophosphites4 ,syrup of ,hyposulphite of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sod ,,hyposulphitis4 7,mouchon47 ,prep4 ,hyposulphite of soda1 #a oz42 water1 #ab oz42 sugar1 #cc oz4 ,dissolve with a gentle heat1 and filter4 ,syrup of the ,hypophosphites4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hypophosphiticus4 ,prep4 ,hypophosphite of lime1 potash1 and soda1 #a part each1 dissolved with heat in syrup1 #ajj parts4----,dose1 #a dr4 ,syrup of ,hyssop4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hyssopi4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,as syrup of coltsfoot4 ,syrup of ,iceland ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,lichenis4 ,iceland moss deprived of its bitterness1 #a oz42 syrup1 #cb oz4 ,make a concentrated decoction of the moss1 strain and add the syrup1 and boil to a proper consistence4 ,syrup of ,indian ,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hemidesmi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,indian sarsaparilla 7,hemidesmus ,indicus----,brown71 bruised1 #d oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse for #d hours1 and to the strained and defecated infusion add twice its weight of sugar4 ,tonic1 diuretic1 c4----,dose1 #b to #d fl4 dr42 in nephritic complaints1 and in some others1 instead of sarsaparilla4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hemidesmus1 bruised1 #a2 refined sugar1 #g2 boiling distilled water1 #e2 infuse #d hours1 strain1 add the sugar1 and dissolve4 ,the product should weigh #aj-a_/b oz41 and measure #h4 ,sp4 gr4 #acce4----;,dose1 #a to #d dr4 ,syrup of ,iodide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,iodidi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mix iodine1 #a oz41 and iron wire #c dr41 with distilled water1 #h fl4 oz41 and heat the solution until it assumes a greenish colour2 then strain it1 evaporate it to about #d fl4 oz41 and add to it of white sugar1 #aj oz42 lastly1 when the syrup has cooled1 add as much water as may be necessary1 that it may measure exactly #ae fl4 oz41 and keep it in a well-stoppered black glass bottle4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 are nearly similar1 a fl4 dr4 of each containing about #e gr4 of the pure dry iodide4 ,this syrup is tonic and resolvent1 and hmatinic4----,dose1 #ae or #bj drops to #a fl4 dr42 in anmia1 debility1 scrofula1 c4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,iron wire1 #a2 iodine1 #b2 refined sugar1 #bh2 distilled water1 #ac4 ,make a syrup with the sugar and #aj of the water1 and keep it hot4 ,put into a strong soda-water bottle1 covered with a cloth1 the iron wire1 the iodine1 and #c of the water1 shake them together until the froth of the mixture becomes white1 filter whilst still hot into the syrup4 ,the product should be made up by water to weigh #dc or to measure #ca-a_/b4 ,sp4 gr4 #ache4----;,dose1 #bj to #fj minims4 ,syrup of ,iodide of ,iron1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,iodidi ,,compositus4 7,ricord47 ,prep4 ,this may be made by adding #a oz4 of the syrup to #i oz4 of compound syrup of sarsaparilla1 both by weight4 ,syrup of ,iodide of ,iron and ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,et ,,quini ,,iodidi4 7,bouchardat47 ,prep4 ,digest #a dr4 of iodine with #a_/b dr4 of iron filings and #d dr4 of water1 with a gentle heat and frequent agitation1 till the solution is colourless4 ,filter it rapidly into a vessel containing #bh oz4 of simple syrup4 ,dissolve also #ab gr4 of sulphate of quinine in #b dr4 of water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 and add to the former4 ,syrup of ,iodide of ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,manganesii ,,iodidi4 7,m4 ,hannon47 ,pure hydrated carbonate of manganese1 #a dr42 concentrated hydriodic acid1 q4 s4 to dissolve it4 ,mix this solution with #af-a_/b oz4 of sudorific syrup4----,dose4 ,from #b to #f tablespoonfuls daily4 ,syrup of ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,potassii ,,iodidi4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,iodide of potassium1 #a_/d oz42 water1 #a_/d oz42 syrup1 #i-a_/d oz4 7by weight74 ,syrup of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,iodinii4 7,foy474 ,prep4 ,compound tincture of iodine1 #d dr42 mint water1 #d oz42 syrup1 #af oz4 ,syrup of ,iodohydrargyrate of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,iodohydrargyratis ,,potassii 7,puche74 ,prep4 ,iodohydrargyrate of potassium1 #af gr42 tincture of saffron1 #b-a_/b dr42 syrup1 #af oz4 ,syrup of ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,ipecacuanha 7in coarse powder71 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #ae fl4 oz42 digest for #bd hours at a gentle heat1 and strain2 add of proof spirit1 #ad fl4 oz41 and again digest and strain1 and repeat the process with water1 #ad fl4 oz42 distil off the spirit from the mixed liquors1 evaporate to #ab fl4 oz41 and filter2 next add to the residuum rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz41 and simple syrup1 #g pints1 and mix well4----,dose4 ,as an emetic for infants1 #a_/b teaspoonful2 for adults1 #a to #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 as an expectorant1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls4 ,syrup of ,iron and ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,et ,,potassii ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 ,dissolve #a oz4 of iodide of potassium in #f oz4 of hot water1 add #ab-a_/d oz4 7fl47 of syrup of iodide of iron1 and sufficient simple syrup to make up #a-a_/b pint4 ,syrup of ,jalap4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,jalapinus4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,jalap1 #aj dr42 coriander1 #a_/b dr42 fennel seed1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #ab oz42 heat to #bab ,f4 for twenty minutes1 let it stand #bd hours2 strain1 and make a syrup with #bd oz4 of sugar4 ,syrup of ,kermes4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,kermetis1 ,,syrupus ,,antimoniatus4 ,prep4 ,kermes mineral1 #bj gr42 syrup of squills1 #a-a_/b oz42 syrup of marshmallow1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,mix4 ,syrup of ,lactate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,lactatis4 7,cap47 ,prep4 ,lactate of iron1 #a dr42 boiling distilled water1 #f oz42 pure sugar1 #ab oz4----,dose1 #b to #d dr4 ,syrup of ,lacto-phosphate of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,calcis ,,lacto-,,phosphatis4 7,p4 ,vincent4#bai7 ,prep4 ,burnt bones1 #aee gr42 hydrochloric acid1 #caj gr42 liquid ammonia1 #bjj gr42 concentrated lactic acid1 distilled water1 of each q4 s42 sugar1 #ah-a_/b oz42 leave together for some time the bone ash and the acid until effervescence ceases1 then add distilled water1 #ejj gr42 precipitate with the ammonia1 filter1 and well wash the precipitate with distilled water1 until the washings cease to give a precipitate with nitrate of silver4 ,leave to drain for #ab hours1 after gently heating in a porcelain capsule1 and add sufficient lactic acid to dissolve the precipitate2 add sufficient distilled water to make the product weigh #i-a_/b oz42 filter1 and add the sugar2 make dissolve with a gentle heat4 ,footnote #bai3 #8,pharm4 ,journ4' ,syrup of ,lactucarium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,lactucarii4 7,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,lactucarium1 #a troy oz42 syrup1 #ad oz4 7o4 m472 proof spirit1 q4 s42 rub the lactucarium with the proof spirit to a syrupy consistence1 transfer to a percolator and percolate with proof spirit until #h oz4 7o4 m47 of tincture have been obtained4 ,evaporate this portion in a water bath at #afj;,f4 to #b oz4 7o4 m474 ,mix it with the syrup made hot1 and strain immediately4 ,syrup of ,lemon4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,limonis 7,b4 ,p471 ,,syrupus ,,limonum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,syrupus ,,citri ,,medic4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,lemon juice 7strained or defecated71 #a pint2 white sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and set it aside2 in #bd hours remove the scum1 decant the clear portion1 and add of rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,the ,edinburgh ,college omits the spirit4 ,a pleasant refrigerant syrup in fevers1 c4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr41 in any diluent4 ,with water it forms an excellent extemporaneous lemonade4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fresh lemon peel1 #b2 lemon juice1 strained1 #bj2 refined sugar1 #cf4 ,heat the lemon juice to the boiling point1 and having put it into a covered vessel with the lemon peel1 let them stand until they are cold1 then filter and dissolve the sugar in the filtered liquid with a gentle heat4 ,the product should weigh #ef and measure #da4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,syrup of ,lettuce4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,lactuc4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,dissolve #b oz4 of extract of lettuce in #h times its weight of cold water1 filter1 and add #f lbs4 #b oz4 of syrup1 which1 when boiling1 has a specific gravity of #abf4 ,syrup of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,calcis4 7,trousseau47 ,prep4 ,slake1 #b-a_/b dr4 of quicklime1 with #c oz4 of water1 and add it to #cb fl4 oz4 of simple syrup2 boil #aj minutes and filter4 ,this is usually diluted with #d parts of syrup4 ,given in diarrha4 ,syrup of ,liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,glycyrrhiz4 ,prep4 ,liquorice root1 #d oz42 boiling water1 #af oz42 digest1 strain1 and make a syrup with sugar4 ,syrup of ,lobelia4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,lobeli4 7,mr ,proctor47 ,prep4 ,vinegar of lobelia1 #f oz42 sugar1 #ab oz4 ,dissolve in a gentle heat4 ,syrup of ,malate of ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,manganesii ,,malatis4 7,m4 ,hannon47 ,prep4 ,malate of manganese1 #a oz42 simple syrup1 #af oz42 spirit of lemon peel1 #b dr4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,syrup of ,manna4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,mann4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #c oz4 of manna in #ab oz4 of water1 strain and filter2 then add #af oz4 of sugar1 and make it into a syrup4 ,syrup of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hydrargyri4 ,prep4 8,there are several forms for mercurial syrups1 but they all appear liable to serious objection4 ,plenk3----,quicksilver1 #a dr42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #c dr42 syrup1 #b oz42 triturate and gradually add #a oz4 of water4 ,larrey3----,sudorific syrup1 #a pint2 bichloride of mercury1 #e gr42 muriate of ammonia1 #e gr42 extract of opium1 #e gr42 ,hofman's anodyne liquor1 #a_/b dr4----,dose1 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz4 ,creron's syrup consists of mercurial ether 7#d gr4 of sublimate to #b dr4 of ether71 #b dr42 syrup1 #h oz40 7,beasley47 ,syrup of ,marshmallow4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,alth 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,marshmallow root1 fresh and sliced1 #a-a_/b oz42 distilled water 7cold71 #a pint2 macerate for #ab hours1 press out the liquor1 strain it through linen1 and add to the strained liquor twice its weight of white sugar 7about #c lbs472 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and1 when cold1 add of rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 or q4 s4 ,see ,,syrup ,,of ,,cochineal4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,take of fresh marshmallow root1 bruised1 #h oz42 water1 #d pints2 boil down to one half1 and express the liquor when it is cold2 set it aside for #bd hours1 that the fces may subside1 then decant off the clear liquid1 and1 having added to it of sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs41 boil the whole to a proper consistence4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,e4 is similar4 ,obs4 ,this is a popular demulcent and pectoral4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 in coughs1 c4 either alone or added to mixtures4 ,syrup of ,milk4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,lactis4 ,reduce skimmed milk by gentle evaporation to one half1 and add twice its weight of sugar4 ,syrup of ,monosulphide of ,sodium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sodii ,,monosulphidi4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,crystallised monosulphide of sodium1 #dd gr42 distilled water1 #a oz42 syrup1 #id oz4 7by weight74 ,syrup of ,mugwort4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,artemisi4 ,as ,,syrup ,,of ,,wormwood4 ,syrup of ,mugwort1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,artemisi ,,compositus4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,take of fresh tops of mugwort1 pennyroyal1 catmint1 and savine1 of each #b oz42 fresh roots of elecampane1 lovage1 and fennel1 of each #hh gr42 fresh tops of wild marjoram1 hyssop1 feverfew1 rue1 and basil1 of each #a oz42 aniseed1 #a_/d oz42 cinnamon1 #a_/d oz42 all properly divided2 rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b oz4 7by weight72 water1 #cj oz42 syrup of honey1 #ab-a_/b oz4 7by weight74 ,put the plants in a vessel over a water bath1 pour on the water mixed with the spirit1 let it stand #bd hours1 and then distil over #c-a_/b oz4 7by weight74 ,on the other hand1 press the residue of the distillation1 clarify with white of egg1 and add sugar1 #be oz42 then make into a syrup1 which1 when boiling1 has the sp4 gr4 #abf4 ,take the weight and evaporate until it has lost weight1 equal to that of the distilled liquid1 then add the syrup of honey1 and lastly1 when nearly cold1 the distilled liquid1 and strain4----,dose1 #b to #ab dr4 ,syrup of ,mulberries4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,mori 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,juice of mulberries1 strained1 #a pint2 sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and set the solution by for #bd hours2 then remove the scum1 decant the clear liquid1 and add of rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,used as a colouring and flavouring1 when alkalies and earths are not present4 ,syrup of red poppies 7rhados71 slightly acidulated with tartaric or dilute sulphuric acid1 is very generally sold for it4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mulberry juice1 #bj2 refined sugar1 #cb2 rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b2 heat the juice to the boiling point1 and1 when it has cooled1 filter it2 dissolve the sugar in the filtered liquid by a gentle heat1 and add the spirit4 ,the product should weigh #ed4 ,sp4 gr4 #acc4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,syrup of ,muriate of ,morphia4 ,see ,,syrup ,,of ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,morphine4 ,syrup of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,opii4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,extract of opium1 #hg-a_/b gr41 dissolve in #f dr4 of cold water1 and mix with sufficient syrup to make up #f-a_/d lbs4 7#a in #ejj74 ,syrup of ,orange ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,aurantii ,,floris 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,orange-flower water1 #h2 refined sugar1 #dh2 distilled water1 #af1 or a sufficiency2 heat the sugar and water together1 strain1 and when nearly cold add the orange-flower water4 ,when finished should weigh #gb and measure #ed4 ,sp4 gr4 #acc4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,syrup of ,orange ,juice4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,e ,,succo ,,aurantiorum4 7,ph4 ,e41 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,orange juice1 #a lb42 sugar1 #b lbs4 ,dissolve by heat4 ,syrup of ,orange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,aurantii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,s4 ,,citri ,,aurantii1 ,s4 ,,corticibus ,,aurantiorum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried orange peel1 #b-a_/b oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 macerate for #ab hours in a covered vessel1 press out the liquor1 simmer it for #aj minutes1 and then complete the process as directed for ,,syrup ,,of ,,cochineal4 ,in the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d41 and ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 no spirit is ordered4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tincture of orange peel1 #a2 syrup1 #g2 mix4----,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #c4 7,wholesale47----a4 ,from fresh orange peel1 #ah oz4 7or dried1 #c_/d lb472 sugar1 #ah lbs42 water1 q4 s4 b4 ,from tincture of orange peel1 #a fl4 oz42 simple syrup1 #ai fl4 oz42 mix4 ,an agreeable flavouring and stomachic4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr4 ,syrup1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,pectoralis4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,black maidenhair1 #e oz42 liquorice root1 #d oz42 boiling water1 #d pints2 macerate for some hours1 strain1 add to the infusion twice its weight of sugar1 and make a syrup4 ,syrup of ,pepsine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,pepsin4 7,corvisart47 ,prep4 #f parts of pepsin in #bj parts of cold water1 and added to #gj parts of acidulated syrup of cherries4 ,syrup of ,persulphuret of ,iron4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,persulphureti4 7,bouchardat47 ,prep4 ,reduce #aj oz4 of syrup by evaporation to #i oz41 and add #b oz4 hydrated persulphuret of iron in a gelatinous state2 mix1 and keep in a close bottle4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful two or three times a day in scrofulous and cutaneous affections4 ,as an antidote for poisoning by the salts of lead1 mercury and copper4 ,give a teaspoonful frequently4 ,syrup of ,phosphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,phosphatis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,granulated sulphate of iron1 #bbd gr42 phosphate of soda1 #bjj gr42 acetate of soda1 #gd gr42 dilute phosphoric acid1 #e-a_/b oz42 refined sugar1 #h oz42 distilled water1 #h oz4 ,dissolve the sulphate of iron in #d oz4 of the water1 and the phosphate and acetate of soda in the remainder2 mix the two solutions1 and1 after careful stirring1 transfer the precipitate to a calico filter1 and wash it with distilled water till the filtrate ceases to be affected with chloride of barium4 ,then press the precipitate strongly between folds of bibulous paper1 and add to it the dilute phosphoric acid4 ,as soon as the precipitate has dissolved1 filter the solution1 add the sugar1 and dissolve without heat4 ,the product should measure exactly #ab fluid ounces4 ,one fluid drachm contains #a grain of phosphate of iron4 ,in the preparation of this syrup as much expedition as possible should be used in washing and pressing the precipitate of phosphate of iron formed4 ,it is best washed by decantation4 ,the water employed should be just previously boiled to expel oxygen2 the protosulphate of iron should be entirely free from persulphate1 and clear crystals of phosphate of soda should be chosen4 ,mr ,howie 7whose suggestions the previous ones are in substance7 proposes the use of bicarbonate of soda instead of acetate1 the phosphate of iron being soluble to a considerable extent in the acetic acid liberated1 if acetate of soda be employed4 ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,jones#bbj gives a process for the preparation of this syrup1 which consists in dissolving metallic iron in phosphoric acid and water1 and then adding the solution to syrup4 ,footnote #bbj3 #8,pharm4 ,journ41' #crd series1 vol4 v1 p4 #eda4 ,syrup of ,phosphate of ,iron1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,phosphatis ,,compositus2 ,,parrish',s ,,chemical ,,food2 ,,syrup ,,of ,,the ,,compound ,,phosphates2 ,,syrupus ,,phosphaticus4 7,mr ,e4 ,parrish1 ,u4 ,s47 ,dissolve sulphate of iron1 #aj dr41 in boiling water1 #b oz42 and phosphate of soda1 #ab dr41 in boiling water1 #d oz4 ,mix1 and wash the precipitated phosphate of iron4 ,dissolve phosphate of lime1 #ab dr41 in #d oz4 of boiling water1 with enough hydrochloric acid to make a clear solution2 precipitate with liquid ammonia1 and wash precipitate4 ,add to the fresh precipitates glacial phosphoric acid1 #bj dr41 dissolved in #d dr4 of water2 when clear1 add carbonate of soda1 #b scruples1 and carbonate of potassa1 #a dr41 and then sufficient hydrochloric acid to dissolve the precipitate4 ,now add water to make the solution measure #bb oz4 old measure1 and add powdered cochineal1 #b dr42 mixed sugar1 #cb troy oz42 apply heat1 and1 when the syrup is formed1 strain it and add orange-flower water1 #a oz4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful4 ,in addition to phosphate of iron and phosphate of lime this syrup contains smaller quantities of the alkaline phosphates4 ,mr ,howie points out that ,parrish is incorrect in stating that this syrup contains #a gr4 of phosphate of iron and #b-a_/b gr4 phosphate of lime in the fluid drachm1 if this statement be compared with his formula1 which by calculation will be found to give #gae gr4 of phosphate of iron and #b gr4 of phosphate of lime for the fluid drachm1 even if none of the former were wasted in the process4 ,mr ,howie deprecates the use of hydrochloric acid sometimes had recourse to in preparing the syrup1 and he adds that the purest sugar only should be used1 and that made from beet-root should be carefully avoided4 ,see a valuable paper by ,mr ,howie on this subject1 #8,pharm4 ,journ41' #crd series1 vol4 vi1 p4 #hjd4 ,syrup of ,phosphate of ,iron and ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferriphosphatis ,,et ,,manganesii4 ,prep4 ,dissolve #f dr4 of glacial phosphoric acid in a small quantity of water1 add #gb gr4 of phosphate of iron1 and #dh gr4 of phosphate of manganese2 apply heat to dissolve1 then add sugar1 #aj oz41 and water up to measure of #ab oz4----,dose1 #a to #d dr4 ,syrup of ,phosphate of ,iron1 with ,quinine and ,strychnia4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,phosphatis1 ,,cum ,,quinia ,,et ,,strychnia4 ,syrup of ,phosphate of ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,manganesii ,,phosphatis4 7,m4 ,hannon47 ,prep4 ,phosphate of manganese1 #a_/b dr42 spirit of tolu1 #c oz4 #c dr2 syrup of bark1 #e oz42 spirit of lemon peel1 #a-a_/b dr42 powder of tragacanth1 #aj gr4 ,mix quickly and preserve in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,syrup of ,phosphate of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,quinini ,,phosphatis4 ,prep4 ,phosphate of quinine1 #if gr42 water1 #ac-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrupy phosphoric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,mix the acid with the water1 add the quinine1 and filter into the syrup4 ,syrup of ,phosphate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,zinci ,,phosphatis4 ,prep4 ,phosphate of zinc1 #aib gr42 water1 #aa fl4 dr42 syrupy phosphoric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #e fl4 dr42 syrup1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,rub the phosphate with the water1 add the acid and filter into the syrup4 ,syrup of ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,acidi ,,phosphorici4 ,prep4 ,phosphoric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aded71 #a_/b oz42 syrup1 #cb-a_/b oz4 7both by weight74 ,syrup of raspberries may be substituted for simple syrup4 ,syrup of ,pomegranate-root ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,corticis ,,radicis ,,granati4 7,guibort47 ,prep4 ,obtain from #a lb4 of powdered bark of pomegranate root #d lbs4 of infusion by percolation4 ,boil this with #bh-a_/b oz4 of syrup till reduced to #b lbs4 ,syrup of ,poppies4 ,syn4 ,,syrup ,,of ,,white ,,poppies2 ,,syrupus ,,papaveris 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,s4 ,p4 ,,somniferi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,poppy capsules1 coarsely powdered1 free from seeds1 #cf2 rectified spirit1 #af2 refined sugar1 #fd2 boiling distilled water1 a sufficiency2 macerate the poppy capsules in #hj of the water4 ,infuse for #bd hours1 then pack in a percolator1 and1 adding more of the water1 allow the liquor slowly to pass until #cbj have been collected or the poppies are exhausted2 evaporate the liquor by a water bath until it is reduced to #fj2 when quite cold add the spirit2 let the mixture stand for #ab hours and filter4 ,distil off the spirit1 evaporate the remaining liquor to #dj1 and then add the sugar4 ,the product should weigh #ajd and measure #gh-c_/d4 ,sp4 gr4 #acb4----;,dose1 #a dr42 #aj to #bj minims for children1 increasing cautiously4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,poppy-heads1 dried1 bruised1 and without the seed1 #c lbs42 boiling water1 #e galls42 boil down to #b galls41 press out the liquor1 evaporate the expressed liquid to #b quarts1 strain it whilst hot1 and set it aside for #ab hours2 next decant the clear portion from the fces1 boil this down to #a quart1 and dissolve in it sugar1 #e lbs42 lastly1 when cold1 add of rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz4 8,each fl4 oz4 is equivalent to #a gr4 of dry extract40 ,in the ,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf no spirit is ordered4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,extract of poppies1 #a-a_/b lb42 boiling water1 #b-a_/b galls42 dissolve1 clarify1 or filter1 so that it may be perfectly transparent when cold1 then add of white sugar1 #dd lbs41 and dissolve4 ,obs4 ,syrup of poppies is anodyne and soporific4----,dose4 ,for an infant1 #a_/d to #a_/b teaspoonful2 for an adult1 #b to #d fl4 dr4 ,according to ,m4 ,chereau1 its tendency to fermentation is prevented by the addition of #cb parts of sugar of milk to every #ajjj parts of the syrup4 ,syrup of ,potassio-tartrate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,potassio-,,tartratis4 ,prep4 ,dissolve #d dr4 of potassio-tartrate of iron in #d dr4 of cinnamon water1 and mix the solution with #af oz4 of syrup4 ,syrup of ,pyrophosphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,pyrophosphatis4 7,parrish47 ,prep4 ,pyrophosphate of iron in scales1 #af gr42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz4 ,syrup of ,pyrophosphate of ,iron and ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,pyrophosphatis ,,et ,,ammoni4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,pyrophosphate of iron with citrate of ammonia1 #a dr42 water1 #b dr42 syrup1 #ab oz4 ,syrup of ,quinine with ,coffee4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,quini ,,cum ,,caffea4 ,prep4 ,prepare #a-a_/b pint of clear infusion from #d oz4 of roasted coffee2 dissolve it in #e lbs4 of refined sugar1 and add to the syrup #a-a_/b dr4 of sulphate of quinine dissolved in a little water1 with the addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid4 ,syrup of ,raspberry4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,aceti ,,rubi ,,id,a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,raspberry vinegar1 #aj oz4 7by weight72 sugar1 #ag-a_/b oz42 boil them together4 ,syrup of ,red ,poppies4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rh,,ados 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,s4 ,,papaveris ,,rh,,ados1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,petals of the red poppy1 #a lb42 boiling water1 #a pint2 mix in a water bath1 remove the vessel1 macerate for #ab hours1 press out the liquor1 and1 after defecation or filtering1 complete the process as directed for ,,syrup ,,of ,,cochineal4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from dried red-poppy petals1 #c lbs12 boiling water1 q4 s42 white sugar1 #dd lbs42 as the last4 ,obs4 ,syrup of red poppies is chiefly employed for its fine red colour4 ,a little acid brightens it4 ,the colour is injured by contact with iron1 copper1 and all the common metals4 ,syrup of ,red ,roses4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ros 7,b4 ,p471 ,,syrupus ,,ros ,,gallic 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dried petals of the red rose1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 pure sugar1 #bj oz42 as the last4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,dried petals of the gallic rose1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 boil in a glass or porcelain vessel until the colour is extracted1 strain with expression1 and1 after defecation1 add to the clear decanted liquor twice its weight of white sugar4 ,astringent and stomachic2 chiefly used as an adjunct in mixtures1 c4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dried rose petals1 #a2 refined sugar1 #ae2 boiling distilled water1 #aj2 infuse the petals in the water #b hours1 squeeze through calico1 heat the liquor to the boiling point1 and filter2 add the sugar and dissolve with heat4 ,the product should weigh #bc and measure #ag-a_/d4 ,sp4 gr4 #acce4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,syrup of ,rhatany4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,krameri4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as syrup of catechu4 ,syrup of ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p474 ,rhubarb1 in coarse powder1 #b2 coriander fruit1 in powder1 #b2 refined sugar1 #bd2 rectified spirit1 #h2 distilled water1 #bd2 mix the rhubarb and coriander1 pack them in a percolator1 pass the spirit and water1 previously mixed1 slowly through them1 evaporate the liquid that has passed until it is reduced to #ac1 and in this1 after it has been filtered1 dissolve the sugar with a gentle heat4----,dose1 #a to #d dr4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,bruised rhubarb1 #c oz42 cold water1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate for #ab hours1 filter1 and add of white sugar1 #cb oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,take of rectified spirit1 #h fl4 oz42 water1 #bd fl4 oz42 rhubarb 7coarsely powdered71 #b oz42 7mixed with7 sand1 an equal bulk1 or q4 s42 make a tincture by percolation1 evaporate this1 over a water bath1 to #ac fl4 oz41 and dissolve it in #b lbs4 of white sugar4 ,an excellent formula4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,rhubarb 7bruised71 #a-c_/d lb42 cold water1 q4 s42 sugar1 #bj lbs42 as ,no4 #a4 ,stomachic and purgative4----,dose4 ,for an infant1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful2 for an adult1 #a_/b to #c_/d fl4 oz41 or more4 ,syrup of ,rhubarb and ,senna4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rhei ,,et ,,senn4 7,ph4 ,e41 #agde47 ,prep4 ,rhubarb1 #a oz42 senna1 #b oz42 fennel seed1 #b dr42 cinnamon1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #b-a_/b pints2 macerate for #ab hours1 strain1 and boil with #c lbs4 of sugar to a syrup4 ,syrup of ,rhubarb 7,spliced74 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rhei ,,aromaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,rhubarb1 #b-a_/b oz42 cloves and cinnamon1 of each #a_/b oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/d oz4 7all bruised72 proof spirit1 #cb fl4 oz42 macerate for #ad days 7or percolate71 strain1 gently evaporate to #af fl4 oz41 filter whilst hot1 and mix the liquid with simple syrup 7gently warmed71 #d-c_/d pints4 ,a cordial laxative4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful2 in infantile constipation1 diarrha1 c4 ,syrup of ,roses4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ros 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,syrupus ,,ros ,,centifoli 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried petals of damask roses 7,rosa centifolia71 #g oz42 boiling water1 #c pints2 macerate for #ab hours1 filter1 evaporate in a water bath to #a quart1 and add of white sugar1 #f lbs42 and1 when cold1 rectified spirit1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from rose leaves1 #a lb42 sugar1 #ai lbs42 water1 q4 s42 as the last4 ,gently laxative4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a fl4 oz4 ,it is usual to add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid1 to brighten the colour4 ,alkalies turn it green4 ,syrup of ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,rut1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of oil of rue1 #ab to #ae drops2 rectified spirit1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add it to simple syrup1 #a pint4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful2 in the flatulent colic of children4 ,an infusion of #a_/b oz4 of the herb is sometimes substituted for the solution of the essential oil4 ,syrup of ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,croci 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,hay saffron1 #e dr4 7#aj dr4----,ph4 ,e2 #a_/b oz4----,ph4 ,d472 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate in a covered vessel for #ab hours1 then strain the liquor1 and add of white sugar1 #c lbs41 q4 s41 and rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 or q4 s4 in the manner directed under ,,syrup ,,of ,,cochineal4 ,the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 omit the spirit4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,hay saffron1 #f oz42 boiling water1 #f quarts2 white sugar1 #bd lbs42 as the last4 ,used for its colour and flavour2 the first is very beautiful4 ,syrup of ,salicin4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,salicini4 ,prep4 ,salicin1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a oz42 sugar1 #b oz4 ,syrup of ,santonate of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sod ,,santonatis4 ,this formula is recommended because of the adaptability of its administration to children2 the syrup being of very pleasant taste4 ,it is made as follows3----,powdered santonate of soda1 #e grams2 simple syrup1 #ijj grams2 syrup of orange flower1 #ajj grams4 ,suspend the santonate in #bej grams of the syrup1 and heat it over a spirit-lamp until dissolved2 add the remainder of the syrup1 then the syrup of orange flower1 and mix carefully4 ,a tablespoonful or #bj grams of this syrup will contain #aj centigrams of santonate1 or the equivalent of #e centigrams of santonin4 ,for adults the dose might be double1 or a syrup made containing #bj centigrams to the tablespoonful4 ,syrup of ,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sarz 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,syrupus ,,sarsaparill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of sarsaparilla 7sliced71 #c-a_/b lbs42 boil it in water1 #b galls41 down to one half2 pour off the liquor1 and strain it whilst hot2 again boil the sarsaparilla4 in another gall4 of water down to one half1 and strain2 evaporate the mixed liquors to #a quart1 and in these dissolve of white sugar1 #h oz42 lastly1 when the syrup has cooled1 add to it of rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,sarsaparilla 7sliced71 #ae oz42 boiling water1 #a gall42 macerate for #bd hours1 boil to #b quarts1 strain1 add of sugar1 #ae oz41 and boil to a syrup4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,take of extract of sarsaparilla1 #c lbs42 boiling water1 #c quarts2 dissolve1 strain1 and add of white sugar1 #ab lbs4 ,alterative and tonic4----,dose1 #b to #d dr4 ,see ,,sarsaparilla4 ,syrup of ,sarsaparilla1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sarz ,,compositus1 ,l42 ,,syrop ,,de ,,cuisinier1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,sarsaparilla 7bruised71 #b lbs42 guaiacum wood1 rasped1 #c oz2 damask roses1 senna1 and liquorice root1 bruised1 of each #b oz42 diluted alcohol 7proof spirit71 #aj wine pints 7#a gall4 imperial72 macerate for #ad days1 express1 filter through paper1 and evaporate in a water bath to #d wine pints 7#c-a_/d pints1 imperial72 then add of white sugar1 #h lbs42 and1 when cold1 further add of oils of sassafras and aniseed1 of each #e drops1 and oil of partridge berry 7,gaultheria procumbens71 #c drops1 previously triturated with a little of the syrup4 ,obs4 ,this is an excellent preparation2 but the rose leaves might be well omitted4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 #c or #d times a day1 as an alterative1 tonic1 and restorative4 ,the syrup of the ,p4 ,cod4 is made with water instead of spirit1 and is inferior as a remedy to the preceding4 ,syrup of ,sarsaparilla1 ,ioduretted4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sars ,,iodureti4 7,ricord47 ,prep4 ,syrup of sarsaparilla1 #ca parts2 iodide of potassium1 #a part4 ,syrup of ,senega4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,seneg4 7,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,senega in moderately fine powder1 #d troy oz42 sugar1 #ae troy oz42 proof spirit1 #b pints 7o4 m47 ,introduce the senega into a percolator and pour on the proof spirit2 when finished1 evaporate the percolate by a water bath at #afj ,f4 to #h oz4 7o4 m472 filter1 add the sugar1 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and strain whilst hot4 ,syrup of ,senna4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,senn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of senna1 #c-a_/b oz42 fennel seed 7bruised71 #aj dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate for #f hours1 with a gentle heat2 then strongly press out the liquid through linen1 and dissolve in it of manna1 #c oz42 next add this solution to treacle1 #c lbs41 previously evaporated over a water bath until a little of it1 on being cooled1 almost concretes1 and stir them well together4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,senna1 #d oz42 boiling water1 #bd fl4 oz42 infuse1 strain1 add of treacle1 #dh oz41 and evaporate to a proper consistence4 ,aperient4----,dose1 #a to #d dr4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,senna1 broken small1 #h oz42 oil of coriander1 #d-a_/b minims2 refined sugar1 #ab oz42 distilled water1 #ej oz42 or a sufficiency2 rectified spirit1 #a oz42 digest the senna in #c_/d of the water twenty-four hours at a temperature of #abj1 press1 and strain2 digest the marc in the remainder of the water six hours1 press1 and strain2 evaporate the mixed liquors to #e oz42 when cold add the rectified spirit containing the oil of coriander2 filter1 and wash the filter with water to make up to #h oz42 add the sugar1 and dissolve with gentle heat4 ,the product should weigh #ba oz41 and measure #af oz4 ,sp4 gr4 #acaj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,syrup of ,senna with ,manna4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,senn ,,cum ,,manna4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,infuse #aj oz4 of senna leaves and #a oz4 of bruised fennel seeds for some hours in #bje pints of hot water2 strain1 and dissolve in the strained liquor #ae oz4 of manna4 ,pour off #e-a_/b oz4 7by weight7 of liquid from the sediment1 and dissolve it in #c lbs4 #b oz4 of sugar4 ,syrup1 ,simple4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,syrupus ,,simplex 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,white sugar1 #c lbs42 distilled water1 #a pint2 dissolve by a gentle heat4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,pure sugar1 #aj lbs42 boiling water1 #c pints4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,refined sugar 7in powder----crushed71 #e lbs42 distilled water1 #a quart4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,refined sugar1 #f2 distilled water1 #c2 dissolve the sugar in the water with the aid of heat1 and when cool add water to make the product weigh #i and measure very nearly #g4 ,sp4 gr4 #acc4 #e4 7,wholesale47 ,finest double refined sugar1 #dd lbs42 distilled water1 #b-c_/d gall42 make a syrup4 ,obs4 ,this preparation should be as white and transparent as water4 ,used as capillaire1 c41 and to give cohesiveness and consistence to pulverulent substances in the preparation of electuaries1 pills1 c4 ,syrup of ,snails4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,limacibus 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,vine snails1 deprived of their shells and of the black portions1 and cut up1 #b oz42 wash in cold water and then boil with #aj oz4 of water to #g oz42 then add #aj oz4 of sugar4 ,syrup of ,soap ,wort4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,saponari4 ,from the root1 the same as syrup of coltsfoot4 ,syrup of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,scill 7,b4 ,h41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,vinegar of squills1 #c pints2 white sugar 7in powder71 #g lbs42 dissolve by a gentle heat4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,vinegar of squills1 #h fl4 oz42 refined sugar 7in powder71 #a lb42 dissolve4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,vinegar of squills1 #bj2 refined sugar1 #dj2 dissolve with the aid of heat4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,take of vinegar of squills 7perfectly transparent71 #ad lbs42 double refined sugar1 #bh lbs42 dissolve in a stoneware vessel1 in the cold1 or at most by a very gentle heat4 ,obs4 ,this syrup1 like the last1 should be as clear as water1 and nearly colourless4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr41 as an expectorant2 in chronic coughs and asthma4 ,in large doses it proves emetic4 ,syrup of ,squills1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,hive ,,syrup2 ,,syrupus ,,scill ,,compositus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,squills and senega1 of each1 bruised1 #e oz42 water1 #a_/b gall42 boil to a quart2 add of sugar1 #d-a_/b lbs42 evaporate to #c pints1 or a proper consistence1 and dissolve in it1 whilst hot1 of potassio-tartrate of antimony 7in powder71 #a dr4 ,obs4 ,this syrup is a popular expectorant in the ,u4 ,s41 where it is known as hive syrup4----,dose4 ,as an expectorant1 #bj to #cj drops1 for adults2 for children1 #e to #aj drops2 in croup1 #aj drops to #a_/b fl4 dr41 repeated until it vomits4 ,syrup of ,stinking ,hellebore4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,hellebori ,f,,tidi4 ,prep4 ,sprinkle the fresh leaves of bear's foot with vinegar1 and express the juice4 ,boil this with twice its weight of sugar4 ,syrup of ,stramonium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,stramonii4 ,from the tincture as syrup of belladonna4 ,syrup of ,strychnia4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,strychni4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,the ,paris ,codex orders a syrup containing #a_/d gr4 of sulphate of strychnia in #ajjj gr4 of syrup4 ,syrup1 ,sudorific4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,sudorificus4 7,foy47 ,sarsaparilla1 #f oz42 guaiacum raspings1 #f oz42 water1 #c pints4 ,macerate for #bd hours1 evaporate to #a-a_/b pint2 strain1 and make into a syrup with #b-a_/b lbs4 of sugar4 ,syrup of ,sulphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri ,,sulphatis4 7,willis47 ,prep4 ,sulphate of iron1 #a dr42 water1 #b dr42 syrup1 #af oz4 ,syrup of ,sulphate of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,quinin ,,sulphatis4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #cj gr4 of sulphate of quinine in #d dr4 of water1 with #a_/b dr4 of dilute sulphuric acid1 and mix the solution with #ac oz4 of white syrup4 ,syrup of ,sulphuret of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,potassii ,,sulphureti4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,liver of sulphur1 #h gr42 water1 #af gr42 syrup1 #a oz4 ,syrup of ,superphosphate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,ferri-,,superphosphatis4 7,mr ,greenish47 ,prep4 ,superphosphate of iron1 #b scruples2 simple syrup1 #a fl4 oz4 ,syrup1 ,symphytic4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,symphyti2 ,,boyle',s ,,syrup4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agde47 ,prep4 ,fresh comfrey root1 #a_/b lb42 plantain leaves1 #a_/b lb42 bruise1 express the juice1 boil to half1 and make a syrup with an equal weight of sugar4 ,syrup of ,tannin4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,tannini4 7,foy47 ,prep4 ,tannin1 #b oz42 water1 #af oz42 sugar1 #cb oz4 ,syrup of ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,picis4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,tar water1 #e-a_/d oz42 sugar1 #aj oz4 ,dissolve by water bath1 and filter through paper4 ,syrup of ,tartaric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,acidi ,,tartarici4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,tartaric acid1 #a oz42 water1 #b oz12 sugar1 #f lbs4 #a oz4 ,dissolve in the cold4 ,syrup of ,tartrate of ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,manganesii ,,tartratis4 ,made with tartrate of manganese1 as syrup of malate of manganese4 ,syrup of ,tolu4 ,syn4 ,,balsamic ,,syrup2 ,,syrupus ,,tolutanus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,balsam of ,tolu1 #aj dr4 7#a oz4----,ph4 ,d472 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 boil in a covered vessel for #a_/b an hour1 frequently stirring1 then cool1 strain1 and dissolve in the liquor sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,simple syrup 7warm71 #b lbs42 tincture of ,tolu1 #a oz42 mix by degrees1 and agitate them briskly together in a closed vessel4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,balsam of ,tolu1 #a-a_/d2 sugar1 #cb2 water1 #bj2 boil the balsam half an hour1 adding water when required2 when cold make up to #af1 filter1 add the sugar1 and dissolve4 ,the product weighs #dh and measures #cf4 ,sp4 gr4 #acc4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,to warm water1 #bc lbs41 add tincture of ,tolu1 gradually1 until it will bear no more without becoming opaque2 then cork down the bottle1 and occasionally agitate until cold2 when quite cold1 filter it through paper1 and add of the finest double-refined sugar1 #dd lbs42 lastly1 promote the solution1 in a closed vessel1 by a gentle heat1 in a water bath4 ,obs4 ,this syrup should be clear and colourless as water2 but1 as met with in the shops1 it is usually milky4 ,it is strange that the ,london ,college should have omitted from their formula the usual addition of rectified spirit1 although this syrup1 perhaps more than any other1 would be benefited by it4 ,syrup of ,tolu is pectoral and balsamic4 ,syrup of ,valerian4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,valerian4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,infuse #a lb4 of bruised valerian in #d lbs4 of boiling water for six hours2 strain1 and press2 then pour upon the marc #b lbs4 more of boiling water1 or q4 s4 so as to obtain #d-a_/b lbs4 of infusion1 including the product of the first infusion2 filter1 and add #a lb4 of valerian water1 and then dissolve in it1 by the aid of a water bath1 #aj lbs4 of sugar4 ,syrup of ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,vanill4 ,prep4 ,vanilla1 #b oz42 white sugar1 #ah oz42 water1 #i oz4 ,beat the vanilla with a few drops of spirit1 then with part of the sugar1 and water1 q4 s4 to form a soft paste2 add the rest of the sugar and water1 and digest for #ah or #bj hours in a glass vessel placed in a water bath4 ,strain and clarify with white of egg if required4 ,syrup1 ,velno's ,vegetable4 ,according to ,dr ,paris and ,sir ,b4 ,brodie1 this celebrated nostrum is prepared as follows3----,young and fresh burdock root1 sliced1 #b oz42 dandelion root1 #a oz42 fresh spearmint1 senna1 coriander seed1 and bruised liquorice root1 of each #a-a_/b dr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil down gently to a pint1 strain1 add of lump sugar1 #a lb41 boil to a syrup2 and1 lastly1 add a small quantity of corrosive sublimate1 previously dissolved in a little spirit4 ,used as an alterative and purifier of the blood4 ,syrup of ,vinegar4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,aceti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,take of vinegar 7,french1 in preference71 #aa fl oz42 white sugar1 #ad oz42 and make a syrup4----,dose1 #a dr4 to #a fl4 oz42 as an expectorant1 in coughs and colds1 or diffused through any mild diluent1 as a drink in fevers4 ,a more agreeable preparation is that of the ,p4 ,cod41 made by dissolving #cj parts of sugar in #af parts of raspberry vinegar4 ,syrup of ,violets4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,violarum1 ,,syrupus ,,viol 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,macerate violet flowers1 #i oz41 in boiling water1 #a pint1 for twelve hours1 then press1 strain1 and set aside the liquid1 that the fces may subside2 afterwards complete the process with sugar1 #c lbs41 and rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 7or as much of each as may be necessary71 in the way which has been ordered concerning syrup of cochineal4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,fresh violets1 #a lb42 boiling water1 #b-a_/b pints2 infuse for #bd hours in a covered vessel of glass or earthenware1 strain off the liquor 7with gentle pressure71 filter1 and dissolve in the liquid white sugar1 #g-a_/b lbs4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from double-refined white sugar1 #ff lbs42 #8anthokyan1'#bba #aa lbs42 water1 #bb lbs41 or q4 s42 dissolve in earthenware4 ,footnote #bba3 ,the expressed juice of violets1 defecated1 gently heated in earthenware to #aib ,fahr41 then skimmed1 cooled1 and filtered2 a little spirit is next added1 and the next day the compound is again filtered4 ,uses4 ,syrup of violets is gently laxative4----,dose4 ,for an infant1 a teaspoonful4 ,obs4 ,genuine syrup of violet has a lively violet-blue colour1 is reddened by acids1 turned green by alkalies1 and both smells and tastes of the flowers4 ,it is frequently used as a test4 ,a spurious sort is met with in the shops1 which is coloured with litmus1 and slightly scented with orris root4 ,the purest sugar1 perfectly free from either acid or alkaline contamination1 should alone be used in the manufacture of this syrup4 ,the ,ph4 ,e4 orders the infusion to be strained without pressure2 and the ,p4 ,cod41 and some other ,ph41 direct the flowers to be first washed in cold water4 ,syrup of ,wild ,cherry ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,primi ,,virginian4 7,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,moisten #e troy4 oz4 of coarsely powdered bark of wild cherry and water2 let it stand #bd hours1 then put it into a percolator1 adding water till #af oz4 7o4 m47 of liquid are obtained4 ,to this add #b-a_/d troy lbs4 of sugar in a bottle and agitate until it is dissolved4 ,syrup1 ,wilks'4 ,see ,,syrup ,,of ,,garlic1 ,,compound4 ,syrup of ,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,syrupus ,,absinthii1 ,l42 ,,sirop ,d',,absinthe1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,tops of wormwood 7dried71 #a part2 boiling water1 #h parts2 infuse for #ab hours1 strain1 with expression1 and dissolve in the liquor twice its weight of sugar4 ,bitter1 tonic1 and stomachic4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr4 ,syrups for ,aerated ,waters4 #a4 a4 ,lemon ,syrup4----,dissolve #a oz4 of citric acid in #d oz4 of water1 and add to #i pints of simple syrup2 also add #d fl4 oz4 of mucilage of acacia and half a fluid ounce of tincture of lemon4 b4 ,grate off the yellow rind of lemons and beat it up with a sufficient quantity of granulated sugar4 ,express the lemon-juice2 add to each pint of juice #a pint of water and #c-a_/b lbs4 of granulated sugar1 including that rubbed up by the rind4 ,warm until the sugar is dissolved1 and strain4 c4 ,dissolve #f dr4 of tartaric acid and #a oz4 of gum ,arabic in pieces in #a gallon of simple syrup1 then flavour with #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 of best oil of lemon4 ,or flavour with the saturated tincture of the peel in ,cologne spirits4 #b4 a4 ,orange ,syrup4 ,to be prepared from the fruit in the same manner as b1 ,lemon ,syrup4 b4 ,dissolve #f dr4 of citric acid in #a gall4 of simple syrup1 and add #b fl4 dr4 of fresh oil of orange in #b oz4 of alcohol1 or1 instead of the alcohol solution of the oil1 use the saturated tincture1 obtained by macerating the fresh peel for ten days in sufficient ,cologne spirits to cover4 ,the lemon and orange syrups made from the fruit1 after being strained1 may be diluted with an equal bulk of simple syrup4 ,one dozen of the fruit is sufficient to make #a gallon of finished syrup4 #c4 ,vanilla ,syrup4 ,see ,,syrup4 #d4 ,syrup of ,coffee4 ,see ,,syrup4 #e4 ,strawberry and ,raspberry ,syrups4 ,mash the fresh fruit1 express the juice1 and to each quart add #c-a_/b lbs4 of granulated sugar4 ,the juice1 heated to #ahj ,fahr4 and strained or filtered previous to dissolving the sugar1 will keep for an indefinite time4 ,see also ,,strawberry ,,essence1 ,,factitious4 #f4 ,pine-apple ,syrup4 ,expressed juice of pine-apple1 #a pint2 sugar1 #b lbs4 ,boil gently1 and when cold1 filter4 #g4 ,nectar ,syrup4 ,mix #c parts of vanilla syrup with #a each of pine-apple and lemon syrup4 #h4 ,sherbet ,syrup4 ,mix equal parts of orange1 pine-apple1 and vanilla syrup4 #i4 ,grape ,syrup4 ,mix #a_/b pint of brandy1 #a_/d oz4 of tincture of lemon1 and sufficient tincture of red sanders1 with #a gall4 of syrup4 #aj4 ,cream ,syrup4 ,condensed milk1 #a pint2 water1 #a pint2 sugar1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,heat to boiling1 and strain4 #aa4 ,orgent ,syrup4 ,cream syrup and vanilla syrup1 of each #a pint2 oil of bitter almonds1 #d minims4 #ab4 ,ginger ,syrup4 ,syrup1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz42 essence of ginger 7#a part of ginger to #d of spirit71 #a_/b oz4 #ac4 ,syrup of ,chocolate4 ,chocolate1 #h oz42 syrup1 sufficient2 water1 #a_/b pint2 white of #a egg4 ,grate the chocolate and rub it in a mortar with the egg4 ,when thoroughly mixed1 add the water gradually1 and triturate till a uniform mixture is obtained4 ,finally1 add syrup to #d pints1 and strain4 ,,tabasheer4 ,a deposit chiefly composed of silica1 found in the joints of the bamboo4 ,when dry it is opaque1 but possesses the property of becoming transparent when placed in water4 ,its deposition in the nodes and joints of the bamboo appears to be due to a diseased condition of these parts4 ,tabasheer is much and unduly prized by the natives of ,india as a tonic and constitutional restorative1 and is chewed mixed with betel4 ,it has the least refractive power on light of any body known4 ,,tabes ,,dorsalis4 ,a disease of the posterior column of the spinal cord1 resulting in incoordination of the movements of the legs1 sometimes spreading to the upper limbs1 so that the patient in walking throws out the legs with a jerk1 and brings them down violently upon the heels4 ,such patients are popularly called 8,stampers40 ,,tablettes4 ,fr4 ,see ,,lozenges and ,,savonettes4 ,,tacamahaca4 ,the resinous substance known by this name1 is believed to be obtained from the ,fagara octandra 7of ,linnus71 a large tree growing in the island of ,curaoa and in ,venezuela4 ,the juice1 which exudes from the tree spontaneously1 becomes hard upon exposure4 ,the commercial article varies greatly in size1 sometimes occurring in irregular-shaped pieces of one or two inches in diameter1 whilst at others it is met with no larger than a mustard seed4 ,the pieces are usually of a reddish-brown or light yellow colour4 ,they have a resinous agreeable odour1 with a balsamic1 bitter1 slightly acrid taste4 ,tacamahaca dissolves partially in alcohol1 and entirely so in ether and fixed oils4 ,it is composed of resin and a little volatile oil4 ,there are several varieties of this substance4 ,at one time ,tacamahaca enjoyed a high reputation as an internal remedy for urinary and scorbutic affections4 ,it is now only occasionally employed in medicine as an ingredient in ointments and plaster4 ,sometimes it enters into the composition of incense4 ,in properties it is very similar to the turpentines4 ,,taf,,fetas4 ,plasters on silk are occasionally so called4 ,for ,,taffetas ,,anglicum1 see ,,court ,,plaster2 for ,,taffetas ,,vesicans1 see ,,vesicants4 ,,talc4 ,syn4 ,,foliated ,,talc2 ,,ubruc4 ,a transparent1 foliated1 siliceous magnesian mineral1 flexible1 but not elastic1 found in ,scotland1 the ,tyrol1 and elsewhere4 ,it is used as a cosmetic1 to impart a silky whiteness to the skin2 also in the composition of rouge vgtal1 and to give a flesh-like polish to alabaster figures4 ,a second and harder species of this mineral 7,,french ,,chalk1 ,,soapstone1 ,,steatite2 ,,creta ,,gallica7 is employed as a crayon by carpenters1 glaziers1 and tailors1 and forms the boot-powder of the boot-makers4 ,writing executed with it on glass1 even after being apparently removed by friction1 becomes again visible when breathed upon4 ,,tal,,low and other fats are commonly purified by melting them along with water1 passing the mixed fluids through a sieve1 and letting the whole cool slowly1 when a cake of cleansed fat is obtained4----,another plan is to keep the tallow melted for some time1 along with about #b of oil of vitriol1 largely diluted with water1 employing constant agitation1 and allowing the whole to cool slowly2 then to remelt the cake with a large quantity of hot water1 and to wash it well4----,another method is to blow steam for some time through the melted fat4 ,by either this or the preceding process a white hard tallow may be obtained4----,some persons add a little nitre to the melted fat1 and1 afterwards1 a little dilute nitric or sulphuric acid1 or a solution of bisulphate of potash4 ,others boil the fat along with water and a little dilute nitric or chromic acid1 or a mixture of bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid2 and afterwards wash it thoroughly with water4 ,these methods answer well for the tallow or mixed fats of which ordinary candles are made4 ,tallow converted into stearic acid by saponification is readily hardened and bleached1 if moderately pure4 ,a mixture composed of #a part of oxalic acid and #bjjj parts of water is sufficient to bleach #ajjj parts of stearic acid4 ,the mode of operating is as follows3----,throw the stearic acid1 cut into small pieces1 into a vessel of cold water1 and turn on steam2 as soon as it has melted and assumed a turbid appearance1 add the solution of oxalic acid1 and boil the mixture4 ,after boiling for #c_/d hour1 long threads appear in the liquid2 the liquid itself1 which previously was of a greyish colour1 becomes black1 and the threads unite together4 ,the boiling must now be discontinued1 and the contents of the vessel1 having been allowed to settle for three or four hours1 must be drawn off into the coolers4 ,as commercial stearic acid frequently contains undecomposed tallow1 as well as various foreign matters1 this process is occasionally unsuccessful4 ,to obviate the inconveniences connected with the use of this impure material1 the candle may be run at two operations1 as follows3----8,the stearic acid1 treated as above1 is exposed for a month to the sun1 by which means the foreign matters are oxidised1 and the bleached stearic acid acquires a dirty yellow colour2 the oxidised blocks are then melted in water containing a little sulphuric acid1 at about #aej ,fahr42 an addition of about #aj per cent4 of good white wax 7or spermaceti7 is next made1 and the whole boiled for half an hour2 the white of an egg1 previously beaten up in a quart of water1 is then added to each #a cwt4 of stearic acid1 the temperature of the mass having been reduced to #ajj1 or at most #abj ,fahr41 after which the mixture is again well stirred and boiled1 when the liquid soon becomes clear1 which is seen by the dark colour it assumes4 8,this mixture of stearic acid and wax or spermaceti is very suitable for forming the exterior coating of the candle2 it is transparent1 and of perfect whiteness1 and1 as it is devoid of oxalic acid1 it does not injure the moulds2 whilst at the same time1 as it is less fusible than pure stearic acid1 candles made with it do not run4 ,the first coating may be run hot without crystallising2 the interior of the candle1 being protected from without against too sudden a cooling1 may also be run somewhat hot2 by this means the candle acquires a whiteness and a transparency which cannot be realised by other processes40 7#8,le ,moniteur ,industriel4'7 ,the sulphuric acid saponification of inferior tallow and other solid or semi-solid fatty bodies is now carried out on a very large scale for producing the cheaper varieties of #8stearine candles4' ,for this purpose1 the tallow or fat is mixed with #e or #f of concentrated sulphuric acid1 and exposed to a steam heat of #cej to #cfj ,fahr4 ,after cooling1 the black mass thus obtained crystallises to a tolerably solid fat1 which is well washed once or twice with water1 or high-pressure steam1 and is then submitted to distillation by the aid of steam heated to about #efj ,fahr4 ,the product of the distillation is beautifully white1 and may be at once used for making candles4 ,it is better1 however1 to first submit it to the processes of cold and hot pressing1 whereby a much more solid fat is obtained4 ,according to ,m4 ,pohl1 palm oil or palm tallow is most easily purified by simple exposure to a high temperature1 provided it has been first well defecated4 ,when quickly heated to about #dfe ,fahr41 and kept at that temperature for from #e to #ae minutes1 it is completely decoloured4 ,the product has a slight empyreumatic odour1 but this disappears by age1 exposure1 or saponification1 and the natural violet odour of the oil returns4 ,cast-iron pans should be employed in the process1 and should be only #b-crds filled1 and well covered during the operation4 ,by the distillation of sulphurated palm oil in closed vessels1 at a heat ranging from #egj to #fjj ,fahr41 from #fh to #ge of a mixture of palmitic and palm-oleic acid passes over1 of which #be to #cj is colourless1 hard1 and crystalline1 and the rest darker and softer4 7,pohl47 ,the residuum in the still is a fine hard pitch4 ,see ,,candles1 ,,fat1 ,,glycerin1 ,,oils 7,fixed71 ,,stearic ,,acid1 c4 ,,tamar,a4 ,a mixed spice used in ,italian cookery1 consisting of cinnamon1 cloves1 and corianders1 of each #b parts2 aniseed and fennel seed1 of each #a part4 ,,tam,,arind4 ,syn4 ,,tamarindus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,the pulp or preserved fruit or pod of the ,tamarindus ,indica1 or tamarind tree4 ,tamarind pulp is refrigerant and gently laxative4 ,mixed with water1 it forms a grateful acidulous drink in fevers4----,dose1 #a_/d oz4 and upwards4 ,composition of the ,tamarind4----,vanquelin4 ,citric acid #idj per cent4 ,tartaric 0 #aee 0 ,malic 0 #jde 0 ,bitartrate of potash #cbe 0 ,sugar #abej 0 ,besides gum1 vegetable jelly1 parenchyma1 and water4 ,,tanks4 ,the difference between water-tanks and cisterns is not very obvious4 ,perhaps the definition the most nearly representing the general idea respecting them would be1 that whilst both were receptacles for water1 in tanks water would be stored for a longer period than in cisterns1 which supplying the constantly recurring needs of a house or a building of any kind would be more frequently filled and emptied2 although in many instances there might be no such distinction between them1 and they might be regarded as synonymous4 ,in whatever sense the terms may be understood1 the remarks that follow as to their construction and management have a common application4 ,the materials for tanks and cisterns for the reception of water consist of stone1 cement1 brick1 slate1 iron1 zinc1 and lead4 ,of these materials1 the best1 although the dearest1 is slate4 ,the slate cistern1 however1 is occasionally liable to leakage1 a defect mostly arising from the employment of mortar instead of cement for joining the slabs4 ,wrought-iron cisterns and tanks as well as the pipes in connection with them are in very general use4 ,the tendency of both to corrosion by the action of the water is considerably reduced by coating the insides with ,portland cement or a vitreous glaze4 ,mr ,burn advocates the employment of a compound of tar1 which1 he says1 most effectually protects them4 ,zinc1 although cheap1 and little acted upon by water1 is seldom employed for cisterns4 ,dr ,osborne says he has seen several cases of zinc poisoning1 caused by drinking water that had passed through zinc pipes1 or had stood in zinc pails4 ,equal1 if not greater risk is incurred when drinking-water is kept in lead cisterns1 or is made to run through lead pipes4 ,in setting up cisterns or tanks made of stone or cement1 common mortar must not be used1 as lime is taken up and the water is rendered hard in consequence4 ,in seasons of drought it is by no means an unusual occurrence for many rural districts to lack a sufficiency of water1 the limited supply of which entails considerable suffering1 sometimes terminating fatally upon farm stock1 with frequent loss to the owners4 ,few persons1 perhaps1 can form a correct idea of the immense quantity of water that in the shape of rain falls even in the least humid portions of our islands4 ,if this rain1 which is now allowed to run waste1 were properly collected and stored1 it would form a valuable resource in times and at places where there was a dearth or scarcity of this necessary element4 ,mr ,bayley ,denton1 writing on this subject1 says3----8,take an ordinary middle-class house in a village with stabling and outbuildings1 the space of ground covered by the roofs will frequently reach #aj poles1 while the space covered by a farm-labourer's cottage and outbuildings will be #b-a_/b poles4 ,assuming that the roof is slate and the water dripping from it is properly caught by eave-troughing1 and conducted by down-pipes and impervious drain-pipes into a water-tight tank sufficiently capacious to prevent overflow under any circumstances1 and that by this method #bj inches of water from rain and dew are collected in the course of the year1 the private houses will have the command of #bh1bhj gallons1 and the cottage #gjgj gallons in a year4444 ,a tank #af feet long1 and ten feet wide1 will hold #ajjj gallons in every foot of depth1 and where the water is not wanted for drinking1 it need not be covered1 except with a common boarded floating roof of half-inch boards fastened together4 ,this floating roof keeps the water clean1 and prevents evaporation40#bbb ,footnote #bbb3 #8,on the ,storage of ,water1' by ,bayley ,denton4 ,leakage of pipes of any kind into a cistern or tank should be particularly guarded against4 ,another important precaution claiming adoption is to see that the overflow-pipe is not directly connected with the sewer1 for if it be1 the sewer gases will rise through it1 and being prevented escaping from the cistern because of its covering1 will become absorbed by the water4 ,to obviate this1 the overflow-pipe is curved1 so as to force a syphon trap2 but this device conduces to a sense of false security1 since it mostly fails owing to the evaporation of the water in it1 or to the gases forcing their way through it4 ,the overflow-pipe1 therefore1 should never have direct communication with the sewer1 but should always end above ground1 and discharge over a trapped grating into it4 ,for similar reasons the same tanks or cisterns should never supply the water used for culinary or drinking purposes and also the water-closets4 ,to the water in the tanks attached to these latter1 some disinfectant substance should from time to time be added2 more particularly during hot weather4 ,unless a cistern be efficiently protected1 particularly if it be placed in an exposed situation1 various disgusting and filthy substances1 such as the ordure of birds1 cats1 rats1 and dead insects1 c41 will be liable to fall into it1 and foul its contents4 ,this must not only be guarded against by the proper means1 but even where the contamination may not be suspected1 or likely to occur1 the cistern should be frequently examined and periodically cleansed2 part of the proper carrying out of which should consist in always running off the water remaining in it and renewing it with fresh4 ,the ,london and ,general ,water ,purifying ,company have adopted an excellent idea in connection with tanks and cisterns2 they fit them with filters1 so that the water drawn from the pipes shall have been submitted to filtration previous to delivery4 ,,tan,,nate4 ,a salt of tannic acid4 ,,tan,,ner',s ,,bark4 ,the best of this is oak bark2 but the bark of the chestnut1 willow1 and larch1 and other trees which abound in tannin1 are also used for preparing leather4 ,,tan,,nic ,,acid4 ,c#bg;,h#bb,o#ag4 ,syn4 ,,tan1 ,,tannin1 ,,gallo-,,tannic ,,acid2 ,,tanninum1 ,,acidum ,,tannicum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,d41 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,a peculiar vegetable principle1 remarkable for its astringency and its power of converting the skins of animals into leather4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pelouze47 ,from galls1 in moderately fine powder1 by percolation1 in a closed vessel1 with sulphuric ether that has been previously agitated with water4 ,after some time the percolated liquid will be found divided into two distinct portions1 the lower and heavier one being a watery solution of tannic acid1 and the upper one an ethereal solution of gallic acid and colouring matter4 ,fresh ether must be passed through the powder as long as the lower stratum of liquid continues to augment4 ,the two fluids are now carefully separated1 and after the heavier one has been well washed with ether1 it is gently evaporated to dryness1 preferably under the receiver of an air pump1 or over sulphuric acid4 ,the ether may be recovered unaltered from the ethereal solution1 by cautious distillation in a retort connected with a ,liebig's condenser supplied with ice-cold water4 ,prod4 ,about #dj4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,from galls1 in tolerably fine powder1 #h oz41 and a mixture of sulphuric ether1 #c pints1 with water1 #e fl4 oz42 by percolation1 in successive portions1 like the last2 the aqueous solution of tannic acid being evaporated1 and finally dried at a heat not exceeding #bab ,fahr4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure tannic acid is perfectly white1 but as ordinarily met with it has a slight yellowish colour1 owing to the action of the air2 it is uncrystallisable2 possesses a powerful and purely astringent taste1 without bitterness2 is freely soluble in water1 less so in alcohol1 and only very slightly in ether2 it reddens vegetable blues2 when boiled with acids1 it assimilates water and splits into gallic acid and grape sugar2 when heated in the dry state1 it suffers decomposition1 metagallic and pyrogallic acids being formed2 it unites with the bases1 forming salts called tannates1 which are characterised by striking a deep black with the persalts of iron 7ink71 and forming a white precipitate with gelatin4 ,e4 ,schmidt#bbc gives the following comparative method of determining tanning materials1 stating1 preliminarily1 8that the question to be solved is1 knowing that a certain weight of pure tannin is required to obtain a certain result1 how much of another tanning body1 e4g4 the extract of a wood1 is required to produce the same result8 ,none of the published methods for the determination of tannin is sufficiently precise1 easy1 and rapid for industrial purposes40 ,footnote #bbc3 ,chem4 ,news1 from #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,chem4 de ,paris4' ,the author proposes a modification of ,pibram's method with sugar of lead1 the modification being as follows3 ,a4 ,preparation of the ,test ,liquor4 ,fifty grams neutral acetate of lead are dissolved in #djj grams of alcohol1 of #ib per cent41 and distilled water is added to make up #a litre4 ,on the other hand1 #a gram of tannin is dissolved in #dj grams of alcohol of the same strength1 and the solution is made up with water to the bulk of #ajj c4c4 ,this being done1 #aj c4c4 of the tannin solution are mixed with #bj c4c4 of water1 and heated to #fj4 ,the lead liquor is then run into the hot solution from a burette1 graduated to tenths of a c4c41 so long as a precipitate is formed4 ,at this temperature1 and with these alcoholised liquids1 the precipitate forms and settles rapidly4 ,iodide of potassium may be used as an indicator to show excess of lead1 proceeding in the same manner as is done with ferrocyanide in titrating phosphates with nitrate of uranium4 ,if we suppose that to precipitate #aj c4c4 of the tannin solution #bh of the lead liquor have been required1 then #bh c4c4 of the latter #jaj gram of tannin4 ,b4 ,preparation of the ,sample to be tested4 ,suppose that chestnut bark is to be examined4 ,it is coarsely powdered1 and #aj grams are mixed with an equal volume of washed sand1 and exhausted with water at #ej or #fj ,c4 ,the filtered liquid is evaporated to dryness in a water bath in a tarred porcelain capsule4 ,after evaporation the capsule is weighed1 which shows the yield of the bark in aqueous extract4 ,this is taken up in #dj grams of alcohol at #ib1 and water is added to make up #ajj c4c4 ,the liquid is filtered if needful4 ,in this manner the resinous1 albuminoid1 pectic1 and gummy matters are got rid of4 ,c4 ,titration4 ,the liquid thus prepared is divided into two parts4 ,the first1 one third of the entire volume1 serves for direct determination of the acetate of lead4 ,suppose that a gram of the dry extract of chestnut has required1 for #aj c4c4 of the tannin liquor1 in three successive experiments1 #af1 #ag1 and #af of the burette1 which corresponds to #eg per cent4 of tannin4 ,thus figure #eg represents not only tannin1 but every other substance capable of precipitating acetate of lead4 ,the tannin is then absorbed with bone black1 previously washed with hydrochloric acid1 and dried at #ajj ,c4 in the following manner3----,we act with bone black upon the tannin liquor1 and on a solution of pure tannic1 prepared at a standard somewhat lower than that indicated for the extract by the first direct titration4 ,in the present case this solution of tannin should be prepared at #ee per cent4 ,from one and the same glass tube1 about #a centimtre in diameter1 we cut off two lengths of #bj centimtres each1 and we draw out each at one of its ends4 ,the two tubes are fixed perpendicularly with the points downwards1 and plugged with a little carded cotton4 ,into each is put #aj grams of the bone black1 pouring into one of them the second part of the tannin liquor under examination1 and into the other the same volume of the pure solution of pure tannin at #ee per cent4 ,twenty c4c4 of the tannin liquor 7which will be found to have retained its original brown colour in spite of the bone black7 are now heated to #fj ,c41 and the standard lead liquor is added from the burette as before4 ,two successive trials show #af #h for #aj c4c4 in place of the #af found for #aj c4c4 on direct titration4 ,on the other hand1 #bj c4c4 of the solution of pure tannin require #ad1 or #g for #aj c4c4 ,thus we see that in the tannin liquor 7chestnut extract7 there is a certain quantity of matter which acts upon the standard lead solution like tannin1 corresponding to #a of the lead liquor1 i4 e4 to #ceg thousandths of a centigram of tannin2 #bh1 therefore1 correspond to #aj centigrams4 ,the figure #eg1 obtained by direct titration1 is1 therefore1 too high by #ceg per cent41 and the extract contains #eg - #ceg #ecdc per cent4 of tannin4 ,uses1 c4 ,the value of substances containing tannin in the preparation of leather is well known4 ,in its pure form it is used as an astringent in medicine2 internally1 in diarrha1 hmorrhages1 as a tonic in dyspepsia1 c42 externally1 made into a gargle1 injection1 or ointment4----,dose1 #a to #aj gr41 in the form of pills or solution4 ,see ,,gallic ,,acid1 c4 ,,tan,,nin4 ,see ,,tannic ,,acid4 ,,tan,,ning4 ,when the skin of an animal1 carefully deprived of hair1 fat1 and other impurities1 is immersed in a dilute solution of tannic acid1 the gelatin gradually combines with that substance as it penetrates inwards1 forming a perfectly insoluble compound1 which resists putrefaction completely2 this is tanned leather4 ,in practice1 lime water is used for cleansing and preparing the skin1 water acidulated with oil of vitriol for #8raising' or opening the pores1 and an infusion of oak bark1 or sometimes of catechu1 or other astringent matter1 as the source of tannic acid4 ,the process itself is necessarily a slow one1 as dilute solutions only can be safely used4 ,skins intended for the curriers1 to be dressed for #8uppers1' commonly require about #c weeks2 and #8thick hides1' from #ab to #ah months4 ,of late years various ingenious contrivances have been adopted1 with more or less success1 to hasten the process of tanning skins and hides4 ,among these may be mentioned the employment of stronger tan solutions1 the application of a gentle heat1 puncturing the skins to afford more ready access for the liquid to their interior parts1 and maceration in the tan liquor under pressure1 either at once or after the vessel containing them has been exhausted of air by means of an air-pump4 ,on the merit of these several methods it has been remarked 8that the saturated infusions of astringent barks contain much less extractive matter1 in proportion to their tannin1 than the weak infusions2 and when the skins are quickly tanned in the former1 common experience shows that it produces leather which is less durable than leather slowly formed40 7,sir ,h4 ,davy47 8#ajj lbs4 of skin1 quickly tanned in a strong infusion of bark1 produce #acg lbs4 of leather2 while #ajj lbs41 slowly tanned in a weak infusion1 produce only #aag-a_/b lbs40 8,leather thus highly 7and hastily7 charged with tannin is1 moreover1 so spongy as to allow moisture to pass readily through its pores1 to the great discomfort and danger of persons wearing shoes made of it40 7,ure47 ,according to ,mr ,g4 ,lee1 much of the original gelatin of the skin is wasted in the preliminary processes to which they are subjected1 more especially the #8liming' and #8bating1' ,he says1 that #ajj lbs4 of perfectly dry hide1 cleaned from extraneous matter1 should1 on chemical principles1 afford at least #ahj lbs4 of leather4 ,,morocco ,,leather is prepared from goat or sheep skins1 which1 after the action of lime water and a dung bath1 are slightly tanned in a bath of sumach4 ,they are subsequently grained1 polished1 c4 ,,russia ,,leather is generally tanned with a decoction of willow bark1 after which it is dyed1 and curried with the empyreumatic oil of the birch tree4 ,it is the last substance which imparts to this leather its peculiar odour and power of resisting mould and damp4 ,see ,,leather1 ,,tannic ,,acid1 ,,tawing1 c4 ,,tantalic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,tantalic ,,anhydride2 ,,columbic ,,acid4 ,rose believed this substance to be a dioxide1 to which he gave the formula ,ta,o#b2 but the subsequent researches of ,marignac1 and the crystalline form of potassic tantalic fluoride #b,,kf1 ,ta,f#e1 seem to show that it is to be regarded rather as ,ta#b,o#e4 ,,tan,,talum4 ,ta4 ,syn4 ,,columbium4 ,a rare metal discovered by ,mr ,hatchett1 in #ahja1 in a mineral from ,massachusetts2 and by ,m4 ,ekeberg1 in #ahjc1 in tantalite1 a mineral found in ,sweden4 ,it exists in most of its ores in combination with oxygen4 ,,tapeworm4 ,see ,,worms4 ,,tapeworm ,,cure 7,bloch1 ,vienna74 ,coarsely powdered pomegranate root bark1 #abe grammes1 boiled for half an hour in #hjj grammes water4 ,to this add solution of ammonia1 #e grammes2 boil again for a quarter of an hour4 ,add kousso flowers #be grammes4 ,again boil for a few minutes1 and when cold add citric acid1 #a gramme2 and alcohol1 #cj grammes4 ,press1 filter1 and set aside4 ,the product should weigh about #ejj grammes4 ,klinger says this remedy is merely a concentrated essence of pomegranate root bark1 and contains neither ammonia nor citric acid4 ,tapeworm ,cure 7,jacoby1 ,berlin74 ,a box containing #bj grammes of kousso powder and directions for use4 7,hager47 ,tapeworm ,cure 7,mix74 7a7 ,a mixture containing #c decigrammes of sulphate of quinine1 with a few drops of hydrochloric acid to dissolve it in #bjj grammes water4 ,to be taken in the course of three days4 7b7 ,a box with #ab grammes kousso powder4 ,a teaspoonful to be taken each morning in black coffee4 7,schdler47 ,tapeworm ,cure 7,richard ,mohrmann1 ,frankenberg1 ,saxony74 ,this ,mohrmann travels about in the fashion of the old charlatans1 to sell his medicines4 ,these consist of two varieties1 the first being #aj grammes of extract of male fern1 the second a mixture of #h grammes each of raspberry juice and castor oil4 ,these remedies have been used for tapeworm for almost #ajj years4 ,the doctor's directions for use are to mix #cj grammes of the extract with the castor oil and raspberry compound1 and #cj drops of the mixture to be taken every quarter of an hour1 until purging occurs4 ,tapeworm ,cure 7,mork1 ,berlin74 ,a decoction of about #aaj grammes of pomegranate root bark1 yielding #djj grammes of liquid1 and mixed #a gramme of extract of male fern4 ,the directions order that on one day one or two tablespoonfuls of castor oil should be taken1 a herring salad in the evening1 and the following morning1 after coffee1 a third of the contents of the bottle1 another third half an hour later1 and the remainder in yet another half hour4 7,hager47 ,tapeworm ,cure for ,children and ,adults 7,e4 ,karig1 ,berlin74 ,burned oxide of copper1 #a gramme2 cassia powder1 #a-a_/b gramme2 sugar of milk1 #aj grammes4 ,divide in #bd powders4 7,schdler47 ,tapeworm ,pills1 ,laffon's1 are compounded of the ethereal extract of the root of ,aspidium ,lonchitis1 ,asp4 ,helveticum1 and ,asp4 ,filixmas1 together with the alcoholic extract of the flowers of ,achillea mutellina and maschata1 and the powder of the flowers of ,arnica ,doronicum4 7,wittstein47 ,tapeworm ,pills1 ,peschier's4----,ethereal extract and powder of the rhizome of male fern1 of each gramme #af make #bj pills4 ,take ten at night and ten in the morning4 ,,tapio,,ca4 ,syn4 ,,tapioca 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the fecula of the root of ,janipha manihot 7,jatropha manihot----,linn471 which has been well washed in water1 and dried on hot plates1 by which it assumes the appearance of warty-looking granules4 ,illustration3 ,microscopic appearance of tapioca4 ,pure tapioca is insipid1 inodorous1 only slightly soluble in cold water1 but entirely soluble in boiling water1 forming a translucent and highly nutritious jelly4 ,its granules are muller-shaped1 about #a_/bjjj of an inch in diameter1 and display very marked hilums4 ,it is used in a similar manner to sago and arrow-root4 ,see ,,cassava4 ,,taps1 ,,wooden 7to prevent their cracking74 ,the taps are placed in mother paraffin1 heated to from #aaj to #abj2 by this means the water is eliminated from the wood1 and the wood becomes thoroughly impregnated with paraffin4 ,the taps are heated in this bath until all the aqueous vapour has been expelled1 and are left in it1 after the removal of the vessel from the fire1 up to the very moment the paraffin begins to solidify4 ,wooden taps thus prepared are very durable1 do not become soaked with liquids1 keep very tight1 and are not liable to become mouldy4 ,the excess of paraffin is wiped off with care1 and the taps are next rubbed clean with a piece of flannel4 7,dr ,e4 ,kopp47#bbd ,footnote #bbd3 #8,chemical ,news4' ,,tar4 ,syn4 ,,pix ,,liquida 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,a liquid bitumen prepared from the wood of ,pinus sylvestris1 and other species1 by heat4 ,the chemical constitution of tar is very complicated4 ,its uses in the arts are well known4 ,as a medicine it is stimulant1 diuretic1 sudorific1 and vermifuge4----,dose1 #bj to #fj minims1 made into pills with flour2 in ichthyosis1 c4 ,externally1 in lepra1 psoriasis1 foul ulcers1 c4 ,see ,,ointment and ,,infusion4 ,tar1 ,barbadoes4 ,syn4 ,,pix ,,liquida ,,barbadensis1 ,,petroleum ,,barbadense1 ,,petroleum 7,ph4 ,l4 and ,e471 ,l4 8,black liquid bitumen1 exuding spontaneously from the earth40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,its properties for the most part resemble those of the last4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops2 in asthma1 chronic coughs1 tapeworm1 c4 ,externally1 in chilblains1 chronic and rheumatic pains1 c4 ,see ,,petroleum4 ,tar1 ,coal4 ,produced during the distillation of bituminous coal for gas4 ,see ,,naphtha1 c4 ,,tarax,,acum4 ,see ,,dandelion4 ,,tar ,,colours4 ,syn4 ,,coal ,,tar ,,colours1 ,,aniline ,,colours1 c4 ,coal tar1 the source of the aniline colours1 consists of the oily fluid obtained in the destructive distillation of coal1 during the manufacture of ordinary illuminating gas1 and collected in a tank from the hydraulic main and condensers4 ,the composition of coal tar is highly complex1 the most important constituents being1 however1 a series of homologous hydrocarbons obtained by distilling coal tar1 and known as #8coal naphtha4' ,naphtha1 by rectification between #ahj and #bej ,fahr4 7#hb and #aba ,cent471 yields a light yellow oily liquid1 of sp4 gr4 #hh1 the benzol of commerce4 ,by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids on benzol1 nitro-benzol1 a heavy oily liquid with an odour of oil of bitter almonds is obtained4 ,in commerce this substance is made in large cast-iron pots1 fitted with tight covers1 and provided with stirrers worked by steam power4 ,by means of pipes the reagents are admitted and the nitrous fumes are carried off1 while the nitro-benzol and the spent reagents are drawn off from the bottom4 ,the entire charge of benzol is first placed into the vessels1 and the mixed acids are1 as the reaction is very energetic1 cautiously run in1 the whole being well stirred throughout4 ,when finished1 the contents are drawn off1 and the nitro-benzol collected1 washed with water1 and1 if necessary1 neutralised with a solution of soda4 ,see ,,benzol4 ,nitro-benzol is converted into aniline in a similar apparatus1 only provided with means of admitting a current of superheated steam1 and condensing the aniline as it distils over4 ,into the vessel iron borings are placed1 and acetic acid and nitro-benzol cautiously run in as the reduction is violent1 stirring well all the time4 ,a current of superheated steam is passed through1 and the aniline collected as it distils over as a pale1 sherry-coloured oily liquid1 boiling at #cfj ,fahr4 7#ahb ,cent471 and of sp4 gr4 #ajb4 ,see ,,aniline4 ,,mauve1 ,,indisine1 ,,violine1 ,,phenamine1 the first-discovered coal tar1 or aniline colour1 was obtained by ,mr ,perkins during some experiments directed towards the artificial formation of quinine1 and was also first practically manufactured by ,mr ,perkins4 ,commercially1 mauve is made as follows3 ,aniline and sulphuric acid in proper proportions are dissolved in water in a vat by aid of heat1 and when cold a solution of bichromate of potassium added1 and the whole allowed to stand a day or two1 when a black precipitate is obtained1 which1 after collecting on shallow filters1 is washed and well dried4 ,this black resinous substance is digested with dilute methylated spirit in a suitable apparatus1 to dissolve out the mauve1 and the major portion of the spirit distilled off4 ,the mauve is precipitated from the aqueous solution left behind by hydrate of sodium1 and after washing is either drained to a paste or dried4 ,the amount of mauve thus obtained is but small in comparison with the raw material1 coal tar1 as #ajj lbs4 of coal yield #aj lbs4 #ab oz4 of coal tar2 #h-a_/b oz4 of mineral naphtha1 #b-c_/d oz4 of benzol2 #d-a_/d oz4 of nitro-benzol1 #b-a_/d oz4 of aniline1 and #a_/d oz4 of mauve4 ,mauve is usually sent into the market in paste or solution1 the expense of the crystals being heavy1 and offering no corresponding advantages4 ,other salts than the bichromate of potassium have been employed to convert aniline into mauve1 as chloride of copper1 permanganate of potassium1 c42 but experience has shown none to possess the same advantages as the bichromate of potassium4 ,,mauveine1 the organic base of mauve or aniline purple1 is a black crystalline powder1 of the formula ,c#bg;,h#bd,n#c1 yielding a dull violet solution4 ,the moment1 however1 mauveine is brought in contact with an acid1 it turns a magnificent purple colour4 ,the salts of mauveine form beautiful crystals possessing a splendid green metallic lustre1 soluble very readily in alcohol1 and less so in water4 ,the commercial salt1 or mauve1 is the acetate1 or sometimes the hydrochlorate4 ,magenta4 ,syn4 ,,aniline ,,red1 ,,roseine1 ,,fuchsine1 ,,azaleine1 ,,solferino1 ,,tyraline4 ,various processes have been proposed and patented for the preparation of this commercially important coal-tar colour4 ,amongst these processes are---- #a4 ,gerber-,keller's1 patented in ,france1 ,october #bith1 #ahei4 ,by this the aniline is treated with mercuric nitrate4 #b4 ,lauth and ,depouilly used nitric acid4 #c4 ,medlock 7patent dated ,january1 #ahfj74 ,nicholson1 and ,messrs ,girard and ,de ,laire1 all in #ahfj1 separately patented the use of arsenic acid4 ,this process1 being the one now almost exclusively employed1 is thus described in ,crace ,calvert's work1 #8,dyeing and ,calico ,printing1' edited by ,messrs ,stenhouse and ,grove4 8,the manufacture of magenta1 as it is now conducted in the large colour works1 is a comparatively simple process1 the apparatus employed consisting of a large cast-iron pot set in a furnace1 provided with means of carefully regulating the heat4 ,it is furnished with a stirrer1 which can be worked by hand or by mechanical means1 the gearing for the stirrer being fixed to the lid1 so that by means of a crane the lid may be removed1 together with the stirrer and gearing4 ,there is also a bent tube passing through the lid for the exit of the vapours1 which can be easily connected or disconnected with a worm at pleasure2 lastly1 there are large openings at the bottom of the pot1 closed by suitable stoppers1 so that the charge can be removed with facility as soon as the reaction is complete4 ,into this apparatus1 which is capable of holding about #ejj gallons1 a charge of #bgdj lbs4 of a concentrated solution of arsenic acid1 containing #gb of the anhydrous acid1 is introduced1 together with #afjj lbs4 of commercial aniline4 ,the aniline selected for this purpose should contain about #be of the toluidine4 8,after the materials have been thoroughly mixed by the stirrer the fire is lighted1 and the temperature gradually raised to about #cfj ,f4 ,in a short time water begins to distil1 then aniline makes its appearance along with the water1 and1 lastly1 aniline alone comes over1 which is nearly pure1 containing1 as it does1 but a very small per centage of toluidine4 ,the operation usually lasts about eight or ten hours1 during which time about #agj gallons of liquid pass over1 and are condensed in the worm attached to the apparatus2 of this about #aej lbs4 are aniline4 ,the temperature should not exceed #chj ,f4 at any period during the operation4 ,when this is complete steam is blown in through a tube1 in order to sweep out the last traces of the free aniline1 and boiling water is gradually introduced in quantity sufficient to convert the contents into a homogenous liquid4 ,when this occurs the liquid is run out of the openings at the bottom into cisterns provided with agitators2 here more boiling water is added1 in the proportion of #cjj galls4 to every #fjj lbs4 of crude magenta1 and also #f lbs4 of hydrochloric acid4 ,the mass is then boiled for four or five hours by means of steam pipes1 the agitators being kept in constant motion4 ,the solution of hydrochloride1 arsenite1 and arseniate of rosaniline thus obtained is filtered through woollen cloth1 and #gbj lbs4 of common salt added to the liquid 7which is kept boiling7 for each #fjj lbs4 of crude magenta4 ,by this means the whole of the rosaniline is converted into hydrochloride1 which1 being nearly insoluble in the strong solution of arseniate and arsenite of sodium produced in the double decomposition1 separates and rises to the surface2 a further quantity is deposited from the saline solution on allowing it to cool and stand for some time4 ,in order to purify the crude rosaniline hydrochloride it is washed with a small quantity of water1 redissolved in boiling water slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 filtered1 and allowed to crystallise40 ,if in the treatment of aniline with arsenic acid the latter be considerably beyond the proportion of aniline employed1 ,,violet and ,,blue dyes may be formed4 ,the production of such has been patented by ,girard and ,de ,laire4 #d4 ,laurent and ,casthlaz have obtained aniline red direct from benzol1 without the preliminary isolation of aniline4 ,nitrobenzol is treated with twice its weight of iron finely divided1 and half its weight of concentrated hydrochloric acid4 ,the colouring matter obtained by this process is said to be inferior in beauty to that procured from aniline4 #e4 ,messrs ,renard ,brothers include in their patent the ebullition of aniline with stannous1 stannic1 mercurous1 and mercuric sulphates1 with ferric and uranic nitrates and nitrate of silver1 and with stannic and mercuric bromides4 #f4 ,messrs ,dale and ,curo's 7patent dated #ahfj7 consists in the treatment of aniline or hydrochlorate of aniline with nitrate of lead4 #g4 ,mr ,smith claims the ebullition of aniline with perchloride of antimony1 or the action of antimonic acid1 peroxide of bismuth1 stannic1 ferric1 mercuric1 and cupric oxides1 upon hydrochlorate or sulphate of aniline1 at the temperature of #ahj4 ,coupier's process for the manufacture of magenta without the use of arsenic acid is as follows3----,he heats together pure aniline1 nitrotoluene1 hydrochloric acid1 and a small quantity of finely-divided metallic iron1 to a temperature of about #djj ,f4 for several hours4 ,the pasty mixture soon solidifies to a friable mass resembling crude aniline red----ordinary commercial aniline4 ,the above processes are for the preparation of crude aniline red only4 ,the crude colours contain some undecomposed aniline1 mostly in the form of salts4 ,they are also contaminated with tarry matters1 some insoluble in water and dilute acids2 others soluble in bisulphide of carbon1 naphtha1 or in caustic or carbonated alkalies4 ,if1 therefore1 the crude red be boiled with an excess of alkali the undecomposed aniline is expelled1 the acid which exists in the product being fixed4 ,on treating the residue with acidulated boiling water the red is dissolved1 while certain tarry matters remain insoluble4 ,if now the boiling solution be filtered1 and then saturated with an alkali1 the colouring matter is precipitated in a tolerable state of purity4 ,by redissolving the precipitated red in an acid1 not employed in excess1 a solution is obtained which frequently crystallises1 or from which a pure red may be thrown down by a new addition of chloride of sodium or other alkaline salt4 ,dr ,hofmann and ,mr ,nicholson have demonstrated that pure aniline1 from whatever source obtained1 is incapable of furnishing a red dye1 but that it does so when mixed with its homologue toluidine----toluidine by itself being equally incapable of yielding it4 ,from this it will be evident that an aniline rich in toluidine is an essential condition for obtaining aniline red4 ,magenta consists of brilliant large crystals1 having a beautiful golden-green metallic lustre1 and soluble in water to an intense purplish-red solution4 ,it is a salt of a colourless base1 rosaniline1 which is prepared from magenta by boiling with hydrate of potassium1 and allowing the solution to cool1 when it crystallises out in colourless crystals1 having the formula ,c#bj;,h#ai,n#c;,h#b,o4 ,all the salts of rosaniline have a splendid purple-red colour1 and that usually met with as magenta is the hydrochlorate1 although the nitrate1 oxalate1 and acetate are also to be obtained4 ,sugar1 previously dyed with magenta1 is sometimes used as an adulterant of crystallised magenta4 ,if present1 the larger crystals of dyed sugar may be readily detected by their colour being paler at the edges1 when the suspected sample is spread out on a sheet of white paper in the sunshine4 ,one of the best methods of testing magenta is to make a comparative dyeing experiment with the sample under examination1 and with one of known purity1 using white woollen yarn4 ,from magenta or hydrochlorate of rosaniline a large number of colouring matters are produced1 the most important of which will be briefly described below4 ,,aniline ,,black4 8,dissolve #bj parts of potassium chlorate1 #dj parts of sulphate of copper1 #af parts of chloride of ammonium1 and #dj parts of aniline hydrochloride1 in #ejj parts of water1 warming the liquid to about #fj1 and then removing it from the water bath4 ,in about three minutes the solution froths up and gives off vapours which strongly attack the breathing organs4 ,if the mass does not become quite black after the lapse of a few hours it is again heated to #fj1 and then exposed in an open place for a day or two1 and afterwards carefully washed out till no salts are found in the filtrate4 ,for use in printing1 the black paste is mixed with a somewhat large quantity of albumen1 and the goods after printing are strongly steamed4 ,the paste can be pressed into moulds1 and used as a substitute for ,indian ink40 7,a4 ,mller47 8,mix equal weights of aniline 7containing toluidine71 hydrochloric acid1 and potassium chlorate1 with a minute quantity of cupric chloride and a sufficient quantity of water1 and leave the mixture to evaporate spontaneously1 when a black powder will be obtained40 7,rheineck47 ,,aniline ,,blue1 or ,,bleu ,,de ,,lyons4 ,this dye is prepared by heating a mixture of magenta1 acetate of sodium1 and aniline in iron pots1 provided with stirrers1 c41 in an oil bath1 to #cgj ,fahr4 7#aij ,c471 and the excess of aniline distilled over4 ,when a good blue has been obtained the heat is removed1 and the thick treacly fluid purified4 ,this is effected for the commoner varieties by treating the crude product with hydrochloric acid1 to dissolve all the excess of aniline1 and the various red and purple impurities2 but for the better qualities by mixing the crude product with methylated spirit1 and pouring the whole into water acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and then thoroughly washing the colouring matter that is precipitated1 with water and drying4 ,this blue1 like magenta1 is a salt of a colourless base1 which has been named ,triphenyl-rosaniline4 ,c#ch;,h#ca,n#c1 or ,c#bj;,h#af7;,c#f;,h#e7c,n#c4 ,aniline blue1 or ,lyons blue1 is sent into the market either as a coarse powder of a coppery lustre1 or in alcoholic solution2 as it is insoluble in water1 which necessitates it being added to the dye bath in solution in spirit1 a great drawback4 ,mr ,nicholson1 by treating ,lyons blue in the same manner as indigo is converted into sulphindigotic acid1 has succeeded in rendering it soluble2 dissolving in alkalies to form colourless salts1 and decomposed by acids into its original blue colour4 ,by a modification of this method #8,,nicholson',s ,,blue' is prepared1 a fine soluble blue dye4 ,another colouring matter called ,paris blue or bleu de ,paris was obtained by heating stannic chloride with aniline for #cj hours at a temperature of #cef ,fahr4 7#ahj ,c474 ,it is a fine pure blue1 soluble in water1 and crystallising in large blue needles with a coppery lustre4 ,another method pursued in manufacture of this colour on a large scale is carried out by allowing a mixture of a salt of rosaniline1 with an excess of aniline1 to digest at a temperature of #aej to #afj for a considerable time4 ,if a mixture of #b kilogrammes of dry hydrochlorate of rosaniline1 and #d kilogrammes of aniline be employed1 the operation is completed in four hours4 ,the crude blue is purified by treating it successively with boiling water1 acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and with pure water1 until it is of the purest blue colour4 #8,nicholson's blue' is obtained by digesting triphenyl rosaniline----mono-sulphonic acid 7made by dissolving triphenyl rosaniline hydrochloride in strong sulphuric acid1 and heating the solution for five or six hours4 ,on the addition of water1 the acid is obtained as a dark blue precipitate1 and dried at #ajj71 with a quantity of soda-lye not quite sufficient for saturation1 filtering the solution and evaporating4 ,it is dried at #ajj4 ,wool dipped into a hot aqueous solution of ,nicholson's blue1 especially if borax or water-glass be added1 extracts it in a colourless state1 and holds it so fast that it cannot be washed out with water1 but on dipping the wool thus prepared into an acid the salt is decomposed1 and the colouring matter is set free4 ,,aniline ,,blue ,,for ,,printing4 ,blumer-,zweefel gives the following process3----8,mix #ajj parts of starch with #ajjj parts of water1 and add to it while warm #dj parts of potassium chlorate1 #c to #d parts of ferrous sulphate1 and #aj parts of sal ammoniac4 ,the well-mixed paste1 when quite cold1 is mixed with #gj parts of aniline hydrochloride1 or an equivalent quantity of tartrate1 and immediately used4 ,the printed goods are oxidised1 then passed through warm or faintly alkaline water1 whereby the blue colour is developed40 ,,violet ,,imperial4 ,if the action of the aniline and magenta in the process of manufacturing aniline blue be stopped before it is finished1 and the resulting product treated with dilute acid1 a colouring matter called violet imperial is obtained4 ,it is now1 however1 replaced by the ,hofmann violets4 ,mr ,nicholson obtains another violet from aniline red1 by heating it in a suitable apparatus to a temperature between #bjj and #bae ,c4 ,the resulting mass is exhausted with acetic acid1 and the deep-violet solution diluted with enough alcohol to give the dye a convenient strength4 ,aniline violet1 although it resists the action of light to a very considerable extent1 has been shown by ,chevreul to be inferior in this particular than either madder1 cochineal1 or indigo4 ,,hofmann ,,violets4 ,on a large scale these violets are produced in deep cast-iron pots1 surrounded by a steam jacket1 and provided with a lid1 having a perforation for distilling over the excess of reagents4 ,these vessels are charged with a solution of magenta in methylated or wood spirit1 and iodide of ethyl or methyl1 in proportions according to the shade required1 and the whole heated by steam for five or six hours1 when the excess of alcohol and iodide of ethyl is distilled over4 ,the resulting product is dissolved in water1 filtered1 precipitated with common salt1 and well washed4 ,like most of the other colours1 ,hofmann violets are salts of colourless bases4 ,that of a red shade has a formula of ,c#bb;,h#bc,n#c1 or ,c#bj;,h#ah7;,c#b;,h#e7,n#c2 of a true violet shade ,c#bd;,h#bg,n#c1 or ,c#bj;,h#ag7;,c#b;,h#e7b,n#b2 and of a blue shade of violet1 of ,c#bf;,h#ca,n#c1 or ,c#bj;,h#af7;,c#b;,h#e7c,n#c4 ,they are all moderately fast on wool and silk1 although less so on cotton1 and1 as they can be produced in nearly every shade of violet1 are in great use1 having replaced most of the other violets4 ,the following processes have also been proposed for the production of aniline violet3 #a4 ,oxidation of an aniline salt by means of a solution of permanganate of potassium4 7,williams47 #b4 ,oxidation of an aniline salt by means of a solution of ferricyanide of potassium4 7,smith47 #c4 ,oxidation of a cold and dilute solution of hydrochlorate of aniline1 by means of a dilute solution of chloride of lime4 7,bolley1 ,beale1 and ,kirkmann47 #d4 ,oxidation of a salt of aniline by means of peroxide of lead under the influence of an acid4 7,price47 #e4 ,oxidation of a salt of aniline in an aqueous solution of peroxide of manganese4 7,kay47 #f4 ,oxidation of a salt of aniline by free chlorine or free hypochlorous acid4 7,smith47 ,,dahlia4 ,this is prepared from mauve and iodide of ethyl1 in the same manner as the ,hofmann violets1 and is a purple-red violet4 ,it is a good colour1 but the expense precludes its general use4 ,,britannia ,,violet4 ,this is obtained in the same manner as the ,hofmann violets1 by acting on an alcoholic solution of magenta1 with a thick1 viscid1 oily fluid of the formula ,c#aj;,h#ae;,br#c1 obtained by cautiously acting with bromine on oil of turpentine4 ,it is a beautiful violet1 capable of being manufactured of every shade1 from purple to blue1 and most extensively used4 ,,aldehyde ,,green4 ,prepared by dissolving one part of magenta in three parts of sulphuric acid1 diluted with one part of water1 adding by degrees one and a half part of aldehyde1 and heating the whole on a water bath until a drop put in water turns a fine blue4 ,it is then poured into a large quantity of hot water containing three parts of hyposulphite of sodium1 boiled and filtered4 ,the filtrate contains the green1 which can either be kept in solution or be precipitated by means of tannic acid or acetate of sodium4 ,like the other colours1 this green is a salt of a colourless base1 containing sulphur1 the formula of which is not known1 and is principally used for dyeing silk1 being very brilliant in both day and artificial light4 ,,iodide ,,green4 ,produced during the manufacture of the ,hofmann colours1 and is now used for dyeing cotton and silk2 its colour being bluer than that of aldehyde green1 it is more useful4 ,iodide green1 not being precipitated by carbonate of sodium1 is usually sold in alcoholic solution4 ,,perkins ,,green4 ,this is also a magenta derivative1 and a salt of a powerful colourless base4 ,it resembles the iodide green1 but is precipitated by alkaline carbonates and picric acid4 ,this colour is used chiefly for calico printing1 and is quite as fast as the ,hofmann colours4 ,,aniline ,,green4 ,when treated with chlorate of potassium1 to which a quantity of hydrochloric acid has been added1 aniline assumes a rich indigo-blue colour4 ,the same result occurs if the aniline be treated with a solution of chlorous acid4 ,similar blues have been obtained by ,messrs ,crace ,calvert1 ,lowe1 and ,clift4 ,most of these blues possess the property1 when subjected to the action of acids1 of acquiring a green tint1 called ,,emeraldine4 ,dr ,calvert obtained this colour directly upon cloth1 by printing with a mixture of an aniline salt and chlorate of potassium1 and allowing it to dry4 ,in about twelve hours the green colour is developed4 ,this colour may be converted into blue by being passed through a hot dilute alkaline solution1 or through a bath of boiling soap4 ,,aniline ,,yellow4 ,amongst the secondary products obtained during the preparation of aniline red1 there occurs a well-defined base of a splendid yellow colour1 to which the name chrysaniline has been given4 ,it is prepared by submitting the residue1 from which the rosaniline has been extracted1 to a current of steam for some time1 when a quantity of the chrysaniline passes into solution4 ,by adding nitric acid to the solution1 the chrysaniline is thrown down in the form of a difficultly soluble nitrate4 ,the intimate relation between chrysaniline1 rosaniline1 and leucaniline has been shown by ,hofmann4 ,chrysaniline ,c#bj;,h#ag,n#c4 ,rosaniline ,c#bj;,h#ai,n#c4 ,leucaniline ,c#bj;,h#ba,n#c4 ,,saffranine4 ,this dye stuff is of a bright red-rose colour4 ,men says it may be prepared commercially by treatment of heavy aniline oils successively with nitrous and arsenic acids2 or two parts of the aniline may be heated with one of arsenic acid1 and one of an alkaline nitrate for a short time1 to #bjj or #bab ,f4 ,the product is extracted with boiling water1 neutralised with an alkali1 filtered1 and the colour thrown down by common salt4 ,besides the above products obtained from aniline1 a series of colours have been obtained from phenol1 or carbolic acid1 another substance obtained from coal tar4 ,,picric ,,acid4 ,this is obtained by treating in a suitable apparatus1 with proper precautions1 carbolic acid with nitric acid4 ,it is a pale yellow crystalline acid1 forming dark orange explosive salts1 and dyeing silk a fine yellow4 ,,isopurpurate ,,of ,,potassium4 ,,grenate ,,brown4 ,,grenate ,,soluble4 ,by treating picric acid with cyanide of potassium a very explosive salt is obtained1 used to dye wool a dark maroon colour4 ,,aurine1 or ,,rosolic ,,acid4 ,this is obtained by heating a mixture of sulphuric1 oxalic1 and carbolic acids1 and purifying the products4 ,it is a beautiful reddish1 resinous substance1 with a pale green lustre1 and yielding an orange coloured solution1 changed by alkalies to a splendid crimson4 ,owing to the difficulty in using it1 however1 it is not very extensively employed4 ,,peonine1 or ,,coralline4 ,this dye is formed when rosolic acid and ammonia are heated to between #bdh and #bhd ,fahr4 7#abj to #adj ,c474 ,it is a fine crimson dye1 forming shades similar to safflower on silk1 but1 owing to the bad effects of acids1 not much used4 ,,azuline4 ,prepared by heating coralline and aniline together4 ,a coppery coloured resinous substance1 soluble1 in alcohol1 and with difficulty in water1 and dyeing silk a blue colour4 ,the aniline blues1 however1 have superseded it to a great extent4 ,there are other substances obtained from coal tar that have been employed to form dyes1 but of which we shall only refer to one----naphthaline4 ,by treating this in exactly the same manner as benzol1 it is converted into aniline4 ,a solid crystalline white base1 termed naphthylamine1 is produced4 ,from this substance is obtained the following dye4 ,,dinitronaphthal1 or ,,manchester ,,yellow4 ,naphthylamine is converted into diazynaphthol by treatment with nitrate of potassium1 and the latter1 when heated with nitric acid1 yields the colour4 ,it is a weak acid1 and the salt employed in commerce is the beautiful yellow crystalline calcium salt which dyes silk and wool a magnificent golden-yellow colour4 ,,tarpau,,lin4 ,syn4 ,,tarpawling4 ,canvas covered with tar or any composition to render it waterproof4 ,,tar,,ras4 ,syn4 ,,terras4 ,a volcanic product resembling puzzolano1 that imparts to mortar the property of hardening under water4 ,several other argillo-ferruginous minerals possess the same power1 and are used under this term4 ,,tar,,tar4 ,syn4 ,,argal1 ,,orgol2 ,,tartarum1 ,,tartarus1 ,l4 ,impure bitartrate of potassa4 ,crude tartar is the concrete deposit formed upon the sides of the casks and vats during the fermentation of grape juice4 ,that obtained from white wine is white argol2 that from red wine1 red argol4 ,after purification it forms cream of tartar4 ,tartar1 ,ammoniated4 ,syn4 ,,ammonio-,,tartrate ,,of ,,potassa1 ,,soluble ,,tartar 7,ammoniated72 ,,tartarus ,,ammoniatus1 ,,tartarum ,,solubile ,,ammoniatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,neutralise a solution of cream of tartar with ammonia in slight excess1 then evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,very soluble in water4 ,a favourite laxative on the ,continent4 ,tartar1 ,boraxated4 ,syn4 ,,soluble ,,cream ,,of ,,tartar1 ,,boro-,,tartrate ,,of ,,potassa ,,and ,,soda2 ,,tartarum ,,boraxatum1 ,,cremor ,,tartari ,,solubilis1 ,,potass ,,et ,,sod ,,tartras ,,boraxata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from borax1 #b lbs2 cream of tartar1 #e lbs4 7both in powder72 dissolved in water1 evaporated1 and crystallised4 ,see ,,potassium ,,borotartrate4 ,tartar1 ,chalybeated4 ,potassio-tartrate of iron4 ,tartar1 ,cream of4 ,bitartrate of potassa4 ,tartar1 ,emetic4 ,potassio-tartrate of antimony4 ,tartar1 ,oil of4 ,deliquesced carbonate of potassa4 ,tartar1 ,reduced4 ,syn4 ,,cremor ,,tartari ,,reductus1 ,l4 ,an article is sold1 under the name of #8,british cream of tartar1' which contains #a_/d its weight or more of bisulphate of potassa4 ,tartar1 ,salt of4 ,carbonate of potassa4 ,tartar1 ,soluble4 ,neutral tartrate of potassa4 ,tartar1 ,spirit of4 ,pyrotartaric acid4 ,,tartar,,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,of ,,tartar1 ,,essential ,,salt ,,of ,t42 ,,acidum ,,tartaricum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,sal ,,essentiale ,,tartari1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,take of cream of tartar1 #d lbs42 boiling water1 #b gall42 dissolve by boiling2 add1 gradually1 of prepared chalk1 #ab oz4 #g dr4 7made into a milk with water71 and1 when the effervescence ceases1 add another like portion of prepared chalk1 dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 #bf-a_/b fl4 oz41 or q4 s41 diluted with water1 #d pints2 collect the precipitate 7#8tartrate of lime'71 and1 after well washing it with water1 boil it for #ae minutes in dilute sulphuric acid1 #g pints and #ag fl4 oz42 next filter1 evaporate the filtrate 7to the density of #ach71 and set it aside to crystallise2 redissolve the crystals in water1 concentrate the solution by evaporation1 and recrystallise a second and a third time4 ,the ,edinburgh formula is nearly similar4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 ,d4 tartaric acid is placed in the ,materia ,medica4 #b4 7,gatty47 ,the solution of argol or tartar is first neutralised with carbonate of potassa1 and to every #cjj gall4 of the clear liquid1 at #e ,twaddell1 #cd gall4 of milk of lime 7#a lb4 of lime per gall47 are added2 carbonic acid gas is then forced in1 with agitation2 decomposition ensues1 with the formation of #8bicarbonate of potassa' and #8tartrate of lime1' the last is converted into tartaric acid in the usual manner1 and the former is evaporated in iron pans1 and roasted in a reverberatory furnace for its potassa4 ,prop4 ,tartaric acid forms inodorous1 scarcely transparent1 oblique rhombic prisms1 more or less modified1 which are permanent in the air2 it possesses a purely sour taste1 dissolves in about #b parts of water at #fj ,fahr41 and in about its own weight of boiling water2 it is slightly soluble in alcohol2 the aqueous solution exhibits right-handed polarisation1 and suffers gradual decomposition by age4 ,it is free from colour2 is entirely1 or almost entirely1 dissipated by ignition2 and is entirely soluble in water4 ,tests4 #a4 ,tartaric acid is known to be such by its solution giving white precipitates with solutions of caustic lime1 baryta1 and strontia1 which dissolve in excess of the acid4----#b4 ,a solution of potassa causes a white granular precipitate of cream of tartar1 soluble by agitation in excess of the precipitant4----#c4 ,nitrate of silver and acetate of lead give white precipitates1 which1 when heated1 f nine1 and yield the pure metal4----#d4 ,if to a solution of tartaric acid1 or a tartrate1 solution of a ferric or aluminum salt be added1 and subsequently ammonia or potassa1 no precipitate is formed4----#e4 ,at about #egj ,fahr4 all the tartrates are blackened1 and yield a peculiar and characteristic odour4 ,uses1 c4 ,tartaric acid is chiefly employed in calico printing1 and1 in medicine1 as a substitute for citric acid and lemon juice in the preparation of cooling drinks and saline draughts4 ,for the latter purpose1 bicarbonate of soda is the alkaline salt commonly employed4----,dose1 #aj to #cj grains4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,on the large scale the decomposition of the tartar is usually effected in a copper boiler1 and that of the tartrate of lime in a leaden cistern4 ,this part of the process is often performed by mere digestion for a few days1 without the application of heat4 ,leaden or stoneware vessels are used as crystallisers4 ,good cream of tartar requires #bf of chalk and #bhe of dry chloride of calcium for its perfect decomposition4 ,dry tartrate of lime requires #ge of oil of vitriol to liberate the whole of its tartaric acid4 ,a very slight excess of sulphuric acid may be safely1 nay1 advantageously1 employed4 ,some manufacturers bleach the coloured solution of the first crystals by treating it with animal charcoal2 but for this purpose the latter substance should be first purified by digesting it in hydrochloric acid1 and afterwards by edulcorating it with water1 and exposing it to a dull red heat in a covered vessel4 ,the general management of this manufacture resembles that of citric acid4 ,to obtain a large product1 care must be taken that the whole of the tartrate of lime be thoroughly decomposed1 a matter not always effected by clumsy manipulators1 who do not adapt their quantities or practice to the circumstances before them4 ,,tar,,trate4 ,a salt of tartaric acid4 ,,tarts4 ,these may be regarded as miniature pies1 consisting of fruit1 either fresh or preserved1 baked or spread on puff-paste4 ,,tarts4 ,to make an apple tart take about #b lbs4 of apples1 peel them1 cut each into four pieces1 and remove the cores2 then let each of the quarters be subdivided into two or three pieces1 according to the size of the apple4 ,having done this1 put half the pieces into a pie-dish1 press them evenly down1 and sprinkle over them two ounces of brown sugar2 then add the remaining apples1 and afterwards another #b oz4 of sugar1 so that the apples shall form a kind of dome1 the centre of which is about two inches above the sides1 now add a wineglassful of water1 and cover the top over with short paste4 ,let bake in a moderately heated oven from half to three quarters of an hour4 ,the quantity of sugar must depend upon the quality1 and the degree of sweetness1 or the reverse1 of the apples used4 ,if they are of the sweet kind or very ripe1 use less sugar1 but a double quantity of water2 in the latter case a little of the juice of lemon will improve the flavour4 ,chopped lemon-peel1 or cinnamon1 or cloves1 may also be added to the tart with advantage4 ,on making green rhubarb or greengage tarts it will be necessary to use a little more sugar1 and to proceed as for apple tart1 taking care1 however1 to omit the lemon juice and peel1 cinnamon1 or cloves4 ,tarts of ripe currants1 raspberries1 cherries1 damsons1 and mulberries1 may be made in the same manner as rhubarb tart4 ,pink rhubarb does not require peeling4 ,,tau,,rin4 ,c#b;,h#g,,nso#c4 ,obtained when purified bile is boiled for some hours with an excess of hydrochloric acid4 ,by filtration1 evaporation1 and dissolving the dry residuum in about #f parts of boiling alcohol1 nearly pure taurin crystallises out as the solution cools4 ,it forms with crystalline needles1 which are soluble in water1 and sparingly soluble in alcohol4 ,it is remarkable for containing fully #be of sulphur4 ,,taurocholal,,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,choleic ,,acid4 ,,taw,,ing4 ,in the preparation of the ,,tawed ,,leather used for gloves1 housings1 c41 the skins are first soaked1 scraped1 and hung in a warm room until they begin to exhale an ammoniacal odour1 and the wool readily comes off2 they are then de-haired1 and soaked in water with some quicklime for several weeks1 the water being changed two or three times during that period2 they are then again beamed1 smoothed1 and trimmed1 after which they are rinsed1 and resoaked in a vat of bran-and-water1 where they are kept in a state of gentle fermentation for some weeks 7in this state they are called #8pelts'72 the skins are next well worked about in a warm solution of alum and salt1 again fermented in bran-and-water for a short time1 and are then stretched on hooks1 and dried in a stove-room2 they are1 lastly1 again soaked in water and trodden or worked in a pail or tub containing some yolks of eggs beaten to a froth with water1 after which they are stretched and dried in a loft1 and are smoothed with a warm smoothing-iron4 ,sometimes the process is shortened by soaking the skins in the following mixture after the first steep with bran3----,common salt1 #c-a_/b lbs42 alum1 #h lbs42 boiling water1 q4 s42 dissolve1 add of wheaten flour1 #ba lbs42 yolks of #i dozen eggs2 make a paste4 ,for use1 a portion is to be largely diluted with water4 ,,chamois or ,,shammy ,,leather is generally prepared from either sheep or doe-skins1 which1 after dressing1 liming1 c41 are well oiled on the grain side1 then rolled into balls1 and thrown into the trough of the fulling-mill1 where they are beaten for #b1 #c1 or #d hours4 ,they are next aired1 and again oiled and fulled1 and this is repeated a third time1 or oftener1 as circumstances may direct4 ,the oiled skins are then exposed to a fermenting process1 or heating in a close chamber1 and are afterwards freed from redundant oil by being scoured in a weak alkaline lye4 ,they are1 lastly1 rinsed in clean water1 wrung at the peg1 dried1 and #8finished' at the stretcher-iron4 ,,tawed ,,leather differs from ,,tanned ,,leather in yielding size or glue under the influence of heat and moisture1 in nearly the same way as the raw skins4 ,,taxidermy1 ,practical4 ,the following review on the excellent work on this subject is from #8,the ,bazaar1' #8,practical ,taxidermy2 a manual of instruction to the amateur in collecting1 preserving1 and setting up ,natural ,history ,specimens of all kinds4 ,by ,montagu ,browne4' 8,the author of this little book begins at the beginning1 and1 before detailing the process of skinning1 preserving1 and mounting any given vertebrate1 he starts with a chapter on #8,trapping and ,decoying ,birds and ,animals4' ,in this chapter descriptions are given of various forms of springs1 snare1 #8figure-#d trap1' clap-net1 glade-net1 bow-net1 and box trap2 and some wrinkles are imparted which may be useful to wildfowl shooters1 to say nothing of gamekeepers1 whose livelihood depends on their success in destroying what they are pleased to regard as #8vermin4' ,chapter #c is devoted to #8,necessary ,tools1' of which not only descriptions1 but figures are given1 and those who have no knowledge of taxidermy will probably be surprised to learn how few tools are really necessary for the purpose4 8,on the subject of preservative soaps and powders1 ,mr ,browne has a good deal to say1 and gives no less than seventeen different receipts4 ,many of these1 however1 are only noticed to be condemned1 for the author has been a great experimentalist1 and has tested the efficiency or otherwise of all the preparations he names1 with a view of ascertaining the best1 and at the same time that which is most harmless to the operator4 ,for the preservation of birds he pins his faith to the fourth formula 7p4 #df71 which is a preservative soap for the inside of the skin1 composed of #a-a_/b lb4 whiting or chalk1 #a lb4 of soft soap1 and #b oz4 of chloride of lime1 finely pounded4 ,these ingredients are boiled together in a pint of water1 and the mixture1 when properly applied1 is said to be so efficacious as to completely supersede arsenical paste or soap4 ,presuming that it is used only for such specimens as are to be immediately cased up in air-tight cases1 nothing further is needed2 but as regards such specimens as are left exposed or uncased1 #8a wash of benzoline liberally applied from time to time----say twice a year----to the outside1' is recommended4 8,we have long since proved the efficacy of this fluid1 not only in repelling the attacks of moths1 and the larv of destructive beetles such as ,dermestes lardarius1 but in killing them in skins that have been already attacked by them4 ,we can therefore indorse ,mr ,browne's remarks1 and may supplement them by a #8wrinkle' which he has probably discovered by this time1 although he does not refer to it4 ,it is this4 ,if the amateur in search of benzoline applies to the nearest chemist for it1 he will be served with the #8rectified' fluid1 and will be asked three shillings or three and sixpence for an ordinary medicine bottlefull4 ,if he proceeds1 however1 to an oil and colour shop1 and asks for it as supplied for burning in the sponge lamps1 he may get a pint for about a tithe of the cost4 8,the best way to apply it is to pour some out in a saucer1 saturate a pinch of cotton wool with it1 and dab it on all over the fur or feathers4 ,the great advantage about it is that1 while killing or repelling insects1 it does not in the least injure the specimen to which it is applied4 ,we have seen a mounted specimen of a bird almost saturated with it1 so that the feathers looked quite draggled2 but as soon as the moisture had evaporated1 the feathers all resumed their former shape and glossy appearance4 ,care should be taken not to use it by candle light1 as the vapour is inflammable4 8,amongst the seventeen receipts for #8preservatives' of different kinds1 we do not see a very simple powder which we have used with success for very small bird skins1 which were almost too delicate to stand the application of a brush and paste1 or soap4 ,it is composed of burnt alum and sugar of lead1 and mixed in the proportion of two thirds of the former to one third of the latter4 ,the alum dries1 the sugar of lead preserves1 and if the specimen while being skinned be dusted with this mixture1 it will absorb all moisture as it arises1 for which purpose plaster of ,paris is usually employed4 ,a very little goes a long way1 and it is desirable not to apply too much1 lest the astringent nature of the alum should cause the skin to become brittle and crack4 8,possibly ,mr ,browne has not referred to this mixture on account of the poisonous nature of the sugar of lead4 ,he justly remarks that too much care cannot be exercised in the employment of poisonous preservatives1 and we fully agree with him4 8,on the subject of his instructions for skinning birds we have not much criticism to offer1 except perhaps as regards his mode of filling out the skin after the preservative has been applied1 and before the skin is sewn up4 ,we have found by experience that1 after the artificial neck of tow or cotton wool has been inserted1 and the wing bones tied inside1 the skin is much better filled by degrees with little bits of cotton wool inserted piecemeal1 instead of with an artificial body #8as nearly as possible shaped to the original body of the bird4' ,the advantage of the former plan is that it is much more quickly executed1 and a nice soft skin is the result1 instead of a comparatively hard one4 ,by introducing the wool piecemeal1 too1 scarcely any portion of the skin is left without support on the inside1 as is often the case when a #8made body' is inserted4 ,this is material2 for if there be any want of inside support at a given point1 pressure upon that point from the outside will cause the skin to crack4 ,these remarks1 however1 must be taken to apply only to such specimens as are intended to be preserved as skins1 and are not to be set up4 8,few amateurs1 probably1 give much time to mounting their specimens1 for they can get them so well done by professional taxidermists1 at prices varying to suit all purses4 ,the art of skinning wild animals and birds1 however1 and curing or dressing animal hides1 should be acquired by every sportsman and naturalist who intends to travel and collect and bring home trophies4 ,to such a one we may specially recommend the chapters which are devoted to this portion of the subject4 ,in this1 as in other respects1 ,mr ,browne's book is a #8practical' manual of taxidermy40 ,,taxine4 ,a poisonous alkaloid present in the leaves and seeds of the yew 7,taxus faccata74 ,,tea4 ,syn4 ,,thea1 ,l4 ,the dried leaves of the ,chinese tea plants 7,thea ,bohea and ,thea viridis74 ,it was formerly supposed that ,,black ,,teas could only be obtained from ,t4 ,bohea1 and ,,green ,,teas from ,t4 viridis1 but ,fortune and others have proved that both sorts may be made from either species1 and that the differences in colour and flavour depend chiefly on the age of the leaves and the treatment they undergo in the drying process4 ,another species1 named ,thea ,assamica1 furnishes ,,assam ,,tea4 ,mulder gives the following as the composition of tea3 ,black ,green ,tea4 ,tea4 ,essential oil #jfj #jgi ,chlorophyll #ahd #bbb ,wax #jjj #jbh ,resin #cfd #bbb ,gum #gbh #hef ,tannin #abhh #aghj ,theine #jdf #jdc ,extractive matter #bacf #bbhj ,colouring substances #aiai #bcfj ,albumen #bhj #cjj ,fibre #bhcc #aghj ,ash 7mineral substances7 #ebd #eef ,dr ,walter ,blyth1 commenting upon the above1 says1 the amount of theine is certainly understated4 ,pur4 ,the chief adulteration of tea which is extensively practised at the present day is mixing it with a certain portion of exhausted tea-leaves1 which have been redried and curled4 ,the collection and preparation of these occupy several hundred persons1 chiefly women and children1 in and about ,london4 ,the leaves which have been found in the possession of the manufacturers of imitation tea are those of the sloe tree1 ash tree1 elder bush1 and white thorn4 ,according to ,mr ,warrington1 a most extensive system of adulterating tea is practised in ,china4 ,many samples directly imported from that country1 examined by him1 did not contain a single grain of tea1 being made up entirely of other leaves4 ,the ordinary green teas he found1 for the most part1 spurious1 being manufactured out of the cheaper black teas4 ,these are #8faced up' or #8painted' with various colouring substances1 powdered porcelain1 clay1 c41 which are readily perceived under the microscope1 and even admit of being separated1 and chemically examined4 ,it is a general practice among the grocers in this country to impart what they call a #8bloom' to their green teas by #8rouncing' them up with a little calcined magnesia1 or finely powdered talc or ,french chalk4 ,the quantity that adheres to the tea is very trifling1 but it1 greatly improves its appearance4 ,black teas are #8faced1' in a similar manner1 with finely powdered plumbago or black-lead4 ,pure ,china tea is not turned black by being put into water impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 nor does it tinge a solution of ammonia blue4 ,the infusion is amber-coloured1 and is not reddened by the addition of an acid4 ,the ashes left from the combustion of genuine tea are white1 and do not exceed #e to #e-a_/b4 ,if they exceed this they may be chemically examined with the usual tests for alumina1 chromate of lead1 copper1 cyanide of potassium1 gypsum1 lime1 magnesia1 c4 ,many of these substances may be detected by simply agitating the tea with a little cold water1 when they will be detached from its surface1 and render the water turbid1 or1 by their gravity1 sink to the bottom4 ,mr ,a4 ,h4 ,allen#bbe arranges the adulteration of tea under four heads1 giving at the same time directions for their detection3 ,footnote #bbe3 #8,chemical ,news1' xxix1 #abc1 #afg1 #ahi1 #bba2 and xxx1 #b4 #a4 ,mineral additions for increasing weight or bulk3 7a7 ,magnetic matter4 ,detected by drawing a magnet under a weighted portion of the tea spread upon paper1 whereby the magnetic matter is separated from the tea and may be weighed4 7b7 ,siliceous matter4 ,the ash must be estimated by igniting a weighed portion of the tea4 ,the ash of genuine tea varies from #ebd to #fj per cent4 ,the ash is then boiled with water1 the insoluble part again treated with hydrochloric acid1 and the silica collected and weighed4 ,genuine tea does not contain1 on an average1 more than #jcj per cent4 of ash insoluble in acid2 adulterated teas sometimes contain as much as #aj per cent4 #b4 ,organic adulterations for increasing weight or bulk3 7a7 ,exhausted tea leaves4 ,best detected by estimating the tannin1 gum1 soluble ash1 insoluble matter1 c4 4 ,tannin4 #e gr4 of lead acetate are dissolved in #a litre of water1 and the solution filtered after standing2 #e mgms4 of pure potassium ferricyanide are dissolved in #e c4c4 of water1 and an equal bulk of strong ammonia solution is added4 ,the lead solution is standardised by diluting #aj c4c4 to #ajj c4c4 with boiling water1 and adding to it from a burette a solution of #ja pure tannin in #ajj c4c4 of water1 until a few drops1 when allowed to fall through a filter on to a drop of the ferricyanide solution1 spotted on a slab1 produce a pink colour4 ,a solution of the tea is made by repeatedly boiling about #b grams of the finely-powdered sample with #hj c4c4 of water1 until it is completely exhausted4 ,the solution is filtered and made up to #bej c4c41 and used as already described4 ,the amount of tannin in genuine black tea averages about #aj per cent4 ,a small quantity of tannin1 about #b per cent41 remains in the exhausted leaves4 ,the percentage of exhausted leaves1 ,e1 in a sample may be estimated1 when the per cent4 of tannin1 ,t1 is known by the equation3 ,e 7#aj - ,t7 _/ #h #ajj4 4 ,insoluble matter is best estimated by boiling the pounded sample repeatedly with water1 and drying the residue at #abj ,c41 until the weight is constant4 ,the insoluble matter in black tea varies from #dfg to #ecf per cent41 while in previously infused leaves it varies between #gb to #ge per cent4 ,gum4 ,the aqueous decoction is evaporated nearly to dryness1 the residue treated with methylated spirit1 filtered1 washed with spirit1 rinsed off the filter with hot water1 the liquid evaporated at a steam heat1 weighed1 ignited1 and weighed again4 ,the loss represents gum4 4 ,soluble ash4 ,the aqueous solution of the ash is evaporated1 gently ignited1 and weighed4 ,genuine tea contains not less than #c per cent4 of soluble ash1 while in exhausted leaves this item falls as low as #jeb per cent4 ,if ,s represents the percentage of soluble ash1 the percentage of exhausted leaves ,e may be approximately found in the absence of foreign leaves by the equation3 ,e 7#f - #b,s7 #bj4 7b7 ,foreign leaves4 ,the presence of leaves1 other than those of the tea plant1 may be detected with some accuracy by estimating the insoluble matter1 tannin1 gum1 and ash2 but the microscope must decide this question4 ,illustration3 ,leaves and stalks of best tea brought from ,china 7#ahfa7 by private hand4 ,natural size4 ,generally in commercial tea the leaves are much larger and thicker1 and often are cut transversely into two or three parts4 ,some stalks and remains of flowers are found in all tea1 even the best4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,leaves used in the adulteration of tea----the sloe1 willow1 oak1 beech1 elder1 and hawthorn1 have been nature-printed and then lithographed4 ,the drawings of the chloranthus inconspicuus and the camellia sasanqua1 which are said to be used by the ,chinese1 are copied from ,hassall4 ,the leaves of the elm1 poplar1 and plane are said to be sometimes used in ,england4 ,falsification with any kind of leaf is1 however1 now decidedly uncommon in this country4 #c4 ,adulterants for imparting a fictitious strength4 7a7 ,extraneous tannin matters1 such as catechu1 c41 are detected by an unusually high percentage of tannin1 as indicated by the lead process4 ,tea1 adulterated with catechu1 gives an infusion which quickly becomes muddy on cooling4 #a gram of the sample and #a gram of pure tea are each infused in #ajj c4c4 of water1 and the solutions poured off from the leaves are precipitated1 while boiling1 with a slight excess of neutral lead acetate1 filtered1 and tested as follows3----,about #bj c4c4 of the pure tea infusion1 when gently heated with a few drops of silver nitrate1 gives a slight cloudiness only2 while tea1 containing catechu1 gives a copious brownish precipitate1 and the liquid acquires a distinct yellow tinge4 ,one drop of ferric chloride gives a light green colour if catechu is present1 and a greyish-green precipitate on standing2 the solution from pure tea gives a reddish colour with ferric chloride1 due to acetate1 and no precipitate on standing4 ,these tests are applicable only when catechu is present in tolerably large quantities4 7b7 ,lie tea1 when thrown into hot water1 falls to powder1 because the gum or starch used to keep it in a compact form is dissolved4 ,the liquid may be acidified with sulphuric acid1 decolourised with permanganate1 and tested for starch4 ,the ash of lie tea is often as high as #cj or #dj per cent4 7c7 ,caper tea is made into little glossy masses by the aid of gum or starch2 it is usually much adulterated4 ,the insoluble matter is usually much less than in genuine tea2 the gum amounts to #ae or #bj per cent4 ,the soluble ash often falls below #b per cent4 7d7 ,soluble iron salts are added to give an appearance of strength by the formation of tannate of iron4 ,they are detected by shaking the powdered leaves with cold dilute acetic acid1 filtering1 and testing for iron1 in the filtrate4 7e7 ,alkaline carbonates are sometimes added to tea4 ,the soluble ash gives the yellow sodium flame1 if sodium salts have been added2 the alkalinity may also be determined in the soluble ash4 ,the average amount of potash 7,k#b,o7 in tea is about #afb per cent4 #d4 ,facing and colouring materials4 ,these may be detected under the microscope1 or the leaves may be washed with warm water1 the colouring matter collected and examined4 ,indigo is best detected by the microscope2 ,prussian blue1 by boiling with caustic alkali1 filtering1 and testing for ferrocyanide by ferric chloride4 ,the residue1 insoluble in alkali1 is fused with alkaline carbonate1 evaporated to dryness with hydrochloric acid2 the residue tested for silica1 and the filtrate tested for lime and magnesia4 ,moisture varies from #f to #h per cent4 ,among domestic substitutes for tea are----the leaves of speedwell1 wild germander1 black currant1 syringa or mock orange1 purple-spiked willow herb1 winter green1 sweetbriar1 cherry tree1 sloe1 c41 all of which are used for tea1 either singly or mixed4 ,the addition of a single bud of the black currant to the infusion of ordinary black tea imparts to it a flavour closely resembling that of green tea4 ,the brownish-coloured powder vended under the name of #8la veno beno' is a mixture of #b parts of tea-dust with #e parts of powdered catechu or terra japonica4 ,a few grains of this substance thrown into the teapot are described in the advertisements as being capable of more than doubling the strength of the beverage4 ,tea1 ,lie4 ,of this compound1 ,dr ,hassall says3----8,it is so called because it is a spurious article and not tea at all4 ,it consists of dust of tea leaves1 sometimes of foreign leaves and sand made up by means of starch or gum into little masses1 which are afterwards painted and coloured1 so as to resemble either black or green gunpowder4 ,the skill exhibited in the fabrication of this spurious article is very great1 and we have met with at least a dozen varieties of it1 differing from each other in the size and colouring of the little masses40 ,the once notorious #8,,paraquay ,,plant1' sold in packets1 was simply new meadow-hay that had been wetted with a strong infusion of catechu1 then dried1 chopped small1 and strongly compressed4 ,see ,,theine and ,,caffeine4 ,tea4 8,the tea is not a meal2 when it is properly used1 it should not be a meal2 but it has a special purpose to fulfil1 which ,i will now explain4 ,tea----and under the generic term tea ,i include coffee----tea is usually taken three hours after dinner4 ,this is the moment which corresponds with the completion of digestion1 when1 the food having been conveyed away from the stomach1 nothing remains behind but the excess of the acid juices employed in digestion1 these acid juices create an uneasy sensation at the stomach1 and a call is made for something to relieve the uneasiness2 tea fulfils that object40 8,on the same principle1 after the business of the dining-room1 the antacid and refreshing beverage1 either in the shape of tea or coffee1 is prepared in the drawing-room4 ,in taking either1 the nearer they approach to the simple infusion the better2 little milk or cream1 and less sugar1 should be the principle4 ,but1 seeing the purpose of tea1 how unreasonable to make it the excuse for a meal1 to conjoin with it toast1 muffins1 bread and butter1 and id genus omne40 8,three meals a day may be taken as the standard of habit and custom2 tea and coffee having a specific place and purpose as a beverage1 but none as a meal40 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,see ,,meals1 c4 ,although tea is undoubtedly prejudicial to children and to adults of nervous and irritable temperament1 there can be no question that1 if its use be not abused1 it possesses valuable physiological properties4 ,on the nervous system it acts as a pleasant stimulant and restorative1 its moderate use not being followed by depression4 ,dr ,parkes says these effects are in some measure due to the warmth of the infusion4 ,according to the same authority its use is followed by very little quickening of the pulse1 whilst there is an increase in the amount of perspiration1 and a slightly diminished action on the bowels4 ,cases1 however1 are not uncommon in which this latter effect is reversed4 ,dr ,edward ,smith says that tea increases the excretion of pulmonary carbonic acid4 ,the contention that the elimination of urea is lessened1 does seem to have been not satisfactorily established4 ,if so1 the diminution is very trifling4 ,sir ,ranald ,martin says tea is most useful against excessive fatigue1 especially in hot climates4 ,the traveller in the ,australian bush speaks highly of its renovating effects at the end of a long day passed in the saddle4 ,a cup of strong green tea without milk or sugar is a popular and frequently by no means inefficient remedy for a severe nervous headache4 ,according to ,liebig1 tea and coffee resemble soup in their effect on the system4 ,lehmann's experiments seem to show that they lessen the waste of tissue in the human body4 ,tea taken too continuously1 or in excess1 produces indigestion1 flatulence1 and constipation1 besides rendering its votaries anmic and depressed in spirits4 ,it is a fallacy to suppose that soft water makes the best tea4 ,it certainly yields a darker infusion than that made from moderately hard water1 but this is owing to the soft water taking up a large quantity of bitter1 physiologically inert1 extractive matter from the tea1 the delicate flavour of which becomes thereby greatly impaired4 ,this is why connoisseurs object to an infusion of too dark a colour4 ,moderately hard boiling water1 on the contrary1 fails to dissolve this objectionable ingredient1 and hence produces a beverage in which the characteristic taste of the pleasant aromatic principle of the tea is not masked by the bitter substance4 ,london water1 which1 when boiled1 has a hardness of about #e degrees 7equal to #e grains of lime salts to the gallon71 makes excellent tea----better1 in fact1 than a water of half the hardness1 the latter yielding a slightly bitter infusion4 ,in the use of moderately hard water1 it is essential that it should be allowed to remain on the tea sufficiently long4 ,the ,chinese never employ either very soft or immoderately hard water1 but a water of medium hardness4 8,experimentally it is found that infusions of tea and coffee are strong enough when the former contains #jf per cent4 of extractive matter1 and the latter #c per cent41 so that a moderate-sized cup 7#e oz47 should contain about #ac grains of the extract of tea1 or #ff grains of coffee4 ,these proportions will be obtained when #bfc grains of tea 7about #b-a_/b teaspoonfuls7 or #b oz4 of freshly-roasted coffee are infused in a pint of boiling water2 and the amounts of the several constituents dissolved are about as follows3---- 8,constituents4 ,tea4 ,coffee4 grs4 grs4 ,nitrogenous matters #agb #ddj ,fatty matter ---- #cj ,gum1 sugar1 and extractive #cag #ajcb ,mineral matters #ia #bbh -------- ------------ ,total extracted #ehh #agcj 8,so that tea yields1 to a pint of fresh water1 about #bb per cent4 of its weight1 and coffee about #bj per cent4 ,lehmann found that only #ae-a_/b per cent4 of tea was dissolved by water1 whereas ,sir ,humphry ,davy estimated it at #cc-a_/b per cent4 ,no doubt the quality of the water1 as well as that of the tea1 affects the results1 for cold distilled water will extract from #dj to #dd per cent4 of black tea1 and nearly #ej per cent4 of green2 but1 for all this1 about #bb per cent4 is a good average with boiling water40#bbf ,footnote #bbf3 ,letheby1 #8,lectures on ,food4' ,longmans4 ,dr ,edward ,smith has shown in the following table that1 when the usual custom of measuring tea into the teapot by the spoonful is followed1 very varying weights of tea are employed4 ,thus he found that the weight of a spoonful of tea was for---- ,black ,teas4 ,oolong #ci grains4 ,congou 7inferior7 #eb 0 ,flowery ,pekoe #fb 0 ,souchong #gj 0 ,congou 7fine7 #hg 0 ,green ,teas4 ,hyson #ff grains4 ,twankay #gj 0 ,fine ,imperial #ij 0 ,scented ,caper #ajc 0 ,fine ,gunpowder #abc 0 ,the attempt to make good tea will prove a failure unless the water employed is boiling4 ,previously to making the infusion1 the teapot should always be warmed up by means of boiling water4 ,the kettle should be filled from the tap1 and not the boiler4 ,it should also be borne in mind that neither good tea nor coffee can be obtained if they are made with water that has been in the kettle for many hours4 ,the tea is ready to be drank after the boiling water has stood on it for five minutes4 ,tea1 ,beef4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,carnis ,,bubul1 ,,jusculum ,,cum ,,carne ,,bovis1 ,l4 ,this is merely a very concentrated soup formed of lean beef4 ,according to the common plan1 lean beef1 #a lb41 is gently simmered in water1 #a quart1 for about #a_/b an hour1 when spices1 salt1 c41 are added1 and in a few minutes the whole is strained for use4 ,the following are other formul3 #a4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,take good rump steak1 #a_/b lb42 cut it into thin slices1 spread these over a hollow dish1 sprinkle a little salt on them1 add a pint of boiling water1 and place the dish 7covered7 near the fire for #a_/b an hour2 then remove the whole to a saucepan1 and boil it gently for #ae minutes2 lastly1 strain through a hair sieve4 #b4 7,prof4 ,liebig47 ,beef1 free from fat1 #a lb41 is to be minced very small1 mixed with an equal weight of cold water1 and1 after digestion and agitation in the cold for about #a_/b an hour1 heated slowly to boiling2 when it has boiled for a minute or two1 strain it through a cloth4 ,it may be coloured with roasted onion or burnt sugar1 and spiced and salted to taste4 ,obs4 ,similar preparations are ordered in some foreign ,pharmacopias from calves' lights1 crayfish1 frogs1 mutton1 pullets1 snails1 tortoise1 veal1 c4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 #agdf a form was given for viper broth 7,,jusculum ,,viperinum74 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,beef1 ,,extract ,,of ,,meat1 c4 ,,teeth 7,the74 ,syn4 ,,dentes1 ,l4 ,an object very subservient to health1 and which merits due attention1 is the preservation of the teeth2 the care of which1 considering their importance in preparing the food for digestion1 is1 in general1 far from being sufficiently appreciated4 ,comparatively very few persons wash their mouth and clean their teeth even once a day2 a feat which ought always to be practised at the conclusion of a meal1 when either animal food or vegetables are eaten2 for the first is apt to leave behind it a rancid acrimony1 and the other an acidity1 both of them hurtful to the teeth4 ,those who abhor a fetid breath1 rotten teeth1 and the toothache1 would do well to invariably clean their teeth before retiring to rest4 ,with smokers1 this practice is almost obligatory4 ,washing the mouth frequently with cold water is not only serviceable in keeping the teeth clean1 but in strengthening the gums1 the firm adhesion of which to the teeth is of the greatest importance in preserving them sound and secure4 ,some persons think it serviceable to add a few drops of spirit or essence of camphor to the water thus employed1 a plan we certainly approve of4 ,see ,,breath1 ,,dentifrices1 ,,pastes1 ,,powders1 ,,tooth ,,cements1 ,,washes1 c4 ,teeth1 ,stoppings for4 ,see ,,dentistry4 ,,teeth,,ing4 ,syn4 ,,dentition4 ,children are sometimes born with one or more teeth2 but1 in general1 the teeth1 at birth1 consist of mere pulpy rudiments buried in the gum4 ,their development is gradual4 ,about the third or fourth month they begin to assume shape and hardness4 ,at this period children become fretful1 the saliva flows copiously1 the gums grow turgid1 and there is a fondness of biting hard cold objects4 ,in nearly all cases there is more or less fever1 frequently a cough or diarrha1 and a rash commonly appears1 which is called by nurses the #8red gum4' ,these symptoms generally abate after a fortnight or three weeks1 and the child remains undisturbed until the seventh or eighth month4 ,about this period the gums again become red1 tender1 and swollen1 and often extremely sensitive1 and painful4 ,the upper part of the gum gradually becomes attenuated and pale1 and1 just before the tooth appears1 even covered with a blister4 ,these changes are usually attended by an increased flow of saliva1 or #8drivelling1' and a lax state of the bowels1 both of which are regarded as favorable symptoms4 ,sometimes1 however1 the diarrha is excessive1 when it may be cautiously restrained by a dose or two of rhubarb-and-magnesia1 with a little dill or peppermint water2 or1 better1 by the daily use of a little arrow-root1 to which a few drops of pure port wine may be added4 ,sometimes the local irritation is considerable1 or there are spasms or convulsions1 in which case the practice is to lance the gums4 ,when there is drowsiness1 stupor1 or oppressed respiration1 one or two leeches may be applied to the temples1 and a small blister to the back of the neck1 or behind the ear4 ,sluggishness of the bowels may be removed by a little castor oil2 or1 when there is actual constipation1 by a little calomel or mercurial powder and rhubarb4 ,excessive irritability1 without other marked symptoms1 is best combated by a drop or two of tincture of hops in sweetened water4 ,throughout the whole period of dentition the use of warm dry clothing1 freedom from tight bandages1 with thorough ventilation1 good nursing1 exercise1 fresh air without undue exposure1 abundance of crawling on the carpet1 and frequent warm baths1 will be found most advantageous4 ,indeed1 the last1 without other treatment1 are often sufficient to subdue the most distressing convulsions and the most obstinate diarrha1 and in no case can they do harm4 ,see ,,nursing1 ,,strophulus1 c4 ,,telephone4 ,within the memory of the present generation ,sir ,charles ,wheatstone made some experiments on the transmission of sound1 which were subsequently repeated and enlarged upon by ,professor ,henry in ,america4 ,connecting together by means of a bar of wood the sounding boards of two pianos placed in houses on opposite sides of the street1 ,henry found that when the piano on one side of the street was played upon the musical sounds it gave out were reproduced by that on the other side4 ,the next research in this direction was that of ,page1 in #ahcg1 who1 setting up vibrations in bars of iron1 by rapidly magnetising and demagnetising them elicited from them musical notes corresponding with the velocity of the vibration4 ,similar effects1 but more marked in character1 were produced by ,de la ,rive1 in #ahdc1 by means of a succession of electric currents transmitted through a copper wire stretched through a cylinder made of insulated copper wire4 ,in #ahfa ,reiss1 of ,freidrichsdorf1 perfected an instrument which1 by means of the vibrations of a diaphragm alternately completing and breaking the continuity of a galvanic circuit1 reproduced musical sounds in an iron bar at a distance4 ,varley1 in #ahgj1 obtained similar results to ,reiss by the rapid charging and discharging of a condenser4 ,in the first of these experiments----viz4 ,henry's----the sound was mechanically conducted along the bar of wood from the strings of one piano to those of the other1 which1 being thrown into similar vibratory movements gave rise to similar sounds4 ,in the other experiments1 on the contrary1 the sounds were not due to the chemical conduction at all1 but to currents of electricity4 ,it has been explained that ,reiss' instrument was capable of reproducing musical sounds at a distance from their origin4 ,reiss' may1 therefore1 be regarded as the original telephone4 ,but1 although able to reproduce a musical note or sound originating at a distance1 this instrument failed altogether in the case of a word or a sentence1 for the simple reason that the current of electricity which passes through the wires is an intermittent one4 ,musical sounds differ in tone1 in intensity1 and quality4 ,the tone depends upon the number of vibrations produced in the air per second2 when these are less than sixteen no sound is produced4 ,the intensity is due to the extent or amplitude of the vibrations2 and the quality or timbre1 to the form of the undulations made by the vibrating particles of the atmosphere4 ,now1 of all these qualities or varieties of sound1 the first only1 or the tone1 can be reproduced by a current of intermittent electricity1 so that ,reiss' is a tone telephone1 and as such is only capable of redelivering a number of musical notes4 ,to ,professor ,a4 ,graham ,bell alone belongs the merit of having invented an articulating or speaking telephone1 or an apparatus by means of which not only tone1 but intensity and timbre of sound----in short1 speech in its entirety can be electrically conveyed from one point to another1 no matter how distant4 ,the practical result of this is that a conversation can be carried on1 the distance by which the speakers may be separated being of no import4 ,to the particular species of electricity by which this is accomplished ,professor ,bell has given the name #8undulatory1' in contradistinction to #8intermittent' or #8pulsatory4' ,the annexed plate1 which is half the actual size of ,bell's articulating telephone1 represents that instrument in section4 ,illustration m m is a permanent bar-magnet1 to the upper end of which is attached a soft iron core1 which becomes magnetised by the permanent magnet4 ,surrounding the iron core is a coil of very fine insulated copper wire 7b71 the two ends of which are carried to the terminals 7t t71 by means of which one is connected with the line wire1 and the other with the earth1 d is a disc of thin iron plate1 either tinned or japanned1 about the size of a crown piece1 and c is the cavity or mouth-piece4 ,upon applying the lips to this and speaking into it1 the iron disc 7d7 vibrates towards the soft iron core1 the result being that a current of induced electricity is set up in the coil 7b71 ,which1 being in connection by means of the telegraph wire with a precisely similar arrangement at the other end of the line1 reproduces there the spoken words by means of a corresponding disc4 ,the magnet with its attachments are enclosed in a wooden case 7a a1 a a1 a a72 n n are screws which secure the iron disk 7b72 s is a screw for adjusting the distance between the polo of the magnet and the disk 7b74 ,the extreme simplicity of ,professor ,bell's telephone was the outcome of several antecedent experiments1 worked out by forms of apparatus gradually diminishing in complexity4 ,the ,german physicist ,helmholtz had previously shown that by the agency of a current of intermittent electricity passed through a tuning-fork1 he could produce simultaneous vibrations in a number of other forks connected with the first by a wire1 and that by varying the loudness of these vibrations by means of resonators1 so as to combine the musical notes in different proportions1 the resulting sound was an imitation of certain vowel sounds1 or a copy of the timbre of sound4 ,professor ,bell's first telephone was an extension of ,helmholtz's device for producing vowel or composite sounds4 ,a number of steel wires of different pitch were made into a harp1 and connected by a powerful permanent magnet1 the same arrangement being repeated at the other end of the circuit4 ,in the magnetic field of the permanent magnet was an electro-magnet4 ,when a permanent magnet is vibrated in the neighbourhood of an electro-magnet1 this latter will have a current of electricity generated in it1 the intensity of which will vary with the velocity of the vibrations in the permanent magnet1 whilst it will be either positive or negative according to the direction of these same vibrations4 ,so that a vowel sound1 if produced by causing a number of the rods of the harp to vibrate at the same time1 can be transmitted by a current of electricity1 and will be reproduced by the harp at the other end of the connecting wire4 ,if a piano were sung into whilst the pedal was down1 not only would the pitch of the voice be echoed back1 but an approach to the quality of the vowel would also be obtained4 ,and theory teaches that if the piano had a very much larger number of strings to the octave1 we should get not only an approximation to1 but an exact vocal reproduction of the vowel4 ,if1 therefore1 in the harp there were a large number of steel rods to the octave1 and you were to speak in the neighbourhood of such a harp1 the rods would be thrown into vibration with different degrees of amplitude1 producing currents of electricity1 and would throw into vibration the rods at the other end with the same relative amplitude1 and the timbre of the voice would be reproduced4 ,the effect when you vibrate more than one of these rods simultaneously is to change the shape of the electrical undulation1 and a similar effect is produced when a battery is included in the circuit4 ,in this case the battery current is thrown into waves by the action of the permanent magnets4 ,hence you will see that the resultant effect on the current of a number of musical-tones1 is to produce a vibration which corresponds in every degree to the moving velocity of the air4 ,suppose1 for instance1 you vibrate two rods in the harp1 you have two musical notes produced1 but of course if you pay attention to a particle of air1 it is impossible that any particle of air can vibrate in two directions at the same time2 it follows the resultant form of vibration4 ,one curve would show the vibration of a particle of air for one musical tone1 the next one for another1 and the third the resulting motion of a particle of air when both musical tones are sounded simultaneously4 ,you have by the harp apparatus the resultant effect produced by a current of electricity1 but the same resultant effect could be produced in the air4 ,there is an instrument called the phonantograph4 ,it consists of a cone which1 when spoken into1 condenses the air from the voice4 ,at the small end of the cone there is a stretched membrane which vibrates when a sound is produced1 and in the course of its vibration it controls the movement of a long style of wood1 about one foot in length4 ,if a piece of glass with a smoked surface is rapidly drawn before the style during its movement1 a series of curves will be drawn upon the glass4 ,i myself uttered the vowels e1 ay1 eh1 ah1 aah4 ,these vowels were sung at the same pitch and the same force1 but each is characterised on the glass by a shape of vibration of its own4 ,in fact1 when you come to examine the motion of a particle of air1 there can be no doubt that every sound is characterised by a particular motion4 ,it struck me that if1 instead of using that complicated harp1 and vibrating a number of rods tuned to different pitches1 and thus creating on the line of wire a resultant effect1 we were at once to vibrate a piece of iron1 to give to that piece of iron not the vibration of a musical tone1 but to give it the resultant vibration of a vowel sound1 we could have an undulatory current produced directly1 not indirectly1 which would correspond to the motion of the air in the production of a sound4 ,the difficulty1 however1 was how to vibrate a piece of iron in the way required4 ,the following apparatus gave me the clue to the solution of the problem in the attempt to improve the phonantograph4 ,i attempted to construct one modelled as nearly as possible on the mechanism of the human ear1 but on going to a friend in ,boston1 ,dr ,clarence ,j4 ,blake1 an aurist1 he suggested the novel idea of using the human ear itself as a phonantograph1 and this apparatus we constructed together4 ,it is a human ear4 ,the interior mechanism is exposed1 and to a part of it is attached a long style of hay4 ,upon moistening the membrane and the little bones with a mixture of glycerin and water1 the mobility of the parts was restored1 and on speaking into the external artificial ear a vibration was observed1 and after many experiments we were enabled to obtain tracings of the vibration on a sheet of smoked glass drawn rapidly along4 ,this apparatus gave me the clue to the present form of the telephone4 ,what ,i wanted was an apparatus that should be able to move a piece of iron in the way that a particle of air is moved by the voice4#bbg ,footnote #bbg3 ,from ,professor ,bell's lecture at the ,society of ,arts1 ,nov4 #bhth1 #ahgg1 published in the ,journal of the ,society1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #ag4 ,we need not follow ,professor ,bell through the various stages by which he arrived at his most successful solution of this problem further than to state that the simplicity of construction exhibited in the present form of instrument did not characterise the earlier articulatory telephones4 ,amongst the causes contributing to this simplicity may be mentioned the abandonment of an animal membrane attached to the iron plate1 the diminution of the coil of insulated wire1 and the substitution for the galvanic battery which formerly formed part of the circuit1 of the permanent magnet4 ,professor ,bell records the curious fact that hardly any difference is observable in the results by varying the size1 thickness1 and force of the permanent magnet1 and that beyond a remarkable effect in the quality of the voice1 distinct articulations might be obtained from iron plates of from #a inch to #b feet in diameter and from #a_/fdth to #a_/dth inch in thickness4 ,with plates of uniform thickness1 but of varying diameter1 he obtained the following results4 ,with a plate of small diameter the articulation was perfectly distinct1 but the sound emitted was as if a person were speaking through the nose4 ,by gradually enlarging the diameter of the plate this nasal effect as gradually disappeared1 until when a certain diameter was attained a very good quality of voice manifested itself4 ,by continuing to enlarge the diameter1 a coarse1 hollow1 drum-like effect was produced1 until when the diameter became very large1 the sound resembled that one hears when the head is inside a barrel1 and was accompanied with a reverberating sound4 ,by reversing the above conditions----that is1 by keeping the diameter constant1 and varying the thickness----it was found that with a very thin plate the drum-like sound was produced2 by gradually increasing the thickness this effect passed off2 then followed distinct articulation1 until at a certain increase of thickness the peculiar nasal quality again developed itself4 ,in practice it has been found desirable1 in establishing speaking communication between two distant places1 to employ two telephones instead of a single one2 one being applied to the mouth and the other to the ear during a conversation4 ,with one telephone it was no unusual occurrence for confusion to arise in consequence of the two speakers talking or listening at the same time4 ,so faithful is the transmission by the telephone of every variety of sound1 that ,mr ,preece states1 when in telephonic communication with ,prof4 ,bell1 through a quarter of a mile he has heard him 8laugh1 sneeze1 cough1 and1 in fact1 make any sound the human voice can produce40 ,it must be borne in mind1 however1 that the transmitted speech can only be distinctly heard in the immediate vicinity of the receiving apparatus2 the keenest hearing fails to detect it at the distance of little more than a foot away4 ,hence1 when a message is expected1 the recipient has to place his ear to the mouthpiece of the instrument1 and use it as an ear-trumpet4 ,a circumstance tending to impair the satisfactory working of ,bell's telephone is1 that the line wire to which the ends of the coil are attached becomes inductively affected by the currents of electricity passing through the parallel and contiguous telegraph wires1 the effect1 on a line where there is an active transmission of telegraphic messages1 being that the telephone 8emits sounds that are very like the pattering of hail against a window1 and which are so loud as to overpower the effects of the human voice40#bbh ,footnote #bbh3 ,preece4 ,this inconvenience can1 however1 it is stated1 be remedied4 ,if all the arrangements of the instrument were perfect1 there should be no limits to the distance through which speech could be conveyed by the telephone4 ,professor ,bell says that in laboratory experiments 8no difficulty has been found in using an apparatus of this construction through a circuit of #fjjj miles20 and that he had found it act efficiently between ,new ,york and ,boston1 a distance of #beh miles1 subject to the condition that the neighbouring telegraph wires were not in action4 ,mr ,preece has carried on conversations between ,dublin and ,holyhead1 a distance of #ajj miles4 ,two useful applications of the telephone are recorded by ,professor ,bell1 the one its employment in connection with the diving bell2 the other as a means of communication between those above and below ground in mines4 ,it has been largely adopted in extensive factories and in commercial houses both in ,america and in this country1 supplementing1 because of its much greater simplicity and easy application1 the electric telegraphs previously in use in such establishments4 ,we extract the following from the #8,journal of the ,society of ,arts1'#bbi ,footnote #bbi3 ,vol4 #bf1 p4 #hhg4 8,,the ,,telephone ,,and ,,the ,,torpedo4 8,a novel application of the ,bell telephone is one which has been made in connection with torpedoes by ,captain ,c4 ,a4 ,m',evoy1 of #ah1 ,adam ,street1 ,adelphi4 ,the torpedoes to which the telephone has been applied are those of the buoyant contact class----that is1 floating torpedoes1 which are used for the protection of rivers and harbours4 ,these torpedoes are held in position beneath the surface of the water by mooring lines and anchors1 and it is necessary to ascertain from time to time that these deadly agents are in active working order4 ,they are1 of course1 connected to the shore by electric wires by which they may be exploded4 ,they are also arranged so that they may be exploded electrically by contact with passing vessels4 ,for this latter purpose they are fitted with what is known as a circuit closer1 which is placed in the middle of the charge within the torpedo4 ,the testing is ordinarily performed by sending a current of electricity through the torpedo and fuse2 but1 in order that the fuse may not be fired1 and the torpedo consequently exploded during the process of testing1 an extremely weak current has to be used in connection with a sensitive galvanometer4 ,the consequence is that the indications received are so very delicate that they are not always to be relied on4 ,now1 what ,captain ,m',evoy does is to supplement the electrical test by the test of sounds1 and to this end he encloses an ordinary ,bell telephone in each torpedo4 ,the telephone is so placed that the vibrating diaphragm is in a horizontal plane1 and upon it are laid a few shot or particles of metal1 and these are boxed in4 ,every motion of the torpedo causes the shot to shift their position upon the face of the diaphragm and to cause a slight noise1 which is distinctly heard in the receiving telephone on shore4 ,thus each torpedo two or three miles away1 in the restless waters of a channel1 is continually telling the operator on shore of its own condition in language sometimes excited1 according to the state of calmness or agitation of the water at the time4 ,should the torpedoes be sunk1 they would lie motionless on the bottom1 and the silence of the telephone would indicate the fact of their inoperativeness4 ,the telephones are connected to the ordinary electric wires of the torpedoes1 but this does not prevent them from being tested in the usual way from the battery on shore40 ,,tellu,,rium4 ,a rare greyish-white elementary substance1 found only in small quantities1 associated with gold1 silver1 lead1 and bismuth1 in the gold mines of ,transylvania4 ,it has often been described as a metal1 but is now commonly classed with the non-metals4 #a4 ,tellurium may be obtained from the bismuth ore 7the telluride of bismuth7 by strongly heating the ore with a mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal4 ,a potassium telluride is formed which dissolves in water1 forming a solution of a purplish-red colour1 from which the tellurium deposits on exposure of the liquid to the atmosphere4 #b4 ,schrtter gives the following method for the obtainment of metallic tellurium3----,the raw material is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid as long as carbon dioxide is evolved1 then with strong acid until all sulphuretted hydrogen is driven off4 ,the liquid is decanted from the residue1 which is washed with hydrochloric acid and hot water1 then boiled with aqua regia until the insoluble matter is white4 ,from the aqua regia solution any gold that may be present is precipitated by means of ferrous sulphate1 and afterwards zinc is added to precipitate the tellurium4 ,the precipitate on the zinc is washed1 dried1 and heated to redness1 treated with sulphuric acid to remove any silver1 and the remaining tellurium is then collected4 ,tellurium bears a great resemblance to bismuth in appearance1 having a pinkish metallic lustre2 it further resembles bismuth in being crystalline and brittle4 ,below a red heat it enters into a state of fusion2 at a high temperature it becomes converted into a yellow vapour4 ,it burns in air1 when strongly heated1 with a blue flame having a green rim1 and giving off white fumes that have a peculiar odour4 ,when taken internally1 even in very minute quantities1 tellurium imparts to the breath an offensively powerful odour of garlic4 ,tellurium dissolves in cold concentrated sulphuric acid1 to which it imparts a rich purple-red colour4 ,if the acid solution be diluted with water the tellurium precipitates unchanged4 ,there are two oxides of tellurium3 the dioxide 7,te,o#b7 and the trioxide 7,te,o#c71 the first of which corresponds to sulphurous1 and the second to sulphuric anhydride4 ,tellurous acid 7,h#b,te,o#c7 is obtained by pouring a solution of tellurium on nitric acid of #abe into water1 when the tellurous acid is precipitated as a bulky hydrate4 ,this hydrate is slightly soluble in water and reddens litmus4 ,it forms salts called tellurites4 ,telluric acid 7,h#b,te,o#d74 ,when tellurium or tellurous acid is gently heated with nitre a potassic tellurate is formed1 this being decomposed by a salt of barium1 whilst the resulting barium tellurate is in its turn decomposed1 and the telluric acid separated by sulphuric acid4 ,the telluric acid occurs in hexagonal prismatic crystals1 which1 when heated usually to redness1 becoming converted into telluric anhydride1 which then assumes an orange-yellow colour4 ,this telluric anhydride 7,te,o#c7 is entirely insoluble in water1 nitric and hydrochloric acids1 and alkaline solutions4 ,although it has but a feeble attraction for bases1 telluric acid forms salts which are called tellurates4 ,there are two chlorides of tellurium3 the dichloride 7,te,cl#b7 and the tetrachloride 7,te,cl#d74 ,they may both be obtained by the direct action of chlorine on tellurium4 ,telluretted hydrogen1 or dihydric telluride4 7,h#b,te74 ,this compound presents a striking analogy to seleniuretted and sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,like both of these it is gaseous1 but resembles the latter in smell more than the former4 ,it burns with a blue flame1 reddens litmus1 and when fused into water forms a colourless solution1 which becomes brown by exposure to the air1 owing to the oxidation of hydrogen and the deposition of tellurmin4 ,the salts of most of the metals are decomposed when a current of telluretted hydrogen is passed through these solutions1 from which the metals are then thrown down as tellurides4 ,these tellurides present a close resemblance to the corresponding sulphides4 ,the tellurides of the alkali metals1 like the sulphides1 are soluble in water4 ,tests4 ,the most distinctive character of tellurium compounds is the reddish-purple solution of potassium telluride they furnish when fused with potassic carbonate and charcoal and treated with water4 ,,tem,,perature4 ,in ,english pharmacy it is customary to measure the degree of heat by ,fahrenheit's thermometer4 ,when a boiling heat is directed1 #bab is meant4 ,a gentle heat is that which is denoted by any degree between #ij and #ajj ,fahr4 ,whenever specific gravity is mentioned1 the substance spoken of is supposed to be of the temperature of #fb ,fahr4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,in the ,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e41 ,d41 and in chemical works in this country generally1 the specific gravities of bodies are taken at1 or referred to1 the temperature of #fj ,fahr4 ,see ,,thermometers4 ,the following data may be of use to the pharmacist3 ,degree of ,fahr4 #bghf ,cast iron melts 7,daniell74 #bjaf ,gold melts 7,daniell74 #aiif ,copper melts 7,daniell74 #ahgc ,silver melts 7,daniell74 #agej ,brass 7containing #be of zinc7 melts 7,daniell74 #ajjj ,iron1 bright cherry red 7,poillet74 #ihj ,red heat1 visible in daylight 7,daniell74 #ida ,zinc begins to burn 7,daniell74 #ggc ,zinc melts 7,daniell74 #fdd ,mercury boils 7,daniell71 #ffb 7,graham74 #fdj ,sulphuric acid boils 7,marignac71 #fbj 7,graham74 #fcj ,whale oil boils 7,graham74 #fag ,pure lead melts 7,rudberg74 #fjj ,linseed oil boils4 #eah ,bismuth melts 7,gmelin74 #ddb ,tin melts 7,crichton74 #chj ,arsenious acid volatilises4 #cef ,metallic arsenic sublimes4 #cae ,oil of turpentine boils 7,kaure74 #cjb ,etherification ends4 #beg ,saturated sol4 of sal ammoniac boils 7,taylor74 #bef ,saturated sol4 of acetate of soda boils4 #bci ,sulphur melts 7,miller71 #bbf 7,fownes74 #bch ,saturated sol4 of nitre boils4 #bba ,saturated sol4 of salt boils 7,paris ,codex74 #bbj ,saturated sol4 of alum1 carb4 soda1 and sulph4 zinc1 boil4 #bah ,saturated sol4 of chlorate and prussiate potash1 boil4 #baf ,saturated sol4 of sulph4 iron1 sulph4 copper1 nitrate of lead1 boil4 #bad ,saturated sol4 of acetate lead1 sulph4 and bitartrate potash1 boil4 #bac or 7#bace7 ,saturated sol4 of water begins to boil in glass4 #bab ,water boils in metal1 barometer at #cj4 #baa ,alloy of #e bismuth1 #c tin1 #b lead1 melts4 #bja ,alloy of #h bismuth1 #e lead1 #c tin1 melts 7,kane74 #bjg ,sodium melts 7,regnault74 #ade ,white of egg begins to coagulate4 #ahe ,nitric acid #aeb begins to boil4 #ahj 7about7 ,starch forms a gelatinous compound with water4 #agf ,rectified spirit boils1 benzol distils4 #agc ,alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #gif to #hjj7 boils4 #aea ,beeswax melts 7,kane71 #adb 7,lepage74 #aej ,pyroxylic spirit boils 7,scanlan74 #adah ,chloroform1 and ammonia of #ide1 boil4 #dde ,potassium melts 7,bunsen74 #acb ,acetone 7pyroacetic spirit7 boils 7,kane74 #abb ,mutton suet and styracin melt4 #aaf ,bisulphuret of carbon boils 7,graham74 #aae ,pure tallow melts 7,lepage71 #ib 7,thomson74 #aab ,spermaceti and stearin of lard melt4 #aaa ,phosphorus melts 7,miller74 #ih ,temperature of the blood4 #ie ,ether 7#gbj7 boils4 #ie ,carbolic acid crystals become an oily liquid4 #hh ,acetous fermentation ceases1 water boils in vacuo4 #gg ,vinous ferm4 ends1 acetous ferm4 begins4 #fdd ,oil of anise liquefies4 #ei ,gay ,lussac's ,alcoomtre graduated at4 #ee ,syrups to be kept at 7,p4 ,l474 #cj 7about7 ,olive oil becomes partially solid4 #cb ,water freezes4 #e ,cold produced by snow #b parts and salt #a part4 -#cgi ,mercury freezes4 ,,tent4 ,a piece of lint1 or compressed sponge1 used to dilate openings1 wounds1 c4 ,,terbium4 ,a rare metal found by ,prof4 ,mosander1 associated with erbium and yttrium in ordinary yttria4 ,see ,,erbium and ,,yttrium4 ,,ter,,ra4 ,l4 ,earth4 ,,terra ,,japonica1 catechu2 ,,terra ,,ponderosa1 sulphate of baryta1 c4 ,,ter,,ra ,,cot,,ta4 ,literally1 baked clay2 a term applied to statues1 architectural ornaments1 c41 made of pure white clay1 fine sand1 and powdered potsherds1 slowly dried1 and baked to a strong hardness4 ,,test4 ,syn4 ,,reagent4 ,any substance employed to determine the name or character of any other substance1 or to detect its presence in compounds4 ,,test ,,solutions4 ,the test solutions here given are those of the ,british ,pharmacopia1 which are used for determining the strength of various ,pharmacopial preparations by volumetric analysis4 ,in the ,pharmacopia it is stated3 ,the processes for volumetric estimations may be performed either with ,british or with metrical weights and measures1 and the solutions are so arranged that they will be of the same strength1 and the same indications will be obtained in using them1 whichever system is employed1 without the necessity of altering any of the figures by which the quantities of the substances tested or of the test solutions required in the process are expressed4 ,according to the ,british system1 the quantities of the substances to be tested are expressed in grains by weight1 whilst the quantities of the test solutions employed in testing are expressed in grain-measures1 the grain-measure being the volume of a grain of distilled water4 ,according to the metrical system1 the quantities of the substances to be tested are expressed in grammes by weight1 whilst the quantities of the test solutions employed in testing are employed in cubic centimtres1 the cubic centimtre being the volume of a gramme of distilled water4 ,as the cubic centimtre bears the same relation to the gramme that the grain-measure bears to the grain1 the one system may be substituted for the other1 with no difference in the results excepting that1 by the metrical system1 all the quantities will be expressed in relation to a weight 7the gramme7 which is more than fifteen times as great as the ,british grain4 ,in practice it will be found convenient in substituting metrical for ,british weights and measures1 to reduce the values of all numbers to one-tenth by moving the decimal points1 and this has been done in the tables appended to the descriptions of the volumetric solutions4 ,the quantities indicated in the ,pharmacopia1 which in grains and grain-measures can be conveniently used1 would be found inconveniently large if the same numbers of grammes and cubic centimtres were employed4 ,the following apparatus is required in the preparation and use of these solutions4 ,for ,british weights and measures3 #a4 ,a flask1 which1 when filled to a mark on the neck1 contains exactly #aj1jjj grains of distilled water at #fj4 ,the capacity of the flask is therefore #aj1jjj grain-measures4 #b4 ,a graduated cylindrical jar which1 when filled to ,o1 holds #aj1jjj grains of distilled water1 and is divided into #ajj equal parts4 #c4 ,a burette4 ,a graduated glass tube which1 when filled to ,o1 holds #ajjj grains of distilled water1 and is divided into #ajj equal parts4 ,each part therefore corresponds to #aj grain-measures4 ,for metrical weights and measures3 #a4 ,a glass flask which1 when filled to a mark on the neck1 contains #a litre1 or #ajjj cubic centimtres4 #b4 ,a graduated cylindrical jar which1 when filled to ,o1 contains #a litre 7#ajjj cubic centimtres71 and is divided into #ajj equal parts4 #c4 ,a burette4 ,a graduated tube which1 when filled to ,o1 holds #ajj cubic centimtres1 and is divided into #ajj equal parts4 7,one cubic centimtre is the volume of one gramme of distilled water at #d ,c4#bcj1 #ajjj cubic centimtres equal #a litre74 ,footnote #bcj3 ,it is customary to make the measurements with metrical apparatus at #fj ,fahr4 ,volumetric solutions1 before being used1 should be shaken in order that they may be throughout of uniform strength4 ,they should also be preserved in stoppered bottles4 ,all measurements should be made at #fj4 ,,volumetric ,,solution ,,of ,,bichromate ,,of ,,potash 7,bichromate of potash1 ,,ko1#b;,cr,o#c #adge1 or ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g #bie74 ,take of---- ,bichromate of potash #adge grains4 ,distilled water a sufficiency4 ,put the bichromate of potash into the #aj1jjj grain flask1 and1 having half filled the flask with water1 allow the salt to dissolve2 then dilute the solution with more water1 until it has the exact bulk of #aj1jjj grain-measures3 #ajjj grain-measures of this solution contain #adge grains of the bichromate 7#a_/ajth of ,k#b;,cr,o#c1 or #a_/bjth of ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g in grains71 and1 when added to a solution of a protosalt of iron1 acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 are capable of converting #afh grains 7#a_/ajth of #f;,fe1 or #a_/bjth of #f;,fe in grains7 from the state of protosalt to that of persalt grammes1 and cubic centimtres may be employed instead of grains and grain-measures2 but for convenience #a_/ajth of the numbers should be taken4 ,thus1 #adge grammes of bichromate of potash should be made to form #ajjj cubic centimtres of solution4 #ajj cubic centimtres of this solution contain #adge grammes of the bichromate 7#a_/ajjth of ,,ko1#b;,cr,o#c1 or #a_/bjjth of ,k#b;,cr#bjg in grammes71 and1 when added to a solution of protosalt of iron acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 are capable of converting #afh grammes of iron 7#a_/ajjth of #f;,fe1 or #a_/bjj of #f;,fe1 in grammes7 from the state of protosalt to that of persalt4 ,this solution is used for determining the proportion of protoxide of iron in the following preparations4 ,it is known that the whole of the protosalt has been converted into a persalt when a minute drop of the liquid1 placed in contact with a solution of red prussiate of potash on a white plate1 ceases to strike with it a blue colour4 ,british ,weights ,metrical ,weights and ,measures4 and ,measures4 _/-----------_/------------- or _/---------_/-------- ,grains weight ,grain measures ,grams weight ,c4 ,c4 of of substance4 of vol4 sol4 of substance4 vol4 sol4 ,ferri arsenias #bj #agj or #bj #agj 0 carb4 sacch4 #bj #ccj 0 #bj #ccj 0 oxid4 magn4 #bj #hc 0 #bj #hc 0 ,phosphas #bj #bej 0 #bj #bej ,,volumetric ,,solution ,,of ,,hyposulphite ,,of ,,soda 7hyposulphite of soda crystallised1 ,na,o#a,s#b,o#b #e;,,ho #abd1 or ,na#b;,h#b,s#b,o#d4d;,h#bj #bdh74 ,take of---- ,hyposulphite of soda1 in crystals #bhj grains4 ,distilled water a sufficiency4 ,dissolve the hyposulphite of soda in #aj1jjj grain-measures of water4 ,fill a burette with this solution and drop it cautiously in #ajjj grain-measures of the volumetric solution of iodine until the brown colour is just discharged4 ,note the number of grain-measures 7n7 required to produce this effect2 then put #hjjj grain-measures of the same solution into a graduated jar1 and augment this quantity by the addition of distilled water until it amounts to 7#hjjj #ajjj7 _/ n grain-measures4 ,if1 for example1 n#iej1 the #hjjj grain-measures of solution should be diluted to the bulk of 7#hjjj #ajjj7 _/ #iej #hdba grain-measures4 #ajjj grain-measures of this solution contains #bdh grains of the hyposulphite 7#a_/ajth of #b7,na,o1,s#b,o#b #e;,,ho71 or #a_/ajth of ,na#b;,h#b,s#b,o#d1d;,h#b,o in grains71 and therefore corresponds to #abg grains of iodine 7#a_/ajth of an equivalent74 ,grammes and cubic centimtres may be employed instead of grains and grain-measures1 but for convenience #a_/ajth of the numbers should be taken4 #ajj cubic centimtres of this solution contain #bdh grammes of the hyposulphite 7#a_/ajj of #b7,na,o1,s#b,o#b #e;,,ho71 or #a_/ajjth of ,na#b;,h#b,s#b,o#d4d;,h#b,o in grammes71 and therefore corresponds to #abg grains of iodine 7#a_/ajjth of an equivalent74 ,this solution is used for testing the following substances4 ,in each case1 except that of iodine1 a solution of iodide of potassium and hydrochloric acid are added to the substance1 and the amount of iodine so liberated is indicated by this solution3 ,british ,weights ,metrical ,weights and ,measures4 and ,measures4 _/------------_/------------ or _/---------_/--------- ,grains weight ,grain-measures ,grams weight ,c4 ,c4 of of substance4 of vol4 sol4 of substance4 vol4 sol4 ,calx ,chlorata #ajj #hej or #ajj #hej ,iodum #abg #ajjj 0 #abg #ajjj ,liq4 calc4 chlorat #fjj #ejj 0 #fjj #ejj ,liq4 chlori #dcij #gej 0 #dcij #gej ,liq4 ,sod chlorat #gjj #ejj 0 #gjj #ejj ,,volumetric ,,solution ,,of ,,iodine 7iodine1 ,i #abg1 or ,i #abg74 ,take of iodine #abg grains4 ,iodide of potassium #ahj 0 ,distilled water a sufficiency4 ,put the iodide of potassium and the iodine into the #aj1jjj grain flask1 fill the flask to about two thirds its bulk with distilled water1 gently agitate until solution is complete1 and then dilute the solution with more water1 until it has the exact volume of #aj1jjj grain-measures4 #ajjj grain-measures of this solution contain #a_/ajth of an equivalent in grains 7#abg grains7 of iodine1 and therefore correspond to #ag grains of sulphuretted hydrogen1 #cb grains of sulphurous acid1 and #die grains of arsenious acid4 ,grammes and cubic centimtres may be employed instead of grains and grain-measures1 but for convenience #a_/ajth of the numbers should be taken4 #ajj cubic centimtres contain #abg grammes of iodine1 and correspond to #jag grammes of sulphuretted hydrogen1 #jcb grammes of sulphurous1 and #jdie grammes of arsenious acid4 ,this solution is for testing the following substances4 ,it is dropped from the burette into the liquid to be tested1 until free iodine begins to appear in the solution4 ,british ,weights ,metrical ,weights and ,measures4 and ,measures4 _/------------_/------------ or _/---------_/-------- ,grains weight ,grain-measures ,grams weight ,c4 ,c4 of of substance4 of vol4 sol4 of substance4 vol4 sol4 ,acid4 arsenios #dj #hjh or #jdj #hjh ,acid4 sulphurosum #cdg #ajjj 0 #cdg #ajjj ,liquor arsenicalis #ddae #hjh 0 #ddae #hjh ,liquor arsenici hydrochloricus #ddae #haj 0 #ddae #haj ,,volumetric ,,solution ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,silver 7nitrate of silver1 ,ag,o1 ,,no#e #agj1 or ,ag,n,o#c99 #agj74 ,take of nitrate of silver #agj grains4 ,distilled water a sufficiency4 ,put the nitrate of silver into the #aj1jjj grain flask1 and having filled half the flask with water1 allow the salt to dissolve2 then dilute the solution with more water until it has the exact bulk of #aj1jjj grain-measures4 ,the solution should be kept in an opaque stoppered bottle4 #ajjj grain-measures of this solution contain #a_/ajth of an equivalent in grains of nitrate of silver 7or #agj grains74 ,grammes and cubic centimtres may be employed instead of grains and grain-measures1 but for convenience #a_/ajth of the numbers should be taken4 #ajj cubic centimtres contain #a_/ajth of an equivalent in grammes of nitrate of silver 7or #ag grammes74 ,it is used in testing the following substances4 ,british ,weights ,metrical ,weights and ,measures4 and ,measures4 _/------------_/------------ or _/--------_/--------- ,grains weight ,grain-measures ,grams weight ,c4 ,c4 of of substance4 of vol4 sol4 of substance4 vol4 sol4 ,acid4 hydrocyan4 #bgj #ajjj or #bgj #ajjj ,potass4 bromid4 #aj #hdj 0 #aj #hdj ,sod arsenias 7dry7 #aj #afac 0 #aj #afac ,,volumetric ,,solution ,,of ,,oxalic ,,acid 7crystallised oxalic acid1 #b;,,ho1 ,c#d;,h#f #d;,,ho #abf1 or ,h#b;,c#b,o#db;,h#b,o #abf74 ,take of---- ,purified oxalic acid in crystals1 quite dry1 but #fcj grains4 not effloresced ,distilled water a sufficiency4 ,put the oxalic acid into the #aj1jjj grain flask1 fill the flask to about two thirds of its bulk with water1 allow the acid to dissolve1 and then dilute the solution with more water until it has the exact volume of #aj1jjj grain-measures4 #ajjj grain-measures of this solution contain half an equivalent in grains 7#fc gr47 of oxalic acid1 and are therefore capable of neutralising an equivalent in grains of an alkali or alkaline carbonate4 ,grammes and cubic centimtres may be employed instead of grains and grain-measures1 but for convenience #a_/ajth of the numbers should be taken4 #ajj cubic centimtres contain #a_/bjth of an equivalent in grammes 7#fc grammes7 of oxalic acid1 and will neutralise #a_/ajth of an equivalent in grammes of an alkali4 ,the following substances are tested with this solution3 ,british ,weights ,metrical ,weights and ,measures4 and ,measures4 _/-------_/------- or _/--------_/-------- ,grains ,grain- ,grams ,c4 ,c4 of weight of measures weight of vol4 sol4 substance4 of vol4 sol4 substance4 ,ammoni carb4 #eij #ajjj or #eij #ajjj ,borax #aiaj #ajjj 0 #aiaj #ajjj ,liq4 ammon4 #hej #ejj 0 #hej #ejj ,liq4 ammon4 fort4 #ebc #ajjj 0 #ebc #ajjj ,liq4 calcis #dchjj #bjj 0 #dchjj #bjj ,liq4 calcis sacchar #dfjb #bed 0 #dfjb #bed ,liq4 plumbi subacet4 #dacc #haj 0 #dacc #haj ,liq4 potass #dfbi #dhb 0 #dfbi #dhb ,liq4 potass efferves4 #dchjj #aej 0 #dchjj #aej ,liq4 sod #dehj #dgj 0 #dehj #dgj ,liq4 sod efferves4 #dchjj #agh 0 #dchjj #agh ,plumbi acetas #chj #bjj 0 #chj #bjj ,potassa caustica #efj #ijj 0 #efj #ijj ,potass bicarb4 #ejj #ejj 0 #ejj #ejj ,potass carb4 #hcj #ihj 0 #hcj #ihj ,potass citras #ajbj #ajjj 0 #ajbj #ajjj ,potass tartras #aacj #ajjj 0 #aacj #ajjj ,potass tartras acida #ahhj #ajjj 0 #ahhj #ajjj ,soda caustica #djj #ijj 0 #djj #ijj ,soda tartarata #adaj #ajjj 0 #adaj #ajjj ,sod bicarb4 #hdj #ajjj 0 #hdj #ajjj ,sod carb4 #adcj #ifj 0 #adcj #ifj ,,volumetric ,,solution ,,of ,,soda 7hydrate of soda1 ,na,o1 ,,ho #dj1 or ,na,h,o #dj74 ,take of solution of soda a sufficiency4 ,distilled water a sufficiency4 ,fill a burette with the solution of soda1 and cautiously drop this into #fc gr4 of purified oxalic acid1 dissolved in about #b oz4 of water1 until the acid is exactly neutralised as indicated by litmus4 ,note the number of grain-measures 7n7 of the solution used1 and having then introduced #ijjj grain-measures of the solution of soda in a graduated jar1 augment this quantity by the addition of water until it becomes #ijjj #ajjj _/ n grain-measures ,if1 for example1 n #icj1 the #ijjj grain-measures should be augmented to #ijjj #ajjj _/ #icj #i1fgg grain-measures4 ,one thousand grain-measures of this solution contain one equivalent in grains 7#dj gr47 of hydrate of soda1 and will therefore neutralise one equivalent in grains of any monobasic acid4 ,grammes and cubic centimtres may be employed1 instead of grains and grain-measures2 but for convenience #a_/ajth of the numbers should be taken4 #ajjj cubic centimtres contain #a_/ajth of an equivalent in grammes 7#d grammes7 of hydrate of soda1 and will neutralise #a_/ajth of an equivalent in grammes of an acid4 ,this solution is used for testing the following substances3 ,british ,weights ,metrical ,weights and ,measures4 and ,measures4 _/--------_/------- or _/--------_/-------- ,grains ,grain- ,grams ,c4 ,c4 of weight of measures weight of vol4 sol4 substance4 of vol4 substance4 sol4 ,acetum #dded #djb or #dded #djb ,acid4 acet4 #ahbj #ajjj 0 #ahbj #ajjj ,acid4 acet4 dil4 #ddjj #cac 0 #dddj #cac ,acid4 acet4 glac4 #fjj #iij 0 #fjj #iij ,acid4 citric #gjj #ajjj 0 #gjj #ajjj ,acid4 hydrochloric #aadh #ajjj 0 #addh #ajjj ,acid4 hydrochloric dil4 #cdej #ajjj 0 #cdej #ajjj ,acid4 nitric #ijj #ajjj 0 #ijj #ajjj ,acid4 nitric dil4 #cfac #ajjj 0 #cfac #ajjj ,acid4 nitro-hydrochlor4 dil4 #cebd #ibj 0 #cebd #ibj ,acid4 sulph4 #ejf #ajjj 0 #ejf #ajjj ,acid4 sulph4 arom4 #cjdb #hcj 0 #cjdb #hcj ,acid4 sulph4 dil4 #ceij #ajjj 0 #ceij #ajjj ,acid4 tart4 #gej #ajjj 0 #gej #ajjj ,,te,,tanus4 ,spasm with rigidity4 ,when it affects the under jaw1 it is called ,,trismus1 or locked-jaw2 when the body is drawn backward by the contraction of the muscles1 it is called ,,opisthotonos2 when the body is bent forward1 ,,emprosthotonos2 and when the body is drawn to one side1 ,,pleurosthotonos4 ,the cause of tetanus1 in temperate climates1 is generally irritation of the nerves1 arising from local injuries1 especially punctured or lacerated wounds4 ,of these the most trivial are occasionally sufficient to produce locked-jaw4 ,in hot climates the disease is occasionally produced by exposure to cold1 or by suddenly suppressed perspiration4 ,the last variety is curable2 the former one scarcely ever so4 ,the proper treatment is a matter still undetermined4 ,sedatives1 antispasmodics1 and powerful stimulants1 have each had their advocates4 ,large doses of wine and spirits1 in conjunction with opium1 have occasionally been administered with success4 ,electricity and the vapour bath have also proved useful4 ,in all cases the bowels should be moved by active aperients1 either by the mouth or per anum4 ,dr ,shrimpton#bca recommends the ,chinese mode of treating tetanus1 which is as follows3----,from four to five grains of solid opium are mixed with tea-leaves1 or dried roses1 and carefully beaten together with molasses4 ,the patient smokes this mixture1 and endeavours to draw the smoke into the lungs1 leaving off when the narcotic effects are produced4 ,these last generally from three to four hours4 ,the same operation should be repeated whenever there are any signs of returning spasms4 ,footnote #bca3 #8,lancet1' #ahga1 vol4 ii1 page #edg4 ,,tet,,ters4 ,the popular name of several cutaneous diseases1 the treatment of which can only be properly undertaken by the experienced medical man4 ,,thal,,lium4 ,tl4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,a heavy metal1 belonging to the mercury1 silver1 and lead group1 discovered by ,crookes in the early part of #ahfa1 and displayed by him as 8a new metallic element0 at the opening of the ,international ,exhibition1 on the #ast of ,may1 #ahfb4 ,thallium is a widely-diffused metal1 being found in many minerals1 particularly in iron- and copper-pyrites and native sulphur4 ,it has recently been obtained in comparatively large quantities from the dust of the flues leading to sulphuric acid chambers4 ,the spectrum of thallium consists of a single most characteristic line of a beautiful green colour4 ,the spectrum produced when the metal is burnt in the electric arc is1 however1 more complicated1 and consists of several green1 blue1 and other lines4 ,thallium melts at #eej ,fahr41 and at a less heat may be readily welded1 a property that has hitherto been regarded as peculiar to iron and platinum4 ,its specific gravity varies from #aah to #aai1 according to the mode of preparation4 ,when freshly cut it has a dull white colour1 destitute of the brilliancy of polished silver4 ,exposed to the air1 it tarnishes rapidly1 a straw-coloured oxide making its appearance on the surface4 ,the oxide is alkaline and caustic to the taste1 and much more soluble than the oxides of silver and lead4 ,the metal is remarkable for its strongly marked diamagnetic characters1 resembling bismuth in this respect4 ,the alloys of thallium are very remarkable4 ,copper1 alloyed with only one half per cent1 of thallium1 becomes quite brittle2 but the alloy with tin is malleable4 ,mr ,crookes has prepared a great number of the salts of this interesting metal4 ,these need not be described here1 as they have not yet been applied to any use in the arts4 ,see ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,,thallogens4 ,thallogens or ,thallogenous plants are structurally the simplest of the acotyledonous1 or flowerless plants1 consisting simply of a collection of cellular tissue1 called a thallus4 ,they are entirely destitute of woody fibre4 ,the ,alg1 ,charace1 ,fungi1 and ,lichens are thallogenous plants4 ,,theba,,ine4 ,c#ai;,h#ba,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,thebaia1 ,,paramorphia4 ,a crystalline substance obtained by ,thibourmry from an infusion of opium that has had its morphia extracted by acting on it by an excess of lime4 ,,the,,ine4 ,c#h;,h#aj,n#d,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,theina4 ,an alkaloid extracted from tea4 ,it is identical with caffeine1 and may be obtained from tea in the same manner as that substance is from coffee4 ,the best #8gunpowder tea' contains fully #f of theine1 about one half of which is lost in the present careless mode of making infusion of tea for the table4 ,mr ,lewis ,thompson1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 in a contribution to the #8,medical ,times and ,gazette' for #ahga1 directs attention to the value of theine as a therapeutic agent1 as well as gives an easy method for its preparation4 ,he writes as follows3----8,i wish to direct the attention of the medical profession to a valuable agent which has hitherto escaped notice1 although its powers are most unquestionable1 and its cost price very trivial4 ,the article to which ,i allude is theine1 a substance existing in tea and coffee1 and1 as ,i believe1 in many other vegetable products4 8,as a medicine1 theine is powerfully tonic and stimulant1 and appears to possess the tonic virtues of the disulphate of quinia united to the stimulating power of wine1 but with this difference1 that the stimulus from theine is not followed by depression1 as in the case of wine and alcohol4 8,theine seems to act chiefly on the great sympathetic or ganglionic system of nerves1 and but slightly on the brain4 ,i have used it in doses of from #a to #e grams1 with very marked advantage1 in the low stage of typhoid fevers1 confluent smallpox1 and that form of mortification of the toes which is so singularly fatal to old people4 ,but1 in addition to this1 different medical friends of mine have found it useful in hemicrania1 neuralgia1 and what has been called relapsing fever2 and in the case of an overdose of opium1 it appeared to relieve the narcotic symptoms speedily4 8,with regard to the cost of this medicine1 ,i have discovered that in the ordinary process of roasting coffee1 the whole of the theine is driven off before the torrefaction of the coffee is completed2 and thus theine may be cheaply collected by making the axis of the coffee roaster tubular4 ,if1 instead of a solid axis1 we employ at one end of the roasters a tube passing away to the distance of about three feet1 the theine is condensed in this tube by the refrigerating power of the atmosphere1 and may afterwards be easily dissolved out by a little water1 and purified in the manner about to be indicated4 8,as the result of much experience1 ,i have obtained on an average1 #ge grains of theine from the roasting of #a lb4 of raw coffee2 and when we reflect that in ,great ,britain alone1 there are more than #ac1jjj tons of coffee roasted annually1 we see that about #adj tons of theine are wasted and lost every year by sheer ignorance4 ,it may1 perhaps1 be thought that the saving of the theine will damage the flavour of the coffee1 but from experience ,i know that it has no such effect2 and1 in point of fact1 it is an advantage to the flavour of the coffee to make both the axes of the roaster tubular1 and to cause a gentle current of air to pass through the apparatus during the roasting of the coffee1 so as to expel the empyreumatic products that are formed4 ,i will now relate the fact upon which the purification of theine depends1 and when this is once clearly understood1 the manufacture of theine from either tea or coffee becomes an extremely simple matter4 ,theine is absolutely insoluble in a concentrated solution of the carbonate of potash1 and thus we may precipitate it from its admixture with sugar1 mucilage1 and vegetable extract4 ,if1 then1 by means of the subacetate of lead1 we have removed from a vegetable infusion the tannin1 malic acid1 c41 we have only to evaporate the filtered solution to a small bulk1 and add to it its own weight of dry carbonate of potash1 and the whole of the theine becomes at once insoluble2 so that having collected this insoluble product1 and boiled it in rectified spirits of wine1 we have a solution of pure theine1 which1 after distilling off the spirit1 furnishes crystals fit for immediate use4 ,in conclusion1 ,i will merely mention a distinctive test for theine1 sufficiently delicate to detect the one thousandth of a grain of that substance4 ,dissolve the theine in a small quantity of water1 and pass through this a stream of euchlorine1 then allow the fluid to evaporate at a steam heat2 a blood-coloured substance will remain1 which1 on the application of a few drops of cold water1 forms a beautiful scarlet solution like red ink4 ,it is1 ,i apprehend1 almost unnecessary for me to say that euchlorine gas is formed by the action of hydrochloric acid upon the chlorate of potash4 8,i ought1 perhaps1 to add that theine collected as a waste product of coffee1 and purified by myself1 has cost me less than threepence per ounce troy40 ,,thenard',s ,,blue4 ,see ,,ultramarine 7,cobaltic74 ,,theobrom ,,oleum4 ,syn4 ,,cacao ,,butter4 ,a concrete oil1 obtained by expression and heat from the ground seeds of ,theobroma ,cacao4 ,occurs in cakes of a yellowish colour1 of a pleasant cacao odour4 ,does not become rancid from exposure to air4 ,contained in all the suppositories4 ,not official4----,the following form good bases for suppositories3----,theobroma oil1 when melted1 begins to solidify at #gb ,fahr42 stearine of cocoa-nut oil at #ge ,fahr42 #d of stearine and #b of mutton fat at #gg ,fahr42 #d of stearine and #a spermaceti at #hj ,fahr4 ,stearine alone is1 perhaps1 a better substance than cacao butter for making suppositories4 ,it begins to solidify at #gh ,fahr41 but there is stearine that solidifies at #abj ,fahr42 this will not answer for suppositories4 ,,theobro,,mine4 ,a peculiar principle1 closely resembling caffeine or theine1 found by ,woskresensky in the seed of the ,theobroma ,cacao1 or the nuts from which chocolate is prepared4 ,its form is that of a light1 white1 crystalline powder1 which is rather less soluble than caffeine4 ,it is obtained like caffeine4 ,see ,,cocoa4 ,,theri,,aca4 ,a name given in ancient pharmacy to various compound medicines1 chiefly electuaries or confections1 employed as antidotes to poisons or infection4 ,the ,,theriaca ,,andromachi1 ,ph4 ,l4 #agdf1 contained above #fj ingredients4 ,mithridate and ,venice treacle are examples of this class4 ,see ,,treacle4 ,,thermom,,eters4 ,,fahrenheit',s scale is the one generally employed in ,england1 while that of ,,celsius1 or the ,,centigrade scale1 is principally used on the ,continent4 ,,reaumur',s is another scale occasionally employed4 ,,de ,,lisle',s thermometer was formerly used in ,russia1 and some other parts of the north of ,europe4 ,as references to these scales are frequently met with in books1 it is useful to know their relative value1 and the method of reducing the one to the other4 ,the boiling point of water is indicated by #bab on ,fahrenheit's scale1 #ajj on the ,centigrade scale1 #hj on that of ,reaumur1 and ,o on that of ,de ,lisle2 the freezing point of water marks #cb ,fahrenheit1 and #j1 or zero1 on the ,centigrade and ,reaumur1 and #aej on the scale of ,de ,lisle4 ,the #j1 or zero of ,fahrenheit1 is #cb below the freezing point of water4 #a4 ,to reduce ,centigrade degrees to those of ,fahrenheit1 multiply them by #i1 divide the product by #e1 and to the quotient add #cb2 that is---- ,cent4 #i _/ #e #cb ,fahr4 #b4 ,to reduce ,fahrenheit's degrees to ,centigrade3 7,fahr4 - #cb7 #e _/ #i ,cent4 #c4 ,to reduce ,reaumur's to ,fahrenheit's3 ,reau4 #i _/ #d #cb ,fahr4 #d4 ,to convert ,fahrenheit's to ,reaumur's3---- 7,fahr4 - #cb7 #d _/ #i ,reaumur4 ,thermometers intended to register extreme degrees of heat are called ,,pyrometers 7which see7 ,,thibant',s ,,balsam4 ,,for ,,wounds4 ,digest flowers of ,st ,john's wort1 one handful in #a_/b pint of rectified spirit2 then express the liquor1 and dissolve in it myrrh1 aloes1 and dragon's blood1 of each #a dr41 with ,canada balsam1 #a_/b oz4 ,,tho,,rium4 ,th4 ,syn4 ,,thorinum4 ,a very rare element1 belonging to the group of earthy metals4 ,metallic base of thoria4 ,it is obtained by the action of potassium on the chloride of thorium1 and washing the resulting mass in water4 ,,thorn-,,apple4 ,see ,,datura4 ,,throat ,,affections4 ,we intend here only to allude to those arising from exposure or cold4 ,the list is1 therefore1 a short one4 ,,croup1 one of the most important1 has been already briefly noticed4 ,,quinsy1 or ,,inflammatory ,,sore ,,throat1 commonly commences with stiffness and pain on one side of the throat1 and swelling of the tonsils1 attended by febrile symptoms1 which increase as tumefaction advances1 and sometimes become extreme4 ,there is great restlessness and anxiety1 considerable difficulty in swallowing even liquids1 the respiration is painful and laborious1 and the speech obstructed4 ,when the inflammation is not resolved1 these symptoms rapidly increase in severity1 the patient suffers the greatest misery1 the tumour suppurates rapidly1 the abscess bursts1 and with the rupture comes almost immediate relief4 ,it occasionally happens that the other side of the throat then becomes affected1 and goes through the same stages2 but in general this is not the case1 and the patient rapidly recovers1 a few detergent gargles and a light nutritious diet being all that is required4 ,sometimes1 at the very commencement of the attack1 the inflammation may be resolved by the patient sucking a lozenge or powder1 every hour or two1 containing #a_/d or #a_/b grain of tartarised antimony carefully triturated with about #bj gr4 of lump sugar1 so as to keep up a constant state of nausea or vomiting for hours4 ,,malignant ,,sore ,,throat is marked by the inflammation of the tonsils being more superficial2 but no sooner does it occur than it passes into small ulcers of varied colours and appearance1 extending to the pharynx1 and spreading over the whole fauces into the nostrils1 and even around the glottis and down the sophagus4 ,these ulcers rapidly slough1 and the febrile symptoms of a typhoid character1 which are present throughout1 become more or less severe4 ,in this way the disease often hastens to a fatal termination1 and1 being highly contagious1 often extends itself to all1 or nearly all1 the members of a family4 ,the treatment must be similar to that adopted for typhus fever4 ,stimulating gargles1 containing capsicum1 the mineral acids1 or port wine1 are useful local remedies4 ,see ,,diphtheria4 ,,thrush4 ,syn4 ,,aphtha1 ,l4 ,a disease of infancy1 which1 in its common form1 is marked by small white ulcers upon the tongue1 palate1 and gums4 ,in some cases it extends through the whole course of the alimentary canal1 and1 assuming a malignant form1 proves fatal4 ,the treatment consists of a gentle emetic of ipecacuanha wine1 followed by an occasional dose of rhubarb and magnesia1 to keep the bowels clear1 and to arrest diarrha4 ,the ulcerations may be touched with a little honey or borax2 and if they assume a dark colour1 or there be much debility1 astringents and tonics should be had recourse to4 ,in all cases the diet should be light1 but supporting1 as imperfect nutrition is a common cause of the disease4 ,in ,animals4 ,topical applications of alum or borax1 glycerine1 ,condy's fluid2 laxatives4 ,the food should be cooling and digestible4 ,,thymol4 ,syn4 ,,thymic ,,acid1 ,c#aj;,h#ad,o4 ,this substance is the oxygenated constituent of the essential oils of thyme 7,thymus vulgaris71 horse mint 7,monarda punctata71 and 7,ptychotis ajowan7 a common umbelliferous plant growing in ,india4 ,thymol is isomeric with cymilic alcohol1 and homologous with phenyl4 ,thymol may be procured from either of the above sources by treatment with caustic potash or soda1 as described below1 or by submitting the essential oils to a low temperature for some days4 ,when prepared by the first process thymol occurs as an oily fluid2 and when by the second1 as a crystalline solid4 ,the following are the details of the preparation of the liquid variety of thymol as given by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society in their formul for new remedies published in #ahgg3---- 8,treat essential oil of thyme with an equal volume of an aqueous solution of potash or soda1 and shake several times to facilitate combination4 ,the thymol dissolves1 forming a soluble compound1 whilst the thymene1 a carbide of hydrogen1 that accompanies it in the essence1 does not combine with the alkali and separates4 ,filter the solution obtained and treat with an acid----hydrochloric acid1 for example----which sets free the thymol4 ,the product should be purified by washing1 dried1 and distilled4 ,thymol was obtained in fine tubular crystals by ,flckiger and ,hanbury1 who exposed oil of ajowan to a temperature of #j ,c42 the oil so treated yielded #ce per cent4 of its weight of crystallised thymol4 ,mr ,gerrard says it is stated that oil of thyme yields as much as #ej per cent4 8,as found in commerce1 thymol consists of irregular broken crystals1 nearly transparent and colourless2 the taste is burning and aromatic1 sp4 gr4 #ajbh1 but lighter than water when fused2 its melting point is about #dd ,c4 ,when once completely fused and allowed to cool to the ordinary temperature1 it will maintain itself in the fluid condition for several days1 but the contact of a crystal will at once cause it to crystallise4 ,it is freely soluble in alcohol1 ether1 chloroform1 benzol1 carbon bisulphide1 fats1 and oils1 and but sparingly in water and glycerin4 ,the alkaline hydrates of potash and soda are powerful solvents of thymol2 ammonia dissolves it but sparingly4 8,the potash and soda solutions are spoken of by some authors as chemical combinations2 but the following test will demonstrate them otherwise4 ,when shaken with ether the thymol can be entirely removed1 and obtained as a neutral volatile residue40#bcb ,footnote #bcb3 8,thymol and its ,pharmacy10 by ,a4 ,w4 ,gerrard1 ,f4,c4,s41 #8,ph4 ,journ41' vol4 viii1 #crd series1 #fde4 ,with sulphuric acid thymol forms crystallisable colugated acid1 the thymol sulphuric having the formula ,,hc#aj;,h#ac,,so#d4 ,undiluted thymol is an energetic caustic4 ,according to ,bucholz1 thymol possesses ten times the septic power of carbolic acid1 over which it also has the advantage of being non-poisonous1 and of giving off an agreeable odour4 ,although considerably dearer than carbolic acid1 the much smaller quantity required to produce an equivalent effect nearly equalises it in point of cost4 ,it is said to have been successfully employed in the antiseptic treatment of wounds in destroying the ftor arising from ulcerated surfaces and carious bones2 in the form of spray during surgical applications1 as well as for certain throat affections1 and as an ointment and lotion in psoriasis and other skin diseases4 ,when thymol is to be used for lotions1 injections1 inhalations1 or spray solutions1 the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society recommends #a part of thymol to be dissolved in #d parts of alcohol at #ij1 and this to be added to #iie parts of distilled water4 ,dr ,crocker1 of ,university ,college ,hospital1 strongly recommends thymol lotion to be prepared with glycerin1 which1 he says1 obviates the drying effect upon the skin produced by aqueous or spirituous solutions of the thymol alone4 ,according to ,mr ,gerrard1 this lotion is prepared by dissolving #a part of thymol in #abj parts of glycerin1 and reducing by water to #fjj parts4 ,dr ,symes says he finds milk to be an excellent solvent for thymol1 of which it will take up readily to nearly #aj per cent4 of its weight4 ,in cases1 therefore1 in which solutions are required of greater strength than aqueous ones1 he recommends the employment of the fluid4 ,an ointment varying in strength from #a to #e parts of thymol to #ajj of lard1 is said by ,mr ,gerrard to be employed in our hospitals4 ,in the preparation of this ointment1 it is of importance to first dissolve the thymol in a few drops of spirits1 and then to mix it with the lard4 ,the neglect of this precaution causes the undissolved particles of thymol present in the ointment to act as a caustic irritant on the skin1 and to eat little holes in it4 ,mr ,gerrard found vaseline an unsuitable and objectionable vehicle for the application of thymol1 since1 after a few days1 an ointment prepared with it had its surface covered with minute crystals of thymol4 ,the #8,medical ,times' contains the following formula for the preparation of thymol gauze for dressing wounds3----8,bleached gauze1 #ajjj parts2 spermaceti1 #ejj2 resin1 #ej2 thymol1 #af parts40 ,this is said to yield an extremely soft and pliant preparation1 excellently adapted for wounds1 fitting accurately to them1 and absorbing at the same time the blood and secretions from them like a sponge would do4 ,dr ,ranke has pointed out that1 in consequence of the great reduction in the amount of secretion from wounds caused by the use of thymol1 the consequent consumption of bandages becomes so much less as to more than compensate for the great difference in price between thymol and carbolic acid4 ,another advantage possessed by thymol over carbolic acid is that the redness1 vesication1 and eczema1 frequently induced when dressings of the latter agent are used1 does not follow the application of thymol dressings4 ,mr ,squire prepares an antiseptic adhesive plaster1 containing #a part of thymol to a #ajjj of plaster4 ,mr ,gerrard in operating upon nine different samples of commercial oil of thyme 7so-called oil of origanum7 by means both of caustic soda and refrigeration1 states1 that except in one doubtful case1 he was unable to obtain the slightest trace of thymol4 ,from this circumstance ,mr ,gerrard infers that thymol is not present in the ,english oils of thyme of commerce1 from which it must have been removed in the countries where it is produced1 the residual cymene and thymene being sent us is an oil of thyme4 ,large quantities of thymol are prepared in ,germany1 principally from the seeds of the ,ptychotis ajowan4 ,one firm of chemical manufacturers residing in ,leipzig is reported to have sent out during the months of ,september and ,november last year more than a ton of it4 ,thymol wadding is also in extensive demand4 ,,tic ,,douloureux4 ,fr4 ,according to a writer in one of the medical periodicals1 a solution of atropia1 #b gr41 in water1 #a fl4 dr41 to which nitric acid1 #a drop 7minim71 has been previously added1 applied as a paint1 by means of a camel-hair pencil1 to the part of the face over the spot affected1 immediately and completely subdues the pain1 or1 at all events1 within #c to #e minutes1 in all accidental cases1 and affords considerable relief in others4 ,the application is to be continued until some relief is experienced4 ,the solution1 being very poisonous1 must not be taken internally1 nor applied to the skin when broken4 ,see ,,atropia and ,,neuralgia4 ,,tin4 ,sn4 ,syn4 ,,stannum 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,this metal has been known from the most remote antiquity1 being mentioned in the books of ,moses 7,numb4 xxxi1 #bb71 and by ,homer 7#8,iliad1' x1 #be71 and other early writers4 ,the ancients obtained it principally1 if not solely1 from ,cornwall4 ,the ,phnicians traded with ,england for this metal at least #ajjj years before the birth of ,christ4 ,tin occurs in nature in the state of oxide1 and1 more rarely1 as sulphide 7,,tin ,,pyrites74 ,in ,cornwall it is found under the form of peroxide 7,,mine-,,tin1 ,,tin-,,stone71 associated with copper ore1 in the slate and granite rocks1 and as an alluvial deposit 7,,stream-,,tin7 in the beds of rivers4 ,prep41 c4 ,the ore is first reduced to powder in stamping-mills1 washed to remove earthy matter1 and then roasted to expel arsenic and sulphur2 it is next deoxidised or reduced by smelting it with about #a-fth of its weight of powdered culm1 and a little slaked lime2 it is1 lastly1 refined by #8liquation1' followed by a second smelting of the purer portion1 which1 after being treated in a state of fusion1 for some time with billets of green wood1 or #8tossed1' as the workmen call it1 is allowed to settle1 and is then cast into large blocks1 which1 after being assayed1 receive the stamp of the duchy4 ,two varieties of commercial tin are known1 called respectively grain tin and bar tin4 ,the first is the best1 and is prepared from the stream ore4 ,prop4 ,tin approaches silver in whiteness and lustre2 in hardness it is intermediate between gold and lead2 it is very malleable when pure1 but the presence of a very small quantity of any other metal1 particularly lead1 deprives it of this property2 when rubbed it evolves a peculiar odour1 and when bent backwards and forwards it emits a peculiar crackling noise2 it melts at #ddb ,fahr42 volatilises at a white heat2 and when heated above its melting-point1 with free access of air1 is speedily converted into a yellowish-white powder1 which is the peroxide1 or the #8putty powder' of polishers4 ,sp4 gr4 #gbi to #gca4 ,pur4 ,it is almost entirely dissolved by hydrochloric acid1 yielding a colourless solution2 the precipitate thrown down by hydrate of potassium is white1 and soluble in excess of the precipitant4 ,if it contain arsenic1 brownish-black flocks will be separated during the solution1 and arseniuretted hydrogen evolved1 which may be inflamed and tested in the usual manner4 ,the presence of other metals in tin may be detected by treating the hydrochloric solution with nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #aaf1 first in the cold1 and afterwards with heat1 until all the tin is thrown down in the state of insoluble stannic oxide4 ,the decanted acid solution from pure tin leaves no residuum on evaporation4 ,if1 after all the acid has been dissipated by heat1 dilution with water occasion a heavy white precipitate1 the sample contained bismuth2 if1 after dilution1 a solution of sulphate of ammonium or of sodium produce a similar white precipitate 7sulphate of lead71 it contained lead2 if ammonia1 added in excess1 occasion reddish-brown flocks1 or if ferricyanide of potassium give a blue precipitate1 it contained iron2 and1 if the clear supernatant liquid leave a residuum on evaporation1 copper4 ,tests4 ,the stannous salts are characterised as follows3----#a4 ,hydrate of potassium gives a bulky white precipitate1 readily soluble in excess of the precipitant2 on concentrating the solution1 the precipitate is changed from stannous hydrate into stannic hydrate1 which remains in solution1 and metallic tin1 which separates in brown flakes4----#b4 ,ammonia1 and the carbonates of potassium1 sodium1 and ammonium1 give white precipitates1 insoluble in excess4----#c4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen gives1 in neutral and acid solutions1 a dark brown precipitate1 which is soluble in hydrate of potassium1 in the alkaline sulphides 7especially when they contain an excess of sulphur71 and in strong hot hydrochloric acid2 and insoluble in nitric acid1 even when boiling4----#d4 ,sulphide of ammonium produces a like brown precipitate1 soluble in excess of the precipitant1 provided the latter contains an excess of sulphur4----#e4 ,terchloride of gold gives1 in the cold1 on the addition of a little nitric acid1 a precipitate of the purple of ,cassius4----#f4 ,mercuric chloride gives a black precipitate1 but in excess it produces a white one4 ,stannous ,chloride4 ,sn,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,protochloride ,,of ,,tin4 ,prep4 7,,anhydrous47 ,distil a mixture of tin and mercuric chloride4 ,grey1 resin-like1 solid1 fusible1 and volatile4 7,,hydrated2 ,,tin ,,salt47 ,boil an excess of tin in hydrochloric acid4 ,a powerful deoxidising agent4 ,it is somewhat extensively used as a mordant in dyeing4 ,stannous ,hydrate4 ,sn7,,ho7#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydrated ,,oxide ,,of ,,tin4 ,prep4 ,precipitate stannous chloride with carbonate of potassium1 well wash1 and dry under #aif4 ,greyish-white powder1 soluble in acids and alkaline hydrates1 except ammonia4 ,stannous ,iodide4 ,sn,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,protiodide ,,of ,,tin4 ,heat tin and iodine together4 ,a fusible brownish-red1 translucent substance1 soluble in water4 ,stannous ,oxide4 ,sn,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,tin4 ,prep4 ,ignite the hydrate in an atmosphere of carbonic anhydride4 ,black powder1 inflammable in air1 and insoluble in acids4 ,stannous ,sulphide4 ,sn,s4 ,syn4 ,,protosulphide ,,of ,,tin4 ,a brittle bluish-grey substance1 obtained by heating tin and sulphur4 ,the stannous salts behave with reagents as follows3----#a4 ,hydrate of potassium1 ammonia and alkaline carbonates1 give a white precipitate1 which is freely soluble in an excess of hydrate of potassium and in acids1 sparingly soluble in excess of ammonia1 only very slightly soluble in excess of carbonate of potassium1 and insoluble in excess of carbonate of ammonium4----#b4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen gives1 in acid neutral solutions1 a golden-yellow precipitate1 either at once or on heating the liquid1 which is readily soluble in pure hydrate of potassium1 the alkaline sulphides1 and boiling hydrochloric acid2 less soluble in ammonia1 and insoluble in nitric acid4----#c4 ,a plate of metallic zinc throws down metallic tin1 under the form of grey scales or a spongy mass1 from solutions free from nitric acid2 and from those containing free nitric acid1 white stannic hydrate4----#d4 ,mercuric chloride gives a white precipitate4----#e4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium gives no precipitate at first1 but after a time the whole forms a thick jelly4 ,assay4 ,each grain of stannic oxide 7see above71 after being washed and gently ignited1 is equivalent to #ghcfe gr4 of pure tin4 ,the loss of weight represents the impurities4 ,each gr4 of sulphate of lead1 so treated1 is equiv4 to #fhc gr4 of metallic lead 7nearly74 ,uses4 ,the uses of tin in the arts are well known4 ,in medicine1 #a to #c dr4 of the filings or powder1 made into an electuary with treacle1 are sometimes given in tapeworm1 for #b or #c successive mornings1 followed by an aperient4 ,stannic ,chloride4 ,sn,cl#d4 ,syn4 ,,bichloride ,,of ,,tin1 ,,tetrachloride ,,of ,,tin1 ,,perchloride ,,of ,,tin1 ,,permuriate ,,of ,t42 ,,stanni ,,bichloridum1 ,,stanni ,,permuras1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,liebig47 ,by dissolving grain tin in a mixture of hydrochloric acid1 #b parts2 nitric acid and water1 of each #a part 7all by volume72 observing to add the tin by degrees1 and to allow one portion to dissolve before adding another1 as without this precaution the action is apt to become violent1 and stannic oxide of tin to be deposited4 #b4 7,,anhydrous2 ,,libavius',s ,,fuming ,,liquor47 ,by heating stannous chloride in chlorine gas2 or1 by distilling a mixture of powdered tin1 #a part1 with corrosive sublimate1 #c parts 7#e parts----,fownes74 ,a very volatile1 colourless1 mobile liquid1 which fumes in the air1 and boils at #bdh ,fahr42 when mixed with #a-crd of its weight of water1 it solidifies to a crystalline mass4 ,obs4 ,solution of stannic chloride is much used by dyers1 under the names of #8,,spirits ,,of ,,tin1' #8,,dyers' ,,spirits1' #8,,tin ,,mordant1' c41 the proportions of the ingredients and the state of dilution being various1 according to circumstances or the caprice of the manufacturer4 ,a process1 which has been highly recommended1 and which seems preferable to all others1 is to prepare a simple solution of the stannous chloride1 and to convert it into a solution of the stannic chloride1 either by the addition of nitric acid and a gentle heat1 or by passing chlorine through it4 ,see ,,tin ,,mordants4 ,stannic ,hydrate4 ,sn7,,ho7#d4 ,syn4 ,,hydrated ,,peroxide ,,of ,,tin1 ,,stannic ,,acid4 ,prep4 ,by adding hydrate of potassium or an alkaline carbonate to a solution of stannic chloride4 ,soluble in acids and pure alkalies4 ,its compound with the latter are sometimes called ,,stannates4 ,stannic ,iodide4 ,sn,i#d4 ,by dissolving stannic hydrate in hydriodic acid4 ,yellow1 silky crystals4 ,stannic ,oxide4 ,sn,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,binoxide ,,of ,,tin1 ,,peroxide ,,of ,,tin4 ,prep4 ,by the action of nitric acid on metallic tin1 the resulting white powder being well washed with water2 or1 by heating metallic tin above its melting-point1 in the air4 ,yellow2 anhydrous2 insoluble4 ,obs4 ,frmy has given the name of ,,metastannic ,,acid to the oxide prepared by the action of nitric acid on metallic tin2 the hydrate he calls ,,stannic ,,acid4 ,see ,,polishers' ,,putty4 ,stannic ,sulphide4 ,sn,s#b4 ,syn4 ,,bisulphide ,,of ,,tin1 ,,bronze ,,powder1 ,,mosaic ,,gold2 ,,aurum ,,musivum1 ,,aurum ,,mosaicum1 ,,stanni ,,bisulphuretem1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,to pure tin1 #ab oz41 melted by a gentle heat1 add of mercury1 #f oz42 to the powdered mass1 when cold1 add of chloride of ammonium1 #f oz42 flowers of sulphur1 #g oz2 and after thorough admixture place the compound in a glass flask or matrass1 and gradually heat it1 imbedded in sand1 to low redness1 and continue the heat for several hours1 or until white fumes cease to be disengaged2 the #8aurum musivum' remains at the bottom of the vessel1 under the form of soft and very brilliant gold-coloured flakes4 #b4 7,berzelius47 ,stannic oxide and sulphur1 of each #b parts2 chloride of ammonium1 #a part2 mix1 and expose it to a low red heat1 in a glass or earthenware retort1 until sulphurous fumes cease to be evolved4 ,used as a metallic gold colour1 or substitute for powdered gold1 in bronzes1 varnish work1 sealing-wax1 c4 ,,tin ,,fi,,lings4 ,see ,,tin ,,powder 7below74 ,,tinfoil1 ,lead in4 ,tinfoil very rarely consists of pure tin2 generally it contains more or less lead4 ,according to the recent analysis of ,august ,vogel1 who has examined a great number of samples from very different sources1 it contains from #a to #ai per cent4 of lead4 ,there are1 however1 specimens of tinfoil which contain so little lead that it hardly gives a reaction with the appropriate tests4 ,since tinfoil is so much used for covering articles of diet1 or of confectionery1 or of perfumery1 it was a matter of some interest to determine whether or not there was any danger of transference of lead from the wrapper to the contents4 ,a number of experiments upon soap1 chocolate1 and different kinds of dry sugar1 which had been enveloped in tinfoil very highly charged with lead1 showed that there was no contamination with lead4 ,cheese1 on the other hand1 on account of its being moist1 and being closely in contact with the foil1 did take up lead4 ,of course the lactic acid of the cheese would also favour the taking up of the metal4 ,a point worthy of being recorded in connection with this matter is the rapid diminution of the lead toward the centre of the cheese4 ,often plenty of lead was found in the rind1 and none a little way in the cheese4#bcc ,footnote #bcc3 #8,repertorium fr ,pharmacie1' ,von ,buchnee4 ,,tin ,,glass4 ,see ,,bismuth4 ,,tin ,,mor,,dants4 ,syn4 ,,dyers' ,,spirit1 ,,solution ,,of ,,tin1 ,,spirit ,,of ,t41 ,,nitromuriate ,,of ,t4 ,these1 as noticed above1 vary greatly in their composition and character4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of aquafortis1 #h parts2 sal ammoniac or common salt1 #a part2 dissolve1 and add1 very gradually1 of grain tin1 #a part2 and1 when dissolved1 preserve it in stoppered bottles from the air4 ,this is the common #8,,spirit ,,of ,,tin' of the dyers4 #b4 7,berthollet47 ,nitric acid1 at #cj ,baum1 #h parts2 sal ammoniac1 #a part2 dissolve1 then add by degrees1 of tin1 #a part2 and when dissolved1 dilute the solution with #a-dth of its weight of water4 #c4 7,dambourney47 ,hydrochloric acid1 at #ag ,baum1 #d parts2 nitric acid1 at #cj ,baum1 #a part2 mix1 and add by degrees1 of ,molucca tin1 #a part4 #d4 7,hellot47 ,nitric acid and water1 of each #a lb42 sal ammoniac1 #a oz42 nitre1 #a_/b oz42 dissolve1 then add1 by degrees1 of granulated tin1 #b oz4 #e4 7,poerner47 ,nitric acid and water1 of each #a lb42 sal ammoniac1 #a-a_/b oz42 dissolve1 then add1 by very slow degrees1 of pure tin4 beaten into ribands1 #b oz4 #f4 7,schoeffer47 ,nitric acid and water1 of each #b lbs42 sal ammoniac1 #b oz42 pure tin1 #d-a_/b oz42 as last4 ,all the above are used chiefly for dyeing scarlet1 more particularly with cochineal4 #g4 7,,lac ,,spirit47 ,from grain tin1 #a lb1 slowly dissolved in hydrochloric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aai71 #bj lbs4 ,recommended as a solvent for lac dye4 ,for use1 #c_/d to #a lb4 of the liquid is digested on each lb4 of the dye for #e or #f hours1 before adding it to the dye bath4 #h4 ,hydrochloric acid1 #f-c_/d lbs42 aquafortis1 #a_/b lb42 grain tin1 gradually added1 #a lb4 ,recommended for lac dye4 ,,tin-,,plate4 ,iron-plate covered with a coating of tin1 by dipping it into a bath of that metal4 ,,tin ,,pow,,der4 ,syn4 ,,tin ,,filings1 ,,tin ,,dust2 ,,stanni ,,pulvis 7,ph4 ,e ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,melt grain tin in an iron vessel1 pour it into an earthenware mortar heated a little above its melting-point1 and triturate briskly as the metal cools2 lastly1 sift the product1 and repeat the process with what remains in the sieve4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,melt grain-tin in a black-lead crucible1 and1 whilst it is cooling1 stir it with a rod of iron until it is reduced to powder2 let the finer particles be separated by means of a sieve1 and when1 after having been several times in succession shaken with distilled water1 the decanted liquor appears quite clear1 let the product be dried for use4 ,obs4 ,powdered tin is also prepared by filing and rasping4----,dose1 #b to #d dr41 as a vermifuge4 ,,polishers' ,,putty1 coloured with ivory black1 is frequently substituted for this powder1 and hence arises the ill effects that sometimes follow its use4 ,,tin,,ning4 ,proc4 #a4 ,plates or vessels of brass or copper1 boiled with a solution of stannate of potassa1 mixed with turnings of tin1 become1 in the course of a few minutes1 covered with a firmly attached layer of pure tin4 #b4 ,a similar effect is produced by boiling the articles with tin filings and caustic alkali or cream of tartar4 ,obs4 ,by either of the above methods chemical vessels made of copper or brass may be easily and perfectly tinned4 #c4 ,the following method for tinning copper1 brass1 and iron in the cold1 and without apparatus1 is by ,f4 ,stolba4#bcd ,footnote #bcd3 #8,the ,pharmacist1' iv1 #hf4 ,the requisites for accomplishing this object are3----#ast4 ,the object to be coated with tin must be entirely free from oxide4 ,it must be carefully cleaned and care be taken that no grease spots are left2 it makes no difference whether the object be cleaned mechanically or chemically4 #bnd4 ,zinc powder2 the best is that prepared artificially by melting zinc1 and pouring it into an iron mortar4 ,it can be easily pulverised immediately after solidification2 it should be about as fine as writing sand4 #crd4 ,a solution of protochloride of tin containing #e or #aj per cent41 to which as much pulverised cream of tartar must be added as will go on to the point of a knife4 ,the object to be tinned is moistened with the tinned solution1 after which it is rubbed hard with the zinc powder4 ,the tinning appears at once4 ,the tin-salt is decomposed by the zinc1 metallic tin being deposited4 ,when the object tinned is polished brass or copper1 it appears as beautiful as if silvered1 and retains its lustre for a long time4 #dth4 7,c4 ,paul47#bce ,the zinc or iron articles are immersed in a mixture of #a part sulphuric or nitric acid with #aj parts of water2 a solution of copper sulphate or acetate is then slowly added4 ,after the deposition of a thin layer of copper1 the articles are removed1 washed1 moistened with a solution of #a part #8tin crystals1' in #b parts water and #b parts hydrochloric acid1 and then shaken up with a mixture of fine chalk and copper4 ,ammonium sulphate1 which is prepared by dissolving #a part of copper sulphate in #af parts of water1 and adding ammonia until a clear dark blue liquid is obtained4 ,footnote #bce3 ,dingl4 ,polyt1 ,j41 ccviii1 #dg-di1 #8,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4' ,the articles may now be tinned by immersion in a solution of #a part of tin crystals with #c parts white argol in water4 ,brass1 copper1 or nickel goods1 also iron and zinc articles which have been copper-plated1 may be silvered by treatment 7after thorough cleansing71 with a solution of #ad grams silver in #bf grams of nitric acid1 to which is added a solution of #abj grams of potassium cyanide in #a litre water1 and also #bh grams of finely powdered chalk4 ,,tins1 ,to ,clean4 ,all kinds of tins1 moulds1 measures1 c41 may be cleaned by being well rubbed with a paste made of whiting and water4 ,they should then be rubbed with a leather1 and any dust remaining on them should be removed by means of a soft brush4 ,finally1 they must be polished with another leather4 ,always let the inside of any vessel be cleaned first1 since in cleaning the inside the outside always becomes soiled4 ,for very dirty or greasy tins1 grated bath-brick and water must be used4 ,,tinc,,ture4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura1 ,l42 ,,teinture1 ,fr4 ,tinctures 7,,tinctur2 ,,alcool,s1 ,,alcoolatures7 are solutions of the active principles of bodies1 obtained by digesting them in alcohol more or less dilute4 ,,ethereal ,,tinctures 7,,tinctur ,,there2 ,,eth,,rol,s1 ,,eth,,rolatures7 are similar solutions prepared with ether4 ,prep4 8,tinctures are usually prepared by reducing the solid ingredients to small fragments1 coarse powder1 or fine powder1 macerating them for #g days1 or longer1 in proof spirit or rectified spirit1 straining the solution through linen or calico 7or paper71 and finally expressing the residuum strongly1 to obtain what fluid is still retained in the mass4 ,they are also advantageously prepared by the method of displacement or percolation40 7,ph4 ,e47 8,all tinctures should be prepared in closed glass 7or stoneware7 vessels1 and be shaken frequently during the process of maceration40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cooper's patent jars are very convenient for the preparation of tinctures1 as they are made with wide mouths large enough to admit the hand1 and yet may be closed in an instant1 with as much ease and certainty as an ordinary stoppered bottle4 ,tinctures are better clarified by repose than by filtration1 as in the latter case a considerable portion is retained by the filtering medium1 and lost by evaporation4 ,the waste in this way is never less than #aj of spirit4 ,in all ordinary cases1 it is sufficient to allow the tincture to settle for a few days1 and then to pour off the clear supernatant portion through a funnel loosely choked with a piece of sponge or tow2 after which the remaining foul portion of the liquid may be filtered through bibulous paper in a covered funnel4 ,the filtration should be conducted as rapidly as possible1 for the double purpose of lessening the amount lost by evaporation and the action of the air on the fluid4 ,tinctures which have been long exposed to the air frequently lose their transparency within a few days after being filtered1 owing to the oxidisement and precipitation of some portion of the matter previously held in solution1 a change which occurs even in stoppered bottles4 ,resinous and oily tinctures1 as those of myrrh1 tolu1 and lavender 7comp471 may be generally restored to their former brightness by the addition of a quantity of rectified spirit1 equal to that which they have lost by evaporation2 but many tinctures resist this mode of treatment1 and require refiltering4 ,ethereal tinctures are best prepared by percolation1 and should be both made and kept in stoppered bottles4 ,mr ,umney says3----,it must always be remembered that the quantity of spirit required to make the measure of tinctures to a given bulk1 will only be strictly uniform1 in so far as the operators proceed under precisely the same circumstances4 ,no causes will be found to influence results more than the manufacture of tinctures upon a small1 as compared with a large1 scale1 and the use of the screw as compared with the hydraulic press1 in the final removal of the spirit from the mare2 even the temperature of summer and winter may cause a variation in the results4 ,qual4 ,the tinctures of the shops are usually very uncertain and inferior preparations1 owing to their manufacture being carelessly conducted1 and refuse drugs and an insufficient quantity of spirit being employed in their production4 ,it is a general practice among the druggists to substitute a mixture of equal parts of rectified spirit and water1 or a spirit of about #bf u4 p41 for proof spirit2 and a mixture of #b galls4 of water with #e galls4 of rectified spirit1 for rectified spirit4 ,in some wholesale drug-houses all the simple tinctures 7except those that are of a very active or valuable kind1 as ,,laudanum1 for instance7 are made with #a lb4 of the dry ingredient to the gall4 of spirit1 irrespective of the instructions in the ,pharmacopia4 ,appearance is the object which is alone aimed at1 without reference to quality4 ,if the tincture be perfectly transparent1 and has a good colour1 the conscience of the seller and the stomach of the consumer are alike satisfied4 ,assay4 #a4 ,the ,,richness in ,,alcohol may be readily determined by ,brande's method of alcoholometry2 but more accurately by the method of ,m4 ,gay-,lussac 7see ,,alcoholometry74 ,that of tinctures containing simple extractive1 saccharine1 or like organic matter1 in solution1 may be approximately found from the boiling-point1 or from the temperature of the vapour of the boiling liquid4 #b4 ,the ,,quantity of ,,solid ,,matter per cent4 may be ascertained by evaporating to dryness #ajj grains-measure1 in a weighed capsule1 by the heat of boiling water4 #c4 ,the ,,quantity of the ,,ingredients used in the preparation of tinctures may be inferred from the weight last found1 reference being had to the known per-centage of extract which the substances employed yield to spirit of the strength under examination4 ,when the ingredients contain alkaloids1 or consist of saline or mineral matter1 an assay may be made for them4 ,uses1 c4 ,tinctures1 from the quantity of alcohol which they contain1 are necessarily administered in small doses1 unless in cases where stimulants are indicated4 ,the most important and useful of them are those that contain very active ingredients1 such as the tincture of opium1 foxglove1 hemlock1 henbane1 c4 ,in many instances the solvent1 even in doses of a few fluid drachms1 acts more powerfully on the living system than the principles it holds in solution2 and1 when continued for some time1 produces the same deleterious effects as the habitual use of ardent spirits4 ,when the action of a substance is the reverse of stimulant1 it cannot with propriety be exhibited in this form1 unless the dose be so small that the operation of the spirit cannot be taken into account1 as with the narcotic tinctures4 ,hence1 this class of remedies are in less frequent use than formerly4 ,the following list embraces all the formul of the tinctur of the ,london1 ,edinburgh1 ,dublin1 and ,british ,pharmacopias1 with a few others likely to be useful to the reader4 ,these will furnish examples for the preparation of others in less general use1 care being had to proportionate the ingredients with due reference to the proper or usual dose of tinctures of that class4 ,tincture of ,acetate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,acetatis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,solution of persulphate of iron1 #e2 acetate of potash1 #d2 rectified spirit1 q4 s42 dissolve the acetate of potash in #bj of water and add #af of spirit to the solution of iron2 mix the two liquids1 and shake well occasionally for an hour1 then filter1 and add to the filtered liquid sufficient rectified spirit to make up #dj4----;,dose1 #e to #cj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,to water1 #i fl4 oz41 add of pure sulphuric acid1 #f fl4 dr42 and in the mixture1 with the aid of a gentle heat1 dissolve sulphate of iron1 #h oz42 next add of pure nitric acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz41 previously diluted with water1 #a fl4 oz41 and evaporate the resulting solution to the consistence of a thick syrup2 dissolve this in rectified spirit1 #a quart2 also dissolve of acetate of potash1 #h oz41 in another quart of rectified spirit2 and having thoroughly mixed the solutions1 by frequent agitation in a large bottle1 filter the whole1 with expression1 first through calico1 and then through paper4 ,sp4 gr4 #hia4----;,dose1 #ae to #fj drops1 in water1 in the same cases as in the other chalybeates4 ,tincture of ,acetate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,zinci ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,acetate of potash and sulphate of zinc1 of each #a oz42 rub them together1 then add of rectified spirit1 #af fl oz42 macerate for a week1 and filter4 ,astringent4 ,diluted with water1 it is used as a collyrium and injection4 ,tincture of ,aconite4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,aconiti 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,tinct4 ,,aconiti ,,radicis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,powdered root1 #a2 rectified spirit to percolate1 #h2 macerate for #dh hours with three fourths of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator and let it drain1 then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press the marc and add spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #e to #ae minims1 twice or thrice a day4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of aconite root1 coarsely powdered1 #ae oz4 7#bj oz4----,ph4 ,d472 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 press1 and filter4 ,obs4 ,these tinctures differ materially in strength4----,dose4 ,of the ,ph4 ,l41 #e to #aj drops2 of the ,ph4 ,d41 #c to #f drops1 two or three times daily 7carefully watching its effects72 in rheumatism1 gout1 syphilis1 c41 where a narcotic sedative is indicated4 ,diluted with water1 it forms an excellent embrocation in rheumatism1 neuralgia1 c4 ,it should be applied by means of a small sponge1 tied to the end of a stick or glass rod4 ,the ,ph4 ,d4 formula is nearly the same as that for ,dr ,turnbull's concentrated tincture of aconite root1 and that given by ,dr ,pereira4 ,the ,,tinctura ,,aconiti ,,foliorum of the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is made with #a oz4 of the dried leaves to #h fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit4 ,tincture of ,aconite1 ,ethereal4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,aconiti ,,therea4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,powdered aconite1 #d oz42 sulphuric ether1 #af oz4 7by weight74 ,it is best prepared by percolation4 ,tincture of ,ailanthus ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ailanthi ,,corticis4 ,prep4 ,take ,of ailanthus bark1 bruised1 #a-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 macerate for seven days in a closed vessel with occasional agitation1 then strain1 press1 filter1 and add sufficient spirit to make #a pint4----,dose4 ,from #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,alo,s 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,socotrine aloes1 #a2 extract of liquorice1 #c2 proof spirit1 #dj2 macerate seven days1 press1 and wash the marc with spirit to make #dj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,socotrine or hepatic aloes1 coarsely powdered1 #a oz42 extract of liquorice1 #c oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 macerate for #g days1 and filter4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,e4 is nearly similar4 ,purgative and stomachic4----,dose1 #a_/d to fl4 oz4 ,tincture of ,aloes1 ,alkaline4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,alo,s ,,alkalina4 7,swediaur47 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #a_/b oz42 extract of liquorice1 #a-a_/b dr42 cinnamon water1 #h oz42 proof spirit1 #h oz42 carbonate of soda1 #a oz4 ,digest1 and strain4----,dose1 #a dr4 to #d dr4 ,tincture of ,aloes 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,aloes ,,and ,,myrrh2 ,,tinctura ,,alo,s ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,tinctura ,,alo,s ,,et ,,myrrh 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,elixir ,,alo,s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,socotrine or hepatic aloes1 coarsely powdered1 #d oz42 hay saffron1 #b oz42 tincture of myrrh1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 with occasional agitation1 and strain4 ,the ,dublin ,college 7#ahbf7 omits the saffron4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from aloes1 #a lb42 myrrh1 #c_/d lb42 hay saffron1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #e pints2 water1 #c pints2 as the last4 ,purgative1 stomachic1 and emmenagogue4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,amber4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,succini4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,amber1 in fine powder1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #f oz4 ,digest for #f days and filter4----,dose1 #bj to #cj drops4 ,tincture of ,amber1 ,alkaline4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,succini ,,alkalina4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,rub #b oz4 of amber with a sufficient quantity of carbonate of potash to form a soft paste2 dry this1 and digest it in #af oz4 of rectified spirit for #h days4 ,tincture of ,ambergris4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ambergrise4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,ambergris1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #aj parts4 ,macerate #aj days4 ,tincture of ,ammonia 7,compound47 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ammoni ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mastic1 #b dr42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 dr42 digest until dissolved1 decant1 add1 of oil of lavender1 #ad drops2 stronger solution of ammonia1 #a pint2 and mix well4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 ,,aqua ,,luci2 ,,eau ,,de ,,luce47 ,as the last1 but adding #d drops of oil of amber along with the oil of lavender4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is reputed antacid1 antispasmodic1 and stimulant4----,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 in water2 in hysteria1 low spirits1 c4 ,in the ,east ,indies1 eau de luce is regarded almost as a specific for the bite of the cobra di capello and other venomous reptiles4 ,tincture of ,ammonia-chloride of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,ammoniated ,,tincture ,,of ,,iron1 ,,mynsight',s ,a4 ,t4 ,,of ,i42 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,ammonio-,,chloridi 7,ph4 ,l474 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,ammoniati1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ammonio-chloride of iron1 #d oz42 proof spirit and distilled water1 of each #a pint2 dissolve4----,dose1 #bj to #fj drops1 or more2 as a stimulant1 chalybeate tonic4 8,a fl4 oz4 of this1 on potassa being added1 yields #eh gr4 of sesquioxide of iron40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,tincture of ,ammoniacum4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,gummi ,,ammoniaci4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,gum ammoniacum1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #bj oz4 7by weight74 ,digest #aj days1 and strain4 ,tincture of ,angelica4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,angelica4 7,aust4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,dried angelica root1 #a oz42 proof spirit1 #f oz4 ,digest1 and filter4----,dose1 #a dr4 ,tincture of ,angostura4 ,tincture of cusparia4 ,tincture1 ,antiscorbutic4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,antiscorbutica1 ,,tinctura ,,armoracue ,,composita4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,fresh horseradish root1 #h oz42 black mustard seed1 #d oz42 muriate of ammonia1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #af oz4 7by weight72 compound spirit of scurvy grass1 #af oz4 7by weight74 ,macerate #aj days4 ,tincture of ,ants4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,formicarum4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,ants recently collected1 cleaned1 and bruised1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #c oz4 7by weight74 ,digest #h days4 ,tincture of ,arnica4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,arnicae1 ,t4 ,a4 ,,florum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor4 and ,hamb4 ,cod47 ,flowers of ,arnica montana1 #a-a_/b oz42 spirit1 sp4 gr4 #ijj 7#ae-a_/b o4 p471 #a lb42 digest for #h days1 and strain1 with expression4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops2 in diarrha1 dysentery1 gout1 rheumatism1 paralysis1 c4 ,tincture of ,arnica ,root4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,arnicae 7,b4 ,p471 ,,tinctura ,,arnic ,,radicis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,bruised root1 #a2 rectified spirit to percolate1 #bj2 macerate forty-eight hours with #ae of the spirit1 agitating occasionally2 pack in a percolator1 and1 when it ceases to drop1 pour on the remaining spirit1 let it drain1 wash the marc1 press1 filter1 and make up to #bj----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 ,from arnica root1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 as the last4 ,tincture1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,aromatica4 7,gr4 ,ph47 ,prep4 ,cinnamon1 #d oz42 cardamoms1 #a oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 galangal root1 #a oz42 ginger1 #a oz42 all in coarse powder2 proof spirit1 #c lbs4 #b oz4 7by weight74 ,macerate #h days1 and strain4 ,tincture1 ,aromatic4 ,compound tincture of cinnamon4 ,tincture of ,artichoke4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cynar4 ,prep4 ,fresh artichoke leaves1 bruised1 #b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a lb4 ,digest for #g days1 express and filter4 ,tincture of ,assaftida4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,assaf,,tid 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,assaftida 7small fragments71 #a2 rectified spirit1 #h2 macerate seven days1 strain1 filter1 and add spirit to make #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,assaftida 7small71 #e oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d71 and filter4 8,it cannot be made by percolation with delay40 7,ph4 ,e47 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,assaftida1 #b-a_/b lbs42 boiling water1 #b quarts2 dissolve1 add of rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b gall42 agitate well for #c or #d days1 then let it settle1 and decant the clear portion4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 in hysteria1 flatulent colic1 c4 ,tincture of ,assaftida 7,ammoniated74 ,see ,,fetid ,,spirit ,,of ,,ammonia4 ,tincture of ,assaftida1 ,ethereal4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,assaf,,tid ,,etherea4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,assaftida1 #a part2 alcoholised ether1 #e parts 7by weight74 ,macerate for #aj days4 ,the ether is made by mixing equal weights of ether and rectified spirit4 ,tincture1 ,asthmatic4 ,compound tincture of camphor4 ,tincture1 ,astringent4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,astringens4 7,dr ,copland47 ,prep4 ,catechu1 #a_/b oz42 myrrh1 #a_/b oz42 ,peruvian bark1 #b dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #a-a_/b dr42 spirit of horseradish1 #a-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,digest4 ,for sponginess of the gums4 ,tincture1 ,balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,balsamica4 7,p4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,copaiba1 #a oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #c dr42 balsam of ,tolu1 #b dr42 benzoin1 #a_/b dr42 saffron1 #a scruple2 rect4 spirit1 #af oz42 digest #d days in a sand bath1 and strain4 ,tincture1 ,balsam of ,copaiba4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,balsami ,,copaib4 7,guibourt47 ,prep4 ,one part of copaiba to #h of alcohol4 ,digest and filter4 ,tincture of ,balsam of ,gilead4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,balsami ,,gileadensis4 7,guibourt47 ,prep4 ,one part of balsam to #h of rectified spirit4 ,tincture of ,balsam of ,peru4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,balsami ,,peruviani1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,balsam of ,peru1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #af fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,pectoral1 stimulant1 and fragrant4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops4 ,tincture of ,balsam of ,tolu4 ,tincture of ,tolu4 ,tincture of ,bark4 ,tincture of cinchona4 ,tincture of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,belladonn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,the dried leaves in coarse powder1 #a2 proof spirit1 #bj2 macerate forty-eight hours in #ae of the spirit1 agitating occasionally2 pack in a percolator1 and when it ceases to drop1 add the remaining spirit1 let it drain1 wash and press the marc2 filter and make up #bj4----;,dose1 from #e to #bj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried leaves of belladonna1 #d oz4 7#e oz4 in coarse powder----,ph4 ,d472 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad----,ph4 ,d471 press1 and filter4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from the dried leaves1 #a lb42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 macerate #ad days4----,dose1 #e to #aj drops1 gradually increased2 also externally1 diluted with water4 ,tincture of ,benzoin4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,benzoini4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,benzoin1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,digest for #h days1 frequently shaking2 then filter4 ,tincture of ,benzoin 7,compound47 ,syn4 ,,friar',s ,,balsam1 ,,traumathc ,b41 ,,balsam ,,for ,,cuts1 ,,commander',s ,,balsam1 ,,vervain',s ,b41 ,,wound ,b41 ,,jesuits' ,,drops1 ,,wade',s ,d42 ,,tinctura ,,benzoini ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,tinct4 ,,benzo,s ,,comp41 ,,balsamum ,,traumaticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,benzoin1 #h2 prepared storax1 #f2 balsam of ,tolu1 #b2 socotrine aloes1 #a-a_/b2 rectified spirit1 #hj2 macerate seven days1 filter1 and wash the marc with spirit to make up #hj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr41 triturated with mucilage or yolk of egg4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gum benzoin1 coarsely powdered1 #c-a_/b oz42 prepared storax1 #b-a_/b2 balsam of ,tolu1 #aj dr42 ,socotrine or hepatic aloes1 in coarse powder1 #e dr42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate1 with frequent agitation1 for #g days1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,benzoin1 #d oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #b-a_/b oz42 ,east ,indian 7hepatic7 aloes1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart4 ,obs4 ,either of the above formul produces a most beautiful tincture1 truly balsamic4 ,the following is1 however1 very generally employed by the wholesale druggists1 and the product1 though possessing a very rich colour1 is thin and watery4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,from gum benzoin1 #d lbs42 aloes 7lively coloured71 #a-a_/d lb42 liquid storax1 #a lb42 balsam of ,tolu1 #a_/d lb42 powdered turmeric 7best71 #i oz42 rectified spirit1 #e-a_/b galls42 digest with frequent agitation for #aj days1 then add of hot water1 #a-a_/b gall41 again digest for #d days1 and1 after #bd hours' repose1 decant the clear portion4 ,dose1 #aj drops to #b fl4 dr42 as a stimulating expectorant1 in chronic coughs1 and various breath affections4 ,it is also employed to stop the bleeding from cuts1 c41 and promote their healing4 ,tincture1 ,bitter4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,amara 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,unripe oranges1 #b oz42 centaury1 #b oz42 gentian root1 #b oz42 zedoary root1 #a oz42 proof spirit1 #ce oz4 7by weight74 ,digest #h days1 and strain4 ,tincture1 ,bitter ,stomachic4 ,tincture of gentian4 ,tincture of ,black ,snake-root4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cimicifug1 ,,tinctura ,,act ,,racemos4 ,prep4 ,bruised root of black snake-root1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #af oz4----,dose1 #a dr4 to #b dr4 ,tincture of ,blessed ,thistle4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cardui ,,benedicti4 7,ph4 ,bruns7 ,prep4 ,blessed thistle1 #f oz42 rectified spirit1 #b pints4 ,tincture of ,blood ,root4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,sanguinari4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,blood root in moderately fine powder1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #cb oz42 made by percolation4----,dose4 ,as a stimulant and alterative1 #cj to #fj drops2 as an emetic1 #c to #d dr4 ,tincture1 ,brandish's4 ,alkaline tincture of rhubarb4 ,tincture of ,buchu4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,diosm1 ,t4 ,,bucku 7,ph4 ,e471 ,t4 ,,buchu 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,buchu bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate for forty-eight hours with #c_/d of the spirit1 pack in a percolator and let it drain1 then pour on the rest of the spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press and wash the marc1 filter and make up to #h4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,buchu leaves1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d472 or proceed by the method of percolation4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 as a tonic1 sudorific1 and diuretic4 ,it is inferior to the fresh infusion4 ,tincture of ,calumba4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,calumb 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 4 ,e471 ,t4 ,,colomb 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,bruised calumba1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate forty-eight hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally2 pack in a percolator1 and let it drain1 then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press1 and wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,calumba root1 finely sliced1 #c oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate a week 7#ad days4----,ph4 ,d471 press1 and filter4 8,or1 more conveniently1 by percolation1 allowing the calumba1 in moderately fine powder1 to first soak in a little spirit for #f hours40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,obs4 ,this tincture is commonly made with #a lb4 of calumba root to the gallon of a mixture of equal parts of rectified spirit and water4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 as a stomachic bitter and tonic1 usually joined with soda or chalybeates4 ,tincture of ,camphor4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,wine ,,and ,,camphor1 ,,camphorated ,,spirit2 ,,tinctura ,,camphor2 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,spiritus ,,camphor 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,spiritus ,,camphoratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,camphor1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 dissolve4 ,this is only one half as strong as the ,ph4 ,l4 preparation4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,camphor1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #h fl4 oz4 ,stimulant and anodyne4----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops4 ,also as a liniment for sprains1 bruises1 chronic rheumatism1 c4 ,for the ,ph4 ,l4 formula1 see ,,spirit4 ,tincture of ,camphor 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,camphorated ,,tincture ,,of ,,opium ,,asthmatic ,,elixir1 ,,paregoric ,e41 ,,asthmatic ,,tincture2 ,,tinctura ,,camphor ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,,tinctura ,,opii ,,camphorata 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,elixir ,,paregoricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,opium1 in coarse powder1 #dj gr42 benzoic acid1 #dj gr42 camphor1 #cj gr42 oil of anise1 #a_/b dr42 proof spirit1 #bj oz42 macerate seven days1 strain1 wash the marc with spirit1 and filter #bj oz4----,dose1 #ae to #fj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,camphor1 #ej gr42 powdered opium and benzoic acid1 of each #gb gr42 oil of aniseed1 #a fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 and filter4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 are nearly similar4 ,the oil of aniseed1 probably one of the most useful and characteristic of the ingredients1 was omitted in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd1 but was restored in that of #ahcf4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from powdered opium1 #c oz42 benzoic acid1 camphor1 and oil of aniseed1 of each #b oz42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #c galls42 as before4 ,obs4 ,this tincture is a popular and excellent pectoral and anodyne1 where there are no inflammatory symptoms4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 in troublesome coughs1 c4 #a_/b fl4 oz4 contains about #a gr4 of opium4 ,tincture of ,cantharides4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cantharidis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,tinctura ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cantharides1 in coarse powder1 #a2 proof spirit1 #hj2 macerate1 agitating occasionally1 for seven days1 in a closed vessel1 strain1 press1 filter1 and add sufficient proof spirit to make up #hj4----;,dose1 #e to #bj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered cantharides1 #d dr4 7#a_/b oz4----,ph4 ,d471 and strain1 with expression4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from powdered cantharides1 #b-a_/d oz42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #a_/b gall42 as the last4----,dose1 #aj drops1 gradually raised to #a fl4 dr41 in any bland liquid2 in fluor albus1 gleets1 incontinence of urine1 lepra1 c4 ,it should be used with caution4 ,the ,ed4 ,college recommends it to be prepared by displacement4 ,tincture of ,cantharides 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cantharidis ,,etherea4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,powdered cantharides1 #a oz42 acetic ether1 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,macerate for #aj days in a stoppered bottle1 express1 and filter4 ,tincture of ,capsicum4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,cayenne ,,pepper2 ,,tinctura ,,capsici 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,capsicum1 bruised1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #bg2 macerate #dh hours with three fourths of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 and let it drain1 then pour on the remaining spirit2 as soon as it ceases to drop1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #bg4----;,dose1 #aj to #bj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,capsicum1 bruised1 #aj dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest #ad days 7or percolate1----,ph4 ,e474----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops2 in atonic dyspepsia1 scarlet fever1 ulcerated sore throat1 c4 ,it is also made into a gargle4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,cayenne pods1 bruised1 #a-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 macerate for #ad days4 ,this is of fully twice the strength of the preceding4 ,tincture of ,capsicum 7,concentrated74 ,see ,,essences4 ,tincture of ,capsicum with ,veratria4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,capsici ,,cum ,,veratria4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #d gr4 of veratria in #a oz4 of concentrated tincture of capsicum4 ,tincture of ,cardamoms4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cardamomi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,tinct4 ,,amomi ,,repentis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,cardamom seeds1 #c-a_/b oz4 7#d-a_/b oz4----,ph4 ,e472 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest for #ad days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 ,obs4 ,the shells should be sifted from the seeds before maceration1 and the latter are preferably ground in a pepper-mill instead of being bruised in a mortar4 ,aromatic and carminative4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr41 as an adjunct to purgative mixtures4 ,tincture of ,cardamoms 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,stomachic ,,tincture2 ,,tinctura ,,cardamomi ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d71 ,,tinctura ,,stomachica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cardamom seeds1 freed from their pericarps1 bruised1 #a2 caraway1 bruised1 #a2 raisins1 freed from their seeds1 #h2 bruised cinnamon1 #b2 cochineal1 in powder1 #a_/b2 proof spirit1 #hj2 macerate #dh hours with #c_/d of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 and let it drain1 pour upon it the remainder of the spirit1 and1 when it ceases to drop1 press1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #hj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,p4 ,l47 ,cardamoms 7without the shells71 caraways1 and cochineal1 of each1 bruised1 #b-a_/b dr42 cinnamon1 bruised1 #e dr42 raisins1 stoned1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate #g days1 then strain1 with expression4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e41 and ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,as the last1 but using only #a dr4 of cochineal1 and macerating #ad days2 or1 8it maybe prepared by the method of displacement40 7,ph4 ,e47 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,from cardamoms and caraway seeds1 of each #d oz42 cochineal 7s4 g471 #f oz42 cassia1 #h oz42 sultana raisins1 #e lbs42 proof spirit1 #d galls4 7or rectified spirit and water1 of each1 #b galls472 macerate1 c41 as before4 ,obs4 ,the ,dublin ,college omitted the cochineal and raisins in their ,ph4 of #ahbf1 but have restored them in their new one4 ,the order of the ,london ,college to stone the raisins is seldom adopted in practice2 by which the tincture is rendered unfit to be employed in dispensing prescriptions containing quinine or other alkaloids4 ,when pharmaceutists are too lazy to follow the instructions in their ,pharmacopia1 they had better use sultana raisins1 which have no stones4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 as a cordial and stomachic1 but chiefly as an adjunct1 for its colour and flavour4 ,tincture of ,cascarilla4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cascarill 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cascarilla1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally2 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 and pour on the remainder of the spirit1 and1 when it ceases to drop1 wash the marc1 press1 filter1 and make up #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cascarilla1 bruised1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 ,an excellent tonic and stomachic2 chiefly employed as an adjunct to mixtures1 c4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,cassia4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,cassi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,cassia1 #c-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 or percolate4 ,stomachic and carminative4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,castor4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,castorei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,tinct4 ,,castorei ,,rossici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,castor1 in coarse powder1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #bj2 macerate seven days1 strain1 and wash the marc with spirit sufficient to make up to #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,castor1 bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 ,obs4 ,the ,dublin ,college ordered ,russian castor in their ,ph4 of #ahbf2 but the scarcity and high price of that variety1 we fear1 too often precludes its use4 ,the tincture of the shops is usually made with only #h oz4 of castor to the gall4 of proof spirit4 ,nervine and antispasmodic4----,dose1 #bj drops to #b fl4 dr42 in hysteria1 epilepsy1 c4 ,tincture of ,castor 7,ammoniated74 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,f,,tidum1 ,,tinctura ,,castorei ,,composita1 ,t4 ,c4 ,,ammoniata 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,castor1 bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 assaftida1 in small fragments1 #aj dr42 spirit of ammonia1 #a quart2 digest #g days in a well-closed vessel4 ,stimulant and antispasmodic4----,dose and uses1 as the last4 ,with the addition of #a_/b oz4 of opium1 it forms the ,elixir ,uterinum1 or ,elixir ,castorei ,thebaicum of foreign ,pharmacopias4 ,tincture of ,castor 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,castorei ,,therea4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,castor1 in powder1 #a oz42 alcoholised ether 7see ,,ethereal ,,tinct4 ,,of ,,assaf,,tida71 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,tincture of ,castor ,oil ,seeds4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ricini4 ,castor oil seeds bruised are digested with five times their weight of rectified spirit4 ,this tincture is stated to be #d times the strength of the oil4 ,tincture of ,catechu4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,tincture ,,of ,,catechu2 ,,tinctura ,,catechu ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,t4 ,,catechu 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pale catechu1 in coarse powder1 #b-a_/b2 cinnamon1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #bj3 macerate for seven days with agitation1 strain1 press1 and filter1 and add spirit to make up #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,catechu1 in powder1 #c-a_/b oz4 7#d oz4----,ph4 ,d472 cinnamon1 bruised1 #b-a_/b oz4 7#b oz4----,ph4 ,d472 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from catechu1 #b lbs42 oil of cassia1 #c fl4 dr42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #a gall42 macerate for #aj days4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr41 as a warm astringent2 in diarrha1 c41 either alone1 or combined with chalk4 ,tincture of ,cevadilla4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,sabadill4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4 ,digest the seeds of cevadilla 7freed from their capsules71 and bruised1 for ten days in as much rectified spirit as will cover them2 express and filter4 ,for external use only in rheumatism4 ,tincture of ,chamomile4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,anthemidis4 7,aust4 ,ph47 ,dried chamomile flowers1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,tincture of ,chiretta4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,chirayt 7,b4 ,p471 ,,tinctura ,,chirayta1 ,t4 ,,chirett 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,chiretta1 cut small and bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 and let it drain1 then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press1 and wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #ae to #fj minims2 ,b4 ,ph4 dose #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,chiretta or chirayta 7bruised71 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days4 ,tonic and stomachic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,chloroform 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,chloroformi ,,composita4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,mix #b fl4 oz4 of chloroform with #h fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit and #aj fl4 oz4 of compound tincture of cardamoms4----,dose1 #bj to #dj minims4 ,tincture of ,cinchona4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,bark2 ,,tinctura ,,cinchon 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,t4 ,,corticis ,,peruviani1 ,t4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,simplex1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,yellow cinchona bark1 in coarse powder1 #d2 proof spirit1 #bj2 macerate #dh hours with #ae of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator and let it drain1 then pour on the remaining spirit1 and when it ceases to drop1 press1 and wash the marc with spirit to make #cj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yellow cinchona bark 7bruised71 #h oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 ,obs4 ,the ,dublin ,college orders pale bark1 and the ,edinburgh either species1 according to prescription4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr42 as a tonic1 stomachic1 and febrifuge4 ,tincture of ,cinchona 7,ammoniated74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cinchon ,,ammoniat4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,prep4 ,peruvian bark1 #d oz42 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #cb fl4 oz4 ,macerate for #aj days4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,tincture of ,cinchona 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,tincture ,,of ,,bark1 ,,huxham',s ,t4 ,,of ,b41 ,,fever ,,tincture2 ,,tinctura ,,cinchon ,,composit 7,b4 ,p471 ,,tinctura ,,cinchon ,,composit 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,tinct4 ,,corticis ,,peruviani ,,composita1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pale cinchona bark1 in coarse powders2 bitter orange peel1 cut small and bruised1 #b2 serpentary1 bruised1 #a2 saffron1 #a_/d2 cochineal1 #a_/h2 proof spirit1 #dj3 macerate #dh hours with #cj of spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator and let it drain1 then pour on the remainder of the spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press1 and wash the marc with spirit to make up #dj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,pale bark1 bruised1 #d oz42 dried bitter orange-peel1 #c oz4 7#b oz4----,ph4 ,d472 serpentary root1 bruised1 #f dr42 hay saffron1 #b dr42 cochineal1 in powder1 #a dr42 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or percolate----,ph4 ,e472 press1 and filter4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from pale bark1 #c-a_/b lbs42 dried orange peel1 #b lbs42 serpentary root1 #d oz42 hay saffron1 #a oz42 cochineal1 #a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #d galls4 7or rectified spirit and water1 of each #b galls472 macerate for #ad days4 ,obs4 in the ,ph4 ,e4 yellow bark is ordered4----,dose and use1 as the last4 ,tincture of ,cinchona 7,pale74 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,pale ,,bark2 ,,tinctura ,,cinchon ,,pallid 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from pale bark1 as the last4 ,tincture of ,cinnamon4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cinnamomi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cinnamon1 in coarse powder1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator and let it drain1 then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press1 and wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cinnamon1 bruised1 #c-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 ,in the shops cassia is usually substituted for cinnamon1 and spirit #bf u4 p4 for proof spirit4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr42 as a cordial1 aromatic1 and stomachic4 ,tincture of ,cinnamon 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,tincture2 ,,tinctura ,,cinnamomi ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,t4 ,,aromatica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cinnamon1 bruised1 #a oz42 cardamoms 7bruised1 without the shells71 #a_/b oz42 long pepper and ginger1 of each #b-a_/b dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest for #g days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 ,the ,ph4 ,e4 omits the ginger1 and uses #a_/b oz4 more cardamoms4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,cinnamon1 #b oz42 cardamoms1 #a oz42 ginger1 #a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days4 ,the following form is current in the wholesale houses4 #c4 ,cassia1 #a lb42 cardamoms1 #f oz42 long pepper and ginger1 of each #a_/d lb42 oil of cassia1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #d galls1 7or rectified spirit and water1 of each #b galls474 ,cordial1 aromatic1 stomachic4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 in atonic gout1 debility1 flatulence1 c4 ,tincture of ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,caryophylli4 7,guibourt47 ,prep4 ,cloves1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #af oz4 ,macerate #aj days4 ,tincture of ,cochineal4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cocci ,,cacti 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cochineal1 in powder1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h3 macerate #g days2 strain1 and wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #cj to #ij minims twice a day4 ,used chiefly for colouring medicines4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,cochineal1 in fine powder1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,antispasmodic and sedative2 but chiefly employed for its colour4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,cochineal 7,ammoniated74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cocci ,,ammoniata4 7,dr ,eberle47 ,prep4 ,cochineal1 #a_/b oz42 water of ammonia1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #h fl4 oz4----,dose1 #e drops in hooping-cough4 ,tincture of ,colchicum4 ,syn4 ,,gout ,,tincture1 ,,tincture ,,of ,,meadow ,,saffron2 ,,tinctura ,,colchici ,,seminum 7,b4 ,p472 ,,tinctura ,,colchici 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e471 ,t4 ,,seminum ,,colchici 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,colchicum seed1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h3 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 and let it drain1 then pour on the remainder of the spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #ae to #cj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,seeds of meadow saffron 7,colchicum autumnale71 bruised 7finely ground in a coffee-mill----,ph4 ,e471 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or percolate----,ph4 ,e472 then press1 and filter4----,dose1 #ae to #bj drops to #a fl4 dr42 in gout1 c4 ,tincture of ,colchicum ,bulbs4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,colchici ,e ,,radice4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,macerate #a part of the bulbs in #e parts 7by weight7 of proof spirit1 for #aj days4 ,tincture of ,colchicum 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,colchici ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,spiritus ,,colchici ,,ammoniatus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,colchicum seeds1 bruised1 #e oz42 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #a quart2 digest for #g days1 then press1 and filter4----,dose1 #bj drops to #a fl4 dr42 in gout1 c4 ,tincture of ,colchicum ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,florum ,,colchici2 ,,eau ,,medicinale ,d',,husson4 7,dr ,wilson47 ,prep4 ,take of the fresh juice of colchicum flowers1 #b parts2 ,french brandy 7or proof spirit71 #a part2 mix1 and in a few days decant1 or filter1 and preserve it in small bottles in a cool place4 ,tincture of ,colocynth4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,colocynthidis4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,colocynth1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #aj parts4 ,dose1 #f to #bj drops4 ,tincture of ,contrayerva4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,contrayerv4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,contrayerva root1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,tincture of ,copaiba 7,alkaline74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,copaib ,,alkaline1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,lewis ,thompson47 ,dissolve carbonate of potassa1 #b oz41 in water1 #a pint1 and add to this balsam of copaiba1 in a thin stream1 constantly stirring1 until the mixture1 at first white and milky1 becomes clear1 like jelly or amber1 which will generally take place when about a pint of balsam has been added2 set the mixture aside for two or three hours1 then pour in of rectified spirit1 #a quart1 and mix the whole together4 ,sweet spirit of nitre may be substituted for spirit of wine1 provided it does not contain free acid4----,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,tincture of ,croton4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,crotonis4 ,prep4 ,croton seed1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #e parts4 7,beasley47 ,tincture of ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,cubebs2 ,,tinctura ,,cubeb 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,tinctura ,,piperis ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cubebs1 in powder1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator and let it drain2 pour on the remaining spirit1 and when it ceases to drop1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cubebs 7bruised or ground in a pepper-mill71 #a lb42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 press out the liquor1 and filter4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr41 three or four times a day2 in gonorrha1 c4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d41 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,cubebs1 #e oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart 7proof spirit----,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf72 macerate for #ad days4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,cusparia4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cuspari 7,ph4 ,e471 ,t4 ,,angostur1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,angostura bark or cusparia1 #d-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest or percolate4 ,tonic1 stimulant1 and stomachic4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,deadly ,nightshade4 ,tincture of belladonna4 ,tincture1 ,de ,coetlogon's4 ,haffenden's tincture4 ,tincture of ,digitalis4 ,tincture of fox-glove4 ,tincture of ,elaterium4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,elaterii4 ,prep4 ,extract of elaterium1 #h gr42 rectified spirit1 #h fl4 oz4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 ,tincture of ,elecampane4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,inul1 ,t4 ,,helenii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,powdered elecampane1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 macerate for #ae days4 ,tonic1 deobstruent1 and expectorant4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 in dyspepsia1 palsy1 dropsies1 uterine obstructions1 c4 ,tincture of ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,secalii ,,cornuti1 ,,tinctura ,,ergot 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ergot1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #d2 macerate #dh hours with #c of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 wash the marc with the spirit to make up #d4----;,dose1 #ae to #fj minims4 #b4 7,apothecaries' ,hall47 ,ergot 7ground in a coffee-mill71 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 digest for #g days4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful2 to excite the action of the uterus in labour4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,ergot1 #h oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days1 and strain1 with expression4----,dose1 #bj drops to #a fl4 dr42 as the last4 ,tincture of ,ergot 7,ammoniated74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ergot ,,ammoniata4 7,gore47 ,prep4 ,bruised ergot1 #d oz42 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #aj oz42 macerate for a month1 express1 and filter4----,dose1 #cj drops every #aj minutes till it excites uterine contractions4 ,tincture of ,ergot 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ergot ,,therea 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ergot1 bruised1 #ae oz42 ether1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 press1 and filter4----,dose1 #aj drops to #a fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,eucalyptus4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4 7,dorvault47 ,prep4 ,eucalyptus 7globulus7 leaves1 cut1 #a part2 alcohol 7#hj per cent471 #e parts4 ,digest #e days1 and filter4----,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,tincture of ,euphorbium4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,euphorbii4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,euphorbium1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,digest #h days4 ,tincture1 ,febrifuge4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,febrifuga4 7,dr ,clutton47 ,prep4 ,febrifuge spirit1 #a_/b pint2 angelica root1 #a-a_/b dr42 serpentary1 #a-a_/b dr42 cardamom seeds1 #a-a_/b dr4 ,digest and filter4 ,tincture of ,flea-bane4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,erigeronis4 ,prep4 ,dried ,canada flea-bane 7,erigeron ,canadense71 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #af oz4 ,macerate1 express1 and filter4 ,tincture of ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,digitalis 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried foxglove leaves1 #d oz4 7#e oz4----,ph4 ,d472 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or percolate----,ph4 ,e472 then press1 and strain4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,digitalis leaves in coarse powder1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a part4 ,proceed as for tincture of aconite4 7,b4 ,p47 ,obs4 ,this tincture is a powerful sedative1 diuretic1 and narcotic4 ,the commencing dose should be #aj drops1 gradually and cautiously increased to #cj1 or even #dj2 in asthmas1 dropsies1 fevers1 phthisis1 c4 8,if #dj fl4 oz4 of spirit be allowed to pass 7percolate7 through the sp4 gr4 will be #idd2 and the solid contents of #a fl4 oz4 will amount to #bd gr40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tincture of ,galanga4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,galang4 7,ph4 ,amst47 ,prep4 ,galangal root1 #a oz42 proof spirit1 #f oz4----,dose1 #cj to #fj drops4 ,tincture of ,galbanum4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,galbani1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,galbanum1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #cb fl4 oz42 digest #g days4 ,stimulant and antispasmodic4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr4 8,if less nauseous than tincture of assaftida1 it is also less powerful40 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,tincture of ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,gall 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,tinctura ,,gallarum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a 7,b4 ,p47 ,galls1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate for #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 and then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,galls1 in powder1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or percolate----,ph4 ,e472 then express the liquid1 and filter it4 ,astringent and styptic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,it is chiefly used as a test for iron4 ,tincture of ,garden ,marigold4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,calendul4 ,prep4 ,a saturated tincture of the leaves and flowers of the garden marigold is prepared with whisky1 and is reputed to be of service as an application for lacerated wounds4 ,tincture of ,garden ,nightshade 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,solani ,,therea4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,powdered leaves of garden nightshade1 #d oz42 sulphuric ether1 #af oz4 7by weight74 ,make by percolation4 ,tincture of ,gentian 7,ammoniated74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,gentian ,,ammoniat1 ,l42 ,,elixir ,,antiscrofuleux1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,gentian1 #a oz42 sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #a_/d oz42 proof spirit1 #cb fl4 oz4 ,as the last2 but preferred in acidity and low spirits4 ,tincture of ,gentian 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,bitter ,,stomachic ,,tincture2 ,,tinctura ,,gentian ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,tinctura ,,amara1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,gentian1 bruised1 #a-a_/b2 bitter orange peel1 bruised1 #c_/d2 cardamom seeds1 bruised1 #a_/d2 proof spirit1 #bj2 macerate for #dh hours with #ae of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 and then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #bj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gentian root1 sliced and bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 dried orange peel1 #aj dr42 cardamoms1 bruised1 #e dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 ,the ,edinburgh ,college substitutes canella for cardamoms1 and adds of cochineal1 #a_/b dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,gentian root1 #c oz42 dried bitter orange peel1 #a-a_/b oz42 cardamoms1 #a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,gentian1 #b-a_/b lbs42 dried orange peel1 #a-a_/d lb42 bruised cardamoms1 #b-a_/b lbs42 proof spirit1 #d galls4 7or rectified spirit and water1 of each #b galls472 digest as last4 ,obs4 ,this is an excellent and popular stomachic bitter and tonic----,dose1 #a to #b fl dr42 in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 c4 ,tincture of ,geranium4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,geranii4 ,prep4 ,dried roots of ,geranium maculatum1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #b pints4 ,astringent4 ,used chiefly in gargles4 ,tincture of ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,zingiberis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ginger1 bruised1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #h2 macerate the ginger #dh hours in #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally2 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 pour on the remaining spirit1 and when it ceases to drop press1 filter1 and add spirit to make #h4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,ginger1 bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e474 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,coarsely powdered unbleached ,jamaica ginger1 #a-a_/d lb42 rectified spirit 7or spirit distilled from the essence71 #a-a_/b gall42 water1 #a_/b gall42 digest as above4 ,stimulant and carminative4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,obs4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf resembles the above2 that of the last ,ph4 ,d4 orders #h oz4 of ginger to #a quart of rectified spirit4 ,the product is1 consequently1 of fully #c times the strength of that of the others1 and is similar to the common ,,essence ,,of ,,ginger of the shops4 ,tincture of ,ginger 7,stronger74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,zingiberis ,,fortior4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pack tightly in a percolator1 ginger in fine powder1 #aj oz41 and pour over it carefully #a_/b pint of rectified spirit4 ,after two hours more add more spirit1 and let it percolate slowly until #a pint of tincture has been collected4----,dose1 #e to #bj minims4 ,tincture of ,gold-,thread4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,coptis4 7,dr ,wood47 ,prep4 ,gold-thread1 #a oz42 proof spirit1 #af oz4----,dose1 #a dr4 ,tonic4 ,tincture1 ,gout4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,antarthritica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr4 ,graves's47 ,take of dried orange peel and powder of aloes and canella1 of each #b oz42 rhubarb1 #a oz42 ,french brandy 7or proof spirit71 #a quart2 digest a week1 and strain1 with expression4----,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls night and morning4 #b4 7,dr ,wilson's47 ,tincture of colchicum flowers4 #c4 ,tincture of colchicum4 ,tincture of ,green ,hellebore ,root4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,veratri ,,viridis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,green hellebore root1 in coarse powder1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,prepared as tincture of aconite4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tincture of ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,guaiaci 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,guaiacum resin 7powdered71 #g oz4 7#h oz4----,ph4 ,d472 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 digest for #ad days1 and filter4 ,an excellent sudorific2 in chronic gout and rheumatism4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr41 taken in milk4 ,tincture of ,guaiacum 7,alkaline74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,guaiaci ,,alkalini4 7,dr ,dewees47 ,prep4 ,guaiacum1 #e oz42 carbonate of potash or of soda1 #c dr42 pimento1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #b pints4----,dose4 ,a teaspoonful #c times a day in dysmenorrha4 ,tincture of ,guaiacum 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,ammoniated ,,tincture ,,of ,,guaiacum1 ,,volatile ,t4 ,,of ,g41 ,,rheumatic ,,drops2 ,,tinctura ,,guaiaci ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,t4 ,g4 ,,ammoniata 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,guaiac resin1 in fine powder1 #d2 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #bj2 macerate #g days1 filter1 and wash the filter with the spirit to make up #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr41 with #a dr4 of mucilage or yolk of egg1 to form an emulsion4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,guaiacum1 in coarse powder1 #g oz42 aromatic spirit of ammonia 7spirit of ammonia----,ph4 ,e471 #a quart2 digest for #g days1 and decant or filter4 ,a powerful1 stimulating sudorific and emmenagogue2 in chronic rheumatism1 gout1 amenorrha1 c4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 in milk1 or some viscid liquid4 ,tincture of ,guaiacum ,wood4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,guaiaci ,,ligni4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,one part of the rasped wood to #e parts by weight of proof spirit4 ,digest #aj days and strain4 ,tincture of ,guarana4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,paullini4 7,dorvault47 ,prep4 ,alcoholic extract of guarana1 #a oz42 proof spirit1 #af oz4 ,dissolve4 ,tincture1 ,haffenden's ,balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,de ,,coetlogon',s ,,balsamii ,,tincture4 ,this is a nostrum1 of many virtues1 prepared from tincture of serpentary 7of double strength71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 compound of tincture of benzoin1 #a fl4 oz42 tinctures of ,tolu and opium1 of each #a_/b fl4 oz42 with rectified spirits1 q4 s4 to render the mixture #8bright1' should it turn milky4 7#8,anat4 of ,quackery4'7 ,tincture1 ,hatfield's4 ,prep4 ,from gum guaiacum and soap1 of each #b dr42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest for a week4 ,used as ,,tincture ,,of ,,guaiacum2 also externally4 ,tincture of ,hedge-,hyssop4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,gratiol4 7,reece47 ,prep4 ,dried hedge-hyssop1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #cb oz4 ,tincture of ,hellebore4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,black ,,hellebore2 ,,tinctura ,,hellebori 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,,tinctura ,,hellebori ,,nigri4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,black hellebore root1 bruised1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate #g days1 then strain1 with expression4 ,obs4 ,this tincture is a powerful emmenagogue1 and was a favourite remedy with ,dr ,mead in uterine obstructions and certain cutaneous affections4----,dose1 #bj drops to #a fl4 dr4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,veratrum4 ,tincture of ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cicut1 ,t4 ,,conii 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,t4 ,,conii ,,maculati1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a1 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried hemlock leaves1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest a week1 press1 and filter4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 cardamom seeds1 #a oz41 was added4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,fresh hemlock leaves1 #ab oz42 express the juice1 bruise the residuum1 and treat it1 by percolation1 first with tincture of cardamoms1 #aj fl4 oz41 and next with rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix the liquids1 and filter4 ,deobstruent and narcotic4----,dose of the ,ph4 ,l41 #bj to #fj drops2 that of the ,ph4 ,e4 tincture is less1 it being a much stronger and certain preparation4 ,see ,,hemlock4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hemlock fruit1 bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,proceed as for tincture of aconite 7,b4 ,p474 ,tincture of ,hemp4 ,tincture of ,indian ,hemp4 ,tincture of ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,hyoscyami 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hyoscyamus leaves1 dried and bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 pack in a percolator1 and when it has drained pour on the remaining spirit1 and when it ceases to drop1 press1 and wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #ae to #fj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried leaves of henbane1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or percolate----,ph4 ,e471 then press1 and filter4 ,anodyne1 sedative1 soporific1 and narcotic4----,dose1 #bj drops to #b fl4 dr4 ,obs4 ,this1 as well as the ,,tinctures ,,of ,,foxglove1 ,,hemlock1 ,,hops1 ,,jalap1 ,,lobelia ,,inflata1 ,,rhatany1 ,,savine1 ,,squills1 ,,senna1 ,,valerian ,,wormwood1 c41 is usually prepared by the druggists with #a lb4 of the dried leaves 7or dried drugs7 to each gall4 of a mixture of equal parts of rectified spirit and water4 ,tincture of ,hops4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,lupuli 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,tinctura ,,humuli1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hop1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours in #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 add the remaining spirit1 and when fluid ceases to drop1 wash the marc1 filter1 and make up #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,hops1 #f oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest #g days1 then press1 and filter4 ,anodyne1 sedative1 and soporific4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,for the formula of the ,ph4 ,e4 and ,d41 see ,,tincture ,,of ,,lupulin4 ,tincture of ,hops 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,lupuli ,,composita1 ,,liqueur ,,des ,,teigneux4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,hops1 #a oz42 smaller centaury1 #a oz42 orange peel1 #b dr42 carbonate of potash1 #ab gr42 proof spirit1 #ah oz4 7by weight74 ,tincture of ,horse-,chestnut4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,hippocastanei4 ,prep4 ,horse-chestnut bark1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #b pints4 ,macerate for #aj days1 and filter4 ,tincture1 ,hudson's4 ,tooth tincture4 ,tincture1 ,huxham's4 ,compound tincture of cinchona4 ,tincture of ,indian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cannabis ,,indic 7,b4 ,p471 ,,tinctura ,,cannabis1 ,t4 ,c4 ,,indic 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extract of ,indian hemp1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #bj2 dissolve4----,dose1 #e to #bj minims with #a dr4 of mucilage1 adding #a oz4 of water4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,purified extract of ,indian hemp1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 dissolve4 #ba drops 7minims7 contain #a gr4 of the extract4 ,obs4 ,the formula of ,o',shaughnessy and the ,bengal ,ph4 are similar4----,dose1 #aj drops every #a_/b hour in cholera2 #a fl4 dr4 every #a_/b hour in tetanus till the paroxysms cease1 or catalepsy is induced4 ,tincture of ,indian ,tobacco4 ,tincture of lobelia4 ,tincture of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,iodinei 7,ph4 ,e47 ,,tinctura ,,iodinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,iodine1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 dissolve1 and preserve it in well-closed bottles4----,dose1 #e to #cj drops1 twice or thrice daily1 where the use of iodine is indicated4 ,externally1 as a paint1 c4 ,obs4 ,the formul of ,magendie1 the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 and the ,paris ,codex1 are similar4 ,tincture of ,iodine 7,colourless74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,iodi ,,decolorata4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,iodine1 #aj oz42 hyposulphite of soda1 #aj oz42 distilled water1 #aj oz4 ,digest with gentle heat1 occasionally shaking2 and1 when the solution is completed1 add liquor ammoni 7#ifj71 #af oz4 7by weight71 shake together1 and add rectified spirit1 #ge oz4 7by weight74 ,tincture of ,iodine 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,antiscrofulous ,,drops2 ,,tinctura ,,iodi 7,b4 ,p471 ,,tinctura ,,iodinii ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodine1 #a_/b2 iodide of potassium1 #a_/d2 rectified spirit1 #bj2 dissolve4----,dose1 #e to #bj minims4 ,also an excellent application to the throat in diphtheria4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d47 ,iodine1 #a oz42 iodide of potassium1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 dissolve4----,dose1 c41 as the last4 ,tincture of ,iodine 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,iodinii ,,therea4 ,prep4 ,iodine1 #b scruples1 sulphuric ether1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,tincture1 ,iodoform 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,iodoformi ,,therea4 7,odin ,lemaire47 ,prep4 ,crystallised iodoform1 #ae gr42 ether at #fj ,baum1 #a dr4 7by weight74 ,tincture of ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ipecacuanha1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,ipecacuanha 7coarsely powdered71 #a oz42 spirit1 sp4 gr4 #hig to #ijj 7#af to #ag o4 p471 #h oz42 macerate for #h days4 ,the tincture of the ,p4 ,cod4 has twice its strength4----,dose1 #aj or #ab drops to #b fl4 dr41 according to the intention4 ,tincture of ,jaborandi4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,jaborandi4 7#8,ph4 ,journ4'7 ,prep4 ,powdered jaborandi leaves1 #aj oz42 rectified spirit1 q4 s4 ,percolate until a pint of tincture is obtained4----,dose1 #aj minims to #a or #b dr4 ,mr ,shuttleworth1 the ,editor of the #8,canadian ,pharmaceutical ,journal1' thus utilises the residue left after making tincture of myrrh4 ,he says 8that1 from fifty-two pounds of the residue of percolation1 dissolved in boiling water1 strained and allowed to deposit1 he obtained twelve gallons of mucilage1 forming an excellent substitute for paste1 and possessing unlimited keeping qualities4 ,although scarcely so adhesive as gum ,arabic1 this latter property may be obtained by the addition of a little molasses40 ,tincture of ,jalap4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,jalap 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,jalap1 in coarse powder1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate for #dh hours in six of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 and when the fluid ceases to pass1 pour on the remaining spirit1 press1 filter1 and add spirit to make #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,jalap1 coarsely powdered1 #e oz4 7#aj oz4----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 #g oz4----,ph4 ,e472 proof spirit1 #a quart 7#a-a_/b pint----,ph4 ,d472 macerate for #g days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e471 then press1 and filter4 ,cathartic4----,dose1 #a to #d fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,jalap 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,jalap ,,composita4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,jalap root1 #f dr42 black hellebore root1 #c dr42 juniper berries1 #a_/b oz42 guaiacum shavings1 #a_/b oz42 ,french brandy1 #bd oz42 digest for #c days1 and strain4 ,the ,eau de ,vie ,allemande of the ,paris ,codex is3 ,jalap1 #h oz42 turpeth root1 #a oz42 scammony1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #if oz4 7by weight74----,dose1 #d dr4 ,tincture of ,kino4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,kino 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,kino1 in powder1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #aj2 macerate #g days1 filter1 and make up #aj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered kino1 #c-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7or percolate----,ph4 ,e471 and filter4 ,astringent4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr41 combined with chalk mixture2 in diarrha1 c4 ,a writer in the #8,american ,journal of ,pharmacy' says the following formula will yield a tincture which has no tendency to gelatinise like the simple tincture of the ,b4 ,p43 ,kino1 in fine powder1 #a-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #h fl4 oz42 water1 #d oz42 glycerin1 #d fl4 oz4 ,mix the alcohol1 water1 and glycerin together1 and having mixed the kino with an equal bulk of clean sand1 introduce in a percolator1 and pour on the menstruum4 ,mr ,haselden says1 that for some years past he has preserved tincture of kino from gelatinising by keeping it in bottles holding #b oz4 only4 ,tincture of ,lactucarium4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,lactucarii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,powdered lactucarium1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest or percolate4 ,anodyne1 soporific1 antispasmodic1 and sedative4----,dose1 #bj to #fj drops2 in cases for which opium is unsuited1 #aj drops 7minims7 contain #a gr4 of lactucarium4 ,tincture of ,larch4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,laricis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,larch bark1 in coarse powder1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,macerate the bark for #dh hours in #ae oz4 of the spirit in a closed vessel1 agitating occasionally2 then transfer to a percolator1 and when the fluid ceases to pass1 continue the percolation with the remaining #e oz4 of spirit4 ,afterwards subject the contents of the percolator to pressure1 filter the product1 mix the liquid1 and add rectified spirit1 q4 s4 to make #a pint4----,dose1 #bj to #cj minims4 ,tincture of ,lavender 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,red ,,lavender1 ,,red ,,lavender ,,drops1 ,,red ,,hartshorn2 ,,tinctura ,,lavendul ,,composita 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,spiritus ,,lavandul ,,compositus 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,english oil of lavender1 #ij minims2 ,english oil of rosemary1 #aj minims2 cinnamon1 bruised1 #aej gr42 nutmeg1 bruised1 #aej gr42 red sandal wood1 #cjj gr42 rectified spirit1 #dj oz42 macerate the cinnamon1 nutmeg1 and red sandal wood in the spirit for #g days1 then press out and strain2 dissolve the oils in the strained tincture1 and add sufficient rectified spirit to make #dj oz4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cinnamon and nutmegs1 of each1 bruised1 #b-a_/b dr42 red sanders wood1 sliced1 #e dr42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 then strain1 with expression1 and dissolve in the strained liquid1 oil of lavender1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr41 oil of rosemary1 #aj drops4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,spirit of lavender1 #a-a_/b pint2 spirit of rosemary1 #a_/b pint2 red sanders wood 7rasped71 #e dr42 cinnamon and nutmegs 7bruised71 of each #b-a_/b dr42 macerate for #ad days4 #d4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,spirit of lavender1 #a quart2 spirit of rosemary1 #ab fl4 oz42 cinnamon1 #a oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/b oz42 red sanders1 #c dr42 cloves1 #b dr42 as ,no4 #a4 #e4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of lavender4 #c fl4 dr42 oil of rosemary1 #a fl4 dr42 cinnamon1 #a oz42 nutmegs1 #a_/b oz42 cloves and cochineal1 of each #a_/d oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days4 #f4 7,wholesale47 ,from oil of cassia1 #c_/d fl4 oz42 oil of nutmeg1 #a fl4 oz42 oils of lavender and rosemary1 of each #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 red sanders 7rasped71 #c lbs42 proof spirit1 #f galls41 7or rectified spirit and water1 of each #c galls472 digest #ad days4 ,should it be cloudy1 add a little more proof spirit4 ,obs4 ,compound tincture of lavender is a popular stimulant1 cordial1 and stomachic4----,dose1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls 7#a_/b to #b fl4 dr472 in lowness of spirits1 faintness1 flatulence1 hysteria1 c4 ,tincture of ,lemons4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,limonum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,tinctura ,,limonis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fresh lemon peel1 sliced thin1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate for #g days in a closed vessel with occasional agitation1 strain1 press1 filter1 and make up with spirit to #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 ,fresh lemon peel1 #c-a_/b oz4 7cut thin1 #e oz4----,ph4 ,d472 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d471 then express the liquid1 and filter it4 ,an aromatic bitter and stomachic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,lobelia4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,indian ,,tobacco2 ,,tinctura ,,lobeli ,,inflat1 ,,tinctura ,,lobeli 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,lobelia1 dried and bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 and let it drain1 pour on the remaining spirit1 and when it ceases to drop1 press and wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims1 but #a dr4 may be given for dyspna2 #d dr4 as an emetic4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried and powdered lobelia inflata1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or percolate----,ph4 ,e471 press1 and filter4----,dose4 ,as an expectorant1 #aj to #fj drops2 as an emetic and antispasmodic1 #a to #b fl4 dr41 repeated every third hour until it causes vomiting4 ,it is principally employed in spasmodic asthma1 and some other pulmonary affections4 ,tincture of ,lobelia 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,lobeli ,,therea 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lobelia1 dried and bruised1 #a2 spirit of ether1 #h2 macerate #g days1 press1 and strain #h4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims as an antispasmodic4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,indian tobacco1 powdered1 #e oz42 ether1 #ad fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #bf fl4 oz42 macerate #g days1 press1 and filter4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dry lobelia1 #e oz42 spirit of sulphuric ether1 #a quart2 by digestion for #g days1 or by percolation4----,dose1 #f or #h drops to #a fl4 dr4 #d4 7,whitlaw's47 ,from lobelia1 #a lb42 rectified spirit and spirit of nitrous ether1 of each #d pints2 sulphuric ether1 #d oz4----,dose1 c41 as the last4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,lu,,pulin4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,hops2 ,,tinctura ,,lupuli 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,tinctur ,,lupulin 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,lupulin 7the yellowish-brown powder attached to the scales of hops1 separated by friction and sifting71 #e oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days 7or proceed by displacement----,ph4 ,e471 press1 and filter4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,hops4 ,tincture of ,malate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,malatis2 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,pomata4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,extract of malate of iron 7see ,,extract ,,of ,,apples71 #b oz42 spirituous cinnamon water1 #ah oz4 ,dissolve and filter4----,dose1 #ae to #cj minims4 ,tincture of ,mastic4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,mastiches4 ,prep4 ,mastic1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #i fl4 oz4 ,used in making ,eau de ,luce4 ,if required for stopping hollow teeth1 double the quantity of mastic must be used4 ,tincture of ,matico4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,matico 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,matico leaves1 in coarse powder1 #h oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days1 and strain1 with expression4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr41 as an internal astringent or hmostatic4 ,it is a very feeble remedy1 as matico leaves are destitute of either tannin or gallic acid1 and derive their power of stopping local bleeding from the peculiar mechanical construction of their surface4 ,tincture of ,meadow ,saffron4 ,tincture of colchicum4 ,tincture of ,monesia4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,monesi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from monesia1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 macerate a week4 ,astringent4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,musk4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,moschi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,musk1 #b dr42 rectified spirit1 #af fl4 oz42 digest #g days4 ,antispasmodic2 but principally used as a perfume1 being too weak for medical use4 ,tincture of ,musk 7,artificial74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,moschi ,,artificialis4 7,van ,mons47 ,prep4 ,artificial musk1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #b oz4 ,tincture of ,musk ,seed4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,abelmoschi ,,seminum4 7,dr ,reece47 ,prep4 ,musk seed1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #af oz4 ,digest seven days1 and strain4----,dose1 #a fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,golden ,,tooth-,,drops2 ,,tinctur 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,myrrh1 in coarse powder1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 and when it ceases to drop1 pour on the remaining spirit1 wash the marc1 press1 and make up to #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 ,more frequently used mixed with water to form a gargle4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,myrrh1 in powder1 #c oz4 7#c-a_/b oz41 ,ph4 ,e42 #d oz4----,ph4 ,d472 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days1----,ph4 ,d42 or by displacement----,ph4 ,e471 and filter4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,myrrh 7in coarse powder71 #b-a_/d lbs42 rectified spirit1 #b galls42 water1 #a gall42 as the last4 ,obs4 ,tincture of myrrh is tonic and stimulant4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr41 as an adjuvant in mixtures1 gargles1 c4 ,chiefly used diluted with water1 as a dentifrice or wash for ulcerated and spongy gums4 ,tincture of ,myrrh 7,alkaline74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,myrrh ,,alkaliz4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,powdered myrrh1 #a-a_/b oz42 solution of carbonate of potash1 a sufficient quantity2 mix into a soft paste1 dry it1 and add rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,digest for #f days1 and strain4 ,tincture of ,myrrh 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,myrrh ,,composita1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from myrrh and socotrine aloes1 of each #b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #c galls42 water1 #b galls42 digest for #ad days4 ,this is frequently substituted for #8,,compound ,,tincture ,,of ,,aloes' in the wholesale trade4 ,tincture of ,nux ,vomica4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nux vomica1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #aj2 soften the nux vomica by steam1 dry rapidly1 and reduce to fine powder4 ,macerate #dh hours in three fourths of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 pour on the remaining spirit1 and when it ceases to drop1 press1 filter1 and make up to #aj4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,nux vomica 7ground in a coffee-mill71 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #h fl4 oz42 macerate #g 7#ad7 days4----,dose1 #e to #bj drops2 in paralysis1 c4 ,it is poisonous4 ,tincture of ,nux ,vomica 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,nucis ,,vomic ,,therea4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,coarsely powdered nux vomica1 #a oz42 spirits of ether1 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,macerate for #h days4 ,tincture1 ,odontalgic4 ,syn4 ,,toothache ,,tincture2 ,,tinctura ,,odontalgica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of opium1 #a fl4 dr42 ether1 #b fl4 dr42 oil of cloves1 #ae drops4 #b4 ,rectified spirit1 #c fl4 dr42 chloroform1 #b dr42 creasote1 #a dr42 mix4 #c4 7,collier47 ,pellitory of ,spain1 #d dr42 camphor1 #c dr42 opium1 #a dr42 oil of cloves1 #b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #af fl4 oz42 digest for a week4 #d4 7,niemann47 ,digest #fj or #hj common lady-birds 7,coccinella septempunctata----,linn47 in rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz4 for #h days1 and strain4 ,obs4 ,the above are commonly applied1 on a small piece of lint1 in toothache4 ,for other formul see ,,drops1 ,,tinctures ,,of ,,myrrh and ,,pellitory1 c4 ,tincture of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,laudanum1 ,,liquid1 ,l41 ,,anodyne ,,tincture1 ,,thebaic ,t42 ,,tinctura ,,opii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,thebaica1 ,,laudanum ,,liquidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,opium1 in coarse powder1 #a-a_/b2 proof spirit1 #bj2 macerate #g days1 strain1 express1 filter1 and add spirit to make #bj4----;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered opium1 #c oz4 7#c oz4----,ph4 ,d472 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d471 and strain1 with expression4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,opium1 sliced1 #c oz42 boiling water1 #ac-a_/b fl4 oz42 digest1 with heat1 for #b hours1 break down the opium with the hand1 strain1 and express the infusion2 then macerate the residuum for about #bj hours in rectified spirit1 #a pint #g fl4 oz42 next strain1 press1 mix the watery and spirituous infusions1 and filter4 ,obs4 ,this preparation has a deep brownish-red colour1 and the characteristic odour and taste of opium4 #ad minims or measured drops of the ,london1 and about #ae minims of the ,edinburgh and ,dublin tinctures1 are equivalent to #a gr4 of dry opium1 or #aab gr4 of ordinary opium4 #ad minims of this tincture are equal to about #be drops of it poured from a bottle4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #ieb 7,phillips74----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops2 as an anodyne1 sedative1 or hypnotic4 ,the following form is substituted for that of the ,pharmacopia by many of the wholesale drug houses3----,take of ,turkey opium1 #b-a_/b lbs42 boiling water1 #i quarts2 digest till dissolved or disintegrated1 cool2 add of rectified spirit1 #b galls42 and1 after repose for #bd hours1 decant the clear portion4 ,prod4 #d galls4 ,tincture of ,opium 7,ammoniated74 ,syn4 ,,ammoniated ,,tincture ,,of ,,opium1 ,,scotch ,,paregoric2 ,,tinctura ,,opii ,,ammoniata 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,opium1 in powder1 #ajj gr42 saffron1 cut small1 #ahj gr42 benzoic acid1 #ahj gr42 oil of anise1 #fj minims2 strong solution of ammonia1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #af oz42 macerate #g days in a closed vessel1 with occasional agitation1 strain1 and add sufficient rectified spirit to make up #bj oz4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,benzoic acid and hay saffron1 of each #f dr42 opium1 sliced1 #d dr42 oil of aniseed1 #a dr42 spirit of ammonia 7,ph4 ,e471 #a quart2 digest for a week1 and filter4 ,stimulant antispasmodic1 and anodyne4----,dose1 #bj to #hj drops2 in hysteria1 hooping-cough1 c4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is called #8,,paregoric1' or #8,,paregoric ,,elixir1' in ,scotland1 but should be carefully distinguished from the compound tincture of camphor1 which passes under the same names in ,england2 as the former contains about #d times as much opium as the latter4 #hj minims1 or #ade poured drops1 contain about #a gr4 of opium4 ,tincture of ,opium 7,camphorated74 ,compound tincture of camphor4 ,tincture of ,opium 7,ecard's1 or ,bamberg's74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,opii ,,ecardi1 ,,ecard',s or ,,bamberg',s ,,thebaic ,,tincture4 ,prep4 ,opium1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a dr42 cinnamon water1 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #d oz4 ,digest in a warm room for #f days1 and strain4 ,tincture of ,opium 7,fetid74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,opii ,f,,tida4 7,ph4 ,fulda47 ,prep4 ,castor oil1 #d oz42 assaftida1 #b oz42 salt of hartshorn1 #a oz42 dry opium1 #d dr42 rectified spirit1 #cb oz4----,dose1 #ae minims to #a dr4 ,tincture of ,opium 7,odourless74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,opii ,,deodorata4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,opium dried1 and in moderately fine powder1 #b-a_/b troy oz42 ether1 rectified spirit1 of each #h oz4 7o4 m472 water1 a sufficient quantity4 ,macerate the opium with #a_/b pint of the water for #bd hours1 and express4 ,repeat this operation twice with the same quantity of water1 mix the express liquids and evaporate to #d oz4 7o4 m472 let cool1 and shake repeatedly in a bottle with the ether4 ,when it has separated by standing1 pour off the ethereal solution1 and evaporate the remaining liquid till all the ether has disappeared4 ,mix the residue with #bj oz4 7o4 m47 of water1 and filter4 ,when the liquid has ceased to pass1 add enough water to make the filtrate measure #a-a_/b pint 7o4 m474 ,lastly1 mix in the spirit4 ,tincture of ,orange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,aurantii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,t4 ,,corticis ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dried bitter orange peel1 cut small and bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #aj2 macerate for #g days in a closed vessel with occasional agitation1 then strain1 press1 and filter1 add sufficient proof spirit to make #aj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried orange peel1 #c-a_/b oz4 7#d oz4----,ph4 ,d472 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or by percolation----,ph4 ,e471 press1 and filter4 ,a grateful bitter stomachic4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr42 chiefly as an adjuvant in mixtures1 c4 ,tincture of ,orange ,peel 7,fresh74 ,syn4 ,,tintura ,,aurantii ,,recentis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,bitter orange1 rectified spirit1 of each a sufficient quantity4 ,carefully cut from the orange the coloured part of the rind in thin slices1 and macerate #f oz4 of this in #a pint of spirit for a week1 with frequent agitation2 then pour off the liquid1 press the dregs1 mix the liquid products1 and filter2 finally1 add sufficient spirit to make #a pint4----,dose1 #a dr4 to #b dr4 ,tincture of ,orange1 with ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,aurantiaca4 7,ph4 ,wurt47 ,prep4 ,iron filings1 #d oz12 ,seville oranges deprived of their seeds1 no4 #d4 ,beat them together1 leave them for #b days2 then add ,madeira wine1 #aj oz42 spirits of orange peel1 #b oz4 ,digest1 express1 and filter4 ,tincture of ,orris ,root4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,iridis4 ,prep4 ,freshly powdered orris root1 #a part2 proof spirit1 #e parts4 ,sold as ,esprit de ,violette4 ,tincture of ,ox-gall4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,fellis ,,bovini4 ,prep4 ,inspissated ox-gall1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,digest until dissolved4 ,tincture of ,paracress4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,spilanthi ,,composita4 ,prep4 ,paracress1 dried and bruised1 #b oz42 pyrethrum root in coarse powder1 #b oz42 spirit1 #aj oz4 7by weight74 ,digest #h days4 ,sialagogue4 ,tincture of ,pareira ,brava4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,pareir ,,brav4 7,brodie74 ,prep4 ,pareira brava root1 #b oz42 ,french brandy1 #a pint4 ,digest for #g days4 ,tincture of ,pellitory4 ,syn4 ,,toothache ,,tincture2 ,,tinctura ,,pyrethri 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pellitory root1 in coarse powder1 #d2 rectified spirit1 #bj2 macerate for #dh hours with #ae of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 then pack it in a percolator1 let it drain1 and pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press1 filter1 and make up to #bj4 #b4 ,pellitory of ,spain 7bruised71 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a_/d pint2 digest a week4 ,in the ,p4 ,cod4 a tincture is ordered prepared with spirit about #da o4 p41 and another prepared with spirit of sulphuric ether4 #c4 7,,compound4----,brande47 ,pellitory root1 #d dr42 camphor1 #c dr42 oil of cloves1 #b dr42 opium1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #f fl4 oz42 digest for eight days4 ,both the above are used for the toothache4 ,see ,,tincture1 ,,odontalgic4 ,tincture of ,pepper 7,stomachic74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,piperis ,,stomachica2 ,,essentia ,,stomachica ,,polychresta 7,spielman47 ,prep4 ,capsicum1 #a oz42 black pepper1 #b dr42 long pepper1 #b dr42 white pepper1 #b dr42 solution of acetate of potash1 #f oz42 spirit of ammonia1 #a oz4 ,digest and filter4 ,tincture of ,perchloride of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,perchloridi4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,mix #e fl4 oz4 of strong solution of perchloride of iron with #ae fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit4----,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 ,tincture of ,phosphorus 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,ther ,,phosphoratus1 ,,tinctura ,,phosphori ,,therea1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,hann4 #ahca47 ,phosphorus 7powdered by agitation with rectified spirit71 #af gr42 ether1 #b oz42 macerate1 with agitation1 for #d days1 then decant the clear portion1 and preserve it in a stoppered bottle1 in a cool dark situation4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,phosphorus1 cut small1 #a part2 ether1 #ej parts2 digest with occasional agitation for #a month1 and decant the clear4----,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 in any bland vehicle1 thrice daily2 in impotency1 low sinking conditions of the system1 c4 ,tincture of ,poplar ,buds4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,populi4 7,van ,monc47 ,prep4 ,poplar buds1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #bd oz4 ,macerate and filter4 ,tincture of ,quassia4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,quassi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,quassia in chips1 #c_/d2 proof spirit1 #bj2 digest #g days2 filter1 and make up to #bj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,quassia1 in chips1 #aj dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest #g days4 ,bitter1 tonic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 in dyspepsia1 c4 ,tincture of ,quassia 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,quassi ,,composita 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,cardamoms and cochineal1 of each1 bruised1 #a_/b oz42 powdered cinnamon and quassia chips1 of each #f dr42 raisins1 #g oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest for #g days 7or by percolation71 then press1 and filter4 ,aromatic and tonic4----,dose and use1 as the last4 ,tincture of ,quinine 7,ammoniated74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,quinin ,,ammoniata4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #afj gr42 solution of ammonia1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 proof spirit1 #ag-a_/b oz42 dissolve the quinine in the spirit with a gentle heat1 and add the solution of ammonia4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 ,tincture of ,quinine 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,fever ,,drops2 ,,tinctura ,,quin 7,b4 ,p472 ,,tinctura ,,quin ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sulphate of quinia1 #a2 tincture of orange peel1 #fj2 dissolve with a gentle heat1 digest for #c days with occasional agitation and strain4----,dose1 #a to #a-a_/b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sulphate of quinine1 #e dr4 #a scrup4 7or #cbj gr472 tincture of orange peel1 #a quart2 digest1 with agitation1 for #g days1 or until solution is complete4 ,obs4 ,unless the tincture employed as the solvent be of the full strength1 some of the disulphate remains undissolved4 ,it is an excellent medicine when faithfully prepared4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 in debility1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,tincture of ,red ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,gummi ,,rubri4 7,mr ,squire47 ,prep4 ,red gum1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #d4 ,digest and strain4----,dose1 #bj to #dj minims4 ,tincture of ,red ,lavender4 ,compound tincture of lavender4 ,tincture of ,rhatany4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,krameri 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhatany1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours in #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator2 when it ceases to drop1 pour on the remaining spirit1 and wash the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhatany root1 in coarse powder1 #h oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days1 then press1 and filter4 ,astringent4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 is similar4 ,tincture of ,rhododendron4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,rhododendri4 7,niemann47 ,prep4 ,leaves of ,rhododendron ,chrysanthum1 #b oz42 ,french brandy1 #a_/b lb42 sherry1 #a_/b lb4 ,digest for #ae days4 ,tincture of ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhubarb1 bruised1 #b2 cardamom seeds1 bruised1 #a_/d2 coriander1 bruised1 #a_/d2 saffron1 #a_/d2 proof spirit1 #bj2 macerate for #dh hours with #ae of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 and when it ceases to drop pour on the remaining spirit1 press and wash the marc1 and add spirit to make up #bj4----;,dose4 ,as a stomachic1 #a to #b dr42 as a purgative1 #a_/b to #a oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,powdered rhubarb1 #c-a_/b oz42 cardamom seeds1 bruised1 #a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest1 or proceed by the method of displacement4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,rhubarb1 #b oz42 cardamoms1 #d dr42 saffron1 #b dr42 proof spirit1 #cb fl4 oz4 ,both the above are cordial1 stomachic1 and laxative4----,dose1 #a fl4 dr1 to #a fl4 oz4 ,tincture of ,rhubarb 7,aqueous74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,rhei ,,aquosa4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,rhubarb1 #aj oz42 borax1 #a oz42 carbonate of potash1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #he oz4 ,infuse for #a_/d hour1 then add rectified spirit1 #aj oz4 7by weight72 let stand #b-a_/b hours1 and add cinnamon water1 #ae oz4 ,tincture of ,rhubarb 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,rhei ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d474 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,rhubarb1 sliced1 #b-a_/b oz42 liquorice root1 bruised1 #f dr42 ginger 7bruised7 and hay saffron1 of each #c dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 then press1 and filter4 #b4 7,ph47 ,rhubarb1 #c oz42 cardamoms1 #a oz42 liquorice root1 #a_/b oz42 saffron1 #a_/d oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,rhubarb1 #b oz42 liquorice root1 #d dr42 ginger and saffron1 of each #b dr42 proof spirit1 #af fl4 oz42 water1 #ab fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,this tincture is a popular remedy in diarrha and colic1 and is an especial favourite with drunkards4----,dose1 as a stomachic1 #a to #c fl4 dr42 as a purgative1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,the tincture of rhubarb of the shops is mostly inferior1 being generally deficient both in rhubarb and spirit4 ,the following forms we have seen extensively employed in the wholesale trade3----,east ,indian rhubarb1 #bj lbs42 boiling water1 q4 s4 to cover it2 infuse for #bd hours1 then slice the rhubarb1 and put it into a cask with moist sugar1 #ad lbs42 ginger1 bruised1 #c-a_/b lbs42 hay saffron1 #a lb42 carbonate of potash1 #a_/b lb42 bruised nutmegs1 #a_/d lb42 rectified spirit1 #ai galls42 water1 #ba galls42 macerate with frequent agitation for #ad days1 decant the clear portion1 and press and filter the bottoms4 ,those houses that adhere to the ,ph4 ,l4 for #ahbd substitute cardamom seeds1 #e lbs41 for the ginger4 ,for the corresponding ,ph4 ,e4 formula see the last article4 ,tincture of ,rhubarb 7,brandish's ,alkaline74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,rhei ,,alkalina ,,brandishii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from rhubarb1 in coarse powder1 #a-a_/b oz42 ,brandish's alkaline solution1 #a quart2 macerate for a week4 ,in the original formula only #a_/b oz4 of rhubarb is ordered4----,dose1 #bj drops to #b fl4 dr41 in any bland liquid1 not acidulous2 in acidities1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,tincture of ,rhubarb and ,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,sacred ,,elixir2 ,,tinctura ,,rhei ,,et ,,alo,s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhubarb1 in powder1 #a-a_/b oz42 ,socotrine or ,east ,indian aloes1 #f dr42 cardamom seeds1 bruised1 #e dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate #g days1 or percolate4 ,a warm stomachic purgative4----,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 to #a fl4 oz4 ,tincture of ,rhubarb and ,gentian4 ,,tinctura ,,rhei ,,amara1 ,,tinctura ,,rhei ,,et ,,gentian 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,rhubarb1 #b oz42 gentian1 #a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 proceed as for the last4 ,stomachic1 tonic1 and purgative4----,dose1 #a fl4 dr4 to #a fl4 oz4 ,tincture of ,rhubarb and ,senna4 ,syn4 ,,warner',s ,,gout ,,cordial2 ,,tinctura ,,rhei ,,et ,,senn 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,rhubarb1 #a oz42 senna and red sanders wood1 of each #b dr42 coriander and fennel seed1 of each #a dr42 saffron and extract of liquorice1 of each #a_/b dr42 stoned raisins1 #f oz42 proof spirit1 #b-a_/b pints2 macerate for #ad days4 ,a popular stomachic and laxative4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,tincture 7,riemer's ,nervous74 ,prep4 ,from oil of juniper1 #a part2 volatile liquor of hartshorn1 #d parts2 rectified spirit1 #af parts4----,dose1 #a teaspoonful in water4 ,tincture of ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ros4 ,prep4 ,dried red rose1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,digest for #aj days4 ,tincture of ,rosemary4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,rosmarini4 7,ph4 ,bruns47 ,prep4 ,flowering tops of rosemary1 #a-a_/b oz42 spirit of rosemary1 #f oz4 ,digest1 express1 and filter4 ,tincture1 ,ruspini's4 ,see ,,tincture1 ,,tooth4 ,tincture of ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,croci 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,t4 ,c4 ,,sativ1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,saffron1 #a2 proof spirit1 #bj2 macerate #dh hours with #ae of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 and then pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #bj4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,hay saffron1 #b oz4 7#b oz4----,ph4 ,d472 proof spirit1 #a quart 7#a pint----,ph4 ,d472 proceed either by maceration 7for #ad days----,ph4 ,d47 or by displacement4 ,stimulant1 and emmenagogue4----,dose1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,chiefly used for its colour and flavour4 ,tincture of ,saponin4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,saponini4 ,prep4 ,bark of ,quillai ,saponaria1 #a part2 alcohol 7#ij per cent471 #d parts4 ,heat to ebullition and filter4 ,tincture of ,sarsaparilla 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,sarz ,,composita1 ,,liqueur ,d,,purative4 7,franois47 ,prep4 ,sarsaparilla1 guaiacum1 china root1 sassafras1 of each #a oz42 proof spirit1 #af oz4 ,tincture of ,savine4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,sabin4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,savine tops1 dried1 and coarsely powdered1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,proceed as for tincture of aconite4 ,tincture of ,scammony4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,scammonii4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,scammony1 #d oz42 rect4 spirit1 #bj oz4 7by weight74 ,tincture of ,senega4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,seneg4 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,senega1 bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,prepared as tincture of aconite4 ,tincture of ,senna 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,senna1 ,,elixir ,,of ,,health2 ,,tinctura ,,senn 7,b4 ,p471 ,,tinctura ,,senn ,,composit 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,senna1 broken small1 #e2 raisins1 freed from seeds1 #d2 caraway1 bruised1 #a2 coriander1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #dj2 macerate the ingredients #dh hours in three fourths of the spirit1 agitating occasionally2 pack in a percolator1 and when it ceases to drop1 pour on the remaining spirit2 press1 filter1 and make up #dj4----;,dose1 #b to #h dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,senna1 #c-a_/b oz42 caraway seeds1 bruised1 #c-a_/b dr42 cardamom seeds1 bruised1 #a dr42 stoned raisins1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days1 press1 and filter4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,senna and stoned raisins1 of each #d oz42 sugar1 #b-a_/b oz42 corianders1 #a oz42 jalap1 #f dr42 caraways and cardamoms1 of each #e dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest1 or proceed by percolation4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,senna1 #d oz42 caraway and cardamom seeds1 of each1 bruised1 #a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days4 #e4 7,wholesale47 ,from senna1 #f lbs42 treacle1 #b lbs42 caraways1 #c_/d lb42 cardamoms1 #a_/d lb42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #d galls42 as before4 ,carminative1 stomachic1 and purgative4----,dose1 #a_/d to #a fl4 oz4 ,obs4 8,if ,alexandrian senna be used for this preparation1 it must be freed from cynanchum 7argol7 leaves1 by picking40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tincture of ,serpentary4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,virginian ,,snake ,,root2 ,,tinctura ,,serpentarie 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,serpentary1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours1 with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator and let it drain2 pour on the remaining spirit1 and when it ceases to drop1 press1 and wash the marc to make up #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,serpentary1 bruised1 #c-a_/b oz4 7cochineal1 #a dr4----,ph4 ,e72 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7or by percolation----,ph4 ,e471 strain1 and filter4 ,stimulant1 tonic1 and diaphoretic4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr4 ,tincture of ,sesquichloride of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,muriate ,,of ,,iron1 ,,tincture ,,of ,,steel1 ,,steel ,,drops2 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,perchloridi 7,b4 ,p471 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,sesquichloridi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,t4 ,,ferri ,,muriatis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,ferri ,,muriatis ,,liquor1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,strong solution of perchloride of iron1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #c2 mix4----,dose1 #aj to #cj minims in water4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sesquioxide of iron1 #f oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #a pint2 mix1 and digest in a sand bath1 frequently shaking 7with a gentle heat1 for a day----,ph4 ,e471 until solution is complete1 then add1 when cold1 of rectified spirit1 #c pints1 and 7in a short time7 filter4 ,sp4 gr4 #iib4 8#a fl4 oz41 potash being added1 deposits nearly #cj gr4 of sesquioxide of iron40 7,ph4 ,l47 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,iron wire1 #h oz42 pure hydrochloric acid1 #a quart2 distilled water1 #a pint2 mix1 and dissolve by a gentle heat2 next add1 in successive portions1 of pure nitric acid1 #ah fl4 dr42 evaporate by a gentle heat to a pint1 and1 when cold1 mix this in a bottle with rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 lastly1 after #ab hours1 filter4 ,sp4 gr4 #abcg4 ,obs4 ,this tincture is an active ferruginous tonic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 gradually increased1 taken in water1 ale1 or wine4 ,in the old tinctura martis1 ,ph4 ,l41 iron filings1 and in the ,t4 ferri muriatis1 ,ph4 ,e4 #ahag1 black oxide of iron1 were used instead of the sesquioxide or carbonate4 #8,bestuchef's nervine tincture' of the ,p4 ,cod4 is prepared by dissolving #a dr4 of dry sesquichloride of iron in #g dr4 of spirit of sulphuric ether4 ,see ,,golden ,,drops4 ,tincture of ,sesquinitrate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,ferri ,,sesquinitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,onion47 ,iron filings1 #a_/b oz42 nitric acid 7#ae71 #b-a_/d oz42 dissolve1 add of hydrochloric acid 7#aaf71 #f dr41 simmer for #b or #c minutes1 cool1 add of rectified spirit1 #h oz41 and filter4 ,proposed as a substitute for the last preparation1 but the name misrepresents its chemical constitution4 ,tincture of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,saponis4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,white soap1 #c oz42 carbonate of potash1 #a dr42 proof spirit1 #e oz4 7by weight74 ,dissolve4 ,tincture of ,soap with ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,saponis ,,terebinthinata4 ,,baum ,,de ,,vie ,,externe4 ,prep4 ,white soap1 #c oz42 oil of turpentine1 #c oz42 spirit of wild thyme1 #b lb42 white of ammonia1 #b oz4 ,tincture of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,bechica1 ,,tinctura ,,scill 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dried squill1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate for #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally1 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 and pour on the remaining spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press1 filter1 and make up to #h4----;,dose1 #ae to #cj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,squills1 recently dried and sliced 7or in coarse powder71 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or by percolation----,ph4 ,e471 press and filter4 ,a stimulating expectorant and diuretic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops2 in chronic coughs1 and other bronchial affections4 ,tincture of ,squills 7,alkaline74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,scill ,,alkalina4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,squill1 #h parts2 caustic potash1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #ej parts2 macerate1 #h days4 ,tincture of ,stavesacre 7,concentrated74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,staphisagri ,,concentrata4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4 ,digest stavesacre seeds in twice their weight of rectified spirit4 ,for external use in neuralgic and rheumatic affections1 as a substitute for solution of delphinia4 ,tincture1 ,stomachic4 ,compound tincture of cardamoms4 ,compound tincture of gentian is also1 occasionally1 so called4 ,tincture of ,stramonium4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,thorn-,,apple2 ,,tinctura ,,stramonii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,stramonium seeds1 bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally2 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 and pour on the remaining spirit4 ,when it ceases to drop1 press1 filter1 and add spirit to make #h4----;,dose1 #aj to #bj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,stramonium or thorn-apple seeds 7bruised71 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days 7or by displacement----,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 then press1 and filter4 ,anodyne4----,dose1 #aj to #bj drops2 in neuralgia1 rheumatism1 c4 ,said to be superior to laudanum4 ,tincture1 ,styptic4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,styptica4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,prep4 ,calcined sulphate of iron1 #a dr42 ,french brandy1 coloured by the cask1 #b lbs4 ,tincture1 ,sudorific4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,sudorifica4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,serpentary root1 #e dr42 cochineal1 #d dr42 castor oil1 #a dr42 saffron1 #b scruples2 opium1 #a scruple2 spirit of ,mindererus1 #af oz4 ,digest for #c days and strain4 ,tincture of ,sumbul4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,sumbuli 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sumbul1 bruised fine1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 digest #g days and filter4----,dose1 #ae to #cj minims4 #b4 ,from sumbul1 bruised1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate for a week1 and strain1 with expression4 ,stimulant and tonic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj or #dj drops4 ,tincture of ,tartrated ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,martis ,,tartarizata4 ,prep4 ,pure iron filings1 #ajj parts2 cream of tartar1 #bej1 rectified spirit1 #ej parts 7by weight74 ,put the filings and tartar into an iron kettle with sufficient water to form a paste1 leave them for #bd hours1 add #cjjj parts of soft water and boil for #b hours1 stirring constantly and supplying the waste of water4 ,decant and filter the liquor1 and evaporate it till it has the density of #abhf1 and add the spirit4----,dose1 #c to #f drops4 ,tincture of ,thorn-apple4 ,tincture of stramonium4 ,tincture of ,thuja4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,thuj4 ,fresh leaves of thuja1 #a part2 spirit 7#ij per cent471 #aj parts4 ,macerate for #aj days1 and filter4----,dose1 #aj drops in water4 ,the leaves of thuja are collected in ,june and ,july4 ,those of the ,t4 orientalis and ,t4 occidentalis1 have the reputation in ,belgium of curing smallpox4 ,tincture of ,tobacco4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,nicotian1 ,,tinctura ,,tabaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from pure manufactured tobacco1 #a-a_/d oz12 proof spirit1 #a pint2 macerate for #g days4 ,compound spirit of juniper is often used instead of proof spirit4 ,sedative and narcotic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops4 ,a tincture is also made from the fresh leaves4 ,see ,,vegetable ,,juices and ,,tinctures 7,ethereal74 ,tincture of ,tolu4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,tolutanus 7,b4 ,p471 ,,tinctura ,,tolutana 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,t4 ,,balsami ,,tolutani1 ,t4 ,,toluifer ,,balsami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,balsam of ,tolu1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #h2 dissolve1 filter1 and make up to #h4----;,dose1 #ae to #cj minims1 mixed with mucilage or syrup4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,balsam of ,tolu1 #b oz4 7#c-a_/b oz4----,ph4 ,e472 rectified spirit1 #a quart 7#a pint----,ph4 ,d472 dissolve 7by the aid of a gentle heat----,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 and filter4 ,obs4 ,this tincture is reputed pectoral and expectorant2 but it is chiefly used as an adjuvant in mixtures1 on account of its flavour4----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops4 ,tincture1 ,tooth4 ,prep4 #a4 7,greenhough's47 ,from bitter almonds1 #b oz42 ,brazil wood1 cinnamon1 and orris root1 of each #a_/b oz42 alum1 cochineal1 and salt of sorrel1 of each #a dr42 spirit of scurvy grass1 #b fl4 oz42 proof spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 macerate a week4 #b4 7,hudson's47 ,from the tinctures of myrrh and cinchona1 and cinnamon water1 equal parts1 with a little arquebusade and gum ,arabic4 #c4 7,ruspini's47 ,from orris root1 #h oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 ambergris1 #bj gr42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 digested for #ad days4 ,the above are used as cosmetics for the teeth and gums4 ,the last has long been a popular dentifrice4 ,tincture1 ,toothache4 ,odontalgic tincture4 ,see also ,,drops1 ,,essence1 c4 ,tincture of ,turmeric4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,curcum4 7,dr ,wood47 ,prep4 ,turmeric1 #a oz42 proof spirit1 #f oz4 ,tincture of ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,terebinthin4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,venice turpentine1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,tincture of ,tuyaya4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,tuyay4 ,prep4 ,tuyaya root1 in powder1 #ab oz42 proof spirit1 #cf oz42 macerate for #ad days4 ,if for internal use it must be diluted with four times its volume of spirit4----,dose1 #a to #aj minims4 ,in syphilis4 ,tincture of ,valerian4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,valerian 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,valerian bruised1 #a2 proof spirit1 #h2 macerate the valerian #dh hours with #f of the spirit1 agitating occasionally2 pack in a percolator1 let it drain1 pour on the remainder of the spirit2 when it ceases to drop1 press and filter1 washing the marc with spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,valerian root1 bruised1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 macerate #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d42 or by percolation----,ph4 ,e471 press1 and filter4 ,tonic and antispasmodic4----,dose1 #a to #c fl4 dr42 in hysteria1 epilepsy1 c4 ,tincture of ,valerian 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,ammoniated ,,tincture ,,of ,,valerian1 ,,volatile ,t4 ,,of ,v42 ,,tinctura ,,valerian ,,composita 7,ph4 ,l471 ,t4 ,v4 ,,ammoniata 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,valerian1 bruised1 #a2 aromatic spirit of ammonia1 #h2 macerate the valerian #g days1 press1 filter1 and add spirit to make up #h4----;,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,valerian root1 bruised1 #e oz42 aromatic spirit of ammonia 7simple----,ph4 ,e471 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7or by percolation----,ph4 ,e471 then press1 and filter4 ,stimulant1 tonic1 and antispasmodic4----,dose and use1 same as those of the simple tincture1 than which it is thought to be more powerful4 ,the tincture of the shops is generally made with only #a lb4 of the root to the gallon4 ,tincture of ,vanilla4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,vanill4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,vanilla pods1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #e parts4 ,macerate #h days4 ,tincture of ,veratria4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,veratri4 7,magendie47 ,prep4 ,veratria1 #d gr42 rectified spirit1 #a dr4 ,tincture of ,veratrum4 ,syn4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,white ,,hellebore2 ,,tinctura ,,veratri ,,viridis2 ,,tinctura ,,hellebori ,,albi1 ,t4 ,,veratri 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,green hellebore root1 in coarse powder1 #d2 rectified spirit1 #bj2 macerate the powder with #ae of the spirit #dh hours1 agitating occasionally1 pack it in a percolator1 let it drain1 pour on the remainder of the spirit1 when it ceases to drop1 press1 filter1 wash the marc with spirit to make up #bj4----;,dose1 #e to #bj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,white hellebore1 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 digest or percolate4----,dose1 #aj drops1 #b or #c times a day1 gradually increased2 in gout1 rheumatism1 c41 as a substitute for colchicum2 also1 externally4 ,tincture of ,virginian ,snake ,root4 ,tincture of serpentary4 ,tincture of ,vittie-vayr4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,vetiveri1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from vittie-vayr 7roots of ,andropogon muricatis71 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 macerate a week4 ,stimulant1 tonic1 and sudorific4----,dose1 #ae to #cj drops4 ,tincture1 ,vulnerary4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,vulneraria4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,fresh leaves of wormwood1 angelica1 basil1 calamint1 fennel1 hyssop1 marjoram1 balm peppermint1 origanum1 rosemary1 rue1 savory1 sage1 wild thyme1 ,st ,john's wort tops1 lavender tops1 of each #a oz4 7all cut up72 rectified spirit1 #bj oz4 7by weight74 ,digest #aj days4 ,tincture of ,walnuts4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,inglandis4 7,ph4 ,dan47 ,prep4 ,green shells of walnut1 #f oz42 proof spirit1 #bd oz4 ,digest for #f days4 ,tincture of ,walnut ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,inglandis ,,foliorum4 7,mr ,ince47 ,prep4 ,dried walnut leaves1 #af oz42 macerated for #g days in a gallon of proof spirit4----,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,to prevent sickness1 or to cover the taste of cod-liver oil4 ,tincture1 ,warburg's ,fever4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,febrifuga ,,warburgii4 ,the composition was for a long time kept secret2 but in #ahge ,dr4 ,w4 published the following formula for it1 through ,prof4 ,maclean3----,aloes 7,soc471 lb4 j2 ,rad4 ,rhei1 ,sem4 ,angelic41 ,conf4 ,damocrat4 iv2 ,rad4 ,helenii1 ,croci ,sat41 ,sem4 ,fnic41 ,cret ppt4 ij2 ,rad4 ,gent41 ,rad4 ,zedoar41 ,pip4 ,cubeb41 ,myrrh1 ,camphor1 ,boleti laric41 j4 ,digest with #ejj oz4 of proof spirit in a water-bath for #ab hours2 express1 and add quinin4 disulph4 x4 ,then replace in water-bath until the quinine is dissolved4 ,filter when cool4 ,dose1 #a_/b oz4 7undiluted7 after an aperient4 ,tincture of ,wild ,cherry ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,pruni ,,virginian4 ,prep4 ,wild cherry bark1 bruised1 #b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,digest #ad days1 press1 and filter4 ,may also be made by percolation4 ,tincture of ,winter ,cherry4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,physalis ,,alkikeng4 ,prep4 ,take of the whole plant1 dried1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 ,digest for #aj days1 strain1 and filter4 ,diuretic and febrifuge4----,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,tincture of ,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,absinthii4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,dried wormwood1 #f oz42 proof spirit1 #cj oz4 7by weight472 macerate for #h days1 and strain4----,dose1 #a dr4 ,tincture of ,wormwood 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,absinthii ,,composita4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,dried wormwood tops1 #a oz42 gentian1 bitter orange peel1 of each #a oz42 germander1 #a oz42 rhubarb1 #c_/d oz42 aloes1 #b dr42 cascarilla1 #b dr42 proof spirit1 #b pints4 ,loss of ,spirit in making ,tinctures by the ,british ,pharmacopia4#bcf----,,mr ,,umney gives the following table1 as embodying the result of his experience3---- ,footnote #bcf3 #8,pharm4 ,journ1'1 #crd series1 #a1 #cba-cgi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,alcohol #hch;,alcohol #ibj ,loss ,gain ,quantityto make to make p4 c4 byp4 c4 by made4 up measure4 up measure4 volume4 volume4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,galls4 ,pints4 ,pints4 ,tinct4 aconit #d #be 444 #gi ,tinct4 arnic #aj #cj 444 #ch ,tinct4 aurantii #aj 444 #ej #fc ,tinct4 belladonn #b 444 #g #da ,tinct4 benz4 comp4 #e 444 444 444 #ajj ,tinct4 buchu #b 444 #aj #fc ,tinct4 calumb #e 444 #cj #ga ,tinct4 camphor1 comp4 #aj 444 #e #g ,tinct4 cantharid #d 444 #f #ai ,tinct4 capsici #e #aj 444 #be ,tinct4 cardam4 co4 #bj 444 444 444 #be ,tinct4 cascarill #e 444 #bj #ej ,tinct4 castor #b #e 444 #cb ,tinct4 catechu #e 444 ,no loss4 444 ,tinct4 chirett #b 444 #bj #abe ,tinct4 cinchon #aj 444 #abj #aej ,tinct4 cinchon co4 #aj 444 #ij #aac ,tinct4 cinnam4 #e 444 #dj #ajj ,tinct4 cocci #a 444 #be #ca ,tinct4 colchici sem4 #b 444 #ae #id ,tinct4 conii #b 444 #ge #df ,tinct4 croci #a 444 #fj #ge ,tinct4 cubeb #b #e 444 #cb ,tinct4 digitatis #e 444 #cj #ge ,tinct4 ergot #b 444 #bj #abe ,tinct4 ferri acet4 #a #ab 444 #aej ,tinct4 gall #a 444 #d #ej ,tinct4 gent4 co4 #aj 444 #gj #hg ,tinct4 hyoscyami #aj 444 #fj #ge ,tinct4 jalap #e 444 #bj #ej ,tinct4 kino #a ,no loss4 444 444 ,tinct4 krameri #e 444 #bj #ej ,tinct4 lavand4 comp4 #bj #bj 444 #ac ,tinct4 limonis #b 444 #ae #id ,tinct4 lobeli #c 444 #be #aje ,tinct4 lobeli ther4 #c #cebcg 444 #ade ,tinct4 lupuli #e 444 #dj #ajj ,tinct4 myrrh #e #be 444 #fb ,tinct4 nuc4 vom4 #d #j 444 #fb ,tinct4 opii #aj 444 #ge #aj ,tinct4 opii ammon4 #be #e 444 #be ,tinct4 pyrethri #a #aj 444 #abe ,tinct4 quassi #a 444 #g #hg ,tinct4 rhei #aj 444 #dj #ej ,tinct4 sabin #b 444 #h #ej ,tinct4 scill #e 444 #cj #ge ,tinct4 seneg #a 444 #ge #ic ,tinct4 senn #aj 444 #bj #be ,tinct4 serpentar #a 444 #i #aji ,tinct4 stramon4 #a 444 #e #fc ,tinct4 sambul #c 444 #aj #db ,tinct4 valer4 ammon4 #e #cebch 444 #dd ,tinct4 valerian #e 444 #bc #eg ,tinct4 veratri virid4 #b #be 444 #aef ,tinct4 zingiber #e #be 444 #fc ,tinct4 zingiber fort4 #aj #cf 444 #cge ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,footnote #bcg3 ,sp4 ther4 sulph4 ,footnote #bch3 ,sp4 ammon4 aromat4 ,tincture of ,yellow ,jasmine4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,gelsemii ,,sempervirens4 ,prep4 ,yellow jasmine1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint4----,dose1 #bj to #dj minims4 ,tincture of ,zedoary4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,zedoari4 7,ph4 ,amst47 ,prep4 ,zedoary root1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #h parts4 ,digest and filter4 ,tincture of ,zedoary 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,zedoari ,,composita2 ,,wedel',s ,,essentia ,,carminativa4 ,prep4 ,zedoary1 #d oz42 calamus1 galangal1 of each #b oz42 chamomile1 aniseed1 caraway seed1 of each #a oz42 bay-berries and cloves1 of each #f dr42 orange-peel and mace1 of each #d dr42 peppermint water and rectified spirit1 of each #bd dr4 ,in #f days strain1 and add hydrochloric ether1 #d oz4 ,,tinctures 7,concentrated74 ,syn4 ,,tinctur ,,concentrat ,,haenli1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,digest #h parts of the vegetable powder in #af of spirit of the sp4 gr4 #heg 7#de o4 p471 for #d days1 at #gb ,fahr41 with occasional agitation1 then press1 and filter2 to the marc or residuum add as much spirit as it has absorbed1 and again press1 and filter2 the weight of the mixed liquors should be #af parts4 ,in this way are prepared concentrated tinctures of aconite leaves2 arnica and chamomile flowers2 belladonna1 digitalis1 hemlock1 henbane1 peppermint1 and savine leaves2 ipecacuanha and valerian roots1 c4 ,,tinctures 7,culinary74 ,see ,,essences1 ,,spirits1 c4 ,,tinctures 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,tinctur ,,there1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the vegetable substance1 #a oz42 sulphuric ether1 #d oz4 7or #f fl4 oz472 by maceration1 for #d days1 in a well-closed vessel2 or1 preferably1 by percolation in a cylindrical glass vessel furnished with a stopper1 and terminating at the lower end in a funnel1 obstructed with a little cotton4 ,the powder being introduced over the cotton1 pour on enough ether to moisten it1 put in the stopper1 fix the tube into the neck of a bottle1 and leave it for #dh hours2 then add1 gradually1 the remaining portion of the ether1 and1 lastly1 enough water to displace the ether absorbed4 ,in this manner are prepared the ethereal tinctures of aconite leaves1 arnica flowers1 belladonna1 hemlock1 foxglove1 tobacco1 pellitory1 solanum1 valerian1 stramonium1 c41 of the ,paris ,codex4 ,the ethereal tinctures of amber1 ambergris1 assaftida1 cantharides 7acetic ether71 castor1 musk1 tolu1 c41 are prepared by maceration only4 ,,tinctures 7,odoriferous74 ,these are prepared from odoriferous substances by the usual processes of digestion or percolation4 ,see ,,spirits4 ,,tinctures from ,recent ,vegetables4 ,see ,,vegetable ,,juices4 ,,tin,,der 7,german74 ,see ,,amadou4 ,,tisane4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ptisan2 ,,ptisana1 ,l4 ,this form of medicine is much used in ,france4 ,tisanes may be readily prepared by slightly medicating barley1 rice1 or tamarind water1 lemonade1 c4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,infusion1 ,,julep1 ,,ptisan1 c41 and below4 ,tisane1 ,antimonial4 7,brera47 ,lemonade1 #b pints2 tartar emetic1 #b gr42 sugar1 q4 s4 ,tisane1 ,antiscorbutic4 ,an infusion of buckbean and the fresh roots of horseradish4 ,tisane1 ,antivenereal4 ,various compound decoctions of sarsaparilla are known by this name4 ,tisane of ,arnica4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as elder flower tisane4 ,tisane of ,arnica ,flowers4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,arnica flowers1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #f pints4 ,infuse half to an hour and filter through paper4 ,prepare in the same manner saffron tisane4 ,tisane of ,asparagus4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,asparagus root1 #c_/d oz42 boiling water1 #b pints4 ,infuse #b hours1 and strain4 ,tisanes are prepared in the same way from the roots of elecampane1 comfrey1 strawberries1 rhatany1 soap-wort1 spruce-fir buds1 ,peruvian bark1 dulcamara and burdock root4 ,tisane of ,bread4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,album4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,prepared hartshorn1 #a oz42 bread crumb1 #b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 water1 sufficient quantity to yield #e pints2 boil for #a_/b hour1 strain through a coarse sieve1 and add white sugar1 #f oz42 orange-flower water1 #a oz4 ,tisane of ,cassia4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,extract of cassia1 #a oz42 dissolve in #e pints of water at #adj ,f4 ,tisane1 ,common4 ,a decoction of pearl-barley and couch-grass1 flavoured with liquorice root4 ,tisane of ,couch ,grass4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,root of couch grass1 sliced1 #f dr4 ,boil for #a_/b hour with water sufficient to yield #b pints4 ,tisane of ,elder ,flowers4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,elder flowers1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a-a_/d pint4 ,macerate for #a_/b hour1 and strain4 ,tisane of ,gentian4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,gentian1 sliced1 #a_/b oz42 cold water1 #e pints4 ,infuse #d hours1 and strain4 ,in the same manner prepare tisanes of quassia1 simaruba1 and rhubarb4 ,tisane of ,groats4 ,from groats1 as tisane of pearl barley4 ,tisane of ,guaiacum ,wood4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,guaiacum shavings1 #a-c_/d oz4 ,boil for #a hour with sufficient water to yield #b pints1 and strain4 ,tisane of ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,eau ,,de ,,gomme4 ,prep4 ,bruised gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 water1 #b-a_/b pints4 ,dissolve without heat1 and strain4 ,tisane of ,iceland ,moss4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,just boil #b-a_/b dr4 of ,iceland moss in a little water and throw away the first decoction1 then wash the remaining moss with cold water2 then add a fresh quantity of water1 and boil for #a_/b hour1 so as to obtain #b pints4 ,tisane of ,irish ,moss4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,wash #ij gr4 of carrageen in cold water2 then1 after boiling ten minutes1 add water in sufficient quantity so as to yield #b pints4 ,tisane of ,liquorice4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,sliced liquorice1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #e pints4 ,infuse #b hours1 and strain4 ,prepare in the same manner 7but infusing for #a_/b hour7 tisanes from the dried leaves of borage1 wormwood1 holy thistle1 chicory1 fumitory1 ground ivy1 pellitory1 wild pansy1 soapwort1 scabious1 from the cones of the hop1 aniseed1 red-rose leaves1 lesser centaury tops1 and linseed4 ,tisane of ,mezereon4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,mezereon bark1 #b dr42 water1 #b-a_/b pints2 boil to #a-c_/d pint1 and strain4 ,tisane of ,orange ,leaves4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,leaves of the orange tree1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #e pints2 infuse #a_/b hour1 and strain4 ,prepare in the same manner tisanes from the leaves of wormwood1 maiden-hair1 hyssop1 balm1 mint1 and sage2 and from the flowers of white mullein1 chamomile1 red poppy1 mallow1 marshmallow1 lime1 coltsfoot1 and violet4 ,tisane of ,pearl ,barley4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,wash #c_/d oz4 of pearl barley in cold water2 strain off water1 and boil in a sufficient quantity of water1 so as to yield #b pints4 ,tisanes of groats and rice are made in the same manner4 ,tisane1 ,pectoral4 ,an infusion of the roots of liquorice and marshmallow1 ,canadian maidenhair1 and the flowers of the red poppy and coltsfoot1 in a decoction of rice4 ,tisane of ,rice4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prepared in the same manner as tisane of pearl barley4 ,tisane of ,rice1 with ,lemon4 7,augustin47 ,prep4 ,washed rice1 #a oz42 water1 #d lbs42 boil1 strain1 add barley sugar1 #a_/b dr42 lemon juice1 #a oz4 ,tisane of ,roses with ,milk4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,conserve of roses1 #a oz42 new milk1 #a pint4 ,rub together1 and strain4 ,tisane1 ,royal4 ,from senna1 fresh chervil1 and sulphate of soda1 of each #d dr42 aniseed and cinnamon1 of each #a dr42 #a lemon1 sliced2 cold water1 #a-c_/d pint2 macerate for #bd hours1 stirring occasionally1 then press and filter4 ,aperient4----,dose4 ,a wineglassful1 or more1 repeated every half-hour1 until it operates4 ,tisane of ,salep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,boil #a dr4 of salep in #af oz4 of water1 and strain4 ,tisane of ,senega4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,senega1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #e pints4 ,infuse for #b hours1 and strain4 ,prepare in the same manner tisanes of the roots of marshmallow and valerian4 ,tisane of ,sulphuric ,acid4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,,limonade ,,sulfur,,que4 ,prep4 ,sulphuric acid 7#ahd71 #gb minims2 water1 #d-a_/b pints2 syrup1 #aj oz4 7by weight72 mix s4 a4 ,prepare in the same manner nitric and phosphoric acid lemonade2 the first with acid of sp4 gr4 #adb2 the second with acid of sp4 gr4 #ade4 ,tisane of ,tamarinds4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,pulp of tamarind1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #b pints4 ,infuse #a_/b hour4 ,tisane1 ,tartaric4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,syrup of tartaric acid1 #b oz42 water1 #ah oz4 ,prepare in the same manner with their respective syrups1 lemonades of citric acid1 gooseberries1 cherries1 and raspberries4 ,,tis,,sue 7,blistering74 ,see ,,vesicants4 ,,tita,,nium4 ,a rare metal1 discovered by ,klaproth in #agid1 and examined by ,wollaston in #ahbb4 ,it is occasionally found at the bottom of the smelting furnaces of iron works1 in combination with nitrogen and cyanogen1 under the form of minute crystals1 having a coppery lustre4 ,,toad-,,in-,,the-,,hole4 ,one to six ounces of flour1 break the contents of one egg1 and stir in by degrees one pint of milk1 taking care to keep the mixture free from lumpiness4 ,place meat or ox kidney cut in slices in a greased pie dish or tin2 then pour the batter over the meat after adding a pinch of salt1 and let it bake for an hour to an hour and a quarter4 ,the batter should be allowed to stand before being cooked4 ,,toast 7,essence of74 ,this is liquid burnt sugar or spirit colouring4 ,used to make extemporaneous toast-and-water 7#c or #d drops to the glass71 and to flavour soups1 gravies1 c4 ,,toast ,,and ,,water4 ,toast a crust of bread1 taking care not to char it1 and put it into a pint of cold water1 in a covered vessel4 ,after standing half an hour it will be ready for use4 ,,tobac,,co4 ,syn4 ,,tabacum 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l42 ,,tabac1 ,fr4 ,the prepared leaf of ,nicotiana ,tabacum 7,linn471 or other species of the same genus4 ,the name was given to this herb by the ,spaniards1 because it was first seen by them at ,tabasco1 or ,tabaco1 a province of ,yucatan1 in ,mexico4 ,the tobacco of commerce is chiefly obtained from ,virginia1 and other parts of the ,united ,states1 and recently from ,japan and ,california1 but the finest varieties are imported from ,havannah and from the ,east4 ,the plants are gathered when mature1 during hot dry weather1 and are hung up in pairs1 in sheds1 to dry4 ,when sufficiently dry1 the leaves are separated from the stems1 bound up in bundles1 and these are formed into bales1 or packed in hogsheads1 for exportation4 ,prep4 ,to impart to the dried leaves the characteristic odour and flavour of tobacco1 and to render them agreeable to smokers and snuffers1 it is necessary that they should undergo a certain preparation1 or kind of fermentation4 ,if a fresh green leaf of tobacco be crushed between the fingers1 it emits merely the herbaceous smell common to most plants2 but if it be triturated in a mortar along with a very small quantity of quicklime or caustic alkali1 it will immediately exhale the peculiar odour of manufactured tobacco4 ,this arises from the active and volatile ingredients being liberated from their previous combination1 by the ammonia developed by fermentation1 or the action of a stronger base4 ,tobacco contains a considerable quantity of chloride of ammonium1 and this substance1 as is well known1 when placed in contact with lime or potassa1 immediately evolves free ammonia4 ,if we reverse the case1 and saturate the excess of alkali in prepared tobacco by the addition of any mild acid1 its characteristic odour entirely disappears4 ,in the preparation of tobacco previously to its manufacture for sale1 these changes are effected by a species of fermentation4 ,pure water1 without any addition1 is quite sufficient to promote and maintain the perfect fermentation of tobacco4 ,the leaves soon become hot and evolve ammonia2 during this time the heaps require to be occasionally opened up and turned over1 lest they become too hot1 take fire1 or run into the putrefactive fermentation4 ,the extent to which the process is allowed to proceed varies1 for different kinds of snuff or tobacco1 from one to three months4 ,qual41 c4 ,tobacco is a powerful narcotic1 sedative1 and emetic2 and is also cathartic and diuretic2 but the last in a weaker degree than either squills or foxglove4 ,its action is violently depressing and relaxing1 producing fainting and even death1 in comparatively small quantities4 ,toxicologists rank it among the more active narcotico-acrid poisons2 and physicians1 when they wish to produce sudden physical prostration1 in accidents or spasmodic diseases1 order an enema of the infusion or smoke of tobacco4 ,its deleterious properties depend on the presence of narcotine1 one of the most frightful vegetable poisons known1 of which ordinary ,virginia tobacco contains from #f to #g4 8,the chief sources of tobacco in ,europe are ,germany1 ,holland1 ,salonica1 ,hungary1 and ,russia2 in ,asia1 the principal are ,china1 ,japan1 the ,east ,indies1 ,latakia1 and other parts of ,asiatic ,turkey1 ,persia1 ,java1 ,syria1 and ,manilla2 in ,africa1 ,algiers2 in ,south ,america1 ,varinas1 ,brazil1 ,uruguay1 ,new ,grenada1 ,paraguay1 ,cumana1 and other fields are most productive2 while the great tobacco districts of ,north ,america are the ,united ,states1 ,mexico1 ,cuba1 ,hayti1 and ,porto ,rico4 ,the extent to which these and others are severally laid under contribution by the manufacturers of this country is shown by the following partial analysis of the imports of #ahgc and #ahgd30bci ,footnote #bci3 #8,british ,manufacturing ,industries1' ,sandford4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,from #ahgc4 #ahgd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- lb4 lb4 ,germany #fhg1gbj #hef1fdf ,holland #e1dbi1eaa #g1cef1gih ,france #a1dcf1ihe #a1gab1hci ,greece #ccj1gab #hd1afa ,turkey #a1dcj1egb #fif1acb ,british ,india #c1jfh1aji #b1cei1ihg ,philippine ,islands #aga1hjc #ghj1jih ,china #b1acf1fcg #a1cih1dfg ,japan #d1hdf1hib #b1idh1jcf ,spanish ,west ,india ,islands #bie1fed #bdb1cjd ,new ,grenada 7,united ,states of ,columbia7 #b1aii1hhe #a1fag1egc ,argentine ,republic #cdj1ghg #ffc1idj ,united ,states of ,america #eg1eic1hbf #ec1efg1eee ,other countries #a1djd1fdj #a1hij1fgi ------------------------ #ha1chb1gcc #gf1age1bae ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,most of the so-called ,havannah cigars which arrive in ,england are shipped from ,german ports4 ,it appears that a higher price is obtainable for dark than for light-coloured cigars1 the demand for the former being about three times as large as for the latter4 ,unfortunately1 however1 owing in a great measure to the partial failure of the tobacco crops of late years1 light-coloured tobacco is much more common than dark4 ,in order1 therefore1 to render the cigars made of light-coloured tobacco saleable at a higher price1 and also to improve the appearance of old and faded cigars1 if we are to believe a pamphlet recently published at ,bremen1 where there are several of these manufactories1 various infusions have of late been prepared and largely sold1 under the name of 8,havanna brown10 8sap brown10 and 8condensed sauce40 ,all these preparations are now openly advertised1 and directions given for using them4 ,none of these infusions contain anything particularly injurious1 most of them consisting of brown vegetable dyes2 nevertheless1 they enable the manufacturer to give to cigars made of old and faded leaves the appearance of good ,havannah cigars4 ,a ,german paper states that if a piece of white blotting paper1 saturated with diluted sal ammoniac1 is passed a few times lightly over the cigar1 the colouring matter1 if any has been used1 will come off on it1 whereas the natural brown of the tobacco leaf will remain4 ,tobacco ,adulteration4----,the popular belief that bad cigars are made of cabbage leaves is not justified by the last official report on tobacco adulteration4 ,this document contains a tabulated account of the seizures of spurious tobacco made in the ,united ,kingdom since #ahfd2 and in the whole paper there is no mention whatever of the much-suspected vegetable4 ,its place in the black list is supplied by a variety of ingredients large enough to rejoice the heart of any member of the ,anti-,tobacco ,league4 ,the dishonest dealer in things smokeable is shown by the report to make use of three different sorts of materials besides that which he professes to employ4 ,the first sort is required for the actual substance of the cigar2 the second for improving its outward appearance2 and the third for imparting to it what is supposed to be a better taste4 ,in the former category the favourite substances seem to be the leaves of the lime tree1 the husks of wheat and oats1 cotton1 yarn1 and tonquin bean4 ,but there are numerous cases where the ingredients have been much more curiously selected1 and have included cocoa-nut fibre1 small seeds1 cotton1 wood1 and bread4 ,at one establishment #ej lbs4 of #8tobacco dust' were found and analysed1 when it was shown to contain string1 wood1 nails1 grindings of tobacco-pipe1 dirt1 and all sorts of refuse4 ,another large class of materials is apparently used for securing the adhesion and consistency of the cigar when made4 ,amongst these starch is the most prominent2 but it includes gum and amidine1 blue1 gum ,arabic1 glue1 glycerin1 and essential oils4 ,the colour of the fabrication is the next thing to be attended to1 and for this purpose resort is had to yellow ochre1 red sandalwood1 logwood1 lampblack1 and ,venetian red4 ,as for the flavour of the cigar1 it is varied to suit the most diverse tastes2 but the usual object seems to be to impart to it a pleasing sweetness of tone4 ,accordingly saccharine matter1 and especially treacle1 is very largely pressed into the service4 ,for those who like a rather more decided taste1 liquorice1 salt1 logwood1 glycerin1 and aniseed are used4 ,it is in ,dublin where the latter ingredient is most fashionable1 while ,edinburgh is fondest of treacle and sugar1 and ,east ,london is addicted to liquorice4 7#8,pall ,mall ,gazette4'7 ,tobacco1 ,british4 ,syn4 ,,herb ,,tobacco2 ,,tabacum ,,anglicum1 ,,species ,,sternutori1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of thyme1 marjoram1 and hyssop1 of each #b oz42 betony and eyebright1 #c oz42 rosemary and lavender1 of each #d oz42 coltsfoot1 #a lb42 mix1 press them together1 and cut the mass in imitation of manufactured foreign tobacco4 ,some asthmatic subjects add #e or #f oz4 of stramonium or thorn-apple leaves2 and others add #a_/b lb4 of genuine tobacco4 ,tobacco1 ,indian4 ,see ,,lobelia4 ,,tod,,dy4 ,obtained from various species of palms1 by cutting off the end of the flowering bud1 and collecting the sap4 ,used1 fresh1 as a cooling beverage2 and1 after fermentation1 as an intoxicating one4 ,sweetened grog is so called in ,cornwall1 and in some other parts of ,england4 ,,tof,,fy4 ,syn4 ,,everton ,,toffy4 ,a sweetmeat prepared by heating brown sugar1 in a saucepan or skillet1 with about one half its weight of fresh butter1 for #ae to #bj minutes1 or until a #8little of it dropped into cold water forms a lump that breaks crisply1' it is then poured into a little buttered tin mould4 ,,tom,,bac4 ,an alloy consisting of copper1 #af lbs42 tin1 #a lb42 zinc1 #a lb4 ,red tombac is composed of copper1 #aj lbs42 zinc1 #a lb4 ,,ton,,ics4 ,medicines that increase the tone of the muscular fibre1 and impart vigour to the system4 ,,ton,,quin ,,remedy4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,trunchinensis1 ,p4 ,,alexipharmicus ,,sinensis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from valerian1 #bj gr42 musk1 #af gr42 camphor1 #f gr42 mix4 ,antispasmodic and alexiterial1 in doses of #f to #ab gr41 in hooping-cough1 c42 #a dr41 in hydrophobia1 exanthemata1 and mania4 ,,tooth,,ache4 ,syn4 ,,odontalgia1 ,l4 ,this annoying affection frequently arises from sympathy with a disordered stomach4 ,in such cases a saline purgative should be administered1 and an emetic1 if required4 ,when cold is the cause1 an excellent remedy is a hot embrocation of poppy-heads1 followed by the use of flannel and diaphoretics4 ,when it arises from a hollow or decayed tooth1 the best application is a piece of lint moistened with creasote1 or a strong spirituous solution of creasote1 and closely rammed into the cavity of the tooth4 ,laudanum1 the essential oils of cloves1 caraway1 and cajeput1 and essence or tincture of pellitory of ,spain1 are also used in the same way4 ,to prevent the recurrence of the latter kind of toothache1 the cavity should be filled with an amalgam of gold1 or with mineral marmoratum1 or some other good cement4 ,in many cases1 chewing a piece of good ginger1 or1 still better1 a small piece of pellitory1 will afford relief in a few minutes4 ,the celebrated ,john ,wesley recommended a #8few whiffs' at a pipe containing a little caraway seed mixed with the tobacco4 ,a slight #8shock' from a voltaic battery will often instantly remove the toothache after all other means have failed4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,essence1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,,tooth ,,cements4 ,see ,,dentistry4 ,obs4 ,it is absolutely necessary for success that the teeth be well cleaned out1 and wiped dry1 before applying any of the above stoppings or cements4 ,,to,,paz4 ,see ,,gems4 ,,tor,,mentil4 ,syn4 ,,tormentill ,,radix2 ,,tormantilla 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the root or rhizome of ,potentilla ,tormentilla1 ,it is astringent and febrifuge1 without being stimulant4----,dose1 #bj to #fj gr42 in agues1 diarrha1 c42 also1 formerly1 in syphilis4 ,,tortoise-,,shell1 to ,polish4 ,dip a soft linen rag into rouge powder1 and rub the tortoise-shell with it1 and finish off with the hand4 ,tortoise-shell combs will not lose their polish if they are rubbed with the hand1 after removal from the hair4 ,,touch-,,needles4 ,see ,,assaying4 ,,touch-,,wood4 ,see ,,amadou4 ,,tous-,,les-,,mois4 ,the fecula of the roots of ,canna edulis 7,ph4 ,d472 intended as a substitute for arrow-root4 ,to the naked eye1 it closely resembles the finest quality of potato-starch1 but under the microscope its granules are found to be oblong1 oval1 with a concentric structure1 and larger than those of the potato tuber4 ,illustration3 ,microscopic appearance of ,tous-les-mois4 ,,toxicol,,ogy4 ,see ,,poison4 ,,trag,,acanth4 ,see ,,gum4 ,,transpa,,rencies4 ,water-colour pictures on paper1 linen1 or calico1 if executed in non-opaque or glazing colours1 may be converted into transparencies by simply brushing over their backs with ,canada balsam1 thinned down1 when necessary1 with a little oil of turpentine4 ,for coarse work1 boiled oil may be employed4 ,,traps1 ,,house4 ,with few exceptions1 the endless varieties of traps advertised for house-drains are all modifications of the older forms of the syphon1 the midfeather and the ball-trap4 ,the syphon trap consists of a bent tube with a deep curve1 in which the water lies and acts as an hydraulic valve4 ,the following conditions are essential for its proper action4 ,the curve must be of such a depth as to ensure a height of not less than #c_/d inch of water always standing above the highest level of the water in the curve4 ,the outlet pipe attached to the trap should not be too small nor have too sudden a fall as it leaves the trap1 otherwise when #8running full' of water1 all the water will be sucked out of it by the pipe beyond1 owing to the too narrow bore and too perpendicular inclination of this latter4 ,the midfeather trap consists of a round or square box or receptacle1 into the upper part of which1 on one side1 an inlet pipe discharges1 whilst at a corresponding height on the opposite side there is an outlet pipe4 ,the upper part of the box is divided by a partition1 which dips at least #c_/d inch below the surface of the water1 always standing in the receptacle1 at the level of the outlet pipe4 ,the principle1 therefore1 of the midfeather is similar to the syphon trap4 ,the receptacle is so arranged that any heavy substances collected at the bottom can from time to time be removed4 ,a useful variety of the midfeather is #8,dean's patent drain-trap1' manufactured by ,edwards1 of ,ruabon4 ,the ball-trap is not in very general use4 ,by this arrangement the drain is trapped by means of a hollow ball1 which rises with the water in the drain until it is carried against and closes an orifice4 ,the common ball-trap is stated to be inefficient and unsatisfactory4 ,the facility with which it can be removed or placed out of gear often leads1 in the hands of careless servants1 to the untrapping of the drain altogether4 ,a good description of common sink trap is ,antel and ,lock's1 shown in the accompanying engraving1 which explains itself4 ,illustration ,amongst the circumstances that impair the efficiency of house-traps may be included the neglect to allow the passage of water through them sufficiently often1 and with force enough to flush and cleanse the trap1 and renew the water in it4 ,the results are1 that the water becomes saturated with sewage exhalations1 which escape into and contaminate the air in the house2 and that the trap becomes either dry or choked up4 ,another contingency to which house-traps are exposed when the drains are made to form a continuous and disconnected system with the sewers1 is that of the water being sucked out of the trap1 owing to the combined effect of the pressure of sewer air and the aspirating power of the house1 into which the sewer-gas would then pass unchecked4 ,in our articles ,,drainage and ,,sinks1 we have pointed out the peril attaching to the intimate connection between the house-drains and sewers1 and given in the former practical directions for its avoidance4 ,to rest in the belief that the danger can be removed 7although the risk may be slightly diminished7 by the use of traps alone1 is to entertain a very false sense of security4 ,,traumat,,ic ,,balsam4 ,compound tincture of benzoin is known by this name4 ,see ,,tincture4 ,,traumat,,icine4 ,this article1 as manufactured by the ,gutta ,percha ,company1 is simply a solution of white and dry unmanufactured gutta percha in bisulphuret of carbon4 ,a small portion dropped on a wound1 or raw surface1 almost instantly forms a pliable1 waterproof1 and air-tight defensive covering to the part4 ,the only objection to the preparation is the fetid odour of the menstruum1 which1 however1 is lost in a few seconds1 or may be obviated by employing chloroform as the solvent4 ,,trea,,cle4 ,syn4 ,,molasses2 ,,theriaca 7,b4 ,p471 ,,theriaca1 ,,sacchari ,f,x 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the viscid1 brown1 uncrystallisable syrup which drains from moist sugar during its formation 7molasses71 and from the sugar-refining moulds 7sugar-house molasses74 ,the last1 according to ,dr ,ure1 has generally the sp4 gr4 #ad1 and contains about #ge of solid matter4 ,treacle is more laxative than sugar1 and always contains more or less free acid4 ,it is used as the vehiculum in some of the pill-masses of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,see ,,sugar4 ,treacle1 ,german4 ,syn4 ,,theriaca ,,germani1 ,l4 ,an evaporated infusion or decoction of juniper berries4 ,it is sweet-tasted1 aromatic1 and diuretic4 ,treacle1 ,venice4 ,syn4 ,,london ,,treacle2 ,,theriaca1 ,t4 ,,androchi1 ,l4 ,the theriaca of the ,ph4 ,l4 #agdf consists of #fa ingredients1 and contains #a gr4 of opium in #ge gr42 that of the ,paris ,codex consists of #gb ingredients1 and contains #a gr4 of opium in #gb gr42 that of the ,ph4 ,e4 #agdd consists of #aj ingredients1 and contains #a gr4 of opium in every #ajj gr4 ,it is prepared as follows3----,take of serpentary root1 #f oz42 valerian and contrayerva roots1 of each #d oz42 aromatic powder1 #c oz42 guaiacum resin1 castor1 and nutmeg1 of each #b oz42 saffron and opium 7dissolved in a little wine71 of each #a oz42 clarified honey1 #ge oz42 reduce all the dry ingredients to fine powder1 then mix them4 ,the confections or electuaries of catechu and opium are the representatives of the above polypharmic compounds in the modern ,british ,pharmacopias4 ,,tri-1 ,,tris-4 ,see ,,nomenclature4 ,,tribasic ,,phosphate ,,of ,,lime4 ,syn4 ,,tricalcic ,,phosphate4 7,ca#c7,,po#d7b47 ,tricalcic phosphate occurs nearly pure in the mineral known as ,,osleolite4 ,see ,,calcium ,,phosphate for its artificial preparation4 ,,trimethylamine4 ,syn4 ,,trimethylia4 ,,ch#c ,c#c;,h#i,n1 or ,,ch#c n4 ,,ch#c ,an ammonia found in large quantities in the roe of the herring4 ,it also occurs in putrefying flour and urine1 and is the ingredient which gives to the ,chenopodium vulvaria its peculiar and disagreeable odour4 ,it may also be obtained by distilling ergot of rye with caustic potash4 ,trimethylia is a volatile fluid1 with a very pungent and unpleasant fishy smell4 ,it boils at about #da ,f4 ,it is metameric with propylamine4 ,,tripe4 ,this is the paunch1 or first portion of the ruminant stomach of the ox4 ,it is nutritious and easy of digestion1 except when very fat4 ,letheby gives the following as its composition3 ,nitrogenous matter #acb ,fat #afd ,saline matter #bd ,water #fhj ------------ #ajjj ,tripe1 ,fried in ,batter4 8,tripe is cut into pieces about three inches square1 and dipped into a batter made of six ounces of flour1 one tablespoonful of oil1 or one ounce of butter1 and half a pint of tepid water4 ,mix the oil with the flour1 add the water by degrees1 whip the whites of two eggs to a stiff froth1 stir into the batter1 dip the tripe in1 throw it into a saucepan of boiling fat1 let it fry three or four minutes1 take it out1 and drain40#bdj ,footnote #bdj3 ,tegetmeier's #8,scholar's ,handbook of ,cookery1 c41' ,macmillan ,co4 ,,trip,,oli4 ,syn4 ,,rotten ,,stone2 ,,alana1 ,,terra ,,cariosa1 ,l4 ,a mineral employed as a polishing powder1 originally imported from ,tripoli1 in ,barbary4 ,it consists almost entirely of silica1 and is composed of the skeletons of minute infusoria1 the precise character of which is readily distinguishable under the microscope4 ,,tris,,mus4 ,see ,,tetanus4 ,,tritura,,tion4 ,syn4 ,,tritura1 ,,trituratio1 ,l4 ,the act of rubbing a solid body to powder4 ,see ,,pulverisation4 ,,tro,,ches4 ,see ,,lozenges4 ,,tro,,na4 ,a native carbonate of soda1 found on the banks of the soda-lakes of ,sokena1 in ,africa4 ,,troph,,azome4 ,a concentrated infusion of minced lean meat mixed with the fluid obtained from the residuum after being heated for #bj minutes in a water bath1 and flavoured with salt and spices1 the whole being1 lastly1 simmered for a few minutes4 ,excellent for convalescents4 ,,trout4 ,the ,salmo furio of ,linnus1 a highly-esteemed fish1 found in most of the rivers and lakes of this country4 ,other members of the genus salmo are also so called1 as1 ,s4 eriox1 the bull or grey trout2 ,s4 ferox1 the great grey or lake trout2 ,s4 trutta1 the salmon trout1 c4 ,all of these varieties are in the finest condition from the end of ,may to late in ,september4 ,the trout contains about #f per cent4 of fat4 ,it is desirable to cook this fish as soon as convenient after taking it4 ,,trussing4 ,this is a well-known operation performed on poultry or game previous to their being roasted or boiled4 ,it simply consists in drawing or removing the intestines and other objectionable parts4 ,in doing this1 care must be taken to avoid rupturing the gall-vessel1 which1 if broken1 would impart a very bitter flavour to the poultry1 c41 extremely difficult of removal4 ,the cook should never take for granted that poultry or game1 when it comes from the dealer1 has been thoroughly cleansed inside1 out1 in order to be safe in this matter1 should always make a point of cleansing it herself4 ,,tuluole4 ,syn4 ,,tuluol2 ,,benzoene 7,c#g;,h#h47 ,one of the hydrocarbons homologous with benzol1 with which it occurs associated with xylol and isocumole1 in the light oil obtained from the distillation of coal tar4 ,it is also one of the products of distillation of balsam of ,tolu1 and would seem to be identical with the retinaptha obtained by ,pelletier and ,walter from the distillation of rosin4 ,if oxidised by means of chromic acid it yields benzoic acid4 ,its boiling point is #bcj ,f41 and its sp4 gr4 #jhg4 ,,tumours4 ,tumours1 of which there are a great variety1 are abnormal growths1 occurring in different parts of the body4 ,sir ,jas4 ,paget describes them as belonging to the class of overgrowths or hypertrophies1 their most constant distinctive characters being----#a4 ,their deviations1 both in respect to size and shape1 from the normal type of the body in which they are found4 #b4 ,their apparently inherent power and method of growth4 #c4 ,their development and growth being independent of those of the rest of the body1 and continuing with no evident purpose1 when the rest of the body is only being maintained in its normal type4 ,tumours are divided by pathologists into malignant and innocent or benign4 ,in the former division is included cancer4 ,the most common varieties belonging to the second division are cutaneous cysts1 fatty tumours1 and fibro-cellular tumours4 ,cutaneous cysts1 which may occur under any part of the skin1 are most frequently met with in the scalp4 ,they mostly arise from 8the morbid growth of natural ducts or follicles1 or by the enormous growth of elementary structures1 which increase from the form of cells or nuclei1 and become closed sacs with organised walls capable of producing other growths40#bda ,footnote #bda3 #8,chambers' ,cyclopdia4' ,the most commonly occurring tumour is the fatty one4 ,it usually develops itself on the bodies of persons of from forty to fifty years of age4 ,it seldom occasions inconvenience1 and appears to be in no way prejudicial to health2 occasionally1 however1 these tumours are very unsightly and unpleasant to look upon4 ,the fat of which they are composed appears to differ in no respect from ordinary human fat4 ,the uterus is the principal seat of the fibro-cellular tumour4 ,it occurs also in the scrotum1 the bones and the subcutaneous tissue4 ,these tumours sometimes attain great size1 and grow very rapidly4 ,they are sometimes met with exceeding #dj lbs4 in weight4 ,certain polypi belong to this class of tumour4 ,a pseudo tumour is occasionally met within surgical practice1 which may often be mistaken for a real one1 by the unwary or inexperienced practitioner4 ,this1 which is known as a phantom tumour1 appears to be caused by muscular contraction4 ,sir ,jas4 ,paget1 writing on this subject1 says3 8,the abdominal muscles of hysterical women are most often affected1 sometimes with intentional fraud4 ,the imitation of a tumour may be so close as to require great tact for its detection2 but chloroform1 by relaxing the muscles1 dissipates the swelling4 ,occasionally the apparent tumours move4 ,,tung,,sten4 ,w4 ,syn4 ,,tungstenum4 ,,wolframium1 ,l4 ,a heavy1 grey1 brittle metal1 discovered by ,delhuyart4 ,the word tungsten1 in ,swedish1 signifies #8heavy stone' 7tung-sten71 the name being applied to the element because the source from which it is obtained is a heavy mineral called ,wolfram4 ,wolfram may be regarded as a variable double tungstate of iron and manganese1 and the tungsten occurs in this4 ,a native tungstate of copper has been discovered in ,chili4 ,tungsten is also found in the mineral scheelite1 a tungstate of lime4 ,from this latter compound it may be procured by digesting finely-powdered scheelite in hydrochloric acid4 ,chloride of calcium is formed1 together with insoluble tungstic acid4 ,upon heating the acid to bright redness in a stream of hydrogen gas1 the metal is left behind4 ,when thus procured it is of a dark-grey colour1 but under the burnisher it may be made to assume a metallic lustre4 ,metallic tungsten may also be obtained by the reduction of tungstic acid1 by means of charcoal at a white heat4 ,when procured by this method it is unaffected by hydrochloric or diluted sulphuric acid1 although it becomes reconverted into tungstic by the action of nitric acid4 ,when tungsten occurs in the pulverulent form1 it burns easily into tungstic anhydride1 when heated in the air2 and is oxidised and dissolved when boiled with the caustic alkalies or their carbonates in solution4 ,an alloy1 possessed of extreme hardness1 may be procured when tungsten is combined with steel1 in the proportion of #a part of tungsten to #aj parts of steel4 ,there are two known oxides of tungsten1 viz4 a dioxide 7,,wo#b7 and a trioxide 7,,wo#c74 ,according to ,whler there is a third oxide1 having the composition 7,,wo#b,,wo#c74 ,dioxide1 or ,binoxide of ,tungsten4 7,,wo#b47 ,this is an indifferent oxide1 and is obtained by treating tungstic acid with hydrogen at a low red heat4 ,it occurs as a brown powder1 which absorbs oxygen greedily from the air1 and is dissolved by boiling with solution of caustic potash1 hydrogen being evolved and potassium tungstate being formed4 ,trioxide of ,tungsten4 7,,wo#c47 ,syn4 ,,tungstic ,,anhydride4 ,this may be obtained by decomposing wolfram with aqua regia1 and evaporating to dryness4 ,the resulting tungstic acid is dissolved in ammonia1 and the ammonic tungstate purified by crystallisation4 ,when this ammonic tungstate is heated in the air1 it loses ammonia and water1 pure tungstic trioxide being left behind4 ,tungstic ,acid4 7,h#b,,wo#d47 ,this compound may be procured by adding an excess of hydrochloric acid to a boiling solution of the trioxide in any of the alkalies4 ,it occurs as a yellow powder4 ,tungstic ,chloride4 7,w,cl#f47 ,this may be obtained by heating tungsten in chlorine1 when it sublimes in bronze-coloured needles1 which are decomposed by water4 ,when gently heated in hydrogen1 this chloride becomes converted into tetrachloride 7,w,cl#d74 ,bisulphide of ,tungsten4 7,,ws#b47 ,by heating a mixture of bitungstate of potash with sulphur1 and washing the product with hot water1 a black crystalline substance1 having the above composition1 may be obtained1 resembling plumbago in appearance4 ,of the salts of tungsten1 tungstate of baryta has been used as a substitute for white lead in painting2 but the most important of these is the tungstate of soda1 described below4 ,see also ,,tungstic ,,glue4 ,,tungstate ,,of ,,sodium4 ,na#b,,wo#d4 ,this salt is used for rendering linen1 cotton1 and other fabrics uninflammable2 also as a substitute for stannate of sodium as a mordant in dyeing4 ,it may be prepared by adding #i parts of finely-powdered tungsten to #h parts of fused carbonate of sodium1 and continuing the heat for some time2 on boiling the cooled and pulverised mass with water1 evaporating the filtrate to dryness1 and treating the residue with luke-warm water1 the salt dissolves out4 ,muslin steeped in a #bj solution of this salt is perfectly uninflammable when dry1 and the saline film left upon its surface is so smooth that the muslin may be ironed without difficulty4 ,,tungstic ,,glue4 ,tungstic glue has been suggested as a substitute for hard india rubber1 as it can be used for all the purposes to which this latter is applied4 ,it is thus prepared3----,mix together a thick solution of glue with tungstate of soda and hydrochloric acid4 ,a compound of tungstic acid and glue is precipitated1 which1 at a temperature of #hf to #ajd ,f41 is sufficiently elastic to be drawn out into very thin sheets4 ,,tunny ,,fish1 a la ,parisienne4 ,as a rule tunny fish is very indigestible1 and may be described as 8neither fish1 flesh1 fowl1 nor good red herring20 nevertheless1 some of our readers may come across this fish1 and will be glad to hear of a way in which to make it palatable and digestible4 ,take three or four pounds of fresh tunny fish1 lard it with bacon as you would veal2 cook it gently in its own gravy for three hours1 with salt1 pepper1 sweet herbs1 little onions1 and a small quantity of water4 ,when well cooked1 tunny fish makes a nice dish cold for breakfast4 ,,tur,,bot4 ,the ,rhombus maximus 7,cuvier71 said to be the best1 and excepting the halibut1 the largest of our flat fishes4 ,dutch turbots are the most esteemed4 ,composition of the turbot3 ,nitrogenous matter #aha per cent4 ,fat #bi 0 ,saline matter #aj 0 ,water #ghj 0 ------------ #ajjj ,,tur,,key4 ,see ,,poultry4 ,,tur,,meric4 ,syn4 ,,curcuma 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the rhizome of ,curcuma longa4 ,the best is imported from ,ceylon4 ,it is stimulant and carminative1 but is chiefly used in dyeing yellow1 and as an ingredient in curry powder2 also as a test for alkalies4 ,it gives a fugitive golden yellow with wold1 and an orange tinge to scarlet4 ,it dies wool and silk1 mordanted with common salt1 or sal ammoniac1 a fugitive yellow4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,see ,,curcumine4 ,composition of an average sample of ,curcuma longa3 ,water #adbdi ,curcumin #aajjj ,turmeric #abjge ,volatile oil #ajjj ,gum #haac ,starch #cfbg ,extractive #cchh ,woody fibre #dfedh ,ash1 included in above weights #edfc ---------------- #ajjjjj ,under the microscope turmeric presents a very characteristic structure1 viz4 8a cellular tissue containing large1 loose1 yellow cells1 with here and there small1 but very distinct1 starch granules1 similar in shape and size to those of ,curcuma arrowroot1 and some woody fibre and dotted ducts4 ,the yellow granular cells can readily be identified whenever they occur4#bdb ,footnote #bdb3 ,dr ,winter ,blyth4 ,,turnbull',s ,,blue4 ,syn4 ,,ferricyanide ,,of ,,iron2 ,,ferri ,,ferricyanidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,precipitate a solution of protosulphate of iron with another of red prussiate of potash 7ferricyanide of potassium47 ,obs4 ,this is a variety of ,prussian blue1 remarkable for its beautiful colour1 and may be distinguished from the ordinary ,prussian blue of commerce by its action on the yellow prussiate of potash4 ,when boiled in a solution of the latter it is decomposed1 a portion is dissolved1 and a grey residue remains4 ,,turner',s ,,yellow4 ,see ,,yellow ,,pigments4 ,,turnip4 ,the ,brassica napus4 ,this vegetable possesses but little nutritive value1 as will be inferred from the annexed description of its composition given by ,letheby3 ,nitrogenous matter #ab ,starch #ea ,sugar #ba ,salt #jf ,water #iaj ------------ #ajjj ,turnips should always be thoroughly cooked1 otherwise they are very liable to produce indigestion4 ,,turn,,sole4 ,see ,,litmus4 ,,tur,,pentine4 ,syn4 ,,turpentin2 ,,terebinthina4 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 8,an oleo-resin flowing from the trunk1 the bark being removed1 of ,pinus palustris 7pitch or swamp pine7 and ,pinus ,tda 7loblolly or old field pine740 7,ph4 ,l47 8,from ,pinus sylvestris 7the ,scotch fir740 7,ph4 ,d47 8,from various species of ,pinus and ,abies40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,it is viscid1 of the consistence of honey1 and transparent2 by distillation it is resolved into oil of turpentine1 which passes over into the receiver2 and into resin1 which remains in the still4 ,turpentine1 ,bordeaux4 ,syn4 ,,french ,,turpentine4 ,from the ,pinus maritima1 or cluster pine4 ,solidifies with magnesia4 7,lindley47 ,turpentine1 ,chian4 ,syn4 ,,chio ,,turpentine1 ,,cyprus ,t41 ,,scio ,t42 ,,terebinthina ,,chia 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 8,an oleo-resin flowing from the incised trunk of ,pistachia terebinthus0 7,linn474 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it is pale1 aromatic1 fragrant1 and has a warm taste1 devoid of acrimony or bitterness4 ,it is much adulterated4 ,a factitious article 7terebinthina ,chia factitia71 made as follows1 is also very generally sold for it3----,black resin1 #g lbs42 melt1 remove the heat1 and stir in of balsam of ,canada1 #g lbs42 oils of fennel and juniper1 of each #a fl4 dr4 ,turpentine1 ,venice4 ,syn4 ,,terebinthina ,,veneta 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,liquid resinous exudation from the ,abies ,larix1 or larch tree4 ,it is sweeter and less resinous-tasted than common turpentine1 but is now scarcely ever met with in trade4 ,that of the shops is wholly a factitious article1 made as follows3----,black resin1 #dh lbs42 melt1 remove the heat1 and add of oil of turpentine1 #b galls4 ,,tur,,peth ,,mineral4 ,basic sulphate of mercury4 ,,turret ,,of ,,chestnuts4 ,a #8,turret of ,chestnuts' 7,tourelle de ,marrons7 is the name of a most toothsome dish4 ,take rather over two pounds of chestnuts1 peel1 and cook them in water1 with a pinch of salt therein1 then put them1 whilst hot1 into a colander4 ,beat into a paste1 with a little milk1 sugar1 and vanille4 ,put the mixture into a mould in the form of a turret1 about an inch thick2 when quite firm1 open the mould and turn out the contents carefully1 glaze with syrup4 ,fill the middle with whipped cream1 flavoured with chocolate or vanille4 ,,tur,,tle4 ,syn4 ,,green ,,turtle4 ,the ,testuda midas 7,linn471 a chelonian reptile1 highly esteemed for its flesh1 eggs1 and fat4 ,,tussila,,go4 ,see ,,coltsfoot4 ,,tu,,tenag4 ,a name sometimes applied to ,german silver2 at others1 to pale brass and bell metal4 8,in ,india zinc sometimes goes under this name40 7,brande47 ,,tut,,ty4 ,syn4 ,,tutia1 ,,tuthia1 ,,impure ,,oxide ,,of ,,zinc4 ,the sublimate that collects in the chimneys of the furnaces in which the ores of zinc are smelting4 ,drying2 astringent4 ,used in eye-waters and ointments4 ,,type ,,metal4 ,an alloy formed of antimony1 #a part2 lead1 #c parts2 melted together4 ,small types are usually made of a harder composition than large ones4 ,a good stereotype metal is said to be made of lead1 #i parts2 antimony1 #b parts2 bismuth1 #a part4 ,this alloy expands as it cools1 and1 consequently1 brings out a fine impression4 ,,typhoid ,,fever4 ,syn4 ,,gastric ,,fever1 ,,enteric or ,,intestinal ,,fever1 ,,low ,,fever1 ,,common ,,continued ,,fever1 ,,infantile ,,remittent1 ,,endemic ,,fever1 ,,pythogenic ,,fever4 ,although the term #8typhoid' expresses the fact that this particular form of fever resembles typhus1 the researches of later pathologists1 including ,perry1 ,lombard1 ,stewart1 and ,jenner1 have satisfactorily demonstrated that the two diseases are altogether distinct4 8,typhus and typhoid fevers differ10 says ,sir ,thomas ,watson1 8notably and constantly in their symptoms and course1 in their duration1 in their comparative fatality1 in the superficial markings which respectively belong to them1 and which warrant our classing them among the exanthemata1 in the internal organic changes with which they are severally attended1 and 7what is the most important and the most conclusive7 in their exciting causes40 ,about the beginning of the present century1 the ,french practitioners1 after several post-mortem examinations1 were the first to point out that the specifically distinguishing feature of this disease was an internal exanthema4 ,this salient characteristic1 coupled with the highly infectious nature of typhoid fever1 have caused it to be defined by pathologists as 8a contagious eruptive fever occurring on the mucous membrane of the intestines1 and therefore removed from view40 ,the morbid appearance presented by the intestinal mucous membrane1 varies with the time that elapses between the period of seizure and death4 ,if the patient dies within the week1 the follicles on the membrane present a thickened appearance1 and are raised above it1 whilst they are seen to be filled with a yellowish1 cheesy-looking substance4 ,the result of these details is to give the bowels the appearance of being covered with pustules4 ,when death has occurred at a later period ulceration more or less extensive has been observed to have set in4 ,the influence of age in predisposing to typhoid fever is forcibly illustrated in the following table extracted from ,dr ,walter ,blyth's #8,dictionary of ,practical ,hygine'3 ,years of ,age4 ,per cent4 ,under #e #jih ,from #e to #i #idd 0 #aj 0 #ad #ahaf 0 #ae 0 #ai #bfhf 0 #bj 0 #bd #aifi 0 #be 0 #bi #ajae 0 #cj 0 #cd #ecf 0 #ce 0 #ci #cdj 0 #dj 0 #dd #bji 0 #de 0 #di #ajh 0 #ej 0 #ed #jfj 0 #ee 0 #ei #jcc 0 #fj 0 #fd #jcc 0 #fe 0 #fi #jjh 0 #gj 0 #gi #acc ,dr ,murchison asserts that those under thirty are more than four times as liable to be attacked by typhoid fever as persons over that age4 ,the practical bearing of the above figures is obvious4 ,typhoid patients should only be nursed by the middle aged4 ,the season of the year also exercises an influence over the development and spread of this disease4 ,in most countries it prevails with the greatest violence1 and is most general1 in ,autumn1 and much more frequently follows a very hot and dry summer than a damp one4 ,the carriers of the typhoid poison are the alvine and possibly the cutaneous and other excretions4 ,the disease may therefore be conveyed by contact with the hands or skin of an infected patient1 by his urine1 by his body linen1 the bed clothes1 or by dissemination from these into the surrounding air4 ,but the most fertile and unquestionable cause of propagation is the contamination of drinking water by matter derived from the fcal discharges of typhoid patients1 which having soaked into the soil from the privy into which they had found their way1 filtered from thence into a neighbouring well1 or by means of drains proceeding from a privy or cesspool1 into a stream4 ,we can easily understand that the disease when traced to potable water1 should always assume so virulent and frequently fatal a character4 ,the fever poison is thus directly conveyed into the stomach1 and hence easily reaches the intestines1 whence the disease originates4 ,this will also account for the very small quantity of infected water which it has found communicates the disease4 ,the outbreak of typhoid fever in ,marylebone1 in #ahgd1 which attacked some #ejj persons1 was traced to the milk vended by a certain company2 this milk having been placed in cans that had merely been washed out and cooled with water obtained from a well into which it was discovered the excreta from a typhoid patient had percolated from an adjoining privy4 ,after the statement of these facts1 the thorough and efficient disinfection of all the excretions1 immediately they leave the body of the patient1 as well as of his body and bed linen1 mattresses1 c41 and also of the sick apartment1 will be obvious4 ,the best method of effecting this will be to follow the instructions given by ,dr ,william ,budd1 for the prevention of the propagation of this disease1 which are as follows3 8,the means by which typhoid fever may be prevented from spreading are very simple1 very sure1 and their cost1 next to nothing4 8,they are founded on the discovery that the poison by which this fever spreads is almost entirely contained in the discharges from the bowels4 8,these discharges infect 7#a7 the air of the sick room2 7#b7 the bed and body linen of the patient2 7#c7 privy and the cesspool1 or the drains proceeding from them4 8,in these various ways1 including the contamination of drinking water1 already described1 the infection proceeding from the bowel discharges often spreads the fever far and wide4 ,the one great thing to aim at1 therefore1 is to disinfect these discharges on their very escape from the body1 and before they are carried from the sickroom4 ,this may be perfectly done by the use of disinfectants4 ,one of the best is made of green copperas4 8,this substance1 which is used by all shoemakers1 is very cheap1 and may be had everywhere4 ,a pound and a half of green copperas to a gallon of water is the proper strength4 ,a teacupful of this liquid put into the night-pan every time before it is used by the patient renders the bowel discharge perfectly harmless4 ,one part of ,calvert's liquid carbolic acid in fifty parts of water is equally efficacious4 8,to disinfect the bed and body linen1 and bedding generally1 chloride of lime1 or ,macdougal's1 or ,calvert's powder is more convenient4 8,these powders should be sprinkled by means of a common dredger on soiled spots on the linen1 and about the room to purify the air4 8,all articles of bed and body linen should be plunged1 immediately on their removal from the bed1 into a bucket of water containing a tablespoonful of chloride of lime1 or ,macdougal's or ,calvert's powder1 and should be boiled before being washed2 a yard of thin white gutta percha1 placed beneath the blanket1 under the breech of the patient1 by effectually preventing the discharges from soaking into the bed is a great additional safeguard4 ,the privy or closet1 and all drains communicating with it1 should be flushed twice daily with the green copperas liquid1 or with carbolic acid diluted with water4#bdc ,footnote #bdc3 ,see ,,sporokton4 8,in towns and villages where the fever is already prevalent1 the last rule should be put in force for all the houses1 whether there be fever in them or not1 and for all public drains4 8,in the event of death1 the body should be placed as soon as possible in a coffin sprinkled with disinfectants4 ,early burial is on all accounts desirable4 8,as the hands of those attending on the sick often become unavoidably soiled by the discharges from the bowels1 they should be frequently washed4 8,the sick room should be kept well ventilated day and night4 8,the greatest possible care should be taken with regard to the drinking water4 ,when there is the slightest risk of its having become tainted with fever poison1 water should be got from a pure source1 or should at least be boiled before being drunk4 8,immediately after the illness is over1 whether ending in death or recovery1 the dresses worn by the nurses should be washed or destroyed1 and the bed and room occupied by the sick should be thoroughly disinfected4 ,these are golden rules4 8,where they are neglected the fever may become a deadly scourge2 where they are strictly carried out it seldom spreads beyond the person first attacked40 ,no part of the globe appears to be exempt from the visitations of typhoid fever1 since it occurs not only in all the older countries of ,europe and ,asia and ,africa1 but in those also included in the ,north and ,south ,american ,continents1 as well as in ,australia1 ,tasmania1 and ,new ,zealand4 ,it would appear also to have prevailed in the earliest ages1 since it is evidently alluded to in the works of ,hippocrates1 ,galen1 and others4 ,later writers1 including ,sydenham and ,hoffman1 also constantly refer to it under a different name4 ,pathologists differ as to the time that this disease lies dormant in the system before developing itself4 ,some practitioners contend that the usual period is from ten to fourteen days1 whilst others think it is much less than this1 and1 in some instances1 that it may not exceed one or two days4 ,the late ,dr ,murchison entertained the latter opinion4 ,the symptoms1 when they show themselves1 are as follows3----,an irritable condition of the stomach1 accompanied by sickness or vomiting2 pain1 with more or less tenderness1 about the abdomen2 sometimes the patient suffers from great constipation1 at others from diarrha2 he also experiences great prostration of strength1 has a feeble pulse1 and a brown furred tongue2 he is extremely restless1 and at night frequently delirious2 the lower limbs are frequently cold2 he passes but little urine1 and that of an offensive smell2 the stools are dark1 offensive1 and very frequently bloody1 this latter being a very characteristic accompaniment of typhoid fever4 ,bleeding from the nose sometimes occurs4 ,the perspiration has a sour and fetid odour4 ,after seven or eight days1 small rose-coloured spots or petechi make their appearance on the skin4 ,treatment4----,the abdomen should be leeched1 and mustard poultices applied4 ,if not too prostrated1 the patient should be given a hot bath2 but if he be not sufficiently strong to venture upon this1 ablution of the whole of the body with hot water and soap should be had recourse to1 the operation being performed by means either of a sponge or a flannel4 ,an effervescing draught1 consisting of twenty grains of carbonate of ammonia1 dissolved in water1 to which a tablespoonful of lemon-juice should be added1 ought to be administered1 and drunk whilst effervescing1 every three or four hours4 ,the diet should consist of beef tea1 nutritious broth1 milk1 and eggs4 ,the necessity of thorough ventilation of the patient's apartment1 together with the methods of disinfection of the bodily discharges1 the linen1 c41 have been already emphasised in the directions given by ,dr ,budd for the prevention of the propagation of this fever4 ,it is1 perhaps1 needless to state that the outline of treatment given above is intended only for adoption by the emigrant1 or of any one so unfortunately situated with regard to locality as to be unable to secure the services of a medical practitioner4 ,where these are obtainable the patient or his friends should use all speed in procuring them4 ,horses4----,horses are occasionally attacked with typhoid fever1 the symptoms of which bear a general resemblance to those which characterise the disease in the human subject4 ,the appearances presented after death are also very similar1 particularly in the lesions observable in the mucous membrane of the intestines4 ,as in man1 the disease is greatly aggravated by insanitary surroundings and depressing external agencies1 and by the animals partaking of water containing decaying organic matters4 ,upon the commencement of the attack give a few doses of calomel or laudanum1 or of tincture of aconite1 and if the bowels are costive two or three drachms of aloes1 afterwards keeping up the laxative effect by mild clysters and mashes4 ,afterwards administer1 three or four times a day1 a drachm each of chlorate of potash and chloride of ammonium1 adding to these an ounce of oil of turpentine or ether1 or sweet spirit of nitre1 if the animal exhibit dulness or weakness4 ,if there is tenderness or pain about the abdomen1 apply hot fomentations constantly1 and should there be much flatulence give occasional drenches of ammonia1 carbonate of ammonia1 or whiskey and water4 ,the food of the animal must be nutritive and generous4 ,he should be kept in a loose box1 his legs should be bandaged in flannel1 and warm rugs should envelop his body4 ,rest and quiet are essential4 ,during convalescence let him have small doses of gentian1 chloride of iron1 with ale4#bdd ,footnote #bdd3 ,finlay ,dun4 ,,typhus ,,fever4 ,this fever is known under various names1 such as ,,spotted ,,typhus1 ,,jail ,,fever1 ,,ship ,,fever1 ,,camp ,,fever1 ,,military ,,fever1 ,,irish ,,ague1 ,,famine ,,fever1 ,,brain ,,fever1 ,,pestilential ,,fever1 ,,malignant ,,fever1 ,,ochlotic ,,fever1 ,,typho-,,rubeoloid4 8#a4 ,typhus prevails for the most part in great and wide-spread epidemics4 8#b4 ,the epidemics appear during seasons of general scarcity and wants1 or amidst hardships and privations arising from local causes1 such as warfare1 commercial failures1 and strikes among the labouring population4 ,the statement that they always last for three years and then subside is erroneous4 8#c4 ,during the intervals of epidemics1 sporadic cases of typhus occur1 particularly in ,ireland1 and in the large manufacturing towns of ,scotland and ,england4 8#d4 ,although some of the great epidemics of this country have commenced in ,ireland1 and spread thence to ,britain1 appearing first in those towns on the west coast of ,britain where there was the freest intercourse with ,ireland1 it is wrong to imagine that all epidemics have commenced in ,ireland1 or that typhus is a disease essentially ,irish4 ,the disease appears wherever circumstances favorable to its development are present4 8#e4 ,in many epidemics typhus has been associated with relapsing fever1 and the relative proportion of the two fevers has varied greatly4 8#f4 ,from the earliest times1 typhus has been regarded as a disease of debility1 forbidding depletion1 and demanding support and stimulation4 8#g4 ,the chief exception to the last statement originated in the erroneous doctrines taught in the early part of this century1 according to which the disease was looked upon as symptomatic of inflammation or congestion of internal organs4 8#h4 ,the success believed at one time to follow the practice of venesection was only apparent4 ,it was due to the practice1 for the most part1 having been resorted to in cases of relapsing fever and acute inflammations1 and to the result having been compared with those of the treatment by stimulation of the much more mortal typhus4 8#i4 ,although typhus fever varies in its severity and duration at different times1 and under different circumstances1 there is no evidence of any change in its type or essential characters4 ,the typhus of modern times is the same as that described by ,fracastorius and ,cordames4 ,the period during which epidemic fever was said to present an inflammatory type was that in which relapsing fever was most prevalent1 and the times in which the type has been described as adynamic have been those in which relapsing fever has been scarce or absent40 7,murchison47 ,in the article #8,typhoid fever' it has been stated that its propagation was mainly due1 and had been very clearly traced1 to the drinking of water contaminated by the alvine discharges of typhoid patients2 in the dissemination of typhus1 on the contrary1 the air in the neighbourhood of the infected person appears to be the great medium for the conveyance of the disease1 the poison1 it is conceived1 being disseminated into the surrounding atmosphere from the surface of the body or the lungs of the patient1 or from the cloths1 body linen1 c41 worn and discarded by him4 ,hence it is we find1 as we should expect1 in the past no less than in the present1 that the spread and degree of virulence of the malady have always been associated with overcrowding and bad ventilation4 ,although amongst the causes that predispose and induce susceptibility to its attacks1 as shown above1 are poverty and consequent deficiency of food and clothing1 and squalor1 it has been demonstrated that1 with all these unfavorable conditions1 patients may often recover from typhus provided they are supplied with a sufficiency of fresh air4 ,the fact that of late years typhus has rarely visited the inmates of our prisons1 barracks1 or shops1 and that their comparative immunity from it has been coincident with improved ventilation and the avoidance of overcrowding1 can lead to no other deduction than that previous to this reform these sanitary conditions were altogether neglected4 ,we may narrate some of these outbreaks of typhus that have taken place previous to the application of hygienic principles to the treatment of the disease4 ,during an assize held at ,cambridge in #aebb1 the disease which had broken out amongst the prisoners1 spread to the justices1 the bailiffs1 and other officers1 as well as to many people frequenting the court-house1 with the result that many of those so seized died4 ,another outbreak of a very malignant character occurred at ,exeter in #aehf4 ,some ,portuguese were captured at sea1 and 7the words of the old historian who records the fact clearly indicate the cause of the virulent nature of the malady7 were 8cast into the deep pit and stinking dungeon40 ,when brought into court they imparted the contagion to those around them4 ,the judge and eleven out of the twelve jurymen who were thus attacked died1 whilst the disease spread through and devastated the whole country4 ,a fourth case is recorded by ,howard 8at the ,lent assizes in ,taunton in #agcj4 ,some prisoners who were brought there from ,ivilchester ,jail infected the court1 and ,lord ,chief ,baron ,pengelly1 ,sir ,james ,shepherd1 serjeant1 ,john ,pigot1 ,esq41 sheriff1 and some hundreds besides1 died of the jail distemper40 ,another eruption1 which broke out during an assize held at the ,old ,bailey in #agej1 resulted in the contraction of the disease by the ,judge1 the ,lord ,mayor1 and the ,alderman1 and caused the death of forty persons who were present in the close and narrow court-house during the judicial proceedings4 ,one circumstance recorded in connection with this last attack needs no comment4 ,it is to the effect that 8a hundred prisoners were put into two rooms measuring fourteen feet by eleven feet1 and seven feet high40 ,the instances above quoted explain why it was this disease acquired the name of jail fever4 ,during the present century six different epidemics of typhus have broken out amongst the convicts on board the ,toulon ,galleys4 ,they occurred in #ahbj1 #ahbi1 #ahcc1 #ahde1 #ahee1 and #ahef4 ,although the above statement of facts indisputably points to the intimate connection existing between the prevalence and violent character of typhus and overcrowding1 and consequent contamination and vitiation of the air breathed by the patient1 it is still a moot point with pathologists whether the disease can be generated de novo by these conditions1 or whether they merely assist to disseminate and intensify it4 ,dr ,parkes1 writing on this subject1 says3----8,with reference to the particular kind of fever in ,metz1 it may be noticed that an important argument against the production of exanthematic typhus from simple overcrowding has been drawn from the experience both of ,metz and ,paris4 ,in both places during the sieges there was overcrowding1 wretchedness1 and famine1 particularly at ,metz2 yet1 as pointed out by ,professor ,chauffard to the ,acadmie de ,mdicine1 there was scarcely any or no typhus1 as there had been in the wars of the first ,napoleon4 ,there was typhus in the ,german besieging force1 but so strict was the blockade that it was not imported into ,metz1 and was not generated there40#bde ,footnote #bde3 ,blyth4 ,the mortality which has been caused in large armies by the ravages of typhus has been enormous4 ,during the #8thirty years' warfare that desolated ,germany from #afai to #afdh1 innumerable soldiers fell victims to it1 the ,bavarian army alone having lost #bj1jjj men from this cause4 ,typhus also committed appalling havoc among the legions of the first ,napoleon1 the ,bavarian contingent of the ,french army in the ,campaign in #ahab1 lost nearly #bf1jjj men from this cause2 whilst in ,mayence #be1jjj of ,napoleon's soldiers in garrison perished from the same cause in six months4 ,more lately1 viz4 during the ,crimean campaign 7in #ahef71 typhus slew more than #ag1jjj ,french soldiers4 ,it frequently infested the ,german armies during the ,franco ,german war of #ahfi-gj1 and committed great havoc both amongst the hosts of ,russia and ,turkey in the late war between those countries4 ,when we turn to the civil population1 we find that typhus has been no less ruthless1 and has slain its myriads of these also4 ,confining our attention to our own country1 we find it to have especially devastated ,ireland1 which has suffered from no less than eleven violent outbreaks of typhus within the last #acj years4 ,in one of these visitations1 viz4 that of #ahdj1 #hj1jjj people are estimated to have died from the disease4 ,the largest recorded epidemic of typhus within our islands during the present century was that of #ahdf4 ,it extended over the whole of the ,british islands1 and the number of persons attacked by it were nearly #a1djj1jjj1 out of which #a1jjj1jjj occurred in ,ireland4 8,the ,irish flocked to ,england in thousands1 bringing the pestilence with them4 ,it therefore was extremely prevalent in ,liverpool1 no less than #aj1jjj persons dying of typhus in that city40#bdf ,the latest outbreaks in ,england have been in #ahfb and #ahfi2 they were principally confined to ,london4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,blyth4 ,dr ,murchison says that #ad1jjj persons were admitted to the ,london ,fever ,hospital during the two epidemics1 and that amongst them a small number only were ,irish4 ,all ,european countries1 as well as ,north ,america and some parts of ,asia1 suffer from the ravages of this alarming disease4 ,africa1 however1 as well as ,australia and ,new ,zealand1 are said to be exempt from it4 ,symptoms4----,the symptoms of typhus are thus described by ,dr ,murchison3----8,more or less sudden invasion1 marked by rigors or chilliness2 frequent compressible pulse2 tongue furred1 and ultimately dry and brown2 bowels in most cases constipated2 skin warm and dry2 a rubeloid rash appearing between the fourth and seventh days1 the spots never appearing in successive crops1 at first slightly elevated1 and disappearing on pressure1 but after the second day persistent1 and often becoming converted into true petechi2 great and early prostration2 heavy flushed countenance2 injected conjunctiv2 wakefulness and obtuseness of the mental faculties1 followed1 at the end of the first week1 by delirium1 which is sometimes acute and noisy1 but oftener low and wandering2 tendency to stupor and coma1 tremors1 subsultus1 and involuntary evacuations1 with contracted pupils4 ,duration of the fever from ten to twenty-one days1 usually fourteen4 ,in the dead body no specific lesion1 but hypermia of all the internal organs1 softening and disintegration of the heart and voluntary muscles1 hypostatic congestion of the lungs1 atrophy of the brain1 and dema of the pia mater1 are common40 ,treatment4----,the following remarks1 bearing on this branch of the subject1 are suggested for adoption by the non-medical reader1 in the event of his being precluded by circumstances from calling in the aid of the medical practitioner4 ,the most important points to be observed are the isolation of the patient and the thorough ventilation of his apartment by the continuous admission into it of fresh air without stint or hindrance4 ,dr ,parkes recommends the patient to be put in the top room of the house or hospital1 since there is strong evidence to show that the contagious virus is volatile and ascends through the atmosphere4 ,the forms of disinfection best suited for adoption in this disease1 together with the method of employing them1 will be found fully described in the article #8,,disinfectants1' ,the body of the patient should also be frequently sponged with ,condy's fluid1 properly diluted1 or covered with olive oil1 to which has been added a small quantity of carbolic acid4 ,as internal remedies1 dilute hydrochloric or nitro-hydrochloric acids have been highly commended4 ,chlorate of potash1 in large doses1 was formerly much employed4 ,these remedies may be supplemented by the use of saline medicines1 sudorifics1 and moderate purgatives4 ,the diet should consist largely of milk and water1 beef tea1 broth1 and such like digestible and nutritious food4 ,,udder1 ,inflammation of4 ,syn4 ,,garget ,,mammitis4 ,amongst domestic animals1 cows are the most frequently subject to this affection4 ,it is most common amongst those cows that have lately calved or have been thoroughly milked4 ,heifers and even young cows that have never had a calf1 however1 are not exempt from it1 and occasionally suffer from its attacks4 ,the inflammation varies in intensity1 in some cases only showing itself in a dryness1 tenseness1 heat and tenderness of the skin of the udder1 whilst in others it is much more serious1 and extends to the interior parts and vessels2 in the latter case1 giving rise to hard lumps amongst the softer texture of the udder4 ,inflammation of the udder appears to result from various causes----indigestion1 over driving1 the too long retention of the milk in the udder1 and cold2 it is also very frequently associated with murrain1 rheumatism1 and swelling of the joints4 ,treatment4----,if the disease be constitutional1 as indicated by the suddeness of the attack1 the best course will be to administer at once a good dose of ,epsom or ,glauber salts combined with a little ginger1 and to give copious doses of nitre4 ,a modified form of this treatment should be kept up for some little time by means of gentle aperients1 and smaller doses of nitre4 ,in the milder form of inflammation1 viz4 in that confined to the exterior of the udder1 it will be best to have recourse to spirit lotions or refrigerant applications1 such as ice water1 or a mixture of chloride of ammonium and nitre applied immediately after mixing with water4 ,the udder should be kept constantly cool by means of these4 ,when the inflammation is deeper seated1 as evidenced by the presence of lumps in the udder1 the continuous application of warm water is advisable4 ,whether the cold or hot treatment be indicated1 it should be diligently kept up for a day at least4 ,in the adoption of either the cold or hot local remedies1 above specified1 they should be combined with some means of support 7by the agency of a proper bandage7 to the udder4 ,it is also important to have the milk removed every three or four hours2 if the milking operation cause pain1 a syphon should be used4 ,the hard lumps will be found to disperse best under gentle friction applied by the hand twice a day1 for an hour each time1 the hand being previously anointed with lard4 ,when the surface pits or becomes soft1 and very hot1 it may be assumed that suppuration has set in1 in which case the confined pus must be liberated by means of the lancet4 ,,ulcerated ,,sore ,,throat4 ,this form of sore throat1 in which ulcers develop themselves upon the tonsils1 is a very frequent accompaniment of scarlatina1 syphilis1 and other diseases1 in which cases to prescribe the method of treatment would be beyond our province4 ,for ordinary ulcerated sore throat arising from cold1 chronic inflammation of the part1 or a low state of health1 the best course will be to gargle the throat four or five times daily with either of the following gargles3 #a4 ,alum1 #cj gr42 infusion of rose1 #f oz4 #b4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #cj gr42 distilled water1 #f oz4 #c4 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a dr42 water1 #f oz4 ,should these fail1 touch the ulcers every morning with a solution of nitrate of silver1 containing ten grains of the nitrate to an ounce of distilled water4 ,,ulcers4 ,these are open sores1 mostly accompanied by a discharge of pus1 or serous matter4 ,they differ from ordinary wounds by the edges showing no disposition to unite4 ,when they extend or deepen1 it is by a process of absorption2 while they heal by granulation1 whereby they become filled up with little granular growths of flesh4 ,ulcers may appear on all parts of the body1 but they most frequently attack the legs and arms4 ,in enfeebled states of the body1 wounds1 boils1 and abscesses may degenerate into ulcers2 they are also a consequence of enlarged or varicose veins1 or the result of some specific poison in the system4 ,ulcers may be classed into simple1 irritable1 indolent1 and specific4 ,treatment4----,when an ordinary wound or sore shows a disinclination to heal1 but on the contrary1 extends or deepens1 it should be poulticed with bread and water or linseed meal4 ,should these remedies be ineffectual1 an old fashioned but useful one1 viz4 a carrot poultice1 may be applied4 ,when the ulceration is irritable or painful1 the poultices may be supplemented by the frequent use of a lotion consisting of four parts of water to one of tincture of opium1 or of a warm decoction of poppy heads applied by means of a linen rag4 ,filling the cavity with prepared chalk has been recommended4 ,it sometimes happens that during poulticing1 proud flesh may form in an ulcer4 ,when this is the case1 a little sugar in powder may be sprinkled over the unhealthy excrescence1 or some red precipitate ointment be applied to it4 ,taking care not to use too much of either4 ,when the ulcer has a bad or fetid odour1 it should be washed with a lotion composed of one part of solution of chlorinated soda to sixteen parts of water2 or it may be sprinkled over with charcoal powder2 or with a mixture of starch and salicylic acid4 ,the best application to bad smelling ulcers caused by varicose veins is a lotion consisting of nitric acid considerably diluted with water4 ,directions are given for the treatment of varicose veins1 under ,,varix1 further on4 ,if the veins be ulcerated1 the ulcers should be dressed with acetate of lead ointment previous to the application of the bandage4 ,very irritable ulcers are often greatly relieved by the gentle application to them of lunar caustic1 and indolent ones by dressing with yellow basilicon ointment1 or by the judicious use of black wash4 ,the general health should be attended to by the administration of tonics consisting of the mineral acids1 gentle aperients1 and a digestible and nourishing diet4 ,small ulcers on the mucous membrane of the mouth or on the gums may be made to disappear instantly upon touching them with a piece of lunar caustic4 ,where any difficulty is experienced in the healing of an ulcer1 or if it be at all of a serious nature1 the medical practitioner should be consulted4 ,,ul,,min1 ,,ulmic ,,acid4 ,by boiling sugar in dilute sulphuric acid for a long time1 a brownish-black substance is produced4 ,boullay and ,malaguti state that this is a mixture of two distinct bodies----ulmin 7sacchulmin----,liebig7 and ulmic acid 7sacchulmic acid----,liebig74 ,the first is insoluble in solutions of the alkalies2 the latter dissolves in them freely4 ,a number of black uncrystallisable substances1 produced by the action of powerful chemical agents upon vegetable matter1 have been confounded under these names4 ,,ultramarine4 ,syn4 ,,lapis-,,lazuli ,,blue1 ,,ultramarine ,b42 ,c,,ruleum ,,ultramontanum1 ,l4 ,this beautiful pigment is obtained from the blue mineral azure stone1 lazulite1 or lapis lazuli1 the finest specimens of which are brought from ,china1 ,persia1 and ,great ,bucharia4 ,prep4 ,pure lapis lazuli 7reduced to fragments about the size of a pea1 and the colourless pieces rejected71 #a lb41 is heated to redness1 quenched in water1 and ground to an impalpable powder2 to this is added1 of yellow resin1 #f oz42 turpentine1 beeswax1 and linseed oil1 of each #b oz42 previously melted together2 the whole is next made into a mass1 which is kneaded in successive portions of warm water1 as long as it colours it blue2 from these it is deposited on repose1 and is then collected1 well washed with clean water1 dried1 and sorted according to its qualities4 ,the first water1 which is usually dirty1 is thrown away2 the second gives a blue of the first quality2 and the third1 and following ones1 yield samples of less value4 ,the process is founded on the property which the colouring matter of azure-stone has of adhering less firmly to the resinous cement than the foreign matter with which it is associated4 ,when azure-stone has its colour altered by a moderate heat1 it is reckoned bad or factitious4 ,obs4 ,ultramarine is the most costly1 but at the same time the most splendid and permanent1 of our blue pigments1 and works well in oil4 ,ultramarine1 ,artificial4 ,syn4 ,,azure ,,blue1 ,,meissner ,,ultramarine1 ,,paris ,b41 ,,vienna ,b42 ,c,,ruleum ,,ultramontanum ,,factitium1 ,l4 ,from the researches of ,clement1 ,desormes1 and ,robiquet1 it has been inferred that the colour of ultramarine depends on the presence of sulphuret of sodium in a peculiar state of combination with the silicates of soda and alumina2 but1 according to ,elsner and ,tirnmon1 a minute quantity of sulphuret of iron is also an essential ingredient4 ,it is by heating mixtures of this kind that the artificial ultramarine of commerce is prepared4 ,the finer specimens1 thus obtained1 are quite equal in durability and beauty of colour to those prepared from lazulite1 while they are very much less expensive4 ,prep4 #a4 ,kaolin1 #cg parts2 sulphate of soda1 #ae2 carbonate of soda1 #bb2 sulphur1 #ah2 charcoal1 #h2 intimately mixed and heated from #bd to #cj hours1 in large crucibles2 the product is then heated again in cast-iron boxes1 at a moderate temperature1 till the required tint is obtained2 it is1 finally1 pulverised1 washed1 and dried4 #b4 7,gmelin47 ,sulphur1 #b parts2 dry carbonate of soda1 #a part2 mix well2 gradually heat them in a covered crucible to redness1 or till the mixture fuses1 then sprinkle in1 by degrees1 another mixture of silicate of soda and #8aluminate of soda' 7containing #gb parts of silica and #gj parts of alumina71 and continue the heat for an hour4 ,the product contains a little free sulphur1 which may be separated by water4 #c4 7,robiquet47 ,by exposing to a low red heat1 in a covered crucible1 as long as fumes are given off1 a mixture of pure kaolin1 #b parts2 anhydrous carbonate of soda and sulphur1 of each #c parts4 ,some manufacturers who adopt this process use #a-crd less carbonate of soda4 #d4 7,tirnmon47 ,take of crystallised carbonate of soda1 #ajge gr42 apply a gentle heat1 and1 when fused in its water of crystallisation1 shake in of finely pulverised orpiment1 #e gr41 and1 when partly decomposed1 add as much gelatinous hydrate of alumina as contains #g gr4 of anhydrous alumina2 finely sifted clay1 #ajj gr41 and flowers of sulphur1 #bba gr41 are next to be added1 and the whole placed in a covered crucible1 and at first gently heated1 to drive off the water2 but as soon as this is effected1 raised to redness1 the heat being so regulated that the ingredients only #8sinter' together1 without actually fusing2 the mass is then to be cooled1 finely pulverised1 suspended in river water1 and brought upon a filter2 the product has now a very beautiful delicate green or bluish colour1 but on being heated in a covered dish1 and stirred about from time to time1 until the temperature reaches that of dull redness1 at which it must be kept for #a or #b hours1 it changes to a rich blue4 ,if the heat of the first calcination has been properly regulated1 the whole of the mass taken from the crucible will have uniform colour2 but if too little heat has been used1 and the ingredients have not been properly mixed1 there will be colourless parts1 which should be rejected2 if too much heat has been used1 or the mass allowed to fuse1 brown parts will appear1 especially if the crucible is of a bad kind1 or easily destroyed2 these must also be rejected4 7#8,compt4 ,rend41' #ahdb47 ,ultramarine ,ashes4 ,syn4 ,,saunder',s ,,blue4 ,obtained from the resinous mass from making ultramarine1 by melting it with fresh oil1 and kneading it in water containing a little potash or soda2 or1 by burning away the wax and oil of the mass and well grinding and washing the residue with water4 ,very permanent1 but much less brilliant than ultramarine4 ,ultramarine1 ,cobaltic4 ,syn4 ,,chinese ,,blue1 ,,cobalt ,b41 ,,louisa ,b41 ,h,,ffner',s ,b41 ,,th,,nard',s ,b4 ,a very rich blue pigment1 with many synonymes1 prepared by slowly drying and heating to dull redness a mixture of freshly precipitated alumina 7freed from water as much as possible71 #h to #aj parts2 arseniate or phosphate of cobalt1 #a part4 ,by daylight it is of a pure blue1 but by artificial light the colour turns on the violet4 ,for other formul see ,,blue ,,pigments4 ,u,,pas4 ,the ,javan name for several deadly poisons4 #8,bohun upas' is a gum-resin obtained from the bark of the ,antiaris toxicaria4 7,see ,,antiarine47 ,the #8upas tieut' is obtained from the ,strychnos ,tieut1 and owes its fatal power to strychnine4 ,they are both used to poison arrows and other deadly weapons4 ,,ura,,nium4 ,u4 ,a rare metal1 discovered by ,klaproth in #aghi4 ,it occurs in the pitchblende of ,saxony1 and the uranite of ,cornwall4 ,the chief oxides of uranium are the protoxide and the sesquioxide1 or uranic oxide4 ,uranic ,oxide 7,u#b,o#c7 may be obtained in the anhydrous state by heating the hydrated sesquioxide to a temperature of #egb ,fahr4 ,the sesquioxide is capable of acting both as an acid and a base4 ,the uranic salts are yellow4 ,uranous ,oxide4 7,,uo47 ,this may be procured by igniting uranium oxalate in a closed vessel1 or in a stream of hydrogen gas4 ,acids are without action upon this oxide4 ,when1 however1 it is obtained as an hydrate 7which it may be by treatment of its chloride with ammonia7 this latter is easily acted upon by acids1 and gives rise to salts having a green colour1 which rapidly absorb oxygen4 ,peligot proposed to call this oxide ,uranyl 7,,uo471 from the tendency it showed to follow the deportment of a metal when it combined with elementary bodies4 ,chlorides of ,uranium4 ,uranium forms two chlorides1 ,u#b;,cl#c and ,u,cl#b4 ,uses4 ,its ores and oxides are occasionally used to colour glass and enamels4 ,u,,rates4 ,salts of uric acid4 ,u,,rea4 ,,coh#d,n#b4 ,syn4 ,,cyanate ,,of ,,ammonium 7,anomalous74 ,a crystalline1 colourless1 transparent substance1 discovered by ,fourcroy and ,vauquelin in urine1 and by ,whler as the first organic compound artificially produced4 ,urea generally occurs in slender1 striated1 colourless prisms1 as shown on next page4 ,it is slightly deliquescent4 ,it has a neutral reaction and a bitterish taste4 ,it is extremely soluble in water and in hot alcohol1 but very slightly so in ether4 ,at about #bdh ,fahr4 it melts4 ,at a little higher temperature it becomes decomposed into ammonia1 carbonate1 cyanate of ammonium1 and cyanuric acid2 this latter being left in the retort4 ,the ammoniacal odour acquired by urine after a few days is due to the conversion of the urea into carbonate of ammonia1 as shown by the following equation3 ,urea4 ,water4 ,carb4 ,ammonia4 ,,ch#d,,on#b #b;,h#b,o 7,,nh#d7b;,,co#c4 ,this change is effected by the mucus of the bladder present in the urine4 ,a solution of pure urea may be kept at ordinary temperature1 or even boiled1 without undergoing alteration4 ,urea occurs as an essential component of the urine of man and animals1 being more particularly abundant in the urinary excretion of the flesh-eating mammalia2 nor is it altogether absent from the urine of birds and amphibia4 ,according to ,bischoff and ,voit1 urea is the result of tissue metamorphosis4 ,the greater number of inquirers1 however1 hold an opposite opinion1 and believe that it is derived from the albuminous constituents of the food1 when these preponderate over the quantity required for the nutrition of the body4 ,dr ,lionel ,beale says his 8own researches render it probable that all pabulum entering the system must1 before its elements can he applied to the nutrition of the tissues1 or removed by the organs of respiration or secretion1 be first of all taken up by cells 7chyle-corpuscles1 white blood-corpuscles71 and become living or germinal matter1 which1 after passing through certain definite stages of existence1 becomes serum of the blood1 and the formed matter of the red blood-corpuscles4 ,illustration3 ,the whole of the cuts illustrating 8,urea10 8,urinary diseases10 and 8,urine0 are taken from ,dr ,beale's work on #8,kidney ,diseases1 ,urinary ,deposits1 and ,calculous ,deposits1' by that gentleman's kind permission4 8,the products resulting from the disintegration of this formed matter may be taken up by the germinal matter of the tissues1 and at length become tissue1 or by that of secreting cells1 in which case it is removed in the form of the constituents of various excretions from the body altogether40 ,about an ounce and a quarter of urea is daily excreted by a healthy man1 although of course there will be a variation in this amount principally depending upon the quantity of animal food and active exercise taken during the twenty-four hours4 ,as might be anticipated a smaller quantity of urea is excreted by women than by men1 since they are unable to indulge to the same extent in muscular exercise4 ,a diminished quantity also results from breathing impure air1 and from a diseased and unhealthy condition of the lungs or of the circulation1 and also1 as might be expected1 from an insufficiency of food4 ,prep4 7,thnard47 ,fresh urine1 gently evaporated to the consistence of a syrup1 is treated with its own volume of nitric acid of sp4 gr4 #aai2 the mixture is shaken and immersed in an ice bath1 to solidify the crystals of nitrate of urea 7p4 #afhi72 these are washed with ice-cold water1 drained1 and pressed between sheets of blotting paper2 they are next dissolved in water1 and the solution is decomposed and precipitated with carbonate of potassium 7or carbonate of barium72 the whole is then gently evaporated nearly to dryness1 and the residuum is exhausted with pure alcohol1 which dissolves the urea1 which crystallises out as the solution cools4 ,urea1 ,factitious4 ,mix #bh parts of well-dried ferrocyanide of potassium with #ad of black oxide of manganese 7both in fine powder71 and heat them to dull redness on an iron plate4 ,lixiviate with cold water1 add #bb-a_/b parts of dry sulphate of ammonia1 concentrate by evaporation with a heat not exceeding #bab ,f41 decant the concentrated liquid1 treat it with rectified spirit1 and crystallise4 ,this is intended as a cleanly substitute for the preceding4 ,urea1 ,nitrate of4 ,syn4 ,,ure ,,nitras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from urine1 as described above2 or it may be prepared by saturating artificial urea with nitric acid4 ,diuretic4----,dose1 #b to #e gr4 twice or thrice daily2 in dropsy4 ,u,,ric ,,acid4 ,c#e;,h#d,n#d,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,lithic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,lithicum1 ,a4 ,,uricum1 ,l4 ,a substance discovered by ,scheele1 and peculiar to the urine of certain animals1 and the excrement of serpents and several birds4 ,the fces of the boa constrictor consist of little else than urate of ammonium4 ,it constitutes one of the commonest varieties of urinary calculi1 and of the red gravel or sand which is voided in certain morbid states of the urine4 ,guano derives its principal value as a manure from the presence of urate of ammonium4 ,the gouty concretions of the joints1 popularly known as chalk-stones1 consist chiefly of urate of sodium4 ,prep4 ,dissolve the chalk-like excrement of serpents1 reduced to fine powder1 in a solution of caustic potassa1 by boiling2 then add hydrochloric acid in excess1 again boil for #ae minutes1 and well wash the precipitate with water4 ,prop41 c4 ,brilliant1 very minute1 white and silky scales1 which are tasteless1 inodorous1 slightly soluble in boiling water1 and dissolve in strong sulphuric acid1 but are again precipitated by water4 ,it forms salts with the bases called urates1 all of which are very sparingly soluble4 ,the characteristic reaction of uric acid is1 that when moistened with nitric acid and heated1 it dissolves1 and by evaporation yields a red compound1 which1 upon the addition of a drop or two of solution of ammonia1 assumes a magnificent crimson colour1 being converted into murexide4 ,uric acid is a constituent of healthy human urine1 in which it exists combined with bases in the form of urates1 which1 being in small quantity1 are soluble in the urine4 #ajjj grains of the urine contain from #a_/b grain to #a grain of the acid4 ,drs ,beale and ,thudichum respectively estimate the amount of uric acid excreted in twenty-four hours by a healthy adult man at from #e to #h grains4 ,to determine the amount of uric acid in urine proceed as follows3----,to a certain weight of the urine1 hydrochloric or nitric acid is added1 and the urine set aside for some hours1 at the end of which time1 the insoluble crystals of uric acid which are formed1 are washed1 dried1 and weighed4 ,with the exception of the urates1 uric acid is one of the deposits most frequently met with in abnormal urine1 wherein it occurs as a small reddish powder adhering to the bottom or sides of the containing vessel4 ,as a urinary deposit1 uric acid assumes a great variety of forms1 that of most frequent occurrence being the rhombic1 modified in many of the crystals by the rounding of two of the angles1 as shown in the engraving on next page4 ,illustration3 ,uric acid4 7,beale47 ,,urinary ,,diseases4 ,this class of disorders1 which in general terms may be said to embrace affections of the kidneys1 bladder1 ureters1 c41 comprises diseases of these parts varying greatly in character and pathological importance4 ,the most serious forms of kidney disease are ,,congestion of the kidney1 a very frequent accompaniment of heart or lung disease2 ,,pyelitis1 or inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney2 ,,suppurative ,,nephritis1 or inflammation of the substance of the kidney1 which ends in suppuration2 ,,acute ,,nephritis1 or ,,acute ,,bright',s ,,disease1 acute inflammation of the kidney1 frequently arising from scarlatina or cold2 ,,chronic ,,nephritis1 or ,,chronic ,,bright',s ,,disease1 a formidable and incurable variety of kidney affection1 giving rise to dropsy1 and1 owing to the disintegration of the organ1 to poisoning of the blood by urea4 ,in advanced cases of this disease the urine contains a large quantity of albumen and casts of the urinary tubes4 ,,calculus ,,of ,,the ,,kidney4 ,the most dangerous diseases of the bladder are those caused by the deposition in it of earthy and other concretions1 known as ,,urinary ,,calculi1 which are described in the present work under ,,calculus4 ,the presence of these calculi is indicated by acute pain in the bladder and urinary passages1 extending to the adjacent parts1 the pain being excruciating immediately after passing the urine4 ,sometimes during the act of excretion the stream of water is suddenly stopped4 ,inflammation is another dangerous disease of the bladder1 calling for the prompt summoning of the medical practitioner wherever possible4 ,the following particulars as to its symptoms and treatment are offered for adoption to emigrants and others so placed as to be beyond the means of medical succour4 ,inflammation of the bladder commences with pain in the region of that organ1 the pain becoming continuous and increasing in violence1 and being accompanied with a sense of burning heat and of tenderness on pressure4 ,the urine is frequently voided4 ,the inflammation is sometimes so acute as to give rise to suppuration and the consequent discharge of pus with the urine4 ,sometimes the disease assumes a chronic character4 ,in the acute form of the disease recourse should be had to leeches1 hot fomentations1 and warm baths2 a dose of calomel1 to be followed by a brisk dose of castor oil1 should likewise be administered4 ,alcoholic drinks of any kind must be carefully avoided1 the patient being allowed to drink only cool demulcent beverages4 ,with these should be combined effervescing draughts1 frequently repeated1 and small doses of ,dover's powder4 ,great relief will also be derived from the use of enemas of gruel containing laudanum4 ,where inflammation of the bladder arises from gout or rheumatism1 it must be treated as for these diseases4 ,a suppository1 consisting of two grains of opium1 combined with twenty grains of soap1 is frequently of great benefit4 ,should the disease become chronic1 the best method of treatment will be the repeated use of mild aperients1 the combined employment of uva ursi in infusion or powder1 with either tincture of perchloride of iron1 or the mineral acids4 ,spirituous liquors of any kind must be avoided4 ,demulcent drinks form the best beverage1 and a farinaceous or milk diet the most desirable food4 ,,neuralgia ,,of ,,the ,,bladder4 ,the pain which attends this disease is unaccompanied either by inflammation or irritation1 and is recurrent in character4 ,it may generally be arrested by tincture of perchloride of iron1 or of iron and quinine1 administered three times a day4 ,,irritation ,,of ,,the ,,bladder4 ,the patient affected with this disorder gratifies the frequent desire he has to pass his urine1 the operation being accompanied with pain and forcing1 the most severe pain being experienced after the excretion has taken place4 ,the tincture of perchloride of iron will also be found the best remedy for this disorder4 ,it should be given in conjunction with the infusions of uva ursi1 ,pareira brava1 or buchu4 ,mucilaginous drinks should also be had recourse to4 ,,catarrh ,,of ,,the ,,bladder4 ,the symptoms of this disease are irritation1 and the presence of much mucus in the urine4 ,the same treatment may be adopted as recommended for irritation of the bladder4 ,if there be an absence of pain1 spirits of nitre and copaiba balsam in moderate doses frequently afford relief4 ,,strangury4 ,constant micturition1 only a few drops of urine passing at the time1 occasioning burning and cutting pains around the parts4 ,strangury is generally due to some irritating cause1 which should1 if possible1 be discovered and removed4 ,cantharides taken either internally1 or applied externally1 as in the form of a blister1 will sometimes give rise to it4 ,the patient should drink copiously of mucilaginous beverages1 such as linseed tea1 slippery elm bark1 barley water1 with gum ,arabic dissolved in it4 ,an injection consisting of thirty or forty drops of laudanum in a spoonful of gruel will be found to afford immediate relief4 ,if the above means fail1 a pill containing a grain of camphor in five grains of extract of henbane should be given1 and a warm bath taken4 ,see ,,gravel4 ,u,,rine4 ,the density of the urine varies from #ajje to #ajcj2bdg the average1 in health1 being #ajbj1 when it contains about #chj gr4 of solid matter in the pint4 ,according to ,berzelius1 the proportion is about #f-c_/d1 the rest being pure water4 ,it exhibits a decidedly acid reaction1 and is never alkaline1 except during disease1 or the use of large quantities of alkaline salts of the vegetable acids4 ,the average quantity secreted during #bd hours may be taken at #b pints to #c pints2 as might be supposed1 a larger quantity is passed during the summer than in the winter months4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,from #ajae to #ajbe1 ,beale4 ,miller gives the following as the composition of healthy urine3---- ,in #ajj ,specific gravity #ajbj parts of solid ,water #iefhj matter4 ,urea #adbc #ccjj ,uric acid #jcg #jhf ,organic matters1 #bigi ,alcoholic extract #abec #bijc ,watery extract #bej #ehj ,vesical mucus #jaf #jcg ,sodic chloride #gbb #afgc ,a ,phosphoric anhydride #bab #dia ,sulphuric anhydride #agj #cid ,fixed salts1 #acce ,lime #jba #jdi ,magnesia #jba #jbh ,potash #aic #ddg ,soda #jji #jab ,loss #jjc ------------ ------------ #ajjjjj #ajjjj ,a ,solid matters1 #dcb4 ,the presence of bile in urine1 or other like fluids1 may be detected as follows3----,put a small quantity of the suspected liquid into a test-tube1 and add to it1 drop by drop1 strong sulphuric acid1 until it becomes warm1 taking care not to raise the temperature above #abb ,fahr42 then add from #b to #e drops of syrup 7made with #e parts of sugar to #d of water71 and shake the mixture4 ,if the liquid contain bile1 a violet coloration is observed4 ,acetic acid may be substituted for sugar4 ,another test for bile consists in pouring a little of the suspected urine into a test tube1 and adding to it a few drops of tincture of iodine1 when if bile be present the fluid becomes distinctly green4 ,rosenbach says that urine containing bile1 when passed through white filtering paper1 imparts a yellow or brown colour to the paper4 ,on allowing one drop of strong nitric acid to run down the side of the moist filter it leaves a yellow streak1 soon changing to orange1 with a violet border1 on the outside of which blue and emerald-green zones may be observed4 ,these colours remain visible for some time4 ,dark-coloured urine1 owing to substances other than bile1 does not produce this play of colours4 ,the reagents most generally employed for detecting the presence of sugar in urine are ,trommer's 7see ,,sugar7 and ,fehling's solutions4 ,for the effective application of ,fehling's test1 ,dr ,roberts#bdh advises the following method of procedure3----,pour some of the ,fehling's solution into a narrow test tube to the depth of #c_/d of an inch2 heat until it begins to boil2 then add #b or #c drops of the suspected urine4 ,if the sugar be abundant1 a thick yellow opacity or deposit of yellow suboxide are produced 7and this changes to a brick-red at once if the blue colour of the test remains dominant74 ,if no such reaction ensue1 go on adding the urine until a bulk nearly equal to the test employed has been poured in2 heat again to ebullition1 and no change occurring1 set aside without further boiling4 ,if no milkiness is produced as the mixture cools1 the urine may confidently be pronounced free from sugar1 or1 at any rate1 it contains less than #a_/djth percent4 ,footnote #bdh3 #8,urinary and ,renal ,diseases1' by ,dr ,w4 ,roberts4 ,if the quantity of sugar is very small1 viz4 from a #a_/b to #a_/djth per cent41 the precipitation of the yellow or cuprous oxide does not take place immediately1 but occurs after some time as the liquid cools1 and the manner of the change is peculiar4 ,first1 the mixture loses its transparency1 and passes from a clear bluish green to a light greenish opacity1 just as if some drops of milk had fallen into the tube4 ,this green milky appearance is quite characteristic of sugar4 ,before using the ,fehling's solution it should be always examined previously to the addition of the urine1 by being first boiled alone1 when if it remains clear it may be pronounced in fit condition4 ,on the contrary1 should the preliminary boiling give a deposit1 the solution must be discarded1 and some freshly made employed instead4 ,bttger has proposed the following quantitative test for the presence of sugar in urine3 ,he first adds some potash to the sample of urine1 and then a small quantity of subnitrate of bismuth1 and boils the mixture4 ,if sugar is present1 the suboxide is reduced1 and metallic bismuth being liberated is precipitated as a black powder4 ,another method of applying the bismuth test is as follows3----,one part of crystallised carbonate of soda is dissolved in three parts of water1 and added to an equal quantity of the urine4 ,a small quantity of basic nitrate of bismuth is then added to the mixture1 which is then heated to the boiling point4 ,a black precipitate is formed if the urine contains sugar4 ,horsley's test consists in boiling with the suspected urine a mixture of equal parts of neutral chromate of potash and solution of potash1 when1 if sugar be present1 a green colour will be produced1 owing to the formation of the sesquioxide of chromium4 ,m4 ,luton's1 which is a modification of ,horsley's test1 a solution of bichromate of potash is decomposed by excess of sulphuric acid1 and upon the urine being boiled with the mixture1 a splendid green colour is imparted to it4 ,urea1 albumin1 and the urates do not interfere with this reaction4 ,vidau has observed that a mixture of equal parts of hydrochloric acid and oil of brune 7oil of sesame71 either in the cold1 or when slightly heated1 assumes a distinct rose colour in the presence of cane or grape sugar1 provided #jjja gramme of sugar is present for every c4c4 of mixture4 ,one of the best methods for the accurate and quick estimation of the amount of sugar in urine is1 perhaps1 the volumetric1 devised by ,fehling1 who employed a standard copper solution1 known as #8,fehling's solution1' of the following composition3 ,sulphate of copper #ij-a_/b grains4 ,neutral tartrate of potash #cfd 0 ,solution of caustic soda1 sp4 gr4 #aab #d fl4 oz4 ,add water to make up exactly #f 0 ,of this solution #bjj grains are exactly decomposed by one grain of sugar4 ,the following is the mode of performing the analysis given by ,dr ,roberts#bdi3----,measure off #bjj grains of the above standard solution in a #bjj-;grain tube1 pour this into a flask1 and add about twice its volume of water2 then place over a spirit lamp to boil4 ,while the copper solution is being heated the urine to be analysed should be diluted with water to a known degree4 ,in the case of ordinary diabetic urines the best dilution is one in ten4 ,this is obtained by carefully filling a #f-ounce measure with water to the depth of #d-a_/b ounces1 and then adding urine so as to make up exactly #e ounces4 ,the mixture will then contain exactly one tenth of urine 7when the quantity of sugar in the urine is very small1 a dilution of one in five1 or even the undiluted urine may be employed74 ,the next step is to fill a burette 7which must be graduated to grains7 with the diluted urine to #j4 ,then proceed to add it in successive small portions to the boiling copper solution until the blue colour has entirely disappeared4 ,after each fresh addition from the burette1 the mixture should be raised to the boiling point1 and then allowed to stand a few seconds1 so that the precipitated copper may subside1 and the observer may see1 by holding the flask between the eye and the light1 whether the mixture still retains any blue colour4 ,footnote #bdi3 #8,urinary and ,renal ,diseases1' by ,dr ,w4 ,roberts4 ,as soon as the blue colour has disappeared the analysis is complete1 and the quantity of diluted urine may be read off4 ,the percentage of sugar in the urine can now be readily calculated4 ,suppose #abe grains had been added from the burette1 this represents one tenth1 or #abe grains of undiluted urine1 and contains exactly one grain of sugar2 by dividing #abe into #ajj the per-centage of sugar is obtained1 or #ajj_/abe #h2 the urine contains #h per cent4 of sugar4 ,another process for the quantitative determination of sugar in urine1 called by its author1 ,dr ,roberts1 8the differential density method10 is based upon the loss of density1 experienced by diabetic urine1 after all the sugar has been removed by fermentation4 ,dr ,roberts says repeated examples derived from diabetic urine so treated1 together with corresponding experiments made with solutions of sugar of known strength in normal urine1 and in pure water1 as well as theoretical calculation have warranted the conclusion1 that the number of degrees of density so lost indicates as many grains of sugar per fluid ounce4 ,the method1 which is extremely simple1 is thus performed3----,into a #ab-ounce bottle measure #d fluid ounces of the diabetic urine1 and drop into it a piece of fresh ,german yeast1 about as large as a cobnut or walnut2 insert a cork in the bottle1 and let the cork have a nick cut in the side1 to allow of the escape of the carbonic acid4 ,then fill an ordinary #d-ounce bottle with the same sample of urine1 omitting to add any yeast1 and cork it in the ordinary manner4 ,place both bottles in a warm situation1 where the temperature is about #hj or #ij ,fahr41 for twenty or twenty-four hours2 at the end of which time1 the fermentation being over1 the scum will either have cleared off or subsided4 ,the fermented urine is then poured into a proper urine-glass1 and its specific gravity ascertained4 ,the specific gravity of the unfermented companion portion is also taken1 and by comparing the two results the loss of density is thus arrived at4 ,before the respective densities are taken it is best to remove the two samples to a cool place1 where they should remain for two or three hours1 in order that they may acquire the temperature of the surrounding air4 ,the two following examples may serve as illustrations of the method4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,density before fermentation #ajec #ajch ,density after fermentation #ajjd #ajac ,degrees of density lost #di #be -------- -------- ,grains of sugar per fluid ounce #di #be ,if it be desired to bring out the result as so much per cent41 this is accomplished by multiplying the number indicating the 8density lost0 by the coefficient #jbc4 ,thus1 in the first of the above examples1 #di #jbc #aabg2 and in the second #be #jbc #efi1 which are amounts of sugar respectively per #ajj parts4#bej ,footnote #bej3 ,roberts4 ,in taking the densities ,dr ,roberts advises the operator to employ a urinometer having a long scale1 since the degrees are much further apart than in the scales of the short-stemmed instruments1 and are therefore more distinct and can be more easily read off4 ,the following are examples of diabetic urine3 ,no4 #a 7,simon74 ,specific gravity #ajah ,water #iegjj ,solid constituents #dcjj ,urea ,traces4 ,uric acid ,traces4 ,sugar #cihj ,extractive matter and soluble salts #baj ,earthy phosphates #jeb ,albumen ,traces4 ,no4 #b 7,dr ,percy74 ,specific gravity #ajdb ,water #hidej ,solid constituents #ajeej ,urea #abaf ,uric acid #jaf ,sugar #djab ,extractive matter1 and soluble salts #ecjf ,no4 #c 7,bouchardat74 ,water #hcgeh ,solid constituents #afbdb ,urea #hbg ,uric acid ,not isolated4 ,sugar #acdcb ,extractive matters1 and soluble salts #bjcd ,earthy phosphates #jch 8,diabetic urine usually possesses a peculiar smell1 which has been compared with that of violets1 apples1 new hay1 whey1 horses' urine1 musk1 and sour milk4 ,such comparisons serve only to show how difficult it is to give by description a correct idea of a particular odour4 ,the colour of diabetic urine is generally pale4 ,sometimes1 but not usually until after two or three days1 the surface becomes coloured with a whitish film1 owing to the development of the sugar fungus1 and the penicillium glaucum1 and gradually the urine becomes opalescent in consequence of these fungi multiplying in great numbers in every part of the fluid4 ,see ,,urinary ,,deposits 7,,fungi74 8,diabetic urine has a sweet taste1 and often numbers of flies are attracted to it1 which fact sometimes leads the patient to suspect that the urine is not healthy40#bea ,footnote #bea3 #8,kidney ,diseases1 ,urinary ,deposits1' c41 ,dr ,lionel ,beale4 ,white merino1 that has been wet with a solution of bichloride of tin1 is also said to form a ready test for sugar in urine4 ,albumen in urine may be detected by the nitric acid1 or by the heat test4 ,the nitric acid test is performed as follows4----,fill a test tube to about an inch with the urine1 then incline the tube and pour in strong nitric acid down the side of the tube1 so that the acid sinks to the bottom and displaces the urine1 which by reason of its smaller specific gravity rests above it4 ,let the acid be added till it forms a stratum about a quarter of an inch thick at the bottom4 ,if the urine contain albumen three layers will be perceptible----one1 perfectly colourless1 of nitric acid at the bottom2 immediately above this an opalescent zone of the coagulated albumen2 and1 on the top1 the unaltered urine4 ,in his work1 #8,kidney ,diseases and ,urinary ,deposits1' ,dr ,lionel ,beale directs attention to the very important fact that 8two or three drops of nitric acid to about a drachm of albuminous urine in a test tube will produce a precipitate of albumen which will be dissolved on agitation1 while1 on the other hand1 about half as much strong nitric acid as there is of urine will redissolve the precipitate of albumen1 unless the quantity present be excessive4 ,albumen precipitated by nitric acid is soluble in weak nitric acid1 and in a considerable excess of urine1 and it is also soluble in strong nitric acid4 ,it is therefore necessary in employing the nitric acid test to add from ten to fifteen drops of the strong acid to about a drachm of the urine suspected to contain albumen40 ,dr ,roberts gives the following directions for applying the heat test3----,if the urine have its usual acid reaction it becomes turbid on boiling when it contains albumen1 and this turbidity persists after the addition of an acid4 ,there are two points to be remembered on using heat alone as a test for albumen4 ,first1 that albumen is not coagulated by heat when the urine is alkaline2 in such cases1 therefore1 it is necessary before boiling to restore the acidity by a few drops of acetic acid 7carefully avoiding excess74 ,secondly1 when the urine is neutral or very feebly acid1 it may become turbid on heating1 from precipitation of the earthy phosphates1 but turbidity from this cause is easily distinguished from albumen by a drop of nitric or acetic acid1 which instantly causes the phosphates to disappear4 ,it may sometimes happen that the patient whose urine is to be submitted to examination for albumen may be taking large doses of nitric or hydrochloric acid4 ,under these circumstances ,dr ,bence ,jones recommends the addition of ammonia to the urine1 nearly to the point of neutralisation4 ,mr ,louis ,siebold proposes a modification of ,dr ,roberts's method of applying the heat test in acid states of the urine1 which is as follows3----,add solution of ammonia to the urine until just perceptibly alkaline1 filter1 and add diluted acetic acid very cautiously until the urine acquires a faint acid reaction1 avoiding the use of a single drop more than is necessary4 ,now place equal quantities of this mixture into two test tubes of equal size1 heat one of them to ebullition1 and compare it with the cold sample contained in the other test tube4 ,the least turbidity is thus distinctly observed1 and gives absolute proof of the presence of albumen1 the error of confounding phosphates with albumen being out of the question1 as they are precipitated by the ammonia and removed by filtration4 ,m4 ,galipe#beb says the following is a delicate as well as trustworthy test for albuminous urine4 ,a few drops of the urine are carefully added to a solution of picric acid contained in a small conical test glass4 ,if albumen be present a well-marked turbidity will be produced at the point of contact between the two liquids4 ,on applying heat the albumen agglutinates1 and rises to the surface4 ,phosphates and urates are said not to interfere with this test4 ,footnote #beb3 #8,pharm4 ,zeitung for ,russland1' xiv1 #dh 7#8,pharm4 ,journ4'74 ,in order to determine the quantity of albumen in urine proceed as follows3----,add a little acetic acid to the urine1 and then heat it in a water bath until it boils4 ,or the albuminous urine may be dropped into boiling water acidulated with acetic acid4 ,in either case collect the precipitate on a weighed filter1 wash it well1 dry it1 and weigh it4 ,the albumen must afterwards be incinerated1 and the resulting residue1 which consists of earthy salts1 must be deducted from the dried precipitate4 ,stolnikow#bec adopts the following method for the quantitative estimation of albumen in urine3----,the urine is diluted with water until a sample poured upon some nitric acid contained in a test tube produces still a faint white ring at the point of contact after the lapse of forty seconds4 ,the number of volumes of water added to the volume of urine 7which may be taken as one7 is divided by #bej1 and the quotient will be the percentage of albumen in the urine4 ,this relation has been established and confirmed by gravimetric determinations4 ,footnote #bec3 #8,chem4 ,central4' 7#8,pharm4 ,journ4'74 ,it is sometimes desirable to remove the albumen from the urine before proceeding to search for other substances4 ,there are several methods of accomplishing this4 ,if the urine be boiled the albumen will become coagulated1 but in many cases it may happen1 owing to the urine being slightly alkaline or neutral1 that a small quantity may remain in solution4 ,hence it will be advisable to add a little acetic acid to the urine before applying heat to it1 to remove the precipitated matters by filtration1 and to exactly neutralise the acid in the filtrate4 ,if a few crystals of sulphate of soda be heated with albuminous urine1 the albumen and allied matters may be entirely removed without injury to other organic matters dissolved1 and without interfering with the employment of other reagents4 ,when it is desirable to free the urine from albumen previous to testing for sugar1 this latter method will be found the best and most convenient4 ,the following analyses represent the amount of albumen present in the urine of two patients suffering from ,bright's disease3 ,no4 #a 7,simon74 ,specific gravity #ajad ,water #iffaj ,solid constituents #ccij ,urea #dgg ,uric acid #jdj ,fixed salts #hjd ,extractive matters #bdj ,albumen #ahjj ,no4 #b 7,dr ,percy74 ,specific gravity #ajbj ,water #idfhb ,solid constituents #ecah ,urea #gfh ,uric acid1 and indeterminate animal matter #ageb ,fixed soluble salts #ebj ,earthy phosphates #jad ,albumen #bbfd ,dr ,parkes records the case of a patient suffering from albuminuria1 who excreted #ede grains of albumen in twenty-four hours4 ,see ,,urates4 ,urine frequently contains an abnormally large quantity of urea4 ,such urine is of high specific gravity----#ajcj or more4 ,when present in large excess the urea becomes deposited in #8sparkling crystalline lamell' of the nitrate1 if it be mixed with an equal quantity of strong nitric acid in the cold4 ,the crystals vary slightly in character1 according to the amount of nitric acid employed and the degree of concentration of the urine4 ,urine which thus yields1 without previous concentration1 the nitrate1 is said to contain an excess of urea4 ,see page #afhi4 ,the quantity of urea present in urine is best determined by a process invented by ,liebig4 ,when a solution of pernitrate of mercury is added to one of pure urea the urea and mercuric salt unite and form an insoluble compound1 of undetermined constitution4 ,if1 however1 the chlorides of the alkalies and alkaline earths are present1 this combination does not take place1 owing to the decomposition of the mercuric nitrate1 and the formation of bichloride of mercury1 and a nitrate of the alkali or alkaline earth1 both of which are soluble4 ,when1 however1 the decomposition of the chloride has been completed1 the urea may be entirely precipitated1 provided a sufficient quantity of mercuric nitrate be added to the solution4 ,in estimating the amount of urea in urine1 therefore1 it is only necessary to add to the urine a solution of the mercuric salt of known strength1 since from the quantity of this latter which has been employed in throwing down the urea1 this can easily be calculated4 ,in performing this analysis1 three special solutions are requisite3 #a4 ,a solution consisting of one part by measure of a cold saturated solution of barium nitrate with two parts 7also by measure7 of saturated baryta water4 ,this serves for the removal of the phosphates and sulphates1 the presence of which in the urine would interfere with the analysis4 #b4 ,the standard solution of mercuric nitrate1 which is made as follows3----#ggb grains of red oxide of mercury placed in a beaker are dissolved in a sufficient quantity of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #abj7 by a gentle heat1 and evaporated over a water bath until all excess of free acid is driven off4 ,this may be known by the liquid becoming dense and syrupy in appearance4 ,it is then poured into a properly graduated vessel and diluted to #aj1jjj grain-measures4 ,of this solution1 #aj grain-measures #ja grain of urea4 #c4 ,a solution of carbonate of soda in distilled water1 #bj grains to the ounce4 ,this solution is employed to indicate when the titration is complete1 and to show the operator that all the urea has been precipitated by the mercuric salt4 ,the operation is thus performed3 7a47 #djj grain-measures of the clear urine are mixed with #bjj grain-measures of the baryta solution1 ,no4 #a4 ,the mixture is poured into a filter1 and of the clear filtrate which passes through #aej grain-measures are carefully measured off1 and poured into a small beaker4 ,this quantity of course contains two thirds1 or #ajj grain-measures of wine4 7b47 ,a graduated burette 7each division of which equals a grain-measure of water7 is next filled with the solution 7,no4 #b7 of mercuric nitrate1 which is then dropped into the beaker containing the filtered urine1 until the mixture becomes turbid4 ,the quantity of solution that has been required to just reach the point of turbidity is then noted down2 it shows that all the chloride of sodium has been decomposed1 and that the urea is now beginning to precipitate4 7c47 ,the solution 7,no4 #b7 is now added more liberally1 and thoroughly mixed with the contents of the beaker by means of a glass rod2 a copious white precipitate is being formed4 ,the operation is completed1 when1 of course1 no more precipitate is thrown down4 7d47 ,this point is ascertained by means of the solution of carbonate of soda 7,no4 #c71 to a few isolated drops of which dotted about a white plate1 or slab1 or placed on a watch glass1 give1 when mixed by means of the stirring rod with a drop of the turbid mixture from the beaker1 a yellow tinge1 owing to the formation of hydrated oxide of mercury4 7e47 ,the quantity of solution of mercuric nitrate that it has taken to produce the above reaction is then noted down1 and from this the portion used before the occurrence of the turbidity is deducted1 the remainder1 of course1 being the amount required to precipitate the urea4 ,by bearing in mind the statement already made that #aj grain-measures of the mercurial solution indicate #ja grain of urea1 the quantity excreted in #bd hours may be arrived at by a very easy and obvious calculation4 ,dr ,davy's method of estimating ,urea4 ,this consists in the decomposition of a known quantity of urine by sodium hypochlorite1 the amount of urea being calculated from the resulting nitrogen4 ,a glass tube1 #ab or #ad inches in height1 and graduated to tenths and hundredths of a cubic inch1 is filled to more than a third of its length with mercury2 a measured quantity of urine1 varying from a quarter of a drachm to a drachm1 is next poured into the tube1 which is then filled up with a solution of sodium hypochlorite 7the liquor sod chlorinat of the ,dublin ,pharmacopia74 ,this latter must be poured in quickly1 and the open end of the tube immediately closed with the thumb4 ,the tube is then shaken to ensure admixture between the urine and hypochlorite1 and stood with the open end downwards in a cup filled with a saturated solution of common salt2 the mercury escapes into the tube1 its place being filled by the solution of salt1 which being heavier than the mixture of urine and hypochlorite1 retains them in the upper part of the tube4 ,the urine becomes soon decomposed1 the carbonic acid1 which is one of the products of its decomposition1 being absorbed by the excess of chloride of sodium present1 whilst the liberated nitrogen bubbles up to the top of the tube4 ,when no more evolution of gas takes place1 the volume of nitrogen is read off1 and from its amount the quantity of urea present in the amount of urine experimented upon is calculated3 one-fifth of a grain of urine #jcjih parts of a cubic inch of nitrogen at #fj ,fahr4 and #cj0 barometric pressure4 ,haughton's method of estimating ,urea from the specific gravity of the ,urine4 ,after having measured the urine voided during #bd hours1 and determined the specific gravity of the whole collected amount1 and then consulting the accompanying table1 compiled by ,professor ,haughton1 the number of grains of urea excreted per diem is immediately ascertained4 ,this quantity will be shown by the figures which stand at the points where the lines running respectively from the number of fluid ounces and the #8specific gravity' intersect each other4 ,thus1 suppose the daily amount of urine to have been #cj ounces1 and the specific gravity #ajjf1 the number of grains of urea contained in it will be #he4 ,this method is inserted for urines containing sugar and albumen4 ,determination of the ,water4 ,the amount of water in any sample of urine may be determined by weighing #ajjj grains of the recently excreted urine into a counterpoised platinum or porcelain dish1 and ascertaining the loss it has undergone after evaporation to dryness4 ,the operation should be performed as speedily as possible4 ,the best plan is to concentrate the urine in a water bath1 the evaporation should be continued in vacuo over strong sulphuric acid1 until the weight of the residue remains constant4 ,by way of control1 another sample of the same urine1 consisting of #ejj grains1 may be operated upon at the same time1 and under the same conditions4 ,,urinary ,,deposits1 c4 ,these differ from the albumen1 sugar1 bile1 c41 previously described1 in being insoluble in abnormal urine4 ,sometimes they are diffused throughout the whole body of the urine1 when they give it an opaque appearance4 ,sometimes they may be met with floating on its surface2 at others they are only partially diffused through the fluid1 frequently in the form of a transparent or opaque cloud1 when they occupy a considerable space2 whilst very often they occur in a crystalline or granular form1 deposited sometimes at the bottom and sometimes at the sides of the vessel holding the urine4 ,of the numberless insoluble substances met with in urine1 both in health and disease1 our limits will only permit us to notice those which are most important1 and of frequent occurrence4 ,for the detection of the generality of these the microscope is indispensable4 ,an instrument magnifying #bjj to #bbj diameters 7#a_/d of inch objective7 will generally be found sufficiently powerful1 and in some instances an inch objective1 magnifying #dj diameters 7as in the larger forms of crystalline deposit7 will answer all the purposes4 ,some of the varieties of these deposits admit of a double examination1 viz4 a microscopical and chemical one4 ,when this is the case1 the particulars applying to each kind of investigation will be given4 ,mucus4 ,mucus is always present in small quantity in healthy urine1 in which it shows itself within a few hours after the urine has been excreted in the shape of a transparent cloud towards the bottom of the vessel containing the urine4 ,pus4 ,the presence of pus in urine is indicated by an opaque1 more or less bulky1 cream-like deposit at the bottom of the vessel holding the urine1 to which some separated pus globules1 finding their way to the supernatant liquid1 give an appearance of slight turbidity4 ,by shaking the vessel the whole of the liquid becomes turbid1 owing to the equal dissemination through it of the pus globules4 ,the pus again deposits on standing4 ,a small quantity of albumen is always met with in the clear part of urine which contains pus2 the albumen being derived from the liquor puris1 the liquid by which the pus-corpuscles are surrounded4 ,whenever it can be obtained in sufficient quantity1 pus should always be examined chemically1 as follows3----,the supernatant urine being decanted1 the suspected sediment is shaken up with liquor potass1 when if it become converted into a gelatinous1 viscid substance1 incapable of being dropped from the tube1 and when poured from it running as a slimy and almost continuous mass1 it may be pronounced pus4 ,this same gelatinous viscid mass is met with in alkaline urines containing pus1 adhering to the sides of the vessel in which the urine is placed1 where it has been formed by the action of the carbonate of ammonia 7caused by the decomposition of the urea7 upon the pus4 ,the reaction upon the pus is the same as that which takes place when liquor potass is employed4 ,the stringy viscid substance due to the last cause is frequently1 but erroneously1 termed mucus4 ,professor ,,haughton',s ,table for the ,estimation of the ,daily ,excretion of ,urea from the ,specific ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,fluid ,specific ,ounces4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ajjcajjdajjeajjfajjgajjhajjiajajajaaaja bajacajadajae ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bj #ce #cf #dc #eg #ga #he #ajj #ajcajf #aai #acj #acf #adb #bb #ch #dj #dg #fb #gh #ie #aaj #aacaaf #acj #adi #adb #aef #bd #db #dc #ea #fh #he #aja #abj #abcabg #adb #aef #afc #agj #bf #de #dg #ee #gc #ib #aaj #acj #acaacg #aec #afi #agf #ahd #bh #dh #ej #ei #gi #ii #aah #adj #addadh #afe #ahb #aij #aih #cj #eb #ed #fd #he #ajf #abg #aej #aeeaei #agg #aie #bjd #bac #cb #ee #eg #fh #ij #aac #ace #afj #afeafi #ahh #bjh #bag #bbg #cd #eh #fa #gb #if #abj #add #agj #ageahj #bjj #bba #bca #bda #cf #fa #fd #gf #ajb #abg #aec #ahj #aheaia #bab #bcd #bdd #bee #ch #fe #fh #hj #ajh #acd #afa #aij #aiebja #bbd #bdg #beh #bfi #dj #fi #gb #he #aad #adb #agj #bjj #bjfbab #bcf #bfj #bgb #bhd #db #gd #ge #hi #aai #adh #agh #baj #bafbbb #bdg #bgc #bhe #bih #dd #gf #gi #ic #abe #aef #ahf #bbj #bbfbcc #bei #bhf #bii #cab #df #hj #hb #if #acj #afc #aie #bcj #bcfbdc #bga #bii #cab #cbf #dh #hd #hfaja #acf #agj #bjc #bdj #bdfbed #bhc #cab #cbf #cdj #ej #hg #ijajf #adb #agh #bab #bej #begbfe #bie #cbe #cdj #cee #eb #ij #idaaj #adg #ahe #bbj #bfj #bfgbgf #cjg #cch #cec #cfi #ed #id #ihaad #aec #aib #bbi #bgj #bggbhf #cai #cea #cfg #chc #ef #if #ajjaai #aei #aii #bch #bhj #bhhbig #cca #cfd #chj #cig #eh #ajj #ajdabc #afe #bjf #bdf #bij #bihcjh #cdc #cgg #cid #daa #fj #ajd #ajhabh #aga #bac #bee #cjj #cjicaj #cee #cia #djh #dbf #fb #ajh #aajacb #agf #bbj #bfc #caj #caicbi #djd #dba #ddj #dfh #fd #aaj #aadacf #ahb #bbg #bga #cbj #cbicdj #cgh #dag #dce #ded #ff #aad #aahadj #ahg #bcd #bhj #ccj #cdjcea #cij #dca #ddh #dfh #fh #aaf #abbadd #aic #bdj #bhh #cdj #cejcfa #djb #ddc #dfb #dhb #gj #abj #abfadi #aii #bdh #big #cej #cfacgb #dad #def #dgf #dig #gb #abb #abhaec #bjd #bee #cje #cfj #cgachb #dbe #dfi #dhi #eaa #gd #abf #acbaeg #baj #bfb #cad #cgj #chacic #dcg #dhb #ejc #ebe #gf #acj #acfafa #baf #bfi #cbc #chj #ciadjd #ddi #eie #eaf #eci #gh #acd #adjafe #bbb #bgf #cca #cij #djadad #dfa #ejh #ecj #eec #hj #aci #addagj #bbh #bhd #cdj #djj #dabdde #dgc #eba #edd #efh ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,fluid ,specific ,ounces4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ajafajagajahajaiajbjajbaajbbajbcajbdajb eajbfajbgajbh ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bj #aea #afj #aif #bcc #bda #bdi #beg #bfe #bgd #bgf #bgh #bgi #bhj #bb #aff #agf #bae #beg #bfe #bgd #bhb #bib #cja #cjc #cje #cjf #cjh #bd #aha #aib #bce #bhj #bhi #bii #cjh #cai #cbi #cca #ccc #ccd #ccf #bf #aif #bjh #bed #cjc #cac #cbd #ccd #cdf #cef #cei #cfj #cfb #cfd #bh #bba #bbd #bgd #cbf #ccg #cdi #cfj #cgb #chc #chf #chh #cij #cib #cj #bbf #bdj #bid #cdi #cfa #cgd #chf #cii #daa #dad #daf #dah #dbj #cb #bda #bef #cac #cgc #che #cih #daa #dbe #dch #ddb #ddc #ddf #ddh #cd #bef #bgb #ccc #cif #dji #dbc #dcg #dea #dff #dfi #dga #dgd #dgf #cf #bga #bhh #ceb #dai #dcc #ddh #dfb #dgg #dic #dig #dii #ejb #ejd #ch #bhf #cjd #cgb #ddb #deg #dgc #dhh #ejc #ebj #ebd #ebg #ecj #ecb #dj #cjb #cbj #cib #dfe #dhd #dih #ead #ecj #edh #eeb #eee #eeh #efj #db #cag #ccf #daa #dhi #ejf #ebc #edj #eeg #ege #ehj #ehb #ehe #ehh #dd #ccb #ceb #dca #eab #ecj #edh #eef #ehd #fjc #fjg #faj #fac #faf #df #cdg #cfh #dej #ece #eed #egc #eib #faa #fcj #fce #fch #fda #fdd #dh #cfb #chd #dgj #eeh #egh #eih #fah #fcg #feg #ffb #fff #ffi #fgb #ej #cgg #djj #dij #eha #fjb #fbc #fdd #ffe #fhe #fij #fid #fig #gjj #eb #cic #daf #eji #fje #fbf #fdh #ffi #fib #gaa #gah #gba #gbd #gbh #ed #djh #dcb #ebi #fbh #fej #fgc #fie #gah #gdj #gde #gdi #geb #gef #ef #dbc #ddh #edh #fea #fgd #fih #gbj #gde #gfg #ggb #ggf #ghj #ghd #eh #dch #dfd #efh #fgd #fih #gbc #gdf #ggb #gid #hjj #hjd #hjh #hab #fj #dec #dhj #ehh #fig #gbb #gdh #ggb #gih #hbb #hbh #hcb #hcf #hdj #fb #dif #fjg #gai #gdf #ggb #gig #hbd #hdi #hef #hei #hfd #hfd #hfh #fd #dhc #eab #fbg #gdb #ggj #gig #hbc #hea #hgg #hhc #hhg #hfb #hif #ff #dih #ebh #fdf #gff #gid #hbb #hdi #hgg #ijd #iaa #iae #ibj #ibd #fh #eac #edd #fff #gij #hah #hdg #hge #ijd #ica #ici #idc #idh #ied #gj #ebh #efj #fhf #had #hdc #hgb #ija #icj #iei #iff #iga #igf #ihj #gb #edd #egf #gje #hch #hfg #hif #ibf #ief #ihf #iid #iihajjdajjh #gd #eeh #eib #gbe #hfa #hia #iba #iea #ihbajadajbaajbfajcbajcf #gf #egc #fjh #gde #hhd #iae #idf #iggajjhajdaajdiajedajfjajfd #gh #ehh #fbd #gfe #ijg #ici #igaajjbajcdajfhajgfajhbajhhajib #hj #fjd #fdj #ghe #icj #ifd #iifajbhajfjajifaajdaaajaaafaabj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,in urines containing pus1 the clear portion should always be examined for albumen1 since where this is found1 except in small amount1 some form of kidney disease may be suspected4 ,but it sometimes happens that the pus is present in such small quantity in the urine as to preclude its chemical examination4 ,under these circumstances1 recourse must be had to the microscope4 ,dr ,lionel ,beale says1 8,pus-globules1 which have been long removed from the body1 always have a granulated appearance in the microscope1 and1 when fresh1 do not always exhibit a well-defined nucleus2 the outline is usually distinct and circular1 but it is finely crenated4 ,upon the addition of acetic acid the globule increases somewhat in size1 becomes spherical1 with a smooth1 faint outline1 and from one to four nearly circular bodies are developed in the centre of each4 ,if the pus-corpuscles have lain some days in the urine they will have undergone complete disintegration40 ,epithelium4 ,a great many varieties of epithelium1 derived from different parts of the kidneys1 ureters1 bladder1 urethra1 vagina1 c41 are more or less present in urine4 ,a few of these are given in the accompanying engraving4 ,in the various diseases peculiar to the urinary and genito-urinary organs the quantity of epithelium present in the urine is frequently considerable1 and as in some cases it presents itself in an imperfect or disintegrated form1 its identification1 except to the experienced microscopist and physiologist1 becomes a matter of great difficulty4 ,casts4 ,casts or moulds which have been formed in the tubes of the kidneys1 or in the uterus and vagina1 are constantly finding their way into the urine of persons affected with acute or chronic renal diseases and uterine affections4 ,they are very varied both in character and appearance1 and difficult of recognition1 except by the skilled microscopist and pathologist4 ,blood-corpuscles4 ,these1 when present in quiescent urine1 occur as a sediment at the bottom of the vessel4 ,some few globules1 however1 are diffused throughout the supernatant urine1 and impart to it a smoky appearance1 if the fluid have a marked acid reaction2 whereas if the reaction be alkaline the corpuscles assume a bright red colour4 ,in the accompanying plate the three upper groups represent blood-corpuscles taken from the human body2 the three lower those found in urine4 ,of these latter some will be seen to have lost their circular outline1 and to have become jagged or crenated4 ,in some cases1 on the contrary1 they swell and become much enlarged4 ,these changes in appearance take place when the blood has remained for some time in the urine1 and appear to be due to the forces of endosmose and exosmose4 ,illustration3 7,beale47 ,fungi4 ,the chief vegetable organisms found in urine are the sugar fungus and the ,penicillium glaucum4 ,the sugar fungus is precisely the same as the yeast plant 7the ,torula cerevisi74 ,the ,penicillium is very frequently present in albuminous urine1 with an acid reaction1 as well as in diabetic4 ,uric acid4 ,see back4 ,urates4----,according to ,bence ,jones the soluble urates met with in healthy urine consist of uric acid1 potassium1 ammonium1 and sodium4 ,in abnormal urine the urates of ammonium and sodium sometimes occur1 the latter1 which are the more general1 presenting under the microscope the appearance shown below4 ,illustration3 7,beale47 ,urate of sodium is1 however1 much more common in the urine of children than of adults1 when it presents itself in the form of spherical crystals4 ,in both cases the urates are associated with uric acid 7resulting from their partial decomposition71 represented by the small spiked crystals protruding from the spheres in the form of needle-shaped crystals4 ,urate of sodium occurs as the concretions known as #8chalk stones' in gout4 ,but by far the most abundant kind of urates met with in abnormal urine is that known as amorphous urates1 which constitute the most common variety of urinary deposits4 ,illustration3 ,urate of soda in a globular form commonly found in the urine of children4 ,heintz states that they are a mixture of urate of sodium with small quantities of the urates of ammonium1 lime1 and magnesium4 ,they are very frequently seen in the urine of persons in excellent health1 in which1 owing perhaps to too abundant or nitrogenous diet and an insufficiency of muscular exercise1 being in excess1 they are thrown down when the urine cools4 ,an excess of the amorphous urates in urine1 like the presence of pus and phosphates1 is indicated by the bulky precipitate more or less diffused throughout the vessel containing the urine4 ,a very easy test will decide as to which of the three classes of substances 7if only one of them be present7 the precipitate belongs4 ,the supernatant fluid being decanted from the deposit1 about an equal bulk of liquor potass is added to the latter1 when one of three results will ensue3 #a4 ,if it be pus1 and become viscid1 it will exhibit the qualities already mentioned under the description of that substance4 #b4 ,if phosphates1 no alteration will ensue4 #c4 ,if amorphous urate1 it will at once dissolve4 ,when amorphous urates are uniformly distributed throughout the urine they give it a milky appearance1 which may sometimes lead to its being mistaken for chylous urine1 or urine throughout which fatty particles of chyle are diffused4 ,this latter doubt1 however1 may be easily set at rest by gently heating it4 ,if the turbidity is owing to the urate it will disappear2 if to chyle it will remain4 ,if the amorphous urate be decomposed by a little hydrochloric acid1 it will yield uric acid1 easily recognised by its characteristic form under the microscope1 or when treated with nitric acid and ammonia1 will answer to the murexed test4 ,it sometimes happens that in testing an acid urine suspected to contain albumen1 the urine may contain so large an amount of uric acid in solution that1 upon adding a drop of nitric acid to it1 a bulky precipitate of uric acid1 exactly resembling albumen1 is thrown down1 and it may be erroneously regarded as this substance if examined under the microscope immediately upon its formation4 ,upon being allowed1 however1 to stand some time1 and then placed under the microscope1 the well-known crystals of the acid will reveal themselves4 ,in such urine no precipitate takes place when the liquid is heated1 another essential feature in which it diverges from albumen4 ,phosphates4----,the urinary earthy phosphates occur under two varieties1 viz4 the phosphate of ammonia and magnesia1 known as the triple phosphate1 and the phosphate of lime4 ,in the engravings below1 the principal crystalline forms of the triple phosphate are shown4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4----;,crystals of triple phosphate with spherules of urate of soda4 7,beale47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4----;,crystals of triple phosphate with triangular prisms1 with truncated extremities4 7,beale47 ,of these the triangular prismatic1 with the truncated extremities1 is the most common4 ,in some cases the prisms are so much reduced in length as to resemble the octahedral crystals of oxalate of lime1 for which they are sometimes mistaken by the inexperienced4 ,when any doubt exists on this point it must be set at rest by having recourse to the chemical tests given further on4 ,the triple phosphate is rarely met with alone1 urate of ammonia1 and sometimes uric acid and oxalate of lime1 being present1 although generally occurring in neutral or alkaline urine4 ,the triple acid is sometimes found in that which is acid4 ,when ammonia is added to fresh urine the triple phosphate is precipitated1 and if it be then examined by the microscope it will be found to consist of beautiful stellate crystals1 and to form a most attractive object4 ,the presence of phosphoric acid can be demonstrated by the ordinary reagents4 ,phosphate of lime dissolves in strong acids without effervescence4 ,the presence of lime1 as well as of phosphoric acid1 can easily be verified by the usual tests4 ,oxalate of lime4 ,the principal crystalline forms of oxalate of lime1 when it occurs as a urinary deposit1 are the octahedral and the dumb-bell4 ,of these the most common is the octahedral4 ,these octahedra 7which have one axis much shorter than the other two7 vary considerably in size1 but there is reason to believe that the diversity in appearance which they exhibit is due to crystals of precisely the same shape occupying different positions as to the direction of their axes1 when examined by the microscope4 ,there are a great many diversities of the dumb-bell form of oxalate of lime1 which seem to be derived from circular and oval crystals4 ,the subjoined cuts illustrate the varieties of crystalline oxalates the most generally met with4 ,when the crystals of oxalate are extremely minute1 they are very liable to be overlooked1 since they then appear as almost opaque cubes1 and may not unnaturally be taken for urate of soda1 to which they bear no slight resemblance2 but from which they differ by being insoluble in potash or acetic acid1 and not dissolving on the application of heat4 ,we have already alluded to their resemblance to the dumb-bells of the earthy phosphates4 ,another distinctive feature is that the oxalates rarely sink to the bottom of the vessel1 but are diffused through the mucous cloud1 which forms in urine after a short time4 ,illustration3 ,oxalate of lime4 7,beale47 ,illustration ,cystine4 ,cystine is an occasional ingredient in urine1 when it occurs as a whitish precipitate crystallised in hexagonal plates4 ,at other times1 but not so frequently1 it is met with dissolved in the urine4 ,it may be separated from the urine holding it in solution by the addition of an excess of acetic acid4 ,under the microscope cystine bears somewhat of a resemblance to uric acid1 from which1 however1 it differs when under treatment with ammonia4 ,when ammonia is added to cystine the cystine dissolves1 but by the spontaneous evaporation of the ammonia remains behind in its original form2 whilst1 if the ammonia be allowed to escape under the same circumstance from the urate of ammonia which has been formed1 this remains behind as an amorphous mass4 ,ammonia1 therefore1 dissolves the cystine without entering into chemical union with it4 ,potash also readily dissolves cystine1 as do also oxalic acid and the strong mineral acids4 ,it is1 however1 insoluble in boiling water1 in weak hydrochloric acid1 and1 as we have seen1 in acetic acid4 ,obs4 ,in the examination of urine it is important that the investigation should be conducted upon a portion taken from the whole of the urine excreted during twenty-four hours1 and not on an isolated quantity voided at any particular time4 ,the compiler of the present article has to acknowledge his indebtedness to ,dr ,lionel ,beale's very valuable and exhaustive work1 #8,kidney ,diseases1 ,urinary ,deposits1 c41' as well as to ,dr ,w4 ,roberts's excellent book1 #8,urinary and ,renal ,diseases1' to both of which volumes the reader1 desirous of further and more explicit information on the subject1 is referred4 ,,urinom,,eter4 ,an hydrometer adapted to determining the density of urine4 ,that of ,dr ,prout is the simplest and best4 ,urinometers should always be tested by placing them in distilled water at #fj ,fahr4 from #ajae to #ajbe ,beale4 ,,urn ,,powder4 ,crocus martis1 or jeweller's rouge4 ,,urticar,,ia4 ,see ,,rash4 ,,us,,quebaugh4 ,syn4 ,,escubac4 ,literally1 mad water1 the ,irish name of which1 #8whisky1' is a corruption4 ,at the present time it is applied to a strong cordial spirit1 much drunk in ,ireland1 and made in the greatest perfection at ,drogheda4 ,prep4 #a4 ,brandy or proof spirit1 #c galls42 dates 7without their kernels7 and raisins1 of each1 bruised1 #a_/d lb42 juniper berries1 bruised1 #a oz42 mace and cloves1 of each #c_/d oz42 coriander and aniseed1 of each #a_/b oz42 cinnamon1 #a_/d oz42 macerate1 with frequent agitation1 for #ad days1 then filter1 and add of capillaire or simple syrup1 #a gall4 #b4 ,pimento and caraways1 of each #c oz42 mace1 cloves1 and nutmegs1 of each #b oz2 aniseed1 corianders1 and angelica root1 of each #h oz42 raisins1 stoned and bruised1 #ad lbs42 proof spirit1 #i galls42 digest as before1 then press1 filter1 or clarify1 and add of simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,should it turn milky1 add a little strong spirit1 or clarify it with alum1 or filter through magnesia4 ,obs4 ,usquebaugh is either coloured yellow with saffron 7about #a_/d oz4 per gall471 or green with sap-green 7about #a_/b oz4 per gall472 either being added to the other ingredients before maceration in the spirit4 ,,uva ,,ursi4 ,the ,arctostaphylus ,uva ,ursi 7the ,bearberry7 is an indigenous plant1 the leaves of which are employed in medicine4 ,bearberry leaves contain a large percentage of tannic acid1 with a small quantity of gallic acid1 some resin1 and a little volatile oil and extractive1 together with a crystallisable principle named arbutin1 which is said to be a very powerful diuretic4 ,another crystallisable resinous body named arbutin has also been discovered in them4 ,bearberry leaves either in the form of powder1 infusion1 or extract1 are chiefly used in chronic diseases of the bladder1 in which there is an abnormal secretion of mucus1 such as catarrhus vesic1 but neither acute nor active inflammation4 ,,vaccina,,tion4 ,see ,,cow-,,pox4 7,,pox47 ,,vac,,cine ,,matter4 ,syn4 ,,lympha ,,vaccini1 ,l4 ,this is collected either upon the points of lancet-like pieces of ivory1 or by opening the pustule1 and applying a small glass ball and tube 7like those called by the boys in ,london candle-pops1 or fire-pops7 to the orifice1 expelling part of the air in the ball by bringing a lighted taper near it2 then1 withdrawing the taper1 the matter is sucked into the ball1 in which it may be sealed up hermetically or cemented1 and thus kept for a length of time4 ,it is1 however1 now generally preserved between two small pieces of glass1 or in straight capillary glass tubes4 ,it is said that cotton thread is a convenient and efficient vehicle4 ,the matter may be liquefied with a little clean water before application4 ,a degree of heat scarcely higher than that of the blood lessens its efficacy4 ,,vac,,uum4 ,empty space2 a portion of space void of matter4 ,for experimental and manufacturing purposes1 a sufficient vacuum is produced either by means of the air-pump1 or by filling an inclosed space by steam1 which is then condensed by the application of cold4 ,evaporation proceeds much more rapidly1 and liquids boil at much lower temperatures in an exhausted receiver than when exposed to the air4 ,thus1 under ordinary circumstances1 in the air1 ether boils at #if1 alcohol at #agg1 and ,water at #bab ,fahr42 but in vacuo water boils at about #hh1 alcohol at #ef1 and ether at -#bj ,fahr4 ,in the best vacuum obtainable by a powerful air-pump1 water placed over oil of vitriol1 to absorb the aqueous vapour as it forms1 will often enter into violent ebullition whilst ice is in the act of formation on its surface4 ,the reduction of the boiling-point with reduced pressure is practically taken advantage of by the pharmaceutist in the preparation of extracts1 by the sugar refiner in the evaporation of his syrups1 by the distiller in the production of certain liqueurs1 and by the chemist in a variety of processes of interest or utility4 ,see ,,extracts1 ,,evaporation1 ,,refrigeration1 c4 ,,vale,,rian4 ,syn4 ,,valerian ,,radix 7,b4 ,p471 ,,valerian ,,radix1 ,,valeriana 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 8,the root of the wild plant ,valeriana officinalis 7,linn471 or wild valerian40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,an excitant1 antispasmodic1 tonic1 and emmenagogue1 not only acting on the secretions1 but exercising a specific influence over the cerebro-spinal system1 and in large quantities producing agitation1 mental exaltation1 and even intoxication4----,dose1 #aj to #cj or #dj gr41 thrice daily2 in hysteria1 epilepsy1 headache 7affecting only one side71 morbid nervous sensibility1 c4 ,even the odour of it exerts a species of fascination over cats4 ,,valerian,,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#e;,h#i,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,valeric ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,valerianicum1 ,a4 ,,valericum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture of potato oil or corn-spirit oil 7hydrated oxide of amyl7 with about #aj times its weight of quicklime and hydrate of potassa in equal proportions1 placed in a glass flask1 is kept heated to about #djj ,fahr41 for #aj or #ab hours1 by means of a bath of oil or fusible metal2 the nearly white solid residuum is mixed with water1 an excess of sulphuric acid added to the mixture1 and the whole subjected to distillation2 the distillate is supersaturated with potassa1 evaporated nearly to dryness1 to dissipate any undecomposed potato oil1 and then mixed with weak sulphuric acid in excess2 a light oily liquid 7terhydrated valerianic acid7 separates1 which by cautious rectification1 yields at first water containing a little acid1 and afterwards pure monohydrated valerianic acid1 which is perfectly identical with that prepared from valerian root4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,see ,,valerianate ,,of ,,sodium4 ,this is a most economical process4 ,prop41 c4 ,a limpid oily liquid1 smelling strongly of valerian root2 it has an acid taste and reaction1 and leaves a sensation of sweetness and a white spot on the tongue2 is inflammable2 boils at #cdg2 is freely soluble in alcohol and ether2 dissolves in #cj parts of water1 and forms salts called valerianates1 most of which have a sweetish taste1 are soluble1 and uncrystallisable2 sp4 gr4 #icg2 placed in contact with water1 it absorbs a portion of it1 and is converted into the terhydrated acid1 with increase of sp4 gr41 and reduction of the boiling-point4 ,,vale,,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,valerianic ,,acid4 ,,valo,,nia4 ,the cup of a large species of acorn1 imported from the ,levant4 ,used in tanning leather4 ,,vanad,,ic ,,acid4 ,v#b,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,vanadic ,,anhydride1 ,,teroxide ,,of ,v42 ,,acidum ,,vanadicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,johnston47 ,from the native vanadate of lead1 by dissolving it in nitric acid1 passing sulphuretted hydrogen through the solution1 to throw down lead and arsenic1 filtering1 and evaporating the resulting blue liquid to dryness2 the residuum is then dissolved in a solution of ammonia1 and a piece of sal ammoniac1 considerably larger than can be dissolved1 introduced2 as the latter dissolves1 a pulverulent precipitate of vanadate of ammonium is formed1 which must be washed1 first in a solution of sal ammoniac1 and then in alcohol of #hfj2 by exposing this salt1 in an open platinum crucible1 to a heat a little below redness1 and keeping it constantly stirred1 until it acquires a dark red colour1 pure vanadic acid is obtained4 ,prep41 c4 ,vanadic acid is orange coloured1 scarcely soluble in water1 and forms1 with the alkaline bases1 soluble salts called vanadates2 and with the other bases sparingly soluble salts4 ,all of these have an orange or yellow colour4 8,vanadate of ammonia mixed with solution of galls forms a black fluid1 which is the best writing ink hitherto known4 ,the quantity of salt required for this purpose is very small2 the writing is perfectly black1 and not obliterated by alkalies1 acids1 chlorine1 or other reagents10 7,ure47 ,,vana,,dium4 ,v4 ,a rare metal discovered by ,sefstom1 in #ahcj4 in some ,swedish iron extracted from an iron mine near ,jnkping4 ,it has since been found in a ,vanadinite lead ore met with in ,scotland1 ,zimpanan in ,mexico1 and ,chili1 and in the iron slag of ,staffordshire4 ,of late years a more abundant source of ,vanadium has been discovered by ,professor ,roscoe in the cupriferous stratum of the ,new ,red ,sandstone at ,alderley ,edge in ,cheshire4 ,there are four1 and possibly five oxides of this element4 ,vanadic oxychloride4 ,syn4 ,,vanadic ,,oxytrichloride4 7,v,o,cl#c47 ,roscoe states there are several oxychlorides of vanadium1 which1 however1 have not been studied4 ,the most interesting of them is the oxytrichloride1 which corresponds to the phosphorous oxychloride4 ,this oxytrichloride is a yellow fuming liquid1 which is instantly decomposed by water into vanadic and hydrochloric acids4 ,the oxytrichloride may be obtained by heating vanadic anhydride and charcoal 7mixed together7 in a current of hydrogen1 after which it is heated in a current of dry chlorine4 ,an easier method is by passing dry chlorine over the sesquioxide of vanadium4 ,vanadic pentoxide4 ,syn4 ,,vanadic ,,anhydride 7,v#b,o#e474 ,at a red hot heat this oxide fuses1 and on cooling1 crystallises in rhombic prisms4 ,it is but little soluble in water2 the aqueous solution1 which is of a yellow tint1 is strongly acid1 and produces a marked reddening effect on litmus4 ,vanadic anhydride forms both normal and acid salts4 ,the ammonic vanadiate 7,roscoe's meta vanadiate7 is the chief source of the acid4 ,this salt may be obtained by adding pieces of sal ammoniac to a crude solution of potassic vanadiate1 the resulting ammonic vanadiate being insoluble in a saturated solution of sal ammoniac1 is deposited in small crystalline grains4 ,the vanadic anhydride may be obtained from the ammonic vanadiate by heating an aqueous solution of the salt in the open air1 when the ammonia is driven off1 and the vanadic anhydride is left behind4 ,the acid ammonic vanadiate1 mixed with tincture of galls1 makes a very durable writing ink1 unacted upon either by alkalies or chlorine4 ,acids turn such blue without1 however1 destroying it4 ,vanadic trioxide4 7,v#b,o#b471 is the ,vanadyl of ,roscoe1 who obtained it in the form of a grey metallic-looking powder1 by the transmission of a current of dry hydrogen charged with the vapours of oxychloride of ,vanadium1 through a tube containing ignited charcoal4 ,it dissolves in dilute acids1 with evolution of hydrogen4 ,solutions of its salts are lavender coloured4 ,berzelius regarded this oxide as a metal4 ,tests4 ,the vanadiates mostly occur of a red or yellow colour4 ,when treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 they yield a solution of a fine blue colour1 a reaction that distinguishes them from the chromates1 which1 under similar treatment1 would give a green liquid4 ,when mixed with borax and exposed to the reducing flame of the blowpipe1 compounds containing vanadium give a green glass1 which turns to yellow in the oxidizing flame4 ,professor ,roscoe1 to whose researches we are indebted for all the chemical knowledge we possess respecting vanadium1 says3----8,all the main facts now established in connection with the chemical department of this element proved it to bear a strong analogy to the elements phosphorus and arsenic2 in fact1 it occupied a previously vacant place in a well-defined group of triad1 or1 as some chemists prefer to consider them1 pentad elements4 ,there was a property of vanadium in virtue of which it might ultimately obtain considerable importance in the arts1 though in the present infancy of the history of the metal it was difficult to foretell this with any certainty4 ,this property was the power of forming a permanent black for dyeing purposes4 ,the black produced by the action of vanadium had the advantage over copper and aniline blacks1 viz4 that it was permanent1 whereas the latter were liable to turn green4 ,this application of an element that was first introduced into notice as a chemical curiosity furnished one more example of the importance of original scientific investigation4 ,however far a newly discovered substance might seem to be removed from purposes of practical utility1 we never know at what moment it might be turned to account for the benefit of the human race40 ,,vanil,,la4 ,syn4 ,,vanille1 ,fr4 ,the dried pods of various species of ,vanilla1 a genus of the natural order ,orchidace4 ,it is chiefly used in the manufacture of chocolate and perfumery4 ,as a medicine it is much employed on the ,continent as an aromatic stimulant and neurotic4----,dose1 #f to #ab gr42 in asthenic fevers1 hysteria1 hypochondriasis1 impotency1 c4 ,vanilla is reduced to powder 7,,pulvis ,,vanill2 ,,poudre ,,de ,,vanille7 by slicing it1 and triturating the fragments with twice or thrice their weight of well-dried lump sugar4 ,for ,,sucre ,,de ,,vanille1 #aa parts of sugar are employed4 ,the following table given by ,messrs ,tieman and ,harmann1 in the ,journal of the ,berlin ,chemical ,society1 represents the quantities of ,vanillin 7the aromatic principle of ,vanilla7 contained in that substance1 as obtained from different sources3---- ,vanillin per ,cent4 ,mexican ,vanilla 7#ahgc1 harvest7 #afi ,mexican ,vanilla 7#ahgd1 harvest7 #ahf ,mexican ,vanilla ,medium quality #acb ,bourbon1 best quality 7#ahgd-ge7 #aia ,bourbon1 7#ahgd-ge7 #aig ,bourbon1 7#ahgd-ge7 #bij ,bourbon1 ,small medium 7#ahgd-ge7 #aee ,java1 best quality 7#ahgc7 #bge ,java1 best quality 7#ahgd7 #aef ,,vanillin4 ,a crystallised substance obtained from pine juice by ,messrs ,tiemann and ,harmann4 ,it has been shown to be identical with the aromatic principle of ,vanilla4 ,in a paper read before the ,royal ,society the authors have described the process by which vanillin was artificially prepared by them4 ,they state that the sap of the cambium of coniferous trees contains a beautiful crystalline glucoside coniferine1 which was discovered by ,kartig1 and examined some years ago by ,rubel1 who arrived at the formula ,c#bd;,h#cb,o#ab #c ,aq4 ,a minute study of this compound leads us to represent the molecule of coniferine by the expression1 ,c#af;,h#bb,o#c #b ,aq41 the per centages of which nearly coincide with the theoretical values of ,kubel's formula4 ,submitted to fermentation with emulsine1 coniferine splits into sugar1 and a splendid compound1 crystallising in prisms1 which fuse at #gc4 ,this body is easily soluble in ether1 less so in alcohol1 almost insoluble in water2 its composition is represented by the formula ,c#aj;,h#ab,o#c4 ,the change is represented by the equation---- ,c#af;,h#bb,o#h ,h#b,o ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f ,c#aj;,h#ab,o#c4 ,under the influence of oxidising agents1 the product of fermentation undergoes a remarkable metamorphosis4 ,on boiling it with a mixture of potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid1 there passes with the vapour of water in the first place ethylic aldehyd1 and subsequently an acid compound soluble in water1 from which it may be removed by ether4 ,on evaporating the ethereal solution1 crystals in stellar groups are left behind1 which fuse at #ha4 ,these crystals have the taste and odour of vanilla4 ,an accurate comparative examination has proved them to be identical with the crystalline substance which constitutes the aroma of vanilla1 and which is often seen covering the surface of vanilla pods4 ,on analysis1 the crystals we obtained were found to contain ,c#h;,h#h,o#c4 ,this is exactly the composition which recent researches of ,carles have established for the aromatic principle of vanilla4 ,the transformation of the crystalline product of fermentation into vanillin is represented by the following equation3 ,c#aj;,h#ab,o#c ,o ,c#b;,h#d,o ,c#h;,h#h,o#c4 ,to remove all doubt regarding the identity of artificial vanillin with the natural compound1 we have transformed the former into a series of salts1 which have the general formula1 ,c#h;,h#g,,mo#c1 and into two substitution products1 ,c#h;,h#g;,br,o#ca1 and ,c#h;,h#g,,to#c1 both of which had previously been prepared by ,carles from the natural compound4 ,,van ,,swieten',s ,,solution4 ,contains #a_/ajjjth part of its weight of corrosive sublimate2 or #a_/b gr4 per fl4 oz4 ,,vapour4 ,vapours are really gases1 and amenable to substantially the same physical laws2 as ordinarily understood1 however1 the difference between a gas and a vapour is the following3----,a gas is a form of matter which exists1 at ordinary temperatures and pressures1 in a state of vapour2 whilst a vapour has been formed by the application of heat to a body usually existing in the solid or liquid form2 gases1 therefore1 differ from vapours only in being derived from bodies which1 in the solid or liquid form1 boil at very much lower temperatures4 ,vapour of ,ammonia4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,ammoni4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,solution of ammonia 7#iei71 water1 equal parts4 ,a teaspoonful in a pint of water at #hj ,f4 for each inhalation4 ,in chronic laryngitis and functional aphonia4 ,vapour of ,benzoin4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,benzoini4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,compound tincture of benzoin1 #a oz4 ,a teaspoonful to #a pint of water at #adj ,f4 ,in acute inflammation of the pharynx and larynx4 ,vapour of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,acidi ,,carbolici4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,carbolic acid1 #dbj gr42 water1 #a dr42 #bj drops of this in #a pint of water1 at #adj ,f41 for each inhalation4 ,for syphilitic and carcinomatous ulcerations4 ,vapour of ,chlorine4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,chlori4 7,b4 ,p47 ,put chlorinated lime1 #b oz41 into a suitable apparatus1 moisten it with cold water1 and let the vapour that arises be inhaled4 ,vapour of ,conia4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,coni4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix extract of hemlock1 #fj gr42 solution of potash1 #a dr42 and distilled water1 #i dr4 ,put #bj minims of the mixture on a sponge1 in a suitable apparatus1 that the vapour of hot water passed over it may be inhaled4 ,vapour of ,creosote4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,creosoti4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix creosote1 #ab minims1 and boiling water1 #h oz41 in an apparatus so arranged that air may be inhaled through the solution4 ,vapour of ,hop4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,lupuli4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,oil of hops1 #f minims2 light carbonate of magnesia1 #aj gr42 water1 #a oz4 ,a teaspoonful in #a pint of water1 at #adj ,f41 for each inhalation4 ,sedative4 ,vapour of ,hydrocyanic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,acidi ,,hydrocyanici4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix from #aj to #ae minims of diluted hydrocyanic acid with #a dr4 of cold water in a suitable apparatus1 and let the vapour that arises be inhaled4 ,vapour of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,iodi4 ,mix tincture of iodine1 #a fl4 dr41 and water1 #a oz41 and1 having applied a gentle heat1 let the vapour that arises be inhaled4 ,vapour of ,lactic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,acidi ,,lactici4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,lactic acid1 #bj minims2 distilled water1 #a oz42 mix4 ,for spray inhalation4 ,dissolves the membranous exudation in diphtheria1 ,vapour of ,oil of ,juniper4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,olei ,,juniperi4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,english oil of juniper1 #bj minims2 light carbonate of magnesia1 #aj gr42 water1 #a oz4 ,a teaspoonful to #a pint of water at #adj ,f4 for each inhalation4 ,for vocal weakness4 ,vapour of ,oil of ,mountain ,pine4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,pini ,,plumilionis4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,oil of mountain pine1 #a_/b dr42 light carbonate of magnesia1 #ae gr42 water1 #a oz42 #a dr4 to #a pint of water at #adj ,f4 for each inhalation4 ,in chronic laryngitis4 ,vapour of ,oil of ,myrtle4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,olei ,,myrti4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,oil of myrtle1 #f minims2 light carbonate of magnesia1 #f gr42 water1 #a oz4 ,a teaspoonful in a pint of water at #adj ,f4 for each inhalation4 ,in acute tonsillitis4 ,vapour of ,nitrite of ,amyl4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,amyl ,,nitritis4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,nitrite of amyl1 #h minims2 rectified spirit1 #a oz4 ,a teaspoonful in a pint of water at #ajj ,f4 for each inhalation4 ,in asthma and spasm of the glottis4 ,vapour of ,scotch ,pine4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,pini ,,sylvestris4 ,oil of ,scotch pine 7fir-wood oil71 #dj minims2 light carbonate of magnesia1 #bj gr42 water1 #a oz42 #a dr4 to #a pint of water at #adj ,f4 for each inhalation4 ,in chronic laryngitis4 ,vapour of ,sulphurous ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,acidi ,,sulphurosi4 7,st ,th4 ,hosp47 ,sulphurous acid1 #ae minims2 water1 #a oz4 ,for spray inhalation4 ,stimulant and antiseptic4 ,vapour of ,thymol4 ,syn4 ,,vapor ,,thymolis4 ,thymol1 #f gr42 rectified spirit1 #a dr42 light carbonate of magnesia1 #c gr42 water1 #a oz4 #a dr4 to #a pint of water at #adj ,f4 for each inhalation4 ,in pharyngitis and laryngitis when associated with exanthemata4 ,,varicose ,,veins4 ,see ,,varix4 ,,varix4 ,the permanent unequal dilation of a vein or veins1 which are then said to be #8varicose4' ,it is known by the presence of a soft tumour1 which does not pulsate1 and often assumes a serpentine figure4 ,varicose veins of the groin and scrotum generally form a collection of knots4 ,the treatment consists of cold applications1 and pressure from bandages4 ,some cases are relieved by ligature4 ,when occurring in the legs1 much standing or walking should be avoided1 and the use of the elastic stockings made for the purpose will be proper4 ,,var,,nish4 ,syn4 ,,vernis1 ,fr4 ,any liquid matter1 which1 when applied to the surface of a solid body1 becomes dry1 and forms a hard glossy coating1 impervious to air and moisture4 ,varnishes are commonly divided into two classes----,,fat or ,,oil ,,varnishes and ,,spirit ,,varnishes4 ,the fixed or volatile oils1 or mixtures of them1 are used as vehicles or solvents in the former1 and concentrated alcohol in the latter4#bed ,the sp4 gr4 of alcohol for the purpose of making varnishes should not be more than #haef 7 #fg o4 p471 and it should be preferably chosen of even greater strength4 ,a little camphor is often dissolved in it1 to increase its solvent power4 ,the oil of turpentine1 which is the essential oil chiefly employed for varnishes1 should be pure and colourless4 ,pale drying linseed oil is the fixed oil generally used2 but poppy oil and nut oil are also occasionally employed4 ,among the substances which are dissolved in the above menstrua are----amber1 anim1 copal1 elemi1 lac1 mastic1 and sandarach1 to impart body and lustre2 benzoin1 on account of its agreeable odour2 annotta1 gamboge1 saffron1 socotrine aloes1 and turmeric1 to give a yellow colour2 dragon's blood and red sandal wood1 to give a red tinge2 asphaltum1 to give a black colour and body2 and caoutchouc to impart toughness and elasticity4 ,footnote #bed3 ,methylated spirit is now generally used for making spirit varnishes1 in place of duty-paid alcohol4 ,in the preparation of spirit varnishes care should be taken to prevent the evaporation of the alcohol as much as possible1 and also to preserve the portion that evaporates4 ,on the large scale1 a common still may be advantageously employed2 the head being furnished with a stuffing-box1 to permit of the passage of a vertical rod1 connected with a stirrer at one end and a working handle at the other4 ,the gum and spirit being introduced1 the head of the still closely fitted on and luted1 and the connection made with a proper refrigerator1 heat 7preferably that of steam or a water bath7 should be applied1 and the spirit brought to a gentle boil1 after which it should be partially withdrawn1 and agitation continued until the gum is dissolved4 ,the spirit which has distilled over should be then added to the varnish1 and after thorough admixture the whole should be run off1 as rapidly as possible1 through a silk-gauze sieve1 into stone jars1 which should be immediately corked down1 and set aside to clarify4 ,on the small scale1 spirit varnishes are best made by maceration in closed bottles or tin cans1 either in the cold or by the heat of a water bath4 ,in order to prevent the agglutination of the resin1 it is often advantageously mixed with clean siliceous sand or pounded glass1 by which the surface is much increased1 and the solvent power of the menstruum greatly promoted4 ,to ensure the excellence of oil varnishes1 one of the most important points is the use of good drying oil4 ,linseed oil for this purpose should be very pale1 perfectly limpid or transparent1 scarcely odorous1 and mellow and sweet to the taste4----#ajj galls4 of such an oil is put into an iron or copper boiler1 capable of holding fully #aej galls41 gradually heated to a gentle simmer1 and kept near that point for about #b hours1 to expel moisture2 the scum is then carefully removed1 and #ad lbs4 of finely pulverised scale litharge1 #ab lbs4 of red lead1 and #h lbs4 of powdered umber 7all carefully dried and free from moisture71 are gradually sprinkled in2 the whole is then kept well stirred1 to prevent the driers sinking to the bottom1 and the boiling is continued at a gentle heat for about #c hours longer2 the fire is next withdrawn1 and1 after #cj to #dj hours' repose1 the scum is carefully removed1 and the clear supernatant oil decanted from the #8bottoms1'----,the product forms the best boiled or drying oil of the varnish maker4----,another method is to heat a hogshead of the oil gradually for #b hours1 then to gently simmer it for about #c hours longer1 and1 after removing the scum1 to add1 gradually1 #a lb4 of the best calcined magnesia1 observing to mix it up well with the oil1 and1 afterwards to continue the boiling pretty briskly for at least an hour1 with constant agitation4 ,the fire is then allowed to die away1 and1 after #bd hours1 the oil is decanted as before4 ,the product is called #8clarified oil1' and requires to be used with driers4 ,it should be allowed to lay in the cistern for #b or #c months to clarify4 ,in the preparation of oil varnishes1 the gum is melted as rapidly as possible1 without discolouring or burning it2 and when completely fused1 the oil1 also heated to nearly the boiling point1 is poured in1 after which the mixture is boiled until it appears perfectly homogeneous and clear1 like oil1 when the heat is raised1 the driers 7if any are to be used7 gradually and cautiously sprinkled in1 and the boiling continued1 with constant stirring1 for #c or #d hours1 or until a little1 when cooled on a palette knife1 feels strong and stringy between the fingers4 ,the mixture is next allowed to cool considerably1 but while still quite fluid1 the turpentine1 previously made moderately hot1 is cautiously added1 and the whole thoroughly incorporated4 ,the varnish is then run through a filter or sieve into stone jars1 cans1 or other vessels1 and set aside to clarify itself by subsidence4 ,when no driers are used1 the mixture of oil and gum is boiled until it runs perfectly clear1 when it is removed from the fire1 and1 after it has cooled a little1 the turpentine is added as before4 ,it is generally conceived that the more perfectly the gum is fused1 or run1 as it is called1 the larger and stronger will be the product2 and the longer the boiling of the #8gum' and oil is continued1 within moderation1 the freer the resulting varnish will work and cover4 ,an excess of heat renders the varnish stringy1 and injures its flowing qualities4 ,for pale varnishes as little heat as possible should be employed throughout the whole process4 ,good body varnishes should contain #a-a_/b lb42 carriage1 wainscot1 and mahogany varnish1 fully #a lb42 and gold size and black japan1 fully #a_/b lb4 of gum per gall41 besides the asphaltum in the latter4 ,spirit varnishes should contain about #b-a_/b lbs4 of gum per gall4 ,the use of too much driers is found to injure the brilliancy and transparency of the varnish4 ,copperas does not combine with varnish1 but only hardens it2 sugar of lead1 however1 dissolves in it to a greater or less extent4 ,boiling oil of turpentine combines very readily with melted copal1 and it is an improvement on the common process1 to use it either before or in conjunction with the oil1 in the preparation of copal varnish that it is desired should be very white4 ,gums of difficult solubility are rendered more soluble by being exposed1 in the state of powder1 for some time to the air4 ,varnishes1 like wines1 improve by age2 and should always be kept as long as possible before use4 ,from the inflammable nature of the materials of which varnishes are composed1 their manufacture should be only carried on in some detached building of little value1 and built of uninflammable materials4 ,when a pot of varnish1 gum1 or turpentine catches fire1 it is most readily extinguished by closely covering it with a piece of stout woollen carpeting1 which should be always kept at hand1 ready for the purpose4 ,an excellent paper1 by ,mr ,j4 ,w4 ,niel1 on the manufacture of varnishes1 will be found in the #8,trans4 of the ,soc4 of ,arts1' vol4 xlix4 ,see also the articles ,,alcohol1 ,,amber1 ,,copal1 ,,oils1 c41 in this work4 ,varnish1 ,amber4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of amber 7clear and pale71 #f lbs42 fuse it1 add of hot clarified linseed oil1 #b galls42 boil until it #8strings well1' then let it cool a little1 and add of oil of turpentine #d galls1 or q4 s4 ,nearly as pale as copal varnish2 it soon becomes very hard1 and is the most durable of the oil varnishes2 but it requires some time before it is fit for polishing1 unless the articles are #8stoved4' ,when required to dry and harden quicker1 drying oil may be substituted for the linseed oil1 or #8driers' may be added during the boiling4 #b4 ,amber1 #d oz42 pale boiled oil1 #a quart2 proceed as last4 ,very hard4 #c4 ,pale transparent amber1 #e oz42 clarified linseed oil or pale boiled oil1 and oil of turpentine1 of each #a pint2 as before4 ,obs4 ,amber varnish is suited for all purposes where a very hard and durable oil varnish is required4 ,the paler kind is superior to copal varnish1 and is often mixed with the latter to increase its hardness and durability4 ,the only objection to it is the difficulty of preparing it of a very pale colour4 ,it may1 however1 be easily bleached with some fresh-slaked lime4 ,varnish1 ,balloon4 ,see ,,varnish1 ,,flexible 7below74 ,varnish1 ,bessemer's4 ,this consists of a pale oil copal varnish1 diluted with about #f times its volume of oil of turpentine1 the mixture being subsequently agitated with about #a-cjth part of dry slaked lime1 and decanted after a few days' repose4 ,five parts of the product mixed with #d parts of bronze powder forms #8,bessemer's gold paint4' ,varnish1 ,black4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,black ,,amber ,,varnish47 ,from amber1 #a lb42 fuse1 add1 of hot drying oil1 #a_/b pint2 powdered black resin1 #c oz42 asphaltum 7,naples71 #d oz42 when properly incorporated and considerably cooled1 add of oil of turpentine1 #a pint4 ,this is the beautiful black varnish of the coachmakers4 #b4 7,,ironwork ,,black47 ,from asphaltum1 #dh lbs42 fuse1 add of boiled oil1 #aj galls42 red lead and litharge1 of each #g lbs42 dried and powdered white copperas1 #c lbs42 boil for #b hours1 then add of dark gum amber 7fused71 #h lbs42 hot linseed oil1 #b galls42 boil for #b hours longer1 or until a little of the mass1 when cooled1 may be rolled into pills1 then withdraw the heat1 and afterwards thin it down with oil of turpentine1 #cj galls4 ,used for the ironwork of carriages1 and other nice purposes4 7#c4 ,,black ,,japan1 ,,bituminous ,,varnish47----a4 ,from ,naples asphaltum1 #ej lbs42 dark gum anim1 #h lbs42 fuse1 add of linseed oil1 #ab galls42 boil as before1 then add of dark gum amber1 #aj lb41 previously fused and boiled with linseed oil1 #b galls42 next add of driers q4 s41 and further proceed as ordered in ,no4 #b4 ,excellent for either wood or metals4 b4 ,from burnt umber1 #h oz42 true asphaltum1 #d oz42 boiled linseed oil1 #a gall42 grind the umber with a little of the oil2 add it to the asphaltum1 previously dissolved in a small quantity of the oil by heat2 mix1 add the remainder of the oil1 boil1 cool1 and thin with a sufficient quantity of oil of turpentine4 ,flexible4 #d4 7,,brunswick ,,black47----a4 ,to asphalt1 #b lbs41 fused in an iron pot1 add of hot boiled oil1 #a pint2 mix well1 remove the pot from the fire1 and1 when cooled a little1 add of oil of turpentine1 #b quarts4 ,used to blacken and polish grates and ironwork4 ,some makers add driers4 b4 ,from black pitch and gas-tar asphaltum1 of each #be lbs42 boil gently for #e hours1 then add1 of linseed oil1 #h galls42 litharge and red lead1 of each #aj lbs42 boil as before1 and thin with oil of turpentine1 #bj galls4 ,inferior to the last1 but cheaper4 ,varnish1 ,body4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the finest ,african copal1 #h lbs42 drying oil1 #b galls42 oil of turpentine1 #c-a_/b galls42 proceed as for ,,amber ,,varnish4 ,very hard and durable4 #b4 ,pale gum copal1 #h lbs42 clarified oil1 #b galls42 dried sugar of lead1 #a_/b lb42 oil of turpentine1 #c-a_/b galls42 proceed as before1 and mix the product1 whilst still hot1 with the following varnish3----,pale gum anim1 #h lbs42 linseed oil1 #b galls42 dried white copperas1 #a_/d lb42 oil of turpentine1 #c-a_/b galls42 the mixed varnishes are to be immediately strained into the cans or cistern4 ,dries in about #f hours in winter1 and in about #d hours in summer4 ,used for the bodies of coaches and other vehicles4 ,varnish1 ,bookbinder's4 ,prep4 ,take of pale gum sandarach1 #c oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 dissolve by cold digestion and frequent agitation4 ,used by binders to varnish morocco leather book-covers4 ,a similar varnish is also prepared from very pale shell-lac and wood naphtha4 ,varnish for ,boots and ,shoes4 ,see ,,boots and ,,shoes4 ,varnish1 ,cabinet-maker's4 ,french polish is occasionally so called4 ,varnish1 ,carriage4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,spirit47 ,take of gum sandarach1 #a-a_/d lb42 very pale shell-lac1 #c_/d lb42 very pale transparent resin1 #a_/b lb42 rectified spirit of #hbba 7#fd o4 p471 #c quarts2 dissolve1 and add of pure ,canadian balsam1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,used for the internal parts of carriages1 c4 ,dries in #aj minutes or less4 #b4 7,,oil47----a4 7,best pale47 ,take of pale ,african copal1 #h lbs42 fuse1 add of clarified linseed oil1 #b-a_/b galls42 boil until very stringy1 then add of dried copperas and litharge1 of each #a_/d lb42 again boil1 thin with oil of turpentine1 #e-a_/b galls42 mix1 whilst both are hot with the following varnish1 and immediately strain the mixture into a covered vessel3----,gum anim1 #h lbs42 clarified linseed oil1 #b-a_/b galls42 dried sugar of lead and litharge1 of each #a_/d lb42 boil as before1 thin with oil of turpentine1 #e-a_/b galls4 ,dries in #d hours in summer1 and #f in winter4 ,used for the wheels1 springs1 and carriage parts of coaches1 and other vehicles1 and by house painters1 decorators1 c41 who want a strong1 quick-drying1 and durable varnish4 b4 7,second quality47 ,from gum anim 7#8sorts'71 #h lbs42 clarified oil1 #c galls42 litharge1 #e oz42 dried and powdered sugar of lead and white copperas1 of each #d oz42 boil as last1 and thin with oil of turpentine1 #e-a_/b galls4 ,used as the last4 ,varnish1 ,chinese4 ,prep4 ,from mastic and sandarach1 of each #b oz42 rectified spirit 7#fd o4 p471 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,dries in #f minutes4 ,very tough and brilliant4 ,varnish1 ,copal4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,oil47----a4 ,from pale hard copal1 #b lbs42 fuse1 add of hot drying oil1 #a pint2 boil as before directed1 and thin with oil of turpentine1 #c pints1 or q4 s4 ,dries hard in #ab to #bd hours4 b4 ,from clear and pale ,african copal1 #h lbs42 pale drying oil1 #b galls42 rectified oil of turpentine1 #c galls42 proceed as before and immediately strain it into the store can or cistern4 ,very fine1 hard1 and durable4 #b4 7,,spirit47----a4 ,from coarsely powdered copal and glass1 of each #d oz42 alcohol of #ij 7#fd o4 p471 #a pint2 camphor1 #a_/b oz42 heat the mixture1 with frequent stirring1 in a water bath1 so that the bubbles may be counted as they rise until solution is complete1 and1 when cold1 decant the clear portion4 b4 ,from copal 7which has been melted1 dropped into water1 and then dried and powdered71 #d oz42 gum sandarach1 #f oz42 mastic1 #b oz42 pure ,chio turpentine1 #c oz42 powdered glass1 #e oz42 spirit of #ij1 #a quart2 dissolve by a gentle heat4 ,dries rapidly4 #c4 7,,turpentine47 ,to oil of turpentine1 #a pint1 heated in a water bath1 add in small portions at a time1 of powdered copal 7prepared as above71 #c to #d oz42 dissolve1 c41 as before4 ,dries slowly1 but is very pale and durable4 #d4 7,,japanner',s ,,copal ,,varnish47 ,from pale ,african copal1 #g lbs42 pale drying oil1 #a_/b gall42 oil of turpentine1 #c galls42 proceed as in ,no4 #a4 ,dries in #bj to #fj minutes1 and may be polished as soon as hard1 particularly if stoved4 ,see ,,japanning4 ,obs4 ,all copal varnishes1 when properly made1 are very hard and durable1 though less so than those of amber2 but they have the advantage over the latter of being paler4 ,they are applied on coaches1 pictures1 polished metal1 wood1 and other objects requiring a good durable varnish4 ,anim is frequently substituted for copal in the copal varnishes of the shops4 ,see ,,varnishes1 ,,body1 ,,carriage1 and ,,copal1 c4 ,varnish1 ,crystal4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from genuine pale ,canada balsam and rectified oil of turpentine1 equal parts4 ,used for maps1 prints1 drawings1 and other articles of paper1 and also to prepare tracing paper1 and to transfer engravings4 #b4 ,mastic1 #c oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,used to fix pencil drawings4 ,varnish1 ,drying4 ,spirit copal varnish4 ,varnish1 ,dutch4 ,lac and toy varnishes are often so called4 ,varnish1 ,etching4 ,see ,,etching4 ,varnish1 ,fat4 ,see ,,oil ,,varnish4 ,varnish1 ,flexible4 ,syn4 ,,balloon ,,varnish1 ,,caoutchouc ,v41 ,,india-,,rubber ,v4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from india rubber 7cut small71 #a-a_/b oz42 chloroform1 ether 7washed71 or bisulphuret of carbon1 #a pint2 digest in the cold until solution is complete4 ,dries as soon as it is laid on4 ,pure gutta percha may be substituted for india rubber4 #b4 ,india rubber1 in shavings1 #a oz42 rectified mineral naphtha or benzol4 #a pint2 digest at a gentle heat in a closed vessel1 and strain4 ,dries very badly1 and never gets perfectly hard4 #c4 ,india rubber1 #a oz42 drying oil1 #a quart2 dissolve by heat4 ,very tough2 dries in about #dh hours4 #d4 ,linseed oil1 #a gall42 dried white copperas and sugar of lead1 of each #c oz42 litharge1 #h oz42 boil1 with constant agitation1 until it strings well1 then cool slowly1 and decant the clear portion4 ,if too thick1 thin it down with quick-drying linseed oil4 ,the above are used for balloons1 gas bags1 c4 ,see ,,balloon1 ,,caoutchouc1 c4 ,varnish1 ,furniture4 ,a solution of pure white wax1 #a part1 in rectified oil of turpentine1 #d parts1 frequently passes under this name4 ,see ,,varnishes1 ,,body1 ,,carriage1 and ,,copal1 c4 ,varnish1 ,gilder's4 ,prep4 7,watin47 ,pale gum-lac in grains1 gamboge1 dragon's blood1 and annotta1 of each #ab-a_/b oz42 saffron1 #c-a_/d oz42 dissolve each resin separately in #e pints of alcohol of #ij1 and make two separate tinctures of the dragon's blood and annotta1 with a like quantity of spirit2 then mix the solutions in the proper proportions to produce the required shade4 ,used for gilded articles1 c4 ,varnish1 ,glass4 ,a solution of soluble glass4 ,used to render wood1 c41 fire-proof4 ,varnish1 ,gun-barrel4 ,prep4 ,from shell-lac1 #a-a_/b oz42 dragon's blood1 #c dr42 rectified spirit1 #a quart4 ,applied after the barrels are #8browned4' ,varnish1 ,hair4 ,prep4 ,from hog's bristles 7chopped small71 #a part2 drying oil1 #aj parts2 dissolve by heat4 ,said to be used to give cotton or linen cloth the appearance of horse-hair4 ,varnish1 ,india-rubber4 ,,varnish4 ,see ,,flexible 7above74 ,varnish1 ,italian4 ,prep4 ,boil ,scio turpentine until brittle1 powder it1 and dissolve this in oil of turpentine4 ,used for prints1 c4 ,varnish1 ,japan4 ,pale amber or copal varnish4 ,used for japanning tin1 papier mch1 c4 ,varnish1 ,lac4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pale seed-lac 7or shell-lac71 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 dissolve4 #b4 ,substitute lac bleached with chlorine for seed-lac4 ,both are very tough1 hard1 and durable1 but quite inflexible4 ,wood naphtha may be substituted for spirit4 ,used for pictures1 metal1 wood1 or leather1 and particularly for toys4 ,varnish1 ,lac 7,aqueous74 ,prep4 ,from pale shell-lac1 #e oz42 borax1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 digest at nearly the boiling point until dissolved2 then strain4 ,equal to the more costly spirit varnish for many purposes2 it is an excellent vehicle for water colours1 inks1 c42 when dry1 it is waterproof4 ,varnish1 ,lac 7,coloured74 ,syn4 ,,lacquer1 ,,brasswork ,,varnish4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of turmeric 7ground71 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #b galls42 macerate for a week1 strain1 with expression1 and add to the tincture1 gamboge1 #a-a_/b oz42 pale shell-lac1 #c_/d lb42 gum sandarach1 #c-a_/b lbs42 when dissolved1 strain1 and further add of good turpentine varnish1 #a quart4 ,gold coloured4 #b4 ,seed-lac1 #c oz42 turmeric1 #a oz42 dragon's blood1 #a_/d oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest for a week1 frequently shaking1 then decant the clear portion4 ,deep gold coloured4 #c4 ,spanish annotta1 #c lbs42 dragon's blood1 #a lb42 gum sandarach1 #c-a_/d lbs42 rectified spirit1 #b galls42 turpentine varnish1 #a quart2 as before4 ,red coloured4 #d4 ,gamboge1 #a oz42 ,cape aloes1 #c oz42 pale shell-lac1 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #b galls42 as before4 ,pale brass coloured4 #e4 ,seed-lac1 dragon's blood1 annotta1 and gamboge1 of each #a_/d lb42 gum sandarach1 #b oz42 saffron1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a gall4 ,resembles the last4 ,obs4 ,lacquers are used upon polished metals and wood1 to impart to them the appearance of gold4 ,articles in brass1 tin plate1 and pewter1 or which are covered with tinfoil1 are more especially so treated4 ,as lacquers are required of different depths and shades of colour1 it is best to keep a concentrated solution of each of the colouring ingredients ready1 so that it may be added1 at any time1 to produce any desired tint4 ,varnish1 ,mahogany4 ,prep4 ,from gum anim 7#8sorts'71 #h lbs42 clarified oil1 #c galls42 litharge and powdered dried sugar of lead1 of each #a_/d lb42 proceed as for body varnish1 and thin with oil of turpentine1 #e galls41 or q4 s4 ,varnish1 ,mastic4 ,syn4 ,,picture ,,varnish1 ,,turpentine ,v41 ,,tingry',s ,,essence ,v4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of pale and picked gum mastic1 #e lbs42 glass 7pounded as small as barley1 and well ,washed and dried71 #c lbs42 finest newly rectified oil of turpentine 7lukewarm71 #b galls42 put them into a clean #d-;gall4 tin bottle or can1 bung down securely1 and keep rolling it backwards and forwards pretty smartly on a counter1 or any other solid place1 for at least #d hours1 when1 if the gum is all dissolved1 the varnish may be decanted1 strained through muslin into another bottle1 and allowed to settle2 if the solution is still incomplete1 the agitation must be continued for some time longer1 or the gentle warmth applied as well4 ,very fine4 #b4 7,second quality47 ,from mastic1 #d lbs42 oil of turpentine1 #b galls42 dissolve with heat4 ,obs4 ,mastic varnish is much used for pictures1 c42 when good1 it is tough1 hard1 brilliant1 and colourless4 ,it greatly improves by age1 and1 when possible1 should never be used before it has been made at least a twelve-month4 ,should it get #8chilled1' #a lb4 of well-washed siliceous sand should be made moderately hot and added to each gallon1 which must then be well agitated for #e minutes1 and afterwards allowed to settle4 ,varnish1 ,oak4 ,syn4 ,,wainscot ,,varnish1 ,,common ,,turpentine ,v4 ,prep4 #a4 ,clear pale resin1 #c-a_/b lbs42 oil of turpentine1 #a gall42 dissolve4 #b4 ,to the last add of ,canada balsam1 #a pint1 ,both are cheap and excellent common varnishes for wood or metal4 ,varnish1 ,oil4 ,the finer qualities are noticed under ,,amber1 ,,body1 ,,carriage1 and ,,copal ,,varnish2 the following produces the ordinary oil varnish of the shops3----,take of good clear resin1 #c lbs42 drying oil1 #a_/b gall42 melt1 and thin with oil of turpentine1 #b quarts4 ,a good and durable varnish for common work4 ,varnish1 ,painter's4 ,see ,,carriage1 ,,copal1 ,,mahogany1 ,,oak1 ,,oil1 and other varnishes2 the selection depending greatly on the colour and quality of the work4 ,varnish1 ,patent ,leather4 ,this is carefully prepared drying oil4 ,the skins being stretched on a board1 and every trace of grease being removed from them by means of a mixture of fullers earth and water1 they are ready to receive the varnish1 which is then spread upon them1 very thinly1 by means of a species of scraper4 ,the first coat varnish consists of pale ,prussian blue 7that containing some alumina71 #e oz42 drying oil1 #a gall42 boiled to the consistence of single size1 and1 when cold1 ground with a little vegetable black2 it is stoved and afterwards polished with fine-grained pumice----the second coating resembles the first1 excepting in having a little pure ,prussian blue mixed with it2----the third coat varnish consists of a similar mixture1 but the oil is boiled until it strings well1 and a little more pure ,prussian blue and vegetable black are added2----the last coat varnish1 or finish1 is the same as the third1 but must contain #a_/b lb4 of pure dark-coloured ,prussian blue1 and #a_/d lb4 of pure vegetable black per gall41 to which a little oil copal or amber varnish is often added2 each coat being duly stoved and pumiced before the next is applied4 ,the heat of the stove or oven is commonly #abj ,fahr4 for #8enamelled skins1' as those of the calf and seal1 intended for #8uppers1' and #age to #ahj for stout #8japan leather1' the exposure in the stove is commonly for #f to #aj hours4 ,the skins are next oiled and grained4 ,the #8graining' of the #8enamelled skins' is done by holding the skin in one hand1 and with a curved board lined with cork 7graining stick71 lightly pressed upon the fleshy side1 working it up and down until the proper effect is produced4 ,varnish1 ,picture4 ,several varnishes1 especially mastic varnish1 are called by this name4 ,pale copal or mastic varnish is generally used for oil paintings1 and crystal1 white hard spirit1 or mastic varnish1 for water-coloured drawings on paper4 ,varnish1 ,printer's4 ,diluted with twice its volume of oil of turpentine1 it forms a good common varnish4 ,varnish1 ,sealing-wax4 ,black1 red1 or any coloured sealing-wax1 broken small1 with enough rectified spirit 7or methylated spirit7 to cover it1 digested till dissolved4 ,a most useful varnish for wood-work of electrical or chemical apparatus1 for tops of corks1 c4 ,varnish1 ,spirit4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,brown ,,hard47----a4 ,from gum sandarach1 #c lbs42 pale seed-lac or shell-lac1 #b lbs42 rectified spirit 7#fe o4 p471 #b galls42 dissolve1 and add of turpentine varnish1 #a quart2 agitate well1 strain 7quickly7 through gauze1 and in a month decant the clear portion from the sediment4 ,very fine4 b4 ,from seed-lac and yellow resin1 of each #a-a_/b lb42 rectified spirit1 #e quarts2 oil of turpentine1 #a-a_/d pint2 dissolve4 ,inferior to the last4 #b4 7,,white ,,hard47----a4 ,from gum sandarach 7picked71 #e lbs42 camphor1 #b oz42 washed and dried coarsely pounded glass1 #c lbs42 rectified spirit 7#fe o4 p471 #g quarts2 proceed as in making mastic varnish2 when strained1 add of pure ,canada balsam1 #a quart4 ,very pale1 durable1 and brilliant4 b4 ,from gum sandarach and gum mastic1 of each1 picked1 #d oz42 coarsely powdered glass1 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 dissolve1 and add of pure ,strasburg turpentine1 #c oz4 ,very fine4 #c4 7,,soft ,,brilliant47 ,from sandarach1 #f oz42 elemi 7genuine71 #d oz42 anim1 #a oz42 camphor1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 as before4 #d4 7,,scented47 ,to the preceding add some gum benzoin1 balsam of ,peru1 balsam of ,tola1 oil of lavender1 or the essence of musk or ambergris4 ,the first two can only be employed for dark varnishes4 ,obs4 ,the above varnishes are chiefly applied to articles of the toilette1 as work-boxes1 card-cases1 c42 but are also suitable to other articles1 whether of paper1 wood1 linen1 or metal1 that require a brilliant and quick-drying varnish4 ,they dry almost as soon as applied1 and are usually hard enough to polish in #bd hours4 ,they are1 however1 much less durable1 and more liable to crack1 than oil varnishes4 ,varnish1 ,stopping-out4 ,syn4 ,,petit ,,vernis1 ,fr4 ,from lampblack1 made into a paste with turpentine4 ,used by engravers4 ,see ,,etching4 ,varnish1 ,tingry's4 ,,mastic ,,varnish4 ,varnish1 ,toy4 ,similar to common spirit varnish1 but using carefully rectified wood naphtha as the solvent4 ,see ,,varnishes1 ,,lac and ,,spirit4 ,varnish1 ,transfer4 ,syn4 ,,mordant ,,varnish4 ,prep4 ,from mastic 7in tears7 and sandarach1 of each #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 dissolve1 and add of pure ,canada balsam1 #a_/b pint4 ,used for transferring and fixing engravings or lithographs on wood1 and for gilding1 silvering1 c4 ,see ,,varnish1 ,,crystal4 ,varnish1 ,turpentine4 ,see ,,varnishes1 ,,mastic1 and ,,oak4 ,varnish1 ,wainscot4 ,see ,,varnish1 ,,oak4 ,varnish1 ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,milk ,,of ,,wax2 ,,emulsio ,,cer ,,spirituosa1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of white wax 7pure71 #a lb42 melt it with as gentle a heat as possible1 add of warm rectified spirit1 sp4 gr4 #hcj 7#fj o4 p471 #a pint2 mix perfectly1 and pour the liquid out upon a cold porphyry slab2 next grind it with a muller to a perfectly smooth paste1 adding more spirit as required2 put the paste into a marble mortar1 make an emulsion with water1 #c-a_/b pints1 gradually added1 and strain it through muslin4 ,used as a varnish for paintings2 when dry1 a hot iron is passed over it1 or heat is otherwise evenly applied1 so as to fuse it1 and render it transparent1 after which1 when quite cold1 it is polished with a clean linen cloth4 ,the most protective of all varnishes4 #b4 ,wax 7pure71 #e oz42 oil of turpentine1 #a quart2 dissolve4 ,used for furniture4 ,see ,,varnish1 ,,sealing-,,wax4 ,varnish1 ,white4 ,see ,,varnish1 ,,spirit1 #b1 a and b4 ,,var,,nishing4 ,to give the highest degree of lustre to varnish after it is laid on1 as well as to remove the marks of the brush1 it undergoes the operation of polishing4 ,this is performed by first rubbing it with very finely powdered pumice stone and water1 and afterwards with an oiled rag and tripoli1 until the required polish is produced4 ,the surface is1 last of all1 cleaned with soft linen cloths1 cleared of all greasiness with powdered starch1 and then rubbed bright with the palm of the hand4 ,in varnishing great care must be taken that the surface is free from grease or smoke2 as1 unless this be the case1 the best oil or turpentine varnish in the world will not dry and harden4 ,old articles are usually washed with soap and water1 by the painters1 before being varnished1 to prevent any misadventure of the kind alluded to4 ,,vaseline4 ,see ,,cosmoline4 ,,veal4 8,the grain should be close1 firm1 and white1 and the fat of a pinkish white1 not a dead white1 and the kidneys well covered with a thick white fat40 7,soyer47 ,veal1 like pork1 requires to be well dressed1 to develop its nutritive qualities4 ,it should also be eaten fresh1 as a peculiar principle is generated in it when improperly kept1 which acts as a malignant poison4 ,see ,,roasting1 c4 ,,veg,,etable ,,al,,kali4 ,potassa4 ,,vegetable ,,juices4 ,see below4 ,,vegetables4 ,vegetables are organic beings1 which are distinguished from animals by a number of characteristics1 but1 like them1 are composed of certain proximate principles1 or compounds1 which possess a high degree of scientific interest1 and in many cases are invaluable to man4 ,among the most important of these are----albumen1 gluten1 gum1 lignin1 starch1 sugar1 tannin1 wax1 the fixed and volatile oils1 the resins1 and gum-resins1 the alkaloids1 and innumerable forms of extractive matter4 ,several of these substances are noticed under their respective names4 ,the method of propagating plants from their seeds1 depending on their simple exposure1 at the proper season1 to warmth and moisture1 under the protection of the soil1 is well known2 that by propagation from #8slips' and #8cuttings1' which will doubtless prove interesting to the amateur gardener1 are noticed below4 ,the choice of slips and cuttings should be made from the side shoots of trees and plants1 and1 when possible1 from such as recline towards the grounds1 observing1 when they are removed by the knife1 to leave a little wood of a former year or season's growth attached to them1 as such are found to take root more readily than when they are wholly composed of new wood4 ,the time to take slips or cuttings is as soon as the sap gets into full motion4 ,before setting them the latter should be cut across1 just below an eye or joint1 with as smooth a section as possible1 observing not to injure the bud4 ,the superfluous leaves may be removed1 but a sufficient number should be left on for the purposes of vegetation4 ,the common practice of removing all or nearly all the leaves of cuttings is injudicious4 ,in some cases leaves alone will strike root4 ,when cuttings are set in pots1 they should be so placed as to reach to the bottom and touch the sides throughout their whole length1 when they will seldom fail to become rooted plants4 ,in the case of tubular-stalked plants it is said to be advantageous to insert both ends into the soil1 each of which will take root1 and may then be divided1 when two plants will be produced instead of one4 ,an equable temperature1 a moist atmosphere1 a shady situation1 and a moderate supply of water1 are the principal requisites to induce speedy rooting4 ,excess of any of these is prejudicial4 ,when the size of the cuttings admit1 it is better to place them under a hand- or bell-glass1 which will preserve a constant degree of heat1 and prevent evaporation from the surface of the leaves1 which is the most common cause of their dying1 especially in hot1 dry weather4 ,qual4 ,the vegetable kingdom furnishes by far the larger portion of the food of man1 and indirectly1 perhaps1 the whole of it4 ,the great value of culinary vegetables and fruit in a mixed diet need not be insisted on1 since it is a fact which is almost universally known and appreciated4 ,in the choice of culinary vegetables observe1 that if they are stiff and break freely and crisply1 they are fresh1 and fit for food2 if1 on the contrary1 they have a flabby appearance1 or are soft or discoloured1 they are stale1 and should be rejected4 ,the dose of the generality of vegetable substances that exercise no very marked action on the human frame is about #a_/b to #a dr4 of the powder1 night and morning2 or #a oz41 or q4 s4 to impart a moderately strong colour or taste1 may be infused or boiled in #a pint of water1 and a wine-glassful or thereabouts taken #b or #c times a day4 ,collection and ,pres4 ,the following general directions are given in the ,london ,pharmacopia for the collection and preservation of vegetable substances----7vegetabilia1 ,ph4 ,l473---- 8,vegetables are to be collected in dry weather1 and when neither wet with rain nor dew2 they are to be collected annually1 and are not to be kept beyond a year4 8,barks are to be collected at that season in which they can be most easily separated from the wood40 ,spring is the season here alluded to2 as at this time1 after the sap begins to ascend1 the bark is1 in general1 very easily separated4 8,flowers are to be collected recently blown40 ,the red rose1 however1 must be gathered before the buds are expanded4 8,fruits and seeds are to be collected when ripe4 8,herbs and leaves are to be gathered after the flowers have expanded1 and before the seeds are mature4 8,roots and rhizomes 7underground stems71 for the most part1 are to be dug up after the old leaves and stalks have fallen1 and before the new ones appear40 78,roots1 which are required to be preserved fresh1 should be buried in dry sand40----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 8,seeds are to be collected when they are ripe1 and before they drop from the plant40 78,they ought to be preserved in their seed vessels40----,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 8,the different parts of vegetables are to be kept dried for use1 except where we shall otherwise direct4 ,expose those you wish to dry1 within a short time after they have been gathered1 in shallow wicker baskets1 to a gentle heat1 in a dark place1 and where there is a current of air4 ,then1 the moisture being driven off1 gradually increase the heat to #aej ,fahr41 in order that they may be dried4 ,finally1 preserve the more delicate parts1 viz4 flowers and leaves1 in black glass vessels1 well closed1 and keep the rest in proper vessels1 preventing the access of light and moisture40 ,fruits1 culinary vegetables1 and vegetable juice1 of every class1 may be preserved for any length of time by several of the methods described under ,,putrefaction4 ,on the small scale the following method is often adopted3----,the substances to be preserved are put into strong glass or stoneware bottles1 with necks of a proper size1 which are then corked with the greatest care1 tied or wired1 and lined with a mixture of lime and soft cheese1 or with a paste formed of linseed meal and water1 spread on rags2 or tin cases are employed1 and are soldered up instead of being corked4 ,the bottles are then placed in an oven1 the temperature of which is cautiously raised to fully #bab ,fahr42 or they are enclosed1 separately1 in canvas bags1 and put into a copper of water to which some salt has been added1 which is then gradually heated until it boils1 and thus kept for #ae or #bj minutes2 the whole is next left to cool1 when the bottles are taken out and carefully examined before being laid by1 lest they should have cracked or the lute have given way4 ,herbs and flowers are now generally preserved for distillation by means of common salt4 ,the objection which is raised against the use of fresh aromatic plants is thus obviated1 whilst the odours of the distilled products are rendered superior to those obtained from either the recent or dried plant1 fruit1 or flower1 without the great loss1 inconvenience1 or trouble attending the common methods4 ,besides1 many aromatic and odorous substances almost entirely lose their properties by drying2 while most of them yield more oil1 and that of a finer quality1 in the fresh than in the dried state4 ,the odours of roses1 elder flowers1 and a variety of others are vastly improved by this treatment1 and these flowers may thus be preserved with ease and safety from season to season1 or even longer1 if required4 ,the process simply consists in intimately mixing the flowers or other vegetables1 soon after being gathered1 with about #a_/d their weight1 or less1 of good dry salt1 and ramming down the mixture as tightly as possible in strong casks4 ,the casks are then placed in a cold cellar1 and covered with boards1 on which heavy weights are put1 to keep the mass tight and close4 ,see ,,fruits1 ,,putrefaction1 c4 ,vegetables1 ,juices of4 #a4 7,,expressed ,,vegetable ,,juice1 ,,simple ,v4 ,j42 ,,succi ,,expressi1 ,l47 ,these are obtained by bruising the fresh leaves1 or other vegetable matter1 in a marble mortar1 or in a mill1 and expressing the liquid portion by means of a powerful screw press4 ,after defecation for #ab or #ad hours in a cold situation1 the juice is either decanted or filtered from the feculous sediment1 and is next heated for some minutes to about #ahe ,fahr41 to coagulate albuminous matter4 ,the clear portion is subsequently separated as before1 and the product preserved for use in well-closed and well-filled bottles1 in a cool situation4 ,some plants1 as borage1 cabbage1 c41 require the addition of #a_/h of water before being pressed4 ,the expression of the juice of lemons1 oranges1 quinces1 c41 is facilitated by previously mixing the pulp with clean chopped straw4 ,buckthorn berries1 mulberries1 c41 after being crushed between the hands1 are commonly left for #c or #d days to undergo a slight fermentation before pressing them4 ,the expression of the juices of the narcotic plants1 and of some other vegetables1 has lately assumed considerable interest1 from these juices being now extensively used in pharmacy for the preparation of extracts and the preserved juices1 noticed below4 ,it appears that the juice of young plants just coming into flower yield only #b_/c the amount of extract which may be obtained from the same quantity of juice expressed from the matured plant1 or when the flowers are fully blown1 and the strength of the product is also inferior2 the case appears to be best met by selecting the plants when more than half the flowers are fully blown4 ,the leaves alone should be preferably employed1 and should be exclusively of the second year's growth1 when the plants are biennials4 7,squire47 ,the homopathists commonly employ the whole flowering herb4 ,the ,,inspissated ,,vegetable ,,juices 7,,succus ,,spissatis7 are now included among the extracts4 ,the principal simple vegetable juices of commerce are---- ,,buckthorn ,,juice 7,,succus ,,rhamni----,ph4 ,l471 from the fruit of ,rhamnus catharticus1 or buckthorn berries4 ,,citron ,,juice 7,,succus ,,citri71 chiefly imported from ,italy in large casks4 ,,lemon ,,juice 7,,succus ,,limonum71 ,ph4 ,l4 from lemons that spoil before they can be sold2 also imported4 ,,mulberry ,,juice 7,,succus ,,mori----,ph4 ,l471 from the fruit of the mulberry4 ,,orange ,,juice 7,,succus ,,aurantii71 obtained from the same source as that of lemons4 ,,concentrated ,,orange ,,juice 7,,succus ,,spissatis ,,aurantii vel ,,aurantiorum7 and ,,concentrated ,,lemon ,,juice 7,,succus ,,spissatus ,,limonum7 are prepared by evaporating the fresh juices of oranges and lemons1 either alone or mixed with sugar1 and are employed as substitutes for the fruit1 where the latter cannot be obtained4 #b4 7,,alcoholised ,,vegetable ,,juices1 ,,preserved ,v4 ,j42 ,,tinctures ,,of ,,recent ,,plants2 ,,succi ,,alcoholati1 ,l42 ,,alcoolatures1 ,fr47 ,prep4 a4 ,the juice1 obtained by powerful pressure1 in the manner noticed above1 is allowed to remain for #bd hours in a cold place1 when the clear portion is decanted from the feculous matter which has subsided1 and is then agitated with one half its volume of rectified spirit 7#ef o4 p472 after another #bd hours the clear portion is again decanted and1 if necessary1 filtered through bibulous paper or linen4 ,in this way are now generally prepared the preserved juices of aconite1 belladonna1 colchicum 7corms71 hemlock1 henbane1 foxglove1 elaterium1 lactuca virosa1 taraxacum1 c41 sold in this country4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,to the fresh leaves1 bruised in a marble mortar1 is added an equal weight of rectified spirit1 and after maceration for #ae days the whole is pressed1 and the resulting tincture filtered4 ,in this manner are prepared tinctures of the fresh leaves of aconite 7tinctura aconiti cum foliis recentibus71 belladonna1 foxglove1 hemlock1 henbane1 strong-scented lettuce 7,lactuca virosa71 stramonium1 trailing poison oak 7,rhus toxicodendron71 mugwort 7,artemisia vulgaris71 colchicum 7corms71 squirting cucumber1 white poppy1 taraxacum1 c41 of the ,paris ,codex4 ,obs4 ,these tinctures are much more powerful1 and more certain in their operation1 than those prepared from the dried plants4 ,the commencing dose is from #b to #e drops1 the effects of which should be carefully watched4 ,the products of the first of the above formul keep as well as the ordinary tinctures1 and there is less waste of spirit than with the second4 ,that of the ,p4 ,cod4 is1 however1 preferred by ,m4 ,soubeiran1 as affording more uniform products2 an opinion which is questionable4 ,bral orders equal weights of juice and spirit2 ,mr ,squire recommends #a_/b part2 ,messrs ,bentley ,davenport #a_/d part 7both by volume71 and ,mr ,gieseke only #a_/e part 7by weight71 of spirit to #a part of the expressed juice4 ,the homopathists generally go with ,m4 ,bral4 8,our own experience1 which has been very considerable1 and extends over upwards of #af years1 leads us to prefer the proportions given in formula a1 which are similar to those of ,mr ,squire4 ,if less spirit be employed1 the product is apt to suffer rapid deterioration when kept in a warm shop or surgery40 7,cooley47 #c4 7,,etherized ,,vegetable ,,juices2 ,,succi ,,therizati1----,l42 ,,eth,,rolatures1 ,,sucs ,,th,,res1 ,fr47 ,for these we are indebted to ,m4 ,bouchardat4 ,they are prepared as follows3 ,ether is gradually added to the depurated freshly expressed juice1 until1 after active agitation1 a thin layer of it rises to the surface on the mixture being allowed to repose for a minute or two2 the whole is then set aside for #bd hours1 when the supernatant ether is expertly removed by means of a pipette or syringe1 and the juice is filtered2 lastly1 the decanted ether is returned to the filtrate1 and the etherised juice is at once put into well-stoppered bottles4 ,for use1 one of the bottles is reversed1 and the dose taken from the lower part1 so that the ether remains behind4 ,we find1 in practice1 that decantation1 carefully conducted1 may be substituted for filtration2 thus not only rendering the process less costly1 but ensuring a more uniform product4 ,the etherised juices are said to retain their active properties for an indefinite period4 ,the method has been successfully applied to the juices of aconite1 anemone1 black hellebore1 and hemlock1 and is probably applicable to many others2 but1 we think1 not to the juices of all the narcotic plants1 as has been asserted4 ,vegetable ,fibres4 ,the following method for the identification of vegetable fibres is intended to supplement the information previously given on this subject4 ,its originator1 ,m4 ,vetillard1 applies it for distinguishing the fibres of linen1 hemp1 cotton1 jute1 ,china grass1 and ,new ,zealand flax4 ,the following extract descriptive of the process is from the #8,journal of ,applied ,chemistry'3---- 8,if a woven or spun fibre is to be examined it must first be disintegrated into the single fibres1 and any colour or finish must be removed as completely as possible4 ,vertical and longitudinal microscopic sections are next made4 ,these are rendered transparent by glycerin or chloride of calcium1 and treated with tincture of iodine1 made by simply dissolving iodine in a solution of iodide of potassium4 ,the excess of this tincture is removed1 a drop of dilute sulphuric acid added1 and the sections examined by the aid of the microscope4 ,linen ,fibre4----,bundles of similar fibres1 with a fine canal in the centre1 long1 uniformly thick1 and pointed at the ends4 ,longitudinal section2 the fibres are coloured blue1 the canal yellow4 ,cross section3 regular polygons1 loosely connected1 coloured blue2 centres yellow4 ,hemp4----,fibres aggravated2 each fibre covered with a thin skin2 coloured yellow4 ,they are thick and less uniform than the linen fibres4 ,the ends are thick and of the shape of spatulas1 and become blue or greenish blue with iodine4 ,cross section3 irregular polygons1 firmly connected2 rim yellow1 the mass blue1 the centre colourless4 ,cotton4----,longitudinal section3 single fibres1 spirally wound on their own axis1 with a central canal and broad ends2 coloured blue by iodine4 ,the cross sections are rounded in the shape of kidneys1 and coloured blue1 with yellow spots interspersed4 ,china ,grass4----,longitudinal section3 fibres separated lengthwise1 of varying thickness4 ,the interior canal is often filled with a yellow granular substance1 which is coloured brown by iodine4 ,the fibre is turned blue by iodine4 ,cross section3 irregular1 with re-entrant angles1 and little cohesion4 ,the fibres are stouter than all other fibres1 and are turned blue by iodine4 ,jute4----,fibres strongly coherent1 the ends undulating and difficult to separate4 ,central canal wide1 empty1 and gently rounded at the ends2 coloured yellow4 ,cross section3 polygons strongly coherent and regular1 much like those of hemp1 but the central opening is larger2 coloured yellow1 darker at the rim4 ,new ,zealand ,flax4----,bundles of cells of the leaves1 easily separated with a needle into stiff little fibres1 provided with a canal of uniform width4 ,the sides are rolled inwards1 coloured yellow4 ,the cross section resembles that of jute1 but the corners of the polygons are rounded off4 ,they are coloured yellow by iodine tincture4 ,,vegeta,,tion4 ,vegetation 7which is here employed in the sense of plants in general7 is very unequally distributed over the earth's surface4 ,thus1 towards the poles plants are found1 not only in diminished numbers compared to their occurrence in warmer and more temperate regions1 but also of much smaller size or stunted growth4 ,no plants at all are met in the regions of eternal frost and snow1 whilst in equatorial climes they attain to the most gigantic proportions1 and are possessed of the most exquisite colours and perfumes1 and yield the finest fruits4 ,the habitat of a plant will1 of course1 be that on which it finds the conditions favorable to its existence and growth1 in the shape of soil1 climate1 moisture1 geographical position1 c4 ,,vegetation 7,metallic74 ,this name has been fancifully applied to the following3---- ,,lead ,,tree2 ,,arbor ,,saturni4 ,take of sugar of lead1 #a oz42 distilled water1 #a-a_/b pint2 acetic acid1 a few drops2 dissolve1 place the liquid in a clear white glass bottle1 and suspend a piece of zinc in it1 by means of a fine thread4 ,,silver ,,tree2 ,,arbor ,,dian4 ,from nitrate of silver1 #bj gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve in a phial1 and add about #a_/b dr4 of pure mercury4 ,,tin ,,tree2 ,,arbor ,,jovis4 ,from chloride of tin1 #c dr42 nitric acid1 #aj to #ae drops2 distilled or rain water1 #a pint2 dissolve in a white glass bottle1 and hang in it1 by a thread1 a small rod of zinc4 ,obs4 ,in the above experiments the metals are precipitated in a very beautiful arborescent form4 ,it is curious to observe the lamin shoot out1 as it were1 from nothing1 assuming forms resembling real vegetation4 ,this phenomenon results from voltaic action being set up between the liquid and the metal4 ,,vegeto-,,al,,kali4 ,see ,,alkaloid4 ,,vel,,lum4 ,a fine kind of parchment prepared from the skins of calves1 kids1 and lambs4 ,the skins are limed1 shaved1 washed1 and stretched in hoops or other frames1 where they are scraped and trimmed with the currier's fleshing-knife1 and next carefully rubbed down with pumice stone2 they are1 lastly1 polished with finely powdered chalk or fresh-slaked lime1 and then dried4 ,a green colour is given with a solution of crystallised verdigris1 to which a little cream of tartar and nitric acid has been added2 and a blue colour1 with a solution of indigo4 ,the surface is often finished off with white of egg1 and subsequent friction4 ,the skins of sheep are commonly used for parchment2 those of he-goats and wolves for drum-heads2 and those of the ass for battledores4 ,the species of vellum used for church services by binders is said to be prepared from pig-skins4 ,see ,,pounce4 ,,vel,,vet ,,colours4 ,syn4 ,,map ,,stains1 ,,paper ,s42 ,,lacca ,,fluida1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,blue47----a4 ,dissolve litmus in water1 and add #a_/c of spirit of wine4----b4 ,dilute ,saxon blue or sulphate of indigo with water4 ,if required for delicate work1 neutralise the acid with chalk4----c4 ,to an aqueous infusion of litmus add a few drops of vinegar1 until it turns of a full blue4 #b4 7,,green47----a4 ,dissolve crystallised verdigris in water4----b4 ,dissolve sap green in water1 and add a little alum4----c4 ,add a little salt of tartar to a blue or purple solution of litmus1 until it turns green4----d4 ,dissolve equal parts of crystallised verdigris and cream of tartar in water4 #c4 7,,purple47----a4 ,steep litmus in water1 and strain the solution4----b4 ,add a little alum to a strained decoction of logwood4----c4 ,add a solution of carmine 7red7 to a little blue solution of litmus or ,saxon blue4 #d4 7,,red47----a4 ,macerate ground ,brazil wood in vinegar1 boil a few minutes1 strain1 and add a little alum and gum4----b4 ,add vinegar to an infusion of litmus until it turns red4----c4 ,boil or infuse powdered cochineal in water containing a little ammonia or sal volatile4----d4 ,dissolve carmine in liquor of ammonia1 or in weak carbonate of potash water2 the former is superb4 #e4 7,,yellow47----a4 ,dissolve gamboge in water1 and add a little alum4----b4 ,dissolve gamboge in equal parts of proof spirit and water4 ,golden coloured4----c4 ,steep ,french berries in boiling water1 strain1 and add a little alum4----d4 ,steep turmeric1 round zedoary1 gamboge1 or annotta1 in a weak ley of subcarbonate of soda or potash4 ,obs4 ,the preceding1 thickened with a little gum1 are used as inks for writing1 as colours to tint maps1 foils1 paper1 artificial flowers1 c41 and to paint on velvet4 ,some of them are very beautiful4 ,those containing litmus are1 however1 fugitive4 ,it must be observed that those made with strong spirit do not mix well with gum water1 unless somewhat diluted with water4 ,any other transparent colours or stains may be employed for painting on velvet1 as well as the above4 ,,velvet ,,leaf4 ,syn4 ,,pareira ,,brava1 ,,pareira 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47 ,l4 8,the root of ,cissampelos pareira0 7,ph4 ,l471 white pareira or velvet leaf4 ,it is tonic1 aperient1 and diuretic4----,dose1 #bj to #fj grains2 in chronic and purulent inflammation and extreme irritability of the bladder2 in leucorrha1 dropsy1 ulceration of the kidney1 c4 ,,venesection4 ,the practice of venesection1 bloodletting1 or phlebotomy1 as it is variously denominated1 has within the last thirty or forty years been nearly banished from medical practice4 ,it seems very evident that prior to the above period medical practitioners were in the habit of resorting to venesection to an unwise extent1 and in cases which the progress of modern pathology has shown it to be wholly inapplicable4 ,there are1 we believe1 some practitioners who1 whilst admitting the evils arising from its misapplication and abuse1 still advocate its occasional and judicious employment4 ,because of the dangers that beset the operation when performed by a tyro1 we forbear to give any particulars as to the method of carrying it out4 ,the veins of the arm are those always invariably opened in venesection1 although the operation may be performed on many other superficial veins4 ,,ven,,ison4 ,the flesh of several species of deer4 ,that from good land1 killed at the proper season1 and eaten in a moderately fresh state1 is most easily digestible1 and1 perhaps1 the most wholesome1 of all the red meats2 but when it is #8high1' or in a state of incipient putrefaction1 it is far from wholesome1 and often poisonous4 ,,veno ,,beno 7,la74 ,see ,,tea4 ,,venom4 ,drs ,brunton and ,fayrer1 who have devoted many years to the study of the nature and physiological action of snake poisons1 state that there appears to be some resemblance in the action of the venom or virus of the cobra1 ,naja tripudians1 and of curara1 the arrow-poison of the ,indians2 both poisons causing death by paralysing the respiratory organs4 ,dr ,armstrong1 who has analysed the cobra poison1 has not been enabled to isolate from it any crystalline principle4 ,from its reactions he concludes that its chief ingredient is an albuminoid substance4 ,dr ,armstrong obtained a white precipitate from the poison by treating it with absolute alcohol1 and also prepared an alcoholic extract from it4 ,he gives the following as the composition of the three substances4 ,the albumen is appended for comparison3---- ,crude ,alcoholic ,alcoholic ,albumen4 ,poison4 ,precipitate4 extract4 ,carbon #dcee #degf #dcjd #ece ,nitrogen #dccj #adcj #abde #aeg ,hydrogen 444 #ffj #gjj #ga ,sulphur 444 #bej 444 444 ,ash 444 ,traces4 8,but although there is little difference between the composition of the alcoholic precipitate and extract1 there is an immense difference between their physiological action1 the extract being a virulent poison1 the precipitate almost inert4 ,this is notably different from what has been stated by ,dr ,weir ,mitchell respecting the poison of the rattlesnake1 viz41 that the alcoholic precipitate is active1 whilst the extract is inert40#bee ,footnote #bee3 8,royal ,society's ,proceedings10 #8,pharm4 ,journ4' ,,ventila,,tion4 ,the proper ventilation of our habitations1 as well as of other buildings in which we pass any considerable portion of our time1 is quite as necessary to health as food and clothing4 ,lavoisier1 writing in the middle of the last century1 remarks----8,it is certain that mankind degenerate when employed in sedentary manufactures1 or living in crowded houses1 or in the narrow lanes of large cities2 whereas they improve in their nature and constitution in most of the country labours which are carried on in the open air40 ,yet many persons1 by the care which they take to shut out fresh air1 and to prevent the escape of that which their own bodies1 by pulmonary and surfacial respiration1 have contaminated1 would seem to hug to themselves the discomfort of breathing over and over again an impure and unrefreshing atmosphere1 and to be anxious to finish their career by lingering suicide4 ,the almost universal indifference to the subject1 considering its importance1 is unaccountable4 ,the first step towards effecting and maintaining a liberal supply of fresh air is either by means of ventilators or by regularly opening the windows for stated periods daily4 ,during the colder portions of the year1 when fires are kept burning1 and there is an up-current in the chimney1 nothing is so simple and effective as the well-known chimney-valve of ,dr ,arnott2 and1 indeed1 without this1 open fires are powerful instruments of ventilation4 ,in cold weather1 where expense is not an object1 the apartments may be supplied with air that has been previously warmed by passing through a heated chamber1 on the principle recommended by ,dr ,reid2 but care must be taken that1 in warming the air1 we do not overheat it1 nor contaminate it4 ,a sufficient supply of light1 another powerful sanitary agent1 is now regarded as nearly as essential as thorough ventilation1 and the two are commonly treated of together4 ,according to ,palladio1 the opening of windows should not exceed a fourth1 nor be less than a fifth1 of the length of the side of a room1 and should be in height two and one sixth times the width4 ,mr ,gwilt1 another high authority on this subject1 has given as a definite rule1 that we should allow #a square foot of glass to every #ajj cubic feet of space in any apartment or inclosure4 ,a great deal must1 however1 depend on the shape of the apartment2 but1 in all cases1 care should be taken that the windows are placed at the longest side of the room1 and not at the narrowest1 or the end of it4 ,a southern aspect affords the most light and heat2 a northern one the most diffused and least variable light1 and is hence usually chosen by artists for their studios4 ,,vera,,trine4 ,c#cb;,h#eb,n#b,o#h ,syn4 ,,veratria1 ,,veratrina1 ,,sabadilline2 ,,veratria 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e471 ,l4 ,an alkaloid discovered by ,pelletier and ,caventou1 in the seeds of ,asagre officinalis 7sabadilla71 and in the rhizomes of ,veratrum album 7white hellebore74 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,digest sabadilla seeds in boiling water for #bd hours1 then squeeze them1 dry them thoroughly by a gentle heat1 beat them in a mortar1 and separate the seeds from the capsules by agitation in a deep and narrow vessel2 next grind the seeds in a coffee-mill1 and exhaust them by percolation with rectified spirit2 concentrate the resulting tincture by distillation1 so long as no deposit forms1 and pour the residuum1 whilst still hot1 into #ab times its volume of cold water2 then filter through calico1 and wash the residuum on the filter as long as the washings yield a precipitate with ammonia2 unite the filtered liquid with the washings1 add ammonia in excess1 collect the precipitate on a filter1 wash it slightly with cold water1 and dry it first by imbibition with filtering paper1 and then in the vapour bath4 8,the product is not pure1 but sufficiently so for medical use4 ,from this coloured substance it may be obtained white1 but at considerable loss1 by solution in very weak hydrochloric acid1 decolorisation with animal charcoal1 and reprecipitation with ammonia40 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,this is the same in principle as the last2 a tincture is formed by boiling the seeds in rectified spirit1 which is then evaporated to a syrup1 dissolved in very dilute sulphuric acid1 the veratrine precipitated with1 magnesia1 redissolved in very dilute acid1 treated with animal charcoal1 the filtrate again evaporated to a syrup1 and precipitated with ammonia2 it is1 lastly1 washed and dried4 #c4 ,by means of ether1 as noticed under ,,alkaloid and ,,aconitine4 ,this is by far the best method4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cevadilla1 #b lbs42 distilled water1 q4 s42 rectified spirit1 q4 s42 solution of ammonia1 q4 s42 hydrochloric acid1 q4 s42 purified animal charcoal1 #fj gr4 ,macerate the cevadilla with half its weight of boiling distilled water in a covered vessel for #bd hours4 ,remove the cevadilla1 squeeze it1 and dry it thoroughly with a gentle heat4 ,beat it now in a mortar and separate the seeds from the capsules by brisk agitation in a deep narrow vessel1 or by winnowing it gently on a table with a sheet of paper4 ,grind the seeds in a coffee mill1 and form them into a thick paste with rectified spirit4 ,pack this firmly in a percolator1 and pass rectified spirit through it till the spirit ceases to be coloured4 ,concentrate the spirituous solution by distillation1 so long as no deposit forms1 and pour the residue1 while hot1 into #ab times its volume of cold distilled water4 ,filter through calico1 and wash the residue on the filter with distilled water1 till the fluid ceases to precipitate with ammonia4 ,to the united filtered liquid add the ammonia in slight excess1 let the precipitate completely subside1 pour off the supernatant fluid1 collect the precipitate on a filter1 and wash it with distilled water till the fluid passes colourless4 ,diffuse the moist precipitate through #ab oz4 of distilled water1 and add gradually1 with diligent stirring1 sufficient hydrochloric acid to make the fluid feebly but persistently acid4 ,then add the animal charcoal1 digest at a gentle heat for #bj minutes1 filter1 and allow the liquid to cool4 ,add ammonia in slight1 excess1 and when the precipitate has completely subsided1 pour off the supernatant liquid1 collect the precipitate on a filter1 and wash it with cold distilled water till the washings cease to be affected by nitrate of silver accidental with nitric acid4 ,lastly1 dry the precipitate1 first by imbibition1 with filtering paper1 and then by the application of a gentle heat4 ,prop4 ,pure veratrine is perfectly white2 but as usually met with1 it is a yellowish or greenish-white powder2 it is highly acrid2 uncrystallisable2 scarcely soluble in water1 soluble in ether1 and freely soluble in hot alcohol2 heated to about #abe ,fahr41 it fuses like wax1 and solidifies1 upon cooling1 to a transparent yellow mass4 ,with the dilute acid it forms salts1 which are either amorphous or difficulty crystallisable4 ,the smallest possible portion of its powder causes violent sneezing4 ,tests4 #a4 ,potassa1 ammonia1 and their carbonates1 give flocculent white precipitates which at first are not crystalline under the microscope1 but which1 after some minutes1 assume the appearance of small scattered clusters of short prismatic crystals2 they are insoluble in excess of potassa and its carbonate1 and only very slightly so in excess of ammonia4----#b4 ,with sulphuric acid it strikes an intense red colour1 changing afterwards to crimson1 and finally to violet4----#c4 ,a dilute acetic solution of veratrine is turned to a superb red by strong sulphuric acid4 ,veratrine is distinguished from brucine and the other alkaloids by its fusibility----by the crystalline form of its precipitate with potassa1 and----by its reaction with oil of vitriol4 ,uses1 c4 8,as an external application1 it has been efficaciously employed by ,magendie in ,france1 and by ,dr ,turnbull in this country2 but the extravagant eulogies of the latter have not tended to confirm the reputation of this remedy40 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,from #f to #ab gr41 dissolved in #a fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit1 as a liniment2 or #cj gr41 mixed with #a dr4 of olive oil1 and #a oz4 of lard1 as an ointment1 have been occasionally found very serviceable in neuralgia1 and other like painful affections1 and in gouty and rheumatic paralysis4 ,as an internal remedy it possesses no advantage1 as it merely acts as a violent and depressing cathartic4----,dose1 #a_/bd to #a_/af gr4 ,in larger doses it acts as a powerful irritant poison4 ,for antidotes1 c41 see ,,alkaloid4 ,,vera,,trum4 ,see ,,white ,,hellebore4 ,,ver,,digris4 ,syn4 ,,rugo1 ,l42 ,,vert-,,de-,,gris1 ,fr4 ,this is a mixture of several basic acetates of copper which have a green or blue colour4 ,it is obtained in the wine districts of the south of ,europe1 by the action of refuse grapes1 from which the juice has been expressed1 on thin sheets of copper4 ,when pure it should dissolve1 almost entirely1 and without effervescence1 in dilute sulphuric acid4 ,it is very poisonous2 for antidotes1 see ,,copper4 ,an inferior quality of verdigris is now prepared from pommage1 or apple marc1 in the cider districts of ,england4 ,verdigris1 ,distilled4 ,syn4 ,,crystallised ,,verdigris4 ,this name is applied to the normal acetate of copper1 which is prepared in the wine districts by dissolving ordinary verdigris1 #a part1 in good distilled vinegar1 #b parts2 the operation being performed in a copper vessel by the aid of a gentle heat and agitation2 the solution is afterwards slowly evaporated until a pedicle begins to form on the surface1 when it is transferred into glazed earthen pans 7#8oulas'71 in each of which are placed #b or #c cleft sticks1 and it is then left in a warm apartment for #ad or #ae days to crystallise4 ,a spurious article is often prepared by adding a solution of sulphate of copper1 #ab-a_/b lbs4 to a solution of sugar of lead1 #ai lbs41 or q4 s41 and filtering1 evaporating1 and crystallising the mixture4 ,there is an acetate of copper and lime which resembles distilled verdigris in colour4 ,it was manufactured pretty extensively in ,scotland some years ago1 and fetched a high price1 till ,dr ,ure published an analysis of it in the #8,edin4 ,phil4 ,trans4' ,it is much inferior for all uses in the arts4 ,pure distilled verdigris is entirely soluble in water1 and is not precipitated on the addition of sulphuric acid or of ammonia in excess4 ,verdigris1 ,english4 ,prep4 ,blue vitriol1 #bd lbs42 white vitriol1 #af lbs42 sugar of lead1 #ab lbs42 alum1 #b lbs4 7all coarsely powdered72 mix1 and heat them in a pot over the fire until they unite into a mass4 ,sold by fraudulent dealers for foreign verdigris4 ,,ver,,diter4 ,syn4 ,,blue ,,verditer1 ,,refiner',s ,,verditer2 ,,cendres ,,bleues1 ,fr4 ,a blue pigment1 obtained by adding chalk1 whiting1 or milk of lime1 to a solution of copper in nitric acid2 or1 by triturating recently precipitated and still moist carbonate of oxide of copper with hydrate of lime4 ,prep4 ,a quantity of whiting or milk of lime is put into a tub1 and upon this the solution of copper is poured2 the mixture is stirred every day for some hours together1 until the liquor loses its colour2 it is then poured off1 and more solution of copper added2 this is repeated until the whiting or lime has acquired the proper colour2 the whole is then washed with water1 drained1 spread on chalk stones1 and dried in the sun4 ,obs4 ,the cupreous solution employed in the above process is made by neutralising the nitric solution obtained from the refiners of gold and silver1 by heating it along with metallic copper4 ,for the finer qualities of verditer the lime should be of the purest kind1 and the cupreous precipitate should be carefully triturated with it1 after it is nearly dry1 by which a fine velvety appearance is produced4 ,the #8cendres bleues en ptes' of the ,french differ from the above mainly in a solution of chloride of copper being employed1 and in the resulting green precipitate being turned blue by the action of carbonate of potassa4 ,verditer is made into crayons whilst moist1 or dried into a powder1 or it is used as a water colour in the moist state4 ,verditer1 ,green4 ,syn4 ,,bremen ,,green4 ,the process for refiner's verditer frequently miscarries1 and a green colour is produced instead of a blue one4 ,it may also be obtained directly by omitting the #8blueing up' with carbonate of potassa1 mentioned above4 ,,ver,,juice4 ,syn4 ,,agresta1 ,,omphacium1 ,l4 ,the expressed juice of unripe grapes4 ,the term is also often extended to the expressed juice of the wild or crab apple4 ,it was formerly used as an astringent and refrigerant in medicine2 but it is now principally employed as an ingredient in sauces1 ragots1 c4 ,,vermicel,,li4 ,this1 like macaroni1 is prepared from a stiff paste made of a peculiar fine kind of granular wheat flour1 called semoule1 which is mixed up with hot water1 and1 after being well kneaded1 is formed into small ribands1 cylinders1 or tubes1 by being placed in a vertical cylinder press1 the bottom of which is filled with proper-shaped holes1 through which it is driven by an iron plate or #8follower' being forced down by a powerful screw4 ,the pieces that protrude are broken off1 twisted into any desired shape upon paper1 and dried4 ,those in the form of fillets or ribands are called #8lazagnes4' ,vermicelli contains a large amount of gluten1 and is extremely nutritious1 although slightly less digestible than the ordinary wheaten foods4 ,see ,,macaroni4 ,,ver,,mifuges4 ,syn4 ,,anthelmintics2 ,,anthelmintica1 ,,helminthagoga1 ,,vermifuga1 ,l4 ,medicines employed to destroy or expel intestinal worms4 ,some of these1 as coarsely powdered tin and iron filings and cowhage1 act as mechanical agents1 by irritating the worms2 others have a specific action upon worms1 as male fern1 kousso1 santonin1 c42 others1 again1 owe their power to their action as purgatives1 as calomel1 gamboge1 jalap1 c4 ,see ,,worms4 ,,vermil,,ion4 ,syn4 ,,factitious ,,cinnabar1 ,,red ,,sulphide ,,of ,,mercury1 ,,red ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,mercury4 ,this article may be prepared both in the moist and dry way2 that of commerce is almost entirely obtained by the latter4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by sublimation4 ,take of pure mercury1 #bjb parts2 pure sulphur1 #cc parts2 fuse them together by a gentle heat1 observing not to allow the mass to take fire2 when fused1 cover over the vessel1 and1 when the whole has become cold1 powder the mass1 and sublime it in a closed vessel1 so placed in a furnace that the flame may freely circulate and play upon it to about half its height1 the heat being at first gradually applied1 and afterwards augmented until the lower part of the subliming vessel becomes red hot2 the cold sublimate is broken into pieces1 ground along with water to a fine powder1 elutriated1 passed through a sieve1 and dried4 ,prod4 ,fully #aab of the weight of the mercury employed4 #b4 ,in the humid way4 7,brunner47 ,take of pure quicksilver1 #cjj parts2 pure sublimed sulphur1 #aad parts2 triturate them together for several hours1 until a perfect #8ethiops' is formed1 add gradually of caustic potassa1 #ge parts1 7dissolved in7 water1 #dej parts2 continue the trituration for some time longer1 then gently heat the mixture in an iron vessel1 at first constantly stirring1 but afterwards only from time to time1 observing to keep the beat at about #aac1 or1 at all events1 under #abb ,fahr41 and to add fresh water1 to compensate for the portion evaporated4 ,when the colour begins to redden1 great caution is requisite to preserve the mixture at the lower temperature1 and to keep the sulphuret of mercury perfectly pulverulent2 as soon as the colour becomes nearly #8fine1' the process must be conducted with increased caution1 and at a lower heat for some hours1 or until a rich colour is produced1 when the newly-formed vermilion must be elutriated with water1 to separate any particles of metallic mercury1 and carefully dried4 ,prod4 #ccb parts of vermilion1 equal in brilliancy to the finest ,chinese4 ,obs4 ,it has been said that the rich tone of ,chinese vermilion may be imitated by adding to the materials #a of sulphuret of antimony1 and by digesting the ground sublimate1 first in a solution or sulphuret of potassium1 and next in diluted hydrochloric acid1 after which it must be well edulcorated with water1 and dried4 ,our own belief is1 that the finer qualities of vermilion owe their superiority of shade more to the care bestowed on their sublimation1 and the extent to which their division is carried1 than to anything else4 ,vermilion is a beautiful and permanent red pigment1 and works and covers well both in oil and water4 ,,vermin4 ,this term has rather a large application1 since1 although it is generally understood to be applied to rats1 mice1 and certain parasitic insects infesting the dwellings and sometimes the bodies of men1 it is extended by the farmer1 the gardener1 and the breeder of game1 to those creatures from the depredations of which these three classes suffer pecuniary loss4 ,hence it embraces not only foxes and polecats1 but weasels1 stoats1 hedgehogs1 owls1 hawks1 kites1 carrion crows1 magpies1 wood-pigeons1 hares1 rabbits1 rooks1 moles1 and small birds4 ,whilst the attempted partial destruction of any of the classes of animals or birds above specified may be regarded as of doubtful value1 there can be no question about the practice when it is carried to the verge of extermination4 ,in this latter case the balance of nature is interfered with1 and the system of checks which she has established for the prevention of the undue preponderance of one tribe of the animal kingdom over the other being interfered with1 the result will be the undue propagation of particular species inimical to the operations of the husbandman1 c4 ,as illustrating this1 we may mention the destruction to various crops in ,france caused some years ago by the ravages of certain grubs and insects1 the unusual increase in the numbers of which was clearly traced to the foolish practice1 amongst ,french farmers1 of shooting all the small birds4 ,see ,,bug1 ,,louse1 ,,rats4 ,,vert,,igo4 ,dizziness and swimming of the head4 ,in its more serious forms there is more or less mental confusion1 the objects around the patient appear in motion1 the ears are oppressed with strange sounds1 and visible illusions are experienced1 whether the eyes be closed or open1 and in darkness as well as in the light4 ,the causes are fulness of the vessels of the head1 nervous derangement1 general debility1 hmorrhage1 the use of narcotics1 an overloaded stomach1 and1 in some cases1 an empty one4 ,it is also frequently symptomatic of fevers and inflammations1 and of a condition threatening apoplexy4 ,the treatment must be varied1 according to the cause and the peculiar habit or condition of the patient4 ,,ves,,icants4 ,syn4 ,,epispastics2 ,,epispastica1 ,,vesicantia1 ,l4 ,substances which vesicate or raise blisters4 ,among these are the cantharis or blistering fly1 mezereon1 croton oil1 boiling water1 c42 the first only of which is now in common use in ,england4 8,it is a principle sufficiently established with regard to the living system1 that1 where a morbid action exists1 it may often be removed by inducing an action of a different kind1 in the same or a neighbouring part4 ,on this principle is explained the utility of blisters in local inflammation and spasmodic action1 and it regulates their application in pneumonia1 gastritis1 hepatitis1 phrenitis1 angina1 rheumatism1 colic1 and spasmodic affections of the stomach----diseases in which they are employed with the most marked advantage4 ,a similar principle exists with respect to pain2 exciting one pain often relieves another4 ,hence blisters often give relief in toothache1 and some other painful affections4 ,lastly1 blisters1 by their operation1 communicate a stimulus to the whole system1 and raise the vigour of the circulation4 ,hence1 in part1 their utility in fevers of the typhoid kind1 though in such cases they are used with still more advantage to obviate or remove local inflammation40 7#8,med4 ,lex4'7 ,blisters are commonly prepared with cantharides plaster1 or with some other preparation of cantharides2 and1 in the former case1 are usually lightly covered with the powdered fly4 ,in order to prevent the action of the cantharides upon the mucous membrane of the bladder1 blistering plasters are often sprinkled with a little powdered camphor1 or1 better still1 are moistened with camphorated ether1 which leaves a thin layer of camphor4 ,in all these cases the layer should not be too thick1 for in that case the plaster would not take effect4 ,when it is not wished to maintain a discharge from the blistered part1 it is sufficient to make a puncture in the vesicle1 to let out the fluid2 but when the case requires the blister to be #8kept open1' as it is called1 the whole of the detached cuticle is carefully removed with a pair of scissors1 and the part is dressed with either the ointment of cantharides or of savine1 at first more or less diluted with lard1 or simple ointment1 with an occasional dressing of resin cerate4 ,according to ,mr ,crowther1 the blistered surface is best kept clean by daily fomentation with warm water4 ,of late years1 to obviate the unpleasant effects occasionally arising from the common blister1 various compounds having cantharides for their base have been brought before the public4 ,of these1 the vesicating collodion noticed under ,,collodion is the most convenient and effective4 ,the following also deserve notice3---- #a4 ,take of cantharides1 in fine powder1 #b parts2 spermaceti1 #b parts2 olive oil1 #d parts2 white wax1 #h parts2 water1 #aj parts2 simmer1 with constant agitation1 for #b hours1 strain through flannel1 separate the plaster from the water1 gently remelt it with common turpentine1 #a part1 and spread the mass whilst still fluid4 ,this nearly resembles the form recommended by ,,mm4 ,henry and ,guibourt4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,distil off the ether from a concentrated ethereal tincture of cantharides1 melt the oily residue with twice its weight of white wax1 and spread the mixture on thin oiled silk1 or on cloth1 prepared with wax plaster4 #c4 7,oettinger47 ,cantharidal ether 7prepared from cantharides1 l part2 ether #b parts71 and sulphuric ether1 of each #aj dr42 turpentine and black resin1 of each #b-a_/b dr42 mix1 dissolve1 and apply it to the surface of stretched silk or taffeta which has been previously prepared with two coatings of a solution of isinglass4 #d4 7,,charta ,,epispastica1 ,b4 ,p474 ,digest #d oz4 of white wax1 #a-a_/b oz4 spermaceti1 #b oz4 fluid of olive oil1 #c oz4 of resin1 #a oz4 of cantharides in powder1 and distilled water #f oz41 in a water bath for two hours1 stirring constantly1 strain1 and separate the plaster from the watery liquid4 ,mix #a_/d oz4 fl4 of ,canada balsam with the plaster1 melted in a shallow vessel1 and pass strips of paper over the hot liquid1 so that one surface of the paper shall receive a thin coating of plaster4 ,it may be convenient to employ paper1 ruled in square inches4 #e4 7,,charta ,,sinapis1 ,b4 ,p47 ,black mustard seeds1 in powder1 #a oz42 solution of gutta percha1 #b oz41 or q4 s4 ,mix so as to make a semi-fluid1 and having poured this into a shallow flat-bottom vessel1 such as a dinner plate1 pass strips of cartridge paper ever its surface1 so that one side of the paper shall receive a thin coating of the mixture4 ,then lay the paper on a table1 with the coated side upwards1 and let it remain exposed to the air until the coating has hardened4 ,before being applied let the mustard paper be immersed for a few seconds in tepid water4 #f4 7,,vesicating ,,sparadrap1 ,p4 ,cod47 ,gum elini1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a_/b oz42 basilicon ointment1 #b-a_/d oz42 resin1 #a oz42 yellow wax1 #c-c_/d oz42 cantharides1 in fine powder1 #d-a_/d oz4 ,melt the first five substances together1 and stir in the cantharides2 when sufficiently cold1 and well mixed1 spread on waxed strips of linen4 ,obs4 ,the above compounds are spread on leather1 linen1 paper1 silk1 oiled silk1 taffeta1 c41 and then form the numerous compounds vended under the names of----blistering tissue1 rannus vesicatorius1 papier epispastique1 sparadrapum vesicatorium1 taffetas vesicans1 tela vesicatoria1 c4 ,acetic extract of cantharides1 croton oil1 or extract of mezereon1 is sometimes substituted for the ethereal extract ordered in the above formul4 ,the #8papier epispastique' of ,ve is prepared of three strengths1 which are respectively distinguished by the colours white1 green1 and red4 ,the composition is made by boiling powdered cantharides for an hour with water1 lard1 and green ointment1 or with lard coloured with alkanet root1 adding white wax to the strained fats1 and spreading the mixture whilst fluid3----,no4 #a is made with #aj oz4 of cantharides to #d lbs4 of lard2 ,no4 #b of #a lb4 of cantharides to #h lbs4 of green ointment2 and ,no4 #c1 of #a-a_/b lb4 of flies to #h lbs4 of reddened lard4 ,to each are added #b lbs4 of white wax4 7,dorvault47 ,the magistral blister of ,valleix is a revival of the vesicating epithem4 ,see ,,blister1 ,,cantharides1 ,,collodion1 c41 and below4 ,,vesica,,tion4 ,the formation of a blister is a vital process1 and its success may be taken as a proof of the presence of life4 ,hence a ,french physician1 ,dr ,mandl1 has suggested such a stimulation of the skin as would ordinarily cause a blister as a test of life1 in those cases of long-continued trance which we occasionally hear of1 where all the functions of life seem to be extinct4 ,dr ,mandl's plan is to apply a stick of lunar caustic4 ,the application of a little strong vinegar of cantharides1 or other cantharidal blister1 of the size of a sixpenny piece1 or of two or three spoonfuls of boiling water by means of a bent tube of like diameter1 is however1 more certain and satisfactory4 ,,vesica,,torin4 ,syn4 ,,cantharidin1 ,,cantharidina1 ,,cantharides ,,camphor4 ,the blistering principle of ,spanish flies1 discovered by ,m4 ,robiquet4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,exhaust powdered cantharides with concentrated alcohol by percolation2 distil off the spirit from the filtered tincture1 and leave the residuum to deposit crystals2 these may be purified by dissolving them in boiling alcohol1 digestion with animal charcoal1 filtration whilst hot1 and crystallising by refrigeration4 #b4 7,thierry47 ,macerate cantharides 7in coarse powder7 for several days in ether1 in a closed displacement apparatus2 then1 after the whole of the soluble matter has been extracted by the addition of fresh portions of ether1 pour on sufficient water to displace the retained ether2 next distil off the ether1 dissolve the remaining extract in boiling alcohol1 filter while hot1 and abandon the filtrate to spontaneous evaporation4 ,prod4 #e4 #c4 ,digest the aqueous extract of cantharides in hot alcohol1 filter1 evaporate to dryness1 digest the residuum in sulphuric ether1 evaporate1 and slightly wash the resulting crystals with cold alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,micaceous plates resembling spermaceti2 fusible2 vaporisable2 insoluble in water2 soluble in ether1 oils1 acetic acid1 and hot alcohol2 powerfully vesicant and poisonous4 ,its vapour1 even at ordinary temperatures1 frequently produces temporary blindness4 ,the #a-ajjth part of a grain1 placed on a piece of paper1 and applied to the edge of the lower lip1 caused small blisters in #ae minutes1 which1 when rubbed with a little simple cerate1 extended over a large surface1 and covered both lips with blisters4 7,robiquet47 ,,vetch4 ,the common name of various leguminous plants of the genera ,vicia and ,ervum1 now much cultivated as green fodder for milch cows and working stock4 ,the seeds 7tares7 were formerly reputed detersive and astringent4 ,those of 8the ,canadian variety make good bread40 7,lindley47 ,,vet,,erinary ,,medicines4 ,the common form of medicine for horses is that popularly known as horse balls4 ,they are usually prepared by mixing the dry ingredients1 in the state of powder1 with a sufficient quantity of treacle1 or syrup bottoms1 to give the mass a proper consistence for rolling into balls2 adding1 when necessary1 linseed meal1 or any other simple powder1 to increase the bulk4 ,the usual practice among the veterinary druggists is to keep a compound known in the trade as #8ball-mass1' or #8common mass1' ready prepared to give form and bulk to more active ingredients4 ,this is usually made of about equal parts of linseed meal and treacle1 together with a little palm or lard1 thoroughly incorporated by kneading with the hands2 and it is kept in a cool situation1 tied over to prevent it drying and hardening4 ,for use1 the ball-masses are either rolled or moulded into small cylinders of about #a-a_/b to #a-c_/d oz4 in weight2 and in size1 from #b to #b-c_/d inches long1 and from about #a_/b to #g_/h of an inch in diameter2 and they are wrapped in soft paper1 which is administered with them4 ,those for dogs are commonly formed into large boluses or nut-like pieces4 ,the common practice in some houses of adding a little salt of tartar or acetate of potassa to ball-masses kept in stock1 for the purpose of preserving them in a soft state1 is not to be commended1 since these articles decompose many of the saline and mineral compounds which are subsequently added to them4 ,medicines for neat cattle are always administered in a liquid form1 popularly called drenches4 ,a similar plan is adopted with small cattle1 as sheep and goats4 ,for these1 however1 the quantity should seldom exceed #a_/d pint4 ,in all cases1 drenches should be very slowly administered4 ,the following are a few useful horse-balls3 ,alterative ,balls4----#a4 ,levigated sulphide of antimony1 sulphur1 and linseed meal1 of each #c oz42 nitre1 #d oz42 palm oil1 q4 s4 to form a mass2 for #ab balls4 ,one to be taken every day1 or every other day4 #b4 7,bell47 ,sulphide of antimony1 nitre1 sulphur1 and thiops mineral1 of each #c oz42 soft soap1 #aj oz42 oil of juniper1 #a_/b oz42 for #ab balls4 ,as the last4 #c4 7,white47 ,sulphide of antimony1 caraways1 and treacle1 of each #a_/d oz42 for one ball4 ,as the last4 ,,cordial ,,balls4----#a4 7,blaine74 ,coriander seed1 caraway1 and gentian1 of each #h oz42 ginger1 #d oz42 oil of aniseed1 #a_/b oz42 honey or palm oil1 q4 s4 to form a mass4 ,cordial1 warming1 and stomachic4----,dose1 #a-a_/b oz4 #b4 7,hill47 ,anise1 caraway1 and cumin seed1 of each #d lbs42 ginger1 #b lbs42 treacle1 q4 s42 divide into #a-c_/d oz4 balls4 ,prod4 #ba lbs4 ,,cough ,,balls4----#a4 7,blaine47 ,ipecacuanha1 #a dr42 camphor #b dr42 honey1 q4 s4 to form a ball4 ,one night and morning4 #b4 7,b4 ,clark47 ,emetic tartar and benzoin1 of each #b dr42 squills1 #d dr42 spermaceti and balsam of copaiba1 of each #a oz42 elecampane and sulphur1 of each #b oz42 syrup of poppies1 q4 s4 to mix2 for #h balls4 ,as the last4 ,,diuretic ,,balls4----#a4 7,bracy ,clark47 ,nitre and common turpentine1 of each #a lb42 ,castile soap1 #a_/b lb42 barley meal1 #b-a_/b lbs41 or q4 s4 ,for common-sized balls4 #b4 7,morton47 ,digitalis #a oz42 aloes1 #b oz42 liquorice1 #ac oz42 honey or ,barbadoes tar1 q4 s4 to mix2 for #a-oz4 balls4 ,one1 twice a day with care4 ,,physic ,,balls1 ,,purging ,b41 ,,cathartic ,b4----#a4 ,aloes and hard soap1 of each #e oz42 salt of tartar and cayenne pepper1 of each #a oz42 melt together4 ,for #h balls4 #b4 7,vet4 ,coll47----a4 7,common physic ball47 ,aloes1 #h oz42 treacle1 #c oz42 olive oil1 #a oz42 melted together4----,dose1 #a to #a-a_/b oz4 b4 7,stronger ball47 ,to each dose of the last1 add of croton oil1 #d to #h drops4 ,obs4 ,the dose of the above is #a ball1 fasting in the morning1 preceded by a bran mash1 on one or two successive nights1 and followed by gentle exercise until the ball begins to operate4 ,,worm ,,balls4----#a4 ,barbadoes aloes1 #e dr42 calomel and ginger1 of each #b dr42 oil of cloves1 #ab drops2 treacle1 q4 s4 for a ball4 #b4 7,j4 ,bell ,co47 ,barbadoes aloes1 #e to #h dr42 powdered tin1thiops mineral1 and ginger1 of each #b dr42 oils of aniseed and savine1 of each #bj drops2 treacle1 q4 s4 for a ball4 #c4 7,clater47 ,sulphur and emetic tartar1 of each #a dr42 linseed meal1 #d dr42 palm oil1 q4 s4 to form a ball4 ,one every morning1 having prepared the animal with a physic ball containing #a dr4 of calomel4 ,see ,,balls2 also ,tuson's #8,veterinary ,pharmacopia4' ,,vin,,egar4 ,syn4 ,,acetum1 ,l42 ,,vinaigre1 ,fr4 ,dilute acetic acid1 more or less contaminated with gum1 sugar and vegetable matter4 #a4 ,,malt ,,vinegar2 ,,acetum1 ,,british ,v,i,n,e,g,ar 7,b4 ,p472 ,,acetum ,,brittannicum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,this is the ordinary coloured vinegar consumed in this country1 and is correctly described in the ,ph4 ,l4 as 8impure 7dilute7 acetic acid1 prepared by fermentation from an infusion of malt 7malt-wort740 ,in the manufacture of ,,malt ,,vinegar a mixture of malt and barley is mashed with hot water1 and the resulting wort fermented1 as in the common process of brewing4 ,the liquor is then run into barrels1 placed endways1 tied over with coarse canvas1 and arranged side by side in darkened chambers1 moderately heated by a stove1 and freely supplied with air4 ,here it remains till the acetous fermentation is nearly complete1 which usually occupies several weeks1 or even months4 ,the newly formed vinegar is next run off into two large tuns1 furnished with false bottoms1 on which some #8rape' 7the pressed cake from making domestic wines1 or the green twigs or cuttings of vines7 is placed4 ,one of these vessels is wholly1 and the other only about #c-dths1 filled4 ,the fermentation recommences1 and the acetification proceeds more rapidly in the latter than in the former tun1 and the liquor it contains consequently matures the sooner4 ,when fit for sale1 a portion of the vinegar is withdrawn from the smaller quantity1 and its place supplied with a like quantity from the full tun1 and this in its turn is refilled from the barrels before noticed4 ,this process is carried on with a number of tuns at once1 which are all worked in pairs4 ,prop41 c41 ,the general properties of malt vinegar are well known4 ,its pleasant and refreshing odour is chiefly derived from acetic acid and acetic ether4 ,its strength is distinguished by the makers as ,nos4 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 and #bd2 the last of which1 also called #8proof vinegar1' is the strongest1 and usually contains about #df of real or about #e of glacial acetic acid4 ,its density varies according to the quantity of foreign matter which it contains4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajag to #ajai----;,b4 ,p4 ,this vinegar usually contains a small quantity of sulphuric acid4 ,the presence of #a-ajjjth part of this acid is allowed by law4 ,pur4 8,brownish2 of a peculiar odour4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #ajai4 #a fl4 oz4 of the acid is saturated by #a dr4 of the crystals of carbonate of soda4 ,if1 after #aj minims of solution of chloride of barium have been added to the same quantity1 more of the chloride be poured into the filtered acid1 nothing further is thrown down4 ,the colour is not changed by the addition of hydrosulphuric acid40 7,ph4 ,l47 #b4 ,,wine ,,vinegar1 ,,french ,v42 ,,acetum ,,gallicum 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,a4 ,,vini1 ,l42 ,,vinaigre ,d',,orleans1 ,fr4 ,this is prepared1 in wine countries1 from grape juice and inferior new wines1 worked up with wine-lees1 by a nearly similar process to that adopted for malt vinegar4 ,that prepared from white wine 7,,white-,,wine ,,vinegar7 is the most esteemed4 ,it is purer and pleasanter than malt vinegar4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajad to #ajbb----,ph4 ,e42 #ajaf----,phillips4 ,it usually contains from #e to #f of acetic acid4 8#ajj parts of good ,orleans vinegar should require #aj parts of dry carbonate of potassa for saturation40 7,soubeiran47 #c4 ,,german1 ,,or ,,quick-,,method ,,of ,,making ,,vinegar2 ,,process ,,of ,,ham4 ,this method is based upon the fact1 that acetification is the mere oxidation of alcohol in contact with organic matter4 ,hence1 by employing dilute alcohol1 or liquors containing it1 and by vastly enlarging the surface of the liquid exposed to the air at a proper temperature1 we may reduce the period occupied in acetification from weeks to as many hours4 ,in practice this is effected by causing the dilute spirit1 previously mixed with #a-ajjjth part of sugar or malt extract1 or the fermented and clarified malt-wort1 to slowly trickle down through a mass of beech shavings steeped in vinegar1 and contained in a vessel called a vinegar generator 7essigbilder71 or graduation vessel4 ,this is an oaken tub1 narrower at the bottom than at the top1 furnished with a loose lid or cover1 below which is a perforated shelf 7colander or false bottom71 having a number of small holes1 which are loosely filled with packthread about #f inches long1 and prevented from falling through by a knot at the upper end4 ,the shelf is also perforated with four open glass tubes1 as air-vents1 each having its ends projecting above and below the shelf4 ,this arrangement is repeated a second and a third time1 or even oftener1 according to the size of the vessel4 ,the tube or graduator at its lower part is pierced with a horizontal row of eight equidistant round holes1 to admit atmospheric air4 ,one inch above the bottom is a syphon-formed discharge pipe1 whose upper curvature stands one inch below the level of the air-holes in the side of the tub4 ,the floors or partitions of the tub or generator being covered with birch twigs or beech chips to the depth of a few inches1 the alcoholic liquor 7first heated to between #ge and #hc ,fahr417 is introduced at the upper part of the apparatus4 ,this immediately commences trickling slowly down through the holes by means of the packthreads1 diffuses itself over the chips or twigs forming the respective strata1 slowly collects at the bottom of the tub1 and then runs off by the syphon-pipe4 ,the air enters by the circumferential holes1 circulates freely through the tub1 and escapes by the glass tubes4 ,as the acetification proceeds1 the temperature of the liquid rises to #ajj or #aje ,fahr41 and remains stationary at that point while the action goes on favorably4 ,the alcoholic solution or wort requires to be passed three or four times through the cask before acetification is complete1 which is1 in general1 effected in from #bd to #cf hours4 ,obs4 ,for the production of a superior vinegar by this process1 it is necessary that the spirit employed be sufficiently pure not to contaminate the product with its flavour or odour1 and that the malt-wort should be fermented and treated with all the care usually employed in the production of beer4 ,the best ,english manufacturers who have adopted this process are in the habit of filtering or clarifying their fermented wash1 and also of storing it away for several months before they subject it to acetification in the graduator4 ,the most favorable temperature for the process is about #ij ,fahr41 and this should be preserved1 as much as possible1 by artificial means4 ,prod4 ,a malt-wort of the sp4 gr4 #ajgb1 or1 in 8technical language1 weighing about #bf lbs4 per barrel1 afforded a vinegar containing #ed of pure acetic acid1 and a residuary extract of #aj lbs41 for #cf galls4 ,the former of these would indicate #ce lbs4 of sugar1 or #acg lbs4 per barrel of gravity2 whilst the latter shows #ch lbs4 per barrel2 the two united being only #age lbs41 instead of #bf1 the original weight4 ,the loss1 therefore1 has been #he lbs41 or from a sp4 gr4 of #ajgb to less than #ajej40 7,ure47 ,thus1 about one third of all the extractive matter of the malt is lost or dissipated during the processes of fermentation and acetification4 ,according to ,knapp1 a mixture of about #hj galls1 of water1 #i galls4 of spirit of from #dd to #de ,tralles 7#ah or #bj u4 p471 and #c galls4 of vinegar containing #ce of real acid1 forming together #ib galls41 yield1 on an average1 an almost equal quantity of vinegar1 or about from #ij to #ia galls4 of the above stated strength4 #d4 ,,wood ,,vinegar4 ,see ,,pyroligneous ,,acid4 #e4 ,,other ,,varieties ,,of ,,vinegar1 of minor importance2 chiefly domestic1 and commonly #8worked' as malt vinegar1----,,ale ,,vinegar1 ,,alegar2 ,,acetum ,,cerevisi4 ,from strong pale ale which has soured4----,,argol ,,vinegar2 ,,acetum ,,ex ,,tartaro4 ,from white argol or cream of tartar1 #a lb42 dissolved in boiling water1 #b galls42 with the addition1 when cold1 of proof spirit of whiskey1 #c pints4----,,crystal ,,vinegar4 ,pickling vinegar1 discoloured with fresh burnt animal charcoal4----,,cider ,,vinegar4 ,from cider1 worked as malt vinegar4----,,german ,,household ,,vinegar4 ,from soft water1 #g-a_/b galls42 honey or brown sugar1 #b lbs42 cream of tartar1 #b oz42 corn spirit or whiskey1 #a gall4----,,gooseberry ,,vinegar4 ,from bruised gooseberries and brown sugar1 of each #a-a_/d lb42 water1 #a gall4 ,other fruits may be substituted for gooseberries4----,,pickling ,,vinegar4 ,the strongest pale malt vinegar----,,raisin ,,vinegar4 ,from the marc left from making raisin wine1 #a cwt4 to every #ab or #ae galls4 of water1 along with a little yeast4----,,sugar ,,vinegar4 ,from brown sugar1 #d lbs4 to each gallon of water4----,,whiskey ,,vinegar4 ,from whiskey1 #a pint2 sugar1 #b oz42 yeast1 a dessert-spoonful4 ,pur41 ,tests1 and ,assay4 ,these are1 for the most part1 rather fully noticed under ,,acetic ,,acid1 ,,acetimetry1 and above4 ,the following additional tests1 c41 may1 however1 be useful3----#a4 ,paper written on or smeared with pure vinegar is not charred when strongly warmed before the fire2 if it is1 the sample examined contained fully #b of oil of vitriol4----#b4 ,a small porcelain capsule1 or china cup1 dipped into a solution of sugar in #cj times its weight of water1 and then heated to a temperature equal to that of boiling water1 is not materially discoloured when a drop of pure vinegar is poured on it2 but a spot of an intensely brown or black colour is formed if the sample contains only #a-cjjth part of sulphuric acid2 if it contains only #a-ajjjth part1 the spot is olive green2 and if a less quantity1 then only of a pale green colour4----#c4 ,the heavy white precipitate given with chloride of barium 7see above7 shows the presence of sulphuric acid2 each grain1 after being dried1 and gently ignited1 represents #cdd gr4 of dry sulphuric acid4 ,if the precipitate from #ajjj gr4 of the vinegar exceeds #b-a_/b gr41 it contains an illegal quantity of this acid4----#d4 ,if a solution of nitrate of silver gives a cloudy white precipitate1 hydrochloric acid is present4----#e4 ,if1 after the addition of #b or #c gr4 of carbonate of potash1 and evaporation of the sample to dryness1 the residuum deflagrates when ignited1 the sample under examination contains nitric acid4----#f4 ,if the vinegar be blackened by sulphuretted hydrogen or hydrosulphuret of ammonia1 it contains either lead or copper4 ,if it gives a yellow precipitate with iodide of potassium or chromate of potash1 the metal is lead4 ,if ferrocyanide of potassium gives a bronze-brown coloured precipitate1 or a little olive oil1 when agitated with some of the vinegar1 be turned green1 the metal is copper4----#g4 ,if a small sample1 gently evaporated to dryness1 leaves more than #a of residuum1 and this has a sweet taste1 it is undecomposed sugar4 ,the presence of acrid substances1 as capsicum1 chillies1 grains of paradise1 mustard seed1 pellitory of ,spain1 pepper1 c41 may be detected by neutralising the acidity of the vinegar with carbonate of soda1 when the acrid taste of the adulterant will be readily perceived4 ,vinegar1 ,antihysteric4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,anti,,hystericum4 ,prep4 ,castor1 #b dr42 galbarium1 #d dr42 rue1 #a oz42 vinegar1 #c lbs42 macerate and strain4 ,vinegar1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,aromaticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,glacial acetic acid1 #a lb42 oil of cloves1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil of rosemary1 #a dr42 oils of bergamot1 cinnamon1 pimento1 and lavender1 of each #a_/b dr42 neroli1 #bj drops2 camphor1 #b-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,very fine4 #b4 7,henry's47 ,from glacial acetic acid1 strongly scented with the oils of cloves1 lavender1 rosemary1 and ,calamus aromaticus to which the usual quantity of camphor is added4 ,this is the formula adopted at ,apothecaries' ,hall4 #c4 7,extemporaneous47 ,from acetate of potash 7dry71 #a dr42 oil of vitriol1 #bj drops2 oils of lemon and cloves1 of each #c drops4 ,obs4 ,aromatic vinegar is used as a pungent and refreshing perfume1 in faintness1 c4 ,for this purpose it is generally dropped on a small piece of sponge placed in a stoppered bottle or a vinaigrette4 ,it is highly corrosive1 and should therefore be kept from contact with the skin and clothes4 ,vinegar1 ,camp4 ,prep4 ,take of sliced garlic1 #h oz42 ,cayenne pepper1 soy1 and walnut ketchup1 of each #d oz42 #cf chopped anchovies2 vinegar1 #a gall42 powdered cochineal1 #a_/b oz42 macerate for a month1 strain1 and bottle4 ,vinegar1 ,camphorated4 ,vinegar of ,cantharides4 ,syn4 ,,blistering ,,vinegar2 ,,acetum ,,cantharidis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph41 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cantharides1 in powder1 #b oz42 acetic acid1 #a pint2 macerate1 with agitation1 for #h days1 then press1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,cantharides1 #c oz42 euphorbium1 #a_/b oz42 acetic acid1 #e fl4 oz42 pyroligneous acid1 #ae fl4 oz42 macerate a week4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,spanish flies1 #d oz42 strong acetic acid1 #d fl4 oz42 commercial acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajdd71 #af fl4 oz42 macerate1 as before1 for #ad days4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cantharides1 in powder1 #b2 glacial acetic acid1 #b2 acetic acid 7#bh per cent471 #ah1 or a sufficiency3 add the glacial acetic acid to #ac of acetic acid1 and in this mixture digest the cantharides for two hours at a temperature of #bjj ,f42 when cold1 place them in a percolator1 and when the liquid ceases to drop1 pour over the residuum the remaining #e of acetic acid1 and when the percolation is finished1 press and make the whole liquid up to #bj4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a counter-irritant1 and to raise blisters4 ,for the last purpose it is applied on a piece of lint1 evaporation being prevented with a piece of oiled skin or thin sheet gutta percha4 ,the last is the best1 and1 indeed1 the only effective form2 the others being too weak4 8,if the acetic acid be strong1 a blister will be as rapidly raised without the cantharides as with them40 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,vinegar of ,capsicum4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,capsice4 ,prep4 ,capsicum1 #a oz42 vinegar1 #bd oz4 ,used as gargle4 ,vinegar of ,colchicum4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,colchici 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried corms of colchicum or meadow saffron1 #c-a_/b dr42 dilute acetic acid1 #a pint2 macerate for #c days1 then press out the liquor1 and1 after defecation1 add to the strained liquid proof spirit1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,vinegar1 ,currie4 ,prep4 ,from currie powder1 #a_/b lb42 vinegar1 #a gall42 infuse for a week4 ,used as a flavouring4 ,other like vinegars may be made in the same way4 ,vinegar of ,garlic4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,allii4 ,prep4 ,fresh garlic1 #a oz42 distilled vinegar1 #ab oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,fresh colchicum bulbs 7dried71 #a oz42 distilled vinegar1 #af fl4 oz42 proof spirit1 #a fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,dried colchicum bulbs1 #a oz42 acetic acid 7#ajdd71 #d fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #ab fl4 oz42 as before1 but prolonging the maceration for #g days4 ,obs4 ,vinegar of colchicum is chiefly used in gout4 ,dose1 #bj drops to #a fl4 dr4 ,the ,dublin preparation is about three times as strong as the others1 and the dose must therefore be proportionately less4 ,vinegar1 ,distilled4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,destillatum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e41 and ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,vinegar1 #a gall42 distil in a sand bath1 #g pints4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajjfe4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,vinegar 7preferably ,french71 #h parts2 distil over with a gentle heat1 #g parts2 and dilute the product1 if necessary1 with distilled water1 until the sp4 gr4 is #ajje4 ,pur41 c4 8#a fluid oz4 is saturated by #eg gr4 of crystallised carbonate of soda40 7,ph4 ,l47 #ajj gr4 are saturated by #ac gr4 of crystallised carbonate of soda4 ,it contains about #df of real acetic acid4 ,if a pewter worm is used1 a portion of lead is dissolved1 and the product becomes cloudy and poisonous4 ,distilled vinegar is more agreeable than pure dilute acetic acid of the same strength4 ,vinegar of ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,digitalis4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,prep4 ,dried foxglove1 #a oz42 vinegar1 #i oz4 7by weight72 rectified spirit1 #a oz4 7by weight74 ,macerate for #h days1 press and filter4----,dose1 #cj minims4 ,vinegar of ,lavender4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,lavandul4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,digest #a troy oz4 of dried lavender flowers with #ab oz4 of vinegar for #aj days4 ,the vinegars of other flowers are made in the same manner4 ,vinegar of ,lobelia4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,lobeli4 ,prep4 ,lobelia in moderately coarse powder1 #d troy oz4 ,diluted acetic acid1 #b pints 7o4 m474 ,macerate for #g days4 ,vinegar1 ,marseilles4 ,syn4 ,,vinegar ,,of ,,the ,,four ,,thieves1 ,,prophylactic ,,vinegar2 ,,acetum ,,prophylacticum1 ,a4 ,,antisepticum1 ,a4 ,,theriacale1 ,a4 ,,quatuor ,,furum1 ,l42 ,,vinaigre ,,des ,,quatre ,,voleurs1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,take of the summits of rosemary and flowers of sage 7dried71 of each #d oz42 dried lavender flowers1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a dr42 distilled vinegar1 #a gall42 digest for #g days1 press1 and filter4 ,used as a corrector of bad smells1 and formerly as a prophylactic against the plague1 and other contagious diseases4 ,it is said to have been a favourite preventive with ,cardinal ,wolsey1 who always carried some with him4 ,the original formula also contained1 of garlic1 #a_/d oz42 fresh rue1 #a-a_/b oz42 and camphor1 dissolved in spirit1 #a oz4 ,vinegar of ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,sinapis 7,beral74 ,prep4 ,mustard1 #a oz42 vinegar1 #ab oz42 distil #h oz4 ,for outward use1 as a counter-irritant4 ,vinegar of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,opii 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,opium1 sliced1 #d oz42 distilled vinegar1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate for #g days1 press1 and filter4----,dose1 #e to #bj drops4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,opium1 in coarse powder1 #a-a_/b oz42 dilute acetic acid1 #a pint2 macerate for #g days4----,dose1 #aj or #ab to #fj drops4 ,obs4 ,these were intended to supersede the old #8black drop1' which they closely resemble in their action4 ,vinegar1 ,raspberry4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,rubi ,,id,i1 ,l42 ,,vinaigre ,,framboise1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bruised ripe raspberries and white wine vinegar1 of each #c pints2 macerate for #c days1 press1 strain1 and to each pint add of white sugar1 #a lb42 boil1 skim1 cool1 and at once bottle4 ,some persons add #b fl4 oz4 of brandy to each pint4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,fresh raspberries1 picked from their calices1 #c lbs42 7#a lb4----,ph4 ,bor472 good vinegar1 #b lbs42 macerate1 in glass1 for a fortnight1 then strain1 without pressure4 ,obs4 ,in a similar manner may be made cherry vinegar1 strawberry vinegar1 and the vinegars of all other like fruits4 ,vinegar of ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,rut4 7,ed4 ,ph4 #agdd74 ,prep4 ,rue1 #a lb4 troy2 vinegar1 #a gall4 ,vinegar of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,acetum ,,scill 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,aceum ,,scilliticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of squills1 recently dried and bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 dilute acetic acid1 #a pint2 macerate with a gentle heat in a covered vessel for #c days1 then press out the liquor1 and1 after defecation1 add to the strained liquid1 proof spirit1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,the ,edinburgh and ,dublin ,colleges direct cold maceration for #g days in a glass vessel1 and the ,dublin omits the spirit4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from squills1 #g lbs42 distilled vinegar1 #f galls42 macerate in the cold for #aj days1 press1 and filter4 ,expectorant and diuretic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 in chronic pulmonary affections1 dropsies1 c4 ,vinegars 7,culinary74 ,prep4 #a4 ,,black ,,pepper ,,vinegar1 ,,caper ,v41 ,,capsicum ,v41 ,,celery-,,seed ,v41 ,,chillie ,v41 ,,cress-,,seed ,v41 ,,garlic ,v41 ,,ginger ,v41 ,,horseradish ,v41 ,,onion ,v41 ,,red-,,rose ,v41 ,,seville-,,orange-,,peel ,v41 ,,shallot ,v41 ,,truffle ,v41 ,,white ,,pepper ,v41 with several others of a like kind1 are made by steeping about an oz4 of the respective articles in a pint of good vinegar for #ad days1 and straining4 #b4 ,,basil ,v41 ,,burnet ,v41 ,,celery ,v41 ,,cherville ,v41 ,,elder-,,flower ,v41 ,,green-,,mint ,v41 ,,tarragon ,v41 with several others from like substances1 are prepared from #b to #c oz4 of the leaves to each pint of vinegar2 the whole being frequently shaken for #ad days1 then strained and bottled4 ,they are used in cookery4 ,the culinary vinegars may also be prepared in the same manner as the #8culinary spirits' and #8tinctures1' by simply substituting strong pickling vinegar for the spirit4 ,vinegars 7,perfumed74 ,syn4 ,,aceta ,,odorifera1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the dried flowers1 #a to #b oz41 or the fresh flowers1 #b to #d oz42 strongest distilled vinegar1 #a pint2 digest for a week1 strain with pressure1 and repeat the process with fresh flowers if necessary4 ,they may also be made by adding #ae to #bj drops1 or q4 s41 of the respective essential oils to the vinegar4 ,in a similar way are prepared the vinegars of clove-gilly flowers1 elder flowers1 lavender f4 7vinaigre distill de lavande71 musk roses1 orange flowers 7fresh71 ,provins roses1 red roses 7vinaigre de rose2 acetum rosatum71 rosemary flowers 7vinaigre de rosmarin2 acetum anthosatum71 tarragon flowers1 c4 c4 ,another excellent plan is to add #a fl4 oz4 of glacial acetic acid to each pint of the respective perfumed spirits4 ,this answers admirably for acetic eau de ,cologne and like perfumes4 ,,vi,,nous ,,fermentation4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholic ,,fermentation4 ,the peculiar change by which sugar1 in solution1 is converted into carbonic acid1 which is eliminated1 and into alcohol1 which remains in solution in the fermented liquor4 ,the presence of a #8ferment' is essential to excite the vinous fermentation1 as a solution of absolutely pure sugar remains unaltered1 even though exposed to the conditions most favourable to its accession4 ,in the juices of the sweet fruits1 and in those vegetable solutions that spontaneously run into a state of fermentation1 the ferment is supplied by nature1 and is intimately associated with the saccharine matter4 ,in the juice of those grapes which produce the more perfect wines1 the relative proportions of the exciters of fermentation and the sugar are so accurately apportioned1 that the whole of the former are decomposed1 and nearly the whole of the latter is converted into alcohol2 so that the liquid 7wine7 is left in a state but little liable to future change4 ,an infusion of malt1 however1 in which the nitrogenised matters 7gluten1 vegetable albumen1 c47 are absent1 or at least present in too small quantities to vigorously excite the vinous fermentation1 undergoes a mixed species of decomposition1 with the formation of products widely different from those that result from the true vinous fermentation2 or1 in other words1 the liquid becomes spoiled4 ,but if a ferment 7yeast7 be added to this infusion of malt under the above circumstances1 and in the proper proportion to the sugar present1 the true vinous fermentation speedily commences1 and the liquid becomes converted into beer4 ,this is what actually takes place in the process of brewing1 and the scientific brewer endeavours to employ a proper quantity of ferment to decompose the whole of the saccharine matter of his wort2 but1 at the same time1 as equally endeavours to avoid the use of an excess4 ,the chief product of the vinous fermentation is alcohol1 but there are other substances simultaneously produced1 and which remain associated with the fermented liquor4 ,among the principal of these are nanthic acid1 nanthic ether1 fusel oil 7oil of potato spirit1 oil of grain71 c42 none of which exist previously to fermentation1 and are generally supposed to result from the action of the nitrogenised matters of the solution on the sugar4 ,under certain circumstances these extraneous products are formed in much larger quantities than under others2 and as these substances injure the value of the alcohol with which they are associated1 a knowledge of the peculiar circumstances favourable and unfavourable to their production is a desideratum to the brewer and distiller4 ,according to ,,mm4 ,colin and ,thnard1 ,frmy1 ,rousseau1 and others1 the essential condition of a ferment1 to be able to excite the pure vinous fermentation1 is to be sufficiently acidulous to act on coloured test-paper2 and this acidity should arise from the presence of certain vegetable acids and salts1 capable of conversion into carbonic acid and carbonates by their spontaneous decomposition4 ,those acids and salts which are found to pre-exist in fermentable fruits and liquors1 as the tartaric1 citric1 malic1 and lactic acids1 and their salts should be chosen for this purpose2 preference being given to the bitartrate of potassa1 on account of its presence in the grape4 ,the addition of any of these substances to a saccharine solution renders its fermentation both more active and complete4 ,the favorable influence of cream of tartar on fermentation was first pointed out by ,thnard and ,colin1 and the addition of a little of this article has been adopted in practice1 with manifest advantage1 by the manufacturers of ,british wine4 ,there is good reason for supposing that each variety of sugar which is susceptible of the alcoholic fermentation is first converted into grape sugar by contact with the ferment1 and that this variety of sugar is alone capable of yielding carbonic acid and alcohol4 ,the circumstances most favorable to this fermentation are1 a certain degree of warmth1 a sufficient quantity of active ferment1 and its due distribution through the liquor4 ,the temperature of from #fh to #gg ,fahr4 is usually regarded as the most propitious for the commencement and progress of fermentation2 but it has been ably shown by ,liebig that1 at this temperature1 the newly formed alcohol slowly undergoes the #8acetous fermentation1' forming vinegar1 by which the vinous character of the liquor is lessened4 ,this conversion of alcohol into vinegar proceeds most rapidly at a temperature of #ie ,fahr41 and gradually becomes more languid1 until1 at about #df to #ej ,fahr4 7#h to #aj ,cent471 it ceases altogether1 while the tendency of the nitrogenous substances to absorb oxygen at this low temperature is scarcely diminished in a perceptible degree4 8,it is therefore evident that if wort 7or any other saccharine solution7 is fermented in wide1 open1 shallow vessels1 as is done in ,bavaria1 which afford free and unlimited access to the atmospheric oxygen1 and this in a situation where the temperature does no exceed #df to #ej ,fahr41 a separation of the nitrogenous constituents1 i4 e4 the exciters of acidification1 takes place simultaneously on the surface1 and within the whole body of the liquid40 7,liebig47 ,by this method wine or beer is obtained1 which is invariably far superior in quality to that fermented in the usual manner4 ,see ,,fermentation4 ,the symptoms of a perfect fermentation of malt wort1 according to the usual ,english system with top yeast 7oberhefe71 have been thus described by a well-known practical writer on brewing3 #a4 ,a cream-like substance forms round the edges of the gyle tun1 which gradually extends itself1 and ultimately covers the whole surface of the liquor4 #b4 ,a fine curly or cauliflower head in a similar way extends itself over the surface1 and indicates to the experienced brewer the probable quality of the fermentation4 #c4 ,the #8stomach1' or #8vinous odour1' is next evolved1 and continues to increase with the attenuation of the wort4 ,the peculiar nature of this odour is also an indication of the state of the fermentation4----#d4 ,the cauliflower head changes1 or rises to a fine #8rocky' or #8yeasty' head1 and ultimately falls down4----#e4 ,in this stage the head assumes a peculiar #8yeasty' appearance1 called by brewers #8close-yeasty1' and the gas is evolved in sufficient quantity to blow up little bells or bubbles1 which immediately burst1 and are followed by others1 at intervals depending on the activity and forwardness of the fermentation4 ,these bells should be bright and clear2 as1 if they appear opaque or dirty1 there is something the matter with the wort4 7,black47 ,it is often of the utmost importance to brewers1 wine merchants1 sugar refiners1 druggists1 c41 to be able to lessen the activity of the vinous fermentation1 or to stop it altogether1 or to prevent its accession to syrups and other saccharine and vegetable solutions4 ,whatever will still the motion of the molecules of the nitrogenous matter forming the ferment will render them inoperative as exciters of fermentation4 ,among the simplest means of effecting this object1 and such as admit of easy practical application1 may be mentioned exposure to either cold or heat4 ,at a temperature below about #ej ,fahr41 the acetous fermentation is suspended1 and the alcoholic fermentation proceeds with diminished activity as the temperature falls1 until at about #ch ,fahr4 it ceases altogether4 ,in like manner1 the rapid increase of the temperature of a fermenting liquid arrests its fermentation1 and is preferable to the action of cold1 as it is of easier application1 and perfectly precipitates the ferment in an inert state4 ,for this purpose a heat of about #ahj ,fahr4 is sufficient3 but even that of boiling water may be employed with advantage4 ,in practice fluids are commonly raised to their boiling point for this purpose1 or they are submitted to the heat of a water bath 7#bjg-a_/b ,fahr474 ,in this way the fermentation of syrups and vegetable solutions and juices is commonly arrested in the pharmaceutical laboratory4 ,among substances that may be added to liquids to arrest fermentation the most active are----the volatile oil of mustard1 coarsely powdered mustard seed1 or pure flour of mustard1 sulphurous acid or the fumes of burning sulphur1 sulphuric acid1 sulphite of lime1 tincture of catechu1 strong spirit1 strong acetic acid1 chlorate of potassa1 sugar of milk1 bruised horseradish1 garlic1 and cloves1 and their essential oils1 and all the other volatile oils that contain sulphur1 and most of the salts that readily part with their oxygen4 ,these substances arrest fermentation by rendering the yeast inoperative1 and they possess this power nearly in the order in which they stand above4 ,in practice1 mustard1 the fumes of burning sulphur1 sulphite of lime1 and chlorate of potassa1 are those most adapted for beer1 cider1 wines1 syrups1 c42 but some of the others are occasionally used1 though less active4 ,for arresting or preventing the fermentation of the vegetable juices and solutions1 and the medicated syrups employed in pharmacy1 mustard seed1 either alone or combined with a little bruised cloves1 may be safely used1 as the addition of acids or salts would lead to the decomposition of their active principles4 ,for this reason such liquids should be kept in a sufficiently low temperature to prevent fermentation2 and should they pass into that state it should be preferably arrested by the application of heat or cold1 as above explained4 ,sugar of milk is also very effective for certain syrups1 if not all of them4 ,to prevent1 or rather to lessen1 the production of fusel oil1 it has been proposed to add a certain quantity of tartaric acid or bitartrate of potassa to the wort1 or to arrest the fermentative process somewhat before the liquid has reached its utmost degree of attenuation4 ,the best means of depriving the spirit of this and other substances of a similar nature is to largely dilute it with water1 and to redistil it at a gentle heat4 ,agitation with olive oil1 decantation1 dilution with a large quantity of water1 and redistillation1 have also been recommended4 ,an excellent method is filtration through newly burnt and coarsely powdered charcoal4 ,this plan succeeds perfectly with moderately diluted spirit4 ,on the ,continent1 the addition of about #aj of common vinegar1 and a very little sulphuric acid1 followed by agitation1 repose for a few days1 and redistillation is a favourite method4 ,a solution of chloride of lime is also employed for the same purpose1 and in the same way4 ,in both these cases a species of ether is formed1 which possesses a very agreeable odour4 ,in the first1 acetate of oxide of amyl 7essence of jargonelle7 is produced2 and in the other1 chloride of amyl1 which also possesses a pleasant ethereal smell and taste4 ,the affinity of the hydrated oxide of amyl 7fusel oil7 for acetic acid is so great1 that they readily unite without the intervention of a mineral acid4 7,doebereiner74 ,thus1 the oil of vitriol mentioned above1 though always used in practice1 might be omitted without any disadvantage4 ,according to ,messrs ,bowerbank1 the distillers quoted by ,dr ,pereira1 #ejj galls4 of corn-spirit yield about one gall4 of corn-spirit oil4 ,see ,,acetification1 ,,alcohol1 ,,brewing1 ,,distillation1 ,,fermentation1 ,,fusel ,,oil1 ,,spirit1 ,,vinegar1 ,,viscous ,,fermentation1 ,,yeast1 c4 ,,vi,,olet4 ,syn4 ,,purple ,,violet1 ,,sweet ,v42 ,,viola 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 8,the recent petals of ,viola odorata1 ,linn40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it is chiefly used on account of its colour4 ,see ,,syrup4 ,,violet ,,dye4 ,violet1 like purple1 is produced by a mixture of red and blue colouring matter1 applied either together or in succession4 ,the #8aniline colours' are now almost exclusively used for obtaining violet on silk and wool 7see ,,aniline1 ,,purple1 and ,,tar ,,colours74 ,with the old dye stuffs1 violet may thus be obtained3----,a good violet may be given to silk or wool by passing it first through a solution of verdigris1 then through a decoction of logwood1 and1 lastly1 through alum water4 ,a fast violet may be given by first dyeing the goods a crimson with cochineal1 without alum or tartar1 and1 after rinsing1 passing them through the indigo vat4----,linens and cottons are first galled with about #ah of gall-nuts1 next passed through a mixed mordant of alum1 iron liquor1 and sulphate of copper1 working them well1 then through a madder bath made with an equal weight of root1 and1 lastly1 brightened with soap or soda4 ,another good method is to pass cloth1 previously dyed ,turkey red1 through the blue vat4 ,wool1 silk1 cotton1 or linen1 mordanted with alum and dyed in a logwood bath1 or a mixed bath of archil and ,brazil1 takes a pretty1 but false1 violet4 ,,vis,,cous ,,fermentation4 ,syn4 ,,mucilaginous ,,fermentation1 ,,mucous ,f4 ,the peculiar change by which sugar1 in solution1 is converted into gummy matters1 and other products1 instead of into alcohol4 ,when the expressed juice of the beet is exposed to a temperature of #ij to #ajj ,fahr41 for a considerable time1 the sugar it contains suffers this peculiar kind of fermentation4 ,gases are evolved which are rich in hydrogen1 instead of being exclusively carbonic acid1 and when the sugar has1 for the most part1 disappeared1 mere traces of alcohol are found in the liquid1 but1 in place of that substance1 a quantity of lactic acid1 mannite1 and a mucilaginous substance1 resembling gum ,arabic1 and said to be identical with gum in composition4 ,by boiling yeast or the gluten of wheat in water1 dissolving sugar in the filtered solution1 and exposing it to a tolerably high temperature1 the viscous fermentation is set up1 and a large quantity of the gummy principle generated1 along with a ferment of a globular texture1 like that of yeast1 but which is capable of producing only the viscous fermentation1 in saccharine solutions4 ,the peculiar cloudy1 stringy1 oily appearance of wine and beer1 called by the ,french #8graisse1' and the ,english #8ropiness1' depends on the accession of the viscous fermentation4 ,the mineral acids and astringent substances1 especially the sulphuric and sulphurous acids1 and tannin1 precipitate the viscous ferment1 and are1 hence1 the best cures for this malady of fermented liquors4 ,it is the large amount of tannic acid in the red wines and well-hopped beer which is the cause of their never being attacked with #8graisse1' or #8ropiness4' ,see ,,vinous ,,fermentation1 ,,wines1 c4 ,,vi,,sion4 ,the following means of preserving and restoring the sight may be appropriately inserted here3---- ,for ,,near-,,sightedness4----,close the eyes and press the fingers very gently1 from the nose outward1 across the eyes4 ,this flattens the pupil1 and thus lengthens or extends the angle of vision4 ,this should be done several times a day1 or at least always after washing the face1 until shortsightedness is overcome4 ,for ,,loss ,,of ,,sight ,,by ,,age1 such as require magnifying glasses1 pass the fingers or towel from the outer corners of the eyes inwardly1 above and below the eyeballs1 pressing very gently against them4 ,this rounds them up1 and preserves or restores the sight4 ,it is said that many persons1 by this last means1 have preserved their sight so as to read fine print at #hj years of age2 others1 whose sight has been impaired by age1 by carefully manipulating the eyes with their fingers1 from their external angles inwardly1 have restored their sight1 and been able to dispense with glasses1 and have since preserved it by a continuance of the practice4 ,to be successful1 or safe1 these practices must be applied with great gentleness and caution4 ,many persons seriously damage their eyes by forcibly rubbing them when drowsy1 especially on awaking in the morning4 ,the #8,lancet' remarks1 that 8there is good reason to believe that chicory 7the coffee of the ,londoners71 from its narcotic character1 exerts an injurious effect on the nervous system4 ,so convinced of this is ,professor ,beer1 of ,vienna1 a most celebrated ,german oculist1 that he has enumerated chicoried coffee among the causes of amaurotic blindness40 ,to strengthen the eyes1 to relieve them when swollen or congested1 and to remove chronic ophthalmia1 purulent discharges1 c41 nothing is equal to frequently bathing them with water1 at first tepid1 but afterwards lowered in temperature to absolute coldness4 ,,vit,,riol4 ,a common name for sulphuric acid and for several of its salts4 7,see below47 ,vitriol1 ,blue4 ,syn4 ,,roman ,,vitriol4 ,commercial sulphate of copper4 ,vitriol1 ,green4 ,commercial sulphate of iron4 ,vitriol1 ,white4 ,commercial sulphate of zinc4 ,,vittie ,,vayr4 ,syn4 ,,vetiver4 ,the ,tamool name of the odorous and fibrous roots of the ,andropogon muricatus sold by the perfumers4 ,,volta,,ic ,,electricity4 ,syn4 ,,galvanic ,e41 ,,galvanism1 ,,voltaism4 ,that branch of electrical science which has reference to the phenomena attendant on the development of electricity by chemical action4 ,electricity thus developed may be made to show itself in the #8static' condition1 so as to produce the effects of frictional electricity1 but it is much more easily obtained in the #8dynamic' condition----in other words1 as a #8voltaic current'----when it is especially remarkable for its chemical and magnetic effects4 ,if a plate of zinc and a plate of platinum be immersed in dilute sulphuric acid1 and connected outside the liquid by a wire1 a current of electricity will immediately be set up1 and will continue as long as the conducting circuit is complete and the action of the acid on the zinc goes on4 ,the current of #8positive' electricity passes from the zinc1 through the liquid1 to the platinum1 and thence through the wire to the zinc4 ,the arrangement of two dissimilar metals immersed in a liquid which acts upon one of them is called a voltaic couple4 ,by uniting a number of couples together in regular order1 a voltaic pile or battery is formed4 ,the older forms of the voltaic battery1 viz41 ,,volta',s ,,pile1 ,,cruikshank',s ,,trough1 and ,,wollaston',s ,,battery1 are now but little used4 ,they all consist of a series of couples of zinc and copper1 excited by an acid liquid1 generally a mixture of water with #a_/djth of its bulk of sulphuric acid1 and #a_/fjth of nitric acid4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,a copper cylinder1 filled with a saturated solution of sulphate of copper4 ,b4 ,a smaller porous cylinder 7earthenware or membrane71 containing a mixture of #a measure of strong sulphuric acid1 and about #h measures of water4 ,c4 ,a rod of amalgamated zinc1 supported in the smaller cylinder by the cross-piece 7i74 ,d4 ,a shelf full of small holes1 for supporting crystals of sulphate of copper1 to keep up the strength of the solution4 e and f4 ,screws and caps to connect the wires g and h with the battery4 g4 ,the negative wire1 connected with the zinc4 h4 ,the positive wire1 connected with the copper4 ,one of the most useful forms of the voltaic battery is that proposed by the late ,prof4 ,daniell1 and commonly known by his name4 ,its peculiar advantages arise from its action continuing without interruption for a long time2 hence the name of #8constant battery' that has been applied to it4 ,the foregoing figure will explain the construction of each couple4 ,one of these couples is sufficient for electro-typing2 six of them form a circle of considerable power1 and about #bj produce one sufficiently strong for most experiments of demonstration and research4 ,in arranging these1 as well as other batteries1 when intensity1 or travelling power1 is desired1 the metallic communication is made between the opposite metals 7the zinc of one couple being united with the copper of another72 but when simple quantity without intensity is required1 the zinc of one battery is united with the zinc of the other1 and the copper of the one with the copper of the other----an effect which is equally attainable with a single battery of enlarged dimensions4 ,another useful apparatus is ,,grove',s ,,battery1 in which the positive metal consists of amalgamated zinc immersed in sulphuric acid1 diluted with #aj times its bulk of water2 and the negative metal of platinum immersed in strong nitric acid4 ,the two liquids are kept separate by the use of porous vessels1 as in #8,daniell's battery4' ,this is an extremely powerful arrangement1 but not so constant as ,daniell's1 owing to the reduction of the nitric acid to lower oxides of nitrogen4 ,after this battery has been in action for about an hour1 copious red nitrous fumes are given off1 which cause great annoyance4 ,in place of platinum1 compact charcoal or coke1 prepared by a rather troublesome process1 may be used1 and the arrangement then constitutes a ,,bunsen',s ,,battery4 ,other substitutes for the costly platinum have been proposed1 as lead coated with gold or platinum1 and iron rendered #8passive' by immersion in strong nitric acid4 ,callan has obtained very good results with amalgamated zinc and cast iron immersed in diluted sulphuric acid1 without the use of nitric acid 7,,maynooth ,,battery74 ,in ,,smee',s ,,battery1 which is much used in the arts1 pairs of amalgamated zinc and platinised silver 7or platinised platinum7 are immersed in dilute sulphuric acid 7#a part acid to #g parts water74 ,the plates of zinc are usually bent double1 and the platinised plates interposed between the two surfaces formed by the bend4 ,see ,,platinising 7p4 #accg74 ,in every voltaic combination the passage of the electricity 7i4 e4 the positive modification of the force7 in the liquid is from the active element to the inactive element2 in the case of a simple zinc-and-copper couple1 for instance1 it is from the zinc to the copper4 ,if this simple fact be borne in mind1 it will decide in every case the question which confuses so many1 namely1 which is the positive1 and which the negative end of a battery8 ,the positive is the end where the electricity leaves the battery2 the negative where it re-enters it4 ,for further information connected with the subject of voltaic electricity1 see articles on ,,electricity1 ,,electrolysis1 ,,electrotype1 ,,etching1 c4 ,,volume,,tric ,,analysis4 ,quantitative chemical analysis by measure4 ,this method of analysis 8consists in submitting the substance to be estimated to certain characteristic reactions1 employing for such reactions liquids of known strength1 and from the quantity of the liquid employed determining the weight of the substance to be estimated by means of the known laws of equivalence40 ,as an example of this method we give the following from the ,introduction in ,mr ,sutton's excellent #8,handbook of ,volumetric ,analysis1'----8,suppose that it is desirable to know the quantity of pure silver contained in a shilling4 ,the coin is first dissolved in nitric acid1 by which means a bluish solution1 containing silver1 copper1 and probably other metals1 is obtained4 ,it is a known fact that chlorine combines with silver in the presence of other metals to form chloride of silver1 which is insoluble in nitric acid4 ,the proportions in which the combination takes place are #cedf1 of chlorine to every #ajh of silver2 consequently1 if a standard solution of pure chloride of sodium is prepared by dissolving #ehdf grains of the salt 7i4 e4 #a equiv4 sodium #bc1 #a eq4 chlorine #cedf #a eq4 chloride of sodium #ehdf7 in so much distilled water as will make up exactly #ajjj grains by measure2 every single grain of this solution will combine with #ajh grain of pure silver to form chloride of silver1 which precipitates to the bottom of the vessel in which the mixture is made4 ,in the process of adding the salt solution to the silver1 drop by drop1 a point is at last reached when the precipitate ceases to form4 ,here the process must stop4 ,on looking carefully at the graduated vessel from which the standard solution has been used1 the operator sees at once the number of grains which have been necessary to produce the complete decomposition4 ,for example1 suppose the quantity used was #ebj grains2 all that is necessary to be done is to multiply #ajh grain by #ebj1 which shows the amount of pure silver present to be #efaf grains40 ,the volumetric method is much less troublesome than the ordinary method of analysis 7by separating the constituents of a mixture and weighing them71 and is admirably adapted for the examination of substances used in arts and manufactures4 ,most of the processes described under ,,acidimetry and ,,alkalimetry are examples of this method4 ,see those articles1 also ,,equivalents1 ,,test ,,solutions1 c4 ,,wade',s ,,drops4 ,compound tincture of benzoin4 ,,wa,,fer ,,paper4 ,see ,,wafers1 in ,cookery 7below74 ,,wa,,fers4 ,thin adhesive discs1 used for securing letters or sticking papers together4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,wafers1 ,,flour ,w47 ,the finest2 wheaten flour is mixed with water1 either pure or coloured1 to a smooth pap or batter1 which1 after being passed through a sieve1 to remove clots or lumps1 is poured into the #8wafer-irons' 7previously warmed and greased with butter or olive oil71 and in this state exposed to the heat of a clear charcoal fire2 the whole is then allowed to cool1 when the irons are opened1 and the thin cake1 which has become hard and brittle1 is cut into wafers by mean of sharp annular steel punches made exclusively for the purpose4 #b4 7,,gelatine ,,wafers1 ,,transparent ,w47 ,good gelatine or glue is dissolved1 by the heat of a water bath1 in just sufficient water to form a consistent mass on cooling2 it is then poured1 whilst hot1 upon the surface of a warm plate or mirror glass1 slightly oiled1 and surrounded with a border of card paper 7laid flat72 a similar plate1 also warmed and oiled1 is next laid upon the gelatine1 and the two plates pressed into as close contact as is permitted by the card paper2 when quite cold the thin sheet of gelatine is removed1 and cut into wafers with punches1 as before4 #a to #b oz4 of sugar is commonly added to each lb4 of gelatine4 #c4 7,,medallion ,,wafers47 ,a sheet of metal or glass1 having designs sunk in it corresponding to the raised part of seals1 being provided1 the hollows are filled up with a mixture formed of any appropriate coloured powder1 made into a paste with gum water or size1 leaving the flat part clear2 melted coloured glue is then poured on the plate1 and the process is otherwise conducted as before4 ,for use1 the paper is wetted where the wafer is to be applied4 ,obs4 ,care must be taken that no poisonous colours be employed4 ,for gelatine wafers1 transparent colours only can be used4 ,those noticed under ,,liqueurs and ,,stains 7,confectioner's7 are appropriate4 ,to these may be added plumbago1 sesquioxide of iron 7crocus martis71 smalts1 levigated vegetable charcoal1 and vermilion4 ,wafers4 7,in ,cookery47 ,prep4 ,make fine flour1 dried and sifted1 into a smooth thin batter with good milk1 or a little cream-and-water2 add about as much white wine as will make it thick enough for pancakes1 sweeten it with a little loaf sugar1 and flavour it with powdered cinnamon4 ,when thus prepared have the wafer-irons made ready1 by being heated over a charcoal fire2 rub them with a piece of linen cloth dipped in butter2 then pour a spoonful of the batter upon them1 and close them almost immediately2 turn them upon the fire1 and pare the edges with a knife1 if any of the batter oozes out4 ,a short time will bake them1 when the irons are perfectly heated4 ,the wafers must be curled round whilst warm when they are for ornaments4 #8,wafer paper' is prepared in a similar way to the above2 but when intended to be kept for some time1 the milk must be omitted4 ,used by cooks1 c42 and1 recently1 as an envelope for nauseous medicines4 ,wafers1 ,da ,silva's4 ,these nostrums were introduced to the public some time ago1 as though they were prepared from the formul of a celebrated physician whose name was affixed to them4#bef ,there are three varieties1 which are said to be prepared as follows3 ,footnote #bef3 ,for an exposition of the ,da ,silva quackery1 with ,or ,locock's letter on the subject1 see the #8,anat4 of ,quackery1' or the #8,med4 ,cir41' ii1 #ajf-abf4 #a4 ,,aperient ,,or ,,antibilious ,,wafers4 ,from sugar and extract of liquorice 7,spanish juice71 equal parts2 senna and jalap1 of each in fine powder1 about #a_/b dr4 to every oz4 of sugar employed2 made into a mass with a concentrated infusion of senna1 and divided into #ab-;gr4 lozenges or squares with the corners rounded off4 #b4 ,,female ,,wafers4 ,from sugar1 horehound candy 7or honey71 and aperient wafer mass1 equal parts2 beaten to a proper consistence with weak gum water1 to which a little orange-flower water has been added1 and divided into #h gr4 tabell1 as before4 #c4 ,,pulmonic ,,wafers4 ,from lump sugar and starch1 of each in powder1 #b parts2 powdered gum1 #a part2 made into a lozenge-mass with vinegar of squills1 oxymel of squills1 and ipecacuanha wine1 equal parts1 gently evaporated to #a-fth their weight1 with the addition of lactucarium in the proportion of #bj to #cj gr4 to every oz4 of the dry powders1 the mass being divided into half-inch squares1 weighing about #g-a_/b gr4 each 7when dry71 as before4 ,,wal,,nut4 ,the ,juglans regia1 a tree of the natural order ,juglandace4 ,the sap yields sugar2 the fruit is the walnut2 the kernels of the latter are eaten and pressed for their oil2 the peel or husks are used for #8rooting' or dyeing brown2 the unripe fruit is pickled1 and its juice is used as a hair dye2 the leaves are reputed diaphoretic and antisyphilitic2 and the wood is esteemed for cabinet work4 ,,warburg',s ,,fever ,,drops4 ,see ,,tincture1 ,,warburg',s ,,fever4 ,,ward',s ,,red ,,drop4 ,a strong solution of emetic tartar in wine4 ,,warts4 ,syn4 ,,verruc1 ,l4 ,these chiefly attack the hands1 and may be removed by the daily use of a little nitrate of silver1 nitric acid1 or aromatic vinegar1 as directed under ,,corns4 ,the first of the above applications produces a black stain1 and the second a yellow one2 both of which1 however1 wear off after the lapse of some days4 ,acetic acid scarcely discolours the skin4 ,erasmus ,wilson1 the eminent surgeon and talented author of several works on the skin1 mentions the case of a gentleman who removed an entire crop of warts from his knuckles and fingers by subjecting them to a succession of sparks from one of the poles of an electrical machine4 8,he was in the habit1 as is usual1 of trying the amount of electric fluid collected in his machine by placing his knuckle near the brass knob1 and receiving a spark4 ,observing that an odd sensation was produced whenever the spark struck a wart1 he was tempted for amusement to give them a round of discharges4 ,when his attention was next directed to his hands he found1 to his surprise and satisfaction1 that all the warts had disappeared40 ,dr ,peez1 of ,wiesbaden1 recommends the internal use of carbonate of magnesia in cases of warts4 ,the papular eruption which covers the hands of some persons1 and which is occasionally called #8soft warts1' is best removed by the daily use of ,gowlard's lotion4 ,,wash4 ,the fermented wort of the distiller4 ,,wash-,,balls4 ,see ,,savonettes4 ,,wash-,,bottle4 ,the principle of this very common and indispensable laboratory utensil1 by which precipitates are washed1 will be readily understood by reference to ,no4 #a of the engravings below4 ,the bottle being two thirds filled with distilled waters by blowing into the shorter tube1 b1 a small jet of water is forced through the nozzle of the longer tube1 c4 ,we give the following directions for the construction of a ,,wash-,,bottle1 from ,mr ,clowes' excellent little manual1 entitled #8,an ,elementary ,treatise on ,practical ,chemistry1'#beg----8;,a thin1 flat-bottomed flask is chosen1 of #af or #ah ounces capacity2 the neck must not be less than an inch in diameter4 ,procure a sound cork1 which is slightly too large to enter the neck1 soften the cork by placing it upon the floor and rolling it backwards and forwards under the foot with gentle pressure2 when thus softened the cork must fit tightly into the flask4#beh ,two pieces of glass tubing rather longer than would be required for the tubes a and b are then bent into the form shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,the ends of the tubes are1 if necessary1 cut off to the right length1 and their sharp edges rounded by holding them in the ,bunsen flame1 or the tip of the blowpipe flame4 ,footnote #beg3 ,j4 and ,a4 ,churchill1 ,new ,burlington ,street4 ,footnote #beh3 8,a vulcanized india-rubber stopper is much more durable for this and most other chemical processes4 ,it is perforated by a sharp1 well-wetted cork bore1 or by a wetted round file40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a1 ,,fig4 #b4 and ,,fig4 #c4 8,two parallel holes are then bored in the cork by means of a round file1 or by a proper size cork-borer3 the holes must be rather smaller than the glass tubes1 and must not run into one another1 or to the outside of the cork4 ,they are slightly enlarged1 if necessary1 by the round file4 ,into these holes the tubes a and b are then pushed with a twisting motion2 if the holes have been made of the proper size the tubes must enter somewhat stiffly1 but without requiring much pressure4 ,upon the upper end of a is fitted a small piece of india-rubber tubing1 about an inch and a half in length1 and into the other end of this is a finished short jet 7c7 made by drawing out a piece of glass tubing in the flame2 its nozzle may be constructed1 if necessary1 by holding it perfectly dry in the flame for some time4 ,the neck of the bottle should then be bound round with twine1 like the handle of a cricket-bat1 or tightly covered with a piece of flannel4 ,this prevents the fingers from being burnt when the bottle contains boiling water40 ,we append below some varieties of washing bottles4 ,the round-bottomed are in more general requisition than the flat-bottomed description2 although this latter presents the advantage of standing more firmly1 and1 if boiling water be required1 of furnishing it more quickly than the bottle with the round base4 ,in some laboratories earthenware bottles are in use4 ,these are not so easily broken as those made of glass1 but1 unlike these latter1 water cannot be boiled in them1 neither can we see whether they be full or empty4 ,,washerwoman',s ,,scall4 ,see ,,psoriasis4 ,,washes4 ,the familiar name of lotions1 more especially of those employed as cosmetics4 ,see ,,freckles1 ,,lotion1 ,,milk ,,of ,,roses1 ,,skin ,,cosmetics1 c41 and the following page4 ,washes1 ,hair4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from rosemary tops1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infused together in a teapot or jug1 either with or without the addition of rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz4 7or rum1 #b fl4 oz47 to the cold strained liquor4 #b4 ,box leaves1 a small handful2 boiling water1 #a pint2 digest for an hour1 simmer #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,both are used to improve the growth of and to strengthen the hair4 #c4 ,to clean the #8partings1' remove scurf1 c4----a4 7,,antipityrienne47 ,from sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #a oz42 spirit of rosemary1 #a_/b pint2 rose of elder-flower water1 #a-a_/b pint4 b4 7,,detergent ,,essence47 ,from honey1 #b oz42 borax1 #a oz42 cochineal 7bruised71 #a_/d oz42 camphor1 #a dr42 7dissolved in7 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz42 soft water1 #c_/d pint2 oil of rosemary1 #bj drops4 c4 7,,vegetable ,,extract47 ,take of salt of tartar1 #a oz42 rosemary water1 #a pint2 burnt sugar1 q4 s4 to tinge it brown2 dissolve1 filter1 and add of essence of musk1 #aj drops4 #d4 ,to darken the hair4----a4 ,from pyrogallic acid1 #a_/d oz42 distilled water1 orange-flower water1 and rectified spirit1 of each #a-a_/d fl4 oz4 b4 7,,la ,,forest',s ,,cosmetic ,,lotion or ,,liquid ,,hair ,,dye47 ,boil1 for a few minutes1 chloride of sodium1 #a dr41 and sulphate of iron1 #b dr41 in red wine1 #a lb42 then add of verdigris1 #a dr42 in #b or #c minutes remove it from the fire1 and further add of powdered galls1 #b dr42 the next day filter4 ,for use1 moisten the hair with the liquid2 in a few minutes dry it with a cloth1 and afterwards wash the skin with water4 #e4 ,to prevent the hair falling off4----a4 7,,american ,,shampoo ,,liquid47 ,take of carbonate of ammonia1 #a_/b oz42 carbonate of potash1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and add the solution to a mixture of tincture of cantharides1 #e fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 good rum1 #c quarts4 ,used to strengthen the hair and to remove dandruff1 by moistening it with the mixture1 rubbing so as to form a lather1 and then washing with cold water4 b4 7,,balm ,,of ,,columbia47 ,as the last1 omitting the potash1 quadrupling the carbonate of ammonia1 and adding some perfume4 c4 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,eau de ,cologne 7strongest71 #h fl4 oz42 tincture of cantharides1 #a fl4 oz42 oils of rosemary and lavender1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr4 d4 7,dr ,,locock',s ,,lotion47 ,from expressed oil of mace 7nutmeg71 #a oz41 liquefied1 at a gentle heat1 with olive oil1 #a_/b oz42 and1 when cold1 formed into an emulsion by agitation1 with rose water1 #a_/d pint2 spirit of rosemary1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 stronger liquor of ammonia1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,for other formul1 see ,,baldness1 ,,hair ,,dyes1 ,,lotion1 c4 ,washes1 ,medicinal4 ,see ,,lotion1 c4 ,washes1 ,mouth4 ,syn4 ,,tooth ,,washes2 ,,collutoria1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of camphor 7cut small71 #a_/d oz42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz2 dissolve4 ,a few drops to be added to a wine-glassful of water1 to sweeten the breath and preserve the teeth4 #b4 ,chloride of lime1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #b fl4 oz42 agitate well together in a phial for #a_/b an hour1 filter1 and add1 of rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz42 rose or orange-flower water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,used1 highly diluted with water1 as the last1 by smokers and persons having a foul breath4 #c4 ,mastic 7in powder71 #b dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b dr42 gum1 #b dr41 or q4 s42 orange-flower water1 #f fl4 oz42 tincture of myrrh1 #b fl4 dr42 for an emulsion4 ,in loose teeth1 c4 #d4 ,tannin1 #a_/b dr42 tincture of tolu1 #b fl4 dr42 tincture of myrrh1 #f fl4 dr42 spirit of horseradish1 #b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,in spongy gums1 scurvy1 c42 diluted with tepid water4 #e4 7,swediaur47 ,borax1 #a_/d oz42 water and tincture of myrrh1 of each #a fl4 oz42 honey of roses1 #b oz4 ,in tender or ulcerated gums4 #f4 ,balsam of ,peru1 #b dr42 camphor1 #a_/b dr42 essence of musk and liquor of ammonia1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr42 tincture of myrrh1 #c fl4 dr42 spirit of horseradish1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,to sweeten and perfume the breath2 a teaspoonful in #a_/b wineglassful of tepid water to rinse the mouth with4 ,washes for the ,nose4 ,syn4 ,,nasal ,,douches1 ,,collunaria4 ,the following formul medicinally employed for the purpose of washing or rinsing out the nostrils are from the #8,pharmacopia of the ,throat ,hospital4' ,in applying them it is directed that 8not more than twenty ounces of fluid should ever be used for a nasal douche1 and ten ounces are generally sufficient4 ,if an apparatus on the syphon principle be applied1 it should be placed only just above the level of the patient's head1 in order to avoid too great force of current4 ,the temperature of the fluid should be about #ij ,f40 ,,nasal ,,douche ,,of ,,tannic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,collunarium ,,acidi ,,tannici4 ,prep4 ,tannic acid1 #c grams2 water1 #a oz42 dissolve4----,use4 ,astringent ,,nasal ,,douche ,,of ,,alum4 ,syn4 ,,collunarium ,,aluminis4 ,prep4 ,alum1 #d grams2 water1 #a oz42 dissolve4----,use4 ,as a mild astringent4 ,,nasal ,,douche ,,of ,,permanganate ,,of ,,potash4 ,syn4 ,,collunarium ,,potass ,,permanganatis4 ,prep4 ,solution of permanganate of potash 7,b4 ,p471 #f minims4 ,water to #a oz42 mix4----,use4 ,detergent4 ,,nasal ,,douche ,,of ,,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,collunarium ,,quini4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #a_/b grain2 water1 #a oz4 ,dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat4 ,this solution is occasionally useful in hay-fever4 ,it is generally sufficient to place a little in the palm of the hand and draw it up through the nose4 ,,nasal ,,douche ,,of ,,sulpho-,,carbolate ,,of ,,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,collunarium ,,zinci ,,sulpho-,,carbolatis4 ,prep4 ,sulpho-carbolate of zinc1 #b grams2 water1 #a oz42 dissolve4----,use4 ,antiseptic4 ,washes1 ,tooth4 ,see above4 ,,washing 7as applied in ,chemistry74 ,in the chemical laboratory the washing of precipitates is an operation of constant occurrence1 and as the accurate result of the quantitative analysis in which the process of precipitation is had recourse to1 essentially depends upon the manner in which the washing has been carried out1 we have thought it desirable in the interest of the worker commencing practical chemistry to amplify under the present section the remarks which occur under the article #8,precipitation4' ,in washing a precipitate the object is1 of course1 to entirely free it from all extraneous matter1 so as to ensure1 after proper drifting1 its being weighed in an absolutely pure and uncontaminated state4 ,to arrive at a correct knowledge as to when a precipitate has been properly washed1 the operator must never trust to guesswork1 but to ocular demonstration1 by testing a minute portion1 such as a drop or so of the washings1 from time to time4 ,this may be done1 either by adding----#a4 ,a very minute quantity of the proper precipitant#bei to the washings2 or----#b4 ,by evaporating a drop of the latter on a platinum knife1 or a piece of platinum foil2 when1 if in the former case no turbidity is caused and in the latter no fixed residue remain1 the precipitate may be pronounced perfectly washed4 ,the operator1 however1 instead of not sufficiently washing his precipitate1 is frequently liable to fall into another dilemma1 which consists not so much in overwashing it as in washing it with an unsuitable liquid1 or one in which the precipitate is1 to a greater or lesser extent1 soluble4 ,footnote #bei3 ,see ,,precipitate ,it may not unfrequently happen that the best available precipitant may be one in which the precipitate is soluble to some small extent4 ,under these circumstances1 before throwing down the precipitate1 the liquid should1 as far as practicable1 be removed by evaporation4 ,many precipitates which are not altogether insoluble in water may1 by the addition of some other liquid to the water1 be rendered much less so4 ,thus1 the double chloride of platinum and ammonium which is incompletely thrown down in water is perfectly precipitated if alcohol be added to the water1 as are also chloride of lead and sulphate of lime1 whilst the basic phosphate of magnesium and ammonium may be rendered insoluble in water by the addition of ammonia to the water4 ,the precipitate having subsided to the bottom of the fluid in which it was suspended1 the supernatant liquid may be removed from it either by filtration or decantation4 ,in some cases both processes are had recourse to4 ,to wash a precipitate which has been separated by filtration1 and which in a moist condition more or less fills the paper-filter inserted in a proper funnel1 the wash-bottle described below is employed4 ,in using this apparatus the jet of water that is made to issue from the bottle should be denoted upon the sides of the filter1 and never in the centre1 since this would cause a splashing and a consequent loss of the precipitate4 ,the same contingency would be liable to follow it the waters were propelled too violently from the bottle4 ,on no account must the wash-water be allowed to reach to the top of the filter4 ,another precaution to be guarded against is the formation in the precipitate of fissures or channels2 if these are not prevented1 the water will not permeate all the parts of the precipitate1 and it will be only very insufficiently washed4 ,when such channels form1 it will be best to stir up the precipitates with a glass rod or a platinum spatula1 taking care1 however1 to avoid tearing or making a hole in the filter4 ,precipitates that are washed by decantation ought to consist of such substances as readily subside from the liquid in which they are suspended and are practically insoluble in water1 since a very much larger quantity of this menstruum has to be employed than when filtration is had recourse to4 ,the process is generally carried out in deep vessels4 ,the supernatant liquid being removed1 the vessel is filled up with water1 and the precipitate well stirred up with a glass rod2 after it has again fallen down fresh water is added1 and the process is continued until the washings cease to show the presence of any soluble matter4 ,the several washings being collected1 are let stand some #ab or #bd hours2 after which time1 should no precipitate show itself1 they are thrown away4 ,should any deposits form in the washing1 it is carefully removed either by filtration or decantation1 and its amount being determined1 the result is added to that obtained from the bulk of the precipitate4 ,where the nature of the precipitate is in no way influenced by hot water1 this latter should always be used in washing precipitates1 as it greatly facilitates and expedites the operation4 ,many precipitates require to stand a long time before they entirely subside from the fluid in which they are suspended4 ,most gelatinous1 pulverulent1 and crystalline precipitates are of this nature4 ,the separation of the precipitate should not be attempted until after the liquid containing the precipitate has stood several hours4 ,,washing ,,flu,,ids4 ,solutions of carbonate of soda1 rendered caustic with quicklime4 ,,washing ,,pow,,ders4 ,see ,,powders4 ,,watch,,fulness4 ,syn4 ,,sleeplessness4 ,,agrypnia1 ,l4 ,the common causes of watchfulness are thoughtfulness or grief1 disordered stomach or bowels1 heavy and late suppers1 and a deficiency of outdoor exercise4 ,the best treatment1 in ordinary cases1 simply consists in an attention to these points4 ,the method of producing sleep recommended by a late celebrated hypnotist consists in merely adopting an easy recumbent position1 inclining the head toward the chest1 shutting the eyes1 and taking several deep inspirations with the mouth closed4 ,another method1 recommended by an eminent surgeon1 and which appears infallible if persevered in with proper confidence1 and which is suitable either to the sitting or recumbent posture1 consists in tying a decanter cork with a bright metallic top1 a pencil-case1 or any other bright object on the forehead1 in such a position that the eyes must be distorted or strained to be capable of seeing it4 ,by resolutely gazing in this way for a short time1 without winking1 with the mind fully absorbed in the effort1 the muscles of the eyes gradually relax1 and the experimenter falls asleep4 ,gazing in a similar manner on any imaginary bright spot in the dark1 as at night1 exerts a like effect4 ,a tumblerful of cold spring water1 either with or without a few grains of bicarbonate of potash in it1 taken just before lying down1 will frequently succeed with the dyspeptic and nervous1 when all other means fail4 ,the following valuable advice to those who suffer from unnatural wakefulness is abridged from the late ,dr ,tanner's valuable work on the #8,practice of ,medicine4'#bfj ,footnote #bfj3 #8,the ,practice of ,medicine1' by ,thos4 ,hawkes ,tanner1 ,m4,d41 ,renshaw1 ,london4 ,as his starting point ,dr ,tanner enjoins the practice of taking a proper amount of exercise daily4 ,a digestible diet1 such as is not liable to cause acidity or flatulence1 must also be adopted1 and tea and coffee must be abstained from in the after part of the day4 ,early dinners and light suppers are also recommended4 ,the reading of any thrilling work of fiction previous to retiring to rest is also prohibited4 ,the patient is advised to seek his bed at an early and regular hour1 and it is desirable to have his sleeping chamber well ventilated1 and if the weather be chilly the bedroom fire should be lighted4 ,feather beds should be abandoned for mattresses2 there should not be too many blankets on the bed1 the pillows should be firm and high1 and no curtains or hangings should be allowed4 ,should the above means fail to produce the required sleep1 before going to bed the patient is advised to try a tumbler of port-wine negus1 or of mulled claret1 or of white-wine whey1 the last thing4 ,the aged are recommended 7should the above methods be unsuccessful7 to imbibe a glass of spirit and water1 which is said to be all the more effective if drunk when in bed4 ,in some cases1 attended by a hot or dry skin1 a glass of cold water has been found useful4 ,another remedy is the use of a bath1 for about three or five minutes1 just before getting into bed1 at a temperature varying from #ij to #if ,f4 ,rapid sponging of the body with tepid water is also recommended1 as also the use of a warm foot bath1 at a temperature of #ajj ,f41 or of a hot-water bottle in the bed1 or putting the feet in cold water for a minute1 and then vigorously rubbing them4 ,for those whose sleeplessness is caused by their prosecuting literary work till a late hour a short brisk walk1 just before retiring to bed1 is recommended4 ,if the wakefulness can be traced to any bodily ailment1 this1 of course1 must be removed by the proper means4 ,constipation1 which is not at all an unfrequent cause of insomnia1 must be combated by the methods described under that article4 ,if there be headache it will be best removed by applying a rag dipped in cold water to the scalp1 or a bladder containing ice4 ,should the adoption of any of the above suggestions fail all kinds of mental labour and excitement during the day must be greatly diminished1 and physical exercise must replace them4 ,sedatives should be had recourse to with great caution1 and under medical supervision only4 ,because of the hazard attending their use1 and of the ready tendency their adoption has to degenerate into a pernicious ineradicable habit1 we have forebore to specify the medicinal agents ,dr ,tanner prescribes for sleeplessness1 strongly recommending the patient1 before he has recourse to them1 to exhaust the category of suggestions given by ,dr ,tanner1 and1 should these unhappily be found to fail1 and he is drawn to soporifics1 we again reiterate1 let him take them only under medical supervision4 ,another method1 adopted by professional hypnotists1 consists in gently moving1 in opposite directions1 a finger of each hand over the forehead1 just above the eyebrows4 ,a soothing and drowsy effect is said to be thereby produced1 which ends in tranquil slumber4 ,dr ,ainslie ,hollis contributes some excellent hints on the treatment of wakefulness to the practitioner4 ,he classifies the treatment under two heads----first1 the induction of natural sleep1 and1 secondly1 the production of narcosis or artificial rest4 ,the application of mustard plasters to the abdomen generally brings about the first result1 producing1 according to ,schuler1 first dilatation1 and subsequently contraction of the vessels of the pia mater4 ,dr ,pleyer1 of ,jena1 on the supposition that sleep may be induced by the introduction of the fatigue products of the body1 advocates the administration of a solution of lactate of soda4 ,when sleeplessness is the result of brain exhaustion ,dr ,hollis advocates a tumbler of hot claret negus4 ,the alkalies and alkaline earths1 says the #8,boston ,journal of ,chemistry1' are useful when acid dyspepsia is associated with the insomnia4 ,in hot weather1 sprinkling the floor of the sleeping apartment with water lessens the irritant properties of the air1 adding much to the comfort of the sleepers2 possibly the quantity of ozone is at the same time increased4 ,when sleep is broken by severe pain1 opium or morphia is of value1 bringing not only relief1 but producing anmia of the cerebral vessels2 when neuralgia is the cause an injection of morphia under the skin1 near the branch of the affected nerve1 will have more effect than by administering it by the mouth4 ,again1 when wakefulness is due to defective cardiac power1 digitalis may be useful4 ,chloral hydrate is supposed to owe its hypnotic effect to its power of diminishing the amount of blood in the brain1 and therefore it may be used when sleeplessness arises from the pains of muscular spasm4 ,the bromides1 although undoubtedly sedatives1 possess very doubtful hypnotic properties4 ,see ,,supper1 c4 ,,wa,,ter4 ,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,hydrogen1 ,,protoxide ,,of ,h42 ,,aqua1 ,l42 ,,eau1 ,fr42 ,,wasser1 ,ger42 1 ,gr4 ,the ancients regarded water as a simple substance1 and as convertible into various mineral and organic products4 ,earth1 air1 fire1 and water were at one time conceived to be the elementary principles or essences of matter from which all form and substance derived their existence4 ,the true constitution of water was not discovered until about the year #agha1 when ,cavendish and ,james ,watt1 independently and nearly simultaneously1 showed it to be a compound of hydrogen and oxygen4 ,five years1 however1 before this time 7#aggf71 the celebrated ,macquer1 assisted by ,sigaud de la ,fond1 obtained pure water by the combustion of hydrogen in the air4 ,it has since been satisfactorily demonstrated that hydrogen and oxygen exist in water in the proportion of #a to #h by weight1 or #b to #a by volume2 the sp4 gr4 of hydrogen being to that of oxygen as #a to #af4 ,one cubic inch of perfectly pure water at #fb ,fahr41 and #cj inches of the barometer1 weighs #bebdeh gr42 by which it will be seen that it is #ggj times heavier than atmospheric air4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #aj1 it being made the standard by which the densities of all solid and liquid bodies are estimated4 ,the sp4 gr4 of frozen water 7ice7 is #iage1 water being #aj 7,dufour72 that of aqueous vapour 7steam71 #fbeb1 air being #aj4 ,water changes its volume with the temperature2 its greatest density is about #ci-a_/b ,fahr41 and its sp4 gr4 decreases from that point1 either way4 ,water is nearly incompressible4 ,by subjecting water to a pressure of #gje atmospheres1 ,cailletet found the compressibility to be at the rate of #jjjddea for each atmosphere4 ,water evaporates at all temperatures2 but at #bab under ordinary circumstances1 this takes place so rapidly that it boils1 and is converted into vapour 7steam71 whose bulk is nearly #agjj times greater than that of water4 ,var4 ,of these the following are the principal3 ,,distilled ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,destillata 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,obtained by the distillation of common water through a block-tin worm1 rejecting the first and last portions that come over4 ,the still employed for this operation should be used for no other purpose2 and when great nicety is required1 the distillation should be performed in glass or earthenware4 ,it remains limpid on the addition of lime water1 chloride of barium1 nitrate of silver1 oxalate of ammonium1 or hydrosulphuric acid4 ,it is the only kind of water that should be employed in chemical and pharmaceutical operations4 ,when distilled water is not at hand1 clean filtered or clarified rain water is the only kind that can be successfully substituted4 ,,natural ,,waters4 ,in respect of wholesomeness1 palatability1 and general fitness for drinking and cooking1 natural waters may be classified in orders of excellence as follows 7#8,rivers ,pollution ,commissioners' ,sixth ,report'73---- #a4 ,spring water ,very palatable4 ,wholesome #b4 ,deep-well water #c4 ,upland surface water ,moderately palatable4 #d4 ,stored rain water ,suspicious #e4 ,surface water from cultivated lands #f4 ,river water to which sewage gains ,palatable4 ,dangerous access #g4 ,shallow well water ,the average composition of the four classes of unpolluted waters is given by the same authorities as follows4 ,their estimations are in parts per #ajj1jjj1 but may be converted in grains per gallon by multiplying by #g and dividing by #aj3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,nitrogen,total ,total ,organic,organic ,ammo- as combined solid ,carbon ,nitrogen nia nitratesnitrogen im- and purity nitrites ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,rain water #bie #jgj #jae #jbi #jjc #jdb ,upland surface water #ifg #cbb #jcb #jjb #jji #jdb ,deep-well water #dcgh #jfa #jah #jab #die #ebb ,spring water #bhbj #jef #jac #jja #chc #cif ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,previous ,hardness sewage --------------- or animal,chlorine,temp-,perm-,total contamin- oraryanent ation ---------------------------------------- ------ ,rain water #db #bb #d #e #c ,upland surface water #aj #aac #ae #dc #ed ,deep-well water #dgd #eaa #aeh #ib #be ,spring water #ceei #bdi #aaj #ge #ahe ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,rain ,,water contains1 among natural waters1 the smallest amount of solid matter in solution4 ,from the columns headed 8,organic ,carbon0 and 8,organic ,nitrogen0 it will be seen that even rain collected with special precautions1 away from any large town1 is by no means free from organic matter4 ,rain water collected from roofs and stored in underground tanks is often very impure4 ,,surface ,,waters form the main supply of rivers4 ,if collected from high uncultivated districts they are usually unpolluted with animal matter4 ,the organic matter is usually peaty1 is sometimes very small1 but is liable to considerable variations with the season1 and is occasionally present in excessive quantities1 discolouring the water and rendering it unpalatable4 ,from their softness these waters are admirably adapted for manufacturing purposes4 ,the amount of solid matter in solution ranges from #b to #g grains per gallon4 ,,surface ,,water from cultivated land1 contains on an average less organic matter than upland surface water1 but the pollution1 being derived from manure and other objectionable matter1 is more harmful4 ,,river ,,water consists of the above1 aided by springs1 and most frequently the drainage of towns on its banks4 ,the amount of solid matter varies from #aj to #cj grains per gallon4 ,in ,thames water there are on the average about #bj grains4 ,,wells1 if shallow1 are usually a most undesirable supply4 ,unless far from any house they are contaminated by drainage1 and sometimes1 from proximity to cesspools1 contain more animal matter than ordinary town sewage4 ,they are1 as a class1 hard waters1 the polluted ones excessively so4 ,wells of #ajj feet deep and upwards are1 as a class1 very superior waters1 the filtration and oxidation of so great a depth of soil having removed the greater part of the organic matter4 ,the hardness varies with the strata1 but1 as a class1 the deep wells are softer than the shallow4 ,,spring ,,water greatly resembles deep well water1 possessing all its good qualities in a higher degree4 ,spring and deep well water are very uniform in quality1 and little affected by climatic changes4 ,,sea ,,water4 ,the characteristic of this variety is its saltness4 ,its density is about #ajbgd1 and the average quantity of saline matter which it contains is about #c-a_/b per cent41 of which about #bg_/ce are chloride of sodium1 and the remainder chiefly chloride of magnesium and sulphate of magnesium4 ,the average proportion of organic carbon and nitrogen in #bc samples of sea water was #bgh carbon1 #afe nitrogen1 as compared with ,thames water averages of #bjc parts carbon1 #jcc nitrogen1 in #ajj1jjj parts of water4 ,analysis of sea water 7,british ,channel71 by ,dr ,schweitzer1 of ,brighton3---- #ajjj gr4 contained---- ,grains ,water #ifcgde ,chloride of sodium #bhjei ,chloride of potassium #jgff ,chloride of magnesium #cfff ,bromide of magnesium #jjbi ,sulphate of magnesium #bbif ,sulphate of calcium #adjf ,carbonate of calcium #jjcc ---------------- #ajjj ,pur4 ,pure water is perfectly transparent1 odourless1 and colourless1 and evaporates without residue1 or even leaving a stain behind4 ,the purest natural water is that obtained by melting snow or frozen rain1 that has fallen at some distance from any town4 ,absolutely pure water can only be obtained by the union of its gaseous constituents2 but water sufficiently pure for all purposes may be procured by the careful distillation of common water4 ,among the methods adopted for improving the quality of water are3 7a7 ,for reducing the amount of organic and suspended matter4----#a4 ,filtration through or agitation with coarsely powdered1 freshly burnt charcoal1 either animal or vegetable1 but preferably the former4 ,when in good condition a filter of animal charcoal will not only remove suspended matter in water1 but will considerably reduce the amount of organic matter1 and also the calcareous and gaseous impurities held in solution2 but it1 however1 loses its power of removing lime in a week or two1 and of abstracting the organic matter in about three to four months1 and then becomes foul1 and requires to be recharged4 ,spongy metallic iron is more energetic in its action than charcoal1 and remains serviceable for a twelvemonth4 #b4 ,free exposure to the action of the air1 by which the organic matters become oxidised and insoluble1 and speedily subside4 ,this may be easily effected by agitating the water in contact with fresh air1 or by forcing air through it by means of bellows4 #c4 ,the addition of a little sulphuric acid has a like effect2 #ae or #bj drops are usually sufficient for a gallon4 ,this addition may be advantageously made to water intended for filtration through charcoal1 by which plan at least #b_/c of the latter may be saved4 7,lowitz47 #d4 ,an ounce of powdered alum 7dissolved71 well agitated with a hogshead or more of foul water1 will purify it in the course of a few hours1 when the clear portion may be decanted4 ,when the water is very putrid about #a_/b dr4 7or even #a dr4 per gall47 may be employed2 any alum that may be left in solution may be precipitated by the cautious addition of an equivalent proportion of carbonate of sodium4 #e4 ,a solution of ferric sulphate acts in the same way as alum2 a few drops are sufficient for a gallon4 #f4 ,agitation with about #a_/b to #a per cent4 of finely powdered black oxide of manganese has similar effect to the last4 #g4 ,the addition of a little aqueous chlorine1 or chlorine gas1 to foul water1 cleanses it immediately4 ,this method has the advantage of the water being perfectly freed from any excess of the precipitant by heat4 7b7 ,for reducing amount of inorganic matter4----#a4 ,distillation separates all non-volatile matter1 including organised bodies4 ,it is used to obtain a potable water from sea water4 ,the waste heat of the cook's galley is amply sufficient for this purpose4 ,there are several patent contrivances for the distillation of water on ship board4 #b4 ,hard water may be softened by adding carbonate of soda to the water so long as it turns milky4 ,the precipitation of the hardening ingredients1 lime and magnesia1 is most rapid when the water is heated4 ,the water cannot be used for drinking purposes1 from the unpleasant flavour of the carbonate of soda4 ,when used on a hard water intended for washing1 it effects a saving of soap equal to about fifteen times its own cost4 ,sea water can be made fit for washing by this means4 ,it removes both the 8temporary0 hardness1 due to carbonates of calcium and magnesium1 and the 8permanent10 due to the sulphates1 chlorides1 and nitrates of these metals4 #c4 ,hard water may be both aerated and softened by the addition of a few grains of bicarbonate of potassium per gallon1 followed by half as much lime juice or tartaric acid as is sufficient to saturate the alkali in the carbonate thus added4 #d4 ,the 8temporary0 hardness may be nearly removed by ebullition1 or1 as recommended by ,professor ,clarke1 by mixing the hard water with lime water1 when the calcium combines with the excess of carbonic acid1 which previously rendered the carbonate of calcium soluble1 and is precipitated as carbonate 7chalk71 together with the carbonate originally present4 ,this method removes1 at the same time1 much of the organic matter1 and carries down suspended matter4 ,the water is often made more palatable than before4 ,the directions are3----,for every degree of hardness on ,clarke's scale each #ajjj gallons of water to be softened requires one ounce of quicklime4 ,slake the lime and work up to a thin cream with water and pour into the cistern1 which already contains at least #ej gallons of water to be softened4 ,then add the remainder of the #ajjj gallons in such a way as to stir up and mix uniformly with the contents of the cistern4 ,in about three hours the milky water is clear enough for washing4 ,after twelve hours' rest the water is fit to drink4 ,if the exact hardness of the water is not known1 water may be added to the milk of lime till1 on adding a drop of nitrate of silver to a cupful of the cistern water1 the brown tint indicative of an excess of lime is replaced by a very faint yellow4 #e4 ,to save boilers from scaling1 water intended for steam purposes is sometimes treated with lime to remove carbonates1 and then the sulphate of calcium 7which forms a very tenacious scale7 is decomposed with baric chloride 7,haen's process74 ,the precipitated mineral matter may also be prevented from forming a scale or fur by adding organic substances1 such as potatoes1 sound or otherwise1 swedes1 mangolds1 or other vegetable4 ,oak bark1 spent tan1 sawdust2 and their decoctions are efficacious on account of the tannic acid they contain1 but they attack the boiler plates at the same time4 ,zinc suspended in the water is said to answer well4 ,it has been recommended to polish the inside of the boiler plates with black lead or coat it with linseed oil and dissolved india rubber4 ,numerous chemical preparations1 most of which do more harm than good1 are also sold4 ,tests 7,physical74----#a4 ,to observe colour1 stand in tall colourless glass cylinder on white ground4 ,if very turbid allow to settle1 and examine sediment by microscope for evidence of sewage contamination 7linen fibres1 hairs1 epithelium7 and for moving organisms4 ,slight turbidity is best noted by filling a clean quart flask and holding it towards the light with some dark object as a window pane between4 ,taste and odour most marked when the water is made lukewarm4 #b4 ,for poisonous metals add one drop of strong colourless ammonium sulphide to about #ajjj grains of water in glass cylinder1 and observe if liquid darkens4 ,if the coloration or precipitate disappears on adding acid1 it is iron2 if it remains1 lead or copper is present1 either of which condemns the water4 #c4 ,for chlorine add couple of drops of nitric acid to a little of the water and a crystal or drop of solution of nitrate of silver4 ,if the water turns very milky it is a bad sign2 make1 if possible1 a comparative experiment with water of known composition4 #d4 ,the residuum1 if any1 of evaporation is impurity2 if it be organic matter1 smoke and a peculiar odour will be evolved1 as the residue becomes dry and charred4 #e4 ,neither litmus1 syrup of violets1 nor turmeric are discoloured or affected when moistened with pure water2 if the first two are reddened it indicates an acid2 if the litmus is turned blue or the turmeric is turned brown1 an alkali is present4 #f4 ,if a precipitate is formed or a fur or crust deposited on the vessel during ebullition it indicates the presence of carbonates of calcium1 magnesium1 or iron4 #g4 ,calcium salts produce a white precipitate with oxalate of ammonium4 #h4 ,the liquid filtered off from #g1 on standing with phosphate of sodium and ammonium 7microcosmic salt71 gives a white precipitate if magnesium be present4 #aj4 ,tincture or infusion of galls turns water containing iron black4 ,when this takes place both before and after the water has been boiled1 the metal is present under the form of sulphate2 but if it only occurs before boiling1 then ferrous carbonate may be suspected1 and it will be precipitated as a reddish powder by exposure to air and heat4 #aa4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium gives a dark blue precipitate in water containing a ferric salt2 and a white one1 turning blue by exposure to the air1 in water containing a ferrous salt4 #ab4 ,if sulphuric acid be run into water and allowed to cool1 and a crystal of sulphate of iron dropped into the water1 a dark brown cloud round the crystal indicates nitrates2 the bleaching of indigo added to the hot mixture of equal parts water and pure oil of vitriol also indicates the presence of these salts4 #ac4 ,sulphuric acid or sulphates is indicated by a soluble salt of barium throwing down a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid4 ,water1 ,quantitative ,analysis of4----,the quantitative analysis of potable water is confined to the following3 total residue1 hardness temporary and permanent1 chlorine1 ammonia1 nitrates and nitrites1 and organic matter4 ,of these1 all but the first two are intended to throw light on the organic contamination of the water4 ,chlorine1 ammonia1 and nitrates and nitrites are in themselves innocuous substances1 but are estimated because they supplement the somewhat imperfect information obtained from the organic matter itself4 ,a sewage-polluted supply being an agent in propagating zymotic diseases1 a knowledge of the source of the organic matter in a water is of the highest importance4 ,before passing to the mode of estimating the above items it may be desirable to explain the object of each analysis and the interpretation which may be placed on the results4 ,total solid residue includes all the substance1 organic or mineral1 dissolved in the water4 ,everything beyond the two gases which enter into the combination of the water being useless1 the #8residue' of a water is sometimes called the #8total solid impurity4' ,the less residue left by a water on evaporation the better1 but a water need not be objected to for drinking purposes till the residue reaches #dj grains per gallon4 ,for raising steam a water should not contain more than #bj grains1 and should be1 if possible1 much less4 ,the hardness1 or soap-wasting power of a water1 is chiefly determined on economic grounds4 ,unless the hardness is very excessive1 the hardness or softness of the water does not appear to materially affect the health of the consumer4 ,hardness is caused by salts of lime and magnesia4 ,if the property of hardness be caused by the presence of bicarbonates of the above substances1 the water is said to be #8temporarily' hard1 for by boiling or adding lime as above described1 the hardness may be reduced without affecting the potability of the supply2 but when the hardness is due to calcium or magnesium sulphates it is called #8permanent' hardness1 for it is not then practicable to remove the hardening ingredients without adding some more objectionable substance4 ,the average hardness of the four classes of pure water is shown in the analyses given above4 ,thames water has a total hardness of #ae1 ,loch ,katrine water1 as supplied to ,glasgow1 #jgj1 on ,clarke's scale4 ,chlorine4----,except in places near the sea1 or in salt-bearing strata1 an unpolluted water does not contain more than the merest trace of chlorine4 ,sewage1 however1 contains a large quantity of chlorine as sodic chloride 7common salt7 derived from the salt used in cooking1 c4 ,hence a mixture of sewage with water becomes known by the quantity of chlorine present4 ,it is not safe to drink a water containing such an excessive quantity of chlorine as #d grains per gallon4 ,the chlorine in ,ullswater and ,thames water is #g and #aa grains per gallon respectively4 ,sewage has about #h grains on the average4 ,ammonia4----,this determination acquires significance because it is one of the early substances produced by the decomposition of animal matter4 ,it therefore indicates1 when present in large quantities1 recent contamination by sewage4 ,rain always contains a small amount of ammonia1 and deep wells occasionally show ammonia derived from the reduction of nitrates by the oxygen-seeking organic matter4 ,the above inferences must1 therefore1 be applied with caution4 ,nitrates and ,nitrites result from the oxidation of animal matter4 ,vegetable substances1 under like conditions1 yield none or but mere traces of these compounds4 ,the presence of nitrates is a most unfavorable sign in a shallow well or river water1 because the conditions to which these waters are subjected are so variable that there is a constant liability of the purifying processes diminishing1 and allowing the sewage1 now only represented by innoxious nitrates1 to appear in its dangerous1 unoxidised condition4 ,dr ,frankland takes the sum of the nitrogen existing in the water as ammonia and as nitrites and nitrates1 as a sort of measure of the minimum amount of animal or sewage matter destroyed4 ,the amount due to sewage or animal matter is considered to be all over #jcb part per #ajj1jjj 7or #jbb gr4 per gallon71 which is the average of #8inorganic nitrogen' natural to unpolluted rain water4 ,dr ,frankland also expresses this #8previous sewage or animal contamination1' in terms of ,london sewage containing #aj parts of nitrogen in #ajj1jjj parts of liquid1 by multiplying the above-named corrected sum by #aj1jjj4 ,thus1 a water containing #a part per #ajj1jjj 7#g gr4 per gall47 of #8inorganic nitrogen' would have a #8previous sewage or animal contamination' of #ifhj parts per #ajj1jjj1 for it would have required #ajj1jjj 7#a - #jcb7_/aj #ifhj parts of ,london sewage to produce an amount of nitrogen equal to that found by analysis4 ,a water which contains over #bj1jjj parts of previous sewage contamination 7#ae grains of inorganic nitrogen7 is said to be dangerous4 ,all other waters containing more inorganic nitrogen than in rain are said to be #8doubtful' except springs and deep well waters containing less than #aj1jjj parts of previous sewage contamination per #ajj1jjj1 and such shallow wells and running water which from their source may be taken to be free from sewage4 ,organic matter4----,there is no method by which the actual weight of organic matter can be determined1 still less is it possible to say how much is likely to be actually injurious organic matter1 but there are several means of measuring the proportionate amount of organic contamination4 ,dr ,frankland determines the amount of carbon and nitrogen in the organic matter4 ,the smaller the amount of these elements the better the water1 and the less the amount of nitrogen1 especially in proportion to organic carbon1 the less chance of animal matter4 ,a good drinking water will not have more than #b parts in #ajj1jjj 7#ad gr4 per gall47 of carbon1 or #jc part of organic nitrogen in #ajj1jjj parts 7#jb gr4 per gall47 of the water4 ,the amount of putrescent matter may be estimated by the amount of oxygen consumed in destroying it4 ,dr ,tidy 7#8,chem4 ,soc4 ,jour41' ,january1 #ahgi7 considers that1 speaking generally1 waters requiring #je part per #ajj1jjj 7#jce gr4 per gall47 to be of great organic purity2 #ae part 7#a gr4 per gall47 waters of medium purity2 waters of doubtful purity1 from #ae to #ba part per #ajj1jjj 7#ae gr4 per gallon74 ,impure waters1 all above #ae gr4 per gall4 ,the proportion of albuminous substances present is measured by ,mr ,wanklyn by the amount of ammonia set free by alkaline permanganate4 ,a water containing over #ae part per million albuminoid ammonia condemns a water absolutely 7#8,wanklyn's ,water ,analysis1' #dth edit41 p4 #ed72 #aj part per million with little free ammonia1 or #je part albuminoid ammonia with much free ammonia1 is #8suspicious4' ,a water with less than #je part albuminoid ammonia belongs to the class of very pure waters4 ,of course the above data are not hard and fast lines1 but serve as aid to a judgment which may be modified by other circumstances connected with the analysis1 and the source of the water4 ,methods of ,analysis4 ,total solid residue4----#ajjj grains are evaporated to dryness in a platinum dish over a water bath and residue dried in an oven at #bab ,f4 for an hour1 or until the weight is constant4 ,the increase in weight of the platinum vessel multiplied by #gj gives the number of grains of total solid residue per gallon4 ,hardness is determined by a solution of soap of which #cbj grain-measure will soften a water of #af of hardness4 ,each degree of hardness represents an amount of soap-destroying matter equivalent to #a grain of chalk per gallon4 #ajjj measured grains of the water are measured into a narrow-mouthed six or eight ounce stoppered bottle1 then well shaken1 and the air sucked out by means of a piece of glass tube4 ,the standard soap solution is now run in #aj grains at a time1 shaking well between each addition until there is formed over the whole surface a lather which1 when the bottle is placed upon its side1 shall last just five minutes4 ,the number of grain-measures used will indicate the hardness of the water by reference to ,table ,a4 ,should1 however1 the permanent lather not be formed before #cbj measures of soap solution have been added1 a second trial must be made1 in which only #ejj grain-measures of the water are taken1 to which a like amount of recently-boiled distilled water is added4 ,the degree of hardness now obtained must be multiplied by #b4 ,with very hard waters it is necessary to dilute still further1 say #bej grains to #gej of distilled1 and multiplying the result by #d4 ,if the number of soap-measures does not correspond with any degree on the table1 observe which numbers it falls between4 ,the degree corresponding to the lower of these soap volumes will be the whole number in the answer2 the fraction will be the difference between the observed number of measures and the next lower on the table1 divided by the difference 7given in column #c7 between the figure above and below it4 ,thus1 if #ad measures were used the hardness would be #fb1 #acf measures being equivalent to #f degrees1 and the fraction being #ad - #acf_/acf - #aaf #d_/bj #b4 ,the hardness of the water in the natural state is the #8total hardness4' ,by boiling for an hour and making up loss by evaporation with boiled distilled water and again determining the hardness1 the #8permanent hardness' is found4 ,that which has been removed by the boiling is the temporary hardness4 ,,table ,a4 ,soap test measures corresponding to one thousand measures of water of each degree of hardness4 ,degree of ,soap test ,difference4 hardness4 measures4 #j #ad #ah #a #cb #bb #b #ed #bb #c #gf #bj #d #if #bj #e #aaf #bj #f #acf #bj #g #aef #ai #h #age #ai #i #aid #ai #aj #bac #ah #aa #bca #ah #ab #bdi #ah #ac #bfg #ah #ad #bhe #ah #ae #cjc #ag #af #cbj ---- ,the standard water of #af of hardness is thus made3----,pure carbonate of calcium 7,iceland spar7 is weighed out into a porcelain or platinum dish in the proportion of #af grains for a gallon of solution4 ,it is dissolved in weak hydrochloric acid1 and the whole cautiously evaporated to dryness over a water bath1 then re-dissolved in water and again evaporated to drive off any excess of acid4 ,the dish is covered with a glass during the operation to prevent loss by spirting4 ,the resulting neutral chloride of calcium is dissolved in a gallon of pure distilled water if #af grains were weighed out1 or a proportionate quantity in other cases4 ,the soap solution can be made by dissolving good curd soap in weak methylated spirit in the proportion of one ounce of soap to the gallon4 ,a potash soap made as follows is1 however1 less liable to change3 #aej grains of lead plaster 7,emplastrum plumbi1 ,b4 ,p47 and #dj grains of dry potassic carbonate are rubbed together in a mortar and repeatedly extracted with small portions of methylated spirit1 triturating the mass meanwhile1 till about a pint of spirit has been used2 filter and add an equal bulk of recently boiled distilled water4 ,whichever method is followed the clear solution has now to be standardised by the #8water of #af of hardness4' #ajjj grains of the water of #af of hardness are placed into a bottle1 and this soap solution is run in from a burette until a permanent lather is formed4 ,the soap solution must be fortified by strong soap solution or diluted with alcohol till #cbj measures produce a lather permanent for five minutes in #ajjj grain-measures of water of #af of hardness4 ,chlorine4 ,to #ajjj grains of the water add a drop or two of neutral chromate of sodium1 so as to tinge the water yellow2 run in standard nitrate of silver till the liquid acquires a very faint red tinge1 showing that all the chlorine has been precipitated and that red silver chromate is beginning to be formed4 ,the number of grains of standard solution divided by #ajj will give the grains of chlorine in one gallon of the water4 ,the standard solution is prepared by dissolving pure nitrate of silver in the proportion of #dgij grains to one gallon of distilled water4 ,ammonia is always carried out as described in the account of ,messrs ,wanklyn and ,chapman's process4 ,nitrate and ,nitrites4----,these substances can be most expeditiously estimated by the indigo process as follows3 #bjj grain-measures of the water are placed in a flask and a little of a standard solution of indigo added thereto2 twice the volume of pure sulphuric acid is then suddenly poured in from a measuring cylinder1 and the whole shaken4 ,the temperature rises immediately to about #bgj ,fahr41 and the blue colour will probably be immediately discharged2 more indigo1 therefore1 must be rapidly run in till a brown-green tint shows itself4 ,this gives the trial estimation1 but the maximum amount of indigo is only used up when all the indigo is added previous to the addition of acid2 hence a second experiment is now started1 and an amount equal to that previously used run in at once1 and on it is poured exactly twice as much sulphuric acid as there is water and indigo in solution4 ,the second result will be somewhat higher than the first4 ,if the solutions below mentioned be used1 the amount of indigo required by the #bjj grains of water divided by the number of grains of indigo required to bleach #bjj c4c4 of standard nitre represents the grains per gallon of nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites4 ,the standardising of the indigo with the nitrate solution is performed exactly as for an actual water4 ,the requisites are a solution of pure potassium nitrate of known strength1 say #adddb gr4 of nitre 7equivalent to #b gr4 of nitrogen or #i gr4 of nitric acid7 in a gallon of distilled water4 #b4 ,a solution of indigo made by dissolving soluble indigo carmine in distilled water in such a proportion that #bjj gr4 is about equal to #bjj gr4 of nitre solution4 #c4 ,strong pure oil of vitriol2 it must be free from nitrous compounds1 not become turbid when diluted1 and its specific gravity not be less than #ahd4 ,it is important to maintain the same proportion of acid1 and not to allow the temperature to fall below #bej ,f4 throughout the experiment4 ,messrs ,wanklyn and ,chapman's aluminium method is also a very convenient process4 #bjjj grains of the water are placed in a retort and half as much of a solution of #aj per cent4 soda added4 ,the soda solution is made from sodium soda and the absence of nitrates is secured by boiling the liquid with a piece of aluminium4 ,half the contents of the retort are distilled over and the residue cooled4 ,a piece of aluminium foil of about six square inches area is tied to a piece of clean glass rod and sunk in the liquid4 ,the neck of the retort is guarded by a tube containing fragments of glass moistened with hydrochloric acid2 it is sloped1 so that any liquid spurted into the neck will flow back into the retort4 ,after resting several hours the neck of the retort is washed down with pure water1 the contents of the tube are transferred to the retort1 and the contents distilled over1 down to about an ounce in two or three ounces water placed as a receiver4 ,the contents of the receiver are made up to #bjj grains and the ammonia is estimated in one half by ,nessler's test as below described4 ,an exceedingly accurate eudiometric method has also been devised by ,dr ,frankland1 based on ,crum's observations1 that a highly concentrated solution of nitrates1 when vigorously agitated with mercury and an excess of concentrated pure sulphuric acid1 yields all its nitrogen from the nitrates and nitrites1 as nitric oxide1 a compound occupying twice the volume of the nitrogen as nitrates4 ,the weight of gas is easily calculated from the volume measured 7#8,journal ,chem4 ,soc41' ,march1 #ahfh74 ,organic ,contamination2 means of estimating4----,messrs ,wanklyn and ,chapman's method is most generally employed4 ,it depends on the conversion of the nitrogen of the organic matter into ammonia and the employment of ,nessler's test to estimate this ammonia4 ,nessler's ,test4 #ejj gr4 of iodide of potassium are dissolved in a small quantity of hot distilled water1 and to this is gradually added a cold saturated solution of mercuric chloride till the precipitate produced ceases to be dissolved upon stirring4 ,to render this alkaline1 add #bjjj gr4 of potassic hydrate and dilute the volume to #aj1jjj grain measures4 ,a little more saturated mercuric chloride is added1 and the whole allowed to settle1 and the clear liquid decanted off4 ,the test should have a slightly yellowish tint4 ,if colourless1 it is not sensitive1 and more mercuric chloride must be added4 ,standard ,ammonia ,solution4----,dissolve #bgafd gr4 of pure sulphate of ammonium in #a gall4 of distilled water4 ,for use dilute #ajj gr4 to #ajjj gr4 ,it will then contain #a gr4 of ammonia in #ajj1jjj of water4 ,in order to estimate ammonia several six-ounce tall glass cylinders1 free from colour1 are graduated at #ajjj grains4 ,one of these is filled up to the graduation mark with the ammonia to be estimated1 and about #cj gr4 of ,nessler's reagent added from a pipette4 ,the coloration produced is noted1 a second cylinder is filled nearly to the mark with distilled water1 and what is thought sufficient ammonia to produce a similar colour to the first run in1 and the whole made up to #ajjj gr41 and #cj gr4 of ,nessler added2 if after standing five minutes the colour in the second is the same as in the water examined1 the quantity of ammonia they contain will be equal2 but if this is not the case a second trial must be made1 using more or less standard ammonia as the intensity of colour is greater or less than the first4 ,after a little experience1 more than two trials are rarely necessary4 ,examination4 7a7 ,free ,ammonia4 #gjjj grains 7a deci-gallon7 of the water to be analysed is placed in a tabulated retort1 and to it is added half an ounce of a supersaturated solution of carbonate of soda1 made by dissolving ignited carbonate of soda in water free from ammonia4 ,the contents are distilled over in two portions of #ajjj grains each1 and the second ,nesslerised2 if it contains no ammonia1 the distillation may be stopped2 if it does1 the distillation must be continued and tested in portions of #ejj grains till the ammonia no longer can be detected4 ,if there is much ammonia in the cylinder of the second #ajjj grains the first will probably contain too much to be conveniently estimated1 and therefore an aliquot part diluted to #ajjj grains with distilled water free from ammonia should be used4 ,the sum of the ammonia in these different portions multiplied by #aj gives grains per gallon4 7b7 ,albuminoid ,ammonia4 ,to the retort1 after all the free ammonia has been driven off1 one ounce of a solution of hydrate and permanganate of potassium of a strength of #bjjj gr4 of hydrate of potassium and #hj gr4 of permanganate to #aj1jjj gr4 of water is added1 and the distillation continued until no more ammonia comes over1 collecting the distillate in portions of #ajjj c4c4 as before4 ,the sum is the albuminoid ammonia derived from the nitrogenous organic matter4 ,it is of course essential that the utmost care be taken to remove by rinsing or distillation all traces of ammonia from apparatus employed4 ,water which has been distilled till free from ammonia should alone be used in estimations and preparations of solutions1 and the alkaline permanganate should lie boiled for a short time when made to expel ammonia4 8,oxygen0 ,process4 ,this is a useful process when comparing waters of similar origin4 ,it is probably a more reliable measure of the putrescent matter present than the total organic contamination4 ,it is essential that the oxidizing agent potassium permanganate be added in excess and allowed to stand three hours4 ,the following method is very delicate 7vide ,dr ,tidy on ,potable ,waters1 #8,chem4 ,soc4 ,journ41' ,january1 #ahgi47 ,cleanse with sulphuric acid and with tap water two flasks and place in one #ejj septems 7#a_/bj gall47 of the water1 in the other an equal quantity of distilled water4 ,add to each #bj septems 7#adj gr47 of sulphuric acid 7#a part pure acid to #c of distilled water7 and #bj septems of potassium permanganate and allow to rest for #c hours4 ,then add to each flask a couple of drops of an aqueous solution of potassic iodide 7#a in #aj7 when iodine is liberated equivalent to the amount of permanganate unacted on by the waters4 ,observe the amount of a sodic hyposulphite solution 7#ed gr4 in #gjjj gr47 which must be added to each to remove this free iodine 7judging of the exact spot by adding towards the end of the experiment a few drops of starch74 ,the strength of the potassic permanganate solution is #b gr4 of the salt in #gjjj gr4 to #a_/aj gall42 therefore the #bj septems will contain #jd gr4 permanganate1 equivalent to #ja of available oxygen4 ,the experiment 7,a7 with the amount of hyposulphite used up for the blank distilled water shows the amount of hyposulphite equivalent to #bj septems or #ja gr4 of oxygen4 ,therefore the amount of oxygen unconsumed in the water 7,b7 to be examined was 7,b_/,a7 #ja and the amount 7,c7 actually used up was 7,a - ,b7_/,a #ja for #ejj septems 7#a_/bjth gall74 ,then the oxygen consumed per gallon would be ,a-,b x #b _/ ,a4 ,it is necessary to perform this standardising of hyposulphite with every series of experiment on account of its tendency to change4 ,dr ,tidy recommends that in addition to the three hours' experiment one of a single hour duration be executed4 ,the higher the proportion of oxygen consumed in one hour to the oxygen consumed in three hours the worse the water4 ,nitrites1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 and ferrous salts interfere with this test1 and there appears to be a different ratio between the oxygen consumed and the amount of organic matter according to the amount of oxidation that has already taken place4 ,the organic matter of deep wells is proportionately least acted upon4 ,combustion methods4----,the 8,frankland and ,armstrong process0 consists in burning with oxide of copper in vacuo the residue left on evaporating the water1 and collecting and measuring in a suitable gas apparatus the carbonic acid1 and nitrogen1 and nitric oxide proceeding from the organic matter4 ,from these estimations are calculated the organic carbon and nitrogen4 ,this method1 though forming the most accurate means of measuring organic contamination1 is not in general use in consequence of the difficulties attending ,dr ,frankland's method of analysis4 ,professor ,dittmar and ,drs ,dupr and ,hake have lately introduced processes by which the same results may be obtained without necessitating the use of expensive gas apparatus4 ,dittmar's ,carbon4----,concentrate a suitable quantity 7say #aj1jjj gr47 in a pear-shaped flask1 and1 after adding some saturated solution of sulphurous acid to expel carbonates and nitrates1 evaporate to dryness in a glass dish on a water bath4 ,transfer the residue from the dish to a porcelain or platinum boat1 and introduce it into the tail end of a combustion tube1 filled three fourths of its length with oxide of copper1 and having a roll of silver gauze in the front part of the tube4 ,previous to the boat being put in1 this tube is heated to redness1 and a stream of air1 freed from carbonic acid1 passed through it till the gas which comes out no longer renders clear baryta water turbid4 ,the combustion tube has attached in front a small ,v-,shaped tube charged with chromic acid1 dissolved in #fj per cent4 sulphuric acid4 ,to it is permanently fixed a small tube filled with calcic chloride1 and in front of all is a small-weighed ,u-tube the first three fourths of which is filled with soda lime1 and the other fourth with calcic chloride4 ,on turning the gas on gradually from the front to the tail the residue is at last reached1 and burnt in the stream of pure air4 ,the carbonic acid given off1 after being freed from sulphurous anhydride by passing through the chromic acid solution and of moisture by the calcic chloride1 passes into the soda lime tube and is absorbed4 ,the increase in weight multiplied by #c_/aa gives the amount of carbon in the amount of water taken4 ,dittmar's ,nitrogen4 ,an amount of water1 about half that taken for the carbon1 is evaporated in a similar way4 ,the residue is transferred to a large copper or silver boat1 and mixed with about #ej grains of soda made from pure sodium1 or with a mixture of soda and baryta1 and burnt in a stream of hydrogen in a short combustion tube1 which is closed in front by a nitrogen absorption bulb charged with exceedingly weak acidulated water4 ,the amount of ammonia given off is estimated by the ,nessler test as described under 8,ammonia40 ,subtracting the amount of inorganic ammonia the residue multiplied by #ad_/ag yields the quantity of organic nitrogen in that volume of water4 ,a few blank experiments must be made to observe and allow correction for the amount of experimental error4 ,carbon method of ,drs ,dupr and ,hake4#bfa----,this method appears to be very accurate1 but it necessitates a number of minute precautions1 which cannot here be particularised4 ,a residue is obtained by evaporating the water either in the ordinary hemispherical glass dish1 or in an exceedingly thin silver one1 which after being ignited is supported in a platinum hemisphere of convenient size4 ,at the close of the evaporation this dish is crumpled up without being handled and introduced into a combustion tube1 similar to that described under ,dittmar's process4 ,the carbonic acid is absorbed in bright baric hydrate solution1 and the precipitated baric carbonate is1 with suitable precautions to prevent access of impure air1 collected on a filter and washed4 ,it is dried and weighed4 ,the result divided by #aid gives the weight of organic carbon4 ,as another method of estimating the carbon the authors propose to compare the turbidity produced by the carbonic acid evolved from the combustion of the residue in solutions of basic acetate of lead with that produced by known quantity of carbonic acid4 ,footnote #bfa3 #8,chem4 ,soc4 ,journ41' ,march1 #ahgi4 ,pres4 ,the preservation of rain water in a state of purity necessitates the greatest care in constructing the tanks1 especially if the latter are underground4 ,of eight samples of stored rain water examined by the ,river ,commissioners only one was fit for domestic use1 the others were all polluted by animal matter4 ,storage room sufficient to hold #abj days' supply will be found sufficient for the driest district4 ,the small cisterns for service water should not be placed in positions where it can receive the emanation of water closets or sleeping apartments4 ,they should be frequently cleaned out4 ,the best are made of enamelled slate or properly painted iron4 ,wherever possible a water service should be on the constant supply system4 ,for wells the chief precaution necessary is to keep out surface and drainage water by maintaining the walls water-proof for a considerable depth4 ,on shipboard water is preserved in iron tanks or in casks well charred on the inside4 ,water cannot be safely kept in copper or leaden vessels1 and it receives a calcareous impregnation by contact with lime1 mortar1 slate1 or stone containing lime4 ,the addition of #a_/b to #a per cent4 of finely powdered binoxide of manganese materially promotes preservation1 especially at sea1 where the motion of the vessel and the subsequent agitation of the water increases the points of contact4 ,water never putrefies in iron vessels or when some fragments of metallic iron are immersed in it4 ,distilled water should be preserved in glass bottles or carboys4 ,see ,,lotion1 ,,spirits1 ,,water1 ,,distilled ,,eye ,,water1 ,,perfumed ,,water1 and the articles below4 ,water1 ,soda4 ,each bottle of this liquid should contain at least #ae grains of carbonate of sodium1 but that of the shops is usually nothing else but water highly charged with carbonic anhydride4 ,not a particle of soda enters into its composition1 on which account it cannot be substituted for the preparation of the ,pharmacopias4 ,to produce a superior article of soda water1 the possession of a powerful arating and bottling machine is absolutely necessary4 ,the water employed must also be of the purest quality1 the carbonic anhydride well washed with water1 and the corks so prepared that they will not impart their peculiar flavour to the beverage4 ,see ,,powders1 ,,solution1 ,,wines1 and ,,lead ,,in ,,aerated ,,water4 ,water1 ,tar4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,tar4 ,,waters 7,distilled74 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,waters1 ,,odoriferous ,w41 ,,perfumed ,w42 ,,aqu 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,aqu ,,destillat 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,pure water1 charged1 by distillation1 with the volatile1 odorous1 and aromatic principles of plants4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47----a4 #b galls1 of water are put into the still along with the vegetable matter 7bruised1 if necessary71 but only #a gall4 is drawn over4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 #g fl4 oz4 of proof spirit were added before distillation4 b4 ,take of the essential oil of the plant1 #b fl4 dr42 powdered silex1 #b dr42 triturate them diligently together1 and then with distilled water1 #a gall41 gradually added2 lastly 7after briskly agitating the whole for some time71 strain the solution4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as #a1 a1 but adding of rectified spirit1 #c fl4 oz41 before distillation4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d474 ,from the respective essences 7,ph4 ,d71 #a fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #b quarts2 agitated well together1 and then filtered through paper4 ,the following are the ,,aqu ,,destillat of the ,british ,colleges1 with some others1 the quantities referring to a product of #a gall41 to be prepared as above when not otherwise directed4 ,,angelica ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,angelic 7,p4 ,cod474 ,bruised seed1 #a lb42 water1 q4 s41 distil #d lbs4 ,,aniseed ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,anisi 7,p4 ,cod474 ,from seeds1 as ,,aqua ,,angelic4 ,,balm ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,meliss 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,fresh tops1 #ab lbs4 ,,bergamot ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,bergamii 7,l4 #agdf74 ,bergamot peel1 #e oz4 ,,bitter-,,almond ,,water2 ,,aqu ,,amygdal ,,amar1 ,,aqua ,,amygdalarum ,,amabarum 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,bitter-almond cake 7from which the oil has been expressed71 #e lbs42 macerate for #bd hours1 and filter the distilled product through paper previously wetted with pure distilled water4 ,poisonous4----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops1 as a substitute for hydrocyanic acid4 ,,black ,,mustard-,,seed ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,sinapis ,,nigr 7,guibourt74 ,mix #a part of ground black mustard seed with #h of water2 macerate for #ab hours1 and distil #d parts1 by means of steam conducted by a tube from a boiler to the bottom of the still4 ,filter through moistened paper to separate the oil4 ,used externally as a rubefacient4 ,,borage ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,boraginis 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,fresh leaves1 #ab lbs4 ,,camphor ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,camphor 7,b4 ,p47 ,,mistura ,,camphor4 ,enclose #a_/b oz4 of camphor1 broken into pieces1 in a muslin bag1 and attach this to one end of a glass rod1 to keep it at the bottom of a bottle containing #a gall1 of distilled water4 ,macerate for #b days1 then pour off the solution as required4 ,,caraway ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,carui 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d474 ,caraway1 bruised1 #a2 water1 #bj2 distil #aj4 ,,cascarilla ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,corticis ,,cascarill 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,cascarilla1 bruised1 #c lbs4 ,,cassia ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,cassi 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,cassia1 bruised1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,,castor ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,castorei4 ,castor1 #d oz4 ,,chamomile ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,anthemidis 7,ph4 ,g474 ,dried chamomile flower1 #b lbs42 water1 q4 s42 distil #bj lbs4 ,,cherry-,,laurel ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,lauro-,,cerasi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fresh leaves of common laurel1 #af1 water1 #ej2 chop the leaves1 crush them in a mortar1 and macerate them in the water for twenty-four hours2 distil #bj of the liquid1 shake the product1 filter through paper1 and preserve in a stoppered bottle----#b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,fresh leaves1 chopped1 #aj lbs4 7#aj lbs4----,ph4 ,d474 ,to the product add of compound spirit of lavender1 #h fl4 oz12 agitate well1 and1 if milky1 filter it 7through wet paper----,ph4 ,d4 ,p4 ,cod474----,dose1 #aj to #fj drops1 as a substitute for hydrocyanic acid4 ,it is commonly imitated in trade by dissolving #ge drops 7minims7 of the oil of bitter almonds in #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit1 agitating the mixture with warm distilled water1 #a gall41 and filtering4 ,,cinnamon ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,cinnamomi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 #a4 ,cinnamon1 bruised1 #ah oz42 or oil1 #b fl4 dr4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cinnamon1 bruised1 #a2 water1 #af2 distil #h4 ,,clove ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,caryophylli 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,cloves1 bruised1 #c lbs4 ,,coriander ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,coriandri4 ,as ,angelica water4 ,,dill ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,anethi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 #a4 ,bruised seed1 #a-a_/b lb42 or essential oil1 #b fl4 dr4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,bruised fruit1 #a2 water1 #bj2 distil #aj4 ,,distilled ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,destillata 7,b4 ,p474 ,take of water1 #aj galls1 distil from a copper state1 connected with a block-tin worm2 reject the first #a_/b gall41 and preserve the next #h galls4 ,it should remain clear on the addition of either lime water1 chloride of barium1 nitrate of silver1 oxalate of ammonia1 or hydrosulphuric acid 7sulphuretted hydrogen74 ,,elder-,,flower ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,sambuci 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 #a4 ,fresh elder flowers1 #aj lbs4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fresh elder flowers1 separated from the stalks1 #a2 water #b2 distil #a4 ,,fennel ,,water2 ,,aqua ,f,,niculi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d47 ,l4 ,as ,,dill ,,water4 ,,hyssop ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,hyssopi 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,fresh tops1 #ab lbs4 ,,eucalyptus ,,water4 ,syn4 ,,aqua ,,eucalypti4 ,prep4 ,dry leaves1 #a part2 add sufficient water to yield #d parts of product4 ,,hysteric ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,hysterica4 ,compound of spirit of bryony1 omitting the bryony4 ,,juniper ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,bacc ,,juniperi 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,berries1 bruised1 #c lbs4 ,,lavender ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,lavendul 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,flowering tops1 #c lbs4 ,,lemon-,,peel ,,water2 ,aqua limonis 7,e41 #ahag74 ,fresh lemon peel1 #b lbs42 water1 q4 s42 distil #aj lbs4 ,,lettuce ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,lactuc 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,fresh lettuces1 bruised1 #ab lbs4 ,,lime-,,tree-,,flower ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,tilli4 ,from lime flowers1 as melilot water4 ,,lily ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,liliorum ,,convallium 7,ph4 ,bruns474 ,flowers of lily of the valley1 #a lb42 water1 #d lbs42 distil #b lbs4 ,,melilot ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,mellioti 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,dried flower1 #c lbs4 ,,mint ,,water1 ,,spearmint ,w42 ,,aqua ,,menth ,,viridis 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,l4 #a4 ,dried herb1 #b lbs42 or fresh herb1 #d lbs42 or essential oil1 #b fl4 dr4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,english oil of spearmint1 #a-a_/b dr42 water1 #a-a_/b gall42 distil #a gall4 ,,myrtle-,,flower ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,myrti4 ,myrtle flowers1 #c lbs42 water1 q4 s42 distil #a gall4 ,,opium ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,opii 7,ph4 ,g74 ,opium1 sliced and dried1 #a oz4 ,put into a glass retort with #aj oz4 of4 water1 and distil #e oz4 ,,orange-,,flower ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,aurantii ,,floris 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,a4 ,,florum ,,aurantii1 ,l4 8,water distilled from the flowers of ,citrus ,bigaradia1 ,risso1 and ,citrus ,aurantium1 ,d4 ,c40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,orange flowers1 #aj lbs42 proof spirit1 #g fl4 oz4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,,orange-,,peel ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,corticis ,,aurantii 7,l4 #agdf74 ,rind of oranges1 #e oz4 ,,origanum ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,origani 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,dried flowers1 #c lbs4 ,,peach ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,persic 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,fresh leaves1 chopped small1 #ab lbs42 as ,,cherry-,,laurel ,,water4 ,,peach-,,leaf ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,persic 7,p4 ,cod474 ,fresh peach leaves1 cut small1 #b lbs42 water1 #d lbs4 ,distil gently #c lbs4 ,,parsley-,,seed ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,petroselini 7,p4 ,cod474 ,from parsley seed1 as angelica water4 ,,pennyroyal ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,pulegii 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,aqua ,,menth ,,pulegii 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,as ,,mint ,,water 7above74 ,,peppermint ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,menth ,,piperit 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,as ,,mint ,,water 7above74 ,,pimento ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,piment3 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d474 ,l4 #a4 ,pimento1 bruised1 #a lb42 or oil1 #b fl4 dr4----#b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pimento1 bruised1 #a2 water1 #bc1 nearly2 distil one half4 ,,plantain-,,leaf ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,plantaginis 7,p4 ,cod474 ,from fresh plantain leaves1 as lettuce water4 ,,raspberry ,,water4 ,fresh raspberries1 #f lbs4 ,,red-,,ant ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,formicarum4 ,distilled from red ants with water1 q4 s4 ,,rhodium ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,rhodii4 ,rhodium wood1 #a part2 water1 #h2 macerate1 and distil #d parts4 ,,rosemary ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,rosmarini1 ,,aqua ,,anthos4 ,rosemary1 in flower1 #a lb42 infuse #bd hours2 distil #a gall4 ,,rose ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,ros 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,damask or hundred-leaved rose1 #aj lbs4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e474----,otto #dj drops4 7,ph4 ,d47----,fresh cabbage-rose petals1 #a2 water1 #b2 distil #a 7,b4 ,p474 ,,rue ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,rut4 ,fresh rue1 #a lb42 macerate #bd hours2 distil #a gall4 ,,sage ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,salvi 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,as ,,lavender ,,water 7above74 ,,sassafras ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,ligni ,,sassafras 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,sassafras chips1 #c lbs4 ,,sassafras ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,sassafras 7,p4 ,cod474 ,from sassafras1 as melilot water4 ,,scurvy-,,grass ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,cochleari 7,p4 ,cod474 ,fresh scurvy grass1 #h lbs4 ,,spearmint ,,water4 ,see ,,mint ,,water4 ,,spirituous ,,waters4 ,many of the distilled spirits were formerly termed waters4 ,,spruce ,,fir ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,abirtis 7,p4 ,cod474 ,bruised buds of spruce fir1 #b lbs4 ,,stinking ,,goose-,,foot ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,chenopodii ,,valvari4 ,stinking goose-foot1 #a lb42 water1 #f lbs42 distil #c lbs42 #a to #b oz4 in hysteria4 ,,strawberry ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,fragari4 ,strawberries1 #c lbs42 water1 q4 s42 distil #c lbs4 ,,tansy ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,tanaceti 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,flowering tops1 #f lbs4 ,,thyme ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,thymi 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,as the last4 ,,valerian ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,valerian1 ,a4 ,,radicis ,v4 7,p4 ,cod471 ,l4 ,root bruised1 #c lbs4 ,,vanilla ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,vanill1 ,l4 ,vanilla1 coarsely powdered1 #a lb42 salt1 #e lbs42 water #b-a_/b galls42 macerate for #bd hours in a covered vessel1 then distil #a gall4 ,,violet ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,viol4 ,violets1 #a part2 water1 #d2 after #f hours distil #b parts4 ,,wormwood ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,absinthii 7,p4 ,cod474 ,wormwood tops1 #d lbs4 ,uses1 c4 ,distilled waters are mostly employed as vehicles or perfumes4 ,a few1 as bitter-almond1 cherry-laurel1 and peach water1 are poisonous in doses larger than a few drops4 ,the dose of the aromatic or carminative waters1 as those of dill1 caraway1 peppermint1 pennyroyal1 c41 is a wine-glassful1 ad libitum4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,in the preparation of distilled waters for medical purposes the utmost care should be taken to prevent contamination from contact with either copper1 lead1 or zinc1 since these metals are gradually oxidised and dissolved by them4 ,in preparing them from the essential oils1 silica1 in impalpable powder1 is the best substance that can be employed to promote the division and diffusion of the oil1 as directed in the ,ph4 ,l4 ,magnesia and sugar1 formerly used for the purpose1 are objectionable2 as the first not2 only decomposes a portion of the oil1 but the water is apt to dissolve a little of it1 and is hence rendered unfit to be used as a solvent for metallic salts1 more especially for corrosive sublimate and nitrate of silver2 whilst the other causes the water to ferment and acetify4 ,in the distillation of waters intended for perfumery the utmost care is requisite to produce a highly fragrant article4 ,the still should be furnished with a high and narrow neck1 and the heat of steam1 or a salt-water bath1 should alone be employed4 ,the first #b or #c fl4 oz4 of the runnings should be rejected1 except when spirit is used1 and the remainder collected until the proper quantity be obtained1 when the whole product should be mixed together1 as distilled waters progressively decrease in strength the longer the process is continued4 ,when a very superior article is desired1 the waters may be redistilled by a gentle heat1 the first two thirds only being preserved4 ,the herbaceous odour of recently distilled waters is removed by keeping them for some months1 loosely covered in a cold cellar4 ,when distilled waters have been carefully prepared1 so that none of the liquor in the still has #8spirted' over into the condensing worm1 they keep well1 and are not liable to change2 but when the reverse is the case1 they frequently become ropy and viscid4 ,the best remedy for this is to redistil them4 ,waters which have acquired a burnt smell in the #8stilling' lose it by freezing4 ,distilled waters may be prevented from turning sour by adding a little calcined magnesia to them1 and those which have begun to spoil may be recovered by adding #a gr4 each of borax and alum to the pint4 ,the doctoring is not1 however1 to be recommended1 and should never be adopted for those used in medicine4 ,a drop of solution of terchloride of gold added to these waters shows whether they contain any uncombined essential oil1 by forming1 in that case1 a fine metallic film on the surface4 ,after distilled waters have acquired their full odour1 they should be carefully preserved in well-stopped bottles4 ,such houses keep a separate still for each of the more delicate perfumed waters1 as it is extremely difficult to remove any odour that adheres to the body of the still and worm4 ,the addition of the small quantity of spirit ordered in the ,ph4 ,e4 and ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 in the preparation of their waters1 in no way tends to promote their preservation4 ,in general1 the druggist draws off #b galls41 or more1 of water from the quantities of the herbs1 barks1 seeds1 or flowers1 ordered in the ,pharmacopias2 hence the inferior quality of the waters of the shops4 ,they do1 however1 very well for vehicles4 ,the perfumers1 on the contrary1 use an excess of flowers1 or at least reserve only the first and stronger portion of the water that distils over1 the remainder being collected and used for a second distillation of fresh flowers4 ,the most beautiful distilled waters are those prepared in the south of ,france1 and which are imported into ,england under the ,french names4 ,thus eau de rose1 eau de fleurs d'oranges1 c41 are immensely superior to the best ,english rose or orange-flower water1 c4 ,the water that distils over in the preparation of the essential oils is usually of the strongest and finest class4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,oils 7,volatile71 ,,spirits 7,perfumed71 ,,vegetables1 c4 ,,waters 7,eye74 ,syn4 ,,collyria1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from distilled vinegar1 #a fl4 oz42 distilled water #a_/b pint4 ,half a fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit1 or #a fl4 oz4 of brandy1 is often added4 ,in simple chronic ophthalmia1 blear eyes1 c41 also to remove particles of lime from the eyes4 #b4 ,sugar of lead1 #aj gr42 pure vinegar1 #a_/b teaspoonful2 distilled water1 #a_/b pint4 ,in ophthalmia1 as soon as active inflammation ceases2 also as the last4 #c4 ,wine of opium1 #b fl4 dr42 sulphate of zinc1 #bj gr42 distilled water1 #a_/b pint4 ,astringent and anodyne2 in painful ophthalmia and extreme irritability4 #d4 ,opium1 #ae gr42 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz42 when cold1 add of solution of acetate of ammonia1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 and filter4 ,as the last4 #e4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #bj gr42 distilled water1 #a_/b pint2 dissolve4 ,au excellent astringent water in chronic ophthalmia1 weak and irritable1 eyes1 c4 #f4 ,sulphate of copper1 #aj gr42 camphor mixture 7julep71 #a_/b pint2 dissolve4 ,in the purulent ophthalmia of infants4 ,i4 ,,table exhibiting the ,composition of several of the more celebrated ,,mineral ,,waters4 #af fl4 oz4 in the following ,ingredients3---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,nitrogen,carbonic ,sulphuretted ,carbonate,carbonate,carbonate,sulphate, sulphate in cubicanhydridehydrogen in of of of of of mag- ,,waters4 inches4 in cubic inches4sodium magnesiumcalcium sodium nesium in cubic in in in in grains4 inches4 grains4 grains4 grains4 grains4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,carbonated4 ,seltzer #ag #d #e #c ,pyrmont #bf #aj #de #ee ,spa #ac #ae #de #ae ,carlsbad #e #e #ae #he ,pouges #cj #aj #ab #ab ,saint ,parize #bb #je #aae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,chalybeate4 ,tunbridge #jei #a trace #jjc ,cheltenham of ,chalybeate #be oxygen #je #bbg #f ,brighton #bb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,saline4 ,seidlitz #be #jh #ahj ,cheltenham #ae #aa ,pure ,saline ,bristol #ce #ae #ae ,buxton #jb #ac ,bath #ab #jh #ae ,scarborough a trace #bj ,barges uncertain #be ditto ,plombires #bb #jc #bc ,kilburn #ce #hed8 #je #a #ab #cg ,leamington ,new ,bath #jd a trace a trace #ai ,leamington ,old ,bath #jc ditto #ge #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,sulphurous4 ,harrogate #jh #a #bc #jg #be #ac ,moffat #je #jf #ab ,aix-la-,chapelle #ee #ab #db ,cheltenham ,sulph4 ,spring #ae #bce #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,sulphate,chloride,chloride ,chloride ,ferric ,silica4,temper-,total of ,,authority4 of of of magne-of calcium,oxide4 ature4 saline ,,waters4 calcium sodium sium in in contents4 7,repeated47 in in grains4 grains4 grains4 grains4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,carbonated4 ,seltzer #ag ,cold #bi ,bergman4 ,pyrmont #he #ae #jf ditto #cjf ,ditto4 ,spa #jb #jf ditto #hc ,ditto4 ,carlsbad #de a trace #jc #afe #aih ,klaproth4 ,pouges #bb #be #je ,cold #bhd ,hassentratz4 ,saint ,parize #ace ditto #be ,ditto4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,chalybeate4 ,tunbridge #jag #jcj #jjc #jje #jbh ditto #jhf ,scudamore4 ,cheltenham ,parkes ,chalybeate #be #dac #jh ditto #gch ,brande4 ,brighton #d #c #jge #ad #jad ditto #ibi ,marcet4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,saline4 ,seidlitz #e #de ditto #aibh ,bergman4 ,cheltenham #de #ej ,parkes ,pure ,saline ditto #hje ,brande4 ,bristol #ae #je #a #gd #f ,carrick4 ,buxton #jc #jb #jjc #hb #ahc ,pearson4 ,bath #i #cc a trace #jb #aaf #adh ,phillips4 ,scarborough #i ditto ,cold #bi ,saunders4 ,barges a trace #je #abj #c ,ditto4 ,plombires #ae #jc 8 #ff ,vanquelin4 ,kilburn #ee #be #ee #jb a trace ,cold #fdb ,schmeisser4 ,leamington ,new ,bath #ad #ec #ae #jh ditto #hhc ,lambe4 ,leamington ,old ,bath #ah #da ditto #gce ,ditto4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,sulphurous4 ,harrogate #gg #aa #ae ditto #id ,garnet4 ,moffat #de ditto #de ,ditto4 ,aix-la-,chapelle #e #adc #bab ,bergman4 ,cheltenham ,parkes ,sulph4 ,spring #ab #ce #jc ,cold #fe ,brande4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,ii4 ,,table exhibiting the ,composition of the principal ,,mineral ,,waters of ,,germany1 and of the ,,saratoga ,,congress ,,spring of ,,america1 re-arranged expressly for this work4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,grains of anhydrous ,adelheids-,quelle4 ,fachingen4 ingredients in ,auschowitz4 ,ferdinands-,brunnen4 ,kissengen4 ,ragozi4 one pound troy4 ,carlsbad4 ,krenznach4 ,eger4 ,franzens-,brunnen4 ,elizen- ,ems4 ,brunnen4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,carbonate of ,soda #ebddc #deigf #gbgab #chiad #hjfbeabccbh 444 444 ,carbonate of ,lithia #jjijb #jjejg #jjaej #jjbhb #jjdje 444 444 444 ,carbonate of ,baryta #jjjbd 444 444 444 #jjjbb 444 444 444 ,carbonate of ,strontia #jjchg #jjjdj #jjjee #jjjbc #jjjhj 444 #jjeib 444 ,carbonate of ,lime #jdgjc #cjjhe #aggge #aceja #jheee #ahffg #dhahj #jbjeh ,carbonate of ,magnesia #jbihj #bbhfg #ajbge #jejdj #jeiae #abihc #acahe #aahab ,carbonate 7,proto7 ,manganese #jjjab #jjfib #jjjdh #jjcbb #jjjbh 444 #jjaba #jjjgb ,carbonate of 7,proto7 ,iron #jjaba #jbiie #jjbjh #jagfb #jjabj 444 #jacig #jadie ,sub-,phos4 of ,lime 444 444 #jjjab #jjagb 444 #jjjfa 444 444 ,sub-,phos4 of ,alumina 444 #jjjdj #jjjai #jjjib #jjjad 444 444 444 ,sulphate of ,potassa #jjjff 444 444 444 #jdjej 444 #abedj 444 ,sulphate of ,soda 444 #afijbbadijaiahcghe 444 #jabfg 444 444 ,sulphate of ,lithia 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,sulphate of ,lime 444 444 444 444 444 444 #eedhe 444 ,sulphate of ,strontia 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,sulphate of ,magnesia 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,nitr4 of ,magnesia 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,chlor4 of ,ammonium 444 444 444 444 444 444 #jjcfd 444 ,chlor4 of ,potassium #jahde 444 444 444 #jjcch 444 444 #jgbhg ,chlor4 of ,sodium #bhdfjh #fgdgb #eihbj #fibbi #egbee #cbccgcicgccedfiag ,chlor4 of ,lithium 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #jjefb ,chlor4 of ,calcium 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #igceh ,chlor4 of ,magnesium 444 444 444 444 444 444 #cfeii 444 ,chlor4 of ,barium 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #jbcff ,chlor4 of ,strontium 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #jedid ,bromide of ,sodium #jcjfj 444 444 444 444 444 #jccca #jbcjd ,iodide of ,sodium #jaejj 444 444 444 444 444 444 #jjjbd ,fluoride of ,calcium 444 444 #jjahd 444 #jjjad 444 444 444 ,alumina #jjaff 444 444 444 444 444 444 #jjjhf ,silica #jaibb #jejbc #jdcbi #jcedh #jcajd #jjfeg #jafji #jbcee ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,total ,saline contents #cedgcicddgaicadfjfcaffgjafjebeahicjjefg acffhjaij ,carbonic ,acid ,gas in #ajj #aj #aed #eh #aed #ea #ace #if #ab cubic inches ,spru4 #afe ,neub4 #ach ,kess4 #aag ,temperature1 ,fahr4 #eh #di ,mhl4 #abh #ed ,krn4 #hd #ej #ec #dg ,ther4 #abb ,authorities ,a ,b ,c ,c ,a ,d ,a ,a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,grains of anhydrous ,pyrmont4 ,spa ,pouhon4 ingredients in ,saratoga ,congress ,spring4 one pound troy4 ,schlesischer4 ,obersalz-,brunnen4 ,marienbad4 ,kreuzbr4 ,seidschutz4 ,pllna4 ,selters4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,carbonate of ,soda #ecdii 444 444 #jhbfa #gfbaa 444 #dfafb #jeeca ,carbonate of ,lithia #jjheh 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,carbonate of ,baryta 444 444 444 444 444 444 #jjjad 444 ,carbonate of ,strontia #jjjbh 444 444 #jjfgb #jjagj 444 #jjadd 444 ,carbonate of ,lime #bieji #jegge #dggha #eheca #aedfd #eajde #adjjd #jgchg ,carbonate of ,magnesia #bjcij #dhjde 444 #daaee #aedif #jhbce #aejjj #jhdba ,carbonate 7,proto7 ,manganese #bjbhh 444 #jjcfd #jjbjb #jjjbf #jjjcb 444 #jjchi ,carbonate of 7,proto7 ,iron #jacai 444 #jcbac #jjagc #jjcef #jjjie 444 #jbhac ,sub-,phos4 of ,lime 444 #jjjbf 444 444 444 #jjaag #jjjjg #jjajb ,sub-,phos4 of ,alumina 444 444 #jjaaj 444 444 #jjjhh #jjjbj #jjjfd ,sulphate of ,potassa 444 #cfjjj #jjcad #jacgi #jcafj #cfgje #jbigh #jjeic ,sulphate of ,soda #bhehfhibhejj #afjib 444 #beajfagfbbj 444 #jjbha ,sulphate of ,lithia 444 444 #jjjfg 444 444 444 444 444 ,sulphate of ,lime 444 #aiejj #ejbfe 444 444 #aabhg 444 444 ,sulphate of ,strontia 444 444 #jjaed 444 444 #jjcdg 444 444 ,sulphate of ,magnesia 444 #fihade #bcfhd 444 444 #fbcece 444 444 ,nitr4 of ,magnesia 444 444 444 #jajjd 444 #eicjb 444 444 ,chlor4 of ,ammonium 444 444 444 #jjcbf #jjafd 444 444 444 ,chlor4 of ,potassium 444 444 444 #afbef 444 444 #jbfhe 444 ,chlor4 of ,sodium #ajagbg 444 444 #aiffec #jhfhb 444 #abifij #jccga ,chlor4 of ,lithium 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,chlor4 of ,calcium 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,chlor4 of ,magnesium 444 #adgdie #jhdej 444 444 #abbbc 444 444 ,chlor4 of ,barium 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,chlor4 of ,strontium 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,bromide of ,sodium 444 444 444 #jafac #jjjea 444 444 444 ,iodide of ,sodium 444 444 444 #jjjdf 444 444 444 444 ,fluoride of ,calcium 444 444 444 444 444 444 #jjjac 444 ,alumina #jjjbc 444 444 #jjjfi 444 444 444 444 ,silica #jbijh #jacbj #jcgbg #jaaab #jbdbc #jjijj #jbbfe #jcgci ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,total ,saline contents #eafdaghhdhjfaedbbacbgdebadgcjiihjaccbab ihb #cbfia ,carbonic ,acid ,gas in #ajj #aje #g #afj #aad #ih #bj #abf #acf cubic inches ,temperature1 ,fahr4 #ec #eh #ef #ej #eh #eh #eh #eh ,authorities ,c ,a ,a ,e ,a ,a ,a ,a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,authorities3 ,a ,struve4 ,b ,steinm4 ,c ,berzelius4 ,d ,bischoff4 ,e ,schweitz4 #g4 ,camphor julep1 #e fl4 oz42 solution of acetate of ammonia and rose water1 of each #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,for weak or swollen eyes1 particularly after ophthalmia4 #h4 ,chloride of barium1 #cj gr42 distilled water1 #a_/b pint4 ,in the ophthalmia of scrofulous and syphylitic habits4 #i4 7,bate's47 ,from blue vitriol1 #ae gr42 camphor1 #d gr42 hot water1 #a_/d pint2 agitate in a corked bottle1 and1 when cold1 make it up to #d pints1 and filter4 ,in purulent ophthalmia and blear eyes4 #aj4 7,goulard's47 ,from solution of diacetate of lead1 #af drops2 distilled water1 #a_/b pint2 mix4 ,as ,no4 #b4 #aa4 7,krimer47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #bj drops2 mucilage1 #a dr42 water1 #b fl4 oz4 ,to remove particles of iron or lime from the eye4 #ab4 7,marshall's #8,,eye-,,drops1'7 ,nitrate of silver1 #b gr42 dilute nitric acid1 #b drops2 pure soft or distilled water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve2 add powdered gum1 #ae gr42 agitate until dissolved1 and the next day decant the clear portion4 #ac4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,extract of opium1 #d gr42 rose water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolved4 ,in painful ophthalmia4 ,,waters 7,mineral74 ,syn4 ,,saline ,,waters2 ,,aqu ,,minerales1 ,l4 ,our space will not permit a description of these individually4 ,the tables given on pages #agdf-g1 exhibiting their composition1 will1 however1 enable the reader1 with a little attention1 to produce artificial waters more closely resembling the natural ones than can be done by adopting any of the numerous formul published for the purpose4 ,the #8aerated waters' are charged with #e or #f times their volume of carbonic acid gas1 by means of the apparatus employed by the soda-water manufacturers4 ,on the small scale the gas is often produced by the reaction of the ingredients on each other1 in which case1 on the introduction of the latter1 the bottle must be instantly closed and inverted4 ,distilled water1 or filtered rain water1 should alone be employed in their composition2 and for the chalybeated and sulphuretted waters it should be first boiled1 and allowed to cool out of contact with the air4 ,in addition to the tables it may be remarked that traces of iodine have been found in the water of ,cheltenham 7old well71 traces of bromine in the water of ,epsom1 and traces of both bromine and iodine in that of ,leamington 7royal pump74 ,manganese has been found in the waters of ,tunbridge1 ,carlsbad1 ,spa1 ,pyrmont1 ,marienbad1 ,saidschts1 c4 ,traces of phosphoric and fluoric acid have also been found in some mineral waters4 ,it is the opinion of many high authorities that the medicinal virtues of these waters depend more on the minute quantities of the above substances1 and the high state of dilution in which they are held1 than on their more abundant saline ingredients4 ,,water 7,perfumed74 ,syn4 ,,aqu ,,odorifer1 ,l4 ,the simple distilled waters of the perfumer have been already noticed 7see page #agde74 ,they may be prepared from any substances which imparts its fragrance to water by distillation4 ,the compound waters 7eaux7 employed as perfumes consist of very pure rectified spirit1 holding in solution essential oils1 or other odorous matter1 and resemble the esprits1 essences1 and spirits1 before noticed4 ,they differ from extraits in being mostly colourless1 or nearly so1 and in being generally prepared by distillation1 or by the addition of the pure essential oils or essences to carefully rectified and perfectly scentless spirit2 whereas the extraits are mostly and preferably prepared by macerating the flowers1 c41 in the spirit1 or by digesting the spirit with the oils1 in the manner noticed under ,,spirits 7,perfumed74 ,extraits are preferred to eaux and esprits as the basis of good perfumery1 where the colour is not objectionable4 ,the following are a few additional formul and remarks3---- ,,angel ,,water1 ,,portugal ,w4 ,from orange-flower and rose water1 of each #a pint2 myrtle water1 #a_/b pint2 essence of ambergris1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 essence of musk1 #a_/d fl4 oz42 shake them well together for some hours1 then filter the mixture through paper4 ,,eau ,d',,ange1 ,fr42 ,,aqua ,,myrti1 ,l4 ,from myrtle flowers1 #c-a_/b lbs42 water1 #b galls42 distil a gallon4 ,a pleasant perfume4 ,,eau ,d',,ange ,,bouill,e1 ,fr4 ,from rose water and orange-flower water1 of each #c pints2 benzoin1 #a_/b lb42 storax1 #a_/d lb42 cinnamon1 #a oz42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42 #c fresh-emptied musk bags2 digest in a securely covered vessel1 at nearly the boiling heat1 for #b hours1 then allow it to cool2 strain off the clear1 press the remainder1 and filter for use4 ,very fragrant4 ,,eau ,d',,ange ,,distill,e1 ,fr4 ,from benzoin1 #d oz42 storax1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a_/b oz42 calamus and cinnamon1 of each #a_/d oz42 coriander seeds1 #a dr4 7all bruised72 water1 #c quarts2 distil #b quarts4 ,eau d',ange distille et musque is made by adding a little essence of musk to the distilled product4 ,both are highly fragrant4 ,,eau ,,de ,,lavande1 ,,lavander ,,water4 ,see ,,spirits 7,perfumed74 ,,eau ,,de ,,naphre1 ,,eau ,,le ,,naphe1 ,fr42 ,,aqua ,,naph1 ,l4 ,this article is distilled in ,languedoc from the leaves of the bigarade1 or bitter-orange tree1 but the preparation sold in ,england under this name is often prepared as follows3----,orange flowers1 #g lbs42 fresh yellow peel of the bigarade or ,seville orange1 #a_/b lb42 water1 #b galls42 macerate #bd hours1 and distil #a gall4 ,in many cases ordinary orange-flower water is sold for eau de naphe4 ,,rose ,,water4 ,from otto of roses1 #c dr42 rectified spirit 7warm71 #a pint2 dissolve1 add of hot water1 #aj galls42 mix in a #ab-;gallon carboy1 cork1 and well agitate the whole until quite cold4 ,this makes the ordinary rose water of the shops1 and is really excellent1 but it is better for distillation4 ,see ,,waters 7,distilled74 ,,unparalleled ,,water2 ,,eau ,,incomparable1 ,fr4 ,from oil of lemon1 #d dr42 oil of bergamot1 #b-a_/b dr42 oil of cedrat1 #b dr42 rectified spirit1 #c-a_/b pints2 ,hungary water1 #a_/b pint2 mix1 and distil all but #i oz4 7,guibourt47 ,,supplementary ,,table ,,of ,,mineral ,,waters4 ,,apollinaris ,,brunen4 ,carbonate of soda #ife grains4 ,carbonate of magnesia #cci 0 ,carbonate of lime #jde 0 ,chloride of sodium #ceg 0 ,sulphate of soda #bcj 0 ,oxide of iron #jae 0 ,alumina ,silica #jjf 0 ------------ #aiei ,carbonic acid #dgjd 7,,bish47 ,the above are the contents of #af oz4 ,temp4 ,fahr4 #gj4 ,,baden-,,baden4 ,in #af oz4 ,chloride of sodium #afebj gr4 ,bicarbonate of lime #abgc 0 ,bicarbonate of magnesia #jjdb 0 ,bicarbonate of protoxide of iron #jjcg 0 ,bicarbonate of protoxide of manganese traces ,bicarbonate of ammonia #jjej 0 ,sulphate of lime #aeef 0 ,sulphate of potash #jjag 0 ,phosphate of lime #jjba 0 ,arseniate of iron traces ,chloride of magnesium #jjig 0 ,chloride of potassium #abeh 0 ,bromide of sodium traces ,silica #jiad 0 ,alumina #jjjh 0 ,nitrates traces ---------------- #bbjic gr4 ,free carbonic acid #jbii 0 7,bunsen47 ,,friedrichshall4 ,in #af oz4 ,sulphate of soda #dfea gr4 ,sulphate of magnesia #ciee 0 ,chloride of sodium #faaj 0 ,chloride of magnesium #cjbe 0 ,bromide of magnesium #jcg 0 ,sulphate of potash #aeb 0 ,sulphate of lime #ajcd 0 ,carbonate of lime #jaa 0 ,carbonate of magnesia #aaf 0 ,silica #jcc 0 ------------ #aijbe gr4 ,carbonic acid #ecb c4 i4 7,,liebig47 ,,toeplitz4 #af oz4 ,temp41 #ad ,fahr4 ,sulphate of potash #jjih gr4 ,sulphate of soda #jbij 0 ,carbonate of soda #bfce 0 ,phosphate of soda #jjad 0 ,floride of silicium #jcea 0 ,chloride of sodium #jdcc 0 ,carbonate of lime #jccj 0 ,carbonate of strontia #jjbg 0 ,carbonate of magnesia #jjhh 0 ,carbonate of protoxide of iron #jjai 0 ,carbonate of protoxide of manganese #jjba 0 ,sulphate of alumina #jjbj 0 ,silica #jddc 0 ,crenic acid #jjcd 0 ------------ #dhjd 7,,wolf47 ,,vichy 7,grand ,grille74 ,temp4 #ajf ,fahr4 ,in a litre4 ,carbonic acid #jijh ,bicarbonate of soda #dhhc ,bicarbonate of potash #jceb ,bicarbonate of magnesia #jcjc ,bicarbonate of strontia #jjjc ,bicarbonate of lime #jdcd ,bicarbonate of protoxide of iron #jjjd ,bicarbonate of protoxide of manganese a trace ,sulphate of soda #jbia ,phosphate of soda #jacj ,arseniate of soda #jjjb ,borate of soda a trace ,chloride of sodium #jecd ,silica #jjgj ,organic matter1 bituminous a trace ---------------- grammes #giad ,,woodhall 7,lancashire74 ,iodine and bromine1 with chlorides of calcium1 magnesium1 potassium2 more than #a_/b grain of bromide of sodium and #a_/d grain of iodine of sodium4 #aij grains in #bj oz4 ,strongly impregnated with carbonic acid4 ,,waterbrash4 ,see ,,pyrosis4 ,,water-,,closet4 ,there are a number of conditions necessary to be observed in the construction and arrangement of the water-closet if we wish to prevent its becoming a nuisance and a source of danger to the health of the inmates of a dwelling-house4 #a4 ,as regards situation there can be no doubt that1 upon strict sanitary principles1 the closet1 instead of forming part of the house1 should1 whilst within easy access to it1 be entirely detached4 ,owing to various causes1 however1 this isolation is frequently impossible4 ,under such circumstances the closet1 whilst forming part of the dwelling1 should be built out from it1 so as to have as little connection as possible with the rooms1 corridors1 c4 ,to still further accomplish this end the approach to the closet should be through a small vestibule or passage connecting the closet with the corridor1 and opening into the latter by means of a door4 ,where there are more than one closet1 they should be built upon the plan just proposed1 and one over the other4 ,the basement of a house is a particularly objectionable locality for a water-closet1 since the warm house acts as an aspirator1 and thus draws any fetid and poisonous gases there may be in the closet into the house1 and causes them to be diffused throughout it4 ,the water-closet should1 therefore1 always be placed in the higher parts of a building4 #b4 ,as regards construction1 c41 it would be impossible for us to attempt to canvass the merits or the reverse of the numerous designs1 patents1 c41 that relate to this part of our subject4 ,we shall indicate1 therefore1 only the more important desiderata1 which are----,that the pan should be nearly cone-shaped1 and not round1 like a half-circle4 ,it is mostly made of earthenware1 sometimes of metal and occasionally of enamelled iron4 ,the preferable substance is earthenware3 the pan should always be ventilated1 and there should likewise be a sufficient flow and force of water to sweep everything out of it1 and thoroughly cleanse it4 ,the cistern supplying the closet should be kept solely for this purpose1 and not1 as is sometimes the case1 be taken from the house cistern1 as this latter practice may lead to the contamination of the drinking water1 owing to the gases rising from the closet4 ,the bottom of the pan is attached to the soil-pipe which discharges into the drain4 ,the soil-pipe is mostly trapped by means of a syphon valve2 and it is important that the points of junction between the pipe and the syphon valve and the pipe and the main drain should be thoroughly secure and air-tight4 ,furthermore it is imperative1 if we wish to prevent an influx into the pan of the gases and foul air which rise through the syphon as the water runs off1 that the soil-pipe should be ventilated4 ,this may be effected by attaching a small pipe having connection with the outer air to the discharge-pipe just below the syphon1 and carrying it up to the top of the house4 ,another advantage arising from ventilating the soil-pipe1 besides the prevention of the escape of sewer-gas into the house1 is that there is no danger of its corrosion 7if it be of lead7 by the action of the pent-up sulphuretted vapours4 ,the seat1 which is mostly of wood1 should be so arranged as to be easily movable1 and thus allow of easy inspection of the different parts should they get out of order4 ,the seat as well as the closet should always be ventilated4 ,a good and simple method for the ventilation of the latter is to carry a tube from the top of the closet into the outer air4 8,if the closet is in a bad situation it should be heated by a gas jet40#bfb ,footnote #bfb3 ,parkes4 ,the lid attached to the seat should have a hole cut in it1 so as to allow of the handle being pulled up when the pan is covered1 which1 strange to say1 in perhaps ninety-nine cases out of every hundred it never is1 after being used4 ,of course1 in the absence of the ventilation of the pan and soil-pipe1 the result of keeping the seat covered over would only be to fill the pan with malodorous and more or less dangerous gases1 which would escape into the closet when the lid was again raised4 #c4 ,precautions4----,the use of unduly large pieces of paper1 such as cause stoppage and obstruction in the discharge-pipe1 should be particularly avoided4 ,any defect or impediment in the working of the closet should be remedied at once4 ,as a general rule1 servants are very careless in all matters connected with the water-closet2 so much so that the masters of many houses are themselves compelled to exercise supervision over it4 ,during very hot weather1 or the prevalence of an infectious disease in a dwelling-house or in the neighbourhood of the house1 some disinfectant should be added to the water that supplies the closet4 ,a substance that will very satisfactorily answer this purpose is the commercial sulphate of iron known as green vitriol4 ,a pound of it should be put into the tank when filled with water4 ,the same disregard of sanitary obligations so frequently shown in the construction1 site1 c41 of water-closets is more obvious in the case of privies4 ,the ,public ,health ,act not only renders unlawful the erection or rebuilding of any dwelling-house without 8a sufficient water-closet1 earth-closet1 or privy and an ash-pit1 furnished with proper doors and coverings20 but also requires that1 8,if a house within the district of a local authority appears to such authority by the report of their surveyor or inspector of nuisances to be without a sufficient water-closet1 earth-closet1 or privy and ashpit1 furnished with proper doors and coverings1 the local authority shall1 by written notice1 require the owner or occupier of the house within a reasonable time therein specified1 to provide a sufficient water-closet1 earth-closet1 or privy and an ashpit furnished as aforesaid1 or either of them1 as the case may require40 ,although in many large towns and cities a more or less effectual supervision may be exercised by the sanitary inspector in the above direction1 as every one's experience of the usual outdoor privy of a small ,english country town or village1 will suggest to them the extreme toleration prevailing amongst the sanitary authorities in many provincial and rural districts in this particular4 ,ventilation is as essential for the privy as the water-closet1 so also is the thorough trapping of the exit-pipe from the pan1 as well as the cleansing and flushing of this latter by water directly after it has been used4 ,yet how rarely do we find not only all1 but not even one of these conditions fulfilled in the arrangement of the ordinary privy2 but instead an untrapped1 immovable pan 7and in some cases even this is wanting7 covered with filth1 and no contrivance of any kind for a constant water supply4 ,no wonder1 therefore1 that the atmosphere of an ordinary privy should be so foul and noisome as it invariably is4 ,the following specification for a useful description of privy is published by ,messrs ,knight ,co41 #ij1 ,fleet ,street1 ,london3---- ,specification4----,the privy and dust-bin to be built of #d-a_/b-;inch brickwork1 in well-ground mortar of approved quality4 ,two rows of #d-a_/b and #c-;inch bond timber to be built in at back of privy for securing ventilating-shafts4 ,the ventilating-shafts to be #g by #d-a_/b inches1 inside measurement1 of best red deal boards #a inch thick1 closely put together with strong white lead paint1 and well nailed and carefully seamed to the #d-a_/b inch and #c inch bond timber4 ,these shafts to have coats of boiled tar both inside and out4 ,the lid of refuse-bin to be of best #a-;inch red deal boards1 with two strong ledges or battens across them2 to be hung with three strong band-hinges to the sides of the ventilating-shafts1 and the making-up piece between the same4 ,a circular orifice to be made in centre of lid1 between the battens #aj inches wide4 ,the lid to have two coats of boiled tar both inside and out4 ,a #d-a_/b-;inch and #c-;inch frame of red deal to be securely fixed on top of the dust-bin1 as a seat for the lid4 ,a lid over the privy seat to be hinged on at the back1 with a child's seat over centre of large one4 ,the larger seat to be provided with an earthenware circular rim beneath4 ,the earth-compartment to be without lid1 and provided with a pint scoop for each occupant to throw in a pint of the stored dry earth or dry ashes through the seat into the galvanised iron pail1 the contents of which must be scattered over the garden or put in the dust-bin before the pail becomes full4 ,a loose foot-block may be furnished where there are young children4#bfc ,footnote #bfc3 ,the ,earth-closet is described under 8,sewage ,removal of40 ,the dust-bin may be placed at side of the privy if required4 ,the floor of dust-bin to be at the ground level1 slightly inclined outwards1 and paved with brick4 ,see ,,sewage1 ,,removal ,,and ,,disposal ,,of1 ,,drains1 ,,tanks1 ,,cesspools4 ,,water-,,colour ,,cakes4 ,these are prepared from any of the ordinary pigments that work well in water1 made into a stiff and perfectly smooth paste with gum water1 or isinglass size1 or a mixture of the two1 and then compressed in polished steel moulds1 and dried4 ,see ,,painting1 and the respective pigments4 ,,watercress4 ,the ,nasturtium officinale1 a well-known plant of the natural order ,crucifer4 ,it is alterative and antiscorbutic1 and was formerly used in medicine1 but now chiefly as a salad1 or a refreshing relish at breakfast4 ,,water-,,gas4 ,by forcing steam through fireclay1 or iron retorts filled with red-hot charcoal or coke1 the steam is decomposed into a mixture of hydrogen1 carbonic oxide1 and carbonic anhydride4#bfd ,footnote #bfd3 ,possibly a small quantity of marsh gas is also present4----,,ed4 ,to this mixture1 after it has been purified1 the name of 8water-gas10 owing to the source from whence it has been derived1 has been given4 ,according to some chemists the purified gas 7obtained by passing the crude gaseous product sometimes over lime1 sometimes over crystallised carbonate of soda7 consists solely of hydrogen gas4 ,langlois' analysis1 however1 has led to the conclusion that it is a compound of hydrogen and carbonic oxide gases4 ,water gas1 obtained as above1 possesses no illuminating power4 ,this is imparted to it1 by impregnating the gas with the vapour of certain hydrocarbons1 a plan suggested by ,jobbard1 of ,brussels1 in #ahcb4 ,another1 but less usual method1 originating with ,gengembre and ,gillard1 is to place on the burners which consume the gas small platinum cylinders4 ,when these become white hot a strong and brilliant light is produced4 ,see ,,platinum ,,gas4 ,,water-,,pox4 ,see 7,,pox74 ,,chicken-,,pox4 ,,waterproof,,ing4 ,cloth is #8waterproofed' as follows3---- #a4 ,moisten the cloth1 on the wrong side1 first with a weak solution of isinglass1 and1 when dry1 with an infusion of nut-galls4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substitute a solution of soap for isinglass1 and another of alum for galls4 #c4 7,hancock's ,patent47 ,by spreading the liquid juice of the caoutchouc tree upon the inner surface of the goods1 and allowing them to dry in the air4 ,absolutely chimerical4 #d4 7,potter's ,patent47 ,the cloth is first imbued on the wrong side with a solution of isinglass1 alum1 and soap1 by means of a brush2 when dry1 it is brushed on the same side against the grain1 and then gone over with a brush dipped in water4 ,impervious to water1 but not to air4 #e4 7,sievier's ,patent47 ,by applying first a solution of ,india rubber in oil of turpentine1 and afterwards another india rubber varnish1 rendered very dry by the use of driers4 ,on this1 wool or other material of which the fabric is made1 cut into proper lengths1 is spread1 and the whole passed through a press1 whereby the surface acquires a nap or pile4 #f4 ,a simple method of rendering cloth waterproof1 without being airproof1 is to spread it on any smooth surface1 and to rub the wrong side with a lump of bees wax 7perfectly pure and free from grease71 until it presents a light1 but even1 white or greyish appearance2 a hot iron is then to be passed over it1 and the cloth being brushed whilst warm1 the process is complete4 ,when the operation has been skilfully performed1 a candle may be blown out through the cloth1 if coarse1 and yet a piece of the same1 placed across an inverted hat1 may have several glassfuls of water poured into the hollow formed by it1 without any of the liquid passing through4 ,pressure or friction will alone make it do so4 8,we have shown this to numerous cloth-manufacturers1 waterproofers1 tailors1 and others1 several of whom have adopted the method very extensively1 and with perfect success40 7,cooley47 #g4 ,about the year #ahfb a patent was taken out by ,dr ,stenhouse for employing paraffin as a means of rendering leather waterproof1 as well as the various textile and felted fabrics2 and in ,august1 #ahfd1 an additional patent was granted to him for an extension of and improvement on the previous one1 which consisted chiefly in combining the paraffin with various proportions of drying oils1 it having been found that paraffin alone1 especially when applied to fabrics1 became to a considerable extent detached from the fibre of the cloth after a short time1 owing to its great tendency to crystallise4 ,the presence1 however1 of even a small quantity of drying oil causes the paraffin to adhere much more firmly to the texture of the cloth1 from the oil gradually becoming converted into a tenacious resin by absorption of oxygen4 ,in the application of paraffin for waterproofing purposes it is first melted along with the requisite quantity of drying oil and cast into blocks4 ,this composition can then be applied to fabrics by rubbing them over with a block of it1 either cold or gently warmed1 or the mixture may be melted and laid on with a brush1 the complete impregnation being effected by subsequently passing it between hot rollers4 ,when this paraffin mixture has been applied to cloth such as that employed for blinds or tents1 it renders it very repellant to water1 although still pervious to air4 ,cloth paraffined in this manner forms an excellent basis for such articles as capes1 tarpaulins1 c41 which require to be rendered quite impervious by subsequently coating them with drying oil1 the paraffin in a great measure preventing the well-known injurious effect of drying oil on the fibre of the cloth4 ,the paraffin mixture can also be advantageously applied to the various kinds of leather4 ,one of the most convenient ways of effecting this is to coat the skins or manufactured articles1 such as boots1 shoes1 harness1 pump-buckets1 c41 with the melted composition1 and then to gently heat the articles until it is entirely absorbed4 ,when leather is impregnated with the mixture1 it is not only rendered perfectly waterproof1 but also stronger and more durable4 ,the beneficial effects of this process are peculiarly observable in the case of boots and shoes1 which it renders very firm without destroying their elasticity4 ,it therefore not only makes them exceedingly durable1 but possesses an advantage over ordinary dabbing in not interfering with the polish of these articles1 which1 on the whole1 it rather improves4 ,the superiority of paraffin over most other materials for some kinds of waterproofing consists in its comparative cheapness1 in being easily applied1 and in not materially altering the colour of fabrics1 which in the case of light shades and white cloth is of very considerable importance4 #h4 ,a waterproof packing cloth which does not break may be made by covering the fabric with the following varnish3----#b lbs4 of soft 7potash7 soap is dissolved in water and mixed with an aqueous solution of sulphate of iron4 ,the washed and dried soap is dissolved in #c lbs4 of linseed oil1 in which #a_/e lb4 of caoutchouc has been previously dissolved4 ,,waterproof ,,liquid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,india rubber1 in fragments1 #a oz42 boiled oil1 #a pint2 dissolve by heat1 carefully applied1 then stir in of hot boiled oil1 #a pint1 and remove the vessel from the fire4 #b4 ,boiled oil1 #a pint2 beeswax and yellow resin1 of each #b oz42 melt them together4 #c4 ,salad oil1 #a pint2 mutton suet1 #a_/d lb42 white wax and spermaceti1 of each #a oz42 as the last4 ,for #8ladies' work4' #d4 ,bisulphide of carbon1 #b oz42 gutta percha1 #a_/b oz42 asphaltum1 #b oz42 brown amber1 #a_/b oz42 linseed oil1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,dissolve the gutta percha in the bisulphide of carbon1 the asphalte and amber in the oil1 and mix well4 ,obs4 ,the above are used for boots1 shoes1 harness1 leather straps1 leather trunks1 c41 applied warm before the fire4 ,,wax4 ,syn4 ,,beeswax1 ,,yellow ,w42 ,,cera 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,cera ,,flava 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the substance which forms the cells of bees2 obtained by melting the comb in water1 after the honey has been removed1 straining the liquid mass1 remelting the defecated portion1 and casting it into cakes4 ,pure beeswax has a pleasant ceraceous odour1 a pale yellowish-brown colour1 and the sp4 gr4 #ifj to #ife4 ,it is brittle at #cb1 softens and becomes plastic at #hh or #ij1 and melts at #aed to #aee ,fahr4 8,it becomes kneadable at about #he1 and its behaviour while worked between finger and thumb is characteristic4 ,a piece the size of a pea being worked in the hand till tough with the warmth1 then placed upon the thumb1 and forcibly stroked down with the forefinger1 curls up1 following the finger1 and is marked by it with longitudinal streaks40 7,b4 ,s4 ,proctor47 ,it is very frequently adulterated with farina1 resin1 and mutton suet or stearin4 ,dr ,normandy met with a sample containing #bc of effloresced sulphate of soda4 ,the first may be detected by oil of turpentine1 which dissolves only the wax1----the second1 by its solubility in cold alcohol1 and by its terebinthinate taste1----the third and fourth1 even when forming less than #b of the wax1 may be detected by it affording sebacic acid on distillation4 ,when greasy matter is present in any considerable quantity1 it may also be detected by the suspected sample having an unctuous feel and a disagreeable taste4 ,a spurious beeswax met with in the ,american markets1 is described in #8,new ,remedies' for #ahgg1 and is said to have been a very clever imitation externally of the genuine substance1 which it closely resembled in appearance1 colour1 fracture1 bitterness1 pliability1 and odour4 ,upon analysis it was found to be composed of #fj parts of paraffin and #dj parts of yellow resin covered with a thin coating of true beeswax4 ,the specific quantity of the counterfeit article was identical with that of many samples of genuine beeswax4 ,saline matter may be detected by the loss of weight1 when a weighed quantity of the wax is boiled in water4 ,heavy substances1 as chalk1 plaster of ,paris1 white lead1 oxide of zinc1 c41 may also be thus separated1 since they subside1 owing to their superior gravity1 to the bottom of the vessel4 ,the rough mealy fracture of pure wax is rendered finer grained1 smoother1 and duller1 by the addition of lard or spermaceti1 and becomes sparkling and more granular by the addition of resin4 7,proctor47 ,note3 #8,chem4 ,central1'1 #ahgb1 ,no4 #bi4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the publisher omitted the corresponding tag in the text4 ,wax1 ,bleached4 ,see ,,wax1 ,,white 7below74 ,wax1 ,carnauba4#bfe ,the leaves of the ,carnauba tree 7,copernicia cerifera71 a ,south ,american palm1 have lately become a very important source for the supply of large quantities of vegetable wax4 ,carnauba wax is extensively used in the manufacture of candles4 ,mr ,consul ,morgan1 in a paper laid before ,parliament in #ahgf1 on the trade and commerce of ,brazil1 states 8that the exportation of this wax is calculated at #hga1djj kilos2 exceeding in value reis #a1ejj1jjj1 or #afb1ejj40 ,footnote #bfe3 #8,ph4 ,journal1' vol4 vi1 #crd series1 p4 #gde4 ,wax1 ,etching4 ,see ,,etching ,,ground and ,,varnish4 ,wax1 ,factitious4 ,syn4 ,,cera ,,flava ,,factitia1 ,l4 ,a spurious compound1 sold by the farriers' druggists for veterinary purposes4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from yellow resin1 #af lbs42 hard mutton suet or stearin1 #h lbs42 palm oil1 #b-a_/b lbs42 melted together4 #b4 ,as last1 but substituting turmeric1 #a lb41 for the palm oil4 #c4 ,best annotta1 #f oz41 or q4 s42 water1 #a gal42 boil2 add1 of hard mutton suet or stearin1 #ce lbs42 yellow resin1 #gj lbs42 again boil1 with constant agitation1 until perfectly mixed and of a proper colour1 and1 as soon as it begins to thicken1 pour it out into basins to cool4 ,when cold1 rub each cake over with a little potato starch4 ,wax1 ,gilder's4 ,see ,,gilding4 ,wax1 ,modeling4 ,prep4 ,take of beeswax1 lead plaster1 olive oil1 and yellow resin1 equal parts2 whiting1 q4 s4 to form a paste2 mix well1 and roll it into sticks4 ,colours may be added at will4 ,wax1 ,refined4 ,crude wax1 especially that imported1 is generally loaded with dirt1 bees1 and other foreign matter4 ,to free it from these substances1 it undergoes the operation of #8refining4' ,this is done by melting the wax along with about #d or #e of water in a bright copper or stone-ware boiler1 preferably heated by steam1 and1 after the whole is perfectly liquid1 and has boiled for some minutes1 withdrawing the heat1 and sprinkling over its surface a little oil of vitriol1 in the proportion of about #e or #f fl4 oz4 to every cwt4 of wax4 ,this operation should be conducted with great care and circumspection2 as1 when done carelessly1 the melted wax froths up1 and boils over the sides of the pan4 ,the acid should also be well scattered over the whole surface4 ,the melted wax is next covered over1 and left for some hours to settle1 or until it becomes sufficiently cool to be drawn off for #8moulding4' ,it is then very gently skimmed with a hot ladle1 baled or decanted into hot tin #8jacks1' and by means of these poured into basins1 where it is left to cool4 ,great care must be taken not to disturb the sediment4 ,when no more clear wax can be drawn off1 the remainder in the melting-pan is allowed to cool1 and the cake1 or #8foot1' as it called1 is taken out1 and the impurities 7mostly bees7 scraped from its under surface4 ,the scraped cake is usually reserved for a second operation2 but if required1 it may be at once remelted1 and strained through canvas into a mould4 ,much of the foreign wax has a pale1 dirty colour1 which renders it1 no matter however pure1 objectionable to the retail purchaser4 ,such wax undergoes the operation of #8colouring' as well as #8refining4' ,a small quantity of the best roll annotta1 cut into slices 7#a_/d lb41 more or less1 to wax1 #a cwt41 depending on the paleness of the latter71 is put into a clean boiler with about a gallon of water1 and boiled for some time1 or until it is perfectly dissolved1 when a few ladlefuls of the melted wax are added1 and the boiling continued until the wax has taken up all the colour1 or until the water is mostly evaporated4 ,the portion of wax thus treated has now a deep orange colour1 and is added1 in quantity as required1 to the remainder of the melted wax in the larger boiler until the proper shade of colour is produced when cold2 the whole being well mixed1 and a sample of it cooled now and then1 to ascertain when enough has been added4 ,the copper is next brought to a boil1 and treated with oil of vitriol1 c41 as before4 ,some persons add palm oil 7bright7 to the wax1 until it gets sufficient colour1 but this plan is objectionable from the quantity required for the purpose being often so large as to injure the quality of the product2 besides which the colour produced is inferior1 and less transparent and permanent than that given by annotta4 ,another method of refining crude wax1 and which produces a very bright article1 is to melt it in a large earthen or stoneware vessel1 heated by steam or a salt-water bath1 then to cautiously add to it about #a of concentrated nitric acid1 and to continue the boiling until nitrous fumes cease to be evolved1 after which the whole is allowed to settle1 and is treated as before4 ,obs4 ,the great art in the above process is to produce a wax which shall at once be #8bright1' or semi-translucent in thin places1 and good coloured4 ,the former is best ensured by allowing the melted mass to settle well1 and by carefully skimming and decanting the clear portion without disturbing the sediment4 ,it should not be poured into the moulds too warm1 as1 in that case1 it is apt to #8separate1' and the resulting cakes to be #8streaky1' or of different shades of colour4 ,again1 it should be allowed to cool very slowly4 ,when cooled rapidly1 especially if a current of air fall upon its surface1 it is apt to crack1 and to form cakes full of fissures4 ,some persons1 who are very nice about their wax1 have the cakes polished with a stiff brush when quite cold and hard4 ,it is absolutely necessary that the #8jacks' or cans1 ladles1 and skimmers1 used in the above process1 be kept pretty hot1 as without this precaution the wax cools1 and accumulates upon them in such quantity as to render them inconvenient1 and often quite useless1 without being constantly scraped out4 ,wax1 ,sealing4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,red47----a4 ,take of shell-lac 7very pale71 #d oz42 cautiously melt it in a bright copper pan over a clear charcoal fire1 and when fused1 add of ,venice turpentine1 #a-a_/d oz42 mix1 and further add of vermilion1 #c oz42 remove the pan from the fire1 cool a little1 weigh it into pieces1 and roll them into circular sticks on a warm marble slab by means of a polished wooden block2 or it may be poured into moulds whilst in a state of fusion4 ,some persons polish the sticks with a rag until quite cold4----b4 ,from shell-lac1 #c lbs42 ,venice turpentine1 #a-a_/d lb42 finest cinnabar1 #b lbs42 mix as before ,both the above are #8fine1'----c4 ,as the last1 but using #a_/b less of vermillion4 ,inferior4----d4 ,resin1 #d lbs42 shell-lac1 #b lbs42 ,venice turpentine and red lead1 of each #a-a_/b lb42 as before4 ,common4 #b4 7,,black47----a4 ,from shell-lac1 #fj parts2 finest ivory black1 reduced to an impalpable powder1 #cj parts2 ,venice turpentine1 #bj parts4 ,fine4----b4 ,resin1 #f lbs42 shell-lac and ,venice turpentine1 of each #b lbs42 lampblack1 q4 s4 ,inferior4 #c4 7,,gold-,,coloured47 ,by stirring gold-coloured mica spangles or talc1 or aurum musivum1 into the melted resins just before they begin to cool4 ,fine4 #d4 7,,marbled47 ,by mixing #b or #c different coloured kinds just as they begin to grow solid4 #e4 7,,soft47----a4 7,red47 ,take of beeswax1 #h parts2 olive oil1 #e parts2 melt1 and add1 of ,venice turpentine1 #ae parts2 red lead1 to colour4----b4 7,green47 ,as the last1 but substituting powdered verdigris for red lead4 ,both are used for sealing official documents kept in tin boxes2 also as a cement4 #f4 7,,bottle ,,wax47----a4 7,black47 ,from black resin1 #f-a_/b lbs42 beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 finely powdered ivory black1 #a-a_/b lb42 melted together4----b4 7,red47 ,as the last1 but substitute ,venetian red or red lead for ivory black4 ,obs4 ,all the above forms for #8fine' wax produce #8superfine' by employing the best qualities of the ingredients2 and #8extra superfine1' or #8scented1' by adding #a of balsam of ,peru or liquid storax to the ingredients when considerably cooled4 ,the #8variegated' and #8fancy coloured kinds1' are commonly scented with a little essence of musk or ambergris1 or any of the more fragrant essential oils4 ,the addition of a little camphor1 or spirit of wine1 makes sealing-wax burn easier4 ,sealing-wax containing resin1 or too much turpentine1 runs into thin drops at the flame of a candle4 ,wax1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,bleached ,,wax2 ,,cera ,,alba 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from pure beeswax1 by exposing it in thin flakes to the action of the sun1 wind1 and rain1 frequently changing the surface thus exposed1 by remelting it1 and reducing it again to thin flakes4 ,used in making candles1 and in white ointments1 pommades1 c41 for the sake of its colour4 ,block white wax 7,,cera ,,alba ,,in ,,massis7 is the above when cast into blocks2 the best foreign is always in this form4 ,virgin wax 7,,cake ,,white ,,wax2 ,,cera ,,alba ,,in ,,offis7 should be the last made into round flat cakes2 but this is seldom the case1 the mixture sold under the name generally containing from #a-crd to #a-bnd its weight of spermaceti4 ,the #8white wax' supplied by certain wholesale druggists to their customers is often totally unfit for the purposes to which it is applied4 ,spermaceti is constantly added to the white wax of commerce1 to improve its colour4 ,mr ,b4 ,s4 ,proctor states that wholesale houses of the highest reputation supply an article1 as white cake wax1 which is in many cases half spermaceti1 and in some as much as two thirds spermaceti to one of wax4#bff ,footnote #bff3 ,see articles on 8,adulteration of ,wax10 and 8,substitutes for ,wax10 in #8,chemist and ,druggist1' vol4 iv1 #ahfc4 ,,weather1 ,effects of1 on ,health4 ,the #8,medical ,press and ,circular' says3----8,we are in the midst of a severe winter 7#ahgh71 and as hygiene is the order of the day1 we cannot be too particular in impressing upon the public certain facts which are too often disregarded4 ,few are aware of the killing powers of intense cold and great heat1 even in this comparatively temperate climate4 ,those who have been in the habit1 as we have1 of watching the returns of the ,registrar-,general1 well know how quickly the death-rate rises during even a short continuance of cold weather4 ,now that the increase in the mortality affects chiefly the young and the old1 as well as those who are either suffering from1 or are predisposed to1 affections of the chest and throat1 indicates the class of people who should be especially careful to protect themselves against the inclemency of the weather4 ,with regard to children1 the system of #8hardening' them1 by allowing them to go thinly clad1 and exposing them to all sorts of weather1 is a delusion from which the minds of some parents are even now not altogether free4 ,it is thought that if their chest is kept warm1 there is no need of caring about their arms and legs4 ,but that is a great mistake4 ,in proportion as the upper and lower extremities are well clothed will the circulation be kept up and determined to the surface of those parts1 and in proportion to the quickness and equable distribution of the circulation will be the protection against those internal congestions which are but the first stage of the most fatal diseases of infancy and childhood4 ,the same observation holds good with respect to grown-up people who are predisposed to pulmonary complaints4 ,there is no exaggeration in saying that the mortality from these and other affections would be considerably diminished were people to avoid that #8catching cold1' of which they so often and so lightly speak2 and it is a matter of surprise to us that this fact1 of which most of us are aware1 does not lead to more precautions being taken by those who are anxious about either their own health or that of others4 ,to take care that the body is thoroughly warm and well-clothed just before going out in very wet or very cold weather----to keep up the circulation and warmth of the body rather by exercise of some kind than by sitting over great fires or in overheated rooms----to be sure that the temperature of the sleeping apartments is not ever so many degrees below that of the sitting-room----these are three golden maxims1 attention to which would prevent thousands from catching that #8chill' or #8cold' to the results of which so many valuable lives have been prematurely sacrificed40 ,,weight4 ,the quantity of a body determined by means of a balance1 and expressed in terms having reference to some known standard2 the measure of the force of gravity1 from which the relative quantity of a body is inferred4 ,the relation between the weight and volume of a body1 compared to a given standard taken as unity1 constitutes its specific gravity4 ,for the purpose of weighing1 a balance or lever is required1 which1 when accurately suspended in a state of equilibrium1 will be affected1 in precisely an equal manner1 by like weights applied to its extremities4 ,hence1 the construction of such an instrument is not more difficult than its application is important in chemical and philosophical research4 ,oertling1 the most celebrated maker of the chemical balance1 constructs this important instrument in seven different varieties1 more or less elaborate4 ,the largest of these1 with a #af-;inch beam1 will carry #b lbs4 in each pan1 and yet turn with #a_/ajjth of a grain4 ,a balance with arms of unequal length or weight will weigh as accurately as another of the same workmanship with equal arms1 provided the substance weighed be removed and standard weights placed in the same scale until the equilibrium be again restored1 when the weights so employed1 being exactly in the same condition as the substance previously occupying the scale1 will1 of course1 indicate its proper weight4 ,a knowledge of this fact is useful1 as it enables any one to weigh correctly with unequal scales1 or with any suspended lever4 ,small weights may be made of thin leaf brass1 or1 preferably1 of platinum foil4 ,quantities below the #ajjth of a grain may be either estimated by the position of the index1 or shown by actually counting rings of wire1 the value of which has been previously determined4 ,the readiest way to subdivide small weights consists in weighing a certain quantity of very fine wire1 and afterwards cutting it into such parts1 by measure1 as are desired2 or the wire may be wrapped close round two pins1 and then cut asunder with a knife4 ,by this means it will be divided into a great number of equal lengths1 or small rings4#bfg ,footnote #bfg3 ,an elaborate essay on the ,,balance1 in ,watt's #8,dict4 of ,chemistry1' gives minute directions for weighing1 with rules for the elimination of errors4 ,see ,,balance4 ,the following tables represent the values of the weights legally employed in this country for the sale of gold1 silver1 and articles made thereof1 as well as platinum1 diamonds1 and other precious metals and stones2 also for drugs when sold by retail 7,see ,,weights ,,and ,,measures ,,act1 #ahgi2 and ,,measures74 #a4 ,troy ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,grains4 ,pennyweights4 ,ounces4 ,pound4 gr4 dwt4 oz4 lb4 or ---------------------------------------- ---- #bd #a #dhj #bj #a #egfj #bdj #ab #a ---------------------------------------- ---- ,the standard of the above measure is #a cubic inch of distilled water1 which1 at #fb ,fahr4 and #cj inches of the barometer1 weighs #bebdeh troy grains4 ,the carat used in weighing diamonds is #c-a_/f grains 7nearly74 ,troy weight is employed in weighing gold1 jewelry1 c41 and1 under a somewhat modified form1 in prescribing and dispensing medicines4 7,see below47 #b4 ,apothecaries' ,weight4 7,modified ,troy ,weight47 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,grains ,scruples4,drachms4 ,ounces4 ,pounds4 7,troy74 gr4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #a #je #jafff #jjbjhc #jjjagcf #bj #a #cccc #jdaf #jjcdgb #fj #c #a #abej #jajdaff #dhj #bd #h #a #jhccccc #egfj #bhh #if #ab #a ---------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,equiv4 in ,grains ,eqiv4 in,minims or ,equiv4 in ,equiv4 in 7,troy74 ,french measured cubic ,avoirdupois4 gr4 grammes4 drops4 inches4 weight4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a #jfdge #aji #jjcifajee #a gr4 #bj #abie #baid #jgibbaji #bj gr4 #fj #chhe #fehb #bcgffcbi #fj gr4 #dhj #cajh #ebffb #aijacjfce #a oz #dbe gr4 #egfj #cgbif #fcaied #bbhaefgfji #ac oz #gbe gr4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,apothecaries' weight is employed in prescribing and dispensing medicines according to the ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 and ,u4 ,s4 ,but in the last ,ph4 ,d4 and the new ,brit4 ,ph4 it has been superseded by avoirdupois weight4 ,troy ,avoirdupois4 #a is equivalent to #jhbbheg lb4 #a oz4 0 #ajigadc oz4 ,,weights1 ,,foreign4 ,binary ,weights4 7,systme usuel47 ,french4 -------------------------------------- ,french ,kilo- ,grain4 ,scruple4,gros4,once4,livre4gramme4 -------------------------------------- #a 444 444 444 444 444 #bd #a 444 444 444 444 #gb #c #a 444 444 444 #egf #bd #h #a 444 444 #ibaf #chd #abh #af #a 444 #ahdcb #gfh #bef #cb #b #a -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,equiv4 in,round number ,equiv4 in ,french grammes of the ,codex ,avoirdupois ,grain4 metrique4 in grammes4 weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------- lb4 oz4 gr4 #a #jedb #je 444 444 #jhcg #bd #acj #acj 444 444 #bja #gb #cijf #d 444 444 #fjbhd #egf #habe #cb 444 #a #de #ibaf #ejj #ejj #a #a-a_/b #fa #ahdcbajjj #ajjj #b #c-a_/d #ac ---------------------------------------- ------- ,the old ,french grain is equal to #hbj of an imperial troy grain2 hence #a troy grain is equal to #aba old ,french grains4 ,the gros1 once1 and other multiples of the grain1 are1 of course1 proportionate4 ,the new ,french grain 7of #ahab7 is equal to #jedb gramme1 or #hcfebbh gr4 troy4 ,it is said1 in some works1 to be equal to #hgh gr4 troy1 or1 in round numbers1 #i1 but this is much too high4 ,,continental ,,medicinal ,,weights1 in ,troy ,grains4 7,from ,dr ,christison's #8,dispensatory4'7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,scruple consisting of ,country4 ,pound4,ounce4,drachm4------------------ -- ,grain4 #bd med4 #bj med4 grs4 grs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,french #efgjedgjej #eiaj #aig 444 #jhbj ,spanish #ecbfcddcdi #eead #ahdg 444 #jgfi ,tuscan #ebdjcdcffg #edeh #ahai 444 #jgeh ,roman #ebcejdcfbe #edeh #ahag 444 #jgeg ,austrian #fdieaedabe #fgfe 444 #bbe #aabg ,german #eebdhdfjdj #egee 444 #aiah #jifj ,russian #eebdhdfjdj #egee 444 #aiah #jifj ,prussian #edaeadeabf #efdj 444 #ahhj #jidj ,dutch #efiehdgdfd #eicc 444 #aigh #jihh ,belgian #efiehdgdfd #eicc 444 #aigh #jihh ,swedish #eejjbdehcd #egbi 444 #aiji #jied ,piedmontese#dgddgcieci #dide 444 #afdh #jhbd ,venetian #dffadchhde #dhee 444 #afah #jhji ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,weights ,,and ,,measures ,,act1 #ahgh4 ,on the #ast of ,january1 #ahgi1 there came into force an act to consolidate throughout the ,united ,kingdom the law relating to weights and measures4 ,legislation on this subject had been long rendered necessary from the extreme inconvenience and friction to commerce of all kinds arising from the adherence to local standards of weight or measurements2 and from the divergent values in different parts of the kingdom1 and in places more or less contiguous to each other1 of weights and measures often bearing the same name4 ,thus1 previous to the passing of the above ,act1 there were twelve different markets in this country in which when corn was sold by the bushel1 the weight of the bushel varied in each2 and six different localities in which the same thing occurred when vended by the quarter and the load4 ,in some places a score of grain would imply #bj lbs4 but often less1 whilst in others it was not an infrequent transaction for wheat to be sold by one measure1 delivered by another1 and eventually paid for by weight4 ,and the same perplexing and arbitrary conditions attached to the sale of numberless other commodities4 ,we give below the most important sections of the ,weights and ,measures ,act of #ahgh3 ,,law ,,of ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 ,uniformity of ,weights and ,measures4 ,the same weights and measures shall be used throughout the ,united ,kingdom4 ,standards of ,measure and ,weight4 ,the bronze bar and the platinum weight1 more particularly described in the first part of the ,first ,schedule of this ,act1 and at the passing of this ,act1 deposited in the ,standards ,departments of the ,board of ,trade1 in the custody of the ,warden of the ,standards1 shall continue to be the imperial standard of measure and weight1 and the said bronze bar shall continue to be the imperial standard for determining the imperial standard yard for the ,united ,kingdom1 and the said platinum weight shall continue to be the imperial standard for determining the imperial standard pound for the ,united ,kingdom4 ,imperial ,measures of ,length4 ,the straight line or distance between the centres of the two gold plugs or pins 7as mentioned in the ,first ,schedule to this ,act71#bfh in the bronze bar by this ,act declared to be the imperial standard for determining the imperial standard yard1 measured when the bar is at the temperature of sixty-two degrees of ,fahrenheit's thermometer1 and when it is supported on bronze rollers placed under it in such a manner as best to avoid flexure of the bar1 and to facilitate its free expansion and contraction from variations of temperature1 shall be the legal standard measure of length1 and shall be called the imperial standard yard1 and shall be the only unit or standard measure of extension from which all measures of extension1 whether linear1 superficial1 or solid shall be ascertained4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,see further on4 ,one third part of the imperial standard yard shall be a foot1 and the twelfth part of such foot shall be an inch1 and the rod1 pole1 or perch in length shall contain five such yards and a half1 and the chain shall contain twenty-two such yards1 and the furlong two hundred and twenty such yards1 and the mile one thousand seven hundred and sixty such yards4 ,the rood of land shall contain one thousand two hundred and ten square yards according to the imperial standard yard1 and the acre of land shall contain four thousand eight hundred and forty such square yards1 being one hundred and sixty square rods1 poles or perches4 ,imperial ,measures of ,weight and ,capacity4 ,the weight in vacuo of the platinum weight 7mentioned in the ,first ,schedule to this ,act71 and by this ,act declared to be the imperial standard for determining the imperial standard pound1 shall be the legal standard measure of weight1 and of measure having reference to weight1 and shall be called the imperial standard pound1 and shall be the only unit or standard measure of weight from which all other weights and all measures having reference to weight shall be ascertained4 ,one sixteenth part of the imperial standard pound shall be an ounce1 and one-sixteenth part of such ounce shall be a dram1 and one seven thousandth part of the imperial standard pound shall be a grain4 ,a stone shall consist of fourteen imperial standard pounds1 and a hundred weight shall consist of eight such stones1 and a ton shall consist of twenty such hundredweights4 ,four hundred and eighty grains shall be an ounce troy4 ,all the foregoing weights except the ounce troy shall be deemed to be avoirdupois weights4 ,the unit or standard measure of capacity from which all other measures of capacity1 as well as for liquids as for dry goods1 shall be derived1 shall be the gallon containing ten imperial standard pounds weight of distilled water weighed in air against brass weights1 with the water and air at the temperature of sixty-two degrees of ,fahrenheit's thermometer1 and with the barometer at thirty inches4 ,the quart shall be one fourth part of the gallon1 and the pint shall be one-eighth part of the gallon4 ,two gallons shall be a peck1 and eight gallons shall be a bushel1 and eight such bushels shall be a quarter1 and thirty-six such bushels shall be a chaldron4 ,a bushel for the sale of any of the following articles1 namely1 lime1 fish1 potatoes1 fruit1 or any other goods and things which before 7the passing of the ,weights and ,measures ,act1 #ahce1 that is to say7 the ninth day of ,september1 one thousand eight hundred and thirty five1 were commonly sold by heaped measure1 shall be a hollow cylinder having a plane base1 the internal diameter of which shall be double the internal depth1 and every measure used for the sale of any of the above-mentioned articles which is a multiple of a bushel1 or is a half bushel or a peck1 shall be made of the same shape and proportion as the above-mentioned bushel4 ,in using an imperial measure of capacity1 the same shall not be heaped1 but either shall be stricken with a round stick or roller1 straight1 and of the same diameter from end to end1 or if the article sold cannot from its size or shape be conveniently stricken1 shall be filled in all parts as nearly to the level of the brim as the size and shape of the article will admit4 ,metric ,equivalents of ,imperial ,weights and ,measures4 ,the table in the ,third ,schedule to this ,act shall be deemed to set forth the equivalents of imperial weights and measures and of the weights and measures therein expressed in terms of the metric system1 and such table may be lawfully used for computing and expressing1 in weights and measures1 weights and measures of the metric system4 ,use of ,imperial ,weights and ,measures4 ,every contract1 bargain1 sale1 or dealing1 made or had in the ,united ,kingdom for any work1 goods1 wares1 or merchandise1 or other thing which has been or is to be done1 sold1 delivered1 carried1 or agreed for by weight or measure1 shall be deemed to be made and had according to one of the imperial weights or measures ascertained by this ,act1 or to some multiple or part thereof1 and if not so made or had shall be void2 and all tolls and duties charged or collected according to weight or measure shall be charged and collected according to one of the imperial weights or measures ascertained by this ,act1 or to some multiple or part thereof4 ,such contract1 bargain1 sale1 dealing1 and collection of tolls and duties as is in this section mentioned is in this ,act referred to under the term #8trade4' ,no local or customary measures1 nor the use of the heaped measure1 shall be lawful4 ,any person who sells by any denomination of weight or measure other than one of the imperial weights or measures1 or some multiple or part thereof1 shall be liable to a fine not exceeding forty shillings for every such sale4 ,all articles sold by weight shall be sold by avoirdupois weight2 except that---- 7#a7 ,gold and silver1 and articles made thereof1 including gold and silver thread1 lace1 or fringe1 also platinum1 diamonds1 and other precious metals or stones1 may be sold by the ounce troy or by any decimal parts of such ounce2 and all contracts1 bargains1 sales1 and dealings in relation thereto shall be deemed to be made and had by such weight1 and when so made or had shall be valid2 and 7#b7 ,drugs1 when sold by retail1 may be sold by apothecaries' weight4 ,every person who acts in contravention of this section shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds4 ,a contract or dealing shall not be invalid or open to objection on the ground that the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights or measures of the metric system1 or on the ground that decimal sub-divisions of imperial weights and measures1 whether metric or otherwise1 are used in such contract or dealing4 ,nothing in this act shall prevent the sale1 or subject a person to a fine under this ,act for the sale1 of an article in any vessel1 where such vessel is not represented as containing any amount of imperial measure1 nor subject a person to a fine under this ,act for the possession of a vessel where it is shown that such vessel is not used nor intended for use as a measure4 ,any person who prints1 and any clerk of a market or other person who makes1 any return1 price list1 price current1 or any journal or other paper containing price list or price current1 in which the denomination of weights and measures quoted or referred to denotes or implies a greater or less weight or measure than is denoted or implied by the same denomination of the imperial weights and measures under this ,act1 shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten shillings for every copy of every such return1 price list1 price current1 journal1 or other paper which he publishes4 ,every person who uses or has in his possession for use for trade a weight or measure which is not of the denomination of some ,board of ,trade standard1 shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds1 or in the case of a second offence ten pounds1 and the weight or measure shall be liable to be forfeited4 ,unjust ,weights and ,measures4 ,every person who uses or has in his possession for use for trade any weight1 measure1 scale1 balance1 steelyard1 or weighing machine which is false or unjust1 shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds1 or in the case of a second offence ten pounds1 and any contract1 bargain1 sale1 or dealing made by the same shall be void1 and the weight1 measure1 scale1 balance1 or steelyard shall be liable to be forfeited4 ,where any fraud is wilfully committed in the using of any weight1 measure1 scale1 balance1 steelyard1 or weighing machine1 the person committing such fraud1 and every person party to the fraud1 shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds1 or in the case of a second offence ten pounds1 and the weight1 measure1 scale1 balance1 or steelyard shall be liable to be forfeited4 ,a person shall not wilfully or knowingly make or sell1 or cause to be made or sold1 any false or unjust weight1 measure1 scale1 balance1 or weighing machine4 ,every person who acts in contravention of this section shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds1 or in the case of a second offence fifty pounds4 ,,miscellaneous4 ,every inquisition which1 in pursuance of any ,act hereby repealed1 has been taken for ascertaining the amount of contracts to be performed or rents to be paid in grain or malt1 or in any other commodity or thing1 or with reference to the measure or weight of any grain1 malt1 or other commodity or thing1 and the amount of any toll rate or duty payable according to any weight or measure in use before the passing of the said ,act1 and has been enrolled of record in ,her ,majesty's ,court of ,exchequer1 shall continue in force1 and may be given in evidence in any legal proceeding1 and the amount ascertained by such inquisition shall1 when converted into imperial weights and measures1 continue to be the rule of payment in regard to all such contracts1 rents1 tolls1 rates1 or duties4 ,standards and ,definitions4 ,nothing in this ,act shall affect the validity of the models of gas holders verified and deposited in the ,standards ,department of the ,board of ,trade1 in pursuance of the ,act of the session of the twenty-second and twenty-third years of the reign of ,her present ,majesty1 chapter sixty-six1 entituled 8,an ,act for regulating measures used in sales of gas10 and of the ,acts amending the same1 and the provisions of this ,act with respect to ,board of ,trade standards shall apply to such models2 and the provisions of this ,act with respect to defining the amount of error to be tolerated in local standards when verified or reverified1 shall apply to defining the amount of error to be tolerated in such copies of the said models of gas holders as are provided by any justices1 council commissioners1 or other local authority in pursuance of the said ,acts4 ,nothing in this ,act shall extend to prohibit1 defeat1 injure1 or lessen the rights granted by charter to the master1 wardens1 and commonalty of the mystery of the ,founders of the ,city of ,london4 ,nothing in this ,act shall prohibit1 defeat1 injure1 or lessen the rights of the mayor and commonalty and citizens of the ,city of ,london1 or of the ,lord ,mayor of the ,city of ,london for the time being1 with respect to the stamping or sealing of weights and measures1 or with respect to the gauging of wine or oil1 or other gaugeable liquors4 ,,application ,,of ,,act ,,to ,,scotland4 ,this ,act shall apply to ,scotland with the following modifications3 ,in the application of this ,act to ,scotland the expression #8rents and tolls' includes all stipends1 feu duties1 customs1 casualties1 and other demands whatsoever1 payable in grain1 malt1 or meal1 or any other commodity or thing4 ,the fair's prices of all grain in every county shall be struck by the imperial quarter1 and all other returns of the prices of grain shall be set forth by the same1 without reference to any other measure whatsoever4 ,,application ,,of ,,act ,,to ,,ireland4 ,this ,act shall apply to ,ireland with the following modifications3 ,in ,ireland every contract1 bargain1 sale1 or dealing---- ,for any quantity of corn1 grain1 pulses1 potatoes1 hay1 straw1 flax1 roots1 carcasses of beef or mutton1 butter1 wool1 or dead pigs1 sold1 delivered1 or agreed for3 ,or for any quantity of any other commodity sold1 delivered1 or agreed for by weight 7not being a commodity which may by law be sold by the troy ounce or by apothecaries' weight71 shall be made or had by one of the following denominations of imperial weight2 namely1 the ounce avoirdupois2 the imperial pound of sixteen ounces2 the stone of fourteen pounds2 the quarter hundred of twenty-eight pounds2 the half hundred of fifty-six pounds2 the hundredweight of one hundred and twelve pounds2 or the ton of twenty hundredweight2 and not by any local or customary denomination of weight whatsoever1 otherwise such contract1 bargain1 sale1 or dealing shall be void3 ,provided always1 that nothing in the present section shall be deemed to prevent the use in any contract1 bargain1 sale1 or dealing of the denomination of the quarter1 half1 or other aliquot part of the ounce1 pound1 or other denomination aforesaid1 or shall be deemed to extend to any contract1 bargain1 sale1 or dealing relating to standing or growing crops4 ,in ,ireland every article sold by weight shall1 if weighed1 be weighed in full net standing beam2 and for the purposes of every contract1 bargain1 sale1 or dealing the weight be ascertained shall be deemed the true weight of the article1 and no deduction or allowance for tret or beamage1 or on any other account1 or under any other name whatsoever1 the weight of any sack1 vessel1 or other covering in which such article may be contained alone excepted1 shall be claimed or made by any purchaser on any pretext whatever under a penalty not exceeding five pounds4 ,,schedules4 ,,first ,,schedule4 ,,part ,i4 ,,imperial ,,standards4 ,the following standards were constructed under the direction of the ,commissioners of ,her ,majesty's ,treasury1 after the destruction of the former imperial standards in the fire at the ,houses of ,parliament4 ,the imperial standard for determining the length of the imperial standard yard is a solid square bar1 thirty-eight inches long1 and one inch square in transverse section1 the bar being of bronze or gun-metal2 near to each end a cylindrical hole is sunk 7the distance between the centres of the two holes being thirty-six inches7 to the depth of half an inch1 at the bottom of this hole is inserted in a smaller hole a gold plug or pin1 about one tenth of an inch in diameter1 and upon the surface of this pin there are cut three fine lines at intervals of about the one hundredth part of an inch transverse to the axis of the bar1 and two lines at nearly the same interval parallel to the axis of the bar2 the measure of length of the imperial standard yard is given by the interval between the middle transversal line at one end and the middle transversal line at the other end1 the part of each line which is employed being the point midway between the longitudinal lines2 and the said points are in this ,act referred to as the centres of the said gold plugs or pins2 and such bar is marked 8copper #af oz41 tin #b-a_/b1 zinc #a4 ,mr ,baily's metal4 ,no #a standard yard at #fbcj ,fahrenheit4 ,cast in #ahde4 ,troughton and ,simms1 ,london40 ,,denominations ,,of ,,standards ,,of ,,apothecaries' ,,weight ,,and ,,measure4 #a4 ,apothecaries' ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,weight in grains in terms of the ,imperial ,standard ,denomination4 ,pound which contains #gjjj such grains4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,ounces4 #aj ounces4 #dhjj #h ounces #chdj #f ounces #bhhj #d ounces #aibj #b ounces #ifj #a ounce #dhj ,drachms4 #d drachms or half #bdj an ounce #b drachms #abj #a drachm #fj ,scruples4 #b scruples #dj #a-a_/b scruples or half a #cj drachm #a scruple #bj half a scruple #aj #f grains #f #e grains #e #d grains #d #c grains #c #b grains #b #a grain #a half a grain #je ---------------------------------------- ----------- #b4 ,apothecaries' ,measure4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,containing the following weight1 of distilled water4 ,denomination4 ,temperature #fb ,fahr4 ,barometer #cj inches4 ,imperial ,pound #gjjj gr4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,a fluid ounce and the ,one fluid ounce contains multiples thereof #dcge grains from #a to #dj fluid weight1 or #a_/afj imperial ounces4 gallon4 ,half a fluid ounce ,a fluid drachm and the ,one fluid drachm multiples thereof equals #a_/h fluid from #a to #af fluid ounce4 drachms ,half a fluid drachm ,a minim and the ,one minim equals multiples thereof from #a #a_/fj fluid drachm4 to #fj minims ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,the imperial standard for determining the weight of the imperial standard pound is of platinum1 the form being that of a cylinder nearly #ace inch in height and #aae inch in diameter1 with a groove or channel round it1 whose middle is about #jcd inch below the top of the cylinder1 for insertion of the points of the ivory fork by which it is to be lifted2 the edges are carefully rounded off1 and such standard pound is marked1 ,p4,s4 #ahdd1 #a lb4 ,the following new and additional denominations of standards of apothecaries' weights and measures1 were created under the ,weights and ,measures ,act1 by an ,order in ,council1 dated the #adth ,august1 #ahgi4bfi ,footnote #bfi3 ,published in the #8,london ,gazette1' ,august1 #aeth1 #ahgi4 ,,third ,,schedule4 ,,part ,i4----,,metric ,,equivalents4 ,table of the values of the principal denominations of measures and weights on the metric system1 expressed by means of denominations of imperial measures and weights1 and of the values of the principal denominations of measures and weights of the imperial system1 expressed by means of metric weights and measures4 ,measures of ,length4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,metric ,denominations and ,values ,equivalents in ,imperial ,denominations ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,metres4 ,miles4,yards4,feet4 ,inches4 ,decimals4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,myriametre #aj1jjj #f #cgf #j #aai or #aj1icf #j #aai ,kilometre #ajjj 444 #ajic #a #ajgi ,hectometre #ajj 444 #aji #a #ajgi ,decametre #aj 444 #aj #b #igjgi ,metre #a 444 #a #j #ccgjh ,decimetre #a_/aj 444 444 444 #cicga ,centimetre #a_/ajj 444 444 444 #jcicg ,millimetre #a_/ajjj 444 444 444 #jjcid ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,measures of ,surface4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,metric ,denominations and ,values4 ,equivalents in ,imperial ,denominations4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,square ,acres4,square ,decimals4 ,metres4 ,yards4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,hectare1 i4e4 #ajj ,ares #aj1jjj #b #bbhjccbf or #aaifjccbf ,decare1 i4e4 #aj ,ares #ajjj 444 #aaifjccc ,are #ajj 444 #aaifjcc ,centiare1 i4e4 #a_/ajj ,are #a 444 #aaifj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,measures of ,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,metric ,denominations and ,values4 ,equivalents in ,imperial ,denominations4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cubic ,q ,d ,metres4 u ,b e a u ,g ,q c r s ,p a u ,p i t h e l a i m e e c l r n a r l k o t t l s s s n s s s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,kilolitre i4e4 #ajjj ,litres #a #c #c #b #j #jjgg ,hectolitre1 i4e4 #ajj ,litres #a_/aj444 #b #c #j #jjjgg ,decalitre1 i4e4 #aj ,litres #a_/ajj444444 #a #j #jafjgg ,litre #a_/ajjj444444444444444agfjgg ,decilitre1 i4e4 #a_/aj ,litre #a_/ajjjj444444444444444jagfjgg ,centilitre1 i4e4 #a_/ajj ,litre#a_/ajjjjj444444444444444jjagfjgg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,metric ,denominations and ,values4 ,equivalents in ,imperial ,denominations4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,d ,d ,grams4 ,cwts4,stones4,pounds4,ounces4 r e a c m 4 s 4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,millier #a1jjj1jjj #ai #e #f #i #aejd ,quintal #ajj1jjj #a #g #aj #g #fcjd ,myriagram #aj1jjj 444 #a #h #j #aahcjd ,kilogram #a1jjj 444 444 #b #c #dchcj 7or #aedcbcdhg grs47 ,hectogram #ajj 444 444 444 #c #hdchc ,decagram #aj 444 444 444 444 #efdch ,gram #a 444 444 444 444 #jefdch ,decigram #a_/aj 444 444 444 444 #jjefdch ,centigram #a_/ajj 444 444 444 444 #jjjefdch ,milligram #a_/ajjj 444 444 444 444 #jjjjefdch ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,measures of ,length4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,equivalents in ,metric ,measures4 ,imperial ,measures4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,millimetre4,decimetre4 ,metre4 ,kilometre4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,inch #beciied ,foot or #ab inches 444 #cjdgid #jcjdgi ,yard1 or #c feet1 or #cf inches 444 444 #jiadbh ,fathom1 or #b yards1 or #f feet 444 444 #ahbhgg ,pole or #e-a_/b yards 444 444 #ejbiaa ,chain1 or #d poles1 or #bb yards 444 444 #bjaafdd ,furlong1 #dj poles1 or #bbj yards 444 444 #bjaafdcg #jbjaaf ,mile1 #h furlongs1 or #agfj yards 444 444 #afjicadic #afjica ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,measures of ,surface4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,equivalents in ,metric ,measures4 ,imperial ,measures4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,square ,decimetres4 ,square ,metres4 ,ares4 ,hectares4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,square inch #jjfdea ,square foot1 or #add square inches #ibhiig #jjibijj ,square yard1 or #i square feet1 or #abif square inches #hcfjiga #jhcfjig ,pole or perch1 or #cj-a_/d square yards 444 #bebiaici ,rood1 or #dj perches1 or #abaj square yards 444 444 #ajaafggf ,acre1 or #d roods1 or #dhdj square yards 444 444 444 #jdjdfg ,square mile or #fdj acres 444 444 444 #behihide ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,measures of ,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,equivalents in ,metric ,measures4 ,imperial ,measures4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,decilitres4 ,litres4 ,decalitres4,hectolitres4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gill #adaihc #jadaih ,pint or #d gills #efgicb #jefgic ,quart or #b pints 444 #aacehg ,gallon or #d quarts 444 #dedcdf ,peck or #b gallons 444 #ijhfib #jijhfi ,bushel1 or #h gallons1 or #d pecks 444 444 #cfcdgg ,quarter or #h bushels 444 444 444 #bijgha ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,cubic ,measure4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,equivalents in ,metric ,measures4 ,imperial ,measures4 --------------------------------- ,cubic ,cubic ,cubic ,centimetres4,decimetres4 ,metres4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,cubic inch #afchfah ,cubic foot or #agbh cubic inches 444 #bhcaeca ,cubic yard or #bg cubic feet 444 444 #jgfdea ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,weights4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,equivalents in ,metric ,weights4 ,imperial ,weights4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,grams4 ,decagrams4 ,kilograms4 ,millier or ,metric ,ton4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,grain #jjfdgihie ,dram #aggahe ,ounce1 avoirdupois1 or #af drams1 or #dcge grains#bhcdied #bhcdie ,pound1 or #af ounces1 or #bef drams1 or #gjjj grains #deceibfe #deceibg #jdecei ,hundredweight or #aab lbs4 444 444 #ejhjbch ,ton or #bj cwt4 444 444 #ajafjdged #ajafje ,ounce1 troy1 or #dhj grains #caajcdif #caajce ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,weld4 ,syn4 ,,woald4 ,the ,reseda luteola 7,linn471 an herbaceous annual employed by the dyers4 ,a decoction of the stems and leaves gives a rich yellow to goods mordanted with alum1 tartar1 or muriate of tin4 ,see ,,yellow ,,pigments4 ,,welsh ,,rare,,bit4 ,prep4 ,cut slices of bread1 toast and butter them2 then cover them with slices of rich cheese1 spread a little mustard over the cheese1 put the bread in a cheese-toaster before the fire1 and in a short time serve it up very hot4 ,,wen4 ,the popular name of pulpy1 encysted1 and fleshy tumours of the face and neck4 ,,wet 7to keep out from ,gun ,locks74 ,in giving hints to sportsman going to ,norway1 ,mr4 ,lock1 in his book on #8,sport in ,norway1' gives some capital advice on this subject1 which would be equally serviceable in wet weather in ,england4 ,sportsmen will do well1 he says1 to remove the locks from their rifle and gun1 oil them with a little ,rangoon oil1 lay them on the hob of the fireplace until they are quite hot1 and then wipe them as dry as possible with a little cotton waste1 so that there will be no superfluous oil left to clog the works4 ,while the locks are getting hot get a little beeswax and melt it in a cup1 and with the tip of a penknife carefully pay1 as though you were using putty to place in a pane of glass1 though more sparingly1 the wooden ledges where the lock-plates rest when in their places1 in such a manner that none of the wax gets into the places hollowed out to receive the works of the lock4 ,when the warm locks are put back in their places1 and screwed up tight1 the wax will adhere to the edge of the lock-plates and the wood wherein they bed1 and effectually render them impervious to wet4 ,the sportsman can afterwards1 when stalking1 push his rifle through wet grass1 and use his fowling-piece when the water1 after a shower1 drops from the trees upon him as he forces his way between the wet branches1 without fear of the wet making its way into the locks4 ,,wheat4 ,syn4 ,,triticum1 ,l4 ,the ripe seed or fruit of several varieties of ,triticum vulgare 7,linn471 of which the principal are ,triticum stivum1 or spring wheat1 ,triticum hybernum1 or winter wheat1 and ,triticum turgidum1 or turgid wheat1 the last two of which include several red and white sub-varieties4 ,of all the cereal grains wheat appears to be that best adapted for bread corn1 not merely on account of its highly nutritious character1 but also on account of the power it possesses from its richness in gluten1 of forming a light and agreeable loaf by the process of fermentation4 ,according to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 good ,english wheat contains of gluten1 #ai2 starch1 #gg2 soluble matter1 #d to #e4 ,the average weight of good wheat per bushel is from #eh to #fj lbs42 and its average yield of flour is fully #ab-a_/b lbs4 for every #ad lbs4 ,the weight of the straw is said to be about double that of the grain4 ,the produce per acre varies from #ab to #fj1 or even #fd1 bushels an acre4 ,see ,,flour1 ,,starch1 c4 ,buckwheat4 ,syn4 ,,fagopyrum4 ,the seed of ,fagopyrum esculentum1 a plant of the natural order ,polygonace4 ,it makes excellent cakes1 crumpets1 and gruel4 ,in ,north ,america1 buckwheat cakes1 or rather fritters1 are in general use at breakfast1 eaten with molasses4 ,in ,england1 buckwheat is cultivated as food for pheasants4 ,wheat1 ,indian4 ,see ,,maize4 ,wheat1 ,steeps for4 ,quicklime1 sulphate of zinc1 or white vitriol1 sulphate of copper or blue vitriol1 and arsenious acid or white arsenic1 are the substances chiefly employed for this purpose4 ,about #e lbs4 of the first 7slaked and made into a milk with water71 #a-a_/d lb4 of the second1 #a lb4 of the third1 and #c or #d oz4 of the last1 are regarded as sufficient for each sack of seed4 ,the method of applying them is either to dissolve or mix them with just sufficient water to cover the seed1 which is then to be soaked in the mixture for a few hours1 or a less quantity of water is employed1 and the more concentrated solution is1 at intervals1 well sprinkled1 by means of a #8watering pot1' over the seed wheat spread upon the barn floor1 the action being promoted by occasional stirring4 ,obs4 ,the first two substances above named have been separately proved to be amply sufficient to destroy the #8smut' in seed wheat1 and are perfectly harmless in their effects1 which renders them greatly preferable to arsenic1 or even to sulphate of copper4 ,nearly all the numerous advertised #8anti-smuts1' or nostrums to prevent the smut in wheat1 contain one or other of the last three of the above substances4 ,,whey4 ,syn4 ,,serum ,,lactis1 ,l42 ,,petit ,,lait1 ,fr4 ,the liquid portion of milk after the curd has been separated4 ,it consists chiefly of water1 holding in solution #c or #d of sugar of milk4 ,a pound of milk mixed with a tablespoonful of proof spirit allowed to become sour1 and the whey filtered from the sediment1 yields1 in the course of a few weeks1 a good vinegar 7whey vinegar71 free from lactic acid 7,scheele74 ,skimmed milk may be used4 ,whey1 ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,serum ,,lactis ,,aluminatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of powdered alum #a dr42 hot milk1 #a pint2 simmer a few seconds1 let it repose for a short time1 and strain the whey from the coagulum4 ,used in diarrha1 c42 a wine-glassful after every motion4 ,acid whey 7,,serum ,,lactis ,,acidum7 may be prepared in a similar manner by substituting #a_/b dr4 of tartaric or citric acid for the alum4 ,orange whey and lemon whey are prepared from the juice of the respective fruits1 with a little of the yellow peel to impart flavour4 ,,whey ,,powder4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from whey gently evaporated to dryness1 and powdered along with about #a-crd of its weight of lump sugar4 #b4 ,sugar1 #g oz42 sugar of milk1 #b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a oz4 7all in fine powder72 mix well4 #a oz4 dissolved in #a-a_/d pint of water forms extemporaneous whey4 ,,whis,,ky4 ,dilute alcohol obtained from the fermented wort of malt or grain4 ,that from the former is the most esteemed4 ,the inferior qualities of this spirit are prepared from barley1 oats1 or rye1 a small portion only of which is malted1 or from potatoes mashed with a portion of barley malt1 the resulting wash being carelessly fermented and distilled1 and purposely suffered to burn1 to impart the peculiar empyreumatic or smoky flavour so much relished by the lower orders of whisky drinkers4 ,the malt whisky1 sold as such1 of the principal ,scotch and ,irish distillers is fully equal in quality to ,london gin1 from which it merely differs in flavour4 ,the peculiar flavour of whisky may be imitated by adding a few drops each of pure creosote and purified fusel oil to #b or #c gallons of good ,london gin2 and the imitation will be still more perfect if the liquor be kept for some months before drinking it4 ,we are indebted to #8,land and ,water' for the following interesting particulars relating to ,irish whiskey3 8,genuine unadulterated ,irish whisky has1 of late years1 become a great desideratum as a wholesome and agreeable beverage1 and in the article produced by the large and successful company whose premises and business ,i am about to describe1 the consuming public have every guarantee of its excellence and purity1 as far as can be insured by the use of the very best materials1 great skill and care in the manufacturing processes1 and the valuable and extensive buildings in which the spirit is stored until it attains the maturity and mellowness which age alone can confer4 8,no blending process of new whiskies can effect this1 no distiller who has not very extensive bonded warehouses is to be trusted4 ,acre after acre of cellars1 vault after vault1 corridor after corridor1 each and all dim1 damp1 and dark1 and guarded by the exciseman's talismanic padlock----all these are necessary for the soundness of the distillery4 ,for to secure age and quality1 the effect of several years storage in these vaults is required4 ,if you wish to see such store-rooms to perfection1 go to ,cork1 which may be considered the capital of the ,irish whisky trade4 ,even ,dublin1 with its ,jamiesons1 its ,powers1 and its ,roes1 must bow down before it4 8,but what is most singular of all1 one company represents that important branch of manufacture1 and have therefore a good right to their title of #8,cork ,distilleries ,company4' ,a little over a quarter of a century ago there were five distilleries in ,cork----,wise's1 ,hewett's1 ,daly's1 ,murphy's1 and ,waters'4 ,in #ahfg1 however1 an amalgamation took place1 and the present company was started1 and the work of the five distilleries was concentrated into three----the ,north ,mall1 still known as ,wise's 7that proprietor wisely allowing himself to be bought out1 after having made one of the largest private fortunes in ,ireland72 the ,midleton1 situated at a pretty village of that name1 about ten miles from ,cork1 and the ,watercourse1 in the north-western suburb of the city4 ,the three distilleries are capable of producing #a1jjj1jjj gallons each per annum1 which represents an annual duty of one million and a half pounds sterling4 ,their paid-up capital is a quarter of a million1 and a very large rest fund4 ,their works and property are insured for over three-quarters of a million sterling1 and they find employment for about #ajjj men4 8,the ,brewing ,process4----,i shall have occasion to describe each of these three distilleries during the course of this paper1 but it would perhaps be as well to run hurriedly through the several processes of whisky distillation4 ,it may be divided roughly into brewing and distilling4 ,malt and barley1 are1 of course1 the ingredients used4 ,barley as it comes from the market is distinguished by the appellation #8green4' ,this is either steeped and converted into malt1 or kiln-dried and ground4 ,it is then removed to the mash-tuns1 where water is added1 and the whole mixed by revolving machinery4 ,after some hours' steeping1 the water has soaked all the desired properties from the grain1 and is known as wort4 ,this is led away or pumped by a complicated series of pipes to the top of the manufactory1 where it undergoes a cooling process4 ,when of the desired temperature it is conducted to the fermenting vats----vast wooden vessels of imposing appearance ranged in rows4 ,the brewing processes end with this fermentation4 8,the ,distilling ,processes4 ,when this is done1 which generally takes five days1 the fermented liquor is conducted to the #8wash' charger1 and from thence pumped to the intermediate charger1 where it is heated before undergoing the first process of distillation1 which now takes place4 ,the still is a vast copper vessel1 shaped exactly like an inverted funnel1 with the pipe leading to the roof4 ,the #8wash' or liquor from the charger is conducted into this vessel4 ,beneath it are two furnaces1 which soon raise the temperature of the vessel to boiling point4 ,when evaporation commences the steam 7which is the spirit1 and is technically known as #8low wines'7 is conducted up the copper pipe into a refrigerator1 known as the #8worm4' ,this worm is1 in reality1 a continuation of the pipe of the still twisted into regular coils in and about a vessel filled with the coldest water obtainable4 ,by this means the steam is converted into liquor4 ,this liquor passes into the close safe1 a glass vessel somewhat like an aquarium tank4 ,the distiller stands by and watches the running liquor1 and his practised eye and educated palate immediately detects any fault in the distillation4 ,he is not allowed to open his tank1 however1 except by notice in the presence of the excise officer1 one or more of whom are always present in every distillery4 ,through this tank it runs into #8low wines' receiver1 a large tank placed below1 and from these it again passes to #8feints chargers' en route to the #8low wines still1' where the second distillation takes place4 ,i forgot to say that the refuse liquor left after the first distillation is much valued by farmers for its milk-producing qualities1 and is bought up by them for cow food4 ,the refuse liquor from the second distillation1 however1 is only water1 and the refuse liquor from the third and final distillation is water also4 8,the second distillation is like the first----the same process of #8worm' cooling1 conducting1 and charging is carried on4 ,the third still is known as the spirit still4 ,the spirit is now considered perfect1 and is led off to the large vats in the spirit stores1 where it is reduced to desired strength1 racked off into casks1 and removed to bonded warehouses for maturity4 ,such are the processes carried on here----such are the processes carried on by all honest distillers during the last century2 but modern science has discovered that many very common----tasteless1 ,i grant1 but easily flavoured----vegetables will yield ardent spirits1 and there are not wanting those who will take advantage of the discovery4 8,within a ,distillery4 ,but the distillery itself1 who can describe it----its story upon story of granaries----its kilns1 floored with perforated tiles----its steeping vats and its low-roofed malting sheds----its roaring mills----its terrible and mysterious tanks----its inextricable machinery----its innumerable rafters and false roofs----its ladders perched up in inaccessible places----its bewildering passages----and far away1 above all1 its immense chimneys towering up to the sky8 ,but this is not all----the bonded warehouses have to be gone through4 ,the excise officer has to be called1 and the sealed lock has to be broken1 and you enter into the vast cool place4 ,black as night is everything around you2 the lamps which the attendants hold are utterly incapable of dissipating the darkness1 and only cast a strong orange glare upon the faces of the men who hold them4 ,to show one the dimensions of the place a man is sent to the opposite end4 ,away he goes1 only traceable by the lamp he bears1 and before he waves it to show that the opposite end of the vault is reached1 it has become a scarcely discernible glimmer4 ,as we become more used to the darkness we see straight passages leading in every direction1 and lined on every side by barrels piled almost to the ceiling4 8,the ,north ,mall4 ,the first of the ,cork distilleries ,i visited was the one at ,north ,mall1 formerly1 and1 in fact1 still known as ,wise's4 ,it is in a western suburb of the town out among the meadows4 ,the ,lee winds its silvery course between tall alders close by it1 and a branch stream is made to do much of the work of the immense manufactory4 ,on approaching it it has a picturesque effect4 ,it lies underneath a tall bank1 over which the road to ,sunday's ,well leads4 ,looking down from this road the whole of its vast dimensions can be taken in at a glance4 ,the extensive yard1 where one would imagine enough coal was stored to supply the whole city1 is being raised from the adjoining fields4 ,i was looking over an old history of ,cork1 published by a certain ,dr ,smith1 over a century ago1 and ,i find that formerly on this spot a ,franciscan monastery stood4 ,such discipline was preserved here that it was called the ,mirror of ,ireland1 and their sacerdotal character was so great that they had the power of curing sore eyes4 ,the only remains of this ancient edifice now visible is a carved stone built into the wall of the great bonded warehouses in the ,sunday's ,well ,road4 ,it was here that the noted water oozed out of the red-stone rock ,whether it is ever now used in making the agreeable beverage manufactured from the old whisky stored below ,i did not ascertain4 ,these old ,franciscan fathers had1 doubtless1 a good cellar of their own2 but what would they have said of the vast1 well-filled vaults which now are found upon perhaps the identical spot8 ,but1 large as these are1 they are not large enough for the requirements of the distillery1 and other extensive premises have been secured in ,leitrim ,street1 which are now used as bonded warehouses4 8,the whisky produced at this distillery is1 if possible1 still better now than it was in ,wise's time2 the same distiller who worked the concern for him for twenty years is still there1 and none but the very finest description of malt and barley 7a large proportion of the former7 is used4 ,its production1 as well as those of the other two distilleries of the company1 gained a first-class medal last year at ,philadelphia1 and the jurors described it as #8very fine1 full flavour1 and good spirit4' ,as a natural consequence1 there is a demand for this whisky all over the world1 and there are very few large towns in either hemisphere where it is not represented by an agent4 8,the #8,watercourse1' ,by-the-bye these lie on our way to the celebrated ,watercourse ,distillery1 the second of those used by this great firm4 ,entering through the broad portals1 long ranges of old-fashioned buildings spread out on every side4 ,here is the mill1 gaunt and square and stolid2 those jealously guarded doors to the right are the bonded warehouses2 the buildings across the yard are devoted to the coopers' and smiths' work1 which in all three distilleries is done on the premises4 ,that tall black and white building far away on the opposite side is the grain store2 this1 nearer to you1 with the irregular roofs1 the complicated piping and open walled structures running away overhead1 is the distillery proper4 ,this distillery is about of equal size to that at ,north ,mall4 ,it has an older and more venerable appearance4 ,it turns out as good and extensive work1 and1 like it1 is not satisfied with the extensive storing facilities at its command1 but must needs go abroad to an old1 unused distillery1 further in the suburbs1 where it hides most of its rich and treasured productions4 ,a picturesque old place is this2 the ruins of the old works are still standing1 and their architecture is such that it only requires a mantle of ivy to transform it into a remnant of feudal savagery4 8,the ,midleton ,distillery4 ,the company have handsome and extensive offices on ,morrison's ,island1 in the centre of the city1 and close to the water's edge4 ,here the directors sit day after day1 and the scores of clerks attend to the interests of #djjj customers4 ,but ,i cannot linger here1 for ,i have another distillery to visit4 ,another1 the brightest of all1 far out in the beautiful country1 at the town of ,midleton1 situate at the north-east extremity of ,cork's magical harbour4 ,approaching the distillery from the town1 it has somewhat the appearance of a fortress4 ,a massive stone gateway bars the entrance1 and heavy walls encompass it4 ,but when once admittance is gained the sternness of the approach vanishes4 ,great buildings loom aloft1 but they have all a bright look2 trees are on every side1 and handsome garden plots1 and clinging ivy1 relieve the monotony of the high square structures4 ,here1 ,i believe1 is the largest still in the world----certainly the largest in ,ireland4 ,no work was in progress at the time of my visit1 save the work of repairs and the storage of coal4 ,here1 as at ,north ,mall1 water gives considerable aid in driving the machinery1 a canal having been raised after considerable engineering difficulties and much expense4 ,the vast works of ,midleton ,distillery cover over eight acres4 ,it was a hot ,july day when ,i paid my visit1 not at all the day to attempt remarkable pedestrian feats4 ,will it be forgiven me1 therefore1 if ,i forsook ,irish whisky for ,irish hospitality8 ,under the very shadow of the tall manufactory1 yet altogether hidden from it1 there is a luring lawn1 a cool shrubbery1 and an elegant villa radiant with flowers4 ,is it not more pleasant to lounge through conservatories than to climb staircases1 to drink iced claret cup than to sip raw spirit1 or to examine the points of a horse than to note the intricacies of machinery8 ,beyond the garden and the tennis court and the conservatory is a grotto1 so cunningly placed that none but the initiated can find it2 the air there is deliciously cool1 a luxuriant growth of honeysuckle and dog rose and fern surrounds you1 and at your feet is a spring of as pure water as ever mortal tasted4 ,with pleasant society1 and chat and gossip to while away the time1 will it be deemed strange that ,i stayed there until it was impossible to see more of the distillery1 and that it would only be possible to catch my last train by a hard and almost break-neck gallop80 ,see ,,gin1 ,,spirits1 and ,,usquebaugh4 ,,white ,,ar,,senic4 ,,arsenious ,,acid4 ,,white-,,bait4 ,the ,clupea ,latulus 7,clupea alba1 ,yarrell71 a very small and delicate fish1 common in the brackish waters of the ,thames from ,april to ,september4 ,when fried in oil it is esteemed a great luxury by epicures4 ,,white ,,copper4 ,see ,,german ,,silver and ,,packfong4 ,,white ,,hel,,lebore4 ,syn4 ,,veratrum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e472 ,,veratri ,,albi ,,radix1 ,l4 8,the rhizome of ,veratrum album1 ,linn41 or white hellebore40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a powerful acrid cathartic1 emetic1 and sternutatory4 ,it is now seldom exhibited internally1 and its external use over a large or ulcerated surface is not unaccompanied with danger4----,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 of the powder1 made into a pill2 in gout1 mania1 c42 or #a to #c gr41 carefully triturated with #ab or #ae gr4 of liquorice powder1 as an errhine1 in amaurosis1 c4 ,,white ,,lead4 ,syn4 ,,fine ,,white1 ,,flake ,w41 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,ceruse1 ,,magistery ,,of ,,lead2 ,,cerussa1 ,,plumbi ,,carbonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,made by suspending rolls of thin sheet lead over malt liquor1 or pyroligneous acid1 in close vessels1 the evaporation from the acid being kept up by the vessels being placed in a heap of dung1 or a steam bath4 ,obs4 ,commercial carbonate of lead1 however prepared1 is not the pure carbonate of lead1 but always contains a certain proportion of hydrate4 ,it is generally largely adulterated with native sulphate of baryta 7#8heavy spar'71 and sometimes with chalk4 ,the former may be detected by its insolubility in dilute nitric acid1 and the latter by the nitric solution yielding a white precipitate with dilute sulphuric acid1 or a solution of oxalic acid or oxalate of ammonia1 after having been treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 or a hydrosulphuret1 to throw down the lead4 8,pure carbonate of lead does not lose weight at a temperature of #bab ,fahr42 #fh gr4 are entirely dissolved in #aej minims of acetic acid diluted with #a fl4 oz4 of distilled water2 and the solution is not entirely precipitated by a solution of #fj gr4 of phosphate of soda40 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the solution in nitric acid should not yield a precipitate when treated with a solution of sulphate of soda4----,used as a superior white paint1 and1 in medicine1 as an external astringent1 refrigerant1 and desiccant4 ,the particles of carbonate of lead prepared by precipitation1 or by any of the quick processes1 are in a somewhat crystalline and semi-translucent condition1 and hence do not cover so well as that just noticed4 ,the following are some of the varieties of #8white lead' found in commerce3 #a4 7,,dutch ,,white ,,lead47----a4 7,finest47 ,from flake white1 #a cwt42 cawk1 #c cwt4----b4 7,ordinary47 ,flake white1 #a cwt42 cawk1 #g cwt4 ,these form the best white lead of the shops4 #b4 7,,english ,,white ,,lead47 ,flake white lowered with chalk4 ,covers badly1 and the colour is inferior to the preceding4 #c4 7,,french ,,white ,,lead2 ,,blanc ,,de ,,plomb1 ,fr47 ,from litharge dissolved in vinegar1 and the lead thrown down by a current of carbonic acid gas from coke4 ,does not cover so well as flake white4 #d4 7,,grace',s ,,white ,,lead47 ,made from sheet lead1 with the refuse water of the starch-maker's1 soured brewer's grain1 c4 #e4 7,,hamburg ,,white1 ,,hamburg ,,white ,,lead47 ,from flake white1 #a cwt42 cawk1 #b cwt4 ,also sold for best ,dutch white lead4 #f4 7,,venetian ,,white1 ,,venetian ,,white ,,lead2 ,,cerusa ,,veneta1 ,l47 ,from flake white1 or pure white lead and cawk1 equal parts4 7,see below47 ,white ,precipitate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,miniature ,,painter',s ,,white1 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,lead4 ,from an acetic or nitric solution of litharge1 precipitated by adding dilute sulphuric acid1 and the white powder washed and dried4 ,the clear liquid decanted from the precipitate is poured on fresh litharge1 when a second solution takes place2 and this may be repeated for any number of times4 ,used in miniature painting1 being a beautiful and durable white4 ,whiting4 ,the same as prepared chalk1 but prepared more carelessly1 in horse-mills4 ,white1 ,wilkinson's4 ,from litharge ground with sea water until it ceases to whiten1 and then washed and dried4 ,white1 ,zinc 7,hubbuck's74 ,a hydrated oxide of zinc4 ,it possesses the advantage of being innocuous in use1 and not being blackened by sulphuretted hydrogen1 like white lead4 ,,white ,,pig,,ments4 ,syn4 ,,pigmenta ,,alba1 ,l4 ,the following list embraces the more important white pigments of commerce3 ,white1 ,alum4 ,syn4 ,,baum',s ,,white4 ,take of powdered ,roman alum1 #b lbs42 honey1 #a lb42 mix1 dry1 powder1 calcine in a shallow dish to whiteness1 cool1 wash1 and dry4 ,a beautiful and permanent white1 both in oil and water4 ,white1 ,derbyshire4 ,from cawk or heavy spar1 by grinding and elutriation4 ,white1 ,flake4 ,the finer kinds of white lead are so called4 ,white1 ,mineral4 ,precipitated carbonate of lead4 ,white1 ,newcastle4 ,white lead made with molasses vinegar4 ,white1 ,nottingham4 ,white lead made with alegar4 ,permanent white is now commonly sold for it4 ,white1 ,pearl4 ,syn4 ,,fard',s ,,spanish ,,white4 ,trisnitrate of bismuth4 ,white1 ,permanent4 ,artificial sulphate of baryta1 prepared by precipitating chloride of barium with dilute sulphuric acid1 or a solution of glauber salts4 ,a good fast white1 unchanged by sulphurous fumes4 ,used to mark jars and bottles for containing acids or alkalies1 as it is affected by very few substances2 also to adulterate white lead4 ,white1 ,spanish4 ,syn4 ,,blanc ,d',,espagne1 ,,blanc ,,de ,,troyes1 ,fr4 ,the softest and purest white chalk1 elutriated1 made into balls1 and well dried4 ,used as a cheap white paint4 ,,white ,,swel,,ling4 ,syn4 ,,hydrarthrus1 ,l4 ,a variety of indolent1 malignant1 scrofulous tumours1 attacking the knee1 ankle1 wrist1 and elbow1 especially the first4 ,,whites 7,sharp74 ,prep4 #a4 ,from wheaten flour and powdered alum1 equal parts1 ground together4 #b4 7,,stuff2 ,,baker',s ,,stuff47 ,from alum1 ground to the coarseness of common salt1 #a lb42 common salt1 #c lbs42 mix together4 ,both the above are used by bakers for the purpose of clandestinely introducing alum into their bread4 ,,white,,wash4 ,whiting is made into a milk with water1 and a small quantity of melted size or dissolved glue added4 ,it is applied to walls or ceilings with a broad1 flat brush1 worked in a uniform direction4 ,should the surface have been previously whitewashed1 it is requisite first to remove the dirt by washing it with a brush and abundance of clean water4 8,,lime-,,washing is1 from the cleansing action of the quicklime1 much the more effectual mode of purification1 but is less frequently had recourse to1 from the general ignorance respecting the proper mode of preparing the lime-wash4 ,if glue is employed1 it is destroyed by the corrosive action of the lime1 and1 in consequence1 the latter easily rubs off the walls when dry4 ,this is the case also if the lime be employed1 as is often absurdly recommended1 simply slaked in water1 and used without any fixing material4 ,lime-wash is prepared by placing some freshly-burned quicklime in a pail1 and pouring on sufficient water to cover it2 #8boiled oil' 7linseed7 should then be immediately added1 in the proportion of a pint to a gallon of the wash4 ,for coarser work1 any common refuse fat may be used instead of the boiled oil4 ,the whole should then be thinned with water to the required consistency1 and applied with a brush4 ,care should be taken not to leave the brush in the lime-wash for any length of time1 as it destroys the bristles40 7,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmeier47 ,,whi,,ting4 ,see ,,white ,,pigments4 ,,whiting4 ,the ,gadus merlangus 7,linn471 a member of the cod family of fishes4 ,it is a very light and nutritious fish1 and well adapted to dyspeptics and invalids2 but it has too little flavour to be a favourite with gourmands4 ,,whit,,low4 ,syn4 ,,whitloe2 ,,paronychia1 ,l4 ,a painful inflammation1 tending to suppuration and abscess1 at the ends of the fingers1 and mostly under or about the nails4 ,emollient poultices are useful in this affection2 extreme tension and pain may be relieved by an incision1 so as to allow the exit of the pus or matter from under the nail4 ,the treatment must also be directed to establish the general health1 as without this local remedies often fail4 ,,whoop,,ing-,,cough4 ,syn4 ,,chin-,,cough1 ,,hooping-,c41 ,,kin-,c42 ,,pertussis1 ,l4 ,a convulsive strangling cough1 characterised by peculiar sonorous or whooping inspirations1 from which its popular name is taken4 ,it comes on in fits1 which are usually terminated by vomiting4 ,it is infectious1 chiefly attacks children1 and1 like the small-pox1 only occurs once during life4 ,the treatment of whooping-cough consists1 chiefly1 in obviating irritation1 and in exciting nausea and occasional vomiting4 ,for the first1 aperients and sedatives 7hemlock or henbane71 in small doses1 may be given2 for the second intention1 an extremely weak sweetened solution of tartarised antimony1 or a mixture containing squills or ipecacuanha1 may be administered in small doses every hour or two1 according to the effect produced4 ,in full habits1 blisters and leeches may be resorted to2 and in all cases opiate and stimulating embrocations may be applied to the chest and spine with advantage4 ,whenever the head is affected1 the use of narcotics is contra-indicated4 ,the hot bath is often serviceable4 8,a mixture of cochineal and carbonate of potassa is by some regarded as almost a specific for this disease2 but our own observations lead us to look with more favour on anatomical nauseants and emetics40 7,cooley47 ,other medicinal agents employed in pertussis are alum1 bromide of ammonium1 sulphate of zinc1 belladonna1 tincture of myrrh1 carbolic acid1 and lobelia4 ,see ,,antimonials1 ,,draughts1 ,,mixture1 ,,oxymel1 ,,syrup1 ,,wines1 c4 ,,whor,,tleberry4 7,bear's74 ,syn4 ,,uv ,,ursi ,,folia 7,b4 ,p471 ,,uva ,,ursi 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,the leaf of ,arctostophylos ,uva ,ursi1 trailing arbutus1 or ,bearberry1 ,astringent4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 of the powder1 thrice daily4 ,see ,,decoction and ,,extract4 ,,wik,,ana4 ,syn4 ,,wacaka ,,des ,,inds1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,guibourt47 ,roasted chocolate nuts 7ground71 #b oz42 powdered cinnamon1 #b dr42 powdered vanilla1 #a_/b dr42 ambergris1 #c gr42 musk1 #a-a_/b gr42 sugar1 #f oz42 well mixed together4 ,a teaspoonful is boiled with #a_/b pint of milk1 or arrow-root1 as a stimulating diet for convalescents4 ,,wild ,,cherry4 ,the ,prunus ,virginiana1 a beautiful tree1 growing wild in the western states of ,america4 ,the inner bark 7wild-cherry bark7 is officinal in the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 and is a valuable sedative tonic4 ,it is specially adapted for the alleviation of the distressing cough which is so harassing to patients with pulmonary disease4 ,see ,,infusion4 ,,wild,,fire ,,rash4 ,strophulus volaticus4 ,,willow4 ,syn4 ,,salix1 ,l4 ,the barks of ,salix alba or white willow1 ,salis fragilis or crack willow1 and ,salix ,caprea or great round-leaved willow 7,,willow ,,barks2 ,,salicis ,,corticis----,ph4 ,e471 were officinal in the ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf2 and1 with that of ,salix ,russelliana1 and other species1 are rich in salicin1 and hence possess considerable febrifuge power4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr41 either in powder or made into a decoction2 as a substitute for ,peruvian bark1 in agues1 hectics1 debility1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,,win,,dows4 ,a prismatic or crystalline appearance may be imparted to windows by several expedients3 #a4 ,mix a hot solution of sulphate of magnesia 7,epsom salt7 with a clear solution of gum ,arabic1 and lay it on hot4 ,for a margin1 or for figures1 wipe off the part you wish to remain clear with a wet towel as soon as the surface has become cold and hard4 ,the effect is very pretty1 and may be varied by substituting oxalic acid1 red or yellow prussiate of potash1 or any other salt 7not efflorescent71 for the sulphate of magnesia4 ,sulphate of copper gives a very beautiful crystallisation of a blue colour4 #b4 ,evenly cover the surface of the glass with a layer of thin gum water1 and sprinkle any of the saline crystals before noticed over it whilst wet4 ,the gum water may be tinged of any colour to vary the effect4 ,a blinded appearance1 more or less resembling ground glass1 may be given as follows3 #a4 ,by evenly dabbing the surface with a piece of soft glazier's putty4 #b4 ,a coating of stained rice jelly1 laid on with a painter's brush 7sash tool71 and afterwards dabbed with a duster brush1 applied endways4 #c4 ,tissue paper1 either white or coloured1 applied by means of clear gum water or some pale varnish4 ,the pattern may be lined with a pencil1 and1 when the whole is somewhat dry1 but not hard1 the lines may be cut through1 and the pattern stripped off with the flat point of a knife4 #d4 ,the surface of the glass being coated with mucilage1 or any pale varnish1 as before1 coarsely powdered glass or quartz1 reduced to a uniform state of grain by a sieve1 may be sprinkled over it2 when dry1 the loose portion should be removed with a soft brush4 ,,wine4 ,syn4 ,,vinum1 ,l42 ,,vin1 ,fr4 ,the fermented juice of the grape4 ,the general characters and quality of wine are principally influenced by climate1 soil1 and aspect1 the nature and maturity of the grape1 and the method of conducting the fermentation4 ,the sp4 gr4 of the #8must' varies from #ajfc to #abhe1 from which the proportion of saccharine matter and the ultimate alcoholic richness of the wine resulting from its fermentation may be inferred4 ,that of ,rhenish grapes seldom exceeds #ajie to #aajj4 ,want of space compels us to confine our remarks chiefly to the properties1 uses1 and management of grape juice after it has passed through the stage of fermentation1 or1 in reality1 become wine4 ,officinal ,wine4 ,the only wine ordered by the ,british ,colleges is sherry 7,,white ,,wine2 ,,vinum ,,xericum----,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l42 ,,vinum ,,album----,ph4 ,e42 ,,vinum ,,hispanicum----,ph4 ,d472 but several other wines are employed in medicine1 as tonics1 stimulants1 antispasmodics1 and restoratives1 according to the circumstances of the case or the taste of the patient4 ,in pharmacy1 the less expensive ,cape or marsala1 or even raisin wine1 is usually substituted for sherry in the preparation of the medicated wines of the ,pharmacopias4 ,varieties1 characteristics1 c4 ,the following ,tables will convey much useful information on this subject in a condensed form4 ,i4 ,,table of the ,quantity of ,alcohol in ,wine4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,christison ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,alcohol ,proof ,name1 c4 of #gicg spirit per cent4 per cent4 by weight by volume ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,weakest #adig #caca ,mean of #g samples #afbj #cdia ,port ,strongest #agaj #cgbg ,white #adig #caca ,weakest #acih #cjhd ,mean of #ac wines1 excluding #aecg #ccei those very long kept in cask ,sherry ,strongest #afag #ceab ,mean of #i wines long kept in #adgb #cacj cask in the ,east ,indies ,madre da ,xeres #afij #cgjf ,long kept in cask in ,strongest #afij #cgjf ,madeira the ,east ,indies ,weakest #adji #cjhf ,teneriffe 7long in cask at ,calcutta7 #achd #cjba ,cercial #aede #ccfe ,lisbon 7dry7 #afad #cdga ,shiraz #abie #bhcj ,amontillado #abfc #bgfj ,claret 7a first growth of #ahaa7 #ggb #afie ,chateau-,latour 7ditto #ahbe7 #ggh #agjf ,rosan 7second growth of #ahbe7 #gfa #afgd ,ordinary ,claret 7,vin ,ordinaire7 #hii #ahif ,rivesaltes #ica #bbce ,malmsey #abhf #bhag ,rdesheimer4 #ast quality #hdj #ahdd ,rdesheimer4 ,inferior #fij #aeai ,hambacher4 ,superior quality #gce #afae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,ii4 ,quantity of ,alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hbebgj at #fj ,fahr47 in #ajj parts of ,wine by volume4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,alcohol of #hbe contains #ibf of real or anhydrous alcohol2 or1 in the language of the ,excise1 is about #fb-a_/b o4p41 and in round numbers may be said to be of about twice the strength of brandy or rum1 as usually sold4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,names of ,wines4 ,alcoholic content4 ,authority4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,alba ,flora #agbf ,brande4 ,barsac #achf do4 ,bucellas #ahdi do4 ,burgundy 7average7 #adeg do4 ,ditto #abaf ,prout4 ,calcavella 7average7 #ahfi ,brande4 ,cape ,madeira 7do47 #bjea do4 ,cape ,muschat #ahbe do4 ,champagne 7average7 #abfa do4 ,ditto #abbj ,fontenelle4 ,claret 7average7 #aeaj ,brande4 ,colares #aige do4 ,constantia 7,white7 #aige do4 ,ditto 7,red7 #ahib do4 ,ditto 7average7 #adej ,prout4 ,cte ,rtie #abcb ,brande4 ,currant #bjee do4 ,elder #hgi do4 ,frontignac 7,rivesalte7 #abgi do4 ,gooseberry #aahd do4 ,grape 7,english7 #ahaa do4 ,hermitage 7,red7 #abcb do4 ,ditto 7,white7 #agdc do4 ,hock 7average7 #abjh do4 ,lachryma ,christi #aigj do4 ,lisbon #ahid do4 ,lissa 7average7 #beda do4 ,ditto 7do47 #aeij ,prout4 ,lunel #aeeb ,brande4 ,madeira 7average7 #bbbg do4 ,ditto 7do47 #babj ,prout4 ,malaga #agbf ,brande4 ,ditto #ahid do4 ,malmsey ,madeira #afdj do4 ,marsala 7average7 #beji do4 ,ditto 7do47 #ahdj ,prout4 ,nice #adfc ,brande4 ,orange 7average7 #aabf do4 ,port 7do47 #bjfd ,prout4 ,ditto 7do47 #bbif ,brande4 ,raisin 7do47 #beda do4 ,ditto 7do47 #aeij ,prout4 ,red ,madeira 7do47 #bjce ,brande4 ,roussillon 7do47 #ahac do4 ,sauterne #adbb do4 ,shiraz #aeeb do4 ,sherry 7average7 #aiag do4 ,ditto 7do47 #bchj ,prout4 ,syracuse #bjjj do4 ,ditto #aebh ,brande4 ,teneriffe #aigi do4 ,tent #accj do4 ,tokay #ihh do4 ,vidonia #aibe do4 ,vin de ,grave #acid do4 ,zante #agje do4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,composition4 ,the constituents of wine are----alcohol1 which is one of its principal ingredients1 and on which its power of producing intoxication depends2 sugar1 which has escaped the process of fermentation1 and which is most abundant in the sweet wines1 as tokay1 tent1 frontignac1 c42 extractive1 derived chiefly from the husk of the grape1 and is extracted from it by the newly formed alcohol2 tartar1 or bitartrate of potassa1 which constitutes the most important portion of the saline matter of wine2 odoriferous matter1 imparting the characteristic vinous odour1 depending chiefly upon the presence of nanthic acid and ether2 bouquet1 arising from essential oil or amyl-compounds1 probably existing under the form of ethers4 ,besides these1 small quantities of tannin1 gum1 acetic and malic acid1 acetic ether1 lime1 c41 are found in wine4 ,the specific gravity of wine depends on the richness and ripeness of the grapes used in its manufacture1 the nature of the fermentation and its age4 ,it varies from about #igj to #ajda4 ,purity4 ,the most frequent species of fraud in the wine trade is the mixing of wines of inferior quality with those of a superior grade4 ,in many cases the inferior kinds of foreign wines are flavoured and substituted for the more expensive ones4 ,this is commonly practised with ,cape wines1 which1 after having a slight #8nuttiness' communicated to it by bitter almonds or peach kernels1 a lusciousness or fulness by honey1 and additional strength by a little plain spirit or pale brandy1 is made to undergo the operation of #8fretting in1' and is then sold for #8sherry4' ,formerly1 it was a common practice of ignorant wine-dealers to add a little litharge or acetate of lead to their inferior wines to correct their acidity1 but it is believed that this highly poisonous substance is now never employed in this country1 #8salt of tartar' being made to perform the same duty4 ,the lead which is frequently detected in bottled wine1 and which often causes serious indisposition1 may be generally traced to shot being carelessly left in the bottles1 and not to wilful fraud4 ,sherry is commonly coloured in ,spain by the addition of must boiled down to #a_/e of its original volume2 and in ,england1 by burnt brown sugar1 or spirit colouring4 ,amontillado 7a very nutty wine7 is frequently added to sherries deficient in flavour4 ,various other ingredients1 as the essential oil of almonds1 bitter almonds in substance1 cherry-laurel leaves1 cherry-laurel water1 c41 are also employed for a like purpose4 ,in ,portugal the juice of elderberries is very commonly added to port wine to increase its colour1 and extract of rhatany for the double purpose of improving its colour and imparting an astringent taste4 ,in ,england beet-root1 ,brazil wood1 the juices of elderberries and bilberries1 the pressed cake of elder wine1 extract of logwood1 c41 are frequently added to port to deepen its colour2 and oak sawdust1 kino1 alum1 and extract of rhatany1 to increase its astringency4 ,but the most common adulterant of port wine1 both in ,portugal and this country1 is #8jerupiga1' or #8geropiga1' a compound of elder juice1 brown sugar1 grape juice1 and crude ,portuguese brandy4 ,that imported here contains about #de of proof spirit1 and is allowed by the ,custom-house authorities to be mixed with port wine in bond4 ,a factitious bouquet is also commonly given to wine by the addition of sweetbriar1 orris root1 clary1 orange flowers1 elder flowers1 esprit de petit grain1 c4 ,tests4 ,these1 for the most part1 are applicable to all fermented liquors3 #a4 ,richness in alcohol4 ,this may be found by any of the methods noticed under ,,alcoholmetey1 ,,porter1 and ,,tincture4 #b4 ,,saccharine and ,,extractive ,,matter4 ,the sp4 gr4 corresponding to the alcoholic strength1 last found1 is deducted from the real sp4 gr4 of the sample1 the difference divided by #jjbe1 or multiplied by #djj1 gives the weight of solid matter 7chiefly sugar7 in oz4 per gallon 7nearly74 #c4 ,,narcotics4 ,these may be detected in the manner noticed at page #afcj4 #d4 ,,lead4 ,the presence of lead or litharge in wine may be readily detected by sulphuretted hydrogen1 or a solution of any alkaline sulphydrate1 which will1 in that case1 produce a black precipitate4 ,see ,,wine-,,tests4 #e4 ,,potassa or ,,soda improperly present4 ,a portion of the wine is evaporated nearly to dryness1 and then agitated with rectified spirit2 the filtered tincture1 holding in solution acetate of potassa1 is then divided into two portions1 one of which is tested for acetic acid1 and the other for the alkali4 #f4 ,,alum4 ,a portion of the wine is evaporated to dryness1 and ignited2 the residuum is then treated with a small quantity of hydrochloric acid1 the mixture evaporated to dryness1 again treated with dilute hydrochloric acid1 and tested with liquor of potassa4 ,if a white bulky precipitate forms1 which is soluble in an excess of caustic potassa1 and which is reprecipitated by a solution of sal ammoniac1 the sample examined contained alum4 #g4 ,,oil ,,of ,,vitriol4----a4 ,a drop or two of the suspected wine may be poured upon a piece of paper1 which must then be dried before the fire4 ,pure wine at most only stains the paper1 but one containing sulphuric acid causes it to become charred and rotten4 ,the effect is more marked on paper which has been previously smeared with starch paste4 b4 ,according to ,m4 ,lassaigne1 pure red wine leaves1 by spontaneous evaporation1 a violet or purple stain on paper2 whilst that to which sulphuric acid has been added1 even in quantity1 only equal to #a_/bjjj to #a_/cjjjth part1 leaves a pink stain in drying4 #h4 ,,spurious ,,colouring-,,matter4----a4 ,genuine red wine yields greenish-grey precipitates with sugar of lead1 and greenish ones with potassa2 but those coloured with elderberries1 bilberries1 litmus1 logwood1 and mulberries1 give deep blue or violet precipitates1 and those coloured with ,brazil wood1 red sanders wood1 or red beet1 give red ones4 b4 ,pure red wine is perfectly decoloured by agitation with recent hydrate of lime4 c4 ,dissolve a piece of caustic potash in a small quantity of the liquid to be experimented upon4 ,if no deposit is formed1 and the wine assumes a greenish shade1 there is no artificial coloration4 ,a violet-coloured deposit indicates the presence of elderberries or mulberries1 a red one indicates the presence of beetroot for ,brazil wood1 red violet that of logwood4 ,if the deposit is blue violet1 privet berries have been employed2 and if of a pale violet the coloration is due to litmus4 d4 ,for the detection of the principal colouring matters employed in the sophistication of wines1 ,m4 ,chancel proceeds as follows3----,he takes #aj c4 c4 of wine1 and adds #c c4c4 of a dilute solution of subacetate of lead1 allowing the mixture to subside for a few minutes to make sure that the precipitation is complete4 ,if this is not the case a slight excess of the reagent is added4 ,after stirring and heating for a few moments it is thrown on a very small filter1 the filtrate collected in a test-tube1 and the precipitate washed three or four times in hot water4 ,if the filtrate is coloured magenta is present1 and may be sought for by the aid of the spectroscope4 ,but if the wine contains a mere trace of this colour1 it is retained in the precipitate1 and is sought for in the manner directed below4 ,to discover the colouring matter which may be contained in the plumbic precipitate1 it is treated upon the filter with a few c4c4 of a solution of carbonate of potassa 7#b parts of the dry salt to #ajj of water71 taking care to repass the same solution several times through the precipitate4 ,any magenta present is thus extracted1 along with carminamic 7ammoniacal cochineal7 and sulphindigotic acid4 ,the colouring matters of logwood and of alkanet remain undissolved4 ,with a genuine wine the alkaline liquid takes a very faint yellow1 or greenish-yellow tint4 ,for the detection of magenta the filtrate is mixed with a few drops of acetic acid1 and it is then shaken up with amylic alcohol4 ,the magenta dissolves in this alcohol with a fine rose tint1 and its presence is proved by spectroscopic examination4 ,carminamic and sulphindigotic acids remain in the aqueous solution1 and are decanted off4 ,a couple of drops of sulphuric acid are added1 and the mixture is again shaken up with amylic alcohol1 which now dissolves the ammoniacal cochineal4 ,it may be detected by the spectroscope4 ,the sulphindigotic acid remains undissolved in the amylic alcohol1 and may be found in the blue aqueous residual liquor by means of the spectroscope4 ,logwood is most conveniently sought for in a fresh portion of the wine by digestion with a little precipitated carbonate of lime1 adding a few drops of lime-water1 and filtering4 ,in a natural wine the filtrate has a faint greenish-yellow colour1 but if logwood is present it takes a fine red shade1 and the absorption bands of logwood may be detected with the spectroscope4 ,on treating the lead precipitate above mentioned with an alkaline sulphide1 washing with boiling water1 and then treating with alcohol1 the colouring matter of alkanet1 if present1 is dissolved1 and may be detected by spectroscopic examination4#bga ,footnote #bga3 #8,comptes ,rendus'1 ,february #aith1 #ahgg 7#8,chem4 ,news'1 xxxv1 #ajf74 e4 7,dr ,dupr47 ,the colouring matter of pure red wine does not pass through the dialyser4 ,the dialysate from pure wine is therefore colourless1 or shows but a slight purplish coloration1 such as water would assume on the addition of a small quantity of the wine4 ,a yellow or brownish-yellow dialysate indicates an adulteration with logwood1 ,brazil wood1 or cochineal1 the colouring matters of which may be identified by the chemical and optical tests employed for this purpose4 ,the ammoniacal solution of the colouring matter of cochineal yields three well-marked absorption bands4 f4 ,for the detection in wine of fuchsine only1 the following methods are given by ,m4 ,e4 ,jacquemin3 #a4 ,a small quantity of gun cotton is heated for a few minutes in #aj-bj c4c4 of the wine1 and then washed with the water4 ,the nature of the coloration 7if any7 imparted to the cotton is now identified by means of solution of ammonia1 which decolorises rosaniline1 but turns archil violet4 #b4 #ajj c4c4 of the wine are boiled to expel the alcohol1 and then boiled for some time with white ,berlin wool1 previously moistened with water4 ,the colour imparted to the wool by fuchsine is retained after washing1 and may be distinguished from archil by ammonia4 #c4 #ajj-bjj c4c4 of the wine are boiled to expel the alcohol1 then allowed to cool1 mixed with ammonia in excess1 and shaken with ether4 ,by immersing white wool in the ethereal solution1 and evaporating the latter1 the wool acquires the characteristic colour of fuchsine4 #i4 ,,artificial ,,flavouring4 ,this can only be detected by a discriminating and sensitive palate1 #aj4 ,,artificial ,,bouquet4 ,the substances added for this purpose may often be readily detected by a comparison of the sample with another of known purity4 ,uses4 ,the uses of wine as a beverage are too well known to require description4 ,as a medicine1 port wine is most esteemed as an astringent and tonic2 and sherry and ,madeira as stimulants and restoratives1 in diseases where the acidity of the former would be objectionable2 champagne is reputed diuretic and excitant1 but its effects are not of long duration2 and the ,rhenish wines are regarded as refrigerant1 diuretic1 and slightly aperient4 ,claret1 ,rhenish1 and ,moselle wines are said to be the most wholesome4 ,in pharmacy1 wine is used as a menstruum4 ,,management ,,of ,,wine4 ,age4 ,the sparkling wines are in their prime in from #ah to #cj months after the vintage1 depending on the cellaring and climate4 ,weak wines1 of inferior growths1 should be drunk within #ab or #ae months1 and be preserved in a very cool cellar4 ,sound1 well-fermented1 full-bodied still wines are improved by age1 within reasonable limits1 provided they be well preserved from the air1 and stored in a cool place1 having a pretty uniform temperature4 ,see ,maturation 7below74 ,bottling4 ,the secret of bottling wine with success consists in the simple exercise of care and cleanliness4 ,the bottles should be all sound1 clean1 and dry1 and perfectly free from the least mustiness or other odour4 ,the corks should be of the best quality1 and immediately before being placed in the bottles should be compressed by means of a #8cork-squeezer4' ,for superior or very delicate wines1 the corks are usually prepared by placing them in a copper or tub1 covering them with weights to keep them down1 and then pouring over them boiling water holding a little pearlash in solution4 ,in this state they are allowed to remain for #bd hours1 when they are well stirred about in the liquor1 drained1 and re-immersed for a second #bd hours in hot water1 after which they are well washed and soaked in several successive portions of clean and warm rainwater1 drained1 dried out of contact with dust1 put into paper bags1 and hung up in a dry place for use4 ,the wine should be clear and brilliant1 and if it be not so1 it must undergo the process of #8fining' before being bottled4 ,in fact1 it is a common practice with some persons to perform this operation whether the wine require it or not2 as1 if it had been mixed and doctored1 it 8amalgamates and ameliorates the various flavours40 ,the bottles1 corks1 and wine1 being ready1 a fine clear day should be preferably chosen for the bottling1 and the utmost cleanliness and care should be exercised during the process4 ,great caution should also be observed to avoid shaking the cask so as to disturb the #8bottoms4' ,the remaining portion that cannot be drawn off clear should be passed through the #8wine-bag1' and1 when bottled1 should be set apart as inferior to the rest4 ,the coopers1 to prevent breakage and loss1 place each bottle1 before corking it1 in a small bucket1 having a bottom made of soft cork1 and which is strapped on the knee of the bottler4 ,they thus seldom break a bottle1 though they #8flog in' the corks very hard4 ,when the process is complete the bottles of wine are stored in a cool cellar1 and on no account upright1 or in damp straw1 but on their sides1 in sweet1 dry sawdust1 or sand4 ,bouquet4 ,see ,flavouring and ,perfuming4 ,brandying4 ,brandy is frequently added to weak or vapid wines1 to increase their strength or to promote their preservation4 ,in ,portugal1 one third of brandy is commonly added to port before shipping it for ,england1 as without this addition it generally passes into the acetous fermentation during the voyage4 ,a little good brandy is also usually added to sherry before it leaves ,spain4 ,by the regulation of the ,customs of ,england1 #aj of brandy may be added to wines in bond1 and the increased quantity is only charged the usual duty on wine4 ,the addition of brandy to wine injures its proper flavour1 and hence it is chiefly made to port1 sherry1 and other wines1 whose flavour is so strong as not to be easily injured4 ,even when brandy is added to wines of the latter description1 they require to be kept for some time to recover their natural flavour4 ,to promote this object1 the wine-doctors employ the process called #8fretting in1' by which they effect the same change in #c or #d weeks1 as would otherwise require some months1 at the very least4 ,cellaring4 ,a wine-cellar should be dry at bottom1 and either covered with good hard gravel or be paved with flags4 ,its gratings or windows should open towards the north1 and it should be sunk sufficiently below the surface to ensure an equable temperature4 ,it should also be sufficiently removed from any public thoroughfare1 so as not to suffer vibration from the passing of carriages4 ,should it not be in a position to maintain a regular temperature1 arrangements should be made to apply artificial heat in winter1 and proper ventilation in summer4 ,colouring4 ,wines are as commonly doctored in their colour as their flavour4 ,a fawn-yellow and golden-sherry yellow are given by means of tincture or infusion of saffron1 turmeric1 or safflower1 followed by a little spirit colouring1 to prevent the colour being too lively4 ,all shades of amber and fawn1 to deep brown and brandy colour1 are given by burnt sugar4 ,cochineal 7either alone or with a little alum7 gives a pink colour2 beet-root and red sanders give a red colour2 the extracts of rhatany and logwood1 and the juice of elderberries1 bilberries1 c41 give a port-wine colour4 ,crusting4 ,to make port wine form a crust on the inside of the bottles1 a spoonful of powdered catechu1 or #a_/b a spoonful of finely powdered cream of tartar1 is added to each bottle before corking it1 after which the whole is well agitated4 ,it is also a common practice to put the crust on the bottle before putting the wine into it1 by employing a hot saturated solution of red tartar1 thickened with gum and some powdered tartar4 ,deacetification4 ,this is effected by the cautious addition of either salt of tartar or carbonate of soda4 ,wine so treated soon gets insipid by exposure and age2 and1 without care1 the colour of red wines is thus frequently spoiled4 ,deacidification4 ,see ,detartarization 7below74 ,decanting4 ,this only refers to small quantities of wine1 ready for consumption4 ,in decanting wine1 care must be taken not to shake or disturb the crust when moving it about or drawing the cork1 particularly of port wine4 ,never decant wine without a wine-strainer1 with some clean fine cambric in it1 to prevent the crust and bits of cork going into the decanter4 ,in decanting port wine1 do not drain it too close2 as there are generally two thirds of a wine-glassful of thick dregs in each bottle1 which ought to be rejected4 ,in white wine there is not much settling2 but it should nevertheless be poured off very slowly1 the bottle being raised gradually4 ,decolouring4 ,the colour of wine is precipitated by age and by exposure to the light4 ,it is also artificially removed by the action of skimmed milk1 lime water1 milk of lime1 and fresh burnt charcoal4 ,wine merchants avail themselves of this property for the purpose of whitening wines that have acquired a brown colour from the cask1 or which are esteemed pale2 and also for turning #8pricked' red or dark-coloured wines into white wines1 in which a small degree of acidity is not so much perceived4 ,in this way brown sherry is commonly converted into pale or gold-coloured sherry4 ,for the latter purpose1 #b to #c pints of skimmed milk are usually sufficient2 but to decolour red wine #b to #c quarts or more will be required1 according to the nature and intensity of the colour1 or the shades of paleness desired4 ,charcoal is seldom used1 as it removes the flavour as well as colour1 but a little milk of lime may sometimes be advantageously substituted for milk1 when the wine has much acidity1 more particularly for red wines1 which may even be rendered quite colourless by it4 ,detartarization4 ,rhenish wines1 even of the most propitious growths1 and in the best condition1 besides their tartar1 contain a certain quantity of free tartaric acid1 on the presence of which many of their leading properties depend4 ,the excess of tartar is gradually deposited during the first years of the vatting1 the sides of the vessels becoming more and more encrusted with it2 but1 owing to the continual addition of new wine and other causes1 the liquid often gains such an excess of free tartaric acid as to acquire the faculty of redissolving the deposited tartar1 which thus again disappears after a certain period4 ,the taste and flavour of the wine are thus exalted1 but the excess of acid makes the wine less agreeable in use1 and probably less wholesome4 ,amateurs and manufacturers should therefore welcome a means of taking away the free tartaric acid without altering1 in any respect1 the quality of the wine4 ,this is pure neutral tartrate of potash4 ,when this salt1 in concentrated solution1 is added to such a fluid as the above1 the free acid combines with the neutral salt1 and separates from the liquid under the form of the sparingly soluble bitartrate of potash4 8,if to #ajj parts of a wine which contains one part of free tartaric acid we add #a-a_/b part of neutral tartrate of potash1 there will separate on repose at #gj to #ge ,fahr41 #b parts of crystallised tartar2 and the wine will then contain only #a_/b part of tartar dissolved1 in which there are only #b part of the original free acid2 #h part of the original free acid having been withdrawn from the wine40 7,liebig's #8,annalen4'7 ,this method is particularly applicable to recent must and to wines which do not contain much free acetic acid2 but when this last is the case1 so much acetate of potash is formed as occasionally to vitiate the taste of the liquor4 ,fining4 ,wine is clarified in a similar manner to beer4 ,white wines are usually fined by isinglass1 in the proportion of about #a-a_/b oz4 7dissolved in #a-a_/b pint of water1 and thinned with some of the wine7 to the hogshead4 ,red wines are generally fined with the whites of eggs1 in the proportion of #ae to #bj to the pipe4 ,sometimes hartshorn shavings1 or pale sweet glue1 is substituted for isinglass4 ,flatness4 ,this is removed by the addition of a little new brisk wine of the same kind2 or by rousing in #b or #c lbs4 of honey2 or by adding #e or #f lbs4 of bruised sultana raisins1 and #c or #d quarts of good brandy1 per hogshead4 ,by this treatment the wine will usually be recovered in about a fortnight1 except in very cold weather4 ,should it be wanted sooner1 a table-spoonful or two of yeast may be added1 and the cask removed to a warmer situation4 ,flavouring4 ,various ingredients are added to inferior wines1 to give them the flavour of others more expensive1 and to ,british wines1 to make them resemble those imported4 ,substances are also added in a similar manner to communicate the aroma of the high-flavoured grape wines4 ,among the first are bitter almonds1 almond cake1 or the essential oil of almonds1 or1 preferably1 its alcoholic solution1 which are used to impart a #8sherry' or #8nutty' taste to weak-flavoured wines1 as poor sherry1 white cape1 and malt1 raisin1 parsnip1 and other similar ,british wines2 rhatany1 kino1 oak sawdust and bark1 alum1 c41 to convey astringency1 and----tincture of the seeds of raisins1 to impart a #8port wine' flavour4 ,among the substances employed to communicate the bouquet of the finer wines1 may be mentioned----orris root1 eau de fleurs d'oranges1 neroli1 essence de petit grain1 ambergris1 vanilla1 violet petals1 essence of cedrat1 sweet briar1 clary1 and elder flowers1 quinces1 cherry-laurel water1 c4 ,by the skilful1 though fraudulent use of the above flavouring substances and perfumes1 the experienced wine-brewer manages to produce1 in the dark cellars of ,london1 from white cape1 currant1 gooseberry1 raisin1 rhubarb1 parsnip1 and malt wine1 very excellent imitations of foreign wine1 and which pass current among the majority of ,english wine-drinkers as the choicest productions of the grape1 8genuine as imported40----,a grain or two of ambergris1 well rubbed down with sugar and added to a hogshead of claret1 gives it a flavour and bouquet much esteemed by some connoisseurs4 ,fretting-in4 ,see ,sweating-in 7below74 ,improving4 ,this is the cant term of the wine trade1 under which all the adulteration and #8doctoring' of wine is carried on4 ,a poor sherry is improved by the addition of a little almond flavour1 honey1 and spirit2 a port deficient in body and astringency1 by the addition of some red tartar 7dissolved in boiling water71 some rhatany1 kino1 or catechu1 and a little honey or foots1 and brandy4 ,see ,mixing 7below74 ,insensible ,fermentation4 ,see ,maturation 7below74 ,insipidity4 ,see ,flatness 7above74 ,maturation4 ,the natural maturation or #8ripening' of wine and beer by age depends upon the slow conversion of the sugar which escaped decomposition in the #8gyle tun1' or fermenting vessel1 into alcohol4 ,this conversion proceeds most perfectly in vessels which entirely exclude the air1 as in the case of wine in bottles2 as when air is present1 and the temperature sufficiently high1 it is accompanied by slow acetification4 ,this is the case of wine in casks1 the porosity of the wood allowing the very gradual permeation of the air4 ,hence the superiority of bottled wine over draught wine1 or that which has matured in wood4 ,good wine1 or well-fermented beer1 is vastly improved by age when properly preserved2 but inferior liquor1 or even superior liquor1 when preserved in improper vessels or situations1 becomes acidulous1 from the conversion of its alcohol into vinegar4 ,tartness or acidity is consequently very generally1 though wrongly1 regarded by the ignorant as a sign of age in liquor4 ,the peculiar change by which fermented liquors become mature or ripe by age is termed the #8insensible fermentation4' ,it is the alcoholic fermentation impeded by the presence of the already formed spirit in the liquor1 and by the lowness of the temperature4 ,see ,ripening 7below74 ,mixing4 ,few wines are sold without admixture4 ,it is found that the intoxicating properties of wine are increased by mixing them with other wines of a different age and growth4 ,in many cases the flavour is at the same time improved4 ,thus1 a thin port is improved by the addition of a similar wine having a full body1 or by a little ,malaga1 ,teneriffe1 or rich sherry2 and an inferior old sherry may be improved by admixture with a little full-bodied wine of the last vintage4 ,in this consists the great art of #8cellar management1' and to such an extent is this carried1 both abroad and in ,england1 that it may be confidently asserted that few wines ever reach the consumer in an unmixed or natural state4 ,mustiness4 ,this may generally be removed by violently agitating the wine for some time with a little of the sweetest olive oil or almond oil4 ,the cause of the bad taste is the presence of an essential oil1 which the fixed oil seizes on1 and rises with to the surface1 when it may be skimmed off2 or the liquor under it may be drawn off4 ,a little coarsely powdered fresh-burnt charcoal1 or even some slices of bread toasted black1 will frequently have a like effect4 ,a little bruised mustard seed is also occasionally used for the same purpose4 ,perfuming4 ,this is chiefly performed on ,british wines for family use4 ,for its application to foreign wine1 see ,flavouring 7above74 ,wines may be perfumed by the simple addition of any odorous substances previously well mixed with a little of the wine1 or dissolved in a few fluid ounces of rectified spirit4 ,racking4 ,this should be performed in cool weather1 and preferably early in the spring4 ,a clean syphon1 well managed1 answers better for this purpose than a cock or faucet4 ,the bottoms1 or foul portion1 may be strained through a wine-bag1 and added to some other inferior wine4 ,ripening4 ,to promote the maturation or ripening of wine1 various plans are adopted by the growers and dealers4 ,one of the safest ways of hastening this1 especially for strong wines1 is not to rack them until they have stood #ae or #ah months upon the lees2 or1 whether #8crude' or #8racked1' keeping them at a temperature ranging between #ej and #fj ,fahr41 in a cellar free from draughts and not too dry4 ,another method is to remove the corks or bungs1 and to substitute bladder tied or fastened air-tight over the openings4 ,bottled wine1 treated in this way1 ripens very quickly in a temperate situation4 ,some dealers add a little dilute sulphuric acid to the coarser wines for the same purpose2 but a small quantity of concentrated acetic acid or tartaric acid would be preferable1 since these acids are found in all wines4 #d or #e drops of the former1 added to a bottle of some kinds of new wine1 immediately give it the appearance of being #b or #c years old4 ,ropiness1 viscidity2 ,graisse4 ,this arises from the wine containing too little tannin or astringent matter to precipitate the gluten1 albumen1 or other azotised substance1 occasioning the malady4 ,such wine cannot be clarified in the ordinary way1 because it is incapable of causing the coagulation or precipitation of the finings4 ,the remedy is to supply the principle in which it is deficient4 ,m4 ,franois1 of ,nantes1 prescribes the bruised berries of the mountain ash 7#a lb4 to the barrel7 for this purpose4 ,a little catechu1 kino1 or1 better still1 rhatany1 or the bruised footstalks of the grape1 may also be conveniently and advantageously used in the same way4 ,for pale white wines1 which are the ones chiefly attacked by the malady1 nothing equals a little pure tannin or tannic acid dissolved in proof spirit4 ,see ,,viscous ,,fermentation1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 c4 ,roughening4 ,see ,flavouring 7above74 ,second fermentation2 ,la-pousse4 ,inordinate fermentation1 either primary or secondary1 in wine or any other fermented liquor1 may be readily checked by sulphuration1 or by the addition of mustard seed or sulphite of lime4 #a oz4 of brimstone1 #c_/d to #a lb4 of bruised mustard seed1 and about #d to #h oz4 of sulphite of lime1 are fully sufficient for a hogshead4 ,this substance seldom fails of arresting the fermentation4----,in addition to the above remedies1 a little sulphuric acid is sometimes employed1 and the use of black oxide of manganese1 or chlorate of potash1 has been proposed on theoretical grounds4 ,souring4 ,this is either occasioned by the wine having been imperfectly fermented1 or from its having been kept in too warm a cellar1 where it has been exposed to draughts of air or to continual vibrations1 occasioned by the passage of loaded vehicles through the adjoining thoroughfare4 ,the remedy commonly recommended in books for this purpose is to saturate the acid with chalk1 milk of lime1 or calcined oyster shells2 but such additions1 made in sufficient quantity to effect this object1 destroy the character of the wine1 and render it sickly and vapid4 ,the best and only safe remedy is a little neutral tartrate of potash1 cautiously added2 or it may be mixed with a considerable portion of full-bodied new wine of its class1 adding at the same time a little brandy1 and in two or three weeks fining it down1 when it should be either at once put into bottles1 or consumed as soon as possible4 ,see ,deacetification and ,detartarisation4 7above74 ,sparkling1 creaming1 and briskness4 ,these properties are conveyed to wine by racking it into closed vessels before the fermentation is complete1 and while there still remains a considerable portion of undecomposed sugar4 ,wine of this description1 which has lost its briskness1 may be restored by adding to each bottle a few grains of white lump sugar or sugar candy4 ,this is the way in which champagne is treated in ,france4 ,the bottles are afterwards inverted1 by which means any sediment that forms falls into the necks1 when the corks are partially withdrawn1 and the sediment is immediately expelled by the elastic force of the compressed carbonic acid4 ,if the wine remains muddy1 a little solution of sugar and finings are added1 and the bottles are again placed in a vertical position1 and1 after two or three months1 the sediment is discharged1 as before4 ,sweating-in4 ,the technical terms #8sweating-in' and #8fretting in' are applied to the partial production of a second fermentation1 for the purpose of mellowing down the flavour of foreign ingredients 7chiefly brandy71 added to wine4 ,for this purpose #d or #e lbs4 of sugar or honey1 with a little crude tartar 7dissolved71 are commonly added per hogshead2 and when the wine is wanted in haste1 a spoonful or two of yeast1 or a few bruised vine leaves1 are also mixed in1 the cask being placed in a moderately warm situation until the new fermentation is established1 when it is removed to the wine cellar1 and1 after a few days1 #8fined down4' ,taste of ,cask4 ,the remedies for this malady are the same as those for mustiness4 ,for further information connected with the nature and management of wines1 and other fermented liquors1 see ,,brewing1 ,,fermentation1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,porter1 ,,sugar1 ,,syrup1 ,,vinous ,,fermentation1 ,,viscous ,f41 ,,wort1 ,,yeast1 c41 and below4 ,wine1 ,british4 ,the various processes in ,british wine-making depend upon the same principles1 and resemble those employed for foreign wine4 ,the ,,fruit should be preferably gathered in fine weather1 and not until mature1 as evinced by its flavour2 for if it be employed whilst unripe1 the resulting wine will be harsh1 disagreeable1 and unwholesome1 and a larger quantity of sugar and spirit will be required to render it palatable4 ,the common practice of employing unripe gooseberries for the manufacture of ,british champagne arises from a total ignorance of the scientific principles of wine-making4 ,on the other hand1 if ordinary ,british fruit be employed in too ripe a state1 the wine is apt to be inferior1 and deficient in the flavour of the fruit4 ,the ,,fruit1 being gathered1 at once undergoes the operation of picking or garbling1 for the purpose of removing the stalks and unripe or damaged portions4 ,it is next placed in a tub1 and is well bruised1 to facilitate the solvent action of the water4 ,raisins are commonly permitted to soak about #bd hours previously to bruising them1 but they may be advantageously bruised or minced in the dry state4 ,the bruised fruit is then put into a vat or vessel with a guard placed over the tap-hole1 to keep back the husks and seeds of the fruit when the must1 juice1 or extract is drawn off4 ,the water is now added1 and the whole is allowed to macerate for #cj to #dj hours1 more or less1 during which time the magma is frequently roused up with a suitable wooden stirrer4 ,the liquid portion is next drawn off1 and the residuary pulp is placed in hair bags1 and undergoes the operation of pressing1 to expel the fluid which it contains4 ,the sugar1 tartar 7in very fine powder or in solution71 c41 are now added to the mixed liquors1 and the whole is well stirred or #8rummaged' up for some time4 ,the temperature being suitable1 the vinous fermentation soon commences1 when the liquor is frequently skimmed 7if necessary71 and well #8roused' up1 and1 after #c or #d days of this treatment1 it is run into casks1 which should be quite filled1 and left purging at the bung-hole4 ,in about a week the flavouring ingredients1 in the state of coarse powder1 are commonly added1 and well stirred in2 and in about another week1 depending upon the state of the fermentation1 and the attenuation of the must1 the brandy or spirit is added1 and the cask is filled up1 and bunged down close4 ,in four or five weeks more the cask is again filled up1 and1 after some weeks1 7the longer the better71 it is #8pegged' or #8spiled1' to ascertain if it be fine or transparent2 if so1 it undergoes the operation of racking2 but if1 on the contrary1 it still continues muddy1 it must be either again bunged up1 and allowed to repose for a few weeks longer1 or it must pass through the process of fining4 ,its future treatment is similar to that already noticed under ,,foreign ,,wine4 7,see above47 ,the must of many of the strong-flavoured fruits1 as black currants1 mulberries1 c41 is improved by being boiled before being made into wine4 ,the flavour and bouquet of the more delicate fruits are either greatly diminished or utterly dissipated by boiling4 ,general ,formul for the ,preparation of ,,british ,,wines3 #a4 ,from ripe saccharine fruits4 ,take of the ripe fruit1 #d to #f lbs42 clear soft water1 #a gall42 sugar1 #c to #e lbs42 cream of tartar 7dissolved in boiling water71 #a-a_/d oz42 brandy1 #b to #c flavouring1 as required4 ,if the full proportions of fruit and sugar are used1 the product will be good without the brandy1 but better with it4 #a-a_/b lb4 of raisins may be substituted for each pound of sugar4 ,in the above way are made the following wines3----,gooseberry wine 7#8,british champagne'72----currant wine 7red1 white1 or black72----mixed fruit wine 7currants and gooseberries1 or black1 red1 and white currants1 ripe black-heart cherries1 and raspberries1 equal part71 a good family wine2----cherry wine2----colepress's wine 7from apples and mulberries1 equal part72 elder wine2----strawberry wine2----raspberry wine2----mulberry wine 7when flavoured1 makes #8,british port'72----whortleberry wine 7bilberry wine71 makes a good factitious #8port'2----blackberry wine2----damson wine 7makes good factitious #8port'72----morella wine2----apricot wine2----apple wine2----grape wine1 c4 #b4 ,from dry saccharine fruit 7as raisins74 ,take of the dried fruit1 #d-a_/b to #g-a_/b lbs42 clear soft water1 #a gall42 cream of tartar 7dissolved71 #a oz42 brandy1 #a-a_/b to #d4 ,should the dried fruit employed be at all deficient in saccharine matter1 #b to #c lbs4 of it may be omitted1 and half that quantity of sugar1 or two thirds of raisins added4 ,in the above way are made----date wine1----fig wine1----raisin wine1 c4 #c4 ,from ,,acidulous1 ,,astringent1 or ,,scarcely ,,ripe ,,fruits1 or those which are deficient in saccharine matter4 ,take of the picked fruit1 #b-a_/b to #c-a_/b lbs42 sugar1 #c-a_/b to #e-a_/b lbs42 cream of tartar 7dissolved71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a gall42 brandy1 #b to #f4 ,in the above way are made----gooseberry wine 7#8,british champagne'72----bullace wine 7which makes an excellent #8factitious port'72----damson wine1 c4 #d4 ,from ,,footstalks1 ,,leaves1 ,,cuttings1 c4 ,by infusing them in water1 in the proportion of #c to #f lbs4 to the gall41 or q4 s4 to give a proper flavour1 or to form a good saccharine liquor2 and adding #b-a_/b to #d lbs4 of sugar to each gall4 of the strained liquor1 #a-a_/b lb4 of raisins may be substituted for each lb4 of sugar4 ,in the above way are made----grape wine 7from the pressed cake of grapes72----,english grape wine2----rhubarb wine 7#8,bath champagne1' #8patent c1'71 from garden rhubarb2----celery wine1 c4 #e4 ,from ,,saccharine ,,roots and ,,stems ,,of ,,plants4 ,take of the bruised1 rasped1 or sliced vegetable1 #d to #f lbs42 boiling water1 #a gall42 infuse until cold1 press out the liquor1 and to each gall4 add of sugar #c to #d lbs42 cream of tartar1 #a oz42 brandy1 #b to #e4 ,for some roots and stems the water must not be very hot1 as they are thus rendered troublesome to press4 ,in the above way are made----beet-root wine 7#8,british ,roussillon'72----parsnip wine 7#8,british malmsey'72----turnip w41 c4 #f4 ,from ,,flowers1 ,,spices1 ,,aromatics1 c4 ,these are prepared by simply infusing a sufficient quantity of the bruised ingredient for a few days in any simple wine 7as that from sugar1 honey1 raisins1 c47 after the active fermentation is complete1 or1 at all events1 a few weeks before racking them4 ,in the above way are made----clary wine 7#8muscadel'71 from flowers1 #a quart to the gall42----cowslip wine 7flowers1 #b quarts to the gall472----elder-flower wine 7#8,frontignac'71 flowers of white-berried elder1 #c_/d pint1 and lemon juice1 #c fl4 oz41 to the gall42----ginger wine 7#a-a_/d oz4 of ginger to the gall472----orange wine 7#a dozen sliced oranges per gall472----lemon wine 7juice of #ab and rinds of #f lemons to the gall472----spruce wine 7#a_/d oz4 of essence of spruce per gall472----juniper wine 7berries1 #c_/d pint per gall472----peach wine 7#d or #e sliced1 and the stones broken1 to the gall472----apricot wine 7as peach wine1 or with more fruit72----quince wine 7#ab to the gall472 rose clove gillyflower1 carnation1 lavender1 violet1 primrose1 and other flower wines 7distilled water1 #a-a_/b pint1 or flowers1 #a pint to the gall472----balm wine 7balm tops1 #d oz4 per gall47 c4 #g4 ,from ,,saccharine ,,juices1 or ,,infusions1 or from fermented liquors4 ,take of the juice or liquor1 #a gall42 honey or sugar1 #b to #c lbs4 7or raisins1 #c to #e lbs472 cream of tartar1 #a-a_/d oz42 brandy1 #b to #d4 ,in this way are made----,english grape wine2----mixed fruit wine----pine-apple wine2----cider wine2----elder wine2----birch wine 7from the sap1 at the end of ,february or beginning of ,march72 sycamore wine 7from the sap72----malt wine 7#8,english ,madeira'71 from strong wort2----and the wines of any of the saccharine juices of ripe fruit4 #h4 ,from ,,simple ,,saccharine ,,matter4 ,take of sugar1 #c to #d1 lbs42 cream of tartar1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a gall42 honey1 #a lb42 brandy1 #b to #d4 ,a handful of grape leaves or cuttings1 bruised1 or a pint of good malt wort1 or mild ale1 may be substituted for the honey4 ,chiefly used as the basis for other wines1 as it has little flavour of its own2 but makes a good #8,british champagne4' ,obs4 ,in all the preceding formul lump sugar is intended when the wines are required very pale1 and good ,muscovado sugar when this is not the case4 ,some of the preceding wines are vastly improved by substituting good cider1 perry1 or pale ale or malt wort1 for the whole or a portion of the water4 ,good porter may also be advantageously used in this way for some of the deep-coloured red wines4 ,when expense is no object1 and very strong wines are wanted1 the expressed juices of the ripe fruits1 with the addition of #c or #d lbs4 of sugar per gall41 may be substituted for the fruit in substance1 and the water4 ,examples of ,,british ,,imitations ,,of ,,foreign ,,wines3 ,,american ,,honey ,,wine4 ,from good honey1 #ba lbs42 cider1 #ab galls42 ferment1 then add1 of rum1 #e pints2 brandy1 #b quarts2 red or white tartar 7dissolved71 #f oz42 bitter almonds and cloves1 of each1 bruised1 #a_/d oz42 powdered capsicum1 #c dr4 ,this is also called #8mead wine4' ,with the addition of #c oz4 of unbleached ,jamaica ginger 7finely grated71 it forms the best ,american ginger wine4 ,,british ,,burgundy4 ,by adding a little lemon juice1 and a #8streak' of orris or orange-flower water1 to #8,british port1' the ingenious wine-brewer converts it into #8,british ,burgundy4' ,it is also made by mixing together equal parts of #8,british port' and claret4 ,,british ,,cape4 #a4 7,white47 ,raisin wine1 well attenuated by fermentation1 either alone or worked up with a little cider and pale malt wort4 #b4 7,red47 ,british white cape1 sound rough cider and mulberry wine1 equal parts2 well mixed and fined down4 ,,british ,,champagne4 #a4 ,from stoned raisins1 #g lbs42 loaf sugar1 #ba lbs42 water1 #i galls424 crystallised tartaric acid1 #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #a_/b oz42 ,narbonne honey1 #a lb42 sweet yeast1 #a_/d pint2 ferment1 skimming frequently1 and1 when the fermentation is nearly over1 add1 of coarsely powdered orris root1 #a dr42 eau de fleurs d'oranges1 #a_/d pint2 and lemon juice1 #a pint2 in #c months fine it down with isinglass1 #a_/d oz42 in #a month more1 if not sparkling1 again fine it down1 and in another fortnight bottle it1 observing to put a piece of double-refined white sugar1 the size of a pea1 into each bottle2 lastly1 wire down the corks1 and cover them with tin-foil1 after the manner of champagne4 #b4 ,as the preceding1 but substituting #cb lbs4 of double-refined sugar for the sugar and raisins therein ordered1 with the addition of #c galls4 of rich pale-coloured brandy4 #c4 ,from amber hairy champagne gooseberries1 ,english grape juice1 or the stalks of garden rhubarb1 and lump sugar2 with a little sweetbriar1 orris1 or orange-flower water1 to impart a slight bouquet4 ,the last forms what is known as #8patent' or #8,bath champagne4' #d4 7,pink47 ,to either of the preceding add red currant juice1 q4 s4 to colour2 or #a oz4 of coarsely powdered cochineal to each #aj or #ab galls4 at the time of racking4 ,obs4 ,it is notorious that two bottles of wine out of every three sold for #8genuine champagne' in ,england is of ,british manufacture4 8,we have ourselves seen sparkling gooseberry1 rhubarb1 and white sugar wines1 sold for imported champagne1 at #gs4 #f;d4 per bottle1 and the fraud has passed undetected1 even by habitual wine drinkers4 7,cooley47 ,,british ,,claret4 #a4 ,rich old cider or perry and port wine1 equal parts4 #b4 ,to each gall4 of the last add of cream of tartar 7genuine71 #c dr41 with the juice of #a lemon4 ,sometimes #a_/d pint of ,french brandy is also added4 ,obs4 ,if these mixtures are well fined down1 and not bottled for at least a month or #e weeks1 they closely resemble good #8,bordeaux4' ,a mixture of #d parts of raisin wine1 with #a part each of raspberry and barberry or damson wine1 also forms1 when so treated1 an excellent factitious #8claret4' ,,british ,,cyprus4 ,from the juice of white elderberries1 #a quart1 and ,lisbon sugar1 #d lbs41 to water1 #a gall42 together with #a_/b dr4 each of bruised ginger and cloves4 ,when racked1 add minced raisins and brandy1 of each #b oz4 ,,british ,,hock1 ,,british ,,red ,,hock4 ,from cream of tartar1 #a-a_/d oz42 tartaric acid1 #a_/b oz4 7both in extremely fine powder72 juices of the purple plum1 ripe apples1 and red beet1 of each 7warmed71 #e pints2 lemon juice1 #a pint2 with white sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs4 per gall4 ,,british ,,madeira4 ,from very strong pale malt wort1 #cf galls41 sugar candy1 #bh lbs41 and cream of tartar1 #c oz42 fermented with yeast1 #b lb41 adding1 when the fermentation is nearly finished1 raisin wine1 #b-a_/b galls42 brandy and sherry wine1 of each #b galls42 rum and brandy1 of each #c pints2 after #f or #i months1 fine it down1 and in another month bottle it4 ,see ,,british ,,sherry 7below74 ,,british ,,malmsey4 ,from sliced or grated parsnips1 #d lbs42 boiling water1 #a gall42 when cold1 press out the liquor1 and to each gallon add of cream of tartar1 #a_/b oz41 and good ,muscovado sugar1 #c lbs42 ferment1 rack1 and add of brandy1 #c to #e4 ,good ,malaga raisins may be substituted for the sugar4 ,,british ,,red ,,moselle4 ,the last1 coloured with clarified elderberry juice4 ,,british ,,sparkling ,,moselle4 ,from rich cider apples 7carefully peeled and garbled71 pressed with #a-dth of their weight of white magnum-bonum plums 7previously stoned71 and the juice fermented with #b-a_/b lbs4 of double-refined sugar per gall41 as champagne4 ,,british ,,muscadel4 ,as #8,british sparkling ,moselle1' with some infusion of clary1 or of the musk plant1 to flavour it4 ,,british ,,port1 ,,london ,p41 ,,southampton ,p4 #a4 ,from red cape1 #b galls42 damson or elder wine1 #a gall42 brandy1 #a_/b pint2 powdered kino1 #a_/b oz4 #b4 ,strong old cider1 #f galls42 elderberry juice1 #d galls42 sloe juice1 #c galls42 sugar1 #bh lbs42 powdered extract of rhatany1 #a lb42 at the time of racking add1 brandy1 #a_/b gall42 good port wine1 #b galls4 #c4 ,good port1 #ab galls42 rectified spirit1 #f galls42 ,french brandy1 #c galls42 strong rough cider1 #db galls42 mix in a well-sulphured cask4 7#8,publican's ,guide4'7 #d4 ,port wine1 #h galls42 brandy1 #f galls42 sloe juice1 #d galls42 strong rough cider1 #de galls42 as the last4 7#8,licensed ,victuallers' ,companion4'7 #e4 ,cider1 #bd galls42 juice of elderberries1 #f galls42 sloe juice1 #d galls42 rectified spirit1 #c galls42 brandy1 #a-a_/b gall42 powdered rhatany4 #g lbs42 isinglass1 #d oz41 dissolved in a gall4 of the cider2 bung it down2 in #c months it will be fit to bottle1 but should not be drunk until the next year2 if a rougher flavour is required1 the quantity of rhatany may be increased1 or alum1 #e or #f oz4 7dissolved71 may be added4 ,,british ,,sherry4 #a4 ,from cape or raisin wine1 slightly flavoured with a very little bitter-almond cake1 or1 what is more convenient1 a little of the essential oil dissolved in alcohol 7essence of bitter almonds74 ,a mere #8streak' or #8thread' of sweet-briar1 eau de fleurs d'oranges1 or orris1 is occasionally added by way of bouquet2 but care must be taken not to overdo it4 #b4 ,to each gallon of strong raisin must1 add1 when racking1 #a ,seville orange1 and #c or #d bitter almonds1 both sliced4 ,by omitting the almonds1 and adding #a green citron to each #b or #c gallons1 this forms #8,british madeira4' #c4 ,very strong pale malt wort1 #cf galls42 finest ,muscovado sugar1 #a cwt42 yeast1 #a pint2 ferment2 on the third day add of raisins1 stoned1 #ad lbs41 and in another week add1 of rectified spirit1 #a gall41 rum1 #a_/b gall41 and bitter almonds1 grated1 #a-a_/d oz42 bung down for #d months1 then draw it off into another cask1 add of brandy1 #a gall41 and in #c months bottle it4 #d4 ,teneriffe1 slightly flavoured with cherry-laurel or bitter almonds1 forms an excellent #8,british sherry1' either alone or diluted with an equal quantity of cape or raisin wine1 or good perry4 ,,british ,,tokay4 ,to good cider1 #ah galls42 add1 of elderberry juice1 #a_/b gall42 honey1 #bh lbs42 sugar1 #ad lbs42 red argol 7powdered71 #c_/d lb42 crystallised tartaric acid1 #c oz42 mix1 boil1 ferment1 and1 when the active fermentation is complete1 add of brandy1 #a gall41 and suspend in the liquor1 from the bung-hole1 a mixture of cassia and ginger1 of each #a_/b oz42 cloves and capsicum1 of each #a_/d oz42 the whole bruised1 and loosely enclosed in a coarse muslin bag4 ,it will be ripe in #ab months4 ,obs4 ,some of the preceding formul1 by skilful management1 produce very good imitations of some of the imported wines2 but 7prejudice aside7 many of the ,british fruit wines possess an equally agreeable flavour1 and are frequently more wholesome4 ,all ,british wines require to be kept at least a year1 to #8mellow4' ,much of the superiority of foreign wines arises from its age4 ,,wines 7,culinary74 ,syn4 ,,wines ,,for ,,kitchen ,,use4 ,these are prepared in a similar manner to the ,,medicated ,,wines noticed below4 ,wine1 ,basil4 ,prep4 ,from green basil leaves1 #d or #e oz42 sherry1 cape1 or raisin wine1 #a pint2 digest for #aj days1 press1 and strain4 ,used to give a turtle flavour to soups and gravies4 ,in a similar way may be made the wines of celery leaves1 celery seed1 sage1 shallots1 and the various green and dried herbs used in cookery4 ,wine1 ,cayenne4 ,prep4 ,from capsicum or cayenne1 #a oz42 cape1 #a pint2 steep for a fortnight1 and strain4 ,obs4 ,in a similar way may be made currie 7powder71 ragout 7spice71 and several other similar wines used in the kitchen4 ,,wines 7,medicated74 ,syn4 ,,impregnated ,,wines2 ,,vina ,,medicata1 ,l4 ,the medicated wines of pharmacy are prepared by cold maceration1 in well-closed vessels1 in precisely the same way as the tinctures4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 of #ahbd1 a diluted spirit was substituted for wine1 without altering the name of the preparation2 but the use of wine 7sherry7 was restored in that of #ahcf4 ,the druggists commonly use cape or raisin wine as a menstruum1 from its being cheaper than sherry1 and1 perhaps1 scarcely less power as a solvent4 ,the #8vinum' of the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 was formerly ,teneriffe4 ,dr ,b4 ,lane's process for preparing medicated wines by fermentation is noticed at the end of the alphabetical list given below4 8,medicated wines should be kept in stoppered glass vessels1 and be frequently shaken during maceration40 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the following are the principal medicated wines at present in use3 ,wine of ,acetate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,ferri ,,acetatis4 7,soubeiran47 ,prep4 ,acetate of iron1 #cb gr4 white wine1 #af oz4 ,wine1 ,alkaline ,diuretic4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,alkalinum ,,diureticum2 7,sydenham74 ,prep4 ,ashes of broom1 #ab oz42 ,rhenish wine1 #d pints4----,dose1 #c oz4 twice a day4 ,wine of ,aloes4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,alo,s 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,,tinctura ,,sacra1 ,,tinct4 ,,hier ,,picr1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,socotrine aloes1 #a-a_/b oz42 ginger1 in coarse powder1 #hj gr42 cardamom seeds1 bruised1 #hj gr42 sherry1 #dj oz42 digest seven days1 strain1 and make it up to #dj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered ,socotrine or hepatic aloes1 #b oz42 powdered canella1 #a_/b oz42 sherry1 #a quart2 macerate for #ad days1 and filter4 ,in the ,ph4 ,e4 cardamoms and ginger1 of each #a-a_/b dr41 are substituted for canella4----,dose4 ,as a purgative1 #a_/b to #b fl4 oz42 as a stomachic1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 ,wine of ,aloes 7,alkaline74 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,alo,s ,,alkalinum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,carbonate of soda1 #c oz42 myrrh and extract of aloes1 of each #f dr42 sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #d-a_/b dr42 sherry1 #bd fl4 oz4 7say #a-a_/d pint72 macerate1 as before4 ,in dyspepsia1 chlorosis1 c4----,dose4 ,as the last4 ,wine1 ,antimonial4 ,syn4 ,,tartar ,,emetic ,,wine2 ,,wine ,,of ,,potassio-,,tartrate ,,of ,,antimony2 ,,vinum ,,antimonii ,,potassio-,,tartratis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,v4 ,,antimoniale 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tartarated antimony1 #b gr42 sherry1 #a oz4----,dose1 #aj to #fj minims4 7,in consequence of the insolubility of the tartarated antimony in the sherry1 ,squire recommends it to be dissolved in about ten times its weight of hot water1 and that the wine be added to the solution47 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,potassio-tartrate of antimony1 #dj gr42 sherry1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,each fluid oz4 contains #b gr4 of emetic tartar4----,dose4 ,as a diaphoretic and expectorant1 #aj to #cj drops1 frequently2 as a nauseant1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 as an emetic1 #b to #d fl4 dr4 ,the corresponding compound of the ,ph4 ,d4 is ,,antimonii ,,tartarizati ,,liquor4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,potassio-,,tartrate ,,of ,,antimony4 ,wine1 ,antiscorbutic4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,antiscorbuticum 7,p4 ,cod474 ,prep4 ,fresh horseradish root1 #c oz42 scurvy-grass1 #a-a_/b oz42 watercress leaves1 #a-a_/b oz42 buckbean1 #a-a_/b oz42 mustard seed1 #a-a_/b oz42 chloride of ammonium1 #e-a_/b dr42 wine1 #e pints2 compound spirit of scurvy-grass1 #a-c_/d oz4 ,wine1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,aromaticum4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,aromatic species1 #a oz42 vulnerary tincture1 #a oz42 red wine1 #aj oz4 ,for outward use4 ,m4 ,ricord sometimes adds from #a to #f per cent4 of tannin4 ,wine of ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,cinchon 7,p4 ,cod47 ,yellow bark1 #c oz42 proof spirit1 #f oz4 7by weight74 ,macerate #bd hours and add1 red wine1 #e pints4 ,macerate for #aj days1 shaking it occasionally2 strain with expression1 and filter4 ,wine of ,bark 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,cinchon ,,compositum4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,yellow bark1 #a oz42 bitter orange peel1 #dd gr42 chamomiles1 #dd gr42 alcohol1 7#hfd7 #a oz4 7by weight72 white wine1 #i oz4 7by weight74 ,macerate for #aj days4 ,wine of ,bark1 ,muriated4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,cinchon ,,muriatum4 ,prep4 ,ammonio-citrate of iron1 #a_/b oz42 wine of pale ,peruvian bark1 #e pints 7made with double the quantity of bark contained in the yellow72 dissolve the ammonio-citrate in twice its weight of distilled water1 and add to the wine4 ,wine of ,bitter ,sweet4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,dulcamar 7,dr ,currie74 ,prep4 ,dulcamara stalks and leaves1 #a lb42 sherry1 #b pints4 ,macerate for #ad days1 and strain4 ,wine of ,buchu4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,buchu 7,brandes74 ,prep4 ,buchu leaves1 #b-a_/b oz42 white wine1 #a pint4 ,wine of ,cachina4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,cacin4 ,prep4 ,cachina1 bruised1 #a oz42 ,malaga wine1 #af oz4 ,macerate for #f days1 and strain4 ,wine1 ,camphorated4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,camphoratum4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,camphor and gum acacia in powder1 of each #a_/b oz4 ,mix accurately and gradually4 ,add #bd oz4 7by weight7 of white wine4 ,wine of ,cascarilla4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,cascarill 7,bernardeau74 ,prep4 ,cascarilla1 #a oz42 ,malaga wine1 #a pint4----,dose1 #a oz41 twice a day in consumption4 ,wine of ,catechu4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,catechu 7,soubeiran74 ,prep4 ,tincture of catechu1 #a part2 red wine1 #ab-a_/b parts4 ,mix1 and after a few days1 filter4 ,wine of ,centaury 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,centaurii ,,compositum4 ,,hoffman',s ,,elixir ,,viscerale4 ,prep4 ,centaury1 orange peel1 extract of blessed thistle1 gentian1 myrrh1 cascarilla1 each #a dr42 sherry1 #b pints4 ,wine1 ,chalybeate4 ,see ,,wine ,,of ,,iron4 ,wine of ,cinnamon4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,cinnamomi 7,beral74 ,prep4 ,cinnamon1 #a oz42 alicant wine1 #af oz42 macerate and filter4 ,sugar is sometimes added4 ,wine of ,citrate of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,ferri ,,citratis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dissolve #adj grains of citrate of iron and ammonia in #a pint of orange wine2 let the solution remain for #c days in a closed vessel1 shaking occasionally2 then filter4 ,wine of ,colchicum4 ,syn4 ,,wine ,,of ,,colchicum ,,root2 ,,vinum ,,colchici 7,b4 ,p472 ,,vinum ,,radicis ,,colchici 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,colchicum corms1 dried and sliced1 #d2 sherry1 #bj2 macerate seven days and strain4----,dose1 #bj to #cj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried corms of meadow saffron 7sliced71 #h oz42 sherry wine1 #a quart2 macerate #g days1 and strain 7press strongly the residuum and filter the mixed liquor----,ph4 ,e474 ,a powerful sedative and purgative4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr42 in gout1 acute rheumatism1 and other painful and inflammatory and nervous affections4 ,obs4 ,the celebrated ,,eau ,m,,dicinale of ,m4 ,husson 7,,aqua ,,medicinales ,,hussonii7 resembles1 in composition and action1 the above preparation in every point except its strength1 which1 we believe1 is much above that of the wine of the ,british ,colleges4 ,wine of ,colchicum ,seed4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,seminis ,,colchici1 ,v4 ,,seminum ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dr ,williams47 ,seeds of meadow saffron 7preferably ground in a coffee-mill71 #b oz42 sherry1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate for #ad days4----,dose1 #a to #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 in gout1 c4 ,wine1 ,emetic4 ,see ,,antimonial ,,wine1 ,,wine ,,of ,,ipecacuanha1 c4 ,wine of ,colocynth4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,colocynthidis 7,van ,mons74 ,prep4 ,colocynth1 #b oz42 white wine1 #bd oz4 ,macerate for #h days1 and filter4 ,wine of ,elecampane4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,inul4 ,as wine of wormwood4 ,wine of ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,ergot 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,fluid extract of ergot 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 #b oz4 7o4 m472 white wine1 #ad oz4 7o4 m474 ,mix and filter4 ,wine of ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,digitalis4 7,ph4 ,port47 ,prep4 ,dried foxglove1 #a oz42 good white wine1 #cb oz4 ,macerate for #d days1 and strain4 ,wine of ,gentian4 ,syn4 ,,bitter ,,wine1 ,,tonic ,w42 ,,vinum ,,amara1 ,v4 ,,gentian 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,gentian1 in coarse powder1 #a_/b oz42 yellow bark 7do471 #a oz42 dried orange peel1 #b dr42 canella1 in coarse powder1 #a dr42 proof spirit1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 digest for #bd hours1 then add of sherry #a pint and #af fl4 oz41 and further digest for #g days4 ,tonic and stomachic4----,dose1 #a_/b to #c_/d fl4 oz4 ,wine of ,hedge ,hyssop4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,gratiol 7,niemann74 ,syn4 ,hedge hyssop1 #b dr42 white wine1 #af dr4 ,digest at a gentle heat for #d hours1 and strain4----,dose1 #a oz42 frequently in hypochondriasis4 ,wine of ,hellebore4 ,see ,,wine ,,of ,,white ,,hellebore4 ,wine of ,holly4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,ilicis 7,rousseau74 ,powdered holly leaves1 #b dr42 white wine1 #f oz4 ,infuse for #ab hours4 ,wine of ,iodide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,ferri ,,iodidi 7,pierquin74 ,prep4 ,iodide of iron1 #d dr42 ,bordeaux wine1 #a pint4 ,wine of ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,emetic ,,wine2 ,,vinum ,,ipecacuanh 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ipecacuanha1 bruised1 #a2 sherry1 #bj2 macerate seven days1 shaking occasionally1 strain1 and make up to #bj4----;,dose4 ,as an expectorant1 #e to #dj minims2 as an emetic1 #c to #f dr4 #b4 ,ipecacuanha root1 bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 sherry1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days1 and strain1 with1 expression----,ph4 ,d474 ,this is a mild and excellent preparation4----,dose4 ,as a diaphoretic and expectorant1 #aj to #dj drops1 in coughs1 diarrha1 dysentery1 dyspepsia1 c42 as an emetic1 #b fl4 dr4 to #a fl4 oz41 in divided doses2 as an emetic for infants and young children1 #a_/b teaspoonful every #aj or #ae minutes until it operates4 ,wine of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,chalybeate ,,wine1 ,,steel ,w42 ,,vinum ,,ferri 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fine iron wire 7,no4 #ce71 #a oz42 sherry1 #bj oz42 digest thirty days with frequent agitation4 ,the bottle to be corked1 but the wire not wholly immersed4----,dose1 #a to #d dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,iron wire1 #a oz42 sherry1 #a quart2 digest1 with frequent agitation1 for #cj days1 and strain4 ,each fl4 oz4 contains less than #a-a_/b gr4 of metallic iron4 #c4 ,ammonio-tartrate of iron 7,aikin's71 #a-a_/b dr42 sherry1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,frequently substituted for the last1 especially when the preparation is required in a hurry4----,dose1 #a to #e fl4 dr42 as a mild chalybeate4 ,obs4 ,the formula for ,,wine ,,of ,,iron was modified in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd1 omitted in that of #ahcf1 and restored1 in its original character1 in that of #ahea4 ,wine of ,liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,glycyrrhiz1 ,,fuller',s ,,sweet ,,tincture4 ,prep4 ,liquorice 7,italian juice71 #a oz42 cochineal1 #b scruples2 canary wine1 #b pints4 ,sometimes #a drachm of saffron is added4 ,wine of ,malate of ,iron4 ,iron wire steeped in cider4 ,wine of ,meadow ,saffron4 ,,wine ,,of ,,colchicum4 ,wine of ,olive4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,oliv 7,louis74 ,prep4 ,fresh olive leaves1 #b oz42 white wine #cb oz4 ,half a glass twice a day4 ,wine of ,onion4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,cep4 ,prep4 ,two onions1 sliced2 white wine1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,digest and strain4 ,for gravel4 ,wine of ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,sydenham',s ,,liquid ,,laudanum2 ,,vinum ,,opii 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,,tinctura1 ,,thebaica1 ,,laudanum ,,liquidum ,,sydenham1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extract of opium1 #a oz42 cinnamon bark1 #ge gr42 cloves1 #ge gr42 sherry wine1 #bj oz42 macerate for seven days and filter4----,dose1 #aj to #dj minims4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract of opium 7,ph4 ,l471 #b-a_/b oz42 cinnamon and cloves1 of each1 bruised1 #b-a_/b dr42 sherry1 #a quart2 macerate for #g days 7#ad days----,ph4 ,d471 and filter4 ,in the ,ph4 ,e41 opium1 #c oz41 and in the ,ph4 ,d41 opium1 in coarse powder1 #c oz41 are ordered1 instead of extract of opium4 ,the ,dublin ,college also omits the aromatics4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,from extract of opium1 #aa oz42 oil of cassia1 #be drops2 oil of cloves1 #bj drops2 wine1 #a gall4 7or rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 water1 #f-a_/b pints2 colouring1 q4 s472 digest1 with agitation1 until dissolved4 ,milder than the tincture4----,dose1 #aj to #dj drops2 as an anodyne and hypnotic4 ,wine of ,opium 7,fermented74 ,syn4 ,,rousseau',s ,,laudanum1 ,,black-,,drop2 ,,vinum ,,opii ,,fermentatione ,,paratum1 ,,gutta ,,nigra1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,opium1 #d oz42 boiling water1 #e lbs42 dissolve1 add of honey1 #a lb42 yeast1 #b dr42 keep it at #hf ,fahr4 for a month1 or until the fermentation is complete2 then press1 filter1 distil off #af oz41 and evaporate the residuum to #aj oz42 distil the #af oz4 of spirit obtained above until #ab oz4 have passed over1 and from this1 by a third distillation1 obtain #d-a_/b oz41 which add to the evaporated solution 7#aj oz471 and filter4 ,about four times as strong as tincture of opium4 ,see ,,drop1 ,,black4 ,wine of ,orange4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,aurantii 7,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 ,made in ,britain by the fermentation of a saccharine solution1 to which the fresh peel of the bitter orange has been added1 contains #ab per cent4 of alcohol1 and is but slightly acid to test-paper4 ,wine of ,pepsin4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,pepsini 7,ph4 ,g474 ,prep4 ,remove by hard scraping1 by means of a bone knife1 the pepsin from the mucous membrane of a previously washed1 freshly killed1 pig's or ox's fourth stomach1 and mix #aj drams of it with #e drams 7by weight7 of glycerin diluted with #e drams of water2 put into a large flask and shake up vigorously with #ac-a_/b oz4 7by weight7 of white wine1 and #a_/b dr4 7by weight7 of hydrochloric acid4 ,macerate for #c days at #fh ,fahr41 frequently shaking1 and filter4 ,wine of ,potassio-tartrate of ,antimony4 ,see ,,wine1 ,,antimonial 7above74 ,wine of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,quinl 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sulphate of quinina1 #bj gr42 citric acid1 #cj gr42 orange wine1 #bj oz42 dissolve the citric acid and then the sulphate of quinia in the wine2 digest three days and filter4----,dose1 #a_/b to #a oz4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,sulphate of quinine1 #ad gr42 sherry1 #a quart2 agitate frequently for some time4 8,the sulphate of quinine requires to be dissolved in a little dilute sulphuric acid before it is added to the wine40 7,dr ,hayes47----,dose1 #a wine-glassful1 as a tonic and stomachic4 ,wine of ,quinine1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,quini ,,aromaticum4 ,,dr ,,collier',s ,,aromatic ,,quinine ,,wine4 ,prep4 ,disulphate of quinine1 #ah gr42 citric acid1 #ae gr42 sound orange wine1 #a bottle 7#bd fl4 oz474 ,wine of ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,,tinctura ,,rh,i ,,vinosa4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhubarb1 in coarse powder1 #a-a_/b2 canella bark1 #a_/h2 sherry1 #bj2 macerate seven days1 filter1 and make up to #bj4----;,dose1 #a to #b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,rhubarb1 in coarse powder1 #e oz42 canella1 in coarse powder1 #b dr42 proof spirit1 #e fl4 oz42 sherry1 #a-c_/d pint2 macerate for #g days1 press1 and filter4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhubarb1 #c oz42 canella1 #b dr42 sherry1 #a quart2 macerate #ad days4 ,weaker than the last4----,dose4 ,as a stomachic1 #a to #c fl4 dr42 as a purgative1 #a_/b to #a fl4 oz41 or more4 ,it does not keep well4 ,wine of ,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,sarsaparill 7,beral74 ,prep4 ,alcoholic extract of sarsaparilla1 #a oz42 white wine1 #af oz4 ,wine of ,senna4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,senn 7,ph4 ,swed474 ,prep4 ,senna1 #d oz42 coriander seed1 #b dr42 fennel seed1 #b dr42 sherry1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ,digest for #c days1 add stoned raisins1 #c-a_/b oz4 ,macerate for #bd hours1 and strain with expression4 ,wine of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,scill 7,p4 ,cod474 ,prep4 ,dried squills1 #c oz42 ,malaga wine1 #b-a_/b pints4 ,macerate for #aj days4 ,wine of ,squills1 ,bitter4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,scilliticum ,,amarum 7,p4 ,cod474 ,pale ,peruvian bark1 #f oz42 winter's bark1 #f oz42 lemon peel1 #f oz42 swallow-wort1 #a-a_/b oz42 angelica root1 #a-a_/b oz42 squill1 #a-a_/b oz42 wormwood1 #c oz42 balm1 #c oz42 jumper berries1 #a-a_/b oz42 mace1 #a-a_/b oz42 white wine1 #b-a_/b galls42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,macerate for #aj days4 ,wine of ,squills1 ,compound4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,scill ,,compositum 7,richter74 ,prep4 ,dried squill1 #a oz42 orange peel1 #c dr42 juniper berries1 #b dr42 white wine1 #b-a_/b pints4 ,digest for #c days1 filter1 and add #b oz4 of oxymel of squills4 ,wine of ,stramonium4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,stramonii 7,ph4 ,bat474 ,prep4 ,stramonium seeds1 #b oz42 ,malaga wine1 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #a oz4 ,digest and filter4 ,wine of ,tobacco4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,tabaci 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tobacco1 #c-a_/b oz42 sherry1 #a quart2 digest #g days1 strain1 with strong pressure1 and filter4 ,a powerful sedative and diuretic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj drops2 in dropsy1 lead colic1 ileus1 c4 ,wine of ,vipers4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,viperinum 7,ph4 ,l41 #agdf74 ,prep4 ,dried vipers1 #b oz42 white wine1 #c lbs4 ,macerate for #g days4 ,wine of ,white ,hellebore4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,veratri 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,tinctura ,,veratri ,,albi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,white hellebore1 sliced1 #h oz42 sherry wine1 #a quart2 digest for #g days1 press1 and filter4----,dose1 #aj drops1 gradually increased to #be or #cj2 as a substitute for colchicum1 in gout and rheumatism1 c4 ,it is less manageable than wine of colchicum1 and is now seldom employed4 ,wine of ,white ,hellebore 7,opiated74 ,syn4 ,,moore',s ,,eau ,m,,dicinale2 ,,vinum ,,veratri ,,opiatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from wine of white hellebore1 #c fl4 dr42 tincture of opium1 ,i fl4 dr4----,dose4 ,as the last4 ,wine of ,wormwood4 ,syn4 ,,vinum ,,absinthii 7,p4 ,cod474 ,prep4 ,dried wormwood leaves1 #c oz42 white wine1 #e pints2 proof spirit1 #f oz4 ,macerate the leaves in the spirit1 in #bd hours add the wine1 macerate for #aj days1 and strain4 ,wines1 ,medicated 7,dr ,b4 ,lane's74 ,syn4 ,,vinous ,,essences2 ,,essenti ,,vinos1 ,,liquores ,,vinosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from an infusion or solution of the drug1 of about #c or #d times the usual strength1 fermented with a little yeast1 and about #c or #d lbs4 of sugar per gallon2 the fermented liquor being afterwards set in a cool cellar until fit for bottling4 ,compounds of ,,calumba1 ,,cascarilla1 ,,gentian1 ,,opium1 ,,rhubarb1 ,,senna1 and ,,valerian1 have been thus prepared4 ,that of ,,opium is made of only twice the strength of the common tincture4 ,,wine-,,stone4 ,,crude ,,tartar or ,,argol4 ,,wine ,,tests4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hahnemann's47 ,from quicklime1 #a oz42 flowers of sulphur1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix1 and heat them in a covered crucible for #e or #f minutes2 put #b dr4 of the product and an equal weight of tartaric acid 7separately powdered71 into a stoppered bottle1 with a pint of water1 and shake them well2 let the liquid settle1 pour off the clear portion1 and add of tartaric acid1 #a-a_/b dr4 #b4 7,dr ,paris's47 ,from sulphide of calcium and cream of tartar1 of each 7in powder71 #a_/b oz42 hot water1 #a pint2 agitate1 c41 as before2 decant the cold clear liquid into #a-oz4 phials1 and add #bj drops of hydrochloric acid to each of them4 ,obs4 ,the above tests will throw down the least quantity of lead from wines1 as a very sensible black precipitate4 ,as iron might be accidentally contained in the wine1 the hydrochloric acid is added to the last test1 to prevent the precipitation of that metal4 ,,win,,ter-,,green 7,american74 ,syn4 ,,pipsissewa2 ,,chimaphila 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e474 ,,pyrola 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the herb of ,chimaphila umbellata4 ,it is astringent1 diuretic1 tonic1 and stomachic2 and has been successfully administered in loss of appetite1 dyspepsia1 dropsy1 chronic affections of the urinary organs1 scrofula1 c4 ,it must not be confounded with ordinary winter-green 7box berry1 chequer b41 partridge b41 mountain tea71 which is the ,gaultheria procumbens1 a plant belonging to the ,ericace1 whilst the former plant belongs to a genus of the ,pyrolace4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 and ,,oils 7,essential74 ,,wireworm4 ,the ,editor is indebted to ,dr ,spencer ,cobbold1 ,f4,r4,s41 for the following communication on this subject3----8,dear ,prof4 ,tuson1----,you asked me about the remedies for wireworm4 ,although a great deal has been said on the subject1 yet it is not easy to advise4 ,i believe the best plan is to #8catch-'em-alive' by means of sliced potatoes1 turnips1 or carrots laid in rows1 women and children being employed every morning to pick up the slices1 and brush off the larv into a jar 7the slices being replaced74 ,mr ,hogg 7the ,ettrick ,shepherd7 found lettuce leaves very serviceable when laid as a bait in a similar way4 ,pheasants are very destructive to them4 ,as agriculturists do not like the trouble and expense of this baiting method 7by far the best if persevered in7 some have recommended deep ploughing1 c4 ,the following extract taken from the #8,journal of the ,agricultural ,society1 of ,victoria1' bears on the question at issue4 ,trusting it may be found useful1 believe me1 yours faithfully1 ,t4 ,,spencer ,,cobbold40 8,remedy for ,wireworm4----,having seen in your issue of the #bdth ult4 that #8,b1' would be glad if any one could give any information as to a remedy for the ravages of the wireworm1 which plays such havoc in our corn fields during the early part of the growth of our cereal crops1 ,i beg to offer a few observations on the subject4 ,i have for years paid particular notice as to any remedy or preventive1 and it is with regard to the latter that ,i shall chiefly confine my remarks1 as there is positively no known remedy when once the insects have attacked the crop4 ,some persons recommend the application of lime or salt1 but it is a well-known fact that if either of these is applied in such quantity as to destroy the worm1 it will likewise destroy vegetation1 and consequently the crop will be entirely lost2 and not alone this crop1 but the soil will be poisoned to such an extent as to injure succeeding crops4 ,what ,i have found most successful is deep ploughing1 not what is ordinary called deep ploughing1 #g or #h inches1 but to the depth of at least #aj or #ab1 where the soil will admit of it4 ,the wireworm lives not more than #d inches below the surface1 and by burying it #aj or #ab inches it is found that it cannot again make its way to the surface1 and consequently can do no injury to surface-rooted plants1 such as the grain crops4 ,the operation of ploughing should be performed as follows3 a strong skim coulter is attached to the beam of an ordinary strong plough1 which is drawn by three horses4 ,the skim coulter pares off the surface1 which is buried underneath the sod turned over by the mould-board4 ,or it is sometimes performed in a different way4 ,a small plough1 drawn by one horse1 precedes the ordinary plough1 skimming off the surface exactly the same as the skim coulter4 ,so much for a preventive4 ,as to remedy1 what ,i have found most effectual is heavy rolling1 using1 if possible1 such a roller as that called the ,crosskill1 which crushes the insects1 killing some1 and preventing others doing much damage until the crop is sufficiently far advanced as not to be affected by the insect4----,,john ,,thomas1 #cb1 ,capel ,street1 ,dublin40 ,,witch ,,meal4 ,syn4 ,,vegetable ,,sulphur1 ,,lycopodium4 ,the spores of ,lycopodium clavatum1 or club moss4 ,,woad4 ,syn4 ,,dyer',s ,,woad2 ,,pastel1 ,fr4 ,the ,isatis tinctoria4 ,to prepare them for the dyer1 the leaves are partially dried and ground to a paste1 which is made into balls2 these are placed in heaps1 and occasionally sprinkled with water1 to promote the fermentation2 when this is finished1 the woad is allowed to fall down into lumps1 which are afterwards reground and made into cakes for sale4 ,on mixing the prepared woad with boiling water1 and1 after standing for some hours in a closed vessel1 adding about #a-bjth its weight of newly slaked lime1 digesting in a gentle warmth1 and stirring the whole together every #c or #d hours1 a new fermentation begins2 a blue froth rises to the surface1 and the liquor1 though it appears itself of a reddish colour1 dyes woollens of a green1 which1 like the green from indigo1 changes in the air to a blue4 ,this is said to be one of the nicest processes in the art of dyeing1 and does not well succeed on the small scale4 ,woad is now mostly used in combination with indigo4 #ej lbs4 of woad are reckoned equal to #a lb4 of indigo4 ,,wol,,fram4 ,see ,,tungsten4 ,,wolfs,,bane4 ,see ,,aconite4 ,,wood is polished by carefully rubbing down the grain with fine glass paper1 or pumice-stone1 and then rubbing it1 first with finely-powdered pumice-stone and water1 and afterwards with tripoli and linseed oil1 until a proper surface is obtained4 ,for common purposes1 glass paper1 followed by a metal burnisher1 is employed4 ,wood is stained by the application of any of the ordinary liquid dyes employed for wool or cotton4 ,they sink deeper into the wood when they are applied hot4 ,when the surface is properly strained and dried1 it is commonly cleaned with a rag dipped in oil of turpentine or boiled oil1 after which it is either varnished or polished with beeswax4 ,musical instruments1 articles of the toilette1 c41 are usually treated in this way4 ,wood is preserved by any agents which destroy the tendency to putrefaction of the matter within its pores1 or which enables it to resist the attacks of insects1 or renders it unsuited to the growth of minute fungi4 ,see ,,dry-,,rot4 ,,wood ,,naph,,tha4 ,see ,,spirit 7,pyroxylic74 ,,wood ,,oil4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,gurgun4 ,,woody ,,fibre4 ,see ,,lignin4 ,,woody ,,night,,shade ,,bitter-,,sweet1 ,solanum dulcamara4 ,,wool4 ,syn4 ,,lana1 ,l4 ,wool is a fine1 soft1 elastic variety of hair1 cellulated in its structure4 ,its filaments are cylindrical1 like those of silk2 but the surface is covered with thin scales or epidermic cells4 ,in the finer qualities1 these filaments vary in thickness from #a_/aajj to #a_/aejj of an inch2 and under a good microscope distinctly exhibit1 at intervals of about #a_/cjj of an inch1 a series of serrated rings1 imbricated towards each other1 8like the joints of equisetum1 or1 rather1 like the scaly zones of a serpent's skin40 ,these appearances render it almost impossible to mistake wool for silk1 linen1 or cotton4 ,from experiments made by different competent authorities1 it is found that wool is one of the worst conductors of heat known4 ,this property renders woollen fabrics particularly adapted for clothing in cold1 damp1 and changeable climates1 since it enables them to maintain the surface of the body at a proper and equable temperature4 ,wool1 sometimes1 however1 proves too irritative for highly sensitive skins1 and1 moreover1 disturbs the electricity of the cutaneous surface1 on friction1 even more than silk4 ,on these accounts there are persons who find it unpleasant to wear woollen garments1 of any description1 next the skin2 in which cases all the advantages that can be derived from their use may be obtained by wearing them outside one of linen or cotton4 ,according to ,erasmus ,wilson1 this method 8is preferable in warm weather1 since the linen absorbs the perspiration1 while the woollen garment preserves the warmth of the body1 and prevents the inconvenience resulting from its evaporation40 ,see ,,flannel4 ,identif4 #a4 ,by the microscope4 7,see above47 #b4 ,its fibres1 when inflamed1 shrivel up1 and burn with difficulty1 and evolve the peculiar and characteristic odour of hair when similarly treated1 leaving a bulky charcoal2 whereas cotton and linen burn rapidly1 leave no charcoal1 and evolve little or no odour4 ,silk acts in nearly the same manner as wool4 #c4 ,nitric acid1 picric acid1 and gaseous chlorine1 stain the fibres of wool and silk yellow4 ,dr ,j4 ,j4 ,pohl recommends an aqueous or alcoholic solution of picric acid as well adapted for a test----,after immersion of a small portion of the fabric or yarn for from #e to #aj minutes in the solution1 it is to be taken out1 and washed in warm water4 ,the linen and cotton in it will then appear white1 but the wool1 silk1 or other animal fibre1 will retain its yellow colour4 ,in stuffs1 cloths1 flannel1 c41 the mixed threads may be readily observed by means of a pocket lens1 and their relative numbers may be ascertained by means of a #8thread counter4' ,this test acts best with white1 but is also applicable to many other colours4 ,for dark colours nitric acid is preferable4 #d4 ,a square inch of the fabric or a small portion of the yarn1 is boiled for a short time in a solution of caustic soda or potassa1 and then withdrawn and washed4 ,if it be of pure wool1 it will be dissolved1 and wholly disappear2 if any threads or fibres are left undissolved1 they consist of either cotton or linen2 of these1 such as have acquired a dark yellow tinge1 are linen1 whilst those which have retained their whiteness1 or which are only slightly discoloured1 are cotton4 ,the relative proportion of the adulteration may be ascertained as before4 ,see ,,cotton1 ,,linen1 and ,,silk4 ,wool and woollen goods exhibit a greater affinity for colouring matter than either cotton or linen1 and in many cases this exceeds even that of silk4 ,the most difficult dye to impart to wool is a rich1 deep1 and permanent black4 ,see ,,dyeing1 ,,mordants1 c4 ,woollen goods are cleaned and scoured in the manner noticed under ,,bleaching and ,,scouring4 ,wool1 ,spanish4 ,rouge-crepons4 ,wool1 ,styptic4 ,dr4 ,erie1 of ,isny1 prepares this by boiling the finest carded wool for half an hour or an hour in a solution containing #d per cent4 of soda1 then thoroughly washes it out in cold spring water1 wrings it2 and dries it4 ,the wool is thus effectually purified1 and is now capable of imbibing fluids uniformly4 ,it is then to be dipped two or three times in fluid chloride of iron diluted with one-third of water1 expressed and dried in a draught of air1 but not in the sun or by the aid of high heat2 finally1 it is carded out4 ,thus prepared1 it is of a beautiful yellowish-brown colour1 and feels like ordinary dry cotton wool4 ,as it is highly hygroscopic1 it must be kept dry1 and when required to be transported1 must be packed in caoutchouc or bladder4 ,charpie may be prepared in a similar manner1 but on account of its coarser texture1 is not so effective as cotton wool1 presenting a less surface for producing coagulation4 ,when the wool is placed on a bleeding wound1 it induces moderate contraction of the tissue1 coagulation of the blood that has escaped1 and subsequently coagulation of the blood that is contained within the injured vessels1 and thus arrests the hmorrhage4 ,the coagulating power of the chloride of iron is clearly exalted by the extension of its surface that is in this way affected4 ,the application of the prepared wool is not particularly painful1 whilst by sucking up the superfluous discharge1 and preventing its decomposition1 it seems to operate favorably on the process of the wound4#bgb ,footnote #bgb3 #8,lancet4' ,wool ,work1 ,woollen ,shawls1 c41 to clean4----,boil a large piece of soap in rain-water4 ,put it into an earthenware pan and add a teacupful of ox-gall1 which any butcher will supply4 ,put in the work to be cleaned1 and rub it briskly1 as you would a pocket handkerchief1 lifting it up and down4 ,wash in two waters1 if very dirty2 then rinse quickly in cold water1 lay a cloth over it1 and fold it tightly4 ,iron it immediately on the wrong side with hot1 heavy irons4 ,,woora,,ra4 ,syn4 ,,ourari1 ,,wourali4 ,a deadly poison employed in ,guiana1 obtained from the ,strychnos toxifera4 ,see ,,upas4 ,,wootz4 ,the ,indian name of steel2 applied in this country to the steel imported from ,bengal4 ,,worm ,,bark4 ,syn4 ,,cabbage-,,tree ,,bark1 or ,,geoffr,,ya ,,inermis1 ,l4 ,the bark of ,andira inermis 7,geoffrya i4 of some botanists74 ,a powerful astringent1 purgative1 anthelmintic1 and narcotic4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,in larger doses1 or if cold water be drunk during its action1 it is apt to occasion sickness1 vomiting1 and delirium4 ,the remedy for this is copious draughts of warm water4 ,,worm ,,seed4 ,syn4 ,,semen ,,contra1 ,,semen ,,cin1 ,l4 ,the broken peduncles1 mixed with the calyces and flower-buds1 of several species of ,artemisia imported from the ,levant4----,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 in powder2 as a vermifuge4 ,see ,,santonin4 ,,worms 7,intestinal74 ,syn4 ,,vermes1 ,,intestinalia 7,cuvier71 ,,entozoa 7,rudolphi71 ,l4 ,the principal parasites which are generated and nourished in the human intestinal canal are the----,ascaris lumbricoides 7,gmelin71 or long round-worm1 found in the small intestines1 and which is generally of the thickness of a goose-quill1 and varies in length from #aj to #ae inches2----,ascaris vermicularis 7,gmelin71 maw1 or thread-worm1 which is thread-like in appearance1 varies from #a-a_/b to #e lines in length1 and confines itself chiefly to the rectum2----,tricocephalus hominis 7,gmelin71 or long thread-worm1 varying from #a-a_/d to #b inches in length1 and found chiefly in the ccum2----,tnia solium 7,gmelin71 or common tapeworm1 having a flattened riband-like appearance1 varying in length from #c or #d to #ae or #bj feet1 and occupying the small intestines2----,bothriocephalus latus1 or broad tapeworm1 a variety seldom found in this country1 but common in ,switzerland and the north of ,europe2 and1 ,tnia mediocanellata1 another large species1 described by ,kchenmeister4 ,causes4 ,a debilitated state of the digestive organs1 improper food1 sedentary1 habits1 impure air1 bad water1 and1 apparently1 an occasional hereditary tendency to worms4 ,symp4 ,griping pains1 especially about the navel2 acid eructations2 slimy stools2 occasional nausea and vomiting1 without any manifest cause2 heat and itching about the anus2 tenesmus21 emaciation2 disturbed dreams2 grinding of the teeth during sleep2 pallor of countenance2 discoloration round the eyes2 feverishness2 headache2 vertigo1 c4 ,in many cases these symptoms are often highly aggravated1 and mistaken for primary diseases4 ,the only absolutely positive evidence of the existence of worms is1 however1 their being seen in the fces4 ,treat4 ,in common cases1 an occasional moderately strong dose of calomel overnight1 followed by a smart purgative the next morning1 is an excellent remedy1 where the use of mercurials is not contra-indicated4 ,cowhage1 made into an electuary with honey or treacle1 is also an excellent vermifuge4 ,oil of turpentine is useful against nearly every variety of worms1 and1 when taken in sufficient doses to reach the rectum1 is almost specific in ascarides 7thread-worms74 ,when this is inconvenient1 an occasional enema of oil of turpentine is even more effective4 ,enemas of aloes are also very useful in such cases4 ,scammony1 under the form of basilic powder1 has long been employed to expel worms in children4 ,aloes1 castor-oil1 worm-seed1 tin-filings1 and sulphur1 are likewise popular remedies4 ,cabbage-tree bark is a powerful anthelmintic2 but its use requires caution4 ,most of the quack vermifuges contain either aloes or gamboge1 or calomel and jalap4 ,the substances which have been most highly extolled for the destruction or expulsion of tapeworm 7tnia7 are kousso1 oil of turpentine1 male fern1 pomegranate1 and tin-filings4 ,the first two are those on which the most dependence may be placed4 ,madame ,nouffer's celebrated #8,swiss remedy' for tapeworm1 for which ,louis ,,xvi gave #ah1jjj francs1 consisted of #b or #c dr4 of powdered male fern1 taken in #a_/d pint of water1 in the morning1 fasting1 followed in #b hours by a bolus made of calomel and scammony1 of each #aj gr42 gamboge1 #f or #g gr4 #8,swain's vermifuge' is prepared from worm-seed1 #b oz42 valerian1 rhubarb1 pink-root1 and white agaric1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 boiled in water1 q4 s4 to yield #c quarts of decoction1 to which #cj drops of oil of tansy1 and #de drops of oil of cloves1 dissolved in a quart of rectified spirit1 are added4 ,all purgatives may be regarded as vermifuges4 ,besides our efforts to destroy and expel the worms1 the tone of the prim vit should be raised by the use of stomachics and tonics1 by which the tendency to their equivocal generation will be either removed or lessened4 ,see ,,ascaris ,,lumbricoides1 ,,decoction1 ,,enema1 ,,pills1 ,,patent ,,medicines1 ,,vermifuges1 c42 and also the several vermifuges under their respective names4 ,obs4 ,parasitic worms as existing in animals are so remarkably prevalent and so widely diffused that probably no creature can be said to be secure against their attack4 ,among domestic animals1 sheep often suffer to a most serious extent from these parasites1 and more especially from the nematoid1 known as ,strongylus bronchialis4 ,in some years lambs are lost by hundreds from the complications of disease which attend upon the presence of these worms within the windpipe and the bronchial tubes4 ,their existence is marked by great wasting of the body1 hurried breathing1 and distressing cough4 ,after a time diarrha sets in1 which quickly carries off the animal4 ,it has been found that lambs fed on clover1 and other allied plants1 which had been pastured the year previously with sheep1 suffer the most1 and are far more likely to be affected than those which are differently managed4 ,remedial measures too often prove ineffectual1 especially when structural disease of the lungs has followed as a consequence4 ,the exhibition of oil of turpentine in doses of about half an ounce1 mixed with an equal quantity of linseed oil1 is sometimes found to be beneficial2 but it must be conjoined with a corn diet1 the free use of salt1 and also sulphate of iron mixed with the manger food1 tincture of assaftida1 and the essential oil of savin1 in small doses1 are remedies greatly extolled by some persons4 ,the inhalation of diluted chlorine gas or of sulphurous acid gas is often exceedingly beneficial2 but remedies of this kind ought always to be confided to the superintending care of the veterinary surgeon4 ,,worm ,,tea4 ,a preparation sold in the shops of the ,united ,states1 and much used1 consisting1 according to ,brande1 of spigelia or pink-root1 savin1 senna1 and manna4 ,,worm,,wood4 ,syn4 ,,absinthium 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the flowering herb of ,artemisia ,absinthium1 a well-known plant1 indigenous to this country1 and largely cultivated for medicinal purposes4 ,it is a bitter tonic and stomachic1 and also anthelmintic4----,dose1 #bj to #dj gr4 of the dried herb1 either in powder or made into a tea or infusion2 in dyspepsia1 dropsy1 scurvy1 sympathetic epilepsy1 c4 ,see ,,absinthine and ,,absinthic ,,acid4 ,,wort4 ,the technical name for the fermentable infusion of malted grain4 ,the strength of worts is ascertained by means of an instrument termed a saccharometer4 8,brewers1 distillers1 and the excise1 sometimes denote by the term #8gravity' the excess of weight of #ajjj parts of a liquid by volume above the weight of a like volume of distilled water1 so that if the specific gravity be #ajde1 #ajgj1 #ajij1 c41 the gravity is said to be #de1 #gj1 or #ij2 at others1 they thereby denote the weight of saccharine matter in a barrel 7#cf galls47 of wort2 and again1 they denote the excess in weight of a barrel of wort over a barrel of water equal to #cf gallons1 or #cfj lbs4 ,this and the first statement are identical1 only #ajjj is the standard in the first case1 and #cfj in the second40 7,ure47 ,the last is that commonly adopted by the brewers4 ,according to ,dr ,ure1 the solid dry extract of malt1 or #8saccharine1' has the specific gravity #abfd1 and the specific volume #giaa2 8that is1 #aj lbs4 of it will occupy the volume of #giaa lbs4 of water4 ,the mean sp4 gr41 by computation of a solution of that extract in its own weight of water1 is #aaaf2 but by experiment1 the sp4 gr4 of that solution is #abaf1 showing considerable condensation of volume in the act of combination with water40 ,the quantity of solid saccharine or sugar in a wort may be determined in the manner mentioned under ,,syrup4 8,according to the compilers of the tables accompanying ,field's alcoholometer1 #ah lb4 of saccharine is decomposed for the production of #a of proof spirit2 but according to our experiments1 the proportion of saccharine named is rather below the true equivalent40 7,cooley47 ,the rapid cooling of worts is an important object with the brewer and distiller4 ,on the large scale1 the old system in which shallow coolers are employed1 with all its numerous inconveniences and accidents1 is now for the most part abandoned1 being supplanted by the method introduced by ,mr ,yandall1 nearly #dj years ago4 ,this consists in the use of a #8refrigerator1' which is an apparatus so constructed that any hot liquid may be cooled by about its own volume of cold water1 in a very short space of time4 ,the principle is that of passing the two fluids through very shallow and very long passages1 in opposite directions1 being essentially that of a #8,liebig's condenser' on a gigantic scale4 ,the apparatus may consist of zigzag passages1 flattened tubes or convoluted curves1 of any convenient shape1 so that they possess little capacity in one direction1 but great breadth and length4 ,a refrigerator1 having the passages for the fluids #a_/h of an inch thick1 is said to require a run of about #hj feet4 ,the success of this method is such as to leave nothing more to desire4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,fermentation1 ,,malt1 c4 ,,wound4 ,syn4 ,,vulnus1 ,l4 ,a solution of continuity in any of the soft parts of the body1 arising from external violence4 ,wounds are distinguished by surgeons into ,,contused ,,wounds1 ,,incised ,w41 ,,lacerated ,w41 ,,poisoned ,w41 ,,punctured ,w41 c42 terms which explain themselves4 ,sword-cuts are incised wounds2 gun-shot wounds1 lacerated and contused ones4 ,slight wounds1 and1 indeed1 all those not demanding material surgical assistance1 after dirt and foreign substances have been removed1 may be treated in the manner noticed under ,,cuts and ,,abrasions4 ,,wound ,,bal,,sam4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,benzoin4 ,,writ,,ing1 executed in the ordinary tanno-gallic ink1 and which has been rendered illegible by age1 may be restored by carefully moistening it1 by means of a feather1 with an infusion of galls1 or a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 observing to apply the liquid so as to prevent the ink spreading4 ,,writing ,,flu,,ids4 ,a term commonly applied1 of late years1 to easy flowing inks1 adapted for metallic pens2 in contradistinction to the old tanno-gallic compounds at one time exclusively employed for writing4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve pure basic or soluble ,prussian blue in pure distilled water1 and dilute the resulting solution with pure water until the desired shade of colour is obtained4 ,very permanent and beautiful4 ,it is not affected by the addition of alcohol1 but is immediately precipitated by saline matter4 ,the precipitate1 however1 still possesses the property of dissolving in pure water4 #b4 ,from the soluble ferrocyanide of potassium and iron1 dissolved in pure water4 ,resembles the last1 but it is precipitated from its solution by alcohol4 #c4 ,powdered ,prussian blue1 #a oz42 concentrated hydrochloric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix in a matrass or glass bottle1 and1 after #bb or #cj hours1 dilute the mass with a sufficient quantity of water4 #d4 ,dissolve sulphindylate of potassa or ammonia in hot water1 and1 when cold1 decant the clear portion4 ,it is an intense blue1 and dries nearly black2 is perfectly incorrosive1 and very permanent and easy flowing4 #e4 7,horning47 ,perchloride of iron1 #d parts2 water1 #gej parts2 dissolve1 add of cyanide of potassium1 #d parts1 dissolved in a little water2 collect the precipitate1 wash it with several effusions of pure water1 allow it to drain until it weighs about #bjj parts1 then add of oxalic acid1 #a part2 and promote solution by agitating the bottle or vessel containing it4 #f4 7,mohr47 ,pure ,prussian blue1 #f parts2 oxalic acid1 #a part2 triturate with a little water to a perfectly smooth paste1 then dilute the mass with a proper quantity of soft water4 ,the product resembles ,stephen's #8patent blue ink4' #g4 7,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade----patented47----a4 ,a solution of his patent soluble ,prussian blue in distilled water4 ,blue4 b4 ,prepared by adding to good gall ink a strong solution of his soluble ,prussian blue4 ,this addition 8makes the ink1 which was previously proof against alkalies1 equally proof against acids1 and forms a writing fluid which cannot be erased from paper by any common method of fraudulent obliteration without the destruction of the paper40 ,this ink writes greenish blue1 but afterwards turns intensely black4 ,stephen's #8patent ink1' which does the same1 is a similar compound4 #h4 7,prof4 ,runge----,,chromic ,,ink47 ,logwood1 in fine chips1 #a_/d lb42 boiling water1 #c pints2 digest for #ab hours1 then simmer the liquid down gently to #a quart1 carefully observing to avoid dust1 grease1 and smoke2 when cold1 decant the decoction1 and add to it of yellow chromate of potash1 #bj gr42 dissolve by agitation1 after which it will be fit for use4 ,cheap and good4 ,it resists the action of all ordinary destructive agents better than the tanno-gallic inks2 it may be washed after use with a wet sponge1 or steeped for twenty-four hours in water1 or even tested with dilute acids1 and yet preserve its original blackness4 ,it is perfectly liquid1 it scarcely thickens by age1 and neither deposits a sediment nor corrodes steel pens4 #i4 7,ure47 ,from vanadate of ammonia decomposed with infusion of galls4 ,it is of a perfectly black hue1 flows freely from the pen1 is rendered blue by acids1 is unaffected by dilute alkaline solutions1 and resists the action of chlorine4 ,obs4 ,the preceding formul1 under proper management1 produce excellent products1 all of which are extremely mobile1 and most of them of a more or less beautiful colour4 ,the blue ones1 when concentrated1 dry of a blue black1 whilst two or three of the others1 though at first pale1 rapidly pass into a deep black1 when exposed to the air4 ,care must be taken in all cases that the ingredients be pure4 ,the ,prussian blue1 except when directly prepared for the purpose1 should be washed in dilute hydrochloric acid before attempting its solution by means of oxalic acid4 ,unless these precautions are attended to1 success is unlikely4 ,a little gum may be added1 if required1 to prevent the fluid spreading on the paper2 but in most cases the addition is no improvement4 ,most of the blue fluids may be used as #8indelible ink' to mark linen1 and will be found very permanent1 provided the part be first moistened with alum water1 and dried4 ,,xyloid,,in4 ,when starch is immersed in concentrated nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ade to #aej71 it is converted1 without disengagement of gas1 into a colourless1 tremulous jelly1 which1 when treated with an excess of water1 yields a white1 curdy1 insoluble substance1 which after being edulcorated with pure water1 until every trace of acid is removed1 is xyloidin4 ,paper1 sugar1 gum1 mannite1 and several other substances1 treated in the same manner1 become in great part changed to xyloidin or analogous compounds4 ,obs4 ,pure xyloidin differs but slightly from pyroxylin1 or pure gun-cotton4 ,,xyl,,ol4 ,a hydrocarbon1 homologous to benzol1 found in wood-tar and coal-gas naphtha4 ,,yaws4 ,syn4 ,,framb,,sia1 ,l4 ,a peculiar disease of the skin1 common in the ,antilles and some parts of ,africa4 ,it is characterised by mulberry-like excrescences1 which discharge a watery humour4 ,the treatment chiefly consists in alleviating urgent symptoms 7if any71 and the adoption of a temperate diet and regimen1 until the eruptions1 having run their course1 begin to dry1 when tonics and alteratives1 as cinchona bark1 quinine1 and sarsaparilla1 with occasional small doses of mercurials1 generally prove advantageous4 ,the master 7or principal7 yaw1 which frequently remains troublesome after the others have disappeared1 may be dressed with the ointment of red oxide of mercury1 or of nitrate of mercury1 diluted with an equal weight of lard4 ,the yaws is not a dangerous1 although a very disgusting1 disease4 ,it is contagious by contact1 and1 like the smallpox1 only occurs once during life4 ,,yeast4 ,syn4 ,,barm1 ,,ferment1 ,,zumine2 ,,fermentum1 ,l4 ,yeast1 which consists almost entirely of minute vegetable cells1 termed ,torula cerevisi1 is either the froth or the deposit of fermenting worts1 according to the character of the fermentation4 ,the top yeast1 or superficial ferment1 which covers the surface of fermenting worts1 is called #8oberhefe' by the ,germans2 and the bottom yeast1 or the ferment of deposit1 is termed #8unterhefe1' ,the first is the common yeast of the ,english brewer2 the other1 that used in ,bavaria for the fermentation of worts from below 7untergrung74 ,both varieties yield their own kind under proper conditions4 ,wort fermented with top yeast1 at from #df to #ej ,fahr41 yield both varieties1 and each of these furnishes its own kind1 nearly pure1 by a second fermentation4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,fermentation1 c4 ,pres4 #a4 ,ordinary beer yeast may be kept fresh and fit for use for several months1 by placing it in a close canvas bag1 and gently and gradually squeezing out the moisture in a screw press until the remaining matter acquires the consistence of clay or soft cheese1 in which state it must be preserved in close vessels1 or wrapped in waxed cloth4 ,this is the method generally adopted for the best ,flanders and ,german yeast4 #b4 ,whisk the yeast until it forms a uniform liquid mass1 and then lay it with a clean and soft painter's brush evenly and thinly on flat dishes1 or any convenient surface1 on which it can be exposed to the sun or air2 this operation must be repeated as soon as the first coat is sufficiently solid1 and so on1 until the layers acquire a proper thickness1 when it must be detached and preserved as before4 ,if rendered quite dry1 its power of exciting fermentation will be destroyed4 #c4 ,by employing strips of clean new flannel 7well washed71 as above1 and1 when sufficiently dry1 rolling these up1 and covering them with waxed cloth or paper1 or placing them in tin canisters or boxes4 ,for use1 a few inches of one of the strips is cut off1 and soaked in lukewarm water1 when the barm leaves the flannel1 and mixes with the water1 which may then be stirred up with the flour4 ,yeast1 ,artificial4 8,although the conversion of a small into a large quantity of yeast is a very easy thing1 yet to produce that substance from the beginning is very difficult40 7,berzelius47 ,both cases are met in the formul below4 ,prep4 #a4 7,without a ferment47----a4 7,fownes47 ,wheat flour is to be mixed with water into a thick paste1 which is to be slightly covered1 in a moderately warm place2 about the third day it begins to emit a little gas1 and to exhale a disagreeable sour odour2 about the sixth or seventh day the smell changes1 much gas is evolved1 accompanied by a distinct and agreeable vinous odour1 and it is then in a state to excite either to vinous or panary fermentation1 and may be either at once employed for that purpose or formed into small and very thin cakes1 dried in the air and preserved for future use4 ,wort fermented with it in the ordinary way yields a large quantity of yeast1 of excellent quality1 which is found at the bottom of the vessel4 8,this is a revival of a method which1 although ,mr ,fownes seems to regard it as new1 is to be found in the #8,chemistry' of ,boerhaave0 7#8,lancet4'7 ,it is1 indeed1 a mere modification of the mode of preparing leaven1 as practised from the most remote ages of antiquity2 but is not the less valuable on that account4 #b4 7,with a ferment47----a4 ,take of bean flour1 #a_/d lb42 water1 #f quarts2 boil for #a_/b an hour1 pour the decoction into any suitable vessel1 add of wheat flour1 #c-a_/b lbs42 stir the whole well together1 and1 when the temperature reaches #ee ,fahr41 add of beer yeast1 #b quarts2 mix well1 and in #bd hours after the commencement of the fermentation add of barley or bean flour1 #g lbs42 make a uniform dough by thorough kneading1 form it into small cakes1 as above1 and then preserve these in a dry situation4 ,for use1 one of these discs is to be broken into pieces1 laid in tepid water1 and set in a warm place during #ab hours1 when the soft mass will serve the purpose of beer yeast4 b4 7,,patent ,,yeast47 ,take of hops1 #f oz42 water1 #c galls42 simmer for #c hours1 strain1 and in #aj minutes stir in of ground malt1 #a_/b peck2 next reboil the hops in water1 as before1 and let the strained liquor run into the first mash1 which must then be well stirred up1 covered over1 and left for #d hours2 after that time drain off the wort1 and1 when the temperature has fallen to #ij ,fahr41 set it to work with yeast 7preferably patent71 #a pint2 after standing for #bj to #bd hours in a warm place1 take off the scum1 strain it through a coarse hair sieve1 and it will be fit for use4 #a pint is said to be enough for #a bushel of bread4 ,obs4 ,the preparation of artificial yeast1 and substitutes for yeast1 has long engaged the attention of both the scientific chemist and the practical tradesman4 ,the subject is1 undoubtedly1 of great importance to emigrants and voyagers4 ,the above processes1 by good management1 yield products which are all that can be desired4 ,,yel,,low ,,dyes4 ,the following substances impart a yellow to goods1 either at once or after they have been mordanted with alumina or tin3----annotta1 barberry root1 dyer's broom1 ,french berries1 fustic1 fustet1 quercitron bark1 and turmeric4 ,goods mordanted with acetate of lead1 and afterwards passed through a bath of chromate of potash1 acquire a brilliant chrome-yellow colour2----solution of sulphate or acetate of iron1 followed by immersion in potash or lime water1 gives a buff or orange2----orpiment1 dissolved in ammonia water1 imparts a golden yellow4 7,see the above-named substances1 in their alphabetical places47 ,an aniline yellow 7chrysaniline7 has recently been obtained by ,mr ,nicholson1 which is said to be a most valuable dye-stuff1 comparable1 indeed1 with the aniline reds and purples4 ,,yellow ,,fe,,ver4 ,the bilious remittent fever of hot climates4 ,it is very common in the ,west ,indies and the ,southern ,states of ,america4 ,new ,orleans has been several times nearly depopulated by it4 ,,yellow ,,pig,,ments4 ,of these the principal are---- ,brown ,pink4 ,prep4 ,take of ,french berries and pearlash1 of each #a lb42 fustic chips1 #a_/b lb42 water1 #b galls42 boil in a tin or pewter vessel1 and strain the decoction through flannel whilst hot2 then dissolve alum1 #a-a_/b lb4 in hot water1 #b-a_/b galls42 add the solution to the strained decoction as long as a precipitate falls1 which must afterwards be washed1 drained1 and dried4 ,some manufacturers omit the fustic4 ,a good glazing colour1 when ground in linseed1 and used with drying oil4 ,yellow1 ,chrome4 ,syn4 ,,chromate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,yellow ,c4 ,,of ,l42 ,,plumbi ,,chromas1 ,,plumbi ,,chromas ,,flavum1 ,l4 ,the preparation of the pure salt is noticed under ,,chromium and ,,lead2 that of the commercial pigment is as follows3 #a4 ,add a filtered solution of nitrate or acetate of lead to a like solution of neutral chromate of potash as long as a precipitate falls2 then collect this1 wash it well with clean soft water1 and dry it out of the reach of sulphuretted vapours4 #b4 ,to the lye of chromate of potash1 prepared by roasting the chrome ore with nitre1 and lixiviation with water1 add a solution of acetate of lead1 and otherwise proceed as before4 #c4 ,dissolve acetate of lead in warm water1 and add of sulphuric acid1 q4 s4 to convert it into sulphate of lead2 decant the clear liquid 7vinegar71 wash the residuum with soft water1 and digest it1 with agitation1 in a hot solution of neutral 7yellow7 chromate of potash1 containing #a part of that salt to every three parts of sulphate of lead operated on2 afterwards decant the liquid1 which is a solution of sulphate of potash1 and carefully drain1 wash1 and dry the newly formed pigment4 ,the product contains much sulphate of lead1 but covers as well1 and has as good a colour1 as pure chromate of lead1 whilst it is much cheaper4 ,the shade may be varied by increasing or lessening the quantity of the chromate4#bgc ,footnote #bgc3 ,armengaud's #8,gnie ,industriel1' ,april1 #ahec4 ,obs4 ,four shades of this beautiful pigment are met with in the shops1 viz4 pale yellow or straw colour1 yellow1 deep yellow1 and orange4 ,the former are made by adding a little alum or sulphuric acid to the solution of the chromate before mixing it with the solution of lead2 the last1 by the addition of a little subacetate of lead 7tribasic acetate71 or by washing the precipitate with a weak alkaline lye4 ,the darker colour appears to arise from a little #8dichromate' being thrown down intimately mixed with the neutral chromate1 and the paler shades from a slight excess of acid1 or from the presence of water-sulphate of lead1 and1 occasionally1 alumina4 ,the colour is also influenced by the temperature of the solutions at the time of admixture4 ,anthon has found that1 when hot solutions of equal equivalents of acetate of lead 7#aij parts7 and chromate of potash 7#ajj parts1 both neutral and in crystals7 are mixed1 the yellow precipitate1 when dried1 is anhydrous2 but when the mixture is made at ordinary temperatures1 the precipitate has a paler yellow1 and when dried contains #a eq41 or nearly #e-a_/d of water4 7#8,buch4 ,rept4'7 ,it thus appears that the shades of colour of chrome yellow may be varied1 without any foreign addition4 ,in practice1 the third formula will be found very satisfactory4 ,see ,,orange ,,chrome and ,,chrome ,,red4 ,dutch ,pink4 ,prep4 ,take of ,french berries1 #a lb42 turmeric1 #a_/b lb42 alum1 #a_/b lb42 water1 #a-a_/b gall42 boil #a_/b an hour1 strain1 evaporate to #b quarts1 adding of whiting1 #c lbs41 and dry by a gentle heat4 ,starch1 or white lead1 is sometimes employed instead of whiting1 to give it a body4 ,golden yellow4 ,used as a pigment2 but will not glaze like brown pink4 ,english ,pink4 ,syn4 ,,light ,,pink4 ,as the last1 but using #e lbs4 of whiting4 ,indian ,yellow4 ,see ,,purree4 ,king's ,yellow4 ,factitious tersulphuret of arsenic4 ,naples ,yellow4 ,syn4 ,,mineral ,,yellow4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of metallic antimony1 in powder1 #c lbs42 red lead1 #b lbs42 oxide of zinc1 #a lb42 mix1 calcine1 well triturate the calx1 and fuse it in a covered crucible2 the fused mass must be reduced to an impalpable powder by grinding and elutriation4 #b4 ,flake white1 #a-a_/b lb42 diaphoretic antimony1 #a_/d lb42 calcined alum1 #a oz42 sal ammoniac1 #b oz42 calcine in a covered crucible with a moderate heat for #c hours1 so that at the end it may be barely red hot4 ,more antimony and sal ammoniac turn it on the gold colour4 #c4 7,guimel47 ,washed diaphoretic antimony1 #a part2 pure red lead1 #b parts2 grind them to a paste with water1 and expose this mixture to a moderate red heat for #d or #e hours1 as before4 ,used in oil1 porcelain1 and enamel painting4 ,chrome has now nearly superseded it for ordinary purposes4 ,patent ,yellow4 ,syn4 ,,cassel ,,yellow1 ,,montpellier ,y41 ,,turner',s ,y4 ,prep4 ,take of dry chloride of lead1 #bh parts2 pure carbonate of lead1 #bg parts2 grind them together1 fuse1 and powder4 #b4 ,common salt1 #a part1 and litharge1 #d parts1 are ground together with water1 and digested at a gentle heat for some time1 water being added to supply the loss by evaporation2 the carbonate of soda formed is then washed out with more water1 and the white residuum heated until it acquires a fine yellow colour4 ,works well in oil4 ,chiefly used in coach-painting4 ,see ,,oxychloride ,,of ,,lead4 ,weld ,yellow4 ,prepared from a decoction of weld brightened with a little alum1 in the same manner as ,dutch pink4 ,used chiefly for paper hangings4 ,,yttrium4 ,y4 ,the oxide of this metal 7yttria71 a rare1 white earth1 was discovered by ,gadolin1 in #agid1 in a mineral from ,ytterby1 in ,sweden1 since called gadolinite4 ,yttrium was obtained by ,whler in #ahbh1 as a brittle1 dark-grey metal1 made from the chloride by the action of sodium4 ,its salts have in general a sweetish taste1 and the sulphate and several others an amethystine colour4 ,its solutions are precipitated by pure alkalies1 but alkaline carbonates1 especially carbonate of ammonium1 dissolve it in the cold4 ,they are distinguished from glucinium salts by the colour of the sulphate by being insoluble in pure alkalies1 and by yielding a white precipitate with ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,yttria may be obtained from gadolinite by a similar process to that by which glucina is extracted from the beryl4 ,according to ,professor ,mosander1 ordinary yttria is a mixture of the oxides of not less than three metals----yttrium1 erbium1 and terbium4 ,these metals differ from each other in many important particulars4 ,the first is a powerful base1 and the others are said to be weak ones4 ,they are separated with extreme difficulty1 and are only interesting in a scientific point of view4 ,,zaf,,fre4 ,syn4 ,,saffra1 ,,safflor1 ,,zaffer4 ,crude oxide of cobalt1 obtained by roasting cobalt ore1 reduced to an impalpable powder1 and then ground with #b or #c parts of very pure quartzose or siliceous sand4 ,used as a blue colour by enamellers and painters on porcelain and glass4 ,chiefly imported from ,saxony4 ,see ,,smalts4 ,,ze,,ro4 ,see ,,thermometer4 ,,zests4 ,see ,,powders1 ,,sauce1 ,,spice1 c4 ,,zinc4 ,zn4 ,syn4 ,,zink1 ,,spelter2 ,,zincum4 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,this metal was first noticed by ,paracelsus1 in the #afth century1 who called it #8zinetum1' but its ores must have been known at a much earlier period1 as the ancients were acquainted with the manufacture of brass4 ,prep4 ,the zinc of commerce is obtained from the native sulphide 7zinc blende71 or carbonate 7calamine71 by roasting those ores1 and distilling the calx with carbonaceous matter in a covered earthen crucible1 having its bottom connected with an iron tube1 which terminates over a vessel of water situated beneath the furnace4 ,the first portion that passes over contains cadmium and arsenic1 and is indicated by what is technically called #8brown blaze1' but when the metallic vapour begins to burn with a bluish-white flame1 or the #8blue blaze' commences1 the volatilised metal is collected4 ,the following method1 by which several pounds of chemically pure zinc may be obtained in about #a_/d of an hour1 will be found very useful3----,melt the zinc of commerce in a common crucible1 and granulate it by throwing it into a tolerably deep vessel of water1 taking care that the metal be very hot at the time2 dry the metallic grains1 and dispose them by layers in a ,hessian crucible with #a_/d of their weight of nitrate of potassium1 using the precaution to place a slight excess at the top and at the bottom2 cover the crucible1 and secure the lid1 then apply heat2 after the vivid deflagration which occurs is over1 remove the crucible from the fire1 separate the dross with a tube1 and1 lastly1 run the zinc into an ingot mould4 ,this zinc1 tested in ,marsh's apparatus during entire days1 has never given any stain1 and in solution the most sensitive reagents1 such as hydro-sulphocyanic acid1 have never indicated the least atom of iron4 7#8,journ4 de ,pharm4'7 ,prop4 ,zinc is a bluish-white metal1 having the sp4 gr4 #fh to #gb2 tough 7under some circumstances1 brittle7 when cold1 ductile and malleable at from #bej to #cjj ,fahr42 brittle and easily pulverised at #djj2 fuses at #ggc 7,daniell72 at a white heat it boils1 and sublimes unchanged in close vessels2 heated to whiteness 7#ida ,daniell7 in contact with the air1 it burns with a brilliant green light1 and is converted into oxide4 ,it is very soluble in dilute sulphuric and hydrochloric acid1 with the evolution of hydrogen gas4 ,it is little acted on by the air1 even when moist4 ,the salts of zinc are colourless4 ,pur4 ,commercial zinc is never pure4 ,its specific gravity is #fhf4 ,it is soluble in nitric1 hydrochloric1 and dilute sulphuric acids4 ,tests4 #a4 ,the solutions of zinc give a gelatinous white precipitate with the alkalies and carbonate of ammonium1 which is completely redissolved by an excess of the precipitant4----#b4 ,the carbonates of potassium and sodium give a white precipitate of carbonate of zinc4 ,all the above precipitates acquire a lemon-yellow colour when dried and heated1 but again become white on cooling4----#c4 ,sulphide of ammonium gives1 in neutral solutions1 a white precipitate1 insoluble in excess of the precipitant1 or in solutions of hydrate of potassium or ammonium1 but freely soluble in the dilute mineral acids4----#d4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen1 in neutral and alkaline solutions1 also gives a like white precipitate4----#e4 ,ferrocyanide of potassium gives a gelatinous white precipitate4 ,estim41 c4----a4 #ajj gr4 are digested in dilute hydrochloric acid in excess1 and the insoluble portion1 which is chiefly carbon1 dried and weighed4 b4 ,the acidulous solution 7see a7 is next treated with a current of sulphuretted hydrogen until it smells very strongly of that gas2 the whole is then left for some time in a warm situation4 ,the precipitate which subsides consists of the sulphides of arsenic1 cadmium1 copper1 lead1 c41 if any of these metals were present in the sample4 c4 ,the filtrate from b1 after being boiled1 is treated with a little nitric acid1 after which it is again boiled1 and1 when cold1 is precipitated with carbonate of barium added in excess2 the precipitate 7ferric hydrate7 is then collected1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #g1 gives the percentage of iron in the sample examined4 d4 ,the filtrate from c is next precipitated with dilute sulphuric acid1 and solution of carbonate of sodium is added in excess to the filtered liquid2 the whole is then boiled1 after which the new precipitate is washed1 dried1 gently ignited for some time1 and then cooled and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #hjbdg1 gives the percentage of pure zinc in the sample4 ,uses1 c4----,zinc is used to form galvanic plates2 in fireworks1 and in medicine4 ,of late years it has also been extensively used in the manufacture of vessels of capacity1 tubing1 sheets for roofing1 and other things that require lightness and durability4 ,zinc1 ,amalgamated1 which is employed for voltaic batteries1 is prepared as follows3----,the plates1 having been scoured with emery1 are immersed for a few seconds in dilute sulphuric acid1 then rinsed in clean soft water1 and1 after the loose water has drained from their surface1 dipped into a strong solution of either mercuric nitrate or chloride1 or into equal parts of a mixture of saturated solutions of mercuric chloride and acetate of lead2 the plates are1 lastly1 dipped into water1 and then rubbed with a soft cloth4 ,another and simpler method is to rub mercury over the plates while wet with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,zinc1 ,granulated4 ,syn4 ,,zincum ,,granulatum 7,b4 ,p474 ,fuse commercial zinc in a crucible1 pour it in a very thin stream into a bucket of cold water1 and afterwards dry the zinc4 ,zinc1 ,acetate of4 ,zn7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,zinci ,,acetas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,acetate of lead1 #a lb41 is dissolved in distilled water1 #b-a_/b pints1 and the solution being placed in a cylindrical jar1 sheet zinc1 #d oz41 rolled into a coil1 is immersed therein2 after #bd hours the liquid is decanted1 evaporated to #ae oz41 and solution of hypochlorite of calcium added drop by drop1 until a reddish precipitate ceases to form2 the liquid is then filtered1 acidulated by the addition of a few drops of acetic acid1 reduced by evaporation to #aj fl4 oz41 and set aside to crystallise2 the crystals are dried on bibulous paper set on a porous brick1 and then preserved in a well-stopped bottle4 ,more crystals may be obtained from the mother-liquor4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,add #b oz4 of carbonate of zinc in successive portions to #c fl4 oz4 of acetic acid1 previously mixed with #f fl4 oz4 of distilled water1 in a flask2 heat gently1 add by degrees #b fl4 oz4 of acid1 or q4 s41 till the carbonate is dissolved2 boil for a few minutes1 filter while hot1 and set it aside for two days to crystallise4 ,decant the mother liquor1 evaporate to one half1 and again set it aside for two days to crystallise4 ,place the crystals in a funnel to drain1 then spread them on filtering paper on a porous tile2 and dry them by exposure to the air at ordinary temperatures4 ,prop41 c4 ,efflorescent1 white1 hexagonal plates1 having a powerful styptic taste2 very soluble in water2 less soluble in alcohol2 decomposed by heat4 ,it is tonic1 antispasmodic1 and emetic4----,dose1 #a to #b gr42 as an emetic1 #aj to #bj gr42 externally1 #b or #c gr4 to water1 #a fl4 oz41 as an astringent lotion or injection4 ,zinc1 ,bromide of4 ,zn,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,zinci ,,bromidum1 ,l4 ,prepared like the corresponding salt of iron4 ,zinc1 ,carbonate of4 ,zn,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,zinci ,,carbonas ,,purum1 ,,zinci ,,carbonas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,solution of chloride of zinc 7,ph4 ,d471 #a pint is added1 in successive portions1 to a solution of crystallised carbonate of sodium of commerce1 #b lbs41 dissolved in boiling distilled water1 #f pints1 and the whole is boiled until gas ceases to be evolved2 the precipitate is then washed1 and dried1 at first on blotting-paper1 and1 finally1 by a steam or water heat4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dissolve #aj-a_/b oz4 carbonate of soda with #a pint of boiling water in a capacious porcelain vessel1 and pour into it #aj oz4 of sulphate of zinc1 also dissolved in #a pint of water1 stirring diligently4 ,boil for #ae minutes after effervescence has ceased1 and let the precipitate subside4 ,decant the supernatant liquor1 pour on the precipitate #c pints of boiling distilled water1 agitating briskly2 let the precipitate again subside1 and repeat the process of affusion of hot distilled water and subsidence till the washings are no longer precipitated by chloride of barium4 ,collect the precipitate on calico1 let it drain1 and dry it with a gentle heat4 ,zinc1 ,chloride of4 ,zn,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,butter ,,of ,,zinc1 ,,muriate ,,of ,z42 ,,zinci ,,chloridum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l471 ,z4 ,,murias1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heating metallic zinc in chlorine4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a pint2 water1 #a quart2 and zinc 7in small pieces71 #g oz42 when the effervescence is nearly finished1 apply heat until bubbles cease to be evolved2 decant the clear1 and evaporate to dryness2 fuse the resulting mass in a lightly covered crucible1 by a red heat1 pour it out on a flat smooth stone1 and1 when cold1 break it into small pieces1 or cast it into rods in iron moulds1 and preserve it in a well-stoppered bottle4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,put #af oz4 of granulated zinc into a porcelain basin1 add by degrees #dd fl4 oz4 of hydrochloric acid previously mixed with #a pint of distilled water1 and aid the action by gently warming it on a sand-bath1 until gas is no longer evolved4 ,boil for half an hour1 supplying the water lost by evaporation1 and allow it to stand on the cool part of the sand-bath for #bd hours1 stirring frequently4 ,filter the product into a gallon bottle1 and pour in solution of chlorine q4 s4 by degrees1 with frequent agitation1 until the fluid acquires a permanent odour of chlorine4 ,add #a_/b oz4 or a sufficient quantity of carbonate of zinc1 in small quantities at a time1 and with renewed agitation1 until a brown sediment appears4 ,filter through paper into a porcelain basin1 and evaporate until a portion of the liquid1 withdrawn on the end of a glass rod and cooled1 forms an opaque white solid4 ,pour it out now into proper moulds1 and when the salt has solidified1 but before it has cooled1 place it in closely-stoppered bottles4 #d4 7,in ,,solution74----a4 7,,liquor ,,zinci ,,chloridi----,ph4 ,d47 ,hydrochloric acid and water1 of each #b-a_/b pints2 sheet zinc1 #a lb42 dissolve1 filter through calico1 add of hypochlorite of calcium1 #a fl4 oz41 and evaporate1 by boiling1 to a pint2 when cold1 pour it into a bottle1 add of prepared chalk1 #a oz41 and water1 q4 s4 to make the whole measure #a quart2 agitate occasionally for #bd hours1 decant or filter1 and preserve the liquid in a stoppered bottle4 ,sp4 gr4 #aeic4 ,see ,,solutions4 b4 7,e4 ,parrish47 ,granulated zinc1 #d lbs42 hydrochloric acid1 #d lbs41 or q4 s42 water1 #i quarts2 dissolve1 avoiding excess of acid4 ,the solution contains #a in #ab of chloride of zinc4 ,recommended as of the proper strength for a disinfectant4 ,prop41 c4 ,when pure1 a colourless1 amorphous mass or crystals2 generally a whitish-gray1 semi-transparent mass1 having the consistence of wax2 fusible2 volatile at strong heat1 condensing in acicular crystals2 freely soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and water2 highly deliquescent2 coagulates albumen and gelatin1 and corrodes animal substances4 ,the solution possesses the same properties in a minor degree4 ,pur4 ,from the aqueous solution1 hydrosulphuric acid or ferrocyanide of potassium being dropped in1 a precipitate is thrown down4 ,what is thrown down by ammonia or hydrate of potassium from the same solution is white1 and is redissolved by either precipitant in excess4 ,the precipitate thrown down by the carbonate of either ammonium or potassium is 7also7 white1 but is not redissolved when these are added in excess4 ,uses1 c4 ,dry chloride of zinc is chiefly used as a caustic1 for which it is highly recommended by ,voght1 ,canquoin1 and others4 ,it is more powerful than chloride of antimony1 and its action extends deeper than does nitrate of silver1 whilst it exercises an influence over the vital actions of neighbouring parts4 ,the sore is generally healthy after the separation of the eschar1 and no constitutional disorder ensues4 ,it has been given in scrofula1 epilepsy1 chorea1 c42 and1 combined with hydrocyanic acid1 in facial neuralgia4----,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr42 externally1 as a lotion1 #b to #c gr4 to water1 #a oz4 ,in large doses it is poisonous4 ,the solution is also used as a caustic1 but chiefly as a disinfectant and deodorizer1 e4g4 as ,sir ,wm4 ,burnett's ,fluid and ,professor ,tuson's #8,sporokton1' of which it is one of the very best1 possessing1 as it does1 the power of rapidly decomposing sulphide of ammonium and of rendering inert the virus of infectious diseases4 ,zinc1 ,cyanide of4 ,zn,cy#b4 ,syn4 ,,cyanuret ,,of ,,zinc2 ,,zinci ,,cyanidum1 ,,zinci ,,cyanuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,add a solution of cyanide of potassium to another of pure sulphate of zinc2 wash1 and dry the precipitate4----,dose1 #a_/h to #a gr41 twice a day2 in epilepsy1 hysteria1 and other nervous affections1 heartburn1 worms1 c42 and as a substitute for hydro-cyanic acid4 ,zinc1 ,ferrocyanide of4 ,zn#b;,fe,cy#f4 ,syn4 ,,zinci ,,ferrocyanidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding a hot solution of ferrocyanide of potassium to a hot and strong solution of pure sulphate of zinc1 and washing1 and drying the precipitate4 ,white4----,dose1 #a to #d gr42 in the same cases as the last4 ,zinc1 ,iodide of4 ,zn,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydriodate ,,of ,,zinc2 ,,zinci ,,iodidum1 ,,zinci ,,hydriodas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,duflos47 ,iodine1 #b parts2 granulated zinc1 #a part2 water1 #d parts2 proceed as for ferrous iodide1 only employing a glass or porcelain vessel4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,iodine1 #ag parts2 zinc 7in powder71 #bj parts2 mix1 and sublime in a matrass4 ,prop41 c4 ,deliquescent4 ,chiefly used externally2 #ae gr4 to water1 #f fl4 oz41 as a collyrium in scrofulous inflammation of the eye 7,poulet72 #a dr4 to lard1 #a oz41 as a powerful resolvent in scrofulous and other glandular swellings1 rubbed on the part twice a day4 7,ure47 ,zinc1 ,lactate of4 ,zn7,c#c;,h#e,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,zinci ,,lactas1 ,l4 ,prepared from zinc in the same way as ferrous lactate is from iron4 ,zinc1 ,oxide of4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,zinc2 ,,zinci ,,oxydum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sulphate of zinc 7pure71 #a lb42 carbonate of ammonium1 #f-a_/b oz42 dissolve each separately in #f quarts of water1 filter1 mix the solutions1 well wash the precipitate with water1 and calcine it for #b hours in a strong fire4 ,the ,ph4 ,e4 is nearly similar4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d41 ,b4 ,p47 ,place carbonate of zinc in a covered clay crucible1 and expose it to a very low red heat1 until a portion taken from the centre of the mass ceases to effervesce on being dropped into dilute sulphuric acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,a white1 tasteless powder2 insoluble in water2 freely soluble in acids1 the solution yielding colourless and easily crystallisable salts2 strongly basic4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is tonic and antispasmodic1 and has been advantageously used in chorea1 epilepsy1 and other nervous and spasmodic affections4----,dose1 #a to #f gr41 twice a day4 ,it is also used as a dusting powder1 and to make an ointment4 ,it has been proposed as a substitute for white lead in painting1 than which it covers better1 but dries slower1 and hence requires the addition of dried white vitriol4 ,this oxide is the only compound which zinc forms with oxygen4 ,zinc1 ,phosphide4 ,fragments of pure distilled zinc are introduced into a tubulated stoneware retort1 so as to occupy about one fourth of its capacity2 the retort is placed in an ordinary furnace1 and a current of dry carbonic acid is passed into it through the neck4 ,over the tubulure is placed a crucible cover1 so as to close the orifice incompletely1 and allow the carbonic acid1 after traversing the retort1 to escape4 ,when the zinc enters into ebullition1 small fragments of previously-dried phosphorus are successively thrown in through the tubulure4 ,the cover is removed and returned after each addition to prevent loss of phosphorus4 ,from time to time it is necessary to break the crust of phosphorus formed1 in order to expose a new layer of metal to the action of the phosphorus4 ,the operation is terminated by increasing the heat strongly----a precaution that is indispensable1 in order to separate as completely as possible the zinc phosphide from the metallic button of nearly pure zinc1 which collects at the bottom of the retort4 ,further1 the zinc phosphide should be reduced to very fine powder1 and the fragments which resist the action of the metal1 however slightly1 should be reserved for another operation4 ,the product pulverises the more readily in proportion as it approaches more closely the formula ,p#b,zn#c4 ,in this state it resembles iron reduced by hydrogen1 and only thus should it be used by pharmaceutists4 ,it is completely soluble in hydrochloric acid4#bgd ,footnote #bgd3 ,from #8,formul for ,new ,medicaments1' adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society4 ,zinc1 ,sulphate of4 ,zn,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,copperas992 ,,white ,,vitriol992 ,,zinci ,,sulphus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,granulated zinc1 #e oz42 diluted sulphuric acid1 #a quart2 dissolve1 filter4 ,evaporate to a pellicle1 and set it aside to crystallise4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,zinc 7laminated or granulated71 #d oz42 sulphuric acid1 #c fl4 oz42 water1 #a pint2 mix in a porcelain capsule1 and1 when gas ceases to be evolved1 boil for #aj minutes1 filter through calico1 and evaporate the filtrate to dryness2 dissolve the dry salt in water1 #a pint2 frequently agitate the solution1 when cold1 during #f hours1 with prepared chalk1 #a_/d oz42 next filter1 acidulate the filtrate with nitric acid and dilute sulphuric acid1 of each #a fl4 dr42 evaporate until a pellicle forms on the surface1 and set it aside to crystallise2 dry the crystals on bibulous paper1 without heat1 and preserve them in a bottle4 ,more crystals may be obtained from the mother-liquor4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pour #ab fl4 oz4 of sulphuric acid1 previously mixed with #d pints of distilled water1 on #af oz4 of granulated zinc contained in a porcelain basin1 and when effervescence has nearly ceased1 aid the action by a gentle heat4 ,filter the fluid into a gallon bottle1 and add1 gradually1 with constant agitation1 solution of chlorine until the fluid acquires a permanent odour of chlorine4 ,add now1 with continued agitation1 #a_/b oz4 or q4 s4 of carbonate of zinc1 until a brown precipitate appears2 let it settle1 filter the solution1 evaporate till a pellicle forms on the surface1 and set aside to crystallise4 ,dry the crystals by exposure to air on filtering paper placed on porous tiles4 ,more crystals may be obtained by again evaporating the mother-liquor4 #d4 ,the common sulphate of zinc of commerce frequently contains copper1 cadmium1 lead1 iron1 and manganese1 and nearly always one or more of them4 ,by digesting its concentrated solution for some time with metallic zinc1 it may be freed from copper1 lead1 and cadmium1 for these metals are all reduced and precipitated in a metallic state2 or1 the acidulated solution may be treated with sulphuretted hydrogen as long as any precipitate forms4 ,in order to separate the iron1 chlorine gas may be passed into the solution1 by which the iron is converted into the ferrous chloride2 if this solution be exposed to the air for a length of time1 it absorbs oxygen1 and oxide of iron is deposited as a yellow powder1 from which the solution must be filtered4 ,when the sulphate contains manganese1 which is not very often the case1 the solution must be boiled up a few times with purified charcoal1 filtered1 and evaporated4 7#8,jour4 fr prakt4 ,chem4'7 ,the product of each of the above formul is nearly chemically pure4 #e4 7,commercial47 ,the crude sulphate of zinc 7white copperas1 or white vitriol1 of the shops7 is prepared by roasting native sulphide of zinc 7zinc blende7 in a reverberatory furnace1 exposing the calcined mass to the air and humidity for some time1 then lixiviating it1 and evaporating the resulting solution until it forms a white semi-crystalline mass on cooling4 ,prop4 ,pure sulphate of zinc forms inodorous1 colourless1 transparent1 quadrangular prisms1 closely resembling in appearance those of ,epsom salt1 which effloresce slightly in the air1 and contains #g equiv4 of water2 it has a slightly acidulous and very styptic metallic taste2 the crystals dissolve in #b-a_/b parts of cold and in less than their own weight of boiling water2 they are insoluble in alcohol4 ,the crude sulphate of zinc of commerce 7white vitriol7 occurs in irregular granular masses1 which somewhat resemble loaf sugar4 ,when a solution of this salt1 in #f of water1 is boiled with a little nitric acid1 and a solution of ammonia is then added until the oxide of zinc at first precipitated is all redissolved1 no yellow precipitate remains1 or a trace only1 and the solution is colourless4 ,uses4 ,in medicine1 as a tonic1 antispasmodic1 c42 in doses of #a to #b gr41 twice daily2 as an emetic1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,in large doses it is poisonous4 ,it has been employed with benefit in dyspepsia1 fluor albus1 chorea1 epilepsy1 hooping-cough1 and other convulsive and nervous affections1 generally combined with bitters1 foxglove1 hemlock1 henbane1 or opium4 ,as an emetic1 it acts almost immediately1 and is therefore well suited to empty the stomach at the commencement of a fit of ague1 and in cases of poisoning1 c4 ,it is also extensively used externally1 to form astringent and repellant collyria1 injections and lotions4 ,zinc1 ,sulpho-carbolate4 ,the acid prepared as in sulpho-carbolate of soda 7which see7 is saturated by aid of a gentle heat with oxide of zinc1 filtered1 and crystals allowed to form4 ,the crystals should be dried by exposure to the air4 ,zinc1 ,valerianate of4 ,zn7,c#e;,h#i,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,zinci ,,valerianas 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d47 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,valerianate of sodium1 #b-a_/b oz41 and sulphate of zinc1 #b oz4 #g dr41 are each separately dissolved in distilled water1 #a pint2 the solutions are then heated to #bjj ,fahr41 mixed1 and the resulting crystals skimmed off2 the liquid is next evaporated at a temperature not higher than #bjj1 until it measures #d fl4 oz41 the crystals1 as they form1 being removed from the surface2 the salt thus obtained is steeped1 for an hour1 in distilled water1 just sufficient to cover it1 after which the whole is transferred to a paper filter1 on which it is at first drained1 and then dried at a heat not exceeding #ajj4 ,prop41 c4 ,brilliant white1 pearly scales2 very light2 astringent2 smells strongly of valerianic acid2 only slightly soluble in cold water1 more so in hot water1 and freely soluble in alcohol and ether2 exposure to heat rapidly decomposes it2 exposure to the air also decomposes it1 but more slowly4 ,it is regarded as powerfully antispasmodic and tonic4----,dose1 #a to #c gr41 thrice daily1 made into pills2 in neuralgia1 tic douloureux1 nervous headaches 7more particularly hemicrania71 hysteria1 palpitation of the heart1 vertigo1 chorea1 epilepsy1 c4 ,obs4 ,butyrate of zinc1 scented with valerianic acid1 which is often sold for the above compound1 may be detected by distilling it with sulphuric acid2 the distillate1 tested with a strong solution of acetate of copper1 gives a bluish-white precipitate if it contains butyric acid4 ,the valerianate is distinguished from the other salts of zinc by its extreme lightness4 ,,zinc-,e,,thyl4 ,zn7,c#b;,h#e7b4 ,a curious liquid body1 discovered by ,dr ,frankland1 and formed1 along with iodide of zinc1 when iodide of ethyl is heated with pure zinc in a sealed glass tube4 ,the mixed white product1 by distillation in a current of hydrogen1 yields pure zinc-ethyl4 ,it is a highly volatile liquid1 having a rather disagreeable odour1 and so rapidly decomposed by contact with the air that it takes fire4 ,water resolves it into hydride of ethyl1 and other products4 ,,zinc-,,me,,thyl4 ,zn7,,ch#c7b4 ,obtained by the action of zinc upon iodide of methyl1 as zinc-ethyl4 ,it takes fire on coming in contact with the air4 ,,zinc,,ing4 ,syn4 ,,zinking4 ,vessels of copper and brass may be covered with a firmly adherent layer of pure zinc1 by boiling them in a solution of chloride of zinc1 pure zinc turnings being at the same time present in considerable excess4 ,the same object may be effected by means of zinc and a solution of chloride of ammonium or hydrate of potassium4 ,the variety of zinced iron commonly known by the name of #8galvanised iron' is prepared by immersing the sheets of metal1 previously scoured and cleaned with dilute hydrochloric acid1 in a bath of melted zinc covered with powdered sal ammoniac1 and moving them about until they are sufficiently coated4 ,,zincog,,raphy4 ,an art closely resembling lithography1 in which plates of zinc are substituted for slabs of stone4 ,,zir,,con4 ,see ,,gems4 ,,zirconium4 ,zr4 ,syn4 ,the oxide of this metal1 a white pulverulent earth1 discovered in the mineral gargon or zircon of ,ceylon1 by ,klaproth1 in #aghi4 ,it has since been found in the hyacinth4 ,prep4 ,the stone is calcined and thrown into cold water1 and then powdered in an agate mortar2 the powder is mixed with #i parts of pure hydrate of potassium1 and the mixture projected1 by spoonfuls1 into a red-hot crucible1 care being taken that each portion is fused before another is added2 after fusion1 with an increased heat1 for an hour and a half1 the whole is allowed to cool2 the calcined mass is next powdered1 and boiled in water2 the insoluble portion is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 and the solution heated1 that the silicic acid may fall down1 after which the zirconia is precipitated with hydrate of potassium2 or1 the zirconia may be precipitated with carbonate of sodium1 and the carbonic acid expelled by heat4 ,from this1 metallic zirconium is obtained by heating in a glass tube1 with a spirit lamp1 a mixture of potassium and the double fluoride of zirconium and potassium1 carefully dried2 the product is washed with water1 and digested for some time in dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,a black powder2 it acquires a feeble metallic lustre under the burnisher1 and takes fire when heated in the air4 ,it has not been thoroughly examined4 ,oxide of zirconium1 or zirconia1 ,zr,o#b1 has neither taste nor odour1 is insoluble in water1 and forms salts with the acids4 ,it is distinguished from all the other earths1 except thorina1 by being precipitated when any of the neutral salts of zirconium are boiled with a saturated solution of sulphate of potassium4 ,the salts of zirconium are distinguished from those of aluminium and glucinium by being precipitated by all the pure alkalies1 and by being insoluble when they are added in excess4 ,the precipitated hydrate and carbonate are readily soluble in acids4 ,,works ,,referred ,,to ,,in ,,this ,,edition4 ,acton's ,cookery4 ,royal ,agricultural ,society's ,journal4 ,analyst4 ,artisan ,cookery4 ,blyth's ,dictionary of ,hygine4 ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,beasley's ,pocket ,formulary and ,druggists' ,general ,receipt ,book4 ,british ,medical ,journal4 ,beeton's ,cookery4 ,beale's 7,dr ,l47 ,disease ,germs2 ,how to ,work with the ,microscope2 ,kidney ,diseases1 ,urinary ,deposits1 c4 ,bloxam's ,chemistry4 ,british ,manufactures and ,industries 7,stamford74 ,chavasse's ,counsel to a ,mother and ,aphorisms for ,parents4 ,crooke's ,practical ,handbook of ,dyeing and ,calico ,printing4 ,calvert's ,dyeing and ,calico ,printing 7edited by ,stenhouse and ,groves74 ,chambers' ,cyclopdia4 ,chemist and ,druggist4 ,chemical ,news4 ,chemical ,society1 ,journal of4 ,chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical 7,reissue of ,muspratt's ,dictionary71 ,mac,kenzie4 ,cassell's ,family ,magazine4 ,carpenter's ,human ,physiology4 ,dun's 7,finlay7 ,veterinary ,medicines4 ,dental ,hospital ,pharmacopia4 ,dorvault's ,l',officine4 ,daily ,telegraph4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,eassie's ,healthy ,houses4 ,fresenius' ,qualitative ,analysis2 do41 ,quantitative4 ,field4 ,fitzwygram's ,horses and ,stables4 ,gardner's 7,dr7 ,household ,medicine4 ,garrod's ,materia ,medica and ,therapeutics4 ,hanbury and ,flckiger's ,pharmacologia4 ,handbook for ,emergencies 7,cassell74 ,hughes' ,principles and ,practice of ,photography4 ,hartley's ,water1 ,air1 and ,disinfectants4 ,kingzett's ,alkali ,trade4 ,knap's ,chemical ,technology 7,richardson and ,watts74 ,letheby's ,lectures on ,food4 ,lancet4 ,land and ,water4 ,miller's ,chemical ,physics2 ,organic and ,inorganic ,chemistry4 ,medical ,times and ,gazette4 ,meyer's ,procrustes ante ,portas 7,j4 ,t4 ,craig74 ,nature4 ,new ,remedies4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal4 ,parkes' ,practical ,hygine4 ,payen's ,industrial ,chemistry 7edited by ,dr ,paul74 ,pareira's ,materia ,medica4 ,pepys' ,diary4 ,roscoe's ,elementary ,chemistry4 ,roberts' 7,dr ,t4 ,j47 ,theory and ,practice of ,medicine4 ,royle's ,materia ,medica and ,therapeutics4 ,roberts' 7,dr ,w47 ,renal ,diseases1 c4 ,smith's 7,dr ,angus7 ,air and ,rain4 ,spon's ,workshop ,receipts4 ,society of ,arts ,journal4 ,sanitary ,record4 ,squire's ,companion to the ,pharmacopia4 ,tegetmeier's ,household ,cookery4 ,ure's ,dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and ,mines 7edited by ,hunt74 ,wagner's ,chemical ,technology 7edited by ,crookes74 ,wood and ,bache's ,united ,states ,dispensatory4 ,wanklyn's ,water ,analysis and ,milk ,analysis4 ,year ,book of ,pharmacy4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,j4 ,a4 ,,churchill',s ,,works ,,on ,,chemistry1 ,,materia ,,medica1 ,,pharmacy1 ,,botany1 ,,the ,,microscope1 ,,and ,,other ,,branches ,,of ,,science ,,london1 #aa1 ,,new ,,burlington ,,street1 ,,october1 #ahhi4 ,,index ,allen's ,commercial ,organic ,analysis1 vi ,armatage's ,veterinarian's ,remembrancer1 xi ,baily's ,physician's ,pharmacopia1 ix ,beasley's ,pocket ,formulary1 x ,do4 ,druggist's ,receipt ,book1 x ,do4 ,book of ,prescriptions1 x ,bentley's ,manual of ,botany1 xii ,do4 ,structural ,botany1 xii ,do4 ,systematic ,botany1 xii ,bentley and ,trimen's ,medicinal ,plants1 xii ,bernay's ,analytical ,chemistry1 v ,binz's ,elements of ,therapeutics1 vii ,bloxam's ,chemistry1 iii ,do4 ,laboratory ,teaching1 iii ,bowman's ,practical ,chemistry1 iv ,b4 ,p4 ,c4 ,unofficial ,formulary1 ix ,brown's ,practical ,chemistry1 iv ,cameron's ,oils1 ,resins1 ,varnishes1 vii -------- ,soaps and ,candles1 vii ,carpenter's ,microscope and its ,revelations1 xiii ,chauveau's ,comparative ,anatomy1 xiii ,churchill's ,technological ,handbooks1 vii ,clowes' ,practical and ,analytical ,chemistry1 iv ,cook's ,organic ,analysis1 iv ,cooley's ,cyclopdia of ,receipts1 v ,draper's ,medical ,physics1 xiv ,dunglison's ,medical ,lexicon1 xv ,ewart's ,poisonous ,snakes of ,india1 xiii ,fayrer's ,poisonous ,snakes of ,india1 xiii ,flckiger's ,cinchona ,barks1 vi ,fownes' and ,watts' ,chemistry1 iii ,fox's ,ozone and ,antozone1 xv ,frankland and ,japp's ,inorganic ,chemistry1 iv ,fresenius' ,chemical ,analysis1 iv ,gardner's ,brewer1 ,distiller1 c41 vii ,do4 ,bleaching1 ,dyeing1 c41 vii ,do4 ,acetic ,acid1 ,ammonia1 c41 vii ,greene's ,tables of ,zoology1 xiv ,hardwich's ,photography1 by ,taylor1 xv ,hehner's ,alcohol ,tables1 vii ,hehner and ,angell's ,butter ,analysis1 vii ,hoffmann and ,power's ,chemical ,analysis1 v ,huxley's ,anatomy of ,vertebrates1 xiv ,do4 ,anatomy of ,invertebrates1 xiv ,james's ,guide to the ,new ,b4 ,p41 x ,johnson's ,analysts' ,companion1 iv ,kay-,shuttleworth's ,modern ,chemistry1 iv ,kohlrausch's ,physical ,measurements1 xiv ,lee's ,microtomist's ,vade ,mecum1 xiii ,lescher's ,recent ,materia ,medica1 viii ,marsh's ,section ,cutting1 iii ,martin's ,microscopic ,mounting1 xiii ,mayne's ,medical ,vocabulary1 xv ,microscopical ,journal 7,quarterly71 xii ,mill's and ,rowan's ,fuel1 vi ,morley's ,organic ,chemistry1 v ,ord's ,comparative ,anatomy1 xiv ,owen's ,manual of ,materia ,medica1 viii ,pereira's ,selecta ,prescriptis1 ix ,pharmaceutical ,journal and ,transactions1 xi ,phillips' ,materia ,medica1 viii ,price's ,photographic ,manipulation1 xv ,proctor's ,practical ,pharmacy1 ix ,rodwell's ,natural ,philosophy1 xv ,royle's ,materia ,medica1 viii ,shea's ,animal ,physiology1 xiv ,smith's ,pharmaceutical ,guide1 xi ,southall's ,materia ,medica1 viii ,squire's ,companion to the ,pharmacopia1 ix ,squire's ,hospital ,pharmacopias1 ix ,steggall's ,first ,lines for ,chemists1 xi ,still and ,maisch's ,national ,dispensatory1 vii ,stowe's ,toxicological ,chart1 x ,sutton's ,volumetric ,analysis1 vi ,taylor on ,poisons1 x ,thorowgood's ,materia ,medica1 viii ,tirard's ,prescriber's ,pharmacopia1 x ,tuson's ,veterinary ,pharmacopia1 xi ,vacher's ,primer of ,chemistry1 iii ,valentin's ,qualitative ,analysis1 v ,do4 ,chemical ,tables1 v ,wagner's ,chemical ,technology1 vi ,wahltuch's ,dictionary of ,materia ,medica1 viii ,watts' ,inorganic ,chemistry1 iii ,do4 ,organic ,chemistry1 iii ,williams' ,veterinary ,medicine1 xii ,do4 ,veterinary ,surgery1 xii ,wilson's ,zoology1 xiv ,wittstein's ,pharmaceutical ,chemistry1 xi ,year ,book of ,pharmacy1 xi ,the ,works advertised in this ,catalogue may be obtained through any ,bookseller in the ,united ,kingdom1 or direct from the ,publishers1 on ,remittance of their cost4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,j4 ,a4 ,,churchill',s ,,works ,,on ,,science ,c4 ,l4 ,bloxam ,,chemistry1 ,,inorganic and ,,organic4 ,with ,experiments4 ,by ,,charles ,l4 ,,bloxam1 late ,professor of ,chemistry in ,king's ,college1 ,london1 and in the ,department for ,artillery ,studies1 ,woolwich4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,with #bhh ,illustrations4 #hvo1 #ahs4 ,by the same ,author ,,laboratory ,,teaching3 ,or1 ,progressive ,exercises in ,practical ,chemistry4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,with #hi ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 #f;d4 ,h4 ,watts and ,w4 ,a4 ,tilden ,,watt',s ,,manual ,,of ,,chemistry1 ,,theoretical ,,and ,,practical 7based on ,,fownes' ,,manual74 ,vol4 ,i4----,,physical ,,and ,,inorganic ,,chemistry4 ,second ,edition 7,fourteenth of ,fownes'74 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,tilden1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,chemistry in the ,mason ,college1 ,birmingham4 ,with ,coloured ,plate of ,spectra1 and #abb ,wood ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4----,,chemistry ,,of ,,carbon ,,compounds2 or1 ,,organic ,,chemistry4 ,by ,,henry ,,watts1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition 7,fourteenth of ,fownes'74 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,tilden1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,chemistry in the ,mason ,college1 ,birmingham4 ,with ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #ajs4 ,f4 ,clowes ,,practical ,,chemistry ,,and ,,qualitative ,,inorganic ,,analysis4 ,by ,,frank ,,clowes1 ,d4,sc4 ,lond41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,lond4 and ,berlin1 ,professor of ,chemistry at the ,university ,college1 ,nottingham4 ,fourth ,edition1 with #ee ,engravings and ,frontispiece4 ,post #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,adapted for use in the ,laboratories of ,schools and ,colleges4 ,a4 ,vacher ,a ,,primer ,,of ,,chemistry1 ,including ,analysis ,by ,,arthur ,,vacher4 #ahmo1 #as4 ,r4 ,fresenius ,,qualitative ,,analysis4 ,translated by ,,charles ,e4 ,,groves1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,tenth ,edition1 with ,coloured ,plate of ,spectra and #df ,engravings4 #hvo1 #aes4 ,by the same ,author ,,quantitative ,,analysis4 ,seventh ,edition4 ,vol4 #a4 ,translated by ,a4 ,,vacher4 ,with #ajf ,engravings4 #hvo1 #aes4 ,vol4 #b4 ,parts #a and #b4 ,translated by ,c4,e4 ,,groves1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with ,engravings4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 each4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bowman and ,c4 ,l4 ,bloxam ,,practical ,,chemistry1 ,including ,analysis4 ,by ,,john ,e4 ,,bowman and ,,charles ,l4 ,,bloxam4 ,eighth ,edition4 ,with #ij ,engravings4 ,fcap #hvo1 #es4 #f;d4 ,in this edition the portion devoted to ,quantitative ,analysis has been considerably enlarged1 and a separate chapter has been devoted to ,volumetric ,analysis4 ,the nomenclature has also been brought up to date4 ,e4 ,frankland and ,f4 ,r4 ,japp ,,inorganic ,,chemistry4 ,by ,,edward ,,frankland1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,chemistry in the ,normal ,school of ,science1 and ,,francis ,r4 ,,japp1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,assistant ,professor in the ,school4 ,with numerous ,illustrations on ,stone and ,wood4 #hvo1 #bds4 ,u4 ,j4 ,kay-,shuttleworth ,,first ,,principles ,,of ,,modern ,,chemistry4 ,by ,sir ,u4 ,j4 ,,kay-,,shuttleworth1 ,bart4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,j4 ,campbell ,brown ,,practical ,,chemistry4 ,,part #a4 ,qualitative ,exercises and ,analytical ,tables for ,students4 ,by ,j4 ,,campbell ,,brown1 ,d4,sc4 7,lond471 ,professor of ,chemistry in ,victoria ,university and ,university ,college1 ,liverpool4 ,third ,edition4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a4 ,e4 ,johnson ,,the ,,analyst',s ,,laboratory ,,companion4 ,by ,,alfred ,e4 ,,johnson1 ,assoc4 ,r4,c4,sc4,i41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,first ,prizeman in ,chemistry1 ,physics1 and ,mathematics1 ,r4,c4,sc4,i4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 ,e4 ,h4 ,cook ,,introductory ,,inorganic ,,analysis4 ,a ,first ,course of ,chemical ,testing4 ,by ,,ernest ,h4 ,,cook1 ,d4,sc4,lond41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,assoc4 ,roy4 ,coll4 ,sci42 ,physical ,science ,master1 ,merchant ,venturers ,school1 ,bristol4 ,crown #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,h4 ,forster ,morley ,,outlines ,,of ,,organic ,,chemistry4 ,by ,h4 ,,forster ,,morley1 ,m4 ,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,joint ,editor of ,watts' 8,dictionary of ,chemistry40 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,w4 ,g4 ,valentin1 ,w4 ,r4 ,hodgkinson1 ,h4 ,chapman-,jones1 and ,f4 ,e4 ,matthews ,,valentin',s ,,qualitative ,,chemical ,,analysis4 ,seventh ,edition4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,hodgkinson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,professor of ,chemistry and ,physics1 ,royal ,military ,academy1 and ,artillery ,college ,woolwich2 assisted by ,h4 ,,chapman-,,jones1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,demonstrator in the ,royal ,school of ,mines1 c41 and ,f4 ,e4 ,,matthews1 ,ph4,d41 of ,cooper's ,hill ,college4 ,with ,engravings and ,map of ,spectra4 #hvo1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,by the same ,authors ,,tables ,,for ,,the ,,qualitative ,,analysis ,,of ,,simple ,,and ,,compound ,,substances1 both in the ,dry and ,wet ,way4 ,with ,map of ,spectra4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,w4 ,g4 ,valentin ,,chemical ,,tables ,,for ,,the ,,lecture ,,room ,,and ,,laboratory4 ,by ,,wm4 ,g4 ,,valentin1 ,f4,c4,s41 late ,principal ,demonstrator of ,practical ,chemistry in the ,royal ,school of ,mines and ,science ,training ,schools1 ,south ,kensington4 ,in five large sheets 444 #es4 #f;d4 ,a4 ,j4 ,bernays ,,notes ,,on ,,analytical ,,chemistry ,,for ,,students ,,in ,,medicine4 ,by ,,albert ,j4 ,,bernays1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,professor of ,chemistry1 c41 at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital ,medical ,school4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,f4 ,hoffmann and ,f4 ,b4 ,power ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,chemical ,,analysis1 ,,as ,,applied ,,to ,,the ,,examination ,,of ,,medicinal ,,chemicals4 ,for the use of ,pharmacists1 ,physicians1 ,druggists1 ,manufacturing ,chemists1 and ,pharmaceutical and ,medical ,students4 ,by ,,frederick ,,hoffmann1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,public ,analyst to the ,state of ,new ,york1 c42 and ,,frederick ,b4 ,,power1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,analytical ,chemistry in the ,philadelphia ,college of ,pharmacy4 ,third ,edition1 with #agi ,engravings4 #hvo1 #ahs4 ,r4 ,v4 ,tuson ,,cooley',s ,,cyclop,,dia ,,of ,,practical ,,receipts1 ,,and ,,collateral ,,information ,,in ,,the ,,arts1 ,,manufactures1 ,,professions1 ,,and ,,trades3 ,including ,medicine1 ,pharmacy1 ,hygiene and ,domestic ,economy4 ,designed as a ,comprehensive ,supplement to the ,pharmacopias and ,general ,book of ,reference for the ,manufacturer1 ,tradesman1 ,amateur1 and ,heads of ,families4 ,sixth ,edition1 ,revised and ,rewritten by ,professor ,,richard ,v4 ,,tuson1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 assisted by several ,scientific ,contributors4 ,with many ,engravings4 #b ,vols41 #a1hjj pp4 #hvo1 #dbs4 ,e4 ,j4 ,mills and ,f4 ,j4 ,rowan ,,fuel ,,and ,,its ,,applications4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,mills1 ,d4,sc1 ,f4,r4,s41 and ,f4 ,j4 ,,rowan1 ,c4,e4 ,being ,vol4 ,i4 of ,chemical ,technology1 or ,chemistry in its application to ,arts and ,manufactures4 ,edited by ,,charles ,e4 ,,groves1 ,f4,r4,s41 and ,,william ,,thorp1 ,b4,sc1 with which is incorporated 8,,richardson and ,,watts' ,chemical ,technology40 ,with #fjf ,engravings1 #hjb pp4 ,roy4 #hvo1 #cjs4 ,a4 ,h4 ,allen ,,commercial ,,organic ,,analysis2 ,a ,treatise on the ,properties1 ,modes of ,assaying1 ,proximate ,analytical ,examination1 c41 of the various ,organic ,chemicals and ,products employed in the ,arts1 ,manufactures1 ,medicine1 c4 ,with ,concise ,methods for the ,detection and ,determination of their ,impurities1 ,adulterations1 and ,products of ,decomposition4 ,in #c ,volumes4 ,by ,,alfred ,h4 ,,allen1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,public ,analyst for the ,west ,riding of ,yorkshire1 the ,northern ,division of ,derbyshire1 c4 ,second ,edition4 ,vol4 ,i4----,alcohols1 ,neutral ,alcoholic ,derivatives1 ,sugars1 ,starch and its ,isomers1 ,vegetable ,acids1 c4 ,with ,illustrations4 #hvo41 #ads4 ,vol4 ,,ii4----,fixed ,oils and ,fats1 ,hydrocarbons1 ,phenols1 c4 ,with ,illustrations4 #hvo1 #ags4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4----,part ,i4 ,aromatic ,acids1 ,tannins1 ,dyes1 and ,colouring ,matters4 #hvo1 #ads4 ,part ,,ii4 ,organic ,bases1 ,cyanogen ,compounds1 ,albuminoids1 c4 ,in the ,press4 ,f4 ,sutton ,a ,,systematic ,,handbook ,,of ,,volumetric ,,analysis2 or1 the ,quantitative ,estimation of ,chemical ,substances by ,measure1 applied to ,liquids1 ,solids1 and ,gases4 ,adapted to the requirements of ,pure ,chemical ,research1 ,pathological ,chemistry1 ,pharmacy1 ,metallurgy1 ,manufacturing ,chemistry1 ,photography1 c41 and for the ,valuation of ,substances used in ,commerce1 ,agriculture1 and the ,arts4 ,by ,,francis ,,sutton1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,public ,analyst for the ,county of ,norfolk4 ,fifth ,edition1 with #ij ,engravings4 #hvo1 #afs4 ,f4 ,a4 ,flckiger ,,the ,,cinchona ,,barks3 ,pharmacognostically ,considered4 ,by ,,friedrich ,a4 ,,fl,,ckiger1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor in the ,university of ,strasburg1 ,germany4 ,translated from the ,original ,text1 with some additional ,notes1 by ,,frederick ,b4 ,,power1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,pharmacy and ,materia ,medica in the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,with #h ,lithographic ,plates and #a ,woodcut 444 ,royal #hvo1 #gs4 ,r4 ,wagner and ,w4 ,crookes ,,handbook ,,of ,,chemical ,,technology4 ,by ,,rudolf ,,wagner1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,chemical ,technology at the ,university of ,wurtzburg4 ,translated and ,edited from the ,eighth ,german ,edition1 with ,extensive ,additions1 by ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with #ccf ,engravings4 #hvo1 #bes4 ,the design of this work is to show the application of the science of chemistry to the various manufactures and industries4 ,the subjects are treated of in eight divisions1 as follows3----#a4 ,chemical ,metallurgy1 ,alloys1 and ,preparations made and obtained from ,metals4 #b4 ,crude ,materials and ,products of ,chemical ,industry4 #c4 ,glass1 ,ceramic ,ware1 ,gypsum1 ,lime1 ,mortar4 #d4 ,vegetable ,fibres4 #e4 ,animal ,substances4 #f4 ,dyeing and ,calico ,printing4 #g4 ,artificial ,light4 #h4 ,fuel and ,heating ,apparatus4 ,,churchill',s ,,technological ,,handbooks4 ,edited by ,john ,gardner1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 and ,james ,cameron1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,analyst in the ,laboratory of ,somerset ,house4 ,,the ,,brewer1 ,,distiller1 ,,and ,,wine ,,manufacturer3 ,giving directions for the ,manufacture of ,beers1 ,spirits1 ,wines1 ,liqueurs1 c4 ,with ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,bleaching1 ,,dyeing1 ,,and ,,calico ,,printing4 ,with ,formul4 ,with ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 ,,acetic ,,acid ,,and ,,vinegar1 ,,ammonia1 ,,and ,,alum4 ,with #bh ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 ,,oils1 ,,resins1 ,,and ,,varnishes4 ,with ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,soaps ,,and ,,candles4 ,with #ed ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 ,still and ,maisch ,,the ,,national ,,dispensatory2 containing the ,natural ,history1 ,chemistry1 ,pharmacy1 ,actions and ,uses of ,medicines1 including those recognised in the ,pharmacopias of the ,united ,states1 ,great ,britain and ,germany1 with numerous references to the ,french ,codex4 ,by ,,alfred ,,still1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,medicine in the ,university of ,pennsylvania2 and ,,john ,m4 ,,maisch1 ,phar4,d41 ,professor of ,materia ,medica and ,botany in the ,philadelphia ,college of ,pharmacy4 ,fourth ,edition1 with #caa ,engravings4 #a1ghapp4 #hvo1 #cfs4 ,c4 ,binz ,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,therapeutics4 ,a ,clinical ,guide to the ,action of ,drugs4 ,by ,c4 ,,binz1 ,m4,d41 ,professor of ,pharmacology in the ,university of ,bonn4 ,translated and ,edited with ,additions1 in ,conformity with the ,british and ,american ,pharmacopias1 by ,,edward ,i4 ,,sparks1 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b4 ,oxon41 formerly ,radcliffe ,travelling ,fellow4 ,crown #hvo1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,o4 ,hehner ,,alcohol ,,tables1 giving for all ,specific ,gravities1 from #ajjjj to #jgich the ,percentages of ,absolute ,alcohol1 by ,weight and by ,volume1 and of ,proof ,spirit4 ,by ,,otto ,,hehner1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,public ,analyst for the ,isle of ,wight and for the ,boroughs of ,derby and ,ryde4 ,roy4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,o4 ,hehner and ,a4 ,angell ,,butter2 ,its ,analysis and ,adulterations1 specially treating on the ,detection and ,determination of ,foreign ,fats4 ,by ,,otto ,,hehner1 ,f4,c4,s41 and ,,arthur ,,angell1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,public ,analyst for the ,county of ,southampton4 ,second ,edition4 ,entirely re-written and augmented4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,j4 ,f4 ,royle and ,j4 ,harley ,,royle',s ,,manual ,,of ,,materia ,,medica ,,and ,,therapeutics4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,with ,supplement of ,additions and ,alterations contained in the ,b4 ,p4 #ahhe4 ,by ,,john ,,harley1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,with #aci ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #aes4 8,this ,manual is1 to our minds1 unrivalled in any language for condensation1 accuracy1 and completeness of information40----,british ,medical ,journal4 ,j4 ,c4 ,thorowgood ,,the ,,student',s ,,guide ,,to ,,materia ,,medica ,,and ,,therapeutics1 in accordance with the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,thorowgood1 ,m4,d4 ,lond41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,lecturer on ,materia ,medica at the ,middlesex ,hospital4 ,second ,edition1 with ,engravings4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #gs4 ,c4 ,d4 ,f4 ,phillips ,,materia ,,medica ,,and ,,therapeutics3 ,by ,,charles ,d4 ,f4 ,,phillips1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,edin4 ,vegetable ,kingdom----,organic ,compounds----,animal ,kingdom4 #hvo1 #bes4 ,i4 ,owen ,,materia ,,medica2 a ,manual for the ,use of ,students4 ,by ,,isambard ,,owen1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,lecturer on ,materia ,medica and ,therapeutics at ,st4 ,george's ,hospital4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,w4 ,southall ,,the ,,organic ,,materia ,,medica ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,pharmacop,,ia1 systematically arranged2 with ,brief ,notices of the ,remedies contained in the ,indian and ,u4 ,s4 ,pharmacopias1 and ,short ,descriptions of their ,chief ,adulterants and ,substitutions4 ,by ,w4 ,,southall1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 ,f4 ,h4 ,lescher ,,recent ,,materia ,,medica4 ,notes on their ,origin and ,therapeutics4 ,by ,f4 ,,harwood ,,lescher1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,pereira ,medallist4 ,third ,edition4 #hvo #bs4 #f;d4 ,a4 ,wahltuch ,a ,,dictionary ,,of ,,materia ,,medica ,,and ,,therapeutics4 ,by ,,adolphe ,,wahltuch1 ,m4,d4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the purpose of this work is to give a tabular arrangement of all drugs specified in the ,british ,pharmacopia of #ahfg4 ,every table is divided into six parts3----7#a7 ,the ,name and ,synonyms2 7#b7 ,character and ,properties or ,composition2 7#c7 ,physiological ,effects and ,therapeutics2 7#d7 ,form and ,doses2 7#e7 ,preparations2 7#f7 ,prescriptions4 ,other matter elucidatory of the ,pharmacopia is added to the work4 ,b4 ,s4 ,proctor ,,lectures ,,on ,,practical ,,pharmacy4 ,by ,,barnard ,s4 ,,proctor1 formerly ,lecturer on ,pharmacy at the ,college of ,medicine1 ,newcastle-on-,tyne4 ,second ,edition4 ,with #dd ,wood ,engravings and #cb ,lithograph ,fac-,simile ,prescriptions4 #hvo1 #ads4 ,j4 ,pereira ,,selecta ,,prescriptis4 ,selections from ,physicians' ,prescriptions4 ,containing ,lists of ,terms1 ,phrases1 ,contractions1 ,abbreviations1 ,grammatical ,construction1 ,rules for ,pronunciation1 ,vocabulary1 c4 ,with a ,series of ,abbreviated ,prescriptions and ,key to the same1 with ,translations4 ,for the ,use of ,students4 ,by ,,jonathan ,,pereira1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,seventeenth ,edition4 #bdmo1 #es4 ,p4 ,squire ,,companion ,,to ,,the ,,british ,,pharmacop,,ia 7latest ,edition71 comparing the strength of its various preparations with those of the ,united ,states1 and other ,foreign ,pharmacopias1 to which are added ,non-official ,preparations1 and ,practical ,hints on ,prescribing2 also a ,tabular ,arrangement of ,materia ,medica for ,students1 an ,appendix containing ,articles employed in ,chemical ,testing1 and ,analyses of the ,principal ,spas of ,europe4 ,by ,,peter ,,squire1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,edited by his ,sons ,p4 ,w4 ,,squire1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,c4,s41 and ,a4 ,h4 ,,squire4 ,fourteenth ,edition4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,by the same ,author ,,pharmacop,,ias ,,of ,,the ,,london ,,hospitals4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,fcap #hvo1 #fs4 ,mr4 ,,squire has collected all the ,formul used in twenty-five of the principal ,hospitals of ,london1 and arranged them in groups for comparison4 ,these ,formul were revised and approved by the medical staff of each of the ,hospitals1 and may therefore be taken as an excellent guide to the medical practitioner1 both as to dose and best menstruum in prescribing4 ,the ,diet ,tables of the ,hospitals are also included4 ,j4 ,baily ,a ,,physician',s ,,pharmacop,,ia4 7,contraction ,ph4 ,ph47 ,containing ,prescriptions for the ,novel ,method of ,preparing ,lozenges1 including ,nitro-,glycerine1 ,cocaine1 c41 and other active remedies in exact doses4 ,by ,j4 ,,baily1 ,pharmacist1 ,margate4 ,royal #bdmo1 leather binding1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,british ,pharmaceutical ,conference ,,the ,b4 ,p4 ,c4 ,unofficial ,formulary1 #ahhh4 ,compiled by a ,committee of the ,british ,pharmaceutical ,conference4 #hvo1 #f;d42 or ,interleaved1 cloth1 #as4 ,n4 ,tirard ,,the ,,prescriber',s ,,pharmacop,,ia3 containing all the ,medicines in the ,british ,pharmacopia arranged in ,classes according to their ,action1 with their ,composition and ,doses4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,by ,,nestor ,,tirard1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,professor of ,materia ,medica and ,therapeutics in ,king's ,college1 ,london4 ,fcap4 #cbmo1 bound in leather1 #cs4 ,prosser ,james4 ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,new ,b4 ,p4 ,epitome of ,changes1 and ,account of all the ,new ,preparations4 ,their ,characters1 ,actions1 ,uses1 c4 ,with ,full ,therapeutical ,commentary4 ,by ,,prosser ,,james1 ,m4,d41 ,lecturer on ,materia ,medica and ,therapeutics at the ,london ,hospital4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor ,,poisons ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,medical ,,jurisprudence ,,and ,,medicine4 ,by ,,alfred ,s4 ,,taylor1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 late ,professor of ,medical ,jurisprudence to ,guy's ,hospital4 ,third ,edition1 with #ajd ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #afs4 ,w4 ,stowe ,a ,,toxicological ,,chart1 ,exhibiting at one view the ,symptoms1 ,treatment1 and ,mode of ,detecting the ,various ,poisons1 ,mineral1 ,vegetable1 and ,animal4 ,to which are added concise ,directions for the ,treatment of ,suspended ,animation4 ,by ,,william ,,stowe1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4,e4 ,thirteenth ,edition4 ,sheet1 #bs42 ,roller1 #es4 ,h4 ,beasley ,,the ,,pocket ,,formulary ,,and ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,and ,,foreign ,,pharmacop,,ias3 containing all the ,formul of the ,b4 ,p4 of #ahhe1 and comprising ,standard1 approved1 and most recent ,formul for the ,preparations and ,compounds employed in ,medical ,practice4 ,by ,,henry ,,beasley4 ,eleventh ,edition4 #ahmo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,by the same ,author ,,the ,,druggist',s ,,general ,,receipt-,,book3 ,comprising a ,copious ,veterinary ,formulary2 ,numerous ,recipes in ,patent and ,proprietary ,medicines1 ,druggists' ,nostrums1 c42 ,perfumery1 and ,cosmetics2 ,beverages1 ,dietetic ,articles and ,condiments2 ,photographic ,chemicals and ,formul2 ,trade ,chemicals2 ,scientific ,processes2 and an ,appendix of ,useful ,tables4 ,ninth ,edition4 #ahmo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,also ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,prescriptions3 ,containing upwards of #c1jjj ,prescriptions collected from the ,practice of the most eminent ,physicians and ,surgeons1 ,english and ,foreign4 ,comprising also a ,compendious ,history of the ,materia ,medica1 ,lists of the ,doses of all ,official or ,established ,preparations1 and an ,index of ,diseases and ,remedies4 ,sixth ,edition4 #ahmo1 #fs4 #f;d4 8,mr4 ,beasley's #8,pocket ,formulary1' #8,druggist's ,receipt-,book1' and #8,book of ,prescriptions' form a compact library of reference admirably suited for the dispensing desk40----,chemist and ,druggist4 ,,the ,,pharmaceutical ,,journal ,,and ,,transactions4 ,published weekly4 ,price #d;d4 ,annual subscription1 post free1 #bjs4 ,,the ,,year-,,book ,,of ,,pharmacy3 ,containing the ,proceedings at the ,yearly ,meeting of the ,british ,pharmaceutical ,conference1 and a ,report on the ,progress of ,pharmacy1 which includes notices of all ,pharmaceutical ,papers1 new ,processes1 ,preparations1 and ,formul published throughout the world4 ,published annually in ,december4 #hvo1 #ahgc to #ahhh----ajs4 each yearly volume4 ,general ,index to the ,volumes for #ahfd to #ahhe inclusive4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,g4 ,c4 ,wittstein ,,practical ,,pharmaceutical ,,chemistry3 ,an ,explanation of ,chemical and ,pharmaceutical ,processes2 with the ,methods of ,testing the ,purity of the ,preparations1 deduced from ,original ,experiments4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,wittstein4 ,translated from the ,second ,german ,edition by ,,stephen ,,darby #ahmo1 #fs4 ,j4 ,steggall ,,first ,,lines ,,for ,,chemists ,,and ,,druggists preparing for ,examination at the ,pharmaceutical ,society4 ,by ,,john ,,steggall1 ,m4,d4 ,third ,edition #ahmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,j4 ,b4 ,smith ,,pharmaceutical ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,examinations4 ,by ,,john ,,barker ,,smith4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,latin ,,grammar----,,fractions----,,metric ,,system----,,materia ,,medica----,,botany---- ,,pharmacy----,,chemistry----,,prescript ions4 ,r4 ,v4 ,tuson ,a ,,pharmacop,,ia1 ,,including ,,the ,,outlines ,,of ,,materia ,,medica ,,and ,,therapeutics1 for the ,use of ,practitioners and ,students of ,veterinary ,medicine4 ,by ,,richard ,v4 ,,tuson1 ,f4,i4,c41 late ,professor of ,chemistry1 ,materia ,medica and ,toxicology at the ,royal ,veterinary ,college4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,post #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 8,not only practitioners and students of veterinary medicine1 but chemists and druggists will find that this book supplies a want in want in veterinary literature40----,chemist and ,druggist4 ,g4 ,armatage ,,the ,,veterinarian',s ,,pocket ,,remembrancer3 being ,concise ,directions for the ,treatment of ,urgent or ,rare ,cases1 embracing ,semeiology1 ,diagnosis1 ,prognosis1 ,surgery1 ,therapeutics1 ,toxicology1 ,detection of ,poisons by their ,appropriate ,tests1 ,hygiene1 c4 ,by ,,george ,,armatage1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,second ,edition4 ,post #hvo1 #cs4 ,w4 ,williams ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,veterinary ,,medicine4 ,by ,,william ,,williams1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,principal1 and ,professor of ,veterinary ,medicine and ,surgery at the ,new ,veterinary ,college1 ,edinburgh4 ,fifth ,edition1 with several ,coloured ,plates and ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #cjs4 ,by the same ,author ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,veterinary ,,surgery4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,with ,plates and #aci ,woodcuts4 #hvo1 #cjs4 ,r4 ,bentley and ,h4 ,trimen ,,medicinal ,,plants3 being ,descriptions with ,original ,figures of the ,principal ,plants employed in ,medicine1 and an ,account of their ,properties and ,uses4 ,by ,,robert ,,bentley1 ,f4,l4,s41 late ,professor of ,botany in ,king's ,college1 and to the ,pharmaceutical ,society2 and ,,henry ,,trimen1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 late ,lecturer on ,botany in ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital ,medical ,school4 ,in #d ,vols41 large #hvo1 with #cjf ,coloured ,plates1 bound in half morocco1 gilt edges1 #aa #aas4 ,r4 ,bentley ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,botany3 ,including the ,structure1 ,classification1 ,properties1 ,uses and ,functions of ,plants4 ,by ,,robert ,,bentley1 ,f4,l4,s41 late ,professor of ,botany in ,king's ,college1 and to the ,pharmaceutical ,society4 ,fifth ,edition1 with #a1agh ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #aes4 ,by the same ,author ,,the ,,student',s ,,guide ,,to ,,structural1 ,,morphological1 ,,and ,,physiological ,,botany4 ,with #ffj ,engravings4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d ,also ,,the ,,student',s ,,guide ,,to ,,systematic ,,botany1 including the ,classification of ,plants and ,descriptive ,botany4 ,with #ceg ,engravings4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d ,,the ,,quarterly ,,journal ,,of ,,microscopical ,,science4 7,established in #aheb47 ,edited by ,e4 ,,ray ,,lankester1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,zoology in ,university ,college1 ,london2 with the co-operation of ,e4 ,,klein1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,h4 ,n4 ,,moseley1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 and ,,adam ,,sedgwick1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,each ,number1 #ajs4 ,most of the ,memoirs are illustrated by ,woodcuts and ,lithographic ,plates1 many being ,coloured4 ,the ,journal contains1 in addition1 ,notes and ,memoranda1 ,reviews of ,books1 ,quarterly ,chronicle1 and ,proceedings of ,societies4 ,w4 ,b4 ,carpenter ,,the ,,microscope ,,and ,,its ,,revelations4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,carpenter1 ,c4,b41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,seventh ,edition1 edited by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,dallinger1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with many ,plates and over #ejj ,wood ,engravings1 and a ,coloured ,frontispiece ,crown #hvo4 ,in the ,press4 ,s4 ,marsh ,,section ,,cutting3 a ,practical ,guide to the ,preparation and ,mounting of ,sections for the ,microscope1 special prominence being given to the subject of ,animal ,sections4 ,by ,dr4 ,,sylvester ,,marsh4 ,second ,edition1 with #ag ,engravings4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,j4 ,h4 ,martin ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,microscopic ,,mounting2 with ,notes on the ,collection and ,examination of ,objects4 ,by ,,john ,h4 ,,martin1 ,member of the ,society of ,public ,analysts1 author of 8,microscopic ,objects40 ,second ,edition4 ,with #aej ,engravings4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,a4 ,b4 ,lee ,,the ,,microtomist',s ,,vade-,,mecum3 a ,handbook of the ,methods of ,microscopic ,anatomy1 comprising upwards of #fjj ,formul and ,methods collected from the practice of the best workers4 ,by ,,arthur ,,bolles ,,lee4 ,crown #hvo1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,j4 ,fayrer ,,the ,,thanatophidia ,,of ,,india2 being a ,description of the ,venomous ,snakes of the ,indian ,peninsula4 ,with an ,account of the ,influence of their ,poison on ,life1 and a ,series of ,experiments4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,,fayrer1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,,ll ,d41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,physician to the ,secretary of ,state for ,india in ,council2 late ,president of the ,asiatic ,society of ,bengal4 ,second ,edition1 with #ca ,plates 7#bh ,coloured74 ,folio1 #gl4 #gs4 ,j4 ,ewart ,,the ,,poisonous ,,snakes ,,of ,,india4 ,compiled by ,,joseph ,,ewart1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,surgeon-,major in the ,bengal ,army1 ,president of the ,snake ,poison ,commission4 ,with #ba ,plates 7#ai being ,coloured74 ,crown #dto1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,a4 ,chauveau and ,g4 ,fleming ,,chauveau',s ,,comparative ,,anatomy ,,of ,,the ,,domesticated ,,animals4 ,translated from the ,second ,french ,edition1 and ,edited by ,,george ,,fleming1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,principal ,veterinary ,surgeon of the ,army2 ,author of 8,travels on ,horseback in ,mantchu ,tartary10 8,horse-shoes and ,horse-shoeing10 8,animal ,plagues10 etc4 ,with #dej ,engravings4 #hvo1 #cas4 #f;d4 8,we have nothing but praise to bestow on the manner in which ,mr4 ,fleming has performed his work40----,medico-,chirurgical ,review4 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,invertebrated ,,animals4 ,by ,prof4 ,,huxley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with #aeh ,engravings4 ,post #hvo1 #afs4 ,by the same ,author ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,vertebrated ,,animals4 ,with #aaj ,engravings4 ,post #hvo1 #abs4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ord ,,notes ,,on ,,comparative ,,anatomy3 a ,syllabus of a ,course of ,lectures delivered at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital4 ,by ,,william ,,miller ,,ord1 ,m4,b4 ,lond41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to the ,hospital1 and ,lecturer in its ,medical ,school4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 ,j4 ,shea ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,animal ,,physiology4 ,with ,appendix of ,examination ,questions4 ,by ,,john ,,shea1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,a4 ,lond4 ,with numerous ,engravings4 ,fcap #hvo1 #es4 #f;d4 ,j4 ,r4 ,greene ,,tables ,,of ,,zoology3 indicating the ,tribes1 ,sub-,orders1 ,orders1 and ,higher ,groups of the ,animal ,kingdom1 for ,students1 ,lecturers1 and others4 ,by ,j4 ,,reay ,,greene1 ,m4,d41 late ,professor of ,natural ,history in the ,queen's ,university in ,ireland4 ,three large sheets1 #es4 the set2 or1 mounted on canvas1 with roller and varnished4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a4 ,wilson ,,the ,,student',s ,,guide ,,to ,,zoology ,a ,manual of the ,principles of ,zoological ,science4 ,by ,,andrew ,,wilson1 ,author of 8,elements of ,zoology10 and ,lecturer on ,zoology1 ,edinburgh4 ,with ,engravings4 ,fcap #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,f4 ,kohlrausch ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,physical ,,measurements4 ,with ,appendices on ,absolute ,electrical ,measurement1 etc4 ,by ,dr4 ,f4 ,,kohlrausch1 ,professor in ,ordinary at the ,university of ,wrzburg4 ,second ,edition4 ,translated from the ,fourth ,german ,edition by ,t4 ,h4 ,,waller1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,sc41 and ,h4 ,r4 ,,procter1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,with #cg ,engravings4 #hvo1 #aes4 ,j4 ,c4 ,draper ,a ,,text-,,book ,,of ,,medical ,,physics1 for the ,use of ,students and ,practitioners of ,medicine4 ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,draper1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,chemistry and ,physics in the ,medical ,department of the ,university of ,new ,york4 ,with #cgg ,engravings4 #hvo1 #ahs4 ,l4 ,price ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,photographic ,,manipulation4 ,by ,,lake ,,price4 ,second ,edition1 with numerous ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,amongst the ,contents are the ,practical ,treatment of ,portraits----,groups in the ,studio----,landscapes----,groups in ,open ,air----,instantaneous ,pictures----,animals----,architecture-- --,marine ,subjects----,still ,life----,copying of ,pictures1 ,prints1 ,drawings1 ,manuscripts1 ,interiors----,stereoscopy in ,microphotography1 c41 and ,notices of the last ,inventions and ,improvements in ,lenses1 ,apparatus1 c4 ,t4 ,f4 ,hardwich and ,j4 ,traill ,taylor ,,hardwich',s ,,manual ,,of ,,photographic ,,chemistry1 ,theoretical and ,practical4 ,ninth ,edition4 ,by ,j4 ,,traill ,,taylor1 ,editor of the ,photographic ,times and ,american ,photographer1 and formerly ,editor of the ,british ,journal of ,photography4 ,with #eg ,engravings4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,c4 ,b4 ,fox ,,ozone ,,and ,,antozone3 their ,history and ,nature4 ,by ,,cornelius ,b4 ,,fox1 ,m4,d41 late ,medical ,officer of ,health for ,central and ,east ,essex4 ,with ,coloured ,plates4 #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,g4 ,f4 ,rodwell ,,notes ,,on ,,natural ,,philosophy1 ,lectures delivered at ,guy's ,hospital1 by ,g4 ,f4 ,,rodwell1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,science ,master in ,marlborough ,college4 ,with #dh ,engravings4 ,fcap #hvo #es4 ,r4 ,dunglison ,,medical ,,lexicon3 ,a ,,dictionary ,,of ,,medical ,,science4 ,containing a ,concise ,explanation of the various ,subjects and ,terms of ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 ,pathology1 ,hygiene1 ,therapeutics1 ,pharmacology1 ,pharmacy1 ,surgery1 ,obstetrics1 ,medical ,jurisprudence1 and ,dentistry1 ,notices of ,climate and of ,mineral ,waters1 ,formul for ,officinal1 ,empirical1 and ,dietetic ,preparations2 with the ,accentuation and ,etymology of the ,terms1 and the ,french and other ,synonyms4 ,by ,,robley ,,dunglison1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,edition1 by ,,richard ,j4 ,,dunglison1 ,m4,d4 ,royal #hvo 7#a1acj pp471 #bhs4 8,this title1 ambitious and exhaustible as it is1 simply and truthfully describes this most valuable and learned work1 which briefly but distinctly gives any one who consults it1 in the most accessible form1 a vast amount of information on medical terminology of all kinds40----,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mayne and ,w4 ,w4 ,wagstaffe4 ,,mayne',s ,,medical ,,vocabulary3 being an ,explanation of all ,names and ,phrases used in the various departments of ,medical ,science and ,practice1 giving their ,derivation1 ,meaning1 ,application1 and ,pronunciation4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,revised and ,enlarged by ,w4 ,w4 ,,wagstaffe1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,crown #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 8,we have referred to this work hundreds of times1 and have always obtained the information we required4444 ,chemical1 ,botanical1 and ,pharmaceutical ,terms are to be found on almost every page40----,chemist and ,druggist4 ,,the following ,,catalogues issued by ,j4 ,a4 ,,churchill will be forwarded post free on application3 ,a4 ,j4 ,a4 ,churchill's ,general ,list of about #fej works on ,medicine1 ,surgery1 ,midwifery1 ,materia ,medica1 ,hygiene1 ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 ,chemistry1 c41 c41 with a complete ,index to their ,titles for easy reference4 ,n4,b4 ,this ,list includes ,b1 ,c1 and ,d4 ,b4 ,selection from ,j4 ,a4 ,churchill s ,general ,list1 comprising all recent works published by them on the ,art and ,science of ,medicine4 ,c4 ,j4 ,a4 ,churchill's ,catalogue of ,text ,books specially arranged for ,students4 ,d4 ,a ,selected and ,descriptive ,list of ,j4 ,a4 ,churchill's works on ,chemistry1 ,materia ,medica1 ,pharmacy1 ,botany1 ,photography1 ,zoology1 ,the ,microscope1 and other branches of ,science4 ,e4 ,the ,medical ,intelligencer1 being a ,list of ,new ,works and ,new ,editions published by ,j4 ,a4 ,churchill4 ,sent yearly to every ,medical ,practitioner in the ,united ,kingdom whose name and address can be ascertained4 ,a large number are also sent to the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,continental ,europe1 ,india1 and the ,colonies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,america4----,j4 ,a4 ,churchill being in constant communication with various publishing houses in ,boston1 ,new ,york1 and ,philadelphia1 are able1 notwithstanding the absence of international copyright1 to conduct negotiations favourable to ,english ,authors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 #aa1 ,,new ,,burlington ,,street4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcriber',s ,,amendments ,transcriber's ,note3 ,blank pages have been deleted4 ,some illustrations have been moved4 ,footnotes have been moved to follow the referencing paragraph4 ,when the author's preference can be determined1 we have rendered consistent on a per-word-pair basis the hyphenation or spacing of such pairs when repeated in the same grammatical context4 ,the publisher's inadvertent omissions of important punctuation have been corrected4 ,some wide tables have been re-formatted to narrower equivalents4 ,some table headings have been replaced with keys and a key table4 ,some ditto marks have been replaced by the word7s7 represented4 ,the following list indicates any additional changes made4 ,the page number represents that of the original publication and applies in this etext except for footnotes and illustrations since they may have been moved4 ,key3 fromtocomment3 ,page ,change #ijj the anterior extremity of a doubedouble medullary cord2 #ijb ,prep4,prop41 c4 ,iodic acid is a crystalline solid1 #ijd a cork and and delivery tube are then #ijh the sequisesqui or persalts of iron1 #iad ,ferrous ,acetate4 ,f,fe7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 #iae ,,protocitrate ,,of ,,iron1 #iae ,,ferri ,,carbonas ,,saccarata,,saccharata1 ,b4 ,p42 #iag ferrous chloride and mercuriousmercurous sulphide1 #iah #b4 ,crystallised potassium tartrate1 #acb parts2 #iah to produce ata #aj per cent4 solution4 #ibb restores itits softness and pliancy #ibd juice of the ,gummut,gummuti palm #ibd sprinkled over with a nubernumber of white dots4 #ibe ,semecarpus ,anarcardium,anacardium1 and species of #ibe ,,odorous ,,principle ,,of ,,jalap,,jalap4 #ibg to yield a strong solution2 stainstrain1 decant the clear #ibh in fresh soft water until it becomes transparettransparent2 #ibi 7called juniperin7 #cg ,pectine,pectin #ibi ,brought forward #cbba #ibi ,,lemon ,,and ,,kali1 ,,lemoniated,,lemonated ,k4 #icc salt 7abraumsalz7 of ,stassfurt,stassfurth1 #icc which yields on cooling crystalline calliccalcic kinate4 #idb made directly from a decotiondecoction of cochineal #idf ,,landanine,,laudanine4 ,c#bj;,h#be,,no#c4 #idf ,see engr41 p4 #idg;below4 #iec ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b #b,pb ,o4,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b #b,pb,o4 #iec ,,lemon ,,yellow1 ,,leipsic,,leipsig ,,yellow1 #ied gives up half its oxygen at a readred heat2 #ief tobacco deprived of nicotinnicotine1 by soaking them #ief is imported from ,bordeaux1 ,lisbon1 and ,hamburgh,hamburg4 #ief the following figures were obtained3----8 #ifb contributes to the well-dingwell-doing of the patient4 #ifd 8,in the lamp which it is preferred to use #ifd 8,in the latest form of construction of the #ifd 8,the dimensions1 weight1 number of revolutions #ife 8,the action of the lamp is as follows3----,the #ife 8,this wheel is the first of a train of wheels #ife points with perfect automatism48 #igj the hydrometer cannot be dedendeddepended upon4 #igc chlorine1 or the ordinary bleadingbleaching powder #igd ,the domestic mangementmanagement of linen may here receive #ige fl4 oz42 oil of turpentine1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 #igf #g fl4 oz42 mizmix by agitation4 #iha 8,if oxygen or pure carbonic oxide be enclosed #iha and at a temperaturepressure of about #cjj atmospheres1 #ihf caracca-cacao nuts 7cut small71 #a lb41 and vanilavanilla1 #ihg colour the liquid by steeping in it of haybay saffron1 #ihi ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,antisoricus,,antipsoricus1 #iic ,l4 ,,argenteum,,argentum1 ,l4 ,,argyritis #iid sodium bircarbonatebicarbonate1 #ej grams2 #ajjh ,lozenges1 ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,troschisci,,trochisci #ajjh ,prep4 #a4 ,black-currant lozenze-masslozenge-mass1 #ajac spinklesprinkle with a little salt2 #ajad evening1 or night ,i have always found it good48 #ajag it is malleable2 fusible at a readred heat1 #ajai and is vitrefiedvitrified at a strong red heat4 #ajbb in the arts of brewing and distilationdistillation4 #ajbc ,,distilation,,distillation1 ,,fermentation1 c4 #ajbc covered with sheets of paper to keep out the flies and dust1 #ajbc sugar left itin it1 #ajbe ,as prepared by ,delville,deville1 metallic manganese has a #ajbf ,manganate of ,sodium4 ,m,na#b,mn,o#d4 #ajbg blue precipitate with red prussiate orof potash1 #ajbh ,the ,beta vulgaritvulgaris1 var4 campestris1 #ajbh boiled with water1 filledfiltered through asbestos1 #ajcb various pomades and other cosmetiescosmetics1 on #ajcg quartsquart #ficahe #ajch 8that it is evidently too low40 #ajci osmozomeosmazome1 and which is concentrated gravy4 ,the #ajda 8,one of the principal and by far the most #ajde #ahef #afjj #agjf #afej #bd #dibddi #ajeb oils1 and solutions of the acids and alkakiesalkalies4 #ajef #a4 7,pb4 ,l4 #a,s#cfahcf47 ,ferric ferrocyanide #ajeg ,by saturating hot dilntedilute nitric acid with #ajeh #b4 7,basic47 ,hg,s,o#d4b;,hg,o4,hg,s,o#d4b;,hg,o4 ,syn4 #ajeh until the latter is wholywholly converted into a heavy #ajei ,hg7,c#b;,h#c;,,go#b7;,hg7,c#b;,h#c;,,go #b74 #ajei ,prod4 #aag ofor #aah of the weight of mercury employed4 #ajei ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,merury,,mercury1 ,,sulphide ,,of ,m41 #ajfb ,,hydragyri,,hydrargyri ,,tartras4 ,made by adding #ajfd ,,methylia4 ,,ch#ca;,h#b,n,,ch#c;,h#b,n4 #ajfd ,,tribasic ,,phosphate ,,op,,of ,,sodium ,,and ,,ammonium4 #ajfe become white vesicles1 dry up1 peel ofoff1 #ajfg triturationtitration with a standard copper solution4 #ajfg combined casein and posphatephosphate of sodium1 #ajfh ,i do not1 however1 claim a high degreeedegree of accuracy #ajfh ,the common frandsfrauds practised by the milk-dealers #ajfi and plants of the cabbage or onion famishesfamilies1 #ajgj ,nutritous,nutritious2 but apt to offend delicate stomachs4 #ajgj he has examined the principalsprincipal brands of preserved #ajgj ,this process1 which itis very old1 #ajga ,sugar #a #hjahj 444 #adf #ajga ,table misalignment corrected4 #ajgg ,prep4 ,horeradish,horseradish root1 #a_/b oz42 mustard seed1 #ajgg #ae drops2 simple sprupsyrup 7pure71 #ajhj #fc 7divide into #cg #ac #f #ajhb ,the cloth is subsequent ysubsequently aired1 #ajhe ,syn4 ,,morphi ,,hydryiodas,,hydriodas1 ,l4 #ajhi ,syn4 ,,mucilago ,,althe,,alth4 #ajij ,a disease affecting neatmeat cattle1 #ajic ,,moschus ,,artificialis1 ,m4 ,,facititius,,factitius1 #ajid fresh parsley1 chevrilchervil1 celery1 and tarragon1 #ajif until the residuum in the still keginsbegins to char1 #ajii in his or her particular easecase4 #aajd ,ag4,,no#c;,ag,n,o#c1 nitrate of silver #aajf #j #bebejbebe milligramme of potassium nitrate4 #aajh ,nitrogen1 ,iodide of4 ,ni#b,,ni#b4 #aajh excepting fulminatinyfulminating silver3 #aaaa 7 0 perchloricnmperchloricum7 ,h,cl,o#d #aaac injurious to health1 or so overcrowedovercrowded #aaae ,loss #ddj #aaai omits to disclose1 or wilfully mistatesmisstates #aaai production4 ,it averages from #jgf to #ijjij1 but #aabj 7,batavian----,cadet de ,gassicourt,gassincourt47 #aacd ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,oliv ,,oyygenatum,,oxygenatum #aacf ,it is generally coloured with verdigisverdigris1 #aadb and this is generally affectedeffected by mixing the two #aaeb a peculiar cystallisablecrystallisable substance1 #aaeb of the plum-treeeplum-tree1 the bruised kernels of cherries1 #aaec 7,b4 ,p471 ,,oleum ,,cajaputi,,cajeputi #aaef ,,oleum ,,erigerontis,,erigeronis ,,canadensis4 #aaef ,it closely resembleresembles that of sweet fennel #aaef the oil a like solution of the cholridechloride #aaeg ,cochlearia aramoraciaarmoracia 7,linn471 #aaeg oils of hyacinths1 jonquil1 tuborosetuberose violets1 #aafb oil of rosemary 7,o4 ,,rosemarini,,rosmarini1 #aafc ,mentha viridis 7,linn47 or garden or spearmint4 #aafc ,,fresh ,,rhizomes1 #c_/d ,,to #a2 ,,dried 7,,recent71 #a ,,to #abe4 #aafc ,,fresh1 #be ,,to #ee2 ,,dried 7,,recent71 #c_/d ,,to #a7;,,fully74 #aage ,syn4 ,,inguentum,,unguentum #aage ,syn4 ,,uuguentum,,unguentum ,,ipecacuanh #aage then gradullygradually add of ointment of white wax1 #aagf 7softened by heat71 #a lb41 with oils orof aniseed1 #aagf a dressing to indolent ulcers and issnestissues4 #aahe and stir the mixture briskly uniluntil it concretes4 #aaii within our recollection wawas #d-a_/b gr4 #abjg artificial base thiosinneminethiosinamine #abjg produced by artificial means 7which see7 4 #abjh ,water #iaaaabjaaaab 0 ,hydrogen #abjh 7see figure below77,see middle figure above74 #abad ,rhubarb tarts and tomatostomatoes1 #abaf a strength of #i ,beaum,baum is poured thereon1 #abaf about #c cubic metrsmtres of oxygen4 #abbd 7,c#aj;,h#af,o#a;,h#b,o7,c#aj;,h#af,o4,h #b,o4 #abbf ,the most apropriateappropriate and only safe situation #abbh old masters had been in posssesionpossession of colours1 #abbi 8#d4 ,white and other quick-drying opaque #abbi an easily soluble mastich or lammardammar varnish #abca 7#aah----,woollaston,wollaston2 #abad----,vauquelin74 #abcc ,se,see ,,sympathetic ,,ink4 #abcg ,this remarkable hydrocabonhydrocarbon is one of the several #abch ,oxyuris vermicularis1 0 ,pentastroma,pentastoma constrictum1 #abci ,the flesh of cattle fed on the parnsipparsnip is also #abda ,paste1 ,flour4 ,sgn,syn4 ,,colle ,,de ,p,,te #abdb ,prep4 ,prom,from blanched ,jordan almonds1 #abdb beat in #b squares of ,windor,windsor soap #abdd 7,foutanier,fontanier47 ,paste1 #h oz42 oxide of cobalt1 #abdf ,salazzi,solazzi juice1 #d oz42 #abdi ,herrendschwand's,herrenschwand's ,specific4 #abeb #jjdb #abeb is procured from na fresh-water shell-fish #abfg #be -to #e lbs4 binoxide of manganese-cullet4 #abga several allotrophicallotropic forms4 #abga extreme prostationprostration of the nervous powers1 #abga provided the mateterialsmaterials had not been well #abga the temperature being twotoo low1 #abgb water resolves it ininto phosphoric acid #abgd ,by strongly heating common ororthophosphate of sodium4 #abgf decomposition of the urea by the bladder mucousmucus1 #abhj in which the pigmented gelatin alone remainremains1 #abij was about #cc per per cent4 of the average #abig the flour might flavourfavour some decomposition #acja ,,pilul ,,antichloritic,,antichlorotic1 ,l4 #acje ,gamboge1 aloes bods pods1 and compound cinnamon powder1 #acba upon evaporation of the chloformchloroform solution4 #accj ,see ,,plaster ,,of ,,euphobium,,euphorbium4 #acdc a rise of bodily temperature from #ajc to #aie #aje4 #acdh ,mix well in a wedgewoodwedgwood mortar1 using a wooden #acdi even by the most thirsty votaries of malt liqnorliquor4 #acea tarredtared glass cylinder capable of containing ten times #acec at ,stassfurt,stassfurth1 near ,madgeburg1 in ,prussia4 #aced ,,potassium ,,dyhydric,,dihydric ,,arseniate2 #acef as in ,no4 #a1 wnenwhen #ce to #dj lbs4 #acfc used in chemistry as a reagent1 and deoxydiserdeoxidiser4 #acfi ,bruised groundsel 7,senicio,senecio vulgaris7 #acge ,syn4 ,prep4 ,belladonna1 #a to #c gr42 #acgf ,,puvis,,pulvis ,,elaterii ,,compositus4 #acgf ,round birthwort1 gentian1 tops of lesser centuarycentaury1 #achb ,,limondum,,limonadum ,,siccum1 ,,pulvis ,,pro ,,liminado #achb ,for #e pints3----,one each changecharge of #b and #c pints4 #acia ,the specimen on the next pagebelow #acia ,contents of page #acib have been moved to the previous page4 #adjj and is then redncedreduced to powder4 #adjb powder must be preserved in closeclosed vessels #adjh a dye possessing greater colorific powderpower #adji ,cinchona succirubra1 cultivated at ,darjiling,darjeeling1 #adaa the determination inaccurate40#a ,location of tag presumed4 #adag and opening zy the juice is admitted #adag the union is affectedeffected by simple agitation2 #adah ,it is a highly nutritious serialcereal1 #adba and its occurenceoccurrence in appreciable quantity #adbb diameter of the gauge should notrange between #d and #h inches4 #adbc few1 if any1 chimneys to distubdisturb the air currents1 #adbe ,instead of orange flowers1 neurolineroli1 #adda ,ru#b,o#cc1 #h;,h#b,o,ru#b,o#c1h;,h#b,o1 is thrown down4 #addd with the flowretsflowerets of safflower1 #adef the jurisdiction of a joint sewaragesewerage board1 #adeg such a mansion as is pourtrayedportrayed by ,mr ,collins #adfj the urine immediatesimmediately assumes a fine #adfc renewinrenewing the water from time to time4 #adga it is capable of assuming three allatropicallotropic forms #adgh ,the table on next pagebelow1 #adha and the sooner the middens are abolished the better48#b #adhg assigned the formula #b,si,o#bac;,h#b,o4#b,si,o#b1c;,h#b,o4 #adij result of the researches of ,her,herr ,tycho ,tulburg1 #adic best quantity to be taken for cupellation inis #ejj gr4 #adie can possibly either remain or get between thenthem4 #adig said to bear a close resembanceresemblance to silver #adii ,gowlland's,gowland's lotion1 which has long been #aejc supported by the most ecklessreckless statements #aejf ,incomplete footnote on page #aejf is as printed4 #aejf add the leylye to the oil #aejf acid used indicates #jjec ,na#b;,co#cjjec ,na#b;,,co#c #aejg acid1 palmatin gives palmaticpalmitin gives palmitic acid1 #aeaj ,the soap is usually coloured with caramalcaramel4 #aeab directly into soda or its carbonatedcarbonate4 #aeac ,na,h,c#b,o#c ,mg,c,o#b ,na,h,c,o#c ,mg,c#b,o#d ,na,h,c#b,o#d ,mg,c,o#c ,na,h,c,o#c ,mg,c#b,o#d #aeag beautiful oblique rhombic prisms1 of the formulformula #aeah a portion of the sulphovenicsulphovinic acid #aeba ,cupri ammonatiammoniati #aebf ,prep4 ,iodureted,ioduretted waters1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c2 #aebh ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,potass ,,efferevescens,,effervescens #aecj ,,aqua ,,posassae,,potass ,,sulphureti #aecj a few beef bones1 #f large carrrotscarrots1 #b large onions1 #aecd ,species1 ,bitter4 ,syn4 ,entire paragraph moved up4 #aece is alwayalways taken at #fj ,fahr1 #aece ,leaves and tops of wormwood1 betony1 bugle1 culamintcalamint1 #aeda aloes1 #a_/b oz42 bay berries1 #a oz42 gallangagalanga root1 #aedc ,they are chleflychiefly employed #aedd ,,liquor ,,or,,of ,,spiritus ,,volatilis ,,cornu ,,cervi1 #aedf savory1 thyme1 rosmaryrosemary1 calamint1 #aeea the mixture has besomebecome perfectly dry #aeec to the third and last1 which containcontained #fai acres4 #aeeh and of carringcarrying away any prejudicial excess #aefc by the purchaser of modern jewelleryjewelry4 #aefd ,coffee's,coffey's still #aefd that of ,siemens' 7see page #aefgaeff71 much employed #aegb sometimes1 sursoundedsurrounded by a slight redness4 #aegc it is boiled for half andan hour1 #aeid 7shown at ,c1 in the plate below7 #aeif 7#fbjf1 ,odling2 #fbj1 ,hardwick,hardwich and ,fownes2 #fag1 #afjb ,the rhizonerhizome 7#8root'7 is an aromatic stimulant #afje will be perfectly tranparenttransparent1 #afjf temperature of #bab is #abfj to #abfa1 or #cj' ,baum4 #afjf and become ascescentacescent2 but of the two this #afjg ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,solution of actetateacetate of morphia1 #afaa after gently heatheating in a porcelain capsule #afba some disinfectandisinfectant substance #afbf indigo is converted into sulpindigoticsulphindigotic acid1 #afbh in exactly the same manner as benzol benzol1 it is converted #afci follow ,professor ,ball,bell through #afci ,from ,professor ,ball's,bell's lecture at #afda tetrachloride 7,te,cl#b,te,cl#d74 #afdb ,sulphuric acid boils 7,magrignac,marignac71 #afdi a neutral volatile residue40#a,tag added4 #afea is equiv4 to #fhcfhc gr4 of metallic lead 7nearly74 #afed ,tincture of ,acetate of ,iron4 ,spn,syn4 #afef ,tincture of ,angustura,angostura4 #afef ,dried leaves of balladonnabelladonna1 #afeg as a stomachic bitter and tonietonic1 #affj and add to this balsam of capaibacopaiba1 #affb 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,gruaiacum,guaiacum resin #affd black helliborehellebore root1 #c dr42 #affh ,,tincture,,tinctura ,,rhododendri4 #afge partial analysis of the imports of #ahgc and #ahgd30a #afgh its peculiar a,bdand disagreeable odour4 #afhj ,,ferri ,,ferridcyanidum,,ferricyanidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #afhf as indicated by the suddennesssuddeness of the attack1 #afie #8,chem4 ,centralb,central1' 7#8,pharm4 ,journ4'74 #afii yeast plant 7the ,torula cerivisicerevisi74 #agja ,in the engravings on next pagebelow the principal #agae ,the practice of vensectionvenesection1 bloodletting1 #agaf then sqeezesqueeze them1 dry them #agai but weaslesweasels1 stoats1 hedgehogs1 #agbj have been wroughtbrought before the public4 #agbc ,,acetic ,,acid1 ,,acedimetry,,acetimetry1 #agca little manual1 entiledentitled #agce compressibility to beatbe at the rate of #agce addition of limlime water1 #agci which numbernumbers it falls between #agda of available oxyyenoxygen4 ,the experiment #agdb the others were all polluted by animal matttermatter4 #agdc ,,aqua ,,anthenidis,,anthemidis 7,ph4 ,g474 #agdd ,fresh peach loavesleaves1 cut small1 #b lbs42 #agdd ,put into a glass relortretort with #aj oz4 of4 water1 #agej in a dwelling-house or in in the neighbourhood #agea a compound of hyrogenhydrogen and carbonic oxide gases4 #agec ,wax1 ,carnanba,carnauba #agfd ,the seed of ,fagogprum,fagopyrum esculentum1 #agfe become a great disideratumdesideratum as a wholesome #agfe ,acre after acre of cellerscellars1 vault after vault1 #agff distinguished by the appelationappellation #8green4' #aggj #ica #bbce ,malmsley,malmsey #aggb solution of any alkaline sulphhydratesulphydrate1 #aggd ,wines are as commonly doctereddoctored in their colour #aggh rose clovegillyflowerclove gillyflower1 carnation1 #aghc ,,vinum ,,strammonii,,stramonii 7,ph4 ,bat474 #aghe under a good microsopemicroscope distinctly exhibit1 #aghi fermentation of worts from below 7unterghrunguntergrung74 #aghi by blacingplacing it in a close canvas bag1 #agia colour of the sulbhatesulphate #agia #a part1 and litharge1 #d bartsparts1 are ground together #agid through the tubu- retubulure ,sentences also rearranged4 ,catalog i ,catalogue ,d4 ,catalog v ,pharmaceutical aadand ,medical ,students4 99 99 99 99 99