,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e-book 0 prep>$ f a #aifj ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons repr9t ( ! #aijj edition ( ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 orig9ally publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld]1 ,co41 ,london1 z ,volume ,,ii ( ,john ,add+ton ,symonds's ,r5aissance 9 ,italy s]ies4 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors h be5 correct$ )\t note2 o!r errors are indicat$ by a ,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,old] spell+s ( ,italian names 7e4g4 ,lion>do = ,leon>do7 h be5 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al4 ,,john ,,add+ton ,,symonds ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+ ,at tibi =tassis1 si1 quod m5s sp]at et optat1 ,es po/ me victura diu1 meliora sup]sunt ,secula2 non omnes v5iet le?aeus 9 annos ,i/e sopor2 pot]unt1 discussis =te t5ebris1 ,ad purum priscumque jub> reme>e nepotes4 ,tunc ,helicona nov revir5tem /irpe videbis1 ,tunc lauros frond]e sacras2 tunc alta resurg5t ,+5ia atque animi dociles1 quibus ardor hone/i ,pi]idum /udii vet]em gem9abit amorem4 ,,petr>* ,africa1 lib4 ix ,,preface#a ,footnote #a3 ,to ! orig9al edition ( ?is volume4 ,?is volume on ! ',revival ( ,le>n+' foll[s t on ! ',age ( ! ,despots1' publi%$ 9 #ahge1 & prec$es t on ! ',f9e ,arts1' :i* is n[ also (f]$ to ! public4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ',revival ( ,le>n+' & ! ',f9e ,arts1' ,i h tri$ to rememb] t ,i _h n s mu* to write aga9 ! hi/ory ( ^! subjects1 z to treat _! relation to ! ',r5aissance 9 ,italy4' ,9 o!r words1 ,i h reg>d$ ea* section ( my !me z subord9ate to ! g5]al culture ( a great hi/orical p]iod4 ,! volume on ',italian ,lit]ature1' /ill 9 contemplation1 is int5d$ to complete ! "w4 ,:ile h&l+ ! !me ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ,i h select$ su* po9ts1 & emphasis$ su* details1 z ,i felt to be important = ! biography ( a nation at ! mo/ brilliant epo* ( its intellectual activity4 ,! hi/orian ( culture sacrifices mu* t ! hi/orian ( politics w judge ess5tial1 & calls att5tion to matt]s t ! g5]al read] may sometimes f9d sup]flu\s4 ,he mu/ submit to be> ! reproa* ( hav+ done at once too little & too mu*4 ,he mu/ be cont5t to trav]se at "o "t well-worn gr\nd1 & at ano!r to engage 9 dry or ab/ruse inquiries4 ,he mu/ n %r9k f seem+ to affect ! fame ( a compil]2 nor1 unless 8 p[]s be ( ! highe/1 c he hope altoge!r to avoid repetitions we>isome alike to read] & to writ]4 ,8 ma9 object is to pa9t ! portrait ( national g5ius id5tical ?r\gh all v>ieties ( manife/ation2 & 9 proportion z he has pres]v$ ?is po9t ( view ) firmness1 he may hope to h succe$$4 ,= ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ ,i h _h cont9ual rec\rse to ,tirabos*i's ',/oria della ,lett]atura ,italiana4' ,t "w is /ill ! basis ( all rese>*es be>+ on ! subject4 ,i owe besides p>ticul> obligations to ,vespasiano's ',vite di ,uom9i ,illu/ri1' to ,comp>etti's ',virgilio nel ,m$io ,evo1' to ,rosm9i's ',vita di ,filelfo1' ',vita di ,vittor9o da ,feltre1' & ',vita di ,gu>9o da ,v]ona1' to ,%eph]d's ',life ( ,poggio ,bracciol9i1' to ,d5ni/\n's ',dukes ( ,urb9o1' to ,s*ultze's ',gemi/os ,ple?on1' to ,didot's ',alde ,manuce1' to ,von ,reumont's ',lor5zo de' ,m$ici1' to ,burckh>dt's ',cultur d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali51' to ,voigt's ',wi$]belebung des classis*5 ,alt]?ums1' & to ,gregorovius's ',ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom4' ,to ,voigt & ,burckh>dt1 hav+ p]=ce trav]s$ ! same gr\nd t !y h done1 ,i feel t ,i h be5 9 a special s5se indebt$4 ,at ! same "t ,i h made x my inv>iable practice1 z ! notes to ?is volume w %[1 to f\nd my own op9ions on ! /udy ( orig9al s\rces4 ,to m5tion 9 detail all ! editions ( ! works ( humani/s & s*ol>s ,i h consult$1 w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,to me x has be5 a lab\r ( love to record ev5 ! b>e names ( ^? ,italian wor?ies :o recov]$ = u 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies '! ev]la/+ consolations' ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 classics4 ,! ?\ght t ,i 0 trac+ ! hi/ory ( an a*ievem5t fruitful ( ! weightie/ results = mod]n civilisation has su/a9$ me 9 a task t has be5 sometimes t$i\s4 ,! collective greatness ( ! ,revival has reconcil$ my m9d to _m trivialities ( detail4 ,! prosaic m9uti ( obscure biographies & long-=gott5 lit]>y lab\rs h be5 glorifi$ by :at appe>s to me ! poetry & ! romance ( ! :ole !me4 ,x lies n 9 my prov9ce or my p[] to (f] my read]s any adequate apology = su* defects z my own want ( skill 9 exposition1 or ! difficulty ( transfigur+ ) vital light & heat a subject s remote f pres5t int]e/s1 may h occasion$4 ,i mu/ leave ?is volume 9 _! h&s1 hop+ t "s at lea/ may be animat$ by ! same feel+ ( gratitude t[>d ^? pa/ work]s 9 ! field ( le>n+ :i* has support$ me4 ,,clifton3 ,m>* #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m5 ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,page ,=mation ( ,consci\s ,p]sonality 9 ,italy -- ,ari/ocracy ( ,intellect -- ,self-culture z an ,aim -- ,want ( ,national ,ar*itecture -- ,want ( ,national ,drama -- ,em95ce ( ,sculpture & ,pa9t+ -- ,peculi> ,capacity = ,lit]ature -- ,s*ol>%ip -- ,m5 ( ,_m-sid$ ,g5ius -- ,_! ,relation to ! ,age -- ,conflict betwe5 ,m$ival ,tradition & ,humanism -- ,petr>* -- ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,revival begun by him -- ,cosmopolitan ,philosophy -- ,tol]ation -- ,an ,intellectual ,empire -- ,worldl9ess -- ,confusion ( ,impulses & ,inspirations -- ,cop]nicus & ,columbus -- ,*ri/ianity & ! ,classics -- ,italian ,incapacity = ,religi\s ,re=mation -- ,free ,?\ght takes ! =m ( ,lic5se -- ,h>monies attempt$ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,antique ,philosophy -- ,flor5t9e ,academy -- ,physical ,qualities ( ! ,italians -- ,portraits ( ,two ,p]iods -- ,physical ,ex]cises -- ,det]m9ation ( ! ,race to ,s*ol>%ip -- ,anci5t ,memories ( ,rome -- ,! ,cult ( ,antiquity -- ,desire ( ,fame -- ,fame to be f\nd 9 ,lit]ature -- ,! ,cult ( ,intellect -- ,! ,cult ( ,"* -- ,preoccupation ) ,p]sonal ,details -- ,biography -- ,ideal ,sket*es -- ,po/hum\s ,glory -- ,en?usiasm = ,erudition -- ,pi]o de' ,pazzi -- ,flor5ce & ,a!ns -- ,paganism -- ,real ,value ( ,italian ,humanism -- ,pico on ! ,dignity ( ,man #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,importance ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ -- ,m$ival ,romance -- ,! ,leg5d ( ,fau/us -- ,its ,value = ! ,r5aissance -- ,! ,devotion ( ,italy to ,/udy -- ,italian ,pr$isposition = ?is ,lab\r -- ,s*ol>%ip 9 ! ,d>k ,ages -- ,d\ble ,attitude assum$ by ! ,*ur* -- ,piety = ,virgil -- ,meagre ,acqua9tance ) ! ,lat9 ,classics -- ,no ,greek ,le>n+ -- ,! ,spiritual ,conditions ( ! ,middle ,ages adv]se to ,pure ,lit]ature -- ,italy no ,exception to ! re/ ( ,europe -- ,dante & ,petr>* -- ,def9ition ( ,humanism -- ,petr>*'s ,conception ( x -- ,8 /hetical ,temp]am5t -- ,8 ,cult = ,cic]o1 ,zeal 9 ,collect+ ,manuscripts1 ,s5se ( ! ,importance ( ,greek ,/udies -- ,w>f>e aga9/ ,p$antry & ,sup]/ition -- ,ideal ( ,poetry & ,rhetoric -- ,critique ( ,juri/s & ,s*oolm5 -- ,s4 ,augu/9e -- ,petr>*'s ,vanity -- ,?ir/ = ,fame -- ,discord betwe5 8 ,life & 8 ,pr(ession -- ,8 ,lit]>y ,temp]am5t -- ,vision>y ,patriotism -- ,8 ,influ5ce -- ,8 ,successors -- ,boccaccio & ,greek ,/udies -- ,translation ( ,hom] -- ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature -- ,s5su\sness ( ,boccaccio's ,inspiration -- ,giovanni da ,rav5na -- ,! ,w&]+ ,pr(essor -- ,8 ,pupils 9 ,lat9 ,s*ol>%ip -- ,luigi ,m>sigli -- ,! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,spirito -- ,humanism 9 ,politics -- ,coluccio de' ,salutati -- ,gasp>9o da ,b>zizza -- ,improv$ ,/yle 9 ,lett]-writ+ -- ,revival ( ,greek ,le>n+ -- ,manuel ,*rysoloras -- ,8 ,pupils -- ,lion>do ,bruni -- ,value ( ,greek = ! ,r5aissance #cg ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,condition ( ! ,univ]sities 9 ,italy -- ,bologna -- ,high ,s*ools f\nd$ f x -- ,naples "u ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 -- ,"u ! ,h\se ( ,anj\ -- ,f]r>a -- ,piac5za -- ,p]ugia -- ,rome -- ,pisa -- ,flor5ce -- ,imp]ial & ,papal ,*>t]s -- ,=eign ,/ud5ts -- ,pr(essorial ,/aff -- ,subjects taught 9 ! ,high ,s*ools -- ,place assign$ to ,humanism -- ,pay ( ! ,pr(essors ( ,eloqu5ce -- ,francesco ,filelfo -- ,! ,humani/s less p[]ful at ! ,univ]sities -- ,me?od ( ,humani/ic ,tea*+ -- ,! ,book ,m>ket be=e ,pr9t+ -- ,m$ival ,libr>ies -- ,co/ ( ,manuscripts -- ',/ation>ii' & ',peci>ii' -- ,neglig5ce ( ,copyi/s -- ,discov]y ( ,classical ,codices -- ,boccaccio at ,monte ,cass9o -- ,poggio at ,con/ance -- ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,gall5 -- ,bruni's ,lett] to ,poggio -- ,manuscripts ,discov]$ by ,poggio -- ,ni*olas ( ,treves -- ,collection ( ,greek ,manuscripts -- ,aurispa1 ,filelfo1 & ,gu>9o -- ,! ,ru9s ( ,rome -- ,_! ,influ5ce on ,humanism -- ,dante & ,villani -- ,ri5zi -- ,8 ,ideali/ic ,patriotism -- ,vanity -- ,political ,incompet5ce -- ,petr>*'s ,relations ) ,ri5zi -- ,injury to ,monum5ts 9 ,rome -- ,poggio's ,roman ,topography -- ,s5tim5tal ,feel+ = ! ,ru9s ( ,antiquity -- ,ciriac ( ,ancona #hc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,second ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,intricacy ( ! ,subject -- ,division into ,f\r ,p]iods -- ,place ( ,flor5ce -- ,social ,conditions fav\rable to ,culture -- ,palla degli ,/rozzi -- ,8 ,enc\ragem5t ( ,greek ,/udies -- ,plan ( a ,public ,libr>y -- ,8 ,exile -- ,cosimo de' ,m$ici -- ,8 ,patronage ( ,le>n+ -- ,political ,"* -- ,love ( ,build+ -- ,g5]osity to ,/ud5ts -- ,f\ndation ( ,libr>ies -- ,vespasiano & ,?omas ( ,s>zana -- ,niccolo de' ,niccoli -- ,8 ,collection ( ,codices -- ,description ( 8 ,mode ( ,life -- ,8 ,fame z a ,lat9i/ -- ,lion>do ,bruni -- ,8 ,biography -- ,translations f ! ,greek -- ,lat9 ,treatises & ,hi/ories -- ,8 ,burial 9 ,santa ,croce -- ,c>lo ,aret9o -- ,fame z a ,lectur] -- ,! ,flor5t9e ,*anc]y -- ,matteo ,palmi]i -- ,giannozzo ,manetti -- ,8 ,hebrew ,/udies -- ,8 ,public ,c>e] -- ,8 ,eloqu5ce -- ,manetti ru9$ by ! ,m$ici -- ,8 ,life 9 ,exile at ,naples -- ,e/imate ( 8 ,tal5ts -- ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i -- ,/udy ( ,greek ,fa!rs -- ,g5]al ( ! ,camaldolese ,ord] -- ,humanism & ,mona/icism -- ,! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce -- ,flor5t9e ,op9ion ab\t ! ,greeks -- ,gemi/os ,ple?on -- ,8 ,life -- ,8 ,philosophy -- ,8 ,influ5ce at ,flor5ce -- ,cosimo de' ,m$ici & ! ,flor5t9e ,academy -- ,/udy ( ,plato -- ,ple?on's ,writ+s -- ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians 9 ,italy & ,greece -- ,bess>ion -- ,8 ,patronage ( ,greek ,refugees 9 ,rome -- ,humanism 9 ! ,small] ,republics -- ,9 ,v5ice #aae ,,*apt] ,v ,,second ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,transition f ,flor5ce to ,rome -- ,vicissitudes ( ,le>n+ at ! ,papal ,c\rt -- ,diplomatic ,humani/s -- ,protonot>ies -- ,apo/olic ,scribes -- ,ecclesia/ical ,sophi/s -- ,immorality & ,artificiality ( ,s*ol>%ip 9 ,rome -- ,poggio & ,bruni1 ,secret>ies -- ,eug5ius ,,iv4 -- ,8 ,patronage ( ,s*ol>s -- ,flavio ,biondo -- ,solid ,erudition -- ,ni*olas ,v4 -- ,8 ,private ,hi/ory -- ,nature ( 8 ,tal5ts -- ,8 unexpect$ ,elevation to ! ,roman ,see -- ,jubilation ( ! ,humani/s -- ,8 ,protection ( ,le>n$ ,m5 9 ,rome -- ,a ,work%op ( ,erudition -- ,a ,factory ( ,translations -- ,high ,sums paid = ,lit]>y ,lab\r -- ,poggio ,fior5t9o -- ,8 ,e>ly ,life -- ,8 ,j\rneys -- ,8 ,em95ce z a ,man ( ,lett]s -- ,8 attitude t[>ds ,ecclesia/ics -- ,8 ,invectives -- ,humani/ic ,gladiators -- ,poggio & ,filelfo -- ,poggio & ,gu>9o -- ,poggio & ,valla -- ,poggio & ,p]otti -- ,poggio & ,georgios ,trapezuntios -- ,lit]>y ,sc&als -- ,poggio's ,collections ( ,antiquities -- ,*ancellor ( ,flor5ce -- ,c>d9al ,bess>ion -- ,8 ,libr>y -- ,!ological ,/udies -- ,apology = ,plato -- ,! ,greeks 9 ,italy -- ,humanism at ,naples -- ,want ( ,culture 9 ,s\!rn ,italy -- ,le>n+ an ,exotic -- ,alfonso ! ,magnific5t -- ,s*ol>s 9 ! ,camp -- ,lit]>y ,dialogues at ,naples -- ,antonio ,beccadelli -- ,! ',h]maphroditus' -- ,lor5zo ,valla -- ,! ,epicurean -- ,! ,critic -- ,! ,oppon5t ( ! ,*ur* -- ,b>tolommeo ,fazio -- ,giannantonio ,porcello -- ,c\rt ( ,milan -- ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti -- ,decembrio's ,description ( 8 ,ma/] -- ,francesco ,filelfo -- ,8 ,e>ly ,life -- ,visit to ,con/ant9ople -- ,place at ,c\rt -- ,m>riage -- ,return to ,italy -- ,v5ice -- ,bologna -- ,8 ,pret5sions z a ,pr(essor -- ,flor5ce -- ,feuds ) ! ,flor5t9es -- ,imm]sion 9 ,politics -- ,si5a -- ,settles at ,milan -- ,8 ,fame -- ,private ,life & ,public ,int]e/s -- ,ov]tures to ,rome -- ,filelfo "u ! ,s=za ,tyranny -- ,lit]>y ,brig&age -- ,dea? at ,flor5ce -- ,filelfo z ! ,repres5tative ( a ,class -- ,vittor9o da ,feltre -- ,e>ly ,education -- ,s*eme ( ,tra9+ ,y\?s z ,s*ol>s -- ,resid5ce at ,padua -- ,resid5ce at ,mantua -- ,8 ,s*ool ( ,pr9ces -- ,lib]ality to ,poor ,/ud5ts -- ,details ( 8 ,life & ,sy/em -- ,c\rt ( ,f]r>a -- ,gu>9o da ,v]ona -- ,h\se ,tutor ( ,lionello d',e/e -- ,giovanni ,aurispa -- ,small] ,c\rts -- ,c>pi -- ,mir&ola -- ,rim9i & ! ,malate/a ,tyrants -- ,ces5a -- ,pes>o -- ,urb9o & ,duke ,fr$]ick -- ,vespasiano da ,bi/icci #aee ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,?ird ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,improvem5t 9 ,ta/e & ,criticism -- ,cot]ies & ,academies -- ,revival ( ,italian ,lit]ature -- ,pr9t+ -- ,flor5ce1 ! ,capital ( ,le>n+ -- ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & 8 ,circle -- ,public ,policy ( ,lor5zo -- ,lit]>y ,patronage -- ,v>iety ( 8 ,gifts -- ,meet+s ( ! ,platonic ,society -- ,m>silio ,fic9o -- ,8 ,education = ,platonic ,/udies -- ,translations ( ,plato & ! ,neoplatoni/s -- ,h>mony betwe5 ,plato & ,*ri/ianity -- ,giovanni ,pico -- ,8 ,fir/ ,appe>ance 9 ,flor5ce -- ,8 ,!ses propos$ at ,rome -- ,c5sure ( ! ,*ur* -- ,8 ,/udy ( ! ,cabbala -- ,l>ge ,conception ( ,le>n+ -- ,occult ,sci5ce -- ,cri/(oro ,l&9o -- ,pr(essor ( ,f9e ,lit]ature -- ,virgilian ,/udies -- ,camaldolese ,disputations -- ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti -- ,8 ,v]satility -- ,b>tolommeo ,scala -- ,obscure ,orig9 -- ,*ancellor ( ,flor5ce -- ,angelo ,poliziano -- ,e>ly ,life -- ,translation ( ,hom] -- ,! ',hom]icus ,juv5is' -- ,true ,g5ius 9 ,poliziano -- ,comm& ( ,lat9 & ,greek -- ,resuscitation ( ,antiquity 9 8 own ,p]son -- ,8 ,pr(essorial ,"w -- ,! ',miscellanea' -- ,relation to ,m$ici -- ,roman ,s*ol>%ip 9 ?is ,p]iod -- ,pius ,,ii4 -- ,pomponius ,ltus -- ,8 ,academy & ,mode ( ,life -- ,p]secution "u ,paul ,,ii4 -- ,humanism at ,naples -- ,pontanus -- ,8 ,academy -- ,8 ,writ+s -- ,academies e/abli%$ 9 all ,t[ns ( ,italy -- ,introduction ( ,pr9t+ -- ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz -- ,! ,e>ly ,v5etian ,press -- ,flor5ce -- ,c5n9i -- ,alopa's ,hom] -- ,*ange 9 ,s*ol>%ip effect$ by ,pr9t+ -- ,! ,life ( ,aldo ,manuzio -- ,! ,pr9cely ,h\se ( ,pio at ,c>pi -- ,greek ,books be=e ,aldo -- ,! ,ald9e ,press at ,v5ice -- ,hi/ory ( its ,activity -- ,aldo & ,erasmus -- ,aldo & ! ,greek ,refugees -- ,aldo's ,dea? -- ,8 ,family & ,successors -- ,! ,neacademia -- ,! ,salvation ( ,greek ,lit]ature #bbd ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,f\r? ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,fall ( ! ,humani/s -- ,s*ol>%ip p]meates ,society -- ,a ,new ,ideal ( ,life & ,mann]s -- ,lat9isation ( ,names -- ,classical ,p]iphrases -- ,lat9 ,epics on ,*ri/ian ,!mes -- ,paganism -- ,! ,c\rt ( ,leo ,x4 -- ,hon\rs ( ! ,*ur* giv5 to ,s*ol>s -- ,ecclesia/ical ,m5 ( ! ,_w -- ,mc5ases at ,rome -- ,papal & ,imp]ial ,rome -- ,moral ,corruption -- ,social ,ref9em5t -- ,! ,roman ,academy -- ,pietro ,bembo -- ,8 ,life at ,f]r>a -- ,at ,urb9o -- ,comes to ,rome -- ,employ$ by ,leo -- ,retirem5t to ,padua -- ,8 ,dictator%ip ( ,lett]s -- ,jacopo ,sadoleto -- ,a ,grav] ,g5ius ?an ,bembo -- ,paulus ,jovius -- ,lat9 ,/yli/ -- ,8 ,hi/ories -- ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione -- ,life at ,urb9o & ,rome -- ,! ,c\rtly ,s*ol> -- ,8 ,diplomatic ,missions -- ,alb]to ,pio -- ,gian ,francesco ,pico della ,mir&ola -- ,! ,vicissitudes ( 8 ,life -- ,j]ome ,ale&] -- ,ori5tal ,/udies -- ,! ,libr>y ( ! ,vatican -- ,8 ,mission to ,g]many -- ,+hirami1 ,b]oaldo1 & ,acciaiuoli -- ,! ,roman ,univ]sity -- ,john ,lasc>is -- ,/udy ( ,antiquities -- ,orig9 ( ! ',corpus ,inscriptionum' -- ,topographical ,/udies -- ,=mation ( ! ,vatican ,sculpture ,gall]y -- ,discov]y ( ! ,laocoon -- ,feel+ = ,/atues 9 ,r5aissance ,italy -- ,v5etian ,envoys 9 ! ,belv$]e -- ,raphael's ,plan = ,excavat+ ,anci5t ,rome -- ,8 ,lett] to ,leo -- ,effect ( ,antiqu>ian ,rese>*es on ! ,arts -- ,intellectual ,supremacy ( ,rome 9 ?is ,p]iod -- ,! ,fall -- ,adrian ,,vi4 -- ,! ,sack ( ,rome -- ,val]iano's ,description ( ! ,suff]+s ( ,s*ol>s #bhd ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,lat9 ,,poetry ,special ,causes = ! ,practice ( ,lat9 ,v]sification 9 ,italy -- ,! ,want ( an ,italian ,language -- ,multitudes ( ,poeta/]s -- ,beccadelli -- ,alb]ti's ',philodoxus' -- ,poliziano -- ,! ',sylv' -- ',nutricia1' ',ru/icus1' ',manto1' ',ambra' -- ,m9or ,poems -- ,pontano -- ,sannazz>o -- ,elegies & ,epigrams -- ,*ri/ian ,epics -- ,vida's ',*ri/iad' -- ,vida's ',poetica' -- ,fraca/oro -- ,! ',syphilis' -- ,b>occo ,flatt]ies -- ,bembo -- ,immoral ,elegies -- ,imitations ( ,ovid & ,tibullus -- ,! ',b5acus' -- ,epitaphs -- ,navag]o -- ,epigrams & ,eclogues -- ,molsa -- ,poem on 8 own ,dea? -- ,ca/iglione -- ',alcon' & ',lycidas' -- ,v]ses ( ,society -- ,! ,apo!osis ( ! ,popes -- ,poem on ! ,ariadne ( ! ,vatican -- ,sadoleto's ,v]ses on ! ,laocoon -- ,flam9io -- ,8 ,life -- ,love ( ! ,c\ntry -- ,le>n$ ,fri5ds -- ,s*ol>-,poets ( ,lomb>dy -- ,ext9ction ( ,le>n+ 9 ,flor5ce -- ,decay ( ,italian ,erudition #cbd ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,conclusion ,g5]al ,survey -- ,! ,"p play$ 9 ! ,revival by ! ,*ief ,cities -- ,preoccupation ) ,s*ol>%ip 9 spite ( ,w> & ,conque/ -- ,place ( ! ,humani/s 9 ,society -- ,di/ributors ( ,praise & ,blame -- ,flatt]y & ,libels -- ,comp>ison ) ! ,sophi/s -- ,! ,=m pref]r$ to ! ,matt] ( ,lit]ature -- ,ideal ( ,culture z an end 9 itself -- ,suspicion ( ,zeal\s ,*ur*m5 -- ,intrusion ( ,humanism into ! ,*ur* -- ,irreligion ( ! ,humani/s -- ,gyraldi's ',progymnasma' -- ,ario/o -- ,bohemian ,life -- ,p]sonal ,immorality -- ,want ( ,fix$ ,pr9ciples -- ,pr(essional ,vanity -- ,lit]>y ,pride -- ,e/imate ( ,humani/ic ,lit]ature -- ,/udy ( ,/yle -- ,influ5ce ( ,cic]o -- ,valla's ',eleganti' -- ,/yli/ic ,pu]ilities -- ,value atta*$ to ,rhetoric -- ',oratore' -- ,moral ,essays -- ,epi/olography -- ,hi/ories -- ,critical & ,antiqu>ian ,/udies -- ,l>ge ,appreciation ( ,antiquity -- ,lib]al ,_s -- ,poggio & ,j]ome ( ,prague -- ,humani/ic ,type ( ,education -- ,its ,diffusion ?r\gh ,europe -- ,future ,prospects -- ,decay ( ,le>n+ 9 ,italy #cgb ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,italy ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m5 ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,=mation ( ,consci\s ,p]sonality 9 ,italy -- ,ari/ocracy ( ,intellect -- ,self-culture z an ,aim -- ,want ( ,national ,ar*itecture -- ,want ( ,national ,drama -- ,em95ce ( ,sculpture & ,pa9t+ -- ,peculi> ,capacity = ,lit]ature -- ,s*ol>%ip -- ,m5 ( ,_m-sid$ ,g5ius -- ,_! ,relation to ! ,age -- ,conflict betwe5 ,m$ival ,tradition & ,humanism -- ,petr>* -- ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,revival begun by him -- ,cosmopolitan ,philosophy -- ,tol]ation -- ,an ,intellectual ,empire -- ,worldl9ess -- ,confusion ( ,impulses & ,inspirations -- ,cop]nicus & ,columbus -- ,*ri/ianity & ! ,classics -- ,italian ,incapacity = ,religi\s ,re=mation -- ,free ,?\ght takes ! =m ( ,lic5se -- ,h>monies attempt$ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,antique ,philosophy -- ,flor5t9e ,academy -- ,physical ,qualities ( ! ,italians -- ,portraits ( ,two ,p]iods -- ,physical ,ex]cises -- ,det]m9ation ( ! ,race to ,s*ol>%ip -- ,anci5t ,memories ( ,rome -- ,! ,cult ( ,antiquity -- ,desire ( ,fame -- ,fame to be f\nd 9 ,lit]ature -- ,! ,cult ( ,intellect -- ,! ,cult ( ,"* -- ,preoccupation ) ,p]sonal ,details -- ,biography -- ,ideal ,sket*es -- ,po/hum\s ,glory -- ,en?usiasm = ,erudition -- ,pi]o de' ,pazzi -- ,flor5ce & ,a!ns -- ,paganism -- ,real ,value ( ,italian ,humanism -- ,pico on ! ,dignity ( ,man4 ,! conditions1 political1 social1 moral1 & religi\s1 describ$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ?is "w1 produc$ among ! ,italians a type ( "* n[h]e else obs]vable 9 ,europe4 ,?is "*1 highly self-consci\s & m5tally mature1 0 ne$$ = ! intellectual movem5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,italy _h prov$ h]self incapable ( =m+ an unit$ nation1 or ( secur+ ! pr9ciple ( f$]al coh]5ce2 ( ma9ta9+ a p[]ful milit>y sy/em1 or ( hold+ h] own aga9/ ! ,fr5* & ,spani>ds4 ,= ^! defects h] ,communes & h] ,despots1 ! ,papacy & ! k+dom ( ,naples1 ! !ories ( ! m$ival doctr9aires & ! en?usiasm ( ! humani/s1 7 alike responsible2 ?\gh ! l>g] %>e belongs to ,rome1 resolutely ho/ile to ! mon>*ical pr9ciple1 & zeal\s1 by esp\s+ ! ,guelf faction1 to ma9ta9 ! discord ( ! nation4 ,at ! same "t ! v causes ( political disunion 7 fav\rable to ! intellectual gr[? ( ! ,italians4 ,ea* ,/ate1 :e!r republican or despotic1 _h1 dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 =m$ a mix$ society ( nobles1 m]*ants1 & artisans1 enclos$ )9 ! circuit ( ! city walls1 & /rongly m>k$ by ! peculi> complexion ( _! native place4 ,e t[n 0 a c5tre ( activity & indu/ry1 eag]ly compet+ ) its neighb\rs1 pr\d ( its local *>act]i/ics1 anxi\s to conf] di/9ction on citiz5s :o rose to em95ce by g5ius or practical ability4 ,p>ty /rife 9 ! republics1 :ile x di/urb$ _! int]nal repose1 %>p5$ ! intellect & /r5g!n$ ! p]sonality ( ! burgh]s4 ,exile & proscription1 ! common climax ( civic w>f>e1 made !m /ill m self-det]m9$ & self-reliant by driv+ ea* man back ^u 8 own res\rces4 ,! despots1 aga91 ?r\gh ! illegal t5ure ( _! au?ority1 7 =c$ to ! utmo/ possible developm5t ( individual "*3 s9ce all _! =tunes dep5d$ on _! qualities z m54 ,! plots & c\nt]-plots ( subjects eag] = a *ange ( gov]nm5t1 & ( neighb\rs anxi\s to encroa* ^u _! t]ritory1 kept ! atmosph]e ( _! ,c\rts 9 a cont9ual /ate ( agitation4 ,"o type ( ability 0 fo/]$ by ! diplomatic relations ( ! sev]al cities1 yield+ employm5t to a multitude ( secret>ies & ambassadors2 ano!r by ! sy/em ( ,condotti]e w>f>e1 (f]+ a brilliant c>e] to ambiti\s adv5tur]s4 ,9 all dep>tm5ts op5 to a man ( tal5t bir? 0 ( less importance ?an natural gifts2 = ! social b>ri]s & grades ( feudalism _h ei!r nev] exi/$ 9 ,italy1 or _h be5 %ak5 & conf\nd$ dur+ ! /ruggles ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,! ranks ( ! tyrants 7 fill$ ) sons ( ,popes & capta9s ris5 f ! prolet>iat4 ,! rul+ class 9 ! republics consi/$ ( m5 self-made by comm]ce2 & "h ! "n at lea/ ( ,popolo 0 sov]eign4 ,x foll[$ t m5 7 univ]sally rat$ at :at !y prov$ !mselves to be2 & ?us an ari/ocracy ( g5ius & "* grew up 9 ,italy at a p]iod :5 ! re/ ( ,europe pres5t$ b r>e specim5s ( individuals em]g5t f ! common h]d4 ,z 9 anci5t ,greece1 ! nation 0 ( less importance ?an ! city1 & )9 ! city p]sonal ability c>ri$ ov]:elm+ weight4 ,! ,italian hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance resumes itself 9 ! biography ( m5 great] ?an _! race1 ( m5tal despots1 :o absorb$ its =ces 9 !mselves4 ,! intellectual & moral milieu creat$ by multitudes ( self-c5tr$1 cultivat$ p]sonalities 0 necess>y = ! evolution ( t _s ( intellig5ce1 subtle1 p5etrative1 & ela/ic1 t =m$ ! motive =ce ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! "w a*iev$ by ,italy = ! _w 9 t age 0 less ! "w ( a nation ?an t ( m5 ( p[]1 less ! collective & spontane\s triumph ( a puissant p ?an ! aggregate ( individual ef=ts animat$ by "o s\l ( free activity1 a common /riv+ aft] fame4 ,?is is noticeable at ! v outset4 ,! ,italians _h no national ,epic3 _! ,div9e ,com$y is ! poem ( ! individual man4 ,petr>* erects self-culture to ! rank ( an ideal1 & proposes to move ! _w f ! /&po9t ( 8 /udy1 d>t+ 8 _s's light ?r\gh all ! void circumf]5ce1 & mak+ ?\ght a p[]4 ,! success & ! failure ( ! ,italians are alike ref]able to _! political subdivisions1 & to ?is /rong developm5t ( _! p]sonality4 ,we h already se5 h[ !y fell %ort ( national unity & ( milit>y greatness4 ,ev5 9 ! realm ( art & lit]ature ! same conditions 7 pot5t4 ,"s ( ! *ief productions ( humanity seem to require ! co-op]ation ( :ole peoples work+ sympa!tically to a common end4 ,=emo/ among ^! are ar*itecture & ! drama4 ,! mo/ spl5did triumphs ( mod]n ar*itecture 9 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ,go?ic 7 a*iev$ by ! half-unconsci\s /riv+ ( ! national g5ius ?r\gh sev]al c5turies4 ,! names ( ! build]s ( ! ca!drals are unkn[n3 ! ca!drals !mselves be> less ! /amp ( individual ?\ght ?an ( popul> in/9ct2 _! fame belongs to ! race t made !m1 to ! _s ( ! times t gave !m bir?4 ,x is n 9 ar*itecture1 !re=e1 t we expect ! ,italians1 divid$ into small & rival ,/ates1 & di/+ui%$ by sali5t subjectivity1 to %[ _! /r5g?4 ,m5 l ,niccola ,pisano1 ,arnolfo del ,cambio1 ,alb]ti1 ,brunelles*i1 & ,bramante 7 gift$ ) an individuality too p>am\nt = ! creation ( m ?an mighty exp]im5ts 9 ar*itecture4 ,!y b[$ to no tradition1 b foll[$ ! dictates ( _! own inv5tive impulse1 select+ ! types t suit$ !m1 & deal+ freely ) ! =ms !y f\nd ar\nd !m4 ,in/ead ( seek+ to c>ry on t[>d its accompli%m5t a /yle1 n made1 b felt & compreh5d$ by _! g5ius1 !y 7 eag] to produce new & *>act]i/ic ma/]pieces--signs & symbols ( _! own peculi> quality ( m9d4 ,italy is full ( spl5did b imp]fect monum5ts ( p]sonal ability1 works ( beauty display+ no unbrok5 g5ealogy ( unkn[n craftsm51 b atte/+ ! skill ( fam\s arti/s4 ,= ! practical ar*itect h] palaces & *ur*es may1 = ?is reason1 be less in/ructive & less attractive ?an ! public build+s ( ,france4 ,yet = ! /ud5t ( national & p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 :o loves to trace ! physiognomy ( a p 9 its edifices1 to discov] ! m9d ( ! arti/ 9 8 "w1 _! int]e/ is unrivall$4 ,9 ea* city ! specific g5ius loci meets u face to face3 f ea* t[n-hall or ca!dral ! s\l ( a great man leans =? to greet our own4 ,^! advantages comp5sate = frequ5t extravagances1 = audacities sav\r+ ( ignorance1 & = awkw>dness 9 ! adoption & modification ( incongru\s /yles4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ always be rememb]$ t 9 ,italy ! ar*itect c\ld n =get ! monum5ts ( ,roman & ,byzant9e art ar\nd him4 ,classic models _h to be suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( mod]n life & ,*ri/ian ritual2 & :5 ! ,g]mans br\ght _! ,go?ic f beyond ! ,alps1 x suff]$ f its adaptation to a s\!rn climate4 ,! result 0 t ,italy arriv$ at no great national tradition 9 ar*itecture1 & t free scope 0 (f]$ to ! :ims & freaks ( individual design]s4 ,:5 at l5g?1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,italians atta9$ to uni=mity ( ta/e1 x 0 by ! sacrifice ( _! orig9ality4 ,! p$antry ( ! classical revival did m h>m to ar*itecture ?an to lett]s1 & pseudo-,roman purism sup]s$$ ! g5ial caprices ( ! previ\s c5turies4 ,if ar*itecture may be said to h suff]$ 9 ,italy f ! supremacy ( local *>act]i/ics & p]sonal g5ius1 ov]rul+ tradition & ?w>t+ ! evolution ( a national /yle1 ! case 0 q diff]5t ) ! o!r arts4 ,pa9t+ & sculpture dem& ! highe/ indep5d5ce 9 ! arti/1 & are susceptible ( a f> m _m-sid$ treatm5t ?an ar*itecture4 ,!y _c be ! common product ( a p1 b require ! consci\s application ( a special ability to ! task ( translat+ ?\ght & feel+ into =m4 ,z pa9t]s1 ! ,italians hold ! fir/ rank among civilis$ nations ( ! mod]n & ! anci5t _w2 & _! inf]iority z sculptors to ! ,greeks is ma9ly due to _! ma/]y ov] pa9t+1 ! ess5tially romantic art4 ,! s5sibilities ( ! new age crav$ a m emotional & agitat$ expression ?an is prop] to sculpture4 ,z e>ly z ! days ( ,ghib]ti & ,donatello x became cle> t ! ,italian sculptors 7 foll[+ ! me?ods ( ! si/] art 9 _! designs1 :ile ,mi*ael ,angelo alone _h =ce en\gh to make m>ble ! vehicle ( ?\ghts t prop]ly belong to pa9t+ or to music4 ,! conv]se probably held good ) ! ,greeks4 ,:at rema9s ( _! "w 9 fresco & mosaic seems to %[ t !y 7 satisfi$ ) gr\ps & figures modell$ ^u bas-reliefs & /atues2 j z ! ,flor5t9es c>v$ pictures1 ) ar*itecture & l&scape1 9 /one4 ,m ne$ n "h be said ^u ?is topic1 s9ce ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,italians 9 pa9t+ & 9 sculpture w =m a ma9 "p ( my hi/ory4 ,z reg>ds lit]ature1 ! subdivision ( ,italy into num]\s small ,/ates & ! en]getic self-ass]tion ( ! individual 7 di/9ctly fav\rable4 ,?\gh ! want ( a great public1 su* z c alone be f\nd 9 ! capital ( a free1 unit$ nation1 may be reckon$ among ! _m reasons :i* prev5t$ ! ,italians f develop+ ! drama1 yet ! rivalry ( t[n ) t[n & ( burgh] ) burgh]1 ,c\rt life ) its v>i$ opportunities = ! display ( tal5t1 & municipal life ) its re/less competition 9 comm]ce & public affairs1 enc\rag$ ! activity ( /ud5ts1 hi/orians1 /ati/icians1 critics1 & poets4 ,culture1 9 ! highe/ & wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 0 :at ,r5aissance ,italy obta9$ & gave to ,europe2 & ?is culture implies a full-=m$ p]sonality 9 ! m5 :o seek x4 ,x 0 ! highly p]fect$ individuality ( ! ,italians t made !m fir/ em]ge f m$ival bondage & become ! apo/les ( humanism = ! mod]n _w4 ,x may be regrett$ t _! =ce 0 exp5d$ ^u ! diffusion ( le>n+ & ! purification ( /yle1 in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ on ! creation ( national ma/]pieces4 ,we seek 9 va9 = ,dante's equal among ! poets ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ',orl&o ,furioso' is b a poor second to ! ',div9a ,comm$ia2' & all ^? works ( s*ol>%ip1 :i* seem$ to our ance/ors ! ne plus ultra ( ref9em5t1 are n[ relegat$ to ! lumb]-room ( erudition t has be5 sup]s$$1 or ( lit]>y +5uity t has lo/ its po9t4 ,n[ t ! boon ( culture1 s h>dly won by ! /ud5ts ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 has become ! common h]itage ( ,europe1 x is n always easy to expla9 ! m5tal gr&eur ( ! ,italians 9 t age4 ,yet we %\ld fail to recognise _! m]it1 if we did n compreh5d t1 precisely by ?is absorption ( _! g5ius 9 ! task ( ! ,revival1 !y conf]r$ ! mo/ endur+ b5efits ^u humanity4 ,:at ! mod]n _w w\ld h be51 if ! ,italian nation _h n devot$ its en]gies to ! re/oration ( lib]al le>n+1 _c ev5 be imag9$4 ,! hi/ory ( t devotion w =m ! pr9cipal subject ( my pres5t volume4 ,! compreh5sive & _m-sid$ natures1 frequ5t 9 ,r5aissance ,italy1 7 specially adapt$ = ! dissem9ation ( ! new _s4 ,! appe>ance ( su* m5 z ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ,brunelles*i & ,buon>roti1 ,poliziano & ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ^u ! /age ( ! ,r5aissance is n ! lea/ fasc9at+ ( its ph5om5a4 ,we c only f9d _! p>allels by return+ to ! age ( ,p]icles4 ,b ! problem = ! ,flor5t9es diff]$ f t :i* ! ,a!nians _h be=e !m4 ,9 ,greece1 ! morn+-l& ( civilisation1 m5 ( g5ius1 ea* p]fect 9 8 own capacity1 7 ne$$4 ,/&>ds _h to be creat$ = ! future guidance ( ! _w 9 all ! realms ( art & ?\ght4 ,we are !re=e less /ruck ) ! v]satility ?an ) ! conc5tration ( ,pheidias1 ,p9d>1 ,sophocles1 ,socrates4 ,italy1 on ! o!r h&1 _h = h] task ! reabsorption ( a bygone culture4 ,x 0 h] vocation to resuscitate antiquity1 to ga!r up afre% ! products ( ! classic pa/1 & s to bl5d !m ) ! m$ival _s z to g5]ate :at is specifically mod]n4 ,x 0 indisp5sable t ! m5 by :om ?is "w 0 accompli%$ %\ld be no less di/+ui%$ = l>g5ess ( intellig5ce1 v>iety ( acquirem5ts1 quickness ( sympa?y1 & s5sitive susceptibility1 ?an = ! complete developm5t ( "s "o faculty4 ,! great *>act]s ( ! ,greek age 7 :at ,hegel calls pla/ic1 p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) a specific quality4 ,^? ( ! ,italian age 7 compreh5sive & encyclopdic2 ! int5sity ( _! =ce 9 any "o sph]e is less rem>kable ?an its suitabl5ess to all4 ,!y 7 ( a nature to syn!sise1 int]pret1 reproduce1 & m\ld afre%--l ,mr4 ,br[n+'s ,cleon1 ) ! addition ( ! consci\sness ( "y & pot5t en]gy )9 !m4 ,x consequ5tly happ5s t1 except 9 ! sph]e ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 we are tempt$ to und]rate ! h]oes ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! impression !y leave ^u our m9ds at any "o po9t is slight 9 comp>ison ) ! e/imate we =m ( !m :5 we consid] ea* man z a :ole4 ,nor c we po9t to monum5tal & colossal works 9 pro( ( _! creative faculty4 ,! biographies ( univ]sal g5iuses l ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti or ,lion>di ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 s multi=m 9 _! capacity & s creative 9 _! intuitions1 prompt u to ask :at is ! connection betwe5 ! _s ( an age & ! m5 9 :om x is incorporat$4 ,n )\t reason are we =c$ to p]sonify ! ,r5aissance z some?+ ext]nal to its greate/ *>act]s4 ,!re is an intellectual /r5g? outside !m 9 ! c5tury1 a h]itage ( p[] prep>$ = !m at bir?4 ,! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y brea! is s *>g$ ) m5tal vitality t ! lea/ /irr+ ( _! special en]gy br+s !m into relation ) =ces mighti] ?an are ! prop]ty ( s+le natures4 ,9 feebl] p]iods ( retrospect & criticism we c b wond] at ! comb9ation ( faculties s v>i$1 & at miracles s easily accompli%$4 ,^! times ( clairvoyance & ( intellectual magnetism1 :5 individuals ( g5ius appe> to move l vibrios 9 a life-su/a9+ fluid specially adapt$ to _! ne$s1 are r>e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w2 nor has our sci5ce yet arriv$ at analys+ _! causes4 ,!y are n on t acc\nt ! less real4 ,to expla9 !m by ! hypo!sis ( a ,weltgei/1 ! collective _s ( humanity proce$+ 9 its evolution ?r\gh successive phases1 & mak+ its advance f /age to /age by alt]nations ( en]gy & repose1 is simply to re/ore1 9 o!r t]ms1 a my/]y t f9ds its f9al & effici5t cause 9 ,god4#b ,footnote #b3 ,! analogy ( ! individual might be quot$4 ,we are aw>e )9 ourselves ( times :5 ?\ght is f]tile & insight cle>1 times ( conception & projection1 foll[$ by seasons ( sl[ dige/ion1 assimilation1 & =mation1 :5 ! creative faculty /agnates1 & ! :ole =ce ( ! intellect is absorb$ 9 ma/]+ ?r\gh ye>s :at x took m9utes to div9e4 ,gift$ ) ! p[]ful individuality ,i am attempt+ to describe1 ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance receiv$ _! e>lie/ education 9 ! religion ( ! ,middle ,ages1 _! second 9 ! s*ools ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,x 0 ! _m-sid$ /ruggle ( p]sonal "* ) "t-hon\r$ tradition on ! "o h&1 & ) new ideals on ! o!r1 t l5t s mu* ( inconsi/5cy & contradiction to _! aims4 ,dante rema9$ )9 ! pale ( m$ival ?\ghts1 & gave !m full poetical expression4 ,to him1 9 a tru] s5se ?an to any o!r poet1 belongs ! d\ble glory ( immortalis+ 9 v]se ! c5turies beh9d him1 :ile he inaugurat$ ! new age4 ,! ',vita ,nuova' & ! ',div9a ,comm$ia' are mod]n1 9 s f> z ! "o is ! fir/ complete analysis ( p]sonal emotion1 & ! o!r is ! epic ( ! s\l conceiv$ z concrete p]sonality4 ,b ! =m & col\r1 ! mat]ial & /ructure1 ! w>p ( ?\ght & ! wo( ( fancy1 are n mod]n4 ,petr>* op5s a new era4 ,he is n satisfi$ ) ! body ( m$ival beliefs & intellectual conceptions4 ,antiquity pres5ts a m fasc9at+ ideal to 8 _s1 & he feels ! subjectivity )9 him /rong en\gh to assimilate :at suits x 9 ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 begun by ,petr>*1 0 no m]e r5ewal ( int]e/ 9 classic lit]ature4 ,x 0 ! emancipation ( ! reason 9 a race ( m51 intol]ant ( control1 ready to criticise accept$ canons ( conduct1 en?usia/ic 9 admiration ( antique lib]ty1 fre%ly awak5$ to ! s5se ( beauty1 & anxi\s above all ?+s to secure = !mselves free scope 9 sph]es outside ! region ( au?ority4 ,m5 s vigor\s & indep5d5t felt ! joy ( exploration4 ,!re 0 no problem !y fe>$ to face1 no =mula !y 7 n eag] to reca/ accord+ to _! new convictions4 ,?is lib]ty ( judgm5t did n ( necessity lead to lawlessness2 nor 9 any case did x produce t insurg5ce aga9/ ,ca?olic or?odoxy :i* m>k$ ! ,g]man ,re=mation4 ,yet x l5t a *>act]i/ic quality to ?\ght & action4 ,m5 71 & d>$ to be1 !mselves = good or evil )\t too mu* reg>d = :at _! neighb\rs ?\ght ( !m4 ,at ! same "t !y 7 tol]ant4 ,! culture ( ! ,r5aissance impli$ a philosophical acceptance ( v>iety 9 fa%ion1 fai?1 & conduct2 & ?is tol]ation 0 no d\bt "o reason :y ,italian scepticism took ! =m ( cynicism1 n ( religi\s revolution4 ,contact ) ,islam 9 ! s\? & ea/1 diplomatic relations ) ! ,turks1 famili>ity ) ! mix$ races ( ,spa91 & comm]ce ) ! nations ( ! nor?1 _h wid5$ ! sympa?ies ( ! ,italians1 & taught !m to reg>d humanity z "o l>ge family4 ,! lib]al spirits ( ! ,r5aissance might h quot$ ,m>cus ,aurelius ) slight alt]ation3 ',i w n say1 de> ,city ( ,/4 ,pet]1 b1 de> ,city ( ,man6' ,& j z _! moral & religi\s s5sibilities 7 blunt$1 s patriotism ) !m ceas$ to be an in/9ct4 ,in/ead ( patriotism1 ! ,italians 7 inflam$ ) ! zeal ( cosmopolitan culture4 ,9 proportion z ,italy lo/ ye> by ye> ! hope ( becom+ an unit$ nation1 9 proportion z ! milit>y in/9cts di$ 9 h]1 & ! political in/9cts 7 ext+ui%$ by despotism1 9 precisely ! same ratio did %e ev]more acquire a deep] s5se ( h] intellectual vocation4 ,:at 0 _w-embrac+ 9 ! _s ( ! m$ival ,*ur* pass$ by transmutation into ! humanism ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z ?\gh aw>e ( ! hopelessness ( be+ ,italians 9 ! same s5se z ! natives ( ,spa9 7 ,spani>ds1 or ! natives ( ,france 7 ,fr5*m51 ! giants ( ! ,r5aissance did _! utmo/ to efface _! nationality 9 ord] t !y might ! m effectually re/ore ! cosmopolitan ideal ( ! human family4 ,to ?is end bo? arti/s & s*ol>s1 ! deposit>ies ( ! real ,italian greatness at ?is epo*1 lab\r$2 ! arti/s by creat+ an ideal ( beauty ) a message & a mean+ = all ,europe1 ! s*ol>s by recov]+ = ,europe ! burgh]%ip ( ,greek & ,roman civilisation4 ,9 spite ( ! invasions & convulsions t ru9$ ,italy betwe5 ! ye>s #adid & #aebg1 ! pa9t]s & ! humani/s proce$$ ) _! task1 z ?\gh ! fate ( ,italy conc]n$ !m n1 z ?\gh ! de/9ies ( ! mod]n _w dep5d$ on _! activity4 ,aft] ,v5ice _h be5 desolat$ by ! armies ( ! ,league ( ,cambray1 ,aldus ,manutius pres5t$ ! peace-gift ( ,plato to ! foes ( 8 adopt$ city2 & :5 ! ,lu!rans broke into ,p>megiano's work%op at ,rome1 ev5 !y 7 aw$ by ! tranquil maje/y ( ! ,virg9 on 8 easel4 ,/ories l ^! rem9d u t ,r5aissance ,italy met h] doom ( s]vitude & degradation 9 ! _s ( anci5t ,hellas1 repeat+ z !y d ! tales told ( ,ar*im$es 9 8 /udy1 & ( ,paulus milius face to face ) ! ,zeus ( ,pheidias4 ,z patriotism gave way to cosmopolitan en?usiasm1 & tol]ation took ! place ( e>ne/ness1 9 l mann] ! conflict ( m$ival tradition ) reviv$ ,paganism 9 ! m9ds ( ^! self-reliant m51 tra9$ to indulg5ce by _! l>ge comm]ce ) ! _w1 & famili>is$ ) impiety by ! ev]-pres5t pageant ( an anti-,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 l$1 z ,i h h9t$1 to recklessness & worldly vices1 r ?an to re=m$ religion4 ,cont5t$ ) !mselves & _! surr\nd+s1 !y felt none ( ! unsatisfi$ crav+s aft] ! inf9ite1 none ( ! my/]i\s intuitions & ascetic raptures1 ! self-abasem5ts & transfigurations1 /igmata & beatific visions1 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! pl5itude ( life )9 !m seem$ to ju/ify _! in/9cts & _! impulses1 h[ev] v>i$ & discordant ^! might be4 ,! sonor\s curr5t ( ! _w ar\nd !m dr[n$ ! voice ( consci5ce1 ! sugge/ion ( religi\s scruples4 ,x is only ?us we c expla9 to ourselves ! attitude ( su* m5 z ,sixtus & ,alex&]1 s]5ely vici\s 9 extreme old age4 ,! gratification ( _! egotism 0 s complete z to exclude self-judgm5t by ! rules & /&>ds !y pr(essionally appli$2 _! p]sonality 0 too exact+ to admit ( hesitation :5 _! in/9cts 7 conc]n$2 9 common ) _! age !y _h lo/ sight ( all b mundane aims & int]e/s4 ,?ree aphorisms1 sev]ally attribut$ to ?ree repres5tative ,italians1 may be quot$ 9 illu/ration ( ^! rem>ks4 ',y foll[ inf9ite objects2 ,i foll[ ! f9ite2' said ,cosimo de' ,m$ici2 'y place y\r ladd]s 9 ! heav5s2 ,i on e>?1 t ,i may n seek s high or fall s l[4' ',if we are n ourselves pi\s1' said ,julius ,,ii41 ':y %\ld we prev5t o!r p f be+ s8' ',let u enjoy ! ,papacy1' said ,leo ,x41 'n[ t ,god has giv5 x to u4' ,x 0 only "u ! influ5ce ( "s ext]nal t]ror--a plague1 a desolat+ w>1 an imm95t p]il to ! nation--t ! religi\s s5se1 dead5$ by worldl9ess & selfi% philosophy1 made itself felt4 ,at su* seasons :ole cities ru%$ headlong into fi]ce revivalism1 :ile m5 ( viol5t or pr(ligate lives saw visions1 & betook !mselves to p5ance4 ,cell9i's ,memoirs are1 on ?is po9t1 a valuable mirror ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,x is cle> t 8 ec/asies ( devotion 9 ! dungeons ( ,s4 ,angelo 7 z s9c]e z ! fi]y impulses he obey$ ) s mu* complac5cy4 ,passionate & worldly z m5 ( ,cell9i's /amp might be1 !y c\ld n %ake (f ! associations t b\nd !m to ! pa/4 ,! en]gy ( _! int5se individuality took turn by turn ! =m & col\r ( ascetic piety & ,pagan s5suality2 & at times ^! /rong contra/s ( emotion seem$ bord]+ ^u insanity4 ,ungov]nable natures1 sway$ by no fix$ pr9ciple1 & b5t on m\ld+ ! _w ( ?\ght afre% to suit _! own desires1 became ! puppets ( a/rological sup]/ition1 ! play?+s ( mad lu/4 ,mu* t appe>s unacc\ntable & contradictory 9 ! ,r5aissance may be ref]r$ to ?is imp]fect bl5d+ ( ecclesia/ical tradition & idealis$ ,paganism 9 natures pot5t en\gh to be orig9al & wilful1 b n yet tam$ f semi-savag]y into acquiesc5ce by exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce came to ! ,italians 9 s]vitude b5ea? ! heel ( ,spa94 ,! confusion ( influ5ces1 classical & m$ival1 ,*ri/ian & ,pagan1 9 t age is n ! lea/ extraord9>y ( its ph5om5a4 ,ev5 ! new ?\ghts t illum9at$ ! m9ds ( great discov]]s1 seem$ to !m l reflections f antiquity2 & :ile !y 7 op5+ fre% worlds1 _! he>ts 7 turn$ t[>d ! ,holy ,l& ( ! ,crusades4 ,columbus & ,cop]nicus1 ! two m5 :o did m ?an any o!rs to revolutionise ! m5tal attitude ( humanity1 appeal$ to _! contempor>ies on ! /r5g? ( texts f ,ari/otle & ,philolaus4 ,consci\s t ! guesses ( ! ,greek cosmograph]s _h /imulat$ 9 !mselves t curiosity :]eby !y made ! motion ( ! e>? a c]ta9ty1 & f\nd a way across ! waves to a new cont95t1 ^! mighty spirits =got h[ slight 9 reality 0 _! debt to ! in]t speculators ( ! classic age4 ,! tru? 0 t 9 !m ?robb$ a =ce ( ent]prise & conqu]+ discov]y1 a _s ( exploration resolute & h>dy1 d5i$ to ! anci5ts4 ,h[ f> ?is new & fruitful temp] ( ! mod]n m9d 0 due to ,*ri/ianity1 is a problem = ! deepe/ speculation4 ,! conception ( a ,god :o _h made no "p ( ,8 _w 9 va91 ( a ,*ri/ :o _h b\ght ) ,8 blood ! :ole se$ ( ,adam1 & :o impos$ ! prea*+ ( ! fai? ^u ,8 foll[]s z a duty1 wr\ght p[]fully on ,columbus4 ,! ,crusades1 aga91 _h famili>is$ ! nations ) di/ant objects & ideal que/s2 :ile *ivalry 0 ess5tially antagoni/ic to positive & selfi% aims4 ,! _s ( mank9d _h m>*$ a long /age dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 n possible n[ to conceive ( ,god z a tranquil ?9k+ ^u ?\ght1 ) ,ari/otle4 ,!re 0 no ,augu/us to set arbitr>y limits to ! empire ( ! _w 9 ! int]e/ ( a conqu]+ nation1 or to make ! two words orbs & urbs synonym\s4 ,:5 ,/rabo haz>d$ ! op9ion t !re might be popul\s isl&s 9 ! o!r hemisph]e1 he add$1 ) ! sublime indiff]5ce ( a ,roman1 ',b ^! speculations h no?+ 9 common ) practical geography2 & if su* isl&s exi/1 !y _c support peoples ( l orig9 ) u4' ,su* language 0 impossible = a man educat$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & imbu$ ) ! in/9cts ( romanticism4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh ! /udy ( ,/rabo & ,ptolemy at ,pavia impress$ ,columbus ) ! c]ta9ty ( ! new r\te across ! ocean1 he ow$ ! c\rage t su/a9$ him to ! conviction t ,god 0 lead+ him to a great end4 ',:5 ,i fir/ und]took to />t = ! discov]y ( ! ,indies1' he says 9 8 w1 ',i int5d$ to beg ! ,k+ & ,que5 to devote ! :ole ( ! money t might be drawn f ^! realms to ,j]usalem4' ,! religi\s ye>n+ ( ! m$ival pilgrim add$ f]v\r to ! conviction ( ! /ud5t1 :o1 by reason+ on antique texts1 guess$ ! greate/ secret ( :i* ! _w has record4 ,at ! same "t !re 0 some?+ m 9 ,columbus ?an ei!r antiquity or m$ivalism c\ld provide4 ,! mod]n _s is di/9ct f bo?2 & ?\gh1 9 ! ,r5aissance1 creation wore ! g>b ( imitation1 & ! new =ces us$ ! organs !y 7 de/9$ to outlive & de/roy1 yet we mu/ all[ to native p]sonality ! lion's %>e 9 su* a*ievem5t z t ( ,columbus4 ,x is ! v>iety ( spiritual elem5ts 9 comb9ation & solution1 :i* he illu/rates1 t makes ! psy*ology ( ! ,r5aissance at once s fasc9at+ & s difficult to analyse4 ,:ile s mu* lib]ty ( ?\ght prevail$ 9 ,italy1 x may be wond]$ :y ! ,r5aissance1 em95tly f]tile 9 ! doma9s ( art & culture1 bore b meagre fruit 9 ^? ( religion & philosophy4 ,! ,g]man ,re=mation 0 ! ,r5aissance ( ,*ri/ianity2 & 9 ?is ! ,italians _h no %>e1 ?\gh x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 )\t _! previ\s lab\rs 9 ! field ( s*ol>%ip1 ! b& :o l$ ! ,re=mation c\ld h>dly h giv5 t high intellectual "* to ! movem5t :i* made x a new />t+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! reason4 ,to expect f ,italy ! e?ical reg5]ation ( ! mod]n _w w\ld be to misappreh5d h] true vocation2 art & erudition 7 suffici5t to engage h] spiritual en]gies4 ,! ,*ur* aga91 ?\gh by no means adv]se to laxity 9 morals1 0 jeal\s ( het]odoxy4 ,s long z free?9k]s conf9$ _! audacity to su* matt]s z =m ! topic ( ,poggio's ',faceti1' ,beccadelli's ',h]maphroditus1' or ,la ,casa's ',capitolo del ,=no1' ! ,roman ,curia look$ on & smil$ approv+ly4 ,! mo/ obsc5e books to be f\nd 9 any lit]ature escap$ ! ,papal c5sure1 & ,aret9o1 notori\s = ribaldry1 aspir$ n :olly )\t reason to ! sc>let ( a c>d9al4 ,b ev5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ta9t ( h]esy 0 dang]\s1 & ?is p]il 0 magnifi$ :5 ! ,lu!ran s*ism _h r\s$ ! ,papacy to a s5se ( its position4 ,"u ! patronage1 !re=e1 ( ecclesia/ics1 9 ! deprav$ atmosph]e ( ,rome1 ! free ?\ght ( ! ,italians turn$ to lic5ti\sness2 ?is suit$ ! temp] ( ! p1 fasc9at$ by ,paganism & little incl9$ to raise debate ^u matt]s ( no practical utility4 ,^? :o reflect$ on religi\s topics kept _! own c\nsel4 ,h[ purely political 7 ! views ( pr(\nd ?9k]s 9 ,italy ^u all ,*ur* que/ions may be ga!r$ f ! obs]vations ( ,guicci>d9i & ,ma*iavelli2 h[ little ! mo/ e>ne/ antagoni/ ( ungodly ecclesia/ics dream$ ( di/urb+ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* sy/em is cle> 9 ! biography ( ,savon>ola4#c ,! fir/ satire ( ,ario/o may be indicat$ z an epitome ( ! op9ions ent]ta9$ by s\nd & lib]al intellects 9 ,italy ^u ! relation ( ,papal ,rome to ! nation4 ,!re is n a trace 9 x ( ,teutonic revolt aga9/ au?ority1 ( pi\s ye>n+ = a pur] fai?4 ,! /&po9t ( ! critic1 ?\gh solid & s9c]e1 is worldly4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ,despots1 pp4 #bci1 #cej-cef1 #dae-dbj1 :]e ,i h endeav\r$ to treat ^! topics m at l5g?4 ,true to culture z _! ma9 preoccupation1 ! ,italian ?9k]s s\ght to philosophise fai? by br++ ,*ri/ianity into h>mony ) antique speculation1 & =m+ = !mselves a !ism t %\ld embrace ! sy/ems ( ! ,platoni/s & ,/oics1 ! ,hebrew ,cabbala & ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,!re is mu* t /rikes u z bo? crude & p$antic1 at ! same "t infant9e & pomp\s1 9 ! sy/ems elaborat$ by ^? pione]s ( mod]n eclecticism4 ,!y lack ! vigor\s simplicity t gave its =ce to ,lu!r's intuition1 ! sublime unity ( ,sp9oza's d$uctions4 ,! dross ( erudition m+les ) ! pure gold ( p]sonal conviction2 :ile ,pagan phrases1 ill suit$ to express ,*ri/ian notions1 l5d an air ( unreality to ! s9c]e/ ef=ts aft] rational !ology4 ,! ,platonic ,academy ( ,flor5ce 0 ! c5tre ( ?is se>* aft] ! fai? ( culture1 :]e( ! real m]it 0 orig9ality1 & ! true =ce lay 9 ! conviction t humanity is "o & indivisible4 ,its apo/les 7 ,pico della ,mir&ola & ,fic9o4 ,x f\nd lyrical expression 9 v]ses l ! foll[+1 translat$ by me f ! ,greek hexamet]s ( ,poliziano3-- ,o ,fa!r1 ,"l en?ron$ on gold1 t dwelle/ 9 high heav51 ,o ,k+ ( all ?+s1 dea?less ,god1 ,?\ ,pan supreme1 cele/ial6 ,t see/ all1 & move/ all1 & all ) might su/a9e/1 ,old] ?an olde/ "t1 ( all fir/1 la/1 & )\t end+6 ,! firmam5t ( bless$ s\ls1 ( />s ! heav5ly spl5d\r1 ,! giant sun himself1 ! moon t 9 h] circle %9e?1 ,& /reams & f\nta9s1 e>? & sea1 are ?+s ( ,?y creat+1 ,?\ give/ life to all2 all ^! ,?\ ) ,?y ,_s fille/4 ,! p[]s ( e>?1 & p[]s ( heav51 & !y 9 pa9 inf]nal ,:o p9e bel[ ! roots ( e>?1 all ^! obey ,?y bidd+4 ,behold1 ,i call ^u ,!e n[1 ,?y creature on e>? dwell+1 ,poor1 %ort ( life1 ,o ,god1 ( clay a mean unwor?y mortal1 ,rep5t+ sorely ( my s9s1 & te>s ( sorr[ %$d+4 ,o ,god1 immortal ,fa!r1 he>6 ,i cry to ,!e2 be graci\s1 ,& f my brea/ ( ?is va9 _w ! s\l-enslav+ passion1 ,! demon's wiles1 ! wilful lu/1 t damns ! impi\s1 bani%6 ,wa% ?r\ghly all my he>t ) ,?y pure ,_s's ra9 abundant1 ,t ,i may love ,!e1 ,"l1 alone1 ,!e1 ,k+ ( k+s1 = ev]4 ,?is is b a poor sub/itute = ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,hell & purgatory are out ( place 9 its !ism4 ,greek3 ,*ryso?ronos & ,greek3 ai!ri nain are tawdry epi!ts = ',our ,fa!r :i* art 9 heav54' ,yet x is precisely 9 ^! contradictions & confusions t we trace ! s9c]ity ( ! ,r5aissance _s1 seek+ to fuse toge!r ! vitality ( ! old fai? & ! =ms ( novel culture1 wor%ipp+ a ,deity creat$ 9 ! image ( its own m9d1 composite & incoh]5t4 ,physically1 ! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance 7 equal to any task !y *ose to set !mselves4 ,no mi/ake is great] ?an to suppose t1 because ! summ] climate ( ,italy is hott] ?an our own1 !re=e h] *ildr5 mu/ be languid1 pleasure-lov+1 & relax$4 ,twelve mon?s sp5t 9 ,tuscany w\ld suffice to dissipate illusions ab\t ! en]vat+ ,italian air1 ev5 if ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,rome 7 n a pro( t ! h>die/ race ( combatants & conqu]ors ! _w has ev] se5 7 nurtur$ betwe5 ,soracte & ! sea4 ,aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,empire1 :at rema9$ ( native vig\r 9 ! ,lat9 cities f\nd a refuge 9 ! lagoons ( ,v5ice & o!r natural /rongholds4 ,wall$ t[ns 9 g5]al reta9$ a ,roman population4 ,! primitive ,italic races /ill exi/$ 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ap5n9es1 :ile ! ,ligurians held ! ,g5oese ,rivi]a2 nor 7 ! ,etruscans ext9ct 9 ,tuscany4 ,x is true t ,rome _h fus$ ^! races into a p us+ ! same language4 ,yet ! e?nologi/ w h>dly all[ t ! diff]5ces noticeable betwe5 ! sev]al di/ricts ( ,italy 7 n connect$ ) orig9al v>ieties ( /ock4 ,to ! p1 z ,rome _h made x1 fre% blood 0 add$ by ! ,go?s1 ,lomb>ds1 & ,g]mans desc5d+ f ! ,nor?4 ,greeks1 ,arabs1 ,normans1 &1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ,franks influ5c$ ! ,s\?4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages a new & mighty bre$ ( m5 sprang into be+ by ! comb9ation ( ^! div]se elem5ts1 ea* di/rict d]iv+ specific quality f ! v>y+ proportions 9 :i* ! *ief con/itu5ts 7 m+l$4 ,x is noticeable t :]e ! ,roman-,etruscan blood 0 pure/ probably f mixture1 9 ! valley ( ! ,arno1 ! mod]n ,italian g5ius f\nd its home4 ,flor5ce & h] si/] cities =m$ ! language & ! arts ( ,italy4 ,to ?is race1 9 conjunction ) ! natives ( ,lomb>dy & ,c5tral ,italy1 0 committ$ ! civilisation ( ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 only s\? ( ,rome1 :]e ! brutalis+ traditions ( ! ,roman latifundia _h nev] yield$ to ! burgh-creat+ impulse ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t ! ,italians 7 unfit = _! great duty4 ,on ^! s\!rn /ates ! ,empire ( ! ,ea/1 ,s>ac5 m>aud]s & ,norman conqu]ors1 ! ,fr5* & ! ,spani% dyna/ies1 _h successively ex]cis$ a p]nici\s influ5ce2 nor did ! imp]ial policy ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 rema9 long en\gh 9 op]ation to effect a radical improvem5t 9 ! p4 ,ev5 at ,naples culture 0 always an exotic4 ,else:]e ?r\gh\t ! p59sula ! ,italians ( ! new age 7 a noble nation1 gift$ ) physical1 emotional1 & m5tal faculties 9 spl5did h>mony4 ,9 "s di/ricts1 notably 9 ,flor5ce1 circum/ance & climate _h be5 s+ul>ly fav\rable to ! production ( su* glori\s human be+s z ! _w has r>ely se54 ,beauty ( p]son1 /r5g? ( body1 & civility ( mann]s 7 comb9$ 9 ! m5 ( t fav\r$ region ) intellectual end[m5ts ( ! highe/ ord]3 nor 7 ^! gifts ( nature conf9$ to a ca/e ap>t2 ! :ole population =m$ an ari/ocracy ( g5ius4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d ! greatness ( ?is ,italian type 9 ! ,r5aissance1 x is only ne$ful to /udy ! picture gall]ies ( ,flor5ce or ( ,v5ice ) special att5tion to ! portraits !y conta94 ,:5 we comp>e ^? s5ators & sages ) ! subjects ( ,dr]'s & ( ,crana*'s art1 we feel ! physical sup]iority ( ! ,italians4 ,9 l mann] a comp>ison ( ! m5 ( ! fifte5? c5tury ) ^? ( ! sixte5? %[s h[ mu* ( t physical gr&eur _h be5 lo/4 ,x is easy to w&] a/ray :ile weav+ subtle !ories on ?is pa? ( criticism4 ,yet x _c be a m]e accid5t t ,v&yck's portrait ( ! ,c>d9al de' ,b5tivogli 9 ! ,pitti ,palace diff]s z x does f t ( ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito de' ,m$ici by ,pontormo or by ,titian4 ,! ,m$ici is an ,italian ( ! ,r5aissance1 ) 8 imp]i\s orig9ality & defiance ( conv5tion4 ,he has refus$ to be portray$ z an ecclesia/ic4 ,titian has pa9t$ him 9 ,hung>ian co/ume ( d>k r$ velvet1 m\/a*$1 & sword$ l a soldi]2 9 ,pontormo's picture he we>s a suit ( mail1 & re/s 8 left h& on a l>ge :ite h\nd4 ,! ,b5tivoglio is an ,italian ( ! type produc$ by ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation4 ,8 delicate lace ruffs1 ! coquetry ( 8 sc>let robes1 & ! f9e ke5 cut ( 8 diplomatic features betray a new _s4#d ,surely ! physical qualities ( a race *ange ) ! *anges 9 _! ?\ght & feel+4 ,! beauty ( ,tasso is m fem99e & melan*oly ?an t ( ,ario/o1 9 :om ! lib]al g5ius ( ! ,r5aissance 0 yet alive4 ,among ! sc[l+ swordsm5 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury y _c f9d a face l ,giorgione's ,gattamelata2#e ! nobles :o be> !mselves s pr\dly on ! canvases ( ,v&yck at ,g5oa lack ! urbanity ( ,raphael's ,ca/iglione2 ,moroni's black-rob$ /ud5ts are m p9*$ & )]$ ?an ! ,pico ( ! ,uffizzi4 ,x w n d to /ra9 su* po9ts4 ,x is en\gh to sugge/ !m4 ,:at rema9s1 h[ev]1 = c]ta9 is t ! ,italians ( ! fifte5? c5tury--& among ^! mu/ be includ$ ^? :o liv$ ?r\gh ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5?--_h physical =ce & "* correspond+ to _! robu/ individuality4 ,until q late 9 ! ,r5aissance s mu* surviv$ ( feudal cu/oms ev5 9 ,italy t rid+1 ! h&l+ ( ! lance & sword1 & all a?letic ex]cises =m$ a "p ( education no less indisp5sable ?an m5tal tra9+4 ,great cities _h op5 places set ap>t = t\rnam5ts & games2 9 ,tuscan burghs ! palio 0 run on fea/ days1 & ,may morn+s saw ! pr5tice lads ( ,flor5ce tilt+ b5ea? ! smiles ( girls :o danc$ at nightfall on ! squ>e ( ,santa ,tr9it4 ,bloody battles 9 ! /reets 7 frequ5t4 ,! lea/ provocation caus$ a man to draw 8 dagg]4 ,combats a /eccato *iuso 7 among ! pa/imes to :i* a ,pope might l5d 8 c\nt5ance4 ,skill 9 swordsman%ip 0 !re=e a necessity4 ,= ! re/1 we le>n f ,ca/iglione t ! p]fect g5tleman 0 b\nd to be an accompli%$ danc]1 a bold rid]1 a skill$ wre/l]1 a swift runn]1 to %oot well at ! m>k1 to hurl ! javel9 & ! quoit ) grace1 & to play at t5nis & pallone4 ,9 addition he ought to affect "s "o a?letic ex]cise 9 su* p]fection z to beat pr(essors ( ! same on _! own gr\nd4 ,ces>e ,borgia took pride 9 fell+ an ox at a s+le bl[1 & exhibit$ 8 m>ksman's cunn+ by %oot+ condemn$ crim9als 9 a c\rty>d ( ! ,vatican4 ,footnote #d3 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply ^! contra/s1 compris+1 = example1 ! ,c>d9als ,+hirami & ,bibbi5a & ! ,leo ( ,raphael ) ! ,f>nesi portraits at ,mod5a or ! grave faces ( ,moroni's patrons at ,b]gamo4 ,footnote #e3 ,portrait 9 ! ,uffizzi1 ascrib$ to ,giorgione1 b m probably by "s pupil ( ,mantegna4 ,t su* m5 %\ld h devot$ _! en]gies to intellectual culture at a "t :5 ,engli% nobles c\ld b>ely read or write1 & :5 ! *ivalry ( ,france reg>d$ le>n+ ) disda91 0 a pro( ( _! ri* natural end[m5ts4 ,nor 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! race to s*ol>%ip 9 any s5se an accid5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,italy1 memories ( anci5t greatness spurr$ h] *ildr5 on to emulation4 ,gho/s ( ,roman patriots & poets seem$ hov]+ r\nd _! graves1 & call+ on po/]ity to give !m life aga94 ,if we _c br+ back ,greece & ,rome1 at lea/ let u make ,flor5ce a second ,a!ns1 & re/ore ! ,muses to ,ausonian vales4 ,t 0 ! cry4 ,x 0 :ile gaz+ on ! ru9s ( ,rome t ,villani felt impell$ to write 8 *ronicle4 ,pavia hon\r$ ,boe?ius l a sa9t4 ,mantua /ruck co9s ) ! head ( ,virgil1 & ,naples po9t$ out 8 tomb4 ,padua boa/$ ( ,livy1 & ,como ( ! ,pl9ies4 ',sulmona1' cri$ ,boccaccio1 'm\rns because %e holds n ,ovid's du/2 & ,p>ma is glad t ,cassius re/s )9 h] walls4' ,su* rev]5ce = ! great m5 ( antiquity endur$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 creat+ my?s t sway$ ! fancy1 & =m+ 9 ! popul> consci\sness a pres5tim5t ( ! approa*+ age4 ,!re is some?+ pa!tic 9 ! survival ( old ,roman titles1 9 ! freak ( ! leg5d-mak+ imag9ation t gave to ,orl&o ! /yle ( ,roman s5ator1 9 ! outbur/ ( en?usiasm = ,ri5zi :5 he call$ himself ,tribunus ,populi ,romani4 ,) ! ,r5aissance itself ?is affection = ! pa/ became a passion4 ,pius ,,ii4 amne/i$ ! p ( ,arp9o because !y 7 fell[-citiz5s ( ,cic]o4 ,alfonso ( ,naples receiv$ z a mo/ preci\s gift f ,v5ice a bone suppos$ to be ! leg ( ,livy4 ,all ! patricians ( ,italy inv5t$ classical p$igrees2 & ev5 ,paul ,,ii41 because he 0 call$ ,b>bo1 claim$ desc5t f ! ,ah5ob>bi4 ,su* in/ances might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m to ! purpose "h to notice t 9 ,italy ?is adoration ( ! antique _w 0 common to all classes2 n /ud5ts alone1 b ! p at l>ge reg>d$ ! dead gr&eur ( ! classic age z _! especial h]itage4 ,to resuscitate t buri$ glory1 & to reunite !mselves ) ! pa/1 0 ! e>ne/ aim ( ! ,italians z a nation4 ,a conviction prevail$ t ! mod]n _w c\ld nev] be s radiant z ! old4 ,?is f\nd its expression 9 ! say+ t ,rome's *ief ornam5ts 7 h] ru9s2 9 ! belief t ,julia's corpse1 discov]$ 9 ! ,appian ,way1 surpass$ all liv+ maid5s2 9 ,mat>azzo's obs]vation t ,a/orre ,baglioni's body 0 wor?y ( an anci5t ,roman4 ,9 _! admiration = antiquity1 s*ol>s 7 bl9d to ! specific glories ( ! mod]n g5ius4 ,lion>do ,bruni1 = example1 exclaim$ t '! anci5t ,greeks by f> excell$ u ,italians 9 humanity & g5tl5ess ( he>t4' ,yet :at ,greek poem c be comp>$ = t5d]ness ) ,dante's ',vita ,nuova1' ) ! ',canzoni]e' ( ,petr>*1 or ) ! tale ( ,griselda 9 ,boccaccio8 ,g5tilezza di cuore 0 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic product ( *ivalry1 & ! f\r? neid is ! only classic ma/]piece ( pure romantic pa?os4 ,?is humility ( disciple%ip 0 n1 h[ev]1 /rong en\gh to *eck emulation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ye>n+ t[>ds antiquity act$ l a pot5t /imulus on p]sonal endeav\r1 g5]at+ an acute desire = fame1 a burn+ aspiration to be numb]$ ) ! mighty m5 ( old4 ,:5 ,virgil introduc$ ,dante to ! company ( ,hom] & 8 pe]s1 ! rank ( se/o tra cotanto s5no rew>d$ him = all 8 lab\r 9 ! rhyme t made him ?9 ?r\gh half a lifetime4 ,petr>*1 :o exce$$ ,dante 9 ! ?ir/ = lit]>y hon\r1 turn$ f ! m5 ( 8 g5]ation to conv]se 9 long epi/les ) ! buri$ sa9ts ( ,lat9 culture4 ,= m5 ( less ambition x 0 en\gh to feel t !y c\ld raise _! s\ls ?r\gh /udy to communion ) ! /ately spirits ( antiquity1 pass+ l ,ma*iavelli f trivial affairs into _! closet1 :]e !y donn$ _! read+ robes & %ook h&s across ! c5turies ) ,cic]o or ,livy4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal object ( ! humani/s to ga9 a consci\sness ( self di/+ui%$ f ! vulg> h]d1 & to a*ieve ?is by jo9+ ! great company ( b>ds & sages1 ^: glory c\ld n p]i%4 ,:oev] felt )9 himself ! /irr+ ( ! _s "u any =m1 s\ght e>ne/ly = fame2 & 9 ?is way a new social atmosph]e1 unkn[n to ! nations ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 =m$ 9 ,italy4 ,a l>ge & lib]al acceptance1 recognis+ ability ( all k9ds1 irrespective ( rank or piety or m>tial pr[ess1 displac$ ! n>r[] judgm5ts ( ! ,*ur* & feudalism4 ,giotto1 ! peasant's son1 rank$ high] 9 e/eem ?an ,cimabue1 ! ,flor5t9e citiz51 because 8 "w ( art 0 wor?i]4 ,petr>* _h 8 place 9 no (ficial capacity1 b z an hon\r$ equal1 at ! m>riage fea/s ( pr9ces4 ,poliziano correspond$ ) k+s1 promis+ immortality z a m ?an regal fav\r4 ,pomponius ,ltus c\ld af=d to repel ! advances ( ! ,sansev]9i1 feel+ t erudition rank$ him high] ?an 8 pr9cely k9sm54 ,x 0 n weal? or policy alone t rais$ ! ,m$ici among ! ,despots s f> above ! ,baglioni ( ,p]ugia or ! ,petrucci ( ,si5a4 ,!y ow$ ?is di/9ction r to _! compreh5sion ( ! crav+ ( _! age = culture4 ,?us ?\gh bir? comm&$ respect = its own sake1 a new /&>d ( em95ce _h be5 e/abli%$1 & p]sonal m]it 0 ! passport :i* c>ri$ ! meane/ into ! mo/ illu/ri\s company4 ,m5 ( all conditions & all qualifications met ^u ! common gr\nd ( intellectual int]c\rse4 ,! subjects !y discuss$ may be ga!r$ f ! introductions to ,fir5zuola's novels1 f ,bembo's ',asolani' & ,ca/iglione's ',cortegiano1' f ,guicci>d9i's ',dialogue on ,flor5ce1' or f ! ',camaldolese ,disc\rses' ( ,l&9o4 ,society ( ?is k9d exi/$ n[h]e else 9 ,europe4 ,to ,italy belongs ! pr\d priority ( hav+ inv5t$ ! art ( polite conv]sation1 & anticipat$ ! ,fr5* salon aft] an orig9al & urbane fa%ion ( h] own4 ,"u ^! conditions a g5u9e cultus ( intellect sprang up 9 ,italy4 ,pr9ces & p %>$ a common impulse to wor%ip ! m5tal sup]iority ( m5 :o _h no claim to notice b _! g5ius4 ,x 0 9 ! _s ( ?is h]o-wor%ip t ! t]rible ,gismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a transf]r$ to ,rim9i ! bones ( ,ple?o1 & wrote 8 impassion$ epitaph ^u ! s>cophagus outside ,alb]ti's *ur*4 ,! biographies ( ! humani/s ab\nd 9 /ories ( s+ul> hon\rs paid to m5 ( p>ts1 n only by pr9ces :o rejoic$ 9 _! society1 b also by cities receiv+ !m ) public acclamation4 ,&1 z x (t5 happ5s t a p>ody reveals ! nature ( ! art x trave/ies1 su* light is ?r[n ^u our subject by ! vile ,pietro ,aret9o1 :o1 because he 0 a man ( tal5t & unscrupul\s 9 its employm5t1 held k+s & pot5tates b5ea? 8 satyr's ho(4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ne$ful to g ?us f> afield = in/ances4 ,"s l9es ( our own poet ,web/] exactly describe ! ,ca?olicity ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* fir/ obta9$ 9 ,italy = m5 ( m>k$ abilities1 & aft]w>ds to "s ext5t prevail$ at l>ge 9 ,europe3-- ,virtue is ev] s[+ ( h] se$s3 ,9 ! tr5*es = ! soldi]2 9 ! wakeful /udy ,= ! s*ol>2 9 ! furr[s ( ! sea ,= m5 ( our pr(ession3 ( all :i* ,arise & spr+ up hon\r4 ,! virtue "h describ$ be>s ! ,italian s5se ( virt1 ! ,lat9 virtus1 ! ,greek ,greek3 aret1 t :i* makes a man4 ,x might display itself 9 a ?\s& ways2 b all alike br\ght hon\r1 & hon\r e man 0 b\nd to seek4 ,! /&>d :]eby ! ,italians judg$ ?is virtue 0 /hetical r ?an moral4 ,!y 7 too dazzl$ by brilliant a*ievem5t to te/ x 9 ! crucible ( e?ics4 ,?is is ! true key to ,ma*iavelli's critique ( ,ca/ruccio ,ca/racane1 ,gianpaolo ,baglioni1 ,ces>e ,borgia1 & ,pi]o ,sod]9i4 ,9 common ) 8 race1 he 0 fasc9at$ by "*1 & atta*$ undue importance to ! =ce t made m5 seek success ev5 ?r\gh crime4 ,! ?ir/ = glory & ! wor%ip ( ability /imulat$ ! ,italians1 e>li] ?an any o!r nation1 to commemorate :at seem$ to !m notewor?y 9 _! own lives & 9 ^? ( _! contempor>ies4 ,dante1 )9 ! pale ( m$ivalism1 l$ ! way 9 bo? ( ^! directions4 ,8 ',vita ,nuova' is a *apt] ( autobiography re/ra9$ )9 ! limits ( consummate art4 ,8 portraits ( ,s4 ,francis & ,s4 ,dom9ic 7n to m5tion o!r m$allions & cameos ( pr$ecessors or contempor>ies--,f>9ata1 = example1 or ,boniface ,,viii47 record ! special qualities :]eby ^? h]oes ( ! fai? 7 di/+ui%$ f ! h]d ( m5 ar\nd !m4 ,boccaccio's ',life ( ,dante' is a fur!r /ep 9 ! direction ( purely mod]n biography4 ,!n foll[ ! collections ( ,filippo ,villani1 ,giovanni ,cavalcanti1 ,vespasiano1 ,plat9a1 ,decembrio1 ,beccadelli1 ,c>acciolo1 & ,paolo ,giovio4 ,vas>i's ',lives ( ! ,pa9t]s' are unique 9 _! attempt to embrace )9 a s+le "w :atev] /ruck _! au?or z mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! c>e] ( "o p>ticul> class ( m54 ,= hi/orical precision ! portraits compos$ by ,ma*iavelli1 ,guicci>d9i1 ,v>*i1 ,pitti1 & _m ( ! m9or annali/s leave no?+ to be desir$4 ,su* autobiographies z ^? ( ,petr>*1 ,cell9i1 ,c>dano1 & ,corn>o are models 9 _! k9d2 :e!r _! object 7 simply self-glorification1 or :e!r a sci5tific & didactic purpose und]lay ! *ronicle ( a lifetime1 ! result is equally vivid & int]e/+4 ,h]o-wor%ip prompt$ ,gian ,francesco ,pico to compose ! ',life ( ,savon>ola1' & ,condivi to write t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,scorn & hatr$ impell$ ,plat9a to transmit ! outl9e ( ,paul ,,ii4 to po/]ity 9 a c>icature1 ! irony ( :i* is s re/ra9$ t x might pass = s9c]ity4 ,ma*iavelli's ',biography ( ,ca/ruccio' is a political romance indit$ ) a philosophical int5tion4 ,:at motive1 beyond admiration1 produc$ ! anonym\s ',memoir ( ,alb]ti1' s t]se 9 its portraiture1 s tranquil 9 /yle1 we d n "k2 b ?is too1 l ,pr5dilacqua's ',life ( ,vittor9o da ,feltre1' is a ma/]piece ( natural del9eation4 ,= ^! biographies ! works ( ,plut>* & ,suetonius s]v$ no d\bt z models4 ,yet ?is does n make ! preoccupation ( ! ,italians ) ! ph5om5a ( p]sonality ! less rem>kable4 ,ano!r phase ( ! same impulse l$ to special treatises ^u ideal *>act]s4 ,! picture ( ! p]fect h\sehold] 0 drawn by ,alb]ti1 t ( ! c\rti] by ,ca/iglione1 t ( ! pr9ce by ,ma*iavelli4 ,da ,v9ci disc\rs$ ^u ! physical proportions ( ! human =m4 ,fir5zuola & ,luig9i analys$ ! beauty ( wom52 ,piccolom9i und]took to describe ! mann]s ( a well-br$ lady2 & ,la ,casa laid d[n rules = polite behavi\r 9 society4 ,! names ( treatises ( ?is description might easily be multipli$4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 has be5 said to %[ ! t5d5cy ( ! ,italian intellect to occupy itself ) sali5t qualities1 :e!r exhibit$ 9 individuals or idealis$ & ab/ract$ by ! reflective fancy4 ,! :ole ( ?is lit]ature implies an int5se self-consci\sness 9 ! nation1 an ard5t int]e/ 9 m5 z m51 because ( ! specific virtue to be f\nd 9 ea*4 ,! _s1 !re=e1 9 :i* ^! au?ors ( ! ,r5aissance approa*$ _! task 0 :olly diff]5t f t :i* induc$ ! m$ival annali/ to regi/] ! miracles ( sa9ts1 to *ronicle ! pr9ces ( "s dyna/y or ! abbots ( a conv5t4 ,nor _h x mu* 9 common ) ! my?ologis+ en?usiasm ( romantic poets4 ,! desire = edification & ! fire ( fancy _h yield$ to an impulse m /rictly sci5tific1 to a curiosity m positive4 ,! att5tion direct$ 9 lit]ature & social int]c\rse ^u great m5 impli$ a correspond+ ?ir/ = po/hum\s glory z a subjective quality ( ! ,r5aissance "*4 ,to p]petuate a "n & fame 0 ! mo/ f]v5t passion1 %>$ alike by arti/s & pr9ces1 by m5 ( lett]s & by g5]als4 ,x 0 n en\gh = a man to %[ =? ! vig\r t 0 9 him1 or to w9 ! applause ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he mu/ g beyond & wre/ some?+ p]man5t = himself f ! ideal _w t w survive our transi5t endeav\rs4 ,:5 ,alfonso ! ,magnanim\s employ$ ,fazio to compose 8 *ronicle1 :5 ,francesco ,s=za paid ,filelfo = 8 v]ses by ! doz51 :5 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici regrett$ t he _h n sp5t m weal? on build+1 :5 ,b>tolommeo ,colleoni decre$ ! erection ( 8 *apel at ,b]gamo1 & 8 /atue on ! public squ>e ( ,v5ice1 ^! m51 s diff]5t 9 all ?+s else1 7 /riv+1 ea* aft] 8 own fa%ion1 to buy an immortality 8 own a*ievem5ts 9 ! field or ,s5ate might n w94 ,dante1 "h z else:]e ! fir/ to utt] ! ^w ( ! mod]n age1 has giv5 expression to ?is ?ir/ = la/+ recollection 9 8 l9es ab\t ! planet ,m]cury3#f-- ,que/a picciola /ella si corr$a ,de' buoni spirti1 *e son /ati attivi1 ,p]* onore e fama gli succ$a4 ,footnote #f3 ,p>adiso1 vi4 #aab4 ,at ! same "t ,dante1 imbu$ ) ! my/ic _s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 felt an antagonism betwe5 worldly ambition & ! ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,!re are o!r passages1 :]e fame is m5tion$ by him z a fleet+ brea?1 a fl[] t blooms & fades4#g ,9 tru?1 ! passionate desire = glory 0 "p ( ! ,r5aissance worldl9ess1 caught f communion ) ! classic pa/1 & connect$ ) t vivid appreh5sion ( human life :i* gave its vig\r to an age ( reawak5$ impulses & positive ambitions4 ,?is _w 0 s mu* ) !m1 s mu* to !m1 t ^! m5 w\ld n lose _! grasp ( x 9 dea?1 or will+ly ex*ange x = a p>adise ( hopes beyond4 ,footnote #g3 ,notably ,purg4 xi4 #ajj-aag4 ,! en?usiasm = antiquity col\r$ ?is desire = fame by =c+ on ! ,italians ! conviction t 9 culture 0 ! real title to et]nity4 ,h[ c\ld !y h ent]$ into ! spiritual k+dom ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 if x _h n be5 = ,,mss4 & works ( art8 ,x became ! fa%ion !re=e1 to seek immortality ?r\gh lit]ature4 ,! /udy ( ! classics 0 n !n conf9$ to m5 ( a peculi> b5t4 ,on all alike1 ev5 on wom51 !re weigh$ ! "o belief t to be a s*ol> 0 ! sure/ way ( sav+ some?+ f ! wreck t is ! doom ( human de$s4#h ,only at r>e int]vals1 & 9 r>e natures ( ! type ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 did ! ,*ri/ian ideal resume its sway4 ,tir$ ) ! radiance ( art or le>n+1 !y turn$ to ! ,cross ( ,*ri/1 & laid _! secul> a*ievem5ts d[n z va9 & wor?less4 ,! "t1 h[ev]1 _h n yet come :5 a disgu/ ( culture & an exhau/ion ( ! intellect %\ld make asceticism & mona/ic ec/asy acceptable once m4 ,t belong$ to ! age ( ,spani% tyranny1 & :at is call$ ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation4 ,= ! real ,r5aissance ,leo's memorable imprimatur1 grant$ to ! editors ( ,tacitus1 /ruck ! true key-note2 :ile ,sappho's solemn l9es ( w>n+ to a fri5d c>eless ( lit]ature might be p>aphras$ to speak ! feel+ ( ,poliziano3-- ,lo1 ?\ %alt die1 ,& lie ,dumb 9 ! sil5t tomb2 ,nor ( ?y "n ,%all !re be any fame ,9 ages yet to be or ye>s to come3 ,= ( ! rose ,t on ,pi]ia bl[s ,?\ ha/ no %>e2 ,b 9 sad ,hades' h\se1 ,unkn[n1 +lori\s1 ,mid ! dim %ades t w&] !re1 ,%alt ?\ flit =? & haunt ! filmy air4 ,footnote #h3 ,a curi\s e*o ( ?is ,italian conviction may be trac$ 9 ,flet*]'s ,eld] ,bro!r4 ,^! words f\nd no unc]ta9 e*o 9 ,r5aissance ,italy1 :]e lads ) long d>k hair & liquid eyes left _! loves to li/5 to a p$ant's lectures1 :]e ,niccolo de' ,niccoli woo$ ,pi]o de' ,pazzi f a life ( pleasure by ! promise ( a spiritual k+dom 9 ! _w ( books4 ,pi]o 0 'a man born ) ?y face & ?roat1 ,lyric ,apollo6' ,8 only object 0 to enjoy--d>si buon tempo1 z ! phrase ( ,flor5ce ha? x4 ,yet ^! words ( ! /ud5t3 ',see+ ?\ art ! son ( su* a man1 & ( comely p]son1 x is a %ame ?\ do/ n give ?yself to le>n ,lat91 ! :i* w\ld be unto !e a great ornam5t2 & if ?\ do/ n le>n x1 ?\ wilt be n\ght e/eem$2 ! fl[] ( y\? once pass$1 ?\ wilt f9d ?yself )\t virtue'--^! words c>ri$ su* weight1 & sank s deeply into ! "y man's he>t1 t1 smitt5 ) ! love ( le>n+1 he =sook 8 boon companions1 engag$ ,pontano z h\se-tutor at a sal>y ( "o hundr$ gold5 flor9s1 & sp5t 8 leisure "t 9 le>n+ ,livy & ! 'neid' by he>t4#i ,:at he s\ght he ga9$2 8 "n is /ill record$1 n[ t n only ! bloom ( y\?1 b life itself has pass$ away1 & he has slept = ne>ly f\r c5turies 9 ,flor5t9e e>?4 ,yet we1 no less we>i$ ( erudition ?an ,fau/ 01 :5 he held ! cup ( laudanum 9 8 h& & he>d ! ,ea/] voices s++1 may well ask ourselves :at ,pi]o c>ri$ ) him to ! grave m ?an ,s>danapalus1 ov] :om ! ,greeks inscrib$ _! bitt] epitaphs4 ,dis5*ant$ & disillusion$ z we are by ^? f\r c5turies ( le>n+1 ! musical lam5t ( ,dido & ! /ately p]iods ( ,lat9 prose are little bett]1 consid]$ z spiritual su/5ance1 to u ?an ! husks t ! sw9e did eat4 ,h[ c we picture to ourselves ! conditions ( an age :5 s*ol>%ip 0 an evangel1 =c+ ! ,levis ( ,flor5ce by ! p]suasion ( its irresi/ible beauty to =sake ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s1 tempt+ "y m5 ( great possessions to sell all & give to ! ,muses1 mak+ ( ,lucrezia ,borgia h]self ! ,magdal5 ( polite lit]ature8 ,=tunately = ! civilisation ( ! mod]n _w1 ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 untr\bl$ by a surfeit ( k1 made none ( ^! reflections4 ,x 0 an age ( s9c]e fai? 9 ! goodness & ! glory ( ! intellect reveal$ by art & lett]s4 ,:5 we read ,vespasiano's acc\nt ( ! grey-hair$ ,niccolo acco/+ ! "y ,pazzi on ! /eps ( ! ,b>gello1 our m9d turns in/9ctively to an e>li] dayspr+ ( ! reason 9 anci5t ,greece2 we ?9k ( ! *>m ex]cis$ by ,socrates ov] ,critias & ,alcibiades3 & _h an ,ari/ophanes appe>$ 9 ,italy1 we fancy h[ he might h criticis$ ?is s$uction ( ! y\? f citiz5%ip & arms to tranquil contemplations & ! cosmopolitan int]e/s ( culture4 ,footnote #i3 ,vespasiano1 ,vita di ,pi]o de' ,pazzi4 ,comp>e ! beautiful lett] ( neas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i to 8 nephew 7,ep4 ,lib4 i4 #d74 ,he rem9ds ! "y man t fair z y\? is1 & delightful z are ! pleasures ( ! ,may ( life1 le>n+ is m fair & k m delightful4 ',non enim ,lucif] aut ,hesp]us tam pul*] e/ quam sapi5tia qu /udiis acquiritur litt]>um4' ,x is n )\t real reason t ^! ,hell5ic p>allels confront u 9 ! /udy ( ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,flor5ce borr[$ h] light f ,a!ns1 z ! moon %9es ) rays reflect$ f ! sun4 ,! ,revival 0 ! silv] age ( t old gold5 age ( ,greece4 ,9 a lit]al1 n a m]ely metaphorical s5se1 ! fifte5? c5tury witness$ a new bir? ( ! classic _s4 ,& :at1 let u ask ourselves1 s9ce "h at la/ is ! burn+ po9t ( our inquiry1 :at 0 ! true note ( ?is _s1 9 s f> z its recov]y conc]n$ ! ,italian race8 ,sup]ficial obs]v]s w speak ( ! ,paganism ( ! ,r5aissance1 its unblu%+ lic5se1 its worldl9ess1 its self-satisfi$ s5suality1 z ?\gh t 7 all1 z ?\gh ^! qualities 7 n inh]5t 9 human nature1 ready at any mom5t to em]ge :5 ! /ra9 ( nobl] en?usiasm is relax$1 or ! self-pres]vative in/9cts ( society are enfeebl$4 ,!re is inde$ a tru? 9 ?is r\gh & ready answ]1 :i* requires to be /at$ on ! ?re%old4 ,! contact ( ! mod]n ) ! anci5t _w did enc\rage a pr(ligate & godless mode ( liv+ 9 m5 :o pref]r$ ,petronius to ,s4 ,paul1 & ye>n$ less aft] ,galilee ?an ,cor9?4 ,! humani/s 7 di/+ui%$ ev5 above ! ,roman cl]gy = op5 disord] 9 _! lives4 ,!y develop$ fil?y speak+ z a special bran* ( rhetoric1 & pr(ess$ ! sci5ce ( recondite & obsolete obsc5ity4 ,x 0 j ?is fa%ion ( ! le>n$ classes t made ,erasmus mi/ru/ ! importation ( s*ol>%ip into ! ,nor?4 ',"o scruple /ill besets my m9d1' he wrote1 'le/ "u ! cloak ( reviv$ lit]ature ,paganism %\ld /rive to raise its head1 !re be+ among ,*ri/ians m5 :o1 :ile !y recognise ! "n ( ,*ri/1 brea! 9 _! he>ts ! _s ( ! ,g5tiles4' ,*ri/ianity1 especially 9 ,italy1 :]e ! spectacle ( ! ,holy ,see inspir$ disgu/1 _h be5 pro/itut$ to ! vile/ s]vice by ! ,*ur*4#aj ,fai? 0 associat$ ) folly1 sup]/ition1 ignorance1 intol]ance1 & cruelty4 ,! mann]s ( ! cl]gy 7 9 flagrant discord ) ! ,gospel1 & ,anti*ri/ f\nd fitt] inc>nation 9 ,rod]igo ,borgia ?an 9 ,n]o4 ,:ile ! ess5ce ( religion 0 ?us sacrific$ by its pr(essors1 !re appe>$ ^u ! horizon ( ! mod]n _w1 l "s bright blaz+ />1 ! ideal ( t ,pagan civilisation aga9/ :i* 9 its decad5ce ! asc5dant =ce ( ,*ri/ianity _h /riv54 ,x 0 n unnatural t a reaction 9 fav\r ( ,paganism1 n[ t ! ,*ur* _h be5 f\nd want+1 %\ld ensue1 or t ! passions ( humanity %\ld ju/ify _! self-indulg5ce by appeal+ to ! prec$5ts ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,good & bad 7 m+l$ 9 ! classical tradition4 ,vices1 loa?some en\gh 9 a ,pope :o _h in/itut$ ! c5sure ( ! press1 seem$ v5ial :5 comb9$ ) ! manl9ess ( ,hadrian or ! ref9$ *>m ( ,catullus4 ,s9 itself lo/ half its evil com+ f ! new-f\nd ,holy ,l& ( culture4 ,/ill ?is s-call$ ,paganism ( ! ,r5aissance1 real z x 01 _h b a sup]ficial connection ) classical /udies4 ,! corruption ( ! ,*ur* & ! political deg5]acy ( ! commonweal?s _h q z mu* to d ) x z ! return to hea!n /&>ds4 ,nor c\ld ! ,r5aissance h be5 ! great _w-hi/orical era x truly 01 if su* demoralisation _h be5 a "p & p>cel ( its ess5ce4 ,crimes & vices are n ! hotb$ ( arts & lit]ature3 lu/ful prie/s & cruel despots 7 n necess>y to ! pa9t+ ( ,raphael or ! poetry ( ,ario/o4 ,! faults ( ! ,italians 9 ! age ( ! ,r5aissance 7 nei!r productive ( _! high a*ievem5ts1 nor conv]sely 7 !y g5]at$ by ! motion ( ! intellect t[>d antique =ms ( culture4 ,! hi/orian notes syn*ronisms1 :]e( he is n b\nd to prove ! int]dep5d5ce1 & betwe5 :i* he may feel !re is no causal l9k4 ,footnote #aj3 ,x is en\gh to ref] to ,lu!r's ,table ,talk ^u ! /ate ( ,rome 9 ,leo's reign4 ,x does n1 moreov]1 appe> t ! demoralisation ( ,italian society1 h[ev] ?is may h be5 br\ght ab\t1 produc$ ei!r physical or intellectual deg5]ation 9 ! p4 ,comm]cial prosp]ity1 inde$1 _h r5d]$ !m inf]ior 9 brute /r5g? to _! semi-b>b>\s neighb\rs2 :ile ! cosmopolitan int]e/s ( culture _h de/roy$ ! en]gy ( national in/9cts4 ,b x w\ld be wrong to *>ge _! neopaganism alone ) results :]e( ! causes 7 s complex4 ,mean:ile1 :at gave its deep importance to ! classical revival1 0 ! emancipation ( ! reason1 consequ5t ^u ! discov]y t ! be/ gifts ( ! _s _h be5 enjoy$ by ! nations ( antiquity4 ,an ideal ( exi/5ce di/9ct f t impos$ ^u ! ,middle ,ages by ! ,*ur*1 0 reveal$ 9 all its secul> attractiv5ess4 ,fre% value 0 giv5 to ! desires & aims1 enjoym5ts & activities ( man1 consid]$ z a noble memb] ( ! univ]sal life1 & n z a diseas$ excresc5ce on ! _w he help$ to spoil4 ,in/ead ( ! cloi/ral s]vice ( ! ',imitatio ,*ri/i1' t conception ( communion1 ?r\gh k1 ) ,god manife/$ 9 ,8 works & 9 ! s\l ( man1 :i* =ms ! inde/ructible religion ( sci5ce & ! reason1 0 already g5]at$4 ,! intellect1 aft] ly+ spell-b\nd dur+ a long night1 :5 ?\ghts 7 z dreams & movem5t z somnambulism1 resum$ its activity1 int]rogat$ nature1 & enjoy$ ! pleasures ( unimp$$ en]gy4 ,)\t ceas+ to be ,*ri/ians 7= ! moral pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity are ! inali5able possession ( ! human race71 ! m5 ( ! ,revival d>$ once aga9 to ex]cise _! ?\ght z boldly z ! ,greeks & ,romans _h done be=e !m4 ,m ?an ?is1 !y 7 n[ able1 z x 71 by ! resuscitation ( a lo/ faculty1 to d s freely & cle>-sight$ly4 ,! t\* ^u !m ( ! classic _s 0 l ! f+] ( a deity giv+ life to ! dead4 ,t m & nobl] use 0 n made ( ! new light :i* dawn$ ^u ! _w 9 ! ,revival2 t ! humani/s ab&on$ ! high /&po9t ( ,petr>* = a l[] & m lit]>y level2 t society assimilat$ ! ,h$onism m readily ?an ! ,/oicism ( ! anci5ts2 t s*ol>s occupi$ !mselves ) ! =m r ?an ! matt] ( ! classics2 t all ^! %ortcom+s 9 _! sev]al degrees prev5t$ ! ,italians f lead+ ! intellectual movem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 religion & philosophy1 z !y _h previ\sly l$ ! m9d ( ,europe 9 discov]y & lit]ature--is deeply to be lam5t$ by ^? :o are jeal\s = _! hon\r4 ,= ! re/1 no words c be f\nd m wor?y to express _! high conception ( man1 reg>d$ z a free yet responsible p]sonality1 s5t into ! _w to m\ld 8 own nature1 & by ?is p[] ( self-det]m9ation sev]$ f bo? brutes & angels1 ?an ! foll[+ passage f ,pico della ,mir&ola's ',oration on ! ,dignity ( ,man4' ,x comb9es antique lib]ty ( ?\ght ) ,*ri/ian fai? 9 a /yle di/9ctive ( ! ,r5aissance at its be/2 nor is its note ( m$ival cosmology un*>act]i/ic ( an age t div9$ z yet m ?an x firmly grasp$ ! realities ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 may be hail$ ! ,epiphany ( ! mod]n _s1 contrapos+ ,god & man 9 a relation inconceivable to ! anci5ts1 unappreh5d$ 9 its fulness by ! ,middle ,ages4 ',!n ! ,supreme ,mak] decre$ t unto ,man1 on :om ,he c\ld be/[ n\ght s+ul>1 %\ld belong 9 common :atsoev] _h be5 giv51 to ,8 o!r creatures4 ,!re=e ,he took man1 made 9 ,8 own individual image1 & hav+ plac$ him 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 spake to him ?us3 ,nei!r a fix$ abode1 nor a =m 9 ?9e own lik5ess1 nor any gift peculi> to ?yself alone1 h we giv5 !e1 ,o ,adam1 9 ord] t :at abode1 :at lik5ess1 :at gifts ?\ %alt *oose1 may be ?9e to h & to possess4 ,! nature allott$ to all o!r creatures1 )9 laws appo9t$ by ourselves1 re/ra9s !m4 ,?\1 re/ra9$ by no n>r[ b\nds1 accord+ to ?y own free w1 9 ^: p[] ,i h plac$ !e1 %alt def9e ?y nature = ?yself4 ,i h set !e midmo/ ! _w1 t !nce ?\ mighte/ ! m conv5i5tly survey :atsoev] is 9 ! _w4 ,nor h we made !e ei!r heav5ly or e>?ly1 mortal or immortal1 to ! end t ?\1 be+1 z x 71 ?y own free mak] & m\ld]1 %\ld/ fa%ion ?yself 9 :at =m may l !e be/4 ,?\ %alt h p[] to decl9e unto ! l[] or brute creatures4 ,?\ %alt h p[] to be reborn unto ! high]1 or div9e1 accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( ?y intellect4 ,?us to ,man1 at 8 bir?1 ! ,fa!r gave se$s ( all v>iety & g]ms ( e =m ( life4' ,out ( ?\ghts l ^!1 if ,italy c\ld only h be5 free1 if h] society c\ld h be5 uncorrupt$1 if h] ,*ur* c\ld h return$ to ! ess5tial tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 might h sprung1 z f a se$1 ! noble/ gr[? ( human sci5ce4 ,b dis alit] visum e/4 ,! prologue to ?is hi/ory ( culture--! long acc\nt tak5 ( selfi% tyrants1 vici\s cl]gy1 & incapable republics1 9 my ',age ( ! ,despots'--is int5d$ to make x cle> :y ! conditions "u :i* ! ,revival began 9 ,italy r5d]$ its accompli%m5t imp]fect4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,importance ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ -- ,m$ival ,romance -- ,! ,leg5d ( ,fau/us -- ,its ,value = ! ,r5aissance -- ,! ,devotion ( ,italy to ,/udy -- ,italian ,pr$isposition = ?is ,lab\r -- ,s*ol>%ip 9 ! ,d>k ,ages -- ,d\ble ,attitude assum$ by ! ,*ur* -- ,piety = ,virgil -- ,meagre ,acqua9tance ) ! ,lat9 ,classics -- ,no ,greek ,le>n+ -- ,! ,spiritual ,conditions ( ! ,middle ,ages adv]se to ,pure ,lit]ature -- ,italy no exception to ! re/ ( ,europe -- ,dante & ,petr>* -- ,def9ition ( ,humanism -- ,petr>*'s ,conception ( x -- ,8 /hetical ,temp]am5t -- ,8 ,cult = ,cic]o1 ,zeal 9 collect+ ,manuscripts1 ,s5se ( ! ,importance ( ,greek ,/udies -- ,w>f>e aga9/ ,p$antry & ,sup]/ition -- ,ideal ( ,poetry & ,rhetoric -- ,critique ( ,juri/s & ,s*oolm5 -- ,s4 ,augu/9e -- ,petr>*'s ,vanity -- ,?ir/ = ,fame -- ,discord betwe5 8 ,life & 8 ,pr(ession -- ,8 ,lit]>y ,temp]am5t -- ,vision>y ,patriotism -- ,8 ,influ5ce -- ,8 ,successors -- ,boccaccio & ,greek ,/udies -- ,translation ( ,hom] -- ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature -- ,s5su\sness ( ,boccaccio's ,inspiration -- ,giovanni da ,rav5na -- ,! ,w&]+ ,pr(essor -- ,8 ,pupils 9 ,lat9 ,s*ol>%ip -- ,luigi ,m>sigli -- ,! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,spirito -- ,humanism 9 ,politics -- ,coluccio de' ,salutati -- ,gasp>9o da ,b>zizza -- ,improv$ ,/yle 9 ,lett]-writ+ -- ,revival ( ,greek ,le>n+ -- ,manuel ,*rysoloras -- ,8 ,pupils -- ,lion>do ,bruni -- ,value ( ,greek = ! ,r5aissance4 ,i h already obs]v$ t x w\ld be inaccurate to id5tify ! :ole movem5t ( ! ,r5aissance ) ! process :]eby ! ,european nations recov]$ & appropriat$ ! ma/]pieces ( ,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,at ! same "t ?is reconque/ ( ! classic _w ( ?\ght 0 by f> ! mo/ important a*ievem5t ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,x absorb$ ne>ly ! :ole m5tal en]gy ( ! ,italians1 & det]m9$ 9 a great measure ! quality ( all _! intellectual production 9 ! p]iod ,i h und]tak5 to illu/rate4 ,?r\gh _! activity 9 ! field ( s*ol>%ip ! prop] />t+-po9t 0 giv5 to ! mod]n intellect4 ,! revelation ( :at m5 7 & :at !y wr\ght "u ! influ5ce ( o!r fai?s & o!r impulses1 9 di/ant ages ) a diff]5t ideal = _! aim1 n only wid5$ ! n>r[ horizon ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b x also re/or$ self-confid5ce to ! reason ( humanity4 ,rese>* & criticism began to take ! place ( s*ola/ic speculation4 ,positive k 0 sub/itut$ = ! intuitive guesses ( ideali/s & dream]s4 ,! int]e/s ( ?is _w receiv$ _! due %>e ( att5tion1 & ! litt] humaniores ( ! /ud5t usurp$ ^u ! div9>um r]um cognitio ( !ologians4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages uneasy & imp]fect memories ( ,greece & ,rome _h haunt$ ,europe4 ,alex&]1 ! great conqu]or2 ,hector1 ! noble knight & lov]2 ,hel51 :o set ,troy t[n on fire2 ,virgil1 ! magician2 ,dame ,v5us l+]+ ab\t ! hill ( ,hrsel--^! phantoms1 :]e( ! positive hi/oric tru? 0 lo/1 rema9$ to sway ! s\l & /imulate desire 9 my? & saga4 ,depriv$ ( actual k1 imag9ation trans=m$ :at x rememb]$ ( ! classic age into romance4 ,! fasc9ation ex]cis$ by ^! dreams ( a half-=gott5 pa/ ov] ! m$ival fancy express$ itself 9 ! leg5d ( ,doctor ,fau/us4 ,t leg5d tells u :at ! m5 ^u ! eve ( ! ,revival long$ =1 & :at !y dread$1 :5 !y turn$ _! m9ds t[>ds ! pa/4 ,! secret ( enjoym5t & ! s\rce ( /r5g? possess$ by ! anci5ts1 allur$ !m2 b !y believ$ t !y c\ld only recov] ?is lo/ treasure by ! suicide ( _! s\l4 ,s great 0 ! temptation t ,fau/us paid ! price4 ,aft] imbib+ all ! k ( 8 age1 he sold himself to ! ,devil1 9 ord] t 8 ?ir/ = exp]i5ce might be qu5*$1 8 grasp ^u ! _w be /r5g!n$1 & ! ennui ( 8 inactivity be soo!d4 ,8 fir/ use ( ?is de>ly-b\ght p[] 0 to make bl9d ,hom] s+ to him4 ,amphion tunes 8 h>p 9 conc]t ) ,mephi/opheles4 ,alex&] rises f ! dead at 8 behe/1 ) all 8 legion>ies2 & ,hel5 is giv5 to him = a bride4 ,fau/us is !re=e a p>able ( ! impot5t ye>n+s ( ! _s 9 ! ,middle ,ages--its passionate aspiration1 its consci5ce-/rick5 desire1 its fett]$ curiosity amid ! cramp+ limits ( imp]fect k & irrational dogmatism4 ,t = :i* ,fau/us sold 8 s\l1 ! fre$om he acquir$ by magic1 ! s5se ( beauty he gratifi$ ?r\gh visions1 ! k he ga9$ by int]rogation ( demons1 0 yield$ to ! _w )\t price at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,hom]1 no long] by ! int]v5tion ( a fi5d1 b by ! lab\r ( ! s*ol>1 sang to ! new age4 ,! pomp ( ! empires ( ! old _w 0 re/or$ 9 ! pages ( hi/orians4 ,! inde/ructible beauty ( ,greek art1 :]e( ,hel5 0 an emblem1 became1 ?r\gh ! discov]y ( classic poetry & sculpture1 ! possession ( ! mod]n _w4 ,m$ivalism took ?is ,hel5 to wife1 & _! (fspr+1 ! ,euphorion ( ,goe!'s drama1 is ! _s ( ! mod]n _w4 ,b h[ 0 ?is effect$8 ,by long & toilsome /udy1 by ! accumulation ( ,,mss41 by ! acquisition ( dead languages1 by ! solit>y lab\r ( gramm>ians1 by ! lectures ( it9]ant pr(essors1 by ! scribe1 by ! pr9t+ press1 by ! self-devotion ( magnific5t ,italy to erudition4 ,9 ?is way ! ,r5aissance realis$ ! dream ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! g5ius ( ! ,italians wr\ght by solid toil :at ! my?-mak+ imag9ation ( ! ,g]mans _h project$ 9 a poem4 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate ! b5efit conf]r$ ^u ,europe by ! ,italians at ?is epo*4 ,! culture ( ! classics _h to be reappropriat$ be=e ! movem5t ( ! mod]n m9d c\ld beg93 be=e ! nations c\ld />t ^u a new c>e] ( progress1 ! *asm betwe5 ! old & new _w _h to be bridg$ ov]4 ,?is task ( reappropriation ! ,italians und]took alone1 & a*iev$ at ! sacrifice ( _! lit]>y indep5d5ce & _! political fre$om4 ,! hi/ory ( ,r5aissance lit]ature 9 ,italy is ! hi/ory ( a national g5ius deviat+ f ! c\rse ( self-developm5t into ! *annels ( s*ol>%ip & antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,! language creat$ by ,dante z a ?+ ( p[]1 poli%$ by ,petr>* z a ?+ ( beauty1 tra9$ by ,boccaccio z ! in/rum5t ( melodi\s prose1 0 ab&on$ ev5 by ! ,tuscans 9 ! fifte5? c5tury = reviv$ ,lat9 & newly-discov]$ ,greek4 ,pat5t acquisition took ! place ( pr\d inv5tiv5ess2 labori\s imitation ( classical au?ors suppress$ orig9ality ( /yle4 ,! =ce ( m9d :i* 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury _h produc$ a ',div9e ,com$y' & a ',decam]on1' 9 ! fifte5? 0 exp5d$ ^u ! int]pretation ( codices1 ! settlem5t ( texts1 ! translation ( ,greek books into ,lat91 ! /udy ( antiquities1 ! composition ( comm5t>ies1 encyclopdias1 diction>ies1 ephem]ides4 ,:ile we regret ?is *ange f creative to acquisitive lit]ature1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ^? s*ol>s :o ought to h be5 poets accompli%$ no?+ less ?an ! civilisation1 or1 to use _! own phrase1 ! humanisation1 ( ! mod]n _w4#aa ,at ! critical mom5t :5 ! ,ea/]n ,empire 0 be+ %att]$ by ! ,turks1 & :5 ! o!r ,european nations 7 z yet unfit = culture1 ,italy sav$ ! arts & sci5ces ( ,greece & ,rome1 & int]pret$ ! _s ( ! classics4 ,devot+ h]self to :at appe>s ! slavi% "w ( compilation & collection1 %e transmitt$ an ine/imable treasure to ! human race2 & ?\gh = a "t ! beautiful ,italian tongue 0 sup]s$$ by a j>gon ( dead languages1 yet ! lit]ature ( ! ,r5aissance yield$ 9 ! end ! poetry ( ,ario/o1 ! political philosophy ( ,ma*iavelli1 ! hi/ories ( ,guicci>d9i & ,v>*i4 ,mean:ile ! :ole ( ,europe _h receiv$ ! /aple ( its intellectual education4 ,footnote #aa3 ,poliziano1 ,pontano1 ,sannazz>o1 & ,bembo divid$ _! p[]s betwe5 s*ol>%ip & poetry1 to ! injury ( ! latt]4 ,x is necess>y to repeat ! obs]vation t ?is absorption ( en]gy 9 ! task ( s*ol>%ip 0 no less natural to ! ,italians ?an necess>y = ! _w at l>ge4 ,! ,italians 7 n a new nation l ! ,franks & ,g]mans4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable 9 ! m$ival hi/ory ( ,italy ?an ! s5se1 %>$ alike by poets & juri/s1 by ! lead]s ( popul> insurrections & ! m\ld]s ( philosophic ?\ght1 t ! c5tre ( national vitality exi/$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x 0 ?is det]m9ation to look backw>d r ?an =w>d1 to tru/ ! pa/ r ?an ! pres5t1 t neutralis$ ! =ces ( ! ,lomb>d ,league1 & prev5t$ ! communes f ass]t+ _! indep5d5ce face to face ) =eign]s :o claim$ to be ! repres5tatives ( ,cs>4 ,! ,italians1 unlike any o!r ,european p1 sacrific$ ! reality ( political fre$om = ! idea ( maje/y & glory1 to be recov]$ by ! re/itution ( ! ,empire4 ,guelf & ,ghibell9e co9cid$ 9 ?is delusion1 t ,rome1 :e!r ,papal or ,imp]ial1 0 de/9$ /ill to place ! old ,italic /ock ^u ! ?rone ( civilis$ humanity4 ,:5 ! ?ree great au?ors ( ! ?irte5? c5tury appe>$1 ea* 9 turn ca/ 8 eyes to anci5t ,rome z ! true s\rce ( national greatness4 ,! language ( mod]n ,italy 0 kn[n to be a scion ( ! ,lat9 spee*1 & ! ,italians call$ !mselves ,lat9i4 ,! attempt to con=m _! lit]ature to ! ,roman type 0 !re=e felt to be b a return to its true /&>d2 ! 'neid' ( ,virgil 0 _! ,nibelung5-,li$4 ,?us ! humani/ic en?usiasm ( ! fifte5? c5tury assum$ an almo/ patriotic "*4 ,9 x1 moreov]1 ! doctr9e t _h rul$ ! ,middle ,ages1 int]rupt+ political cohesion )\t acquir+ ! consi/5cy ( fact1 atta9$ at la/ its prop] sph]e ( developm5t4 ,! ideal ( ,dante 9 ! ',de ,mon>*i' _h prov$ a baseless dream2 no emp]or 0 de/9$ to take 8 seat 9 ,rome & sway ! _w4 ,b ! ideal ( ,petr>* 0 realis$2 ! s*ol>s1 animat$ by 8 impulse1 reacquir$ ! bir?right ( culture :i* belong$ ( old to ,italy1 & made h] empress ( ! intellect = ,europe4 ,n political b spiritual supremacy 0 ! real h]itage ( ^! new ,romans4 ,z an introduction to ! hi/ory ( ! ,revival1 & 9 ord] t ! "w to be p]=m$ by ! ,italian /ud5ts may be accurately measur$1 x w be necess>y to t\* briefly ^u ! /ate ( s*ol>%ip dur+ ! d>k ages4 ,to und]rate ! a*ievem5t ( t p]iod1 especially 9 logic1 !ology1 & law1 is only too easy1 see+ t a new direction 0 giv5 to ! m9d ( ,europe by ! ,r5aissance1 & t we h mov$ cont9u\sly on o!r l9es to o!r objects s9ce ! op5+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,m$ival ?\ght 0 bo? acute & /r5u\s 9 its own region ( activity4 ,:at x lack$ 0 mat]ial outside ! speculative sph]e to fe$ ^u4 ,culture1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 did n exi/1 & ! intellect 0 =c$ to deal subtly ) a v limit$ class ( conceptions4 ,long be=e ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire x became cle> t bo? f9e arts & lit]ature 7 gradually decl9+4 ,sculpture 9 ! age ( ,con/ant9e _h lo/ di/9ction ( /yle2 & ?\gh ! practice ( v]se surviv$ z a rhetorical ex]cise1 no works ( orig9al g5ius 7 produc$4 ,ausonius & ,claudian1 j be=e ! division ( ! ,empire & ! irruption ( ! b>b>ian races1 utt]$ ! la/ swan's note ( classic poetry4 ,mean:ile true ta/e & criticism 7 ext9ct4#ab ,! ,*ur*1 :ile battl+ ) ,paganism1 recognis$ h] deadlie/ foes 9 lit]ature4 ,n only 7 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ma/]pieces ! /ronghold ( a my?ology t _h to be eras$ f ! popul> m9d2 n only 0 _! morality antagoni/ic to ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian e?ics3 9 addition to ^! gr\nds = hatr$ & mi/ru/1 ! classics idealis$ a =m ( human life :i* ! new fai? reg>d$ z wor?less4 ,:at 0 culture 9 comp>ison ) ! salvation ( ! s\l8 ,:y %\ld "t be sp5t ^u ! dreams ( poets1 :5 e m9ute might be well employ$ 9 pond]+ ! precepts ( ! ,gospels8 ,:at 0 ! use ( mak+ ?is life ref9$ & agreeable by /udy1 :5 x =m$ b an insignificant prelude to an et]nity :]e9 m]e mundane le>n+ w\ld be valueless8 ,:y raise que/ions ab\t man's condition on ?is e>?1 :5 ! cre$s _h to be def9$ & exp\nd$1 :5 ! nature ( ,god & ! relation ( ! human s\l to its ,creator _h to be e/abli%$8 ,x 0 easy to pass f ?is /ate ( m9d to ! belief t le>n+ 9 itself 0 impi\s4#ac ',let u %un ! ly+ fables ( ! poets1' cries ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 '& =ego ! wisdom ( sages at enmity ) ,god1 le/ we incur ! doom ( endless dea? by s5t5ce ( our ,"l4' ,ev5 ,augu/9e deplor$ 8 "t sp5t 9 read+ ,virgil1 weep+ ov] ,dido's dea? by love1 :5 all ! :ile he 0 himself bo? morally & spiritually dead4 ,alcu9 regrett$ t 9 8 boyhood he _h pref]r$ ,virgil to ! leg5ds ( ! ,sa9ts1 & /igmatis$ ! eloqu5ce ( ! ,lat9 writ]s by ! epi!t ( wanton4 ,su* phrases z poet>um figm5ta1 g5tilium figm5ta sive deliram5ta 7! fictions or mad rav+s ( ,pagan poets7 are commonly employ$ by ,*ri/ian au?ors ( ! ,lives ( ,sa9ts1 9 ord] to m>k ! inf]iority ( ,virgil & ,ovid to _! own m edify+ compositions4 ,rely+ on _! spiritual pret5sions1 ! monki% scribes glori$ 9 ignorance & p>ad$ want ( gramm> z a sign ( grace4 ',i w>n ! curi\s read]1' writes a c]ta9 ,wolfh>d 9 ! ',life ( ,s4 ,walpurgis1' 'n to m9d ! mass ( b>b>isms 9 ?is little "w2 ,i bid him pond] :at he f9ds ^u ^! pages1 & seek ! pe>l )9 ! dung-heap4' ,gregory ! ,great goes fur!r1 & defies ! p$antry ( p$agogues4 ',! place ( prepositions & ! cases ( ! n\ns ,i utt]ly despise1 s9ce ,i deem x unfit to conf9e ! words ( ! cele/ial oracle )9 ! rules ( ,donatus4' ',let philosoph]s & impure s*ol>s ( ,donatus1' writes a fanatic ( ,cordova1 'ply _! w9dy problems ) ! b>k+ ( dogs1 ! grunt+ ( sw9e1 sn>l+ ) sk9n$ ?roat & tee?2 let ! foam+ & bespittl$ gramm>ians bel*1 :ile we rema9 evangelical s]vants ( ,*ri/1 true foll[]s ( ru/ic tea*]s4' ,?us ! opposition ( ! ,*ur* to ,paganism1 ! conviction t ,*ri/ianity 0 ali5 to culture1 & ! absorption ( intellectual int]e/ 9 !ological que/ions contribut$ to de/roy :at _h rema9$ ( s\nd s*ol>%ip 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,empire4 ,! task ( ! ,*ur*1 moreov]1 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 n s mu* to keep le>n+ alive z to moralise ! savage races :o held ,europe at _! pleasure4 ,pure ,lat9ity1 ev5 if x c\ld h be5 in/ill$ into ! nations ( ! ,nor?1 0 ( less mom5t ?an elem5t>y discipl9e 9 mann]s & religion4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,rome 0 artificial 9 its be/ days1 conf9$ to a select few1 & dep5d5t on ! capital = its support4 ,aft] ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,empire ! :ole ( ,europe 0 ?r[n op5 to ! action ( spiritual p[]s :o _h to use unlett]$ b>b>ians = _! m9i/]s & mission>ies4 ,to submit ?is va/ field to classic culture at ! same "t t ,*ri/ianity 0 be+ propagat$1 w\ld h be5 beyond ! /r5g? ( ! ,*ur*1 ev5 _h %e *os5 to und]take ?is task1 & _h ! vital =ces ( antiquity n be5 exhau/$4 ,footnote #ab3 ,= ! l[ /ate ( criticism1 ev5 9 a good age1 see ,aulus ,gellius1 lib4 xiv4 cap4 vi4 ,he describes ! lecture ( a rhetor1 quispiam l+u ,lat9 lit]ator1 on a passage 9 ! sev5? neid4 ,! man's explanation ( ! ^w bid5tes proves an almo/ m ?an m$ival pu]ility & ignorance4 ,footnote #ac3 ,mo/ ( ! foll[+ quotations w be f\nd 9 ,comp>etti1 ,virgilio nel ,m$io ,evo1 vol4 i41 a "w ( s\nd s*ol>%ip & ref9$ ta/e ^u ! place ( ,virgil 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,at ?is po9t an inevitable reaction1 illu/rat+ ! compromise ?ru/ ^u ! ,*ur* by h] peculi> position1 made itself app>5t4 ,9 proportion z ! dang]s ( ,paganism decreas$1 ! cl]gy1 on :om devolv$ ! d\ble duty ( civilis+ z well z moralis+ society1 began to feel ! ne$ ( arre/+ ! advance ( ignorance4 ,k ( ,lat9 0 requir$ = ecclesia/ical uses1 = ! int]pretation ( ,scripture1 = ! /udy ( ! ,fa!rs1 & = ! e/abli%m5t ( a common language among _m div]s nationalities4 ,a middle c\rse betwe5 ! fanaticism :i* reg>d$ classical lit]ature z wor?less & impure1 & ! worldl9ess t might h be5 enc\rag$ by en?usiasm = ! anci5ts1 _h !re=e to be /e]$4 ,gramm> 0 taught 9 ! s*ools1 & :]e gramm> 0 taught1 x 0 impossible to exclude ,virgil & "s o!r ,lat9 au?ors4 ,a conflict 9 ! monki% m9d 0 ! unavoidable consequ5ce4 ,s9ce ! classics alone communicat$ s\nd le>n+1 ! /udy ( !m =m$ a necess>y "p ( education2 & yet ^! au?ors 7 unbaptiz$ ,pagans1 doom$ to ev]la/+ dea? because ( _! impiety & immorality4 ,poets :o _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z deadly foes1 7 n[ accept$ z auxili>ies 9 ! battle ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ b>b>ism4 ,:ile copy+ ! elegies ( ,ovid1 ! compassionate scribe s\ght to place !m 9 a fav\rable light1 & to r5d] !m edify+ at ! co/ ( contradict+ _! pla9 mean+4#ad ,virgil 0 cr$it$ ) allegorical significance2 & ! /rong sympa?y he r\s$ 9 ^? :o felt ! beauty ( 8 /yle1 produc$ a belief t1 if n q1 he 0 almo/ a ,*ri/ian4 ,! piety & pity = ,virgil z a g5tle s\l :o _h j miss$ ! salvation (f]$ by ,*ri/1 f\nd expression 9 ! s]vice = ,s4 ,paul's ,day us$ at ,mantua3#ae-- ,ad ,m>onis mausoleum ,ductus1 fudit sup] eum ,pi rorem lacrym2 ,quem te1 inquit1 r$didissem ,si te vivum inv5issem1 ,poet>um maxime6 ,footnote #ad3 ,hoc e/ quod pu]i tang> amore m9us1 = example1 0 alt]$ into ,hoc e/ quod pu]i tang> amore nihil2 = lusisset amores 0 sub/itut$ dampnasset amores1 & s =?4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! hymn quot$ above 9 ! text ref]s to a leg5d ( ,s4 ,paul hav+ visit$ ! tomb ( ,virgil at ,naples3-- ',:5 to ,m>o's tomb !y br\ght him ,t5d] grief & pity wr\ght him ,to b$ew ! /one ) te>s2 ,:at a sa9t ,i might h cr[n$ !e1 ,_h ,i only liv+ f\nd !e1 ,poet fir/ & )\t pe]s6' ,mean:ile ! utt] confusion consequ5t ^u ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! irruption ( ! ,g]manic races 0 caus+1 by ! m]e brute =ce ( circum/ance1 a gradual ext9ction ( s*ol>%ip too p[]ful to be arre/$4 ,! tea*+ ( gramm> = ecclesia/ical purposes 0 insuffici5t to *eck ! influ5ce ( _m causes lead+ to ?is ov]?r[ ( le>n+4 ,x 0 impossible to communicate m ?an a m]e t9cture ( k to /ud5ts sep>at$ f ! classical tradition1 = :om ! antec$5t hi/ory ( ,rome 0 a dead lett]4 ,! mean+ ( ,lat9 words d]iv$ f ! ,greek 0 lo/4 ,sm>agdus1 a gramm>ian1 mi/ook ,eunu*us ,como$ia & ,ore/es ,trago$ia1 m5tion$ by ,donatus1 = ! names ( au?ors4 ,remigius ( ,aux]re expla9$ poema by positio1 & emblema by habundantia4 ,hom] & ,virgil 7 suppos$ to h be5 fri5ds & contempor>ies1 :ile ! ,lat9 epitome ( ! ',iliad1' be>+ ! "n ( ,p9d>1 0 fa!r$ on ! ,!ban lyri/4 ,!ological notions1 grotesque & *ildi% beyond description1 f\nd _! way into etymology & gramm>4 ,! ?ree p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity 7 discov]$ 9 ! v]b1 & my/ic numb]s 9 ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,?us analytical /udies l t ( language came to be reg>d$ z an op5 field = ! ex]cise ( ! my?ologis+ fancy2 & etymology 0 r$uc$ to a sy/em ( +5i\s punn+4 ,voluntas & voluptas 7 di/+ui%$1 = example1 z p]ta9+ to ! nature ( ,deus & diabolus respectively2 &1 9 ord] to make ! li/ complete1 voluntas 0 inv5t$ z an attribute ( homo4 ,x is cle> t on ?is pa? ( v]bal quibbl+ ! intellect _h lo/ tact1 ta/e1 & common s5se toge!r4 ,:5 ! m9ds ( ! le>n$ 7 possess$ by ^! absurdities to ! exclusion ( s\nd me?od1 we _c wond] t antiquity surviv$ b z a /range & %ad[y dream 9 popul> imag9ation4 ,virgil1 ! only classic :o reta9$ di/9ct & liv+ p]sonality1 pass$ f poet to philosoph]1 f philosoph] to ,sibyl1 f ,sibyl to magician1 by successive /ages ( transmutation1 z ! tru? ab\t him grew m dim & ! faculty to appreh5d him weak5$4 ,=m+ ! /aple ( education 9 ! s*ools ( ! gramm>ians1 & metamorphos$ by ! vulg> consci\sness into a wiz>d1#af he wait$ on ! extreme v]ge ( ! d>k ages to take ,dante by ! h&1 & lead him1 z ! type ( human reason1 ?r\gh ! realms ( ,hell & ,purgatory4 ,footnote #af3 ,! common use ( ! ^w gramm>ie = occult sci5ce 9 our ballads illu/rates ?is phase ( popul> op9ion4 ,s does ! leg5d ( ,fri> ,bacon4 ,see ,?oms1 ,e>ly ,engli% ,prose ,romances4 ,) reg>d to ! actual k ( ,lat9 lit]ature possess$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x may be said 9 brief t ,virgil 0 cont9ually /udi$1 & t a c]ta9 famili>ity ) ,ovid1 ,lucan1 ,horace1 ,juv5al1 & ,/atius 0 nev] lo/4 ,among ! prose-writ]s1 portions ( ,cic]o 7 us$ 9 education2 b ! compilations ( ,boe?ius1 ,priscian1 ,donatus1 & ,cassiodorus 7 m widely us$4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! /udy ( ,roman law 0 reviv$1 & ! s*ola/ic habit ( ?\ght f\nd scope = subtlety 9 ! discussion ( cases & composition ( glosses4 ,! g5]al k & intellectual sympa?y requir$ = compreh5sion ( ! g5u9e classics 71 h[ev]1 want+2 & ?us x happ5$ t _! place 0 tak5 by epitomes & ab/racts1 & by ! =mal dige/s ( ! ,we/]n ,empire 9 its decad5ce4 ,?is lifeless lit]ature 0 bett] suit$ to ! meagre intellectual conditions ( ! ,middle ,ages ?an ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,augu/an & ,silv] p]iods4 ,( ,greek !re 0 absolutely no tradition left4#ag ,:5 ! names ( ,greek poets or philosoph]s are cit$ by m$ival au?ors1 x is at second h& f ,lat9 s\rces2 & ! ,ari/otelian logic ( ! s*oolm5 came ?r\gh ,lat9 translations made by ,jews f ,arabian ,,mss4 ,occasionally x might happ5 t a ,we/]n s*ol> acquir$ ,greek at ,con/ant9ople or 9 ! s\? ( ,italy1 :]e x 0 spok52 b ?is did n imply ,hell5ic culture1 nor did su* k =m a "p & p>cel ( 8 erudition4 ,greek 0 h>dly less lo/ to ,europe !n ?an ,sanskrit 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #ag3 ,didot1 9 8 ,life ( ,aldus1 tries to make out t ,greek le>n+ surviv$ 9 ,irel& long] ?an else:]e4 ,! meagr5ess ( m$ival le>n+ 01 h[ev]1 a less s]i\s ob/acle to culture ?an ! habit ( m9d1 p>tly eng5d]$ by ,*ri/ianity & p>tly idiosyncratic to ! new races1 :i* prev5t$ /ud5ts f appreciat+ ! true _s ( ! classics4 ,:ile my/icism & allegory rul$ supreme1 ! cle>ly-def9$ humanity ( ! ,greeks & ,romans c\ld n fail to be misappreh5d$4 ,! little t 0 kn[n ( !m rea*$ /ud5ts ?r\gh a hazy & di/ort+ m$ium4 ,poems l ,virgil's f\r? ,eclogue 7 priz$ = :at ! au?or _h n meant :5 he 0 writ+ !m2 :ile 8 real int]e/s 7 utt]ly neglect$4 ,aga9/ ?is m5tal misconception1 ?is orig9al obliquity ( vision1 ?is radical lie 9 ! intellect1 ! re/or]s ( le>n+ _h to fight at lea/ z en]getically z aga9/ brute ignorance & dulness4 ,x 0 n en\gh to multiply books & to discov] codices2 !y _h to tea* m5 h[ to read !m1 to expla9 _! inspiration1 to def5d !m aga9/ prejudice1 to protect !m f false me?ods ( int]pretation4 ,to purge ! m9d ( fancy & fable1 to prove t poetry ap>t f its suppos$ prophetic mean+ 0 delightful = its own sake1 & t ! hi/ory ( ! antique nations1 9 spite ( ,paganism1 c\ld be us$ = pr(it & in/ruction1 0 ! fir/ /ep to be tak5 by ^! pione]s ( mod]n culture4 ,!y _h1 9 %ort1 to create a new m5tal s5sibility by e/abli%+ ! tru? t pure lit]ature directly contributes to ! dignity & happ9ess ( human be+s4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?is revolution 9 ?\ght 0 ! great p]=mance ( ! ,italians 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,dur+ ! d>k ages ,italy _h 9 no s5se enjoy$ sup]iority ( culture ov] ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! fir/ abortive attempt at a revival ( le>n+ 0 due to ,*>lemagne at ,aix1 ! second to ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick 9 ,apulia & ,sicily2 & :ile ! ,romance nations _h lo/ ! classical tradition1 x 0 /ill to "s ext5t pres]v$ by ! ,moslem dyna/ies4 ,! m we /udy ! hi/ory ( m$ival le>n+1 ! m we recognise ! debt ( civilis$ humanity to ! ,arabs = _! cons]vation & transmission ( ,greek ?\ght 9 alt]$ =m to ,europe4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! ,italians came comp>atively late into ! field1 _! action 0 decisive4 ,nei!r ,*>lemagne nor ,fr$]ick1 nei!r ! philosophy ( ! ,arabian sages nor ! precoci\s lit]ature ( ,prov5ce1 succe$$ 9 effect+ = ! education ( ! mod]n intellect t :i* ,dante & ,petr>* p]=m$--! "o by ! production ( a monum5tal "w ( art 9 poetry1 ! o!r by ! communication ( a new en?usiasm = antiquity to /ud5ts4 ,dante does n belong 9 any /rict s5se to ! hi/ory ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,! ',div9e ,com$y' closes ! ,middle ,ages & pres]ves _! _s4 ,x /&s be=e ! ve/ibule ( mod]n lit]ature l a solit>y m\nta9 at ! entrance ( a c\ntry ri* 9 all v>ieties ( l&scape4 ,9 ord] to become acqua9t$ ) its gr&eur1 we mu/ leave ! fields & =e/s t we "k1 asc5d ! heights1 & use ourselves to an au/]] climate4 ,9 spite ( ?is isolation1 ,dante's influ5ce 0 p[]ful ^u succe$+ g5]ations4 ,! mod]n m9d fir/ f\nd 9 him its scope1 & recognis$ its fre$om2 fir/ d>$ & did :at plac$ x on a level ) antiquity 9 art4 ,_m ideas1 moreov]1 de/9$ to play an important "p 9 ! com+ age1 receiv$ f him _! g]m9al expression4 ,x may ?us be truly said t ,dante initiat$ ! movem5t ( ! mod]n intellect 9 its entirety1 ?\gh he did n lead ! ,revival consid]$ z a sep>ate mom5t 9 ?is evolution4 ,t s]vice 0 res]v$ = ,petr>*4 ,!re are spots ^u ! c5tral wat]%$ ( ,europe :]e1 9 ! /illness ( a summ] aft]noon1 ! travell] may li/5 to ! murmurs ( two /reams--! "o hurry+ d[n to =m ! ,rh9e1 ! o!r to contribute to ! ,danube or ! ,po4 ,born )9 he>+ ( ea* o!r's voices1 & n\ri%$ by ! self-same cl\ds t re/ ^u ! crags ar\nd !m1 !y are h5ce=? de/9$ to an ev]-wid5+ sep>ation4 ,:ile ! "o sweeps onw>d to ! ,nor!rn seas1 ! o!r w rea* ! %ores ( ,italy or ,greece & m+le ) ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,to ^! two /reamlets we might comp>e ,dante & ,petr>*1 bo? ( :om sprang f ,flor5ce1 bo? ( :om 7 nurtur$ 9 ! le>n+ ( ! s*ools & 9 ! lore ( *ivalr\s love4 ,yet h[ diff]5t 0 _! mission6 ,petr>* m>ks ! ris+ ( t great riv] ( intellectual en]gy :i* fl[$ s\?w>d to recov] ! culture ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! curr5t ( ,dante's g5ius took ! contr>y direction4 ,borne ^u its mighty flood1 we visit ! l&s & cities ( ! ,middle ,ages1 float+ t[>d inf9ities div9$ & made ! h]itage ( human nature by ! m$ival _s4 ,9 speak+ ( ,petr>* "h1 x is necess>y to conc5trate att5tion ^u 8 claims to be consid]$ z ! apo/le ( s*ol>%ip1 ! inaugurator ( ! humani/ic impulse ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,we h no?+ to d ) 8 ,italian poetry4 ,! ,rime d$icat$ to ,madonna ,laura h eclips$ ! fame ( ! ,lat9 epic1 philosophical disc\rses1 epi/les1 orations1 invectives1 & diss]tations1 :i* made ,petr>* ! ,voltaire ( 8 own age1 & on :i* he ?\ght 8 immortality w\ld re/4 ,yet x is ) ^! latt] products ( 8 g5ius1 n ) ! ,canzoni]e1 t we are n[ conc]n$2 nor c x be too emphatically ass]t$ t 8 orig9ality 0 ev5 m em95tly display$ 9 ! revelation ( humanism to ! mod]n _w ?an 9 ! v]ses t impress$ _! "* ^u ,italian lit]ature4 ,to h =ese5 a :ole new phase ( ,european culture1 to h int]pret$ its _s1 & det]m9$ by 8 own activity ! c\rse x %\ld pursue1 is 9 tru? a high] title to fame ?an ! composition ( ev5 ! mo/ p]fect sonnets4 ,! arti/1 h[ev]1 has ?is advantage ov] ! pione] ( intellectual progress1 t 8 delicate creations are inde/ructible1 & t 8 "w _c be m]g$ 9 t ( a cont9uator4 ,!re=e ,petr>* lives & w live 9 ! memory ( millions z ! poet ( ,laura1 :ile only /ud5ts "k h[ mu* ! _w owes to 8 humani/ic ard\r4 ,z ,i _c disp5se ) ! ^w ,humanism 9 ?is portion ( my "w1 x may be well to fix ! s5se ,i %all atta* to x4#ah ,! ess5ce ( humanism consi/$ 9 a new & vital p]ception ( ! dignity ( man z a rational be+ ap>t f !ological det]m9ations1 & 9 ! fur!r p]ception t classic lit]ature alone display$ human nature 9 ! pl5itude ( intellectual & moral fre$om4 ,x 0 p>tly a reaction aga9/ ecclesia/ical despotism1 p>tly an attempt to f9d ! po9t ( unity = all t _h be5 ?\ght & done by man1 )9 ! m9d re/or$ to consci\sness ( its own sov]eign faculty4 ,h5ce ! s+le-he>t$ devotion to ! lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome t m>ks ! :ole ,r5aissance era4 ,h5ce ! wat*word ( t age1 ! ,litt] ,humaniores4 ,h5ce ! passion = antiquity1 possess+ ?\ghtful m51 & sub/itut+ a new au?ority = ! traditions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce ! s-call$ ,paganism ( c5turies b5t ^u absorb+ & assimilat+ a _s no less life-giv+ f _! po9t ( view ?an ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,h5ce ! p]si/5t ef=t ( philosoph]s to f9d ! meet+-po9t ( two div]g5t inspirations4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! ultimate antagonism betwe5 ! humani/s1 or pr(essors ( ! new wisdom1 & ^? uncompromis+ ,*ri/ians :o1 l ,s4 ,paul1 pref]r$ to rema9 fools = ,*ri/'s sake4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! ^w ,humanism has a ,g]man s\nd1 & is 9 fact mod]n4 ,yet ! g5]ic phrase umanit = humani/ic culture1 & ! "n umani/a = a pr(essor ( humane /udies1 are bo? pure ,italian4 ,ario/o1 9 8 sev5? satire1 l9e #be1 writes-- ',s5za quel vizio son po*i umani/i4' ,humanism 9 ?is1 ! wide/1 s5se ( ! ^w 0 possess$ by ,petr>* intuitively4 ,x belong$ to 8 nature z mu* z music to ,moz>t2 s t he seem$ s5t into ! _w to raise1 by ! pure ex]cise ( innate faculties1 a /&>d = succe$+ work]s4 ,physically & /hetically1 by ! f95ess ( 8 e> = v]bal h>monies1 & by ! exquisit5ess ( 8 s5sibilities1 he 0 fitt$ to div9e :at x took c5turies to v]ify4 ,:ile /ill a boy1 long be=e he c\ld grasp ! mean+ ( classical ,lat91 he us$ to read ! prose ( ,cic]o al\d1 delight+ 9 ! sonor\s cad5ce & balanc$ p]iods ( ! ma/]'s /yle4#ai ,nor 7 ! moral qualities ( indu/ry & p]sev]ance1 ne$$ to supplem5t ^! natural gifts1 defective4 ,9 8 maturity he sp>$ no pa9s to collect ! manuscripts ( ,cic]o1 sometimes transcrib+ !m ) 8 own h&1 sometimes employ+ copyi/s1 s5d+ & j\rney+ to di/ant p>ts ( ,europe :]e he he>d a fragm5t ( 8 fav\rite au?or might be f\nd4#bj ,8 greate/ lit]>y disappo9tm5t 0 ! loss ( a treatise by ,cic]o on ,glory1 a !me exce$+ly significant = ! ,r5aissance1 :i* he l5t to 8 tutor ,conv5nevole1 & :i* ! old man pawn$4#ba ,?\gh he c\ld n read ,greek1 he welcom$ ) pr(\nde/ rev]5ce ! codices ( ,hom] & ,plato s5t to him f ,con/ant9ople1 & exhort$ ,boccaccio to d$icate 8 g5ius to ! translation ( ! sovran poet into ,lat94#bb ,9 ?is susceptibility to ! melodies ( rhetorical prose1 9 ?is special cult ( ,cic]o1 9 ! passion = collect+ manuscripts1 & 9 ! intuition t ! future ( s*ol>%ip dep5d$ ^u ! resuscitation ( ,greek /udies1 ,petr>* initiat$ ! f\r mo/ important mom5ta ( ! classical ,r5aissance4 ,he1 aga91 0 ! fir/ to und]/& ! value ( public libr>ies2#bc ! fir/ to accumulate co9s & inscriptions1 z ! s\rces ( accurate hi/orical in=mation2 ! fir/ to prea* ! duty ( pres]v+ anci5t monum5ts4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh1 by ! in/9ct ( g5ius1 he =esaw ! future = at lea/ ?ree c5turies1 & compreh5d$ ! highe/ uses :]e( s*ol>%ip is capable4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ! int]e/+ lett] to ,luca di ,p5na1 ,de ,libris ,cic]onis1 p4 #idf1 & comp>e ,de ,ignoranti sui ipsius1 c4 p4 #ajdd4 ,^! ref]5ces1 z well z ^? :i* foll[ "u ! g5]al sign ,ibid41 are made to ! edition ( ,petr>*'s collect$ works1 ,basle1 #aeha4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ibid4 p4 #idh4 ,cf4 ! f9e lett] on ! duty ( collect+ & pres]v+ codices 7,fam4 ,epi/4 lib4 iii4 #ah1 p4 #fai74 ',aurum1 arg5tum1 gemm1 purpurea ve/is1 m>morea domus1 cultus ag]1 pict tabul1 phal]atus sonipes1 ct]aque id g5us mutam hab5t et sup]fici>iam voluptatem3 libri m$ullitus delectant1 colloquuntur1 consulunt1 et viv qudam nobis atque argut famili>itate junguntur4' ,footnote #ba3 ,de ,libris ,cic]onis1 p4 #idi4 ,cf4 8 ,epi/le to ,v>ro = an acc\nt ( a lo/ ,,ms4 ( t au?or4 ,ibid4 p4 #gjh4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ibid4 p4 #idh4 ,cf4 ,de ,ignoranti1 pp4 #ajec1 #ajed4 ,see1 too1 ! lett] to ,nicolaus ,syoc]us ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,epi/4 ,v>4 xx4 p4 #iih1 ?ank+ him = ! ,hom] & ! ,plato1 9 :i* ,petr>* gives an acc\nt ( 8 sl5d] ,greek /udies4 ',hom]us tuus apud me mutus1 immo v]o ego apud illum surdus sum4 ,gaudeo tam5 vel aspectu solo1 et spe illum amplexus et suspirans dico4444 ,plato philosophorum pr9ceps 444 nunc t&em tuo mun]e ,philosophorum pr9cipi ,poet>um pr9ceps ass]it4 ,quis tantis non gaudeat et glorietur hospitibus8444 ,grcos spect>e1 et si nihil aliud1 c]te juvat4' ,! lett] urg+ ,boccaccio to translate ,hom]--'an tuo /udio1 me imp5s fi]i possit1 ut ,hom]us integ] biblio!c huic1 ubi pridem ,grcus habitat1 t&em ,lat9us acc$at'--w be f\nd ,transcrib]'s ,note3 orig9al miss+ '9' ,ep4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 iii4 #e1 p4 #gge4 ,9 ano!r lett]1 ,ep4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 vi4 #b1 p4 #hjg1 he ?anks ,boccaccio = ! ,lat9 v]sion4 ,footnote #bc3 ,de ,rem$iis utriusque ,=tun1 p4 #dc4 ,a plea = public z aga9/ private collections ( useful books4 ',multos 9 v9culis t5es1' c4 ,s f> ! outside only ( ,petr>*'s in/9ct = humanism has be5 t\*$4 ,h[ fully he possess$ its l>ge & lib]al _s is %[n by ! untir+ w> he c>ri$ on aga9/ =malism1 tradition1 p$antry1 & sup]/ition4 ,:atev] might imp$e ! free play ( ! intellect ar\s$ 8 bitt]e/ hatr$4 ,aga9/ ! n>r[ views ( s*ola/ic !ologians1 aga9/ ! futile preoccupations ( ! ,middle-,age mat]iali/s1 aga9/ ! lawy]s & physicians & a/rolog]s 9 vogue1 he decl>$ inexorable ho/ility4#bd ,^! m51 by _! pu]ilities & falsities1 ob/ruct$ ! natural action ( ! m9d2 !re=e ,petr>* attack$ !m4 ,at ! same "t he recognis$ ! lib]ators ( ! reason by a k9d ( tact4 ,?\gh he c\ld n int]pret ! sixte5 dialogues ( ,plato he possess$ 9 ,greek1 he p]ceiv$ intuitively t ,plato1 z oppos$ to ,ari/otle1 w\ld become ! sa9t ( lib]al philosophy1 survey$ by him z 9 a ,pisgah-view4 ,8 en?usiasm = ,cic]o & ,virgil 0 tw(old2 9 bo? respects he prov$ h[ capable he 0 ( m\ld+ ! ta/e & direct+ ! m5tal =ce ( 8 successors4 ,z an arti/1 he disc]n$ 9 _! /yle ! h>monies ( s\nd & ! proprieties ( diction1 :]eby ,lat9 might once aga9 become ! language ( f9e ?\ghts & delicate emotions4 ,z a *ampion ( intellectual indep5d5ce1 he saw t1 /udy+ _! l>ge disc\rse ( all ?+s :i* ! reason & imag9ation c appropriate1 ! ?9k]s ( ! mod]n age might %ake (f s*ola/ic fett]s1 & ent] into ! inh]itance ( spiritual fre$om4 ,poetry & rhetoric he reg>d$ n m]ely z ! f9e arts ( lit]ature1 b z two *ief in/rum5ts :]eby ! man ( g5ius arrives at self-expression1 p]petuates ! qualities ( 8 own s\l1 & impresses 8 "* ^u ! age4 ,s9ce ?is realisation ( ! individual 9 a high & puissant "w ( art appe>$ to him ! noble/ aim ( man on e>?1 x foll[$ t ! inspir$ spee* ( ! poet & ! eloqu5ce ( ! orator became = ,petr>* ! summit ( ambition1 ! two-peak$ ,p>nassus he /ruggl$ ?r\gh 8 lifetime to asc5d4#be ,! ideal 0 lit]>y2 b lit]ature impli$ = ,petr>* m ?an words & phrases4 ,x 0 n en\gh to make melodi\s v]se1 or to move an audi5ce ) well-s\nd+ p]iods4 ,! hexamet]s ( ! epic & ! p>agraphs ( ! oration _h to conta9 solid ?\ght1 to be ! g5u9e outcome ( ! poet's or ! rhetorician's s\l4 ,! writ] 0 b\nd to be a prea*]1 to discov] tru?1 & make ! tru?s he f\nd agreeable to ! _w4#bf ,8 life1 moreov]1 ought to be 9 p]fect h>mony ) all he s\ght to tea*4#bg ,^u ! purity ( 8 en?usiasm1 ! s9c]ity ( 8 inspiration1 dep5d$ ! future well-be+ ( ! _w = :i* he lab\r$4#bh ,?us = ?is "o man at lea/ ! art ( lett]s 0 a prie/hood2 & ! e>ne/ness ( 8 vocation made him fit to be ! ma/] ( succe$+ ages4 ,x is n easy = u to appreciate ! boldness & s9c]ity ( ^! conceptions4 ,_m ( !m1 s9ce ! days ( ,petr>*1 h be5 ov]/ra9$ & made ridicul\s by false pret5sions4 ,besides1 ! :ole po9t ( view has be5 appropriat$2 & m5 inv>iably und]value :at !y feel !y _c lose4 ,x is only by comp>+ ,petr>*'s own philosophy ( lit]ature ) ! dulness ( ! s*oolm5 9 _! decad5ce1 & ) ! /yli/ic %all[ness ( subsequ5t s*ol>s1 t we come to compreh5d h[ lum9\s & novel 0 ! !sis he support$4 ,footnote #bd3 ,see ! f\r books ( ,invectives1 ,contra ,m$icum qu5dam1 & ! treatise ,de sui ipsius et aliorum ,ignoranti4 ,page #ajch ( ! la/ diss]tation conta9s a curi\s li/ ( frivol\s que/ions discuss$ by ! ,av]rhoi/s4 ,cf4 ! lett] on ! decad5ce ( true le>n+1 ,ep4 ,v>4 #ca1 p4 #ajbj2 ! lett] to a fri5d exhort+ him to combat ,av]rhoism1 ,epi/4 s9e titulo1 #ah1 p4 #gca2 two lett]s on physicians1 ,epi/4 ,r]um ,s5ilium1 lib4 xii4 #a & #b1 pp4 #hig-iad2 a lett] to ,francesco ,bruno on ! lies ( ! a/rolog]s1 ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 i4 #f1 p4 #gdg2 a lett] to ,boccaccio on ! same !me1 ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 iii4 #a1 p4 #gfe2 ano!r on physicians to ,boccaccio1 ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 v4 #d1 p4 #gif4 ,cf4 ! ,critique ( ,al*emy1 ,de ,rem$iis utriusque ,=tun1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #be3 ,9 comp>+ ! orator & ! poet1 ,petr>* gives ! palm to ! =m]4 ,he ?\ght ! p]fect rhetorician1 capable ( express+ s\nd philosophy ) cle>ness1 0 r>] ?an ! poet4 ,see ,de ,rem$iis utriusque ,=tun1 lib4 ii4 dial4 #ajb1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #bf3 ,see1 among o!r passages1 ,inv4 contra ,m$icum1 lib4 i4 p4 #ajib4 ',poet /udium e/ v]itatem v]am pul*ris velam9ibus adorn>e4' ,cf4 p4 #ije1 ! p>agraph beg9n+ ',(ficium e/ ejus f+]e1' c4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ! preface to ! ,epi/ol ,famili>es1 p4 #egj4 ',scrib5di enim mihi viv5dique unus 7ut auguror7 f9is erit4' ,footnote #bh3 ,= 8 l(ty conception ( poetry see ! two lett]s to ,boccaccio & ,b5v5uto da ,imola1 pp4 #gdj1 #ida4 ,epi/4 ,r]um ,s5ilium1 lib4 i4 #d1 lib4 xiv4 #aa4 ,hav+ ?us conceiv$ ( lit]ature1 ,petr>* obta9$ a /&>d = e/imat+ ! b>r5 culture ( 8 c5tury4 ,he tax$ ! disputations ( ! doctors ) lifeless repetition unmean+ v]biage4 ,s*oolman aft] s*oolman _h be5 occupi$ ) =mal trifles4 ,! erudition ( ! juri/ & ! !ologian reveal$ no?+ fruitful = ! he>t or intellect2 & ev]y?+ 0 valueless t did n come /raight f a man's s\l1 speak+ to ! s\l ( "o :o he>d him4 ,at ! same "t he read ! ,fa!rs & ! ,scriptures 9 a new light4 ,augu/9e1 "s few ( ^: s5t5ces _h be5 us$ z l9ks 9 ! cat5a ( dogmatic or?odoxy1 seem$ to ,petr>* no long] a m]e ma/] ( !ology1 b a man conv]s+ ) him across ! *asm ( eight c5turies4 ,9 ! ',confessions1' 'runn+ ov] ) a f\nt ( te>s1' ! poet ( ,vaucluse div9$ a k9dr$ nature2 "o :o us$ exalt$ eloqu5ce = ! expression ( vital ?\ghts & passionate emotions2 "o1 moreov]1 :o _h rea*$ ! height ( human happ9ess 9 union ) ,god4#bi ,n less real 0 ! grasp he laid ^u ! prophets & apo/les ( ! ,bible4 ,all words t bore a message to 8 he>t 7 words ( au?ority & p[]4 ,! ipse dixit ( an ,ari/otle or a ,s]aphic doctor _h = him no weight1 unless x came home to him z a man4#cj ,ev5 ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 ! sa9ts ( philosophical antiquity1 he d>$ to criticise = practis+ less wisdom ?an !y prea*$4#ca ,footnote #bi3 ,! ref]5ces to ,augu/9e z a 'div9e g5ius1' equal to ,cic]o 9 eloqu5ce1 sup]ior to ! classics 9 8 k ( ,*ri/1 are too frequ5t = citation4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,fam4 ,epi/4 lib4 ii4 #i1 p4 #fja2 ! lett] to ,boccaccio1 ,v>i>um1 #bb1 p4 #ajja2 & ,fam4 ,epi/4 lib4 iv4 #i1 p4 #fce4 ,! phrase describ+ ! ,confessions1 quot$ 9 my text1 is f ,petr>*'s lett] to 8 bro!r ,g]>d1 ,epi/4 ,v>4 #bg1 p4 #ajab1 ',scat5tes la*rymis ,confessionum libros4' ,footnote #cj3 ',sum sect>um neglig5s1 v]i appet5s4' ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 i4 #e1 p4 #gde4 ',nam apud ,horatium ,flaccum1 nullius jur>e 9 v]ba magi/ri1 pu] valde didic]am4' ,epi/4 ,fam4 lib4 iv4 #aj1 p4 #fcg4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see ! lett]s address$ to ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 pp4 #gje1 #gjf4 ,:ile reg>d+ ,petr>* z ! fir/ &1 9 "s respects1 ! greate/ ( ! humani/s1 we are b\nd to recognise ! faults z well z ! good qualities he %>$ ) !m4 ,to dwell on ^! 9 detail w\ld be a ?ankless task1 7 x n = ! conviction t 8 p]sonality impress$ itself too /rongly on ! f\rte5? c5tury to escape our criticism4 ,we _c af=d to leave ev5 ! foibles ( ! man :o gave a patt]n to 8 g5]ation un/udi$4 ,=emo/ among ^! may be reckon$ 8 vanity1 8 eag]ness to grasp ! poet's cr[n1 8 appetite = flatt]y1 8 re/less *ange f place to place 9 se>* ( new admir]s1 8 self-complac5t g>rulity4 ,?is vanity 0 p]haps insep>able f ! position he assum$ ^u ! ?re%old ( ! mod]n _w4 ,x 0 h>dly possible t ! prophet ( a new phase ( culture %\ld n look d[n ) contempt ^u ! un$ucat$ masses1 & believe t le>n+ rais$ a man into a demigod4 ,/udy ( ! classics taught him to despise 8 age & ye>n = immortality2 b ! assurance ( ! hon\rs t he s\ght1 c\ld only come to him ^u ! lips ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 conflict ) ! dulness & ! d>kness ( prec$+ c5turies1 he felt ! ne$ ( a new motive1 unrecognis$ by ! ,*ur* & bani%$ f ! cloi/]4 ,t motive 0 ! ?ir/ = fame1 ! crav+ to make 8 p]sonality et]nal 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,mean:ile he 0 alone 9 a dim wild]ness ( transitory int]e/s & sordid aims1 :]e human life 0 %ad[y1 & :]e1 :5 dea? arriv$1 !re w\ld rema9 no memory ( :at _h be54 ,! gloom ( ?is pres5t 9 contra/ ) ! glory ( ! pa/ he /udi$1 & ! glory ( ! future he desir$1 confirm$ 8 egotism4 ,8 "n & fame dep5d$ on 8 self-ass]tion4 ,to a*ieve r5[n by writ+1 to wre/ = himself ev5 9 8 lifetime a firm place among ! immortals1 became 8 fev]i% spur to action4 ,he 0 consci\s h[ deep a hold ! passion = celebrity _h tak5 on 8 nature2 & n unfrequ5tly he speaks ( x z a disease4#cb ,! ,*ri/ian )9 him wre/l$ vigor\sly ) ! r5asc5t ,pagan4 ,religion taught him to r5\nce :at ambition prompt$ him to grasp4 ,yet he cont9u$ to deceive himself4 ,:ile p5n+ diss]tations on ! wor?lessness ( praise & ! futility ( fame1 he trimm$ 8 sails to cat* ! breeze ( popul> applause2 & z 8 reputation wid5$1 8 desires grew ev] /rong]4 ,! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 writ+ epi/les to ! great m5 ( ! pa/1 9 :om alone he recognis$ 8 equals1 & to po/]ity1 9 :om he hop$ to meet at la/ ) judges wor?y ( him4 ,footnote #cb3 'gritudo' is a phrase t con/antly recurs 9 8 epi/les to indicate a re/less1 crav+ habit ( ! s\l4 ,see1 too1 ! :ole second book ( ! ,de ,contemptu ,mundi4 ,?is almo/ morbid vanity1 peculi> to ,petr>*'s temp]am5t & enc\rag$ by ! circum/ances ( 8 life1 introduc$ a division betwe5 8 practice & 8 pr(ession4 ,he 0 nev] tir$ ( prais+ solitude1 & _m ye>s ( 8 manhood he sp5t 9 actual retirem5t at ,vaucluse4#cc ,yet he only lov$ seclusion z a contra/ to ! society ( ,c\rts1 & w\ld h be5 mo/ mis]able if ! _w1 tak+ him at 8 own e/imate1 _h left him 9 peace4 ,no "o wrote m eloqu5tly ab\t equal fri5d%ip1 or pr(ess$ a /rong] zeal = c&id criticism4 ,yet he admitt$ few b pr(ess$ admir]s to 8 intimacy1 & reg>d$ 8 lit]>y antagoni/s z p]sonal detractors4 ,! same s5sitive egotism l$ him to depreciate ! fame ( ,dante1 9 :om he _c b h recognis$ a poet 9 ! highe/ s5se sup]ior to himself4#cd ,aga91 :ile he compla9$ ( celebrity z an ob/acle to /udi\s employm5t1 he %[$ ! mo/ acute int]e/ :5 ! details ( 8 life 7 call$ 9 "q4#ce ,no?+1 if we took 8 philosophic treatises = record1 w\ld h pleas$ him bett] ?an to live unnotic$4 ,8 lett]s make x manife/ t he believ$ ! eyes ( ! :ole _w 7 fix$ ^u him1 & t he c\rt$ ?is att5tion ( ! public ) a gre$y appetite4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ! treatise ,de ,vit ,solit>i1 pp4 #bbc-bib1 & ! lett]s on ',vaucluse1' pp4 #fia-fig4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see ! discussion ( ?is po9t 9 ,baldelli's ,vita del ,boccaccio1 pp4 #acj-ace4 ,footnote #ce3 ,comp>e ! *apt] 9 ! diss]tation ,de ,rem$iis on tr\blesome notoriety1 p4 #agg1 ) ! lett] on 8 reception at ,arezzo1 p4 #iah1 ! lett] to ,n]ius ,mor&us on ! false news ( 8 dea?1 p4 #ggf1 & ! lett] to ,boccaccio on 8 detractors1 p4 #gdi4 ,^! qualities & contradictions m>k ,petr>* z a man ( lett]s1 n ( action4 ,he belong$ ess5tially to ! g5us irritabile vatum1 = :om ! sph]e ( ?\ghts express$ on pap] is m vivid ?an ! _w ( facts4 ,we may trace a correspond+ weakness 9 8 *ief en?usiasms4 ,unable to di/+ui% betwe5 ! realities ( exi/5ce & ! dreaml& ( 8 /udy1 he hail$ 9 ,ri5zi ! re/or] ( old ,rome1 :ile he /igmatis$ 8 fri5ds ! ,colonnesi z b>b>ian intrud]s4#cf ,! ,rome he read ( 9 ! pages ( ,livy1 seem$ to ! imag9ation ( ?is vision>y /ill alive & p[]ful2 nor did he feel ! absurdity ( address+ ! m$ival rabble ( ! ,romans 9 phrases high-fl[n = a ,grac*us4#cg ,:ile he c\rt$ ! intimacy ( ! ,correggi1 & liv$ z a h\se-gue/ ) ! ,visconti1 he d5\nc$ ^! pr9ces z tyrants1 & appeal$ to ! ,emp]or to take ! re9s & br+ all ,italy b5ea? 8 yoke4#ch ,h]e91 x may be urg$1 ,petr>* did b %>e a delusion common to 8 age4 ,?is is true2 b ! po9t to notice is ! contradiction betwe5 8 !ories & ! habits ( 8 life4 ,he 0 n a p>tisan on ! ,ghibell9e side1 b a believ] 9 impossible ideals4 ,8 patriotism 0 no less lit]>y ?an 8 temp]am5t4 ,! same t5d5cy to measure all ?+s by a /ud5t's /&>d made him exagg]ate m]e v]bal eloqu5ce4 ,words1 accord+ to 8 view1 7 p[]4 ,cic]o held ! highe/ place 9 8 e/eem1 because 8 declamation 0 mo/ copi\s4 ,ari/otle1 9 spite ( 8 pr(\nd philosophy1 0 c5sur$ = 8 lack ( rhetoric4#ci ,?r\gh\t ! /udi$ works ( ,petr>* we c trace ?is vice ( a /yli/ic ideal4 ,?\gh he nev] writes )\t "s solid g]m ( ?\ght1 he loves to play ) phrases1 produc+ an effect ( unreality1 & seem+ emul\s ( casui/ical adroitness4#dj ,footnote #cf3 ,see ! ,epi/les to ,ri5zi1 pp4 #fgg1 #ece4 ,footnote #cg3 ,epi/le to ! ,roman p1 beg9n+ ',apud te invictissime domitorque t]r>um popule meus1' p4 #gab4 ,footnote #ch3 ,epi/le to ,*>les ,,iv41 ,de ,pacific& ,itali1 p4 #eca4 ,?is contradiction /ruck ev5 8 mo/ ard5t admir]s ) pa9ful surprise4 ,see ,boccaccio quot$ 9 ,baldelli's ,life1 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #ci3 ,r]um memor&>um1 lib4 ii4 p4 #dae4 ,footnote #dj3 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! miscellane\s collection ( essays call$ ,de ,rem$iis utriusque ,=tun1 :]e opposite views on a wide v>iety ( topics are express$ ) great dext]ity4 ,! =ego+ analysis 0 necess>y because ,petr>* became1 z x 71 a model = 8 foll[]s 9 ! field ( s*ol>%ip4 ,italian humanism nev] lo/ ! p[]ful impress ( 8 g5ius1 & ! value ( 8 influ5ce c only be appreciat$ :5 ! "t arrives = summ+ up ! total a*ievem5t ( ! ,revival4#da ,x rema9s to be regrett$ t ! weaknesses ( 8 "*1 8 p]sonal pret5sion & lit]>y idealism1 7 m easily imitat$ ?an 8 /r5g?4 ,petr>*'s egotism diff]$ widely f ! insol5t conceit ( ,filelfo & ! p$antic boa/s ( ,alciato4 ,nor did 8 en?usiasm = antiquity deg5]ate1 l !irs1 into a m]e uncritical & s]vile wor%ip4 ,8 humanism 0 bo? l(ti] & l>g]4 ,he nev] =got t ,*ri/ianity 0 an advance ^u ,paganism1 & t ! accompli%$ man ( lett]s mu/ acquire ! culture ( ! anci5ts )\t los+ ! virtues or sacrific+ ! hopes ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,if only ! humani/s ( ! ,r5aissance c\ld h pres]v$ ?is po9t ( view intact1 !y w\ld h avoid$ ! wor/ evils ( ! age1 & h secur$ a nobl] lib]ation ( ! mod]n reason4 ,petr>* creat$ = himself a cre$ comp\nd$ ( ,roman ,/oicism & ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 adapt+ ! precepts ( ! ,gospels & ! tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs1 toge!r ) ! e?ics ( ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 to 8 own ne$s4 ,h]e9 he %[$ ! fre$om ( 8 g5ius1 & l$ ! way = ! mo/ brilliant ?9k]s ( ! com+ c5turies4 ,! fault ( 8 successors 0 a t5d5cy to rec$e f ?is high vantage-gr\nd1 to accept ! cu/om>y cre$ ) cynical facility1 :ile !y incl9$ 9 secret to a laxity adopt$ f _! /udy ( ! classics4 ,by sep>at+ himself f tradition1 )\t display+ an arrogant _s ( revolt aga9/ au?ority1 ,petr>* e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple t m5 mu/ guide _! own s\ls by ! d\ble lights ( culture & ( consci5ce4 ,8 foll[]s 7 too ready to make culture all 9 all1 & lo/ !reby ! opportunity ( gr\nd+ a rational philosophy ( life ^u a solid basis = ! mod]n _w4 ,petr>* made x 8 s9c]e aim to be bo? morally & intellectually 8 highe/ self2 & if he (t5 fail$ 9 practice--if he succumb$ to c>nal frailty :ile he prais$ sobriety--if he s\ght = notoriety :ile pr(ess+ indiff]5ce to fame--if he mi/ook dreams = realities & words = facts--/ill ! ideal he propos$ to himself & eloqu5tly prea*$ to 8 contempor>ies1 0 a new & l(ty "o4 ,aft] ! lapse ( five c5turies1 few z yet h pass$ beyond x4 ,ev5 ,goe!1 = example1 c claim no sup]iority ( humanism above ,petr>*1 except by "r ( 8 p>ticipation 9 ! sci5tific _s4 ,footnote #da3 ,see ! la/ *apt] ( ?is volume4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 hail+ ,petr>* z ! ,columbus ( a new spiritual hemisph]e1 ! discov]] ( mod]n culture4 ,t he knew no ,greek1 t 8 ,lat9 v]se 0 lifeless & 8 prose /yle f> f pure1 t 8 contributions to hi/ory & e?ics h be5 sup]s$$1 & t 8 epi/les are n[ only read by antiqu>ies1 _c impair 8 claim to ?is title4 ,f him ! inspiration ne$$ to quick5 curiosity & /imulate a zeal = k proce$$4 ,b = 8 int]v5tion 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x is possible t ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 & all t x implies1 might h be5 delay$ until too late4 ,petr>* di$ 9 #acgd4 ,! ,greek ,empire 0 de/roy$ 9 #adec4 ,betwe5 ^? dates ,italy recov]$ ! ,greek classics2 b :e!r ! ,italians w\ld h und]tak5 ?is lab\r if no ,petr>* _h prea*$ ! attractiv5ess ( lib]al /udies1 or if no s*ool ( disciples _h be5 =m$ by him 9 ,flor5ce1 rema9s m ?an d\btful4 ,we are br\ght ?us to recognise 9 him "o ( ^? h]oes conc]n+ ^: relation to ! _s ( ! ages ,hegel has disc\rs$ 9 8 ',philosophy ( ,hi/ory4' ,petr>*1 by anticipat+ ! t5d5cies ( ! ,revival1 creat$ ! intellectual milieu requir$ = its evolution4#db ,yet we are n !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t he 0 n himself ! product ( already exi/+ spiritual =ces 9 8 c5tury4 ,! va/ influ5ce he imm$iately ex]cis$1 :ile ,dante1 ?\gh gift$ ) a f> m p[]ful individuality1 rema9$ comp>atively inop]ative1 proves t ! age 0 specially prep>$ to receive 8 inspiration4 ,footnote #db3 ,! l9es f ! ,africa us$ z a motto = ?is volume are a prophecy ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,:at rema9s to be said ab\t ! fir/ p]iod ( ,italian humanism is almo/ :olly conc]n$ ) m5 :o ei!r imm$iately or indirectly felt ! influ5ce ( ,petr>*'s g5ius4#dc ,8 %ad[ /ret*es ov] ! :ole age4 ,incit$ by 8 brilliant r5[n1 ,boccaccio1 :ile /ill a "y man1 began to read ! classical au?ors1 bemoan+ ! ye>s he _h wa/$ 9 comm]ce & ! /udy ( ! law to please 8 fa!r4 ,f :at ! poet ( ! ',decam]on' has himself told u ab\t ! orig9 ( 8 lit]>y en?usiasm1 x appe>s t ,petr>*'s example 0 decisive 9 det]m9+ 8 c\rse4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r tale1 report$ by 8 fell[-citiz5 ,villani1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! age t to omit x 9 ?is place w\ld be to sacrifice "o ( ! mo/ attractive leg5ds 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4#dd ',aft] w&]+ ?r\gh _m l&s1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 = a long space ( "t1 :5 he _h rea*$ at la/ 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye>1 ,boccaccio1 at 8 fa!r's bidd+1 took up 8 abode at ,naples 9 ! ,p]gola4 ,!re x *anc$ "o day t he walk$ =? alone = pleasure1 & came to ! place :]e ,virgil's du/ lies buri$4 ,at ! sight ( ?is sepul*re1 he fell into long mus+ admiration ( ! man ^: bones x cov]$1 brood+ ) m$itative s\l ^u ! poet's fame1 until 8 ?\ghts f\nd v5t 9 lam5tations ov] 8 own envi\s =tunes1 :]eby he 0 compell$ aga9/ 8 w to give himself to ?+s ( comm]ce t he loa!d4 ,a sudd5 love ( ! ,pi]ian ,muses smote 8 he>t1 & turn+ homew>d1 he ab&on$ trade1 devot+ himself ) f]v5t /udy to poetry2 :]e9 v %ortly1 aid$ alike by 8 noble g5ius & 8 burn+ desire1 he made m>vell\s progress4 ,?is :5 8 fa!r not$1 & p]ceiv$ ! heav5ly inspiration 0 m p[]ful )9 8 son ?an ! pat]nal w1 he at la/ cons5t$ to 8 /udies1 & help$ him z be/ he c\ld1 al?\gh at fir/ he tri$ to make him turn 8 tal5ts to ! canon law4' ,footnote #dc3 ,x is v significant ( ,petr>*'s influ5ce t 8 contempor>ies rank$ him high]1 ev5 z a sonnet-writ]1 ?an ,dante4 ,see ,coluccio de' ,salutati's ,lett]s1 "p ii4 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,filippo ,villani1 ,vite d',uom9i ,illu/ri ,fior5t9i1 ,fir5ze1 #ahbf1 p4 #i4 ,! h]o-wor%ip ( ,boccaccio1 n only = ! augu/ ,virgil1 b also = ,dante1 ! ma/] ( 8 y\? & ! idol ( 8 mature age1 is ! mo/ amiable trait 9 a "* :i*1 by its g5iality & sweetness1 _c fail to w9 affection4#de ,:5 circum/ances br\ght him into p]sonal relations ) ,petr>*1 he transf]r$ ! :ole homage ( 8 ard5t s\l to ! only man alive :o seem$ to him a fit inh]itor ( anci5t fame4#df ,petr>* became ! director ( 8 consci5ce1 ! ma/] ( 8 /udies1 ! m\ld] ( 8 ?\ghts ^u ! weightie/ matt]s ( lit]>y philosophy4 ,! fri5d%ip e/abli%$ betwe5 ! poet ( ,vaucluse & ! lov] ( ,fiammetta la/$ ?r\gh m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & 0 only brok5 by ! dea? ( ! =m]4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long space ( "t ,boccaccio reta9$ ! attitude ( a humble s*ol>1 :ile 9 8 publi%$ works1 ! ',g5ealogi ,deorum' & ! ',com5to sopra i ,primi ,s$ici ,capitoli dell' ,inf]no di ,dante1' he uni=mly spoke ( ,petr>* z 8 fa!r & 8 tea*]1 ! wond] ( ! c5tury1 a heav5ly poet bett] fitt$ to be numb]$ ) ! giants ( ! pa/ ?an ) ! pygmies ( a b>r5 age4 ,! fame enjoy$ by ,petr>*1 ! hon\rs %[]$ ^u him by k+s & pr9ces1 8 own vanity1 & ev5 ! discrepancies betwe5 8 habits & 8 !ories1 produc$ no bitt]ness 9 ,boccaccio's m mode/ nature4 ,x 0 en\gh = ! pupil to use 8 tal5ts = ! propagation ( 8 ma/]'s views2 & ?us ! influ5ce ( ,petr>* 0 communicat$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e ,boccaccio cont9u$ to reside4#dg ,footnote #de3 ,) 8 own h& ,boccaccio transcrib$ ! ,div9e ,com$y1 & s5t ! ,,ms4 to ,petr>*1 :o 9 8 reply wrote ?us3--',ins]is nom9atim hanc hujus (ficii tui escusationem1 quod tibi adolesc5tulo primus /udiorum dux1 prima fax fu]it4' ,baldelli1 p4 #acc4 ,! en?usiasm ( ,boccaccio = ,dante contra/s fav\rably ) ,petr>*'s grudg+ egotism4 ,footnote #df3 ,boccaccio 0 pres5t at ,naples :5 ,petr>* disput$ be=e ,k+ ,rob]t = 8 title to ! poet's cr[n 7,g54 ,deor4 xiv4 #bb72 b he fir/ became intimate ) him z a fri5d dur+ ,petr>*'s visit to ,flor5ce 9 #acej4 ,footnote #dg3 ,salutato1 writ+ to ,francesco da ,brossano1 describes 8 conv]sations ) ,boccaccio ?us3--',nihil aliud quam de ,francisco 7i4e4 ,petr>*a7 conf]ebamus4 ,9 cujus laudationem adeo lib5t] s]mones usurpabat1 ut nihil avidius nihilque copiosius en>r>et4 ,et eo magis quia tali orationis g5]i me prospiciebat int5tum4 ,sufficiebat enim nobis ,petr>*a solus1 et omni po/]itati sufficiet 9 moralitate s]monis1 9 eloqu5ti soliditate atque dulc$9e1 9 lepore pros>um et 9 conc9nitate metrorum4' ,epi/4 ,fam4 p4 #de4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ,petr>*'s advice1 ,boccaccio 9 middle life appli$ himself to le>n+ ,greek4 ,petr>* _h nev] acquir$ a real k ( ! language1 ?\gh he receiv$ a few lessons at ,avignon f ,b>laam1 a ,calabrian1 :o _h settl$ 9 ,byzantium1 & :o s\ght to advance 8 =tunes 9 ,italy & ,greece by alt]nate acts ( apo/asy1 & aft]w>ds at ,v5ice f ,leontius ,pilatus4#dh ,! opportunities ( ,greek /udy enjoy$ by ,boccaccio 7 also v meagre1 & 8 ma/]y ( ! idiom 0 sup]ficial4 ,yet he advanc$ consid]ably beyond ! po9t rea*$ by any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 s t he des]ves to be nam$ z ! fir/ ,grecian ( ! mod]n _w4 ,leontius ,pilatus1 a ,s\!rn ,italian & a pupil ( ,b>laam1 :o1 l 8 tea*]1 _h remov$ to ,byzantium & r5\nc$ ! ,lat9 fai?1 arriv$ at ,v5ice on 8 way to ,avignon 9 #acfj4 ,boccaccio induc$ him to visit ,flor5ce1 receiv$ him into 8 own h\se1 & caus$ him to be appo9t$ ,greek ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,!n he set himself to "w 9 e>ne/ on ! text ( ,hom]4 ,! ignorance ( ! tea*] 01 h[ev]1 sc>cely less ?an t ( 8 pupil4 ,:ile ,leontius possess$ a fair k ( ,byzant9e ,greek1 8 comm& ( ,lat9 0 v limit$1 & 8 natural /upidity 0 only equall$ by 8 impud5t pret5sions4 ,( classical usages he seems to h kn[n no?+4 ,! imbecility ( 8 ma/] c\ld sc>cely h escap$ ! notice ( ,boccaccio4 ,inde$1 bo? he & ,petr>* h describ$ ,leontius z a sordid cynic ) a fil?y be>d & tangl$ hair1 morose 9 8 temp] & disgu/+ 9 8 p]sonal habits1 :o conceal$ a bov9e ignorance b5ea? a lion's hide ( o/5tation4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 necess>y to make ! be/ ( him2 = ,greek 9 ,nor!rn ,italy c\ld n[h]e else be ga9$1 & ,boccaccio _h n ?\ght1 x seems1 ( j\rney+ to ,byzantium 9 se>* ( :at he want$4#di ,boccaccio1 accord+ly1 drank ! muddy /ream ( pseudo-le>n+ & lies t fl[$ f ?is man's lips1 ) insatiable avidity4 ,! nons5se adm9i/]$ to him by way ( satisfy+ 8 ?ir/ = k may be/ be und]/ood f ! foll[+ etymologies4 ,greek3 ,a*illeus 0 d]iv$ f ,greek3 a & ,greek3 *ilos1 ')\t fodd]4'#ej ,! names ( ! ,muses gave rise to ^! extraord9>y explanations3#ea--,melpom5e is d]iv$ f ,melempio com5e1 :i* signifies fac5te />e la m$itazione2 ,?alia is ! same z ,ti?onlia or pogn5te cosa *e g]m9i2 ,polyhymnia1 ?r\gh ,polium neem51 is ! same z cosa *e faccia molta memoria2 ,erato becomes ,euruncom5on or trovatore del simile1 & ,t]psi*ore is describ$ z dilettante ammae/ram5to4 ,footnote #dh3 ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s541 lib4 xi4 #i1 p4 #hhg2 lib4 vi4 #a1 p4 #hjf2 lib4 v4 #d1 p4 #hja4 ,footnote #di3 ,petr>*'s lett] to ,ugone di ,san ,sev]9o1 ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 xi4 #i1 p4 #hhg1 des]ves to be read1 s9ce x proves t ,italian s*ol>s despair$ at ?is "t ( ga9+ ,greek le>n+ f ,con/ant9ople4 ,!y 7 r incl9$ to seek x 9 ,calabria4 ',grciam1 ut olim ditissimam1 sic nunc omnis longe inopem discipl9 444 quod desp]at apud ,grcos1 non diffidit apud ,calabros inv5iri posse4' ,footnote #ej3 ,de ,g54 ,deor4 xv4 #f1 #g4 ,footnote #ea3 ,com5to sopra ,dante1 ,opp4 ,volg4 vol4 x4 p4 #abg4 ,aft] all[+ = ! difficulty ( writ+ ,greek1 pron\nc$ by an ,italian1 9 ,italian lett]s1 & also = ! errors ( ! copyi/ & pr9t]1 x is cle> t a ,greek s*ol> :o ?\ght ,melpom5e 0 "o ':o gives fixity to m$itation1' ,?alia "o ':o plants ! capacity ( gr[?1' ,polyhymnia %e ':o /r5g!ns & exp&s memory1' ,erato '! discov]] ( simil>ity1' & ,t]psi*ore 'delightful in/ruction1' 0 on a comically wrong track4 ,su* 0 ! ba?os rea*$ by erudition 9 ,byzantium4 ,yet ,boccaccio made :at use he c\ld ( 8 contemptible mat]ials4 ,at ! dictation ( ,leontius he wrote out ! ',iliad' & ',odyssey' 9 ,lat92 & ?is 0 ! fir/ translation made ( ,hom] = mod]n read]s4 ,! manuscript1 despat*$ to ,petr>*1 01 z we h se5 already1 greet$ ) en?usiasm4#eb ,?is mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( s*ol>%ip is s memorable t ,i may be excus$ = borr[+ ,baldelli's extract f an anci5t copy ( ,boccaccio's autograph4#ec ,lycaon addresses 8 la/ pray] to ,a*illes3-- ,g5u deprecor te ,a*illes3 tu autem v5]>e et me mis]]e4 ,vada ,s]vus4 ,jove g5ite v5]abilis4 ,p5es enim te primo gu/avi ,c]]is f>9am1 ,die illo1 qu&o me cepi/i 9 b5e facto virid>io2 ,et me tran/uli/i procul f]5s patreque amicisque ,lemnon ad gloriosam4 ,hecatombium autem honorem inv5i1 ,nunc autem lsus t] tot f]5s4 ,dies autem mihi e/ ,hc duodecima1 qu&o ad ,ilion v5i ,multa passus4 ,nunc it]um me 9 tuis manibus posuit ,fatum de/ructibile4 ,debeo odio esse ,jovi patri1 ,qui me tibi it]um d$it1 m$io cuique1 me mat] ,g5uit ,la?oi1 filia ,altai s5is4 ,footnote #eb3 ,see above1 p4 #ec1 note #d4 ,footnote #ec3 ,vita del ,boccaccio1 p4 #bfd4 ,! autograph 0 probably burn$ ) o!r books ( ,boccaccio1 & "s ( ! un9telligible passages 9 ! above quotation may be due to ! ignorance ( ! copyi/4 ,only by keep+ firmly 9 m9d t su* m5 z ,petr>* & ,boccaccio1 ! two *ief ma/]s ( ,italian lit]ature1 priz$ ?is wret*$ /uff z an ine/imable treasure1 c we ju/ly conceive h[ utt]ly ,greek _h be5 lo/1 & :at an ef=t x requir$ to re/ore x to ! mod]n _w4 ,indefatigable indu/ry 0 ,boccaccio's great m]it z a /ud5t4 ,he transcrib$ ! :ole ( ,t]5ce ) 8 own h&s1 & %[$ a real s5se ( ! advantage to be ga9$ by a critical comp>ison ( texts4 ,9 8 my?ological1 geographical1 & hi/orical collections he bequea!d to po/]ity a curi\s mass ( miscellane\s k1 =m+1 z x 71 ! fir/ diction>ies ( biography & antiquity = mod]n s*ol>s4#ed ,f> f %>+ ! orig9ality ( ,petr>*'s humani/ic ideal1 he rema9$ at be/ a labori\s *ronicl] ( facts & anecdotes4 ,! au?or ( ! ',decam]on1' s ri*ly gift$ ) hum\r1 pa?os1 & poetic fancy1 :5 he wrapp$ 8 /ud5t's robe ar\nd him1 became a pa9/ak+ pione] ( antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,footnote #ed3 ,de ,g5ealogi ,deorum2 ,de ,casibus ,virorum ac ,fem9>um ,illu/rium2 ,de ,cl>is ,muliebribus2 ,de ,montibus1 ,silvis1 ,fontibus1 c4 ,"o v important "p ( ,petr>*'s programme 0 eloqu5tly support$ by ,boccaccio4 ,! f\rte5? & fifte5? books ( ! ',g5ealogi ,deorum' =m :at may be t]m$ ! fir/ def5ce ( poesy1 compos$ 9 hon\r ( 8 own art by a poet ( ! mod]n _w4 ,9 !m ,boccaccio exp\nds a !ory already sket*$ 9 outl9e by ,petr>*4 ,we h se5 t ! wor/ ob/acle to humani/ic culture lay1 n s mu* 9 ignorance1 z 9 misconceptions bas$ ^u prejudice & scruple4 ,! notion ( f9e lit]ature z an elevat+ & purify+ influ5ce _h be5 lo/4 ,to re/ore x 0 ! object ( ^! e>lie/ humani/s4 ,by poetry1 cont5ds ,boccaccio1 we mu/ und]/& :atev] ( weighty 9 argum5t1 deep 9 doctr9e1 & vivid 9 imag9ation ! man ( g5ius may produce ) consci\s art 9 prose & v]se4 ,poetry is in/ruction convey$ ?r\gh allegory & fiction4 ,!ology itself1 he reasons1 is a =m ( poetry2 ev5 ! ,holy ,gho/ may be call$ a ,poet1 inasmu* z ,he us$ ! vehicle ( symbol 9 ! visions ( ! prophets & ! ,revelation ( ,s4 ,john4#ee ,to su* /ra9$ argum5ts 0 ! apo/le ( culture driv5 9 ord] to p]suade 8 he>]s1 & to drag lit]ature f ! ,av]nus ( m$ival neglect4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 imag9e t ,boccaccio 0 himself sup]ior to a po9t ( view s pu]ile4 ,allegory appe>$ to him a necess>y condition ( art3 only a madman c\ld d5y ! hidd5 mean+ ( ! ',georgics' & ! 'neid2'#ef :ile ! v]ses ( ,dante & ( ,petr>* ow$ _! value to ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies !y %r\d$4 ,! poet1 accord+ to ?is m$ival philosophy ( lit]ature1 0 a sage & tea*] wrapp+ up 8 augu/ mean+s 9 delightful fictions4#eg ,?\gh ! common h]d despis$ him z a li> & a falsehood-fabricator1 he 01 9 tru?1 a prophet utt]+ 8 d>k spee* 9 p>ables4 ,h[ fooli%1 !re=e1 reasons ! apologi/1 are ! enemies ( poetry--sophi/ical dialecticians & av>ici\s juri/s1 :o h nev] trodd5 ! ,phoebean hill1 & :o scorn ! spr+s ( ,helicon because !y d n fl[ ) gold6 ,f> worse is ! condition ( ^? monks & hypocrites :o accuse ! div9e art ( immorality & grossness1 in/ead ( read+ betwe5 ! l9es & seek+ ! s5se convey$ to ! und]/&+ "u veils ( allegory4 ,truly1 proce$s ,boccaccio1 we d well to %un ! errors ( ,pagans2 nor c x be d5i$ t poets ( antiquity h writt5 v]se abhorr5t to ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,b1 ,jesus ,*ri/ be prais$1 ! fai? has triumph$4 ,/rong 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,gospel & ! ,*ur*1 ! /ud5t may safely approa* ! ma/]pieces ( classic lit]ature )\t fe>+ ! s$uctions ( ! ,sir54 ,footnote #ee3 ',la teologia e la poesia quasi una cosa si possono dire 444 la teologia niuna altra cosa *e una poesia d',iddio4' ,vita di ,dante1 p4 #ei4 ,cf4 ,com5to sopra ,dante1 loc4 cit4 p4 #de4 ,! explanation ( ! ,muses ref]r$ to above is gov]n$ by ! same det]m9ation to f9d philosophy 9 poetry4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see ,petr>*'s lett] ',de quibusdam fictionibus ,virgilii4' ,ep4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 iv4 #d1 p4 #ghe4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see ! privilege grant$ to ,petr>* by ! ,roman s5ator 9 #acdc1 ,petr4 ,opp4 tom4 iii4 p4 #f4 ,?is argum5t1 =m+ ! gi/ ( ! ',apology = ,poetry' 9 ! ',g5ealogi ,deorum1' is repeat$ 9 ! ',comm5t ^u ,dante4' ,x is d\bly int]e/+1 bo? z %[+ ! popul> op9ion ( poetry & ! prejudices ,boccaccio ?\ght x ne$ful to attack1 & also z conta9+ a full exposition ( ! allegoris+ !ories ) :i* humanism />t$4 ,= "s "t aft] ,boccaccio's dea? ! p>agraphs cond5s$ above suppli$ ! *ampions ( culture ) weapons to be us$ aga9/ _! ecclesia/ical & s*ola/ic antagoni/s2 nor 0 x until humanism _h triumph$1 t ! allegorical int]pretation ( ! anci5ts 0 f9ally ab&on$4 ,indep5d5tly ( 8 contributions to le>n+1 ,boccaccio occupies a prom95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,revival ?r\gh ! new _s he introduc$ into ! vulg> lit]ature4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o frankly s\ght to ju/ify ! pleasures ( ! c>nal life1 ^: temp]am5t1 unburd5$ by asceticism1 f\nd a cong5ial elem5t 9 amor\s leg5ds ( antiquity4 ,! romances ( ,boccaccio1 ) _! beautiful g>d5s & sunny skies1 fair wom5 & luxuri\s lov]s1 =m$ a transition f ! *ivalry ( ! e>ly ,italian poets to ! s5suality ( ,beccadelli & ,pontano4 ,he prep>$ ! nation = lit]>y & arti/ic ,paganism by unconsci\sly dive/+ ?\ght & feel+ ( _! spiritual elevation4 ,dante _h made ! :ole _w "o 9 ,*ri/4 ,petr>* put humanity to s*ool 9 ! lecture-room ( ,roman sages & 9 ! c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a t]re/rial p>adise ( s5sual delight1 :]e all ?+s 7 desirable & delicate1 cont5t$ ! poet ( ! ',fiammetta' & ',filo/rato4' ,to ! beatific vision ( ! ',div9e ,com$y1' to ! ',trionfo della ,morte1' succe$$ ! ',visione ,amorosa'--a review ( human life1 9 :i* ,boccaccio beg9s by invok+ ,dame ,v5us & ends ) e>?ly love1 ,il ,sior di tutta pace4 ,! "n giv5 to ,boccaccio by contempor>ies1 ,giovanni della ,tranquillit1 suffici5tly indicates 8 peaceful temp]am5t4 ,he 01 9 fact1 ! s*ol>1 work+ 9 8 /udy1 & contribut+ to ! erudition ( 8 age by writ+s4 ,ano!r ( ,petr>*'s disciples1 ,giovanni ,malpagh9o1 call$ f 8 bir?place ,giovanni da ,rav5na1 ex]cis$ a m active p]sonal influ5ce ov] ! de/9ies ( s*ol>%ip4 ,:ile /ill a y\? he _h be5 employ$ by ,petr>* z secret>y & amanu5sis4 ,8 g5]al ability1 cle> h&writ+1 & en?usiasm = le>n+ fir/ recomm5d$ him to ! poet1 :o made use ( him = copy+ manuscripts & arrang+ 8 famili> lett]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w ,john ( ,rav5na became himself a le>n$ man1 acquir+ a f9] s5se ( ,lat9ity ?an 0 possess$ by any o!r s*ol> ( 8 "t4 ,some?+1 too1 ( ! sacr$ fire he caught f ,petr>*1 s t 9 8 manhood ! v faults ( 8 nature became in/rum5tal 9 diffus+ ?r\gh\t ,italy ! passion = antiquity4 ,he c\ld n long cont5t himself ) be+ ev5 ,petr>*'s scribe4 ,irresi/ible re/lessness impell$ him to seek adv5tures 9 ! out] _w1 to mix ) m5 & ga9 ! glory he 0 always read+ (4 ,petr>*1 incapable ( compreh5d+ t any hon\r 0 great] ?an t ( be+ 8 satellite1 treat$ ?is ambiti\s pupil l a wilful *ild4 ,a qu>rel ensu$4 ,giovanni left 8 b5efactor's h\se & w5t =? to try 8 =tunes4 ,)\t repeat+ ! vicissitudes ( 8 c>e] 9 detail1 x is en\gh to m5tion t want & mis]y soon drove him back to ,petr>*2 t once m ! vagrant impulse came ^u him1 & t = a season he fill$ ! po/ ( *ancellor 9 ! little pr9cipality ( ,c>r>a4#eh ,! "o ?+1 h[ev]1 :i* he c\ld n endure1 0 ! r\t9e ( fix$ employm5t4 ,!re=e we f9d t he ab&on$ ! ,c\rt ( ! ,malasp9i1 & betook himself to ! m cong5ial "w ( a w&]+ pr(essor4 ,8 prodigi\s memory1 by enabl+ him to reta91 ^w = ^w1 ! text ( au?ors he _h read1 prov$ ( invaluable s]vice to him 9 ?is c>e]4 ,8 passionate poetic temp] made him apt to raise en?usiasm 9 "y s\ls = lit]>y /udies4 ,giovanni da ,rav5na 0 9 fact ! fir/ ( ^? vagabond humani/s ) :om we %all be occupi$ 9 ! next *apt]s1 & ( :om ,filelfo 0 ! mo/ illu/ri\s example4 ,flor5ce1 ,padua1 ,v5ice1 & _m o!r cities ( ,italy receiv$ ! ,lat9i/1 ^: reputation n[ increas$ ) e ye>4 ,9 ea* ( ^! t[ns 9 succession he lectur$ ^u ,cic]o & ! ,roman poets1 p\r+ =? ! k he _h acquir$ 9 ,petr>*'s /udy1 & transmitt+ to 8 audi5ce ! inspiration he _h receiv$ f 8 ma/]4 ,! s*ool ?us =m$ 0 comp>$ a c5tury lat] to ! ,trojan horse1 :5ce issu$ a b& ( h]oes de/9$ to possess ! capital ( classic le>n+4 ,z a writ]1 he produc$ little t is wor? m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,8 real m]it consi/$1 z ,lion>do ,bruni witness$1 9 8 faculty ( ar\s+ a passion = pure lit]ature1 & especially = ! /udy ( ,cic]o4 ,among 8 mo/ illu/ri\s pupils may be m5tion$ ,francesco ,b>b>o1 ,palla degli ,/rozzi1 ,rob]to de' ,rossi1 ,francesco ,filelfo1 ,c>lo ,m>supp9i1 ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 ,lion>do ,bruni1 ,gu>9o da ,v]ona1 ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i1 ,ognib5e da ,vic5za1 & ,pi] ,paolo ,v]g]io4 ,?is li/1 z w appe> f ! sequel ( my "w1 includes ne>ly all ^? s*ol>s :o devot$ _! en]gies to erudition at ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 ,mantua1 ,f]r>a1 & ,p]ugia 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,giovanni da ,rav5na des]ves1 !re=e1 to be hon\r$ z ! l9k betwe5 ! age ( ,petr>* & ! age ( ,poggio1 z ! vessel *os5 = communicat+ ! sacr$ fire ( humanism to ! ,c\rts & ,republics ( ,italy4 ,none b a w&]]1 vagus quidam1 z ,petr>*1 half 9 scorn & half 9 sorr[1 call$ 8 protg1 c\ld s effectually h c>ri$ on ! "w ( propagation4#ei ,footnote #eh3 ,de ,sade1 9 8 ,memoirs ( ,petr>*1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is romantic episode 9 8 life4 ,see too ,petr>*1 ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 v4 #f & #g1 pp4 #hjb-hjf4 ,footnote #ei3 ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s54 lib4 xiv4 #ad1 p4 #idb4 ,! "n ( ! next /ud5t claim+ our att5tion z a disciple ( ,petr>*1 br+s u once m back to ,flor5ce4 ,luigi ,m>sigli 0 a monk ( ! ,augu/9e ,ord] ( ,s4 ,spirito4 ,petr>*1 notic+ 8 di/+ui%$ abilities1 _h exhort$ him to make a special /udy ( !ology1 & to ent] ! li/s z a *ampion ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! ,av]rhoi/s4#fj ,"u ! "n ( ,av]rhoi/s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 rang$ all free?9k]s :o que/ion$ ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 d\bt$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & employ$ _! +5uity 9 a dialectic at lea/ z trivial z t ( ! s*oolm51 b direct$ to a v diff]5t end4#fa ,petr>* dislik$ _! want ( lib]al culture z mu* z he abhorr$ _! affectation ( impiety4 ,! /upid mat]ialism !y pr(ess$1 _! gross flippancy1 & ! idle pret5ce ( natural sci5ce ^u :i* !y piqu$ !mselves1 7 reg>d$ by him z s _m ob/acles to 8 own ideal ( humanism4 ,he only saw 9 !m ano!r set ( s*ola/ic wrangl]s1 worse ?an ! !ologians1 inasmu* z !y _h ca/ (f ,*ri/4 ,aga9/ ,av]rhoes1 '! rag+ h\nd :o b>k$ at all ?+s sacr$ & ,div9e1' ,petr>* !re=e s\ght to /imulate ! "y ,m>sigli4 ,m>sigli1 h[ev]1 :ile he %>$ ,petr>*'s respect = humane culture1 seems to h sympa?is$ ) ! audacity & fre$om ( 8 propos$ antagoni/s4 ,! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,spirito became "u 8 influ5ce ! c5tre ( a le>n$ society1 :o met !re regul>ly = disputations4 ,! !me *os5 = discussion 0 po/$ up ^u ! wall ( ! debat+-room1 metaphysical & e?ical subjects =m+ ! mo/ frequ5t matt] ( inquiry4#fb ,among ! memb]s ( ! circle :o %>p5$ _! wits 9 ?is species ( dialectic1 we f9d ,coluccio de' ,salutati1 ,rob]to de' ,rossi1 ,niccolo de' ,niccoli1 & ,giannozzo ,manetti4 ,! influ5ce ( ,m>sigli 9 =m+ _! "* 0 und\bt$ly p[]ful4 ,poggio1 9 8 fun]al oration ^u ,niccolo de' ,niccoli1 tells u t '! h\se ( ,m>sigli 0 frequ5t$ by di/+ui%$ y\?s1 :o set !mselves to imitate 8 life & habits2 x 01 moreov]1 ! resort ( ! be/ & noble/ burgh]s ( ?is city1 :o fl[$ toge!r f all qu>t]s to him z to "s oracle ( m ?an human wisdom4'#fc ,8 intellectual acut5ess1 solid erudition1 & w9n+ eloqu5ce 7 display$ 9 moral disquisitions ^u ,virgil1 ,cic]o1 & ,s5eca4 ,9 ?is way he _h ! m]it ( comb9+ ! dialectic me?od & ! bold _s ( ! ,av]rhoi/s ) ! s\nd le>n+ & polite culture ( ! newly-discov]$ humanities4 ,! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,spirito has to be m5tion$ z ! fir/ ( ^? _m private academies to :i* ! free ?\ght & ! s*ol>%ip ( ,italy 7 aft]w>ds de/9$ to owe s mu*4 ,footnote #fj3 ,epi/4 s9e titulo1 xviii4 p4 #gcb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see ! exhau/ive "w ( ,r5an1 ,av]ros et l',av]rosme4 ,footnote #fb3 ,see ,manetti's ,life1 ,mur4 xx4 col4 #eca4 ,o!r ref]5ces w be f\nd 9 ,vespasiano's ,lives4 ,boccaccio's libr>y 0 pres]v$ 9 ?is conv5t4 ,footnote #fc3 ,poggii ,op]a1 p4 #bga4 ,x is my object 9 ?is *apt] to %[ h[ humani/ic s*ol>%ip1 />t+ f ,petr>*1 p5etrat$ e dep>tm5t ( /udy1 & began to p]meate ! intellectual life ( ! ,italians4 ,we h n[ to notice its intrusion into ! sph]e ( politics4 ,petr>* di$ 9 #acgd1 ,boccaccio 9 #acge4 ,! latt] date is also t ( ,coluccio de' ,salutati's entrance ^u ! duties ( ,flor5t9e ,*ancellor4 ,salutato1 ! fri5d ( ,boccaccio & ! disciple ( ,m>sigli1 ! pr(ess$ wor%ipp] ( ,petr>* & ! translator ( ,dante into ,lat9 v]se1 0 de/9$ to ex]cise an important influ5ce 9 8 own dep>tm5t z a /yli/4 ,be=e he 0 call$ to act z secret>y to ! ,signory ( ,flor5ce 9 8 =ty-six? ye>1 he _h already acquir$ ! le>n+ & imbib$ ! _s ( 8 age4 ,he 0 kn[n z a dilig5t collector ( manuscripts & promot] ( ,greek /udies1 z a writ] on my?ology & morals1 z an orator & miscellane\s au?or4#fd ,8 tal5ts _h n[ to be conc5trat$ on ! weighti] bus9ess ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic2 b 8 /udy ( antiquity caus$ him to conceive 8 duties & ! political relations ( ! ,/ate he s]v$1 9 a new light4 ,dur+ ! w>s c>ri$ on ) ,gregory ,,xi4 & ! ,visconti1 8 p5 0 nev] idle4 ,= ! fir/ "t he introduc$ into public docum5ts ! gravity ( /yle & melody ( phrase he _h le>n$ 9 ! s*ool ( classic rhetoricians4 ,! effect produc$ by ?is lit]>y /atesman1 z elegant 9 au?or%ip z he 0 subtle 9 ! conduct ( affairs1 c only be e/imat$ at its prop] value :5 we rememb] t ! ,italians 7 n[ ripe to receive ! influ5ce ( rhetoric1 & only too ready to attribute weight to v]bal +5uity4 ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti is said to h decl>$ t ,salutato _h done him m h>m by 8 /yle ?an a troop ( paid m]c5>ies4#fe ,! epi/les1 despat*es1 protocols1 & manife/oes compos$ by _! ,*ancellor = ! ,flor5t9e priors1 7 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,read & copi$ by ! secret>ies ( o!r /ates1 !y =m$ ! models ( a new ,/ate eloqu5ce4#ff ,elegant ,lat9ity became a necess>y condition ( public docum5ts1 & ,cic]onian phrases 7 h5ce=? reckon$ among ! indisp5sable eng9es ( a diplomatic arm\ry4 ,(fices ( tru/ 9 ! ,papal ,curia1 ! c\rts ( ! ,despots1 & ! *anc]ies ( ! republics 7 ?us ?r[n op5 to pr(essional humani/s4 ,9 ! next age we %all f9d t nei!r pr9ces1 popes1 nor priors c\ld d )\t ! s]vices ( tra9$ /yli/s4 ,footnote #fd3 ,salutato's famili> lett]s1 ,l9i ,coluci ,pi]i ,salutati ,epi/ol>um ,p>s ,secunda1 ,flor5ti1 ,,mdccxxxxi41 are a valuable s\rce ( in=mation respect+ s*ol>%ip at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,see especially 8 lett] to ,b5v5uto da ,imola on ! dea? ( ,petr>* 7p4 #cb71 8 lett] to ! same ab\t ,petr>*'s ,africa 7p4 #da71 ano!r lett] ab\t ! pres]vation ( ! ,africa 7p4 #gi71 a lett] to ,petr>*'s nephew ,francesco da ,brossano on ! dea? ( ,boccaccio 7p4 #dd71 & a lett] to a c]ta9 ,comes ,magnificus on ! lit]>y & philosophical g5ius ( ,petr>* 7p4 #di74 ,footnote #fe3 ',galeacius ,m$iolan5sium ,pr9ceps crebro auditus e/ dic]e non tam sibi mille ,flor5t9orum equites quam ,colucii scripta noc]e4' ,pii ,secundi ,europ ,comm5t>ii1 p4 #ded4 ,footnote #ff3 ',co/ui fu de' migliori dittatori di pi/ole al mondo1 p]oc* molti qu&o ne potevano av]e1 ne toglieano copie2 si piaceano a tutti gl'int5d5ti3 e nelle corte di ,re e di signori del mondo1 e an*ora de' *]ici era di lui 9 que/a arte maggiore fama *e di alcuno altro uomo4' ,f ! ,*ronicle ( ,luca da ,sc>p>ia4 ,^! epi/les 7 collect$ & pr9t$ by ,josephus ,rigaccius1 ,bibliopola ,flor5t9us ,celeb]rimus1 9 #agda4 ,among ! lett]s writt5 = ! ,signory ( ,flor5ce1 t ( congratulation to ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti on 8 murd] ( ,b]nabo 7p4 #af71 t to ! ,fr5* ,c>d9als 7p4 #ah71 to ,sir ,john ,hawkwood1 or ,dom9o ,joanni ,aucud 7p4 #ajg71 to ! ,m>quis ( ,moravia 7p4 #aaj71 & to ! ,romans 7p4 #ada7 des]ve to be read4 ,:ile conc5trat+ att5tion ^u ?is *ief contribution ( ,salutato to ,italian s*ol>%ip1 ,i mu/ n omit to notice1 h[ev] briefly1 ! patronage he ex]cis$ at ,flor5ce4 ,bo? ,poggio ,bracciol9i & ,lion>do ,bruni ow$ _! advancem5t to 8 int]e/4#fg ,giacomo da ,sc>p>ia1 ! fir/ ,flor5t9e :o visit$ ,byzantium ) a view to le>n+ ,greek1 receiv$ f him ! w>me/ enc\ragem5t1 toge!r ) a commission = ! pur*ase ( manuscripts4 ,to 8 activity 9 conc]t ) ,palla degli ,/rozzi 0 due ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,greek *air 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,flor5ce4 ,nor 0 ?is zeal conf9$ to ! liv+4 ,he compos$ ! ,lives ( ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio1 translat$ a portion ( ! ',div9e ,com$y' into ,lat9 = its wid] circulation ?r\gh ! le>n$ _w1 & caus$ ! ',africa' ( ,petr>* to be publi%$4#fh ,:5 ! illu/ri\s ,*ancellor di$1 9 ! ye> #adjf1 at ! age ( sev5ty-six1 he 0 hon\r$ ) a public fun]al2 ! poet's cr[n 0 plac$ ^u 8 br[1 a panegyrical oration 0 recit$1 & a monum5t 0 erect$ to him 9 ! ,duomo4#fi ,footnote #fg3 ,see ! lett] ( ,lion>do ,bruni1 quot$ 9 ,l9i ,coluci ,pi]i ,salutati ,epi/ol1 p4 xv4 ,coluccio's own lett] recomm5d+ ,lion>do to ,innoc5t ,,vii41 ib4 p4 #e1 & 8 num]\s famili> lett]s to ,poggio1 ib4 pp4 #ac1 #agc1 c4 ,footnote #fh3 ',c]te cogitabam revid]e librum1 et si quid1 ut scribis1 vel absonum1 vel contra metrorum regulam intol]abile depreh5dissem1 curiosius elim>e et sicut ,naso f9xit 9 neida1 s+ulos libros paucis v]siculis quasi 9 argum5ti =mam brevissime resum]e1 et ex9de pluribus sumptis exemplis1 et p] me ipsum correctis et dilig5t] revisis1 unum ad ,bononi5se gymnasium1 unum ,p>isiis1 unum 9 ,angliam cum me epi/ol de libri laudibus de/9>e1 et unum 9 ,flor5ti pon]e 9 loco celebri1' c4 ,epi/ol1 "p ii4 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #fi3 ,among ! o!r laureati :o fill$ ! po/ ( ,flor5t9e ,*ancellor may be m5tion$ ,dante's tutor1 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 ,lion>do ,bruni1 ,c>lo ,m>supp9i1 ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 & ,b5$etto ,accolti1 ( :om m h]eaft]4 ,:at ,salutato accompli%$ = ! /yle ( public docum5ts1 ,gasp>9o da ,b>zizza effect$ = famili> correspond5ce4 ,aft] tea*+ dur+ sev]al ye>s at ,v5ice & ,padua1 he 0 summon$ to ,milan 9 #adah by ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti1 :o ord]$ him to op5 a s*ool 9 t capital4 ,gasp>9o made a special /udy ( ,cic]o's ,lett]s1 & caus$ 8 pupils to imitate !m z closely z possible1 =m+ 9 ?is way an art ( flu5t lett]-writ+ kn[n aft]w>ds z ! ars famili>it] scrib5di4 ,epi/olography 9 g5]al1 consid]$ z a bran* ( elegant lit]ature1 occupi$ all ! s*ol>s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & _h ! advantage ( e/abli%+ a l9k ( union betwe5 le>n$ m5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy4 ,we !re=e recognise 9 ,gasp>9o ! initiator1 aft] ,petr>*1 ( a highly important bran* ( ,italian culture4 ,?is1 :5 x rea*$ maturity1 culm9at$ 9 ! affectations ( ! ,cic]onian puri/s4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t nei!r ,salutato nor ,gasp>9o atta9$ to real poli% or fre$om ( /yle4 ,comp>$ ev5 ) ! ,lat9ity ( ,poggio1 !irs is heavy & unc\?2 :ile t ( ,poggio seems b>b>\s by ! side ( ,poliziano's1 & ,poliziano 9 turn yields ! palm ( m]e correctness to ,bembo4 ,x 0 only by degrees t ! ta/e ( ! ,italians =m$ itself1 & t facility 0 acquir$ 9 writ+ a lo/ language4 ,! fact t m$ival ,lat9 0 /ill us$ 9 legal docum5ts1 9 conv]sation1 9 ! (fices ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ! !ological works :i* =m$ ! /aple ( all libr>ies1 imp$$ ! recov]y ( a classic /yle4 ,:5 ! ,italians _h f9ally le>n$ h[ to poli% prose1 x 0 easy to h& on ! art to o!r nations2 :ile to sne] at _! p$antry1 z ,erasmus did1 0 no matt] ( great difficulty4 ,by t "t _! scrupul\s & anxi\s preoccupation ) purity ( phrase ?reat5$ dang] to ! int]e/s ( lib]al le>n+4 ,hi!rto1 ) ! exception only ( ,boccaccio's ,greek /udies1 ,i h _h to trace ! rise ( ,lat9 lett]s & to call p>ticul> att5tion to ! cult ( ,cic]o 9 ,italy4 ,x is n[ necess>y to m5tion ! adv5t ( a man :o play$ a "p 9 ! revival ( le>n+ only second to t ( ,petr>*4 ,manuel ,*rysoloras1 a ,byzant9e ( noble bir?1 came to ,italy dur+ ! ,pontificate ( ,boniface ,,ix41 *>g$ by ! ,emp]or ,palologus ) ! mission ( attempt+ to arm ! /ates ( ,*ri/5dom aga9/ ! ,turk4 ,l all ! ,greeks :o visit$ ,we/]n ,europe1 ,*rysoloras fir/ alight$ 9 ,v5ice2 b ! ,republic ( ! ,lagoons nei!r und]/ood ! secret nor felt ! ne$ ( reta9+ ^! birds ( passage4 ,aft] a few mon?s !y almo/ inv>iably pass$ on to ,flor5ce--! real c5tre ( ! intellectual life ( ,italy4 ,z soon z x 0 kn[n t ,*rysoloras1 :o enjoy$ ! fame ( be+ ! mo/ accompli%$ & eloqu5t ,hell5i/ ( 8 age1 _h arriv$ ) 8 companion1 ,demetrios ,kydonios1 9 ,v5ice1 two noble ,flor5t9es1 ,rob]to de' ,rossi & ,giacomo d',angelo da ,sc>p>ia1 set =? to visit him4 ,! resid5ce ( ! ,greek ambassadors 9 ,italy on ?is occasion 0 b brief2 !y f\nd t1 politically1 !y c\ld effect no?+4 ,b ,giacomo da ,sc>p>ia j\rney$ 9 _! society to ,byzantium2 :ile ,rob]to de' ,rossi return$ to ,flor5ce1 full ( ! impression :i* ! erudite philosoph]s _h left ^u him4 ,! report he made to 8 fell[-citiz5s awoke a passionate desire 9 ,palla degli ,/rozzi & ,niccolo de' ,niccoli to br+ ,*rysoloras 9 p]son to ,flor5ce4 ,_! urg5t appeals to ! ,signory result$ 9 an invitation :]eby ,*rysoloras 9 #acif 0 induc$ to fill ! ,greek *air 9 ! univ]sity4 ,a ye>ly /ip5d ( #aej gold5 flor9s1 rais$ aft]w>ds to #bej1 0 vot$ = 8 ma9t5ance4 ,?is engagem5t secur$ ! future ( ,greek erudition 9 ,europe4 ,! m]it ( hav+ br\ght ! affair to a successful issue belongs pr9cipally to ,palla degli ,/rozzi1 ( :om ,vespasiano wrote3 ',!re be+ 9 ,flor5ce exce$+ good k ( ,lat9 lett]s1 b ( ,greek none1 he resolv$ t ?is defect %\ld be rem$i$1 & !re=e did all he c\ld to make ,manuel ,grisolora visit ,italy1 us+ all 8 influ5ce !reto & pay+ a l>ge portion ( ! exp5se incurr$4'#gj ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 omit ! %>e :i* ,coluccio ,salutato1#ga by 8 influ5ce ) ! ,signory1 & ,niccolo de' ,niccoli1 by ! int]e/ he ex]t$ ) ! ,uffiziali dello ,/udio1 may also claim4 ,among ! audi5ce ( ?is ! fir/ true tea*] ( ,greek at ,flor5ce 7 numb]$ ,palla degli ,/rozzi1 ,rob]to de' ,rossi1 ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 ,lion>do ,bruni1 ,francesco ,b>b>o1 ,giannozzo ,manetti1 ,c>lo ,m>supp9i1 & ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i--"s ( !m "y m5 ( eighte51 o!rs old & grey-hair$1 ne>ly all ( !m ! s*ol>s 9 ,lat9ity ( ,giovanni da ,rav5na4 ,nor 0 ,flor5ce ! only t[n to receive ! le>n+ ( ,*rysoloras4 ,he op5$ s*ools at ,rome1 at ,padua1 at ,milan1 & at ,v5ice2 s t 8 influ5ce z a w&]+ pr(essor 0 at lea/ equal to t ex]cis$ by ,giovanni da ,rav5na4 ,footnote #gj3 ,vite d',uom9i ,illu/ri1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #ga3 ,cf4 ! lett] quot$ by ,voigt 7p4 #acj7 to ,giacomo da ,sc>p>ia1 :i* %[s ,coluccio's en?usiasm = ,greek4 ,! impulse communicat$ to ! /udy ( antiquity by ,*rysoloras1 & ! noble en?usiasm ( 8 s*ol>s = pure lit]ature1 may be/ be und]/ood f a passage 9 ! ',comm5t>ies' ( ,lion>do ,bruni1 :]e( ! foll[+ is a compress$ translation3#gb--',lett]s at ?is p]iod grew mightily 9 ,italy1 see+ t ! k ( ,greek1 int]mitt$ = sev5 c5turies1 reviv$4 ,*rysoloras ( ,byzantium1 a man ( noble bir? & well skill$ 9 ,greek lit]ature1 br\ght to u ,greek le>n+4 ,i at t "t 0 foll[+ ! civil law1 ?\gh n ill-v]s$ 9 o!r /udies2 = by nature ,i lov$ le>n+ ) ard\r1 nor _h ,i giv5 slight pa9s to dialectic & to rhetoric4 ,!re=e1 at ! com+ ( ,*rysoloras1 ,i 0 made to halt 9 my *oice ( lives1 see+ t ,i held x wrong to des]t law1 & yet ,i reckon$ x a crime to omit s great an occasion ( le>n+ ! ,greek lit]ature2 & (t5times ,i reason$ ) myself aft] ?is mann]3--,c x be t ?\1 :5 ?\ maye/ gaze on ,hom]1 ,plato1 & ,demo/h5es1 toge!r ) o!r poets1 philosoph]s1 & orators1 conc]n+ :om s great & s wond]ful ?+s are said1 & maye/ conv]se ) !m1 & receive _! admirable doctr9e--c x be t ?\ wilt des]t ?yself & neglect ! opportunity div9ely (f]$ !e8 ,?r\gh sev5 hundr$ ye>s no "o 9 all ,italy has be5 ma/] ( ,greek lett]s2 & yet we ackn[l$ge t all sci5ce is d]iv$ f !m4 ,( civil law1 inde$1 !re are 9 e city scores ( doctors2 b %\ld ?is s+le & unique tea*] ( ,greek be remov$1 ?\ wilt f9d no "o to in/ruct !e4 ,conqu]$ at la/ by ^! reason+s1 ,i deliv]$ myself ov] to ,*rysoloras ) su* passion t :at ,i _h receiv$ f him by day 9 h\rs ( wak+1 occupi$ my m9d at night 9 h\rs ( sleep4' ,footnote #gb3 ,mur4 xix4 #ibj4 ,! e>ne/ness ( ?is p>agraph is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole p]iod4 ,! s*ol>s :o assembl$ 9 ! lecture-rooms ( ,*rysoloras1 felt t ! ,greek texts1 :]e( he alone suppli$ ! key1 conta9$ ^? elem5ts ( spiritual fre$om & intellectual culture )\t :i* ! civilisation ( ! mod]n _w w\ld be impossible4 ,nor 7 !y mi/ak5 9 :at 0 !n a guess r ?an a c]ta9ty4 ,! /udy ( ,greek impli$ ! bir? ( criticism1 comp>ison1 rese>*4 ,sy/ems bas$ on ignorance & sup]/ition 7 de/9$ to give way be=e x4 ,! /udy ( ,greek op5$ philosophical horizons f> beyond ! dream-_w ( ! *ur*m5 & ! monks2 x /imulat$ ! g]ms ( sci5ce1 sugge/$ new a/ronomical hypo!ses1 & indirectly l$ to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! /udy ( ,greek resuscitat$ a s5se ( ! beautiful 9 art & lit]ature4 ,x subject$ ! cre$s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! language ( ! ,gospels1 ! doctr9e ( ,s4 ,paul1 to analysis1 & comm5c$ a new era = ,biblical inquiry4 ,if x be true1 z a writ] no less sob] 9 8 philosophy ?an eloqu5t 9 8 language has lately ass]t$1 t1 'except ! bl9d =ces ( nature1 no?+ moves 9 ?is _w :i* is n ,greek 9 its orig91' we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! ,greek tea*] ,*rysoloras & 8 ,flor5t9e pupils z "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s crises 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,indirectly1 ! ,italian intellect _h hi!rto felt ,hell5ic influ5ce ?r\gh ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,x 0 n[ ab\t to receive t influ5ce imm$iately f actual /udy ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,attic au?ors4 ,! _w 0 no long] to be kept 9 ignorance ( ^? 'et]nal consolations' ( ! human race4 ,no long] c\ld ! scribe omit ,greek quotations f 8 ,lat9 text ) ! dogg$ sn>l ( obtuse self-satisfaction--,grca sunt1 ergo non leg5da4 ,! motto _h r to be *ang$ into a cry ( w>n+ = ecclesia/ical au?ority ^u ! v]ge ( dissolution--,grca sunt1 ergo p]iculosa3 s9ce ! reawak5+ fai? 9 human reason1 ! reawak5+ belief 9 ! dignity ( man1 ! desire = beauty1 ! lib]ty1 audacity1 & passion ( ! ,r5aissance1 receiv$ f ,greek /udies _! /ronge/ & mo/ vital impulse4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,condition ( ! ,univ]sities 9 ,italy -- ,bologna -- ,high ,s*ools f\nd$ f x -- ,naples "u ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 -- ,"u ! ,h\se ( ,anj\ -- ,f]r>a -- ,piac5za -- ,p]ugia -- ,rome -- ,pisa -- ,flor5ce -- ,imp]ial & ,papal ,*>t]s -- ,=eign ,/ud5ts -- ,pr(essorial ,/aff -- ,subjects taught 9 ! ,high ,s*ools -- ,place assign$ to ,humanism -- ,pay ( ! ,pr(essors ( ,eloqu5ce -- ,francesco ,filelfo -- ,! ,humani/s less p[]ful at ! ,univ]sities -- ,me?od ( ,humani/ic ,tea*+ -- ,! ,book ,m>ket be=e ,pr9t+ -- ,m$ival ,libr>ies -- ,co/ ( ,manuscripts -- ,/ation>ii & ,peci>ii -- ,neglig5ce ( ,copyi/s -- ,discov]y ( ,classical ,codices -- ,boccaccio at ,monte ,cass9o -- ,poggio at ,con/ance -- ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,gall5 -- ,bruni's ,lett] to ,poggio -- ,manuscripts discov]$ by ,poggio -- ,ni*olas ( ,treves -- ,collection ( ,greek ,manuscripts -- ,aurispa1 ,filelfo1 & ,gu>9o -- ,! ,ru9s ( ,rome -- ,_! ,influ5ce on ,humanism -- ,dante & ,villani -- ,ri5zi -- ,8 ,ideali/ic ,patriotism -- ,vanity -- ,political ,incompet5ce -- ,petr>*'s ,relations ) ,ri5zi -- ,injury to ,monum5ts 9 ,rome -- ,poggio's ,roman ,topography -- ,s5tim5tal ,feel+ = ! ,ru9s ( ,antiquity -- ,ciriac ( ,ancona4 ,hav+ s f> trac$ ! quick5+ ( a new s5se = antiquity among ! ,italians1 x w be well at ?is po9t to consid] ! ext]nal res\rces ( ,humanism be=e cont9u+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,revival 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! condition ( ! univ]sities1 ! /ate ( ! book trade be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & ! discov]y ( manuscripts claim sep>ate att5tion2 nor may x be out ( place to inquire :at /imulus ! en?usiasm = classical /udies receiv$ f ! ru9s ( ,rome4 ,a review ( ^! topics w help to expla9 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! pione]s ( culture _h to lab\r1 & ! nature ( ! crusade !y in/itut$ aga9/ ignorance 9 e "p ( ,europe4 ,! olde/ & mo/ frequ5t$ univ]sity 9 ,italy1 t ( ,bologna1 is repres5t$ z hav+ fl\ri%$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury4#gc ,its prosp]ity 9 e>ly times dep5d$ greatly on ! p]sonal conduct ( ! pr9cipal pr(essors1 :o1 :5 !y 7 n satisfi$ ) _! ent]ta9m5t1 7 9 ! habit ( sec$+ ) _! pupils to o!r cities4 ,?us high s*ools 7 op5$ f "t to "t 9 ,mod5a1 ,reggio1 & else:]e by tea*]s :o broke ! oa?s t b\nd !m to reside 9 ,bologna1 & fix$ _! c5tre ( education 9 a rival t[n4 ,to make su* tempor>y *anges 0 n difficult 9 an age :5 :at we h to call an univ]sity1 consi/$ ( ma/]s & s*ol>s1 )\t college build+s1 )\t libr>ies1 )\t end[m5ts1 & )\t sci5tific app>atus4 ,! te*nical "n = su* in/itutions seems to h be5 /udium s*ol>ium1 ,italianis$ into /udio or /udio pubblico4#gd ,among ! m p]man5t results ( ^! secessions may be m5tion$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! high s*ool at ,vic5za by translation f ,bologna 9 #abjd1 & ! op5+ ( a s*ool at ,arezzo "u simil> circum/ances 9 #abae2 ! great ,univ]sity ( ,padua fir/ saw ! light 9 consequ5ce ( political discords =c+ ! pr(essors to quit ,bologna = a season4#ge ,footnote #gc3 ,tirabos*i1 ,/oria della ,lett]atura ,italiana1 vol4 iv4 p4 #db et seq41 vol4 v4 p4 #fj et seq4 ,l>ge qu>to1 ,mod5a1 #aghg4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see ,muratori1 vol4 viii4 #ae1 #ge1 #cgb4 ,matteo ,villani1 lib4 i4 cap4 #h4 ,footnote #ge3 ',hoc anno translatum e/ ,/udium ,s*ol>ium de ,bononi ,paduam4' ,mur4 viii4 #cgb4 ,! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury witness$ ! f\ndation ( ^! /udi 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,t ( ,v]celli 0 op5$ 9 #abbh1 ! municipality provid+ two c]tifi$ copyi/s = ! conv5i5ce ( /ud5ts :o might wi% to pur*ase text-books4#gf ,9 #abbd ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 to :om ! s\? ( ,italy ow$ a precoci\s em95ce 9 lit]ature1 e/abli%$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,naples by an ,imp]ial diploma4#gg ,) a view to r5d]+ x ! *ief seat ( le>n+ 9 8 dom9ions1 he =bade ! subjects ( ! ,regno to frequ5t o!r s*ools1 & suppress$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna by lett]s g5]al4 ,!reupon ,bologna jo9$ ! ,lomb>d ,league1 defi$ ! emp]or1 & refus$ to close ! s*ools1 :i* numb]$ at t p]iod ab\t t5 ?\s& /ud5ts ( v>i\s nationalities4 ,9 #abbg ,fr$]ick revok$ 8 edict1 & ,bologna rema9$ !nce=w>d unmole/$4 ,political & int]nal vicissitudes1 affect+ all ! ,italian univ]sities at ?is p]iod1 int]rupt$ ! prosp]ity ( t ( ,naples4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,sal]no prov$ a dang]\s rival2 b :5 ! ,h\se ( ,anj\ 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,sicilies1 special privileges 7 grant$1 re/or+ ! high s*ool ( ! capital to ! fir/ rank4 ,*>les ,i4 creat$ a sep>ate c\rt ( jurisdiction = its managem5t4 ,?is consi/$ ( a judge & ?ree assessors1 "o = ! control ( =eign]s1 ano!r = ! subjects ( ! ,regno1 & ! ?ird = ,italians f o!r /ates4 ,footnote #gf3 ,!y 7 call$ ',exemplatores4' ,see ,tirabos*i1 vol4 iv4 lib4 i cap4 #b4 ,footnote #gg3 ,muratori1 vii4 p4 #iig4 ,am>i1 ,/oria dei ,mussulmani di ,sicilia1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gjf4 ,9 #abfd we f9d a public s*ool 9 op]ation at ,f]r>a4 ,by its *>t] ! pr(essors 7 exempt f milit>y s]vice4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,piac5za came into exi/5ce a little e>li]4 ,innoc5t ,,iv4 e/abli%$ x 9 #abdh1 ) privileges simil> to ^? ( ,p>is & ,bologna4 ,an important gr\p ( /udi pubblici ow$ _! orig9 to ,papal or ,imp]ial *>t]s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,t ( ,p]ugia 0 f\nd$ 9 #acjg by a ,bull ( ,clem5t ,v4 ,t ( ,rome dat$ f #acjc1 9 :i* ye> ,boniface ,,viii4 gave x a con/itution by a special edict2 b ! translation ( ! ,papal ,see to ,avignon caus$ x to fall into premature decad5ce4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa _h already exi/$ = "s ye>s1 :5 x receiv$ a *>t] 9 #acdc f ,clem5t ,,vi4 ,t ( ,flor5ce 0 fir/ f\nd$ 9 #acba4gh ,9 #acdh a place = its public build+s 0 assign$ betwe5 ! ,duomo & ! ,palazzo ,pubblico1 on ! site ( :at 0 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,collegium ,eug5ianum4 ,a c\ncil ( eight burgh]s 0 appo9t$ = its managem5t1 & a ye>ly sum 0 set ap>t = its ma9t5ance4 ,9 #acdi ,clem5t ,,vi4 gave x ! same privileges z ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 :ile 9 #acfd x receiv$ an ,imp]ial diploma f ,*>les ,,iv4 ,! same emp]or grant$ *>t]s to ,si5a 9 #aceg1 to ,arezzo 9 #acef1 & to ,lucca 9 #acfi4 ,9 #acfb ,galeazzo ,visconti obta9$ a *>t] = 8 ,univ]sity ( ,pavia f ,*>les ,,iv41 ) ! privileges ( ,p>is1 ,ox=d1 & ,bologna4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see ,von ,reumont1 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 vol4 i4 p4 #eba4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! majority ( ! /udi pubblici obta9$ *>t]s ei!r f ! ,pope or ! emp]or1 or f bo?1 less = ! sake ( any imm$iate b5efit to be d]iv$ f ,papal or ,imp]ial patronage1 ?an because supreme au?ority 9 ,italy 0 /ill ref]r$ to "o or o!r ( ^! heads4 ,x 0 a great object ) ea* city to increase its weal? by attract+ =eign]s z resid5ts1 & to reta9 ! native y\? )9 its prec9cts4 ,! municipalities1 !re=e1 accord$ immunities f taxation & milit>y s]vice to bona fide /ud5ts1 prohibit$ _! burgh]s f seek+ rival places ( le>n+1 & 9 "s cases all[$ ! univ]sity au?orities to ex]cise a special jurisdiction ov] ! motley multitude ( s*ol>s f all c\ntries4 ,h[ miscellane\s ! conc\rse 9 "s ( ! high s*ools us$ to be1 may be ga!r$ f ! reports extract$ by ,tirabos*i f _! regi/]s4 ,at ,vic5za1 = example1 9 #abji we f9d ! names ( ,bohemians1 ,poles1 ,fr5*m51 ,burgundians1 ,g]mans1 & ,spani>ds1 z well z ( ,italians ( div]s t[ns4 ,! rectors ( ?is /udio 9 #abje includ$ an ,engli%man1 a ,prov5al1 a ,g]man1 & a ,cremonese4 ,! li/ ( illu/ri\s /ud5ts at ,bologna betwe5 #abfe & #abid %[ m5 ( all ! ,european nationalities1 prov+ t ! =eign]s attract$ by ! univ]sity mu/ h =m$ no inconsid]able elem5t 9 ! :ole population4#gi ,?is w acc\nt = ! prom95t "p play$ by ! /ud5ts f "t to "t 9 ! political hi/ory ( ,bologna4#hj ,footnote #gi3 ,9 #acbj !re 7 at lea/ #ae1jjj /ud5ts 9 ,bologna4 ,footnote #hj3 ,see ,sismondi1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdi4 ,! importance atta*$ by great cities to _! univ]sities z a s\rce ( /r5g?1 may be ga!r$ f ! *apt] 9 ,matteo ,villani's ,*ronicle describ+ ! f\ndation ( ! /udio pubblico 9 ,flor5ce4#ha ,he expressly m5tions t ! ,signory 7 induc$ to take ?is /ep 9 consequ5ce ( ! depopulation inflict$ by ! ,black ,dea? ( #acdh4 ,by draw+ resid5ts to ,flor5ce f o!r ,/ates1 !y hop$ to increase ! numb] ( ! inhabitants1 & to re/ore ! decay$ fame & spl5d\r ( ! commonweal?4#hb ,at ! same "t !y ?\ght t s]i\s /udies might put an end to ! demoralisation produc$ 9 all classes by ! plague4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 !y engag$ ! be/ tea*]s1 & did n hesitate to devote a ye>ly sum ( #b1ejj gold5 flor9s to ! ma9t5ance ( _! high s*ool4 ,bologna1 :i* ow$ ev5 m ?an ,flor5ce to its univ]sity1 is said to h lavi%$ z mu* z half ( its rev5ue1 ab\t #bj1jjj ducats1 on ! pay ( pr(essors & o!r incid5tal exp5ses4 ,! actual co/ incurr$ by cities ?r\gh _! s*ools _c1 h[ev]1 be accurately e/imat$1 s9ce x v>i$ f ye> to ye> accord+ to ! engagem5ts made ) special tea*]s4 ,at ,pavia1 = example1 9 #adjj1 ! univ]sity support$ 9 ,canon ,law sev]al em95t doctors1 9 ,civil ,law ?irte51 9 ,m$ic9e five1 9 ,philosophy ?ree1 9 ,a/rology "o1 9 ,greek "o1 & 9 ,eloqu5ce "o4#hc ,:e!r ?is /aff 0 ma9ta9$ aft] ! lapse ( ano!r tw5ty ye>s we d n "k = c]ta94 ,footnote #ha3 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #h4 ,footnote #hb3 ',vol5do attr>re g5te alla no/ra citt1 e dilat>la 9 onore1 e d>e mat]ia a' suoi cittad9i d'ess]e sci5ziati e virtudiosi4' ,footnote #hc3 ,cf4 ,corio1 p4 #bij4 ,he gives ! names ( ! pr(essors :o att5d$ at ! fun]al ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti4 ,! subjects taught 9 ! high s*ools 7 ,canon & ,civil ,law1 ,m$ic9e1 & ,!ology4 ,^! faculties1 important = ! pr(essional education ( ! public1 =m$ ! /aple ( ! academical curriculum4 ,*airs ( ,rhetoric1 ,philosophy1 & ,a/ronomy 7 add$ accord+ to occasion1 ! la/ sometimes includ+ ! /udy ( judicial a/rology4 ,if we inquire h[ ! humani/s or pr(essors ( classic lit]ature 7 relat$ to ! univ]sities1 we f9d t1 at fir/ at any rate1 !y always occupi$ a second rank4 ,! p]man5t tea*+ rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( juri/s1 :o enjoy$ life engagem5ts at a high rate ( pay1 :ile ! ,lat9i/s & ,grecians c\ld only aspire to ! tempor>y occupation ( ! ,*air ( ,rhetoric1 ) sal>ies consid]ably l[] ?an ^? ( lawy]s or physicians4 ,! cause ( ?is inf]iority is easily expla9$4 ,x 0 natural t important & remun]ative bran*es ( le>n+ l law & m$ic9e %\ld attract a great] numb] ( /ud5ts ?an pure lit]ature1 & t _! pr(essors %\ld be bett] paid ?an ! tea*]s ( eloqu5ce4 ,padua1 ,bologna1 & ,pavia 9 p>ticul> reta9$ _! legal speciality ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 & rema9$ b little op5 to humani/ic influ5ces4 ,at ,padua we f9d f ,sanudo's ,di>y#hd t an em95t juri/ receiv$ a /ip5d ( #a1jjj ducats4 ,a ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e at ! same univ]sity1 9 #adia1 receiv$ a simil> /ip5d1 toge!r ) ! "r ( private practice4 ,at ,bologna ! fam\s juri/ ,abbas ,siculus 7,niccolo de' ,tudes*i7 drew #hjj scudi ye>ly2 at ,padua ,giovanni da ,imola 9 #adjf1 & ,paolo da ,ca/ro 9 #adcj1 drew a sum ( #fjj ducats4#he ,ab\t ! same "t 7#adec7 ,lauro ,quir9o1 :o pr(ess$ rhetoric at ,padua1 0 paid at ! rate ( only =ty ducats ye>ly1 :ile ,lor5zo ,valla1 at ,pavia1 fill$ ! ,*air ( ,eloqu5ce ) an annual /ip5d ( fifty sequ9s4 ,! disp>ity betwe5 ! remun]ation ( juri/s & t ( humani/s 0 n s great at all ! univ]sities4 ,flor5ce 9 especial =m$ a notable exception4 ,f ! date ( its comm5cem5t ! ,flor5t9e /udio 0 p>tial to lit]ature2 & x is wor? rem>k+ t :5 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici transf]r$ ! high s*ool to ,pisa1 he reta9$ at ,flor5ce ! pr(essors ( ! lib]al sci5ces & belles-lettres4 ,! great reputation ( em95t rhetoricians1 aga91 (t5 secur$ = !m tempor>y engagem5ts at a high rate4 ,?us we ga!r f ,rosm9i's ',life ( ,filelfo' t ?is humani/ receiv$ f ,v5ice ! (f] ( #ejj sequ9s ye>ly z remun]ation = 8 pr(essorial s]vices4 ,bologna propos$ an annual /ip5d ( #dej sequ9s :5 he und]took to lecture ^u eloqu5ce & moral philosophy4 ,at ,flor5ce 8 income am\nt$ to #cej gold5 flor9s1 secur$ = ?ree ye>s1 & subsequ5tly rais$ to #dej4 ,) ,si5a he /ipulat$ = #cej gold5 flor9s = two ye>s4 ,at ,milan 8 ,*air ( ,eloqu5ce 0 end[$ ) #ejj gold5 flor9s1 & ?is sal>y 0 aft]w>ds increas$ to #gjj4 ,ni*olas ,v4 (f]$ him an annual income ( #fjj ducats if he w\ld devote himself to ! translation ( ,greek books into ,lat91 :ile ,sixtus ,,iv4 tri$ to br+ him to ,rome by propos+ #fjj ,roman flor9s z ! /ip5d ( ! ,*air ( ,rhetoric4 ,footnote #hd3 ,mur4 xxii4 #iij4 ,footnote #he3 ,see ,voigt1 p4 #ddg4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 rema9s t :ile ! special /udy ( antiquity preoccupi$ ! m9ds ( ! ,italians1 & attract$ all ! f9] intellects among ! y\? ambiti\s ( di/9ction1 its pr(essors nev] succe$$ 9 tak+ complete possession ( ! univ]sities4 ,_! position !re 0 always t ( w&]+ />s & resid5t ali5s4 ,?is acc\nts 9 "s measure = ! bitt] ho/ility & scorn :i* !y display$ aga9/ ! tea*]s ( !ology & law & m$ic9e4 ,! real home ( ! humani/s 0 9 ! ,c\rts ( pr9ces1 ! palaces ( ! cultivat$ burgh]s1 ! ,roman ,curia1 & ! *anc]ies ( ! republics4 ,z secret>ies1 h\se tutors1 read]s1 ,c\rt poets1 hi/oriograph]s1 public orators1 & companions !y 7 indisp5sable4 ,we %all !re=e f9d t ! private academies =m$ by ! lit]ati & _! patrons1 ! s*ools ( pr9ces e/abli%$ at ,mantua & ,f]r>a1 & ! resid5ces ( great nobles play a m important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( humanism ?an d ! univ]sities4 ,at ! same "t ! _s ( ! new culture diffus$ by ! humani/s s ?or\ghly p]meat$ ! :ole intellectual activity ( ! ,italians1 t 9 c\rse ( "t ! special /udies ( ! high s*ools assum$ a m lit]>y & lib]al =m4 ,! classics !n suppli$ ! />t+-po9t = juri/ic & m$ical disquisitions4 ,poliziano 0 se5 lectur+ ^u ! ,p&ects ( ,ju/9ian1 :ile ,pomponazzi made ! ,*air ( ,philosophy at ,padua subs]vi5t to ! exposition ( mat]ialism4 ,?is triumph ( humanism1 l its triumph 9 ! ,*ur*1 0 effect$ less by imm$iate work+ on ! univ]sities ?an by a gradual & indirect det]m9ation ( ! :ole race t[>ds ! /udy ( antiquity4 ,9 pictur+ to ourselves ! me?od pursu$ by ! humani/s 9 ! in/ruction ( _! classes1 we mu/ dive/ our m9ds ( all associations ) ! practice ( mod]n pr(essors4 ,v few ( ! /ud5ts :om ! ma/] saw be=e him1 possess$ m ?an meagre portions ( ! text ( ,virgil or ( ,cic]o2 !y _h no notes1 gramm>s1 lexicons1 or diction>ies ( antiquities & my?ology1 to help !m4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y = ! lectur] to dictate quotations1 to repeat p>allel passages at full l5g?1 to expla9 geographical & hi/orical allusions1 to analyse ! /ructure ( s5t5ces 9 detail1 to provide copi\s illu/rations ( grammatical usage1 to trace ! /ages by :i* a ^w acquir$ its mean+ 9 a special context1 to comm& a full vocabul>y ( synonyms1 to give rules = or?ography1 & to h ! :ole ,pan!on at 8 f+]s' ends4 ,9 addition to ?is he 0 expect$ to comm5t ^u ! mean+ ( 8 au?or1 to int]pret 8 philosophy1 to po9t out ! beauties ( 8 /yle1 to introduce appropriate moral disquisition on 8 doctr9e1 to sket* 8 biography1 & to give "s acc\nt ( 8 relation to ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry & to 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! field ( lett]s4 ,9 %ort1 ! pr(essor ( rhetoric _h to be a gramm>ian1 a philolog]1 an hi/orian1 a /yli/1 & a sage 9 "o4 ,he 0 oblig$ to pret5d at lea/ to an encyclopdic k ( ! classics1 & to reta9 :ole volumes 9 8 memory4 ,all ^! requirem5ts1 :i* seem to h be5 satisfi$ by su* m5 z ,filelfo & ,poliziano1 made ! pr(ession ( eloqu5ce--= s ! v>i$ subject matt] ( humanism 0 (t5 call$--a v diff]5t bus9ess f t :i* occupies a lectur] ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,scores ( /ud5ts1 old & "y1 ) no?+ b p5 & pap] on ! desks be=e !m1 sat pati5tly record+ :at ! lectur] said4 ,at ! end ( 8 disc\rses on ! ',georgics' or ! ',v]r9es1' ea* ( !m c>ri$ away a comp5di\s volume1 conta9+ a transcript ( ! au?or's text1 toge!r ) a miscellane\s mass ( notes1 critical1 explanatory1 e?ical1 /hetical1 hi/orical1 & biographical4 ,9 o!r words1 a book _h be5 dictat$1 & z _m scores ( copies z !re 7 att5tive pupils _h be5 made4#hf ,! language us$ 0 ,lat94 ,no dialect ( ,italian c\ld h be5 intelligible to ! /ud5ts ( diff]5t nationalities :o cr[d$ ! lecture-rooms4 ,! elem5t>y education 9 gramm> requisite = foll[+ a pr(essorial c\rse ( lectures _h be5 previ\sly provid$ by ! tea*]s ( ! ,lat9 s*ools1 :i* dep5d$ = ma9t5ance p>tly on ! ,/ate#hg & p>tly on private ent]prise4 ,! ,*ur* does n seem to h und]tak5 ! managem5t ( ^! prim>y boys' s*ools4 ,footnote #hf3 ,_m ( ! e>lie/ pr9t$ editions ( ! ,lat9 poets give an exact notion ( :at su* lectures mu/ h be54 ,! text is emb$d$ 9 an all-embrac+ comm5t>y4 ,footnote #hg3 ,cf4 ,villani's ,/ati/ics ( ,flor5ce1 & ,corio's ( ,milan4 ,s9ce ?is 0 ! nature ( academical in/ruction 9 ! humanities be=e ! age ( pr9t+1 x foll[$ t ! pr(essor _h a direct int]e/ 9 frequ5tly %ift+ 8 sc5e ( op]ations4 ,m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( su* books z ,i h j attempt$ to describe c\ld n be c>ri$ 9 8 head4 ,aft] he _h dictat$ 8 "w on ! ',georgics' at ,flor5ce1 he 0 naturally anxi\s to move to ,milan & to d ! same4 ,a new audi5ce gave new value to 8 lectures1 & ano!r edition1 z x 71 ( 8 book 0 put 9 circulation4 ,9 ! correspond5ce :i* pass$ betwe5 pr(essors & ! rectors ( ! high s*ools previ\sly to an engagem5t1 we sometimes f9d t ! =m] und]take to expla9 p>ticul> au?ors dur+ _! propos$ resid5ce4 ,on ^! au?ors !y _h no d\bt be/[$ ! be/ ye>s ( _! lives1 mak+ !m ! vehicle = all ! miscellane\s le>n+ !y possess$1 & gr\nd+ _! fame ^u ! beauty1 cle>ness1 & copi\sness ( _! exposition4#hh ,footnote #hh3 ,= humor\s b vivid pictures ( a pr(essor's lecture-room1 see ! mac>onic poems ( ,odassi & ,fossa quot$ by me 9 vol4 v4 ( ?is "w4 ,hav+ describ$ ! conditions "u :i* pr(essorial tea*+ 0 conduct$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 x is n[ ( "s importance to =m a notion ( ! /ate ( ! book m>ket & ! diffusion ( ,,mss4 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,difficult z x is to speak ) accuracy on ^! topics "s facts mu/ be collect$1 see+ t ! high price & comp>ative r>ity ( books contribut$ 9 a v important degree to det]m9e ! "* ( ! in/ruction provid$ by ! humani/s4 ,sc>city ( books 0 at fir/ a *ief imp$im5t to ! /udy ( antiquity4 ,popes & pr9ces & ev5 great religi\s in/itutions possess$ f> few] books ?an _m f>m]s ( ! pres5t age4 ,! libr>y belong+ to ! ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>t9o at ,lucca 9 ! n9? c5tury conta9$ only n9ete5 volumes ( abridgm5ts f ecclesia/ical comm5t>ies4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,nov>a 9 #abab c\ld boa/ copies ( ,boe?ius1 ,priscian1 ! ',code ( ,ju/9ian1' ! ',decretals1' & ! ',etymology' ( ,isidorus1 besides a ,bible & "s devotional treatises4#hi ,?is sl5d] /ock pass$ = great ri*es4 ,ea* ( ! preci\s volumes 9 su* a collection 0 an epitome ( m$ival art4 ,its pages 7 compos$ ( f9e vellum adorn$ ) pictures4#ij ,! initial lett]s display$ elaborate fl\ri%es & exquisitely illum9at$ gr\ps ( figures4 ,! scribe took pa9s to r5d] 8 caligraphy p]fect1 & to ornam5t ! m>g9s ) crimson1 gold1 & blue4 ,!n he h&$ ! p>*m5t %eets to ! b9d]1 :o encas$ !m 9 ri* sett+s ( velvet or c>v$ ivory & wood1 emboss$ ) gold & preci\s /ones4 ,! edges 7 gilt & /amp$ ) patt]ns4 ,! clasps 7 ( wr\ght silv]1 *as$ ) niello4 ,! price ( su* ma/]pieces 0 enorm\s4 ,borso d',e/e1 9 #adfd1 gave eight gold ducats to ,gh]>do ,ghisli]i ( ,bologna = an illum9at$ ,lancellotto1 & 9 #adfi he b\ght a ,josephus & ,qu9tus ,curtius = =ty ducats4#ia ,8 great ,bible 9 two volumes is said to h co/ #a1cge sequ9s4 ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi notes 9 8 ,memoirs t he paid elev5 gold5 flor9s = a ,bible at ,arezzo 9 #adjf4 ,( ^! ,,mss4 ! great] "p 7 manufactur$ 9 ! cloi/]s1 & x 0 "h too t ! m>tyrdom ( anci5t au?ors took place4 ,lucretius & ,livy gave place to *ronicles1 antiphon>ies1 & homilies4 ,p>*m5t 0 extremely de>1 & ! scrolls :i* nobody c\ld read might be scrap$ & wa%$4 ,accord+ly1 ! copyi/ eras$ ! le>n+ ( ! anci5ts1 & fill$ ! fair blank space he ga9$ ) litanies4 ,at ! same "t x is b j to ! monks to add t palimpse/s h occasionally be5 f\nd 9 :i* ecclesia/ical works h yield$ place to copies ( ! ,lat9 poets us$ 9 elem5t>y education4#ib ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,cant1 ,/oria della ,lett]atura ,italiana1 p4 #aje1 note4 ,footnote #ij3 ',hodie ,scriptores non sunt ,scriptores s$ ,pictores1' quot$ by ,tirabos*i1 vol4 iv4 lib4 i4 cap4 #d4 ,footnote #ia3 ,see ,cant1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see ,comp>etti1 vol4 i4 p4 #aad4 ,ano!r ob/acle to ! diffusion ( le>n+ 0 ! incompet5ce ( ! copyi/s4 ,x is true t at ! great univ]sities /ation>ii1 :o suppli$ ! text-books 9 use to /ud5ts1 7 c]tifi$ & subject$ to ! control ( special c5sors call$ peci>ii4 ,yet _! numb] 0 n l>ge1 & :5 !y quitt$ ! r\t9e to :i* !y 7 accu/om$ _! incapacity betray$ itself by num]\s errors4#ic ,petr>*'s invective aga9/ ! pr(essional copyi/s %[s ! dep? to :i* ! art _h sunk4 ',:o1' he exclaims1 'w discov] a cure = ! ignorance & vile slo? ( ^! copyi/s1 :o spoil ev]y?+ & turn x to nons5se8 ,if ,cic]o1 ,livy1 & o!r illu/ri\s anci5ts 7 to return to life1 d y ?9k !y w\ld und]/& _! own works8 ,!re is no *eck ^u ^! copyi/s1 select$ )\t exam9ation or te/ ( _! capacity4 ,workm51 husb&m51 weav]s1 artisans1 are n indulg$ 9 ! same lib]ty4'#id ,coluccio ,salutato repeats ! same compla9t1 av]r+ t ! copies ( ,dante & ,petr>* no m correspond to ! orig9als ?an bad /atues to ! m5 !y pret5d to repres5t4 ,at ! same "t ! copyi/s =m$ a necess>y & fl\ri%+ class ( craftsm54 ,!y 7 well paid4 ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i told 8 fri5d ,giu/9iani 9 #adcj t he c\ld recomm5d him a good scribe at ! pay ( ?irty gold5 flor9s a ye> & 8 keep4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x 0 usual = ev5 ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s1 l ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio1 & ,poggio1 to make _! own copies ( ,,mss4 ,niccolo de' ,niccoli transcrib$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! codices t =m$ ! nucleus ( ! ,libr>y ( ! ,m>k4 ,sometimes !y sold !m or made advantage\s *anges4 ,poggio1 = example1 sold two volumes ( ,s4 ,j]ome's ',lett]s' to ,lionello d',e/e = #ajj gold5 flor9s4 ,beccadelli b\ght a ,livy f him = #abj gold5 flor9s1 hav+ p>t$ ) a f>m to defray ! exp5se4 ,x is cle> t ! fir/ /ep t[>d ! revival ( le>n+ impli$ ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 ! collection ( ,,mss4 :]ev] !y c\ld be sav$ f ! indol5ce ( ! monks2 secondly1 ! =mation ( libr>ies = _! pres]vation2 &1 ?irdly1 ! inv5tion ( an art :]eby !y might be multipli$ *eaply1 conv5i5tly1 & accurately4 ,footnote #ic3 ,9 ,milan1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 ! population 0 e/imat$ at ab\t #bjj1jjj1 ! t[n c\ld boa/ ( only fifty copyi/s4 ,tirab4 loc4 cit4 cap4 #d4 ,footnote #id3 ,de ,rem$iis utriusque ,=tun1 lib4 i4 dial4 #dc1 p4 #db4 ,! passage cond5s$ above is s valuable = a "r und]/&+ ( ! humani/ic feel+ ab\t manuscripts t ,i %all transcribe portions ( ! orig9al3--',libri innum]abiles sunt mihi4 ,et errores innum]i1 quidam ab impiis1 alii ab indoctis editi4 ,illi quidem religioni ac pietati et div9is lit]is1 hi natur ac ju/iti moribusque et lib]alibus discipl9is seu hi/ori r]umque ge/>um fidei1 omnes autem v]o adv]si2 inque omnibus1 et prs]tim primis ubi majoribus agitur de rebus1 et v]a falsis immixta sunt1 p]difficilis ac p]iculosa discretio e/ 444 scriptorum insciti in]tique1 corrump5ti omnia misc5tique 444 ignavissima tas hc cul9 solicita1 lit]>um neglig5s1 et coquos exam9ans non scriptores4 ,quisquis itaque p+]e aliquid 9 membranis1 manuque calamum v]s>e didic]it1 scriptor habebitur1 doctr9 omnis ign>us1 exp]s +5ii1 artis eg5s 444 nunc confusis exempl>ibus et exemplis1 unum scrib]e polliciti1 sic aliud scribunt ut quod ipse dictav]is1 non agnoscas 444 acc$unt et scriptores null fr5ati lege1 nullo probati exam9e1 nullo judicio electi2 non fabris1 non agricolis1 non textoribus1 non ulli f]e artium tanta lic5tia e/1 cum sit 9 aliis leve p]iculum1 9 hc grave2 s9e delectu tam5 scrib5dum ruunt omnes1 et cuncta va/antibus c]ta sunt pretia4' ,! lab\r involv$ 9 ! collection ( classical manuscripts _h to be p]=m$ by a few en?usia/ic s*ol>s1 :o receiv$ no help f ! univ]sities & _! academical scribes1 & :o met ) no sympa?y 9 ! mona/]ies !y 7 b5t on ransack+4 ,! new culture dem&$ :olly new ma*9]y2 & new runn]s 9 ! tor*-race ( civilisation sprang into exi/5ce4 ,! high s*ools 7 cont5t$ ) _! summ>ies & glosses4 ,! monks p]=m$ at be/ ! "w ( e>?worms1 :o unwitt+ly pres]ve fragm5ts ( ,greek ar*itecture f corrosion by heap+ m\nds ( m\ld & rubbi% r\nd !m4 ,mean:ile ! humani/s w5t =? ) ! in/9ct ( explor]s to release ! captives & awake ! dead4 ,f ! conv5t libr>ies ( ,italy1 f ! museums ( ,con/ant9ople1 f ! abbeys ( ,g]many & ,switz]l& & ,france1 ! slumb]+ spirits ( ! anci5ts _h to be evok$4 ,! *ivalry ( le>n+1 b&$ toge!r = ?is s]vice1 might be lik5$ to ,crusad]s4 ,z ! ,franks deem$ !mselves ?rice ble/ if !y return$ ) relics f ,j]usalem1 s ^! new ,knights ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 seek+ n ! sepul*re ( a ris5 ,god1 b ! tombs :]e9 ! g5ius ( ! anci5t _w await$ resurrection1 felt holy transports :5 a br[n1 begrim$1 & crabb$ copy ( "s ,greek or ,lat9 au?or rew>d$ _! pati5t que/4 ,days & nights !y sp5t 9 c>efully transcrib+ x1 comp>+ _! own ,,ms4 ) ! orig9al1 multiply+ facsimiles1 & s5d+ !m abroad ) free h&s to /ud5ts :o 9 _! turn took copies1 till ! treasure-trove became ! common prop]ty ( all :o c\ld appreciate its value4 ,?is "w ( discov]y began ) ,petr>*4 ,i h already allud$ to ! j\rneys he und]took 9 ! hope ( collect+ ! lo/ ,,mss4 ( ,cic]o4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on by ,boccaccio4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,b5v5uto da ,imola ( ,boccaccio's visit to ,monte ,cass9o br+s vividly be=e u bo? ! ard\r ( ^! fir/ explor]s & ! apa?y ( ! ,b5$ict9es 7:o h sometimes be5 call$ ! savi\rs ( le>n+7 ) reg>d to ! treasures ( _! own libr>ies3#ie--',) a view to ! cle>] und]/&+ ( ?is text 7',p>adiso1' xxii4 #gd71 ,i w relate :at my rev]$ tea*]1 ,boccaccio ( ,c]taldo1 humor\sly told me4 ,he said t :5 he 0 9 ,apulia1 attract$ by ! celebrity ( ! conv5t1 he paid a visit to ,monte ,cass9o1 :]e( ,dante speaks4 ,desir\s ( see+ ! collection ( books1 :i* he und]/ood to be a v *oice "o1 he mode/ly ask$ a monk--= he 0 always mo/ c\rte\s 9 mann]s--to op5 ! libr>y1 z a fav\r1 = him4 ,! monk answ]$ /iffly1 po9t+ to a /eep /aircase1 ,g up2 x is op54 ,boccaccio w5t up gladly2 b he f\nd t ! place :i* held s great a treasure1 0 )\t or ,transcrib]'s ,note3 %\ld be 'a' door or key4 ,he ent]$1 & saw grass spr\t+ on ! w9d[s1 & all ! books & b5*es ?ick ) du/4 ,9 8 a/oni%m5t he began to op5 & turn ! leaves ( fir/ "o tome & !n ano!r1 & f\nd _m & div]s volumes ( anci5t & =eign works4 ,"s ( !m _h lo/ sev]al %eets2 o!rs 7 snipp$ & p>$ all r\nd ! text1 & mutilat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,at l5g?1 lam5t+ t ! toil & /udy ( s _m illu/ri\s m5 %\ld h pass$ into ! h&s ( mo/ ab&on$ wret*es1 he dep>t$ ) te>s & sighs4 ,com+ to ! cloi/]1 he ask$ a monk :om he met1 :y ^? valuable books _h be5 s disgracefully mangl$4 ,he answ]$ t ! monks1 seek+ to ga9 a few soldi1 7 9 ! habit ( cutt+ (f %eets & mak+ psalt]s1 :i* !y sold to boys4 ,! m>g9s too !y manufactur$ into *>ms1 & sold to wom54 ,s !n1 ,o man ( /udy1 g to & rack y\r bra9s2 make books t y may come to ?is6' ,footnote #ie3 ',comm5t>y on ! ,div9e ,com$y1' ap4 ,muratori1 ,antiq4 ,ital4 vol4 i4 p4 #abif4 ,:at ,italy conta9$ ( anci5t codices soon saw ! light4 ,! visit ( ,poggio ,bracciol9i to ,con/ance 7#adad7 op5$ up = ,italian s*ol>s ! /ores t lay neglect$ 9 transalp9e mona/]ies4 ,poggio's (fice ( ,apo/olic ,secret>y oblig$ him to att5d ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance = ! purpose ( fram+ reports & compos+ diplomatic docum5ts4 ,at ! same "t he _h ample leisure on 8 h&s1 & ?is he sp5t 9 explor+ ! libr>ies ( ,swiss & ,suabian conv5ts4 ,! treasures he une>!d at ,rei*5au1 ,we+>t51 & above all ,s4 ,gall51 re/or$ to ,italy _m lo/ ma/]pieces ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 & suppli$ /ud5ts ) full texts ( au?ors :o _h hi!rto be5 kn[n 9 mutilat$ copies4 ,! acc\nt he gave ( 8 visit to ,s4 ,gall5 9 a ,lat9 lett] to a fri5d is ju/ly celebrat$4#if ,aft] describ+ ! wret*$ /ate 9 :i* ! ',in/itutions' ( ,qu9tilian _h previ\sly exi/$1#ig he proce$s z foll[s3--',i v]ily believe t1 if we _h n come to ! rescue1 he ,qu9tilian mu/ spe$ily h p]i%$2 = x _c be imag9$ t a man magnific5t1 poli%$1 elegant1 urbane1 & witty c\ld mu* long] h endur$ ! squalor ( ! prison-h\se 9 :i* ,i f\nd him1 ! savag]y ( 8 jail]s1 ! =lorn fil? ( ! place4 ,he 0 inde$ "r sad to look ^u1 & ragg$1 l a condemn$ crim9al1 ) r\gh be>d & matt$ hair1 prote/+ by 8 c\nt5ance & g>b aga9/ ! inju/ice ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,he seem$ to be /ret*+ out 8 h&s1 call+ ^u ! ,romans1 dem&+ to be sav$ f s unm]it$ a doom4 ,h>d inde$ x 0 = him to be>1 t he :o _h pres]v$ ! lives ( _m by 8 eloqu5ce & aid1 %\ld n[ f9d no r$ress] ( 8 wrongs1 no savi\r f ! unju/ puni%m5t await+ him4 ,b z x (t5 happ5s1 to quote ,t]5ce1 t :at y d>e n wi% = comes to y by *ance1 s a good =tune = him1 b f> m = ourselves1 l$ u1 :ile wa/+ our "t 9 idl5ess at ,con/ance1 to take a fancy = visit+ ! place :]e he 0 held 9 prison4 ,! mona/]y ( ,s4 ,gall5 lies at ! di/ance ( "s tw5ty miles f t city4 ,?i!r1 !n1 p>tly = ! sake ( amusem5t & p>tly ( f9d+ books1 :]e( we he>d !re 0 a l>ge collection 9 ! conv5t1 we direct$ our /eps4 ,9 ! middle ( a well-/ock$ libr>y1 too l>ge to catalogue at pres5t1 we discov]$ ,qu9tilian1 safe z yet & s\nd1 ?\gh cov]$ ) du/ & fil?y ) neglect & age4 ,! books1 y mu/ "k1 7 n h\s$ accord+ to _! wor?1 b 7 ly+ 9 a mo/ f\l & obscure dungeon at ! v bottom ( a t[]1 a place into :i* condemn$ crim9als w\ld h>dly h be5 ?ru/2 & ,i am firmly p]suad$ t if anyone w\ld b explore ^? erga/ula ( ! b>b>ians :]e9 !y inc>c]ate su* m51 we %\ld meet ) l good =tune 9 ! case ( _m ^: fun]al orations h long ago be5 pron\nc$4 ,besides ,qu9tilian1 we exhum$ ! ?ree fir/ books & a half ( ! f\r? book ( ! ,argonautica ( ,flaccus1 & ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,asconius ,p$ianus ^u eight orations ( ,cic]o4' ,poggio1 imm$iately aft] ?is discov]y1 set himself to "w at transcrib+ ! ,qu9tilian1 a lab\r accompli%$ 9 ! brief space ( ?irty-two days4 ,! ,,ms4 0 !n despat*$ to ,lion>do ,bruni1 :o receiv$ x ) ec/atic welcome1 z appe>s f ?is congratulatory epi/le address$ to ,poggio3-- ',! republic ( lett]s has reason to rejoice n only 9 ! works y h discov]$1 b also 9 ^? y h /ill to f9d4 ,:at a glory = y x is to h br\ght to light by y\r ex]tions ! writ+s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ au?ors6 ,po/]ity w n =get t ,,mss4 :i* 7 bewail$ z lo/ beyond ! possibility ( re/oration1 h be5 recov]$1 ?anks to y4 ,z ,camillus 0 call$ ! second f\nd] ( ,rome1 s may y receive ! title ( ! second au?or ( ! works y h re/or$ to ! _w4 ,?r\gh y we n[ possess ,qu9tilian entire2 be=e we only boa/$ ( ! half ( him1 & t defective & corrupt 9 text4 ,o preci\s acquisition6 ,o unexpect$ joy6 ,& %all ,i1 !n1 9 tru? be able to read ! :ole ( t ,qu9tilian :i*1 mutilat$ & de=m$ z x has hi!rto appe>$1 has =m$ my solace8 ,i conjure y s5d x me at once1 t at lea/ ,i may set eyes on x be=e ,i die4' ,footnote #if3 ,mur4 xx4 #afj4 ,footnote #ig3 ,petr>* 9 #acej f\nd a bad copy at ,flor5ce4 ,poggio describes x ?us3--',is v]o apud nos antea1 ,italos dico1 ita lac]atus erat1 ita circumcisus culp1 ut op9or1 temporum1 ut nulla =ma1 nullus habitus hom9is 9 eo recognosc]etur4' ,9 addition to ! au?ors nam$ above1 ,poggio discov]$ & copi$ ) 8 own h& ,,mss4 ( ,lucretius & ,columella4 ,silius ,italicus1 ,manillas1 & ,vitruvius ow$ _! resurrection to 8 indu/ry4 ,at ,langres he f\nd a copy ( ,cic]o's oration = ,cc9a2 at ,monte ,cass9o a ,,ms4 ( ,front9us4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 ,nonius ,m>cellus1 ,probus1 ,flavius ,cap]1 & ,euty*es are also to be rank$ among ! captives fre$ by him f slav]y4 ,9 explor+ =eign conv5ts :]e he suspect$ t anci5t au?ors might lie buri$1 he sp>$ nei!r tr\ble nor exp5se4 ',no sev]ity ( w9t] cold1 no sn[1 no l5g? ( j\rney1 no r\ghness ( roads1 prev5t$ him f br++ ! monum5ts ( lit]ature to light1' wrote ,francesco ,b>b>o4#ih ,nor did he recoil f !ft1 if !ft seem$ necess>y to secure a preci\s codex4 ,9 a lett] to ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i he relates 8 negotiations ) a monk = ! fraudul5t abduction ( an ,ammianus & a ,livy f a conv5t libr>y 9 ,h]sfeld4#ii ,n unfrequ5tly 8 mo/ gold5 anticipations ) reg>d to lit]>y treasures 7 deceiv$1 z :5 a ,dane appe>$ at ! ,c\rt ( ,m>t9 ,v4 bragg+ ( a complete ,livy to be f\nd 9 a ,ci/]cian conv5t ne> ,rskilde4 ,?is man prote/$ he _h se5 ! ,,ms41 & describ$ ! *>act]s 9 :i* x 0 writt5 ) "s m9ut5ess4 ,at ,poggio's in/ance ! ,c>d9al ,ors9i s5t (f a special mess5g] to seek = ?is1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! v pho5ix ( ,,mss4 to ! ,lat9i/s ( t p]iod1 :ile ,cosimo de' ,m$ici put 8 ag5ts at ,lbeck to "w = ! same purpose4 ,all _! ef=ts 7 9 va91 h[ev]4 ,! ,livy c\ld n be discov]$1 & ! ,dane pass$ = a li>1 9 spite ( ! corroboration 8 /ory receiv$ f ano!r travell]4#ajj ,poggio himself1 :o w\ld will+ly h ransack$ ,europe = a ,,ms41 0 jeal\s ( money sp5t on any o!r object4 ,9 8 treatise ',de ,infelicitate ,pr9cipum' he compla9s t '^! exalt$ p]sonages popes & pr9ces sp5d _! days & _! weal? 9 pleasure1 9 unwor?y pursuits1 9 pe/if]\s & de/ructive w>s4 ,s great is _! m5tal torpor t no?+ c r\se !m to se>* aft] ! works ( excell5t writ]s1 by ^: wisdom & le>n+ mank9d are taught ! way to true happ9ess4' ,?is lam5tation1 writt5 probably "u ! unfav\rable impression produc$ ^u 8 m9d by ! ,papal ,c\rt1 :]e z yet ! _s ( humanism _h h>dly p5etrat$1 mu/ n be tak5 9 any /rict s5se4 ,nev] 0 !re a "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory :5 money 0 sp5t m freely ^u ! collection & pres]vation ( ,,mss41 & :5 a m complete ma*9]y 0 put 9 motion = ! sake ( secur+ lit]>y treasures4 ,pr9ce vi$ ) pr9ce1 & em95t burgh] ) burgh]1 9 buy+ books4 ,! comm]cial correspond5ts ( ! ,m$ici & o!r great ,flor5t9e h\ses1 ^: banks & disc\nt (fices ext5d$ ov] ,europe & ! ,levant1 7 in/ruct$ to pur*ase relics ( antiquity )\t reg>d = co/1 & to =w>d !m to ,flor5ce4 ,! mo/ acceptable pres5t t c\ld be s5t to a k+ 0 a copy ( a ,roman hi/orian4 ,! be/ cr$5tials :i* a "y ,greek arriv+ f ,byzantium c\ld use to ga9 ! patronage ( m5 l ,palla degli ,/rozzi 0 a fragm5t ( "s anci5t2 ! m]*&ise ensur+ ! l>ge/ pr(it to a speculator :o _h special k 9 su* matt]s 0 old p>*m5t cov]$ ) crabb$ *>act]s4 ,footnote #ih3 ,mur4 xx4 #afi4 ,cf4 ! ,elegy ( ,l&9o quot$ 9 ! notes to ,roscoe's ,lor5zo1 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #ii3 ,voigt1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,see ,voigt1 p4 #aci1 = ?is /ory4 ,! hi/ory ( ! f\ndation ( libr>ies w =m "p ( ! next *apt]4 ,= ! pres5t x is requisite to m5tion "s ( ,poggio's fell[-workm5 9 ! lab\r ( collection4 ,among ^! a c]ta9 ,ni*olas ( ,treves1 employ$ to receive monies due to ! ,papal ,curia 9 ,g]many1 des]ves a place1 see+ t 9 #adbi he s5t ! mo/ complete extant copy ( ,plautus to ,rome4 ,b>tolommeo da ,montepulciano1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,poggio1 pursu$ inve/igations :ile at ,con/ance1 & discov]$ ! lo/ writ+s ( ,vegetius & ,pompeius ,fe/us4 ,9 #adji ,lion>do ,bruni *anc$ ^u a good ,,ms4 ( ,cic]o's lett]s at ,pi/oja1 & ab\t ! ye> #adbe a magnific5t capture ( ,cic]o's rhetorical treatises 0 made at ,lodi 9 ! ,duomo by ,gh]>do ,l&riani4 ,! extant works ( ,tacitus1 s ard5tly desir$1 7 n collect$ e>li] ?an ! reign ( ,leo4 ,:ile ,poggio 0 releas+ ! ,lat9 au?ors f _! nor!rn prisons1 & s5d+ !m to walk l pr9ces ?r\gh ! ,c\rts & capitals ( ,italy1 ?ree o!r s*ol>s devot$ no less en]gy to ! collection ( ,greek ,,mss4 ,giovanni ,aurispa1 on 8 return f ,byzantium 9 #adbc1 br\ght ) him #bch codices1 :ile ,gu>9o ( ,v]ona & ,francesco ,filelfo bo? arriv$ 9 ,italy heavily lad54 ,!re is an old /ory t ,gu>9o lo/ a "p ( 8 c>go at sea1 & l&$ ) hair :it5$ by ! grief ?is mis=tune co/ him4 ,consid]+ ! special advantages enjoy$ by ^! ?ree s*ol>s1 :o 7 pupils ( ! le>n$ ,manuel ,*rysoloras1 & be=e ^: eag] curiosity ! libr>ies ( ,byzantium rema9$ op5 ?r\gh ne>ly half a c5tury previ\s to ! fall ( ! ,greek ,empire1 we h good reason to believe t ! great] "p ( ,attic & ,alex&rian lit]ature kn[n to ! lat] ,greeks 0 transf]r$ to ,italy4 ,! avidity %[n by ! ,flor5t9es = codices & copies1 ! opportunities af=d$ by _! m]cantile connection ) ,con/ant9ople1 & ! obvi\s int]e/ :i* ! ,c\rt ( ,byzantium at t crisis _h 9 gratify+ _! ta/e = su* acquisitions1 contribute to r5d] x unlikely t any ( ! m important & illu/ri\s au?ors 7 de/roy$ 9 ! tak+ ( ! city by ! ,turk4#aja ,x is probable t causes simil> to ^? :i* sl[ly wr\ght ! ru9 ( ,lat9 lit]ature 9 ! ,we/--! apa?y ( an uncultur$ public1 ! rancor\s animosity ( a sup]/iti\s cl]gy1 & ! decay ( /ud5ts z a class--_h long be=e ! age ( ! ,r5aissance ru9$ beyond ! possibility ( recov]y ^? ma/]pieces :]e( we /ill deplore ! loss4#ajb ,! pres]vation ( ,neoplatonic & ,patri/ic lit]ature 9 comp>ative complet5ess1 :ile s mu* t 0 m valuable p]i%$1 may be ascrib$ to ! !ological cont5t ( ^! writ+s4 ,footnote #aja3 ,see ! emphatic language ab\t ,palla degli ,/rozzi1 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 & ,niccolo de' ,niccoli1 9 ,vespasiano's ,lives4 ,islam1 moreov]1 z is prov$ by ,ple?o's ,life1 0 at t p]iod m erudite ?an ,hellas4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,i h t\*$ ^u ?is subject else:]e4 ,see ,/udies ( ,greek ,poets1 second s]ies1 pp4 #cjd-cjg4 ,9 ord] to =m a conception ( ! utt] decl9e ( ,byzant9e le>n+ aft] ,photius1 x is ne$ful to read ! passages 9 ,petr>*'s lett]s1 :]e ev5 ,calabria is comp>$ fav\rably ) ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 a /ate ( ignorance s absolute z he describes1 x is possible t treasures exi/$ unkn[n to pr(ess$ /ud5ts1 & !re=e undiscov]$ by ,filelfo & 8 fell[-work]s4 ,! te/imony ( ,demetrius ,*alcondylas1 quot$ by ,didot1 ,alde ,manuce1 p4 xiv41 goes to %[ t ! ,greeks attribut$ _! losses 9 l>ge measure to ! malice ( ! prie/s4 ,n to r5d] "s acc\nt ( ! effect produc$ ^u ! m9ds ( s*ol>s 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies by ! sight ( ,roman ru9s 9 decay1 w\ld be to omit an important bran* ( ! subject ,i h und]tak54 ,yet ?is "p ( ! inquiry leads u into a region some:at diff]5t f t hi!rto trav]s$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 s9ce x prop]ly belongs to ! hi/ory ( en?usiasm4 ,no small portion ( ! motive impulse t det]m9$ ! ,revival 0 d]iv$ f ! admiration1 curiosity1 & awe excit$ by ! v /ones ( anci5t ,rome4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! "r po9t ( view = /udy+ ! ar*itectural works ( ! ,romans _h be5 lo/4 ,hi/ory yield$ ev] m & m to leg5d1 until at la/ x 0 believ$ t demons & magicians _h susp5d$ ^? gigantic vaults 9 air4 ,telesmatic virtues 7 attribut$ to figures c>v$ on temple-fronts & friezes1 :ile ! great "n ( ,virgil atta*$ itself to :at rema9$ unhurt ( ,lat9 art 9 ,rome & ,naples4#ajc ,! ,rome ( ! ,mirabilia 0 suppos$ to be ! h&iwork ( fi5ds con/ra9$ by poets ( ! bygone age ) spells ( p[] to move hell f its c5tre4 ,?is transf]5ce ( int]e/ f ! real to ! fanciful1 f ! sub/antial to ! vision>y1 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole attitude assum$ by ! m9d 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & art alike submitt$ to ! al*emy ( ! imag9ation4#ajd ,at ! same "t ! v grossness ( ^! fables te/ifi$ to ! pr(\nd impression produc$ by ! ru9s ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 & to ! haunt+ magic ( a memory surviv+ degradation & decay4 ,:5 ! ,anglo-,saxon pilgrims return$ f ,rome 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! fasc9ation ( ! great works !y _h se5 express$ itself 9 a memorable prophecy4#aje ',z long z ! ,coliseum /&s1 ,rome %all /&2 :5 ! ,coliseum falls1 ,rome w fall2 :5 ,rome falls1 ! _w w fall4' ,footnote #ajc3 ,! details ( ,virgil's romance occupy ! fir/ half ( ,comp>etti's second volume on ,virgil 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= ! ,engli% v]sion ( ?is leg5d see ,?oms4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see above1 pp4 #ch-di4 ,footnote #aje3 ,gibbon1 *4 lxxi4 ,ab\t ! ye> #acjj a new hi/oric s5se appe>s to h aris5 9 ,italy4 ,in/ead ( dreams & leg5ds1 ! positive facts ( ! pa/ began to h once m _! value4 ,?is *ange might be comp>$ to ! discov]y we make ^u ! bord]l& ( sleep & wak+1 :5 :at we fanci$ 0 a figure drap$ 9 :ite by our b$side turns out to be ! wall ) moonlight %9+ on x4 ,giovanni ,villani1 :5 he gaz$ ^u ! ba?s & amphi!atres ( ,rome1 0 n mov$ to ?9k ( ! fi5ds :o rais$ !m1 b ( ! buri$ gr&eur ( ! ,roman commonweal?4#ajf ,:at ,rome once 01 ,flor5ce may "o day become1 0 ! reflection t impell$ him to write ! *ronicle ( 8 native t[n4 ,dante1 :o ) ,villani witness$ ! ,jubilee ( #acjj1 cri$ t ! v /ones ( ,rome 7 sacr$4 ',:oso robs h]1 or despoils h]1 ) blasphemy ( act (f5de? ,god1 :o only = ,8 own use made h] holy4'#ajg ,! city 0 to him ! outw>d symbol & t]re/rial /ation ( t ,god-appo9t$ ,mon>*y = rul+ all ! peoples ( ! e>? 9 peace4 ,8 mo/ en?usia/ic speculations1 z well z ! practical policy set =? 9 8 epi/les1 atta*$ !mselves to ,rome z a reality2 nor did he ev] tire ( bidd+ ,g]man emp]ors return & fix _! ?rone ^u ! bank ( ,tib]4 ,we "k n[ t ?is idealism 0 a delusion1 no less incapable ( realisation ?an x 0 p]nici\s to ! lib]ties ( ! ,italians4 ,x haunt$ ! imag9ation ( ! race1 h[ev]1 until at la/1 z ,i h said above1 ! prop] v5t 0 f\nd 9 humanism4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,purg4 xxxiii4 #eh4 ,! same passion = ,rome took diff]5t =m 9 ! m9d ( ano!r & less noble patriot4 ,x impell$ ,ri5zi to conceive ! plan ( rehabilitat+ ! ,republic4 ,! ,popes 7 f> away at ,avignon4 ,! emp]ors seem$ to h =gott5 ,italy4 ,yet ,rome rema9$1 & ! m]e "n ( ,rome 0 ,empire4 ,:y %\ld n ! ,s5atus ,populusque ,romanus1 ^: initials /ill surviv$ 9 uncial lett]s ^u blocks ( trav]t9e & m>ble1 be re/or$ to place & p[]8 ,w&]+ among ^? spaci\s vaults1 & l+]+ b5ea? ! triumphal ar*es1 :]e ! m>ks ( *>iot-:eels 7 trac$ ^u ! massive pav$ "w ( ! ,roman ways1 ! "y en?usia/ conceiv$ t ev5 he might live to be ! ,tribune ( t p1 born inv9cible1 & call$ by de/9y to rule ! _w4 ,) :at en]gy he devot$ himself to /udy+ ! hi/ories ( ,livy1 ,sallu/1 & ,val]ius ,maximus2 h[ he /rove to ma/] ! mean+ ( inscriptions f\nd among ! wrecks ( ,rome2 ) :at eloqu5ce he mov$ 8 fell[-citiz5s to sympa?y--are famili> matt]s n only to s*ol>s1 b to read]s ( romance4 ,8 vision ( ! re/or$ ,republic seem$ = a mom5t de/9$ to become reality4 ,! ,romans plac$ ! p[] ( life & dea?1 ( rev5ues & armies1 9 ! h&s ( ! se]1 :o _h /irr$ !m by 8 rhetoric4 ,ri5zi took rank among ! pot5tates ( ,italy4 ,ev5 ! ,papal ,c\rt ackn[l$g$ him4 ,:at foll[$ prov$ ! political incapacity ( ! new dictator1 8 want ( critical insight into ! ideal he _h set be=e himself4 ,!re is some?+ bo? pa!tic & ridicul\s 9 ! vanity display$ by ?is b>b]'s son exalt$ to a place among ! pr9ces4 ,n satisfi$ ) call+ himself ,tribune & ,knight1 ! /yle he affect$ 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,clem5t ,,vi4 ran z foll[s3--',c&idatus1 ,spiritus ,sancti ,miles1 ,nicolaus ,sev]us et ,clem5s1 ,lib]ator ,urbis1 ,zelator ,itali1 ,amator ,orbis1 et ,tribunus ,augu/us4' ,l ,ic>us1 he spread ^! wax5 w+s to ! sun's noontide blaze4 ,! same extravagant confusion ( ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane1 classical & m$ival1 m>k$ ! pageantry ( 8 ,/ate c]emonials 9 ,rome4 ,on ,augu/ #ae1 #acdg1 9 celebration ( 8 election to ! ,tribunate1 he assum$ six cr[ns--( ivy1 myrtle1 laurel1 oak1 olive1 & gilt silv]4 ,8 arms 7 blazon$ ) ! keys ( ,pet] & ! lett]s ,s4,p4,q4,r4 ,8 s5atorial sceptre 0 surm\nt$1 n ) ! eagle or ! wolf ( ,romulus1 b ) a gold5 ball & cross enclos+ ! relic ( a sa9t4 ,! poetic fancy c\ld n h sugge/$ a m /rik+ allegory to illu/rate an undiscrim9at+ rev]5ce = ! ,imp]ial & ,pontifical pre/ige ( ,rome1 ?an 0 pres5t$ 9 ?is tragic f>ce ( actual hi/ory4 ,n 9 ?is way1 by a mixture ( ,*ri/ian & ,pagan titles1 by emblematic pomp1 by h]aldry & declamation1 c\ld ! old ,republic be br\ght to life aga94 ,! v attempt to d s prov$ h[ f> ! m9d ( man1 awak+ f ! long sleep ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 remov$ f ! sev]e simplicity t gave its /r5g? to anci5t ,rome4 ,along ^? giddy p>apets ( fame we wat* ,ri5zi walk+ ?r\gh 8 mon?s ( glory l a somnambule su/a9$ by an int]nal dream4 ,t he %\ld fall 0 inevitable4 ,) him expir$ ! ,utopia ( a ,roman commonweal?1 to be f "t to "t reviv$ z an ineffectual fancy 9 ! bra9s ( a few vision>ies4#ajh ,footnote #ajh3 ,/efano ,porc>i1 = example4 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #bif1 #cjb4 ,! relations ( ,petr>* to ,ri5zi (f] matt] = curi\s reflection1 :ile !y illu/rate ! "p play$ by ! en?usiasm = anci5t ,rome 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( humanism4 ,petr>* & ,ri5zi _h be5 fri5ds & correspond5ts be=e ! em]g5ce ( ! latt] into public notice2 & :5 ! ,tribune seem$ ab\t to satisfy ! de>e/ desire ( ! poet's he>t by re-e/abli%+ ! ,roman commonweal?1 ,petr>* address$ him ) an animat$ lett] ( congratulation & enc\ragem5t4#aji ,9 8 *>m$ eyes he seem$ a h]o1 vir magnanimus1 wor?y ( ! anci5t _w1 a new ,romulus1 a ?ird ,brutus1 a ,camillus4 ,! ,roman burgh]s1 t scum & s$im5t ( c\ntless races1 b>b>is$ by ! l+]+ mis]ies ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ne$$ no?+1 x appe>$1 b words & wi%es to make !m once aga9 cives ,romani1 no long] clamor\s = bread & games1 b ready to reconqu] all _! ance/ors _h lo/4#aaj ',:]e1' cri$ ,petr>*1 'c ! empire ( ! _w be f\nd1 except 9 ,rome8 ,:o c dispute ! ,roman "r8 ,:at =ce c /& aga9/ ! "n ( ,romans8' ,nei!r ! patriot nor ! s*ol> disc]n$ t ! revival !y 7 de/9$ to inaugurate 0 intellectual4 ,?\gh ! _s ( ! times refus$ a political ,r5aissance1 refus$ to ,italy ! ma9t5ance ( ev5 su* fre$om z %e !n possess$1 f> m refus$ a resuscitation ( anci5t ,rome's imp]ial sway1 yet bo? ,ri5zi & ,petr>* p]si/$ 9 believ+ t1 because !y gl[$ ) f]v\r = ! pa/1 because !y c\ld read inscriptions1 because !y express$ _! desires eloqu5tly1 ! _w's great age 0 c]ta9 to beg9 anew4 ,x 0 a capital fault ( ! ,r5aissance to imag9e t words c\ld "w wond]s1 t a rhetorician's /ylus might become ! w& ( ,prosp]o4 ,seem+ pass$ = be+ 9 morals1 politics1 & all affairs ( life4 ,i h already t\*$ on ?is z a capital defect 9 ,petr>*'s "*2 b x 0 a weakness inh]5t n only 9 him & 9 ! age he inaugurat$1 b "o1 moreov]1 t has influ5c$ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,italians = evil4 ,s\nd+ phrases l ! b>b>os expell]e ( ,julius ,,ii41 l ! va fuori d',italia ( ,g>ibaldian hymns1 f "t to "t h r\s$ ! nation to fev]i% en?usiasm1 too soon succe$$ by deject$ apa?y4 ,:5 ! ineffici5cy ( ,ri5zi 0 prov$1 all t rema9$ = ,petr>* 0 to w>n & scold4 ,footnote #aji3 ,de ,capess5d ,lib]tate1 ,hortatoria1 p4 #ece4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,see ,petr>*'s ,epi/le to ! ,roman ,p1 p4 #gab4 ,! int]e/ excit$ 9 ,petr>* by ! sight ( ,rome's ru9s 0 important = 8 humani/ic ideal4 ,!y /irr$ him z a morali/1 an antiqu>ian1 & a man :o ow$ 8 m5tal vig\r to ! pa/4 ,he tells h[ (t5 he us$ to climb above ! huge vaults ( ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian 9 company ) 8 fri5d ,giovanni ,colonna4#aaa ,seat$ !re among ! fl[]+ %rubs & sc5t$ h]bs t clo!d decay ) lovel9ess1 !y held disc\rse conc]n+ ! great m5 ( old1 & deplor$ ! mutability ( all ?+s human4 ,:atev] ! poet _h read ( ,roman gr&eur 0 br\ght back to 8 m9d ) vivid mean+ dur+ 8 long solit>y walks4 ,he nev] d\bt$ t he knew = c]ta9 :]e ,ev&]'s palace /ood1 & :]e ! cave ( ,cacus op5$ on ! ,tib]4 ,! difficulties ( mod]n antiqu>ian rese>* _h n be5 yet sugge/$1 & 8 fancy 0 free to map out ! topography ( ! sev5 hills z pleas$ him be/4 ,yet he compla9$ t n[h]e 0 less kn[n ab\t ,rome ?an 9 ,rome itself4#aab ,?is ignorance he judg$ ! mo/ fatal ob/acle to ! resurrection ( ! city4#aac ,! palaces :]e dwelt ^? h]oes ( ! pa/1 _h fall5 into ru9s2 ! temples ( ! gods 7 desecrat$2 ! triumphal ar*es 7 crumbl+2 ! v walls _h yield$ to decay4 ,none ( ! ,romans c>$ to arre/ de/ruction2 !y ev5 robb$ ! m>ble columns & entablatures 9 ord] to deck ,naples ) ! spoils4#aad ,! la/ remnants ( ! city w\ld soon1 he exclaim$1 be levell$ ) ! gr\nd4 ,"t has be5 unable to de/roy !m2 b man 0 ru9+ :at ,"t _h sp>$4#aae ,footnote #aaa3 ,epi/4 ,fam4 lib4 ii4 #ad1 p4 #fje2 lib4 vi4 #b1 p4 #feg4 ,footnote #aab3 ',qui enim hodie magis ign>i r]um ,roman>um sunt1 quam ,romani ,cives8 ,invitus dico1 nusquam m9us ,roma cognoscitur quam ,rom4' ,epi/4 ,fam4 lib4 ii4 #ad1 p4 #feh4 ,footnote #aac3 ',quis enim dubit>e pote/1 qu9 illico surrectura sit si coep]it se ,roma cognosc]e8' ,ibid4 ,footnote #aad3 ',vi vel s5io collapsa palatia1 qu quondam +5tes t5u]e viri1 diruptos arcus triumphales 444 indignum de ve/ris m>moreis columnis1 de lim9ibus templorum1 ad qu nup] ex toto orbe concursus devotissimus fiebat1 de imag9ibus sepul*rorum1 sub quibus patrum ve/rorum v5]abilis c9is erat1 ut reliquas sileam1 desidiosa ,neapolis adornatur4' ,ibid4 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #aae3 ',quanta quod integr fuit olim gloria ,rom1 ,reliqui te/antur adhuc1 quas longior tas ,frang]e non valuit1 non vis1 aut ira cru5ti ,ho/is1 ab egregiis franguntur civibus heu1 heu4' ,petr4 ,epi/4 ,metr4 lib4 ii4 p4 #ih4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 %ortly be=e ! date ( ,petr>*'s visits to ,rome1 ! city _h suff]$ griev\sly 9 its monum5ts4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 t ! be/ pres]v$ ( ! !atres1 ba?s1 & tombs =m$ ! resid5ces & =tresses ( nobles 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 & :5 we read t 9 #abeh ! s5ator ,brancaleone f\nd x necess>y to de/roy "o hundr$ & =ty ( ^! =tifi$ dwell+s1 we obta9 a /&>d = measur+ ! injury t mu/ h ensu$ to preci\s works ( classic ar*itecture4 ,! ru9s1 moreov]1 z ,petr>* h9t$1 _h be5 us$ z qu>ries4 ,:at 0 worse1 ! burgh]s burn$ ! m>bles1 ri*1 p]haps1 ) inscriptions & c>v$ bas-reliefs1 = lime4 ,we %all %ortly see :at ,poggio relates ^u ?is topic4 ,= ! pres5t x w suffice to quote an epigram ( ,pius ,,ii41 writt5 "s "t aft] ! revival ( en?usiasm = antiquity3-- ,oblectat me1 ,roma1 tuas spect>e ru9as1 ,ex cujus lapsu gloria prisca patet4 ,s$ tuus hic populus muris defossa vetu/is ,calcis 9 obsequium m>mora dura coquit4 ,impia t] c5tum si sic g5s eg]it annos1 ,nullum hic indicium nobilitatis erit4#aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,x delights me to contemplate ?y ru9s1 ,rome1 ! witness amid desolation to ?y pri/9e gr&eur4 ,b ?y p burn ?y m>bles = lime1 & ?ree c5turies ( ?is sacrilege w de/roy all sign ( ?y nobl5ess4' ,comp>e a lett] f ,alb]to degli ,alb]ti to ,giovanni de' ,m$ici1 quot$ by ,fabroni1 ,cosmi ,vita1 ,adnot4 #hf4 ,! real pride ( ,rome 0 /ill h] ru9s4 ,nicolo & ,ugo da ,e/e j\rney$ 9 #acif to ,rome1 'p] v$]e quelle magnific5ze anti*e *e al pres5te si possono v$]e 9 ,roma4' ,murat4 xxiv4 #hde4 ,poggio ,bracciol9i op5s a new epo* 9 ,roman topography4 ,! ru9s t _h mov$ ! sup]/iti\s wond] ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t _h excit$ ,ri5zi to patriotic en?usiasm1 & ,petr>* to reflections on ! in/ability ( human ?+s1 7 n[ = ! fir/ "t /udi$ 9 a truly antiqu>ian _s4 ,poggio read !m l a book1 comp>+ ! te/imony !y r5d]$ ) t ( ,livy1 ,vitruvius1 & ,front9us1 & seek+ to compile a catalogue ( ! exi/+ fragm5ts ( old ,rome4 ,! fir/ section ( 8 treatise ',de ,v>ietate ,=tun1' =ms by f> ! mo/ important s\rce ( in=mation we possess relat+ to ! /ate ( ,rome 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4#aag ,x appe>s t ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla & ,diocletian c\ld /ill boa/ ( columns & m>ble incru/ations1 b t )9 ,poggio's own recollection ! m>bles _h be5 /ripp$ f ,ccilia ,metella's tomb1 & ! s-call$ ,temple ( ,concord _h be5 pillag$4#aah ,among ! ru9s ascrib$ to ! p]iod ( ! ,republic are m5tion$ a bridge1 an ar*1 a tomb1 a temple1 a build+ on ! ,capitol1 & ! pyramid ( ,ce/ius4#aai ,besides ^!1 ,poggio enum]ates1 z ref]able *iefly to ! ,imp]ial age1 elev5 temples1 sev5 !rm1 ! ,ar*es ( ,titus1 ,sev]us1 & ,con/ant9e1 p>ts ( ! ,ar*es ( ,trajan1 ,fau/9a1 & ,galli5us1 ! ,coliseum1 ! ,!atres ( ,pompey & ,m>cellus1 ! ,circus ,agonalis & ,circus ,maximus1 ! ,columns ( ,trajan & ,anton9e1 ! two horses ascrib$ to ,pheidias & ,praxiteles1 toge!r ) o!r m>ble /atues1 "o bronze eque/rian /atue1 & ! mausoleums ( ,augu/us & ,hadrian4 ,footnote #aag3 ,my ref]5ces are made to ! ,p>is edition ( #agbc4 ,! fir/ book is sometimes cit$ "u ! title ( ,urbis ,rom ,descriptio4 ,footnote #aah3 ',juxta viam ,appiam1 ad secundum lapidem1 integrum vidi sepul*rum ,l4 ,ccili ,metell1 opus egregium1 et id ipsum tot sculis intactum1 ad calcem po/ea majori ex p>te ext]m9atum' 7p4 #ai74 ',capitolio contigua =um v]sus sup]e/ porticus dis ,concordi1 quam1 cum primum ad urbem accessi1 vidi f]e integram1 op]e m>moreo admodum specioso2 ,romani po/modum1 ad calcem dem totam et portics p>tem1 disjectis columnis1 sunt demoliti4' ,ibid4 ,footnote #aai3 ,pp4 #h1 #i4 ,we h to regret t ,poggio's description 0 subs]vi5t & introductory to a rhetorical diss]tation4 ,_h he appli$ himself to ! task ( tabulat+ m m9utely :at he _h obs]v$1 8 "w w\ld h be5 inf9itely preci\s to ! ar*ologi/4 ,no "o knew m ab\t ! ,roman build+s ?an he did4 ,no "o felt ! impression ( _! maje/y 9 desolation m pr(\ndly4 ,! mighty city appe>$ to him1 he said1 l ! corpse ( a giant1 l a que5 9 slav]y4 ,! sight ( h] magnific5ce1 despoil$ & %orn ( ornam5ts z %e _h be51 mov$ him daily to deep] admiration4 ,x 0 8 cu/om to lead /rang]s f po9t to po9t among ! ru9s1 9 ord] to enjoy ! effect produc$ ^u fre% m9ds by _! /up5d\s evid5ce ( /r5g? & greatness 9 decay4 ,! pa?os ( ?is =m] empress ( ! _w expos$ to insult & indignity _h n be5 fir/ felt by ,poggio4 ,petr>* describ$ h] z an ag$ matron ) grey hair & pale *eeks1 ^: torn & sordid raim5t ill accord$ ) ! nobl5ess ( h] demean\r4#abj ,fazio degli ,ub]ti p]sonifi$ h] z a maje/ic woman1 wrapp$ ar\nd ) rags1 :o po9t$ out to him ! ru9s ( h] city1 'to ! end t he might und]/& h[ fair %e 0 9 ye>s ( old4'#aba ,footnote #abj3 ,de ,pacific& ,itali1 ,ad ,c>olum ,qu>tum1 p4 #eca4 ,footnote #aba3 ,9 ! ,dittamondo1 ab\t #acfj4 ,9 ?is way a s5tim5tal feel+ = ! relics ( ! pa/ grew up & fl\ri%$ side by side ) ! ar*ological int]e/ !y excit$4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,r5aissance ab\nds 9 matt] t might be us$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is rem>k1#abb :ile no?+ 0 common] 9 art ?an to pa9t = backgr\nds brok5 ar*es & decay$ build+s1 '^: ru9s are ev5 piti$4' ,! d\ble impulse ( romantic s5tim5t & antiqu>ian curiosity1 set go+ 9 ?is age ( ! ,revival1 contribut$ no little to ! developm5t ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+4 ,9 ! section ( my "w :i* deals ) ! f9e arts 9 ,italy w be f\nd ! prop] sequel to ?is subject4 ,mean:ile ! hi/ory ( antiqu>ian rese>* 9 ,rome itself w be resum$ 9 ano!r *apt] ( ?is volume4 ,footnote #abb3 ,su*1 = example1 z ,boccaccio's description ( ! ru9s ( ,bai 9 ! ,fiammetta1 ,sannazz>o's l9es on ! ru9s ( ,cum1 neas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i's notes on anci5t sites 9 ,italy4 ,among ! repres5tative m5 ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,revival mu/ be m5tion$ an en?usia/ :o devot$ 8 :ole life to topographical /udies & to ! copy+ ( classical inscriptions4 ,ciriaco de' ,pizzicolli 0 born ab\t #adjd at ,ancona1 & f ?is t[n he took ! "n he be>s among ! le>n$4 ,l _m o!r pione]s ( erudition1 he 0 educat$ = comm]ce1 & _h sl5d] opportunities = acquir+ ! dead languages 9 8 y\?4 ,8 manhood 0 sp5t 9 re/less j\rney+1 at fir/ und]tak5 = ! purposes ( trade1 b aft]w>ds = ! sole object ( discov]y4 ,smitt5 ) ! zeal = classical antiquity1 he made himself a tol]able ,lat9 s*ol>1 & ga9$ a fair k ( ,greek4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 long w&]+s he ransack$ e "p ( ,italy1 ,greece1 & ! ,greek isl&s1 collect+ m$als1 gems1 & fragm5ts ( sculpture1 buy+ manuscripts1 transcrib+ records1 & amass+ a miscellane\s /ore ( ar*ological in=mation4 ,! en?usiasm t possess$ him 0 s untemp]$ by sobriety t x excit$ ! suspicion ( contempor>ies4 ,"s reg>d$ him z a man ( g5u9e le>n+2 o!rs spoke ( him z a flighty1 boa/ful1 & untru/wor?y fanatic4#abc ,! mi/akes he made 9 copy+ inscriptions depreciat$ ! g5]al value ( 8 lab\rs1 :ile he 0 ev5 accus$ ( hav+ pass$ (f fabrications on ! cr$ulity ( ! public4 ,! "q ( 8 alleg$ =g]ies has be5 discuss$ at l5g? by ,tirabos*i4#abd ,to settle x at ?is di/ance ( "t is bo? unimportant & impossible4 ,:ile we may well believe t ,ciriac 0 a conceit$ en?usia/1 accept+ z g5u9e :at he ought to h reject$1 & int]pret+ accord+ to 8 fancy r ?an ! lett] ( 8 text1 8 life reta9s real value = ! /ud5t ( ! ,revival4 ,9 him ! curiosity ( ! new age rea*$ its acme ( expansiv5ess4 ,! passion = discov]y pursu$ him f %ore to %ore1 & ! vision ( ! pa/1 to be reconqu]$ by ! en]gy ( ! pres5t1 haunt$ 8 imag9ation till ! mom5t ( 8 dea?4 ,:5 ask$ :at object he _h set 8 he>t ^u 9 ^? p]petual j\rney+s1 he answ]$1 ',i g to awake ! dead4' ,t ^w1 ! motto = ! fir/ age ( ! ,revival1 expla9s ! fanaticism ( ,ciriac1 & is a suffici5t title to fame4 ,footnote #abc3 ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti is said to h d5\nc$ him z an impo/or4 ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i m5tions 8 co9s & gems ) mi/ru/4 ,poggio describes him z a conceit$ fell[ ) no claim to erudition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he ga9$ ! confid5ce ( ,eug5ius ,,iv41 & receiv$ ! panegyrics ( ,filelfo1 ,b>b>o1 ,bruni1 & o!rs4 ,see ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 i4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #abd3 ,9 ! place j cit$4 ,! temptation1 at ?is epo* ( discov]y1 :5 criticism 0 at a l[ ebb1 & curiosity 0 frantic1 to pass (f =g]ies ^u ! le>n$ _w mu/ h be5 v great4 ,! mo/ curi\s example ( ?is lit]>y deception is af=d$ by ,annius ( ,vit]bo1 :o1 9 #adih1 publi%$ sev5te5 books ( spuri\s hi/ories1 pret5d+ to be ! lo/ works ( ,mane?o1 ,b]osus1 ,fabius ,pictor1 ,ar*ilo*us1 ,cato1 c4 ,:e!r he 0 himself an impo/or or a dupe is d\btful4 ,a few ( 8 contempor>ies d5\nc$ ! hi/ories z pat5t fabrications4 ,! majority accept$ !m z g5u9e4 ,_! wor?lessness has long be5 undisput$4 ,see ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,second ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,intricacy ( ! ,subject -- ,division into ,f\r ,p]iods -- ,place ( ,flor5ce -- ,social ,conditions fav\rable to ,culture -- ,palla degli ,/rozzi -- ,8 ,enc\ragem5t ( ,greek ,/udies -- ,plan ( a ,public ,libr>y -- ,8 ,exile -- ,cosimo de' ,m$ici -- ,8 ,patronage ( ,le>n+ -- ,political ,"* -- ,love ( ,build+ -- ,g5]osity to ,/ud5ts -- ,f\ndation ( ,libr>ies -- ,vespasiano & ,?omas ( ,s>zana -- ,niccolo de' ,niccoli -- ,8 ,collection ( ,codices -- ,description ( 8 ,mode ( ,life -- ,8 ,fame z a ,lat9i/ -- ,lion>do ,bruni -- ,8 ,biography -- ,translations f ! ,greek -- ,lat9 ,treatises & ,hi/ories -- ,8 ,burial 9 ,santa ,croce -- ,c>lo ,aret9o -- ,fame z a ,lectur] -- ,! ,flor5t9e ,*anc]y -- ,matteo ,palmi]i -- ,giannozzo ,manetti -- ,8 ,hebrew ,/udies -- ,8 ,public ,c>e] -- ,8 ,eloqu5ce -- ,manetti ru9$ by ! ,m$ici -- ,8 ,life 9 ,exile at ,naples -- ,e/imate ( 8 ,tal5ts -- ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i -- ,/udy ( ,greek ,fa!rs -- ,g5]al ( ! ,camaldolese ,ord] -- ,humanism & ,mona/icism -- ,! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce -- ,flor5t9e ,op9ion ab\t ! ,greeks -- ,gemi/us ,ple?o -- ,8 ,life -- ,8 ,philosophy -- ,8 ,influ5ce at ,flor5ce -- ,cosimo de' ,m$ici & ! ,flor5t9e ,academy -- ,/udy ( ,plato -- ,ple?o's ,writ+s -- ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians 9 ,italy & ,greece -- ,bess>ion -- ,8 ,patronage ( ,greek ,refugees 9 ,rome -- ,humanism 9 ! ,small] ,republics -- ,9 ,v5ice4 ,! great difficulty ) :i* a critic desir\s ( r5d]+ a succ9ct acc\nt ( ?is phase ( ,italian culture has to deal1 is ! v>iety & complexity ( ! subject4 ,x is easy to p]ceive ! unity ( ! humani/ic movem5t1 & to reg>d ! s*ol>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury z a lit]>y community ) well-def9$ relations to ea* o!r4 ,yet :5 we attempt to trace ! gr[? ( s*ol>%ip 9 all its bran*es1 ! peculi> conditions ( political & social life 9 ,italy pres5t almo/ insup]able ob/acles to any cont9uity ( treatm5t4 ,! republics1 ! pr9cipalities1 & ! ,*ur* h ea* _! sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,naples1 ,milan1 ,rome1 ,f]r>a1 =m di/9ct & indep5d5t c5tres1 impos+ _! own specialities ^u ! intellectual activity ( citiz5s & ali5s4 ,! humani/s1 mean:ile1 to "s ext5t efface ^! local diff]5ces1 spread+ a network ( common culture ov] cities & societies divid$ by all else b int]e/ 9 le>n+4 ,to ^! comb9ations & p]mutations1 aris+ f ! contact ( ! s*ol>s ) _! patrons 9 ! sev]al ,/ates ( ,italy1 is due ! intricacy ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,revival4 ,! same m5 ( em95ce appe> by turns 9 ea* ( ! *ief ,c\rts & commonweal?s1 pass+ ) bewild]+ rapidity f nor? to s\? & back aga91 9 "o place dem&+ att5tion "u "o head ( ! subject1 9 ano!r pres5t+ new yet n less important topics = inve/igation4 ,:at ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti1 = in/ance1 requir$ f ,filelfo _h b little 9 common ) ! claims made on him by ,ni*olas ,v41 :ile 8 activity z a satiri/ & p>tisan at ,flor5ce diff]$ f 8 lab\r z a lectur] at ,si5a4 ,aga91 ! biography ( ea* humani/ to "s ext5t involves t ( all 8 contempor>ies4 ,! cot]ies ( ,rome are influ5c$ by ! cliques ( ,naples2 ! qu>rels ( ,lor5zo ,valla ramify into ! squabbles ( ,gu>9o2 political animosity comb9es ) lit]>y jeal\sy 9 ! disputes ( ,poggio ) ,filelfo4 ,:ile "s ( ! mo/ em95t pr(essors rema9 /ation>y 9 _! native or adopt$ t[ns1 o!rs move to & fro ) ! spe$ ( comets4 ,f "t to "t1 at ,rome or else:]e1 a patron rises1 :o assembles all ! w&]+ />s ar\nd himself4 ,8 dea? disp]ses ! gr\p2 or accid5ts r\se jeal\sy among !m1 & cause secessions f ! circle4 ,!n fre% comb9ations h to be consid]$4 ,9 no "o city c we trace firm *ronological progression1 or discov] ! fix$ local "* :i* ju/ifies our divid+ ! hi/ory ( ,italian pa9t+ by its s*ools4 ,to avoid repetition1 & to pres]ve an ev5 curr5t ( n>ration amid s mu* t is %ift+1 is almo/ impossible4 ,"s me?od may be introduc$ by sket*+ briefly at ! outset ! pr9cipal p]iods ?r\gh :i* ! humani/ic movem5t pass$4 ,?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t arbitr>y1 ^! p]iods m>k di/9ct mom5ts 9 an evolution uni=m 9 spite ( its complexity4 ,! fir/1 />t+ ) ,petr>*1 & includ+ ! lives & lab\rs ( ^? m5 he p]sonally influ5c$1 has be5 trac$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,?is 0 ! age ( inspiration & discov]y1 :5 ! en?usiasm = antiquity 0 g5]at$ & ! remnants ( ! classics 7 accumulat$4 ,! second may be describ$ z ! age ( arrangem5t & translation4 ,! fir/ great libr>ies 7 f\nd$ 9 ?is p]iod2 ! /udy ( ,greek 0 pursu$ 9 e>ne/1 & ! ,greek au?ors 7 r5d]$ into ,lat94 ,r\nd ,cosimo de' ,m$ici at ,flor5ce1 ,alfonso ! ,magnanim\s at ,naples1 & ,ni*olas ,v4 9 ,rome ! lead]s ( ! ,r5aissance at ?is "t conv]ge4 ,! ?ird is ! age ( academies4 ,! lit]>y republic1 =m$ dur+ ! fir/ & second p]iods1 n[ ga!rs into cot]ies1 :]e( ! ,platonic ,academy at ,flor5ce1 t ( ,pontanus at ,naples1 t ( ,pomponius ,ltus 9 ,rome1 & t ( ,aldus ,manutius at ,v5ice are ! mo/ important4 ,s*ol>%ip beg9s to exhibit a m>k$ improvem5t 9 all t conc]ns /yle & ta/e4 ,at ! same "t ,italian erudition rea*es its maximum 9 ,poliziano4 ,ext]nally ?is ?ird p]iod is di/+ui%$ by ! rapid spread ( pr9t+ & ! consequ5t d[nfall ( ! humani/s z a class4 ,9 ! f\r? p]iod we notice a gradual decl9e ( le>n+2 /hetic & /yli/ic s*ol>%ip beg9s to claim exclusive att5tion4 ,?is is ! age ( ! puri/s1 ov] :om ,bembo ex]cises ! sway ( a dictator1 :ile ! ,c\rt ( ,leo ,x4 furni%es ! mo/ brilliant assemblage ( lit]ati 9 ,europe4 ,erudition1 prop]ly s call$1 is n[ ^u ! po9t ( be+ transplant$ beyond ! ,alps1 & ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ closes = ! hi/orian ( ,italy4 ,al?\gh ! ess5tial feature ( ?is subject is v>iety1 & ?\gh ea* city ( ,italy contribut$ its quota to ! sum ( culture1 att5tion has n[ to be direct$ 9 a special s5se on ,flor5ce4 ,no?+ is m obvi\s to ! /ud5t :o has ma/]$ ! fir/ difficulties caus$ by ! intricacy ( ,italian hi/ory1 ?an ! fact t all ! m5tal =ce ( ! nation 0 g5]at$ 9 ,tuscany1 & radiat$ !nce1 z f a c5tre ( vital heat & light1 ov] ! re/ ( ! p59sula4 ,?is is true ( ! f9e arts no less ?an ( ,italian poetry1 ( ! revival ( le>n+ z well z ( ! orig9 ( sci5ce4 ,f ! republics ( ,tuscany1 & f ,flor5ce 9 p>ticul>1 proce$$ ! impulse & ! en]gy :i* l$ to fruitful results 9 all ( ^! dep>tm5ts4 ,9 proportion z ,flor5ce cont9u$ to absorb ! neighb\r+ free ,/ates into h]self1 h] intellectual pre-em95ce became ! m unque/ionable4 ,arezzo1 ,volt]ra1 ,cortona1 ,montepulciano1 ,prato1 & ,pi/oja 7 b rivulets fe$+ ! /ream ( ,flor5t9e indu/ry4 ,:at caus$ ?is sup]iority ( ! ,tuscans is a problem z difficult to solve z ! simil> problem ) respect to ,a!ns among ! /ates ( ,greece4 ,some?+ may no d\bt be attribut$ to e?nology1 & some?+ to climate4 ,mu*1 aga91 0 due to ! purity ( a dialect :i* reta9$ m ( native en]gy & lit]>y capacity1 & :i* _h suff]$ less f b>b>ian admixtures ?an ! dialects ( nor!rn or ( s\!rn ,italy4 ,! conque/ ( ! ,lomb>ds pass$ ! ,tuscans by1 nor did feudal in/itutions take ! same root 9 ! valley ( ! ,arno :i* !y /ruck 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,! cities ( ,tuscany 7 !re=e less expos$ to =eign influ5ces ?an ! re/ ( ,italy4 ,:ile !y pursu$ _! c\rse ( int]nal gr[? 9 comp>ative tranquillity1 !y 7 bett] fitt$ = reviv+ ! pa/ glories ( ,lat9 civilisation ^u its native soil4 ,! free in/itutions ( ! ,flor5t9e commonweal? mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 if any:]e 9 ,italy1 exi/$ ! conditions "u :i* a republic ( lett]s & ( culture c\ld be =m$4 ,! ari/ocracy ( ,naples indulg$ ! semi-savage ta/es ( t]ritorial seigneurs2 ! nobles ( ,rome delight$ 9 feats ( arms & %>$ _! weal? ) ret9ues ( bravi2 ! great families ( ,umbria1 ,romagna1 & ! ,m>* foll[$ ! pr(ession ( condotti]i2 ! ,lomb>ds 7 d[ntrodd5 by _! ,despots & depriv$ ( individual fre$om2 ! ,g5oese develop$ into little bett] ?an trad]s & sea-robb]s2 ! ,si5ese1 divid$ by ! factions ( _! ,monti1 _h small leisure or common public feel+ left = /udy4 ,flor5ce mean:ile c\ld boa/ a population ( burgh]s noble by ta/e & culture1 ow+ less to ance/ry ?an to p]sonal em95ce1 devot+ _! en]gies to civic ambition wor?y ( ! ,romans1 & to m5tal activity :i* rem9ds u ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,betwe5 ! p & ?is ari/ocracy ( weal? & intellect !re 0 at ,flor5ce no division l t :i* sep>at$ ! ,v5etian g5tiluom9i f ! cittad9i4 ,! s-call$ nobili & popolani did n1 z 9 ,v5ice1 =m a ca/e ap>t1 b\nd to ! s]vice ( a tyrann\s /ate-sy/em4 ,! v mobility :i* prov$ ! ultimate s\rce ( disruption & ( ru9 to ! commonweal?1 aid$ ! intellectual developm5t ( ,flor5ce4 ,/agnation & oppression 7 alike unkn[n4 ,"h1 !re=e1 & "h alone1 0 creat$ a public capable in/9ctively ( compreh5d+ :at is beautiful 9 art & humane 9 lett]s1 a race ( craftsm5 & ( s*ol>s :o knew t _! lab\rs c\ld n fail to be appreciat$1 & a class ( patrons :o s\ght no bett] be/[al ( _! weal? ?an on ^? arts & sci5ces :i* dignify ! life ( man4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 moreov]1 z a nation1 7 animat$ ) ! /ronge/ s5se ( ! greatness & ! spl5d\r ( ,flor5ce4 ,l ! ,a!nians ( old1 !y _h no w>m] passion ?an _! love = _! city4 ,h[ev] mu* we may deplore ! rancor\s diss5sions :i* f "t to "t split up ! commonweal? into p>ties1 ! remorseless =eign policy :i* de/roy$ ,pisa1 ! political meanness ( ! ,m$ici1 & ! base egotism ( ! ottimati1 ! fact rema9s t1 /hetically & intellectually1 ,flor5ce 0 'a city glori\s1' a realis$ ideal ( culture & humanity = all ! re/ ( ,italy1 &1 ?r\gh ,italian influ5ce 9 g5]al1 = mod]n ,europe & = u4 ,:at makes ! "p play$ by ,flor5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( le>n+ ! m rem>kable is1 t ! *iefs ( ! political factions 7 at ! same "t ! lead]s ( intellectual progress4 ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi & ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 :ile oppos$ z antagoni/s 9 a duel to ! dea? ^u ! /age ( ! republic1 vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! patronage !y ext5d$ to m5 ( lett]s4 ,r9aldo 0 himself no mean s*ol>2 & he *ose "o ( ! greate/ m5 ( ! age1 ,tommaso da ,s>zana1 to be tutor to 8 *ildr54 ,( ,palla degli ,/rozzi's s]vices 9 ! cause ( ,greek le>n+ ,i h already spok5 9 ! second *apt] ( ?is volume4 ,beside ! invitation :i* he caus$ to be s5t to ,manuel ,*rysoloras1 he employ$ 8 weal? & influ5ce 9 provid+ books necess>y = ! prosecution ( ,hell5ic /udies4 ',mess] ,palla1' says ,vespasiano1 's5t to ,greece = c\ntless volumes1 all at 8 own co/4 ,! ,cosmography ( ,ptolemy1 toge!r ) ! picture made to illu/rate x1 ! ,lives ( ,plut>*1 ! works ( ,plato1 & v _m o!r writ+s ( philosoph]s1 he got f ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,politics ( ,ari/otle 7 n 9 ,italy until ,mess] ,palla s5t = !m2 & :5 ,mess] ,lion>do ( ,arezzo translat$ !m1 he _h ! copy f 8 h&s4'#abe ,9 ! same _s ( practical g5]osity ,palla degli ,/rozzi devot$ 8 leisure & 8 en]gies to ! improvem5t ( ! /udio pubblico at ,flor5ce1 giv+ x t "* ( humane culture :i* x reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! age ( ! ,r5aissance4#abf ,to him1 aga91 belongs ! glory ( hav+ fir/ collect$ books = ! express purpose ( f\nd+ a public libr>y4 ,?is project _h occupi$ ! m9d ( ,petr>*1 & its utility _h be5 recognis$ by ,coluccio de' ,salutati1#abg b no "o _h z yet aris5 to accompli% x4 ',be+ passionately fond ( lit]ature1 ,mess] ,palla always kept copyi/s 9 8 own h\se & outside x1 ( ! be/ :o 7 9 ,flor5ce1 bo? = ,greek & ,lat9 books2 & all ! books he c\ld f9d he pur*as$1 on all subjects1 be+ m9d$ to f\nd a mo/ noble libr>y 9 ,santa ,tr9it1 & to erect !re a mo/ beautiful build+ = ! purpose4 ,he wi%$ t x %\ld be op5 to ! public1 & he *ose ,santa ,tr9it because x 0 9 ! c5tre ( ,flor5ce1 a site ( great conv5i5ce to ev]ybody4 ,8 disa/]s sup]v5$1 & :at he _h design$ he c\ld n execute4'#abh ,footnote #abe3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #abf3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #abg3 ,see ,voigt1 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #abh3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #bge4 ,! calamities allud$ to by ,vespasiano may be briefly told4 ,palla degli ,/rozzi1 bett] fitt$ by nature = /udy ?an = p>ty w>f>e1 0 "o ( ! ri*e/ ( ! m]*ant pr9ces ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 ! cata/o ( #adbg 8 prop]ty 0 valu$ at "o-fif? m ?an t return$ by ,giovanni1 !n ! *ief ( ! ,m$icean family2 & ! extraord9>y tax 7gravezza7 impos$ ^u x rea*$ ! sum ( #hjj flor9s4#abi ,dur+ ! conflict = p[] c>ri$ on betwe5 ! ,albizzi & ! ,m$ici he /rove to pres]ve a neutral attitude2 b aft] ,cosimo's return f exile1 9 #adcd1 ! pres5ce ( s p[]ful & ri* a lead] 9 ! ,/ate seem$ dang]\s to ! ,m$icean p>ty4 ,x 0 _! policy to annihilate all greatness b _! own1 & to r$uce ! ,flor5t9es to slav]y by creat+ a body ( dep5d5ts & allies ^: int]e/s %\ld be b\nd up ) _! own supremacy4#acj ,palla degli ,/rozzi 0 accord+ly bani%$ to ,padua = t5 ye>s1 nor1 at ! expiration ( ?is p]iod1 0 he suff]$ to return to ,flor5ce4 ,he di$ 9 exile1 sep>at$ f 8 *ildr51 :o %>$ ! same fate 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy1 :ile ,flor5ce lo/ ! s]vices ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ( h] sons4#aca ,amid ! _m tribulations ( 8 latt] ye>s ,palla cont9u$ to d]ive com=t f /udy4 ,john ,argyrop\los 0 8 gue/ at ,padua1 :]e ! collection ( books & ! cultivation ( ,greek le>n+ w5t on ) no less vig\r ?an at ,flor5ce4 ,footnote #abi3 ,ibid4 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see ,von ,reumont1 vol4 i4 pp4 #adg-aec1 = ! cruel treatm5t ( ! ,albizzi & o!r lead+ citiz5s4 ,footnote #aca3 ,see ,vespasiano1 pp4 #bhc-bhg4 ,! "w begun by ,palla degli ,/rozzi at ,flor5ce 0 ably cont9u$ by 8 enemy ,cosimo de' ,m$ici4 ,?\gh ! hi/orian _c respect ?is man1 ^: mean & selfi% ambition und]m9$ ! lib]ties ( 8 native city1 !re is no d\bt t he des]ves ! cr$it ( a prud5t & munific5t ,mc5as4 ,no ,italian ( 8 epo* comb9$ zeal = le>n+ & g5]osity 9 all t c\ld advance ! int]e/s ( arts & lett]s1 m *>act]i/ically1 ) political corruption & cynical egotism4 ,e>ly 9 life ,cosimo ent]$ 8 fa!r's h\se ( bus9ess1 & develop$ a r>e faculty = f9ance4 ,?is faculty he aft]w>ds employ$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate1 z well z 9 ! augm5tation ( ! ri*es ( 8 family by trade4 ,z he ga9$ political importance1 he made x 8 prime object to place out monies 9 ! h&s ( ne$y citiz5s1 & to involve ! public affairs ( ,flor5ce ) 8 own comm]ce by means ( loans & o!r exp$i5ts4 ,he n only atta*$ individuals by debts & obligations to 8 p]son1 b he also r5d]$ x difficult to control ! ,/ate exp5diture )\t reg>d to 8 private bank4 ,few m5 h bett] und]/ood ! value ( money 9 ! acquisition ( p[]1 or ! advantage ( s us+ x t jeal\sy %\ld n be r\s$ by p]sonal display4 ',envy1' he rem>k$1 'is a plant y mu/ n wat]4' ,accord+ly1 :ile he sp5t l>ge sums on public works1 he decl9$ ,brunelles*i's sumptu\s project = a palace1 on ! score t su* a dwell+ 0 m fitt$ = a pr9ce ?an a citiz54 ,9 8 habits he 0 temp]ate & simple4 ,games ( haz>d he abhorr$1 & f\nd 8 recreation 9 ! company ( le>n$ m54 ,sometimes1 b r>ely1 he play$ at *ess4 ,contempor>ies record$ h[1 l an anci5t ,roman1 he rose e>ly 9 ! morn+ to prune 8 own pe> trees & to plant 8 v9es4 ,9 all ?+s he pref]r$ ! reality to ! display ( p[] & ri*es4 ,:ile wield+ ! supreme au?ority ( ,flor5ce1 he seem$ int5t ^u ! dull "w ( ! c\nt+-h\se4 ,o!r m5 7 put =w>d 9 ! execution ( designs t he _h plann$2 & ?is policy ( rul+ ! ,/ate by cat's-paws 0 foll[$ s consi/5tly1 t at ! end ( 8 life 8 influ5ce 0 ?reat5$ by ! v in/rum5ts he _h creat$4 ,at ! same "t he ex]cis$ virtual despotism ) a pitiless t5acity unsurpass$ by ! ,visconti4 ,! cruelty ) :i* he pu%$ ! ,albizzi to _! ru91 prolong$ ! exile ( ,palla degli ,/rozzi1 r$uc$ ,giannozzo ,manetti to begg>y1 & oppress$ 8 rivals 9 g5]al ) =c$ loans--us+ taxation l a poign>d1 to quote a phrase f ,guicci>d9i--is en\gh to %[ t only prud5ce caus$ him to refra9 f viol5ce4#acb ,a cold & calculat+ policy1 f>-sight$1 cov]t1 & secretive1 gov]n$ all ! measures he took = fa/5+ 8 family on ,flor5ce4 ,! result 0 t ! roots ( ! ,m$ici1 :ile !y seem$ to take hold sl[ly1 /ruck deep2 y might fancy !y 7 n[h]e1 j because !y _h left no "p unp5etrat$4 ,! ,republic1 l ,gulliv] 9 ,liliput1 0 ti$ d[n by a ?\s& ?reads1 ea* almo/ imp]ceptible1 b s v>i$ 9 quality & s subtly int]wov5 t to escape f ! network 0 impossible4 ,footnote #acb3 ,manetti's obligations to ! commune 7 rais$ by arbitr>y impositions to ! enorm\s sum ( #ace1jjj gold5 flor9s4 ,he 0 brok5 9 8 trade & =c$ to live on *>ity 9 exile4 ,mu* ( ! influ5ce acquir$ by ,cosimo1 & transmitt$ to 8 desc5dants1 0 due to sympa?y ) ! intellectual movem5t ( ! age4 ,he _h receiv$ a solid education2 & ?\gh he 0 n a ,greek s*ol>1 8 m9d 0 op5 to ! int]e/s :i* 9 ! fifte5? c5tury absorb$ ! ,flor5t9es4 ,he collect$ manuscripts1 gems1 co9s1 & inscriptions1 employ+ ! res\rces ( 8 bank+ h\se & engag+ 8 comm]cial ag5ts 9 ?is "w4 ,pa9t]s & sculptors1 no less ?an s*ol>s & copyi/s1 f\nd 9 him a lib]al patron4 ,at ! dea? ( 8 son ,pi]o ! treasures ( ! ,casa ,m$ici1 n c\nt+ plate & co/ly furniture1 7 valu$ at #cj1jjj gold5 flor9s4#acc ,! sums ( money sp5t by him 9 build+ 7 enorm\s4 ,x 0 reckon$ t1 "o ye> ) ano!r1 he disburs$ f #ae1jjj to #ah1jjj gold5 flor9s annually 9 edifices = ! public use4#acd ,( ^! ! mo/ important 7 ! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,m>co1 :i* altoge!r co/ ab\t #gj1jjj flor9s2 ,s4 ,lor5zo1 :i* co/ ano!r #dj1jjj2 & ! ,abbey ( ,fiesole4 ,on 8 own palace he exp5d$ #fj1jjj flor9s1 :ile ! build+ ( 8 villas at ,c>eggi & ,cafaggiuolo impli$ a fur!r l>ge exp5diture4 ,n a %ill+ ( ?is money 0 wa/$2 = :ile ,cosimo avoid$ ! reproa* ( p]sonal extravagance1 he gave "w to multitudes ( lab\r]s1 :o receiv$ _! wages regul>ly e ,saturday at 8 (fice4 ,to ?is free use ( weal? 9 ! employm5t ( artisans may be ascrib$ ! popul>ity ( ! ,m$ici ) ! l[] classes1 :i* 0 m ?an once s useful to !m at a p]il\s turn ( =tune4 ,footnote #acc3 ,see ,von ,reumont1 vol4 ii4 p4 #age4 ,footnote #acd3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #beg4 ,compreh5d+ ! conditions "u :i* tyranny might be successfully practis$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,cosimo atta*$ great value to ?is g5]osity4 ,he us$1 9 lat] life1 to regret t 'he _h n begun to sp5d money ^u public works t5 ye>s e>li] ?an he did4'#ace ,e co/ly build+ t bore 8 "n1 ea* libr>y he op5$ to ! public1 & all ! donations lavi%$ ^u s*ol>s s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( cem5t+ ! despotism ( 8 h\se & ( gratify+ 8 p]sonal en?usiasm = culture4 ,sup]/ition m+l$ ) ^! motives ( ! tyrant & ! dilettante4 ,kn[+ t mu* ( 8 weal? _h be5 ill-gott51 he bes\ght ! ,pope1 ,eug5ius1 to indicate a prop] way ( re/itution4 ,eug5ius advis$ him to sp5d #aj1jjj flor9s on ! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,m>co4 ,!reupon ,cosimo laid out consid]ably m ?an f\r times t sum1 add+ ! fam\s ,m>cian ,libr>y1 & treat+ ! new f\ndation ( ! ,oss]vanza1 "o ( ! ,pope's fav\rite crot*ets1 ) m ?an pr9cely lib]ality4#acf ,footnote #ace3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #acf3 ,ibid4 p4 #beb4 ,cosimo ord]$ 8 cl]ks to hon\r all drafts pres5t$ ) ! signature ( "o ( ! *ief bre?r5 ( ! conv5t4 ',aveva ord9ato al banco1 *e tutti i dan>i1 *e gli fuss9o tratti p] polizza d'uno religioso de primi del conv5to1 gli pagasse1 e mettessegli a suo conto1 e fuss9o *e somma si voless9o4' ,( 8 g5]osity to m5 ( lett]s ! mo/ /rik+ details are record$4 ,:5 ,niccolo de' ,niccoli ru9$ himself by buy+ books1 ,cosimo op5$ = him an unlimit$ cr$it ) ! ,m$icean bank4 ,! ca%i]s receiv$ ord]s to hon\r ! old s*ol>'s drafts2 & 9 ?is way ,niccolo drew #ejj ducats = 8 private ne$s4#acg ,tommaso ,p>5tucelli 0 treat$ ) no less magnific5ce4 ,z ,bi%op ( ,bologna1 soon aft] 8 patron ,alb]gati's dea?1 he f\nd himself ) v meagre rev5ues & no imm$iate prospect ( pref]m5t4 ,yet ! exp5ses ( 8 /ation 7 consid]able1 & he _h occasion to reque/ a loan f ! ,m$ici4 ,cosimo issu$ a circul> lett] to 8 correspond5ts1 engag+ !m to supply ,tommaso ) :at sums ( money he might want4#ach ,:5 ! ,bi%op ( ,bologna assum$ ! ti>a1 ) ! "n ( ,ni*olas ,v41 he rew>d$ ,cosimo by mak+ him 8 bank]2 & ! ,jubilee br++ #ajj1jjj ducats into ! ,papal treasury1 ! obligation 0 repaid a hundr$fold4#aci ,footnote #acg3 ,vespasiano1 pp4 #bfd1 #dge4 ,footnote #ach3 ,vespasiano1 pp4 #bi1 #bfd4 ,footnote #aci3 ,ibid4 pp4 #cd1 #bfe4 ,! *ief b5efit conf]r$ by ,cosimo de' ,m$ici on le>n+ 0 ! accumulation & ! h\s+ ( l>ge public libr>ies4 ,dur+ 8 exile 7,oct4 #c1 #adcc--,oct4 #a1 #adcd7 he built ! ,libr>y ( ,s4 ,giorgio ,maggiore at ,v5ice1 & aft] 8 return to ,flor5ce he =m$ ?ree sep>ate collections ( ,,mss4 ,:ile ! hall ( ! ,libr>y ( ,s4 ,m>co 0 9 process ( con/ruction1 ,niccolo de' ,niccoli di$1 9 #adcg1 bequea?+ 8 #hjj ,,mss41 valu$ at #f1jjj gold5 flor9s1 to sixte5 tru/ees4 ,among ^! 7 ,cosimo & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i1 ,lion>do ,bruni1 ,c>lo ,m>supp9i1 ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 ,giannozzo ,manetti1 & ,franco ,sac*etti4 ,at ! same "t ! e/ate ( ,niccolo 0 compromis$ by heavy debts4 ,^! debts ,cosimo cancell$1 obta9+ 9 ex*ange ! "r to dispose ( ! libr>y4 ,9 #adda ! hall ( ! conv5t 0 f9i%$4 ,f\r hundr$ ( ,niccolo's ,,mss4 7 plac$ !re1 ) ?is inscription ^u ea*3 ,ex h]$itate doctissimi viri ,nicolai de ,nicolis de ,flor5ti4 ,tommaso ,p>5tucelli made a catalogue at ,cosimo's reque/1 9 :i* he n only not$ ! titles ( ,niccoli's books1 b also m>k$ ! names ( o!rs want+ to complete ! collection4 ,?is catalogue aft]w>ds s]v$ z a guide to ! f\nd]s ( ! libr>ies ( ,fiesole1 ,urb9o1 & ,pes>o1 & 01 says ,vespasiano1 indisp5sable to book-collectors4#adj ,( ! rema9+ #djj volumes ,cosimo kept "s = 8 own 7! ,m$icean7 libr>y1 & "s he gave to fri5ds4 ,at ! same "t he sp>$ no pa9s 9 add+ to ! ,m>cian collection4 ,8 ag5ts receiv$ in/ructions to buy codices1 :ile ,vespasiano & ,fra ,giuliano ,lapacc9i 7 employ$ 9 copy+ r>e ,,mss4 ,z soon z ,cosimo _h f9i%$ build+ ! ,abbey ( ,fiesole1 he set ab\t provid+ ?is also ) a libr>y suit$ to ! wants ( le>n$ ecclesia/ics4 ,( ! me?od he pursu$1 ,vespasiano1 :o act$ z 8 ag5t1 has transmitt$ ! foll[+ acc\nt3#ada--',"o day1 :5 ,i 0 9 8 room1 he said to me1 ,:at plan c y recomm5d = ! =mation ( ?is libr>y8 ,i answ]$ t to buy ! books w\ld be impossible1 s9ce !y c\ld n be pur*as$4 ,:at1 !n1 d y propose8 he add$4 ,i told him t !y mu/ be copi$4 ,he !n ask$ if ,i w\ld und]take ! bus9ess4 ,i repli$ t ,i 0 will+4 ,he bade me beg9 at my leisure1 say+ t he left all to me2 & = ! monies want$ day by day1 he ord]$ t ,don ,arcangelo1 at t "t prior ( ! mona/]y1 %\ld draw *eques ^u 8 bank1 :i* %\ld be hon\r$4 ,aft] beg9n+ ! collection1 s9ce x 0 8 w t x %\ld be f9i%$ ) all spe$ possible1 & money 0 n lack+1 ,i soon engag$ =ty-five copyi/s1 & 9 tw5ty-two mon?s provid$ two hundr$ volumes1 foll[+ ! admirable li/ furni%$ by ,pope ,ni*olas ,v4' ,! two libr>ies ?us =m$ by ,cosimo = ! ,conv5ts ( ,s4 ,m>co & ,fiesole1 toge!r ) 8 own private collections1 con/itute ! olde/ portion ( ! pres5t ,laur5tian ,libr>y4 ,on ! title-pages ( _m v5]able ,,mss4 may /ill be read inscriptions1 te/ify+ to ! munific5ce ( ! ,m$ici1 & call+ ^u pi\s /ud5ts to rememb] ! s\ls ( _! b5efactors 9 _! pray]s#adb--,orato itaque lector ut gloria et diviti s9t 9 domo ejus ju/itia ejus et maneat 9 sculum sculi4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see ,vespasiano's ,life ( ,ni*olas ,v4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ada3 ,vita di ,cosimo1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #adb3 ,see ,von ,reumont1 vol4 i4 p4 #egh4 ,cosimo's zeal = le>n+ 0 n conf9$ to ! build+ ( libr>ies or to book-collect+4 ,8 palace =m$ ! c5tre ( a lit]>y & philosophical society1 :i* unit$ all ! wits ( ,flor5ce & ! visitors :o cr[d$ to ! capital ( culture4 ,vespasiano expressly /ates t 'he 0 always ! fa!r & b5efactor ( ^? :o %[$ any excell5ce4'#adc ,di/+ui%$ by v]satility ( ta/es & compreh5sive intellect1 he =m$ 8 own op9ion ( ! m5 ( em95ce ) :om he came 9 contact1 & conv]s$ ) ea* ^u 8 special subject4 ',:5 giv+ audi5ce to a s*ol>1 he disc\rs$ conc]n+ lett]s2 9 ! company ( !ologians he %[$ 8 acqua9tance ) !ology1 a bran* ( le>n+ always /udi$ by him ) delight4 ,s also ) reg>d to philosophy4 ,a/rolog]s f\nd him well v]s$ 9 _! sci5ce1 = he some:at l5t fai? to a/rology & employ$ x on c]ta9 private occasions4 ,musicians 9 l mann] p]ceiv$ 8 ma/]y ( music1 :]e9 he mu* delight$4 ,! same 0 true ab\t sculpture & pa9t+2 bo? ( ^! arts he und]/ood completely1 & %[$ great fav\r to all wor?y craftsm54 ,9 ar*itecture he 0 a consummate judge1 = )\t 8 op9ion & advice no build+ 0 begun or c>ri$ to completion4'#add ,footnote #adc3 ,vita di ,cosimo1 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #add3 ,cond5s$ f ,vespasiano1 p4 #beh4 ,! disc]nm5t ( "*1 possess$ by ,cosimo 9 a v high degree1 n only enabl$ him to ext5d enlight5$ patronage to arts & lett]s1 b also to provide = ! future ne$s ( erudition4 ,/imulat$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ,greeks :o cr[d$ ,flor5ce dur+ ! sitt+ ( ! ,c\ncil 9 #adch1 he =m$ a plan = enc\rag+ ,hell5ic /udies4 ,x 0 he :o f\nd$ ! ,platonic ,academy1 & educat$ ,m>silio ,fic9o1 ! son ( 8 physician1 = ! special purpose ( int]pret+ ,greek philosophy4 ,fic9o1 9 a lett] to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 obs]ves t dur+ twelve ye>s he _h conv]s$ ) ,cosimo on matt]s ( philosophy1 & always f\nd him z acute 9 reason+ z he 0 prud5t & p[]ful 9 action4 ',i owe to ,plato mu*1 to ,cosimo no less4 ,he realis$ = me ! virtues ( :i* ,plato gave me ! conception4' ,?us ! man ^: political cynicism is en%r9$ 9 su* apoph!gms z ^!3--',a few ells ( sc>let w\ld fill ,flor5ce ) citiz5s2' ',y _c gov]n a ,/ate ) pat]no/]s2' ',bett] ! city ru9$ ?an ! city lo/ to u'--mu/1 by 8 relations to s*ol>s & 8 en?usiasm = culture1 /ill comm& our admiration & respect4 ,among ! fri5ds ( ,cosimo1 to ^: p]sonal influ5ce at ,flor5ce ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ ow$ a vigor\s impulse1 ,niccolo de' ,niccoli claims our e>lie/ att5tion4#ade ,! "p he took 9 promot+ ,greek /udies has be5 already notic$1 & we h se5 t 8 private libr>y =m$ ! nucleus ( ! ,m>cian collection4 ,( ! eight hundr$ volumes bequea!d to 8 executors1 ! majority _h be5 transcrib$ by 8 own h&2 = he 0 assidu\s 9 ?is lab\r1 & plum$ himself ^u 8 skill 9 cursive z well z pr9t$ "*4#adf ,8 :ole =tune 0 exp5d$ long be=e 8 dea? 9 buy+ manuscripts or procur+ copies f a di/ance4 ',if he he>d ( any book 9 ,greek or ,lat9 n to be _h 9 ,flor5ce1 he sp>$ no co/ 9 gett+ x2 ! numb] ( ! ,lat9 books :i* ,flor5ce owes entirely to 8 g5]osity _c be reckon$4'#adg ,great1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 ! transports ( delight ) :i* he welcom$ on "o occasion a manuscript conta9+ sev5 trag$ies ( ,sophocles1 six ( s*ylus1 & ! ',argonautica' ( ,apollonius ,rhodius4#adh ,nor 0 he only eag] 9 collect+ = 8 own use4 ,he l5t 8 books s freely t1 at ! mom5t ( 8 dea?1 two hundr$ volumes 7 out on loan2#adi &1 :5 x seem$ t ,boccaccio's libr>y w\ld p]i% f neglect1 at 8 own co/ he provid$ sub/antial wood5 cases = x 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,spirito4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 conclude t ,niccolo 0 a m]e copyi/ & collector4 ,on ! contr>y1 he made a po9t ( collat+ ! sev]al ,,mss4 ( an au?or on ^: text he 0 engag$1 remov$ obvi\s errors1 & sugge/$ em5dations1 help+ ?us to lay ! f\ndations ( mod]n criticism4 ,8 judgm5t 9 matt]s ( /yle 0 s highly valu$ t x 0 usual = s*ol>s to submit _! essays to 8 eyes be=e !y v5tur$ ^u publication4 ,?us ,lion>do ,bruni s5t him 8 ',life ( ,cic]o1' call+ him '! c5sor ( ! ,lat9 tongue4'#aej ,not)/&+ 8 f9e s5se ( language1 ,niccolo nev] appe>$ be=e ! _w ( lett]s z an au?or4 ,8 enemies made ! mo/ ( ?is reluctance1 av]r+ t he knew 8 own ineptitude1 :ile 8 fri5ds ref]r$ 8 sil5ce to an exquisite fa/idi\sness ( ta/e4#aea ,x may h be5 t he rememb]$ ! ,tacitean epigram on ,galba--omnium cons5su capax imp]ii nisi imp]sset--& appli$ x to himself4 ,c]ta9ly 8 res]ve1 9 an age notewor?y = arrogant display1 has t5d$ to conf] on him di/9ction4 ,! position he occupi$ at ,flor5ce 0 t ( a lit]>y dictator4 ,all :o ne$$ 8 assi/ance & advice 7 receiv$ ) urbanity4 ,he ?rew 8 h\se op5 to "y m5 ( p>ts1 engag$ 9 disputations ) ! curi\s1 & provid$ ! ill-educat$ ) tea*]s4 ,=eign]s f all p>ts ( ,italy & ,europe paid him visits3 '! /rang]s :o came to ,flor5ce at t "t1 if !y miss$ ! opportunity ( see+ him at home1 ?\ght !y _h n be5 9 ,flor5ce4'#aeb ,! h\se :]e he liv$ 0 wor?y ( 8 ref9$ ta/e & cultivat$ judgm5t2 = he _h =m$ a museum ( antiquities--inscriptions1 m>bles1 co9s1 vases1 & engrav$ gems4 ,!re he n only receiv$ /ud5ts & /rang]s1 b conv]s$ ) sculptors & pa9t]s1 discuss+ _! inv5tions z freely z he criticis$ ! essays ( ! s*ol>s4 ,x is probable t ! classicism ( ,brunelles*i & ,donatello1 bo? ( :om 7 among 8 intimate fri5ds1 may be due 9 "p at lea/ to 8 disc\rses on ! mann] ( ! anci5ts4#aec ,pl9y1 we "k1 0 "o ( 8 fav\rite au?ors2 =1 hav+ he>d t a complete codex ( ! ',natural ,hi/ories' exi/$ at ,lbeck1 he left no /one unturn$ till x _h be5 transf]r$ to ,flor5ce4#aed ,footnote #ade3 ,:at foll[s ,i h bas$ on ,vespasiano's ,life ( ,niccolo4 ,poggio's ,fun]al ,oration1 & 8 lett] to ,c>lo ,aret9o on ! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,niccolo1 are to ! same effect4 ,poggii ,op]a1 pp4 #bgj1 #cdb4 ,footnote #adf3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #dga4 ',le scriveva di sua mano o di lett]a corsiva o =mata1 *e dell'una lett]a e dell'altra era bellissimo scrittore4' ,footnote #adg3 ,ibid4 p4 #dgc4 ,footnote #adh3 ,see a lett] ( ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i1 quot$ by ,voigt1 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #adi3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #dgf4 ,poggio1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #aej3 ,vespasiano1 pp4 #dgc1 #dgh4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ibid4 p4 #dgh4 ,poggio1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #dgg4 ,footnote #aec3 ,ibid4 p4 #dgi4 ,footnote #aed3 ,ibid4 p4 #dgd4 ,vespasiano's acc\nt ( 8 p]sonal habits pres5ts s vivid a picture t ,i _c refra9 f translat+ x at l5g?3--',fir/ ( all1 he 0 ( a mo/ fair pres5ce2 lively1 = a smile 0 ev] on 8 lips2 & v pleasant 9 8 talk4 ,he wore clo!s ( ! faire/ crimson clo?1 d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,he nev] m>ri$1 9 ord] t he might n be imp$$ 9 8 /udies4 ,a h\sekeep] provid$ = 8 daily ne$s4 ,he 0 above all m5 ! mo/ cleanly 9 eat+1 z also 9 all o!r ?+s4 ,:5 he sat at table1 he ate f fair antique vases2 &1 9 l mann]1 all 8 table 0 cov]$ ) porcela9 & o!r vessels ( great beauty4 ,! cup f :i* he drank 0 ( cry/al or ( "s o!r preci\s /one4 ,to see him at table--a p]fect model ( ! m5 ( old--0 ( a tru? a *>m+ sight4 ,he always will$ t ! napk9s set be=e him %\ld be ( ! :ite/1 z well z all ! l954 ,"s might wond] at ! _m vases he possess$1 to :om ,i answ] t ?+s ( t sort 7 nei!r s highly valu$ !n1 nor s mu* reg>d$1 z !y h s9ce become2 & ,niccolo hav+ fri5ds ev]y:]e1 anyone :o wi%$ to d him a pleasure w\ld s5d him m>ble /atues1 or antique vases1 c>v+s1 inscriptions1 pictures f ! h&s ( di/+ui%$ ma/]s1 & mosaic tablets4 ,he _h a mo/ beautiful map1 on :i* all ! p>ts & cities ( ! _w 7 m>k$2 o!rs ( ,italy & ,spa91 all pa9t$4 ,flor5ce c\ld n %[ a h\se m full ( ornam5ts ?an 81 or "o t _h 9 x a great] numb] ( graceful objects2 s t all :o w5t !re f\nd innum]able ?+s ( wor? to please v>ieties ( ta/e4' ,:at di/+ui%$ ,niccolo 0 ! comb9ation ( ref9em5t & humane bre$+ ) op5-h&$ g5]osity & devotion to ! cause ( culture4 ,he knew h[ to br+ =w>d m5 ( promise1 & to place !m 9 positions ( em95ce4 ,yet1 9 return = b5efits conf]r$1 he exact$ m compliance ?an c\ld be expect$ f ! haughty & unb5d+ temp] ( di/+ui%$ s*ol>s4 ,opposition & contradiction r\s$ 8 jeal\sy & b>b$ 8 cau/ic spee* ) s>casm4 ,*rysoloras & ,gu>9o1 ,aurispa & ,filelfo1 aft] visit+ ,flor5ce at 8 invitation1 f\nd ! city un5durable ?r\gh ! opposition rais$ by ,niccolo aga9/ !m4 ,among ! m5 ( ability :o adorn$ ,flor5ce at ?is p]iod1 no "o /&s =? ) a m di/+ui%$ p]sonality ?an ,lion>do ,bruni4 ,9 8 boyhood at ,arezzo1 :]e 8 p>5ts occupi$ a humble position1 he us$1 z he tells u 9 8 ',comm5t>ies1'#aee to gaze on ,petr>*'s portrait1 f]v5tly desir+ t he might w9 l laurels 9 ! field ( s*ol>%ip4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 be+ poor & ( no reputation1 he 0 =c$ to apply 8 tal5ts to ! /udy ( ! law4 ,f ^! uncong5ial lab\rs ! patronage ( ,salutato & ! influ5ce ( ,*rysoloras#aef sav$ him4 ,hav+ begun to write = ! public1 8 fame z a ,lat9i/ soon spread s wide t he 0 appo9t$ ,apo/olic ,secret>y to ! ,roman ,curia4 ,aft] %>+ ! ill =tunes ( ,john ,,xxiii4 at ,con/ance1 & s]v+ "u ,m>t9 ,v4 at ,flor5ce1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! ,*anc]y ( ! ,republic 9 #adbg1 a po/ :i* he occupi$ until 8 dea? 9 #addc4 ,8 biography1 !re=e1 illu/rates all t has be5 said conc]n+ ! employm5t ( humani/s 9 high (fices ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,8 diplomatic lett]s 7 reg>d$ z models 9 t k9d ( composition1 & 8 public spee*es1 c>efully prep>$ be=eh&1 7 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,p]icles4 ,flor5ce 0 cr[d$ ) ! copyi/s :o multipli$ 8 ,,mss41 disp]s+ !m all ov] ,europe2 & :5 he walk$ abroad1 a num]\s tra9 ( s*ol>s & ( =eign]s att5d$ him4#aeg ,he mov$ ) gravity & maje/y ( p]son1 we>+ ! r$ robes ( a ,flor5t9e burgh]1 us+ few words1 b pay+ m>k$ c\rtesy to m5 ( weal?4 ,among ! compositions :i* secur$ 8 reputation %\ld fir/ be m5tion$ ! ,lat9 ',hi/ory ( ,flor5ce1' a "w unique 9 its k9d at t "t 9 ,italy4#aeh ,! grateful ,republic rew>d$ _! *ancellor by be/[+ ^u him ! citiz5%ip ( ,flor5ce1 & by exempt+ ! au?or & 8 *ildr5 f taxation4 ,! high value at :i* ,bruni rat$ 8 own ,lat9 s*ol>%ip is prov$ by 8 d>+ to re/ore ! second ,decade ( ,livy 9 a compilation entitl$ ',de ,primo ,bello ,punico4' ,8 m$ival erudition 0 ex]cis$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,go?ic invasion ( ,italy1 :ile 8 m elegant /yle f\nd ample scope 9 ,lat9 ,lives ( ,cic]o & ,ari/otle1 9 a book ( ,comm5t>ies on 8 own times1 & 9 t5 volumes ( ,collect$ ,lett]s4 ,^! orig9al works 7 possibly ( less importance ?an ,bruni's translations f ! ,greek1 :i* pass$ 9 8 own age = models ( s\nd s*ol>%ip z well z pure ,lat9ity4 ,! erudition ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h to ?ank 8 indu/ry = critical r5d]+s ( ,ari/otle's ',e?ics1' ',politics1' & ',economics4'#aei ,! ',politics' 7 d$icat$ to ! ,e>l ( ,worce/]1 & ! autograph 0 s5t to ,engl&4 ,"s delay 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( s magnific5t a tribute ( respect caus$ ! haughty s*ol> to transf] ! hon\r ( 8 d$ication to ,eug5ius ,,iv4 ,he cancell$ 8 fir/ preface1 sub/itut$ a new "o1 & receiv$ ! praise & ?anks he s\ght1 9 pl5ty f 8 ,hol9ess4#afj ,( ,plato ,bruni translat$ ! ',phd1' ',crito1' & ',apology1' ! ',phdrus' & ! ',gorgias1' toge!r ) ! ',epi/les4' ,to ^! v]sions mu/ be add$ six ,lives ( ,plut>* & two ,orations ( ,demo/h5es4 ,nor h we ?us by any means exhau/$ ! li/ ( ,bruni's ,lat9 compositions1 :i* includ$ controv]sial writ+s1 invectives1 moral essays1 orations1 & tracts on lit]>y or antiqu>ian topics4 ,if we consid] t1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! sev]e lab\rs1 & "u ! pressure ( 8 public engagem5ts1 he /ill f\nd "t to compose ,italian ,lives ( ,dante & ,petr>*1 we %all und]/& ! admiration univ]sally express$ by 8 contempor>ies = 8 compreh5sive tal5ts1 & %>e _! gratitude = s]vices s num]\s 9 ! cause ( le>n+4 ,:5 ,mess] ,lion>do di$ 9 #addc1 ! priors decre$ him a public fun]al1 'aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5ts4' ,8 corpse 0 clo!d 9 d>k silk1 & on 8 brea/ 0 laid a copy ( ! ,flor5t9e ,hi/ory4 ,?us attir$1 he pass$ 9 /ate to ,s4 ,croce1 :]e ,giannozzo ,manetti1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,signory1 ! =eign ambassadors1 & ! ,c\rt ( ,pope ,eug5ius1 pron\nc$ a fun]al oration1 & plac$ ! laurel cr[n ^u 8 head4#afa ,! monum5t b5ea? :i* ,mess] ,lion>do's bones repose is an excell5t specim5 ( ,flor5t9e sepul*ral /atu>y1 execut$ by ,b]n>do ,rossell9o4 ,footnote #aee3 ,muratori1 xix4 p4 #iag4 ',erat 9 ipso cubiculo picta ,francisci ,petr>* imago1 quam ego quotidie aspici5s1 incr$ibili ardore /udiorum ejus inc5deb>4' ,footnote #aef3 ,see above1 pp4 #gg1 #hj4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,see ,vespasiano1 p4 #dcf4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ,despots1 pp4 #baf-bah4 ,footnote #aei3 ,^! la/ 7 !n ?\ght g5u9e4 ,footnote #afj3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #dcf4 ,footnote #afa3 ,ibid4 ,vita di ,manetti1 p4 #deb4 ,manetti 0 himself a prior at ?is "t4 ,fac+ ,bruni's tomb 9 ,s4 ,croce is t ( ,c>lo ,aret9o1 wr\ght ) subtl] art & 9 a ri*] /yle by ,desid]io da ,settignano4 ,mess] ,c>lo1 :o succe$$ ,bruni 9 ! ,*anc]y ( ! ,republic1 %>$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 z well z 9 ! public hon\rs paid him at 8 dea?1 v simil> =tunes4 ,8 family "n 0 ,m>supp9i1 & he 0 born ( a good family 9 ,arezzo4 ,hav+ come to ,flor5ce :ile a y\? to /udy ,greek1 he fell "u ! notice ( ,niccolo de' ,niccoli1 :o introduc$ him to ! ,m$icean family1 & procur$ him an engagem5t at a high sal>y f ! ,uffiziali dello ,/udio4 ,at ! "t :5 he began to lecture1 ,eug5ius 0 hold+ 8 ,c\rt at ,flor5ce4 ,! c>d9als & nephews ( ! ,pope1 att5d$ by =eign ambassadors1 & foll[$ by ! apo/olic secret>ies1 m+l$ ) burgh]s ( ,flor5ce & /ud5ts f a di/ance r\nd ! desk ( ! "y s*ol>4 ,c>lo's read+ 0 kn[n to be ext5sive1 & 8 memory 0 celebrat$ z prodigi\s4 ,yet on ! occasion ( ?is fir/ lecture he f> surpass$ all t 0 expect$ ( him4 ',be=e a cr[d ( le>n$ m51' says ,vespasiano1 'he gave a great pro( ( 8 memory1 = nei!r ,greeks nor ,romans _h an au?or f :om he did n quote4'#afb ,filelfo1 :o 0 also lectur+ 9 ,flor5ce at ! "t1 _h ! mortification ( see+ ! l>g] portion ( 8 audi5ce transf] !mselves to ,m>supp9i4 ,?is w\nd to 8 vanity he nev] =gave4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 7,cosimo's y\ng] bro!r71 ,c>lo ,m>supp9i 0 fir/ made ,apo/olic ,secret>y1 & !n promot$ to ! ,*anc]y ( ,flor5ce4 ,he 0 grave 9 mann]1 taciturn 9 spee*1 & mu* giv5 to melan*oly4 ,8 contempor>ies reg>d$ him z a man ( no religion1 & he 0 said to h di$ )\t confession or communion4#afc ,?is did n prev5t 8 be+ buri$ 9 ,s4 ,croce ) c]emonies simil> to ^? decre$ = ,mess] ,lion>do4 ,matteo ,palmi]i pron\nc$ ! fun]al oration1 & plac$ ! laurel on 8 br[s4 ,m>supp9i's contributions to s*ol>%ip 7 *iefly 9 v]se2 among ^! 8 translations ( ! ',batra*omyoma*ia' & ! fir/ book ( ! ',iliad' 7 highly valu$4 ,footnote #afb3 ,vita di ,c>lo d',arezzo1 p4 #ddj4 ,footnote #afc3 ,see ,tirabos*i1 tom4 vi4 p4 #ajid4 ,matteo ,palmi]i1 :o pron\nc$ ! fun]al oration ( ,mess] ,c>lo ,aret9o1 sprang f an hon\rable ,flor5t9e /ock1 & by 8 own abilities rose to a /ation ( consid]able public influ5ce4 ,he is pr9cipally fam\s z ! au?or ( a my/ical poem call$ ',citt di ,vita1' :i*1 ?\gh x 0 condemn$ = its h]etical op9ions1 obta9$ f ,fic9us = its au?or ! title ( ,poeta ,!ologicus4 ,to discuss ! circum/ances "u :i* ?is allegory 9 ! /yle ( ,dante 0 compos$1 ! secresy 9 :i* x 0 involv$ until ! poet's dea?1 & ! relation ( ,palmi]i's views to h]esies 9 vogue at ,flor5ce1 belongs to a future section ( my "w4#afd ,he claims a pass+ notice "h among ! humani/s :o acquir$ high place & hon\r by ! cr$it ( 8 eloqu5ce & /yle4 ,footnote #afd3 ,see ,vespasiano1 p4 #ejj4 ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 p4 #fgh4 ,app4 iii4 to vol4 v4 ( ?is "w4 ,giannozzo ,manetti belong$ to an illu/ri\s h\se1 & 9 8 y\?1 l o!r well-born ,flor5t9es1 0 tra9$ = m]cantile affairs4#afe ,at ! age ( five-&-tw5ty he ?rew (f ! p>5tal control1 & gave himself entirely to lett]s4 ,s ob/9ate 0 8 indu/ry 9 ! acquisition ( k1 t he all[$ himself only five h\rs ( sleep1 & sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life 9 /udy4 ,dur+ n9e :ole ye>s he nev] cross$ ! ,arno1 b rema9$ )9 ! walls ( 8 h\se & g>d51 :i* communicat$ ) ! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,spirito4 ,be+ passionately fond ( disputation1 he s\ght 8 *ief amusem5t !re 9 ! debat+ society f\nd$ by ,m>sigli4 ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i 0 8 ma/] 9 ,greek4 ,lat9 he _h no difficulty 9 acquir+1 & soon ga9$ su* facility 9 its ex]cise t ev5 ,lion>do ,bruni is said to h envi$ 8 flu5cy4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 cont5t$ ) ^! languages1 & 9 ord] to p]fect himself 9 ,hebrew he kept a ,jew 9 8 own h\se4#aff ,:5 he _h acquir$ suffici5t famili>ity ) ,hebrew1 he turn$ ! arms suppli$ him by 8 tutors aga9/ _! h]esies1 bas+ 8 argum5ts ^u su* int]pretations ( texts z 8 sup]ior philology sugge/$ to him4 ,! great "w ( 8 lit]>y leisure 0 a polemical disc\rse ',contra ,judos et ,g5tes1' =1 unlike ,m>supp9i1 he plac$ 8 erudition solely at ! s]vice ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,ano!r fruit ( 8 ,hebrew /udies 0 a new translation ( ! ,psalms f ! orig9al4 ,footnote #afe3 ,! s\rces = ,manetti's ,life are ,vespasiano & an anonym\s ,lat9 biography 9 ,muratori4 ,besides ! small ,life ( ,vespasiano 9 8 ,vite d',uom9i ,illu/ri1 ,i h _h rec\rse to 8 ,com5t>io della ,vita di ,gianozo ,manetti1 ,tur91 #ahfb4 ,footnote #aff3 ',t5ne 9 casa dua ,greci et uno ,ebreo *e s'era fatto ,cri/iano1 et non voleva *e il ,greco p>lasse con lui se non 9 greco1 et il simile il ,ebreo 9 ebreo4'--,com5t>io1 p4 #aa4 ,manetti 0 f> f be+ a m]e /ud5t4 ,dur+ ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life he 0 cont9ually employ$ z ambassador to ! ,republic at ,v5ice1 ,naples1 ,rome1 & o!r ,c\rts ( ,italy4 ,he adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,pescia1 ,pi/oja1 & ,sc>p>ia 9 times ( great difficulty1 w9n+ a s+ul> reputation = probity & ju/ice4 ,on all occasions ( /ate 8 eloqu5ce made him indisp5sable to ! ,signory1 :ile ! li/s ( 8 writ+s include num]\s spee*es ^u v>i$ topics address$ to pot5tates & pr9ces ?r\gh\t ,italy4#afg ,!re is a curi\s /ory relat$ 9 8 ,life1 :i* illu/rates ! importance atta*$ at ?is "t to public speak+4 ,aft] ! coronation ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 ! ,flor5t9es s5t fifte5 ambassadors1 includ+ ,manetti1 att5d$ by ! ,*ancellor ,c>lo ,aret9o1 to congratulate him4 ,manetti 0 a ,colleague ( ! ,signory1 & on him w\ld !re=e h naturally fall5 ! fulfilm5t ( ! task1 _h n ?is hon\r be5 conf]r$1 by private ma*9ations ( ! ,m$icean family1 on ,c>lo4 ,! ,*ancellor duly deliv]$ a prep>$ oration1 :i* 0 answ]$ by neas ,sylvius 9 ! "n ( ! ,emp]or4 ,"s topics rais$ 9 ?is reply requir$ rejo9d] f ! ,flor5t9es2 b ,mess] ,c>lo decl>$ himself unable to speak )\t previ\s /udy4 ,to be =c$ to hold _! tongues be=e ! ,emp]or & all 8 suite 0 a bitt] humiliation to ! m5 ( ,flor5ce4 ,h[ c\ld !y return home & confess t ! rhetoric ( _! ,*ancellor _h be5 sil5c$ by a witty secret>y8 ,9 _! sore di/ress !y bes\ght ,manetti to help !m2 :]eupon he rose & deliv]$ an extempore oration4 ',:5 x 0 f9i%$1' says ,vespasiano1#afh 'all compet5t judges :o und]/ood ,lat91 & c\ld foll[ x1 decl>$ t ,mess] ,giannozzi's extempore spee* 0 sup]ior to t :i* ,mess] ,c>lo _h prep>$4' ,footnote #afg3 ',se ignuna cosa difficile o cura disp]ata1 la davano a ,mess] ,gianozo4'--,ibid4 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #afh3 ,vita di ,gianozo ,manetti1 p4 #dfb4 ,comp>e ,burckh>dt1 p4 #ahb4 ,!re is ano!r /ory1 told 9 ! ,com5t>io1 ( ,manetti's speak+ be=e ,alfonso at ,naples4 ,! ,k+ rema9$ s quiet t he did n ev5 bru% ! flies f 8 face4 ,p4 #cj4 ,! ,lat9 ,life ( ,manetti conta9s innum]able in/ances ( ! miracles wr\ght by 8 rhetoric4#afi ,yet we %\ld err if we imag9$ t ! spee*es pron\nc$ ^u solemn occasions1 by ev5 su* illu/ri\s orators z ,manetti or ,pius ,,ii41 7 m>k$ by any ( ! nobl] qualities ( eloqu5ce4#agj ,!y consi/ ( commonplaces freely int]sp]s$ ) hi/orical examples & volum9\s quotations4 ,)\t *>m1 )\t orig9ality1 !y survive z monum5ts ( ! en?usiasm ( t age = classic erudition1 & ( ! pati5ce ) :i* popes & pr9ces l5t _! e>s = two or ?ree h\rs at a /ret* to ! self-complac5t m\?+s ( a pomp\s p$ant4 ,footnote #afi3 ,muratori1 vol4 xx4 ,footnote #agj3 ,= ,pius ,,ii4's reputation see ,burckh>dt1 p4 #ahb4 ,giannozzo ,manetti became at la/ s great a p[] 9 ,flor5ce t he excit$ ! jeal\sy ( ! ,m$icean p>ty4 ,!y ru9$ him by ! imposition ( extravagant taxes1 & he 0 oblig$ to end 8 life an exile f 8 native l&4#aga ,flor5ce nev] behav$ worse to a m blameless citiz52 = ,manetti1 by 8 *e]ful acceptance ( public burd5s1 by 8 prud5ce 9 ! dis*>ge ( weighty (fices1 by ! piety & sobriety ( 8 private life1 by 8 va/ acquirem5ts1 & by ! s+le-he>t$ zeal ) :i* he burn$ = le>n+1 _h prov$ himself ! model ( su* m5 z might h sav$ ! ,/ate1 if safety _h be5 possible4 ,he retir$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,ni*olas ,v41 :o _h previ\sly nam$ him ,apo/olic ,secret>y2 & on ! dea? ( t ,pope he s\ght a f9al refuge ) ,alfonso at ,naples4#agb ,!re he devot$ himself entirely to lit]ature1 translat+ ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! e?ical treatises ( ,ari/otle into ,lat91 & c>ry+ 8 great controv]sial "w aga9/ ! ,jews & ,g5tiles onw>ds to completion4 ,footnote #aga3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #dfe4 ,muratori1 xx4 #fjj4 ,footnote #agb3 ,alfonso gave him a p5sion ( #ijj scudi4 ,he wrote a hi/ory ( 8 life & de$s4 ,few m5 des]ve a high] place on ! mu/]-roll ( ,italian wor?ies ?an ,manetti4 ,he 0 free f _m vices ( ! ,r5aissance2 8 piety & morality rema9+ unta9t$ by ! contact ) antiquity4 ,nor did he s9k ! citiz5 9 ! /ud5t4 ,8 le>n+ 0 v>i$ & pr(\nd4 ,in/ead ( apply+ himself to ,greek & ,lat9 s*ol>%ip alone1 he ma/]$ ,hebrew1 & s\ght to acquire a compreh5sive grasp ( all ! k ( ! anci5t _w4 ,at ! same "t he liv$ 9 con/ant sympa?y ) 8 age1 %>+ its delight 9 rhetorical displays & wordy disputations1 & fur!r+ ! diffusion ( k by 8 toil z a translator4 ,x may well be wond]$ h[ x happ5s t a man 9 _m po9ts ak9 to ,pico %\ld h fall5 s f> %ort ( him 9 fame4 ,! explanation lies 9 ?is3 ,manetti 0 defici5t 9 all t elevates m]e le>n+ to ! rank ( art4 ,8 ,lat9 /yle 0 t$i\s2 8 ?\ghts 7 commonplace4 ,:5 ! influ5ce ( 8 voice & p]son pass$ away1 no?+ rema9$ to prove 8 eloqu5ce b ill-dige/$ facts & ill-appli$ citations4 ,/ill ! "w :i* he effect$ 9 8 day 0 good1 & ! place he held 0 hon\rable4 ,po/]ity may be grateful to him z "o ( ! mo/ active pione]s ( mod]n culture4 ,a man ( diff]5t /amp & call+ claims att5tion next4 ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i 0 f> f %>+ ! neopagan impulse ( ! classical revival2 yet he ow$ political influ5ce & a high place among ! lead]s ( 8 age to humani/ic en?usiasm4 ,born 9 ,romagna1 & admitt$ :ile yet a *ild into ! ,conv5t degli ,angeli at ,flor5ce1 he gave e>ly signs ( 8 capacity = lit]ature4 ,at a "t :5 k ( ,greek 0 /ill a r>e title to di/9ction1#agc ,ambrogio ma/]$ ! elem5ts ( ! language & /udi$ ! ,greek ,fa!rs 9 ! orig9al4 ,8 cell became ! meet+-place ( le>n$ m51 :]e ,cosimo & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ! /ately ,bruni & ! sombre ,m>supp9i1 jo9$ ) cau/ic ,niccoli & lively ,poggio 9 e>ne/ conv]sation4 ,8 volum9\s correspond5ce connect$ him ) /ud5ts 9 all p>ts ( ,italy2 nor 0 !re any important discov]y ( ,,mss4 or plan = libr>y or univ]sity 9 :i* he did n take 8 "p among ! fir/4 ,footnote #agc3 ,niccolo de' ,niccoli1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 n a ,grecian4 ,ambrogio us$ to ins]t ! ,greek words into 8 transcripts ( ,lat9 codices4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh he 7 de/9$ to pursue a peaceful /ud5t's life among 8 books2 & = ?is c>e] nature _h m>k$ out ! little1 meagre1 lively1 & labori\s man4 ,to be em95t 9 s*ol>%ip1 h[ev]1 & to avoid ! burd5s ( celebrity1 0 impossible 9 t age4 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 :ile resid5t 9 ,flor5ce1 0 s impress$ ) 8 lit]>y em95ce & /r5g? ( "* t he made him ,g5]al ( ! ,camaldolese ,ord] 9 #adca2 & f ?is "t =w>d ,trav]s>i's life 0 divid$ betwe5 public duties1 = :i* he 0 sc>cely fitt$1 & private /udies t absorb$ 8 deepe/ int]e/s4 ,he pres5t$ ! curi\s spectacle ( a monk di/ract$ betwe5 ! scruples ( ! cloi/] & ! wid] claims ( humanism1 :o %[$ "o m9d to 8 ,ord] & ano!r to 8 lit]>y fri5ds4 ,he made a po9t ( nev] cit+ hea!n poets 9 8 writ+s1 z ?\gh ! v]ses ( ,hom] or ( ,virgil 7 inconsi/5t ) ! sobriety ( a ,*ri/ian2 yet 8 anxiety to r\nd 8 /yle ) ,cic]onian phrases1 & to bequea? models ( pure ,lat9ity 9 8 epi/les to po/]ity1 prov$ h[ mu* he valu$ lit]>y graces4 ,hav+ v[$ to consecrate 8 tal5ts to ! s]vices ( ecclesia/ical le>n+1 he und]took ! translation ( ,diog5es ,la]tius1 at ,cosimo's reque/1 ) reluctance1 & p]=m$ ! task ) bitt] self-bemoan+4 ,9 8 p]son we witness ! conflict ( ! humani/ic _s ) ecclesia/ical tradition--a conflict 9 :i* ! =m] 0 de/9$ to a*ieve a complete & memorable victory4 ,^! m5--,niccoli1 ,bruni1 ,m>supp9i1 ,manetti1 & ,trav]s>i--=m$ ! lit]>y olig>*y :o surr\nd$ ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 & ?r\gh _! indu/ry & influ5ce re/or$ ! /udies ( antiquity at ,flor5ce4 ,:ile !y 7 c>ry+ on ! "w ( revival1 ea* 9 8 own sph]e1 ) impassion$ en]gy1 a comb9ation ( ext]nal circum/ances gave fre% impulse to _! activity4 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 hav+ be5 expell$ f ,rome 9 #adcd1 _h fix$ 8 headqu>t]s 9 ,flor5ce1 :i!r 9 #adch he transf]r$ ! ,c\ncil :i* _h fir/ be5 op5$ at ,f]r>a = negotiat+ ! union ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur*es4 ,! ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 ,john ,palologus1 surr\nd$ by 8 !ologians & scribes1 toge!r ) ! ,pope ( ,rome1 on :om a tra9 ( c>d9als & secret>ies att5d$1 n[ took up _! qu>t]s 9 ! city ( ! ,m$ici4 ,a tempor>y build+ at ,santa ,m>ia ,novella 0 erect$ = ! sessions ( ! ,c\ncil1 & = sev]al mon?s ,flor5ce ent]ta9$ z gue/s ! *iefs ( ! two great sections ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,unimportant z 7 ! results1 bo? political & ecclesia/ical1 ( ?is ,c\ncil1 ! meet+ ( ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n p[]s 9 conclave vividly impress$ ! imag9ation ( ! ,flor5t9es1 & communicat$ a m ?an transi5t impulse to _! intellectual en]gies4 ,italy 0 on ! eve ( becom+ n only ! deposit>y ( ,greek le>n+1 b also ! sole int]pret] ( ! ,greek _s to ! mod]n _w4 ,fifte5 ye>s aft] ! clos+ ( ! ,c\ncil1 ! ?read :i* _h connect$ ,byzantium ) ,a!ns ?r\gh an unbrok5 s]ies ( hi/orical traditions1 0 snapp$2 already x 0 beg9n+ to be felt 9 ,europe t no?+ b ! gho/ ( ,greek culture surviv$ ^u ! %ores ( ! ,bosphorus1 & t if ! g5ius ( antiquity 0 to illum9ate ! mod]n _w1 ! light mu/ dawn 9 ,italy4#agd ,footnote #agd3 ,see ! emphatic words ( ,poliziano1 quot$ by ,voigt1 p4 #ahi1 on ! revival ( ext9ct ,hell5ism by ! ,flor5t9es1 & on _! flu5t comm& ( ! ,attic idiom4 ,! feel+s ) :i* ! ,flor5t9es reg>d$ _! ,greek gue/s 7 /rangely m+l$4 ,:ile hon\r+ !m z ! la/ scions ( ! noble/ nation ( ! pa/1 z ! au!ntic tea*]s ( ,hell5ic le>n+ & ! ma/]s ( ! ,attic tongue1 !y despis$ _! empty vanity1 _! facile apo/asy1 _! trivial p$antry1 _! p]sonal absurdities4 ,! long be>ds1 trail+ mantles1 pa9t$ eyebr[s1 & fanta/ic headge> ( ! ,byzant9e sophi/s mov$ ! laught] ( ! common folk1 accu/om$ to ! grave & simple lucco ( _! own burgh]s4 ,9 va9 did ,vespasiano tell !m t ?is co/ume desc5d$ f augu/ antiquity ?r\gh fifte5 c5turies ( un*ang$ fa%ion4#age ,! m educat$ citiz5s1 aga91 soon discov]$ t ! erudition ( ^! /rang]s 0 b %all[1 & t _! magnific5t pret5sions r$uc$ !mselves to ! p[] ( speak+ ! emasculat$ ,greek1 :i* =m$ _! "m tongue1 ) flu5cy4 ,! tru? is t1 h[ev] necess>y ! ,byzant9es 7 at ! v outset ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 ,greek /udies ow$ less to _! traditional lore ?an to ! curiosity ( ,italian s*ol>s4 ,! begg>ly elem5ts ( gramm>1 caligraphy1 & bibliographical k 7 suppli$ by ! ,greeks2 b x 0 n ,*rysoloras ev51 nor yet ,argyrop\los1 s mu* z ,fic9o & ,aldo1 ,palla degli ,/rozzi & ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 :o op5$ ! lit]ature ( ,a!ns to ! compreh5sion ( ! mod]n _w4 ,footnote #age3 ,see ! curi\s passage 9 ! ,vita di ,eug5io ,,iv41 ,papa1 p4 #ad4 ,"s exceptions mu/ be made to ^! rem>ks2 = x is n c]ta9 t1 )\t guidance1 ! ,flor5t9es w\ld h made t rapid progress 9 philosophical /udies :i* contra/s s s+ul>ly ) _! comp>ative neglect ( ! ,attic dramati/s4 ,gemi/os ,ple?on 9 p>ticul> /&s =? z a man :o comb9$ real k ) natural eloqu5ce1 & :o mat]ially affect$ ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,r5aissance by direct+ ! intellig5ce ( ! ,flor5t9es to ,plato4 ,inasmu* z ,ple?on's resid5ce 9 ,italy dur+ ! session ( ! ,c\ncil =m$ a decisive epo* 9 ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 to pass him by )\t "s detail$ notice w\ld be to omit "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,at ! same "t1 8 biography s well illu/rates ! /ate ( ?\ght 9 ! ,greek ,empire at ! mom5t ( its fall1 z well z ! speculations :i* int]e/$ philosophic intellects at t p]iod 9 ,italy1 t ,i tru/ ! foll[+ digression w be judg$ excusable4 ,georgios ,gemi/os 0 born ( noble p>5ts at ,byzantium ab\t ! ye> #acee4agf ,dur+ a long lifetime1 *iefly sp5t 9 ! ,morea1 he witness$ all ! mis]ies t rack$ 8 c\ntry ?r\gh its l+]+ agony ( a hundr$ ye>s1 & di$ at la/ 9 #adej1 j be=e ! f9al d[nfall ( ! ,greek ,empire4 ,( 8 e>ly life little is kn[n beyond ! fact t he left ,con/ant9ople z a "y man 9 ord] to /udy philosophy at ,brusa4 ,brusa & ,adrianopolis1 at t "t ! two ,we/]n seats ( ! ,mahomm$an p[]1 out-rivall$ ,byzantium 9 culture1 :ile ! m5tal vig\r ( ! ,mussulmans 0 f> 9 advance ( t ( _! effete neighb\rs4 ,! "y ,greek1 :o seems already to h lo/ 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity1 0 attract$ to ! ,moslem ,c\rt by ,elissaios1 a sage ( ,jewi% bir?4 ,f ?is tea*] he le>n$ :at !n pass$ = ! doctr9es ( ,zoroa/]4 ,aft] quitt+ ,brusa1 ,gemi/os settl$ at ,mi/ra 9 ! ,peloponnese1 ^u ! site ( anci5t ,sp>ta1 :]e ) "s int]ruptions he cont9u$ to reside until 8 dea?4 ,! ,greek ,emp]or 0 /ill nom9ally "l ( ! ,morea1 ?\gh ! conque/s ( ,franki% ,crusad]s & ! incursions ( ! ,turks _h r5d]$ 8 rule feeble4 ,gemi/os1 :o enjoy$ ! confid5ce ( ! ,imp]ial ,h\se1 0 made a judge at ,mi/ra1 & ?us obta9$ cle> insight into ! causes ( ! decad5ce ( ! ,hell5ic race ^u its anci5t soil4 ,! picture he draws ( ! an>*y & immorality ( ! p59sula is frightful4 ,he also pr(ess$ philosophy1 & at ! age ( ?irty-?ree became a tea*] ( repute4 ,! views he =m$ conc]n+ ! corruption ( ! ,greek ,*ur* & ! degradation ( ! ,greek p1 comb9$ ) 8 philosophical op9ions1 inspir$ him ) ! vision>y ambition ( re=m+ ! cre$1 ! e?ics1 & ! political conditions ( ,hellas on a ,pagan basis4 ,!re is some?+ ludicr\s z well z sad 9 ! spectacle ( ?is sophi/1 n\ri%+ ! va9 fancy t he might co9 a complete religi\s sy/em1 :i* %\ld sup]s$e ,*ri/ianity & re/ore vig\r to ! decay$ body ( ! ,greek ,empire4 ,9 ! dotage ( ,hell5ism ,gemi/os discov]$ no new pr9ciple ( vitality1 b return$ to ! speculative my/icism ( ! ,neoplatoni/s4 ,_! attempt at a ,pagan revival _h fail$ long ago 9 ,alex&ria1 :ile =ce /ill rema9$ to ! ,greek race1 & :ile ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 /ill comp>atively ill-assur$4 ,to propose x z a panacea 9 ! ye> #adjj = ! evils ( ! ,empire ?reat5$ by ! ,turks 0 m]e *ildi%ness4 ,p]haps x is do+ ! sage inju/ice to treat 8 sy/em s]i\sly4 ,*>ity prompts u to reg>d x z a play?+ inv5t$ = ! amusem5t ( 8 leisure h\rs4 ,yet no?+ c be grav] ?an 8 own language & t ( 8 disciples4 ,footnote #agf3 ,i owe ! great] "p ( ! facts pres5t$ 9 ?is sket* ( ,gemi/os to ,fritz ,s*ultze's ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie d] ,r5aissance1 vol4 i4 ,! "w 9 :i* he embodi$ 8 doctr9e 0 call$ ',! ,laws'--,greek3 h tn nomn syngraph1 or simply ,greek3 nomoi4 ,x compris$ a metaphysical sy/em1 ! outl9es ( a new religion1 an elaborate psy*ology & !ory ( e?ics1 & a s*eme ( political adm9i/ration4 ,accord+ to 8 notions1 !re is "o ,supreme ,god1 ,zeus1 ! absolute & et]nal reality1 exi/+ z homog5e\s & undiscrim9at$ ,be+1 ,w1 ,activity1 & ,p[]4 ,zeus begets ev]la/+ ,ideas1 or ,gods ( ! second ord]2 & ^! gods1 to :om ,gemi/os gave ! "n ( ,greek div9ities1 con/itute a hi]>*y correspond+ to ! ab/ract notions ( 8 logic4 ,) ! object ( h>monis+ ! d\ble s]ies ( immortal & mortal exi/5ces !y are subdivid$1 by a s+ul>ly clumsy contrivance1 into g5u9e & spuri\s *ildr5 ( ,zeus4 ,fir/ among ! g5u9e sons /&s ,poseidon1 ! idea ( ideas1 ! logical summum g5us1 :o includes )9 himself ! intellectual univ]se pot5tially4 ,next 9 rank is ,h]a1 ! female deity1 creat$ imm$iately by ,zeus1 b by a second act1 & !re=e inf]ior to ,poseidon4 ,^! two are ! primordial au?ors ( ! _w z x exi/s4 ,aft] !m come ?ree s]ies1 ea* ( five deities1 :]e( ! fir/ set1 includ+ ,apollo1 ,artemis1 ,heph/us1 ,dionysus1 & ,a!na1 repres5t ! mo/ g5]al categories4 ,! second set1 among :om we f9d ,atlas & ,pluto1 are ! ideas ( immortal sub/ance exi/+ = ev] 9 ! _w ( liv+ be+s4 ,! ?ird1 :i* reckons among o!rs ,hecate & ,he/ia1 are ! ideas ( immortal sub/ance exi/+ = ev] 9 ! inanimate _w4 ,next 9 ! desc5d+ ord] come ! spuri\s (fspr+ ( ,zeus1 or ,titans1 two ( :om1 ,cronos & ,aphrodite1 are ! ideas respectively ( =m & matt] 9 ?+s subject to decay & dissolution2 :ile ,kor1 ,pan1 & ,demet] are ! specific ideas ( m51 bea/s1 & plants4 ,hi!rto we h be5 record+ ! g5ealogy ( div9e be+s subject to no laws ( "t or *ange1 :o are1 9 fact1 pure ?\ghts or logical entities4 ,we arrive 9 ! la/ place at deities ( ! ?ird degree1 ! g5u9e & ! spuri\s *ildr51 no long] ( ,zeus1 b ( ,poseidon1 *iefta9 ( ! second ord] ( ! hi]>*y4 ,! planets & ! fix$ />s con/itute ! high] ( ^! inf]ior p[]s1 :ile ! dmons fill ! l[e/ class ( all4 ,at ! v bottom ( ! scale1 bel[ ! gods ( e quality1 /& m51 bea/s1 plants1 & ! inorganic _w4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ?is s*eme is ba/>d ,neoplatonism--a my/ical fusion ( ,greek my?ology & ,greek logic1 :]eby ! products ( speculative analysis are hypo/asis$ z div9e p]sons4 ,( _m difficulties pat5t 9 8 doctr9e ,gemi/os (f]$ no solution4 ,h[1 = example1 c we ascribe to ,zeus ! procreation ( spuri\s z well z g5u9e (fspr+8 ,x is possible t ! philosoph]1 if que/ion$ on su* topics1 w\ld h fall5 back on ! conv5i5t !ory ( progressively dim9i%$ efficacy 9 ! creative act2 = ?\gh he gu>ds aga9/ adopt+ ! hypo!sis ( emanation1 x is cle>1 f ! simile ( multipli$ reflections 9 a s]ies ( mirrors1 :i* he uses to expla9 ! g5ealogy ( gods1 t "s su* conception modifi$ 8 views4 ,to po9t out ! insults (f]$ to ! anci5t my?s1 :]e( he made su* lib]al & arbitr>y use1 or to insi/ ^u ! folly ( ! :ole conceit1 consid]$ z ! sub/ance ( a cre$ :i* %\ld reg5]ate ! _w1 w\ld be sup]flu\s2 no?+ c be m grotesque1 = in/ance1 ?an ! p]sonification ( id5tity & self-det]m9+ motion "u ! titles ( ,apollo & ,dionysus1 nor any confusion m fatal ?an ! attribution ( sex to categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,! sole m]it ( ! sy/em consi/s 9 ! classification ( notions1 ! conception ( an intellectual hi]>*y1 desc5d+ by int]dep5d5t /ages f ! primordial cause ?r\gh pure ideas to _! copies & mat]ial manife/ations 9 ! _w ( ?+s4 ,dreams ( ?is k9d h always haunt$ ! metaphysical imag9ation1 giv+ rise to hybrids betwe5 poetry & logic2 & ! sy/em ( ,gemi/os may fairly take rank among a hundr$ simil> attempts betwe5 ! days ( ,plato & ( ,hegel4 ,su* z x 01 8 metaphysic suppli$ ,gemi/os ) ! basis ( a cult1 a psy*ology1 a !ory ( e?ics1 & a political programme4 ,he f\nd$ a sect1 & 0 call$ by 8 esot]ic foll[]s '! my/agogue ( sublime & cele/ial dogmas4'#agg ,!y believ$ t ! s\l ( ,plato _h be5 re9c>nat$ 9 _! ma/]1 & t ! new cre$1 pr(ess$ by him1 w\ld sup]s$e ! fai?s exi/+ 9 ! _w4 ,among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^! neophytes 0 ! fam\s ,bess>ion1 :o adopt$ s mu* at any rate ( 8 tea*]'s doctr9e z r5d]$ him indiff]5t to ! po9ts at issue betwe5 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur*es1 :5 a c>d9al's hat 0 (f]$ z ! price ( 8 apo/asy4 ,bess>ion1 h[ev]1 0 too mu* a man ( ! _w to dream t ,gemi/os w\ld triumph ov] ,*ri/ & ,mahomet4#agh ,:ile us+ ! language ( ! my/ic1 & record+ 8 conviction t ,plato's s\l1 releas$ f ! body ( ,gemi/os1 _h jo9$ ! *oir ( ! ,olympian deities1#agi x is probable t he 0 only play+1 aft] ! fa%ion ( 8 age1 ) speculations t amus$ 8 fancy ?\gh !y took no s]i\s hold ^u 8 life4 ,x 0 a p]iod1 we mu/ rememb]1 :5 s*ol>s affect$ ! mann]s ( ! antique _w1 ,lat9is$ _! names1 & adopt$ fanta/ic titles 9 _! academies & le>n$ clubs4 ,at no "t ( ! _w's hi/ory has ?is k9d ( masqu]ad+ atta9$ to s mu* e>ne/ness ( r m ?an half-belief4 ,! attitude assum$ by ,gemi/os & 8 disciples is1 !re=e1 n )\t its value = illu/rat+ ! intellectual conditions ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance4 ,practical religion _h b little en]gy among ! educat$ classes4 ,! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* 7 m political ?an spiritual4 ,sci5ce _h n yet ass]t$ h] real rights 9 any sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,art & lit]ature1 invigorat$ by ! passion = antiquity1 mean:ile absorb$ ! g5ius ( ! ,italians2 & ?r\gh a dim /hetic haze ! wan+ lights ( ,hellas m+l$ ) ! dayspr+ ( ! mod]n _w4 ,footnote #agg3 ,see ,s*ultze1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #agh3 ,see ,s*ultze1 p4 #gg1 note4 ,footnote #agi3 ,ibid4 p4 #ajg4 ,! mo/ important ev5t ( ,gemi/os's life 0 ! j\rney :i* he took to ,italy 9 ! tra9 ( ,john ,palologus 9 #adch4 ,secretly dislik+ ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al1 & ! ,lat9 =m ( x 9 p>ticul>1 he _h endeav\r$ to dissuade ! emp]or f att5d+ ! ,c\ncil4 ,n[ he f\nd himself elect$ z "o ( ! six *ampions ( ! cause ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,= ! subtle ,greek intellect 9 t dotage ( a doom$ civilisation1 no great] int]e/ surviv$ ?an c\ld be f\nd 9 dialectic2 & to dispute ab\t ! filioque ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$ 0 fair sport1 :5 no *ance (f]$ itself ( =c+ rationali/ic ,paganism d[n ! ?roat ( popes & c>d9als4 ,!re=e x is probable t ,gemi/os did n f9d 8 position at ! ,c\ncil peculi>ly irksome1 ev5 ?\gh he _h to li/5 to reason+s ab\t purgatory & ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & to sugge/ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,ea/]n dogma1 :ile 9 8 inmo/ s\l he equally despis$ ! combatants on ei!r side4 ,! effect he produc$ outside ! ,c\ncil 0 f> m flatt]+ ?an ! "p he _h to play )9 ! walls ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella4 ,in/ead ( p[]-lov+ ecclesia/ics & pig-head$ !ologians1 anxi\s only to ext5d _! privileges & e/abli% _! supremacy1 he f\nd a multitude ( sympa!tic & en?usia/ic li/5]s4 ,! ,flor5t9es 7 j !n 9 ! fir/ flu% ( _! passion = ,greek /udy4 ,plato1 wor%ipp$ z an unkn[n god1 ^: ris+ w\ld dispel ! mi/s ( s*ola/ic !ology1 0 ^u ! lips ( e /ud5t4 ,m5 7 ?ir/+ = ! philosophy t _h ! *>m ( poetry1 t delight$ ! imag9ation :ile x =tifi$ ! und]/&+1 & t l5t its glam\r to ! dreams & ye>n+s ( a y\?ful age4 ,:at !y want$1 ,gemi/os possess$ 9 abundance4 ,f ! treasures ( a memory /or$ ) ,platonic1 ,py?agorean1 & ,alex&rian my/icism he p\r$ =? copi\s /reams ( indiscrim9ate erudition4 ,! e>s ( 8 audi5ce 7 op52 _! intellects 7 f> f critical4 ,!y accept$ ! gold & dross ( 8 disc\rse alike z pure/ metal4 ,hang+ ^u ! lips ( ! eloqu5t1 grave1 beautiful old man1 :o knew s mu* t !y desir$ to le>n1 !y call$ him ,socrates & ,plato 9 _! ec/asy4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is visit to ,flor5ce t he adopt$ ! "n ( ,ple?on1 :i*1 :ile x play$ ^u ,gemi/os1 _h 9 x ! r+ ( 8 great ma/]'s surname4#ahj ,! devotion ( 8 ,greek disciples bore no comp>ison ) ! popul>ity he acquir$ among ,italians2 & he _h ! satisfaction ( be+ sure t ! se$ ( ,platonic philosophy s[n by him w\ld spr+ up 9 ! ri* soil ( ^? p[]ful & eag] m9ds4 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 conv9c$ ( ! importance ( ,platonic /udies by 8 conv]sations ) ,gemi/os1 f\nd$ ! fam\s ,flor5t9e ,academy1 & designat$ ! "y ,m>silio ,fic9o = ! special task ( translat+ & expla9+ ! ,platonic writ+s4#aha ,:5 we call to m9d ! influ5ce :i* ! ,platonic ,academy ( ,flor5ce1 ?r\gh ,fic9o & ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ex]t$ ov] ! :ole ?\ght ( ,italy1 &1 ?r\gh ,reu*l9 & 8 pupil ,melan*?on1 ov] t ( ,g]many1 we are able to e/imate ! impulse giv5 by ,gemi/os to ! movem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x may be add$ t ,platonic /udies 9 ,italy nev] recov]$ f ! impress ( ,neoplatonic my/icism :i* proce$$ f 8 m9d4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,greek3 ,gemi/os & ,greek3 gemiz1 ,greek3 ,pl?n & ,greek3 pl?4 ,bo? mean to be full4 ,plato1 h[ev]1 is said to h be5 call$ ,greek3 ,platn1 because ( 8 broad %\ld]s or 8 bread? ( eloqu5ce4 ,footnote #aha3 ,see ! translation ( ,plot9us by ,fic9o1 quot$ by ,s*ultze1 p4 #gf3 ',magnus ,cosmus1 ,s5ats consulto patri pat]1 quo tempore concilium int] ,grcos atque ,lat9os sub ,eug5io pontifice ,flor5ti tractabatur1 philosophum ,grcum nom9e ,gemi/um1 cognom9e ,ple?onem quasi ,platonem alt]um1 de my/]iis ,platonicis disputantem frequ5t] audivit4 ,e cujus ore f]v5ti sic afflatus e/ prot9us1 sic animatus1 ut inde ,academiam qu&am alt m5te concep]it1 hanc opportuno primum tempore p>iturus4' ,:ile resid5t 9 ,flor5ce he publi%$ two treatises on ,fate & on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! =m] 0 an anti-,*ri/ian "w1 9 s f> z x d5i$ ! fre$om ( arbitr>y activity to ,god z well z m54 ,! latt] rais$ a controv]sy 9 ,italy & ,greece1 :i* long surviv$ its au?or1 ex]cis+ ! s*ol>s ( ! ,r5aissance to "s purpose on ! texts & doctr9es ( ! *ief great ?9k]s ( antiquity4 ,gemi/os attack$ ,ari/otle 9 g5]al = a!ism & irreligi\s morality1 :ile he prov$ t ! ,platonic sy/em1 z int]pret$ by him1 0 deeply !ological4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! details ( a dispute t cont9u$ to rage = _m ye>s1 & ar\s$ ! bitt]e/ feel+s on bo? sides1 x is en\gh to obs]ve t ,ari/otle _h = c5turies be5 reg>d$ z ! pill> ( or?odoxy 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 :ile ,plato suppli$ eclectic ?9k]s ) a fair cloak = rationali/ic speculations & !i/ic h]esies4 ,! oppon5ts ( ,ari/otle 7 und]m9+ ! f\ndations ( ! "t-hon\r$ s*ola/ic fabric4 ,! oppon5ts ( ,plato accus$ 8 vot>ies ( dr[n+ ! ,*ri/ianity !y pret5d$ to ma9ta91 9 a vague ocean ( h]etical my/icism4 ,x is inde$ difficult to und]/& h[ ,fic9o1 :o wor%ipp$ ,plato no less f]v5tly ?an ,*ri/1 c\ld avoid r$uc+ ,*ri/ianity to ! level ( ,paganism1 :ile he attempt$ to demon/rate t ! ,platonic sy/em conta9$ ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?is 01 9 fact1 no?+ less ?an ab&on+ ! exclusive pret5sions ( reveal$ religion & ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,be=e ! ye> #adda ,gemi/os _h return$ to ,mi/ra1 :]e he cont9u$ to ex]cise 8 magi/racy4 ,8 old age 0 embitt]$ by ! fi]ce attacks direct$ by ,g5nadios1#ahb aft]w>ds ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 aga9/ ! esot]ic doctr9es ( ! ,greek3 ,nomoi4 ,g5nadios accus$ him r\ndly ( ,paganism1 cont9u+ 8 polemic aga9/ ! book long aft] ! dea? ( its au?or4 ,t ev5t happ5$ 9 #adej4 ,gemi/os 0 buri$ at ,mi/ra2 b five ye>s lat] ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a1 mov$ by ard5t love ( le>n+ & by v5]ation = ! philosoph]1 exhum$ 8 bones1 & transf]r$ !m to ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,rim9i1 :i* ,leo ,alb]ti _h b rec5tly built = him4#ahc ,footnote #ahb3 ,s*ultze1 p4 #ib4 ,8 secul> "n 0 ,georgios ,s*ol>ios4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #acd1 #ace1 & ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece1 article ',rim9i4' ,( ,bess>ion ,i %all h to speak else:]e2 b1 9 ord] to complete ! review ( ,greek /udies 9 ,flor5ce at ?is epo*1 m5tion mu/ n[ be made ( two ,greeks :o fill$ ! *air ( ! ,univ]sity ) di/+ui%$ success4 ,t ,john ,argyrop\los1 a native ( ,byzantium1 visit$ ,italy be=e ! fall ( ! ,greek ,empire1 appe>s f ,vespasiano's acc\nt ( 8 resid5ce ) ,palla ,/rozzi at ,padua dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( 8 exile4#ahd ,9 #adef ,cosimo call$ him to ,flor5ce1 secur$ him good appo9tm5ts f ! /udio pubblico1 & in/all$ him z public & private tea*] ( ,greek language & philosophy4 ,argyrop\los lab\r$ at ,flor5ce = a space ( fifte5 ye>s1 c\nt+ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ citiz5s among 8 pupils4 ,f ,flor5ce he remov$ to ,rome1 :]e ,reu*l9 he>d him lecture ^u ,?ucydides 9 ! pontificate ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,reu*l9's s*ol>%ip1 if we may tru/ ,melan*?on1 0 rat$ at s high a value by ?is ma/] t1 on 8 dep>ture f ,rome1 he exclaim$1 ',n[ ha? ,greece fl[n beyond ! ,alps6' ,a m comm&+ p]sonage ?an ,argyrop\los 0 ,georgios ,trapezuntios1 :o came to ,italy z e>ly z #adbj1 & pr(ess$ ,greek at ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 & o!r cities4 ,8 temp] 0 pr\d1 *ol]ic1 & qu>relsome2 b ! hi/ory ( 8 disputes belongs to ! next *apt]1 :i* w treat ( ,rome4 ,i may "h m5tion t1 dur+ ! resid5ce ( ! ,papal ,c\rt at ,flor5ce1 he gave in/ruction bo? public & private1#ahe )\t1 h[ev]1 ent]+ into intimacy ) ! ,m$icean circle4 ,aft] ,manuel ,*rysoloras1 x c be said ) c]ta9ty t ! revival ( ,hell5ism 9 ! fifte5? c5tury at ,flor5ce 0 due to ! ?ree m5 ( :om ,i h be5 speak+--,georgios ,gemi/os1 ,joannes ,argyrop\los1 & ,georgios ,trapezuntios4 ,( ! lab\rs ( ! la/ 9 ,rome1 z well z ( ,!odoros ,gaza1 ,demetrius ,*alcondylas1 ,&ronicus ,calli/us & ! ,lasc>i1 is n yet "t to speak 9 detail4 ,ea* des]ves a sep>ate commemoration1 s9ce to _! jo9t activity 9 tea*+1 ,europe owes ,greek s*ol>%ip4#ahf ,footnote #ahd3 ,vita di ,palla di ,n(]i ,/rozzi1 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,vespasiano1 p4 #dhf4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,see long li/s 9 ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #hab1 #hbb-hcg1 ( =eign & ,italian ,grecians4 ,be=e pass+ f ,flor5ce to ,rome1 :i* at ?is "t =m$ ! second c5tre ( ,italian humanism1 some?+ %\ld be said ab\t ! /ate ( le>n+ 9 ! o!r republics4 ,! causes t decid$ ! pre-em95ce ( ,flor5ce h be5 already t\*$ ^u4 ,x is en\gh to obs]ve "h t1 :ile ! ,univ]sities ( ,bologna1 ,si5a1 & ,p]ugia engag$ pr(essors ( eloqu5ce at high sal>ies1 ! lit]>y en?usiasm ( ^? cities 0 9 no way comp>able to t ( ,flor5ce4 ,_! culture dep5d$ on ! illu/ri\s visitors :o fix$ _! resid5ce f "t to "t )9 _! walls4 ,g5oa rema9$ almo/ dead to le>n+4 ,at ,v5ice ! /udy ( ! classics engag$ ! att5tion ( a few nobles1 )\t p]meat+ ! upp] classes or giv+ a decid$ tone to society at l>ge4 ,?\gh ! illu/ri\s ,greek refugees made x _! cu/om to halt = a season at ,v5ice1 :ile ne>ly all ,italian tea*]s ( note lectur$ !re on %ort engagem5ts1 x is none ! less true t ! ,v5etians 7 backw>d to enc\rage lit]ature4 ,!y op5$ no public libr>ies1 made no ef=ts to reta9 ! s]vices ( s*ol>s = ! ,/ate1 & reg>d$ ! pret5sions ( ! humani/s ) cold contempt4 ,9 lett]s1 z 9 ! f9e arts1 ,v5ice wait$ till ! re/ ( ,italy _h blossom$4 ,bembo succe$$ to ,poliziano1 z ,titian to ,raphael4 ,mu* good1 h[ev]1 0 done by m5 l ! ,giu/9iani & ,paolo ,zane1 :o furni%$ "y /ud5ts ) ! means ( visit+ ,con/ant9ople1 & :o provid$ !m ) pr(essorial *airs on _! return4 ,! g5tiluom9i c\ld also c\nt among _! numb] ,francesco ,b>b>o1 no less di/+ui%$ by 8 k ( bo? le>n$ languages ?an by ! correspond5ce he ma9ta9$ ) all ! s*ol>s ( 8 "t4 ,:ile yet a "y man1 he _h imbib$ ! ,flor5t9e _s 9 ! h\se ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici4 ,on 8 return to ,v5ice he /udi$ "u ! be/ ma/]s1 & soon atta9$ su* excell5ce ( /yle t ,poggio comp>$ 8 treatise on m>riage to ! ',de ,(ficiis' ( ,cic]o4 ,! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 h[ev]1 dem&$ m ( patriotic s]vice f h] high-born citiz5s ?an ! commonweal? ( ,flor5ce2 & ,b>b>o _h to sp5d 8 life 9 ! dis*>ge ( grave ,/ate duties1 f9d+ little leisure = ! cultivation ( 8 lit]>y tal5ts4 ,x rema9$ = him to w9 ! fame ( a ,mc5as1 :o1 _h he *os51 might h disput$ laurels ) ! able/ ( ! s*ol>s he protect$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,second ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,transition f ,flor5ce to ,rome -- ,vicissitudes ( ,le>n+ at ! ,papal ,c\rt -- ,diplomatic ,humani/s -- ,protonot>ies -- ,apo/olic ,scribes -- ,ecclesia/ical ,sophi/s -- ,immorality & ,artificiality ( ,s*ol>%ip 9 ,rome -- ,poggio & ,bruni1 ,secret>ies -- ,eug5ius ,,iv4 -- ,8 ,patronage ( ,s*ol>s -- ,flavio ,biondo -- ,solid ,erudition -- ,ni*olas ,v4 -- ,8 ,private ,hi/ory -- ,nature ( 8 ,tal5ts -- ,8 unexpect$ ,elevation to ! ,roman ,see -- ,jubilation ( ! ,humani/s -- ,8 ,protection ( ,le>n$ ,m5 9 ,rome -- ,a ,work%op ( ,erudition -- ,a ,factory ( ,translations -- ,high ,sums paid = ,lit]>y ,lab\r -- ,poggio ,fior5t9o -- ,8 ,e>ly ,life -- ,8 ,j\rneys -- ,8 ,em95ce z a ,man ( ,lett]s -- ,8 ,attitude t[>d ,ecclesia/ics -- ,8 ,invectives -- ,humani/ic ,gladiators -- ,poggio & ,filelfo -- ,poggio & ,gu>9o -- ,poggio & ,valla -- ,poggio & ,p]otti -- ,poggio & ,georgius ,trapezuntios -- ,lit]>y ,sc&als -- ,poggio's ,collections ( ,antiquities -- ,*ancellor ( ,flor5ce -- ,c>d9al ,bess>ion -- ,8 ,libr>y -- ,!ological ,/udies -- ,apology = ,plato -- ,! ,greeks 9 ,italy -- ,humanism at ,naples -- ,want ( ,culture 9 ,s\!rn ,italy -- ,le>n+ an ,exotic -- ,alfonso ! ,magnific5t -- ,s*ol>s 9 ! ,camp -- ,lit]>y ,dialogues at ,naples -- ,antonio ,beccadelli -- ',! ,h]maphroditus' -- ,lor5zo ,valla -- ,! ,epicurean -- ,! ,critic -- ,! ,oppon5t ( ! ,*ur* -- ,b>tolommeo ,fazio -- ,giannantonio ,porcello -- ,c\rt ( ,milan -- ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti -- ,decembrio's ,description ( 8 ,ma/] -- ,francesco ,filelfo -- ,8 ,e>ly ,life -- ,visit to ,con/ant9ople -- ,place at ,c\rt -- ,m>riage -- ,return to ,italy -- ,v5ice -- ,bologna -- ,8 ,pret5sions z a ,pr(essor -- ,flor5ce -- ,feuds ) ! ,flor5t9es -- ,imm]sion 9 ,politics -- ,si5a -- ,settles at ,milan -- ,8 ,fame -- ,private ,life & ,public ,int]e/s -- ,ov]tures to ,rome -- ,filelfo "u ! ,s=za ,tyranny -- ,lit]>y ,brig&age -- ,dea? at ,flor5ce -- ,filelfo z ! ,repres5tative ( a ,class -- ,vittor9o da ,feltre -- ,e>ly ,education -- ,s*eme ( ,tra9+ ,y\?s z ,s*ol>s -- ,resid5ce at ,padua -- ,resid5ce at ,mantua -- ,8 ,s*ool ( ,pr9ces -- ,lib]ality to ,poor ,/ud5ts -- ,details ( 8 ,life & ,sy/em -- ,c\rt ( ,f]r>a -- ,gu>9o da ,v]ona -- ,h\se ,tutor ( ,lionello d',e/e -- ,giovanni ,aurispa -- ,small] ,c\rts -- ,c>pi -- ,mir&ola -- ,rim9i & ! ,malate/a ,tyrants -- ,ces5a -- ,pes>o -- ,urb9o & ,duke ,fr$]ick -- ,vespasiano da ,bi/icci4 ,9 pass+ f ,flor5ce to ,rome1 we are /ruck ) ! fact t nei!r 9 lett]s nor 9 art _h ! ,papal city any real life ( h] own4 ,h] intellectual en?usiasms 7 import$2 h] activity v>i$ ) ! p]sonal int]e/s ( successive ,popes4 ,/imulat$ by ! munific5ce ( "o ,holy ,fa!r1 />v$ by ! nigg>dl9ess ( ano!r2 pett$ & c>ess$ by ,ni*olas ,v41 wat*$ ) jeal\s mi/ru/ by ,paul ,,ii42 ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd by ,alex&]1 & br\ght into ! light by ,leo--le>n+ 0 subject$ to rude vicissitudes at ,rome4 ,v few ( ! s*ol>s :o %$ lu/re on ! reigns ( lib]al ,pontiffs 7 ,romans1 nor did ! nobles ( ! ,papal ,/ates affect ! fame ( patrons4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 deal+ ) humanism at ,rome1 to be> 9 m9d t x fl\ri%$ fitfully1 prec>i\sly1 z an exotic1 its gr[? be+ alt]nately *eck$ & enc\rag$ at ! pleasure ( ! prie/ 9 (fice4 ,9 spite ( ^! v>iable conditions1 "o class ( humani/s nev] fail$ at ,rome4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( s*isms & c\ncils1 :5 ,pope & ,antipope 7 wag+ wordy w>f>e 9 ! ,c\rts ( congregat$ ,*ri/5dom1 x 0 impossible to disp5se ) ! s]vices ( practis$ writ]s & accompli%$ orators4 ,z compos]s ( diplomatic despat*es1 lett]s1 bulls1 & protocols2 z dissem9ators ( squibs & invectives2 z r$actors ( /ate pap]s2 z plead]s1 legates1 ambassadors1 & private secret>ies--s*ol>s sw>m$ ar\nd ! p]son ( ! ,pontiff4 ,_! (ficial titles v>i$1 "s be+ call$ ,secret>ies to ! ,*anc]y1 o!rs ,apo/olic ,scriptors1 o!rs aga9 ,protonot>ies2 :ile _! duties 7 divid$ betwe5 ! regul> bus9ess ( ! ,curia & ! miscellane\s transactions t arose f special em]g5cies ( ! ,papal ,see4 ,_! s]vices 7 well rew>d$4 ,9 addition to ab\t #gjj flor9s ( pay & p]quisites1 !y1 = ! mo/ "p1 ent]$ into m9or ord]s & held b5efices4 ,m5 ( acute intellect & f9i%$ /yle1 :o _h absorb$ ! culture ( _! age1 & c\ld by rhetoric en=ce :at argum5ts !y *ose to wield1 f\nd1 !re=e1 a good m>ket = _! tal5ts at ! ,c\rt ( ,rome4 ,!y soon became a sep>ate & influ5tial class1 divid$ f ! nobility by _! bir? & =eign connections1 & f ! *ur*m5 by _! secul> /atus & av[$ impiety1 yet m+l+ 9 society ) bo? & tru/+ to _! tal5ts to support _! dignity4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,basle ! protonot>ies ev5 claim$ to take prec$5ce ( ! bi%ops on occasions ( high c]emony1 argu+1 f ! nature ( _! (fice & ! r>ity ( _! acquirem5ts1 t !y _h a bett] "r ?an prie/s to approa* ! p]son ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff4 ,poggio & ,bruni1 ,losco1 ,aurispa1 & ,biondo rais$ _! voices 9 ?is qu>rel1 :i* prov$ h[ indisp5sable ! mundane ne$s ( ! ,papacy _h r5d]$ ^! free-lances ( lit]ature4 ,?r\gh !m ! _s ( humanism1 antagoni/ic to ! _s ( ! ,*ur*1 possess$ itself ( ! ,et]nal ,city2 & mu* ( ! flagrant immorality :i* m>k$ ,rome dur+ ! ,r5aissance may be ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( paganis+ s*ol>s1 fre$ f ! re/rictions ( family & local op9ion1 indiff]5t to religion1 & less absorb$ 9 /udy = its own sake ?an 9 ! pr(its to be ga9$ by ! ex]cise ( a practis$ p54 ,!re 0 a real discord betwe5 ! pr9ciples :i* ! ,*ur* pr(ess$1 & ! new culture t fl\ri%$ on a hea!n soil4 ,:ile m]ely secul> int]e/s bl9d$ ! ,popes to ! p]ils :i* might spr+ f fo/]+ ?is discord1 humani/ic en?usiasm _h s ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ,italy t to exclude x f ,rome 0 impossible4 ,neopagan s*ol>%ip add$1 !re=e1 lu/re to ! ,papal ,c\rt1 z "o among ! _m spl5d\rs ( t worldly p]iod :i* rais$ ! ,see ( ,rome to em95ce above ! ,/ates ( ,italy4 ,! light x %$1 h[ev]1 _h no vital heat4 ,le>n+ 0 always an article ( artificial luxury at ,rome1 n1 z at ,flor5ce1 "p ( ! nation's life2 & :5 ! gild$ pomp ( ,leo dw9dl$ d[n to ,clem5t's abject mis]y & utt] ru91 x 0 f\nd t su* enc\ragem5t z ,popes _h giv5 to lit]ature _h be5 a s\rce ( weakness & decay4 ,we may /ill be s9c]ely ?ankful t ! ,pontiffs took ! l9e !y did2 = _h !y plac$ !mselves 9 a position ( antagonism to ! humani/ic movem5t1 in/ead ( utilis+ & approv+ ( x1 ! free developm5t ( ,italian s*ol>%ip might h su/a9$ a dang]\s *eck4 ,x 0 f ,flor5ce t ,rome receiv$ h] intellectual /imulus4 ,! connection began 9 #adjb1 :5 ,boniface ,,ix4 appo9t$ ,poggio to ! po/ ( ,apo/olic ,secret>y1 :i* he held = fifty ye>s4 ,9 #adje ,lion>do ,bruni obta9$ ! same (fice f ,innoc5t ,,vii4 ,! p[]ful p]sonality ( ^! m51 9 :om ! en]gies ( ! humani/ic revival 7 conc5trat$1 impress$ ! ,roman ,curia ) a /amp x nev] lo/4 ,good ,lat9ity became a s9e qua non 9 ! ,papal ,*anc]y2 & :5 ,gregory ,,xii4 nam$ ,antonio ,losco ( ,v]ona "o ( 8 secret>ies1 x 0 natural t ?is di/+ui%$ s*ol>1 foll[+ ! ,flor5t9e example ( ,coluccio ,salutato1 %\ld compose a book ( =ms 9 ,cic]onian /yle = ! use ( 8 (fice4#ahg ,dur+ ! insignificant pontificate ( ,m>t9 ,v41 :ile ! ,curia resid$ 9 exile at ,flor5ce1 ! *a9 :i* 0 b9d+ ,rome to ! city ( ,italian culture cont9u$ to ga9 /r5g?4 ,! result ( all ! discords :i* r5t ! ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 to ,italianise ! ,papal ,see2 nor did any?+ contribute to ?is end m p[]fully ?an ! ,flor5t9e traditions ( ?ree successive ,popes--,m>t9 ,v41 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 & ,ni*olas ,v4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,see ,facius1 ,de ,viris ,illu/ribus1 p4 #c1 quot$ by ,voigt1 p4 #bgh4 ,eug5ius 0 a ,v5etian ( good family1 :o inh]it$ consid]able weal? f 8 fa!r4 ,hav+ realis$ 8 =tune1 he be/[$ #bj1jjj ducats on *>itable in/itutions & took ord]s 9 ! ,*ur*4#ahh ,9 #adca he 0 rais$ to ! ,papacy2 b ! di/urb$ /ate ( ,rome oblig$ him to quit ! ,vatican 9 mean disguise1 & to seek safety by flight f ,o/ia4 ,he sp5t ! great] portion ( 8 life 9 ,tuscany1 occupi$ less ) humani/ic int]e/s ?an ) ! re=mation ( mona/ic ord]s & ! conduct ( ecclesia/ical affairs 9 ! ,c\ncils ( ,basle & ,flor5ce4 ,?\gh he did n %>e ! passion ( 8 age = le>n+1 ! patronage :i* he ext5d$ to s*ol>s 0 sub/antial & important4 ,giovanni ,aurispa receiv$ f him ! title ( ,apo/olic ,secret>y1 & 0 appo9t$ int]pret] betwe5 ! ,greeks & ,italians at ! ,c\ncil ( ! two ,*ur*es4 ,ev5 ! paganis+ ,c>lo ,m>supp9i 0 enroll$ ^u ! li/ ( ,papal secret>ies1 :ile ,filelfo & ,pi]o ,c&ido ,decembrio1 :o add$ lu/re at ?is epo* to ! ,c\rt ( ,milan1 7 invit$ by ,eug5ius ) highly flatt]+ promises4 ,! value ( ^! meagre /atem5ts consi/s 9 ?is1 t ev5 a ,pope1 ^: p]sonal proclivities 7 mona/ic r ?an humani/ic1 felt ! necessity ( borr[+ all ! /r5g? he c\ld obta9 f m5 ( lett]s 9 an age :5 le>n+ itself 0 p[]4 ,m closely atta*$ to 8 ,c\rt ?an ^? :o h be5 m5tion$1 7 ,maffeo ,begio1 ! poet1 & ,flavio ,biondo1 "o ( ! s\nde/ & mo/ consci5ti\s /ud5ts ( ! "t4#ahi ,footnote #ahh3 ,see ,vespasiano1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,he 0 born at ,=li 9 #achh1 & di$ 9 #adfc1 ! fa!r ( five sons4 ,?\gh ,biondo _h b little ,greek1 & c\ld boa/ ( no beauty ( /yle1 8 imm5se erudition rais$ him to high rank among ,italian s*ol>s4 ,! "w he und]took 0 to illu/rate ! antiquities ( ,italy 9 a s]ies ( hi/orical1 topographical1 & ar*ological /udies4 ,8 ',roma ,in/aurata1' ',roma ,triumphans1' & ',italia ,illu/rata1' ?ree bulky encyclopdias ( in=mation conc]n+ anci5t mann]s1 laws1 sites1 monum5ts1 & races1 may ju/ly be said to h =m$ ! basis ( all subsequ5t diction>ies ( ,roman antiquities4 ,ano!r product ( 8 indu/ry 0 entitl$ ',hi/ori>um ab ,incl9atione ,romanorum4' ,?ree decades & a portion ( ! f\r? 7 writt51 :5 dea? put a /op to ! completion ( ?is gigantic task4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( ,biondo's contributions to hi/ory1 we mu/ rememb] t he _h no previ\s compilations :]eon to base 8 own rese>*es4 ,! va/ /ores ( k he collect$ & dige/$ 7 d]iv$ f orig9al s\rces4 ,he grasp$ ! :ole ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 bo? classical & m$ival1 arrang$ ! results ( 8 compreh5sive read+ into sections1 & furni%$ ! le>n$ _w ) tabulat$ mat]ials = ! /udy ( ,roman in/itutions 9 ! ,/ate1 ! camp1 ! law c\rts1 private life1 & religi\s c]emonial4 ,ob/9ate inde$ mu/ h be5 ! indu/ry ( ! s*ol>1 :o1 9 addition to ^! classical rese>*es1 und]took to n>rate ! dissolution ( antique society & to pres5t a fai?ful picture ( ,italy 9 ! d>k ages4 ,biondo's ',hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1' conceiv$ 9 an age devot$ to /yli/ic niceties & absorb$ by ! attractions ( r5asc5t ,hell5ism1 inspires our /ronge/ admiration4 ,yet its au?or fail$ 9 8 lifetime to w9 ! di/9ction he des]v$4 ,?\gh he held ! (fice ( ,apo/olic ,secret>y "u f\r ,popes1 8 m>riage /opp$ ! way to ecclesia/ical pref]m5t1 :ile 8 incapacity to use ! arts ( ! /yli/1 ! sophi/1 ! flatt]]1 & ! translator1 lo/ him ! fav\r 8 m solid qualities _h at fir/ procur$4 ,eug5ius c\ld appreciate a man ( 8 /amp bett] ?an ,ni*olas ,v41 ^: special ta/es incl9$ to elegant humanism r ?an to pond]\s erudition4 ,! lives ( all ! humani/s illu/rate ! hon\rs & ! weal? secur$ by le>n+ = h] vot>ies 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,no example1 h[ev]1 is s /rik+ z t furni%$ by ! biography ( ,ni*olas ,v4 ,tommaso ,p>5tucelli 0 born at ,pisa 9 #acih4 ,:ile he 0 /ill an infant 8 p>5ts1 9 spite ( _! pov]ty & humble /ation1 :i* might h be5 expect$ to %ield !m f political tyranny1 7 exil$ to ,s>zana2#aij & at ! age ( n9e he lo/ 8 fa!r at t place4 ,s>zana has consequ5tly ga9$ ! cr$it ( giv+ bir? to ! fir/ great ,pope ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,! "y ,tommaso f\nd means1 ?\gh extremely poor1 to visit ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 :]e he /udi$ !ology & made himself a ma/] 9 ! sev5 lib]al arts4 ,aft] six ye>s' resid5ce at ,bologna1 8 total de/itution1 comb9$1 p]haps1 ) a desire = m in/ruction 9 elegant s*ol>%ip ?an ! univ]sity af=d$1 l$ him to seek "w 9 ,flor5ce4 ,he mu/ h already acquir$ "s reputation1 s9ce ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi receiv$ him z h\se-tutor to 8 *ildr5 = "o ye>1 at ! expiration ( :i* "t he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,palla degli ,/rozzi 9 a simil> capacity4 ,! money ?us obta9$ enabl$ him to return to ,bologna1 & to take 8 degree z ,doctor ( ,!ology at ! age ( tw5ty-two4 ,he 0 n[ fully laun*$ 9 life4 ,! education he _h receiv$ at ,bologna qualifi$ him = (fice 9 ! *ur*1 :ile 8 two ye>s' resid5ce at ,flor5ce _h r5d]$ him famili> ) m5 ( polite le>n+ & ( g5tle bre$+4 ,niccolo degli ,alb]gati1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,bologna1 became 8 patron1 & appo9t$ him controll] ( 8 h\sehold4 ,alb]gati 0 "o ( ! c>d9als ( ,eug5ius ,,iv41 a man ( consid]able capacity1 & alive to ! intellectual int]e/s ( 8 age4 ,:5 he foll[$ ! ,papal ,c\rt to ,flor5ce1 ,tommaso att5d$ him1 & "h began ! p]iod :i* 0 de/9$ to influ5ce 8 subsequ5t c>e]4 ,inspir$ ) a passionate devotion to books = _! own sake1 & gift$ ) ard5t curiosity & all-embrac+ receptivity ( intellect1 ! "y s*ol> f\nd himself plung$ into a society ( :i* lit]ature =m$ ! mo/ absorb+ occupation4 ,he soon became famili> ) ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 & no meet+s ( ! le>n$ 7 complete )\t him4 ,a glimpse may be obta9$ ( ! lit]>y circle he frequ5t$ at ?is "t f a picturesque passage 9 ,vespasiano4#aia ',x 0 ! wont ( ,mess] ,lion>do d',arezzo1 ,mess] ,giannozzo ,manetti1 ,mess] ,poggio1 ,mess] ,c>lo d',arezzo1 ,mess] ,giovanni ,aurispa1 ,mae/ro ,gasp>o da ,bologna1 & _m o!r m5 ( le>n+ to congregate e morn+ & ev5+ at ! side ( ! ,palazzo1 :]e !y ent]$ into discussions & disputes on v>i\s subjects4 ,z soon1 !n1 z ,mae/ro ,tommaso _h att5d$ ! ,c>d9al to ! ,palazzo1 he jo9$ !m1 m\nt$ on a mule1 ) two s]vants on foot2 & g5]ally he 0 attir$ 9 blue1 & 8 s]vants 9 long dresses ( a d>k] col\r4 ,at t "t ! pomp ( ! ,c\rt ( ,rome 0 n by any means :at x is n[adays4 ,9 ! place ,i h nam$ he 0 always to be f\nd1 conv]s+ & disput+1 s9ce he 0 a mo/ impassion$ debat]4' ,footnote #aij3 ,s ,vespasiano relates ! cause ( _! removal f ,pisa4 ,p4 #bj4 ,footnote #aia3 ,p4 #bc4 ,tommaso 0 n a man ( g5ius2 8 tal5ts 7 bett] suit$ = collect+ & dige/+ :at he read1 ?an = orig9al rese>* & composition4 ,he _h a va/ memory1 & 0 an indefatigable /ud5t1 n only p]us+ b annotat+ all ! books he pur*as$4 ,pius ,,ii4 us$ to say ( him t :at he did n "k1 mu/ lie outside ! sph]e ( human k4 ,9 spee* he 0 flu5t1 & 9 disputation eag]2 b he nev] rank$ among ! ornate orators & /yli/s ( ! age4 ,8 wide acqua9tance ) all bran*es ( lit]ature1 & 8 faculty = classification1 r5d]$ him useful to ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 :o employ$ him on ! catalogue ( ! ,m>cian ,libr>y4 ,f ,cosimo 9 return1 ,tommaso caught ! _s :i* su/a9$ him 9 8 com+ days ( greatness4 ,already1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 :ile liv+ almo/ on ! b\nty ( ! ,m$ici1 he nev] lo/ an opportunity ( accumulat+ books1 & w\ld ev5 borr[ money to secure a preci\s ,,ms4#aib ,he us$ to say t1 if ev] he acquir$ weal?1 he w\ld exp5d x 9 book-buy+ & build+--a resolution to :i* he adh]$ :5 he rose to ! ,pontificate4 ,footnote #aib3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #bg4 ,soon aft] ! dea? ( ,alb]gati 9 #addc1 ,eug5ius promot$ ,tommaso to ! see ( ,bologna2 a c>d9al's hat foll[$ )9 a few mon?s2 & 9 #addg he 0 elect$ ,pope ( ,rome4 ,s sudd5 an elevation f obscurity & pov]ty to ! highe/ place 9 ,*ri/5dom has r>ely happ5$2 nor is x ev5 n[ easy to und]/& :at comb9ations ( unsuccessful intrigues among ! pr9ces ( ! ,*ur* enabl$ ?is little1 ugly1 bright-ey$1 re/less-m9d$ s*ol> to creep into ,s4 ,pet]'s seat4 ,p]haps ! simple/ explanation is ! be/4 ,! times 7 some:at adv]se to ! ,papacy1 nor 0 ! ti>a q z mu* an object ( secul> ambition z x aft]w>ds became4 ,humanism mean:ile ex]cis$ /rong fasc9ation ov] e class 9 ,italy1 & x w\ld seem t ,tommaso ,p>5tucelli _h no?+ b 8 reputation = le>n+ to ?ank = 8 advancem5t4 ',:o 9 ,flor5ce w\ld h ?\ght t a poor bell-r+] ( a prie/ w\ld be made ,pope1 to ! confusion ( ! pr\d8' ,?is 0 8 own complac5t exclamation to ,vespasiano1 :o _h gone to kiss 8 old fri5d's feet1 & f\nd him seat$ on a ?rone ) tw5ty tor*es blaz+ r\nd him4#aic ,footnote #aic3 ,ibid4 p4 #cc4 ,! rejoic+s ) :i* ! humani/s hail$ ! elevation ( "o ( _! own numb] to ! ,papal ?rone may be readily imag9$2 nor 7 _! gold5 expectations1 f\nd$ on a previ\s k ( 8 lib]ality 9 all ?+s t p]ta9$ to le>n+1 de/9$ to be disappo9t$4 ,ni*olas ,v41 to quote ! words ( ,vespasiano1 :o knew him well1 '0 a foe to c]emonies & va9 flatt]ies1 op5 & c&id1 )\t kn[+ h[ to feign2 av>ice he nev] h>b\r$1 = he 0 always sp5d+ beyond 8 means4'#aid ,8 rev5ues 7 devot$ to ma9ta9+ a spl5did ,c\rt1 rebuild+ ! =tifications & palaces ( ,rome1 & %[]+ weal? on m5 ( lett]s4 ,9 ! protection ext5d$ by ?is ,pope to lit]ature we may notice t he did n attempt to re/ore ! /udio pubblico ( ,rome1 & t he %[$ a decid$ pref]5ce = works ( solid le>n+ & translations4 ,8 ta/es l$ him to delight 9 critical & grammatical treatises1 & 8 curiosity impell$ him to get ,lat9 v]sions made ( ! ,greek au?ors4 ,x is possible t he did no?+ = ! ,roman univ]sity because he consid]$ ,flor5ce suffici5t = ! humani/ic ne$s ( ,italy1 & 8 own ,alma ,mat] = ! grav] /udies ( ! ?ree pr(essions4 ,/ill ?is neglect is noticeable 9 ! case ( a ,pontiff ^: "o public aim 0 to re/ore ,rome to ! rank ( a metropolis1 & ^: *ief private int]e/ 0 /udy4 ,footnote #aid3 ,vespasiano1 pp4 #be1 #bg4 ,! mo/ p]man5t b5efit conf]r$ by him on ,roman /udies 0 ! f\ndation ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 on :i* he sp5t ab\t #dj1jjj scudi =m+ a collection ( "s #e1jjj volumes4#aie ,he employ$ ! be/ scribes1 & obta9$ ! r>e/ books2 nor 0 !re anyone 9 ,italy bett] qualifi$ ?an himself to sup]9t5d ! *oice & arrangem5t ( su* a libr>y4 ,x _h be5 8 int5tion to place x 9 ,s4 ,pet]'s & to ?r[ x op5 to ! public2 b he di$ be=e ?is plan 0 matur$4 ,x rema9$ = ,sixtus ,,iv4 to c>ry out 8 project4 ,footnote #aie3 ,ibid4 p4 #ch4 ,dur+ ! pontificate ( ,ni*olas ,rome became a va/ work%op ( erudition1 a factory ( translations f ,greek into ,lat94 ,^! 7 done = ! mo/ "p by ,greeks :o _h an imp]fect k ( ,lat91 & by ,italians :o _h n complete ma/]y ( ,greek4 ,! "w a*iev$ 0 unequal & ( no great p]man5t value2 yet = ! "t be+ x s]v$ a purpose ( utility1 nor c\ld ! requirem5ts ( ! age h be5 s fully satisfi$ by any o!r me?od4 ,ne>ly all ! em95t s*ol>s at t "t 9 ,italy 7 engag$ 9 ?is lab\r4 ,h[ lib]ally !y 7 rew>d$ may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ details4 ,lor5zo ,valla obta9$ #ejj scudi = 8 v]sion ( ,?ucydides2 ,gu>9o receiv$ ! l>g] sum ( #a1ejj scudi = ,/rabo2 ,p]otti #ejj ducats = ,polybius2 :ile ,manetti 0 p5sion$ at ! rate ( #fjj scudi p] annum to enable him to c>ry on 8 sacr$ /udies4 ,ni*olas delight$ 9 ,greek hi/ory4 ,accord+ly1 ,appian 0 translat$ by ,pi]o ,c&ido ,decembrio1 ,diodorus ,siculus & ! ',cyropdia' ( ,x5ophon by ,poggio1#aif ,h]odotus by ,valla4 ,valla & ,decembrio 7 bo? engag$ ^u ! ',iliad' 9 ,lat9 prose2 b ! de>e/ wi% ( ,ni*olas 9 8 la/ ye>s 0 to see ! poems ( ,hom] 9 ! v]se ( ,filelfo4 ,nor 7 ! ,greeks !n resid5t 9 ,italy neglect$4 ,to ,georgios ,trapezuntios ! ,pope entru/$ ! ',physics1' ',problems1' & ',metaphysics' ( ,ari/otle4 ,! same s*ol> tri$ 8 h& at ! ',laws' ( ,plato1 &1 9 conc]t ) ,decembrio1 produc$ a v]sion ( ! ',republic4' ,gregorios ,tif]nas und]took ! ',e?ics' ( ,ari/otle1 & ,!odorus ,gaza ! ',hi/ory ( ,animals4' ,to ?is li/ %\ld be add$ ! ,greek ,fa!rs1 ,!ophra/us1 ,ptolemy1 & m9or works :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate4#aig ,footnote #aif3 ,! latt] 0 int5d$ = ,alfonso ( ,naples4 ,footnote #aig3 ,tirabos*i is ! au?ority = ^! details4 ,! pr(use lib]ality ( ,ni*olas br\ght him ?us into relation ) ! :ole le>n$ _w ( ,italy4 ,among ! humani/s :o resid$ at 8 ,c\rt 9 ,rome1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ,lor5zo ,valla1 :o 0 appo9t$ ,apo/olic ,scriptor 9 #addg1 & :o op5$ a s*ool ( eloqu5ce 9 #adej4 ,pi]o ,c&ido ,decembrio obta9$ ! po/ ( secret>y & ov]se] ( ! ,abbreviators4#aih ,giovanni ,tortello1 ( ,arezzo1 ! au?or ( a useful book on ! or?ography ( ,greek words1 sup]9t5d$ ! ,pope's libr>y4 ,pi]o da ,noceto1 ^: tomb 9 ! ca!dral at ,lucca is "o ( ,matteo da ,civitale's ma/]pieces1 0 private secret>y & comptroll] ( ! ,pope's affairs4 ,( ! circle ga!r$ r\nd ,bess>ion ,i %all h occasion to speak lat] on4 ,our pres5t att5tion mu/ be conc5trat$ on a man :o1 m ev5 ?an ,ni*olas himself1 might claim ! "r to give 8 own "n to ?is age ( le>n+4 ,footnote #aih3 ,! m complete notices :i* ,valla & ,decembrio des]ve w be giv5 9 ! hi/ory ( s*ol>%ip at ,naples & at ,milan4 ,gian ,francesco ,poggio ,bracciol9i is bett] kn[n 9 ! annals ( lit]ature z ,poggio ,fior5t9o1 ?\gh he 0 n made a burgh] ( ,flor5ce until late 9 life4 ,born 9 #achj at ,t]ranova1 a village ( ! ,flor5t9e contado1 he ow$ 8 education to ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,lat9 he 0 ! pupil ( ,john ( ,rav5na1 & 9 ,greek ( ,manuel ,*rysoloras4 ,dur+ 8 y\? he support$ himself by copy+ ,,mss4 = ! ,flor5t9e m>ket4 ,coluccio ,salutato & ,niccolo de' ,niccoli befri5d$ ! "y /ud5t1 :o ent]$ z e>ly z ! ye> #adjb or #adjc into ! ,papal ,*anc]y4#aii ,?\gh ,poggio's life = ! foll[+ half-c5tury 0 sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,roman ,curia1 he refus$ to take ord]s 9 ! ,*ur*1 & rema9$ at he>t a humani/4 ,) ! ,flor5t9e circle ( s*ol>s he ma9ta9$ an unremitt+ correspond5ce1 s5d+ !m notices ( 8 discov]ies 9 ! conv5ts ( ,switz]l& & ,g]many1 receiv+ f !m lit]>y gossip 9 return1 jo9+ 9 _! disputes1 & m ?an once engag+ 9 fi]ce v]bal duels to befri5d 8 ,m$icean allies4 ,8 duties & 8 ta/es alike made him a frequ5t travell]1 & n ! lea/ ( ! b5efits conf]r$ by him ^u po/]ity are 8 pictures ( =eign mann]s4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 = example1 he saw & he>d ,j]ome ( ,prague1 9 :om he admir$ ! firmness & intrepid _s ( a ,cato4#bjj ,at ,bad5 9 ,switz]l& he notic$ ! cu/om1 /range to ,italian eyes1 ( m5 & wom5 ba?+ toge!r1 eat+1 dr9k+1 & play+ at *ess or c>ds ^u float+ tables 9 ! wat]1 :ile visitors look$ d[n ^u !m f gall]ies above1 z !y n[ d at ,leuk]bad4#bja ,9 ,engl& he obs]v$ t ! g5try pref]r$ resid5ce 9 _! c\ntry h\ses & seclud$ p>ks to ! t[n life !n1 z n[1 fa%ionable 9 ,italy1 & comm5t$ ^u ! va/ weal? & boori% habits ( ! great ecclesia/ics4#bjb ,conc]n+ 8 discov]ies ( ,,mss4 ,i h _h already occasion to write2 nor ne$ ,i "h repeat :at ,i h said ab\t 8 antiqu>ian rese>*es among ! ru9s ( anci5t ,rome4 ,poggio 0 a man ( wide sympa?ies1 active curiosity1 & v>i$ int]e/s--no m]e bookworm1 b "o ^: eyes & m9d 7 op5 to ! _w ar\nd him4 ,footnote #aii3 ,( 8 debt to ,niccolo de' ,niccoli ,poggio speaks ) great w>m? ( feel+ 9 a lett] on 8 dea? address$ to ,c>lo ,aret9o3 ',quem enim patrem habui cui plus debu]im quam ,nicolao8 ,hic mihi p>5s ab adolesc5ti1 hic po/modum amicus1 hic /udiorum meorum adjutor atque hortator fuit1 hic consilio1 libris1 opibus semp] me ut filium et amicum fovit atque adjuvit4'--,poggii ,op]a1 ,basile1 ex dibus ,h5rici ,petri1 ,,mdxxxviii4 p4 #cdb4 ,to ?is edition ( ,poggio's works my future ref]5ces are made4 ,footnote #bjj3 ',/abat impavidus1 intrepidus1 mortem non contemn5s solum s$ appet5s ut alt]um ,catonem dix]is4'--,opp4 ,omnia1 p4 #cja4 ,?is mo/ int]e/+ lett]1 address$ to ,lion>do ,bruni1 is translat$ by ,%eph]d1 ,life ( ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 pp4 #gh-hh4 ,footnote #bja3 ,op]a ,omnia1 p4 #big4 ,see ,%eph]d1 pp4 #fg-gf1 = a translation ( ?is lett] to ,niccolo de' ,niccoli4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,c>d9al ,beau=t _h invit$ him to ,engl&4 ,9 lit]ature he embrac$ ! :ole range ( contempor>y /udies1 mak+ 8 m>k z a public orator1 a writ] ( rhetorical treatises & dialogues1 a panegyri/ ( ! dead1 a viol5t impea*] & impugn] ( ! liv+1 a translator f ! ,greek1 an elegant epi/olograph]1 a grave hi/orian1 & a faceti\s compil] ( anecdotes & epigrams4 ,he possess$ a /yle at once easy & po9t$1 correct 9 diction & v>i$ 9 cad5ce1 equally adapt$ = s]i\s disc\rse & witty trifl+1 & n less =midable 9 abuse ?an delicate 9 flatt]y4 ,?is at lea/ 0 ! impression :i* 8 copi\s & facile ,lat91 always flu5t & yet always full ( s5se1 produc$ on 8 contempor>ies4 ,= u its f9e/ flights ( rhetoric h lo/ _! *>m1 & its be/ turns ( phrase _! po9t4 ,s impossible is x t ! fa%ionable /yle ( "o age %\ld reta9 its magic = po/]ity1 unless x be truly classical 9 =m1 or weight$ ) s\nd ?\ght1 or animat$ ) high inspiration4 ,j ^! qualities 7 miss$ by ,poggio & 8 compe]s4 ,sett+ no m s]i\s aim be=e !m ?an ! imitation ( ,livy & ,cic]o1 ,s5eca & ,cs>1 !y fell f> %ort ( _! orig9als2 nor _h !y matt] to make up = _! defect ( elegance4 ,poggio's treatises ',de ,nobilitate1' ',de ,v>ietate ,=tun1' ',de ,mis]i ,human ,conditionis1' ',de ,infelicitate ,pr9cipum1' ',an ,s5i sit ,uxor duc5da1' ',hi/oria ,disceptiva ,convivialis1' & s =?1 7 z int]e/+ to ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury z ,voltaire's occasional essays to our m imm$iate ance/ors4 ,8 controv]sial writ+s pass$ = models ( de/ructive eloqu5ce1 8 satires on ! cl]gy = ma/]pieces ( s>ca/ic hum\r1 8 ,flor5t9e hi/ory = a supreme a*ievem5t 9 ! noble/ ,lat9 mann]4 ,yet ! :ole ( ?is miscellane\s lit]ature seems co>se & ineffective to ! mod]n ta/e4 ,we read x1 n )\t repugnance1 9 ord] to obta9 an insight into ! _s ( ! au?or's age4 ,two important po9ts 9 ,poggio's biography w s]ve to illu/rate ! social circum/ances ( ! humani/s4 ,! fir/ is ! attitude adopt$ by him t[>d ! *ur*m51 ) :om he pass$ ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life 9 close intimacy2 ! second1 8 fi]ce w>f>e wag$ ) rivals & oppon5ts 9 ! field ( s*ol>%ip4 ,?\gh ,poggio s]v$ ! ,*ur* = half a c5tury1 no "o expos$ ! vices ( ! cl]gy ) m ru?less s>casm1 or turn$ ! follies ( ! monks to ridicule ) m rel5tless scorn4 ,aft] read+ 8 ',dialogue aga9/ ! ,hypocrites1' 8 ',invective aga9/ ,felix ! ,antipope1' & 8 ',faceti1' x is difficult to und]/& h[ a satiri/ :o knew ! weak po9ts ( ! ,*ur* s intimately1 & expos$ !m s freely1 c\ld h held high /ation & be5 hon\r$ 9 ! ,papal ,curia4 ,!y confirm 9 ! highe/ degree all t has be5 writt5 9 ! previ\s volume ab\t ! division betwe5 religion & morality 9 ,italy1 ! cynical self-satisfaction ( ! cl]gy1 & ! secul> indiff]5ce ( ! ,papacy1 prov+ at ! same "t ! pr\dly indep5d5t position :i* ! tal5ts ( ! humani/s _h won = !m at ,rome4 ,at ! end ( ! ',faceti'--a collection ( grossly indec5t & n always v witty /ories--,poggio ref]s to ! meet+s ) :i* he & 8 comrades ent]ta9$ !mselves aft] ! s]i\s bus9ess ( ! day 0 ov]4#bjc ,_! place ( resort 0 9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,lat]an1 :]e !y _h e/abli%$ a club :i* took ! "n ( ',bugiale1' or ,lie ,factory4#bjd ,apo/olic secret>ies1 writ]s to ! ,*anc]y1 protonot>ies1 & ,papal scribes "h met toge!r aft] lay+ d[n ! p5s !y _h employ$ 9 draft+ ,bulls & disp5sations1 encyclical lett]s & diplomatic missives4 ,to make puns1 tell sc&al\s /ories1 & inv5t amus+ plots = novelettes 0 ! *ief amusem5t ( ^! ,roman wits4 ,_! mo/ /++ %afts ( satire 7 res]v$ = monks & prie/s2 b !y sp>$ no class or pr(ession1 & made free ) ! names ( liv+ p]sons4#bje ,aga9/ ! high] cl]gy x might n h be5 safe to utt] ev5 ! tru?1 except 9 /ricte/ privacy1 see+ t pref]m5t _h to be expect$ f ! ,sacr$ ,college & ! ,holy ,fa!r4 ,! m5dicant ord]s & ! c\ntry p>sons1 !re=e1 bore ! brunt ( _! attack1 :ile ! :ole tone ( _! disc\rse made x cle> h[ little !y respect$ ! religion & ! in/itutions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,su* fragm5ts ( ^! conv]sations z ,poggio ?\ght fit to pres]ve1 toge!r ) anecdotes borr[$ f ! ',c5t ,n\velles n\velles' & o!r s\rces1 he committ$ to ,lat91 & pr9t$ 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life4 ,! title giv5 to ! book 0 ',faceti>um ,lib]4' ,x ran spe$ily ?r\gh num]\s editions1 & 0 read all ov] ,europe ) ! same eag]ness t ! ',epi/ol ,obscurorum ,virorum' aft]w>ds excit$4 ,und]nea? its ribaldry & nons5se1 h[ev]1 !re lay no s]i\s int5tion4 ,! satires on ! cl]gy 7 contemptu\s & flippant1 argu+ m lik+ on ! "p ( _! au?or = scurril\s je/s ?an any e>ne/ wi% to prove ! degradation ( mona/icism4 ,n a ^w ( c5sure f ! ,vatican c ,i f9d record$ aga9/ ?is m>vell\s production ( a ,papal secret>y's p54 ,"h1 by way ( illu/ration1 x may be m5tion$ t ,filelfo1 on 8 way ?r\gh ,rome to ,naples1 plac$ 8 satires--! mo/ nause\s compositions t co>se spite & fil?y fancy ev] spawn$--9 ! h&s ( ,ni*olas ,v4 ,! ,pope reta9$ !m = n9e days1 read !m1 return$ !m ) ?anks1 & rew>d$ _! au?or ) a purse ( #ejj ducats4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,poggi ,flor5t9i ,faceti>um ,libellus ,unicus1 ,lond9i1 #agih1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #bjd3 ',m5daciorum veluti (fic9a' is ,poggio's own explanation ( ! phrase4 ,footnote #bje3 ',ibi p>cebatur nem9i1 9 lacess5do ea qu non probabantur a nobis4' ,! ',dialogue aga9/ ! ,hypocrites' conta9s less ( m]e scurrility & m t be>s ) real weight on ! vices ( ! cl]gy4 ,begg+ fri>s1 prea*]s1 confessors1 & aspirants to ! fame ( hol9ess are cit$ by "n & sc\rg$ ) pitiless imp>tiality1 :ile ! worldly ambition ( ! ,roman *ur*m5 is unmask$4 ,! ',fratres ,obs]vanti1' :o fl\ri%$ "u ,pope ,eug5ius1 receive /]n ca/igation at ! h&s ( ,c>lo ,aret9o4 ,%eph]d rem>ks1 n )\t ju/ice1 on ?is dialogue t1 _h ! au?or 'v5tur$ to advance ! s5tim5ts :i* x conta9s 9 ! days ( ,eug5ius1 he w\ld 9 all probability h expiat$ 8 tem]ity by ! =feit ( 8 life4#bjf ,ni*olas ,v41 :o appreciat$ ! pung5cy ( its satiric /yle1 in/ead ( res5t+ its free spee*1 direct$ 8 fri5d ,poggio's p5 aga9/ 8 rival ,felix4 ,rais$ to ! ,papacy by ! ,c\ncil ( ,basle 9 #adci1 ,amadeus1 ! ex-,duke ( ,savoy1 /ill p]si/$ 9 8 ,papal title aft] ! election ( ,ni*olas2 & ?\gh ! ,sov]eign ( ! ,vatican c\ld well af=d to scorn ! h]mit ( ,ripaille1 he ?\ght x prud5t to dis*>ge ! heavy guns ( humani/ic eloqu5ce aga9/ ! ,antipope4 ,a pond]\s invective 0 ! result1 :]e9 ,poggio describ$ ! un=tunate ,felix z 'ano!r ,c]b]us1' 'a rapaci\s wolf1' 'a gold5 calf1' 'a p]v]t] ( ! fai? & foe to true religion1' 'a high prie/ ( malignity1' 'a ro>+ lion'--/igmatis+ ! ,c\ncil to :om he ow$ 8 election z 't s9k ( iniquity ! ,synagogue ( ,basle1' 'a mon/r\s bir?1' 'conv5ticle ( reprobates1' 'tumultu>y b& ( debau*$ m51' 'apo/ates1 =nicators1 ravi%]s1 des]t]s1 m5 convict$ ( mo/ %ameful crimes1 blasphem]s1 rebels aga9/ ,god4'#bjg ,to su* am5ities ( controv]sial rhetoric did ev5 ,popes desc5d1 sub/itut+ s\nd & fury = s5se1 & tru/+ to vitup]ation 9 ! abs5ce ( m valid argum5ts4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,life ( ,poggio1 p4 #dbc4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,op]a ,omnia1 pp4 #aee-afd4 ,poggio1 next to ,filelfo1 0 ! mo/ =midable gladiator 9 t age ( lit]>y duelli/s4 ',9 8 invectives he display$ su* vehem5ce1' writes ,vespasiano1#bjh 't ! :ole _w 0 afraid ( him4' ,ev5 ,alfonso ( ,naples f\nd x prud5t to av]t 8 ang] by a timely pres5t ( #fjj ducats1 :5 ,poggio compla9$ ( 8 remissness 9 ackn[l$g+ ! v]sion ( ,x5ophon's ',cyropdia1'#bji & h9t$ at ! same "t t a s*ol>'s p5 0 p[]ful en\gh to puni% k+s = _! +ratitude4 ,! ov]tures1 aga91 made to ,poggio by ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti1 & ! consid]ation he receiv$ f ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 te/ifi$ to ! desire ( pr9ces = ! goodwill ( a spiteful & unscrupul\s pamphlete]4#baj ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,poggio's feuds ) m5 ( lett]s began :5 ,filelfo assail$ ! "* ( ,cosimo1 & satiris$ ! :ole society ( ,flor5ce 9 #adcc4 ,! full hi/ory ( ,filelfo's animosity aga9/ ! ,flor5t9es belongs to ! biography ( t fam\s s*ol>4 ,x is en\gh "h to m5tion t he ridicul$ ,cosimo "u ! "n ( ,mundus1 describ$ ,poggio z ,bambalio1 ,c>lo ,aret9o z ,codrus1 & ,niccolo de' ,niccoli z ,outis1#baa accus+ !m ( lit]>y imbecility1 & ascrib+ to !m all ! crimes & vices t disgrace humanity4 ,poggio gird$ up 8 lo9s = ! combat1 &1 9 reply to ,filelfo's pond]\s hexamet]s1 dis*>g$ a bulky invective 9 prose aga9/ ! common adv]s>y4 ,?is 0 answ]$ by m satires1 ,poggio reply+ ) new invectives4 ,! qu>rel la/$ ov] _m ye>s2 :51 hav+ heap$ ^u ea* o!r all ! insults x is possible = ! mo/ corrupt imag9ation to conceive1 !y jo9$ h&s & re/$ f ! conte/4#bab ,to sully ^! pages ) translations ( ,poggio's rank abuse w\ld be impossible4 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) ref]r+ read]s1 :o are anxi\s to ga9 a m detail$ acqua9tance ) ! lit]>y w>f>e ( t age1 to ! exc]pts pres]v$ by ,%eph]d & ,rosm9i4#bac ,suffice x to say t he p\r$ a torr5t ( ! fil?ie/ calumnies ^u ,filelfo's wife & "m1 t he accus$ ,filelfo himself ( ! base/ vice 9 y\? & ! mo/ flagrant debau*]y 9 manhood1 t he repres5t$ him z a public ?ief1 a pr(ess$ cut-purse1 a blasphem\s a!i/1 soil$ ) sordid immoralities ( e k9d1 & driv5 by 8 expos$ felonies f t[n to t[n 9 se>* ( %elt] = 8 hat$ head4 ,filelfo repli$ 9 ! same /ra94 ,all ! res\rces ( ! ,lat9 language 7 exhau/$ by ! combatants 9 _! endeav\rs to bef\l ea* o!r's "*1 & ! l[e/ dep?s ( human nature 7 explor$ to f9d fre% accusations4 ,! le>n$ _w ( ,italy /ood by applaud+1 :ile ! valiant antagoni/s1 l gladiators ( ! ,roman ar5a1 pli$ _! div]se weapons1 ! "o dis*>g+ d>ts ( v]se1 ! o!r wield+ a heavy club ( prose4#bad ,unhappily1 !re 0 en\gh ( sc&al\s mat]ial 9 bo? _! lives to give "s col\r to _! accusations4 ,yet ! virul5ce ) :i* !y li$ aga9/ ea* o!r defeat$ its own object4 ,rak+ t lit]>y dunghill1 x is n[ impossible to di/+ui% ! true f ! false2 all proportion is lo/ 9 ! mass ( ov]*>g$ & indiscrim9ate scurrility4 ,t su* enc\nt]s %\ld h be5 enjoy$ & applaud$ by polite society is "o ( ! /range/ signs ( ! times2 & t ! duelli/s !mselves %\ld h imag9$ !y 7 tread+ 9 ! /eps ( ,cic]o & ,demo/h5es is ev5 m a/\nd+4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,p4 #dbb4 ,footnote #bji3 ,ibid4 p4 #dbc4 ,footnote #baj3 ,see ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,filippo ,m>ia & ,poggio1 ,opp4 pp4 #ccc-ceh4 ,lett] to ,cosimo1 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #baa3 ',! ,_w1 ! ,/amm]+ ,simpleton1 ! ,execrable ,poet1 & ! ,nobody4' ,see ,auree ,francisci ,philelphi ,poete ,oratorisque ,celeb]rimi ,satyre4 ,p>is1 #aejh4 ,passim4 ,footnote #bab3 ,opp4 ,omn4 pp4 #afd-ahg4 ,! fir/ invective is ! mo/ v5om\s1 & des]ves to be read 9 ! orig9al4 ,! la/1 entitl$ ',invectiva ,excusatoria et ,reconciliatoria1' is amus+ f its tone ( sulky & sat$ exhau/ion4 ,footnote #bac3 ,life ( ,poggio1 pp4 #bfc-bgb1 #ced4 ,vita di ,filelfo4 ,footnote #bad3 ,! language ( ! ar5a 0 us$ by ^! lit]>y combatants4 ,?us ,valla1 9 ! exordium ( 8 ,antidote1 describes 8 weapon ( attack 9 ?is s5t5ce3--',hc e/ mea fusana1 qu&oquidem gladiator a gladiatore fi]i cogor1 et ea duplex et utraque trid5s1' p4 #i4 ,! dispute ) ,filelfo 0 r p]sonal ?an lit]>y4 ,ano!r duel into :i* ,poggio ent]$ ) ,gu>9o turn$ ^u ! respective m]its ( ,scipio & ,julius ,cs>4 ,poggio _h occasion to expla91 9 correspond5ce ) a c]ta9 ,scipione ,f]r>ese1 8 reasons = pref]r+ ! "* ( ,scipio ,africanus4 ,gu>9o1 ) a view to pleas+ 8 pupil ,lionello d',e/e1 a pr(ess$ admir] ( ,cs>1 took up ! cudgels 9 def5ce ( ! dictator1#bae & treat$ ,poggio1 :om he call$ ,cs>oma/ix1 ) supreme contempt4 ,poggio repli$ 9 a lett] to ! noble ,v5etian s*ol> ,francesco ,b>b>o4#baf ,h>d words 7 ex*ang$ on bo? sides1 & ! antagoni/s 7 only reconcil$ on ! occasion ( ,poggio's m>riage 9 #adce4 ,rome1 h[ev]1 0 ! !atre ( 8 mo/ celebrat$ exploits z a disputant4 ,x *anc$ "o day t he discov]$ a copy ( 8 own epi/les annotat$ by a ,spani% nobleman :o 0 a pupil ( ,lor5zo ,valla4#bag ,poggio's ,lat9ity 0 n sp>$ 9 ! m>g9al /rictures p5n$ by ! "y /ud5t2 & ! fi]y s*ol>1 fly+ to ! conclusion t ! ma/]1 n ! pupil1 _h dictat$ !m1 dis*>g$ 8 usual missile1 a furi\s invective1 aga9/ ,valla4 ,?us attack$1 ! au?or ( ! ',eleganti' respond$ 9 a simil> composition1 entitl$ ',antidotum 9 ,poggium1' & d$icat$ to ,ni*olas ,v4#bah ,poggio foll[$ ) ano!r invective2 nor did ! qu>rel end till he _h add$ five ( ^! disgu/+ compositions to 8 previ\s a*ievem5ts 9 ! same /yle1 & _h drawn a "y ,lat9i/ ( promise1 ,niccolo ,p]otti1 into ! disgraceful fray4#bai ,:at makes ! t]m9ation ( ! squabble truly comic is t ,filelfo1 himself ! wor/ (f5d] 9 ?is way1 0 mov$ at la/ to write a s]i\s lett] ( admoni%m5t to ! cont5d+ p>ties1 exhort+ !m to consult _! own dignity & to lay d[n arms4#bbj ,conc]n+ ! invectives & antidotes by :i* ?is w> 0 c>ri$ on ,tirabos*i writes1 ',p]haps !y are ! mo/ infam\s libels t h ev] se5 ! light2 !re is no sort ( vitup]ation :i* ! antagoni/s d n vomit =? aga9/ ea* o!r1 no obsc5ity & rogu]y ( :i* !y are n mutually accus$4' ,footnote #bae3 ,see ,rosm9i1 ,vita di ,gu>9o da ,v]ona1 vol4 ii4 p4 #if4 ,footnote #baf3 ,poggii ,op]a1 p4 #cfe4 ,footnote #bag3 ',adolesc5s quidam auditor meus1' says ,valla 9 ! ,antidotum1 p4 #b4 ,! /ory is told at l5g?1 p4 #aea4 ,i quote f ! ,cologne edition ( #aebg3 ',laur5tii ,vall viri cl>issimi 9 ,pogium ,flor5t9um antidoti libri quatuor3 9 eundem alii duo libelli 9 dialogo conscripti4' ,footnote #bah3 ,see ,%eph]d's ,poggio1 pp4 #dgj1 #dga1 = specim5s ( ! scurrility on bo? sides4 ,footnote #bai3 ,! invectives aga9/ ,valla fill f p4 #ahh to p4 #bea ( ,poggio's collect$ works4 ,"p ( !m is devot$ to a def5ce ( 8 own ,lat9ity1 & to a critique ( ,valla's ,eleganti4 ,b by f> ! l>g] "p consi/s ( vehem5t incrim9ations4 ,h]esy1 !ft1 ly+1 =g]y1 c[>dice1 fil?y liv+ ( ! mo/ odi\s description1 drunk5ness1 & insane vanity--su* are ! accusations1 support$ ) a t]rible array ( app>5t evid5ce4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,filelfo1 ,poggio does n sp>e 8 antagoni/'s fa!r & "m1 b heaps ! vile/ abuse ^u ev]yone connect$ ) him4 ,valla's ,antidote is writt5 9 a m temp]$ _s & a pur] ,lat9 /yle4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,%eph]d1 ,life ( ,poggio1 p4 #dgd4 ,! inconceivably slight occasions ^u :i* ^! le>n$ m5 ru%$ into ! ar5a1 & flung dirt ^u "o ano!r1 may be imag9$ :5 we f9d ,lor5zo ,valla at feud on ! "o side ) ,georgios ,trapezuntios because ! "o pref]r$ ,cic]o & ! o!r ,qu9tilian1 & on ! o!r ) ,b5$etto ,mor&o because t s*ol> d\bt$ :e!r ,lucius & ,aruns 7 ! gr&sons ( ,t>qu9ius ,priscus4 ,sometimes private incid5ts ar\s$ _! wra?1 z 9 ! curi\s rupture betwe5 ,lion>do ,bruni & ,niccolo de' ,niccoli at ,flor5ce4 ,! /ory1 s9ce x is *>act]i/ic ( ! "t1 may be briefly told4 ,niccolo _h /ol5 8 bro!r's mi/ress ,b5v5uta1 & made h] 8 concub9e4#bba ,8 relatives1 indignant at ! dome/ic sc&al1 insult$ ,b5v5uta 9 ! /reet1 & ,niccolo bemoan$ himself to all 8 fri5ds4 ,lion>do1 to :om he appli$ = sympa?y1 v prop]ly obs]v$ t a /ud5t ought to be bett] occupi$ ?an ) ! mis=tunes ( a kit*5 w5*4 ,?is t>t reply r\s$ ,niccolo's bile1 & set 8 cau/ic tongue wagg+ aga9/ 8 old fri5d2 :]eupon ,lion>do ,bruni laun*$ a fi]ce invective 9 nebulonem mal$icum aga9/ him1 & ! le>n$ society ( ,flor5ce indulg$ 9 a free fight on bo? sides4 ,footnote #bba3 ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i1 ,g5]al ( ! ,camaldolese ,ord]1 call$ h] 'fidelissima foem9a4' ,su* qu>rels 7 n always conf9$ to words4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! dagg] 0 employ$ aga9/ ,filelfo by ! ,m$icean p>ty1 :ile x n[ & !n happ5$ t ! lit]>y gladiators came to actual fi/icuffs4 ,a sc5e ( ?is sort occurr$ at ,rome 9 public4 ,georgios ,trapezuntios compla9$ t ! cr$it ( ,poggio's translations f ,diodorus & ,x5ophon really belong$ to him1 s9ce he _h done ! "w ( !m4 ,poggio %riek$ out1 ',y lie 9 y\r ?roat6' ,georgios retort$ ) a box on ,poggio's e>s4 ,!n ,poggio came to close qu>t]s1 cat*+ 8 adv]s>y by ! hair2 & ! two pr(essors pommell$ ea* o!r till _! respective pupils p>t$ !m4#bbb ,su* anecdotes might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,nor w\ld x be unpr(itable to give "s acc\nt ( ! vehem5t w>f>e wag$ 9 ,italy betwe5 ! ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians1 7 x n t en\gh has already be5 said to illu/rate ! acrimoni\s temp] ( ! times4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #b1 sect4 #ae4 ,! animosity display$ by s*ol>s 9 ^! disputes may be tak5 z a pro( ( _! en?usiasm = _! /udies4 ,m5 h always qu>rell$ ab\t politics1 because politics furni% matt] ( pr(\nd int]e/ to ev]yone4 ,!ology1 = a simil> reason1 nev] fails to r\se ! deepe/ ranc\rs1 hatr$s1 & ho/ilities ( :i* ! human brea/ is capable4 ,sci5ce1 z we "k f ! annals ( our days1 sets ! uphold]s ( antagoni/ic !ories by ! e>s2 & at times :5 politics h be5 dull1 !ology dormant1 & sci5ce undemon/rative1 ev5 music has be5 f\nd suffici5t to excite a nation4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury s*ol>%ip 0 all-absorb+4 ,x correspond$ to sci5ce 9 our age1 s9ce x engag$ ! tal5ts ( ! /ronge/ work]s & suppli$ ! s\rces ( progressive intellectual discov]y4 ,moreov]1 x includ$ bo? philosophy & !ology1 & =m$ ! mo/ attractive topic 9 all conv]sation4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! limpid f\nta9s ( classical erudition 7 tr\bl$ by ! piques & jeal\sies ( /ud5ts4 ,x is pleasant to turn f ,poggio's wrangl+ to m hon\rable passages 9 8 biography4 ,s9ce ! ye> #adcd he _h own$ a f>m n f> f ,flor5ce4 ,"h he built a c\ntry resid5ce1 vy+1 if n 9 spl5d\r1 at lea/ 9 elegance1 ) ! villas ( ! ,flor5t9e burgh]s4 ,he call$ x 8 ,vald>niana1 & adorn$ x ) ! fragm5ts ( antique sculpture1 inscriptions1 & co9s1 collect$ by him p>tly 9 p]son on ! ,roman ,campagna & p>tly by pur*ase f ,greece4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#adce7 ,poggio1 !n a man ( fifty-five1 m>ri$ a girl ( eighte51 nam$ ,vaggia1 ( ! noble ,buondelmonte blood4 ,9 =m+ ?is connection he _h to sep>ate f a mi/ress :o _h borne him f\rte5 *ildr51 f\r ( !m !n liv+4 ,8 biograph]1 ,%eph]d1 indulges 9 "s s5tim5tal reflections ^u ! pa9 ?is leave-tak+ mu/ h co/ him4 ,yet ! imp>tial critic w h>dly be br\ght to pity ,poggio1 see+ t he cancell$ ! brief :]eby he _h previ\sly legitimis$ 8 natural *ildr51 & respond$ ) raptures to ! congratulations ( fri5ds ^u 8 new engagem5t4 ,he _h already be5 admitt$ to ! burgh]%ip ( ,flor5ce1 & exempt$ f its taxes 9 consid]ation ( 8 lit]>y s]vices2 s t1 on ! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,c>lo ,aret9o1 9 #adec1 no "o 0 f\nd m fitt+ = ! po/ ( ,*ancellor to ! ,republic4 ,z an increase ( dignity1 ,poggio fulfill$ ! (fice ( ,prior1 & sat among ! ,signory4 ,! ',hi/ory ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic1' writt5 9 cont9uation ( ,lion>do ,aret9o's1 occupi$ ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,he left x /ill unf9i%$ 9 ! ye> #adei1 :5 he di$1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce4 ,i _c f9d t 8 fun]al 0 accompani$ by ! peculi> hon\rs vot$ 9 ! case ( 8 two pr$ecessors4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 h[ev]1 erect$ 8 /atue on ! faade ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 & plac$ 8 picture by ,antonio dal ,pollajuolo 9 ! hall ( ! ,proconsolo4 ,! fate ( ?is /atue1 a "w ( ,donatello's1 0 n a little curi\s4 ,on ! occasion ( "s alt]ations 9 #aefj1 x 0 remov$ f its fir/ /ation1 & set up z "o among ! ,twelve ,apo/les 9 ano!r "p ( ! ca!dral4 ,any survey ( ! ,c\rt ( ,ni*olas ,v4 w\ld be incomplete )\t "s notice ( ! ,c>d9al ,bess>ion4 ,e>ly 9 life he rose to high /ation 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & att5d$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,flor5ce z ,ar*bi%op ( ,nicea4 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 by mak+ him a c>d9al 9 #adci1 conv]t$ him to ! ,lat9 fai?2 &1 z x s happ5$1 he miss$ ! ,papacy almo/ by an accid5t ?irty-two ye>s lat]4#bbc ,8 palace at ,rome became ! meet+-place ( s*ol>s ( all nations1#bbd :]e refugee ,greeks 9 p>ticul> 7 sure ( f9d+ he>ty welcome4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! reign+ passion = book-collect+1 he got toge!r a consid]able libr>y ( ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors1 ! numb] ( :i* ,vespasiano e/imat$ at #fjj volumes1 :ile ,plat9a reckon$ _! total co/ at #cj1jjj scudi4 ,9 #adfh he (f]$ ?is collection to ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>k at ,v5ice4 ,! ,republic accept$ 8 gift1 b %[$ no alacrity to build ! libr>y4 ,x 0 n until ! next c5tury t ,bess>ion's books 7 f9ally h\s$ accord+ to _! dignity4#bbe ,! ,c>d9al's own /udies lay 9 ! direction ( !ological philosophy4 ,we h already se5 t 9 8 y\? he 0 a pupil ( ,gemi/os1 & he n[ appe>s z ! def5d] ( ,plato4 ,georgios ,trapezuntios _h publi%$ a treatise 9 ! ye> #adeh1 9 :i*1 on ! pret5ce ( uphold+ ,ari/otle1 he vilifi$ ,plato's moral "*1 accus$ him ( hav+ ru9$ ,greece1 & ma9ta9$ t ,mahomet 0 a f> bett] legislator4 ,bess>ion repli$ by ! oration ',9 ,calumniatorem ,platonis1' v9dicat+ ! morality ( ! philosoph] & support+ him aga9/ ,ari/otle4 ,?is book 0 pr9t$ by ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz 9 ! infancy ( ! ,roman press4 ,!odoros ,gaza1#bbf :o1 on 8 settlem5t 9 ,rome 9 #adej1 _h be5 receiv$ into ,bess>ion's h\sehold1 ent]$ ! li/s ) a critique ( ,gemi/os2 to :i* ,bess>ion repli$3 & s ! w>f>e begun by ,g5nadios at ,byzantium 0 cont9u$ by ! ,greek exiles at ,rome4 ,! titles ( ! works issu$ 9 ?is conte/1 among :i* we f9d ',de ,natur et ,arte1' ',utrum ,natura ,consilio ,agat1' ',comp>ationes ,philosophorum ,ari/otelis et ,platonis1' suffici5tly indicate ! ext5t ( gr\nd trav]s$4 ,! *ief result 0 ! r\s+ ( ,italian s*ol>s to weighti] po9ts ( issue 9 philosophy ?an _h at fir/ be5 rais$ by my/ical ,neoplatoni/s & p$antic ,p]ipatetics4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,vespasiano1 p4 #adf4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,see ,plat9a's panegyric1 quot$ by ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 i4 cap4 #c1 #bb4 ,plat9a & ,p]otti 7 among 8 ,italian protgs4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ! want ( lit]>y en?usiasm at ,v5ice4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,he fir/ came to ,italy 9 #adcj1 pr(ess$ ,greek at ,f]r>a f #adda to #adej1 & di$ 9 ,campania ab\t #adgh4 ,he translat$ _m works ( ,ari/otle4 ,8 own book on ,gramm> 0 pr9t$ by ,aldus 9 #adie4 ,among ! ,greeks protect$ by ,bess>ion1 pass+ notice may be made ( ,&ronicus ,calli/us1 ^: lectures f\nd less fav\r at ,rome ?an !y aft]w>ds obta9$ at ,flor5ce1 :]e he _h ! great ,poliziano = 8 pupil4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ,greeks to seek =tune 9 ,france4#bbg ,nor mu/ ,demetrius ,*alcondylas be omitt$1 :o fl$ f ,byzantium to ,rome ab\t ! ye> #addg1 & aft]w>ds pr(ess$ ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p]ugia4 ,a lett] writt5 by "o ( 8 pupils1 ,gian ,antonio ,campano1#bbh gives su* an agreeable impression ( ! effect he produc$ 9 ! city ( ! ,baglioni1 t ,i w translate a portion ( x4 ',a ,greek has j arriv$1 :o has begun to tea* me ) great pa9s1 & ,i to li/5 to 8 precepts ) incr$ible pleasure1 because he is a ,greek1 because he is ,a!nian1 & because he is ,demetrius4 ,x seems to me t 9 him is figur$ all ! wisdom1 ! civility1 & ! elegance ( ^? s fam\s & illu/ri\s anci5ts4 ,m]ely see+ him1 y fancy y are look+ on ,plato2 f> m :5 y he> him speak4' ,x 0 a "y man ( tw5ty-?ree :o wrote ?is1 ! companion1 probably1 ( su* magnific5t y\?s z ,signorelli lov$ to pa9t & ,mat>azzo to describe4#bbi ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is lett] ) ! panegyric pass$ ^u ,ognib5e da ,lonigo five ye>s aft] 8 dea? by ,b>tolommeo ,pagello 9 an oration deliv]$ at ,vic5za4 ,! "y m5 ( ,vic5za1 said ! rhetorician1 left _! dice1 _! duels1 _! w9e cups1 & _! loves to li/5 to ?is humani/2 8 le>n+ wr\ght a re=mation 9 ! morals ( ! t[n4#bcj ,su* 7 ! fasc9ations ( s*ol>%ip 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,raffaello ,volat]rano1 quot$ by ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #b1 #af4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,see ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #b1 #ag4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,see my ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece1 article ',p]ugia4' ,footnote #bcj3 ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #e1 #df4 ,! ,greeks hi!rto m5tion$ quitt$ _! c\ntry be=e ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wrong to ascribe to t ev5t ! importation ( ,hell5ic /udies into ,italy4 ,_! ,italian pupils c>ri$ on ! "w !y _h begun1 ) wid] p[]s & nobl] en]gy4 ,all ! great ,grecians ( ! ?ird age ( humanism are ,italians4 ,flor5ce receiv$ le>n+ f ,byzantium at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,greek ,empire 0 ab\t to be ext+ui%$1 & spread x f> & wide ?r\gh ,europe1 h]self a*iev+ by f> ! l>ge/ & mo/ ardu\s portion ( ! task4 ,9 pass+ d[n to ,naples1 we f9d a m>k$ *ange 9 ! ext]nal conditions "u :i* lit]ature fl\ri%$4 ,m5 ( le>n+ at ! ,c\rts ( ,italy occupi$ a position diff]5t f t ( _! bre?r5 9 ! ,papal ,*anc]y4 ,!y _h to suit _! habits to ! cu/oms ( ! ,c\rt & camp1 to place _! tal5ts at ! s]vice ( _! patron's pleasure1 to ent]ta9 him 9 8 h\rs ( idl5ess1 to frame complim5ts & panegyrics1 & to repay 8 b\nty by ! celebration ( 8 de$s 9 hi/ories & poems4 ,_! foot+ 0 less (ficial1 m subject to ! temp] & caprices ( ! reign+ sov]eign1 ?an at ,rome2 :ile ! peculi> advantages1 bo? political & social1 :i*1 ev5 "u ! sway ( ! ,m$icean family1 made ,flor5ce a real republic ( lett]s1 exi/$ 9 no o!r t[n ( ,italy4 ,at ,naples !re 0 no su* ?+ z native culture4 ,! semi-feudal nobility ( ! ,s\? 7 addict$ to field sports1 feats ( arms1 & idl5ess4 ,! p ( ! c\ntry 7 sunk 9 b>b>ism4 ,9 ! cities !re 0 no middle class analog\s to t ( ! m nor!rly republics4 ,nev]!less1 ! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies play$ an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,italian lit]ature4 ,:ile ! ,mussulmans held sway at ,pal]mo1 ,sicily 0 ! mo/ ref9$ & enlight5$ /ate ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,"u ! ,norman dyna/y ?is ,arabic civilisation began to influ5ce ,nor? ,italy1 & dur+ ! reign ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,naples bade fair to become ! city ( illum9ation = ! mod]n _w4 ,! failure ( ,fr$]ick's attempt to re/ore life to arts & lett]s 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury belongs to ! hi/ory ( 8 w>f>e ) ! ,*ur*4 ,:at 8 c\rti]s effect$ = ! e>lie/ poetry ( ! ,italians is told by ,dante 9 ! treatise ',de ,vulg>i ,eloquio4' ,= our pres5t purpose x is en\gh to notice t ! zeal = k plant$ by ! ,arabs1 tol]at$ by ! ,normans1 & fo/]$ by ! ,h\se ( ,hoh5/auff5 9 ! s\? ( ,italy1 0 an exotic :i* took no deep root 9 ! p4 ,no national poem 0 produc$ 9 ! gold5 age ( ,fr$]ick's brief supremacy2 no /ories are told ( ,neapolitan c>t]s & boatm5 recit+ ! sonnets ( 8 c\rti]s4 ,z culture began1 s x cont9u$ to exi/ at ,naples--fl\ri%+ at int]vals 9 close connection ) ! sov]eign's ta/e1 & ow+ to local influ5ces n life & vig\r1 b col\r & complexion1 suavity & s(tness1 caught f ! surr\nd+ beauties ( ! sea & %ore4 ,ea* ( ! dyna/ies :i* held ! ?rone ( ! ,two ,sicilies c\ld boa/ a patron ( lit]ature4 ,rob]t ( ,anj\ 0 pr\d to call himself ! fri5d ( ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio f\nd ! flame ( inspiration at 8 ,c\rt4#bca ,9 ! second age ( humanism1 ) :i* we are n[ occupi$1 ,alfonso ( ,aragon des]v$ ! praise be/[$ on him by ,vespasiano ( be+1 next to ,ni*olas ,v41 ! mo/ munific5t promot] ( le>n+4#bcb ,8 love ( lett]s 0 g5u9e4 ,aft] mak+ all d$uctions = ! flatt]y ( (ficial hi/oriograph]s1 x is cle> t ,alfonso f\nd 8 mo/ endur+ satisfaction 9 ! company ( /ud5ts1 li/5+ to _! debates on po9ts ( s*ol>%ip1 att5d+ _! public lectures1 employ+ !m 9 ! p]usal ( anci5t poets & hi/orians1 insi/+ on _! pres5ce 9 8 camp1 & freely supply+ !m ) money = ! pur*ase ( books & = _! ma9t5ance :ile engag$ 9 works ( erudition4 ,vespasiano relates t ,beccadelli's daily read+s to 8 ma/] 7 n int]rupt$ dur+ ! campaign ( #addc1 :5 ,alfonso took ! field aga9/ ,francesco ,s=za's armies 9 ! ,m>*4#bcc ,! ,neapolitan capta9s might be se5 ga!r$ r\nd _! mon>*1 li/5+ to ! s*ol>'s exposition ( ,livy1 in/ead ( wa/+ _! leisure at games ( haz>d4 ,beccadelli himself pr(esses to h cur$ an illness ( ,alfonso's 9 ?ree days by read+ al\d to him ,curtius's ,life ( ,alex&]1 :ile ,lor5zo ,valla describes ! conc\rse ( /ud5ts to 8 table dur+ ! recitations ( ,virgil or ( ,t]5ce4#bcd ,c\rti]s ) no ta/e = s*ol>%ip 7 exclud$ f ^! lit]>y meet+s2 b free access 0 giv5 to poor y\?s :o s\ght to pr(it by ! le>n+ ( ! lectur]s4 ,! k+1 meantime1 sat at meat1 n[ & !n h&+ fruits or confection]y to refre% ! read] :5 8 voice seem$ fail+4 ,8 passion = ! antique assum$ ! romantic "* common 9 t age4 ,:5 ! ,v5etians s5t him "o ( ! rec5tly discov]$ bones ( ,livy1 he receiv$ x l ! relic ( a sa9t2 nor c\ld ! fe>s ( 8 physicians prev5t him f op5+ & read+ ! ,,ms4 ( ,livy =w>d$ f ,flor5ce by ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 !n suspect$ ( wi%+ to poison him4 ,on 8 milit>y excursions he nev] neglect$ ! fam\s sites ( antiquity1 salut+ ! g5ius loci ) pi\s ?anks at ,ovid's bir?place1 & expressly =bidd+ 8 eng9e]s to trespass on ! site ( ,cic]o's villa at ,gaeta4#bce ,alfonso 0 no less assidu\s ?an 8 contempor>ies 9 ! collection ( books4 ,! ,palace libr>y at ,naples 0 8 fav\rite place ( recreation2 "h ,giannozzo ,manetti f\nd him among 8 s*ol>s on ! fam\s occasion :5 ! k+ sat ?r\gh a long congratulatory oration l a braz5 /atue1 )\t s mu* z bru%+ away ! flies t settl$ on 8 face4 ,8 ,,mss4 7 disp]s$ :5 ,*>les ,,viii4 occupi$ ,naples1 & :at became ( !m is d\btful4#bcf ,footnote #bca3 ,i may ref] to ,petr>*'s ,lett]s passim1 & to ! solemn p]oration ( ! ,africa4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #dde1 #ddf4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,vita di ,alfonso1 p4 #ei4 ,vita di ,manetti1 p4 #dea4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,see ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 i4 cap4 #b1 #ag4 ,footnote #bce3 ,pontano1 ,de ,pr9cipe1 & ,panormita1 ,de ,dictis et ,factis ,alphonsi ,regis1 furni% ^! anecdotes4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,! ,,ms4 ( ,livy ref]r$ to above is n[ 9 ! libr>y at ,holkham2 see ,roscoe's ,lor5zo1 p4 #chi4 ,among ! humani/s :o /ood ne>e/ to ! p]son ( ?is mon>*1 ,antonio ,beccadelli1 call$ f 8 bir?place ,il ,panormita1 des]ves ! fir/ place4 ,born at ,pal]mo 9 #acid1 he receiv$ 8 education at ,si5a1 :]e he 0 a fell[-/ud5t ) neas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i4 ,! city ( ,si5a1 molles ,s51 z ! poet himself call$ x1 0 notori\s ?r\gh\t ,italy = luxury ( liv+4 ,"h1 !re=e1 x may be presum$ t ,beccadelli 9 8 y\? enjoy$ ! exp]i5ces :i* he aft]w>ds celebrat$ 9 ',h]maphroditus4'#bcg ,no?+ is m /rik+ 9 t amaz+ collection ( elegies ?an ! frankness ( _! au?or1 ! free & lib]al delight ) :i* he dwells on %ameless s5sualities1 & ! pride ) :i* he publi%es 8 own "n to ! _w4 ,d$icat$ to ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 welcom$ ) applause by ! grey-head$ ,gu>9o da ,v]ona1#bch extoll$ to ! skies by ,antonio ,losco1 eag]ly s\ght aft] by ,b>tolommeo1 ,bi%op ( ,milan--?is book1 :i* ,/rato & ,m>tial might h blu%$ to own1 pass$ f copyi/ to copyi/1 f h& to h&4 ,among ! le>n$ x f\nd no s]i\s adv]s>ies4 ,poggio1 inde$1 g5tly rem9d$ ! poet t ev5 ! elegance ( its ,lat9ity & ! heat ( its au?or's y\? 7 h>dly suffici5t excuses = its wantonness4#bci ,yet ! almo/ unanim\s v]dict ( /ud5ts 0 fav\rable4 ,its op5 animalism1 z free f satire z f concealm5t1 took ! _w by /orm2 :ile ! facile elegance ( flu5t v]se ) :i* ! s9s ( ,sodom & ,gomorrha 7 describ$ plac$ x1 9 ! op9ion ( s*ol>s1 on a level ) ,catullus4#bdj ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,sigismund cr[n$ ,beccadelli poet at ,si5a 9 #adcc1 he only add$ ! weight ( ,imp]ial approval to ! v]dict ( ! lett]$ public4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #agia among ,qu9que illu/rium ,poet>um ,lusus 9 ,v5]em1 & aga9 at ,coburg 9 #ahbd1 ) annotations by ,f4,g4 ,=b]g4 ,footnote #bch3 ,a man ( ab\t sixty-?ree1 & fa!r ( twelve legitimate *ildr54 ,footnote #bci3 ,poggii ,op]a1 pp4 #cdi-ced4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,poggio1 :ile pr(ess+ to condemn ! sc&als ( ^! poems1 writes ?us3--',delectatus sum meh]cle v>ietate r]um et eleganti v]suum1 simulque admiratus sum res adeo impudicas1 adeo ineptas1 tam v5u/e1 tam composite1 a te dici1 atque ita multa exprimi turpiuscula ut non en>r>i s$ agi videantur1 nec ficta a te joc&i caus1 ut exi/imo1 s$ acta exi/im>i poss9t4'--,poggii ,op]a1 p4 #cdi4 ,! ,*ur* c\ld n1 h[ev]1 tol]ate ! sc&al4 ,ev] s9ce ! days ( ,petr>* & ,boccaccio1 monks _h reg>d$ ! /udy ( antique poetry ) suspicion4 ,n[ _! wor/ fe>s 7 realis$4 ,beccadelli _h prov$ t ! vices ( r5asc5t ,paganism 7 n only corrupt+ ,italian society 9 secret1 b t a "y s*ol> ( g5ius c\ld op5ly proclaim 8 p>ticipation 9 ! %ame1 abjure ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian morality1 & appeal ) confid5ce to pr9ces & humani/s = sympa?y4 ,! ,m9orite ,fri>s d5\nc$ ! ',h]maphroditus' f _! pulpits1 & burn$ x1 toge!r ) portraits ( ! poet1 on ! public squ>es ( ,bologna1 ,milan1 & ,f]r>a4#bda ,eug5ius ,,iv4 proscrib$ ! read+ ( x "u p5alty ( excommunication4 ,dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*1 :o f\nd x 9 ! h&s ( _! secret>ies1 did n scruple to te> x to pieces1 z a book =bidd5 by ! ,pope & contr>y to s\nd morality4#bdb ,yet all ?is made b little diff]5ce to ,beccadelli's reputation4#bdc ,he lectur$ ) hon\r at ,bologna & ,pavia1 receiv$ a /ip5d ( #hjj scudi f ! ,visconti1 & 9 #adce 0 summon$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,naples4 ,alfonso rais$ him to ! rank ( noble1 & cont9ually employ$ him ne> 8 p]son1 enjoy+ 8 wit1 & tak+ special delight 9 8 read+s ( classic au?ors4 ,z (ficial hi/oriograph]1 ,beccadelli committ$ to writ+ ! memorable de$s & say+s ( 8 royal ma/]4#bdd ,z ambassador & orator1 he repres5t$ ! ,k+ at =eign ,c\rts4 ,z tutor to ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 ,f]d9&1 he prep>$ a sov]eign = ! ,/ate ( ,naples4 ,?is fav\r la/$ till ! ye> #adga1 :5 he di$1 old1 ri*1 & respect$1 9 8 lovely villa by ! ,bay ( ,naples4 ,a m signal in/ance ( ! value atta*$ 9 ?is age to pure s*ol>%ip1 irrespective ( moral consid]ations1 & ap>t f pr(\nd le>n+--s9ce ,beccadelli 01 aft] all1 only an elegant ,lat9i/--_c be adduc$4 ,! ',h]maphroditus1' !re=e1 des]ves a prom95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,r5aissance mann]s4 ,footnote #bda3 ,especially ,b]n>d9o da ,si5a1 ,rob]to da ,lecce1 & ,alb]to da ,s>teano4 ,see ! note to p4 #cec ( ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,see ,vespasiano1 ,vita di ,giuliano ,ces>9i1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,a curi\s lett] f ,gu>9o to ,beccadelli 7,rosm9i's ,vita di ,gu>9o1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dd1 & notes1 p4 #aga7 describes ! en?usia/ic reception giv5 9 public to an impo/or :o pret5d$ to be ! au?or ( ,h]maphroditus4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,de ,dictis et ,factis ,alphonsi ,regis ,memorabilibus4 neas ,sylvius wrote a comm5t>y on ?is "w1 9 ! preface to :i* he says1 ',leg]e potui1 quod feci1 corrig]e v]o non potui2 nam quid e/ quod manu tu emissum correctione indigeat8'--,opp4 ,omnia1 p4 #dgb4 ,?is proves ,beccadelli's reputation z a /yli/4 ,^? among u :o h _h ! curiosity to /udy ,beccadelli's ',h]maphroditus' w f9d suffici5t food = reflection ^u 8 po/ ( confid5ce & hon\r at ! ,c\rt ( ,alfonso4#bde ,yet ! position ( ,lor5zo ,valla at ! same ,c\rt is ev5 m rem>kable4 ,:ile ,beccadelli urg$ ! levity ( y\? 9 ext5uation ( 8 hea!nism1 & spoke ) late regret ( 8 pa/ follies1#bdf ,valla %[$ ! /eady front ( a delib]ate critic1 ho/ile at all po9ts to ! traditions & ! morals ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! p>5ts ( ?is rem>kable man 7 natives ( ,piac5za1 ?\gh1 hav+ probably be5 born at ,rome1 he assum$ to himself ! attribute ( ,roman4#bdg ,be=e he fix$ 8 resid5ce at ,naples1 he _h already won di/9ction by a ',dialogue on ,pleasure1' 9 :i* he contra/$ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,/oics & ,epicureans1 mak+ x cle>1 9 spite ( cauti\s res]vation1 t he upheld ! rights ( ! fle% 9 opposition to ! tea*+ ( philosophies & ,*ur*es4 ,! virtue ( virg9ity1 s /rongly priz$ by ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 0 treat$ by him z a viol5ce to nature's laws1 an intol]able torm5t inflict$ ^u man z ,god has made him4#bdh ,footnote #bde3 ,:at ! biograph]s1 especially ,vespasiano1 relate ( ,alfonso's c]emoni\s piety & love ( !ological read+ makes ! contra/ betwe5 him & 8 ,c\rt poet truly a/\nd+4 ,footnote #bdf3 ',hic fces v>ias ,v5]is moresque pr(anos1 ,quos natura fugit1 me docuisse pudet4' ,footnote #bdg3 ',romam1 9 qu natus sum 444 ego sum ortus ,rom oriundus a ,plac5ti4' ,footnote #bdh3 ,! nave surprise ) :i* ,vespasiano records ! fact ( virg9ity 7see especially ! ,lives ( ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i & ! ,c>d9al ,portogallo7 %[s h[ r>e ! virtue 01 & :at my/]i\s hon\r x conf]r$ ^u m5 :o 7 reput$ to be *a/e4 ,! attack op5$ by ,valla ^u ! hypocrisies & false doctr9es ( mona/icism 0 bo? p[]ful & novel4 ,humani/ic fre$om ( ?\ght1 aft] assum+ ! =m ( witty p]siflage 9 ,poggio's anecdotes & appe>+ z pure ,paganism 9 ,beccadelli's poems1 n[ put on ! /]n] mask ( common s5se & criticism 9 ,lor5zo ,valla4 ,! arms :i* he assum$ 9 8 fir/ enc\nt] ) ,*ur* doctr9e1 he nev] laid aside4 ,to ! end ( 8 life ,valla rema9$ ! /eady *ampion ( unbiass$ criticism1 ! liv+ inc>nation ( t 'v]ne95d] ,gei/' to :i* ! reason ( ! mod]n _w has ow$ its motive =ce4 ,be=e leav+ ,rome at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r1 ,valla tri$ to get ! po/ ( ,apo/olic ,secret>y1 b )\t success4 ,x is probable t 8 y\? told less aga9/ him ?an 8 reputation = pla9 spee* & fe>lessness4 ,9 #adca we he> ( him at ,pavia1 :]e1 accord+ to ! sl&]s ( 8 enemies1#bdi he =g$ a w & und]w5t public p5ance at ! ord] ( ! ,bi%op4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is j "o ( ^? /ories on :i* ! g5]al "* ( ! invectives t conta9 x1 ?r[s unc]ta9ty4 ,f> m to our purpose is ! fact t at ?is p]iod he became ! supreme au?ority on po9ts ( ,lat9 /yle 9 ,italy by ! publication ( 8 ',eleganti4' ,true to 8 own g5ius1 ,valla display$ 9 ?is ma/]ly treatise ! qualities t gave him a place unique among ! s*ol>s ( 8 day4 ,! =ms ( correct ,lat9ity :i* o!r m5 _h pick$ out z !y be/ c\ld by close adh]5ce to antique models1 he subject$ to critical analysis1 e/abli%+ ! art ( /yle on sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,poggio & ,fazio are ! au?orities = ?is incid5t4 ,:5 ,alfonso invit$ ,valla to ,naples 9 #adcg1 giv+ him ! po/ ( private secret>y1 toge!r ) ! poet's cr[n1 he mu/ h kn[n ! nature ( ! man :o 0 to play s prom95t a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( free ?\ght4 ,x is n improbable t ! feud betwe5 ! ,h\se ( ,aragon & ! ,papal ,see1 :i* arose f ,alfonso's imp]fect title to ! ?rone ( ,naples1 & 0 embitt]$ by ! intrigues ( ! ,*ur*1 dispos$ ! ,k+ to look ) fav\r on ! uncompromis+ antagoni/ ( ,papacy4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,valla's treatise on ',con/ant9e's ,donation1' :i* appe>$ 9 #addj1 assum$ ! "* ( a political pamphlet4#bej ,! exordium conta9$ fi]ce p]sonal abuse ( ,eug5ius ,,iv4 & ,c>d9al ,vitelles*i4 ,! body ( ! tract de/roy$ ! fabric ( lies :i* _h impos$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian _w = c5turies4 ,! p]oration end$ ) a m5ace4 ,worse *a/isem5t 0 9 /ore = a worldly & simoniacal prie/hood1 if ! ,popes refus$ to =ego _! usurp$ temporalities1 & to confess ! %am t criticism _h unmask$4 ,w> to ! dea? 0 ?us decl>$ betwe5 ,valla & ,rome4 ,! /orm 8 treatise excit$1 rag$ at fir/ s wildly t ,valla ?\ght x prud5t to take flight4 ,he cross$ ! sea to ,b>celona1 & rema9$ !re a %ort :ile1 until1 be+ assur$ ( ,alfonso's protection1 he once m return$ to ,naples4 ,f b5ea? ! %ield ( 8 royal patron1 he n[ cont9u$ to %oot arr[ aft] arr[ at 8 enemies1 affirm+ t ! lett] ( ,*ri/ to ,abg>us1 report$ by ,eusebius1 0 a palpable =g]y1 expos+ ! bad ,lat9 /yle ( ! ,vulgate1 accus+ ,s4 ,augu/9e ( h]esy on ! subject ( pr$e/9ation1 & d5y+ ! au!nticity ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,t a simple humani/1 tru/+ only to 8 le>n+1 %\ld h d>$ to attack ! /rong places ( or?odoxy--its temporalities1 its fav\rite code ( e?ics1 its cre$1 & its patri/ic au?orities--may well excite our admiration4 ,) ! /ones ( criticism & ! sl+ ( rhetoric1 ?is ,david w5t up aga9/ ! ,golia? ( ! ,*ur*2 & ?\gh he c\ld n slay ! ,phili/9e1 he plant$ 9 8 =ehead ! fir/ ( ^? _m missiles ) :i* ! batt]y ( ! reason has assail$ tyrannical tradition 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,footnote #bej3 ,de falso ,cr$it et ,em5tit ,con/ant9i ,donatione4 ,! fri>s1 :om ,valla attack$ ) frigid scorn1 & ^: empire ov] ! m9ds ( m5 he 0 engag$ 9 und]m9+1 c\ld n be expect$ to leave him quiet4 ,s]mons f all ! pulpits ( ,italy 7 laun*$ at ! h]etic & hea!n2 ! p 7 taught to loa! him z a mon/] ( iniquity2 & f9ally a ,c\rt ( ,inquisition 0 op5$1 at ! b> ( :i* he 0 summon$ to att5d4 ,to ! int]rogatories ( ! inquisitors ,valla repli$ t 'he believ$ z ,"m ,*ur* believ$3 x 0 q true t %e knew no?+3 yet he believ$ z %e believ$4' ,t 0 all !y c\ld extract f ! disda9ful s*ol>1 :o1 aft] op5ly defy+ !m1 walk$ away to ! k+ & bes\ght him to susp5d ! sitt+ ( ! ,c\rt4 ,alfonso told ! monks t !y mu/ leave 8 secret>y alone1 & ! process 0 dropp$4 ,on ! dea? ( ,eug5ius1 ,ni*olas ,v4 summon$ ,valla to ,rome1 n to answ] = 8 h]esies & insults at ! ,papal b>1 b to receive ! po/ ( ,apo/olic ,writ]1 ) magnific5t appo9tm5ts4 ,! entry ( ,valla into ! ,roman ,curia1 ?\gh m>k$ by no ext]nal c]emony1 0 ! triumph ( humanism ov] or?odoxy & tradition4 ,we ne$ n suppose t ,ni*olas 0 seek+ to bribe a dang]\s antagoni/ to sil5ce4 ,he simply want$ to atta* an illu/ri\s s*ol> to 8 ,c\rt1 & to engage him 9 ! lab\r ( translation f ! ,greek4 ,to h]esy & scepticism he %[$ ! indiff]5ce ( a tol]ant & enlight5$ _s2 ) ! fri>s :o hat$ ,valla ! ,pope 9 ,rome _h no?+ :atsoev] 9 common4 ,! attitude assum$ by ,ni*olas on ?is occasion illu/rates ! b5efit :i* le>n+ 9 ! ,r5aissance d]iv$ f ! worldl9ess ( ! ,papacy4 ,x 0 n until ! s*ism ( ! ,teutonic ,*ur*es1 & ! intrusion ( ! ,spani>ds into ,italy1 t ! ,c\rt ( ,rome consi/5tly adopt$ a policy ( p]secution & repression4 ,a l>ge portion ( ,valla's biography is absorb$ by ! hi/ory ( 8 qu>rels ) ,poggio1 ,georgios ,trapezuntios1 & o!r m5 ( m>k4 ,en\gh has already be5 said ab\t ^! lit]>y feuds2 nor ne$ ,i allude to !m aga91 except = ! purpose ( br++ a ?ird ,c\rt-s*ol> ( ,alfonso's into notice4 ,b>tolommeo ,fazio1 a native ( ,la ,spezzia1 occupi$ ! position ( hi/oriograph] at ,naples4 ,9 addition to 8 annals ( ! life ( ,alfonso1 he compil$ a book on celebrat$ m51 & won ! reputation ( be+ ! neate/ ,lat9i/ 9 prose ( 8 age4 ,fazio v5tur$ to criticise ! /yle ( ,valla1 9 ^: works he pr(ess$ to h detect$ five hundr$ faults ( language4 ,eight books ( invectives & recrim9ations 7 ex*ang$ betwe5 !m2 & :5 bo? di$ 9 #adeg1 ?is epigram 0 compos$ 9 celebration ( _! animosity3-- ,ne vel 9 ,elysiis s9e v9dice ,valla susurret1 ,facius haud multos po/ obit ipse dies4 ,! amusem5t af=d$ to ,roman emp]ors by fights 9 ! ar5a1 & to feudal nobles by ! squabbles ( _! fools1 seems to h be5 extract$ by ,italian patrons f ! duels ( well-mat*$ humani/s4 ,:at p]sonal jeal\sies1 :at anxi\s competition = ! pr9cely fav\r1 su* w>f>e conceal$ may be readily imag9$2 nor is x improbable t ,fazio's attack on ,valli 0 prompt$ by ! cov]t spite ( ,beccadelli4 ,sc>cely less close to ! p]son ( ,alfonso ?an ! /ud5ts ) :om we h be5 occupi$1 /ood ,giannantonio ,porcello1 a native ( ,naples4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 comm& ( v]sification3 ! flu5cy ) :i* he p\r$ f\r? ,lat9 elegiacs & hexamet]s approa*$ t ( an improvisatore ( ! ,molo4 ,alfonso s5t him to ! camp ( ! ,v5etians dur+ ! w> wag$ by _! g5]al ,picc99o 9 #adeb-c ) ,s=za4 ,porcello1 :o %>$ ! t5t ( ,picc99o on ?is occasion1 wrote a ,lat9 hi/ory ( ! campaign 9 ! /yle ( ,livy1 ) moral reflections1 spee*es1 & all ! app>atus ( ,roman rhetoric4 ,picc99o figur$ z ,scipio milianus2 ,s=za z ,hannibal4 ,! "w 0 d$icat$ to ,alfonso4#bea ,footnote #bea3 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ,muratori1 vol4 xx4 ,) ! exception ( ,lor5zo ,valla1#beb ! s*ol>s ( ! ,c\rt ( ,naples 7 /yli/s & poets r ?an m5 ( erudition4 ,fre$om bo? ( speculation & ( morals m>k$ society 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 :]e ! protection ( a p[]ful mon>* at w> ) ! ,*ur*1 & ! lic5se ( a luxuri\s capital1 releas$ ! humani/s f su* slight re/ra9ts z public op9ion & conv5tional decorum plac$ on !m 9 ,rome & ,flor5ce4 ,footnote #beb3 ,! protection ext5d$ to ,manetti & to ,filelfo ought1 h[ev]1 to be "h m5tion$4 ,ne>ly all ! contempor>y s*ol>s ( ,italy d$icat$ works to ,alfonso4 ,ow+ to ! m>k$ div]sity exhibit$ by ! diff]5t /ates ( ,italy1 ! =ms assum$ by art & lit]ature are nev] exactly ! same 9 any two cities4 ,if ! natives ( ! ,two ,sicilies 7 n !mselves addict$ to sev]e s*ol>%ip1 ! light] k9ds ( writ+ fl\ri%$ !re abundantly1 & ,naples gave h] own peculi> "* to lit]ature4 ,?is 0 n ! case ) ,milan4 ,yet ,milan1 dur+ ! reigns ( ! la/ ,visconti & ! fir/ ,s=za1 claims att5tion1 ow+ to ! accid5t ( ,filelfo's resid5ce at ! ,ducal ,c\rt4 ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti 0 "o ( ! mo/ repulsive tyrants :o h ev] disgrac$ a civilis$ c\ntry4 ,%ut up )9 8 palace walls among a/rolog]s1 m9ions1 & monks1 c>efully protect$ f ! public eye1 & wat*$ by d\ble sets ( mutually suspici\s bodygu>ds1 x 0 impossible t he %\ld ext5d ! free enc\ragem5t to le>n$ m5 :i* we admire at ,naples4 ,ar\nd despots ( ! /amp ( ! ,visconti !re mu/ ( necessity reign ! solitude & sil5ce ( a des]t1 :]e arts & lett]s _c fl\ri%1 ?\gh ,pactolus be p\r$ =? to fe$ _! roots4 ,! hi/ory ( humanism at ,milan has1 !re=e1 less to d ) ! city or ! ,ducal circle ?an ) ! private lab\rs ( /ud5ts allur$ to ,lomb>dy by promise ( high pay4 ,pi]o ,c&ido ,decembrio began life z ,filippo ,m>ia's secret>y4 ,to 8 vigor\s p5 ! /ud5t ( ,italian hi/ory owes ! m9ute/ & mo/ vivid sket* n[ extant ( ! habits & ! vices ( a tyrant4 ,?is rema9s ! be/ title ( ,decembrio to recollection1 ?\gh 8 works1 orig9al & translat$1 if we may tru/ 8 epitaph 9 ,s4 ,ambrogio1 am\nt$ to #abg books :5 he di$ 9 #addg4 ,contempor>y ) ,decembrio1 ,gasp>9o da ,b>zizza1 ( :om m5tion has already be5 made1#bec occupi$ ! place ( ,c\rt orator & lett]-writ]4 ,?is (fice he transmitt$ to 8 son1 ,gu9i=te1 :o 0 also employ$ 9 ! education ( ,francesco ,s=za's *ildr54 ,none ( ^! m51 h[ev]1 %$ mu* spl5d\r ^u ,milan2 !y 7 simply ! in/rum5ts ( ducal luxury1 "p ( a pr9ce's p>ade1 at an epo* :5 ev5 w>like sov]eigns s\ght to cr[d _! ,c\rts ) p$agogues & rhetoricians4 ,footnote #bec3 ,above1 p4 #gh4 ,) ,filelfo ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,8 s+ul> abilities r5d]$ him indep5d5t ( local patronage1 & drew univ]sal att5tion to any place :]e he might *oose to fix 8 resid5ce4 ,( all ! humani/s he 0 ! mo/ re/less 9 8 hum\r & erratic 9 8 movem5ts4 ,/ill ,milan1 dur+ a long p]iod ( 8 life1 =m$ 8 headqu>t]s2 to ,milan he return$ :5 =tune fr[n$ on him else:]e2 & ) ,milan 8 "n w always be connect$4 ,francesco ,filelfo 0 born 9 #acih at ,tol5t9o1 9 ! ,m>* ( ,ancona4 ,he /udi$ gramm>1 rhetoric1 & ,lat9 lit]ature at ,padua1 :]e he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor at ! e>ly age ( eighte54 ,9 #adag he receiv$ an invitation to tea* eloqu5ce & moral philosophy at ,v5ice4 ,"h he rema9$ two ye>s1 d]iv+ mu* advantage f ! society ( ,gu>9o da ,v]ona & ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 & =m+ useful connections ) ! ,v5etian nobility4 ,"y z he 01 ,filelfo _h already made 8 m>k1 & won ! consid]ation :i* atta*es to m5 ( decid$ "* & extraord9>y p[]s4 ,! pro( ( ?is is t1 aft] be+ admitt$ citiz5 ( ,v5ice by public decree1 he 0 appo9t$ ,secret>y to ! ,baily 7,bailo1 or ,consul-,g5]al7 ( ,con/ant9ople ?r\gh ! int]e/ ( 8 fri5d ,lion>do ,giu/9iani4 ,giu/9iani hav+ also provid$ him ) money = 8 voyage1 ,filelfo set (f 9 #adai = ! capital ( ,greek le>n+4 ,( ! ?ree ,italian tea*]s--,gu>9o1 ,aurispa1 & ,filelfo--:o made ?is j\rney = ! express purpose ( acquir+ ! ,greek language & collect+ ,greek books1 ,filelfo 0 by f> ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,! hi/ory1 !re=e1 ( 8 adv5tures may be tak5 z a specim5 ( :at befell !m all4 ,! "t sp5t at sea betwe5 ,v5ice & ,byzantium 0 five mon?s2 ,filelfo did n arrive till ! ye> #adbj 0 already well advanc$4 ,he put himself at once "u ! tuition ( ,john ,*rysoloras1 ! bro!r ( ,manuel1 ^: influ5ce at ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt br\ght ,filelfo into fav\r ) ,john ,palologus4 ,! "y ,italian /ud5t1 hav+ spe$ily acquir$ famili>ity ) ! ,greek tongue1 receiv$ ! titles ( ,secret>y & ,c\nsellor1 & execut$ "s important diplomatic missions = 8 ,imp]ial ma/]4 ,we he>1 = in/ance1 ( 8 be+ s5t to ,sigismund1 ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 at ,buda1 & ( 8 recit+ an ,epi?alamial ,oration at ,crac[ on ! m>riage ( ,k+ ,ladislaus4 ,! ,v5etian ,baily1 aga91 despat*$ him to ! ,c\rt ( ,amura? ,,ii41 9 ord] to negotiate t]ms ( treaty betwe5 ! ,republic & ! ,turk4 ,! confid5ce ext5d$ alike by 8 ,v5etian & ,greek patrons to ,filelfo may well h incl9$ ,*rysoloras to look ) fav\r on ! affection :i* n[ sprang up betwe5 ! ,italian /rang] & 8 daught] ,!odora4 ,!odora 0 b f\rte5 ye>s ( age2 yet h] y\? probably sugge/$ no imp$im5t to m>riage 9 ! semi-,ori5tal society ( ! ,greek capital4 ,t %e 0 connect$ by blood ) ! ,imp]ial family made ! alliance hon\rable to ,filelfo2 /ill !re is no suffici5t reason to conclude = c]ta9 t ! mat* 0 s unequal z to ju/ify ! malignant sugge/ions ?r[n out at a lat] date by ,poggio4#bed ,( anci5t blood !re 0 en\gh & to sp>e at ,con/ant9ople2 b weal? 0 want+1 :ile ! tal5t :i* r5d]$ ,filelfo s]viceable to great /ates & empires 0 itself suffici5t gu>antee = ,!odora's ma9t5ance 9 a becom+ /ation4 ,footnote #bed3 ',itaque ,*rysoloras1 mo]ore confectus1 compulsus precibus1 malo coactus1 filiam tibi nuptui d$it a te corruptam1 qu si extitisset integra1 ne pilum quidem tibi abrasum ab illius natibus o/5disset4 ,an tu illam unquam duxisses uxorem si virg9itatem p] te s]v>e potuisset8 ,tibi pat] illam d$isset pr(ugo1 ignobili1 impuro8 ,prim>iis su civitatis viris s]vabatur virgo1 non tibi1 insuls pecudi et asello bip$ali1 quem ille domi alebat tanquam canem aliquem sol5t s5io et tate confectum4'--,poggii ,opp4 p4 #afg4 ,?is is j "o ( ! tales ) :i* ! invectives ( t day ab\nd1 & ) :i* x is almo/ impossible to deal4 ,x may be true2 = c]ta9ly ,filelfo1 by 8 immorality & grossness 9 aft]-life1 ju/ifi$ ! wor/ calumnies t 8 enemies c\ld inv5t4 ,yet !re is little b ,poggio's ^w to prove x1 :ile ,rosm9i has %[n t ,filelfo's position at ,byzantium 0 v diff]5t f :at 8 foe sugge/s4 ,tirabos*i accepts ! *>ge z 'n prov52' b he cle>ly leans 9 private aga9/ ,filelfo1 mov$ by ! foll[+ passage f a lett] ( ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i3--',nup] a ,gu>9o accepi litt]as1 quibus vehem5t] 9 =tunam invehitur quod filiam ,joannis ,*rysolor cl>issimi viri is accep]it1 ext]us1 qui quantum libet homo bono +5io1 longe tam5 illis nuptiis imp> esset1 qu]iturque sub/oma*ans uxorem ,*rysolor v5alem habuisse pudicitiam1 moe*umque ante habuisse quam soc]um4' ,vol4 vi4 lib4 iii4 cap4 v4 #ba4 ,all t c be said n[ is t ,filelfo's own morality & ! corruption ( ,byzant9e society r5d] a /ory believ$ by ,gu>9o & ,trav]s>i1 & op5ly told by ,poggio1 n improbable4 ,n long aft] _! m>riage ,filelfo receiv$ an (f] ( ! ,*air ( ,eloqu5ce at ,v5ice1 ) a /ip5d ( #ejj sequ9s4 ,9 #adbg1 tempt$ by ! prospect ( good pay & gr[+ fame1 he l&$ ) 8 wife1 _! infant son1 f\r female slaves1 & two m5 s]vants on ! quay be=e ,s4 ,m>k's4#bee ,! object ( 8 j\rney to ,con/ant9ople _h be5 amply atta9$4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( sev5 & a half ye>s1 he return$ to 8 native c\ntry ) ,greek le>n+1 increas$ reputation1 & a l>ge supply ( ,greek books4#bef ,8 pr\d boa/1 frequ5tly repeat$ 9 aft]-life1 t no man liv+ b himself _h ma/]$ ! :ole lit]ature ( ! anci5ts 9 bo? languages1 t no "o else c\ld wield ! prose ( ,cic]o1 ! v]se ( ,horace & ( ,virgil1 & ! ,greek ( ,hom] & ( ,x5ophon ) equal v]satility1 0 n altoge!r an empty vaunt4#beg ,we may inde$ smile at 8 pret5sion to h surpass$ ,virgil because he 0 an orator1 & ,cic]o because he 0 a poet1 & bo? ( !m toge!r because he c\ld write ,greek z well z ,lat94#beh ,we "k t 8 ,lat9 hexamet]s are su* z n only ,virgil b ,cic]o w\ld h scorn$ to own1 t 8 ,lat9 orations w\ld h be5 hiss$ be=e ! ,roman ro/ra1 & t 8 ,greek /yle is at ! same "t tame & tumid4 ,nei!r he nor 8 contempor>ies 7 suffici5tly critical to compreh5d ! =ce ( ^! objections4 ,!y only saw t he possess$ ! keys to all ! le>n+ ( ! anci5t _w1 & t1 besides unlock+ ^? treasures = mod]n /ud5ts1 he 0 also compet5t to give to curr5t ?\ghts a =m t ap$ ! classic ma/]pieces ea* 9 its own k9d4 ,tak5 at _! l[e/ valuation1 ! claims ( ,filelfo1 well f\nd$ 9 fact1 m>k him out z ! mo/ univ]sal s*ol> ( 8 age4 ,a g5ius he 0 n3 = :ile 8 p]ceptions 7 co>se1 8 intellect 0 receptive r ?an orig9ative4 ,( deep ?\ght1 true ta/e1 p5etrative criticism1 or delicate fancy he knew no?+4 ,! unimag9able bloom ( /yle is n[h]e to be f\nd ^u 8 "w4 ,yet a man ( 8 /amp 0 ne$$ at t epo* to act z a focus = ! /reams ( light :i* flood$ ,italy f div]s s\rces1 to collect !m 9 himself1 & to bequea? to /ud5ts ( a happi] age ! ideal ( compreh5sive s*ol>%ip :i* ,poliziano & ,erasmus realis$4 ,footnote #bee3 ,?is ret9ue %[s t ,filelfo 0 at lea/ able to support a l>ge h\sehold4 ,footnote #bef3 ,! catalogue ( 8 libr>y1 communicat$ by him 9 a lett] to ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i1 %[s s cle>ly :at ! mo/ indefatigable /ud5t & omnivor\s read] ( ! age1 to :om all ! museums & book%ops ( ,byzantium mu/ h be5 op51 c\ld !n collect1 t ,i w transcribe x3--',qui mihi no/ri 9 ,italiam libri ge/i sunt1 horum nom9a ad te scribo3 alios autem nonnullos p] primas ex ,byzantio ,v5etorum naves opp]ior4 ,hi autem sunt ,plot9us1 lianus1 ,ari/ides1 ,dionysius ,halic>nasseus1 ,/rabo ,geographus1 ,h]mog5es1 ,ari/otelis ,rhetorice1 ,dionysius ,halic>nasseus de ,num]is et ,*>act]ibus1 ,h]odotus1 ,dio ,*ryso/omus1 ,appollonius ,p]gu1 ,?ucydides1 ,plut>*i ,moralia1 ,proclus 9 ,platonem1 ,philo ,judu1 ,e?ica ,ari/otelis1 ,ejus magna ,moralia et ,eudemia1 et ,oeconomica et ,politica1 qudam ,!ophra/i ,opuscula1 ,hom]i ,ilias1 ,odyssea1 ,philo/rati de ,vit ,appollonii1 ,orationes ,libanii1 et aliqui ,s]mones ,luciani1 ,p9d>us1 ,aratus1 ,euripidis ,trago$i ,septem1 ,!ocritus1 ,hesiodus1 ,suidas1 ,phal>idis1 ,hippocratis1 ,platonis et multorum ex vet]ibus ,philosophis ,epi/ol1 ,demo/h5es1 s*9is ,orationes et ,epi/ol1 ,pl]aque ,x5ophontis ,op]a1 ,una ,lysi ,oratio1 ,orphei ,argonautica et ,hymni1 ,callima*us1 ,ari/oteles de ,hi/oriis ,animalium1 ,physica1 et ,metaphysica1 et de ,anim1 de ,p>tibus ,animalium1 et alia qudam1 ,polybius1 ,nonnulli ,s]mones ,*ryso/omi1 ,dionysiaca1 et alii ,poet plurimi4 ,habes qui mihi s9t1 et 8 ut]e que ac tuis4' ,footnote #beg3 ',unum ,philelphus audet affirm>e1 vel insani5te ,c&ido1 nem9em esse hc tempe/ate1 nec fuisse unquam apud ,lat9os1 quantum con/at ex omni hom9um memori1 qui prt] se unum idem unus t5u]it ex]cuitque et ,grcam p>it] et ,lat9am orationem 9 omni dic5di g5]e et pros et v]su4 ,tu si quidem habeas alt]um1 memora4 ,quid taces1 homo mis]rime8' ,lett] to ,pi]o ,c&ido ,decembrio4 ,cf4 :at ,p4,c4 ,decembrio wrote to ,poggio 9 #adec3--';,dixit 7i4e4 ,philelphus7 enim nem9em litt]as scire prt] ipsum1 alios semilat9os et semigrcos esse1 se autem pr9cipatum int] /ultos obt9]e4' ,rosm9i1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #beh3 ',quod si ,virgilius sup]at me c>m9is ullis ,laudibus1 orator ille ego sum melior4 ,s9 ,tulli eloquio pr/at facundia no/ro1 ,v]sibus ille meis c$it ubique m9or4 ,adde quod et l+u possum hc pr/>e ,pelasg ,et ,lati4 ,talem quem mihi des alium8' ,lib4 ix41 ,de ,jocis et ,s]iis4 ,elegy to ,aless&ro ,s=za4 ,report$ by ,rosm9i1 vol4 iii4 p4 #adi4 ,"o specim5 ( ^! boa/s may /& = ?\s&s4 ,filelfo's reception at ,v5ice by no means correspond$ to ! promises by :i* he _h be5 tempt$1 or to ! value :i* he set on 8 own s]vices4 ,! plague 0 9 ! city2 ! nobles _h tak5 flight to _! c\ntry h\ses2 & !re 0 no "o to att5d 8 lectures4 ,he !re=e v readily accept$ an (f] s5t him f ,bologna1 & e>ly 9 ! ye> #adbh we f9d him settl$ 9 t city z pr(essor ( eloqu5ce & moral philosophy1 ) a /ip5d ( #dej sequ9s4 ,he 0 n de/9$ to rema9 !re long1 h[ev]1 = ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! t[n r5d]$ tea*+ impossible2 & :5 flatt]+ proposals arriv$ f ! ,flor5t9es1 he set (f 9 ha/e & transf]r$ 8 :ole family across ! ,ap5n9es f ,imola4#bei ,! delight :i* he exp]i5c$ 9 view+ ! ar*itectural monum5ts ( ,flor5ce1 & ! en?usiasm he ar\s$ by 8 /up5d\s le>n+ 9 an audi5ce ( unprec$5t$ v>iety & multitude1 are express$ ) almo/ *ildi% emphasis 9 8 correspond5ce4 ',! :ole ,/ate1' he writes1#bfj 'is turn$ to look at me4 ,all m5 love & hon\r me1 & praise me to ! skies4 ,my "n is on e lip4 ,n only ! lead]s ( ! city1 b wom5 also ( ! noble/ bir? make way = me1 pay+ me s mu* respect t ,i am a%am$ ( _! wor%ip4 ,my audi5ce numb]s e day f\r hundr$ p]sons1 mo/ly m5 advanc$ 9 ye>s & ( ! dignity ( s5ators4' ,^! 7 ! halcyon days ( ,filelfo's resid5ce at ,flor5ce1#bfa :5 he 0 /ill enjoy+ ! fri5d%ip ( le>n$ m51 receiv+ new engagem5ts f ! ,univ]sity ) augm5tations ( pay1#bfb & :5 z yet he _h n won ! hatr$ ( ! ,m$icean faction4 ,8 indu/ry at ?is epo* 0 amaz+4 ,he began ! day by read+ & expla9+ ! ',tusculans' & rhetorical treatises ( ,cic]o2 !n he proce$$ to ,livy or ,hom]2 aft] a brief re/ at midday he resum$ 8 lab\rs ) ,t]5ce & a ,greek au?or1 ,?ucydides or ,x5ophon4 ,on holidays he read ,dante to an audi5ce assembl$ 9 ! ,duomo1 be/[+ ^! lectures z a free gift on ! p ( ,flor5ce4 ,amid ^! public lab\rs1 ! weight ( :i* may be e/imat$ by rememb]+ :at 0 requir$ ( pr(essors 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1#bfc ,filelfo /ill f\nd leisure = private "w4 ,he translat$ two spee*es ( ,lysias1 ! ',rhetoric' ( ,ari/otle1 two ,lives ( ,plut>*1 & ,x5ophon's panegyrics ( ,agesilaus & ! ,sp>tan in/itutions4 ,footnote #bei3 ,! invitation came f ,niccoli1 ,lion>do ,bruni1 ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i1 & ,palla ,/rozzi4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,quot$ by ,cant1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,he /ay$ !re f #adbi till ! autumn ( #adcd4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,engagem5t r5ew$ ,octob] #ag1 #adca1 = two ye>s1 ) /ip5d ( #cej sequ9s2 aga91 9 #adcc1 ) /ip5d ( #dej sequ9s4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,see above1 pp4 #ij1 #ia4 ,at ! same "t he _h abundant en]gy = ! prosecution ( ! feuds 9 :i* he soon f\nd himself engag$ ) ! ,flor5t9e s*ol>s4 ,s great 0 ! arrogance display$ by ,filelfo1 8 meanness 9 private life1 & 8 imprud5ce 9 public1#bfd t ev5 ! m5 :o _h invit$ him became 8 bitt] foes4 ,niccolo de' ,niccoli1 always jeal\s ( sup]iority1 & apt to take (f5ce1 0 ! fir/ ) :om he qu>rell$2 !n foll[$ ,c>lo ,m>supp9i & ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i1 until at la/ ! :ole ( ! ,m$icean p>ty 7 inflam$ aga9/ him4 ,filelfo on 8 side sp>$ nei!r satires nor sl&]s2 & :5 ! political crisis1 :i* = a "t depress$ ! ,m$icean faction1 0 imp5d+1 he decl>$ himself ! public oppon5t ( ,cosimo4 ,already 9 ! spr+ ( #adcc he _h be5 /abb$ 9 ! face :ile walk+ to ! ,univ]sity "o morn+ by ,filippo1 a cut-?roat f ,casale2 nor does !re seem any reason to d\bt t1 z ,filelfo himself firmly believ$1 ! man 0 paid to kill him by ! ,m$ici4 ,:5 ! same bravo aft]w>ds foll[$ him to ,si5a1#bfe ,filelfo hir$ a ,greek1 by "n ,antonio ,m>ia1 to retaliate ^u 8 foes 9 ,flor5ce4 ,x is n probable t a m]ely lit]>y qu>rel w\ld h run to ^! extremities4 ,ev5 ! f\lness ( ,poggio's invectives & ! fury ( ,filelfo's satires fail to acc\nt = ! int]v5tion ( assass9s4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ,filelfo _h n conf9$ himself to calumnies & criticisms ( 8 lit]>y rivals4 ,dur+ ,cosimo's imprisonm5t he urg$ ! ,signory 9 op5 t]ms to take 8 life2 :5 he 0 liv+ 9 exile at ,v5ice1 he pursu$ him ) abom9able sl&]s2 & n[1 on ,cosimo's return1 ?\gh himself expell$ f ! city z a rebel & a proscript1 he kept /irr+ up ! burgh]s ( ,flor5ce & ! ,c\rts ( ,italy aga9/ ! tyrant4#bff ,footnote #bfd3 ,see ,rosm9i1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dc1 #dh4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #hc1 = ! trial1 torture1 & confession ( ?is bravo4 ,footnote #bff3 ,! orig9al s\rce ( in=mation conc]n+ ,filelfo's qu>rels ) ! ,flor5t9es is 8 ,satires1 divid$ into t5 books or decades1 ea* consi/+ ( t5 satires or hecato/i* ( "o hundr$ v]ses ea*4 ,9 ! copy ( ?is book1 pr9t$ at ,p>is1 #aejh1 by ,rob]t & ,john ,g\rmont1 ^! virul5t libels are call$ ',div9um ,francisci ,philelphi ,poet ,*ri/iani ,satyr>um ,opus4' ,z _! motto ! publi%]s give ^! s5t5ces3--',f9is laus ,deo1 ,spes mea ,jesus4' ,= ! abuse ( ! ,m$icean circle see ,dec4 i4 ,hec4 #e2 ,dec4 i4 ,hec4 #f2 ,dec4 ii4 ,hec4 #a1 #c1 #g2 ,dec4 iii4 ,hec4 #aj2 ,dec4 vi4 #aj2 ,dec4 viii4 #e4 ,= ,filelfo's attack on ,cosimo dur+ 8 imprisonm5t1 see ,dec4 iv4 ,hec4 #a4 ,= 8 invective aga9/ ,cosimo on 8 return f exile1 see ,dec4 iv4 ,hec4 #i4 ,= an appeal to ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti aga9/ ,cosimo1 see ,dec4 v4 ,hec4 #a4 ,= a simil> appeal to ,eug5ius ,,iv41 see ,dec4 v4 ,hec4 #b4 ,= ! episode ( ! assass9 ,filippo1 see ,dec4 v4 ,hec4 #f4 ,a political attack on ,cosimo address$ to ,r9aldo ,albizzi is conta9$ 9 ,dec4 v4 ,hec4 #h4 ,a furi\s d5unciation ( ,cosimo's tyranny1 9 ,dec4 v4 ,hec4 #i4 ,palla degli ,/rozzi1 z an oppon5t ( ,cosimo1 is prais$ 9 ,dec4 iii4 #a2 ,dec4 vi4 #d4 ,9 ,dec4 vii4 #h1 ,filelfo promises to mod]ate 8 fury4 ,9 addition to ^! s\rces see ! ,,ms4 invectives m5tion$ 9 ,rosm9i1 vol4 i4 p4 #dg4 ,! occasion ( ,filelfo's removal to ,si5a 0 ?is3--,:5 8 position at ,flor5ce _h become unt5able1 he receiv$ an invitation f ,antonio ,petrucci to lecture = two ye>s1 ) a /ip5d ( #cej flor9s4 ,filelfo repli$ t he pref]r$ small pay & quiet to a l>g] income among ! swords & poisons ( 8 envi\s rivals4 ,accord+ly he took up 8 abode at ,si5a = f\r ye>s 9 ! ,piccolom9i ,palace4 ,l _m great] & m admirable m51 he _h a re/less disposition1 always pleas$ ) :at is new1 yet always grumbl+ :5 ! ta/e ( bitt] m\nt$ to 8 lips4 ,! mo/ hon\rable invitations n[ began to %[] ^u him4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,basle1 ! ,v5etian ,s5ate1 ! ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 ! ,univ]sities ( ,p]ugia & ,bologna1 & ! ,duke ( ,milan appli$ = 8 s]vices4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! ye> #adci t 8 love ( *ange1 comb9$ ) ! allurem5ts ( high] pay1 induc$ him to close ) ! (f]s ( ! ,s5ate ( ,bologna4 ,once m1 !n1 he cross$ ! ,ap5n9es1 & once m1 aft] a brief soj\rn ( a few mon?s1 he aga9 quitt$ ,bologna1 & transf]r$ himself to ,milan4 ,8 reception by ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti 0 mo/ flatt]+4 ,plac+ a diamond r+ ^u 8 f+]1 ! ,duke welcom$ him among ! nobles ( 8 ,c\rt on ,new ,ye>'s ,day 9 #addj4 ,?us began ,filelfo's connection ) ! ,lomb>d capital1 :i*1 ?\gh (t5 int]rupt$1 0 nev] :olly brok5 till 8 dea?4 ,! munific5ce ( ! ,visconti exce$$ t ( any ( ,filelfo's patrons1#bfg :ile ! mode ( life at ,milan exactly suit$ 8 va+lori\s temp]am5t4 ,he lov$ to ?r[ 8 money ab\t among lords1 to appe> at high ,c\rt fe/ivals1 & to take ! lead on c]emonial occasions 9 8 rank ( orator4 ,!re 01 moreov]1 no rival /rong en\gh to ?reat5 ! bla/+ ( 8 popul>ity4#bfh ,we f9d him1 dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,milan1 cont9ually engag$ 9 ! ex]cise ( rhetoric4 ,public & private incid5ts ( ! mo/ v>i\s "* employ$ 8 skill1 nor is !re any d\bt t 8 l>ge pr(essorial income 0 consid]ably increas$ by pres5ts receiv$ f patrons & employ]s4#bfi ,9 addition to ! lab\rs ( 8 *air1 he engag$ 9 v>i\s lit]>y works4 ,8 ,satires & ,odes 7 gradually gr[+ into pond]\s volumes4#bgj ,o!r fugitive pieces 9 prose he put toge!r "u ! title ( ',convivia ,m$iolan5sia4' ,mean:ile he c>ri$ on an active correspond5ce1 bo? famili> & hortatory1 ) ! s*ol>s & ! pr9ces ( 8 day4#bga ,!re 0 no bran* ( lett]s ) :i*1 su/a9$ by sublime self-approval1 he 0 n will+ & eag] to m$dle4 ,z he _h pr(ess$ ,dante at ,flor5ce1 s "h at ,milan1 by ducal comm&1 he und]took to comm5t ^u ,petr>*1 & actually compos$ a poem on ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 t]za rima4 ,!re is some?+ ludicr\s 9 ! ?\ght ( ?is ,visconti1 w\ld-be ,h]od z 9 tru? he 01 commission+ ,filelfo1 ! outrage\s ,pagan1 to v]sify ! life ( ,*ri/'s =]unn]4 ,if ,filelfo despis$ any?+ m ?an sacr$ hi/ory1 x 0 ! ,italian language2 & if !re 0 a task = :i* he 0 unfitt$1 x 0 ! composition ( poetry4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,8 pr(essorial /ip5d 0 soon rais$ f #ejj to #gjj gold5 flor9s4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,vespasiano says t ! conc\rse ( p to ,c>lo ,aret9o's lectures 0 ! fir/ cause ( ,filelfo's feuds at ,flor5ce4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,"h are ! dates ( "s ( ^! displays3-- #addj4 ,fun]al oration on ,/efano ,f$]igo ,todes*9i4 #adda4 ,epi?alamial on ! ,m>riage ( ,giovanni ,m>liani4 #addb4 ,disc\rse on ,duties ( a ,magi/rate4 #addf4 ,panegyric ( ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti1 & oration on ! ,election ( ,jacopo ,borromeo to ! ,see ( ,pavia4 #adej4 ,oration ( ,welcome to ,francesco ,s=za4 #adee4 ,epi?alamial on ! ,m>riage ( ,tri/ano ,s=za to ,beatrice d',e/e4 #adeh4 ,epi?alamials = ,antonio ,crivelli & ,teodoro ,piatti4 #adei4 ,oration to ,pius ,,ii4 on 8 ,crusade4 #adfj4 ,oration on ! ,election ( ! ,bi%op ( ,como4 #adfd4 ,fun]al oration = ! ,s5ator ,filippo ,borromeo4 #adff4 ,ditto = ,francesco ,s=za4 ,x is probable t all ( ^! 7 n recit$2 b all 7 conceiv$ 9 ! lumb]+ & p$antic /yle t pass$ = eloqu5ce at t p]iod4 ,) reg>d to rew>ds receiv$ on ^! occasions1 note ! gift ( a silv] bas9 f ,jacopo ,antonio ,m>cello 9 return = a consolatory epi/le4 ,rosm9i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg4 ,cf4 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,! ,satires1 collect$ into t5 decades1 ea* satire consi/+ ( #ajj l9es1 7 d$icat$ to ,alfonso ( ,naples 9 #adea4 ,pr9t$ at ,milan1 #addf4 ,! ,odes1 entitl$ ,de ,s]iis et ,jocis1 7 f9i%$ 9 #adfe1 & d$icat$ p>tly to ,malate/a ,novello ( ,ces5a1 p>tly to ,aless&ro ,s=za4 ,!re 7 t5 books1 ea* book conta9+ #a1jjj l9es4 ,nev] pr9t$4 ,rosm9i1 :o inspect$ ! ,,mss41 reports t _! obsc5ity exce$s description1 & is only equall$ by ! vulg>ity ( ! au?or's fancy & ! co>s5ess ( 8 /yle4 ,9 addition to ^! unpubli%$ ,lat9 poems1 ,filelfo collect$ ?ree books ( ,greek elegies & epigrams1 am\nt+ to #b1djj v]ses4 ,x is significant t he measur$ 8 poetry by l9es1 & tra9$ 8 jog-trot muse to paces ( #ajj v]ses4 ,footnote #bga3 ,! ,epi/le to ,ladislaus ( ,hung>y on 8 victories ov] ! ,turks1 = in/ance4 ,dur+ ! second ye> ( 8 ,milanese resid5ce ,filelfo lo/ 8 wife ,!odora4 ,he spe$ily m>ri$ aga91 *oos+ = 8 bride a beautiful "y lady ( good family 9 ,milan4 ,h] "n 0 ,ors9a ,osnaga4 ,s9ce ,i h t\*$ ^u ?is matt] ( ,filelfo's private life1 x may be well to add t :5 he lo/ 8 second wife1 he took 9 w$lock = ! ?ird "t ,laura ,magiol9i4 ,by ea* ( 8 m>riages he acquir$ no inconsid]able prop]ty1 & all 8 brides belong$ to highly di/+ui%$ families4 ,! be/ ?+ t c be said ab\t ,filelfo z a man is1 t he 0 und\bt$ly atta*$ to 8 wives & to ! num]\s *ildr5 !y bore him4#bgb ,?is feel+ did n1 h[ev]1 protect him f num]\s infidelities1 or save 8 =tune f ! burd5 ( illegitimate *ildr54#bgc ,x is ev5 d\btful :e!r cr$5ce %\ld n be accord$ to sugge/ions ( worse debau*]y1 repeat$ ) e appe>ance ( belief by 8 enemies1 & on 8 side b imp]fectly refut$4 ,filelfo 01 9 tru?1 a man ( great physical vig\r1 ^: en]gies ! m]e lab\r ( ! /ud5t 0 insuffici5t to exhau/4 ,loves & hatr$s1 dome/ic sympa?ies & turbul5t passions1 absorb$ a portion ( 8 sup]flu\s =ce2 nor 0 he at any "t re/ra9$ by scruples ( religion or morality4 ,:at 0 good = ,greeks & ,romans 0 good = him4 ,x is also to be not$ t ! innate s5se ( delicacy :i* sometimes =ms ! safegu>d ( excessive temp]am5ts 0 altoge!r ali5 to 8 nature4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,he _h twelve sons & twelve daught]s4 ,!y did n all live4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,a curi\s sign ( curr5t feel+ is t ,filelfo frequ5tly boa/$ ( be+ ,greek3 trior*s4 ,see ,rosm9i1 i4 p4 #ae1 & ! v]se quot$1 ib4 p4 #aac4 ,he m5tion$ two natural *ildr5 9 8 w & _h _m m4 ,rosm9i1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gh4 ,dur+ ! disa/]s t befell ! ,/ate ( ,milan on ! dea? ( ,filippo ,m>ia1 ,filelfo at fir/ esp\s$ ! cause ( ! burgh]s4 ,a lett] to ! ,flor5t9es is extant1 9 :i* he exhorts !m to aid _! si/] commonweal? at ! extreme h\r ( h] p]il4 ,x 0 n natural1 h[ev]1 t a humani/1 :o _h no zeal = fre$om1 & ^: p]sonal int]e/s l$ him to desire a settl$ gov]nm5t at any price1 %\ld cont9ue /aun* to a republic s unn]v$ z t ( ,milan4 ,:5 ,c>lo ,gonzaga play$ ! ,milanese false by admitt+ ! troops ( ,francesco ,s=za1 ,filelfo 0 ! fir/ to welcome ! new mon>* ) a set oration4 ,he pr(ess$ great admiration = ! g5]al :o1 by c>eful managem5t & d\ble-deal+1 _h plac$ himself at ! head ( ! ?ird /ate 9 ! p59sula4 ,yet 8 correspond5ce at ?is p]iod proves t 8 m9d 0 uneasy1 & t he desir$ a *ange4 ,9 an impud5t lett] address$ to ,ni*olas ,v41 he solicit$ ecclesia/ical pref]m5t1 sugge/+ t ! promise ( a bi%op's mitre w\ld secure 8 spl5did tal5ts = ! s]vice ( ! ,papacy4#bgd ,h[ev] desir\s ! ,pope might be to engage ,filelfo = 8 translation factory at ,rome1 ! price dem&$ 0 too great4 ,he c\ld n recognise a vocation s cle>ly inspir$ by m]c5>y motives2 & to receive into ! high places ( ! ,*ur*1 at 8 own reque/1 a man accus$ ( _m vices1 :o _h twice be5 m>ri$1 w\ld h e/abli%$ a dang]\s prec$5t4 ,filelfo1 receiv+ nei!r sub/antial enc\ragem5t nor a flat refusal1 turn$ 8 ?\ghts to matrimony = ! ?ird "t1 & address$ a pray] on ?is occasion to ,dame ,v5us1 9 :i* he bes\ght ! "m ( ,priapus to befri5d h] vot>y4 ,! intellig5t /ud5t ( ! ,r5aissance w n fail to notice ! /ate ( m9d impli$ by ! juxtaposition ( ?is lett] to ! ,holy ,fa!r & ?is ode to ,v5us4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,rosm9i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ed4 ,x may be rememb]$ t ,pietro ,aret9o h9t$ he %\ld l to be a c>d9al4 ,filelfo 0 n[ fa9 to cont5t himself ) ! patronage ( ,francesco ,s=za1 a pr9ce :o _h no natural turn = lit]ature1 b :o 0 wise en\gh to "k t a p>v5u c\ld lea/ ( all af=d to neglect ! rul+ fa%ions ( 8 age4 ,! lett]s he wrote at ?is p]iod ab\nd 9 impud5t dem&s = money1 qu]ul\s outcries ov] ! pov]ty to :i* ! fir/ s*ol> ( ! c5tury 0 condemn$1 & viol5t m5aces ( retaliation if 8 sal>y rema9$ 9 arre>s4#bge ,n only ,francesco ,s=za1 b all ! patrons ^u :om ,filelfo ?\ght he _h a claim1 7 assail$ ) reptile lam5tations & m reptile m5aces4 ,aless&ro ,s=za1 ,lodovico ,gonzaga1 & ?ree ,popes 9 succession may be m5tion$ among ! m di/+ui%$ pr9ces :o suff]$ f ?is lit]>y brig&age4#bgf ,n )\t /rict ju/ice did a contempor>y describe him 9 ! foll[+ sev]e t]ms3--',he is calumni\s1 envi\s1 va91 & s gre$y ( gold t he metes out praise or blame accord+ to ! gifts he gets1 bo? despicable z proce$+ f a ta9t$ s\rce4'#bgg ,filelfo's rapacity is truly disgu/+ :5 we rememb] t he receiv$ f> m ?an any equally di/+ui%$ /ud5t ( 8 age4 ,n ! illib]ality ( patrons1 b 8 own luxuri\s habits1 r$uc$ him to begg>y4 ,all ! :ile t he 0 scream+ 9 bad ,lat9 v]se1 he liv$ exp5sively1 indulg+ o/5tati\s ta/es1 & f9d+ money = unclean indulg5ces4 ,9 ord] to confirm 8 claim on ! ,duke ( ,milan's g5]osity1 he began a gigantic ,lat9 epic ^u ! life ( ,s=za4 ,)\t plan1 a m]e v]sifi$ *ronicle1 encumb]$ ) fooli% my?ological ma*9]y1 & load$ ) fulsome flatt]ies1 ?is lead5 ,s=ziad crawl$ on until #ab1hjj l9es _h be5 writt54 ,only ! fir/ eight books ( x 7 publi%$ 9 ,,ms41 nor 7 ^! ev] pr9t$4#bgh ,footnote #bge3 ,z a specim5 ( ,filelfo's ,grub ,/reet /yle ( begg+1 ,i transcribe ! foll[+ elegy 7,rosm9i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhe73-- ',hc autem altisone dum c>m9a celsius eff]t ,defecisse suo s5tit ab ore tubam1 ,nam quia magnifici data non e/ copia nummi ,cogitur huic uti c>m9e raucidulo4 ,quod neque mir]is2 vocem pretiosa canoram ,esca dat1 et potus excitat +5ium4 ,+5ium spurco suevit languesc]e v9o1 ,humida mugitum r$d]e rapa solet4' ,francesco ,s=za's anxiety to reta9 ,filelfo 9 8 s]vice is express$ 9 a lett] to 8 treasur] 7ib4 p4 #bie73--',noi p] niuno modo el vogliamo p]d]e1 la qual cosa seguirebbe qu&o gli p>esse ess]e deluso1 e non potesse seguit>e p] man*am5to delli dicti #bej fior9i la nobilissima op]a p] lui 9 no/ra gloria com5zata n suplire agli altri suoi bisogni4' ,! tuba & ! nobilissima op]a bo? ref] to ,filelfo's ,s=ziad4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,i may call p>ticul> att5tion to ,filelfo's behavi\r ) reg>d to ,pius ,,ii4--! free p5sion ( #bjj flor9s grant$ 7,rosm9i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajf71 ! m5aces because x is n paid 7ib4 p4 #aae71 ! scurril\s epigrams on ! ,pope's dea? 7ib4 p4 #cba71 ! abusive lett] address$ to ,paul ,,ii4 7ib4 p4 #acf71 ! s5t5ce ( imprisonm5t = calumny issu$ aga9/ him & 8 son ,m>io 7ib4 p4 #adj71 ! f9al pal9ode 9 :i* he basely praises ! ,pope :om he _h basely abus$ 7ib4 p4 #adf74 ,! :ole s]ies ( transactions is disgraceful4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,lett] ( ,gregorio ,lollio to ! ,c>d9al ( ,pavia1 report$ by ,rosm9i 7vol4 ii4 p4 #adg74 ,footnote #bgh3 ,! :ole poem ran to sixte5 books4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ,filelfo's art ( poetry1 ! fir/ eight conta9$ #f1djj v]ses4 ,by fair means & by f\l1 ,filelfo _h manag$ to secure a spl5did reputation ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,8 j\rney to ,naples 9 #adec resembl$ a triumphal progress4 ,ni*olas ,v4 ent]ta9$ him ) di/9ction1 read 8 infam\s satires1 pres5t$ him ) a purse ( #ejj ducats1 & (f]$ him a ye>ly /ip5d ( #fjj if he w\ld d$icate 8 tal5ts to translation4 ,alfonso dubb$ him knight1 & plac$ ! poet's laurel on 8 br[ ) 8 own royal h&s4 ,z he pass$ ?r\gh _! capitals1 ! pr9ces receiv$ him l an equal4 ,at ,f]r>a he enjoy$ ! hospitalities ( ,duke ,borso1 at ,mantua ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,m>*ese ,lodovico ,gonzaga2 ! t]rible ,gismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a welcom$ him 9 ,rim9i1 & ! ,g5]al ,jacopo ,picc99o 9 8 camp at ,fossombrone4 ,nor 0 ?is fame conf9$ to ,italy4 ,on ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople he address$ a lett] to ! ,sultan1 besee*+ him to release 8 "m-9-law & h] two daught]s f captivity2 ! humani/'s eloqu5ce obta9$ ?is fav\r f ! ,turki% conqu]or1 :o refus$ to accept a ransom = ! relatives ( s illu/ri\s an orator4#bgi ,footnote #bgi3 ,see ,rosm9i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ij4 ,! ,greek epi/le :i* he s5t is pr9t$1 ib4 p4 #cje4 ,until ! dea? ( ,francesco ,s=za ,milan cont9u$ to be ! city ( ,filelfo's *oice4 ,aft] t ev5t he turn$ 8 ?\ghts to ,rome4 ,pius ,,ii41 ,paul ,,ii41 & ,sixtus ,,iv41 9 succession1 _h te/ifi$ _! reg>d = him1 ei!r by mod]ate pres5ts1 suffici5t to excite 8 cupidity & *eck 8 sl&]\s temp]1 or by negotiations :i* came to no?+4 ,at la/1 9 #adgd1 he receiv$ f ,rome ! (f] ( a pr(essorial *air1 ) a /ip5d ( #fjj flor9s1 & ! promise ( ! fir/ vacant po/ 9 ! ,apo/olic ,*anc]y4 ,! old man ( sev5ty-sev5 ye>s once m j\rney$ across ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 asc5d$ ! ,ap5n9es1 pass$ ?r\gh ,flor5ce1#bhj & began 8 lectures ) ! ',tusculans' ( ,cic]o1 on ! twelf? day ( ,janu>y1 #adge1 9 ,rome4 ,! m>ks ( fav\r ) :i* ,sixtus _h receiv$ him 7 highly hon\rable4 ,filelfo 0 p]mitt$ to sit 9 ! ,pope's pres5ce1 & on ,*ri/mas ,day he /ood among ! ambassadors :ile ,sixtus celebrat$ mass4 ,! vigor\s old s*ol> at fir/ felt t all 8 previ\s life _h be5 a t$i\s prologue to ?is blissful play4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 a cl\d arose on ! horizon4 ,! ,pope's treasur]1 ,milli>do ,cicala1 0 remiss 9 paym5ts4 ,filelfo retaliat$ by describ+ ,cicala's vices 9 ! mo/ lurid col\rs to ,sixtus4#bha ,?\gh 8 /yle & eloqu5ce 7 always vulg>1 ! conc5trat$ fury & impassion$ hatr$ ( ^! invectives _c fail to impress ! imag9ation4 ,su* a picture ( ! dissolute & grasp+ treasur]1 pa9t$ by ,filelfo & s5t to ,sixtus1 has a s9i/] hum\r :i* might recomm5d itself to ! audi5ce ( an inf]nal com$y4 ,x is only necess>y to h "s k ( ! ?ree m5 9 ord] to p]ceive its =ce4 ,nor did ,sixtus himself long cont9ue 9 ,filelfo's graces4 ,frequ5t j\rneys prove h[ unsettl$ he became2 at la/ he left ,rome 9 #adgf1 nev] to return4 ,:5 ! ,pazzi ,conjuration fail$ at ,flor5ce1 ,filelfo wrote to congratulate ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici on 8 escape1 & und]took ! task ( compos+ a hi/ory ( ! :ole intrigue4 ,two long & viol5t lett]s address$ to ,sixtus1 accus+ him ( p>ticipation 9 ! conspiracy1 & heap+ on him *>ges ( vice1 7 ! result ( ?is det]m9ation4#bhb ,^! epi/les 7 dat$ f ,milan1 :i!r ,filelfo _h retir$ 9 #adgf1 to f9d 8 ?ird wife dead ( ! plague1 & buri$ on ! eve ( 8 arrival4 ,8 sorr[ on ?is occasion 0 g5u9e2 nor is x likely t he d]iv$ mu* com=t f a curi\s epi/le address$ to him by ,paolo ,moros9i1 :o1 himself a husb& & fa!r1 attempt$ to console ! septuag5>ian pr(essor by elaborate abuse ( matrimony4#bhc ,to su* ridicul\s vag>ies did ! rhetorical _s ( humanism lead its vot>ies4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,he _h long s9ce made peace ) ! ,m$ici4 ,footnote #bha3 ,see ! orig9al lett]s 9 ,rosm9i1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #daa-dai4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,rosm9i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfa1 note4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,ib4 p4 #bdh4 ,filelfo's la/ j\rney 0 und]tak5 9 #adha4 ,ill at ease1 & sore ( he>t1 ! vet]an ( s*ol>%ip /ill long$ = fur!r triumphs4 ,all 8 wi%es = "s "t pa/ _h be5 set on end+ 8 days at ,flor5ce1 ne> ! p]son ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici2 & :5 an invitation to ! ,*air ( ,greek ,lit]ature arriv$1 x f\nd him eag] to set =?4 ,he 0 s poor1 h[ev]1 t ! ,duke's secret>y1 ,jacopo ,antiqu>i1 _h to l5d him money = ! j\rney4#bhd ,he j manag$ to rea* ,flor5ce1 :]e he di$ ( dys5t]y a =tnight aft] 8 arrival1 at ! age ( eighty-?ree4 ,! ,flor5t9es buri$ him 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunziata4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,i _c all[ ?is m5tion ( ,antiqu>i's "n to pass )\t a note ^u 8 life & s]vices to lett]s4 ,he 0 born & educat$ at ,p]ugia1 ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,papal ,legate ,batti/a ,savelli z secret>y at ,bologna1 & aft]w>ds receiv$ ! po/ ( secret>y & diplomatic writ] to ! ,s=za family at ,milan4 ,! ,duke ,galeazzo ,m>ia 0 8 fir/ ma/]4 ,at ,milan he play$ ! "p ( an amiable & ref9$ ,mc5as1 :ile he c>ri$ on a correspond5ce 9 ,lat9--/ill delightful to read--) ,poliziano & all ! greate/ s*ol>s ( 8 age4 ,8 biography1 writt5 at "s l5g?1 ) valuable miscellane\s app5dices by ,v]miglioli1 0 publi%$ at ,p]ugia 9 #ahai4 ,! sket* :i* ,i h giv5 ( ,filelfo's life1 ab\nds 9 details beyond ! j proportions ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! copi\sness & ! excell5ce ( ! au?orities collect$ by ,rosm9i 9 8 exhau/ive biography1 b m to ! und\bt$ fact t ,filelfo ranks z ! typical humani/ ( 8 age4 ,! univ]sality ( 8 acquirem5ts & ! impression !y made ^u contempor>ies1 8 enorm\s physical vig\r & incessant m5tal activity1 ! vehem5ce ) :i* he prosecut$ 8 lit]>y w>f>es & ! re/lessness t drove him f capital to capital 9 ,italy1 are !mselves en\gh to m>k him out z ! repres5tative h]o ( ! second p]iod ( humanism4 ,n less *>act]i/ic 7 ! quality & ! =m ( 8 lit]>y "w--ridicul\sly ov]-valu$ !n1 & n[ p]haps too readily depreciat$4 ,!re is some?+ pa!tic 9 ! c]ta9ty ( ev]la/+ fame t su/a9$ ! /ud5t ?r\gh s _m ye>s ( unremitt+ lab\r4 ,x makes u wond] :e!r ! a*ievem5ts ( ! human intellect1 9 sci5ce & discov]y1 acceptable z ^! may be to _! own "t1 are n1 equally ) ,filelfo's triumph ( s*ol>%ip1 =$oom$ to spe$y obscuration4 ,no?+ is imp]i%able b high ?\ght1 to :i* art has communicat$ ! inde/ructible =m ( beauty4 ,! ',age ( ! ,despots'#bhe conta9s a promise ( fur!r details conc]n+ ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 to r$eem :i* ! "t has n[ come4 ,8 fa!r's "n 0 ,bruto de' ,rambaldoni2 b hav+ be5 born at ,feltre 9 ! ye> #acgh1 he took f 8 bir?place ! surname by :i* he is be/ kn[n4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,pp4 #ach1 #aci4 ,l ! majority ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,vittor9o /udi$ ,lat9 "u ,john ( ,rav5na & rhetoric "u ,gasp>9o da ,b>zizza4 ,8 pov]ty compell$ him at ! same "t to support himself by tak+ pupils2 ?is drudg]y1 h[ev]1 0 s unremun]ative t1 :5 he want$ to att5d ! ma!matical lectures ( ,biagio ,pelacane1 he _h to pay t av>ici\s & ecc5tric tea*] by p]sonal s]vice4 ,z ,haydn got 8 mu*-desir$ in/ruction f ,porpora by play+ ! "p ( valet1#bhf s ,vittor9o became ! scull]y boy ( ,pelacane1#bhg 9 ord] t he might acquire geometry4 ,^! e>ly /udies 7 c>ri$ on at ,padua1 f :i* t[n he appe>s to h mov$ ab\t ! ye> #adag to ,v5ice4 ,"h he ent]$ into fri5d%ip ) ,gu>9o da ,v]ona1 & hav+ le>n$ ,greek1 return$ to 8 old univ]sity z pr(essor ( rhetoric4#bhh ,! bias ( ,vittor9o's g5ius incl9$ t[>d private tea*+1 & x is ?is by :i* he is di/+ui%$ among contempor>y humani/s4 ,accord+ly we f9d t1 z soon z he 0 settl$ 9 ,padua1 he op5$ a s*ool = a fix$ numb] ( "y m51 select$ )\t reg>d to rank or weal?4 ,f ! ri*] pupils he requir$ fees proportion$ to _! means2 f ! poor he exact$ no?+3 ?us ! weal?y 7 made to support ! ne$y1 :ile ! tea*] obta9$ = himself ! noble satisfaction ( reliev+ aspirants aft] k f ! pressure ( want & privation4 ,o!r ga9 ?an ?is he nev] ?\ght (4 ,only g5u9e /ud5ts 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ,vittor9o's s*ool2 ! moral rule 0 /rict1 & high ?9k+ & pla9 liv+ 7 expect$ f all 8 pupils4 ,?is g5]\s devotion to ! cause ( le>n+ = its own sake contra/s /rongly ) ! self-seek+ & va+lory ( o!r humani/s4 ,:5 ,filelfo 0 urg$ on "o occasion to op5 a s*ool = promis+ "y m51 ( noble bir?1 he ask$ disda9fully :e!r 8 fri5ds expect$ him to take rank z a lic5s$ victuall]4#bhi ,he 0 unable to compreh5d ! possibility ( do+ any?+ t w\ld n reflect lu/re on himself or place him 9 ! light ( popul> applause4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,grove's ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians1 vol4 i4 p4 #gjd b4 ,footnote #bhg3 ',usque ad mund&am supellectilem qu sumpto cibo lav>e consu]it4'--,rosm9i1 ,vita di ,vittor9o1 p4 #ch1 note4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,9 #adbb app>5tly4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,loc&i]e4 ,rosm9i1 vol4 i4 p4 #fg4 ,vittor9o f\nd x difficult to gov]n 8 s*ool at ,padua z /rictly z he wi%$4 ,! public ,gymnasium 0 ill-ord]$1 & great lic5se ( life 0 p]mitt$ to its /ud5ts4 ,he !re=e remov$ to ,v5ice 9 #adbc1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 "w z private tutor4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 he _h acquir$ consid]able reputation z an educator1 to ^: c>e ! y\? ( bo? sexes might be entru/$ ) implicit confid5ce--no small te/imony to 8 goodness 9 t age ( ungov]n$ passions & indescribable vices4 ,! ,m>*ese ,gian ,francesco ,gonzaga 0 look+ out = a ma/] = 8 *ildr51 & 8 *oice fell on ,vittor9o4 ,! admiration ( antiquity 0 no m]e matt] ( fa%ion ) ?is pr9ce4 ,he lov$ hi/ory = its own sake1 & pr(ess$ a special rev]5ce = ! ,roman ,camillus4 ,8 practical good s5se made him und]/& t1 if he wi%$ 8 sons & daught]s to become ?or\ghly educat$1 n only 9 ! humanities & ma!matics1 b also 9 ! republican virtues ( ! anci5ts1 :i* !n =m$ ! ideal ( life 9 ,italy1 he mu/ be will+ to commit !m :olly to ! *>ge ( _! appo9t$ gov]nor4 ,vittor9o1 :o w\ld h und]tak5 ! duty on no o!r condition1 obta9$ full control ( ! "y pr9ces & _! s]vants4 ,an appo9tm5t ( tw5ty sequ9s p] mon? 0 assign$ to him1 toge!r ) a g5]al ord] on ! treasury ( ,mantua4 ,a villa1 call$ ,casa ,zojosa1 :i* we may translate ,joy\s ,g>d1 0 allott$ to ! new h\sehold1 & !re ,vittor9o e/abli%$ himself z ma/] 9 #adbe4 ,he _h mu* to d be=e ?is dwell+ c\ld be conv]t$ f ! pleasure h\se ( a m$ival sov]eign into ! semi-mona/ic resort ( e>ne/ /ud5ts4 ,?r\gh its op5 gall]ies & pa9t$ banquet *amb]s ! "y ,gonzaghi l\ng$ ) fav\rite fri5ds select$ f ! ,mantuan nobility4 ,! tables groan$ "u gold & silv] plate1 :ile p]fum$ lacqueys h&$ r\nd ri* w9es & highly season$ di%es1 & ! g>d5 alleys e*o$ to ! s\nd ( lute & viol4 ,)\t mak+ any brusque or sudd5 re=mation1 ,vittor9o manag$1 by degrees1 & on v>i\s pretexts1 to dismiss ! m dang]\s fri5ds & s]vants ( 8 pupils4 ,a /rict h\se-port] 0 engag$1 ) ord]s to exclude suspici\s visitors4 ,pla9 clo!s1 simple habits1 & frugal meals became ! rule ( ! h\sehold1 ,vittor9o contriv+ to r5d] ^! *anges no less agreeable ?an salut>y to 8 pupils4 ,:5 compla9ts arose f ! =m] companions ( ! pr9ces & _! p>5ts1 he laid 8 plan ( tra9+ cle>ly be=e ! ,m>quis1 :o _h ! good s5se to approve ( all t he _h done4 ,! elde/ ( ,gian ,francesco's *ildr51 ,lodovico1 0 a y\? ( lazy habits1 incl9$ to gluttony1 & already too fat = 8 age4 ,! next1 ,c>lo1 _h outgr[n 8 /r5g?1 & ne$$ m sub/antial food4 ,vittor9o devis$ sy/ems ( diet & physical tra9+ suit$ to _! sev]al temp]am5ts1 mak+ x 8 "o object to increase _! vig\r1 & by multiply+ s\rces ( rational enjoym5t to dispose !m to ! en]getic ex]cise ( _! faculties4 ,he by no means neglect$ :at we call a?letics4 ,inde$1 x 0 a fundam5tal axiom ( 8 me?od t a robu/ body c\ld alone h>b\r a heal?y m9d4 ,boys :o sat por+ ov] books1 or haunt$ solit>y places1 lo/ 9 dream+1 f\nd no fav\r 9 8 eyes4 ,to ex]cises 9 ! gymnasium or ! rid+-s*ool he pref]r$ games 9 ! op5 air2 hunt+ & fi%+1 wre/l+ & f5c+1 runn+ & jump+1 7 practis$ by 8 pupils 9 ! p>k outside _! palace4 ,to h>d5 !m aga9/ sev]ities ( heat & cold1 to r5d] !m temp]ate 9 food & dr9k1 to tra9 _! voices1 & to improve _! c>riage 0 8 fir/ c>e4 ,s9ce he c\ld n himself sup]9t5d _! education 9 all its bran*es1 he engag$ a subord9ate /aff ( tutors2 gramm>ians1 logicians1 ma!maticians1 pa9t]s1 & ma/]s ( rid+1 danc+1 s++1 swimm+1 f5c+1 began to cr[d ! halls ( ,joy\s ,g>d4 ,ea* _h 8 own allott$ task to p]=m1 :ile ,vittor9o survey$ ! :ole s*eme4 ',p]haps1' says ,rosm9i1#bij '! only sci5ces t 7 n taught 9 ?is academy 7 civil & canon law & natural physics4' ,footnote #bij3 ,p4 #aaa4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t s ext5sive an app>atus exi/$ solely = ! "y ,gonzaghi4 ,noble y\?s f all ! ,c\rts ( ,italy1 & /ud5ts f remote p>ts ( ,europe1 s\ght admittance to ,vittor9o's s*ool4 ,! m promis+ ( ^! pupils1 :o 7 fitt$ by _! rank & disposition to associate ) 8 pr9cely *>ges1 ! ma/] h\s$ "u 8 own ro(2 :ile = ! re/ he provid$ suitable lodg+s ne> at h&4 ,_m 7 ! poor /ud5ts :o ?us ow$ to 8 g5]osity p>ticipation 9 ! mo/ ref9$ & sci5tific culture _! c5tury af=d$4#bia ,:ile pay+ ?is tribute to ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 we mu/ rememb] ! hon\r t is also due to ,gian ,francesco ,gonzaga4 ,_h ?is pr9ce n be5 end[$ ) true lib]ality ( s\l & fre$om f petty prejudice1 ,vittor9o c\ld nev] h develop$ a sy/em bas$ ^u pure democratic pr9ciples1 :i* ev5 n[ may rank z an unrivall$ educational ideal4 ,if ! ma/]1 aga91 0 able to provide = sixty poor s*ol>s at a "t--tea*+1 fe$+1 clo?+1 & furni%+ !m ) co/ly books1 8 fri5d ! ,m>quis mu/1 we feel sure1 h suppli$ 8 purse ) extra funds = *>itable purposes4#bib ,footnote #bia3 ,sixty poor s*ol>s 7 taught1 f$1 clo!d1 & provid$ ) implem5ts ( /udy at 8 co/4 ,he also subsidis$ _! families 9 di/ress4 ,rosm9i1 ,vita di ,vittor9o1 pp4 #afe1 #aff4 ,footnote #bib3 ,rosm9i1 ,vita di ,vittor9o1 p4 #afe4 ,vespasiano1 p4 #dib1 tells a /ory :i* illu/rates ^! relations betwe5 ,vittor9o & ! ,m>quis4 ,cf41 too1 p4 #did4 ,! num]\s biograph]s ( ,vittor9o h transmitt$ _m details 9 illu/ration ( 8 me?od ( tea*+4 ,he us$ to read ! classic au?ors al\d1 prefix+ biographical notices by way ( introduction1 & expla9+ ! matt]1 z well z ! language ( 8 text1 z he proce$$4 ,sometimes he made 8 pupils read1 correct+ _! pronunciation1 & oblig+ !m to m>k ! mean+ by emphasis4 ,he reli$ mu* on le>n+ by he>t & repetition1 z ! sure/ means ( =m+ a good /yle4 ,gift$ ) a f9] in/9ct = language ?an ! majority ( 8 contempor>ies1 he 0 c>eful t 8 pupils %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t types ( lit]>y excell5ce1 n conf\nd+ ,cic]o ) ,s5eca or ,virgil ) ,lucan1 b /riv+ to appreciate ! special qualities ( ea*4 ,) a view to ! acquisition ( pure pr9ciples ( ta/e1 he conf9$ !m at fir/ to ,virgil & ,hom]1 ,cic]o & ,demo/h5es4 ,^! f\r au?ors he reg>d$ z ! supreme ma/]s ( expression4 ,ovid 0 too luxuriant1 ,juv5al too co>se1 to s]ve z guides = tiros4 ,horace & ,p]sius among ! satiri/s1 ,t]5ce among ! comic poets1 might be safely /udi$4 ,9 spite ( ,s5eca's weight z a philosophic essayi/1 ,vittor9o c5sur$ ! affectations ( 8 rhetoric2 & :ile he prais$ ! beauty ( ! ,lat9 elegi/s1 he judg$ !m ill-suit$ = ! tra9+ ( ! "y4 ,criticism ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh x may s\nd to u obvi\s & sup]ficial1 0 extremely r>e 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 s*ol>s 7 too apt to neglect diff]5ces ( /yle 9 anci5t au?ors1 & to ignore ! e?ics ( _! works4 ,! ref9em5t :i* di/+ui%$ ,vittor9o1 made him pref] ! graces ( a *a/5$ mann] to ! s\nd+ phrases ( emphatic declamation4 ,8 pupils 7 taught to see t !y _h some?+ to say fir/1 & !n to say x ) simplicity & elegance4 ,?is purity ( ta/e 0 no m]e matt] ( /hetic s5sibility ) ,vittor9o4 ,habits :i* brutalise ! m9d or debase ! body1 h[ev] sanction$ by ! usage ( ! times1 met ) little tol]ation 9 8 pres5ce4 ,swe>+1 obsc5e language1 vulg> jok+1 & angry alt]cation 7 sev]ely puni%$4 ,p]sonal morality & ! obs]vance ( religi\s ex]cises he exact$ f 8 pupils4 ,ly+ 0 a he9\s (f5ce4 ,^? :o prov$ intractable ^u ^! po9ts 7 exclud$ f 8 s*ool4 ,( ! re/ ,vespasiano writes ) emphasis t '8 h\se 0 a sanctu>y ( mann]s1 de$s1 & words4'#bic ,footnote #bic3 ,p4 #dib4 ,conc]n+ ! noble ,italian y\?s :o 7 educat$ ) ! ,gonzaga family at ,mantua1 en\gh has be5 said 9 ano!r place4#bid ,app5d$ to ,rosm9i's copi\s biography w be f\nd1 by ^? :o are curi\s to read su* details1 ! notices ( =ty m or less di/+ui%$ pupils4#bie ,beside ! two sons ( ,gian ,francesco ,gonzaga already m5tion$1 ,vittor9o educat$ ?ree o!r *ildr5 ( 8 ma/]--,gianlucido1 ,aless&ro1 & ,cecilia4#bif ,:olly d$icat$ to ! c>es ( tea*+1 & m anxi\s to survive 9 ! good fame ( 8 s*ol>s ?an to secure ! immortality ( lit]ature1 ,vittor9o bequea!d no writ+s to po/]ity4 ,he liv$ to a hale & he>ty old age2 & :5 he di$1 9 #addf1 x 0 f\nd t ! illu/ri\s s*ol>1 aft] enjoy+ = s _m ye>s ! lib]ality ( 8 pr9cely patron1 _h n accumulat$ en\gh money to pay = 8 own fun]al4 ,:atev] he possess$1 he sp5t 9 *>ity dur+ 8 lifetime1 tru/+ to ! k9dness ( 8 fri5ds to bury him :5 dead4 ,few lives ( :i* !re is any record 9 hi/ory1 are s p]fectly praisewor?y z ,vittor9o's2 few m5 h m nobly realis$ ! idea ( liv+ = ! highe/ objects ( _! age2 few h succe$$ 9 keep+ !mselves s :olly unspott$ by ! vices ( ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,footnote #bid3 ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #bie3 ,pp4 #bdi-dgf4 ,footnote #bif3 ,see ,rosm9i1 p4 #ahc1 & ,vespasiano1 p4 #dic1 = ! record ( h] virtues1 h] le>n+1 & h] refusal to w$ ! infam\s ,oddo da ,montefeltro4 ,by ! patronage ext5d$ to ,vittor9o da ,feltre ! ,c\rt ( ,mantua took rank among ! high s*ools ( humanism 9 ,italy4 ,f]r>a won a simil> di/9ction ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ! ,h\se ( ,e/e4 ,:at has already be5 said ab\t ,milan applies1 h[ev]1 9 a less degree to ,f]r>a4 ,! arts & lett]s1 ?\gh !y fl\ri%$ ) exce$+ brilliance b5ea? ! patrons ( ,boi>do1 ,ario/o1 & ,tasso1 7 b accessories to a spl5did & voluptu\s ,c\rt life4 ,lit]ature 0 little bett] ?an an exotic1 cultivat$ = its r>ity & beauty by ! pr9ces ( ! ,e/e family4 ,! gold5 age ( culture at ,f]r>a began 9 #adjb1 :5 ,niccolo ,,iii4 reop5$ ! univ]sity4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ye>s lat] ,gu>9o da ,v]ona made x "o ( ! five *ief seats ( ,s\!rn le>n+4 ,! life ( ?is em95t s*ol> 9 _m po9ts resembles t ( ,filelfo1 ?\gh _! *>act]s 7 v diff]5t4 ,gu>9o 0 born ( respectable p>5ts at ,v]ona 9 #acgj4 ,he /udi$ ,lat9 9 ! s*ool ( ,giovanni da ,rav5na1 & :ile /ill a lad ( eighte5 travell$ to ,con/ant9ople at ! co/ ( a noble ,v5etian1 ,paolo ,zane1 9 ord] to le>n ,greek4 ,aft] a resid5ce ( five ye>s 9 ,greece he return$ to ,v5ice1 & began to lecture to cr[d$ audi5ces4#big ,l all ! humani/s1 he seems to h pref]r$ tempor>y to p]man5t engagem5ts--pass+ f ,v5ice to ,v]ona1 f ,tr5t to ,padua1 f ,bologna to ,flor5ce1 & ev]y:]e acquir+ t sub/antial reputation z a tea*] to :i* he ow$ ! invitation ( ,niccolo d',e/e 9 #adbi4 ,he 0 n[ a man ( ne>ly sixty1 ma/] ( ! two languages1 & well acqua9t$ ) ! me?od ( in/ruction4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,f]r>a engag$ him z tutor to 8 illegitimate son ,lionello1 heir app>5t to 8 ?rone4 ,= sev5 ye>s ,gu>9o devot$ himself :olly to ! education ( ?is y\?1 :o pass$ = "o ( ! be/ s*ol>s ( 8 age4 ,grant+ t ! reputation = le>n+ 0 lightly conf]r$ on pr9ces by _! lit]>y p>asites1 x seems c]ta9 t ,lionello d]iv$ m ?an a m]e smatt]+ 9 culture f 8 tutor4 ,amid ! pleasures ( ! *ase1 to :i* he 0 passionately devot$1 & ! di/ractions ( ! gaye/ ,c\rt 9 ,italy1 he f\nd "t to correspond on topics ( s*ol>%ip ) ,poggio1 ,filelfo1 ,decembrio1 & ,francesco ,b>b>o4 ,8 conv]sation turn$ habitually ^u ! fa%ionable !mes ( antique e?ics1 & 8 fav\rite companions 7 m5 ( polite education4 ,x is no wond] t ! humani/s1 :o saw 9 him a future ,augu/us1 deplor$ 8 e>ly dea? ) unfeign$ sorr[1 ?\gh we1 :o c only judge him by ! g5]al /&>d ( 8 family1 may be p]mitt$ to res]ve our op9ion4 ,! pr(ile portrait ( ,lionello1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 does n1 at any rate1 prepossess u v /rongly 9 8 fav\r4 ,footnote #big3 ,see 8 ,life by ,rosm9i1 p4 #aa1 = 8 brilliant reception at ,v5ice4 ,gu>9o1 l 8 fri5d ,vittor9o1 0 celebrat$ = ! me?od ( 8 tea*+ & = ! exact ord] ( 8 discipl9e4#bih ,/ud5ts flock$ f all ! cities ( ,italy to 8 lecture-room2 =1 z soon z 8 tutorial engagem5ts ) ! pr9ce p]mitt$1 he receiv$ a public appo9tm5t z pr(essor ( eloqu5ce f ! ,f]r>ese ,consiglio de' ,savi4 ,9 ?is po/ he lab\r$ = _m ye>s1 ma9ta9+ 8 reputation z a /ud5t & fill+ ! univ]sities ( ,italy ) 8 pupils4 ,a s5t5ce describ+ 8 mann] ( life 9 extreme old age might be us$ to illu/rate ! en?usiasm :i* su/a9$ ! vital en]gy ( s*ol>s 9 t g5]ation3--',8 memory is m>vell\s1 & 8 habit ( read+ is s indefatigable1 t he sc>cely takes ! "t to eat1 to sleep1 or to g abroad2 & yet 8 limbs & s5ses h ! vig\r ( y\?4#bii ,gu>9o 0 "o ( ! few humani/s ^: moral "* won equal respect ) 8 le>n+4 ,:5 he di$ at ! age ( n9ety1 ! fa!r ( six boys & sev5 girls by 8 wife ,taddea ,c5drata ( ,v]ona1 x 0 possible to say ) tru? t he _h realis$ ! ideal ( a temp]ate s*ol>'s life4 ,yet ?is incomp>able tea*] ( y\? und]took ! def5ce ( ,beccadelli's obsc5e v]ses3 ?is an*orite ( humanism p5n$ virul5t invectives ) ! wor/ ( 8 contempor>ies4#cjj ,su* contra/s 7 common en\gh 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #bih3 ,see ! details collect$ by ,rosm9i1 ,vita di ,gu>9o1 pp4 #gi-hg4 ,footnote #bii3 ,timoteo ,maffei1 quot$ by ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #e1 #h4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,he c>ri$ on lit]>y feuds ) ,niccolo de' ,niccoli1 ,poggio1 ,filelfo1 & ,georgios ,trapezuntios4 ,! "n ( ,giovanni ,aurispa mu/ n be omitt$ 9 connection ) ,f]r>a4 ,born 9 #acfi at ,noto 9 ,sicily1 he liv$ to a great age1 & di$ 9 #adei4 ,he too travell$ 9 e>ly y\? to ,con/ant9ople1 & return$1 lad5 ) ,,mss4 & le>n+1 to pr(ess ! humanities 9 ,italy4 ,8 life =ms1 !re=e1 a close p>allel ) t ( bo? ,gu>9o & ,filelfo4 ,aurispa1 h[ev]1 0 gift$ ) a less unre/+ temp] ?an ,filelfo2 nor did he a*ieve ! same pr(essorial success z ,gu>9o4 ,9 8 s*ool at ,f]r>a he enjoy$ ! calm] pleasures ( a /ud5t's life1 'devot$1' z ,filelfo phras$ x1 'to ! placid ,muses4'#cja ,footnote #cja3 ',placidis ,aurispa ,camo5is ,d$itus1' ,sat41 dec4 i4 hec4 #e4 ,valla1 ,antid4 9 ,pogium1 p4 #g1 describes him z 'virum suavissimum et ab omni cont5tione remotissimum4' ,to give an acc\nt ( all ! m9or ,c\rts1 :]e humanism fl\ri%$ "u ! patronage ( petty pr9ces1 w\ld be t$i\s & unpr(itable4 ,x is en\gh to notice t ! univ]sities1 9 ?is age ( indefatigable en]gy1 kept =m+ s*ol>s1 eag] to make _! way z secret>ies & tutors1 :ile ! nobles compet$ = ! hon\r & ! pr(it to be d]iv$ f ! s]vice ( illu/ri\s wits & ready p5s4 ,! se$s ( classic culture 7 ?us s[n 9 e little city t c\ld boa/ its ca/le4 ,c>pi1 = example1 0 prep>+ ! gr\nd :]e ,aldus & ,musurus fl\ri%$4 ,at ,=li ! ,ordelaffi1 doom$ to ext9ction at no di/ant p]iod1 gave protection to ,codrus ,urceus4#cjb ,mir&ola 0 gr[+ fit to be ! bir?place ( ! mighty ,pico4 ,aless&ro & ,co/anzo ,s=za 7 adorn+ _! lord%ip ( ,pes>o ) a libr>y t rivall$ ^? ( ,rome & ,flor5ce4#cjc ,9 ! =tress ( ,rim9i1 ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a conv]s$ ) m5 ( le>n+ :5ev] 8 intrigues & 8 milit>y duties gave him leisure4 ,! desp]ate & godless tyrant1 ^: passions bord]$ ^u madness1 & ^: "n 0 a byeword = all ! vices t disgrace humanity1 curb$ 8 temp] be=e petty witl+s l ,porcellio1 & c>v$ a record ( 8 burn+ love = le>n+ on ! temple rais$ to celebrate 8 fame 9 ,rim9i4 ,to ! same passion = s*ol>%ip 9 8 bro!r1 ,malate/a ,novello1 ! t9y burgh ( ,ces5a ow$ ! f\ndation ( a libr>y1 n only well suppli$ ) books1 b end[$ ) a ye>ly income ( #cjj gold5 flor9s = its ma9t5ance4 ,! money sp5t on s*ol>%ip at ^! m9or ,c\rts 0 ga9$1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 milit>y s]vice--! weal? ( ,flor5t9e & ,v5etian citiz5s1 ( ,milanese despots1 & ambiti\s ,popes fl[+ ?r\gh ! h&s ( pr(essional w>-capta9s into ! pockets ( booksell]s & /ud5ts4 ,x consequ5tly happ5$ t ! impulse giv5 at ?is "t to le>n+ 9 ! less] cities 0 b tempor>y4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,malate/i & ! ,s=za family1 = in/ance1 erudition di$ at ,rim9i & ,pes>o4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,cf4 ,tirabos*i1 vi4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #e1 #eh4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,vespasiano1 pp4 #aac-aag1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ^! lett]$ & w>like pr9ces4 ,?is might h be5 ! case at ,urb9o also1 if ! ,h\se ( ,montefeltro _h n succe$$1 by wise conduct & prud5t m>riages1 9 resi/+ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & transmitt+ its du*y to ! ,della ,rov]e family4 ,z x 01 ,urb9o reta9$ = ?ree g5]ations ! /amp ( culture & ref9em5t impress$ ^u x by ! good ,duke ,fr$]ick4 ,( 8 fam\s libr>y1 ,vespasiano1 :o 0 employ$ 9 its =mation1 has giv5 u m9ute & int]e/+ details4#cjd ,dur+ m ?an f\rte5 ye>s ! ,duke kept ?irty or =ty copyi/s cont9ually employ$ 9 transcrib+ ,greek & ,lat9 ,,mss4 ,n only ! classics 9 bo? languages1 b ! ecclesia/ical & m$ival au?ors1 ! ,italian poets1 & ! works ( contempor>y humani/s f\nd a place 9 8 collection4 ,! co/ ( ! :ole 0 e/imat$ at consid]ably ov] #cj1jjj ducats4 ,ea* volume 0 b\nd 9 crimson1 ) silv] clasps2 ! leaves 7 ( vellum1 exquisitely adorn$ ) m9iatures2 nor c\ld y f9d a pr9t$ book 9 ! :ole libr>y1 = ! ,duke w\ld h be5 a%am$ to own "o4 ,vespasiano's admiration = ^! delicately f9i%$ ,,mss4 & ! contempt he expresses = ! new art ( pr9t+ are highly *>act]i/ic4#cje ,en\gh has be5 already said by me else:]e ab\t ,f$]igo da ,montefeltro & 8 patronage ( le>n+4#cjf ,! ,que5's collection at ,w9dsor conta9s a curi\s picture1 attribut$ to ,melozza da ,=li1 ( :i* ,i may be all[$ to speak 9 ?is place1 s9ce x possesses m ?an usual int]e/ = ! /ud5t ( humanism at ! ,italian ,c\rts4 ,9 a l>ge rectangul> hall1 light$ f above by w9d[s 9 a dome1 ! ,duke ( ,urb9o is seat$1 we>+ ! robes & badges ( ! ,g>t]1 & re/+ 8 left h& on a folio4 ,8 son ,guidobaldo1 a boy ( ab\t elev5 ye>s ( age1 or little m1 /&s at ! ,duke's knee1 dress$ 9 yell[ damask trimm$ ) pe>ls4 ,beh9d !m1 on a rais$ b5* ) a desk be=e x1 sit ?ree m51 "o attir$ 9 ! r$ suit ( a prelate1 ! second 9 black ecclesia/ical attire1 & ! ?ird 9 secul> co/ume4 ,at a door1 op5+ on a passage1 /& s]vants & less] c\rti]s4 ,! :ole company are li/5+ att5tively to a grey-hair$1 black-rob$ humani/1 seat$ 9 a sort ( pulpit opposite to ! ,duke & 8 son4 ,a l>ge book1 b\nd 9 crimson1 ) silv] clasps is op5 on ! desk be=e him2 & by ! movem5t ( 8 m\? x is cle> t he is read+ al\d passages f "s classical or ecclesia/ical au?or1 & expla9+ !m = ! b5efit ( 8 illu/ri\s audi5ce4 ,to id5tify ! s*ol> & ! ?ree m5 beh9d ,f$]igo w\ld n be impossible1 if ! exact date ( ?is curi\s "w c\ld be asc]ta9$2 = !y are cle>ly portraits4 ,i l to fancy t 9 ! layman we may p]haps recognise ! excell5t ,vespasiano4 ,su* conjectures are1 h[ev]1 haz>d\s2 mean:ile ! picture has intr9sic value z ! unique repres5tation1 s f> z ,i "k1 ( a sc5e ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,c\rts ( ,italy1 :]e li/5+ to lectures =m$ a "p ( e day's occupation4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,see pp4 #id-ii4 ,footnote #cje3 ,p4 #ii4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #acf-adb4 ,?is is ! prop] place to speak ( ,vespasiano da ,bi/icci1 on ^: ',lives ( ,illu/ri\s ,m5' ,i h _h occasion to draw s copi\sly4 ,peculi> int]e/ atta*es to him z ! la/ ( m$ival scribes1 & at ! same "t ! fir/ ( mod]n booksell]s4#cjg ,besides be+ ! ag5t ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 ,ni*olas ,v41 & ,fr$]ick ( ,urb9o1 ,vespasiano suppli$ ! =eign m>kets1 s5d+ ,,mss4 by ord] to ,hung>y1 ,portugal1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,! ext5t ( 8 trade r5d]$ him ! l>ge/ employ] ( copyi/s 9 ,europe at ! mom5t :5 ?is indu/ry 0 ab\t to be sup]s$$1 & :5 s*ol>s 7 already inquir+ = news ab\t ! art t sav$ exp5se & %ort5$ ! lab\r ( ! /ud5t4#cjh ,vespasiano1 :o 0 born 9 #adba at ,flor5ce1 liv$ until #adih2 s t aft] hav+ help$ to =m ! ?ree greate/ collections ( ,,mss4 9 ,italy1 he witness$ ! triumph ( pr9t+1 & might h ev5 h&l$ ! ,musu issu$ f ! ,ald9e ,press 9 #adic4 ,vespasiano 0 no m]e tradesman4 ,8 k ( ! books he sold 0 accurate2 cont9ual /udy enabl$ him to ov]look ! copyi/s1 & to v\* = ! exactitude ( _! transcripts4#cji ,at ! same "t 8 occupation br\ght him into close intimacy ) ! *ief s*ol>s ( ! age1 s t ! new culture rea*$ him by conv]sation & famili> correspond5ce4 ,z a biograph] ,vespasiano possess$ r>e m]it4 ,p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! m5 ( :om he wrote1 he drew _! *>act]s ) praisewor?y succ9ctness & simplicity4 ,!re is no panegyrical emphasis1 no calumni\s innu5do1 9 8 sket*es4 ,x may ev5 be said t !y suff] f res]vation ( op9ion & suppression ( facts4 ,vespasiano's hatr$ ( vice & love ( virtue 7 s g5u9e t1 9 8 eag]ness to hon\r m5 ( lett]s & _! patrons1 he s(t5$ d[n h>% outl9es & pass$ ov] all t is condemnable 9 sil5ce4 ,he 0 less anxi\s to pa9t "* 9 ! /yle ( ,tacitus or ,guicci>d9i1 ?an to relate :at he knew ab\t ! progress ( le>n+ 9 8 age4 ,! e?ical int5tion 9 8 "w is obvi\s4 ,! qualities he loves to celebrate are piety1 *a/ity1 g5]osity1 devotion to ! cause ( lib]al culture1 & high-s\l$ patriotism4 ,( ! vices t add$ a lurid lu/re to ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 ( ! political ranc\rs t divid$ ! cities into ho/ile p>ties1 & ( ! imp]fections 9 ! *>act]s ( em95t m51 we he> no?+ f ,vespasiano4 ,x is pleasant to conclude ?is *apt] ) an expression ( gratitude to a man s blameless 9 8 life1 s *>itable 9 8 judgm5ts1 & s tru/wor?y 9 8 record ( contempor>y hi/ory4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,9 ! regi/] ( 8 dea? he is describ$ z ,vespasiano1 ,c>tol>o4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,see ,rosm9i1 ,vita di ,filelfo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bja4 ',i h made up my m9d to buy "s ( ^? codices !y are n[ mak+ )\t any tr\ble1 & )\t ! p51 b ) c]ta9 s-call$ types1 & :i* seem to be ! "w ( a skill$ & exact scribe4 ,tell me1 !n1 at :at price are sold ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,pl9y1 ! ?ree ,decades ( ,livy1 & ,aulus ,gellius4' ,lett] to ,nicodemo ,tran*$9o1 s5t f ,si5a to ,rome1 dat$ ,july #be1 #adgj4 ,footnote #cji3 ,see ?is passage f a panegyric quot$ by ,angelo ,mai3--',tu pr(ecto 9 hoc no/ro det]iori sculo hebraic1 grc atque lat9 l+u>um1 omnium volum9um dignorum memoratu notitiam1 eorumque auctores memori tradidi/i4'--,vite di ,uom9i ,illu/ri1 preface1 p4 xxiii4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,?ird ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,improvem5t 9 ,ta/e & ,criticism -- ,cot]ies & ,academies -- ,revival ( ,italian ,lit]ature -- ,pr9t+ -- ,flor5ce1 ! ,capital ( ,le>n+ -- ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & 8 ,circle -- ,public ,policy ( ,lor5zo -- ,lit]>y ,patronage -- ,v>iety ( 8 ,gifts -- ,meet+s ( ! ,platonic ,society -- ,m>silio ,fic9o -- ,8 ,education = ,platonic ,/udies -- ,translations ( ,plato & ! ,neoplatoni/s -- ,h>mony betwe5 ,plato & ,*ri/ianity -- ,giovanni ,pico -- ,8 ,fir/ ,appe>ance 9 ,flor5ce -- ,8 ,!ses propos$ at ,rome -- ,c5sure ( ! ,*ur* -- ,8 ,/udy ( ! ,cabbala -- ,l>ge ,conception ( ,le>n+ -- ,occult ,sci5ce -- ,cri/(oro ,l&9o -- ,pr(essor ( ,f9e ,lit]ature -- ,virgilian ,/udies -- ,camaldolese ,disputations -- ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti -- ,8 ,v]satility -- ,b>tolommeo ,scala -- ,obscure ,orig9 -- ,*ancellor ( ,flor5ce -- ,angelo ,poliziano -- ,e>ly ,life -- ,translation ( ,hom] -- ,! ',hom]icus ,juv5is' -- ,true ,g5ius 9 ,poliziano -- ,comm& ( ,lat9 & ,greek -- ,resuscitation ( ,antiquity 9 8 own ,p]son -- ,8 ,pr(essorial ,"w -- ,! ',miscellanea' -- ,relation to ,m$ici -- ,roman ,s*ol>%ip 9 ?is ,p]iod -- ,pius ,,ii4 -- ,pomponius ,ltus -- ,8 ,academy & ,mode ( ,life -- ,p]secution "u ,paul ,,ii4 -- ,humanism at ,naples -- ,pontanus -- ,8 ,academy -- ,8 ,writ+s -- ,academies e/abli%$ 9 all ,t[ns ( ,italy -- ,introduction ( ,pr9t+ -- ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz -- ,! ,e>ly ,v5etian ,press -- ,flor5ce -- ,c5n9i -- ,alopa's ,hom] -- ,*ange 9 ,s*ol>%ip effect$ by ,pr9t+ -- ,! ,life ( ,aldo ,manuzio -- ,! ,pr9cely ,h\se ( ,pio at ,c>pi -- ,greek ,books be=e ,aldo -- ,! ,ald9e ,press at ,v5ice -- ,hi/ory ( its ,activity -- ,aldo & ,erasmus -- ,aldo & ! ,greek ,refugees -- ,aldo's ,dea? -- ,8 family & ,successors -- ,! ,neacademia -- ,! ,salvation ( ,greek ,lit]ature4 ,9 ! f\r prec$+ *apt]s ,i h sket*$ ! rise & progress ( ,italian humanism ) m m9ut5ess ?an ne$ be n[ employ$ ^u ! hi/ory ( its fur!r developm5t4 ,by ! s*ol>s ( ! fir/ & second p]iod ! :ole doma9 ( anci5t lit]ature 0 reconqu]$2 ! classics 7 re/or$ 9 _! integrity to ! mod]n _w4 ,petr>* fir/ inflam$ ! en?usiasm )\t :i* s great a "w c\ld n h be5 accompli%$1 8 imm$iate successors ma/]$ ! ,greek language1 & explor$ e prov9ce ( antiquity4 ,mu* /ill rema9$1 h[ev]1 to be a*iev$ by a new g5]ation ( /ud5ts3 = z yet criticism 0 b 9 its cradle2 ! graces ( /yle 7 b little und]/ood2 indiscrim9ate erudition pass$ = s*ol>%ip1 & crude v]biage = eloqu5ce4 ,! humani/s ( ! ?ird age1 /ill burn+ ) ! zeal t animat$ ,petr>*1 & pr(it+ by ! lab\rs ( _! pr$ecessors1 asc5d$ to a high] level ( culture4 ,x is _! glory to h purifi$ ! co>se & tumid /yle ( m$ival ,lat9i/s1 to h introduc$ ! me?ods ( comp>ative & /hetic criticism1 & to h di/+ui%$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! au?ors & ! p]iods !y /udi$4 ,! sali5t features ( ?is ?ird age ( humanism may be briefly /at$4 ,hav+ done _! "w by s[+ ! se$s ( culture broadca/1 ! vagrant pr(essors ( ! second p]iod beg9 to disappe>1 & ! republic ( lett]s t5ds to cry/allise r\nd m5 ( em95ce 9 cot]ies & le>n$ circles4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! age ( ! academies4 ,secondly1 x is noticeable t ,italian lit]ature1 almo/ totally ab&on$ 9 ! fir/ f]v\r ( en?usiasm = antiquity1 n[ receives ne>ly z mu* att5tion z ! classics4 ,s9ce ! revival ( ,italian 9 ! gold5 age ( ! ,r5aissance w =m ! subject ( my f9al volume1 ! names ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & ,poliziano at ,flor5ce1 ( ,boi>do at ,f]r>a1 & ( ,sannazz>o at ,naples may "h suffice to indicate ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 s*ol>%ip & ! national lit]ature4 ,a c5tury _h be5 employ$ 9 ! acquisition ( humani/ic culture2 :5 acquir$1 x bore fruit1 n only 9 m elegant s*ol>%ip1 b also 9 new =ms ( poetry & prose = ! p4 ,a ?ird m>k$ feature ( ! p]iod is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,! en]gy :]e) 9 little m ?an fifty ye>s ! texts ( ! classic au?ors 7 r5d]$ inde/ructible by accid5t or "t1 & plac$ )9 ! rea* ( /ud5ts ?r\gh\t ,europe1 dem&s p>ticul> att5tion 9 ?is *apt]4 ,flor5ce is /ill ! capital ( le>n+4 ,! mo/ brilliant humani/s1 ga!r$ r\nd ! p]son ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 give laws to ! re/ ( ,italy1 det]m9+ by _! ta/es & /udies ! tone ( intellectual society4 ,lor5zo is himself 9 s deep & true a s5se ! ma/] _s ( ?is circle1 t to describe 8 position 9 ! republic w h>dly be consid]$ a digression4 ,be=e 8 dea? 9 #adfd ,cosimo de' ,m$ici _h succe$$ 9 r5d]+ 8 family necess>y to ! ,/ate ( ,flor5ce4 ,?\gh ?w>t$ by ambiti\s rivals & hamp]$ by ! intrigues ( ! p>ty he _h =m$ to rule ! commonweal?1 ,cosimo contriv$ s to complicate ! public f9ances ) 8 own bank+ bus9ess1 & s to b9d ! lead+ burgh]s to himself by v>i\s obligations1 t1 :ile he 9 no way affect$ ! /yle ( a despot1 ,flor5ce belong$ to 8 h\se m surely ?an ,bologna to ! ,b5tivogli4 ,= ! cont9uation ( ?is au?ority1 bas$ on intrigue & cem5t$ by corruption1 x 0 absolutely ne$ful t ! _s ( ,cosimo %\ld survive 9 8 successors4 ,a s+le false move1 by unmask+ ! tyranny s c>efully veil$1 by (f5d+ ! republican vanities ( ! ,flor5t9es1 or by employ+ =ce :]e ev]y?+ _h hi!rto be5 ga9$ by craft1 w\ld at ?is epo* h de/roy$ ! prospects ( ! ,m$icean family4 ,s true x is t ! hi/ory ( ?is age 9 ,italy is n ! hi/ory ( commonweal?s s mu* z ! hi/ory ( individualities1 ( m54 ,! pr9ciples r$uc$ to rule by ,ma*iavelli 9 8 essay on ! ,pr9ce may be /udi$ 9 ! lives ( fifte5?-c5tury adv5tur]s1 :o1 l ,ces>e ,borgia1 disc]n$ ! necessity ( us+ viol5ce = special ends1 or1 l ! ,m$ici1 p]ceiv$ t sov]eignty c\ld be bett] grasp$ by a h& glov$ ) velvet ?an mail$ 9 /eel4 ,! ,m$ici ( bo? bran*es display$ ?r\gh eight successive g5]ations1 9 _! g5]al l9e ( policy1 9 ! disa/]s t att5d$ _! div]g5ce f x1 & 9 ! means !y us$ to rehabilitate _! influ5ce1 ! action ( :at ,balzac calls l'homme politique1 ) /rik+ cle>ness to ! philosophic /ud5t4 ,bo? ! son & gr&son ( ,cosimo well und]/ood ! "p !y _h to play1 & play$ x s ably t ev5 ! errors ( ! y\ng] ,pi]o1 ! g5ius ( ,savon>ola1 & ! failure ( ! eld] ,m$icean l9e 7 insuffici5t to *eck ! gradual subjugation ( ! commonweal? he _h initiat$4 ,lor5zo's fa!r1 ,pi]o1 call$ by ! ,flor5t9es ,il ,gottoso1 suff]$ mu* f ill-heal?1 & 0 unable to take ! lead 9 politics4#caj ,yet ! p[]s entru/$ to 8 fa!r 7 confirm$ = him4 ,! elections rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,m$icean p>ty1 & ! balia appo9t$ 9 _! fav\r cont9u$ to control ! ,/ate4 ,! dang]\s conspiracy aga9/ ,pi]o's life1 engag$ 9 by ,luca ,pitti & ,diotisalvi ,n]oni1 prov$ t 8 enemies reg>d$ ! *ief ( ! ,m$ici z ! lead] ( ! republic4 ,x 0 due to ! prud5t action ( ! "y ,lor5zo t ?is conspiracy fail$2 & ! ,m$ici 7 ev5 /r5g!n$ by ! d[nfall ( _! foes4 ,f ! tone ( ! congratulations address$ on ?is occasion by ! rul+ p[]s ( ,italy to ,pi]o & ,lor5zo1 we may conclude t !y 7 already reckon$ z pr9ces outside ,flor5ce1 ?\gh !y /ill ma9ta9$ a burgh]like simplicity ( life )9 ! city walls4 ,footnote #caj3 ,x may be useful to add a skeleton p$igree ( ! ,m$ici 9 ?is place3-- ,cosimo1 ,pat] ,patri ,pi]o1 ,il ,gottoso ------------------- ,lor5zo ,giuliano ------------ ,giulio1 ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,pi]o1 ,giovanni1 ! exile ,leo ,x4 ,9 ! m>riage ( 8 son ,lor5zo to ,cl>ice degli ,ors9i1 ( ! pr9cely ,roman h\se1 ,pi]o gave signs ( a dep>ture f ! cauti\s policy ( ,cosimo4 ,=eign alliances 7 reg>d$ ) suspicion by ! ,flor5t9es1 & ,p&olf9i's advice to 8 sons1 t !y %\ld avoid famili>ity ) t]ritorial magnates1 exactly repres5t$ ! _s ( ! republic4#caa ,9 l mann]1 ! education ( bo? ,lor5zo & ,giuliano1 _! int]c\rse ) royal gue/s1 & ! prom95t places assign$ !m on occasions ( c]emony1 indicat$ an advance t[>d despotism4 ,x 0 concordant ) ! mann]s ( ! age t "o family %\ld play ! "p ( ho/ = ! republic4 ,! dis*>ge ( ?is duty by ! ,m$ici ar\s$ no jeal\sy among ! burgh]s2 yet x enabl$ ! ambiti\s h\se to place !mselves 9 an unique position1 &1 :ile seem+ to rema9 m]e citiz5s1 to take a /ep 9 ! direction ( sov]eignty4 ,footnote #caa3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #aij4 ,on ! dea? ( ,pi]o1 9 #adfi1 ! *ief m5 ( ! ,m$icean p>ty wait$ ^u ,lor5zo1 &1 aft] (f]+ _! condol5ces1 bes\ght him to succe$ 8 fa!r 9 ! presid5cy ( ! ,/ate4 ,! feel+ prevail$ among ! lead]s ( ! city t x 0 impossible1 "u ! exi/+ conditions ( ,italian politics1 to c>ry on ! commonweal? )\t a titul> head4 ,lor5zo1 !n 9 8 tw5ty-second ye>1 ent]$ ?us ^u ! political c>e] 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he n only ma9ta9$ a balance ( p[] 9 ,italy1 b also remodell$ ! int]nal gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 family1 & fur!r /r5g!n$ _! position by e/abli%+ connections ) ! ,papal ,see4 ,:ile b5d+ all ! faculties ( 8 p[]ful & subtle intellect to ! "o end ( consolidat+ a tyranny1 ,lor5zo 0 f> too wise to assume ! be>+ ( a despot4 ,he conv]s$ famili>ly ) ! citiz5s1 enc\rag$ arti/s & s*ol>s to address him on t]ms ( equality1 & 0 c>eful to adopt no titles4 ,8 p]sonal temp]am5t made ! task ( be+ 9 effect a sov]eign1 :ile he act$ l a citiz51 comp>atively easy1 8 *ief difficulties arose f ! necessity "u :i* he lab\r$1 l 8 gr&fa!r ,cosimo1 ( gov]n+ ?r\gh a p>ty compos$ ( m5 di/+ui%$ by bir? & ability1 & p[]ful by weal? & connections4 ,to keep ?is p>ty 9 good temp]1 to flatt] its memb]s ) ! %[ ( influ5ce1 & to ga9 _! concurr5ce = ! alt]ations he introduc$ into ! ,/ate ma*9]y ( ,flor5ce1 0 ! problem ( 8 life4 ,by creat+ a body ( cli5ts1 b\nd to himself by div]se int]e/s & obligations1 he succe$$ 9 bridl+ ! ,m$icean p>ty & exclud+ f (fices ( tru/ all dang]\s & disaffect$ p]sons4 ,! goodwill ( ! city at l>ge 0 secur$ by ! prosp]ity at home & peace abroad :i* m>k$ ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s ( 8 adm9i/ration1 :ile ! spl5d\r ( 8 =eign alliances contribut$ 9 no small measure to 8 popul>ity4 ,! ,flor5t9es 7 pr\d ( a citiz5 :o br\ght !m into ! fir/ rank ( ,italian ,p[]s1 & :o refra9$ f assum+ ! /yle ( sov]eign4 ,?us ,lor5zo solv$ ! mo/ difficult ( political problems--t ( us+ a close olig>*y = ! ma9t5ance ( despotism 9 a free & jeal\s commonweal?4 ,none ( 8 rivals reta9$ p[] en\gh to )hold ! sceptre f 8 sons :5 !y %\ld seek to grasp x4 ,! roots ( ! ,m$ici clung to no "o "p ( ,flor5ce 9 p>ticul>4 ,!y seem$ sup]ficial2 yet !y crept b5ea? ! gr\nd 9 all directions4 ,int]tw9$ z !y 7 ) e int]e/ bo? public & private 9 ! city1 to cut !m out impli$ ! excision ( "s vital memb]4 ,?is 0 ! secret ( _! p[] 9 ! next g5]ation1 :51 bani%$ & r$uc$ to ba/>ds1 ! ,m$ici return$ f two exiles1 surviv$ ! p]ils ( ! siege & ,aless&ro's murd]1 & f9ally assum$ ! ,ducal cr[n 9 ! p]son ( ! la/ scion ( _! y\ng] bran*4 ,! policy1 s p]si/5tly pursu$ = g5]ations1 s p[]fully appli$ by ,lor5zo1 might be comp>$ to ! attack ( an octopus1 :i* fa/5s on its victim by a multitude ( t9y t5tacles1 & waits till he is dra9$ ( /r5g? be=e x %oots its beak into a vital spot4 ,9 "o po9t ,lor5zo 0 inf]ior to 8 gr&fa!r4 ,he _h no comm]cial tal5t4 ,aft] suff]+ ! bank+ bus9ess ( ! ,m$ici to fall into disord]1 he became virtually bankrupt1 :ile 8 p]sonal exp5diture kept cont9ually increas+4 ,9 ord] to retrieve 8 =tunes x 0 necess>y = him to ga9 complete disposal ( ! public purse4 ,?is 0 ! real object ( ! con/itutional revolution ( #adhj1 :]eby 8 ,privy ,c\ncil assum$ ! active functions ( ! ,/ate4 ,_h ,lor5zo be5 z great 9 f9ance z 9 ! managem5t ( m51 ! way might h be5 smoo!d = 8 son ,pi]o 9 ! disa/r\s ye> ( #adid4 ,if ,lor5zo neglect$ ! pursuit ( weal?1 :]eby ,cosimo _h rais$ himself f insignificance to ! dictator%ip ( ,flor5ce1 he surpass$ 8 gr&fa!r 9 ! use he made ( lit]>y patronage4 ,x is n p>adoxical to affirm t 9 8 policy we c trace ! subord9ation ( a g5u9e love ( arts & lett]s to /atecraft4 ,! new culture 0 "o ( ! in/rum5ts t help$ to build 8 despotism4 ,?r\gh 8 ?or\gh & en?usia/ic p>ticipation 9 ! intellectual int]e/s ( 8 age1 he put himself into close sympa?y ) ! ,flor5t9es1 :o 7 glad to ackn[l$ge = _! lead] by f> ! able/ ( ! m5 ( p>ts 9 ,italy4 ,accord+ z we *oose our po9t ( view1 we may reg>d him ei!r z a tyrant1 involv+ 8 c\ntry 9 debt & dang]\s w>s1 corrupt+ ! morals & enfeebl+ ! _s ( ! p1 & sy/ematically enslav+ ! ,a!ns ( ! mod]n _w = ! sake ( f\nd+ a petty pr9cipality2 or else z ! mo/ lib]al-m9d$ noble ( 8 epo*1 born to play ! fir/ "p 9 ! ,flor5t9e republic1 & c>eful to use 8 weal? & influ5ce = ! advancem5t ( 8 fell[-citiz5s 9 culture1 le>n+1 arts1 am5ities ( life4 ,savon>ola & ! ,flor5t9e hi/orians adopt ! =m] ( ^! two op9ions4 ,sismondi1 9 8 passion = lib]ty1 arrays aga9/ ,lor5zo ! political assass9ations he p]mitt$1 ! en]vation ( ,flor5ce1 ! national debt incurr$ by ! republic1 ! exhau/+ w>s ) ,sixtus c>ri$ on 9 8 def5ce4 ,8 panegyri/s1 on ! contr>y1 love to pa9t him z ! pacificator ( ,italy1 ! re/or] ( ,flor5t9e poetry1 ! pr(\nd critic1 & ! g5]\s patron4 ,! tru? lies 9 ! comb9ation ( ^! two app>5tly contradictory judgm5ts4 ,lor5zo 0 ! repres5tative man ( 8 nation at a mom5t :5 political in/itutions 7 ev]y:]e incl9+ to despotism1 & :5 ! spiritual life ( ! ,italians f\nd its noble/ expression 9 art & lit]ature4 ,! pr9cipality ( ,flor5ce 0 ?ru/ ^u him by ! policy ( ,cosimo1 by ! vote ( ! *ief citiz5s1 & by ! example ( ! si/] republics1 all ( :om1 ) ! exception ( ,v5ice1 submitt$ to ! sway ( rul]s4 ,_h he wi%$1 he might h f\nd x difficult to pres]ve ! commonweal? 9 its integrity4 ,few b doctr9aires believ$ 9 a gov]no mi/o2 only ari/ocrats desir$ a gov]no /retto2 all b democrats dread$ a gov]no l>go4 ,& yet a new con/itution mu/ h be5 fram$ aft] "o ( ^! types1 & ! ,flor5t9es mu/ h be5 educat$ to use x ) discretion1 be=e ,lor5zo c\ld h resign$ 8 (fice ( dictator ) any prospect ( fre$om = ! city 9 8 *>ge4 ,su* unselfi% patriotism1 9 ! face ( su* ov]:elm+ difficulties1 & 9 antagonism to ! :ole t5d5cy ( ! age1 0 n to be expect$ f an olig>* ( ! ,r5aissance1 born 9 ! purple1 & us$ f infancy to intrigue4 ,lor5zo 0 a man ( m>vell\s v>iety & range ( m5tal p[]4 ,he possess$ "o ( ^? r>e natures1 fitt$ to compreh5d all k & to sympa?ise ) ! mo/ div]se =ms ( life4 ,:ile he nev] = "o mom5t relax$ 8 grasp on politics1 among philosoph]s he pass$ = a sage1 among m5 ( lett]s = an orig9al & graceful poet1 among s*ol>s = a ,grecian s5sitive to e nicety ( ,attic idiom1 among arti/s = an amateur gift$ ) ref9$ disc]nm5t & consummate ta/e4 ,pleasure-seek]s knew 9 him ! lib]t9e1 :o j\/$ ) ! bolde/1 danc$ & masqu]ad$ ) ! m]rie/1 s\ght adv5tures 9 ! /reets at night1 & jo9$ ! p 9 _! ,may-day games & ,c>nival fe/ivities4 ,! pi\s extoll$ him z an au?or ( devotional lauds & my/]y plays1 a pr(\nd !ologian1 a critic ( s]mons4 ,he 0 no less fam\s = 8 jokes & rep>tees ?an = 8 pi?y apoph!gms & maxims1 z good a judge ( cattle z ( /atues1 z mu* at home 9 ! bosom ( 8 family z 9 ! riot ( an orgy1 z ready to disc\rse on ,plato z to plan a campaign or to plot ! dea? ( a dang]\s citiz54 ,an apologi/ may always plead t ,lor5zo 0 ! epitome ( 8 nation's mo/ di/+ui%$ qualities1 t ! v]satility ( ! ,r5aissance f\nd 9 him its fulle/ inc>nation4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury n to e/abli% religi\s or con/itutional lib]ty1 b to resuscitate culture4 ,be=e ! disa/r\s w>s ( invasion _h begun1 x might well h seem$ ev5 to patriots z ?\gh ,flor5ce ne$$ a ,mc5as m ?an a ,camillus4 ,!re=e ! pr9ce :o 9 8 own p]son comb9$ all accompli%m5ts1 :o knew by sympa?y & c\nsel h[ to /imulate ! g5ius ( m5 sup]ior to himself 9 special arts & sci5ces1 :o sp5t 8 =tune lavi%ly on works ( public usefulness1 ^: palace =m$ ! rally+-po9t ( wit & le>n+1 ^: c\ncil *amb] 0 ! s*ool ( /atesm51 :o express$ 8 age 9 e ^w & e act1 9 8 vices & 8 virtues1 8 crimes & g5]\s de$s1 _c be fairly judg$ by an ab/ract /&>d ( republican morality4 ,x is nev]!less true t ,lor5zo enfeebl$ & enslav$ ,flor5ce4 ,at 8 dea? he left h] socially m dissolute1 politically weak]1 intellectually m l himself1 ?an he _h f\nd h]4 ,he _h n ! greatness to rise above ! _s ( 8 c5tury1 or to make himself ! ,p]icles in/ead ( ! ,pisi/ratus ( 8 republic4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 adequate1 n sup]ior1 to ,r5aissance ,italy4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! man r\nd :om ! greate/ s*ol>s ( ! ?ird p]iod assembl$1 at ^: table sat ,angelo ,poliziano1 ,cri/(oro ,l&9o1 ,m>silio ,fic9o1 ,giovanni ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti1 ,luigi ,pulci4 ,! m]e enum]ation ( ^! names suffices to awake a cr[d ( memories 9 ! m9d ( ^? to :om ,italian art & poetry are de>4 ,lor5zo's villas1 :]e ?is brilliant circle met = grave disc\rse or social conv]se1 height5+ ! sob] pleasures ( ,italian c\ntry life ) all t wit & le>n+ c\ld produce ( delicate & r>e1 h be5 s (t5 sung by poets & celebrat$ by hi/orians t ,c>eggi1 ,caffagiolo1 & ,poggio a ,cajano are no less famili> to u ?an ! /udi\s %ades ( ,academe4 ',9 a villa ov]hang+ ! t[]s ( ,flor5ce1' writes ! au/]e ,hallam1 mov$ to m ?an usual eloqu5ce by ! _s-/irr+ beauty ( 8 !me1 'on ! /eep slope ( t l(ty hill cr[n$ by ! "m city1 ! anci5t ,fiesole1 9 g>d5s :i* ,tully might h envi$1 ) ,fic9o1 ,l&9o1 & ,politian at 8 side1 he delight$ 8 h\rs ( leisure ) ! beautiful visions ( ,platonic philosophy1 = :i* ! summ] /illness ( an ,italian sky appe>s ! mo/ cong5ial accompanim5t4' ,z we climb ! /eep slope ( ,fiesole1 or l+] b5ea? ! rose-trees t %$ _! petals f ,c>eggi's g>d5 walls1 once m 9 our imag9ation '! _w's great age beg9s anew2' once m ! blossoms ( t m>vell\s spr+ unclose4 ,:ile ! sun goes d[n b5ea? ! m\nta9s ( ,c>r>a1 & ! ,ap5n9es gr[ purple-gold51 & ,flor5ce sleeps beside ! silv]y ,arno1 & ! l>ge ,italian />s come =? above1 we rememb] h[ ^? mighty ma/] spirits wat*$ ! sph]+ ( new planets 9 ! spiritual skies4 ,savon>ola 9 8 cell bel[ once m sits brood+ ov] ! s]vility ( ,flor5ce1 ! corruption ( a godless ,*ur*4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 seat$ betwe5 ,fic9o & ,poliziano1 ) ! voices ( ! prophets vibrat+ 9 8 memory1 & ) ! music ( ,plato s\nd+ 9 8 e>s1 re/s *9 on h& & elb[ ^u knee1 l 8 own ,j]emiah1 lo/ 9 contemplation1 :]e( ! aft]-fruit %all be ! ,si/9e ,*apel & ! ,m$icean tombs4 ,!n1 :5 ! /ra9 ( ?\ght1 'unsph]+ ,plato f 8 skies1' beg9s to we>y1 ,pulci breaks ! sil5ce ) a br&-new canto ( ,morgante1 or a s++ boy is bidd5 to tune 8 m&ol9e to ,mess] ,angelo's la/-made ballata4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 expla9+ ,plato's p[] ^u ! ?9k]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,among philosoph]s ,plato %9es l a morn+ />--,greek3 ou?' hesp]os oute eos ont ?auma/os--an auroral lum9>y1 *>m+ & compell+ ! att5tion ( ! _w :5 man is on ! v]ge ( new discov]ies4 ,t he %\ld h enslav$ ! f9e/ intellects at a "t :5 ! s5se ( beauty 0 s ke5ly /imulat$1 & :5 ! /irr+s ( fre% life 7 s int5se1 is no?+ m ?an natural4 ,to philosophise & humanise ! religi\s s5tim5ts t _h become ! prop]ty ( monks & p>don-mong]s2 to e/abli% a concordat betwe5 ! ,paganism t entranc$ ! _w1 & ! ,ca?olic fai? :]e( ! _w 0 n yet we>y2 to satisfy ! new-born s5se ( a div9e & hi!rto unappreh5d$ my/]y 9 heav5 & e>?2 to dignify ) a semblance ( tru? ! dreams ( magic & a/rology t pass$ = sci5ce--all ?is ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance passionately crav$4 ,:o c\ld r5d] bett] help ?an ,plato & ! ,neoplatoni/s1 ^: *>m ( /yle & high-fl[n my/icism suit$ ! ambiti\s immaturity ( undevelop$ ?\ght8 ,= ! int]pretation ( ,platonic doctr9e a hi]ophant 0 ne$$4 ,m>silio ,fic9o _h be5 set ap>t f e>lie/ y\? = ?is purpose--select$ 9 ! wisdom ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 prep>$ by special processes ( /udy1 & consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! "o philosoph]4#cab ,footnote #cab3 ,m>silio ,fic9o1 ! son ( ,cosimo's physician1 0 born at ,figl9e 9 #adcc4 ,:5 ,m>silio 0 a y\? ( eighte51 he ent]$ ! ,m$icean h\sehold1 & began to le>n ,greek1 9 ord] t he might qualify himself = translat+ ,plato into ,lat94 ,8 heal? 0 delicate1 8 s5sibilities acute2 ! temp] ( 8 intellect1 incl9$ to my/icism & !ology1 fitt$ him = ! ardu\s task ( unify+ religion ) philosophy4 ,x w\ld be unfair to class him ) ! paganis+ humani/s1 :o s\ght to ju/ify _! unbelief or want ( morals by ! au?ority ( ! classics4 ,fic9o rema9$ ?r\gh\t 8 life an e>ne/ ,*ri/ian4 ,at ! age ( =ty1 n )\t s]i\s reflection & mature resolve1 he took ord]s1 & fai?fully p]=m$ ! duties ( 8 cure4 ,antiquity he judg$ by ! /&>d ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,if he ass]t$ t ,socrates & ,plato witness$1 toge!r ) ! evangeli/s1 to ! tru? ( revelation1 or t ! same _s inspir$ ! laws ( ,moses & ! ,greek philosoph]--?is1 z he conceiv$ x1 0 9 effect little else ?an ext5d+ ! cat5a ( au?ority backw>d f ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs to ! sages ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! ,*ur*1 by admitt+ ! sibyls into ! company ( ! prophets1 virtually sanction$ ! canonisation ( ,plato2 :ile ! compreh5sive survey ( hi/ory z an un9t]rupt$ :ole1 :i* s9ce ! days ( ,petr>* _h di/+ui%$ ! nobl] type ( humanism1 r5d]$ ,fic9o's philosophical religion n unacceptable ev5 to ! or?odox4 ,! speculative my/ics ( ! fifte5? c5tury fail$1 h[ev]1 to p]ceive t by recognis+ inspiration 9 ! classic au?ors1 !y 7 sil5tly d5y+ ! unique value ( revelation2 & t by seek+ ! religi\s tradition f> & wide1 !y call$ 9 "q ! peculi> div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,savon>ola saw ?is cle>ly2 !re=e he d5\nc$ ! ,platoni/s z h]etics1 :o va9ly babbl$ ab\t ?+s !y did n und]/&4 ,! p]man5t value ( _! speculations1 crude & uncritical z !y may n[ appe>1 consi/s 9 ! l>ge claim made = human reason z aga9/ bibliolatry & ,*ur* au?ority4 ,fic9o 0 =ty-f\r ye>s ( age :5 he f9i%$ ! translation ( ,plato's works into ,lat94 ,five m ye>s elaps$ be=e ! fir/ edition 0 pr9t$ 9 #adhb at ,filippo ,valori's exp5se4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ incid5tally t1 by ?is help1 ! ari/ocracy ( ,flor5ce mat]ially contribut$ to ! diffusion ( culture4 ,a g5u9e philosoph] 9 8 lack ( ambition & 8 fre$om f av>ice1 ,fic9o 0 too poor to publi% 8 own works2 & :at is true ( him1 applies to _m mo/ di/+ui%$ au?ors ( ! age4 ,great lit]>y und]tak+s involv$ 9 t c5tury ! sub/antial assi/ance ( weal?y m51 ^: lib]ality 0 rew>d$ by a notice 9 ! colophon or on ! title-page4#cac ,:51 = in/ance1 ! fir/ edition ( ,hom] 0 issu$ f ! press by ,lor5zo ,alopa 9 #adhh1 two bro!rs ( ! ,n]li family1 ,b]n>do & ,n]i1 defray$ ! exp5se4#cad ,! ,plato 0 soon foll[$ by a ,life ( ! philosoph]1 & a treatise on ! ',platonic ,doctr9e ( ,immortality4' ,! latt] "w is int]e/+ z a rep]tory ( ! !ories discuss$ by ! ,m$icean circle at _! fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ,plato's bir?day4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 no intr9sic value = ! critic or philosoph]1 be+ 9 effect no?+ bett] ?an a jumble ( citations cull$ f antique my/ics & comb9$ ) crud] mod]n guesses4 ,9 #adhf ! translation ( ,plot9us 0 accompli%$1 & 9 #adia a volum9\s comm5t>y _h be5 add$2 bo? 7 publi%$ "o mon? aft] ,lor5zo's dea? 9 #adib4 ,a v]sion ( ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 ^: treatise on ! ',hi]>*ies1' ?\gh reject$ by ,lor5zo ,valla1 0 accept$ z g5u9e by ,fic9o1 clos$ ! long li/ ( 8 translations f ! ,greek4 ,! importance ( ,fic9o's contributions to philosophy consi/s 9 ! impulse he communicat$ to ,platonic /udies4 ,t he did n compreh5d ,plato1 or di/+ui% 8 philosophy f t ( ! ,alex&rian my/ics1 is cle> 9 e s5t5ce ( 8 writ+s4 ,! age 0 uncritical1 nor _h s*ol>s le>n$ ! necessity ( und]/&+ an au?or's relation to ! hi/ory ( ?\ght 9 g5]al be=e !y attempt$ to expla9 him4 ,?us !y 7 satisfi$ to read ,plato by ! reflect$ light ( ,plot9us & ,gemi/os ,ple?on1 & to assimilate su* portions only ( 8 tea*+ z accord$ ) _! own !ology4 ,! doctr9e ( planet>y influ5ces1 & ! my?s inv5t$ to express ! nature ( ! s\l--9 o!r words1 ! consci\sly poetic ?\ghts ( ,plato--seem$ ( m value to ,fic9o ?an ! !ory ( ideas1 :]e9 ! deepe/ problems are pres5t$ 9 a logical %ape to ! und]/&+4 ,! ,middle ,ages _h pli$ dialectic to satiety2 ! ,r5aissance dwelt ) passion ^u vague & mi/y ?\ghts t gave a scope to its imag9ation4 ,no dreams ( poet or ( my/ic c\ld surpass reality 9 ! age ( ,lion>do da ,v9ci & ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,footnote #cac3 ,?us ,fic9o's edition ( ,plot9us1 pr9t$ at ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici's exp5se1 & publi%$ "o mon? aft] 8 dea?1 be>s ?is notice3--',magnifici sumptu ,laur5tii patri s]vatoris4' ,footnote #cad3 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,didot's ,alde ,manuce1 p4 #d1 :]e ,giovanni ,acciaiuoli is cr$it$ ) ?is g5]osity4 ,if ,plato has be5 /udi$ m exactly ( late ye>s1 he has nev] be5 lov$ bett] or m devot$ly wor%ipp$ ?an by ! ,flor5t9e ,academy4 ,:o builds a %r9e & burns a lamp be=e 8 /atue n[8 ,:o cr[ns 8 bu/ ) laurels1 or celebrates 8 bir?day & 8 dea?day ) solemn fe/ivals & pomp\s panegyrics8 ,:o meet at /at$ int]vals to read 8 words1 & probe 8 hidd5 mean+1 fe$+ 8 alt>-flame ) frank9c5se ( _! mo/ preci\s ?\ghts8 ,x 0 by outw>d signs l ^!1 !n full ( fair significance1 n[ pu]ile & void ( import1 t ! pageant-lov+ m5 ( ! ,r5aissance te/ifi$ _! debt ( gratitude to ,plato4 ,( "o ( ^! bir?day fea/s ,fic9o has giv5 a lively picture 9 8 lett] to ,jacopo ,bracciol9i 7',prolegom5a ad ,platonis ,symposium'74 ,aft] p>tak+ ( a banquet1 ! text ( ! ',symposium' 0 deliv]$ ov] to discussion4 ,giovanni ,cavalcanti int]pret$ ! spee*es ( ,phdrus & ,pausanias1 ,l&9o t ( ,ari/ophanes2 ,c>lo ,m>supp9i und]took ! "p ( ,aga?on1 :ile ,tommaso ,b5ci expla9$ ! esot]ic mean+ ( ,diotima4 ,0 !re anyone1 we wond]1 to act ,alcibiades2 or did ,lor5zo1 p]haps1 sit dr9k+ till day flood$ ! mead[s ( ,vald>no1 pass+ r\nd a two-h&l$ goblet1 & rais+ subtle que/ions ab\t com$y & trag$y8 ,among ! academicians :o frequ5t$ ,lor5zo's palace at ,flor5ce !re appe>$1 9 #adhd1 a "y man ( pr9cely bir? & fasc9at+ beauty4 ',nature1' wrote ,poliziano1 'seem$ to h %[]$ on ?is man1 or h]o1 all h] gifts4 ,he 0 tall & f9ely m\ld$2 f 8 face a some?+ ( div9ity %one =?4 ,acute1 & gift$ ) prodigi\s memory1 9 8 /udies he 0 indefatigable1 9 8 /yle p]spicu\s & eloqu5t4 ,y c\ld n say :e!r 8 tal5ts or 8 moral qualities conf]r$ on him ! great] lu/re4 ,famili> ) all bran*es ( philosophy1 & ! ma/] ( _m languages1 he /ood on high above ! rea* ( praise4' ,?is 0 ,giovanni ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ^: portrait 9 ! ,uffizzi ,gall]y1 ) its long br[n hair & p5etrat+ grey eyes1 compels att5tion ev5 f ^? :o "k n :om x is suppos$ to figure4 ,he 0 little m ?an tw5ty :5 he came to ,flor5ce4 ,8 p]sonal attractions1 noble mann]s1 spl5did /yle ( life1 & v>i$ accompli%m5ts made him ! idol ( ,flor5t9e society2 & = a "t he gave himself1 9 "p at lea/1 to love & ! amusem5ts ( 8 age4#cae ,b ,pico 0 n born = pleasure4 ,by no man 0 ! sublime ideal ( humanity1 sup]ior to physical enjoym5ts & dignifi$ by intellectual en]gy1 t triumph ( ! ?\ght ( ! ,r5aissance1 m completely realis$4#caf ,!re is ev5 reason to regret t1 toge!r ) ! follies ( y\?1 he put aside ! collection ( 8 ,lat9 poems1 :i* ,poliziano prais$1 & took no pa9s to pres]ve ^? ,italian v]ses1 ! loss :]e( we deplore no less ?an t ( ,lion>do's4 ,:ile ,pico cont9u$ to live z became a ,c\nt ( ,mir&ola1 he p]sonally incl9$ ea* ye> to grav] & m ab/ruse /udies & to great] au/]ity1 until at la/ ! pr9ce 0 m]g$ 9 ! philosoph]1 ! man ( lett]s 9 ! my/ic4 ,footnote #cae3 ,see ,von ,reumont1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #caf3 ,f9e expression 0 giv5 to ?is conception ( life by ,aldus 9 ! d$ication to ,alb]to ,pio ( vols4 ii41 iii41 iv4 ( ,ari/otle3--',es nam tu mihi optimus te/is an potiores ,h]culis rumnas cr$am1 svosque labores1 et ,v5]e1 et co5is et plumis ,s>danapali4 ,natus nam homo e/ ad laborem et ad ag5dum semp] aliquid viro dignum1 non ad voluptatem qu bellu>um e/ et pecudum4' ,! la/ s5t5ce is a translation ( ,ulysses' spee* 9 ! ,inf]no-- ',consid]ate la vo/ra sem5za1 ,fatti non fo/e a viv] come bruti1 ,ma p] seguir virtude e conosc5za4' ,cf4 ,aldus's preface to ,lasc>is' ,gramm>2 ,r5\>d1 vol4 i4 p4 #g2 & aga9 ,alde ,manuce1 p4 #adc1 = simil> passages4 ,pico's abilities display$ !mselves 9 e>lie/ boyhood4 ,8 "m1 a niece ( ! great ,boi>do1 notic$ 8 r>e aptitude = /udy1 & s5t him at ! age ( f\rte5 to ,bologna4 ,!re he ma/]$ n only ! humanities1 b also :at 0 taught ( ma!matics1 logic1 philosophy1 & ,ori5tal languages4 ,he aft]w>ds cont9u$ 8 education at ,p>is1 ! headqu>t]s ( s*ola/ic !ology4 ,pico's p[]ful memory mu/ h s]v$ him 9 good /ead3 x is record$ t a s+le read+ fix$ ! language & ! matt] ( ! texts he /udi$1 on 8 m9d = ev]4 ,nor 0 ?is faculty = reta9+ k accompani$ by any sluggi%ness ( m5tal p[]4 ,to :at ext5t he reli$ ^u 8 p[]s ( debate z well z on 8 va/ /ores ( erudition1 0 prov$ by ! publication ( ! fam\s n9e hundr$ !ses at ,rome 9 #adhf4 ,^! que/ions seem to h be5 con/ruct$ 9 def5ce ( ! ,platonic my/icism1 :i* already _h begun to absorb 8 att5tion4 ,! philosoph]s & !ologians :o 7 *all5g$ to cont5d ) him 9 argum5t _h ! :ole li/ (f]$ to _! *oice4 ,pico 0 prep>$ to ma9ta9 ea* & all ( 8 positions )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,ecclesia/ical prud5ce1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ ! *ampions ( or?odoxy f desc5d+ into ! ar5a4 ,!y f\nd x saf] to pref] a *>ge ( h]esy aga9/ ,pico1 ^: !ses 7 condemn$ 9 a brief ( ,innoc5t ,,viii41 dat$ ,augu/ #e1 #adhf4 ,x 0 n until ,june #ah1 #adic1 t he 0 f9ally purg$ f ! ban ( het]odoxy by a brief ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,dur+ t long int]val he suff]$ mu* uneas9ess ( m9d1 = ev5 8 robu/ intellig5ce quail$ be=e ! ?\ght ( dy+ "u ,papal int]diction4 ,t a man s pure 9 8 life & s e>ne/ 9 8 piety %\ld h be5 /igmatis$ z a h]etic1 & !n p>don$1 by two su* ,popes1 is "o ( ! curi\s anomalies ( t age4 ,to h>monise ! ,*ri/ian & classical tradition 0 a problem :i* ,manetti _h crudely attempt$4 ,pico approa*$ x 9 a m philosophical _s1 & resolv$ to devote 8 :ole life to ! task4 ,! antagonism betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane lit]ature appe>$ m gl>+ to ,r5aissance s*ol>s ?an to u1 inasmu* z !y atta*$ m s]i\s value to ! tea*+ ( ! latt] z a rule ( life4 ,yet ,pico 0 n int5t s mu* on m]ely reconcil+ ho/ile sy/ems ( ?\ght1 or on confut+ ! errors ( ! ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,he _h conceiv$ ! great idea ( ! unity ( k2 & hav+ acquir$ ! omne scibile ( 8 c5tury1 he s\ght to seize ! s\l ( tru? t animates all sy/ems4 ,n ! classics nor ! ,scriptures alone1 b ! writ+s ( ! s*oolm51 ! glosses ( ,arabic philosoph]s1 & ! m obscure products ( ,hebrew erudition _h = him _! solid value4 ,e/imat+ au?ors at ! wor? ( _! matt]1 & despis+ ! trivial que/ions rais$ by %all[ wits among /yle-mong]+ /ud5ts1 he fre$ himself f ! wor/ fault ( humanism1 & conceiv$ ( le>n+ 9 a lib]al _s4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is wide acceptance ( all lit]ature conducive to s\nd ?9k+1 is giv5 9 a lett] to ,ermolao ,b>b>o4#cag ,aft] c\rte\sly adv]t+ to ! ,cic]onian elegance ( 8 correspond5t's /yle he cont9ues1 ',& t ,i meantime %\ld h lo/ 9 ! /udies ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,john ,scotus1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,av]rhoes ! be/ ye>s ( my life--^? long1 labori\s vigils :]e9 ,i might p]*ance h made myself ( "s avail 9 polite s*ol>%ip6 ,! ?\ght occurr$ to me1 by way ( consolation1 if "s ( !m c\ld come to life aga91 :e!r m5 s p[]ful 9 argum5t might n f9d s\nd pleas = _! own cause2 :e!r "o among !m1 m eloqu5t ?an ,paul1 might n def5d1 9 t]ms z free z possible f b>b>ism1 _! b>b>\s /yle1 speak+ p]*ance aft] ?is fa%ion3 ,we h liv$ illu/ri\s1 fri5d ,ermolao1 & to po/]ity %all live1 n 9 ! s*ools ( ! gramm>ians & tea*+-places ( "y m9ds1 b 9 ! company ( ! philosoph]s1 conclaves ( sages1 :]e ! que/ions = debate are n conc]n+ ! "m ( ,&roma*e or ! sons ( ,niobe & su* light trifles1 b ( ?+s human & div9e2 9 ! contemplation1 inve/igation1 & analysis :]e( we h be5 s subtle1 se>*+1 & eag] t we may sometimes h seem$ to be too scrupul\s & capti\s1 if inde$ x be possible to be too curi\s or fa/idi\s 9 seek+ aft] tru?4 ,let him :o accuses u ( dulness1 prove by exp]i5ce :e!r we b>b>ians h n ! god ( eloqu5ce 9 our he>ts r ?an on our lips2 :e!r1 if ! faculty ( ornam5t$ spee* be lack+1 we h want$ wisdom3 & to trick out wisdom ) ornam5ts may be m a crime ?an to %[ x 9 uncultur$ rud5ess4' ,footnote #cag3 ,dat$ ,flor5ce1 #adhe2 9 ! ,ald9e edition ( ,poliziano's ,lett]s1 book ix4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 ,platonic /udies at ,flor5ce *ance br\ght ,pico into contact ) a ,jew :o _h a copy ( ! ,cabbala = sale4 ,into ?is jungle ( ab/ruse le>n+ ,pico plung$ ) all ! ard\r ( 8 p[]ful intellect4 ,asiatic fancies1 ,alex&rian my?s1 ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 ,hebrew traditions1 are s wond]fully bl5d$ 9 t labyr9?9e comm5t>y t ,pico believ$ he _h discov]$ ! key to 8 great problem1 ! qu9tess5ce ( all tru?4 ,x seem$ to him t ! sci5ce ( ! ,greek & ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian c\ld only be und]/ood 9 ! light ( ! ,cabbala4 ,he pur*as$ ! ,,ms41 devot$ 8 :ole att5tion to its /udy1 & project$ a mighty "w to prove ! h>mony ( philosophies 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & to expla9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e by ! esot]ic tea*+ ( ! ,jews4#cah ,pico's view ( ! connection betwe5 philosophy1 !ology1 & religion is pla9ly /at$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce f a lett] to ,aldus ,manutius 7,febru>y #aa1 #adia73--',philosophia v]itatem qurit1 !ologia inv5it1 religio possidet' 7',philosophy seeks tru?1 !ology discov]s x1 religion ha? x'74 ,dea? ov]took him be=e ! book int5d$ to demon/rate ^! positions1 & by s do+ to e/abli% ! concord ( all e>ne/ & tru?-seek+ sy/ems1 c\ld be writt54 ,he di$ at ! age ( ?irty-"o1 on ! v day :5 ,*>les ,,viii4 made 8 entry into ,flor5ce4 ,footnote #cah3 ,9 ! introduction to ,pico's ,apologia may be read ! acc\nt he gives ( ! codex ( ! pseudo-,esdras pur*as$ by him4 ,:ile accept+ ! ,cabbala x 0 impossible = ,pico to reject magic4 ,he %[$ 8 good s5se1 h[ev]1 by an en]getic attack ^u ! s-call$ sci5ce ( judicial a/rology4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! _s ( humanism 0 oppos$ to ?is folly4 ,petr>* _h long ago condemn$ x1 toge!r ) ! *>latans :o us$ its j>gon to impose ^u ! _w2 yet1 9 spite ( humanism1 ! folly n only p]si/$1 b seem$ to increase ) ! spread ( rational k4 ,! univ]sities f\nd$ ,*airs ( ,a/rology1 ,popes consult$ ! />s on occasions ( importance1 nor did ! ,despots d>e to act )\t ! advice ( _! soo?say]s4 ,^! m5 n unfrequ5tly accompani$ ! greate/ g5]als on _! campaigns4 ,_! s]vices 7 b\ght by ! republics2 citiz5s employ$ !m = ! ca/+ ( horoscopes1 ! build+ ( h\ses1 ! position ( %ops1 ! fit mom5t = j\rneys1 ! reception ( gue/s into _! families1 & ! date ( w$d+s4 ,to take a s]i\s /ep 9 life )\t ! approval ( an a/rolog] _h come to be reg>d$ z p]il\s4 ,ev5 ,fic9o believ$ 9 horoscopes & planet>y influ5ces2 s did ,c>dan at a lat] date4 ,x may be rememb]$ t ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici all[$ ! ,flor5t9e ,ruggi]i to %>e h] secret c\nsels dur+ ! reigns ( ?ree k+s1 & t ,paul ,,iii4 always obta9$ ! sanction ( 8 />-gaz] be=e he held a consi/ory4 ,9 proportion z religion grew less real1 & ! complex dang]s ( a corrupt society increas$1 a/rology ga9$ 9 importance4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 a wa/e ( eloqu5ce1 z ,poliziano compla9$1 :5 ,pico direct$ 8 attack aga9/ ?is delusion1 accus+ x ( debas+ ! intellect & op5+ ! way = immorality ( all k9ds4#cai ,footnote #cai3 ,poliziano's ,greek epigram address$ to ,pico on ?is matt] may be quot$ f ! ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,poet>um1 p4 #dab3-- ,greek3 kai t\t' a/rologois epimemphomai eroles*ais1 hotti soph\s ,pik\ moi ph?one\s' o>\s4 kai g> ho endykes t\tn ton lron el5*n m\naxei en agr dron hekas poles4 ,pike ti soi kai t\tois8 ou s' epeoik5 agyrtais ant>ai tn sn euty*ea graphida4 ,s9ce ,pico's ke5 intellect disc]n$ ! %all[ness ( a/rological pret5sions1 x is ! m to be deplor$ t he fell a victim to ! hybrid my/icism & magical nons5se ( ! ,cabbala4 ,we h "h ano!r pro( t criticism 0 z yet 9 its infancy4 ,x 0 easi] = m5 ( g5ius 9 ! ,r5aissance to w9 l(ty vantage-gr\nd = contemplation1 to div9e ! unity ( human a*ievem5ts1 & to compreh5d ! greatness ( ! de/9y ( man1 ?an to accept ! le>n+ ( ! pa/ at a simple hi/orical valuation4 ,:at fasc9at$ _! imag9ation pass$ ) !m too easily = true & prov$4 ,yet all !y ne$$ 0 "t = ! dige/ion & assimilation ( ! /ores ( k !y _h ga9$4 ,if ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation _h n *eck$ ! fur!r gr[? ( ,italian sci5ce1 ! _s t liv$ 9 ,pico w\ld c]ta9ly h produc$ a s*ool ( philosophy second to none t ,europe has br\ght =?4 ,( ?is ,pico's own %ort treatise on ! ',dignity ( ,man1' z ,i h said already1 is suffici5t w>rant4 ,z ,pico 0 ! y\nge/ s 0 ,cri/(oro ,l&9o ! olde/ memb] ( ! ,m$icean circle4 ,he 0 born at ,flor5ce 9 #adbd1 n9e ye>s be=e ,fic9o1 ) :om he %>$ ! duties ( in/ruct+ ,lor5zo 9 8 boyhood4 ,l&9o obta9$ ! ,*air ( ,rhetoric & ,poetry 9 #adeg1 & cont9u$ till 8 dea? 9 #aejd to pr(ess ,lat9 lit]ature at ,flor5ce4 ,:ile ,fic9o & ,pico repres5t$ ! /udy ( philosophy1 he devot$ himself exclusively to s*ol>%ip1 annotat+ ,horace & ,virgil1 & translat+ ,pl9y's ',natural ,hi/ories4' ,a m>k$ feature 9 ,l&9o's pr(essorial lab\rs 0 ! att5tion he paid to ! ,italian poets4 ,9 #adfj he began to lecture on ,petr>*1 & 9 #adha he publi%$ an edition ( ,dante ) volum9\s comm5t>ies4 ,! copy ( ?is "w1 pr9t$ ^u p>*m5t1 spl5didly b\nd1 & fa/5$ ) niello clasps1 :i* ,l&9o pres5t$ ) a set oration to ! ,signory ( ,flor5ce1 may /ill be se5 9 ! ,magliabec*ian libr>y4 ,! au?or 0 rew>d$ ) a h\se 9 ,borgo alla ,coll9a1 ! anci5t resid5ce ( 8 family4 ,?\gh ! "n ( ,cri/(oro ,l&9o is n[ be/ kn[n 9 connection ) 8 ,dantesque /udies1 "o ( 8 ,lat9 works1 ! ',camaldolese ,discussions1'#cbj w always reta9 peculi> int]e/ = ! /ud5t ( ,flor5t9e humanism4 ,?is treatise is compos$ 9 imitation ( ! ,cic]onian r ?an ! ,platonic dialogues2 ! ',tusculans' may be said to h furni%$ ,l&9o ) 8 model4 ,he beg9s by tell+ h[ he left 8 villa 9 ! ,cas5t9o1 accompani$ by 8 bro!r1 to pay a visit to ! hill-set sanctu>y ( ,s4 ,romualdo4#cba ,!re he met ) ,lor5zo & ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 att5d$ by noble y\?s ( ,flor5ce--,pi]o & ,donato ,acciaiuoli1 ,alamanno ,r9ucc9i1 ,m>co ,p>5ti1 & ,antonio ,canigiani--all ( :om _h quitt$ ,flor5ce to enjoy ! re/ ( summ] coolness among ! firs & *e/nuts ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,! p>ty ?us =m$ 0 complet$ by ! arrival ( ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti & ,m>silio ,fic9o4 ,! conv]sation ma9ta9$ f day to day by ^! close fri5ds & ard5t s*ol>s =ms ! sub/ance ( ! dialogue4 ,seat$ on ! turf beside a f\nta91 ne> ! spot :]e ,romualdo 0 bidd5 9 8 trance to ex*ange ! black robes ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,ord] = ! sn[-:ite liv]y ( angels1 !y n unnaturally began to comp>e ! active life t !y _h left at ,flor5ce ) ! contemplative life ( philosoph]s & sa9ts4 ,alb]ti l$ ! conv]sation by a panegyric ( ! ,greek3 bios !rtikos1 ma9ta9+ ! ,platonic !sis ) a weal? ( illu/ration & a *>m ( eloqu5ce peculi> to himself4 ,lor5zo took up ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,greek3 bios praktikos4 ,if ,alb]ti prov$ t solitude & m$itation are ! nurses ( great spirits1 t man by commun+ ) nature ent]s into full possession ( 8 m5tal k+dom1 ,lor5zo po9t$ out t ?is completion ( self-culture only f9ds its use & value 9 ! comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,! philosoph] mu/ desc5d f 8 altitude & mix ) m51 9 ord] to ex]cise ! faculties matur$ by contemplation4 ,?us f> ! arti/ & ! /atesman are suppos$ to hold debate on ,goe!'s celebrat$ di/i*-- ,es bildet e9 ,tal5t si* 9 d] ,/ille1 ,si* e9 ,*>akt] 9 dem ,/rom d] ,welt4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,disputationum ,camaldul5sium lib4 iv41 d$icat$ to ,fr$]ick ( ,urb9o4 ,footnote #cba3 ,! leg5d ( ! f\ndation ( ?is ,ord] is well kn[n ?r\gh ,sac*i's picture 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! audi5ce decid$1 9 ! _s ( ! ,g]man poet1 t a fully-=m$ man1 ! possessor ( bo? "* & tal5t1 mu/ submit himself to ea* me?od ( tra9+4 ,?us end$ ! fir/ day's discussion4 ,dur+ ! ?ree foll[+ days ,alb]ti l$ ! conv]sation to ,virgil's poetry1 demon/rat+ its allegorical significance1 & connect+ its hidd5 philosophy ) t ( ,plato4 ,x is cle> t 9 ?is "p ( 8 "w ,l&9o 0 pres5t+ ! sub/ance ( 8 own ,virgilian /udies4 ,! :ole book1 l ,ca/iglione's ',c\rti]1' supplies a fair sample ( ! topics on :i* social conv]sation turn$ among ref9$ & cultivat$ m54 ,! t9cture ( ,platonism is specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,m$icean circle4 ,! di/+ui%$ place allott$ 9 ?is dialogue to ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti proves ! s+ul> reg>d 9 :i* ?is mo/ rem>kable man 0 held at ,flor5ce1 :]e1 h[ev]1 he b seldom resid$4 ,8 "n w always be c\pl$ ) t ( ,lion>do da ,v9ci2 = ?\gh ,lion>do1 arriv+ at a happi] mom5t1 has eclips$ ,alb]ti's fame1 yet bo? ( !m 7 ca/ 9 ! same m\ld4 ,alb]ti1 inde$1 might s]ve z ! v type ( ^? _m-sid$1 precoci\s1 & compreh5sive m5 ( g5ius :o only exi/$ 9 ! age ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,physical /r5g? & dext]ity 7 giv5 to him at bir? 9 measure equal to 8 m5tal faculties4 ,x is record$ t he c\ld jump /&+ ov] an upright man1 pi]ce ! /ronge/ arm\r ) 8 arr[s1 & s deftly fl+ a co9 t x t\*$ ! highe/ po9t ( a *ur* or palace ro(4 ,! wilde/ horses are said to h trembl$ "u him1 z ?\gh brutes felt1 l m51 ! magnetism ( 8 p]sonality4 ,8 insight into e bran* ( k seem$ intuitive1 & 8 comm& ( ! arts 0 innate4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty he compos$ ! com$y ( ',philodoxius1' :i* pass$ = an antique1 & 0 publi%$ by ! ,aldi z ! "w ( ,lepidus ,comicus 9 #aehh4 ,( music1 ?\gh he _h n made x a special /udy1 he 0 a ?or\gh ma/]1 compos+ melodies t gave delight to sci5tific judges4 ,he pa9t$ pictures1 & wrote ?ree books on pa9t+2 practis$ ar*itecture & compil$ t5 books on build+4 ,( 8 books1 *iefly portraits1 no?+ rema9s2 b ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,&rea at ,mantua1 ! ,palazzo ,rucellai at ,flor5ce1 & ! remodell$ ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,rim9i atte/ 8 greatness z an ar*itect4 ,! faade ( ! latt] build+ is m ?or\ghly classical ?an any o!r monum5t ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance4 ,z a transcript f ,roman antiquity x ranks ) ! ,palazzo della ,ragione ( ,palladio at ,v9c5za4 ,:ile /ill a "y man1 ,alb]ti1 ov]tax$1 9 all probability1 by ! prodigi\s activity ( 8 m5tal & bodily =ces1 suff]$ f an illness t result$ 9 a p>tial loss ( memory4 ,! humani/ic & legal /udies on :i* he 0 engag$ _h to be ab&on$2 yet1 no?+ daunt$1 he n[ turn$ 8 pla/ic g5ius to philosophy & ma!matics1 rightly judg+ t !y make less dem& ^u ! passive ?an ! active vig\r ( ! m9d4 ,x is believ$ t he anticipat$ "s mod]n discov]ies 9 optics1 & he c]ta9ly advanc$ ! sci5ce ( p]spective4 ,l 8 compe] ,lion>do1 he devot$ att5tion to me*anics1 & devis$ ma*9]y = rais+ sunk5 %ips4 ,l ,lion>do1 aga91 he 0 nev] tir$ ( int]rogat+ nature1 conduct+ curi\s exp]im5ts1 & wat*+ h] m secret op]ations4 ,z a physiognomi/ & div9]1 he acquir$ a reputation bord]+ on wiz>dry4 ,x 0 z ?\gh 8 exquisite s5sibilities & ke5ness ( att5tion _h gift$ him ) second sight4 ,! dep? ( 8 sympa?y ) ! out] _w is prov$ by an ass]tion ( 8 anonym\s biograph] t1 :5 he saw ! cornfields & v9ey>ds ( autumn1 te>s ga!r$ to 8 eyes4 ,all liv+ creatures t _h beauty won 8 love1 & ev5 9 old p]sons he discov]$ a *>m appropriate to old age4 ,=eign]s1 travell]s1 & workm5 skill$ 9 v>i\s crafts =m$ 8 fav\rite company1 = 9 ! acquisition ( v>i$ k he 0 indefatigable4 ,9 g5]al society 8 wisdom & 8 wit1 ! eloqu5ce ( 8 disc\rse & ! brilliance ( 8 improvisation1 r5d]$ him mo/ fasc9at+4 ,collections ( maxims cull$ f 8 table talk 7 made1 :]e( ! anonym\s biography conta9s a fair selection4 ,at ! same "t we are told t1 9 ! mid/ ( sp>kl+ sallies or close argum5ts1 he w\ld sudd5ly subside into rev]ie1 & sit at table lo/ 9 sil5t contemplation4 ,alb]ti 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s ( pure ,italian prose at ! p]iod ( its revival2 b ?is "p ( 8 intellectual activity belongs to ! hi/ory ( ,italian lit]ature1 & ne$ n be t\*$ on "h4 ,x is en\gh to h glanc$ ?us briefly at "o ( ! mo/ attractive1 sympa?y-compell+ figures ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ord] to complete ! picture ( ! ,flor5t9e circle1 we h 9 ! la/ place to notice two m5 rais$ by ! ,m$ici f ! ranks ( ! p4 ',i came to ! republic1 b>e ( all ?+s1 a m]e begg>1 ( ! l[e/ bir?1 )\t money1 rank1 connections1 or k9dr$4 ,cosimo1 ! fa!r ( 8 c\ntry1 rais$ me up1 by receiv+ me into 8 family4' ,s wrote ,b>tolommeo ,scala1#cbb ! mill]'s son1 :o liv$ to be ! ,*ancellor ( ,flor5ce4 ,! spl5d\r ( t (fice _h be5 consid]ably dim9i%$ s9ce ! days :5 ,bruni1 ,m>supp9i1 & ,poggio held x2 nor c\ld ,scala1 z a /ud5t1 be> comp>ison ) ^? m54 ,8 ,lat9 hi/ory ( ! fir/ crusade 0 r a l>ge ?an a great "w1 ( :i* no notice w\ld be tak5 if ,tasso _h n us$ x 9 ! composition ( 8 epic4 ,hon\rs & ri*es1 h[ev]1 7 accumulat$ on ! ,*ancellor 9 su* pr(usion t he grew arrogant1 & taunt$ ! great ,poliziano ) inf]iority4 ,! feud betwe5 ^! m5 0 n conf9$ to lit]ature4 ,scala's daught]1 a f> bett] s*ol> ?an himself1 attract$ ,poliziano's notice1 & ,greek epigrams 7 ex*ang$ betwe5 !m4 ,! dictator ( ,italian lett]s n[ s\ght ! h& ( ! fair ,aless&ra1 :o 0 ri* n only 9 le>n+ b 9 _w's ge> also4 ,:5 %e gave h]self to ,mi*ael ,m>ullus ,t>cagnota1 a ,greek1 8 ang] knew no b\nds2 in/ead ( p5n+ amatory he n[ compos$ satiric epigrams1 abus+ ,m>ullus 9 ,lat9 no less ?an he _h prais$ ,aless&ra 9 ,greek4#cbc ,footnote #cbb3 ,born at ,colle 9 #adcj4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,! foll[+ v]ses on ,aless&ra are s curi\s a specim5 ( ,poliziano's ,greek /yle t ,i transcribe !m "h 7,c>m9a ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um1 p4 #cjd73-- ,greek3 heur*' heur*' hn !lon1 hn ezteon aiei1 hn t\n ton er?'1 hn kai oneiropol\n2 p>!nikn hs kallos akraton1 hs hoge kosmos ouk ei te*ns all' aphel\s physes2 p>!nikn gltts9 ep' amphot]si komsan1 exo*on ente *orois exo*on ente lyra2 hs p]i sphrosyn t' ei *>itessi ?' hamilla1 t kai t tautn antime!lkom5ais4 heurk' oud' ophelos1 kai g> molis eis eniauton oi/r\nti phlog]s e/9 hapax idee94 ,! satires on ,mabilius 7s he call$ ,m>ullus7 are too fil?y to be quot$4 ,!y may be read 9 ! collection cit$ above1 pp4 #bge-bhj4 ,angelo ,poliziano 0 born 9 #aded4 ,8 "n1 s fam\s 9 ,italian lit]ature1 is a ,lat9is$ v]sion ( 8 bir?place1 ,montepulciano4 ,8 fa!r1 ,b5$etto ,ambrog9i1 0 a man ( "s consequ5ce1 b ( small means1 :o fell a victim to ! enmity ( private foes among 8 fell[-citiz5s1 leav+ 8 wid[ & five "y *ildr5 almo/ :olly unprovid$ =4#cbd ,?is acc\nts = ! obscurity t long envelop$ ! hi/ory ( ,poliziano's *ildhood1 & also = ! d\bts express$ ab\t ! surname ( 8 family4 ,at ! age ( t5 he came to /udy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,flor5ce1 :]e he pr(it$ by ! tea*+ ( ,l&9o1 ,argyrop\los1 ,&ronicos ,kalli/os1 & ,fic9o4 ,! precocity ( 8 g5ius display$ itself 9 ,lat9 poems & ,greek epigrams compos$ :ile he 0 yet a boy4 ,at ?irte5 ye>s ( age he publi%$ ,lat9 lett]s2 at sev5te5 he di/ribut$ ,greek poems among ! le>n$ m5 ( ,flor5ce2 at eighte5 he edit$ ,catullus1 ) ! boa/ t he _h %[n m zeal ?an any o!r /ud5t 9 ! correction & illu/ration ( ! anci5ts4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #adgj he _h n only conceiv$ ! ambiti\s det]m9ation to translate ,hom] into ,lat9 v]se1 b _h already begun ^u ! second ,iliad4 ,! fir/ book 0 kn[n to s*ol>s 9 ,m>supp9i's ,lat9 v]sion4 ,poliziano c>ri$ 8 own translation z f> z ! end ( ! fif? book1 ga9+ = himself ! pr\d title ( ,hom]icus juv5is2 fur!r ?an ?is1 = reasons unexpla9$1 he nev] advanc$1 s t ! la/ wi% ( ,ni*olas ,v41 ! *ief desire ( fifte5?-c5tury s*ol>%ip--a ,lat9 ,iliad 9 hexamet]s--rema9$ /ill unaccompli%$4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,see ,c>ducci1 preface to ,le ,/anze1 ,flor5ce1 #ahfc1 & ,isidoro del ,lungo 9 ,ar*4 ,/or4 s]ies iii4 vol4 ii4 ,! fame ( ?is great und]tak+ attract$ univ]sal att5tion to ,poliziano4 ,x is probable t ,fic9o fir/ introduc$ him to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 :o receiv$ ! "y /ud5t into 8 own h\sehold1 & made himself responsible = 8 future =tunes4 ',! lib]ality ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 t great & wise man1' wrote ,poliziano 9 aft] ye>s1 'rais$ me f ! obscure & humble /ation :]e my bir? _h plac$ me1 to t degree ( dignity & di/9ction ,i n[ enjoy1 ) no o!r recomm5dation ?an my lit]>y abilities4' ,be=e he _h rea*$ ! age ( ?irty1 ,poliziano pr(ess$ ! ,greek & ,lat9 lit]atures 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,flor5ce1 & receiv$ ! c>e ( ,lor5zo's *ildr54 ,if ,lor5zo repres5ts ! /atecraft ( 8 age1 ,poliziano is no less emphatically ! repres5tative ( its highe/ a*ievem5ts 9 s*ol>%ip4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,italian to comb9e p]fect ma/]y ov] ,lat9 & a correct s5se ( ,greek ) a spl5did g5ius = 8 native lit]ature4 ,filelfo boa/$ t he c\ld write bo? classic languages ) equal ease1 & ex]cis$ 8 prosy muse 9 t]za rima4 ,b ,filelfo _h no fire ( poetry1 no s5se ( /yle4 ,poliziano1 on ! contr>y1 0 a born poet1 a sac] vates 9 ! true/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,i %all h to speak else:]e ( 8 ,italian v]ses3 ^? :o h /udi$ !m "k t ! ',orfeo1' ! ',/anze1' & ! ',rime' ju/ify ,poliziano's claim to ! middle place ( hon\r betwe5 ,petr>* & ,ario/o4 ,italian poetry took a new direction f 8 g5ius1 & ev]y?+ he p5n$ 0 fruitful ( results = ! succe$+ g5]ation4 ,( 8 ,lat9 poetry1 9 l mann]1 ,i propose to treat at great] l5g? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! _s ( ,roman lit]ature liv$ aga9 9 ,poliziano4 ,if he _c be comp>$ ) ! ,augu/an au?ors1 he w pass mu/] at lea/ ) ! poets ( ! silv] age4 ,nei!r ,/atius nor ,ausonius produc$ m musical hexamet]s1 or express$ _! feel+ = natural beauty 9 phrases m>k$ ) m spontane\s grace4 ,( 8 ,greek elegiacs only a few specim5s survive4 ,^!1 9 spite ( c]ta9 lic5ses n ju/ifi$ by pure ,greek prosody1 might claim a place 9 ! ',an?ology1' among ! epigrams ( ,aga?ias & ,paulus ,sil5ti>ius4#cbe ,! ,doric c\plets on two beautiful boys1 & ! love sonnet to ! y\? ,*rysocomus1 read l extracts f ! ,greek3 ,m\sa paidik4#cbf ,:at is rem>kable ab\t ! ,greek & ,lat9 poetry ( ,poliziano is t ! flav\r ( ! au?or's ,italian /yle transpires 9 !m4 ,!y are no m]e imitations ( ! classics4 ,! 'roseate flu5cy' ( ! ',rime' reappe>s 9 ^! prolusiones1 mak+ x manife/ t ! ?ree languages 7 us$ ) equal facility1 & t on ea* ( !m ! poet set ! seal ( 8 own g5ius4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,julius ,cs> ,scalig] wrote ?us ab\t !m 9 ! ,hyp]criticus3--',grcis v]o1 qu pu]um se conscripsisse dicit1 tatem m9us prud5t] apposuit suam2 tam enim bona sunt ut ne virum quidem ,lat9a que b5e scripsisse putem4' ,footnote #cbf3 ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um ,c>m9a1 pp4 #bii1 #cja4 ,^! epigrams1 z well z two on pp4 #cjc1 #cjg1 are significant 9 _! illu/ration ( ! poet's morality4 ,giovio's acc\nt ( ,poliziano's dea? 0 c]ta9ly accept$ by contempor>ies3--',f]unt eum +5ui adolesc5tis insano amore p]citum facile 9 letalem morbum incidisse4' ,! :ole ,elogium1 h[ev]1 is a cov]t libel1 l _m ( ,giovio's sket*es4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t 8 v]se1 applies ) no less =ce to 8 prose composition4 ,poliziano wrote ,lat91 z ?\gh x 7 a liv+ language1 n cull+ phrases f ,cic]o or reproduc+ ! p]iods ( ,livy1 b tru/+ to 8 in/9ct & 8 e>1 ) ! facility ( consci\s p[]4 ,! humanism ( ! fir/ & second p]iods atta9$ to ! fre$om ( f9e art 9 ,poliziano4 ,?r\gh him1 z ?r\gh a l5s1 ! rays ( previ\s culture 7 transmitt$ 9 a column ( pure light4 ,he realis$ :at ! ,italians _h be5 /riv+ aft]--! new bir? ( antiquity 9 a liv+ man ( ! mod]n _w4 ,by way ( modify+ ?is high panegyric1 x may be conc$$ t ,poliziano _h ! defects ( 8 qualities4 ,us+ ,lat9 ) ! fre$om ( a ma/]1 he 0 n c>eful to purge 8 /yle ( obsolete words & f>-fet*$ phrases1 or to ma9ta9 ! diction ( "o p]iod 9 ea* composition4 ,8 flu5cy betray$ him into v]biage1 & 8 descriptions are (t5 m diffuse ?an vigor\s4 ,nor w he be> comp>ison ) "s m mod]n s*ol>s on ! po9t ( accuracy4 ,! m]it1 h[ev]1 rema9s to him ( hav+ be5 ! mo/ copi\s & lea/ slavi% int]pret] ( ! anci5t to ! mod]n _w4 ,8 v imp]fections1 :5 judg$ by ! /&>d ( ,bembo1 place him above ! puri/s1 inasmu* z he possess$ ! p[] & c\rage to express himself 9 8 own idiom1 in/ead ( tread+ cauti\sly 9 none b ,cic]onian or ,virgilian footpr9ts4 ,z a pr(essor1 none ( ! humani/s a*iev$ m brilliant successes ?an ,poliziano4 ,among 8 pupils c\ld be numb]$ ! *ief /ud5ts ( ,europe4 ,n to m5tion ,italians1 x w suffice to record ! names ( ,reu*l91 ,groc91 ,l9acre1 & ! ,portuguese ,tessiras1 :o c>ri$ ea* to 8 own c\ntry ! culture !y _h ga9$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ,poliziano 9 ! lecture-room 0 n calculat$ to w9 admiration4 ,ill-=m$1 ) eyes t _h some?+ ( a squ9t 9 !m1 & a nose ( disproportionate size1 he seem$ m fit to be a solit>y s*ol> ?an ! ,orpheus ( ! classic lit]ature4#cbg ,yet no soon] _h he op5$ 8 lips & begun to speak1 ) ! exquisite & v>i$ intonations ( a s+ul>ly beautiful voice1 ?an 8 li/5]s 7 *a9$ to _! seats4 ,! unga9l9ess ( ! tea*] 0 =gott52 *>m$ ?r\gh _! e>s & _! intellect1 !y eag]ly drank 9 8 eloqu5ce1 applaud+ ! improvisations :]e) he illu/rat$ ! _s & int5tion ( 8 au?ors1 & sil5tly absorb+ ! va/ & well-ord]$ /ores ( k he s prodigally scatt]$4 ,x w\ld n be pr(itable to n>rate "h at any l5g? :at is kn[n ab\t ! topics ( ^! lectures4 ,poliziano n only cov]$ ! :ole gr\nd ( classic lit]ature dur+ ! ye>s ( 8 pr(essor%ip1 b also publi%$ ! notes ( c\rses ^u ,ovid1 ,suetonius1 ,/atius1 ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 ! writ]s ( ,augu/an hi/ories1 & ,qu9tilian4 ,"s ( 8 be/ ,lat9 poems 7 writt5 by way ( preface to ! au?ors he expla9$ 9 public4 ,virgil 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ',manto1' & ,hom] 9 ! ',ambra2' ! ',ru/icus' s]v$ z prelude to ! ',georgics1' :ile ! ',nutricia' =m$ an introduction to ! /udy ( anci5t & mod]n poetry4 ,nor did he conf9e 8 att5tion to f9e lit]ature4 ,! curi\s prlection 9 prose call$ ',lamia' 0 int5d$ z a prelude to ! prior ',analytics' ( ,ari/otle4 ,among 8 translations mu/ be m5tion$ ,epictetus1 ,h]odian1 ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 ,plut>*'s ',eroticus1' & ! ',*>mides' ( ,plato4 ,8 greate/ a*ievem5t1 h[ev]1 0 ! edition ( ! ',p&ects' ( ,ju/9ian f ! fam\s ,,ms4 ( :i* ,flor5ce _h robb$ ,pisa1 z ! ,pisans _h previ\sly tak5 x f ,amalfi4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t all ^! und]tak+s involv$ sev]e lab\rs ( correction & criticism4 ,,mss4 _h to be comp>$ & texts settl$1 :5 z yet ! app>atus = ?is high] =m ( s*ol>%ip 0 mis]ably scanty4 ,?\gh /ud5ts be=e ,poliziano _h und]/ood ! necessity ( collat+ codices1 det]m9+ _! relative ages1 & trac+ !m1 if possible1 to _! au?oritative s\rces1 he 0 ! fir/ to d ?is sy/ematically & ) judgm5t4 ,to em5dation he only _h rec\rse :5 ! text seem$ hopeless4 ,8 "w ^u ! ',p&ects' alone implies ! exp5diture ( enorm\s toil4 ,footnote #cbg3 ',erat di/ortis spe moribus1 uti facie nequaquam +5u et lib]ali ab enormi prs]tim naso1 subluscoque oculo p]absurd4' ,giovio1 ,elogia4 ,cf4 ,poliziano's own v]ses to ,mabilius1 beg9n+3-- ,quod nasum mihi1 quod reflexa colla ,dem5s objicis4 ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,poet>um1 p4 #bgg4 ,! results ( ,poliziano's m fugitive /udies1 & "s notes ( conv]sations on lit]>y topics ) ,lor5zo1 7 publi%$ 9 #adhi "u ! title ( ',miscellanea4'#cbh ,! =m 0 borr[$ f ! ',noctes ,attic' ( ,aulus ,gellius2 9 matt] ?is collection anticipat$ ! g5ial criticisms ( ,erasmus4 ,! excitem5t caus$ by its appe>ance is vividly depict$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] ( ,jacopus ,antiqu>ius1 secret>y to ! ,duke ( ,milan3#cbi--';,go+ lately1 accord+ to my cu/om1 into "o ( ! public (fices1 ,i f\nd a numb] ( ! "y cl]ks neglect+ _! pr9ce's bus9ess1 & lo/ 9 ! /udy ( a book :i* _h be5 di/ribut$ 9 %eets among !m4 ,:5 ,i ask$ :at new book _h appe>$1 !y answ]$1 ,politian's ,miscellanies4 ,i m\nt$ _! desk1 sat d[n among !m1 & began to read ) equal eag]ness4 ,b1 z ,i c\ld n sp5d mu* "t !re1 ,i s5t at once to ! booksell]'s /all = a copy ( ! "w4' ,by ?is "t ,poliziano's fame _h eclips$ t ( all 8 contempor>ies4 ,he correspond$ famili>ly ) native & =eign pr9ces1 & held a k9d ( c\rt at ,flor5ce among m5 ( le>n+ :o came f all p>ts ( ,italy to conv]se ) him4 ,?is popul>ity grew ev5 burd5some1 or at any rate he affect$ to f9d x s4 ',does a man want a motto = 8 sword's hilt or a posy = a r+1' he writes1#ccj 'an inscription = 8 b$room or a device = 8 plate1 or ev5 = 8 pots & pans1 he runs l all ! _w to ,politian4 ,!re is h>dly a wall ,i h n besme>$1 l a snail1 ) ! effusions ( my bra94 ,"o teazes me = cat*es & dr9k+-songs1 ano!r = a grave disc\rse1 a ?ird = a s]5ade1 a f\r? = a ,c>nival ballad4' ,9 execut+ ^! commissions he is said to h %[n great c\rtesy2 nor did !y probably co/ him mu* tr\ble1 = 9 all 8 "w he 0 no less rapid ?an elegant4 ,he boa/$ t he _h dictat$ ! translation ( ,h]odian :ile walk+ up & d[n 8 room1 )9 ! space ( a day or two2 & ! *ief fault ( 8 v]ses is _! flu5cy4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,! fir/ words ( ! d$ication run z foll[s3--',cum tibi sup]ioribus diebus ,laur5ti ,m$ices1 no/ra hc ,miscellanea int] equit&um recit>emus4' ,footnote #cbi3 ,angeli ,politiani ,epi/ol1 lib4 iii4 ed4 ,ald4 #adih4 ,! lett] is dat$ ,nov4 #adhh4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,9 a lett] to ,hi]onymus ,donatus1 dat$ ,flor5ce1 ,may #adhj1 ,angeli ,politiani ,epi/ol1 lib4 ii4 ,x /ill rema9s to speak ( ,poliziano's p]sonal relations to ! ,m$icean family4 ,:5 he fir/ ent]$ ! h\sehold ( ,lor5zo1 he und]took ! tuition ( 8 patron's sons1 & cont9u$ to sup]9t5d _! education until _! "m ,cl>ice saw reason to mi/ru/ 8 p]sonal influ5ce4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 _m po9ts 9 ! great s*ol>'s "* t ju/ifi$ h] ?9k+ him unfit to be ! con/ant companion ( "y m54 ,:atev] may be ! tru? ab\t ! cause ( 8 la/ illness1 en\gh rema9s ( 8 ,greek & ,italian v]ses to prove t 8 morality 0 lax1 & 8 conception ( life r ,pagan ?an ,*ri/ian4#cca ,cl>ice contriv$ t he %\ld n rema9 "u ! same ro( ) h] *ildr52 & ?\gh 8 fri5dly int]c\rse ) ! ,m$icean family cont9u$ un9t]rupt$1 x w\ld seem t aft] #adhj he only gave lessons 9 ! classics to 8 =m] pupils4 ,footnote #cca3 ,! well-kn[n sc&al ab\t ,poliziano's dea? is traceable to ! ,elogia ( ,paulus ,jovius--v suspici\s au?ority4 ,see above1 p4 #beb1 note #b4 ,poliziano1 pr\d z he 0 ( 8 atta9m5ts1 lack$ ! nobl] quality ( self-respect4 ,he condesc5d$ to flatt] ,lor5zo1 & to beg = pres5ts1 9 phrases t rem9d u ( ,filelfo's prosie/ epigrams4#ccb ,t a s*ol> %\ld vaunt 8 own a*ievem5ts#ccc & extol 8 patron to ! skies1 t he %\ld ask = money & set (f 8 panegyrics aga9/ paym5t1 seem$ n d]ogatory to a man ( g5ius 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,yet ^! habits ( lit]>y m5dicancy & toad-eat+ prov$ a mo/ p]nici\s influ5ce4 ,italian lit]ature nev] lo/ ! sup]latives & exagg]ations import$ by ! humani/s1 & ,pietro ,aret9o may be call$ ! l9eal desc5dant ( ,filelfo & ,poliziano4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,! mo/ curi\s ( ^! elegiac poems are giv5 9 ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um1 p4 #bcd4 ,x is possible t _! language ought n to be tak5 lit]ally1 & t !y conceal$ a joke n[ lo/4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,poliziano's lett] to ,mat?ias ,corv9us is a good example ( 8 self-laudation4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t to ov]praise ,lor5zo f a s*ol>'s po9t ( view w\ld h be5 difficult1 :ile ! affection t b\nd ! /ud5t to 8 patron 0 g5u9e4 ,poliziano1 :o wat*$ ,lor5zo 9 8 la/ mom5ts1 describ$ ! sc5e ( 8 dea? 9 a lett] m>k$ by t\*+ sorr[ :i* he address$ to ,antiqu>i1 & prov$ by ! ,lat9 monody :i* he compos$ & left unf9i%$1 t grief = 8 dead ma/] c\ld inspire 8 muse ) l(ti] /ra9s ?an any expectation ( future fav\rs :ile he liv$ _h done4 ,two ye>s aft] ,lor5zo's dea? ,poliziano di$ himself1 di%on\r$ & suspect$ by ! ,piagnoni4 ,savon>ola _h swept ! ,c>nival *>iots & masks & gimcracks ( ,lor5zo's holiday reign into ! du/-heap4 ,in/ead ( rispetti & ballate1 ! refra9 ( ,mis]]es fill$ ! city1 & ! ,dom9ican's prophecy ( blood & ru9 dr[n$ ) its ?undr\s rev]b]ations ! s*ol>like disquisitions ( ,greek pr(essors4 ,poliziano's lam5t = ,lor5zo 0 !re=e1 z x 71 a prophecy ( 8 own fate3 ,quis dabit capiti meo ,aquam8 quis oculis meis ,fontem la*rym>um dabit8 ,ut nocte fleam1 ,ut luce fleam4 ,sic turtur viduus solet1 ,sic cygnus mori5s solet1 ,sic lusc9ia conqu]i4 ',oh t my head 7 wat]s & m9e eyes a f\nta9 ( te>s1 t ,i might weep day & night6 ,s m\rns ! wid[$ turtle dove2 s m\rns ! dy+ swan2 s m\rns ! night+ale4' ,into ^! passionate words ( wail+1 unique 9 ! lit]ature ( humanism by _! =m alike & feel+1 breaks ! ?r5ody ( ! ab&on$ s*ol>4 ',ah1 woe6 ,ah1 woe is me6 ,o grief6 ,o grief6 ,lightn+ ha? /ruck our laurel tree1 our laurel de> to all ! ,muses & ! dances ( ! ,nymphs1 b5ea? ^: spread+ b\ghs ! ,god ( ,song himself m sweetly h>p$ & sang4 ,n[ all ar\nd is dumb2 n[ all is mute1 & !re is none to he>4 ,oh t my head 7 wat]s1 & m9e eyes a f\nta9 ( te>s6' ,?is at lea/ ( grace ! gods all[$ ,poliziano1 t he %\ld die 9 ! same ye> z 8 fri5d ,pico della ,mir&ola1 a few weeks be=e ! deluge prophesi$ by ,savon>ola bur/ ov] ,italy4 ,^u 8 tomb 9 ,s4 ,m>co a burlesque epitaph 0 inscrib$-- ,politianus 9 hoc tumulo jacet ,angelus unum qui caput et l+uas res nova tres habuit4 ,obiit an4 ,,mcccclxxxxiv ,sep4 ,,xxiv4 tatis ,,xl4#ccd ,footnote #ccd3 ',poliziano lies 9 ?is grave1 ! angel :o _h "o head &1 :at is new1 ?ree tongues4 ,he di$ ,septemb] #bd1 #adid1 ag$ #dj4' ,bembo1 :o succe$$ him 9 ! dictator%ip ( ,italian lett]s1 compos$ a n unwor?y elegy ^u ! man :om he ju/ly apo/rophis$ z ',poliziano1 ma/] ( ! ,ausonian lyre4' ,! =tunes ( ,roman s*ol>%ip kept v>y+ ) ! p]sonal ta/es ( ea* successive ,pope4 ,calixtus ,,iii4 diff]$ :olly f 8 pr$ecessor1 ,ni*olas ,v4 ,le>n$ 9 !ology & m$ival sci5ce1 he 0 dead to ! int]e/s ( humani/ic lit]ature4 ,vespasiano assures u t1 :5 he ent]$ ! ,vatican libr>y & saw its ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors 9 _! r$ & silv] b9d+s1 in/ead ( prais+ ! munific5ce ( ,ni*olas1 he exclaim$1 ',v$i 9 *e egli ha consumato la robba della ,*iesa di ,dio6'#cce neas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i rank$ high among ! humani/s4 ,z an orator1 c\rti]1 /ate secret>y1 & man ( lett]s1 he %>$ ! g5]al qualities ( ! class to :i* he belong$4 ,:ile a fell[-/ud5t ( ,beccadelli at ,si5a1 he freely enjoy$ ! pleasures ( y\?1 & ?\ght x no h>m to compose novels 9 ! /yle ( ,longus & ,a*illes ,tatius4 ,^! /ories1 toge!r ) 8 famili> lett]s1 hi/ories1 cosmographical treatises1 rhetorical disquisitions1 apoph!gms1 & comm5t>ies1 writt5 9 a flu5t & picturesque ,lat9 /yle1 di/+ui%$ him = wit & tal5t f ! m]ely labori\s /ud5ts ( 8 age4#ccf ,a *ange1 h[ev]1 came ov] him :5 he assum$ ! title ( ,pius ,,ii4 ) ! ti>a4#ccg ,le>n+ 9 ,italy ow$ b little to 8 patronage1 & ?\gh he /r5g!n$ ! position ( ! humani/s at ,rome by f\nd+ ! ,college ( ,abbreviators1 he 0 m eag] to def5d ,*ri/5dom aga9/ ! ,turk ?an to make 8 ,see ! capital ( culture4 ,= ?is x w\ld be n>r[-m9d$ to blame ,pius4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,european politics _h ext5d$ 8 view beyond ! n>r[] circle ( ,italian int]e/s2 & !re is some?+ noble z well z pite\s 9 8 attempt to lead ! =lorn hope ( a cosmopolitan cause4 ,paul ,,ii4 0 *iefly fam\s = 8 p]secution ( ! ,roman ,platoni/s2#cch & ,sixtus ,,iv41 ?\gh he des]ves to be rememb]$ z ! ,pontiff :o op5$ ! ,vatican libr>y to ! public1 plays no prom95t "p 9 ! hi/ory ( s*ol>%ip4 ,tirabos*i may be consult$ = 8 refusal to pay ! pr(essors ( ! ,roman ,sapi5za4 ,( ,innoc5t ,,viii4 no?+ ne$ be said2 nor w any /ud5t ( hi/ory expect to f9d x record$ t ,alex&] ,,vi4 wa/$ money on ! patronage ( le>n+4 ,to ! ,borgia1 inde$1 ! _w owes t curse ( ,ca?olicism1 t cont9u$ crime ( high treason aga9/ tru? & lib]al culture1 ! subjection ( ! press to ecclesia/ical control4 ,footnote #cce3 ',behold :]eon he sp5t ! sub/ance ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god6' ,vespasiano adds t he gave away sev]al hundr$ volumes to "o ( ! c>d9als1 ^: s]vants sold !m = an old song4 ,vesp4 p4 #baf4 ,assemani1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts t ,calixtus sp5t #dj1jjj ducats on books4 ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t ,vespasiano 0 :olly 9 error ab\t a matt] he und]/ood s well1 & _h s mu* at he>t4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,see ! ,basle edition ( 8 collect$ works1 #aega4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #cch3 ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #cjb-cjc4 ,"u ^! ,popes humanism _h to fl\ri%1 z x be/ c\ld1 9 ! society ( private individuals4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d ! ,roman s*ol>s =m+ among !mselves academies & le>n$ circles4 ,( ^! ! mo/ em95t took its "n f its f\nd]1 ,julius ,pomponius ,ltus4 ,he 0 a ba/>d ( ! pr9cely ,h\se ( ! ,sansev]9i1 to :om1 :5 he became fam\s & !y 7 anxi\s = 8 fri5d%ip1 he p5n$ ! celebrat$ epi/le3 ',pomponius ,ltus cognatis et prop9quis suis salutem4 ,quod petitis fi]i non pote/4 ,valete4'#cci ,pomponius d]iv$ 8 s*ol>%ip f ,valla1 & devot$ all 8 en]gies to ,lat9 lit]ature1 refus+1 x is ev5 said1 to le>n ,greek1 le/ x %\ld di/ract him f 8 fav\rite /udies4 ,he made x ! object ( 8 mo/ s]i\s endeav\rs n only to re/ore a k ( ! anci5ts1 b also to assimilate 8 life & mann]s to _! /&>d4 ,m5 prais$ 9 him a second ,cato = sobriety ( conduct1 frugal diet1 & rural indu/ry4 ,he till$ 8 own gr\nd aft] ! me?ods ( ,v>ro & ,columella1 w5t a-fi%+ & a-f[l+ on holidays1 & ate 8 sp>+ meal l a ,roman ,/oic b5ea? ! spread+ bran*es ( an oak on ! ,campagna4 ,! gr& mansions ( ! prelates _h no attractions = him4 ,he pref]r$ 8 own mode/ h\se ^u ! ,esquil9e1 8 g>d5 on ! ,quir9al4 ,x 0 "h t 8 fav\rite s*ol>s conv]s$ ) him at leisure2 & to ^! retreats ( ! philosoph] came /rang]s ( importance1 eag] to behold a ,roman liv+ 9 all po9ts l an antique sage4 ,! high s*ool ( ,rome ow$ mu* to 8 indefatigable indu/ry4 ,?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s he lectur$ ^u ! *ief ,lat9 au?ors1 exam9+ _! text ) critical accuracy1 & prep>+ new editions ( _! works4 ,be=e daybreak he w\ld light 8 lant]n1 take 8 /aff1 & w5d 8 way f ! ,esquil9e to ! lecture-room1 :]e1 h[ev] e>ly ! h\r & h[ev] inclem5t ! season1 he 0 sure to f9d an ov]fl[+ audi5ce4 ,yet x 0 n z a pr(essor t ,pomponius ,ltus acquir$ 8 great celebrity1 & left a la/+ impress on ! society ( ,rome4 ,?is he did by =m+ an academy = ! av[$ purpose ( prosecut+ ! /udy ( ,lat9 antiquities & promot+ ! adoption ( antique cu/oms into mod]n life4 ,! memb]s assum$ classical names1 ex*ang+ _! ,italian patronymics = fancy titles l ,callima*us ,exp]i5s1 ,asclepiades1 ,glaucus1 ,volscus1 & ,petrejus4 ,!y ye>ly kept ! bir?day fea/ ( ,rome1 celebrat+ ! ,palilia ) ,pagan solemnities1 play+ com$ies ( ,plautus1 & /riv+ to revive ! hum\rs ( ! old ,atellan f>ces4 ,( ?is circle ,pontanus & ,sannazz>o1 ,plat9a1 ,sabellicus & ,molza1 ,janus ,p>rhasius1 & ! future ,paul ,,iii4 7 pr\d to call !mselves ! memb]s4 ,x is only f ! language 9 :i* su* m5 ref] to ,ltus t we ga9 a due notion ( 8 influ5ce2 = he left b little beh9d him z an au?or1 & us$ himself to boa/ t1 l ,socrates & ,*ri/1 he hop$ to be rememb]$ ?r\gh 8 pupils4 ,9 ! ye> #adfh ?is ,roman academy acquir$ fre% celebrity by ! p]secution ( ,paul ,,ii41 :o p>tly suspect$ a political object 9 its meet+s1 & p>tly res5t$ ! op5 hea!nism ( its lead]s4 ,i ne$ n "h repeat ! tale ( 8 crusade aga9/ ! s*ol>s4 ,x is en\gh to m5tion t ,ltus 0 imprison$ = a %ort :ile1 & t 9 prison he wrote an apology = 8 life1 def5d+ himself aga9/ a *>ge ( misplac$ passion = a "y ,v5etian pupil1 & pr(ess+ ! s9c]ity ( 8 belief 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,aft] 8 release f ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo he 0 oblig$ to discont9ue ! meet+s ( 8 academy1 :i* 7 n resum$ until ! reign ( ,sixtus4 ,pomponius ,ltus liv$ on into ! ,papacy ( ,alex&]1 & di$ 9 #adih at ! age ( sev5ty4 ,8 corpse 0 cr[n$ ) a laurel wrea? 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,araceli4 ,=ty bi%ops1 toge!r ) ! =eign ambassadors 9 ,rome & ! repres5tatives ( ! ,borgia1 :o 7 specially deput$ = t purpose1 witness$ ! c]emony & li/5$ to ! fun]al oration4 ,ltus _h desir$ t 8 body %\ld be plac$ 9 a s>cophagus ^u ! ,appian ,way4 ,?is wi% 0 n compli$ )4 ,he 0 convey$ f ,araceli to ,s4 ,salvatore 9 ,lauro1 & !re buri$ l a ,*ri/ian4 ,footnote #cci3 ',p4,l4 to 8 k9sm5 & relatives1 greet+4 ,:at y ask _c be4 ,f>ewell4' ,:ile ! academy ( ,pomponius ,ltus fl\ri%$ at ,rome1 t ( ,naples 0 no less active "u ! presid5cy ( ,jovianus ,pontanus4 ,x appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 social ga!r+s assembl$ by ,beccadelli1 & to h held its meet+s 9 a build+ call$ aft] its f\nd] ! ,porticus ,antonianus4 ,:5 dea? _h brok5 up ! brilliant circle surr\nd+ ,alfonso ! ,magnanim\s1 ,pontanus assum$ ! lead]%ip ( le>n$ m5 9 ,naples1 & gave ! =mality ( a club to :at _h previ\sly be5 a m]e reunion ( cultivat$ s*ol>s4 ,! memb]s ,lat9is$ _! names2 _m ( !m became bett] kn[n by _! assum$ titles ?an by _! ,italian cognom5s4 ,sannazz>o1 = in/ance1 acquir$ a wide celebrity z ,accius ,sync]us4 ,pontanus 0 himself a native ( ,c]eto 9 ! ,spoletano4 ,born 9 #adbf1 he settl$ 9 8 e>ly manhood at ,naples1 :]e ,beccadelli introduc$ him to 8 royal patrons4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,f]d9& ,i41 ,alfonso ,,ii41 & ,f]d9& ,,ii4 ,pontanus held ! po/ ( secret>y1 tutor1 & ambassador1 accompany+ 8 ma/]s on _! milit>y exp$itions & negotiat+ _! affairs at ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,:5 ,*>les ,,viii4 ent]$ ,naples z a conqu]or1 ,pontanus greet$ him ) a panegyrical oration1 prov+ himself m c\rtly & self-seek+ ?an loyal to ! pr9ces he _h s]v$ s long4 ,guicci>d9i obs]ves t ?is act ( +ratitude /a9$ ! fair fame ( ,pontanus4 ,yet x may be plead$ 9 8 def5ce t no morali/ ( ! p]iod _h m boldly d5\nc$ ! crimes & vices ( ,italian pr9ces2 & x is possible t ,pontanus really hop$ ,*>les might inaugurate a bett] age = ,naples4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ among ! s*ol>s ( 8 "t = ! purity ( 8 ,lat9 /yle2 to him belongs ! m]it ( hav+ writt5 v]se t might compete ) good models ( antiquity4 ,8 hexamet]s on />s & meteors1 call$ ',urania1' won ! en?usia/ic praise ( 8 own g5]ation1 & subsequ5tly s]v$ z model to ,fraca/oro = 8 own didactic poem4 ,8 amatory elegiacs h an exub]ance ( col\r+ & s5su\s =ce ( phrase t seem peculi>ly appropriate to ! ,bay ( ,naples1 :]e !y 7 inspir$4 ,z a prose-writ] x is p>ticul>ly by 8 moral treatises t ,pontanus des]ves to be rememb]$4 ,unlike ! mass ( contempor>y dialogues on e?ical subjects1 !y ab\nd 9 illu/rations drawn f rec5t hi/ory1 s t ev5 n[ !y may be advantage\sly consult$ by /ud5ts anxi\s to ga!r *>act]i/ic details & to =m a j op9ion ( ,r5aissance morality4 ,?r\gh\t 8 writ+s ,pontanus %[s himself to h be5 an orig9al & vigor\s ?9k]1 a complete ma/] ( ,lat9 s*ol>%ip1 unwill+ to abide cont5t$ ) b>e imitation1 & b5t ^u express+ ! facts ( mod]n life1 ! actualities ( p]sonal emotion1 9 a /yle ( accurate ,lat9ity4 ,:5 he di$ 9 #aejc1 he left at ,naples "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ s*ools ( neopagan poets to be f\nd 9 ,italy2 ,lilius ,gyraldus employs ! old metaphor ( ! ,trojan horse to describe ! numb] & ! vig\r ( ! s*ol>s :o issu$ f x4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,monte ,oliveto at ,naples !re may be se5 a gr\p 9 t]ra cotta pa9t$ to imitate life4 ,alfonso ,,ii41 ,pontanus1 & ,sannazz>o are kneel+ 9 adoration be=e ! body ( ! dead ,*ri/4 ,pontanus1 :o repres5ts ,nicodemus1 is a /]n1 h>d-featur$1 long-fac$ man1 ( p[]ful bone & fibr\s s9ews1 built = s]i\s lab\r 9 ! /udy or ! field4 ,sannazz>o1 :o /&s = ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 is bald1 fat-fac$1 ) bu%y eyebr[s & a heavy ca/ ( c\nt5ance4 ,! physical *>act]i/ics ( ^! m5 & _! act ( fai? are 9 curi\s contradiction ) ! conception we =m ( !m aft] read+ ! ',elegies' & ! ',arcadia4' ,! ,roman ,academy ( ,pomponius ,letus & ! ,neapolitan ,academy ( ,pontanus cont9u$ to exi/ aft] ! dea? ( _! f\nd]s1 :ile simil> in/itutions sprang up 9 e t[n ( ,italy4 ,to speak ( ^! 9 detail w\ld be q impossible4 ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury !y lo/ _! classical "*1 & assum$ fanta/ic ,italian titles4 ,?us ! ,roman cot]ie ( wits & s*ol>s call$ itself ,i ,vignaiuoli4 ,! memb]s1 among :om 7 ,b]ni1 ,la ,casa1 ,fir5zuola1 ,mauro1 ,molza1 assum$ titles l ,l',agre/e1 ,il ,mo/o1 ,il ,cotogno1 & s =?4 ,! ,c>d9al ,ippolito de' ,m$ici f\nd$ a club 9 ,rome = ! /udy ( ,vitruvius4 ,x met twice 9 ! week1 & 0 kn[n z ,le ,virt4 ,at ,bologna ! ,virid>io devot$ its en]gies to ! correction ( pr9t$ texts2 ! ,sitibondi /udi$ law1 ! ,de/i cultivat$ ext9ct *ivalry4 ,besides ^!1 ! "o t[n ( ,bologna produc$ ,sonnac*iosi1 ,oziosi1 ,desiosi1 ,/orditi1 ,confusi1 ,politici1 ,in/abili1 ,gelati1 ,umorosi4 ,z ! c5tury advanc$1 academies multipli$ 9 ,italy1 & _! titles became m absurd4 ,rav5na _h its ,in=mi1 ,fa5za its ,sm>riti1 ,mac]ata its ,cat5ati1 ,fabriano its ,disuniti1 ,p]ugia its ,ins5sati1 ,urb9o its ,assorditi1 ,naples its ,s]5i1 ,ard5ti1 & ,incogniti--& s on ad inf9itum4 ,at ,flor5ce ! ,platonic ,academy cont9u$ to fl\ri% "u ! auspices ( ! ,rucellai family1 9 ^: g>d5s assembl$ ! company describ$ by ,filippo de' ,n]li1#cdj until ! ye> #aebb1 :5 x 0 suppress$ on ! occasion ( ! conspiracy aga9/ ,giulio de' ,m$ici4 ,duke ,cosimo reviv$ x "u ! "n ( ! ,flor5t9e ,academy 9 #aedj1 :5 its lab\rs 7 :olly devot$ to ,petr>* & ! ,italian language4 ,9 #aegb appe>$ ! fam\s academy call$ ,della ,crusca1 ! only "o among ^! lat] societies :i* acquir$ an ,european reputation4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #bbj1 note4 ,^? :o are curi\s to foll[ ! hi/ory ( ! academies1 may be ref]r$ to ! compreh5sive notices ( ,tirabos*i4 ,f ! date ( _! ,italianisation !y cease to belong to ! hi/ory ( humanism2 :at ju/ifies ! m5tion ( !m "h is ! fact t !y ow$ _! fir/ exi/5ce to ! s*ol>s ( ! ?ird p]iod4 ,! wor/ faults ( ,italian erudition--p$antry & /yli/ic affectations--7 p]petuat$ by cot]ies wor%ipp+ ,petr>* & p$dl+ ) ! idle/ ( all lit]>y problems1 :]e s great a writ] z ,annibale ,c>o ?\ght x 9 good ta/e to write a diss]tation on ! nose ( a presid5t1 & :]e ! indu/ry ( s5sible m5 0 absorb$ 9 ! concoction ( sonnets by ! myriad & *ildi% puns on _! own titles4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ age ( political /agnation & ecclesia/ical oppression ! academies 7 ! play?+s ( a nation fa/ deg5]at+ into intellectual hebetude4 ,n )\t amazem5t d we read ! eulogies pron\nc$ by ,milton on ! 'le>n$ & affable meet+ ( frequ5t academies1 & ! procurem5t ( wise & artful recitations1 sweet5$ ) eloqu5t & graceful incitem5ts to ! love & practice ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & =titude4' ,:at he _h obs]v$ ) admiration 9 ,italy1 he w\ld fa9 h se5 imitat$ 9 ,engl&1 undet]r$ app>5tly by ! impot5ce & /]ility ( academic diss]tations4#cda ,footnote #cda3 ,see ! ,reason ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t urg$ aga9/ ,prelaty1 & ! ,ready & ,easy ,way to ,e/abli% a ,free ,commonweal?4 ,x rema9s to speak ( ! e/abli%m5t ( pr9t+ 9 ,italy1 an ev5t no less important = ! pres]vation & diffusion ( classical le>n+ ?an ! previ\s discov]y ( ,,mss4 _h be5 indisp5sable = its revival4 ,:at has to be said ab\t ! erudite society ( ,v5ice may appropriately be introduc$ 9 ?is connection2 :ile ! f9al hon\rs ( ! ?ird p]iod w be se5 to belong ( "r to "o ( ,italy's mo/ noble-m9d$ s*ol>s1 ,aldus ,manutius4 ,9 #adfb ,adolph ( ,nassau pillag$ ,ma9tz & disp]s$ its pr9t]s ov] ,europe4 ,?ree ye>s lat] two ,g]mans1 by "n ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz1 :o _h work$ "u ,fu/1 set up a press 9 ,subbiaco1 a little village ( ! ,sab9e m\nta9s4 ,"h1 9 ,octob] #adfe1 ! fir/ edition ( ,lactantius saw ! light4 ,! ,g]man pr9t]s soon aft]w>ds remov$ f ,subbiaco1 & settl$1 "u ! protection ( ! ,massimi1 9 ,rome1 :]e !y cont9u$ to issue ,lat9 au?ors f _! press4#cdb ,9 #afdf ,john ( ,spires e/abli%$ himself at ,v5ice4 ,he 0 soon aft]w>ds jo9$ by 8 bro!r ,v9del9o 7s ! ,italians write ! "n7 & by ,ni*olas ,j5son1 ! ,fr5*man4 ,flor5ce _h no press till #adga1 :5 ,b]n>do ,c5n9i pr9t$ ! comm5t>y ( ,s]vius on ,virgil's ',bucolics4' ,! ',georgics' & 'neid' appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,to ,c5n9i1 h[ev]1 belongs ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ ,italian to ca/ 8 own type4 ,l _m o!r illu/ri\s artific]s1 he 0 by trade a goldsmi?2 9 8 address to ! read] he /yles himself aurifex omnium judicio pr/antissimus1 add+1 ) ref]5ce to ! typography1 expressis ante calide c>act]ibus ac de9de fusis lit]is volum5 hoc primum impress]unt4 ,! la/ s5t5ce ( ! address %\ld also be quot$3 ,flor5t9is +5iis nil ardui e/4 ,o!r pr9t]s op5$ work%ops 9 ,flor5ce )9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s--,john ( ,ma9tz 9 #adgb1 ,ni*olas ( ,breslau 9 #adgg1 ,antonio ,miscom9i 9 #adha1 & ,lor5zo ,alopa ( ,v5ice1 :o gave ,hom] ) ,greek type to ! _w 9 #adhh4 ,/ill1 ,flor5ce _h be5 anticipat$ by _m o!r cities2 = :5 once ! new art took root 9 ,italy1 x spread l wild fire4 ,omitt+ small] places f ! calculation1 x has be5 reckon$ t1 be=e ! ye> #aejj1 #d1ihg books 7 pr9t$ 9 ,italy1 ( :i* #bih are claim$ by ,bologna1 #cjj by ,flor5ce1 #fbi by ,milan1 #ibi by ,rome1 & #b1hce by ,v5ice4 ,! disproportion betwe5 ! activity ( ,flor5ce & ( ,v5ice 9 ! book trade des]ves to be notic$1 ?\gh h[ x %\ld be expla9$ ,i h>dly "k4 ,fifty t[ns & numb]s ( insignificant burghs--,p9]olo1 ,savona1 ,pieve di ,sacco1 ,cividale1 ,sonc9o1 ,*ivasso1 ,sc&iano1 = example--c\ld boa/ ( local presses4 ,ambulant pr9t]s e/abli%$ _! ma*9]y = half a ye> or s 9 a remote village1 pr9t$ :at came to h& !re1 & mov$ on4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,f a memorial pres5t$ by ^! pr9t]s to ,sixtus ,,iv4 9 #adgb we asc]ta9 "s facts ab\t _! indu/ry4 ,!y _h at t date pr9t$ 9 all #ab1die volumes4 ,x 0 _! cu/om to issue #bfe copies ea* edition2 ! d\ble ( t numb] = ,virgil1 ,cic]o's sep>ate works1 & !ological books 9 reque/4 ,cant1 ,lett4 ,x4 p4 #aab4 ,see ,cant1 p4 #aaj1 = details ( ! e>lie/ ,lat9 books4 ,:ile s*ol>s rejoic$ 9 ! art t1 to quote ! ^w ( "o ( !m1 '_h sav$ ! lab\r ( _! a*+ jo9ts1' ! copyi/s compla9$ t _! occupation w\ld be tak5 f !m4 ,! :i/le ( ! locomotive at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 0 n m afflict+ to /age-coa*m5 ?an ! creak+ ( ! wood5 pr9t+ press to ^? poor scribes4 ,yet1 h[ev] quickly a lab\r-sav+ inv5tion may spread1 !re is g5]ally "t = ! sup]s$$ indu/ry to die an easy dea?1 & = artisans to f9d employm5t 9 ! new trade4 ,vespasiano1 :o dur+ tw5ty-six ye>s surviv$ ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,flor5ce1 c\ld ev5 af=d to despise ! press4#cdc ,! great nobles1 on ^: patronage he dep5d$1 did n sudd5ly transf] _! cu/om f ! scribe to ! compositor2 nor 0 x to be expect$ t s ess5tially a democratic art z pr9t+ %\ld f9d imm$iate fav\r ) ! ari/ocracy4 ,a pr9ce ) a libr>y ( ,,mss4 wor? #dj1jjj ducats hat$ ! ma*9e t put an equal numb] ( m readable volumes )9 ! rea* ( mod]ate compet5cy4 ,moreov]1 a c]ta9 suspicion ( subv]siv5ess & lic5se clung ab\t ! press4 ,?is 0 to "s ext5t ju/ifi$ by fact1 s9ce ! press 0 de/9$ to be ! mo/ =midable eng9e ( ! mod]n reason4 ,ecclesia/ics1 aga91 que/ion$ :e!r ! promiscu\s multiplication ( books 7 pi\s2 & ,alex&] ,,vi4 /ret*$ 8 h& out to co]ce ! pr9t]'s devil4 ,to *eck ! spread ( pr9t+ w\ld1 h[ev]1 h ov]tax$ ! p[]s ( any human tyranny4 ,all t ! ,*ur* c\ld d 0 to place its productions "u episcopal control4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,see above1 p4 #bbj4 ,?\gh ! copyi/s ( ,,mss4 7 ?r[n out ( "w by ! pr9t+ press1 x gave important /imulus to o!r indu/ries 9 ,italy4 ,! pap] mills ( ,fabriano & ( ,colle 9 ! ,val d',elsa became valuable prop]ties2#cdd compositors & read]s began to =m a sep>ate class ( artisans1 :ile ne$y s*ol>s f\nd a m>ket = _! tal5ts 9 ! h\ses ( ! publi%]s4 ,:5 we consid] ! am\nt ( lit]>y "w t _h to be p]=m$ be=e ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,hebrew texts c\ld be prep>$ = ! press1 ! difficulty ( procur+ correct copies ( au?oritative codices1 & ! scrupul\s att5tion exp5d$ ^u pro( %eets1 we are able to und]/& t m5 :o liv$ by le>n+ f\nd ! new art pr(itable4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,x is suppos$ t ! e>lie/ pap] factory e/abli%$ 9 ,italy 0 at ,fabriano4 ,colle1 a little t[n ne> ,volt]ra1 made pap] f a remote p]iod2 by a de$1 dat$ ,m>* #f1 #acgg1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,ar*ivio ,diplomatico1 "o ,colo da ,colle r5t$ a fall ( wat] !re et gual*]iam ad faci5das c>tas = tw5ty ye>s4 ,bo? places are /ill celebrat$ = _! pap] mills4 ,in/ead ( hav+ previ\s editions to "w ^u1 ! publi%]s 7 oblig$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to collect ,,mss4 ,= ?is purpose !y ei!r travell$ !mselves f city to city1 or employ$ compet5t amanu5ses4 ,next1 x 0 necess>y to /udy ! philosoph]s1 poets1 hi/orians1 ma!maticians1 & my/ics1 ^: works !y int5d$ to pr9t1 9 ord] t no mi/ake 9 ! s5se ( ! words %\ld be made4 ,or?ography & punctuation _h to be fix$2 & betwe5 _m read+s only "o c\ld be adopt$4 ,giv+ a fir/ edition to ! _w involv$ f> m anxiety on ^! po9ts ?an ! reproduction ( a book already (t5 pr9t$4 ,no "o man c\ld accompli% su* tasks alone4 ,!re=e we f9d t scores ( le>n$ m5 7 associat$ toge!r = ! purpose1 liv+ "u ! same ro(1 revis+ ! copy = ! compositor1 ov]look+ ! m5 at "w1 read+ ! text al\d1 & correct+ ! pro(s ) a vigilance t is b little ne$$ n[adays4 ,all ?is lab\r1 moreov]1 0 accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( gramm>s1 lexicons1 & o!r aids4 ,truly we may say )\t exagg]ation t ! ,aldi ( ,v5ice & ! ,/ephani ( ,p>is are m wor?y ( commemoration = s]vices r5d]$ ?r\gh s*ol>%ip to humanity ?an ^? mod]n ca/igators ( anci5t texts1 ! ,porsons & ! ,la*manns1 ^: names are on e lip4 ,! en?usiasm ( discov]y1 & ! ri* field = orig9al indu/ry (f]$ to ^? e>ly editors1 may be reckon$ z comp5sation = _! o!rwise ov]:elm+ toil4 ,teobaldo ,mannucci1 bett] kn[n z ,aldo ,manuzio1 0 born 9 #adej at ,s]moneta1 ne> ,velletri4 ,aft] resid+ z a cli5t 9 ! pr9cely h\se ( ,c>pi1 he add$ ! "n ,pio to 8 patronymic1 & sign$ 8 publications ) ! full description1 ,aldus ,pius ,manutius ,romanus et ,philhell51 ,greek3 ,aldos ho ,man\tios ,rmaios kai ,philelln4 ,he /udi$ ,lat9 at ,rome "u ,gasp>9o da ,v]ona1 & ,greek at ,f]r>a "u ,gu>9o da ,v]ona1 to :om he d$icat$ 8 ,!ocritus 9 #adie4 ,hav+ qualifi$ himself = und]tak+ ! "w ( tutor or pr(essor1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c5tury1 & hav+ made fri5ds ) _m ( ! pr9cipal ,italian s*ol>s1 he w5t 9 #adhb to reside at ,mir&ola ) 8 old fri5d & fell[ /ud5t1 ,giovanni ,pico4 ,!re he /ay$ two ye>s1 enjoy+ ! society ( ! ,pho5ix ( 8 age1 & cont9u+ 8 ,greek /udies 9 conc]t ) ,emmanuel ,adramytt5os1 a le>n$ ,cretan4 ,be=e ,pico remov$ to ,flor5ce he procur$ = ,aldo ! po/ ( tutor to 8 nephews ,alb]to & ,lionello ,pio4 ,c>pi _h own$ ! family ( ,pio = its ma/]s s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 !y rose to p[]1 l _m ( ! ,lomb>d nobles1 by adroit use ( ,imp]ial privileges4#cde ,?is little city1 plac$ midway betwe5 ,correggio1 ,mir&ola1 & ,mod5a1 is s insignificant t its "n has be5 omitt$ f ! index to ,murray's h&book2 nor is !re inde$ mu* b ! memory ( ,aldo & ,alb]to ,pio1 & a *ur* built by ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi1 to recomm5d x to ! notice ( a travell]4 ,"u ! tuition ( ,aldo ! two "y pr9ces became excell5t s*ol>s4 ,alb]to 9 p>ticul> prov$1 by 8 aptitude = philosophical /udies1 t he _h inh]it$ f 8 "m1 ! si/] ( ,giovanni ,pico1 some?+ ( ! _s ( ,mir&ola4 ,:5 ,aldus publi%$ 8 great edition ( ,ari/otle1 he inscrib$ x to 8 =m] pupil ) a ,greek d$ication1 9 :i* he /yl$ him ,greek3 t tn ontn era/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,alb]to's k ( ,greek language & philosophy 0 f> m ?or\gh ?an t ( _m m belaud$ pr9ces ( ! age4 ,yet he _h b little opportunity = ! quiet prosecution ( classical /udies1 or = ! patronage ( le>n$ m5 at ,c>pi4 ,driv5 f 8 patrimony by ! ,imp]iali/s1 he di$ at ,p>is 9 #aecj1 aft] a life sp5t 9 =eign s]vice & diplomatic (fices ( tru/4 ,! bronze monum5t = 8 tomb may /ill be se5#cdf 9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre4 ,! pr9cely s*ol>1 clad 9 ri* ,r5aissance arm\r1 is recl9+ ) 8 head support$ by 8 "r h&2 ! left holds an op5 book4 ,! attitude ( melan*oly m$itation1 ! ornam5tal b useless cuirass1 & ! volume op5 :ile ! scabb>d ( ! sword is %ut1 add to ! portrait ( ?is pr9ce 9 exile ! value ( an allegory4 ,su* symbols suit$ ! g5ius ( ,italy dur+ ! age ( =eign invad]s4 ,footnote #cde3 ,sansov9o1 9 8 ,famiglie ,illu/ri1 aft] giv+ a fabul\s p$igree ( ! ,pio family1 dates _! signorial importance f ! reign ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,execut$ = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,cordeli]s by ,paulus ,pontius4 ,to ,alb]to ,pio ! _w owes a debt ( gratitude1 inasmu* z he suppli$ ,aldo ) ! funds necess>y = />t+ 8 pr9t+ press1 & gave him l&s at ,c>pi1 :]e 8 family 7 educat$4 ,:5 ,aldo conceiv$ ! ambiti\s project ( pr9t+ ! :ole lit]ature ( ,greece1 f\r ,italian t[ns c\ld already claim ! hon\rs ( ,greek publications4 ,milan takes ! lead4 ,9 #adgf ! ,gramm> ( ,lasc>is 0 pr9t$ !re by ,dionysius ,p>avis9i1 ) ! aid ( ,demetrius ( ,crete4#cdg ,9 #adhj ,esop & ,!ocritus appe>$1 ) no publi%]'s "n4 ,9 #adhf two ,cretans1 ,alex&] & ,laonic5us1 edit$ a ,greek psalt]4 ,9 #adic ,isocrates1 prep>$ by ,demetrius ,*alcondylas1 0 issu$ by ,h5ry ! ,g]man & ,seba/ian ( ,pontremolo4 ,next comes ,v5ice1 :]e1 z e>ly z #adhd1 ! ',erotemata' ( ,*rysoloras _h be5 produc$ by a c]ta9 ,p]egr9us ,bononi5sis4 ,vic5za foll[$ 9 #adhh ) a repr9t ( ,lasc>is's ,gramm> due to ,leon>d ,a*ates ( ,basle1 & 9 #adij ) a repr9t ( ! ',erotemata4' ,flor5ce1 z we h already se51 gave ,hom] to ! _w 9 #adhh4 ,demetrius ,*alcondylas revis$ ! text2 ,demetrius ! ,cretan suppli$ ! models = ! types2 ,alopa ( ,v5ice 0 ! publi%]4 ,x w be rem>k$ t1 ) ! exception ( ,hom] & ,!ocritus1 no true classic ( ! fir/ magnitude _h appe>$ be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,ald9e ,press4 ,i may also add t ! ,milanese ,isocrates 0 really contemporane\s ) ! ,musu1 ,galeomyoma*ia1 & ,psalt] issu$ by ,aldo z precursors ( 8 ,greek libr>y--,greek3 ,prodromoi ts ,hellniks biblio?ks4 ,?is fact makes 8 ?irty-?ree fir/ editions ( all ! greate/ & mo/ volum9\s ,greek au?ors betwe5 #adid & #aeae all ! m rem>kable4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,poliziano's epigram address$ to ^! e>lie/ ,greek pr9t]s may be quot$ "h3 ,qui colis ,aonidas1 ,grajos quoque volve libellos2 ,namque illas g5uit ,grcia1 non ,latium4 ,en ,p>avis9us quant hos ,dionysius arte ,imprimit1 en quanto c]nitis +5io6 ,te quoque1 ,demetri1 ponto circumsona ,crete ,tanti op]is nobis edidit artificem4 ,turce1 quid insultas8 tu ,grca volum9a p]dis2 ,hi p>iunt3 hydr nunc age colla seca6 ,x 0 at ,c>pi 9 #adij t ,aldo f9ally matur$ 8 project ( e/abli%+ a ,greek press4 ,8 patrons desir$ him to f\nd x 9 _! ca/le ( ,novi2 b ,aldo judg$ rightly t at ,v5ice he w\ld be m secure f ! di/urbances ( w>f>e1 z well z m conv5i5tly situat$ = engag+ ! assi/ance ( ,greek s*ol>s & compositors4 ,accord+ly1 he took a h\se1 & settl$ ne> ,s4 ,ago/9o4 ,?is h\se spe$ily became a ,greek colony4 ,x may be inf]r$ f ,aldo's directions to ! pr9t]s t 8 trade 0 c>ri$ on almo/ entirely by ,greeks1 & t ,greek 0 ! language ( 8 h\sehold4 ,! in/ructions to ! b9d]s z to ! ord] ( ! %eets & mode ( /it*+ 7 giv5 9 ,greek2 & _m curi\s ,greek phrases appe> to h sprung up to meet ! exig5cies ( ! new indu/ry4 ,?us we f9d ,greek3 h9a hellni/i synde?setai = ',greek /it*+1' & ,greek3 kattit]9 *eiri = '! type2' :ile ,aldo himself is describ$ z ,greek3 epheuret t\tn grammatn *>aktros hs eirtai4 ,! prefaces1 almo/ always compos$ 9 ,greek1 prove t ?is language 0 read curr5tly 9 ,italy1 s9ce ,aldo reli$ on num]\s pur*as]s ( 8 l>ge & co/ly issues4 ,! ,greek type1 = ! ca/+ ( :i* he provid$ ma*9]y 9 8 own h\se1 0 =m$ ^u ! model suppli$ by ,m>cus ,musurus1 a ,cretan1 :o _h tak5 ,lat9 ord]s & settl$ at ,c>pi1 & f :om ,aldo receiv$ important assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( editions = ! press4 ,! compositors1 9 l mann]1 7 mo/ly ,cretans4 ,we he> ( "o ( !m1 by "n ,ari/ob\los ,apo/olios1 :ile ,john ,gregorop\los1 ano!r ,cretan1 ! bro!r-9-law ( ,musurus1 p]=m$ ! "p ( read]4 ,! ink us$ by ,aldo 0 made 9 8 own h\se1 :]e he _h1 besides1 a subord9ate e/abli%m5t = b9d+4 ,! pap]1 excell$ by none t has be5 s9ce produc$1 came f ! mills ( ,fabriano4 ,x may easily be imag9$ t ?is beehive ( ,greek indu/ry (t5 numb]$ ov] ?irty p]sons1 n includ+ ! craftsm5 employ$ 9 less] (fices by ! day4 ,! sup]9t5d5ce ( ?is l>ge e/abli%m5t1 add$ to ! anxieties att5d+ ! production ( s _m books z yet n edit$1 sorely tax$ ! heal? & p[]s ( ,aldo4 ,= ye>s toge!r he seems to h _h no m9ute he c\ld call 8 own4 ,cont9ual dem&s 7 made by visitors & /rang]s ^u 8 h\rs ( leisure2 & 9 ord] to secure "t = ! conduct ( 8 bus9ess1 he 0 =c$ to plac>d 8 door ) a prohibitory notice4#cdh ,besides ! m ord9>y int]ruptions1 to :i* e man ( em95ce is subject$1 he _h to /ruggle ) peculi> difficulties due to ! novelty ( 8 und]tak+4 ,! prefaces to _m ( 8 publications conta9 allusions to /rikes among 8 workm51#cdi to ! piracies ( rival booksell]s1#cej to ! difficulty ( procur+ au!ntic ,,mss41#cea & to ! int]ruptions caus$ by w>4 ,twice 0 ! "w ( pr9t+ susp5d$1 fir/ 9 #aejf1 & !n aga9 9 #aeaj4 ,= two :ole ye>s at ! latt] p]iod ! indu/ries ( ,v5ice 7 p>alys$ by ! alli$ =ces ( ! ,league ( ,cambray4 ,! d$ication ( ! fir/ edition ( ,plato1 #aeac1 to ,leo ,x4 concludes ) a pray]1 spl5did 9 ! e>ne/ness & simplicity ( its eloqu5ce1 :]e9 ,aldo comp>es ! mis]ies ( w>f>e & ! woes ( ,italy ) ! sublime & peaceful objects ( ! /ud5t4 ,all ! t]rible exp]i5ces ( t wa/eful campaign1 f ! effects ( :i* ! ,republic ( ,v5ice nev] :olly recov]$1 seem to f9d expression 9 ! passionate b rev]5t1 address ( ! great pr9t] to ! s*ol> ,pope4 ,= two ye>s previ\sly ! press ( ,aldo _h be5 idle1 :ile ! ,fr5* 7 delug+ ,brescia ) blood1 & ! pla9s ( ,rav5na 7 heap$ ) dead ,italians1 ,spani>ds1 ,gauls1 & ,g]mans1 met 9 passionate b fruitless conflict by ! ,ronco4 ,n[1 f ! mid/ ( h] desolat$ palaces & sil5c$ lagoons1 ,v5ice /ret*$ =? to ,europe ! peace-gift ( ,plato4 ,! /ud5t :o _h toil$ to make x p]fect1 appeal$ be=e ,*ri/ & ,8 vic>1 f ! arms t brutalise to ! arts t humanise ! nations4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,see ,didot's ,alde ,manuce1 p4 #dag1 ! passage beg9n+ ',vix cr$as4' ,9 ! ,lat9 preface to ! ,!saurus ,cornucopi et ,horti ,adonidis1 #adie1 ,aldo compla9s t he has n be5 able to re/ = "o h\r dur+ sev5 ye>s4 ,footnote #cdi3 ',tot illico oborta sunt imp$im5ta malorumque invidi et dome/icorum ,greek3 kai tais tn kat>atn kai drapeteuontn d\ln epib\lais4' ,preface to ! ,poet ,*ri/iani ,vet]es1 #aeja4 ,aga9 9 ! 'monitum' ( ! same1 'quat] jam 9 dibus no/ris ab op]>iis et /ip5di>iis 9 me conspiratum et duce malorum omnium matre av>iti quos ,deo adjuvante sic fregi ut valde omnes po5iteat su p]fidi4' ,footnote #cej3 ,! ,fr5* publi%]s ( ,lyons1 ! ,giunti ( ,rome1 & ,sonc9o ( ,fano1 7 p>ticul>ly tr\blesome4 ,didot has extract$ "s curi\s in=mation ab\t _! tricks z well z ,aldo's exposure ( !m4 ,pp4 #afg1 #dhb-dhf4 ,footnote #cea3 ,see especially ! preface to ,ari/otle1 vol4 i4 #adie2 vol4 v4 #adih4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! occupations1 disappo9tm5ts1 & di/ractions1 ,aldo1 su/a9$ by ! en?usiasm ( 8 great und]tak+1 nev] flagg$4 ,"s ( 8 prefaces1 aft] sett+ =? ! imp$im5ts he _h to combat1 bur/ into a cry ( triumph4 ,:at joy1 he exclaims1 x is to see ^! volumes ( ! anci5ts rescu$ f book-buri]s 7,greek3 bibliotaphoi7 & giv5 freely to ! _w6#ceb ,no man c\ld h be5 m g5]\sly anxi\s ?an he 0 to s]ve ! cause ( s*ol>%ip by ! wide/ possible diffusion ( books at a mod]ate price4 ,no arti/ 0 ev] m scrupul\sly b5t on giv+ ! be/ possible =m1 ! utmo/ accuracy1 to e detail ( 8 "w4 ,:5 we consid] ! beauty ( ! ,ald9e volumes1 & ! critical excell5ce ( _! texts1 we may fairly be a/oni%$ at _! prices4 ,! ,musu 0 sold = some?+ "u "o %ill+ ( our money1 ! ,!ocritus = some?+ "u two %ill+s4 ,! five volumes :i* conta9$ ! :ole ( ,ari/otle1 might be pur*as$ = a sum n c]ta9ly exce$+ #hl4 ,ea* volume ( ! pocket s]ies1 head$ 9 #aeja by ! #hvo4 ,virgil1 & compris+ ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,italian au?ors1 fet*$ ab\t two %ill+s4 ,= ?is libr>y ! celebrat$ ,italic type1 kn[n z ,ald9e1 0 adapt$ f ! h&writ+ ( ,petr>*1 & cut by ,francesco da ,bologna4#cec ,x appe>s t1 z 8 trade increas$1 ,aldo =m$ a company1 :o %>$ ! risks & pr(its ( ! bus9ess4#ced ,yet ! exp5ses ( publi%+ 7 s heavy1 ! insecurity ( ! book m>ket s great1 & ! privileges ( copyright grant$ by ! ,pope or ! ,v5etian ,s5ate s imp]fect1#cee t ,aldo1 aft] giv+ 8 life to ?is "w1 & bequea?+ to ! _w ,greek lit]ature1 di$ comp>atively poor4 ,erasmus1 always some:at sn>l+1 accus$ him ( av>ice2 yet x 0 8 lib]ality to 8 collaborators1 8 op5h&$ness 9 buy+ ! exp5sive app>atus = critical editions1 t =c$ him to be economical4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,see ,preface to ,!saurus ,cornucopi1 quot$ by ,didot1 p4 #hj2 & cf4 pp4 #baj1 #bba1 #eba1 = fur!r h9ts ab\t selfi% bibliomaniacs1 :o tri$ to ho>d _! treasures f ! public & refus$ !m to ! press4 ,aldo1 z a g5u9e lov] ( free le>n+1 & also z a publi%]1 dete/s ?is class ( m54 ,footnote #cec3 ,see ,pannizzi's tract on ',francesco da ,bologna1' publi%$ by ,pick]+1 #ahgc4 ,he 0 probably ,francia ! pa9t]4 ,footnote #ced3 ,9 a lett] to ,m>cello ,virgilio ,adriani1 ! tea*] ( ,ma*iavelli1 he m5tions "s books ',cum aliis quibusdam communes1' z di/+ui%$ f o!rs :i* 7 8 private prop]ty4 ,didot1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #cee3 ,on ! subject ( pat5ts1 privileges1 & monopolies see ,didot1 pp4 #gi1 #aff1 #ahi1 #cga1 #dgi-dha4 ,! fir/ editions ( ,greek books publi%$ by ,aldo des]ve to be sep>ately notic$4 ,9 #adic1 or e>li]1 appe>$ ! ',h]o & ,le&]' ( ,musu1 a poem t pass$1 9 t uncritical age1 = ! "w ( ,hom]'s my?ical pr$ecessor4#cef ,9 #adie ! fir/ volume ( ,ari/otle saw ! light1 accompani$ by num]\s ,greek epigrams & a ,greek lett] ( ,scipione ,=tigu]ra1 :o deplores 9 x ! dea?s ( ,pico1 ,poliziano1 & ,ermolao ,b>b>o4 ,! rema9+ f\r volumes foll[$ 9 #adig & #adih4 ,9 ! latt] ( ^! ye>s ,aldo1 aid$ by 8 fri5d ,musurus1 produc$ n9e com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes2 ! ,,mss4 ( ! ',lysi/rata' & ',!smophoriazus' 7 aft]w>ds discov]$ at ,urb9o1 & publi%$ by ,giunta 9 #aeae4 ,9 #aejb1 ,?ucydides1 ,sophocles1 & ,h]odotus appe>$1 foll[$ 9 #aejc by ,x5ophon's ',hell5ics' & ,euripides1#ceg & 9 #aejd by ,demo/h5es4 ,aft] ?is occurs a lull1 occasion$ 9 "p by ! di/urbances ensu+ on ! ,league ( ,blois4 ,9 #aejh ! li/ is recont9u$ ) ! ,greek orators2 :ile #aeji has to %[ ! m9or works ( ,plut>*4 ,!n foll[s ano!r /oppage due to w>4 ,9 #aeac ,plato 0 publi%$1 & 9 #aead ,p9d>1 ,hesy*ius1 & ,a!nu4 ,footnote #cef3 ,greek3 ,m\saion ton palaiotaton poitn !lsa prooimiaze9 t te ,ari/otelei kai tn sophn tois het]ois autika di' em\ entypsom5ois4 ,?is ,greek3 prodromos1 or precursor1 appe>$ )\t a date2 b x mu/ h come out e>li] ?an #adid4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,john ,lasc>is _h edit$ f\r plays ( ,euripides = ,alopa 9 #adif4 ,?is ,ald9e edition conta9$ eighte51 "o ( :i*1 ! ,h]cules ,fur5s1 turn$ up :ile vol4 ii4 0 9 ! press4 ,! ,electra1 n discov]$ till lat] on1 0 pr9t$ at ,rome1 #aede4 ,f ! prec$+ acc\nt ,i h omitt$ ! notice ( m9or editions z well z repr9ts4 ,9 ord] to complete ! hi/ory ( ! ,ald9e issue ( ,greek books1 x %\ld be m5tion$ t ,aldo's successors cont9u$ 8 "w by giv+ ,pausanias1 ,/rabo1 s*ylus1 ,gal51 ,hippocrates1 & ,long9us to ! _w2 s t :5 ! ,e/i5nes ( ,p>is came to glean 9 ! field ( ! ,italian publi%]s1 !y only f\nd ,anacreon1 ,maximus ,tyrius1 & ,diodorus ,siculus z yet un$it$4 ,we mu/ n =get t1 :ile ! ,greek au?ors 7 be+ pr9t$ ?us assidu\sly by ,aldo1 he cont9u$ to s5d =? ,lat9 & ,italian publications f 8 press4 ,?us we f9d t ! ',etna' & ! ',asolani' ( ,bembo1 ! collect$ writ+s ( ,poliziano1 ! ',hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili1' ! ',div9e ,com$y1' ! ',cose ,volg>i' ( ,petr>*1 ! ',poet ,*ri/iani ,vet]es1' includ+ ,prud5tius1 ! poems ( ,pontanus1 ! lett]s ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 ! ',arcadia' ( ,sannazz>o1 ,qu9tilian1 ,val]ius ,maximus1 & ! ',adagia' ( ,erasmus 7 pr9t$1 ei!r 9 fir/ editions or ) a beauty ( type & pap] nev] rea*$ be=e1 betwe5 ! ye>s #adie & #aead4 ,! great ,dut* s*ol> :o made an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( le>n+1 & transf]r$ ! sov]eignty ( lett]s to ! nor? ( ,europe1 paid a visit 9 #aejh to ! h\se ( ,aldo1 :]e he p]sonally sup]9t5d$ ! re-impression ( 8 ',prov]bs4'#ceh ,we h a lively picture ( ! pr9t+ ( ?is celebrat$ book 9 ,aldo's work%op4 ',toge!r we attack$ ! "w1' says ,erasmus1 ',i writ+1 :ile ,aldo gave my copy to ! press4' ,9 "o corn] ( ! room sat ! s*ol> at 8 desk1 ) ! ?9 ke5 face s well portray$ by ,holbe91 improvis+ new p>agraphs1 & mak+ additions to 8 previ\s collections 9 ! brilliant ,lat9 /yle t no "o else c\ld write4 ,aldo took ! ,,ms4 f 8 h&1 & pass$ x on to ! compositors1 revis+ ! pro(s z !y came fre% f ! press1 or conf]r+ ) 8 read] ,s]aph9us4#cei ,erasmus _h already ga9$ ! reputation ( a dang]\s free?9k] & oppon5t to ! ,*ur*4 ,z ye>s advanc$1 & ! ,re=mation spread 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 he became m & m odi\s to ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,! _s ( revolt 0 inc>nate 9 ?is ,voltaire ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 nor c\ld ! cl]gy raise o!r arms ?an ^? ( p]secution aga9/ s radiant a *ampion ( pure reason4 ,all repr9ts ( ! ',adagia' 7 !re=e =bidd5 by ! bi%ops4 ,paulus ,manutius _h to quote x on 8 catalogues z ! "w ( ,batavus quidam homo4 ,to su* an ext5t 7 lib]al /udies n[ gagg$ & d[ntrodd5 by ! tyrants ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation 9 t ,italy :i* = two previ\s c5turies _h be5 ! *ampion ( free culture = ,europe4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,! ,adagia 7 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aejj at ,p>is by ,john ,philippi4 ,aft] ! ,ald9e edition elev5 7 issu$ betwe5 #aeji & #aebj by ,mat!w ,s*r]1 t5 by ,frob5 betwe5 #aeac & #aeci1 :ile sev5 or eight o!rs appe>$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,footnote #cei3 ,see ! passage quot$ by ,didot1 pp4 #big-bii4 ,be=e conclud+ ! biography ( ,aldo ,manuzio x may be well to give "s acc\nt ( ! m illu/ri\s assi/ants & collaborators :om he ga!r$ ar\nd him 9 8 academy at ,v5ice4#cfj ,! ,new ,academy1 or ,ald9e ,academy ( ,hell5i/s1 0 f\nd$ 9 #aejj = ! special purpose ( promot+ ,greek /udies & fur!r+ ! publication ( ,greek au?ors4 ,its rules 7 writt5 9 ,greek2 ! memb]s 7 oblig$ to speak ,greek2 _! (ficial titles 7 ,greek2 & _! names 7 ,grecis$4 ,?us ,scipione ,=tigu]ra1 ( ,pi/oja1 :o prep>$ ! text ( ,demo/h5es = ,aldo1 /yl$ himself ,c>t]oma*os3 & ,aless&ro ,bond9i1 ! ,v5etian physician :o work$ ^u ! edition ( ,ari/otle1 bore ! "n ( ,aga!m]os4#cfa ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,greeks at t "t resid5t 9 ,italy c\ld be c\nt$ among ! ,neacademicians4 ,john ,lasc>is1 ( ,imp]ial blood1 ! tea*] ( ,hell5ism 9 ,france "u ?ree k+s1 0 an honor>y memb]4 ,to ?is great s*ol> ,aldo d$icat$ 8 fir/ edition ( ,sophocles4 ,m>cus ,musurus occupi$ a po/ ( m practical importance4#cfb ,we h se5 t 8 h&writ+ =m$ ! model ( ,aldo's ,greek type4 ,to 8 s*ol>%ip ! editions ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,plato1 ,p9d>1 ,hesy*ius1 ,a!nu1 & ,pausanias ow$ _! critical accuracy2 :ile1 9 conc]t ) ,nicolaos ,bla/os & ,za*>ias ,calli]gi1 two ,cretan pr9t]s settl$ 9 ,v5ice1 he publi%$ ! fir/ ,lat9 & ,greek lexicon4#cfc ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ,cretans play a prom95t "p 9 ?is ,v5etian revival ( ,greek le>n+4 ,ari/ob\los ,apo/olios1 ,joannes ,gregorop\los1 ,joannes ,rhosos1 & ,demetrius ,d\cas1 all ( !m natives ( ,crete1 7 memb]s ( ! ,neacademy4 ,! fir/ z a compositor1 ! second z a read]1 ! ?ird z a scribe1 ! f\r? z editor ( ! ,greek ,orators1 r5d]$ ,aldo effective assi/ance4 ,among ,italians1 ,pietro ,bembo1 ,ale&]1 & ,alb]to ,pio occupi$ positions ( honor>y di/9ction r ?an ( active indu/ry4 ,^? :o work$ 9 e>ne/ = ! ,ald9e press 7 *iefly ,v5etians4 ,girolamo ,avanzi1 pr(essor ( philosophy at ,padua1 revis$ ! texts ( ,catullus1 ,s5eca1 & ,ausonius4 ,&rea ,navag]o1 ! noble ,v5etian poet1 correct$ ,lucretius1 ,ovid1 ,t]5ce1 ,qu9tilian1 ,horace1 & ,virgil4 ,giambatti/a ,egnazio p]=m$ ! same s]vice = ,val]ius ,maximus1 ! ,lett]s ( ,pl9y1 ,lactantius1 ,t]tullian1 ,aulus ,gellius1 & o!r ,lat9 au?ors4 ,to m5tion all ! em95t ,v5etians :o play$ _! "p 9 ?is ,academy w\ld be t$i\s2 yet ! two names ( ,m>9o ,sanudo1 ! fam\s di>i/1 & ( ,m>co ,antonio ,coccio1 call$ ,sabellicus1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,republic1 _c be omitt$4 ,( nor!rn =eign]s ! mo/ illu/ri\s 0 ,erasmus2 to ,engli%m5 ! mo/ int]e/+ is ,?omas ,l9acre4 ,born 9 #adfj at ,cant]bury1 he travell$ into ,italy1 & /udi$ at ,flor5ce "u ,poliziano & ,*alcondylas4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& he f\nd$ ! ,greek ,*air at ,ox=d1 & di$ 9 ,london 9 ! ye> #aebd4 ,8 translation into ,lat9 ( ! ',sph]e' ( ,proclus 0 publi%$ by ,aldus 9 #adii4 ,to him & to ,groc9 belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ s\ght to plant ! culture ( ,italy 9 ! univ]sities ( ,engl&4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,didot1 pp4 #adg-aea1 #dcf-dgj1 gives ample details conc]n+ ! f\ndation1 con/itution1 & memb]s ( ! ,ald9e ,academy4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,we may comp>e ! "n ( ,melan*?on4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,a native ( ,rot9o1 9 ,crete 7b4 #adgj1 d4 at ,rome #aeag74 ,he acquir$ ,lat9 s ?or\ghly t ,erasmus wrote ( him3 ',lat9 l+u usque ad miraculum doctus1 quod vix ulli ,grco contigit prt] ,!odorum ,gazam et ,joannem ,lasc>em4' ,john ,lasc>is 0 8 ma/]4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,etymologicon ,magnum1 #adii4 ,didot1 pp4 #edd-egh1 may be consult$ = in=mation ab\t ?is ,greek press4 ,musurus boa/s 9 8 encomia/ic v]ses t ! "w 0 accompli%$ entirely by ,cretans4 ,greek3 analmasi ,bla/\ pon kai dexiotti ,kalli]g\ 9 ! colophon4 ,dur+ a sev]e illness 9 ! ye> #adih ,aldo v[$ to take holy ord]s if he %\ld recov]4 ,f ?is obligation he subsequ5tly obta9$ release by a brief ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he m>ri$ ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,&rea ,torresano1 ( ,asola4 ,&rea1 "s ye>s e>li]1 _h b\ght ! press e/abli%$ by ,ni*olas ,j5son 9 ,v5ice1 s t ,aldo's m>riage to 8 daught] comb9$ ! int]e/s ( two important firms4 ,h5ce=? ! names ( ,aldus & ( ,asolanus 7 associat$ on ! title-pages ( ! ,ald9e publications4 ,:5 ,aldo di$ 9 #aead 7#aeae new /yle71 he left ?ree sons--,manutio1 9 ord]s at ,asola2 ,antonio1 a booksell] at ,bologna2#cfd & ,paolo ,manuzio4 ,! la/ ( ^! sons1 born at ,v5ice 9 #aeab1 0 educat$ by 8 gr&fa!r ,&rea till ! ye> ( ! old man's dea? 7#aebi74 ,he c>ri$ on ! press at ,v5ice & at ,rome1 sep>at+ 9 ! ye> #aedj f 8 uncles ! ,asolani1 & bequea?+ 8 bus9ess to 8 son nam$ ,aldo4 ,?is gr&son ( ,aldo ,manuzio1 call$ by ,scalig] a 'wret*$ & sl[ wit1 ! mimic ( 8 fa!r1' began 8 c>e] by pr9t+1 at ! age ( elev51 a treatise on ! ',eleganze della ,l+ua ,toscana e ,lat9a4' ,he m>ri$ ,francesca ,lucrezia ,giunta1 ( ! fam\s h\se ( pr9t]s1 & di$1 )\t surviv+ issue1 at ,rome 9 #aeig4 ,?us ! indu/ry ( ,aldo 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh two g5]ations till ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! device ( ! dolph9 & ! an*or1 int5d$ to symbolise quickness ( execution comb9$ ) firmness ( delib]ation1 & ! motto ,fe/9a l5te1 :i* ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne has r5d]$ by ',cel]ity contemp]$ ) cunctation1' ?\gh *ang$ to suit v>ieties ( ta/e f "t to "t1 7 nev] altoge!r ab&on$ by ! ,ald9es4#cfe ,z ye>s w5t on1 h[ev]1 _! publications became ( less importance1 & ! beauty ( _! books deg5]at$4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,!re is "s discrepancy ab\t ?is ,antonio betwe5 ,r5\>d & ,didot4 ,footnote #cfe3 ',sum ipse mihi optimus te/is me semp] hab]e comites1 ut oport]e aiunt1 delph9um et an*oram2 nam et d$imus multa cunct&o1 et damus assidue4' ,preface to ! ,a/ronomici1 d$icat$ to ,duke ,guidobaldo ( ,urb9o1 #adii4 ,! obs]vations ( ,erasmus on ! motto des]ve to be read ) att5tion4 ,see ,didot1 p4 #bii4 ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ,aldo's ent]prise1 ,i h be5 c>ri$ beyond ! limits ( ! p]iod includ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,yet ,i knew n h[ to describe ! activity ( ! press 9 ,italy bett] ?an by conc5trat+ att5tion ^u ! greate/ publi%] :o ev] liv$4 ,aldo ,manuzio 0 no m]e booksell] or pr9t]4 ,8 le>n+ won ! he>ty praises ( ripe s*ol>s1 nor did any /ud5t ( ! age express m nobly & ) full] conviction 8 deep s5se ( ! dignity conf]r$ by le>n+ on ! s\l ( man4#cff ,t he 0 amiable 9 private life is prov$ by ! intimate relations he ma9ta9$ ) humani/s1 ?an :om ev5 poets are n a m irritable race ( m54#cfg ,to 8 fell[-work]s he 0 uni=mly g5]\s 9 pecuni>y matt]s1 free f jeal\sy1 & prodigal ( praise4 ,seek+ ev5 less ?an 8 due %>e ( cr$it1 he desir$ t ! great "w ( 8 life %\ld pass = ! common a*ievem5t ( himself & 8 le>n$ associates4 ,!re=e he call$ 8 ,greek libr>y ! fruits ( ! ,neacademia1 ?\gh no man c\ld h kn[n bett] ?an he did t 8 own g5ius 0 ! life & _s ( ! und]tak+4 ,8 /ores ( ,,mss4 7 z op5 to ! in/ruction ( s*ol>s z 8 pr9t$ books 7 giv5 lib]ally to ! public4#cfh ',aldo1' writes ,erasmus1 '_h no?+ 9 8 treasury b :at he readily communicat$4' ,^? :o read ! e/imate ( 8 s]vices to le>n+ made by em95t contempor>ies1 w f9d ! language ( ,ni*olas ,leonic5us1 ,erasmus1 & ,anton ,francesco ,doni n exagg]at$4#cfi ,b1 9 ord] to compreh5d _! true value1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t until ! ye> #aeaf1 :5 ,frob5 pr9t$ ! ,greek ,te/am5t at ,basle1 none b insignificant ,greek repr9ts _h appe>$ 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4#cgj ,f9ally1 :at makes ! place ( ,aldus 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian humanism all-important is ! fact t1 aft] ab\t #aebj1 ,greek /udies began to decl9e 9 ,italy all toge!r4 ,z ?\gh exhau/$ by ! enorm\s en]gy :]e) ,flor5ce _h acquir$ & ,v5ice _h dissem9at$ ,greek culture1 ! ,italians relaps$ into apa?y4 ,po/]ity may be ?ankful t _! pupils1 ,groc9 & ,l9acre1 ,reu*l9 & ,erasmus1 ! ,/ephani & ,budu1 _h by ?is "t transplant$ erudition beyond ! ,alps1 :ile ,aldo _h secur$ ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,greece aga9/ ! possibility ( de/ruction4 ,footnote #cff3 ,see ! passages f 8 lett]s & prefaces quot$ & ref]r$ to on p4 #bci1 above1 note #b4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,! prospect ( 8 visit to ,milan 9 #aeji call$ =? ^! pretty ,april v]ses f ,antiqu>i3-- ,aldus v5it en1 ,aldus ecce v5it6 ,nunc1 ,o nunc1 juv5es1 ubique 9 urbe ,flores sp>gite4 ,v]e namque primo ,aldus v5it en1 ,aldus ecce v5it4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,see above1 p4 #bge1 = 8 hatr$ ( ! ,greek3 bibliotaphoi4 ,he 0 ! v opposite ( ,h5ri ,e/i5ne ! y\ng]1 :o clos$ 8 libr>y aga9/ 8 son-9-law ,casaubon4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,didot1 pp4 #hi1 #bii1 #dbc4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,priscian1 at ,erfurt1 #aeja2 ,alphabet1 ,batra*omyoma*ia1 ,musu1 ,!ocritus1 ,gramm> ( ,*rysoloras1 ,hesiod's ,works & ,days1 ,p>is1 #aejg2 ,ari/otle on ,div9ation by ,dreams1 ,crac[1 #aebi2 ,lucian1 ,greek3 p]i dipsadn1 ,ox=d1 #aeba1 are among ! e>lie/ ,greek books pr9t$ out ( ,italy4 ,! gramm>s ( ! ,greek humani/s 7 frequ5tly repr9t$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,g]many4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,f\r? ,,p]iod ,,( ,,humanism ,fall ( ! ,humani/s -- ,s*ol>%ip p]meates ,society -- ,a ,new ,ideal ( ,life & ,mann]s -- ,lat9isation ( ,names -- ,classical ,p]iphrases -- ,lat9 ,epics on ,*ri/ian ,!mes -- ,paganism -- ,! ,c\rt ( ,leo ,x4 -- ,hon\rs ( ! ,*ur* giv5 to ,s*ol>s -- ,ecclesia/ical ,m5 ( ! ,_w -- ,mc5ases at ,rome -- ,papal & ,imp]ial ,rome -- ,moral ,corruption -- ,social ,ref9em5t -- ,! ,roman ,academy -- ,pietro ,bembo -- ,8 ,life at ,f]r>a -- ,at ,urb9o -- ,comes to ,rome -- ,employ$ by ,leo -- ,retirem5t to ,padua -- ,8 ,dictator%ip ( ,lett]s -- ,jacopo ,sadoleto -- ,a ,grav] ,g5ius ?an ,bembo -- ,paulus ,jovius -- ,lat9 ,/yli/ -- ,8 ,hi/ories -- ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione -- ,life at ,urb9o & ,rome -- ,! ,c\rtly ,s*ol> -- ,8 ,diplomatic ,missions -- ,alb]to ,pio -- ,gian ,francesco ,pico della ,mir&ola -- ,! ,vicissitudes ( 8 ,life -- ,j]ome ,ale&] -- ,ori5tal ,/udies -- ,! ,libr>y ( ! ,vatican -- ,8 ,mission to ,g]many -- ,+hirami1 ,b]oaldo1 & ,acciaiuoli -- ,! ,roman ,univ]sity -- ,john ,lasc>is -- ,/udy ( ,antiquities -- ,orig9 ( ! ',corpus ,inscriptionum' -- ,topographical ,/udies -- ,=mation ( ! ,vatican ,sculpture ,gall]y -- ,discov]y ( ! ,laocoon -- ,feel+ = ,/atues 9 ,r5aissance ,italy -- ,v5etian ,envoys 9 ! ,belv$]e -- ,raphael's ,plan = excavat+ ,anci5t ,rome -- ,8 ,lett] to ,leo -- ,effect ( ,antiqu>ian ,rese>*es on ! ,arts -- ,intellectual ,supremacy ( ,rome 9 ?is ,p]iod -- ,! ,fall -- ,adrian ,,vi4 -- ,! ,sack ( ,rome -- ,val]iano's ,description ( ! ,suff]+s ( ,s*ol>s4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 0 accompli%$ be=e ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ab\t ?is "t humanism began to lose cr$it4 ,! pr(essional s*ol>s :o _h dom9e]$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 7 n[ reg>d$ ) suspicion z pret5ti\s sophi/s1 or z empty-pat$ p$ants4 ,_! place 0 tak5 by m5 ( ! _w1 ref9$ c\rti]s1 & polite /yli/s :o piqu$ !mselves on g5]al culture4 ,?is revolution 9 public op9ion 0 ! result ( v>i\s causes :i* ,i %all attempt to set =? 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,x is en\gh = my pres5t purpose to obs]ve t ! le>n+ possess$ at fir/ by a few tea*]s1 acquir$ ) ef=t1 & communicat$ ) condesc5sion1 _h n[ become ! common prop]ty ( cultivat$ m54 ,9 proportion z a k ( ! classic au?ors diffus$ itself ov] a wid] area1 ! m]e reputation ( s\nd s*ol>%ip ceas$ to =m a valid title to celebrity4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! man ( lett]s1 educat$ by antiquity1 %\ld give pro( ( 8 g5ius by "s orig9ality ( m9d4 ,! age ( acquisition _h end$2 ! age ( application _h begun4 ,to ?is result ! reviv$ int]e/ 9 ,italian lit]ature p[]fully contribut$4 ,writ]s 7 no long]1 l ,bruni & ,poggio1 a%am$ ( _! cose volg>i4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ spl5did productions ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,hi/ories ( ,guicci>d9i & ,ma*iavelli1 ! ,epic ( ,ario/o1 ! ',cortegiano' ( ,ca/iglione1 & ! burlesque poems ( ,b]ni 7 p5n$ 9 p[]ful & delicate ,italian4 ,to :at ext5t ! influ5ce ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 always m p>tial to v]nacul> lit]ature ?an to s*ol>%ip1 det]m9$ ! *ange 9 "q1 is a matt] = op9ion4 ,t ,flor5ce l$ ! way by h] great writ]s ( ,italian poetry & prose admits ( no d\bt4 ,at ! same "t ! erudition ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h /eep$ ! :ole ,italian nation4 ,humanism p5etrat$ e sph]e ( intellectual activity1 & gave a col\r to all social cu/oms4 ,! arts ( pa9t+ & ( sculpture felt its influ5ce4 ,a new /yle ( ar*itecture1 =m$ ^u ! model ( ,roman monum5ts1 sprang up4 ,sci5ce took a special bias f ! classics1 & philosophy 0 s /rongly p]meat$ by antique doctr9es t ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ may be ju/ly said to h *eck$ ! spontaneity ( ! ,italian intellect4 ,!re 0 n en\gh "t = /ud5ts to absorb antiquity & pass beyond x1 be=e ! mortma9 ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,spani>d 0 laid ^u ! faire/ prov9ces ( ?\ght4 ,to trace ! c\rse ( ,italian philosophy1 is1 h[ev]1 no "p ( my s*eme 9 ?is volume4 ,! ,ari/otelian & ,platonic controv]sies on ! nature ( ! s\l1 ! mat]ialism ( ,pietro ,pomponazzo1 ! gradual em]g5ce ( p[]ful ?9k]s l ,bruno & ,campanella1 ! !ological rationalism ( ,aonio ,pale>io1 & ! f9al suppression ( free ?\ght by ! ,*ur*1 belong to ! hi/ory ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation4 ,to ! same sad *apt] ( ,italian hi/ory mu/ be relegat$ ! lab\rs ( ! e>lie/ ma!maticians1 a/ronom]s1 & cosmograph]s1 :o1 por+ ov] ! texts ( ,ptolemy & ,euclid1 anticipat$ ,cop]nicus1 impell$ ,columbus to 8 ent]prise1 & l$ ! way = ,galileo4 ,! infamy ( hav+ r5d]$ sci5ce & philosophy abortive 9 ,italy1 :5 its e>ly %[ ( blossom 0 s promis+1 falls ^u ! ,popes & pr9ces ( ! la/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! n>rative ( _! em]g5ce f ! /udies ( ! humani/s mu/ =m ! prelude to a future "w treat+ ( ,f>nesi & ,c>affas1 ,inquisitors & ,jesuits4 ,only by %[+ ! gr[? :i* might h be51 c we demon/rate ! atrophy t 04 ,x rema9s 9 ?is *apt] to describe ! f\r? p]iod ( humanism1 :5 ,italy1 /ill p]meat$ ) ! _s ( ! classical revival1 laid d[n laws ( social bre$+ = ! nations ( ! ,nor?4 ,few ?+s are m difficult ?an to set =? )\t exagg]ation1 & yet ) suffici5t =ce1 ! s-call$ ,paganism ( ,r5aissance ,italy4 ,at fir/ sight1 & f c]ta9 po9ts ( view1 x seems z ?\gh ! exclusive /udy ( ! classics _h wr\ght a ?or\gh metamorphosis ( morality & mann]s4 ,:51 on reflection1 ?is appe>ance is se5 to be illusory1 we incl9e1 p]haps1 to ! contr>y conclusion t s*ol>%ip only set a k9d ( fa%ion )\t tak+ deep hold ev5 on ! imag9ation ( ! p4 ,a m complete acqua9tance ) ! p]iod makes x cle> t ! imitation ( ! anci5ts 9 ?\ght1 s5tim5t1 & language 0 no m]e affectation1 & t1 h[ev] p>tial its influ5ces may h be51 !y 7 n sup]ficial4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ?is "w ,i tri$ to %[ to :at ext5t ! patriotism ( tyrannicides & ! pr(ligacy ( c\rti]s 7 alike relat$ to ! prevail+ /udy ( ! anci5t _w4 ,x 0 no small matt] t ! vices & ! virtues1 ! worldl9ess & ! en?usiasm1 ( t _m-featur$ age1 toge!r ) its supreme a*ievem5ts 9 art1 its ripe/ productions 9 lit]ature1 %\ld h gradually assum$ a classic =m4 ,! /&>ds ( moral & /hetic ta/e 7 paganis$1 ?\gh ! nation at l>ge rema9$ un*ang$ 9 ,ca?olicity4 ,x 0 precisely ?is discord betwe5 ! pr(ess$ religion ( ! p & ! hea!nism ( its ideal t inspir$ ,savon>ola ) 8 prophecy4 ,classical /yle be+ ! requirem5t ( ! age1 x foll[$ t ev]y?+ 0 sacrific$ to ?is4 ,9 *ri/5+ _! *ildr5 ! great families ab&on$ ! sa9ts ( ! cal5d> & *ose names f my?ology4 ,ettorre1 ,a*ille1 ,atalanta1 ,p5tesilea1 ,lucrezia1 ,porzia1 ,aless&ro1 ,annibale1 ,laom$onte1 ,f$ro1 ,ippolito1 & _m o!r antique titles became fa%ionable4 ,^? :o 7 able to d s turn$ _! baptismal names into ,lat9 or ,greek equival5ts4 ,janus or ,jovianus pass$ = ,giovanni1 ,pi]ius = ,pietro1 ,aonius = ,antonio1 ,lucius ,grassus = ,luca ,grasso2 ! ,g]man prelate ,john ,goritz 0 kn[n z ,corycius1#cga & ! ,roman pr(essor ,gianpaolo ,p>isio z ,janus ,p>rhasius4 ,writ]s :o und]took to treat ( mod]n or religi\s !mes1 7 driv5 by _! zeal = purism to ! /range/ exp$i5ts ( language4 ,god1 9 ! ,lat9 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus2 ,provid5ce becomes ,fatum2 ! sa9ts are ,divi1 & _! /atues simulacra sancta ,deorum4 ,our ,lady ( ,loreto is *ang$ into ,dea ,lauretana1 ,pet] & ,paul into ,dii tutel>es ,rom1 ! s\ls ( ! j into ,manes pii1 & ! ,pope's excommunication into ,dir4 ,! ,holy ,fa!r himself takes ! /yle ( ,pontifex ,maximus2 8 ti>a1 by a wild confusion ( ideas1 is describ$ z infula ,romulea4 ,nuns are ,ve/als1 & c>d9als ,augurs4 ,= ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* p]iphrases 7 f\nd1 :]e( ! foll[+ may be cit$ z a fair specim53#cgb ',v]um accidit ut eo ipso die1 quo domum ejus access]am1 ipse pi rei causs septem sacrosancta ,divm pulv9>ia supplicaturus invis]it2 erant enim lu/rici dies1 quos unoquoque anno quadrag5os purificatione consecravit no/ra pietas4' ,footnote #cga3 ,namque sub ,oebali mem9i me turribus altis ,qua nig] humectat flav5tia culta ,galesus ,corycium vidisse s5em4--,virg4 ,georg4 lib4 iv4 #abe4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,f ! exordium to ,val]iano's treatise ,de ,infelicitate ,lit]atorum4 ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ t1 :5 ! obligations ( ,lat9ity _h rea*$ ?is po9t1 to read ,cic]o 0 ( f> m importance ?an to /udy ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,bembo1 x is well kn[n1 advis$ ,sadoleto to 'avoid ! ,epi/les ( ,s4 ,paul1 le/ 8 b>b>\s /yle %\ld spoil y\r ta/e3 ,omitte has nugas1 non enim dec5t gravem virum tales inepti4' ,! ext5t1 h[ev]1 to :i* =mal purism 9 ,lat9ity 0 c>ri$1 may be be/ obs]v$ 9 ! ',*ri/iad' ( ,vida1 & ! poem ',de ,p>tu ,virg9is' ( ,sannazz>o4#cgc ,sannazz>o n only invokes ! muses ( ,helicon to s+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 b he also makes ,proteus prophesy 8 adv5t to ! riv]-god ( ,jordan4 ,! ar*angel discov]s ,m>y--describ$ by ! poet z spes fida ,deorum--int5t on read+ no?+ less humani/ic ?an ! ,sibyls2 & aft] %e has receiv$ 8 message1 ! spirits ( ! patri>*s are said to %\t because !y w escape f ,t>t>us & ,a*]on & ! hide\s bay+ ( ! triple-?roat$ h\nd4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,lilius ,gyraldus1 9 8 dialogue ',de ,poetis ,no/ri ,temporis1' ,opp4 vol4 ii4 p4 #chd1 m5tions a critic :o 0 s /upid z to desid]>e 9 ,pontano et si deis placet 9 ,sanaz>io ,*ri/ianam elocutionem1 hoc e/ b>b>am6 ,x might be reasonably urg$ aga9/ ,milton t 9 ! ',p>adise ,rega9$' he some:at impairs ! religi\s gr&eur ( 8 subject by inve/+ x ) ! =ms ( ! classical epic4 ,if he has err$ 9 ?is direction1 x is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! pseudo-,pagan trave/y ( ,vida4 ,god ! ,fa!r 9 ! ',*ri/iad' is spok5 ( z ,sup]um ,pat] nimbipot5s & ,regnator ,olympi--titles :i* _h _! real significance 9 ,lat9 my?ology1 be+ transf]r$ ) frigid =malism to a ,deity ^: ess5ce is spiritual1 & ^: cult has no admixture ( nature wor%ip4 ,jesus is inv>iably describ$ z ,h]os2 ?is absurdity rea*es its climax 9 ! foll[+ phrase ab\t ! bad ?ief on ! cross3-- ,ipse etiam v]bis mori5tem h]oa sup]bis ,/r+ebat4 ,! ma*9]y :]eby ! ,jews are br\ght to w ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is no less ridicul\s4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to set religi\s or e?ical motives into play1 ,vida introduces a gang ( ,gorgons1 ,h>pies1 ,c5taurs1 ,hydras1 & ! l4 ,! bread ( ! ,la/ ,supp] appe>s "u ! disguise ( s9c]am ,c]]em4 ,! w9e m+l$ ) gall1 (f]$ to our ,"l ^u ! cross1 is corrupti pocula ,bac*i4 ,! only excuse = ^! grotesque compromises betwe5 ! ,biblical subject-matt] & its my?ological expression is1 t 9 any o!r way x w\ld h be5 impossible to give ! =m ( pure ,lat9ity to ! v]se4 ,! poet fail$ to compreh5d t he 0 produc+ a ma/]piece ( b>occo mann]ism1 spoil+ at once ! /yle he s\ght to use & ! !me he und]took to illu/rate4 ,x 0 en\gh = him to fit ! ,roman toga to 8 sa9ts & ,ph>isees1 & to tickle ! ta/e ( a le>n$ audi5ce by allusions t rem9d$ !m ( ,virgil4 ,! same ba?os 0 rea*$ by ,bembo :5 he inv5t$ ! p>aphrase ( 'heav5ly zephyr' = ! ,holy ,gho/1 & describ$ ! ,v5etian ,c\ncil bidd+ a ,pope uti fidat diis immortalibus1 quorum vices 9 t]r g]it4 ,x is n ! pr(anity ( ^! phrases s mu* z _! /hetic empt9ess1 ! discord betwe5 ! mean+ int5d$ to be convey$ & ! lit]>y =m1 t /rikes a mod]n critic4 ,:5 ! same poets break out into hone/ ,paganism1 9 ! frank v]ses writt5 by ,bembo = ,priapus1 9 ,beccadelli's epigrams1 or 9 ! elegies ( ,acon & ,iolas1 we feel t !y are m arti/ically ju/ifi$4 ,! foll[+ l9es1 = in/ance1 f ,vida's ',poetics1' h a true r+ & beauty ( _! own4 ,he is address+ ,virgil z a sa9t3-- ,te colimus1 tibi s]ta damus1 tibi ?ura1 tibi aras1 ,et tibi rite sacrum semp] dicemus honorem4 ,or aga9-- ,nos aspice prs5s1 ,pectoribusque tuos ca/is infunde calores ,adv5i5s pat]1 atque animis te te ins]e no/ris4 ,!re is no confusion "h betwe5 ! feel+ & ! language *os5 to express x4 ,! s5tim5t1 if some:at artificial & unreal1 is at lea/ adequate to ! =m4 ,i h ent]$ at "s l5g? into ! illu/ration ( puri/ic ,lat9isms1 because !y seem to repres5t ! culm9at+ po9t ( classic /udies1 9 s f> z ^! affect$ ta/e 9 g5]al1 & also because !y are specially *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod ( :i* ,i h n[ to treat4 ,x 0 at ,rome1 among ! great ecclesia/ics1 t ^! ,pagan fa%ions pr9cipally fl\ri%$4 ,em95ce ( all k9ds f\nd a home ) ,leo ,x41 assum+ ! purple ( ! prelate & ! sc>let ( ! c>d9al at 8 indulg5t h&s4 ,! g5ius ( ! ,r5aissance seem$ to h foll[$ ?is fir/ ,m$icean ,pope f ,flor5ce4 ,?\gh ,leo 0 a man ( m]ely pleasure-lov+ & receptive temp]am5t1 :o left no la/+ impress on 8 age1 he knew at lea/ h[ to appreciate ability1 & f\nd ! height ( 8 enjoym5t 9 ! arts & lett]s he en?usia/ically patronis$4 ,?is syb>ite ( intellectual & s5sual luxury gave 8 "n to :at is call$ ! gold5 age ( ,italian lit]ature1 *iefly because he attract$ ! be/ wits to ,rome & receiv$ ! flatt]ies ( m5 ^: "w surviv$ !m4 ,hi/ory pres5ts few spectacles m /rik+ ?an t ( ,rome 9 ! pontificate ( ,leo4 ,:ile ! ,papacy has become a secul> sov]eignty1 le>n+ & arts h assum$ ! sac]dotal habit1 & ! bolde/ immoralities ( a society comp>able to t ( ! anci5t ,empire fl\ri% 9 ! petty ,c\rts ( ecclesia/ical pr9ces4 ,! capital ( ,*ri/5dom is full ( prie/s2 b ! prie/s are m5 ( pleasure & ! _w--elegant ,lat9i/s & florid rhetoricians1 rais$ to po/s ( em95ce by reason ( _! brilliant gifts4 ,we h se5 already h[ ! humani/s made _! way into ! ,roman ,curia z writ]s & abbreviators1 & h[ lib]ally ,ni*olas ,v4 rew>d$ le>n+4 ,yet1 h[ev] indisp5sable ! s*ol>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury became1 !y r>ely rose above ! rank ( ,apo/olic secret>ies2 :ile few ( ! pr(essional humani/s c>$ to take ord]s 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,!y 7 satisfi$ ) (ficial emolum5ts & semi-secul> b5efices4 ,all ?is 0 n[ alt]$4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 ( lett]s made ! ,*ur* _! pr(ession4 ,sadoleto1 ,bembo1 & ,ale&]1 :o began _! c>e] "u ,leo1 receiv$ ! hats ( c>d9als f ,paul ,,iii4 ,paulus ,jovius 0 consecrat$ ,bi%op ( ,noc]a by ,clem5t ,,vii41 & retir$ to ,como 9 disgu/ because he fail$ to get ! sc>let 9 #aedi4 ,m>cus ,musurus1 creat$ ,bi%op ( ,malvasia1 is said to h di$ ( disappo9tm5t :5 he saw ! same dignity beyond 8 rea*4 ,vida1 ! ,lat9 poet1 obta9$ ! see ( ,alba 9 ,pi$mont1 & ,gib]ti1 ! accompli%$ /yli/1 t ( ,v]ona1 f ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,all ^! m5 _h made _! m>k at ,leo's ,c\rt1 :o set ! example1 foll[$ by 8 ,m$icean successor1 ( rew>d+ mundane tal5ts & accompli%m5ts ) ecclesia/ical di/9ctions4 ,! "q1 s]i\sly ent]ta9$1 ( admitt+ ,raphael to ! ,sacr$ ,college proves to :at ext5t ! highe/ hon\rs ( ! ,*ur* _h come to be e/eem$ z prizes1 & ju/ifies to "s ext5t ,pietro ,aret9o's arrogant (f] to sell 8 s]vices to ! ,papacy 9 ex*ange = a c>d9al's hat4 ,! biographies ( ^! fav\rites ( =tune (f] /rong po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,:e!r born ( noble families1 l ,bembo1 or rais$ f comp>ative obscurity1 l ,bibbi5a1 !y e>ly 9 life atta*$ !mselves to "s di/+ui%$ pr9ce1#cgd or ent]$ ! s]vice ( a great ecclesia/ic4 ,_! lit]>y tal5ts1 social accompli%m5ts1 successes ) wom51 & diplomatic s]vice at ! c5tres ( ,italian politics br\ght !m /ill fur!r into notice4 ,?us ,sadoleto's ,lat9 poem on ! ,laocoon1 ,bibbi5a's ',cal&ra1' ,+hirami's act+ ( ! "p ( ,phdra 9 ,s5eca's ',hippolytus1' & ,bembo's fri5d%ip ) ,lucrezia ,borgia might be cit$ z turn+-po9ts 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ^! illu/ri\s prelates4 ,hav+ ?us acquir$ position by _! p]sonal gifts1 !y travell$ to ,rome 9 ! suite ( _! respective patrons1 & obta9$ (fice at ! h&s ( ,leo4 ,sadoleto & ,bembo became 8 secret>ies4 ,+hirami sup]9t5d$ ! ,vatican ,libr>y4#cge ,bibbi5a's v]satile abilities 7 divid$ betwe5 ! duties ( ,/ate m9i/] & ma/] ( ! revels4 ,z !y _h built _! =tunes by ! help ( em95t protectors1 !y n[ 9 _! turn took ! rank ( patrons4 ,9 addition to ! ,vatican1 ,rome display$ a multitude ( petty ,c\rts & m9or circles4 ,ea* c>d9al & ea* ambassador held a jurisdiction indep5d5t ( ! ,pope1 & n unfrequ5tly 9 opposition to ! rul+ p[]4 ,to f\nd academies1 to ga!r clev] m5 ar\nd !m1 & to play ! "p ( ,mc5as 0 ! ambition ( ^! subord9ate pr9ces4 ,dur+ ! pontificate ( ,leo ! ,c>d9als ,ri>io1 ,giulio de' ,m$ici1 ,bibbi5a1 ,petrucci1 ,f>nese1 ,alidosi1 & ,gonzaga1 n to m5tion o!rs1 ent]ta9$ _! own foll[+ ( flatt]]s & poets1 :o danc$ att5dance at _! levees1 accompani$ !m 9 public1 & e>n$ a meagre pittance by complim5ts & d$ications4 ,"s ( ^! prie/ly patrons affect$ ! arts1 o!rs ! sci5ces2 o!rs aga91 & ^! ! majority1 be/[$ _! fav\rs ^u lit]ature4 ,ippolito de' ,m$ici is said to h ma9ta9$ a ret9ue ( ?ree hundr$ poets1 among :om are m5tion$ ! elegant ,molza & ! le>n$ ,val]iano4 ,! fa%ion ?us set by ,leo & ! ,sacr$ ,college 0 foll[$ by all ! em95t m5 9 ,rome4 ,! bank] ,ago/9o ,*igi made himself a "n n only by 8 patronage ( pa9t]s1 b also by ! private ,greek press f\nd$ 9 8 h\se4#cgf ,baldass>e ,tur9i devot$ himself to ! arts ( build+ & ( decoration4 ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 z ambassador f ,mantua & ,f]r>a1 & ,alb]to ,pio1 z pr9ce ( ,c>pi & ambassador f ,france1 disp5s$ ! hospitality ( _! palaces to s*ol>s1 among :om !y held no inconsid]able rank on _! own m]its4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #cge3 ,he held ?is po/ "u ,julius ,,ii4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,! fir/ ,greek book pr9t$ 9 ,rome1 an edition ( ,p9d> by ,cornelius ,b5ignius1 #aeae1 issu$ f ,*igi's press "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,za*>ias ,kalli]gos ( ,crete4 ,conc]n+ ?is pr9t] see ,didot1 ,alde ,manuce1 pp4 #edd-egh4 ,libr>ies1 collections ( /atues & ( pictures1 frescoes pa9t$ f my?ological subjects1 g>d5-h\ses plann$ ^u ! antique model1 ,lat9 inscriptions1 bu/s ( ! emp]ors1 ba?s & banquet *amb]s decorat$ 9 ! mann] ( ! ,roman ru9s--on su* objects ! weal? ( ! ,*ur* 0 be+ prodigally sp5t4 ,po/]ity has reason to deplore ! non-appe>ance ( a satiri/ 9 ?is ,papal society1 s curi\sly simil> to t ( ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,horace w\ld1 inde$1 h f\nd ample mat]ials = humor\s del9eation1 :e!r he _h *os5 to d]ide ! ne$y cli5ts leav+ _! lodg+s be=e daybreak to cr[d a prelate's ante*amb]1 or ! p>asites on :om co>se practical jokes 7 play$ 9 ! ,pope's pres5ce1 or ! flatt]]s :o prais$ _! ma/]'s mock virtues 9 h\r-long declamations4 ,f\l] vices ?an vanity1 hypocrisy1 & s]vility suppli$ fit subjects = invectives no less fi]y ?an ! second & ! six? ( ,juv5al4 ,at ,rome virtu\s wom5 _h no place2 b ,phryne liv$ aga9 9 ! p]son ( ,imp]ia1 & dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* ?\ght x no %ame to p>ade _! pref]5ce = ,giton4#cgg ,9 ! abs5ce ( a ,horace or a ,juv5al1 we h to cont5t ourselves ) ,b&ello & o!r noveli/s1 & ) "o preci\s epi/le ( ,ario/o describ+ ! difficulty ( conduct+ bus9ess at ! ,papal ,c\rt except by way ( back/airs influ5ce & ante*amb] intrigue4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,! epitaph ( ,bella ,imp]ia proves t ! title ( ,hetra 0 ?\ght hon\rable3 ',imp]ia1 ,cortisana ,romana1 qu digna tanto nom9e1 r> int] hom9es =m specim5 d$it4 ,vixit a4 xxvi4 d4 xii4 ,obiit ,,mdxi41 die ,,xv4 ,aug4' ,b]ni's ,capitolo sopra un ,g>zone may be ref]r$ to = ! second half ( ! s5t5ce4 ,to ov]-e/imate ! moral corruption ( ,rome at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury is almo/ impossible4 ,to ov]-rate ! real value ( a lit]ature t culm9at$ 9 ! subtleties ( rhetoric & /yle is easy4 ,nor is x difficult to mi/ake1 z _m critics h done1 ! sunset ( ! f9e arts = _! m]idian spl5d\r4 ,yet1 :ile we recognise ! en]vation ( society 9 worse ?an hea!n vices1 & ju/ly reg>d ,rome z ! ho/elry ( ali5 arts & lett]s r ?an ! "m city ( great m51 we _c bl9d our eyes to ! v>i$ lights & col\rs ( t ,c\rt1 unique 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,! culture t[>d :i* ,italian society _h long be5 t5d+1 0 "h complet$4 ,! /amp ( univ]sality _h be5 giv5 to ! f9e arts & to lit]ature by ! only pot5tate :o at t mom5t claim$ allegiance f unit$ ,*ri/5dom4 ,z ! eloqu5t hi/orian ( ! t[n ( ,rome obs]ves1 '! ri*e/ intellectual life "h blossom$ 9 a swamp ( vices4' ,x 0 n ! life ( great poetry3 t _h p]i%$ long ago ) ,dante4 ,x 0 n ! life ( g5u9e sci5ce3 t 0 de/9$ to be born ) ,galileo4 ,x 0 n ! life ( compreh5sive s*ol>%ip3 t slept 9 ! grave ( ,poliziano4 ,x 0 n ev5 ! life ( progressive art2 = ,raphael di$ 9 ?is age1 & ?\gh ,mi*ael ,angelo surviv$ x1 8 g5ius _h no successors4 ,b x 0 ! life ( culture1 r5d]+ ! rude/ & mo/ vici\s s5sitive to s(t5+ influ5ces1 & prep>+ = m p[]ful nations ! possibilities ( great a*ievem5ts4 ,amid political debility & moral corruption an ideal ( ref9em5t1 adopt$ f antiquity1 & assimilat$ to mod]n modes ( liv+1 _h be5 =m$4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ p]fect bloom ( ! ,r5aissance1 de/9$ to survive ! decay ( humanism1 & to be = subsequ5t civilisation :at *ivalry 0 = ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?r\gh ! cont9u$ ef=t ( patricians & ( s*ol>s to acquire ! tone ( classic culture1 some?+ l antique urbanity _h reappe>$ at ,flor5ce & 9 ,rome2 :ile sev]al g5]al tions ,transcrib]'s ,note3 likely 'g5]ations' devot$ to polite /udies _h produc$ a race di/+ui%$ above all ?+s = its intellectual delicacy4 ,! effect ( ?is /hetic atmosph]e ^u visitors f ! ,nor? 0 s+ul>ly v>i$4 ,lu!r1 :o came to see ! ,city ( ! ,sa9ts1 f\nd 9 ,rome ! s9k ( all abom9ations1 ! v lair ( ,anti*ri/4 ,! comitas & ! faceti ( ! prelates 7 to him ! object ( unmitigat$ loa?+4 ,erasmus1 on ! contr>y1 wrote f ,london t no?+ b ,le! c\ld efface 8 memory ( t radiant city--its fre$om ( disc\rse1 its light1 its libr>ies1 its honey$ conv]se ( mo/ le>n$ s*ol>s1 its l>ge /yle ( life1 & all ^? works ( art t made ( ,rome ! !atre ( nations4 ,! ,italians !mselves1 lesson$ by ! trag$y ( #aebg1 look$ back ) no less m+l$ feel+s ^u ,leo's ,rome4 ,la ,casa m5tions ! nimia humanitatis suavitas--! excess ( sweetness 9 all t makes society humane--z a *>act]i/ic ( ! pa/ age4 ,t excessive sweetness ( civility1 ! f9al product ( ! arts & s*ol>%ip ( ,italy1 :5 diffus$ ?r\gh ,europe & temp]$ to ! ta/e ( /]n] nationalities1 became ! polit5ess ( ,france "u ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! bel air ( ,que5 ,anne's c\rti]s4 ,! ,roman ,academy /ill cont9u$ to be active1 meet+ at ! palaces ( m ?an "o great prelate4 ,! g>d5s ( ,angelo ,colocci1 ,leo's secret>y1 a fri5d ( ,john ,lasc>is1 & himself no inconsid]able /yli/1 =m$ its headqu>t]s4 ,sometimes ! poet ,blosius ,palladius receiv$ ! associates 9 8 villa by ! ,tib]2 sometimes !y enjoy$ ! hospitality ( ,egidius ,canisius1 ,g5]al ( ! ,augu/9e ,ord]2 at "o "t !y s\ght ! h\se ( ,sadoleto on ! ,quir9al2 at ano!r !y fea/$ 9 ! v9ey>d ( ,john ,goritz1 ! ,corycius ,s5ex4 ,! fe/ivals ( ?is le>n$ society1 to judge by ! descriptions ( its memb]s1 7 di/+ui%$ by antique simplicity & good ta/e1 contra/+ p[]fully ) ! banquets ( m]e mundane prelates4#cgh ,:5 ,ago/9o ,*igi ent]ta9$ ! ,academicians 9 ! ,villa ,f>nes9a1 he *a/5$ 8 magnific5ce to suit ! _s ( _! f\nd]1 ,ltus1 & omitt$ ^? displays ( vulg> pomp t m>k$ 8 w$d+ banquet4#cgi ,footnote #cgh3 ,see ,tirabos*i1 vii4 #a1 lib4 i4 c4 #b4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #cdb4 ,! mu/]-roll ( ! ,academy br+s ! mo/ em95t wits ( ,rome be=e u4 ,fir/ & =emo/ /&s ,pietro ,bembo1 ! man ( lett]s1 :o1 l ,petr>*1 ,poggio1 & ,poliziano1 may be *os5 z ! fulle/ repres5tative ( 8 own age ( culture4 ,8 fa!r1 ,b]n>do ,bembo1 0 a ,v5etian ( noble bir? & education4 ,to 8 g5]\s en?usiasm = ,italian lit]ature ,rav5na owes ! tomb ( ,dante4 ,pietro 0 born at ,flor5ce 9 #adgj1 & receiv$ 8 e>ly education 9 t city4 ,!re=e ! ,tuscans claim 8 mu*-prais$ purity ( diction = _! gift4 ,he aft]w>ds /udi$ ,greek at ,mess9a "u ,con/ant9e ,lasc>is1 & le>n$ philosophy f ,pomponazzo at ,padua4 ,:5 8 ma/]'s treatise on ! ',immortality ( ! ,s\l' 0 condemn$ by ! ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 ,bembo us$ 8 influ5ce successfully 9 8 behalf4 ,?\gh he d5i$ ! demon/rability ( ! doctr9e1 & ma9ta9$ t ,ari/otle gave x no support1 ,pomponazzo 0 only c5sur$1 in/ead ( be+ burn$ l ,bruno4 ,?is good =tune 0 due1 h[ev]1 less to 8 pupil's advocacy ?an to ! non*alance ( ,leo4 ,hav+ complet$ 8 academical /udies 9 #adih1 ,bembo jo9$ 8 fa!r at ! brilliant ,c\rt ( ! ,e/5si4 ,:5 ,lucrezia ,borgia ent]$ ,f]r>a 9 #aejb %e 0 /ill 9 ! z5i? ( h] beauty4 ,h] fa!r1 ,alex&]1 grew daily m p[]ful 9 ,rome2 :ile h] bro!r held ! c5tral ,/ates ( ,italy )9 8 grasp4 ,! greatness ( ! ,borgias reflect$ hon\r on ! bride ( ,alfonso d',e/e2 & ?\gh ! pr9ces ( ,f]r>a at fir/ receiv$ h] ) reluctance1 !y 7 soon won ov] by h] grace4 ,betwe5 ! pr9cess & ! c\rtly s*ol> a fri5d%ip spe$ily sprang up1 :i* /r5g!n$ ) ye>s & 0 ma9ta9$ by correspond5ce at a di/ance4 ,to ,lucrezia ,bembo d$icat$ ',gli ,asolani1' a dialogue 9 ! ,italian tongue ^u ,platonic love1#chj by f> ! free/ & mo/ g5ial ( 8 writ+s4 ,! collection ( 8 ,lat9 poems conta9s an epigram ^u a gold5 s]p5t clasp$ above h] wri/1 & an elegy 9 :i* he praises h] s++1 danc+1 play+1 & recitation3-- ,quicquid agis1 quicquid loqu]is1 delectat3 et omnes ,prc$unt ,*>ites1 subsequiturque decor4 ,footnote #chj3 ,writt5 #aejd4 ,fir/ pr9t$ by ,aldo1 #aeje4 ,?is liaison1 fam\s 9 ! annals ( ,italian lit]ature1 gave ,bembo a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! great _w4 ,a t\*+ mem5to ( x--,lucrezia's lett]s & a tress ( h] long yell[ hair--is /ill pres]v$ at ,milan 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y4 ,f ,f]r>a ,bembo pass$ to ,urb9o 9 #aejf1 :]e ,guidobaldo da ,montefeltre _h ga!r$ r\nd him ! brilliant gr\p describ$ 9 ! ',cortegiano4' ,! climax ( t treatise1 our mo/ preci\s s\rce ( in=mation on ,c\rt life 9 ,italy1 makes x cle> t ,bembo play$ ! fir/ "p 9 a circle di/+ui%$ above all o!rs at t "t = ref9em5t & wit4 ,_m cities might boa/ ( a l>g] & m spl5did conc\rse ( noble visitors2 b none compet$ ) ,urb9o = ! poli% ( its mann]s & ! bre$+ ( its c\rti]s4 ,9 8 dialogue 9 praise ( ,guidobaldo1 ,bembo paid a magnific5t tribute to ! pr9ce f ^: society he le>n$ s mu*1 & 9 ^: s]vice he rema9$ till ! ,duke's dea?4#cha ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 ) :om he liv$ on t]ms ( intimacy at ,urb9o1 took him to ,rome 9 #aeab4 ,! reign ( ,leo 0 ab\t to %$ new lu/re on ! ,m$icean exiles4 ,8 victori\s exclamation to 8 bro!r1',godiamoci il ,papato poi* ,dio ce l'ha dato1' _h a r+ ( promise 9 x = _! num]\s fri5ds & cli5ts4 ,ev5 )\t ! recomm5dation ( ,giuliano1 x is n likely t ,leo w\ld h ov]look$ a man s :olly aft] 8 own he>t z ,bembo4 ,! qualities he mo/ admir$--smoo? mann]s1 a h&some p]son1 wit 9 conv]sation1 & ?or\gh ma/]y ( ,lat9 /yle1 )\t pret5sion to deep le>n+ or mu* e>ne/ness ( purpose--7 inc>nate 9 ! c\rtly ,v5etian4 ,bembo 0 precisely ! man to make ,leo's life agreeable by flatt]+ 8 sup]ficial ta/es & subord9at+ ! faculties ( a highly cultivat$ m9d to frivol\s1 if intellectual1 amusem5ts4 ,! *ur*man :o w>n$ ,sadoleto aga9/ spoil+ 8 /yle by /udy ( ! ,bible1 ! prosai/ :o pass$ 8 compositions ?r\gh sixte5 portfolios1 revis+ !m at ea* remove1 ! v]sifi] :o p5n$ a hymn to ,s4 ,/eph5 & a monologue = ,priapus ) equal elegance1 0 ca/ 9 ! same m\ld z ! pleasure-lov+ ,pontiff4 ,= eight ye>s he liv$ at ,rome1 hon\r$ by ! ,m$ici & lov$ by all :o knew him4 ,8 duties z secret>y to ,leo1 %>$ by 8 old fri5d & fell[-/ud5t ,sadoleto1 7 n on]\s2 :ile ! society ( ! capital af=d$ opportunity = ! display ( 8 mo/ brilliant gifts4 ,9 #aebj1 we>i$ by ne>ly ?irty ye>s ( cont9ual ,c\rt life1 & brok5 d[n 9 heal? by sev]e sickness1 ,bembo retir$ to ,padua4 ,! collection ( a libr>y & museum1 horticulture1 correspond5ce1 & ! cultivation ( 8 /udi$ ,cic]onian /yle n[ occupi$ 8 leisure ?r\gh n9ete5 mo/ disa/r\s ye>s = ,italy4 ,! le>n$ c\rti]s ( t age lik$ ?us to play ! ,roman 9 _! villas1 quot+ ,horace & ,virgil on ! *>ms ( ru/ic life1 & fancy+ !y caught ! _s ( ,c9c9natus :ile !y /roll$ ab\t ! f>m4 ,bembo's ,paduan retreat became ! r5dezv\s ( all ! able/ m5 9 ,italy1 ! c5tre ( a fluctuat+ society ( highe/ culture4 ,paul ,,iii4 recall$ him to ,rome1 & made him c>d9al 9 #aeci4 ,:5 he di$ 9 #aedg he 0 buri$ n f> f ,leo 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,m9]va4 ,a fair slab ( m>ble m>ks 8 grave4 ,footnote #cha3 ',de ,guido ,ubaldo ,f]etrio deque ,elisabe?a ,gonzaga ,urb9i ,ducibus4' ,bembo succe$$ ,poliziano 9 ! dictator%ip ( ,italian lett]s4 ,l ,poliziano1 he 0 bo? a s*ol> & a writ] ( ,italian2 b he 0 f> f possess+ ! compreh5sive und]/&+ or ! g5ius ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,( all ! 'apes ( ,cic]o' sc(f$ at by ,erasmus1 he /ood fir/ & =emo/4 ,8 exclusive devotion to "o fav\rite au?or made 8 ,lat9 /iff & mann]$4 ,tuscan critics aga9 h compla9$ t 8 ,italian /yle lacks n]ve & idiom4 ,he wrote l an ali51 n "o to ! mann] born4 ,9 8 dread ( n writ+ correctly1 he end$ by express+ tame ?\ghts ) frigid =mality4 ,ev5 a =eign] c see t he us$ ,italian1 z he us$ ,lat91 )\t yield+ to natural impulse1 & ) ! con/ant ef=t to atta9 a fix$ ideal4 ,! m>k ( ! file may be obs]v$ on e p]iod4 ,rac9ess & spontaneity are words t h no mean+ :5 appli$ to him4 ,! decad5ce ( ,italian prose composition into lab\r$ mann]ism & meticul\s propriety %\ld be trac$ 9 a great measure to 8 influ5ce4 ,yet ,bembo des]ves cr$it = hav+ brav$ ! op9ion ( ! le>n$ by 8 cultivation ( ! vulg> tongue2 & on ?is po9t "s v]ses f a ,lat9 poem to ,ercole ,/rozzi des]ve quotation 9 a note4#chb ,footnote #chb3 ,nam pol qu proavusque avusque l+u ,sunt olim meus et tuus loquuti1 ,no/r quque loquuntur et sorores ,et mat]t]a nunc et ipsa mat]1 ,nos nescire loqui magis pud5dum e/1 ,qui ,grai damus et damus ,lat9 ,/udi tempora duplicemque curam1 ,quam ,grai simul et simul ,lat94 ,hac uti ut valeas tibi vid5dum e/1 ,ne dum m>moreas remot 9 or ,sumtu con/ruis et labore villas1 ,domi te calamo tegas palu/ri4 ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um1 p4 #be4 ,jacopo ,sadoleto's c>e] 0 n dissimil> to t ( 8 fri5d ,bembo1 ?\gh ! two m5 (f] _m po9ts ( diff]5ce 9 "* & turn ( m9d4 ,born at ,mod5a 9 #adgg1 he /udi$ ,lat9 at ,f]r>a1 & ,greek at ,rome1 :]e he settl$ 9 ! reign ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,8 copy ( hexamet]s on ! newly-discov]$ /atue ( ,laocoon made him fam\s4 ,frigid & lab\r$ z ^! v]ses may appe> to u1 :o read !m l a prize ex]cise1 !y _h ! m]it ( orig9ality :5 fir/ produc$4 ,leo made ! poet 8 secret>y & ,bi%op ( ,c>p5tras4 ,sadoleto pass$ a good portion ( 8 life 9 ! duties ( 8 see1 compos+ moral treatises1 annotat+ ! ,psalms1 & publi%+ a ',comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4'#chc ,?\gh /rongly t9ctur$ ) ,cic]onian purism1 8 ta/e 0 m au/]e ?an ,bembo's4 ,nature _h giv5 him an intellect adapt$ to grave /udies1 s9c]ity ( purpose1 & true piety4 ,liv+ 9 ! dawn ( ! ,re=mation1 ,sadoleto 0 deeply consci\s ( ! p]ils ( ! ,*ur*2 nor did he escape ! suspicion ( %>+ ! new h]esy4#chd ,8 celebrat$ lett] to ,clem5t ,,vii41 aft] ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg1 %[s t he view$ ?is disa/] z a puni%m5t inflict$ on ! godless capital ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 #aecf ,paul ,,iii4 recall$ him to ,rome1 & made him c>d9al4 ,he di$ 9 #aedg1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli4 ,sadoleto's correspond5ce may be reckon$ among ! mo/ valuable mat]ials = ! lit]>y annals ( ?is p]iod4 ,footnote #chc3 ,8 mo/ fam\s essays bore ^! titles3 ,de ,lib]is ,in/itu5dis & ,de ,laudibus ,philosophi4 ,footnote #chd3 ,8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,romans 0 plac$ ^u ! ,index4 ,next to ,sadoleto a place mu/ be f\nd = ! grave & /udi\s ,egidio ,canisio4 ,he 0 born at ,vit]bo 9 #adgj1 & 0 !re=e an exact contempor>y ( ,bembo4 ,8 p[]s ( ,lat9 oratory ga9$ him ! fame ( a great speak]1 & ! address ) :i* he op5$ ! ,lat]an ,c\ncil 9 #aeab 0 committ$ to ! press 9 t ye>4 ,egidius 0 already ,g5]al ( ! ,augu/9e ,ord]4 ,five ye>s lat] he receiv$ ! r$ hat ( a c>d9al1 & 9 #aeah he repres5t$ ! ,holy ,see z ,legate at ! ,c\rt ( ,spa94 ,he di$ 9 #aecb1 leav+ a va/ mass ( miscellane\s works on !ology1 philosophy1 ,biblical criticism1 & univ]sal hi/ory4 ,few ( ^! h be5 pr9t$4 ,x is said t1 besides ,greek & ,lat91 he 0 a ma/] ( ,hebrew & ,*aldee1 ,turki%1 ,p]sian1 & ,arabic4 ,a m brilliant figure is pres5t$ by ! witty b unscrupul\s hi/orian ,paulus ,jovius4 ,he 0 born at ,como 9 #adhc1 & came at ! age ( ?irty-?ree to ,rome1 ) ! beg9n+ ( 8 compreh5sive ,hi/ory already writt54#che ,leo1 :o delight$ 9 li/5+ to recitations ( new lit]>y works1 decl>$ t no?+ _h be5 p5n$ m p]fect s9ce ! days ( ,livy4 ,?is high praise induc$ ,jovius to fix 8 resid5ce at ,rome1 :]e ,clem5t ,,vii4 made him ,bi%op ( ,noc]a 9 #aebh4 ,aft] sp5d+ tw5ty-"o ye>s 9 ! expectation1 cont9ually fru/rat$1 ( be+ receiv$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,college1 he retir$ to ,como1 & di$ at ,flor5ce 9 #aeeb4 ,jovius 0 ! clev]e/ ( all ! ,lat9i/s produc$ by ! ,italians4 ,8 /yle is flu5t1 sp>kl+ ) anecdote1 highly picturesque 9 its descriptive passages1 & adorn$ by *>act]i/ic details4 ,9 addition to ! hi/ories1 he produc$ a s]ies ( biographies ( great & v>i$ value1 "s ( :i* are libels1 o!rs panegyrics1 :ile all are m>k$ by acute obs]vation & ma/]y ( ! matt] 9 h&4 ,he 0 wont to say t he c\ld use a gold5 or a silv] p5 at w3 ! gold5 0 ex]cis$ ^u ! ,life ( ,leo2 ! silv]1 dipp$ 9 ironic gall1 ^u ! ,life ( ,hadrian4 ,! sket*es ( em95t m51 kn[n by ! "n ( ',elogia1' 7 compos$ 9 illu/ration ( a picture gall]y ( portraits collect$ 9 8 villa4 ,!y include n only ,italians1 b ,greeks1 ,g]mans1 ,fr5* & ,engli% wor?ies1 dead & liv+ notabilities ( e k9d4#chf ,if ,brantme _h *os5 ,lat9 in/ead ( ,fr5*1 he w\ld h made a book n altoge!r unlike ?is ( ,jovius4 ,! v]satility ( ! au?or 0 fur!r illu/rat$ by a ,lat9 treatise on ,roman fi%es1 & by an ,italian essay on mottoes & devices4#chg ,footnote #che3 ,l ! ,hi/ory ( ,guicci>d9i1 x op5s ) ! ye> #adid4 ,x is c>ri$ d[n to #aedg4 ,a portion ( ! fir/ decade 0 lo/ 9 ! sack ( ,rome1 & nev] rewritt5 by ! au?or4 ,pr9t$ at ,flor5ce1 #aeej4 ,footnote #chf3 ,elogia ,virorum lit]is illu/rium1 quotquot vel no/r1 vel avorum memori vix]e1 & ,elogia ,virorum bellic virtute illu/rium1 ,basel1 #aeeg4 ,footnote #chg3 ,de ,piscibus ,romanis1 ,rome1 #aebd4 ,ragionam5to sopra i ,motti e ,disegni d',arme e d',amore4 ,among ! celebrities ( ! ,roman ,academy a place ap>t mu/ be res]v$ = ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione2 = ?\gh 8 biography belongs to ! political ev5 m ?an to ! lit]>y annals ( ! p]iod1 few m5 repres5t ! age ( ,leo 9 its culture ) m dignity & grace comb9$4 ,he 0 born 9 #adgh at ,casatico1 9 ! ,du*y ( ,mantua2 8 fa!r's family held ! c\nty ( ,ca/iglione1 & 8 "m 0 a ,gonzaga4 ,9 8 y\? he receiv$ an education fram$ ^u ! sy/em set 9 vogue by ,vittor9o & ,gu>9o1 & became ! liv+ illu/ration ( ^? v>i$ accompli%m5ts :i* he describ$ 9 ! ',cortegiano4' ,8 s*ol>%ip 0 s\nd & elegant2 z a writ] ( ,lat9 v]se he di/+ui%$ himself among ! be/ m5 ( 8 g5]ation4 ,s5sitive to ! beauty ( ! arts1 he prov$ an excell5t critic ( mod]n pa9t+ & ( antique sculpture1 & assi/$ ,raphael 9 ! composition ( 8 fam\s lett] to ,leo on ! exploration ( old ,rome4 ,at ! same "t he did n neglect ! a?letic ex]cises :i* =m$ an indisp5sable bran* ( an ,italian nobleman's tra9+4 ,cultivat$ at all po9ts1 he e>ly devot$ 8 abilities to ! s]vice ( pr9ces2 = at ?is p]iod 9 ,italy !re 0 no sph]e = su* a "* outside ! ,c\rts4 ,aft] sp5d+ "s "t at ,milan & ,naples1 ,ca/iglione remov$ to ,rome1 :]e ,julius ,,ii4 disc]n$ ! use t might be made ( him 9 fur!r+ ! int]e/s ( 8 nephew ,francesco ,m>ia della ,rov]e4 ,f$]igo da ,montefeltre1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 _h di$ 9 #adhb1 leav+ 8 son ,guidobaldo 9 possession ( 8 fiefs & titles2 b x 0 kn[n t ?is pr9ce c\ld h no heirs4 ,9 him ! male l9e ( ! ,montefeltri end$4 ,8 si/] ,giovanna _h be5 m>ri$ to ,giovanni della ,rov]e1 a bro!r ( ! ,pope1 & ,julius hop$ t _! son ,francesco ,m>ia might be decl>$ successor to ! ,du*y ( ,urb9o4 ,ca/iglione !re=e atta*$ himself to ! p]son ( ,guidobaldo1 ) ! special purpose ( mak+ himself necess>y to ! pr9ces ( ,urb9o & fur!r+ ! claims ( ,francesco1 !n a boy ( ab\t fifte54 ,( 8 resid5ce at ,urb9o1 & ( ! poli%$ spl5d\r ( ,guidobaldo's ,c\rt1 he has left an ev]-memorable record 9 8 ',cortegiano1' t mirror ( g5tle bre$+ = ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,europe4 ,guidobaldo receiv$ ! ,c\nt ( ,ca/iglione ) m>k$ fav\r1 made him capta9 ( fifty m5 at arms1 & employ$ him 9 sev]al (fices ( tru/4 ,n ! lea/ important ( ^! 0 ! mission to ,engl&1 und]tak5 9 #aejf by ,ca/iglione z ,guidobaldo's proxy = receiv+ f ,h5ry ,,vii4 ! inve/iture ( ! ,g>t]4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,guidobaldo1 ,francesco ,m>ia della ,rov]e 0 proclaim$ ,duke ( ,urb9o1 & ,ca/iglione cont9u$ to enjoy 8 confid5ce until ! ye> #aeag1 :5 ,leo succe$$ 9 plac+ 8 nephew ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici ^u ! ,ducal ?rone4 ,ca/iglione 0 n[ depriv$ ( :at _h become ! necessity ( 8 life1 a po/ ( hon\r 9 ! ,c\rt ( a reign+ sov]eign4 ,he !re=e transf]r$ 8 allegiance to 8 natural "l1 ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 :o appo9t$ him ambassador at ,rome4 ,! fir/ & mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ! c\rti]'s life 0 pass$ at ,urb9o2 ! second1 less fruitful 9 lit]>y a*ievem5ts1 embrac$ 8 resid5ce among ! wits ( ,leo's circle4 ,at ,rome ,ca/iglione adapt$ himself to ! cu/oms ( ! papal society1 p5n+ ,lat9 elegiacs1 consort+ ) arti/s1 & ex]cis+ ! pleasant patronage ( a ref9$ ,mc5as4 ,8 fri5d%ip ) ,raphael is n ! lea/ int]e/+ episode 9 ?is *apt] ( 8 biography4 ,sub/antial records ( x /ill rema9 9 ! epitaph compos$ by ! c\rtly s*ol> on ! pa9t]1 & 9 ,ca/iglione's portrait n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre collection4 ,t picture repres5ts ! v model ( an ,italian nobleman z culture & ,c\rt life _h made him--tranquil1 ) grave op5 eyes1 & a m\? z well suit$ = urbane disc\rse z g5tle m]rim5t4 ,! own] ( ?is face 0 n born to lead armies or to control unruly multitudes1 b to pass 8 "t 9 ! loggie ( pr9ces--self-conta9$ & qualifi$ to w9 fav\r )\t ! sacrifice ( p]sonal dignity4 ,x =ms a /rong contra/ to e>li] & lat] portraits--to t ( ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a1 = example1 & to ! ,spani% gr&ees ( ! next c5tury4 ,ca/iglione 0 /ill 9 ,rome dur+ ! pontificate ( ,clem5t ,,vii41 :o1 recogniz+ 8 great ability z a diplomati/1 s5t him to ,*>les ,v4 ,at ,madrid ! ,pope's nuncio 0 unable to av]t ! disa/] ( #aebg1 & ,ca/iglione _h ! bitt] mortification ( he>+ at a di/ance h[ ! ,rome he knew & lov$ s well1 _h be5 ravag$ by ! brig&s ( ,g]many & ,spa94 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 f ! diplomatic correspond5ce ( t memorable mom5t1 & f ! lett] address$ by ,clem5t to ,ca/iglione's "m 9 #aebi1 t he nev] lo/ ! confid5ce ( 8 ma/]2 9 spite ( 8 failure to negotiate betwe5 !m1 he 0 respect$ alike by ! ,pope & ! ,emp]or4 ,he di$ at ,tol$o two ye>s aft] ! sack ( ,rome1 worn out1 x is said1 by disappo9tm5t & regret4 ,n only 9 8 book ( ! ',c\rti]1' b also 9 8 life1 ,ca/iglione illu/rat$ ! be/ qualities ( an ,italian g5tleman1 m\ld$ by ! political & social conditions ( ! sixte5? c5tury into a ref9$ s*ol> & a c\rtly diplomati/4 ,( ,alb]to ,pio1 ^: life 9 "s respects may be comp>$ ) ,ca/iglione's1 ,i h _h occasion to speak 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,8 fir/ c\s91 ,gian ,francesco ,pico della ,mir&ola1 dem&s m ?an pass+ notice4 ,by no pr9ce ( t tr\bl$ p]iod 7 ! cruel vicissitudes ( ,italian politics m pa9fully exp]i5c$4 ,few ( ! s*ol>s c\ld boa/ ( wid] le>n+ & a nobl] _s4 ,he 0 born 9 #adgj1 & succe$$ 8 fa!r1 ,galeotto1 9 ! lord%ip ( ,mir&ola4 ,9 #aejb 8 bro!r ,lodovico expell$ him f 8 capital4 ,julius ,,ii4 re/or$ him4 ,aft] be+ dispossess$ a second "t by ,trivulzi1 g5]al ( ! ,fr5* =ces1 he 0 once m re9/at$1 b only = a brief p]iod4 ,8 nephew1 ,galeazzo1 murd]$ him 9 #aecc be=e ! crucifix1 toge!r ) 8 heir1 ,alb]to4 ,9 ! int]vals ( 8 unquiet & unhappy life1 ,gian ,francesco ,pico devot$ himself to /udies n unlike ^? ( 8 m fam\s uncle4#chh ,e>ly 9 8 y\? he _h conceiv$ ! /ronge/ admiration = ,savon>ola2 & ! "w by :i* he is be/ kn[n to po/]ity is a ,life ( 8 great ma/]4 ,savon>ola's pr9ciples cont9u$ to rule 8 ?\ght & conduct ?r\gh life4 ,dur+ ! pontificate ( ,leo he compos$ a long address to ! ,lat]an ,c\ncil ^u ! re=mation ( ! ,*ur*1#chi & d>$ to ent]ta9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,reu*l9 & ,willibad ,pirkheim]4 ,8 resid5ce 9 ,rome1 & ! d$ication ( 8 treatise on ',div9e ,love' to ,leo1 ju/ify our rank+ him ) ! ,roman s*ol>s4 ,footnote #chh3 ,! titles ( 8 philosophical works--,de ,/udio div9 et human philosophi1 ,de amore ,div9o1 ,exam5 vanitatis doctr9 g5tium et v]itatis ,*ri/ian discipl91 ,de r]um prnotione--%[ h[ closely he foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,giovanni ,pico4 ,footnote #chi3 ,joannis ,francisci ,pici ,mir&ol et ,concordi ,comitis ,oratio ad ,leon ,x4 et ,concilium ,lat]an5se de re=m&is ,ecclesi moribus4 ,if ,gian ,francesco ,pico & ,sadoleto br+ u close ^u ! ?re%old ( ! ,g]man ,re=mation1 we cross x 9 ! company ( ,ale&]4 ,j]ome ,ale&] 0 born at ,motta1 9 ! ,m>*es ( ,treviso1 9 ! ye> #adhj4 ,8 /udies1 m compreh5sive ?an ^? ( ! /yli/s1 includ$ !ology1 philosophy1 & sci5ce1 toge!r ) ! ,ori5tal languages1 9 addition to ! indisp5sable ,greek & ,lat9 culture4 ,be=e he rea*$ ! age ( ?irty he travell$ to ,p>is1 & pr(ess$ ,hebrew & ! humanities at ! ,univ]sity4 ,fr5* s*ol>%ip may be said to date f ! impulse giv5 to ^! subjects by ,ale&]1 :o rose to su* fame t he 0 made ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,aft] leav+ ,p>is1 he sp5t "s "t 9 ,g]many1 & came fir/ to ,rome 9 #aeaf 9 ! tra9 ( ,er>d van d] ,m>k1 ,bi%op ( ,ltti*4 ,"h ,leo appo9t$ him libr>ian ( ! ,vatican4 ,! re/ ( ,ale&]'s life 0 sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,despat*$ z nuntius to ,g]many by ,leo 9 #aebj1 he va9ly attempt$1 z all /ud5ts ( ! ,re=mation "k1 to qu5* ! fire ( ,lu!r's k9dl+4 ,:5 he return$ to ,italy1 ,clem5t ,,vii4 gave him ! ar*bi%opric ( ,br9disi1 & ,paul ,,iii4 rais$ him to ! sc>let 9 #aech4 ,he di$ 9 #aedb1 leav+ 9 ,france ! memory ( 8 unrivall$ le>n+1 9 ,g]many ! fame ( an intol]ant p]secutor1 9 ,italy ! reputation ( a /an* ?\gh unsuccessful *ampion ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ale&]'s ?ree pr$ecessors 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y--,tommaso ,+hirami ( ,si5a1 ,filippo ,b]oaldo ( ,bologna1 & ,zanobio ,acciaiuoli ( ,flor5ce--made _! m>k 9 ,roman society by erudition r ?an by au?or%ip4#cij ,+hirami's eloqu5ce won ! admiration ( contempor>ies1 :o call$ him ! second ,cic]o2 z a writ] he _h no celebrity4#cia ,a =tunate f9d ( ,,mss4 at ,bobbio e>n$ = him ! po/ ( ,vatican libr>ian4 ,leo1 l all ! memb]s ( ! ,m$icean family1 0 b5t ^u ! r$iscov]y ( buri$ classics4 ,b ! _w _h be5 already ransack$1 &1 ?\gh he employ$ ag5ts = ?is purpose 9 ! ,ea/ z well z ,europe1 only "o great treasure came to light4 ,gian ,angelo ,arcimboldi dis9t]r$ ! fir/ five books ( ,tacitus's ',annals' at ,corvey1 & sold !m to ! ,pope = #ejj gold5 flor9s4 ,filippo ,b]oaldo1 :o 0 entru/$ ) ! task ( edit+ ?is preci\s codex1 receiv$ ! libr>ian%ip z 8 rew>d4 ,leo's privilege grant$ to ! pr9t]s ( ,b]oaldo's edition expresses 9 truly noble language ! highe/ ideal ( humanism1 & reflects real cr$it on 8 patronage ( lett]s4#cib ,( ,acciaiuoli !re is n mu* to say4 ,8 k ( ,hebrew & ! classic languages ga9$ = him a reputation = s+ul> le>n+4 ,9 8 capacity z libr>ian he began to catalogue ! docum5ts ( ! ',secreta ,biblio!ca1' f\nd$ by ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ,acciaiuoli is ! only ,flor5t9e :om we h _h occasion to m5tion among ! le>n$ c\rti]s ( ,leo4 ,flor5ce1 always =emo/ 9 ! van ( culture1 _h %ak5 (f at ?is p]iod ! traditions ( /rict humanism4 ,h] greate/ writ]s1 ,guicci>d9i1 ,ma*iavelli1 ,v>*i1 ,segni1 & ,giannotti1 ex*ang$ ! ,lat9 language = _! "m spee*1 & s\ght = hon\r 9 fields remov$ f v]bal s*ol>%ip or ,cic]onian niceties ( phrase4 ,footnote #cij3 ,+hirami1 made libr>ian #aeaj1 di$ #aeaf4 ,b]oaldo held ! (fice two ye>s1 & di$ #aeah4 ,acciaiuoli held x only = a few mon?s4 ,ale&] succe$$ him 9 #aeai4 ,footnote #cia3 ',l+u v]ius quam calamo celebrem 444 dictus sui seculi ,cic]o1' says ,erasmus4 ',afflu5tissimum eloqu5ti flum5' is ,val]iano's phrase4 ,footnote #cib3 ,see ,burckh>dt1 p4 #agd4 ,roscoe's ,life ( ,leo ,x4 vol4 i4 p4 #ceg4 ,! ,roman ,sapi5za nev] held ! same rank z ! ,univ]sities ( ,padua or ,bologna2 nor c\ld x compete z an academy ( culture ) ! ,high ,s*ools ( ,flor5ce & ,f]r>a4 ,! ,popes ( ! ,r5aissance1 occupi$ ) nepotism & political aggr&isem5t1 _h b small c>e = ! int]e/s ( education4 ,nor did ,rome1 always ov]cr[d$ by =eign]s1 require ! /ud5ts :o br\ght cu/om & pre/ige to m9or cities4#cic ,leo ,x4 resolv$1 z f> z he 0 able1 to raise ! /udies ( 8 capital f ! decad5ce into :i* !y _h fall54 ,9 #aeac he re=m$ ! /atutes ( ! ,univ]sity1 increas$ ! appo9tm5ts ( ! pr(essors1 & f\nd$ sev]al new *airs4 ,yet1 ?\gh s*ol>s no less respectable ?an ,janus ,p>rhasius ( ,cos5za1 ,tommaso ,+hirami1 & ,filippo ,b]oaldo 7 numb]$ among ! tea*]s1 ! ,sapi5za fail$ to take firm root 9 ,rome3--! mo/ fl\ri%+ s*ool ( humanism at ?is p]iod 0 ,f]r>a1 gov]n$ by ,leonic5o1 ,celio ,calcagn9i1 & ,lilius ,gyraldus4 ,to ,hell5i/ic /udies1 j n[ ^u ! po9t ( decad5ce 9 ,italy1 ,leo gave enc\ragem5t by ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,greek press1 & by ! f\ndation ( ! ,gymnasium ,caball9i ,montis1 :]e ,joannes ,lasc>is & ,m>cus ,musurus lectur$4 ,musurus we h already le>n$ to "k z ! inmate ( ,alb]to ,pio's palace at ,c>pi1 & z ,aldo's mo/ effici5t help]4 ,soon aft] 8 elevation to ! ,papacy1 ,leo invit$ ! v5]able ,lasc>is to ,rome2 b he did n long reta9 ! s]vices ( s illu/ri\s a ,hell5i/4 ,lasc>is1 :o _h taught ,greek 9 ,p>is dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,viii41 & :o _h long s]v$ ,l\is ,,xii4 z ambassador at ,v5ice1 0 induc$ by ,francis ,i4 to sup]9t5d ! libr>y at ,fonta9ebleau 9 #aeah4 ,he once m visit$ ,rome dur+ ! pontificate ( ,clem5t1 & di$ !re at ! age ( n9ety--! la/ ( ! ,greek exiles :o transplant$ ,hellas into ,latium4 ,betwe5 ! visit ( ,manuel ,*rysoloras 9 #acih & ! dea? ( ,john ,lasc>is 9 #aece m ?an a c5tury _h elaps$1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,italy1#cid aft] acquir+ ,greek lit]ature & committ+ its *ief treasures to ! press1 _h se5 h] le>n+ pass beyond ! ,alps & fl\ri% ) new vig\r on a nor!rn soil4 ,! epitaph compos$ by ,lasc>is = 8 own tomb 9 ,santa ,agata t\*+ly expresses ! grief ( an exile = 8 c\ntry's s]vitude1 toge!r ) ! gratitude ( "o :o f\nd a new home 9 an ali5 l&3-- ,greek3 ,lask>is allodap gai enikat!to1 gain outi lin xe9n x5e memphom5os4 eureto meili*in1 all' a*!tai eip] ,a*aiois oud' eti *\n *euei patris eleu!rion4 ,footnote #cic3 ,see above1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #cid3 ,cf4 ,giovio1 close ( ! ,elogia4 ,any acc\nt ( erudite society 9 ,rome w\ld be incomplete )\t "s notice ( its antiqu>ies4 ,:ile ! ,pope & 8 c>d9als 7 b5t on collect+ /atues1 co9s1 vases1 & inscriptions1 x 0 natural t ! s*ol>s %\ld devote !mselves to _! illu/ration4 ,mu* ( ?is indu/ry 0 c>ri$ on by ! academicians1 :o discuss$ difficult read+s & ex*ang$ op9ions at _! meet+s4 ,treatises on ,roman antiquities1 topographical essays1 & comm5t>ies on ,vitruvius & ,front9us ab\nd$4 ,amid a multitude ( m9or works x w be en\gh to m5tion ! cyclopdias ( ,&rea ,fulvio & ,b>tolommeo ,m>liano1 ! compreh5sive collection ( inscriptions by ,mazo*i1 & ,val]iano's diss]tation on ! hi]oglyphics ( ! ,roman obelisks4#cie ,! great] numb] ( ^! compositions 7 publi%$ by ,jacopo ,mazo*i1 booksell] to ! ,roman ,academy1 & himself no mean s*ol>4 ,toge!r ) 8 coadjutor1 ,francesco ,alb]t9i1 he und]took :at he describes z '! ,h]culean lab\r' ( sav+ inscrib$ tablets f ! lime-kiln & ! mason's hamm]4 ,built into ! walls ( h\ses1 emb$d$ 9 *ur* pavem5ts1 m+l$ ) ! rubbi% ( ! ,=um1 une>!d by ! mattock or ! pl\gh 9 v9ey>d & cornfield1 ^! records ( old hi/ory encumb]$ ,rome4 ,to deciph] !m z be/ he c\ld1 arrange !m by ! regions :]e !y _h be5 f\nd1 & incorporate 8 own read+s ) ! previ\s collections ( ,ciriaco & ,fra ,giocondo1#cif 0 ! object ( ,mazo*i4 ,8 "w =m$ ! nucleus ( ! pond]\s collection kn[n z ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum4 ,footnote #cie3 ,&reas ,fulvius ,sab9us ,antiqu>ius1 ,antiquitates ,urbis ,rom1 #aebg4 ,b>?olomu ,m>lianus1 ,eques ,d4 ,petri1 ,urbis ,rom ,topographia1 #aecd4 ,jacobus ,mazo*ius1 ,epigrammata antiqu urbis ,rom1 #aeba4 ,johannis ,pi]ii ,val]iani ,hi]oglyphica seu de ,sacris gyptiorum1 c41 9 8 collect$ works1 ,v54 #afjd4 ,footnote #cif3 ,! ar*itect ( ,v]ona :o fir/ edit$ ,vitruvius1 & 0 employ$ by ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 9 collect+ inscriptions = him at ,rome4 ,?is is ! prop] occasion = resum+ :at has to be said ab\t ! ,roman ru9s1 & ! feel+ = !m %[n 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,we h already li/5$ to ,poggio's lam5tations ov] _! gradual decay ?r\gh wanton injury & lapse ( "t4#cig ,pius ,,ii41 :o _h a /rong ta/e = topographical /udies1 endeav\r$ to protect ! ,roman monum5ts f depr$ation by a ,bull 9 #adfb4 ,b 8 successors 7 less scrupul\s4 ,ev5 ! s*ol>ly ,ni*olas ,v4 _h %[n m zeal = build+ mod]n ,rome afre% ?an true reg>d = ! imp]ial city4 ,he levell$ l>ge portions ( ! wall ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 & qu>ri$ ! ,temple ( ,peace = 8 own edifices4 ,9 8 days ,blondus wrote t 8 life 0 embitt]$ by ! :olesale wa/e ( anci5t reliques4 ,t ,paul ,,ii4 %\ld h us$ ! /one wall ( ! ,coliseum = ! ,palace ( ,s4 ,m>co2 t ,sixtus ,,iv4 %\ld h pull$ d[n ! circul> ,temple ( ,h]cules1 & de/roy$ ! olde/ bridge across ! ,tib] to make cannon balls2 t ,innoc5t ,,viii4 %\ld h emp[]$ 8 ar*itects to take :at antique masonry !y pleas$--excites 9 u no wond]2 ^! ,popes 7 act+ accord+ to ! _s t 0 9 !m4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t = "s ( _! acts ( ,v&alism ! excuse ( utility or ev5 ( necessity might h be5 plead$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s+ul> t no /eps 7 tak5 to pres]ve 9 ,rome ! bas-reliefs & sculptures ( ! monum5ts ?us ov]?r[n4 ,ev]yone :o *ose laid h&s ^u !m4 ,poggio scrap$ toge!r :at he c\ld2 ,pomponius ,ltus =m$ a museum2 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & ! ,rucellai employ$ ag5ts to select & %ip to ,flor5ce *oic] fragm5ts4 ,at la/ ! impulse to collect possess$ ! ,popes !mselves4 ,! ,capitol ,museum dates f #adga4 ,! pretty /atue ( ! boy pull+ a ?orn f 8 foot1 ! gr\p ( ! lion cl++ to a horse1 ! urn ( ,agripp9a1 & ! bronze ,h]cules f ! ,=um ,bo>ium =m$ ! nucleus ( ?is collection4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! eque/rian /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 une>!d & plac$ :]e x n[ /&s4 ,! ,vatican ,museum 0 f\nd$ 9 #aebc1 :5 ,julius ,,ii4 erect$ ! ,apollo on a m>ble basis ne> ! entrance to ! g>d5s ( ! ,belv$]e4 ,x _h be5 discov]$ "s ye>s e>li] at ,porto d',anzo1 & 0 b\ght by ,giuliano della ,rov]e be=e he 0 made ,pope4 ,! ,laocoon came to light 9 #aejf among ! ru9s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,titus 9 ! v9ey>d ( ,felix de ,fr$is4 ,h[ ,giuliano di ,san ,gallo & ,mi*ael ,angelo he>d ( x1 & walk$ abroad to see x dis9t]r$1 may /ill be read 9 ! lett] ( ,francesco1 nephew ( ! =m]4 ,julius b\ght ?is gr\p = six hundr$ gold5 cr[ns1 & plac$ x 9 ! ,vatican4 ,he also pur*as$ ! /atue ( ! sleep+ ,ariadne1 :i* !n pass$ = ,cleopatra1#cih toge!r ) ! torso ( ,h]cules1 f\nd ne> ! ,palazzo ,pio1 & ! /atue ( ,commodus dug up 9 ! ,campo ,fiore4 ,leo ,x4 fur!r enri*$ ! collection by ! recl9+ /atues ( ! ,nile & ,tib]1 f\nd among ! ru9s ( ! ,iseum ne> ,s4 ,/efano 9 ,caco1 & ! s-call$ ,ant9\s discov]$ 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,trajan4 ,footnote #cig3 ,see above1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #cih3 ,see ,ca/iglione's v]ses4 ,! feel+ ( pr(ess$ s*ol>s = ^! ma/]pieces ( classic art appe>s 9 ,sadoleto's & ,ca/iglione's poems1 :ile a passage ( ,ghib]ti's ,comm5t>y expresses ! en?usiasm ( te*nical sculptors4 ,aft] describ+ an ,h]maphrodite he saw 9 ,rome1 ! ,flor5t9e sculptor adds3 ',to express ! p]fection ( le>n+1 ma/]y1 & art display$ 9 x is beyond ! p[] ( language4 ,its m exquisite beauties c\ld n be discov]$ by ! sight1 b only by ! t\* ( ! h& pass$ ov] x4' ,( ano!r classic m>ble at ,padua he says3 ',?is /atue1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian fai? triumph$1 0 hidd5 9 t place by "s g5tle s\l1 :o1 see+ x s p]fect1 fa%ion$ ) art s wond]ful1 & ) su* p[] ( g5ius1 & be+ mov$ to rev]5t pity1 caus$ a sepul*re ( bricks to be built1 & !re )9 buri$ ! /atue1 & cov]$ x ) a broad slab ( /one1 t x might n 9 any way be injur$4 ,x has v _m sweet beauties1 :i* ! eyes alone c compreh5d n1 ei!r by /rong or temp]$ light2 only ! h& by t\*+ f9ds !m out4'#cii ,mean:ile a g5u9e s5tim5t = ! tru? & beauty ( antique art pass$ d[nw>ds f ! educat$ classes to ! p4 ,l all p[]ful emotions t affect ! popul> imag9ation at epo*s ( imp]fect k & high s5sibility1 x took ! =m ( fable4 ,! beautiful my? ( ,julia's ,corpse is our mo/ preci\s witness to ?is mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,revival4#djj ,at ! same "t ! real int5tion ( classic /atu>y 0 bett] und]/ood4 ,donatello _h n work$ 9 va9 = a public1 f9ely temp]$ to receive /hetic influ5ces1 & cultivat$ by two c5turies ( native art4 ,! horsem5 ( ,monte ,cavallo ceas$ to be philosoph]s4 ,m5&] & ,poseidippus 7 no long] reckon$ among ! sa9ts4 ,9 ! age ( ,leo1 ,c>lo ,malate/a c\ld n h ?r[n ,virgil's /atue into ! ,m9cio2#dja nor w\ld ! republic ( ,si5a h buri$ _! antique ,v5us by /eal? 9 ! ,flor5t9e t]ritory1 hop+ !reby to transf] to _! foes ! curse ( hea!nism4#djb ,! effect produc$ on less impressionable natures by ! ,belv$]e /atues transpires 9 a curi\s docum5t p5n$ by a ,v5etian ambassador to ,rome 9 #aebc4djc ,x is s valuable = illu/rat+ ! av]age culture ( ! ,italians at t epo*1 t ,i may all[ myself ! pleasure ( r5d]+ a full acc\nt ( x4 ,footnote #cii3 ,t]zo ,comm5t>io del ,ghib]ti1 ,framm5ti ,in$iti1 9 ,le ,monni]'s ,vas>i1 vol4 i4 pp4 xi4-xiii4 ,i h p>aphras$ r ?an translat$ ! orig9al1 :i* is t\*+ by reason ( its navet4 ,footnote #djj3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #dja3 ,see ,rosm9i's ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 p4 #fc1 note4 ,footnote #djb3 ,see ,ghib]ti's ,comm5t>io1 9 ,le ,monni]'s ,vas>i1 vol4 i4 p4 xiv4 ,footnote #djc3 ,alb]i1 ,relazioni ,v5ete1 s]ie ii4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aad1 c4 ,adrian ,,vi41 soon aft] 8 accession1 _h wall$ up elev5 ( ! twelve doors1 lead+ to ! ,belv$]e4 ,! ,v5etian envoys1 h[ev]1 receiv$ p]mission to visit ?is portion ( ! ,vatican palace1 & ! s+le entrance 0 unlock$ = !m4 ,aft] describ+ ! beauty ( ! g>d5s1 _! cypresses & orang]ies1 ! gre5ness ( _! lawns & ! /ately ord] ( _! pav$ av5ues1 ! writ] ( ! report arrives at ! /atues4 ',9 ! mid/ ( ! g>d5 are two v l>ge m5 ( m>ble1 fac+ "o ano!r1 twice ! size ( life1 :o lie 9 ! attitude ( sleep4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,tib]1 ! o!r ! ,nile1 figures ( va/ antiquity2 & f b5ea? !m issue two fair f\nta9s4 ,on ! fir/ entrance into ! g>d51 on ! left h&1 !re is a k9d ( little *apel let into ! wall1 :]e1 on a p$e/al ( m>ble1 /&s ! ,apollo1 fam\s ?r\gh\t ! _w1 a /atue ( incomp>able beauty & dignity1 ( life size & ( f9e/ m>ble4 ,some:at f>!r on1 9 a simil> alcove & rais$ on a l p$e/al to ! height ( an alt> f ! gr\nd1 opposite a well ( mo/ p]fect fa%ion1 is ! ,laocoon1 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 a /atue ( ! highe/ excell5ce1 ( size l a natural man1 ) hairy be>d1 all nak$4 ,! s9ews1 ve9s1 & prop] muscles 9 ea* "p are se5 z well z 9 a liv+ body2 brea? alone is want+4 ,he is 9 a po/ure betwe5 sitt+ & /&+1 ) 8 two sons1 "o on ei!r h&1 bo?1 toge!r ) himself1 tw9$ by ! s]p5ts1 z ,virgil says4 ,& h]e9 is se5 s great m]it ( ! arti/1 t bett] c\ld n be2 ! langui%+ & dy+ are manife/ to sight1 & "o ( ! boys on ! "r side is mo/ tightly clipp$ by ! snake twice girdl$ r\nd him2 "o ( ! coils cross+ 8 brea/s & squeez+ 8 he>t1 s t he is on ! po9t ( dy+4 ,! o!r boy on ! left side is also girdl$ r\nd by ano!r s]p5t4 ,:ile he seeks to drag ! rag+ worm f 8 leg ) 8 little arm1 & _c help himself at all1 he raises 8 face1 all te>ful1 cry+ to 8 fa!r1 & hold+ him ) 8 o!r h& by ! left arm4 ,& see+ 8 unhappy fa!r m deadly /ruck ?an he is1 ! d\ble grief ( ?is *ild is cle> to view1 ! "o = 8 own com+ dea?1 ! o!r = 8 fa!r's helplessness2 & he s fa9ts )al1 t no?+ rema9s = him b to brea! 8 la/4 ,x is impossible t human art c arrive at produc+ s great & s natural a ma/]piece4 ,e "p is p]fect1 except t ,laocoon's "r arm is want+4 ,he seems ab\t =ty ye>s ( age1 & resembles ,mess] ,girolamo ,m>cello ( ,s4 ,tommaso2 ! two boys look eight & n9e respectively4 ,n f> di/ant1 & simil>ly plac$1 is a v beautiful ,v5us ( natural size1 nak$1 ) a little drap]y on h] %\ld]1 t cov]s a portion ( ! wai/2 z v fair a figure z c be imag9$ by ! m9d2 b ! excell5ce ( ! ,laocoon makes "o =get ?is & ! ,apollo1 :o be=e 0 s fam\s4' ,a sy/ematic plan = explor+ ! monum5ts ( old ,rome1 excavat+ its ru9s1 & br++ its buri$ treasures ( /atu>y to light 0 furni%$ by ,raphael 9 #aeah4 ,leo _h made him ma/] ( ! works at ,s4 ,pet]'s & g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( antiquities4#djd ,= "s "t previ\sly he _h be5 /udy+ ,vitruvius 9 ! ,italian translation prep>$ = 8 use by ,fabio ,calvi ( ,rav5na4 ,h[ en?usia/ically he foll[$ 9 ! traces ( ! anci5ts1 ! arabesques ( ! ,loggie1 imitat$ f ! frescoes ( ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 amply prove4 ,he n[1 n long be=e 8 dea?1 laid d[n a gr\nd-plan ( ! city1 divid$ into f\rte5 regions1 & set =? 8 project 9 a memorable lett] to ! ,pope4 ,?is epi/le1 writt5 9 *oice old ,italian1 has m ?an once be5 pr9t$3 x w be f\nd 9 ,passavant's ,life ( ! pa9t]4 ,raphael beg9s by describ+ ! ab&onm5t & desolation ( ! city1 & by *>act]is+ its sev]al /yles ( ar*itecture--classical1 ,lomb>d1 ,go?ic1 & mod]n4#dje ,"s phrases t occur 9 ?is exordium des]ve to be cit$ = ! light !y ca/ ^u ! passion :i* inspir$ ^? e>ly excavators4 ',consid]&o la div9itate di quelli animi anti*i 444 v$5do quasi il cadav]e di que/'alma nobile cittate1 *e /ata regia del mondo1 cos mis]am5te lac]ato 444 quanti pontefici hanno p]messo le ru9e et disfacim5ti delli templi anti*i1 delle /atue1 delli ar*i et altri edificii1 gloria delli lor fondatori6 ,quanti hanno comportato *e solam5te p] pigli>e t]ra pozzolana si siano scavati i fondam5ti6 ,onde 9 poco tempo li edificii sono v5uti a t]ra4 ,quanta calc9a si fatta di /atue e d'altri ornam5ti anti*i6 *e ardirei dire *e tutta que/a nova ,roma1 *e hor si v$e1 quanto gr&e *'ella vi sia1 quanto bella1 quanto ornata di pallazzi1 di *iese et di altri edificii1 sia fabricata di calc9a fatta di m>mi anti*i4'#djf ,he !n obs]ves t dur+ 8 twelve ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,rome ! ,meta 9 ! ,via ,alex&r9a1 ! ar*es at ! entrance to ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian & ! ,temple ( ,c]es 9 ! ,via ,sacra1 "p ( ! ,=o ,transitorio1 & ! l>g] portion ( ! ,basilica del ,=o h be5 de/roy$4 ,!re=e he prays ,leo to arre/ ?is "w ( ! new ,v&als1 &1 by pursu+ a well-consid]$ s*eme ( op]ations1 to lay b>e & to protect :at /ill rema9s ( antique monum5ts 9 ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,footnote #djd3 ,by a brief dat$ ,aug4 #bg1 #aeae4 ,footnote #dje3 ,x may be obs]v$ t he calls ! r\nd-ar*$ build+s ( ! ,middle ,ages ,go?ic2 ! po9t$ /yle ,g]man4 ,footnote #djf3 ',:5 we reflect ^u ! div9ity ( ^? intellects ( ! old _w 444 :5 we see ! corpse ( ?is noble city1 "m & que5 ( ! _w1 s pite\sly mangl$ 444 h[ _m ,pontiffs h all[$ ! ru9 & defacem5t ( anci5t temples1 /atues1 ar*es1 & o!r build+s1 ! glory ( _! f\nd]s6 ,h[ _m h suff]$ _! f\ndations to be und]m9$ = ! m]e sake ( qu>ry+ pozzolana1 :]eby 9 a %ort "t ! build+s !mselves h fall5 to e>?6 ,h[ mu* lime has be5 made ( /atues & o!r antique decorations6 ,i %\ld n hesitate to say t ! :ole ( ?is new ,rome :i* n[ meets ! eye1 great z x is1 & fair1 & beautifi$ ) palaces & *ur*es & o!r build+s1 has be5 cem5t$ ) lime made f antique m>bles4' ,raphael's own dea? foll[$ close ^u ! execution ( ! fir/ "p ( a ,roman map design$ by him4 ,great int]e/ _h be5 excit$ 9 ! _w ( lett]s by 8 und]tak+2 & its failure ?r\gh 8 untimely end ar\s$ ! ke5e/ disappo9tm5t4 ,! epigrams quot$ bel[ 9 a footnote express ^! feel+s ) m dep? ( emotion ?an s*ol>ly elegance4#djg ,h[ ,raphael's design w\ld h be5 c>ri$ out x is impossible to guess4 ,ar*ological zeal is impot5t to /ay ! m>* ( "t1 except by sacrifice ( mu* t neglect alone makes v5]able2 & x may fairly be que/ion$ :e!r x is wise to lay ! h& ( ! re/or] on ^! relics ( ! pa/4 ,we at lea/1 :o dur+ ! la/ few ye>s h se5 ! ,coliseum & ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla /ripp$ ( _! romantic vegetation1 ! ,palat9e ru9s =tifi$ ) mod]n masonry1 & ! dubi\s guesses ( antiqu>ies plac>d$ ^u sign-po/s = ! in/ruction ( ,sunday visitors1 may feel1 p]haps1 t a worse fate ?an sl[ decay or ru?less mutilation 0 /ill 9 /ore = ! maje/ic corpse ( anci5t ,rome4 ,no?+1 9 tru?1 is less sublime or m pitiful ?an a dismantl$ brick wall1 robb$ ( its m>bles & mosaics1 nak$ ( ! cov]+ ( h]bs t nature gave x1 pat*$ ) pla/]1 propp$ ) /onework1 b\nd by gird]s1 & sme>$ ov] ) ! trail ( worse ?an snails or bl9dworms--p$ants b5t on re/oration4 ,footnote #djg3 ,tot proc]es ,romam1 tam longa /rux]at tas1 ,totque ho/es et tot scula diru]ant2 ,nunc ,romam 9 ,rom qurit rep]itque ,raphael2 ,qur]e magni hom9is1 s$ rep]ire ,dei e/4 ,celio ,calcagn9i4 ,quod lac]um corpus m$ic sanav]it arte1 ,hippolytum ,/ygiis et revoc>it aquis1 ,ad ,/ygias ipse e/ raptus ,epidaurius undas2 ,sic pretium vit mors fuit artifici4 ,tu quoque dum toto laniatam corpore ,romam ,componis miro1 ,raphael1 +5io1 ,atque urbis lac]um f]ro1 igne1 armisque cadav] ,ad vitam antiquum jam revocasque decus1 ,movi/i ,sup]um invidiam2 indignataque mors e/ ,te dudum ext9ctis r$d]e posse animam1 ,et quod longa dies paullatim abolev]at1 hoc te ,mortali spret lege p>>e it]um4 ,sic mis] heu prim cadis int]cepte juv5t3 ,deb]e et morti no/raque nosque mones4 ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione4 ,! imm$iate & mo/ important consequ5ce ( ^! antiqu>ian pursuits 0 ! adoption ( classic =ms by ar*itects & arti/s4 ,fresco-pa9t]s imitat$ ! newly-discov]$ grottes*i 9 _! arabesques4#djh ,sculptors ab&on$ ,*ri/ian subjects = antique my?ology1 or gave ! attributes ( h]oes to ! sa9ts ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,vitruvius 7 appli$ z /rictly z possible to mod]n build+s1 & ! free decoration ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance yield$ to :at pass$ = purely classic ornam5ts4 ,x w\ld be incorrect to ma9ta9 t ?is reproduction ( antiquity 9 art only dat$ f ! age ( ,leo4 ,alb]ti & ,brunelles*i1 ,bramante & ,mi*ellozzo1 _h1 ea* 9 8 own way1 /riv5 to assimilate to mod]n use ! /yle ( ,roman ar*itecture4 ,donatello & ,mi*ael ,angelo at ,flor5ce _h c>v$ /atues 9 ! classic mann]2 nor are ! arabesques ( ,signorelli at ,orvieto1 ( ,p]ug9o at ,p]ugia1 less fanciful ?an ^? ( ,raphael 9 ! ,loggie4 ,:at really happ5$ 0 t ! imitation ( ! anci5ts grew m puri/ic & precise ?r\gh ! =mation ( a common ta/e t impos$ itself ) ! weight ( au?ority on arti/s4 ,giulio ,romano's ,palazzo del ,te at ,mantua may be cit$ z ! mo/ p]fect production ( ?is epo*1 comb9+1 z x does1 all =ms ( antique decoration & con/ruction ) ! vivid individuality ( g5ius4 ,giulio ,romano compreh5d$ ! antique1 & foll[$ x ) ! en?usiasm ( a neophyte4 ,b 8 v defects prev5t$ him f fall+ into ! frigid =malism ( ,palladio4 ,footnote #djh3 ,see ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 i4 #ca4 ,! causes ( ,roman pre-em95ce 9 ?is la/ age ( humanism are n f> to seek4 ,by ! policy ( ,alex&] & ,julius ! ,papal ,see _h become ! *ief p[] 9 ,italy4 ,v5ice nev] publicly enc\rag$ lit]ature1 nor 0 ! ambition ( h] nobles fix$ on any?+ s mu* z ! aggr&isem5t ( ! ,republic4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury _! en]gy 0 ne$$ no long] = ! ext5sion ( ,v5etian rule1 b = its pres]vation "u ! attack ( ,europe leagu$ aga9/ ! city ( ! sea4 ,flor5ce1 divid$ betwe5 ! p>ties ( ! ,piagnoni & ! ,ottimati1 res]v$ h] fail+ vig\r = ! great /ruggle ( #aebi4 ,! ,m$ici1 aft] absorb+ :at rema9$ ( m5tal =ce into _! own circle1 _h transf]r$ ! ,flor5t9e traditions ( culture ) ,giovanni & ,giulio to ,rome4 ,at ,naples ! ,aragonese dyna/y _h be5 already %ak5 to its f\ndation by ! conspiracy ( ! ,b>ons & by ! conque/ ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic & ,l\is ,,xii4 7 n[ int5t ^u divid+ ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,italy betwe5 !m4 ,little opportunity 0 left1 if incl9ation _h rema9$1 = patronis+ m5 ( lett]s at a ,c\rt suspici\s ( its ari/ocracy & t]rifi$ by =eign int]f]5ce4 ,milan1 fir/ among ! t[ns ( ,lomb>dy1 0 doom$ to be> ! brunt ( ,fr5*1 & ,swiss1 & ,g]man armies4 ,to ma9ta9 ! semblance ( _! duk$om tax$ ! weakness ( ! ,s=zas to ! utmo/1 :ile ! p groan$ b5ea? ! fi5di% cruelty ( ,spani% gov]nors4 ,! small] pr9cipalities _h be5 de/roy$ by ,ces>e ,borgia & ,julius4 ,f]r>a1 ,mantua & ,urb9o1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 alone cont9u$ ! traditions ( ! previ\s age4 ,rome1 mean:ile1 h[ev] insecure ! ,papal rule might be1 /ill rank$ among ! ,p[]s ( ,europe1 pursu+ a policy on equal t]ms ) ,france & ,spa94 ,9 ,rome money ab\nd$2 nor _h ! sacr$ city ( ,*ri/5dom felt z yet ! sc\rge ( w>1 t broke ! _s ( ! ,nor!rn capitals4 ,x 0 b natural1 !re=e1 t ! political & intellectual en]gies ( ! ,italians %\ld f9d _! c5tre "h4 ,sad times1 h[ev]1 7 9 /ore = ,rome4 ,:5 ,leo's successor read ! ,lat9 lett]s ( ! ,apo/olic secret>ies1 he cri$1 ',sunt litt] unius poet2' & aft] walk+ ?r\gh ! ,belv$]e ,gall]y1 he gave v5t to 8 feel+s 9 ! fam\s exclamation1 ',sunt idola antiquorum4' ,! humani/s _h no?+ to expect f su* a ma/]4 ,! election ( ,giulio de' ,m$ici re/or$ ! hope t ,rome might once m be z x _h be5 b5ea? ! sway ( ,leo4 ,yet = ,clem5t ,,vii4 0 res]v$ ! f9al bitt]ness ( utt] ru94 ,9 ! f\r? ye> ( 8 papacy happ5$ ! cata/rophe t clos$ "o p]iod ( ,italian hi/ory1 & op5$ a new era = ,rome & = ! nation4 ,! tale ( ! sack has be5 already told4#dji ,a fitt+ conclusion = ?is *apt] may be f\nd 9 ,val]iano's disc\rse ^u its consequ5ces to ! lit]>y society assembl$ by ! ,m$ici at ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,footnote #dji3 ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ,despots1 ,app4 ,v4 ,val]iano's dialogue ',de ,lit]atorum ,infelicitate' op5s ) a description ( ,rome 9 ! pontificate ( ,leo4#daj ,nev] s9ce ! d[nfall ( ! ,empire1 he says1 _h lett]s fl\ri%$ s freely or _h m5 ( le>n+ f\nd m g5]\s patronage4 ,( t brilliant company ,val]iano 0 himself an ornam5t4 ,! fri5d ( ,egidius & ! fav\rite ( ,leo1 he sp5t 8 "t 9 ! composition ( ,lat9 poems1 panegyrical & satiric1 & 9 ! exploration ( antiquities4 ,aft]w>ds he became ! protonot>y ( ,clem5t1 & sup]vis$ ! education ( ! ,m$icean ba/>ds ,aless&ro & ,ippolito4 ,8 good =tune c>ri$ him to ,piac5za 9 ! fatal ye> ( #aebg4 ,on 8 return to ,rome aft] ! siege1 he look$ 9 va9 = 8 old comrades & associates4 ',good ,god6' he exclaims 9 ! dialogue be=e u1 ':5 fir/ ,i began to inquire = ! philosoph]s1 orators1 poets1 & pr(essors ( ,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature1 ^: names 7 writt5 on my tablets1 h[ great1 h[ horrible a trag$y 0 (f]$ to me6 ,( all ^? lett]$ m5 :om ,i _h hop$ to see1 h[ _m _h p]i%$ mis]ably1 c>ri$ (f by ! mo/ cruel ( all fates1 ov]:elm$ by undes]v$ calamities3 "s dead ( plague1 "s br\ght to a sl[ end by p5ury 9 exile1 o!rs slaught]$ by a foeman's sword1 o!rs worn out by daily tortures2 "s1 aga91 & ^! ( all ! mo/ unhappy1 driv5 by angui% to self-murd]4' ,john ,goritz1 captur$ by 8 c\ntrym51 _h ransom$ himself ) ! sacrifice ( all 8 weal?1 & n[ 0 dy+ ( despair at ,v]ona4 ,colocci _h se5 8 h\se1 ) its museums & ,,mss41 burn$ be=e 8 eyes4 ,angelo ,cesi1 maltreat$ by ! ,spani% soldi]s on a sick b$1 di$ ( 8 injuries be=e ! ye> 0 out4 ,m>one1 ! brilliant improvisatore1 /ripp$ ( ev]y?+ & depriv$ ( 8 poems1 ! accumulat$ compositions ( ye>s sp5t 9 ,leo's s]vice1 brea!d 8 la/ 9 a mis]able tav]n4 ,m>co ,fabio ,calvi1 ,raphael's fri5d & tea*]1 succumb$ to sickness 9 a hospital4 ,julianus ,cam]s1 madd5$ by ! sight ( ! torm5ts inflict$ on 8 s]vants1 _h ?r[n himself f a w9d[ 9 8 h\se1 & 0 kill$4 ,baldus1 ! pr(essor1 aft] wat*+ 8 comm5t>y ^u ,pl9y us$ to light ! camp fires ( ! soldi]y1 _h di$ himself ( hung]4 ,casanova1 ! poet1 fell a victim to ! plague4 ,paolo ,bombasi1 ano!r poet1 0 murd]$ 9 ! /reets ( ,rome4 ,cri/(oro ,m>cello _h be5 tortur$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,expos$ nak$ on a tree1 8 nails 7 daily drawn f 8 f+]s by ^! human fi5ds2 he only escap$ _! clut*es to die ( 8 injuries at ,gaeta4 ,laom$on ,t>dolus & ,john ,bonifacius ,victor suff]$ simil> indignities & torm5ts4 ,francesco ,=tunio & ,john ,valdes slew !mselves4 ,to enum]ate all ! s*ol>s :o succumb$ to fe>1 plague1 fam9e1 torture1 & imprisonm5t 9 ?is fatal ye>2 to relate h[ numb]s left ,rome1 robb$ ( ev]y?+1 to w&] ov] ,italy1 & die ( hung] by ! wayside1 or ( fev] 9 l[ hovels2 to describe ! losses ( _! ,,mss41 _! madness1 begg>y1 my/]i\s disappe>ances1 & dea?s by h&s ( s]vants or ( brig&s on ! high roads1 w\ld occupy m space ?an ,i h left at my comm&4 ,! gha/ly mu/] roll is told ) t]rible concision by ,val]iano1 :o adds div]s examples1 unconnect$ ) ! sack1 ( e>ly dea?s by ov]-/udy1 l+]+ illnesses1 murd]s by poison or ! knife1 & accid5ts ( e k9d1 attributable m or less directly to ! %ift+ c>e] ( /ud5ts at t "t 9 ,italy4 ,footnote #daj3 ,pr9t$ at ,v5ice1 #afbj4 ,?\gh ! w>s 9 ,lomb>dy prov$ sc>cely less fatal to m5 ( lett]s ?an ! siege ( ,rome1 ^? disa/]s fell s+ly & at int]vals4 ,! ev]-memorable /age ( ! ,et]nal ,city 0 res]v$ = ! cr[n+ trag$y ( arts & lett]s4 ,:atev] vici\s se$s _h be5 s[n 9 ,italy by ! humani/s _h blossom$ & borne fruit 9 ,rome2 & !re ! ,nemesis ( pride & insol5ce1 & godlessness ( evil liv+1 fell ^u !m l a bolt f heav54 ,9 essays1 epi/les1 & fun]al orations !y amply recognis$ ! ju/ice ( _! puni%m5t4 ,a phrase ( ,hi]onymus ,nig]'s 9 a lett] to ,sadoleto--',rome1 t is ! s9k ( all ?+s %ameful & abom9able'--might s]ve z ! epitome ( _! consci5ce-/rick5 ,j]emiads4#daa ,all ,italy re-e*o$ ) ^! lam5tations2 & ?\gh ,clem5t ,,vii4 & ,paul ,,iii4 did _! be/ to repiece ! ru9s ( ,leo's gold5 h\se ( fame1 ! note ( despair & angui% utt]$ by ! s*ol>s 9 #aebg 0 nev] de/9$ to be dr[n$ by *orus hym5eal or triumphal *ant aga94 ,:at rema9$ ( humanism among ! ,italians assum$ a diff]5t =m1 adapt$ to ! new rule ( ! ,spani>ds & ! new attitude ( ! ,*ur*4 ,to ! age ( ! ,humani/s succe$$ ! age ( ! ,inquisitors & ,jesuits4 ,footnote #daa3 ',quod ,rom1 hoc e/ 9 s5t9 omnium r]um atrocium et pud5d>um depreh5si fu]imus4' ,quot$ by ,gregorovius1 ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 viii4 p4 #eih1 note #c4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,lat9 ,,poetry ,special ,causes = ! ,practice ( ,lat9 ,v]sification 9 ,italy -- ,! ,want ( an ,italian ,language -- ,multitudes ( ,poeta/]s -- ,beccadelli -- ,alb]ti's ',philodoxus' -- ,poliziano -- ,! ',sylv' -- ',nutricia'1 ',ru/icus'1 ',manto'1 ',ambra' -- ,m9or ,poems -- ,pontano -- ,sannazz>o -- ,elegies & ,epigrams -- ,*ri/ian ,epics -- ,vida's ',*ri/iad' -- ,vida's ',poetica' -- ,fraca/oro -- ,! ',syphilis' -- ,b>occo ,flatt]ies -- ,bembo -- ,immoral ,elegies -- ,imitations ( ,ovid & ,tibullus -- ,! ',b5acus' -- ,epitaphs -- ,navag]o -- ,epigrams & ,eclogues -- ,molsa -- ,poem on 8 own ,dea? -- ,ca/iglione -- ',alcon' & ',lycidas' -- ,v]ses ( ,society -- ,! ,apo!osis ( ! ,popes -- ,poem on ! ,ariadne ( ! ,vatican -- ,sadoleto's ,v]ses on ! ,laocoon -- ,flam9io -- ,8 ,life -- ,love ( ! ,c\ntry -- ,le>n$ ,fri5ds -- ,s*ol>-,poets ( ,lomb>dy -- ,ext9ction ( ,le>n+ 9 ,flor5ce -- ,decay ( ,italian ,erudition4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is la/ p]iod ( ! ,revival w\ld be incomplete )\t a survey ( its ,lat9 poetry4 ,i %all h fail$ to convey a "r notion ( ! t5d5cies ( humanism1 if ,i h n %[n t ! ,italians 7 seek+ n m]ely to acquire a k ( anci5t lit]ature1 b also to effect a resuscitation ( antiquity 9 _! own writ+s4 ,reg>d+ !mselves z ! heirs ( ,rome1 sep>at$ f ! brilliant p]iod ( ,lat9 civilisation by t5 c5turies ( ignorance1 !y /rove ) all _! might to seize ! ?read ( culture at ! v po9t :]e ! poets ( ! ,silv] ,age _h dropp$ x4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,nor!rn races x might seem unnatural or unpatriotic to woo ! ,muses 9 a dead language2 b = ,italians ! ,camo5 _h n di$2 on ! hills ( ,latium1 :]e !y fell asleep1 !y might awake aga94 ,e famili> sight & s\nd recall$ '! ri* ,virgilian ru/ic measure' ( ! ',georgics' & ',bucolics4' ,nature _h n *ang$1 nor did ! poets feel ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity s deeply z to f9d no mean+ 9 ! my?ic phraseology ( ,fauns & ,nymphs4 ,lat91 aga91 0 f> less a language ( ! pa/ = ! ,italians ?an = o!r ,european nations4 ,:at risk ! ,tuscan dialect ran1 :5 ,dante wrote ! fir/ l9es ( ! ',div9e ,com$y' 9 ,lat91 & :5 ,petr>* assum$ ! laurel cr[n by "r ( 8 ',africa'1 is kn[n to e /ud5t4 ,! s]i\s ef=ts ( ! greate/ writ]s 7 = c5turies devot$ to ,lat9 composition1 because !y believ$ t ! nation1 9 ! mod]n z 9 ! anci5t _w1 might freely use ! spee* ( ,cic]o & ,virgil4 ,_! volg>i cose !y despis$ z trifles1 n hav+ calculat$ ! impot5ce ( s*ol>s or ( k+s to turn ! /reams ( language f _! natural c\rses4 ,nor 0 ?is bl9dness s inexplicable z x seems to u at fir/ sight4 ,italy possess$ no common dialect2 ,dante's ',italiano ,illu/re1' or ',cortegiano'1 0 ev5 less native to ! race at l>ge1 less univ]sal 9 its use1 ?an ,lat94#dab ,fa%ion$ f ! ,tuscan = lit]>y purposes1 select$ f ! vocabul>y ( cultivat$ p]sons1 /ripp$ ( v]nacul> idioms1 & /udi$ 9 ! works ( a few /&>d au?ors1 x 0 itself1 ^u ! soil t gave x bir?1 a product ( high art & consci\s culture4 ,! necessity felt soon aft] ,dante's dea? = translat+ ! ',div9e ,com$y' into ,lat91 suffici5tly proves t a ,lat9 poem ga9$ a l>g] audi5ce ?an ! ma/]piece ( ,italian lit]ature4 ,:ile ! s+] ( a dialect1 h[ev] noble1 appeal$ to 8 own fell[-citiz5s1 ! ,lat9 poet gave 8 v]ses urbi et orbi4 ,if ano!r pro( ( ! artificiality ( ,italian 7 ne$$1 we %\ld f9d x 9 ! fact t ! phrases ( ,petr>* are n less obsolete n[ ?an 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! ,engli% require a gloss>y = ,*auc]1 & ev5 ,elizabe?an usages are out ( date2 9 o!r words1 ! language ( ! p has outgr[n ! /yle ( its fir/ poets4 ,b ,italian has und]gone no process ( trans=mation & reg5]ation accord+ to ! laws ( organic gr[?1 s9ce x fir/ />t$4 ,! diff]5t di/ricts /ill use diff]5t dialects1 :ile writ]s 9 all p>ts ( ! p59sula h con=m$ _! /yle z f> z possible to e>ly ,tuscan models4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r unit$ ,italy1 hav+ = ! fir/ "t ga9$ ! necess>y conditions ( national conc5tration1 is n n[ at la/ ab\t to ent] on a new phase ( gr[? 9 lit]ature1 :i*1 aft] _m ye>s1 w make ! /yle ( ! fir/ au?ors m ar*aic ?an x seems at pres5t4 ,footnote #dab3 ,cf4 ,filelfo1 quot$ 9 a note to ! next *apt]1 :o says1',tuscan is h>dly kn[n to all ,italians1 :ile ,lat9 is spread f> & wide ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4' ,! =ego+ obs]vations 7 requisite 9 ord] to expla9 :y ! cultivation ( ,lat9 poetry 0 no m]e play-"w to ,italian s*ol>s4 ,! peculi> direction giv5 by ,petr>* to classical /udies at ! outset mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,we h se5 t he reg>d$ rhetoric & poetry z ! two *ief aims ( humanism4 ,to be ei!r a poet or an orator 0 ! object ( all /ud5ts :o _h slak$ _! ?ir/ at ! ,ca/alian spr+s ( anci5t le>n+4 ,philology & poetry1 accord+ly1 w5t h& 9 h& ?r\gh ! p]iods ( ! ,revival2 & to ?is fir/ impulse we are p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 trac+ back ! prom95ce assign$ to ,lat9 v]se 9 our own s*ool /udies4 ,poetry be+ ?us reg>d$ z a necess>y bran* ( s*ol>%ip1 x foll[$ t few m5 di/+ui%$ = _! le>n+ ab/a9$ f v]sification4 ,p$ants :o c\ld d no m ?an make prosaic elegiacs scan1 & s*ol>s respectable = _! acquirem5ts1 b de/itute ( inspiration1 7 reckon$ among ! sacri vates4 ,x w\ld be a we>iful--nay1 hopeless--task to pass all ! ,lat9 v]sifi]s ( ! ,r5aissance 9 review4 ,_! "n is legion2 ev5 to c\nt !m w\ld be ! same z to numb] ! />s--ad una ad una annov]> le /elle4 ,x may be consid]$ =tunate t p]haps ! l>g] masses ( _! productions /ill rema9 9 manuscript1 p>tly because !y prec$$ ! age ( pr9t+1 & p>tly1 no d\bt1 because ! good s5se ( ! age reject$ !m4 ,:at has be5 pr9t$1 h[ev]1 exce$s 9 bulk ! ',corpus ,poet>um ,lat9orum1' & pres5ts s _m v>ieties t to deal ) m ?an a selection is impossible4#dac ,footnote #dac3 ,i purpose 9 ?is *apt] to use ! ,deliti ,poet>um ,italorum1 two p>ts divid$ into #d vols41 #afjh2 ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um1 ,b]gomi1 #agec2 ,poemata ,selecta ,italorum1 ,oxonii1 #ahjh2 & ,selecta ,poemata ,italorum1 accurante ,a4 ,pope1 ,lond9i1 #agdj4 ,! poeta/]s ( ! fir/ two p]iods ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,/ruggl+ ) a language imp]fectly assimilat$1 & ) ! rules ( a prosody z yet b little und]/ood1 x 0 z mu* z !y c\ld d to express !mselves at all 9 metre4 ,elegance ( composition 0 out ( ! "q :5 a writ] c\ld nei!r set =? mod]n ?\ghts ) ease nor imitate ! classic /yle ) accuracy4 ,:at he lo/ 9 =ce by ! use ( a dead language1 he did n ga9 9 poli%2 nor 0 ! ta/e ( ! age s*ool$ to appreciate ! niceties ( antique diction4 ,beccadelli alone1 by a c]ta9 limpid flu5cy1 atta9$ to a degree ( mod]ate excell5ce2 & h[ mu* he ow$ to 8 *oice ( subject may be que/ion$4 ,! obsc5ity ( 8 !mes1 & ! impud5ce requir$ = _! expression1 may h act$ z a /imulus to 8 n o!rwise di/+ui%$ g5ius4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 no /]n conflict to be f\ght ) phrases :5 ! au?or's topic is m]e animalism4 ,! re/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,filelfo includ$1 did no m ?an smoo? ! way = _! successors by practis+ ! te*nicalities ( v]se & excit+ emulation4 ,to surpass _! rude a*ievem5ts 0 n difficult1 :ile ! fame !y enjoy$ ar\s$ ! ambition ( y\ng] rivals4 ,exception to ?is sweep+ v]dict may be made 9 fav\r ( ,alb]ti1 ^: ,lat9 play1 call$ ',philodoxus1' 0 a brilliant piece ( lit]>y workman%ip4#dad ,n only did x impose on contempor>ies z a g5u9e classic1 b1 ev5 :5 judg$ by mod]n /&>ds1 x %[s real famili>ity ) ! language ( ,lat9 com$y & r>e skill 9 its employm5t4 ,footnote #dad3 ,bonucci's edition ( ,alb]ti's works1 vol4 i4 ,alb]ti's own preface1 9 ! =m ( a d$icatory lett] to ,lionello d',e/e1 describes h[ he came to write ?is com$y1 & h[ x 0 pass$ (f ^u contempor>ies z an orig9al play by ,lepidus ,comicus4 ,ib4 pp4 cxxi4-cxxiii4 ,poliziano is ! fir/ ,lat9 poet :o compels att5tion 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 nor 0 he surpass$1 9 f]tility ( conception & ma/]y ( metre1 by any ( 8 num]\s successors4 ,) all 8 faults ( /yle & crudities ( diction1 ,poliziano1 9 my op9ion1 des]ves ! *ief place among orig9al poets ( reviv$ ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,bembo wrote m elegantly1 ,navag]o m classically1 ,amalteo ) a grace m w9n+4 ,yet ^! v]sifi]s owe _! celebrity to excell5ce ( imitation4 ,poliziano possess$ a mann] ( 8 own1 & made a dead language utt] ?\ghts famili> to ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,he did n m]ely trav]se ! old gr\nd ( ! elegy1 ! epigram1 ! satire1 & ! idyll4 ,/rik+ out a new pa? = himself1 & aim+ at in/ruction1 he p\r$ =? torr5ts ( hexamet]s1 r\gh p]haps & ov]-flu5t1 yet m>k$ by intellectual en]gy & copi\s fancy1 9 illu/ration ( a mod]n /ud5t's le>n+4 ,?is fre$om ( h&l+ is %[n to be/ advantage 9 8 ',sylv4'#dae ,footnote #dae3 ,see above1 p4 #bed1 = ! purpose fulfill$ by ! ,sylv4 ,! ',nutricia' =ms an introduction to ! hi/ory ( poetry 9 g5]al1 & c>ries on its vigor\s /ream ! weight ( univ]sal erudition4 ,f x we le>n h[ ! mo/ accompli%$ s*ol> ( 8 c5tury judg$ & di/+ui%$ ! :ole body ( f9e lit]ature possess$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,on ! em]g5ce ( humanity f b>b>ism1 writes ,poliziano1 poetry 0 giv5 to m5 z a consolation = ! mis]ies ( life & z an in/rum5t ( culture2 _! fir/ nurse 9 ! cradle ( civilisation 0 ! ,muse3-- ,musa quies hom9um1 divomque t]na voluptas4#daf ,footnote #daf3 ',( m5 ! solace1 & ( gods ! ev]la/+ joy4' ,aft] *>act]is+ ! ,pagan oracles1 ! my?ical b>ds ( ,hellas1 & ! poet-prophets ( ! ,jewi% race1 ) brief b tell+ t\*es1 ,poliziano addresses himself 9 ! foll[+ l9es to ! del9eation ( ! two *ief epic-s+]s3-- 444 et5im ut /ellas fug]e undique clo1 ,aurea cum radios ,hyp]ionis ex]uit fax1 ,c]nimus1 et t5uem velut evanesc]e lunam2 ,sic vet]um illu/res flagranti obscurat honores ,lampade ,monides3 unum quem dia can5tem ,facta virum1 et svas quantem pect9e pugnas1 ,ob/upuit1 prorsusque p>em confessus ,apollo e/4 ,proximus huic autem1 vel ni v5]&a s5ectus ,ob/it]it1 =tasse prior1 canit arma virumque ,v]gilius1 cui rure sacro1 cui gram9e pa/or ,ascru1 ,siculusque simul cess]e vol5tes4#dag ,footnote #dag3 ',z f ! heav5s we see ! />s on all sides flee+1 :5 ! gold5 tor* ( ! sun-god rises1 & ! dim9i%$ moon appe>s to fade2 s ) 8 burn+ lamp ,monides obscures ! hon\rs ( ! e>li] b>ds4 ,him alone1 :ile he sang ! div9e de$s ( h]oes1 & ) 8 lyre array$ fi]ce w>s1 ,apollo1 wond]-/ruck1 confess$ 8 equal4 ,close at 8 side1 or high] ev51 b = ! v5]ation due to age1 ,v]gil entones ! song ( arms & ! h]o--,v]gil1 to :om f holy til? & pa/ure l& bo? ,ascra's & ,sicilia's %eph]ds yield _! sway ) will+ homage4'--,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um ,c>m9a1 p4 #afg4 ,!n foll[s ! enum]ation ( less] ,greek & ,roman epopoei/s4 ,aft] !m ! lyri/s & elegiac poets1 among :om ,p9d> is celebrat$ 9 ! foll[+ magniloqu5t p>agraph3-- ,arios procul 9 tractus1 et nubila supra ,p9d>us x ,dircu olor1 cui nect>e bl& ,os t5]um lib/is apes1 dum fessa lev>et ,membra quiete pu] mollem spirantia somnum2 ,s$ ,tanagra suo mox jure poetria risit1 ,irrita qui toto s]]et figm5ta cani/ro2 ,tum c]t>e auso palmam int]cepit opimam oliis prlata modis atque illice =m4 ,ille ,aga?ocle subnisus voce coronas ,dixit ,olympiacas1 et qu victoribus ,i/hmos ,fronde comam1 ,delphique tegant1 ,nemeaque tesqua ,lunig5am m5tita f]am2 tum num9a divum ,virtutesque1 virosque undanti pectore torr5s ,provexit1 sp>sitque pios ad fun]a que/us4 ,frugibus hunc libisque virum ,cirrhu ab ar ,phoebus1 et accubitu m5s dignatus honoro e/3 ,panaque pa/ores solis vid]e sub antris ,p9d>ico tacitas mulc5tem c>m9e silvas4 ,inde s5em pu]i gremio c]vice repo/ ,infusum1 et dulci laxantem corda sopore1 ,prot9us ad manes1 et odoro gram9e pictum ,elysium tacit rapuit ,pros]p9a dextr4 ,qu9 etiam ho/iles longo po/ tempore flamm1 ,qu septemgem9as populabant undique ,!bas1 ,expav]e domum tanti tam5 ur]e vatis1 ,et sua po/]itas m$ios quoque tuta p] enses ,s5sit inexhau/ c9]em juv5esc]e fam4#dah ,footnote #dah3 ',f> (f into ! tracts ( air & high above ! cl\ds so>s ,p9d>1 ! ,dircan swan1 ^: t5d] m\? ye g5tle bees ) nect> f$1 :ile ! boy gave re/ to we>y limbs t brea!d s(t slumb]4 ,b him ! maid ( ,tanagra d]id$1 :at "t %e told him t he s[$ 8 my?s f ! :ole sack to wa/e2 & :5 he d>$ cont5d ) h] 9 song1 %e bore away ! victor's palm1 triumphant by olian moods1 & by h] s$uctive beauty too4 ,he ) 8 mighty voice1 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,aga?ocles1 sang ! cr[ns ( ,olympia & ! g>l&s :]e) ! ,i/hmus & ,delphi1 & ! ,nemean wa/es t falsely claim$ ! moon-born mon/]1 %ade ! a?lete's br[s4 ,!n1 l a torr5t1 ) swell+ s\l1 he pass$ to celebrate ! p[]s & virtues ( ! gods & h]oes1 & p\r$ =? pi\s lam5tations = ! dead4 ,him ,phoebus1 "l ( ,cirrha1 hon\r$ ) food & dr9k f 8 alt>1 & made him gue/-fell[ at 8 own bo>d3 %eph]ds too saw ,pan 9 lonely cav]ns *>m+ ! woods ) a ,p9d>ic song4 ,at la/1 :5 he 0 old1 & lay ) 8 neck recl9$ ^u ! bosom ( ! boy he lov$1 soo?+ 8 s\l 9 sleep1 ,pros]p9a ) /ill "r h& approa*$ & took him /raight to jo9 ! %ades & pace ,elysium's fragrant meads4 ,nay1 m3 long aft]w>ds1 ! foeman's flames1 :i* laid sev5-gat$ ,!bes 9 ru9s f> & wide1 ^! names d>$ n to burn s great a poet's h\se2 & 8 desc5dants1 safe 'mid a ?\s& swords1 le>n$ t 8 a%es /ill 7 "y ?r\gh fame t lives = aye4'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #agc4 ,sappho is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- lyricis jam nona poetis olis acc$it ,sappho1 qu flum9a propt] ,pi]ias legit ungue rosas1 unde implicet audax ,s]ta ,cupido sibi1 niveam qu pect9e bl&o ,cyr9nem1 ,meg>amque simul1 cumque ,at?ide pul*ram ,cantat ,anactori51 et cr9ig]am ,telesipp52 ,et te conspicuum recidivo flore juv5t ,miratur revocatque1 ,phaon1 seu mun]a vect ,puppe tu ,v5]is1 seu sic facit h]ba pot5tem3 ,s$ t&em ,ambracias tem]>ia saltat 9 undas4#dai ,footnote #dai3 ',n9? among lyric b>ds1 olian ,sappho jo9s ! crew2 %e :o by fl[+ wat] plucks ,pi]ia's rose = v5tur\s ,love to tw9e 9 wrea?s = 8 own br[2 :o ) h] dulcet lyre s+s fair ,cyr9na's *>ms1 & ,meg>a1 & ,at?is & sweet ,anactoria1 & ,telesippa ( ! fl[+ hair4 ,& !e1 too1 ,phaon1 beautiful 9 y\?'s ra! fl[]1 on !e %e gazes1 !e %e calls aga92 su* p[] to !e gave ,v5us = h] freightage 9 ?y skiff1 or else ! h]b ( love4 ,yet at ! la/1 n wisely bold1 %e leaps into ! ,ambracian waves4' ,ib4 c4 p4 #age4 ,hav+ dispos$ ( ! lyri/s1 ,poliziano proce$s to ! dramatic poets4 ,8 brief notice ( ! ?ree ,attic trag$ians is wor?y ( quotation1 if only because x proves :at we %\ld suspect f o!r indications1 t ! be/ s*ol>s ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance paid !m little att5tion4 ,! facts m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es seem to be d]iv$ f ! gossip ( ,a!nu3-- s*ylus ari casu te/ud9is ictus1 ,quemque s5em m]it rapu]unt gaudia palm1 ,quemque tegit rabidis lac]um pia ,pella molossis4#dbj ,footnote #dbj3 's*ylus1 smitt5 by a tortoise fall+ f ! air above 8 head1 & he ^: triumph1 ju/ly won 9 old age1 kill$ him ) excess ( joy1 & he ^: body1 torn by rag+ h\nds1 ! rev]5t e>? ( ,pella hides4'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #agf4 ,nor are 8 obs]vations on ! comic dramati/s less meagre4#dba ,! ,roman poets hav+ be5 pass$ 9 ! same rapid review1 ,poliziano salutes ! f\nd]s ( ,italian lit]ature 9 ! foll[+ f9e passage3-- ,nec tam5 alig]um fraud>im hoc mun]e ,dantem1 ,p] ,/yga1 p] /ellas1 m$iique p] ardua montis ,pul*ra ,beatricis sub virg9is ora volantem3 ,quique ,cupid9eum repetit ,petr>*a triumphum3 ,et qui bis qu9is c5tum argum5ta diebus ,p+it1 et obscuri qui sem9a mon/rat amoris3 ,unde tibi imm5s v5iunt prconia laudis1 ,+5iis opibusque pot5s ,flor5tia mat]4#dbb ,footnote #dba3 ,ib4 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #dbb3 ',nor yet ( ?is me$ ( hon\r w\ld ,i *eat w+-be>+ ,dante1 :o flew ?r\gh hell1 ?r\gh ! />ry heav5s1 & o'er ! int]m$iate hill ( purgatory b5ea? ! beaute\s br[s ( ,beatrice2 & ,petr>* too1 :o tells aga9 ! tale ( ,cupid's triumph2 or him :o 9 t5 days portrays a hundr$ /ories1 & lays b>e ! se$s ( hidd5 love3 f :om unmeasur$ fame & "n are ?9e1 by wit & weal? twice pot5t1 ,flor5ce1 "m ( great sons6'--,ib4 p4 #agh4 ,! transition to ,lor5zo at ?is po9t is natural4 ,a solemn p]oration 9 praise ( ! ,m$icean pr9ce1 himself a poet1 ^: /udies =m$ ! recreation ( sev]] lab\rs1 ends ! composition4 ,?is is writt5 9 ,poliziano's be/ /yle1 &1 ?\gh x is too long to quote1 six l9es may be select$ z indicat+ ! !me ( ! argum5t3-- ,quodque alii /udiumque vocant durumque laborem1 ,hic tibi ludus erit2 fessus civilibus actis ,huc is em]itas acu5s ad c>m9a vires3 ,felix +5io1 felix cui pectore tantas ,in/aur>e vices1 cui fas tam magna capaci ,alt]n>e animo1 et v>ias ita nect]e curas4#dbc ,footnote #dbc3 ',:at o!r m5 call /udy & h>d toil1 t = !e %all be pa/ime2 we>i$ ) de$s ( /ate1 to ?is ?\ ha/ rec\rse1 & do/ address ! vig\r ( ?y well-worn p[]s to song3 ble/ 9 ?y m5tal gifts1 ble/ to be able ?us to play s _m p>ts1 to v>y ?us ! great c>es ( ?y all-embrac+ m9d1 & weave s _m div]s duties into "o4'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #agi4 ,we possess ! :ole ( ,poliziano 9 ! ',nutricia4' ,x displays ! en]gy ( intellect t c>ri$ him on b\nd+ v]se ?r\gh ! intricacies ( a subject difficult by reason ( its scope & magnitude4 ,all 8 ha/e is "h1 8 inability to poli% or select1 8 lava-/ream ( language hurry+ ! dross ( prose & scori ( erudition along a burn+ tide ( song4 ,8 memory held1 z x 71 9 solution all ! matt] ( antique lit]ature2 & :5 he wrote1 he p\r$ details =? 9 torr5ts1 comb9+ !m ) critical rem>ks1 = ! d\ble purpose ( in/ruction & panegyric4 ,tak5 at ! l[e/ valuation by /ud5ts to :om 8 copi\s /ores ( k are famili>1 ! vivid & cont9u\s melody ( 8 leap+ hexamet]s places ! ',nutricia' above ! lucubrations ( m fa/idi\s ,lat9i/s4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t1 :5 x 0 recit$ f ! pr(essorial ,*air ( ,rhetoric at ,flor5ce1 ! magnetism ( ,poliziano's voice & mann] suppli$ j t t\* ( *>m ! poem lacks = mod]n read]s2 nor 0 ! matt] s hackney$ at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury z x is n[4 ,lilius ,gyraldus1 subject+ ! ',sylv' to criticism at a "t :5 ,lat9 poetry _h be5 arti/ically poli%$ by ! be/ wits ( ! age ( ,leo1 pass$ ^u !m a judgm5t :i* may ev5 n[ be quot$ z f9al4#dbd ',poliziano's le>n+ 0 m>vell\s1 8 g5ius f]v5t & well-tra9$1 8 read+ ext5sive & un9t]rupt$2 yet he appe>s to h compos$ 8 v]ses ) m heat ?an art1 us+ too little judgm5t bo? 9 ! selection ( 8 mat]ials & 9 ! correction ( 8 /yle4 ,:51 h[ev]1 y read 8 ',sylv1' ! impression left ^u y\r m9d w be su* t = ! mom5t y w lack no?+4' ,footnote #dbd3 ',dialogus de ,poetis no/ri ,temporis4' ,opp4 vol4 ii4 p4 #chh4 ,edition ( ,basle1 #aehj4 ,! second poem ( ! ',sylv1' entitl$ ',ru/icus1' =ms an induction to ! /udy ( bucolic poets1 pr9cipally ,hesiod & ,virgil4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by m orig9ality & play ( fancy ?an ! ',nutricia2' "s ( its del9eations ( l&scape & sket*es ( c\ntry life compete n unfav\rably ) simil> passages 9 ! au?or's ',/anze4' ,to dwell ^u ^! beauties 9 detail1 & to comp>e ,poliziano1 ! ,lat9 poet1 ) ,poliziano1 ! ,italian1 w\ld be a pleasant task4 ,yet ,i mu/ conf9e myself to quot+ ! la/1 & 9 "s respects ! lea/ imag9ative1 l9es1 = ! sake ( _! hi/orical int]e/4 ,c>eggi & ,flor5ce1 ,lor5zo & 8 circle ( lit]>y fri5ds1 rise be=e u 9 ^! v]ses3-- ,talia ,fesuleo l5tus m$itab> 9 antro1 ,rure suburbano ,m$icum1 qu mons sac] urbem ,moniam1 longique volum9a despicit ,arni3 ,qu bonus hospitium felix placidamque quietem ,indulget ,laur5s1 ,laur5s haud ultima ,phoebi ,gloria1 jactatis ,laur5s fida an*ora ,musis2 ,qui si c]ta magis p]mis]it otia nobis1 ,afflabor majore ,deo1 nec jam ardua tantum ,silva meas voces1 montanaque saxa loqu5tur1 ,s$ tu1 si qua fides1 tu no/rum =sitan olim1 ,o mea bl&a altrix1 non asp]nab]e c>m51 ,quamvis magnorum g5itrix ,flor5tia vatum1 ,doctaque me triplici rec9et facundia l+u4#dbe ,footnote #dbe3 ',on !mes l ^! ,i sp5t my h\rs ( leisure 9 ! grottoes ( ,fiesole1 at ! ,m$icean villa1 :]e ! holy hill looks d[n ^u ! ,monian city1 & surveys ! w9d+s ( ! di/ant ,arno4 ,!re good ,lor5zo gives 8 fri5ds a happy home & re/ f c>es2 ,lor5zo1 n ! la/ ( ,phoebus' glori\s b&2 ,lor5zo1 ! firm an*or ( ! ,muses tempe/-to/4 ,if only he b grant me great] ease1 ! inspiration ( a mighti] god w raise my s\l2 nor %all ! l(ty woods alone & m\nta9 rocks res\nd my words2 b ?\--su* fai? h ,i--?\ too %alt sometime he>1 k9d nurse ( m9e1 nor haply scorn my song1 ?\1 ,flor5ce1 "m ( imp]ial b>ds1 & le>n$ eloqu5ce 9 ?ree great tongues %all give me fame4' ,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #aif4 ,! ?ird canto ( ! ',sylv' is call$ ',manto4' ,x relates ! bir? ( ,virgil1 to :om ! ,muses gave _! sev]al gifts1 :ile ! ,sibyl ( ,mantua =etold 8 future c\rse ( life & all ! glories he %\ld ga9 by song4 ,! poem concludes ) a rhetorical eulogy ( ,rome's *ief b>d1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,r5aissance en?usiasm = ,virgil t to omit a portion ( x f ^! pages w\ld be to sacrifice "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ,italian ta/e 9 s*ol>%ip3-- ,at manet t]num1 et s]os excurrit 9 annos ,vatis opus1 dumque 9 tacito vaga sid]a mundo ,fulgebunt1 dum sol nigris orietur ab ,indis1 ,prvia lucif]is ad]it dum curribus ,eos1 ,dum v] tri/is hiems1 autumnum pr(]et /as1 ,dumque fluet spirans refluetque reciproca ,te?ys1 ,dum mixta alt]nas capi5t elem5ta figuras1 ,semp] erit magni decus immortale ,m>onis1 ,semp] inexhau/is ibunt hc flum9a v5is1 ,semp] ab 8 docti duc5tur fontibus hau/us1 ,semp] odoratos fund5t hc gram9a flores1 ,unde pi libetis apes1 unde inclyta nectat ,s]ta comis triplici juv5alis ,gratia dextr4#dbf ,footnote #dbf3 ',nay1 b = ev]la/+ lives our poet's "w1 abides1 & goes =? t[>d ! ages late 9 "t4 ,s long z 9 ! sil5t firmam5t ! />s %all %9e2 s long z day %all rise f sun-burn$ ,ind2 s long z ,phosphor runs be=e ! :eels ( light2 s long z gloomy w9t] leads to spr+1 & summ] to autumn2 :ile brea?+ ocean ebbs & fl[s by turns1 & ! mix$ elem5ts put on _! *ang+ %apes--s long1 = ev]1 %all endure great ,m>o's fame1 = ev] %all fl[ ^! riv]s f 8 unexhau/$ f\nt1 = ev] %all draughts ( le>n+ be drawn f ^! rills1 = ev] %all ^! mead[s yield _! p]fum$ fl[]s1 to pa/ure holy bees1 & give ! y\?ful ,graces g>l&s = _! hair4'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #bjg4 ,n less +5i\s ?an ! poem itself is ! elegiac introduction4 ,poliziano feigns t :5 ! ,m9y came to ,*eiron's cave on ,pelion1 & supp$ ) him1 ,orpheus sang a div9e melody1 & !n ! "y ,a*illes took ! lyre1 & ) rude f+]s prais$ ! poet's song4 ,! ,m9y smil$1 b ,orpheus 0 t\*$ by ! boy-h]o's praises4 ,ev5 s w ,m>o haply take delight 9 m9e3-- ,f9is erat dapibus2 ci?>am pius excitat ,orpheus1 ,et movet ad doctas v]ba canora manus4 ,conticu]e viri1 t5u]e sil5tia v5ti1 ,vosque retro cursum mox t5ui/is aqu4 ,jam volucres fessis p5d]e sub !ra p5nis1 ,jamque truces videas ora t5]e f]as4 ,decurrunt scopulis aurit ad c>m9a qu]cus1 ,nudaque ,peliacus culm9a motat apex4 ,et jam mat]no p]muls]at omnia cantu1 ,cum tacuit1 qu]ulam deposuitque fidem4 ,occupat hanc audax1 digitosque affr+it ,a*illes1 ,indoctumque rudi p]sonat ore pu]4 ,mat]iam quris8 laudabat c>m9a bl&i ,hospitis1 et tant murmura magna lyr4 ,ris]unt ,m9y3 s$ enim tibi dicitur1 ,orpheu1 ,hc pu]i pietas grata fuisse nimis4 ,me quoque nunc magni nom5 celebr>e ,m>onis1 ,si qua fides v]o e/1 gaudet et ipse ,m>o4#dbg ,footnote #dbg3 ',supp] 0 ov]2 ,orpheus awakes ! lyre1 & s+s a melody to suit ! tune he plays4 ,! m5 7 sil5t2 ! w9ds hu%$2 ! riv]s held _! wat]s back to he>2 ! birds hung motionless 9 air2 & ! wild bea/s grew calm4 ,f ! cliffs ! oaks run d[n ) li/5+ e>s1 & ! top ( ,pelion nods 8 b>r5 head4 ,& n[ ! b>d _h soo!d ! :ole _w ) 8 "m's song2 :5 he ceas$ f s++ & put d[n ! ?rill+ lyre4 ,?is bold ,a*illes seizes2 he runs 8 f+]s o'er ! /r+s1 & *aunts an untaught lay1 ! simple boy4 ,:at 0 8 !me8 y ask4 ,he prais$ ! s++ ( ! g5tle gue/1 ! mighty murmurs ( t lyre div9e4 ,! ,m9y laugh$2 b yet1 s runs ! tale1 ev5 all too sweet1 ,orpheus1 to !e 0 ! boy's homage4 ,j s my praise ( mighty ,m>o's "n1 if fai? be n a dream1 gives joy to ,m>o's self4'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #aig4 ,! f\r? poem1 be>+ ! "n ( ',ambra1' =ms a simil> induction to ! /udy ( ,hom]4 ,! y\? ( ,hom] is n>rat$1 & h[ ,a*illes appe>$ to him1 bl9d+ him ) ! vision ( 8 h]oic beauty1 & giv+ him ! w& ( ,teiresias4 ,!n foll[ descriptions ( bo? ',iliad' & ',odyssey1' & a passage ( high-fl[n panegyric2 ! :ole end+ ) ^! l9es on ,lor5zo's villa ( ,cajano3-- ,et nos ergo illi grat pietate dicamus ,hanc de ,pi]io contextam flore coronam1 ,quam mihi ,cajanas int] pul*]rima nymphas ,ambra d$it patri lectam de gram9e rip2 ,ambra mei ,laur5tis amor1 quem cornig] ,umbro1 ,umbro s5ex g5uit dom9o gratissimus ,arno1 ,umbro suo t&em non erepturus ab alveo4#dbh ,footnote #dbh3 ',we also1 !re=e1 ) glad homage d$icate to him ?is g>l& tw9$ ( ,pi]ia's fl[]s1 :i* ,ambra1 lovelie/ ( ,cajano's nymphs1 gave to me1 cull$ f mead[s on h] fa!r's %ores2 ,ambra1 ! love ( my ,lor5zo1 :om ,umbrone1 ! horn$ /ream1 begat--,umbrone1 de>e/ to 8 ma/] ,arno1 ,umbrone1 :o n[ h5ce=? w nev] break 8 banks aga94'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #bbd4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! purpose fulfill$ by ,poliziano's ',sylv' 9 8 pr(essorial c>e]1 x is impossible to d5y _! m]it4 ,! erudition is borne ) ease2 x does n clog or ov]load ! poet's impulse4 ,! flatt]y ( ,lor5zo is nei!r fulsome nor unm]it$4 ,! v]se fl[s /rongly & maje/ically1 ?\gh m v>iety ( cad5ce 9 ! hexamet] may be desir$4 ,! language1 9 spite ( repetitions & ill-*os5 ar*aisms1 is ri* & v>i$2 x has at lea/ ! *>m ( be+ ! poet's own1 n cull$ ) scrupul\s anxiety f "o or two illu/ri\s s\rces4 ,"s ( ! pictures are delicately sket*$1 :ile ! :ole /yle produces ! effect ( eloqu5t & f]vid improvisation4 ,= fulness & rapidity ( utt]ance1 copi\s fancy1 & weal? ( illu/ration1 ^! f\r poems w be> comp>ison ) ,roman "w ( ! ,silv] ,age4 ,! ,flor5t9es :o cr[d$ ,poliziano's lecture-room mu/ h felt z 9 ! days ( ! ,empire1 :5 ,/atius declaim$ 8 p]iods to a ,roman audi5ce1 & ! patrician critics clapp$ applause4#dbi ,footnote #dbi3 ,cf4 ,juv5al1 ,satire1 i4 #i-ad2 vii4 #ha-hg4 ,p]sius1 ,satire1 i4 #gi-hb4 ,& cf4 ,petronius ,arbit] = a detail$ picture ( ^! ,roman recitations4 ,among ,poliziano's m9or poems x is en\gh to m5tion ! elegiac c\plets on "s violets s5t him by 8 mi/ress1 ! v]ses descriptive ( a beautiful girl1 & ! lam5tation = ! wife ( ,sismondo della ,/ufa4#dcj ,!y illu/rate ! delicacy ( 8 /yle & ! fre$om ( 8 fancy 9 ! treatm5t ( occasional !mes1 & are f> sup]ior to 8 epigrams & epitaphs4#dca ,! num]\s encomia/ic elegies address$ to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & o!r patrons are :olly )\t value4 ,poliziano 0 a g5u9e poet4 ,he ne$$ ! inspiration ( true feel+ or ( lively fancy2 on a tame occasion he deg5]at$ into frigid baldness4 ,yet ! satires on ,mabilius1 :]e spite & jeal\sy h /irr$ 8 g5ius1 are /rik+ = _! volubility & pung5cy4 ,a ,roman imitator ( ,catullus 9 8 brutal mood c\ld n h produc$ abuse m flexible & nause\s4 ,tak5 altoge!r1 ,poliziano's ,lat9 compositions display ! qualities ( flu5cy & abundance t *>act]ise 8 ,italian v]ses1 ?\gh !y h n ! exquisite poli% ( ! ',gio/ra4' ,_! f9al m]it consi/s 9 _! spontaneity4 ,no /yli/ ( ! age ( ,leo knew h[ to use ! language ( classic ,rome ) s mu* ease4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,c>m9a ,qu9que1 c4 pp4 #bej1 #bgb1 #bgf4 ,footnote #dca3 ,! epitaphs on ,giotto1 ,lippo ,lippi1 ! fair ,simonetta1 & o!rs1 are only valuable = _! hi/oric int]e/1 su* z t is4 ,jovianus ,pontanus des]ves a high place among ! writ]s ( ,lat9 v]se1 :e!r we reg>d 8 didactic poems on a/ronomy & ! cultivation ( ! orange1 8 epigrams1 or ! amor\s elegies t1 = _! grace1 may be comp>$ almo/ ) ,ovid4#dcb ,ev5 dur+ 8 lifetime ,pontanus became a classic1 & aft] 8 dea? he 0 imitat$ by ! mo/ ambiti\s v]sifi]s ( ! late ,r5aissance4#dcc ,! beauty ( ,s\? ,italian l&scape--,sorr5to's orange g>d5s & ,bai's wat]s--pass$ into ! fancy ( ! ,neapolitan poets1 & gave col\r to _! language4 ,nor 0 ,pontanus1 9 spite ( 8 sev]e /udies & gravely-temp]$ m9d1 dead to ! s$uctions ( ?is sir54 ,:at we admire 9 ,sannazz>o's ',arcadia' assumes ! =m ( pure ,lat9ity 9 8 love poems4#dcd ,_! /yle is p5etrat$ ) ! feel+ = physical beauty1 ,pagan & untemp]$ by an aft]?\ght ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_! vigor\s & gl[+ s5suality f9ds no j analogue except 9 "s ,v5etian pa9t+s4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 by 8 light] v]ses s mu* z by ! five books call$ ',de ,/ellis' or ',urania' t ,pontanus won ! admiration ( ,italian s*ol>s4 ,9 ?is long s]ies ( hexamet]s he contriv$ to set =? ! :ole a/ronomical sci5ce ( 8 age1 t\*+ ^u ! my?ology ( ! cele/ial signs1 describ+ ! zodiac1 discuss+ ! motion ( ! heav5s1 rais+ ! "q ( planet>y influ5ces1 & *>act]is+ ! diff]5t regions ( ! globe by _! relation to ! sun's pa? across ! sky4 ,he seems to h tak5 ! ',metamorphoses' ( ,ovid = 8 model ( v]sification2 & ?\gh we miss ! v>iety ( ,ovid's treatm5t1 great +5uity is display$ 9 adorn+ s difficult a subject ) poetical episodes4#dce ,p]sonal int]e/ is add$ to ! conclusion ( ',urania' by ! lam5tation p\r$ =? = 8 daught] ,lucia by ! poet3-- ,ornabam tibi s]ta domi2 ,syriumque liquorem ,ad ?alamos gem91 gem91 tua cura1 sorores ,fundebant4 ,quid pro s]tis ,syrioque liquore ,liqui/i8 ,s9e sole dies1 s9e sid]e noctes1 ,insomnes noctes4#dcf ,footnote #dcb3 ,i %all quote f 8 ,collect$ ,poems1 ,aldus1 #aeac4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,see ! ,elegy ( ,sannazz>o on ! writ+s ( ,pontanus1 ,poemata ,selecta1 pp4 #a-d1 & ,fraca/oro's ,syphilis1 ib4 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,deliti ,poet>um ,italorum1 pt4 ii4 pp4 #ffh-gab4 ,specim5s may also be read 9 ! ,poemata ,selecta ,italorum1 pp4 #a-bd4 ,footnote #dce3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ! tale ( ,hylas1 lib4 v4 p4 #ajc2 ! tale ( ,cola ,pesce1 lib4 iv4 p4 #gi2 ! c\ncil ( ! gods1 lib4 i4 p4 #ah2 ! planet ,v5us1 lib4 i4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,lib4 v4 pp4 #aje-ajh4 ',= !e ,i hung ! h\se ) wrea?s2 & ?y tw9 si/]s p\r$ =? ,syrian p]fumes at ! m>riage *amb]4 ,:at = our g>l&s & our p]fumes ha/ ?\ left8 ,days )\t light1 nights )\t a />1 long sleepless nights4' ,lucia di$ be=e h] m>riage-day1 & h] grey-head$ fa!r w5t m\rn+ = h]1 fool$ by memory1 va9ly seek+ ! joy t c\ld n come aga94 ,_h %e become1 he asks1 a /> 9 heav51 & did ! bless$ gods & h]o9es enjoy h] spl5d\r8 ,no voice repli$ :5 he call$ into ! d>kness1 nor did new con/ellations beam on him ) brightness f 8 daught]'s eyes4 ,all ?r\gh ! wakeful night he m\rn$1 b :5 dawn w5t =? he m>k$ a novel lu/re on ! sea & 9 ! sky4 ,lucia _h be5 add$ to ! nymphs ( morn+4 ,%e smil$ ^u h] fa!r z %e fl$ be=e ! :eels ( day2 & n[ ! sun himself arose1 & 9 8 light h] light 0 swall[$3 ,hyp]ion scal$ ! heights ( heav5 ) m ?an 8 own glory4 ,) ?is apo!osis ( 8 daught]1 s curi\sly ,pagan 9 feel+1 & yet s f> f classical 9 ta/e1 ! poem might h end$1 _h n ,pontano res]v$ its f9al hon\rs = himself4 ,to ,lucia1 n[ made a goddess1 he addresses 8 pray]s t %e %\ld keep 8 "n & fame alive on e>? :5 he is dead3-- ,fama ipsa assi/5s tumulo cum ve/ibus aureis1 ,ore +5s1 ac voce +5s1 +5tibus alis1 ,p] populos late +5ti mea nom9a plausu ,vulgabit1 titulosque f]et p] scula no/ros2 ,plaud5tesque meis resonabunt laudibus aur1 ,vivet et ext5to celeb] ,jovianus 9 vo4#dcg ,footnote #dcg3 ',fame h]self1 seat$ by my tomb ) gold5 raim5t1 mighty-m\!d1 mighty-voic$1 ) mighty w+s1 %all spread abroad among ! p my names ) mighty s\nd ( praise1 & c>ry ?r\gh ! c5turies my titles1 & ) my glory %all res\nd applaud+ airs ( heav52 r5[n$ ?r\gh ev]la/+ ages ,jovian %all live4' ,sannazz>o's own elegies on ! joys ( love & c\ntry life1 ! descriptions ( 8 boyhood at ,sal]no1 ! praises ( 8 ,villa ,m]gill9a1 & 8 m$itations among ! ru9s ( ,cum1 are m>k$ by ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,no?+ q s full ( s5sual enjoym5t1 s s(t1 & s voluptu\s c be f\nd 9 ! poems ( ! ,flor5t9e & ,roman s*ol>s4 ,!y des]ve /udy1 if only z illu/rat+ ! luxuri\s tone ( lit]ature at ,naples4 ,x 0 n by ^! light] effusions1 h[ev]1 t ,sannazz>o won 8 fame4 ,! epic on ! bir? ( ,*ri/ co/ him tw5ty ye>s ( lab\r2 & :5 x 0 f9i%$1 ! le>n$ _w ( ,italy welcom$ x z a model ( correct & poli%$ writ+4 ,at ! same "t ! critics seem to h felt1 :at _c fail to /rike a mod]n read]1 t ! difficulties ( treat+ su* a !me 9 ! ,virgilian mann]1 & ! pati5ce ( ! /yli/1 _h r5d]$ x a ma/]piece ( +5uity r ?an a "w ( g5ius4#dch ,sannazz>o's epigrams1 compos$ 9 ! _s ( bitt]e/ ho/ility t[>ds ! ,borgia family1 7 n less fam\s ?an 8 epic4 ,alfonso ( ,aragon took ! poet ) him dur+ 8 campaign aga9/ ! ,papal =ce 9 ! ,abruzzi2 & ^! satires1 ha/ily writt5 9 ! t5t & by ! camp-fire1 =m$ ! amusem5t ( 8 (fic]s4 ,f ! soldi]s ( ,alfonso !y spe$ily pass$1 on ! lips ( c\rti]s & s*ol>s1 ?r\gh all ! cities ( ,italy2 nor is x easy to say h[ mu* ( ,lucrezia ,borgia's leg5d may n be traceable to _! brief b env5om$ c\plets4 ,:at _h be5 ! sc&al ( ! camp acquir$ consi/5cy 9 l9es too pung5t to be =gott5 & too witty to rema9 unquot$4#dci ,z a specim5 ( ,sannazz>o's /yle1 ! epigram on ,v5ice may "h be cit$3-- ,vid]at ,hadriacis ,v5etam ,neptunus 9 undis ,/>e urbem1 et toto pon]e jura m>i3 ,nunc mihi ,t>peias quantumvis1 ,jupit]1 arces ,objice1 et illa tui mo5ia ,m>tis1 ait3 ,si ,pelago ,tybrim prf]s1 urbem aspice utramque2 ,illam hom9es dices1 hanc posuisse deos4#ddj ,footnote #dch3 ',lilius ,gyraldus1' loc4 cit4 p4 #chd1 writes ab\t ?is epic1 '9 quibus1 ut sic dicam1 /at>ius poeta vid]i pote/4 ,non enim v]borum volubilitate f]tur1 s$ limatius quoddam scrib5di g5us consectatur1 et lim indies att]it1 ut de illo non inelegant] dictum illud ,apellis de ,protog5e ,pontanus usurp>e solitus esset1 eum manum de tabul toll]e nescire4' ,footnote #dci3 ,see ,deliti ,poet>um ,italorum1 second "p1 pp4 #gac-gfa4 ,! foll[+ c\plet on ! dea? ( ,ces>e ,borgia is celebrat$3-- ,aut nihil aut ,cs> vult dici ,borgia2 quidni8 ,cum simul et ,cs> possit et esse nihil4 ,footnote #ddj3 ',:5 ,neptune beheld ,v5ice /ation$ 9 ! ,adriatic wat]s1 & giv+ laws to all ! ocean1 ,n[ taunt me1 ,jupit]1 ) ! ,t>peian rock & ^? walls ( ?y son ,m>s6 he cri$4 ,if ?\ pref]re/ ,tib] to ! sea1 look on bo? cities2 ?\ wilt say ! "o 0 built by m51 ! o!r by gods4' ,i h already t\*$ ^u ! ,virgilianism ( ,sannazz>o's ',p>tus ,virg9is4'#dda ,:at ! cold *ur*es ( ,palladio are to ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 ?is frigid epic is to ,*ri/ian poetry4 ,leo ,x4 delight$ to recognise ! ,gospel n>rative b5ea? a fancy dress ( my?ological inv5tions1 & to witness ! triumph ( classical s*ol>%ip 9 ! holy places ( ! m$ival fai?4 ,to fuse ! traditions ( ,biblical & secul> antiquity 01 z ,i h (t5 said1 ! dream ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,:at ,pico & ,fic9o attempt$ 9 philosophical treatises1 ! poets s\ght to effect by =m4 ,religion1 attir+ h]self 9 classic drap]y1 ?rew (f ! cobwebs ( ! ,catacombs1 & acquir$ ! "r ( petites entres at ! ,vatican4 ,x did n signify t %e _h sacrific$ h] maje/y to fa%ion1 or t h] tunic la mode antique 0 badly made4 ,h] r\ge & spangles en*ant$ ! s*ol>ly ,pontiff1 :o =?) ord]$ ,vida to compose ! ',*ri/iad1' & gave him a b5efice at ,frascati 9 ord] t he might enjoy a poet's ease4 ,vida's epic1 l ,sannazz>o's1 0 n f9i%$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,leo4 ,bo? ! ',*ri/iad' & ! ',p>tus ,virg9is' reflect$ lu/re on ! age ( ,clem5t4 ,footnote #dda3 ,see above1 p4 #bhh4 ,vida won 8 fir/ laurels 9 ! field ( didactic poetry4 ,virgilian ex]cises on ! bre$+ ( silkworms & ! game ( *ess display$ 8 faculty = inve/+ famili> subjects ) ! graces ( a poli%$ /yle4#ddb ,su* poems1 :e!r writt5 9 ,lat91 or1 l ! ',api' ( ,rucellai1 9 ,italian1 gratifi$ ! ta/e ( ! ,r5aissance1 always appreciative ( =m indep5d5t ( ! matt] x inve/$4 ,= a mod]n /ud5t ,vida's metrical treatise 9 ?ree books on ! ',art ( ,poetry' has great] int]e/2 s9ce x illu/rates ! f9al outcome ( classic /udies 9 ! age ( ,leo4 ,! ',poetica' is address$ to ,francis1 ,dauph9 ( ,france1 9 8 ,spani% prison3#ddc-- ,primus ades1 ,francisce2 sacras ne despice ,musas1 ,regia prog5ies1 cui regum debita sceptra ,gallorum1 cum firma annis access]it tas4 ,hc tibi p>va f]unt jam nunc solatia dulces2 ,dum procul a patri raptum1 amplexuque tuorum1 ,ah dolor6 ,hispanis sors impia det9et oris1 ,h5rico cum fratre2 patris sic fata tul]unt ,magnanimi1 dum =tun luctatur iniqu4 ,p>ce tam51 pu]1 o lacrymis2 fata asp]a =san ,mitesc5t1 ad]itque dies ltissima t&em ,po/ tri/e exilium patriis cum r$ditus oris ,ltitiam +5tem populorum1 omnesque p] urbes ,accipies plausus1 et ltas undique voces2 ,votaque pro r$itu p]solv5t debita matres4 ,int]ea te ,pi]ides comit5tur2 9 altos ,jam te ,p>nassi mecum aude attoll]e lucos4#ddd ,footnote #ddb3 ,bombycum2 ,libri duo4 ,scac*ia1 ,ludus2 ,lib] unus4 ,pope's ,poemata ,italorum1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ajc-acj2 pp4 #aij-baj4 ,! =m] poem is address$ to ,isabella ,gonzaga1 ne d',e/e4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,poemata ,selecta1 pp4 #bjg-bff4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,francis ,i41 aft] ,pavia1 gave 8 two sons z ho/ages to ,*>les ,v4 ,footnote #ddd3 ',?\1 ,francis1 art ! fir/ to answ] to my call4 ,scorn n ! sacr$ ,muses1 scion ( a royal l9e1 to :om ! sceptre ( ! k+s ( ,gallia 9 due season ( maturity w pass4 ,_! sweetness ev5 n[ %all yield !e "s slight solace1 exil$ f home & fa!rl& by fate impite\s on ! ,spani% %ore1 !e & ?y bro!r ,h5ry4 ,s ! =tunes ( ?y mighty-he>t$ fa!r will$1 condemn$ to /rive aga9/ unequal doom4 ,yet sp>e ?y te>s3 p]*ance h>d fate w s(t51 & a day ( supreme joy w come at la/1 :51 aft] ?y sad exile1 once m giv5 to ?y nation1 ?\ %alt behold ?y c\ntry's gladness1 & he> ! %\ts ( all h] cities & ! r++ songs ( happ9ess1 & mo!rs %all p]=m _! v[s = ?y return4 ,mean:ile let ! maid5s ( ,pi]ia att5d !e2 &1 ) me = guide1 asc5d into ! groves ( high ,p>nassus4' ,aft] ?is d$ication ,vida describes ! solace to be f\nd 9 poetry1 & adds "s precepts on ! prep>ation ( ! /ud5t's m9d4#dde ,a rapid review ( ! hi/ory ( poetry--! decl9e ( ,greek inspiration aft] ,hom]1 & ( ,lat9 aft] ,virgil2 ! qualities ( ! ,silv] ,age1 & ! ,revival ( lett]s "u ! ,m$ici at ,flor5ce--s]ves to %[ h[ n>r[ ! /&>d ( ,italian culture _h become betwe5 ! p]iod ( ,poliziano1 :o embrac$ s mu* 9 8 sket* ( lit]ature1 & t ( ,vida1 :o conf9$ himself to s little4 ,! criticism is n unju/2 b x proves t ! ref9em5t ( ta/e by s*ol>%ip _h result$ 9 re/rict+ /ud5ts to "o or two models1 :om !y foll[$ ) s]vility4#ddf ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ 8 g5]al view ( ! poetic art1 ,vida proce$s to sket* a plan ( education4 ,! qualities & duties ( a tutor are describ$2 & "h we may notice h[ f> ,vittor9o's & ,gu>9o's me?ods _h creat$ an ideal ( tra9+ = ,italy4 ,! preceptor mu/ above all ?+s avoid viol5ce1 & aim at w9n+ ! affections ( 8 pupil2 x w\ld be well = him to associate sev]al y\?s 9 ! same c\rse ( /udy1 s z to ar\se _! emulation4 ,he mu/ n neglect _! games1 & mu/ always be c>eful to suit 8 me?od to ! diff]5t tal5ts ( 8 *>ges4 ,:5 ! special /udies to be foll[$ are discuss$1 ,vida po9ts out t ,cic]o is ! be/ s*ool ( ,lat9 /yle4 ,he recomm5ds ! e>ly practice ( bucolic v]se1 & inculcates ! necessity ( treat+ y\?ful essays ) indulg5ce4 ,^! topics are t\*$ ) m or less felicity ( phrase & illu/ration2 & ?\gh ! subject-matt] is suffici5tly trite1 ! good s5se & k9dly feel+ ( ! writ] w9 respect4 ,! fir/ book concludes ) a p]oration on ! dignity & sanctity ( poets1 a !me ! humani/s 7 nev] we>y ( embroid]+4#ddg ,! second describes ! qualities ( a good poem1 z ^! 7 conceiv$ by ! ref9$ b =mal ta/e ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x %\ld beg9 quietly1 & manage to excite )\t satisfy+ ! curiosity ( ! read]4 ,va9 displays ( le>n+ are to be avoid$4 ,episodes & similes mu/ occur at prop] int]vals2 & a frugal season+ ( hum\r w be f\nd agreeable4 ,all repetitions %\ld be %unn$1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 to v>y ! n>rative ) picturesque descriptions4 ,rhetoric1 aga91 is n unwor?y ( att5tion1 :5 ! poet seeks to place conv5i5t & speci\s argum5ts 9 ! m\?s ( 8 p]sonages4 ,footnote #dde3 tibi digna supellex ,v]borum r]umque p>&a e/1 proque vid5da ,in/ant multa prius1 quorum vatum indiget usus4 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,aft] m5tion+ ! glories ( ,virgil1 ,vida adds3-- ,sp]>e nefas sit vatibus ultra4 ,nulla mora1 ex illo 9 pejus ru]e omnia visa1 ,deg5]>e animi1 atque retro res lapsa ref]ri4 ,hic namque +5io confisus po/habet artem2 ,ille furit /repitu1 t5ditque qu>e tub>um ,voce sonos1 v]susque tonat s9e m p] omnes2 ,dant alii cantus vacuos1 et inania v]ba ,incassum1 sol capti dulc$9e vocis4 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #bac4 ,cf4 ! advice 7p4 #bad7 to foll[ none b ,virgil3-- ,ergo ipsum ante alios animo v5]>e ,m>onem1 ,atque unum sequ]e1 utque potes1 ve/igia s]va4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,dona dem ,mus3 vulgus procul e/e pr(anum4 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #bbd2 & aga91 ib4 p4 #bbf3-- ,tu ,jovis ambrosiis das nos accumb]e m5sis2 ,tu nos diis quas sup]is1 c4 ,x is difficult 9 a summ>y to d ju/ice to ?is portion ( ,vida's poem4 ,8 description ( ! ideal epic is inde$ no?+ m or less ?an a ref9$ analysis ( ! 'neid2' & /ud5ts desir\s ( le>n+ :at ! ,italians ( ! sixte5? c5tury admir$ 9 ,virgil w d well to /udy its acute & sob] criticism4 ,a panegyric ( ,leo closes ! second book4 ,f ?is p]oration "s l9es ^u ! woes ( ,italy may be read ) pr(it1 z prov+ t ! nation1 consci\s ( its own decl9e1 0 cont5t$ to accept ! primacy ( culture 9 ex*ange = indep5d5ce3-- ,dii ,rom indigetes1 ,troj tuque auctor1 ,apollo ,unde g5us no/rum coeli se tollit ad a/ra1 ,hanc saltem auf]ri laudem prohibete ,lat9is3 ,artibus em9eat semp]1 /udiisque ,m9]v1 ,italia1 et g5tes doceat pul*]rima ,roma2 ,qu&oguidem armorum p5itus =tuna recessit1 ,tanta ,italos int] crevit discordia reges2 ,ipsi nos int] sacros di/r+imus enses1 ,nec patriam pudet ext]nis ap]ire tyrannis4#ddh ,footnote #ddh3 ',ye native gods ( ,rome6 & ?\1 ,apollo1 ,troy's f\nd]6 by :om our race is rais$ to heav56 let n at lea/ ?is glory be )drawn f ,latium's *ildr53 may ,italy = ev] hold ! heights ( art & le>n+1 & mo/ beaute\s ,rome in/ruct ! nations2 albeit all success 9 arms be lo/1 s great ha? gr[n ! discord ( ,italia's pr9ces4 ,yea1 "o aga9/ ! o!r1 we draw bloody swords1 nor feel we any %ame 9 call+ =eign tyrants into our own l&4'--,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #bde4 ,! ?ird book treats ( /yle & diction4 ,to be cle> & v>i$1 to comm& metaphor & allusion1 to *oose phrases col\r$ by my?ology & fancy1 to suit ! language to ! subject1 to v>y ! metrical cad5ce ) ! ?\ght & feel+1 & to be assidu\s 9 ! use ( ! file are m5tion$ z indisp5sable to excell5ce4 ,a p]oration on ,virgil1 sonor\s & impassion$1 closes ! :ole poem1 :i*1 rightly und]/ood1 is a monum5t erect$ to ! fame ( ! ,roman b>d by ! piety ( 8 ,italian pupil4 ,! f9al l9es are ju/ly fam\s3-- ,o decus ,itali6 lux o cl>issima vatum6 ,te colimus1 tibi s]ta damus1 tibi ?ura1 tibi aras2 ,et tibi rite sacrum semp] dicemus honorem ,c>m9ibus memores4 ,salve1 sanctissime vates6 ,laudibus aug]i tua gloria nil potis ultra1 ,et no/r nil vocis eget2 nos aspice prs5s1 ,pectoribusque tuos ca/is infunde calores ,adv5i5s1 pat]1 atque animis te te ins]e no/ris4#ddi ,footnote #ddi3 ',hail1 light ( ,italy1 ?\ brighte/ ( ! b>ds6 ,!e we wor%ip1 !e we adore ) wrea?s1 ) frank9c5se1 ) alt>s2 to !e1 z duty bids1 = ev]la/+ w we *aunt our holy hymns4 ,hail1 consecrat$ b>d6 ,no increase to ?y glory fl[s f praise1 nor ne$s x voice ( ours4 ,be ne>1 & look ^u ?y vot>ies2 come1 fa!r1 & infuse ?y f]v\r into our *a/e he>ts1 & plant ?yself )9 our s\ls4'--,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #bff4 ,vida's own intellect 0 cle>1 & 8 /yle p]spicu\s2 b 8 g5ius 0 m$iocre4 ,8 p[] lay 9 ! disposition ( mat]ials & 9 illu/ration4 ,a precise ta/e1 =m$ on ,cic]o & ,virgil1 & ex]cis$ ) judgm5t 9 a n>r[ sph]e1 satisfi$ 8 critical requirem5ts4 ,virgil ) him 0 fir/ & la/1 & mid/ & )\t end4 ,9 a ^w1 he %[s :at a s*ol> ( s\nd p>ts & rhetorical aptitude c\ld a*ieve by ! /udy & imitation ( a s+le au?or4 ,s9ce ,i h begun to speak ( didactic poems1 ,i may take ?is opportunity ( notic+ ,fraca/oro1 :o seems to h *os5 ,pontanus = 8 model1 &1 :ile emulat+ bo? ,lucretius & ,virgil1 to h fall5 %ort ( ,vida's elegance4 ,8 "w is less rem>kable = purity ( diction ?an = massiv5ess ( intellect1 gravity ( matt]1 & con/ructive ability4 ,j]onimo ,fraca/oro 0 born 9 #adhc at ,v]ona1 :]e he sp5t ! great] portion ( 8 life1 enjoy+ high reputation z a physician1 philosoph]1 a/ronom]1 & poet4 ,dur+ 8 y\? he /udi$ "u ,pomponazzo at ,padua4 ,! /rong t9cture ( mat]iali/ic sci5ce he !re receiv$1 cont9u$ ?r\gh life to col\r 8 ?\ght4 ,among mod]n ,pagans none is m completely b>e ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ,fraca/oro4 ,z is well kn[n1 he *ose ! new & t]rible disease ( ! ,r5aissance = 8 !me1 & gave a "n to x t /ill is curr5t4 ,to speak ( ,fraca/oro's ',syphilis1' d$icat$ to ,bembo1 hail$ ) acclamation by all ,italy1 pref]r$ by ,sannazz>o to 8 own epic1 & prais$ by ,julius ,cs> ,scalig] z a 'div9e poem1' is n easy n[4 ,! plague x celebrates appe>$ at ,naples 9 #adie1 & spread l wildfire ov] ,europe1 assum+ at fir/ ! =m ( an epidemic sp>+ nei!r ,pope nor k+1 & /irr+ less disgu/ ?an dread among its victims4#dej ,:e!r ! laws ( its propagation 7 rightly und]/ood 9 ! sixte5? c5tury is a "q = physicians to decide4 ,no "o appe>s to h suspect$ t x diff]$ 9 specific "* f o!r pe/il5t disord]s2 & x is cle>1 bo? f contempor>y *ronicles & f ,fraca/oro's poem1 t ! mal franzese1 z x 0 popul>ly call$1 sugge/$ to ! p ( t age associations diff]5t f ^? t h s9ce ga!r$ r\nd x4 ,at ! same "t m =midable & less loa?some1 x 0 a n m unwor?y subject = v]se ?an ! plague at ,a!ns describ$ by ,lucretius4 ,treat+ ! disease1 !re=e1 z a curse common to 8 g5]ation1 ! sci5tific poet d>$ to set =? its symptoms1 to prescribe rem$ies1 to discuss ! "q ( its orig91 & to use x z an illu/ration ( antagoni/ic =ces1 p]nici\s & b5efic5t1 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,to philosophise 8 repulsive subject-matt] 0 ! au?or's ambition4 ,8 contempor>ies admir$ ! poetic graces ) :i* he _h contriv$ to adorn x4 ,footnote #dej3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #dcc1 note4 ,! exordium ( ! fir/ book /ates ! problem4 ,:5ce came ?is new sc\rge ( humanity8 ,n1 surely1 f ,am]ica1 ?\gh x is !re indig5\s4 ,its diffusion aft] ! disa/]s ( #adid 0 too rapid to admit ( ?is hypo!sis4#dea ,to ! corruption ( ! atmosph]e mu/ be ref]r$ ! g5]al invasion ( ! plague4#deb ,! !ory ( infect$ & putresc5t air is /at$ 9 a long ,lucretian passage1 foll[$ by a sci5tific acc\nt ( ! symptoms ( syphilis4 ,at ?is po9t ! poet div]sifies 8 argum5t by an episode1 n>rat+ ! sad dea? ( a "y man born on ! banks ( ! ,oglio1 & lead+ by gradual transitions to a p]oration on ! w>s & woes ( ,italy4#dec ,ov] all ! poets ( ?is age ! mis]ies ( _! c\ntry hung l a cl\d1 &1 t\* ! lyre z !y may at ! beg9n+ ( _! song1 x is c]ta9 ere ! end+ to give =? a dolor\s groan4 ,9 ! second book ,fraca/oro ent]s on ! subject ( rem$ies4 ,he lays /ress on *oice ( air1 abundant ex]cise1 avoidance ( w9e & heat+ diet1 blood-lett+1 ab/95ce f s5sual pleasures1 fom5tations1 h]bs1 & div]s m9ute rules ( heal?4 ,by att5tion to ^! matt]s ! disease may be1 if n %unn$1 at lea/ mitigat$4 ,! sov]eign rem$y ( quicksilv] dem&$ full] illu/ration2 !re=e ! poet introduces ! leg5d>y episode ( ! %eph]d ,ilceus1 conduct$ by ! nymph ,lip> to ! sulphur f\nts & lakes ( m]cury b5ea? ,m\nt ,etna4 ,ilceus ba!d1 & 0 r5ew$ 9 heal?4 ,! rigor\sly didactic int5tion ( ,fraca/oro is prov$ by ! recipe = a m]curial o9tm5t & ! description ( salivation t w9d up ?is book4#ded ,! ?ird op5s ) an allusion to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & a celebration ( ! tree ,hyacus 7,guaiacum74 ,x is noticeable t1 ) su* an opportunity = s++ ! praises ( ,columbus1 ,fraca/oro pass$ him by1 nor c>$ to claim = ,italy a %>e 9 ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! c5tury4 ,m+l+ my? ) hi/ory1 he next proce$s to tell h[ ! ,spani>ds arriv$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & %ot birds sacr$ to ! ,sun1#dee "o ( :i* spoke ) human voice1 pr$ict+ ! evils t w\ld fall ^u ! crew = _! impiety4 ,n ! lea/ ( ^! 0 to be a /range & t]rible disease4 ,! natives ( ! isl&s flock$ to meet ! /rang]s1 & "s ( !m 7 tett]$ ) a gha/ly eruption4 ,?is leads to ! episodical leg5d ( ! %eph]d ,syphilus1 :o d>$ to d]ide ! ,sun-god1 & ( ! k+ ,alci?\s1 :o accept$ div9e hon\rs 9 8 /ead4 ,! ,sun1 to requite ! insol5ce ( ,syphilus1 afflict$ him ) a dreadful sickness4 ,x yield$ to no cure until ! nymph ,amm]ic initiat$ him 9 ! prop] lu/ral rites1 & l$ him to ! tree ,hyacus4 ,! poem ends ) a panegyric ( ,guaiacum4 ,footnote #dea3 quoniam 9 primis o/5d]e multos ,possumus1 attactu qui nullius hanc tam5 ipsam ,sponte su s5s]e luem1 primique tul]e4 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #deb3 ,quumque animadv]tas1 tam va/ sem9a labis ,esse nec 9 t]r gremio1 nec 9 quore posse1 ,haud dubie tecum /atuas reputesque necesse e/1 ,pr9cipium s$emque mali consi/]e 9 ipso ,are1 qui t]ras circum diffunditur omnes4 ,ibid4 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #dec3 ,ibid4 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 ,footnote #ded3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ie1 #if4 ,footnote #dee3 ,^! phrases he f9ds = a f[l+-piece3-- ,cava t]rificis horr5tia bombis ,a]a1 et flammif]um torm5ta imitantia fulm54 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #aja4 ,i h sket*$ ! subject ( ! ',syphilis' 9 outl9e because ( its importance n only = ! neo-,lat9 lit]ature ( ! ,r5aissance1 b also = ! hi/ory ( m$ical op9ion4 ,z a didactic poem1 x is con/ruct$ ) consid]able art2 ! /yle1 ?\gh prosaic1 is =cible1 & ! mean+ is always precise4 ,fall+ %ort ( classic elegance1 ,fraca/oro may /ill be said to h fulfill$ ! requirem5ts ( ,vida1 & to h add$ some?+ male & vigor\s peculi> to himself4 ,8 adulatory v]ses to ,aless&ro ,f>nese1 ,paul ,,iii41 & ,julius ,,iii4 might be quot$ z curi\s examples ( fulsome flatt]y convey$ 9 a b>occo /yle4 ,!y comb9e ,papal cant ) ,pagan mann]ism1 ,virgilian & ,biblical phraseology1 mascul9e gravity ( diction & f>-fet*$ conceits1 9 a /range amalgam1 z awkw>d z x is ridicul\s4#def ,footnote #def3 ,cf4 ! passage ab\t ,aless&ro ,f>nese's j\rneys-- ,matre de comitante et it] mon/rante nepoti-- & ! re=mation 9 ,g]many4 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #abe4 ,! :ole idyll address$ to ,julius ,,iii41 ib4 pp4 #acj-ace1 is inconceivably unc\?4 ,ano!r gr\p ( ,lat9 v]sifi]s1 ) ,bembo at _! head1 cultivat$ ! elegy1 ! idyll1 & ! ode4 ,! au?ors ( _! pr$ilection 7 ,catullus1 ,prop]tius1 & ,tibullus4 ,ab&on+ ! attempt to m\ld ,*ri/ian or mod]n mat]ial into classic =m1 !y frankly select$ ,pagan motives1 & adh]$ 9 _s z well z /yle to _! models4 ,two elegiac poems ( ,bembo's1 ! ',priapus' & ! ',faunus ad ,nympeum ,flum51' may be cit$ z flagrant specim5s ( sixte5?-c5tury lic5ti\sness4#deg ,poli%$ language & almo/ faultless v]sification are wa/$ ^u !mes ( rank obsc5ity4 ,! ',priapus1' translat$ & amplifi$ 9 ,italian ottava rima1 ga9$ a popul> celebrity beyond ! le>n$ circles = :om x 0 orig9ally writt54 ,we may trace its influ5ce 9 _m infam\s ,capitoli ( ! burlesque poets4 ,bembo excell$ 9 elegiac v]se4 ,9 a poem entitl$ ',de ,amic a ,viro ,s]vat1' he treat$ a *>act]i/ically ,italian subject ) some?+ ( ,ovid's graceful hum\r4#deh ,a lov] compla9s ( liv+ ne> 8 mi/ress1 closely wat*$ by h] jeal\s husb&4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! morality is less to be admir$ ?an ! v]sification2 & t ! latt]1 9 spite ( ,bembo's scrupul\s att5tion to metre1 is n p]fect1 may be ga!r$ f ?is l9e3-- ,tunc quos nunc habeo et quos sum olim habiturus amicos4 ,footnote #deg3 ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um1 pp4 #d & #i-aa4 ,footnote #deh3 ,ib4 pp4 #ah-bc4 ,aft] read+ hexamet]s s con/ruct$ we are tempt$ to %ut ! book ) a groan1 wond]+ h[ x 0 t a ,pope's secret>y & a pr9ce ( ! ,*ur* %\ld h ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to compose a poem s injuri\s to 8 reputation z a morali/1 or to pres]ve 9 x a v]se s little fav\rable to 8 fame z a ,lat9i/4 ,m beautiful1 because m true to classic inspiration1 is ! elegy ( ',galatea4'#dei ,! idyllic incid5ts sugge/ a s]ies ( pretty pictures = bas-reliefs or decorative frescoes 9 ! mann] ( ,albano4 ,bembo's ma/]piece1 h[ev]1 9 ! elegiac metre1 is a poem ) ',de ,galeso et ,maximo' = its title4#dfj ,x 0 compos$1 z ! epigraph in=ms u1 at ! comm& ( a great man at ,rome2 b :e!r t great man 0 also ! greate/ 9 ,rome1 & :e!r ,maximus 0 ano!r "n = ,leo1 is matt] ( conjecture4 ,! boy ,galesus _h wrong$ ,maximus1 8 ma/]4 ,:5 reprov$1 he (f]$ no excuses1 call$ no witnesses1 utt]$ no pray]s to ,heav51 indulg$ 9 no assev]ations ( innoc5ce1 %$ no te>s3-- ,nil horum aggr$itur2 s$ tantum +rata loqu5tis ,implicitus collo dulce pep5dit onus4 ,nec mora1 cunctanti roseis tot pressa labellis ,oscula coelitibus invidiosa d$it1 ,arida quot levibus florescit messis ari/is1 ,excita quot v]nis floribus halat humus4 ,maxime1 quid dubitas8 ,si te piget1 ipse tuo me ,pone loco3 hc dubitem non ego f]re mala4#dfa ,footnote #dei3 ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,ib4 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,none ( ^! ?+s he tri$2 b only ran1 ,& clasp$ ) 8 sweet arms ! angry man2 ,hung on 8 neck1 ra9$ kisses =? t ,heav5 ,envi$ f ^? r$ lips to mortals giv52 ,9 numb] l ripe e>s ( ruddy corn1 ,or fl[]s b5ea? ! brea? ( ,april born4 ,/ill d\bt+1 ,maximus8 ,*ange place ) me3 ,gladly ,i'd be> su* infidelity4 ,bembo's tal5t lay 9 compositions ( ?is k9d4 ,8 v]ses1 to quote ! phrase ( ,gyraldus1 7 uni=mly 'sweet1 s(t1 & delicate4' ,:5 he attempt$ "w involv+ m su/a9$ ef=t ( ! intellect & great] v>iety ( treatm5t1 he 0 n s successful4 ,8 hexamet] poem ',b5acus1' a description ( ! ,lago di ,g>da1 d$icat$ to ,gian ,matteo ,gib]ti1 reads l an imitation ( ,catullus )\t ! ,roman poet's grace ( /yle or weal? ( fancy4#dfb ,among ,bembo's mo/ p]fect compositions may be reckon$ 8 epitaphs on celebrat$ contempor>ies4 ,! foll[+ writt5 = ,poliziano1 des]ves quotation4#dfc ,n only is ! dea? ( ! s*ol>1 foll[+ close ^u t ( 8 patron1 happily t\*$1 b ! la/ l9e pays a prop] tribute to ,poliziano z an ,italian poet3-- ,duc]et ext9cto cum mors ,laur5te triumphum1 ,ltaque pullatis inveh]etur equis1 ,respicit insano f]i5tem pollice *ordas1 ,visc]a s+ultu concuti5te1 virum4 ,mirata e/1 t5uitque jugum2 furit ipse1 pioque ,laur5tem cunctos flagitat ore ,deos3 ,miscebat precibus lacrymas1 lacrymisque dolorem2 ,v]ba m9i/rabat lib]iora dolor4 ,risit1 et antiqu non immemor illa qu]el1 ,orphei ,t>t>e cum patu]e vi1 ,hic etiam inf]nas t5tat resc9d]e leges1 ,f]tque suas1 dixit1 9 mea jura manus4 ,prot9us et fl5tem p]cussit dura poetam1 ,rupit et 9 m$io pectora docta sono4 ,heu sic tu raptus1 sic te mala fata tul]unt1 ,arbit] ,ausoni1 ,politiane1 lyr4#dfd ,footnote #dfb3 ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um1 pp4 #bf-cd4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,ib4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #dfd3 ',:5 ,lor5zo 0 dead1 & ,dea? w5t by 9 triumph1 drawn by h] black horses1 h] eyes fell on "o :o madly /ruck ! *ords1 :ile sighs convuls$ 8 brea/4 ,%e turn$1 & /ay$ ! c>2 he /orms & calls on all ! gods = ,lor5zo1 mix+ te>s ) pray]s1 & sorr[ ) 8 te>s1 :ile sorr[ sugge/s words ( wild] fre$om4 ,dea? laugh$2 rememb]+ h] old grudge1 :5 ,orpheus made 8 way to hell1 %e cri$1 ,lo1 he too seeks to abrogate our laws1 & lays 8 h& ^u my rights6 ,nor m delay2 %e /ruck ! poet :ile he wept1 & broke 8 he>t-/r+s 9 ! middle ( 8 sighs4 ,alas6 ?us wa/ ?\ tak5 f u1 ravi%$ by h>% fate1 ,politian1 ma/] ( ! ,italian lyre6' ,m ri*ly end[$ = poetry ?an ,bembo 0 8 fell[-c\ntryman ,&rea ,navag]o4 ,few ,lat9 v]sifi]s ( ! ,r5aissance comb9$ s mu* true feel+ & fancy ) a /yle m pure & natural4 ,"s ( 8 little compositions1 half elegy1 half idyll1 h ! grace & fre$om ( ! ,greek ,an?ology4#dfe ,!re is a simple beauty 9 _! motives1 :ile ! workman%ip rem9ds u ( *isell+ 9 smoo? waxy m>ble2 unlike ! ,roman epigrammati/s1 ,navag]o avoid$ po9t$ t]m9ations4#dff ,! picture ( ,n>cissus dead & trans=m$ to a fl[]1 9 ! elegy ( ',acon1' might be quot$ z a fair specim5 ( 8 mann]3-- ,magna ,p>5s1 qu cuncta leves producis 9 auras1 ,totaque div]so g]m9e picta nites2 ,qu passim arboribus1 passim surg5tibus h]bis1 ,sufficis omnif]o l>ga alim5ta s9u2 ,excipe langu5tem pu]um1 moribundaque membra1 t]numque tu fac1 ,dea1 vivat ope4 ,vivet1 et ille vetus ,zephyro r$eunte quotannis ,9 niveo c&or flore p]5nis erit4#dfg ,footnote #dfe3 ,notice especially ',?yrsidis vota ,v5]i1' ',invitatio ad amo5um fontem1' ',leucippem amicam spe prmiorum invitat1' ',vota ,v5]i ut amantibus faveat1' & ',9 ,almonem4'--,c>m9a1 c4 pp4 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee4 ,footnote #dff3 ,paolo ,giovio notic$ ?is2 9 8 ,elogia he writes1 ',epigrammata non falsis aculeatisque f9ibus1 s$ t5] ill et prdulci prisc suavitate claudebat4' ,footnote #dfg3 ',mighty "m1 ?\ :o br+e/ all ?+s =? to brea! ! liquid air1 :o %9e/ 9 ?y pa9t$ robe ( div]se budd+ lives1 ?\ :o f ?y teem+ bosom give/ n\ri%m5t to trees & spr\t+ h]bs 9 e region ( ! e>?1 take to ?yself ! fa9t+ boy1 *]i% 8 dy+ limbs1 & make him live = ev] by ?y aid4 ,yes1 he %all live2 & t :ite lovel9ess ( 81 ea* ye> z spr+ returns1 %all blossom 9 a sn[y fl[]4'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #eg4 ,! w>n+s address$ to 8 mi/ress 9 h] c\ntry rambles1 to bew>e ( ru/ic gods1 & ! :ole eclogue ( ',iolas1' are writt5 9 a ri* & facile /yle1 t makes u wond] :e!r "s poet ( ! ,grco-,roman p]iod did n live aga9 9 ,navag]o4#dfh ,only "h & !re1 z 9 ! case ( all ?is neo-,lat9 writ+1 an awkw>d ^w or a defective cad5ce breaks ! spell1 & rem9ds u t x 0 an artificial ?+4 ,a few l9es =m+ ! exordium to an unf9i%$ poem on ,italy may be ins]t$ "h = _! intr9sic int]e/3-- ,salve1 cura ,dem1 mundi felicior ora1 ,=mos ,v5]is dulces salvete recessus3 ,ut vos po/ tantos animi m5tisque labores ,aspicio1 lu/roque lib5s6 ut mun]e ve/ro ,sollicitas toto depello e pectore curas6#dfi ,footnote #dfh3 ',ad ,gelliam ru/icantem1' ,c>m9a1 c4 pp4 #fd-ff4 ',iolas1' ib4 pp4 #ff-fh4 ,footnote #dfi3 ',hail1 d>l+ ( ! gods1 ?\ happie/ spot ( e>?6 hail *os5 haunt ( beauty's que56 ,:at joy ,i feel to see y ?us aga91 & tread y\r %ores aft] s _m toils endur$ 9 m9d & s\l6 ,h[ f my he>t by y\r free gift ,i ca/ all anxi\s c>es6'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #hd4 ,navag]o1 we are told1 compos$ ^! v]ses on 8 return f a legation to ,spa94 ,born 9 #adhc1 he sp5t 8 y\? & e>ly manhood 9 assidu\s /udy4 ,excessive application und]m9$ 8 heal?1 & ,giovio relates t he began to suff] f atra bilis1 or ! melan*oly ( s*ol>s4 ,! ,v5etian ,s5ate _h engag$ him to compose ! hi/ory ( ! ,republic 9 ,lat92 ?is "w 0 already begun :5 illness =c$ him to ab&on x4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds employ$ 9 an unsuccessful mission to ,*>les ,v4 & 9 diplomatic bus9ess at ! ,c\rt ( ,france4 ,he di$ at ,blois ( fev]1 contract$ 9 "o ( 8 hurri$ j\rneys4 ,he 0 only =ty-six :5 he p]i%$1 bequea?+ to imm$iate po/]ity ! fame ( a poet at lea/ equal to ! anci5ts4 ,9 t age ( affectation & ef=t ! natural fl[ ( ,navag]o's v]se1 s5su\s )\t co>s5ess & highly col\r$ )\t abuse ( epi!ts1 rais$ a *orus ( applause t may /rike ! mod]n /ud5t z excessive4 ,! memorial poems writt5 on 8 dea? praise ! purity ( s5tim5t & ta/e :i* made him burn a copy ( ,m>tial ye>ly to ! *a/e ,muses4#dgj ,"o fri5d calls ^u ! ,n]eids to build 8 tomb by ! sil5t wat]s ( ! lagoons1 & bids ! ,faun ( ,italy lam5t ) brok5 re$s4#dga ,ano!r prophesies t 8 gold5 poems w la/ z _m ye>s z !re are fl[]s 9 spr+1 or grapes 9 autumn1 or /orms ^u ! sea1 or />s 9 heav51 or kisses 9 ,catullus1 or atoms 9 ! univ]se ( ,lucretius4#dgb ,footnote #dgj3 ,see ! ,h5decasyllabics ( ,johannes ,mat?u1 ,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #dga3 ,basilius ,zan*ius1 ,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #he4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,m4 ,antonius ,flam9ius1 ib4 p4 #he4 ,a place v close to ,navag]o might be claim$ = ,francesco ,m>ia ,molsa1 a nobleman ( ,mod5a1 :o enjoy$ great fame at ,rome = 8 ,lat9 & ,italian poetry4 ,aft] a wild life ( pleasure he di$ at ! age ( =ty-"o1 worn out ) love & smitt5 by ! plague ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! sweete/ ( 8 elegies celebrate ! *>ms ( ,fau/9a ,manc9i1 8 fav\rite mi/ress4 ,9 spite ( :at ,italians w\ld call _! morbidezza1 x is impossible n to feel "s contempt = ! poli%$ flu5cy1 ! s5sual relaxation1 ( ^! s\lless v]ses4 ,a poem address$ to 8 fri5ds ^u 8 sick b$1 )9 sight ( c]ta9 dea?1 comb9es ! au?or's melody ( cad5ce ) a c]ta9 sobriety ( ?\ght & t5d] dignity ( feel+4#dgc ,x is1 p]haps1 ( all 8 compositions ! wor?ie/ to live4 ,! foll[+ c\plets describe ! place :i* he w\ld *oose = 8 sepul*re3-- ,non op]osa peto titulos mihi m>mora ponant1 ,no/ra s$ accipiat fictilis ossa cadus2 ,exceptet gremio qu mox placidissima tellus1 ,immites poss9t ne nocuisse f]4 ,rivulus hc circum dissectus obambulet1 unda ,clivoso qualis tramite ducta sonat2 ,exiguis /et csa notis sup] ossa sepulta1 ,nom5 et 8 s]vet p>va tabella meum3 ,hic jacet ante annos crudeli tabe p]emptus ,molsa2 t] injecto pulv]e1 pa/or1 abi4 ,=sitan 9 putrem longo po/ tempore glebam ,v]t>1 et hc flores induet urna novos2 ,populus aut potius abruptis artubus alba ,=mos exsurgam conspici5da com4 ,scilicet huc diti pecoris comitata magi/ro ,conv5iet fe/o pul*ra puella die2 ,qu molles ductet *oreas1 et ve/e rec9ct ,ad c]tos nrit membra mov]e modos4#dgd ,footnote #dgc3 ,poemata ,selecta1 pp4 #bjc-bjf4 ,an elegy writt5 by ,janus ,etruscus1 ,pope's ,poemata ,italorum1 vol4 ii4 p4 #be1 on a simil> !me1 ?\gh v inf]ior to ,molsa's1 may be comp>$ ) x4 ,footnote #dgd3 ',i ask = no monum5t ( wr\ght m>ble to proclaim my titles3 let a vase ( bak$ clay receive ^! bones4 ,let e>?1 quiete/ ( re/+-places1 take !m to h]self1 & save !m f ! injury ( rav5+ wolves4 ,& let a runn+ /ream divide its wat]s r\nd my grave1 drawn ) ! s\nd ( music f a m\nta9-flank4 ,a little tablet c>v$ ) simple lett]s w be en\gh to m>k ! spot1 & to pres]ve my "n3 ,"h lies ,molsa1 sla9 be=e 8 day by wa/+ sickness3 ca/ du/ ^u him ?rice1 & g ?y way1 g5tle %eph]d4 ,x may be t aft] _m ye>s ,i %all turn to yield+ clay1 & my tomb %all deck h]self ) fl[]s2 or1 bett]1 f my limbs %all spr+ a :ite popl>1 & 9 its beaute\s foliage ,i %all rise into ! light ( heav54 ,to ?is place w come1 ,i hope1 "s lovely maid att5d$ by ! ma/] ( ! flock2 & %e %all dance above my bones & move h] feet to rhy?mic music4' ,! ,paganism ( ! ,r5aissance1 ex*ang+ ,*ri/ian rites = old my?ologies1 & classic 9 ! v tomb1 has r>ely f\nd sweet] expression ?an 9 ?is dea? song4 ,we trace 9 x besides a note ( mod]n feel+1 ! romantic s5se ( community ) nature 9 ! immortality ( trees & fl[]s4#dge ,footnote #dge3 ,= ! picture ( ! girl danc+ on ! lov]'s grave1 cf4 ,om> ,khayyam4 ,cf4 too ,walt ,:itman's metaphor = grass--'! beautiful uncut hair ( graves4' ,ca/iglione _c claim comp>ison ) ,navag]o = s5su\s *>m & easy fl[ ( v]se4 ,nor has he ^? t\*es ( g5u9e poetry :i* raise ,molsa above ! level ( a flu5t v]sifi]4 ,8 ,lat9 ex]cises1 h[ev]1 (f] mu* t is int]e/+ to a /ud5t ( ,r5aissance lit]ature2 :ile ! dep? ( feel+ & ! e>ne/ness ( ?\ght 9 8 cle> & p[]ful hexamet]s surpass ! be/ ef=ts ( ,bembo's artificial muse4 ,:5 we read ! idyll entitl$ ',alcon1' a lam5tation = ! fri5d :om he _h lov$ 9 y\?-- ,alcon delici ,mus>um et ,apoll9is1 ,alcon ,p>s anim1 cordis p>s ,alcon maxima no/ri--#dgf we are impell$ to "q h[ f> ,milton ow$ ! =m ( ',lycidas' to ^! ,italian imitations ( ! ,grco-,roman /yle4 ,:at seem$ false 9 tone to ,johnson1 :at /ill r5d]s t elegy ! /umbl+-block ( ta/e to immature & unsympa!tic /ud5ts1 is ! highly artificial =m giv5 to natural feel+4 ,grief clo!s h]self 9 metaphors1 &1 ab/a9+ f ! direct expression ( poignant emotion1 dwells on ?\ghts & images t h a beauty ( _! own = solace4 ,nor is x 9 ?is quality ( art alone t ',lycidas' rem9ds u ( ,r5aissance ,lat9 v]se4 ,! curi\s bl5d+ ( allusions to ,*ur* & ,/ate ) pa/oral images is no less *>act]i/ic ( ! ,italian mann]4 ,z 9 ',lycidas1' s also 9 ^! l9es f ,ca/iglione's ',alcon1' ! tru? ( sorr[ transpires ?r\gh a ?9 veil ( bucolic romance3-- ,heu mis]&e pu]1 fatis surrepte malignis6 ,non ego te po/hac1 pa/orum ad/ante coron1 ,victorem aspiciam volucri c]t>e sagitt2 ,aut jaculo1 aut dur socios sup]>e pal/r4 ,non tecum po/hac molli resup9us 9 umbr ,effugiam longos /ivo tempore soles3 ,non tua vic9os mulcebit fi/ula montes1 ,docta nec umbros resonabunt c>m9a valles3 ,non tua corticibus toties inscripta ,lycoris1 ,atque ignis ,galatea meus nos jam simul ambos ,audi]9t amb no/ros cant>e furores4 ,nos et5im a t5]is simul usque huc viximus annis1 ,frigora p]tulimusque /us noctesque diesque1 ,communique simul sunt p>ta arm5ta labore4 ,rura mea hc tecum communia2 viximus una3 ,te mori5te igitur curnam mihi vita relicta e/8 ,heu male me ira ,dem patriis abduxit ab oris1 ,ne manibus prem]em mori5tia lum9a amicis4#dgg ,footnote #dgf3 ',alcon1 ! d>l+ ( ,phoebus & ! ,muses2 ,alcon1 a "p ( my own s\l2 ,alcon1 ! greate/ "p ( my own he>t4'--,c>m9a ,qu9que ,poet>um1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #dgg3 ',alas6 poor y\?1 )drawn f u by fate malign4 ,nev] aga9 %all ,i behold !e1 :ile ! %eph]ds /& ar\nd1 w9 prizes ) ?y fly+ %afts or spe>1 or wre/le = ! cr[n2 nev] aga9 ) !e recl9+ 9 ! %ade %all ,i all ?r\gh a summ]'s day avoid ! sun4 ,no m %all ?y pipe soo! ! neighb\r+ hills1 ! vales repeat ?y artful songs4 ,no m %all ?y ,lycoris1 ^: "n inscrib$ by !e ! woods rememb]1 & my ,galatea he> u bo? toge!r *aunt our loves4 ,= we l bro!rs liv$ our lives till n[ f infancy3 heat & cold1 days & nights1 we bore2 our h]ds 7 re>$ ) toil & c>e toge!r4 ,^! fields ( m9e 7 also ?9e3 we liv$ "o common life4 ,:y1 !n1 :5 ?\ mu/ die1 am ,i /ill left to live8 ,alas6 9 evil h\r ! wra? ( ,heav5 )drew me f my native l&1 nor suff]$ me to close ?y lids ) a fri5d's h&s6'--,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #ia4 ,ca/iglione's mo/ poli%$ ex]cises are writt5 on fictiti\s subjects 9 elegiac metre4 ,?us he feigns a lett] f 8 wife1 9 ! /yle ( ! ',h]oidum ,epi/ol1' pray+ him to bew>e ( ,rome's temptations1 & to keep 8 he>t = h]4#dgh ,aga9 he w>ns 8 mi/ress to avoid ! p]ils ( ! sea-bea*1 :]e ! ,tritons roam3-- ,os in=me illis1 rictus1 oculique m9aces1 ,asp]aque angu9eo cortice membra rig5t3 ,b>ba impexa1 +5s1 alg limoque vir5ti ,oblita1 oletque gravi lurida odore coma4#dgi ,footnote #dgh3 ,ib4 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #dgi3 ',hide\s is _! face1 _! gr9n+ m\?1 _! ?reat5+ eyes1 & _! r\gh limbs are /iff ) snaky scales2 _! be>d hangs long & wide1 uncomb$1 tangl$ ) sea-we$ & gre5 ooze1 & _! dusky hair smells rank ( br9e4'--,ib4 p4 #ajc4 ,9 ^! c\plets we seem to read a transcript f "s fresco ( ,mantegna or ,julio ,romano4 ,two long elegies are devot$ to ! !me ( m>9e mon/]s1 & ! tale ( ,hippolytus is introduc$ to cl9* ! poet's argum5t4 ,among ,ca/iglione's poems ( complim5t1 =m+ a pleasant illu/ration to 8 book ( ! ',c\rti]1' may be m5tion$ ! l9es on ',elisabetta ,gonzaga s++4'#dhj ,nor c ,i omit ! mo/ orig9al ( 8 elegies1 writt51 or at lea/ conceiv$1 9 ! camp ( ,julius be=e ,mir&ola4#dha ,walk+ by night 9 ! tr5*es "u ! beleagu]$ walls1 ,ca/iglione meets ! gho/ ( ,lodovico ,pico1 :o utt]s a lam5tation ov] ! wrongs inflict$ on 8 city & 8 race4 ,! ro> ( cannon cuts %ort ?is monologue1 & ! spectre vani%es into d>kness ) a groan4 ,dur+ 8 long ?r5ody ! pr9ce ( ,mir&ola apo/rophises ! w>like ,pope 9 ^! c\plets3-- ,o ,pat]1 ,o ,pa/or populorum1 ,o maxime mundi ,arbit]1 humanum qui g5us omne regis2 ,ju/iti pacisque dator placidque quietis1 ,cr$ita cui soli e/ vita salusque hom9um2 ,quem ,deus ipse ,erebi fecit ,coelique pot5tem1 ,ut nutu pateant utraque regna tuo6#dhb ,footnote #dhj3 ',de ,elisabetta ,gonzaga can5te1' ,c>m9a1 c4 p4 #ig4 ,cf4 ,bembo's ',ad ,lucretiam ,borgiam1' ib4 p4 #ad1 on a simil> !me4 ,footnote #dha3 ,ib4 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #dhb3 ',o fa!r1 ,o %eph]d ( ! nations1 ,o great ma/] ( ! _w :o rule/ all ! human race1 giv] ( ju/ice1 peace1 & tranquil ease2 ?\ to :om alone is committ$ ! life & salvation ( m51 :om ,god ,himself made "l ( hell & heav51 t ei!r realm might op5 at ?y nod4' ,:5 ! spiritual au?ority ( ! ,popes came ?us to be express$ 9 ,lat9 v]se1 x 0 impossible n to treat !m z deities4 ,! temptation to apply to !m ! language ( ,roman religion 0 too great2 ! d\ble opportunity ( flatt]+ _! vanity z ,pontiffs1 & _! e>s z s*ol>s1 0 too attractive to be miss$4 ,9 ano!r place ,ca/iglione us$ ! foll[+ phrases ab\t ,leo3-- ,nec culp&a tua e/ mora1 nam prcepta ,deorum ,non fas1 nec tutum e/ sp]n]e velle hom9i3 ,esse tam5 f]tur clem5tia tanta ,leonis ,ut facili humanas audiat ore preces4#dhc ,footnote #dhc3 ',i d n blame !e = delay+ ?y return1 s9ce nei!r is x safe nor "r = man to set at naught a ,god's comm&2 & yet s great is ,leo's k9dness said to be t he incl9es a ready e> to human pray]s4'--,ib4 p4 #ajb4 ,navag]o call$ ,julius ,,ii4 novus ex alto demissus ,olympo ,deus 7a new ,god s5t d[n f heav5 to e>?71 & decl>$ t ! p ( ,italy1 9 ?anksgiv+ = 8 lib]ation ( _! c\ntry f ! b>b>ians1 w\ld pay him ye>ly hon\rs ) pray] & praise3-- ,ergo omnes1 veluti et ,phoebo ,panique1 quotannis ,pa/ores c]tis /atu5t tibi sacra diebus1 ,magne ,pat]2 no/risque diu cantab]e silvis4 ,te rupes1 te saxa1 cav te1 ,maxime ,juli1 ,convalles1 nemorumque frequ5s it]abit imago4 ,at v]o no/ris qucumque 9 saltibus usquam ,qu]cus erit1 ut quque suos dant tempora flores1 ,semp] erit v>iis ramos innexa coronis2 ,inscriptumque g]et felici nom9e truncum4 ,tum quoties pa/um expellet1 pa/asve r$ucet ,no/rum aliquis pecudes2 toties id m5te revolv5s ,ut liceat1 factum esse tuo1 ,pat] optime1 ductu2 ,nullus erit1 qui non libet tibi lacte rec5ti1 ,nullus erit qui non t5]os tibi nutriat agnos4 ,qu9 audire preces nisi d$ignab]e agre/es1 ,tu no/ra ante ,deos 9 vota vocab]is omnes4 ,ipse ego b9a tibi sol5ni alt>ia ritu1 ,et gem9os sacr e qu]cu lauroque vir5ti ,vic9o lucos ,nanceli 9 litore ponam4#dhd ,footnote #dhd3 ',!re=e %all all our %eph]ds pay !e div9e hon\rs1 z to ,pan or ,phoebus1 on fix$ days1 great ,fa!r2 & long %alt ?\ be celebrat$ 9 our =e/s4 ,?y praise1 ,julius ! ,great1 ! cliffs1 ! rocks1 ! holl[ valleys1 & ! woodl& e*oes %all repeat4 ,:]ev] 9 our groves an oak tree /&s1 z spr+ & summ] br+ ! fl[]s1 its bran*es %all be hung ) wrea?s1 its trunk %all be inscrib$ ) ?y auspici\s "n4 ,z (t5 z our %eph]ds drive ! flocks afield1 or br+ !m pa/ur$ home1 ea* "o1 rememb]+ t he does ?is "u ?y protection1 %all p\r libations ( new milk =? to !e1 & re> !e t5d] lambs = sacrifice4 ,nay1 if ?\ spurn n ru/ic pray]s1 be=e all gods %all we invoke !e 9 our supplications4 ,i myself w build & d$icate to !e two alt>s1 & w plant tw9 groves ( sacr$ oak & laurel ev]gre5 = !e4'--,c>m9a1 c4 pp4 #eh1 #ei4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! oak 0 ! ensign ( ! ,della ,rov]e family1 s t :5 ! poets exalt$ ,julius to ,olympus1 !y 7 n 9 want ( a tree sacr$ to ! new deity4 ,to trace ?is ,pagan flatt]y ( ! ,popes ?r\gh all its =ms w\ld be a t$i\s bus9ess4 ,x w be en\gh to quote ,poliziano's ',sapphics' to ,innoc5t ,,viii43-- ,roma cui p>et dom9usque ,tibris1 ,qui vicem summi g]is hic ,tonantis1 ,qui potes magnum res]>e et idem ,claud]e coelum4#dhe ,footnote #dhe3 ',?\ :om ,rome obeys1 & royal ,tib]1 :o wielde/ ^u e>? ! ,?und]]'s p[]1 ^: x is to lock & op5 ! gates ( heav54'--,ib4 p4 #bfj4 ,a m qua9t confusion ( ,lat9 my?ology & m$ival sup]/ition1 m glibly & tripp+ly convey$ 9 flimsy v]se1 c h>dly be imag9$2 & yet ev5 ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is beat5 by ! pond]\s conceits ( ,fraca/oro1 :o1 ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! goat-foot$ ,pan1 salut$ ,julius ,,iii4 z ! m\nta9 ( salvation1 play+ on 8 "n ,del ,monte3-- ,hoc 9 ,monte ,dei pecudes pasc5tur et agni1 ,gram9is t]ni p+ues et vell]is aurei2 ,exsili5t et aqu viv1 quibus ub]a capr ,gr&ia di/5dant1 di/5dant ub]a vacc4#dhf ,footnote #dhf3 ',9 ?is m\nta9 ( ! ,"l %all flocks & h]ds fe$1 fat ) et]nal pa/ures & gold5-fleec$4 ,liv+ wat]s too %all leap =?1 :]e) ! goats %all swell _! udd]s1 & ! k9e likewise4'--,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #acb4 ,! m\nta9 soon becomes a %eph]d1 & ! %eph]d n only rules ! p1 & fe$s ! %eep ( ,god1 b *a9s ! mon/]s ( ! ,re=mation to a rock 9 ,caucasus1 & gives peace & pl5ty to ,italy3-- t]nis illum num]is ad sid]a toll5t1 ,h]oemque1 deumque1 salutif]umque vocabunt4#dhg ,footnote #dhg3 ',him ) immortal v]se ! poets %all exalt to heav51 & call him h]o1 god1 & savi\r4'--,ib4 p4 #acc4 ,return+ to ,ca/iglione3 ,i h already spok5 ( 8 epitaph on ,raphael & 8 description ( ! newly-discov]$ ',ariadne4'#dhh ,! latt] ex]cise 9 rhetoric competes ) ,sadoleto's lab\r$ hexamet]s on ! ,laocoon4 ,^! v]ses1 frigid z a prize poem 9 our e/imation1 mov$ ,bembo to en?usiasm4 ,:5 !y appe>$ he wrote to ,sadoleto1 ',i h read y\r poem on ,laocoon a hundr$ times4 ,o wond]-work+ b>d6 ,n only h y made = u1 z x 71 a second /atue to mat* t ma/]piece2 b y h engrav$ ^u my m9d ! v /atue itself4' ,?is panegyric /irs a smile :5 we comp>e x ) ,sadoleto's own prolusion1 ! fruit ( a grave intellect & cultivat$ ta/e r ?an ( g5ius & inspiration4#dhi ,footnote #dhh3 ,see above1 pp4 #cab1 #cag4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,see ,c>m9a ,qu9que ,poet>um1 pp4 #cah-ccf4 ,"t w\ld fail to tell ( all ! lat] ,lat9 poets--( ,la ,casa's poli%$ lyrics 9 ! /yle ( ,horace1 ( ,amalteo's wax5 eclogues1 ( ,aonio ,pale>io's fanta/ic hexamet]s ^u ! ',immortality ( ! ,s\l1'#dij ( ,/rozzi's elegies1 ( ,ario/o's epigrams1 & ,calcagn9i's le>n$ muse4 ,:5 ,i repeat t e educat$ man wrote ,lat9 v]ses 9 t c5tury1 & t all :o c\ld committ$ _! productions to ! press1 en\gh has be5 said to prove ! impossibility ( deal+ m ?an sup]ficially ) s va/ a mass ( m]itori\s m$iocrity4 ,footnote #dij3 ,a didactic poem 9 ?ree books2 ,pope's ,poemata ,italorum1 vol4 i4 pp4 #baa-bgj4 ,! description ( ! ,resurrection1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & ! entrance ( ! bless$ into ,p>adise1 =m+ ! conclusion ( ! la/ book1 is an excell5t specim5 ( b>occo /yle & ba?os4 ,virgil _h writt51 ',ite domum pa/i1 si quis pudor1 ite juv5ci6' ,pale>io makes ! ,judge address ! damn$ s\ls ?us3 ',ite domum 9 tri/em1 si quis pudor1 ite ru5tes1' c4 ,h[ close ,milton's pa? lay to ! wor/ faults 9 poetry1 & h[ wond]fully he escap$1 may well be calculat$ by ! /udy ( su* v]se z ?is4 ,"o "n rema9s to be rescu$ f ! dec5t obscurity ( ! ',deliti ,poet>um ,italorum4' ,m>cantonio ,flam9io 0 born at ,s]avalle 9 #adih4 ,he came1 :ile yet a "y man1 to ! ,c\rt ( ,leo arm$ ) ,lat9 poetry = 8 cr$5tials4 ,no bett] claim on patronage f ,pope or c>d9al c\ld be pref]r$ 9 t age ( twang+ lyres4 ,at ,rome ,flam9io liv$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,aless&ro ,f>nese1 ^: hospitality he aft]w>ds repaid ) v]ses hon\rable alike to poet & patron by _! fre$om f vulg> flatt]y4 ,! atmosph]e ( a ,c\rt1 h[ev]1 0 uncong5ial to ,flam9io4 ,fond ( c\ntry life1 addict$ to s]i\s /udies1 sob] 9 8 ta/es1 & *e]ful 9 8 spirits1 pi\s1 & unaffect$ly unambiti\s1 he avoid$ ! /ream ( ! great _w & liv$ retir$4 ,community ( int]e/s br\ght him into close connection ) ! ,c>d9als ,pole & ,cont>9i1 f :om he caught s mu* ( ! ,re=mation _s z a philosophical ,italian c\ld assimilate2 b x 0 n 9 8 mode/ & quiet nature to raise ! cry ( revolt aga9/ au?ority4#dia ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ wits & s*ol>s ( ! age 7 among 8 intimate fri5ds4 ,bo? 8 poems & 8 correspond5ce reflect an agreeable light ^u ! lit]>y society ( ! late ,r5aissance4 ,! ,lat9 v]ses1 ) :i* we are at pres5t occupi$1 brea! g5u9e piety1 heal?ful simplicity1 & moral purity1 9 /rong contra/ ) ! neopaganism ( ! ,roman circle4 ,^! qualities suit ! robu/ /yle1 cle>1 t]se1 & n]v\s1 he knew h[ to use4 ,x is pleasant to close ! s]ies ( ,italian ,lat9i/s ) "o :o comb9$ ! be/ art ( 8 c5tury ) ! temp] ( a republican & ! _s ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,footnote #dia3 ,?is epigram on ,savon>ola %[s ,flam9io's sympa?y ) ! prea*]s ( pure doctr9e3-- ,dum f]a flamma tuos1 ,hi]onyme1 pascitur artus1 ,relligio1 sacras dilaniata comas1 ,flevit1 et o1 dixit1 crudeles p>cite flamm1 ,p>cite1 sunt i/o visc]a no/ra rogo4 ,! mo/ prom95t quality ( ,flam9io z a poet is love ( ! c\ntry4 ,?ree little compositions describ+ 8 own f>m are animat$ ) ! en?usiasm ( g5u9e affection4#dib ,we feel t no m]e rem9isc5ce ( ,catullus makes him write-- ,jam vos revisam1 jam juvabit arbores ,manu pat]n consitas ,vid]e1 jam libebit 9 cubiculo ,molles inire somnulos4#dic ,footnote #dib3 ',ad ,agellum suum4'--,poemata ,selecta1 pp4 #aee1 #aef1 #agg4 ,footnote #dic3 ',n[ %all ,i see y once aga92 n[ %all ,i h ! joy ( gaz+ on ! trees my fa!r plant$1 & fall+ into g5tle slumb] 9 8 little room4' ,nor is x an idle pray] he addresses to ! ,muses 9 ^! l9es3-- ,at vos1 o ,heliconi puell1 ,queis fontes et amo5a rura cordi1 ,si c> mihi luce c>iores ,e/is1 jam mis]escite obsecrantis1 ,meque1 urbis /repitu tumultuos ,ereptum1 9 placido locate agello4#did ,footnote #did3 ',maid5s ( ,helicon1 :o love ! f\nta9s & ! pleasant fields1 z y are de>] to me ?an ! de> light1 h pity n[ ^u y\r suppliant1 take me f ! tumult ( ! noisy t[n1 & place me 9 my tranquil f>m4' ,he is nev] tir$ ( contra/+ ! pleasures ( ! c\ntry ) ! noise & we>9ess ( ,rome3-- ,ipse mis] tumultuos ,urbe det9e>2 tibi b5ignus ,d$it ,jupit] 9 remoto agello ,lat5tem placid frui quiete1 ,int] ,socraticos libros1 et int] ,nymphas et ,satyros1 nihil pr(ani ,curantem populi leves honores4#die ,footnote #die3 ',i1 poor wret*1 am prison$ 9 ! noisy t[n4 ,k9d ,jupit] all[s y1 seclud$ 9 y\r di/ant f>m1 to take ! joys ( peace among ,socratic books1 among ! nymphs & satyrs1 unhe$+ ! light hon\rs ( ! vulg> cr[d4'--',ad ,honoratum ,fascitellum1' ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #agh4 ,flam9io's ?\ght ( ! c\ntry is always connect$ ) ! ?\ght ( /udy4 ,! picture ( a tranquil s*ol>'s life among ! fields1 div]sifi$ by sport & simple pleasures ( ! ru/ic folk1 gives fre%ness to 8 h5decasyllables1 :e!r address$ to 8 patron ,aless&ro ,f>nese1 or to 8 fri5ds ,galeazzo ,florimonte & ,francesco ,torriani3#dif-- ,inde ocellos ,ut primum sopor incubans gravabit1 ,jucundissime amice1 te sub antrum ,ducam1 quod croceis tegunt corymbis ,s]p5tes h$]1 imm95sque laurus ,suavit] foliis susurrat3 at tu ,ne febrim metuas grav$9emve2 ,e/ enim locus innoc5s3 ubi ergo ,hic satis requiev]is1 leg5tur ,lusus ,virgilii1 et ,syracusani ,vatis1 quo nihil e/ magis v5u/um1 ,nihil dulcius1 ut mihi videtur4 ,cum se freg]it /us1 9 vir5ti ,convalle spatiabimur2 sequetur ,brevis co5a2 r$ibis inde ad urbem4#dig ,footnote #dif3 ,poemata ,selecta1 pp4 #aec1 #afi1 #agc4 ,footnote #dig3 ',!n1 :5 sleep desc5ds ^u y\r eyes1 be/ fri5d ( m9e1 ,i'll lead y to a cave o'ercurta9$ by ! w&]+ ivy's yell[ bun*es1 :]eby ! %elt]+ laurel murmurs ) h] g5tly wav+ leaves4 ,fe> no fev] or dull heada*e4 ,! place is safe4 ,s :5 y are re/$1 we w read ! ru/ic songs ( ,virgil or ,!ocritus2 sweet & m *>m+ v]se ,i "k n2 & aft] ! day's heat is pa/1 we w /roll 9 "s gre5 valley4 ,a light supp] foll[s1 & !n y %all return to t[n4'--,ib4 p4 #agd4 ,"o ( ,flam9io's be/ poems is writt5 f 8 fri5d ,/efano ,sauli's villa ne> ,g5oa4#dih ,x describes h[ he sp5ds 8 "t betwe5 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle & ! v]ses ( ,catullus1 :ile ,sauli at 8 side devotes himself to ,cic]o4 ,! fall ( ev5+ lures !m f _! /udy to ! sea-bea*3 p]*$ ^u a wat]-gird$ rock1 !y angle ) long re$s = fi%es1 or wat* ! :ite sails on ! purple waves4 ,! same !me is repeat$ 9 a copy ( hexamet]s address$ to ,sauli4#dii ,flam9io _h fall5 ill ( fev] at ,rome4 ,to quit ! city 0 8 cure3-- ,scilicet ut ,rom corruptas fugimus auras1 ,et riguos patri montes saltusque salubres ,v5imus1 effoetos v5it quoque robur 9 artus3 ,diffugit macies1 diffugit corpore pallor2 ,et somnus vigiles irrepsit bl&us ocellos1 ,quem neque desili5s crepitanti rivulus und1 ,nec ,le!a mihi dux]e papav]a quondam4#ejj ,footnote #dih3 ',ad ,*ri/ophorum ,longolium1' ,ib4 ,footnote #dii3 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ejj3 ',no soon] _h ,i left ,rome's ta9t$ air = ! cle> /reams & heal?ful =e/s ( my native l&1 ?an /r5g? return$ into my wa/$ limbs2 my body lo/ ! pallor & emaciation ( disease1 & sweet sleep crept ^u my wakeful eyes1 su* z no wat]s fall+ ) a t9kl+ s\nd or ,le!'s poppies _h induc$ be=e4' ,sauli1 = 8 "p1 is congratulat$ on hav+ ex*ang$ ! c>es ( ,*ur* & ,/ate = ,cic]onian /udies among 8 laurel groves & gleam+ orange g>d5s4 ,flam9io's intimate relations ) ! able/ m5 ( ! c5tury1 ^? especially :o 7 engag$ 9 grave & ,*ri/ian /udies1 add extr9sic int]e/ to 8 fugitive pieces4 ,9 "o poem he alludes to ! weak heal? ( ,c>d9al ,pole2#eja 9 ano!r he comp>es ,plato's description ( ! ideal republic ) ,cont>9i's "w ^u ! magi/rates & commonweal? ( ,v5ice3-- ,descripsit ille maximus quondam ,plato ,longis suorum ambagibus volum9um1 ,quis civitatis optimus =et /atus3 ,s$ hunc ab ips sculorum orig9e ,nec ulla vidit1 nec videbit civitas4 ,at ,cont>5us optimam rempublicam ,p>vi libelli disputationibus ,illam probavit esse1 plus millesima ,quam c]nit /as ,adriatico 9 m>i ,flor]e pace1 litt]is1 pecuni4#ejb ,footnote #eja3 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #ejb3 ',plato1 ! greate/ ( sages1 once describ$ 9 8 long volumes ! be/ =m ( a ,/ate2 b ?is f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w till n[ ha? nev] yet be5 se51 nor w x aft]w>ds be se5 9 any city4 ,cont>9i 9 8 little book has prov$ t ! be/ commonweal? is t :i* n[ = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s has fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,adriatic ) peace1 lett]s1 & weal?4'--,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #afb4 ,:5 ,vittoria ,colonna di$1 ,flam9io wrote a lam5tation on ! loss he _h su/a9$1 & on ! ext9ction ( s great a light = ,italy4 ,^! v]ses are rem>kable = _! sobriety & /r5g?3-- ,cui m5s c&ida1 c&idique mores1 ,virtus vivida1 comitasque sancta1 ,coele/e +5ium1 eruditioque ,r>a1 nect>e dulciora v]ba1 ,summa nobilitas1 decora vults ,maje/as1 opul5ta s$ bonorum ,et res et domus usque ap]ta ad usus4#ejc ,footnote #ejc3 ',ad ,hi]onymum ,turrianum1' ib4 p4 #afh4 ',h] m9d 0 pure1 h] mann]s pure2 h] virtue lively1 h] c\rtesy )\t a ta9t ( e>?2 h] intellect 0 heav5ly1 h] le>n+ r>e2 h] words sweet] ?an nect>2 h] nobility ! highe/2 h] features beautiful 9 _! maje/y2 h] weal? lib]ally op5 to ! use ( good m54' ,! same firm & delicate t\* 9 ! del9eation ( "* gives value to ! l9es writt5 on 8 fa!r's dea?3-- ,vixi/i1 g5itor1 b5e ac beate1 ,nec paup]1 neque dives1 eruditus ,satis1 et satis eloqu5s1 val5te ,semp] corpore1 m5te san1 amicis ,jucundus1 pietate s+ul>i4 ,nunc lu/ris b5e sexdecim p]actis ,ad divm pr(icisc]is beatas ,oras2 i1 g5itor1 tuumque natum ,olympi cito si/e tecum 9 arce4#ejd ,footnote #ejd3 ',well & happily ha/ ?\ liv$1 my fa!r2 nei!r poor nor ri*2 le>n$ en\gh & eloqu5t en\gh2 ( vigor\s body & ( heal?y m9d2 pleasant to ?y fri5ds1 & 9 ?y piety unrivall$4 ,n[1 aft] sixte5 lu/res f9i%$1 ?\ goe/ to ! regions ( ! ble/4 ,g1 fa!r1 & soon greet ?y son1 to /ay ) !e 9 heav5's high seat4'--',ad ,patrem mori5tem1' ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #aeg4 ,at ! risk ( ext5d+ ?is notice ( ,flam9io's poetry beyond due limits1 ,i mu/ quote f a copy ( v]ses s5t to ,aless&ro ,f>nese1 toge!r ) a volume conta9+ ! ,lat9 prolusiones ( ! ,nor? ,italian s*ol>s3-- ,hos tibi lepidissimos poetas ,dono1 tempora quos tul]e no/ra1 ,=tunata nimis1 nimis beata ,no/ra tempora1 qu suos ,catullos1 ,tibullos1 et ,horatios1 suosque ,m>ones g5u]e4 ,quis putasset1 ,po/ tot scula tam t5ebricosa1 ,et tot ,ausoni graves ru9as1 ,tanta lum9a tempore uno 9 una ,tam brevi regione ,transpadan ,oriri potuisse8 qu vel ipsa ,sola b>b>ie queant fugat ,suum r$d]e litt]is ,lat9is ,spl5dorem1 vet]emque dignitatem4#eje ,footnote #eje3 ,poemata ,selecta1 p4 #aff4 ',^! mo/ graceful poets ,i give y1 ! (fspr+ ( our too1 too happy times1 :i* h produc$ _! ,catullus & _! ,horace1 _! ,tibullus & _! ,m>o4 ,:o c\ld h ?\ght1 aft] s _m ages ( su* d>kness1 & all ! ru9 t has weigh$ on ,italy1 t s _m lights c\ld h aris5 at "o epo* 9 "o little region ( ! l& above ! ,po8 ,!y alone are en\gh to put to flight ! gloom ( b>b>ism1 & to re/ore its antique glory & own spl5d\r to ,lat9 lit]ature4' ,aft] ?is he goes on to add t ^! poets w conf] et]nal lu/re on ,italy4 ,n only ! nor!rn nations ( ,europe1 b ,am]ica also has begun to /udy ,lat92 & races 9 ano!r hemisph]e w take _! culture f ^! pages4 ,! ,c>d9al is f9ally rem9d$ t immortality ( fame awaits him 9 _! praises4 ,!re is ! :ole ( humanism 9 ?is passage--! belief 9 ! unity ( ,italian civilisation1 ! conviction t ! ,middle ,ages 7 b an int]ruption ( hi/oric cont9uity1 ! confid5ce 9 ! re/oration ( classic lit]ature1 & ! firm hope t ,lat9 w\ld nev] cease to be ! language ( culture4 ,flam9io says no?+1 unless p>5!tically1 ab\t ! real woes ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! tyranny ( ! ,spani>d & ! viol5ce ( ! ,g]man are reckon$ ) ! old wrongs ( ! ,go? & ! ,v&al 9 "o phrase--'tot graves ru9as4' ,he does n t\* ^u ! dismemb]m5t ( ,italy into mutually jeal\s & suspici\s ,/ates3 = him ! ,italian nation1 ev5 9 a dream1 has no exi/5ce4 ,he is satisfi$ ) a lit]>y ideal4 ,too =tunate1 too bless$1 are ^! days ( ours1 9 spite ( ,flor5ce ext+ui%$1 ,rome sack$1 ,milan deva/at$1 ,v5ice curb$1 because1 =soo?1 ,bembo & ,fraca/oro h made a p9*beck age ( poetry4 ,"h lay ! incurable weakness ( ! humani/ic movem5t4 ,! vanity ( ! s*ol>1 det]m9$ to seek ! pres5t 9 ! pa/1 build+ ! walls ( ,troy anew ) borr[$ music1 & s++ 9 falsetto :ile ,rome 0 burn+--?is bl9dness to ! actual situation ( ,italy 0 sc>cely less p]nici\s1 sc>cely less a sign ( incapacity = civil life ?an ! selfi%ness ( ! ,despots or ! egotism ( ! ,papacy4 ,italy 0 =$oom$ to lose h] place among ! nations at ! v mom5t :5 %e 0 recov]+ culture = ! mod]n _w2 & :5 t culture 0 recov]$ ?r\gh h] indu/ry & g5ius1 n %e1 b ! races ( ! ,nor?1 began to pr(it by ! acquisition--n h] imitations ( ! ,lat9 ,muse1 b ! new languages ( ,europe 7 de/9$ to prevail & lead ! age4 ,ano!r po9t = obs]vation is t ! c5tre ( humani/ic /udies has %ift$4#ejf ,flor5ce1 disillusion$1 dra9$ ( /r5g?1 & suck$ dry by ! tyrants1 holds h] tongue4 ,! s*ools ( ,naples & ( ,rome are sil5t4 ,lomb>dy is n[ ! "m ( poets1 :o draw _! inspiration no long] f ,vald>no or ! myrtle groves ( ,posilippo1 b f ! blue waves ( ,g>da4#ejg ,! univ]sity :]e sci5ce /ill fl\ri%es is ,padua4 ,! be/ pr(essors ( ! classics1 ,celio ,calcagn9i & ,lilius ,gyraldus1 tea* at ,f]r>a4 ,bembo1 ! dictator ( lett]s = 8 c5tury1 ,navag]o1 ! sweete/ v]sifi]1 ,cont>9i1 ! mo/ sob] /ud5t1 are ,v5etians4 ,/efano ,sauli1 ! au?or ( a ,cic]onian treatise on ! ,*ri/ian h]o1 is a patrician ( ,g5oa4 ,sadoleto & ,molsa are ,mod5ese4 ,v]ona claims ,fraca/oro & ! ,torriani4 ,imola is ! "m city ( ,flam9io4 ,ca/iglione & ,capilupo are natives ( ,mantua2 ,amalteo & ,vida ( ,=li & ,cremona2 ,bonfadio & ,ar*io ( ,lake ,g>da4 ,if we seek ! causes ( ?is *ange1 we f9d !m p>tly 9 ! circum/ance t ,v5ice at ?is p]iod 0 free1 :ile ,f]r>a /ill reta9$ h] indep5d5ce "u native pr9ces2 p>tly also 9 ! fact t ,flor5ce _h already ov]tax$ h] intellectual en]gies4 ,l a creep+ p>alysis1 ! ext9ction ( lib]ty & spiritual =ce 0 gradually invad+ all ! memb]s ( ! ,italian community4 ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+ came to an end1 z f> z ,italy 0 conc]n$1 9 ^! ,transpadane poets4 ,footnote #ejf3 ',tam brevi regione ,transpadan4' ,footnote #ejg3 ,cf4 ,bembo's ,b5acus1 ,bonfadio's ,gazani ,vici ,descriptio1 ,fraca/oro's ,ad ,franciscum ,turrianum ,v]on5sem1 c4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( philosophic ?\ght1 set 9 motion by ! ,r5aissance & /amp$ out by ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 & to describe ! aft]gr[? ( art & lit]ature enc\rag$ by ! ,ca?olic reaction1 mu/ =m ! subject ( a sep>ate inquiry4 ,i hope1 if ,i h "t & /r5g?1 aft] ! completion ( my "w on ! ,r5aissance1 to trace ?is sequel 9 a volume on ',italy & ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4' ,to ?is *apt] ( ,italian hi/ory w also belong ! philosophy ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! poetry ( ,tasso1 ! pa9t+ ( ! ,bolognese ma/]s1 & ! new music ( ,pale/r9a4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,conclusion ,g5]al ,survey -- ,! ,"p play$ 9 ! ,revival by ! ,*ief ,cities -- ,preoccupation ) ,s*ol>%ip 9 spite ( ,w> & ,conque/ -- ,place ( ! ,humani/s 9 ,society -- ,di/ributors ( ,praise & ,blame -- ,flatt]y & ,libels -- ,comp>ison ) ! ,sophi/s -- ,! ,=m pref]r$ to ! ,matt] ( ,lit]ature -- ,ideal ( ,culture z an end 9 itself -- ,suspicion ( ,zeal\s ,*ur*m5 -- ,intrusion ( ,humanism into ! ,*ur* -- ,irreligion ( ! ,humani/s -- ,gyraldi's ',progymnasma' -- ,ario/o -- ,bohemian ,life -- ,p]sonal ,immorality -- ,want ( ,fix$ ,pr9ciples -- ,pr(essional ,vanity -- ,lit]>y ,pride -- ,e/imate ( ,humani/ic ,lit]ature -- ,/udy ( ,/yle -- ,influ5ce ( ,cic]o -- ,valla's ',eleganti' -- ,/yli/ic ,pu]ilities -- ,value atta*$ to ,rhetoric -- ',oratore' -- ,moral ,essays -- ,epi/olography -- ,hi/orics -- ,critical & ,antiqu>ian ,/udies -- ,l>ge ,appreciation ( ,antiquity -- ,lib]al ,_s -- ,poggio & ,j]ome ( ,prague -- ,humani/ic ,type ( ,education -- ,its ,diffusion ?r\gh ,europe -- ,future ,prospects -- ,decay ( ,le>n+ 9 ,italy4 ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,revival1 we h se5 h[ ! impulse1 fir/ communicat$ by ,petr>*1 0 cont9u$ by ,boccaccio & 8 imm$iate successors4 ,we h wat*$ ! en?usiasm = antiquity /rike root 9 ,flor5ce1 spread to ,rome1 & p5etrate ! ,c\rts ( ,italy4 ,"o city aft] ano!r receives ! light & h&s x on1 until ! :ole cycle ( /udy has be5 trav]s$ & ! vig\r ( ! nation is exhau/$4 ,flor5ce discov]s manuscripts1 f\nds libr>ies1 le>ns ,greek1 & leads ! movem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,naples criticises2 ,rome translates2 ,mantua & ,f]r>a =m a sy/em ( education2 ,v5ice commits ! lit]ature ( ! classics to ! press4 ,by ! comb9$ & successive activity ( ! *ief ,italian c5tres1 n only is ! culture ( antiquity rega9$2 x is also appropriat$ 9 all its v>i\s bran*es1 discuss$ & illu/rat$1 plac$ beyond ! rea* ( accid5t1 & deliv]$ ov] 9 its integrity to ,europe4 ,! "w ?us p]=m$ by ! ,italians 0 begun 9 peace2 b x _h to be cont9u$ "u ! pressure ( w>s & national disa/]s unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( any o!r mod]n p4 ,n = a s+le mom5t did ! /ud5ts relax _! en]gy4 ,9 ! mid/ ( =eign armies1 deaf5$ by ! ro> ( cannon & ! tumult ( sack$ t[ns1 exil$ f _! homes1 robb$ ( _! books1 depriv$ ( _! subsi/5ce1 !y advanc$ to _! end ) ! irresi/ible ob/9acy ( insects4 ,! drums & trampl+s ( successive conque/s & invasions by f\r w>like nations--,fr5*m51 ,spani>ds1 ,g]mans1 ,swiss--c\ld n di/urb !m4 ,drop by drop1 ,italy 0 be+ dra9$ ( blood2 f ! fir/ ! only "q 0 :i* ( h] assailants %\ld possess ! beauty ( h] corpse4 ,yet ! /ud5t1 int5t ^u 8 manuscripts1 paid b little he$4 ,s non-exi/5t 0 ! s5se ( nationality 9 ,italy t ! ,italians did n "k !y 7 be+ sl[ly murd]$4 ,:5 ! agony 0 ov]1 & ! ru9 0 accompli%$1 !y congratulat$ !mselves on be+ /ill ! deposit>ies ( polite lit]ature4 ,nations t are nations1 seek to inspire fe>1 or at lea/ respect4 ,! ,italians 7 cont5t$ ) admiration1 & look$ confid5tly to ! _w = gratitude4 ,! task ( two toilsome1 glori\s c5turies _h be5 accompli%$4 ,! *asm betwe5 ,rome & ! ,r5aissance 0 bridg$ ov]1 & a pla9 way 0 built = ! progressive human _s4 ,italy1 d[ntrodd5 9 ! mire ( blood & ru9s1 %\ld /ill lead ! van & tea* ! peoples4 ,x 0 a sublime delusion1 ! la/ phase ( an impulse s p[]ful 9 its orig9 t to prophesy an end+ 0 impossible4 ,yet h[ delusive 0 ! expectation is prov$ by ! imm$iate hi/ory ( ,italy1 enslav$ & decad5t1 out/ripp$ by ! nations %e _h taught1 & scorn$ by ! _w t ow$ h] v5]ation4 ,! humani/s1 :o 7 ! organ ( ?is intellectual movem5t1 =m$1 z we h se51 a lit]>y commonweal?1 diffus$ ?r\gh all ! ,c\rts & cities ( ,italy4 ,z ! secret>ies ( ,popes & pr9ces1 z ! *ancellors ( republics1 z orators on all occasions ( public & private c]emony1 !y occupi$ important po/s ( influ5ce1 & _h ! opportunity ( leav5+ society ) _! op9ions4 ,fur!rmore1 we h le>n$ to "k !m 9 _! capacity ( pr(essors at ! univ]sities1 ( h\se-tutors 9 ! s]vice ( noblem51 & ( au?ors4 ,closely connect$ among !mselves by _! feuds no less ?an by _! fri5d%ips1 & work+ to "o common end ( s*ol>%ip1 x 0 inevitable t ^! m51 aft] ! en?usiasm = antiquity _h once become ! fa%ion1 %\ld take ! lead & m\ld ! g5ius ( ! nation4 ,_! epi/les1 invectives1 treatises1 & panegyrics1 =m$ ! /udy ( an audi5ce t embrac$ all cultivat$ m9ds 9 ,italy4 ,?us ! curr5t lit]ature ( humanism play$ ! same "p 9 ! fifte5? c5tury z j\rnalism 9 ! n9ete5?1 & ! humani/s _h ! same k9d ( coh]5ce 9 relation to ! public z ! quatrime tat ( mod]n times4 ,! respect !y inspir$ z ! arbit]s ( praise & blame1 0 only equall$ by _! va/ pret5sions4 ,eug5ius ,,iv41 liv+ at ! p]iod ( _! highe/ influ5ce1 is report$ to h said t !y 7 z mu* to be fe>$ = _! malice z to be lov$ = _! le>n+4 ,:ile !y claim$ ! p[] ( conf]r+ an immortality ( hon\r or di%on\r1 no "o d>$ to call _! cr$it ) po/]ity 9 "q4 ,no?+ seem$ m dreadful ?an ! fate res]v$ = ,paul ,,ii4 9 ! pages ( ,plat9a2 & ev5 s robu/ a rul] z ,francesco ,s=za s\ght to buy ! praises ( ,filelfo4 ,flatt]y 9 all its bran*es1 fulsome & delicate1 :olesale & allusive1 0 develop$ by !m z an art :]eby to ga9 _! liv+4 ,! (ficial hi/ory ( ?is p]iod is r5d]$ almo/ wor?less by its su/a9$ note ( panegyrical laudation4 ,our e>s are deaf5$ ) ! eulogies ( petty patrons trans=m$ into ,mc5ases1 ( c>pet knights comp>$ to ,leonidas1 ( tyrants equall$ ) ,augu/us1 & ( g5]als :o nev] look$ on blood%$ trick$ out z ,hannibals or ,scipios4 ,z a p5dant to panegyric1 ! art ( abuse rea*$ its climax 9 ! invectives :]eby ! s*ol>s s\ght to h& _! comrades d[n to all "t 'immortally imm]d$1' or to vilify ! public enemies ( _! employ]s4 ,z 9 ! case ( praise1 s also 9 ! case ( blame1 x is impossible to atta* importance to ! writ+s ( ! humani/s4 ,_! vault+ ambition to depreciate ea* o!r ov]leap$ itself4 ,all _! lit]ature ( defamation s]ves n[ only to ?r[ light on ! g5]al impurity ( an age 9 :i* su* mon/r\s *>ges c>ri$ weight4 ,unluckily1 ?is d\ble vice ( humanism /ruck deep roots into ,italian lit]ature4 ,)\t ! s*ol>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 x is h>dly possible t su* a brig& z ,pietro ,aret9o1 :o levi$ black mail f pr9ces at ! po9t ( 8 v5om\s quill1 or su* an unpr9cipl$ biograph] z ,paolo ,giovio1 :o boa/$ t he wrote ) a gold5 or a silv] p51 z pleas$ him be/1 c\ld h exi/$4 ,bully+ & fawn+ ta9t$ ! v s\rce ( hi/ory1 & a false ideal ( ! writ]'s function 0 e/abli%$ by ! practice ( m5 l ,poggio4 ,x is obvi\s & easy to comp>e ! humani/s ( ! ,r5aissance ) ! sophi/s ( antiquity4 ,:e!r we ?9k ( ! rivals ( ,socrates at ,a!ns1 or ( ! ,greek rhetoricians ( ! ,roman p]iod1#ejh ! p>allel is tol]ably close4 ,f c]ta9 po9ts ( view ! ,italian s*ol>s rem9d u ( ! =m] class2 f o!rs1 aga91 !y recall ! latt]4 ,! ess5ce ( sophism is ! sub/itution ( semblance = reality1 indiff]5ce to tru? provid$ a fair %[ be made1 comb9$ ) v]bal +5uity & practice 9 ! art ( exposition4 ,! sophi/ feels no ne$ ( =m+ op9ions on a s\nd basis1 or ( adh]+ to pr9ciples4 ,reg>d+ ?\ght z ! subject-matt] ( lit]>y treatm5t1 he is *iefly conc]n$ ) giv+ x a fair & plausible inve/iture 9 language4 ,in/ead ( recognis+ t he mu/ live up to ! /&>d he pr(esses1 he takes delight 9 express+ ) =ce ! contr>y ( :at he acts4 ,! discord betwe5 8 philosophy & 8 conduct awakes no %ame 9 him1 because x is ! highe/ triumph ( 8 art to p]suade by eloqu5ce & to dazzle by rhetoric4 ,phrases & s5t5ces supply ! place ( feel+s & convictions4 ,sonor\s cad5ces & h>monies ( language are always ready to conceal ! want ( sub/ance 9 8 matt] or ! flims9ess ( 8 argum5t4 ,at ! same "t ! sophi/'s en?usiasm = a c]ta9 =m ( culture1 & 8 belief 9 ! sophi/ic me?od1 may be g5u9e4 ,footnote #ejh3 ',grculi esuri5tes4' ,lives writt5 by ,philo/ratus4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,revival is full ( su* sophism4 ,m5 :o liv$ loose lives1 7 nev] tir$ ( repeat+ ! commonplaces ( ! ,cic]onian e?ics1 prais+ simplicity & self-control ) ! p5 !y us$ = reproduc+ ! sc&als ( ,m>tial1 m+l+ impud5t dem&s = money & flatt]ies ( debau*$ despots ) panegyrics ( ,ptus ,?rasea & eulogies ( ,c9c9natus4 ,conv]sely1 /ud5ts ( em95t sobriety1 l ,gu>9o da ,v]ona1 ?\ght x no h>m to welcome ,beccadelli's ',h]maphroditus' ) admiration2 :ile ! excell5t ,ni*olas ,v4 sp5t n9e days 9 p]us+ ! fil?y satires ( ,filelfo4 ,x 0 en\gh t ! =m 0 elegant1 accord+ to _! /&>ds ( ta/e1 ! ,lat9ity copi\s & s\nd3--! subject-matt] rais$ no scruples4 ,?is vice ( reg>d+ only ! ext]ior ( lit]ature produc$ a fatal weakness 9 ! diss]tations ( ! age4 ,if a humani/ want$ to moralise ! mutability ( =tune or ! disadvantages ( matrimony1 he did n take ! tr\ble to ?9k1 or ! pa9s to borr[ illu/rations f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,he /rung toge!r quotations & classical in/ances1 exp5d+ 8 lab\r on ! poli% ( ! /yle1 & fancy+ he _h prov$ some?+ by piquancy display$ 9 h&l+ old mat]ial4 ,:5 he und]took hi/ory1 ! same fault 0 app>5t4 ,in/ead ( seek+ to set =? ! real conditions ( 8 native city1 to describe its political vicissitudes & con/itutional developm5t1 or to pa9t ! *>act]s ( its great m51 he prep>$ imag9>y spee*es & avoid$ topics incapable ( expression 9 pure ,lat94 ,! result 0 t :ole libr>ies ( e?ical disquisitions & hi/orical treatises1 bequea!d ) pr\d confid5ce by _! au?ors to ! admiration ( po/]ity1 are n[ repos+ 9 unhon\r$ du/1 ransack$ at r>e int]vals by we>y /ud5ts ) re/less f+]s 9 se>* ( su* meagre scraps ( in=mation z ev5 a humani/ c\ld n succe$ 9 exclud+4 ,! humani/s resembl$ ! sophi/s aga9 9 _! pr(ession to tea* wisdom = pay4 ,:at philosophy 0 = ! e>ly ,greeks1 classic culture 0 = ,italy 9 ! ,r5aissance2 & ?is ! s*ol>s sold4 ,antiquity lay be=e !m l an op5 book4 ,f _! seat among ! le>n$ !y dol$ out ! new lore ( life to eag] pupils4 ,& z ! m sob]-m9d$ ( ! ,a!nians reg>d$ ! educational practice ( ! sophi/s ) suspicion1 s ! humani/s came to be dread$ z ! corrupt]s ( y\?4 ,! peculi> turn !y gave to m5tal tra9+1 by div]t+ att5tion f patriotic duties to lit]>y pleasures1 by d5ationalis+ ! int]e/s ( /ud5ts1 & by di/ract+ s]i\s ?\ght f affairs ( ! pres5t to int]e/s ( ! pa/1 t5d$ to confirm ! political debility ( ! ,italians2 nor c x be d\bt$ t ! sub/itution ( ,pagan = ,*ri/ian ideals int5sifi$ ! demoralisation ( ! age4 ,_m argum5ts us$ by ,ari/ophanes & ,x5ophon might be repeat$ aga9/ ^! sophi/s ( ! ,r5aissance4#eji ,footnote #eji3 ,ari/oph41 ,cl\ds1 ,spee*es ( ,dikaios ,logos2 ,x541 ,on ,hunt+1 *ap4 xiii4 ,on ?is po9t x is wor? obs]v+ t1 ?\gh humanism took ! ,papal ,c\rt by /orm & in/all$ itself 9 pomp & pride )9 ! ,vatican1 ! l[] cl]gy & ! lead]s ( religi\s revivals1 9 no m]e _s ( bl9d prejudice1 b ) solid =ce ( argum5t1 d5\nc$ x4 ,s4 ,b]n>d9o & ,savon>ola 7 only two among _m :o prea*$ aga9/ ! humani/s f ! pulpit4 ,& yet1 :ile we admit t ! influ5ces ( ! ,revival injur$ morality1 & gave a cosmopolitan direction to en]gies t ought to h be5 conc5trat$ on ! pres]vation ( national exi/5ce1 we are unable to jo9 ) ^! ecclesia/ical antagoni/s 9 _! crusade4 ,humanism 0 a necess>y mom5t 9 ! evolution ( ! mod]n _w2 & :atev] 7 its errors1 h[ev] weak5+ x may h be5 to ,italy1 ?is phase _h to be pass$ ?r\gh1 ?is nation _h to suff] = ! g5]al good4 ,! intrusion ( ! humani/s into ! ,papal ,curia 0 a victory ( ! purely secul> _s4 ,x is rem>kable h[ v few s*ol>s took ord]s except ) a view ( hold+ m9or b5efices4 ,!y rema9$ virtual laym51 draw+ ! emolum5ts ( _! cures at a di/ance4 ,if ,filelfo1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 second wife1 propos$ to ent] ! ,*ur*1 he did s because 9 8 enorm\s vanity he hop$ to ga9 ! sc>let hat1 & ?\ght ?is wor? ! sacrifice ( indep5d5ce4 ,! only great mona/ic litt]atus 0 ,ambrogio1 ,g5]al ( ! ,camaldolese ,ord]4 ,maffeo ,vegio is ! s+le in/ance ,i c rememb] ( a poet-philolog] :o assum$ ! c[l4 ,^! /atem5ts1 x w be und]/ood1 ref] *iefly to ! second or aggressive p]iod ( ! ,revival4 ,classic erudition 0 s common 9 ! f\r? t to be )\t a humani/ic t9cture 01 ev5 among *ur*m51 ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,9 ! age ( ,leo1 moreov]1 ! humani/s z a class _h ceas$ to exi/1 m]g$ 9 ! g5]al culture ( ! nation4 ,_! successors 7 = ! mo/ "p c>d9als & bi%ops1 elevat$ to high rank = lit]>y m]it4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 really indicat$ ! complete triumph ( an ideal t = a mom5t _h succe$$ 9 paganis+ ! ,papacy1 & sub/itut+ its own /&>d ( excell5ce = ecclesia/ical tradition4 ,?is ext]nal sep>ation betwe5 ! humani/s & ! ,*ur* correspond$ to _! deep int]nal irreligi\sness4 ,if contempor>y te/imony be ne$$ to support ?is ass]tion1 ,i may quote freely f ,lilius ,gyraldus1 ,batti/a ,mantovano1 & ,ario/o1 n to m5tion ! invectives t record s va/ a mass ( almo/ incr$ible lic5ti\sness4 ,a rhetorical treatise1 address$ to ,gian ,francesco ,pico by ,lilius ,gyraldus1 himself an em95t pr(essor at ,f]r>a1 acqua9ts u ) ! op9ion =m$ 9 ,italy1 aft] a c5tury's exp]i5ce1 ( ! vices & discordant lives ( s*ol>s4#eaj ',i call ,god & m5 to witness1' he writes1 ':e!r x be possible to f9d m5 m affect$ by immod]ate di/urbances ( s\l1 by su* emotions z ! ,greeks call$ ,greek3 pa?1 or by su* desires z !y nam$ ,greek3 hormai1 m easily influ5c$1 driv5 ab\t1 & drawn 9 all directions4 ,no class ( human be+s are m subject to ang]1 m puff$ up ) vanity1 m arrogant1 m insol5t1 m pr\d1 conceit$1 idle-m9d$1 inconsequ5t1 op9ionat$1 *angeable1 ob/9ate2 "s ( !m ready to believe ! mo/ incr$ible nons5se1 o!rs sceptical ab\t notori\s tru?s1 "s full ( d\bt & suspicion1 o!rs void ( reasonable circumspection4 ,none are ( a less free _s1 & t = ! v reason ,i h t\*$ be=e1 because !y ?9k !mselves s f> m p[]ful4 ,!y all ( !m1 inde$1 pret5d to omnisci5ce1 fancy !mselves sup]ior to ev]y?+1 & rate !mselves z gods1 :ile we unle>n$ little m5 are made ( clay & mud1 z !y ma9ta94' ,hav+ = "s space disc\rs$ conc]n+ _! mad ways ( life1 ,gyraldus proce$s to arraign ! humani/s 9 detail = vici\s passions1 want ( economy1 impiety1 gluttony1 intemp]ance1 slo?1 & incont95ce4#eaa ,?is invective reads l a p>adoxical !sis support$ = ! sake ( novelty by a clev] rhetorician2 &1 inde$1 x might pass = su* 7 x n = ! confirmation x receives 9 ,ario/o's sev5? satire address$ to ,pietro ,bembo4#eab ,! poet1 anxi\s to f9d a tutor = 8 son1 d>es n commit ! "y man to ! c>e ( a humani/4 ,8 picture ( _! p]sonal immorality1 impiety1 pride1 & gluttony acquires weight f ! well-kn[n tol]ance ( ! satiri/1 & f 8 g5ial p>simony ( expression4 ,to cite fur!r te/imony f ! p]sonal confessions ( ,pacificus ,maximus w\ld h>dly /r5g!n ! argum5t1 ?\gh /ud5ts may be ref]r$ to 8 poems = details4#eac ,footnote #eaj3 ,progymnasma adv]sus ,lit]atos4 ,op4 ,omn41 ,basle1 #aehb1 vol4 ii4 ,footnote #eaa3 ',pudet me1 ,pice1 pigetque id de lit]atis aff]re quod omnium tam5 e/ 9 ore1 nullos esse cum omnium vitiorum etiam nef&issimorum g5]e inqu9atos magis1 tum iis prcipue1 qu prt] naturam dicuntur1' c4--,progymnasma adv]sus ,lit]atos1 p4 #dca4 ,footnote #eab3 ,l9es #bb-abi4 ,footnote #eac3 ,qu9que ,illu/rium ,poet>um ,lusus 9 ,v5]em1 ,p>isiis1 #agia1 p4 #ajg4 ,! alt]nations ( =tune to :i* ! humani/s 7 expos$--liv+ at "o "t 9 ! lap ( luxury1 c>ess$ & pett$2 !n ca/ =? to w&] 9 almo/ total indig5ce1 neglect$ & d]id$--enc\rag$ a ,bohemian recklessness injuri\s to good mann]s4 ,_! frequ5t *ange ( place told ^u _! "* 9 ! same way1 by expos+ !m to fre% temptations & )draw+ !m f c5sure4 ,!y _h no c\ntry b ! dreaml& ( antiquity1 no laws beyond ! law ( ta/e & incl9ation4 ,!y ackn[l$g$ no au?ority sup]ior to _! own exalt$ judgm5t2 !y b[$ to no tribunal b t ( po/]ity & ! pa/4 ,?us !y liv$ )9 _! own conceits1 outside ( cu/om & op9ion2 nor 0 ! _w1 at any rate be=e ! p]iod ( _! d[nfall1 scrupul\s to c\nt _! errors or correct _! vices4 ,f> m important1 h[ev]1 ?an ^! circum/ances 0 _! passion = a ,pagan ideal4 ,! /udy ( ! classics & ! ef=t to assimilate ! _s ( ! anci5ts1 und]m9$ _! ,*ri/ianity )\t sub/itut+ ! religion or ! e?ics ( ! old _w4 ,!y ceas$ to fe> ,god2 b !y did n acquire ei!r ! self-re/ra9t ( ! ,greek or ! patriotic virtues ( ! ,roman4 ,?us expos$ )\t def5ce or safegu>d1 !y adopt$ ! p]il\s attitude ( m5 ^: regulative pr9ciple 0 lit]>y ta/e1 :o _h left ! gr\nd ( fai? & popul> conv5tion = ! %oals & %all[s ( an irrecov]able pa/4 ,on ?is sea !y w&]$1 ) no guidance b ! prompt+s ( undiscipl9$ self4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 a m>vel t1 :ile pr(ess+ ,/oicism1 !y wall[$ 9 s5suality1 op5ly affect$ ! wor/ habits ( ,pagan society1 & devot$ _! +5uity to ! explanation ( f\lness t might h be5 pass$ by 9 sil5ce4 ,lic5ti\sness became a special bran* ( humani/ic lit]ature4 ,"u ! ?9 mask ( humane ref9em5t le]$ ! untam$ savage2 & an age t boa/$ n unreasonably ( its m5tal progress1 0 at ! same "t notori\s = ! vices t disgrace mank9d4 ,^! disord]s ( ! s*ol>s1 hidd5 = a "t b5ea? a le>n$ language1 end$ by contam9at+ ! g5ius ( ! nation4 ,! v]nacul> ,capitoli ( ,flor5ce say pla9ly :at ,beccadelli1 ,poggio1 & ,bembo piqu$ !mselves on veil+4 ,ano!r notable defect ( ! humani/s1 equally insep>able f ! position !y assum$ 9 ,italy1 0 _! p]sonal & pr(essional vanity4 ,batti/a ,mantovano1 writ+ on ! calamities ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 reckons !m among ! mo/ em95t examples ( pride 9 8 catalogue ( ! deadly s9s4 ,reg>d+ !mselves z resuscitators ( a glori\s pa/ & f\nd]s ( a new civility1 !y 7 n satisfi$ ) ass]t+ _! real m]its 9 ! sph]e ( s*ol>%ip4 ,!y w5t fur!r1 & claim$ to rank z sages1 political philosoph]s1 writ]s ( dea?less hi/ories1 & s+]s ( immortal v]se4 ,! mo/ mis]able poeta/]s got cr[n$ ) laurels4 ,! mo/ trivial ?9k]s pass$ v]dict ^u /atecraft4 ,mi/ak+ m]e cultivation = g5ius1 !y believ$ t1 because !y _h p]us$ ! au?ors ( antiquity & c\ld imitate ,ovid at a respectful di/ance1 _! fame w\ld endure = all ages4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is confid5ce !y gave !mselves inconceivable airs1 look+ d[n f ! height ( _! atta9m5t on ! pr(ane cr[d4 ,to und]/& t1 aft] all1 antiquity 0 a s*ool :]e9 to tra9 ! mod]n intellect = g5u9e production1 0 n giv5 to ?is epo* ( discov]y4 ,po/]ity has sadly beli$ _! expectations4 ,( all _! treatises & comm5t>ies1 poems & translations1 h[ few are n[ rememb]$2 h[ r>ely are _! names ^u ! lips ( ev5 pr(ess$ /ud5ts6 ,! debt ( gratitude we owe !m is inde$ great1 & %\ld be amply paid by our respectful memory ( all !y wr\ght = u ) lab\r 9 ! field ( le>n+4 ,yet ,filelfo w\ld turn ) passionate disappo9tm5t 9 8 grave1 if he c\ld "k t m5 ( wid] scope & s\nd] erudition appreciate 8 writ+s solely z %$ leaves t f]tilis$ ! soil ( lit]ature4 ,be=e turn+1 z is natural at ?is po9t1 to =m an e/imate ( ! humani/s 9 _! capacity ( au?ors1 x w be "r briefly to qualify ! condemnation pass$ ^u _! *>act]s4 ,tak5 z a class1 !y des]ve ! h>de/ words t h be5 said ( !m4 ,yet x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y numb]$ 9 _! ranks su* m5 z ,ambrogio ,trav]s>i1 ,tommaso da ,s>zana1 ,gu>9o1 ,jacopo ,antiqu>i1 ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 ,pomponius ,ltus1 ,fic9o1 ,pico1 ,fabio ,calvi1 & ,aldus ,manutius4 ,! b>e enum]ation ( ^! names w suffice = ^? :o h read ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,piety1 sobriety ( morals1 self-devotion to public int]e/s1 ! pure/ lit]>y en?usiasm1 ! mo/ l(ty aspirations1 fairness ( judgm5t1 & g5]osity ( feel+ di/+ui% ^! m51 & "s o!rs :o might be m5tion$1 f ! majority ( _! fell[s4 ,nor1 aga91 is x fair to *>ge ! humani/s alone ) vices common to _! age4 ,! picture ,i v5tur$ to draw ( ,papal & despotic mann]s 9 a previ\s volume1 %[s t a too /rict /&>d _c be appli$ to s*ol>s1 hold+ less responsible positions ?an _! patrons1 & pr(ess+ a f> loos] code ( conduct4 ,mu*1 too1 ( _! inord9ate vanity may be ascrib$ to ! infatuation ( ! p4 ,su* sc5es z ! reception ( ! suppos$ au?or ( ',h]maphroditus' 9 ,vic5za 7 en\gh to turn ! heads ( ev5 /rong] m54#ead ,footnote #ead3 ,see above1 p4 #ahe1 note #d4 ,x is difficult to appraise humani/ic lit]ature at a j value1 see+ t by f> ! l>g] mass ( x1 aft] s]v+ a purpose ( tempor>y utility1 is n[ =gott54 ,n itself1 b its effect1 is :at we h to e/imate2 & ! ultimate product ( ! :ole movem5t 0 ! creation ( a new capacity = cultivation4 ,to h re/or$ to ,europe ! k ( ! classics1 & to h recov]$ ! /yle ( ! anci5ts1 s z to use ,lat9 prose & v]se ) fre$om at a "t :5 ,lat9 =m$ an univ]sal m$ium ( culture1 is ! fir/ real m]it ( ! humani/s4 ,no?+ c rob !m ( ?is glory2 h[ev] mu* we may be =c$ to feel t _! critical lab\rs h be5 sup]s$$1 t _! diss]tations are dull1 t _! poems at ! wor/ fall f> bel[ ! level ( an ,ox=d prize ex]cise1 & at ! be/ supply a dec5t app5dix to ! ',corpus ,poet>um4' ,nor c we defraud !m ( ! fame ( hav+ /riv5 to realise ,petr>*'s ideal4#eae ,t ideal1 only p>tially atta9$ at any s+le po9t1 develop$ 9 "o direction by ,milton1 9 ano!r by ,goe!1 /ill guides1 & w long guide1 ! ef=ts ( ! mod]n intellect4 ,footnote #eae3 ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! mo/ sali5t *>act]i/ic ( ?is lit]ature 0 /udy ( /yle4 ,! beg9n]s ( ! humani/ic movem5t 7 consci\s t :at sep>at$ !m m ?an any?+ else f _! ,roman ance/ors1 0 want ( elegance 9 diction4 ,!y us$ ! same language2 b !y us$ x clumsily4 ,!y c\ld ?9k ! same ?\ghts1 b !y _h lo/ ! art ( express+ !m ) propriety4 ,to re/ore /yle 0 !re=e a prime object4 ,exagg]at+ its importance1 !y neglect$ ! matt] = ! =m1 & end$ by produc+ a lit]ature ( imitation4 ,! ideal !y propos$ 9 composition includ$ limpidity ( language1 simplicity 9 ! /ructure ( s5t5ces h[ev] l5g?y1 *oic5ess ( phrase1 & a copi\s vocabul>y4 ,to be intelligible 0 ! fir/ requisite2 to be attractive ! second4 ,hav+ ma/]$ elem5t>y difficulties1 !y proce$$ to fix ! rules = decorative writ+4 ,cic]o _h said t no?+ 0 s ugly or s common b t rhetoric c\ld l5d x *>m4 ,?is un=tunate dictum1 imply+ t /yle1 z sep>ate f matt]1 is valuable 9 & = itself1 l$ ! ,italians a/ray4 ,to =m commonplace books ( phrases cull$ f ! ',tusculans' & ! ',orations1' to *oose "s trivial !me = treatm5t1 & to make x ! occasion = v]bal display1 became _! bus9ess4 ,9 ! cot]ies ( ,rome & ,flor5ce s*ol>s measur$ "o ano!r by _! +5uity--9 o!r words1 by _! aptness = produc+ ,cic]onian & ,virgilian c5tos4 ,few inde$1 l ,pico1 rais$ _! voices aga9/ su* trifl+1 or prote/$ t :at a man ?\ght & felt 0 at lea/ z important z 8 p[] ( clo?+ x 9 rhetoric4 ,! appe>ance ( ,valla's ',eleganti' m>k$ an epo* 9 ! evolution ( ?is /yli/ic art4 ,x rea*$ its climax 9 ! "w ( ,bembo4 ,:at ! humani/s int5d$1 !y a*iev$4 ,purity & p]spicuity ( language 7 made conditions ( all lit]ature t claim$ att5tion2 nor is x1 p]haps1 too mu* to say t ,rac9e1 ,pascal1 & ,voltaire owe some?+ ( _! magic to ! tra9+ ( ^! worn-out p$agogues4 ,yet ! imm$iate effect 9 ,italy1 :5 ,ma*iavelli's vig\r _h pass$ out ( ! nation1 & ! /yli/ic tradition surviv$1 0 deplorable4 ,no?+ /rikes a nor!rn /ud5t ( ! po/-,r5aissance au?ors m ?an ! empty smoo?ness ( _! writ+1 _! faculty ( say+ no?+ ) a va/ exp5diture ( phrase1 _! dread ( homely details1 & ! triviality ( ! subjects !y *ose = illu/ration4 ,:5 a man ( wit l ,annibale ,c>o c\ld rise to praise ! nose ( ! presid5t be=e a le>n$ academy 9 p]iods ( ?is ineptitude--',naso p]fetto1 naso pr9cipale1 naso div9o1 naso *e b5$etto sia fra tutti i nasi2 e b5$etta sia quella mamma *e vi fece cos nasuto1 e b5$ette tutte quelle cose *e voi annusate6'#eaf--we trace no m ?an a burlesque ( humani/ic seek+ aft] /yle4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t x is n easy = a less arti/ic nation to d ! ,italians ju/ice 9 ?is respect4 ,!y d]iv$ an /hetic pleasure f ref9em5ts ( spee* & subtle flav\rs ( expression1 :ile !y rema9$ no less consci\s ?an we are t ! workman%ip surpass$ ! matt]4 ,! prop] analogue to _! rhetoric may be f\nd 9 ! exquisite b too unmean+ arabesques 9 m>ble & 9 wood1 :i* belong to ,c9que ,c5to ar*itecture4 ,view$ z ! play?+s ( skill$ arti/s1 ^! are n )\t _! value2 & we are apt1 p]haps1 unduly to depreciate !m1 because we lack ! s5se = _! p>ticul> =m ( beauty4 ,footnote #eaf3 ',p]fect nose1 imp]ial nose1 div9e nose1 nose to be bless$ among all noses2 & bless$ be ! brea/s t made y ) a nose s lordly1 & bless$ be all ^? ?+s y put y\r nose to6' ,! above is quot$ f ,cant's ,/oria della ,lett]atura ,italiana4 ,i h n se5 ! actual address4 ,if ! mo/ m>k$ feature ( humani/ic lit]ature 0 ! creation ( a ,lat9 /yle1 ! supreme dictators 7 ,cic]o 9 prose & ,virgil 9 v]se4 ,t ,cic]o %\ld h fasc9at$ ! ,italians 9 an age :5 art 0 dom9ant1 :5 ri*ness ( decoration1 rhetorical flu5cy1 & pomp ( phrase appeal$ to ! livelie/ in/9cts ( a spl5d\r-lov+1 s5sitive1 declamatory race1 is natural4 ,! ,r5aissance f\nd exactly :at x want$ 9 ! mann] ( ! mo/ obvi\sly eloqu5t ( ,lat9 au?ors1 himself a rhetorician among philosoph]s1 an orator among /atesm51 ! weakness ( ^: "* 0 ak9 to t :i* lay at ! root ( fifte5?-c5tury society4 ,to be ! 'apes ( ,cic]o1' 9 all ! bran*es ( lit]ature he _h cultivat$1 0 reg>d$ by ! humani/s z a religi\s duty4#eag ,?\gh !y _h no place 9 ! s5ate1 ! pulpit1 or ! law c\rt1 !y 7 fa9 to imitate 8 oratory4 ,!re=e public addresses to ambassadors1 to magi/rates on assum+ (fice1 & to ,popes on _! election2 epi?alamial & fun]al disc\rses2 panegyrics & congratulations--s\nd$ f> & wide ?r\gh ,italy4 ,! fifte5? c5tury 0 ! gold5 age ( spee*ification4 ,a man 0 measur$ by ! am\nt ( flu5t ,lat9ity he c\ld p\r =?2 copi\sness ( quotations secur$ applause2 & read9ess to answ] on ! spur ( ! mom5t 9 smoo? ,cic]onian phrases1 0 reckon$ among ! qualities t l$ to po/s ( tru/ 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a failure ( words on any c]emonial occasion pass$ = "o ( ! great calamities ( life4 ,! common "n = an envoy1 oratore1 suffici5tly indicates ! public importance atta*$ to rhetoric4 ,x =m$ a necess>y "p ( ! p>ade :i* ! ,r5aissance lov$1 &1 m ?an t1 a "p ( its diplomatic ma*9]y4 ,to compose orations t c\ld nev] be recit$ 0 a fa%ionable ex]cise2 & s9ce ! ',v]r9es' & ! ',philippics' exi/$1 no occasion 0 lo/ = reproduc+ some?+ ( _! _s 9 ! invectives :]e( s mu* has be5 already said4 ,! empt9ess ( all ?is oratory1 sep>at$ f ! solid conc]ns ( life1 & void ( actual value1 t5d$ to increase ! sophi/ic "* ( lit]ature4 ,eloqu5ce1 :i* ought to owe its =ce to passionate emotion or to gravity ( mean+1 deg5]at$ into a m]e play ( words2 & to su* an ext5t 0 v]bal clev]ness ov]-e/imat$1 t a s*ol> c\ld ascribe ! fame ( ,julius ,cs> to 8 ',comm5t>ies' r ?an 8 victories4#eah ,x does n seem to h occurr$ to him t ,pompey w\ld h be5 glad if ,cs> _h always wield$ 8 p51 & t ,brutus w\ld h>dly h /abb$ a fri5dly man ( lett]s4 ,:5 we read a g5u9e humani/ic spee*1 we f9d t x is pr9cipally compos$ ( trite tales & citations4 ,to play ^u ! texts ( antiquity1 z a piani/ ^u ! keys ( 8 in/rum5t1 0 no small "p ( eloqu5ce2 & ! music s\nd$ pleasant 9 e>s gre$y ( ! v titles ( old writ+s4 ,vespasiano m5tions t ,c>lo ,aret9o ow$ 8 e>ly fame at ,flor5ce to "o lecture1 introduc+ ref]5ces to all ! classic au?ors4 ,footnote #eag3 ,! phrase is eulogi/ically us$ by ,f4 ,villani 9 8 ,life ( ,coluccio ,salutato4 ,footnote #eah3 ,see ,muratori1 vol4 xx4 #ddb1 #dec4 ,! /yle affect$ = moral diss]tation 0 9 l mann] ,cic]onian4 ,! dialogue 9 p>ticul> became fa%ionable2 & s9ce x 0 dang]\s to introduce matt] unsuit$ to ,tully's phrases1 ^! disquisitions are usually devoid ( local col\r+ & contempor>y int]e/4 ,few h su* value z atta*es to ! op5+ ( ,poggio's essay on ,=tune1 to ,val]iano's treatise on ! mis=tunes ( ! le>n$1 or to ,gyraldi's attack ^u ! humani/s4 ,ano!r important bran* ( lit]ature1 modell$ ^u ,cic]onian ma/]pieces1 0 lett]-writ+4 ,! epi/olography ( ! humani/s might =m a sep>ate bran* ( /udy1 if we c>$ to trace its hi/ory ?r\gh sev]al /ages1 & to sift ! /ores at our disposal4 ,petr>*1 aft] discov]+ ! famili> lett]s ( ! ,roman orator1 fir/ gave an impulse to ?is k9d ( composition4 ,9 8 old age he tells h[ he 0 laugh$ at 9 8 y\? = assum+ ! ,lat9 /yle ( ?\ toge!r ) ! ,roman =m ( sup]scription4#eai ,i h already t\*$ ^u ! curr5cy x ga9$ ?r\gh ! practice ( ,coluccio ,salutato & ! tea*+ ( ,gasp>9o da ,b>zizza4#ebj ,9 c\rse ( "t books ( =mul & polite lett]-writ]s 7 compil$1 enabl+ novices to adopt ! ,cic]onian mann]ism ) safety4#eba ,! ,papal ,curia sanction$ a set ( prec$5ts = ! guidance ( its secret>ies1 :ile ! epi/les ( em95t *ancellors s]v$ z models = ! despat*es ( republican gov]nm5ts4 ,footnote #eai3 ,epi/4 ,r]4 ,s5il4 xv4 #a4 ',/yli hujus p] ,italiam non auctor quidem1 s$ in/aurator ipse mihi videor1 quo cum uti incip]em1 adolesc5s a cotaneis irrideb>1 qui 9 hoc ipso c]tatim me po/ea sunt secuti4' ,footnote #ebj3 ,see above1 pp4 #gf-gh4 ,footnote #eba3 ,gian ,m>ia ,filelfo1 son ( ! celebrat$ pr(essor1 publi%$ an ,epi/ol>ium ( ?is k9d4 ,! private lett]s ( s*ol>s 7 useful 9 keep+ up communication betwe5 ! sev]al c5tres ( culture 9 ,italy4 ,f ^! s\rces too we n[ d]ive mu* int]e/+ in=mation respect+ ! social life ( ! humani/s4 ,!y seem to h avoid$ political1 !ological1 & practical topics1 cultivat+ a /yle ( urbane complim5t1 ex*ang+ op9ions ab\t books1 ask+ small fav\rs1 ackn[l$g+ obligations1 recomm5d+ fri5ds to fav\rable notice1 occasionally describ+ _! mode ( life1 discuss+ ! qualities ( _! patrons ) cauti\s res]ve1 b seek+ above all ?+s to display grace ( diction & elegant hum\r r ?an erudition4 ,! fact t ^! ,lat9 epi/les 7 inv>iably int5d$ = circulation & ultimate publication1 r5d]s x useless to seek = insight f !m into /rictly private matt]s4#ebb ,= ! hi/orian ! mo/ valuable collections ( ,r5aissance lett]s are compos$ 9 ,italian1 & are n usually ! "w ( s*ol>s1 b ( ag5ts1 spies1 & envoys4 ,comp>$ ) ! reports ( ! ,v5etian ambassadors1 ! correspond5ce ( ! humani/s is unimportant4 ,9 addition to famili> lett]s1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5$1 h[ev]1 t epi/les ^u topics ( public int]e/ 7 indit$ by /ud5ts4 ,int5d$ by _! diffusion to affect op9ion1 & address$ to influ5tial fri5ds or patrons1 ^! compositions assum$ ! =m ( pamphlets4 ,( ?is k9d 7 ! lett]s on ! ,ea/]n "q s5t by ,filelfo to ,*>les ,,vii4 ( ,france1 to ! ,emp]or1 to ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 to ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy & ,urb9o1 & to ! ,doge ( ,v5ice4 ,! immortality expect$ by ! humani/s f _! epi/les1 has h>dly fall5 to _! lot2 ?\gh mu* ( ,poliziano's1 ,pico's1 ,antiqu>i's1 & ,piccolom9i's correspond5ce is /ill delightful & in/ructive read+4 ,! masses extant 9 ,,ms4 exce$ :at has be5 pr9t$2 :ile ! pr9t$ volumes1 ) "s r>e exceptions1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ,poliziano's lett] to ,antiqu>i on ! dea? ( ,lor5zo1 are only us$ by /ud5ts4#ebc ,footnote #ebb3 ,francesco ,filelfo1 quot$ 9 ,rosm9i's ,life1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cjd1 #bhb1 #ddh1 writes1 ',le cose *e non voglio si5o copiate1 le scrivo sempre alla grossolana4' ',hoc autem scrib5di m utimur iis 9 rebus qu>um memoriam nolumus transf]re ad po/]os4 ,et e?rusca quidem l+ua vix toti ,itali nota e/1 at lat9a oratio longe ac late p] univ]sum orbem e/ diffusa4' 7',matt]s ,i d n wi% to h copi$ ,i always write (f 9 ! vulg>4 ,?is /yle ,i use = su* ?+s z ,i d n c>e to transmit to po/]ity4 ,tuscan1 to be sure1 is h>dly kn[n to all ,italians1 :ile ,lat9 is spread f> & wide ?r\gh ! :ole _w4'7 ,footnote #ebc3 ,see ,voigt1 pp4 #dba1 #dbb1 = an acc\nt ( ,filelfo's1 ,trav]s>i's1 ,b>b>o's1 & ,bruni's lett]s4 ,s9ce ,cic]o _h left no specim5 ( hi/ory1 ! humani/s 7 driv5 to foll[ o!r ma/]s 9 ?is bran* ( lit]ature4 ,livy 0 ! au?or ( _! pr$ilection4 ,cs> suppli$ !m ) a model = ! composition ( comm5t>ies1 & ,sallu/ = concise monographs4 ,suetonius 0 foll[$ 9 su* m9ute /udies ( "* z ,decembrio's ',life ( ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti4' ,i d n f9d t ,tacitus _h any ?or\ghgo+ imitators2 ! magniloqu5ce ( rhetoric1 r ?an ! pung5cy ( s>casm1 suit$ ! ta/e ( ! age4 ,! faults ( ! humani/ic hi/ories h be5 already po9t$ out4#ebd ,footnote #ebd3 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #baf1 #bag1 & above1 p4 #cgg4 ,! s]vices ( ! humani/s1 z comm5tators1 translators1 critics ( texts1 compil]s ( gramm>s & diction>ies ( all k9ds1 collectors ( miscellane\s in=mation1 & writ]s on antiquities1 /ill rema9 to be rememb]$4 ,_! indu/ry 9 ?is field 0 q diff]5t f ! lab\r !y devot$ to ! p]fect+ ( /yle4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( !m z m5 ( lett]s1 we are b\nd to give _! erudition almo/ unqualifi$ praise4 ,n1 inde$1 t _! le>n+ any m ?an _! lit]ature 0 f9al4 ,x too has be5 sup]s$$2 b x =m$ ! basis ( a s\nd] me?od1 & r5d]$ ! atta9m5t ( m c]ta9 k possible4 ,x is n too mu* to say t mod]n culture1 s f> z x is d]iv$ f antiquity1 owes ev]y?+ to ! indefatigable en]gy ( ! humani/s4 ,be=e ! age ( pr9t+1 s*ol>s _h to /ore _! memories ) encyclopdic in=mation1 :ile ! v want ( a critical me?od1 by prev5t+ !m f exactly disc]n+ ! good & ! bad1 enabl$ !m to take a broad] & m compreh5sive view ( classical lit]ature ?an is n[ at any rate common4 ,antiquity z a :ole--n ! au?ors m]ely ( ! ,attic age or ! ,augu/an--claim$ _! admiration2 & ?\gh !y devot$ special /udy to ,cic]o & ,virgil = ! purposes ( /yle1 !y eag]ly accept$ e ,greek or ,lat9 composition f ! e>lie/ to ! late/4 ,to ?is omnivor\s appetite ( ! eld] s*ol>s we are p]haps indebt$ = ! pres]vation ( _m fragm5ts :i* a m delicate ta/e w\ld h reject$4 ,c]ta9ly we owe to !m ! conception ( ! classics 9 _! totality1 z =m+ ! prop] s\rce ( culture = ! human race4 ,! purism ( ,vida & ,bembo1 ?\gh x sprang f m ref9$ p]ceptions1 0 9 "s respects a retrogression f ! wide & lib]al erudition ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,disciple%ip "u ,virgil may make a v]sifi]2 b he :o w\ld fa9 compreh5d ! ,lat9 g5ius mu/ "k ! poets ( ,rome f ,ennius to ,claudian4 ,f9ally we h to r5d] ! tribute due to ! humani/s = _! diffusion ( a lib]al _s4 ,su/a9$ by ! en?usiasm ( antiquity1 !y fir/ v5tur$ to take a /&po9t outside ca?olicity2 & ?\gh !y made b bad use ( ?is spiritual fre$om1 incl9+ to levity & godlessness in/ead ( fight+ ! battle ( ! reason1 yet _! l>ge & human survey ( ! _w 0 9 itself invigorat+4 ,poggio at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance reg>d$ ,j]ome ( ,prague n z a h]etic1 n z a fanatic1 b z a ,/oic4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 capable ( dive/+ 8 m9d ( tempor>y associations & conv5tional prejudices1 & ( disc]n+ ! true "* ( ! man :o suff]$ h]oically = 8 op9ions4 ,?is in/ance illu/rates ! g5]al tone & temp] ( ! humani/s4 ,_! /udy ( antiquity fre$ !m f ! s*ola/ic p$antries ( !ologians1 & f ! pr(essional conceits ( juri/s & physicians4 ,!re is no?+ great & noble 9 human nature t might n1 we fancy1 h gr[n & ?riv5 "u _! direction1 if ! circum/ances ( ,italy _h be5 m fav\rable to high aspirations4 ,z x 01 ! light 0 e>ly qu5*$ & cl\d$ by base vap\rs ( a s5sual1 enslav$1 & prie/-corrupt$ society4 ,! vital =ce ( ! ,revival pass$ into ! ,re=mation2 ! humani/s1 degrad$ & demoralis$1 7 sup]s$$4 ,/ill x 0 !y :o creat$ ! new atmosph]e ( culture1 :]e9 :atev] is lum9\s 9 art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 criticism1 & religion has s9ce fl\ri%$4 ,?\gh we may p]ceive t !y obey$ a false au?ority--t ( ! classics1 & wor%ipp$ a false idol--/yle1 yet mod]n lib]ty mu/ r5d] !m ! me$ ( ?anks = ?is4 ,:5 we consid] t be=e ! sixte5? c5tury _h clos$1 !y _h imbu$ ! :ole ,italian nation ) _! views1 =m+ a new lit]ature1 direct+ e k9d ( m5tal activity1 & produc+ a new social tone1 & fur!rmore t ,italy 9 ! sixte5? c5tury impress$ h] _s on ! re/ ( ,europe1 we h a "r to hail ! humani/s z ! s*oolma/]s ( mod]n civilisation4 ,z s*oolma/]s 9 a /rict] s5se ( ! t]m1 x is n easy to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,italian /ud5ts4 ,!y fir/ conceiv$ & fram$ ! education t has n[ prevail$ ?r\gh ,europe = f\r c5turies1 m\ld+ ! y\? ( div]s nations by "o common discipl9e1 & e/abli%+ an intellectual concord = all peoples4 ,9 spite ( *anges 9 gov]nm5t & cre$1 9 spite ( diff]5ces caus$ by race & language1 we h ma9ta9$ an uni=mity ( culture ?r\gh ! simultane\s prosecution ( classic /udies on ! l9es laid d[n = tea*]s by ! s*ol>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! sy/em ( our univ]sities & public s*ools is 9 tru? no o!r ?an t devis$ by ,vittor9o & ,gu>9o4 ,?us humanism 9 mod]n ,europe has cont9u$ ! "w p]=m$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages by ! ,*ur*1 unit+ 9 "o conf$]ation ( spiritual activity nations widely sep>at$ by all t t5ds to keep ! human families ap>t4 ,until q rec5tly 9 ,engl&1 ! litt] humaniores 7 accept$ z ! s\nde/ tra9+ = c>e]s 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 = ! le>n$ pr(essions1 & = ! private duties ( g5tlem54 ,if ! old ideal is yield+ at la/ to !ories ( a wid] education bas$ on sci5ce & on mod]n languages1 t is due p>tly to ! ext5sion ( useful k1 & p>tly to ! absorption ( classic lit]ature into ! mod]n consci\sness4 ,! sum ( :at a cultivat$ man %\ld "k1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a place among ! pione]s ( progress1 is s va/1 t le>n]s1 di/ract$ by a v>iety ( subjects1 res5t ! exp5diture ( preci\s "t on ,greek & ,lat94 ,tea*]s1 on ! o!r h&1 ?r\gh long famili>ity ) humane /udies1 h fall5 into ! languor ( r\t9e4 ,besides1 z k 9 ea* new dep>tm5t increases1 ! necessity ( specialis+ ) a view to adopt+ a pr(essional c>e]1 makes itself cont9ually felt ) great] urg5cy4 ,x may !re=e be plausibly argu$ t we h outgr[n ! conditions ( humanism1 & t a new /age 9 ! hi/ory ( education has be5 rea*$4 ,h n ! anci5ts done z mu* = u z !y c d8 ,are n our m9ds p]meat$ ) _! ?\ghts8 ,d n ! ma/]pieces ( mod]n lit]ature hold 9 solution ! be/ t c be got f !m = future uses8 ,^! que/ions c p]haps be met by ! c\nt]-"q :e!r ! arts & lett]s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans w n always hold _! own1 n only 9 ! =mation ( pure ta/e1 b also 9 ! discipl9e ( "* & ! tra9+ ( ! intellig5ce4 ,j z well might we cease to /udy ! sacr$ books ( ! ,jews1 because we h incorporat$ _! e?ics into our consci5ce1 & possess _! religion 9 our liturgy4 ,no transmission ( a _s at second or ?ird h& c be ! same z its imm$iate contact2 nor c we af=d1 h[ev] full our m5tal life may be1 to lose ! vivid s5se ( :at m5 7 & :at !y wr\ght 9 ages f> remov$ f u1 especially :5 ^? m5 7 our sup]iors 9 c]ta9 sph]es4 ,aga91 x may be d\bt$ :e!r we %\ld und]/& ! ma/]pieces ( mod]n lit]ature1 :5 we came to be sep>at$ f ! s\rces ( _! inspiration4 ,if ,olympus connot$ less ?an ,asg>d1 or ,h]cules 7 no m famili> to our m9ds ?an ,ru/em1 or ! horses ( ! ,sun /ood at ! same di/ance f u z ! c[s ( ,indra--if1 9 fact1 we ab&on$ ,greek z mu* z we h ab&on$ ,sc&9avian1 ,p]sian1 & ,sanskrit my?ology1 w\ld n "s ( ! mo/ brilliant images ( our own poets fade into lead5 greyness1 l cl\ds t h lo/ ! flu% ( liv+ light ^u !m8 ,x is !re=e n improbable t = _m ye>s to come ! high] culture ( ! race w /ill be gr\nd$ ^u humanism3 true ?\gh x be t ! fir/ en?usiasm = antiquity %all nev] be re/or$1 nor ! classics yield t vital n\ri%m5t !y (f]$ 9 ! spr+-"t ( ! mod]n era4 ,= av]age /ud5ts1 :o h no special vocation = lit]ature & no e/hetic ta/es1 x may well happ5 t new me?ods ( tea*+ ! classics w h to be inv5t$4 ,:y %\ld !y n be read 9 ,engli% v]sions1 & ! "t exp5d$ ^u ,greek & ,lat9 gramm> be ?us sav$8 ,! practice ( ,greek & ,lat9 v]sification has be5 virtually doom$ already2 nor is !re any reason :y ,lat9 prose %\ld =m a necess>y "p ( education 9 an age t has ceas$ to publi% its ?\ghts 9 a n[ completely dead language4 ,our actual relation to ! anci5ts1 aga91 ju/ifies "s *ange4 ,we "k f> m ab\t !m n[ ?an 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance2 b !y are no long] all 9 all = civilis$ humanity1 eag] to recon/itute ! realm ( ?\ght1 & f9d its nobl] self anew 9 ! image ( a glori\s pa/1 reconqu]$ & inali5able4 ,! v culture creat$ by ! /udy ( antiquity ?r\gh ! la/ f\r c5turies /&s betwe5 !m & our appreh5sion1 s t !y seem at ! same mom5t m di/9ct f u & m a "p ( our famili> selves4 ,:5 we seek ! causes :i* produc$ ! decay ( le>n+ 9 ,italy ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we are fir/ l$ to obs]ve t ! type ( s*ol>%ip inaugurat$ by ,petr>* _h be5 fully develop$4 ,no?+ new rema9$ to be work$ out ^u ! l9es laid d[n by him4 ,mean:ile ! =ces ( ! nation1 bo? creative & receptive1 7 exhau/$ 9 ! old fields ( humanism4 ,! read+ public _h be5 glutt$ ) epi/les1 invectives1 poems1 orations1 hi/ories ( antiquities1 & disquisitions ( all k9ds4 ,! matt] ( ! anci5t lit]atures _h be5 absorb$1 if sup]ficially1 at lea/ entirely1 & _! =ms _h be5 reproduc$ ) we>isome reit]ation4 ,! ,paganism t _h s long rul$ z a fa%ion1 0 n[ pass+ out ( vogue1 because ( its inadequacy to meet ! deep] wants & satisfy ! aspirations ( ! mod]n _w4 ,! humani/s1 moreov]1 z a class1 _h fall5 into disrepute ?r\gh faults & vices :]e( en\gh has be5 already said4 ,no?+ %ort ( ! new impulse :i* a new g5ius1 equal at lea/ 9 p[] to ,petr>*1 might h communicat$1 c\ld h giv5 a fre% direction to ! decl9+ en?usiasm = antiquity4 ,b = ?is display ( en]gy ! ,italians 7 n prep>$4 ,z 9 ! asc5t ( "s high peak1 ! travell]1 aft] surm\nt+ p9e woods & ,alp9e pa/ures1 comes ^u b>e grassy slopes t =m an int]m$iate region betwe5 ! basem5ts ( ! m\nta9 & ! sn[fields ov]head1 s ! humani/s _h accompli%$ ! fir/ /age ( le>n+4 ,b x requires a fre% />t & ! employm5t ( o!r faculties to scale ! f9al heights2 & = ?is ! =ce 0 want+4 ,erasmus1 at ! op5+ ( ! c5tury1 _h1 inde$1 initiat$ a second age ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! m exact me?ods ( criticism & comp>ison 7 already ab\t to be in/itut$ by ! ,fr5*1 ! ,g]mans1 & ! ,dut*4 ,x 0 too mu*1 h[ev]1 to expect t ! ,italians1 :o _h exp5d$ _! vig\r 9 recov]+ ! classics & reviv+ a passion = k1 %\ld compete ^u ! gr\nd ( mod]n erudition ) ^! fre% & untri$ races4 ,:at !y might h done1 if circum/ances _h be5 less unfav\rable1 & if ! way ( progress _h be5 free be=e !m1 _c be conjectur$4 ,z x 01 all ?+s contribut$ to ! decl9e ( intellectual en]gy 9 ,italy4 ,! di/ract+ w>s ( half a c5tury told m heavily ^u ! lit]ati1 :o dep5d$ = _! v exi/5ce ^u ! lib]ality ( patrons1 ?an on any o!r section ( ! p4 ,:at mis]ies !y endur$ 9 ,lomb>dy may be ga!r$ f ! prefaces & epi/les ( ,aldus ,manutius2 :ile ! bl[ inflict$ on !m by ! sack ( ,rome is vividly describ$ by ,val]iano4#ebe ,:5 comp>ative peace 0 re/or$1 lib]ty _h be5 ext+ui%$4 ,flor5ce1 ! /ronghold ( lib]al le>n+1 0 enslav$4 ,s*ol>%ip no less ?an art suff]$ f ! loss ( political indep5d5ce4 ,rome1 t]ror-/rick5 by ! ,re=mation1 turn$ ) rage aga9/ ! v /udies %e _h help$ to /imulate4 ,! eng9es ( ! ,inquisition1 wield$ ) all ! m]cilessness ( panic by m5 :o _h ! sombre cruelty ( ,spa9 to back !m up1 de/roy$ ! g]ms ( life 9 sci5ce & philosophy4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,see above1 p4 #cba4 ,to "s ext5t1 aga91 ! ,italian s*ol>s _h prep>$ _! own suicide by t5d+ m & m to subtleties ( ta/e & affectations ( ref9em5t4 ,! purism ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 itself a sort ( etiolation1 & ! pu]ilities ( ! academies di/ract$ ev5 able m5 f s]i\s /udies4 ,x 0 "o ( ! inevitable drawbacks ( humanism t ! new culture sep>at$ m5 ( lett]s f ! nation4 ,dante & ! wool-c>d]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury und]/ood ea* o!r2 !re 0 !n no ?ick veil ( erudition betwe5 ! tea*] & ! taught4 ,b nei!r ,bembo nor ,pomponazzi _h any?+ to say t c\ld be compreh5d$ by ! common folk4 ,!re=e s*ol>%ip 0 left 9 m\rnful isolation2 suspect$1 :5 x pass$ f trifles to grave speculations1 by ! ,*ur*2 view$ ) indiff]5ce by ! p2 unsu/a9$ by any sympa?y1 &1 :at 0 worse1 )\t a programme or a wat*word4 ,! ?9k]s1 ^: biography belongs to ! hi/ory ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation 9 ,italy1 7 all solit>y m51 voices cry+ 9 ! wild]ness ) none to li/51 b\nd toge!r by no common bond1 unnotic$ by ! nation1 ext+ui%$ s+ly on ! scaffold by an ev]-wat*ful league ( tyrants spiritual & political4 ,be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,greek _h almo/ ceas$ to be /udi$ 9 ,italy4 ,?is 0 ! sign ( intellectual dea?4 ,all t 0 virile 9 humanism fl$ beyond ! ,alps4 ,?is transf]5ce ( intellectual supremacy f ,italy to ,g]many 0 spe$ily accompli%$4 ',:5 ,i 0 a boy1' said ,erasmus1#ebf 's\nd lett]s _h begun to revive among ! ,italians2 b by reason ( ! pr9t]'s art be+ z yet undiscov]$ or kn[n to few1 no books _h rea*$ u1 & 9 ! deep tranquillity ( dulness !re reign$ a set ( m5 :o taught 9 all our t[ns ! mo/ illit]ate le>n+4 ,rodolph ,agricola 0 ! fir/ to br+ to u f ,italy "s brea? ( a sup]ior culture4' ,aga91 he says ( ,italy1 ',9 t l&1 :]e ev5 ! v walls are bo? m le>n$ & m eloqu5t ?an m5 ) u2 s t :at "h seems beautifully said1 & elegant & full ( *>m1 _c be held = aught b clumsy1 /upid1 & uncultivat$ !re4' ,less ?an half a c5tury aft] ,erasmus _h ga9$ ! "r to hold ! balance ?us betwe5 ! nations ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?--t is1 9 #aedj or !reab\ts--,paolo ,giovio1 at ! close ( 8 ',elogia ,lit]>ia1' :ile speak+ ( ! ,g]mans1 felt oblig$ to confess t 'n only ,lat9 lett]s1 to our disgrace1 b ,greek & ,hebrew also h pass$ into _! t]ritory by a fatal simultane\s migration4' ,footnote #ebf3 ,see ! passages quot$ by ,tirabos*i1 vol4 vi4 lib4 iii4 cap4 v4 #ga4 ,?us ,italy1 aft] receiv+ ! lamp ( le>n+ f ! dy+ h&s ( ,hellas1 9 ! days ( h] own fre$om1 n[1 9 ! "t ( h] adv]sity & ru91 gave x to ! nations ( ! ,nor?4 ,h] "w 0 end$4 ,?ree c5turies ( increas+ decrepitude1 )9 our rec5t memory at l5g? mo/ happily surm\nt$1 7 be=e h]4 ,c hi/ory1 we wond]1 furni% a spectacle m pa!tic ?an t ( ! protagoni/ ( spiritual lib]ty fall+ uneasily asleep b5ea? ! foot/ool ( ! ,spani>d & ! *ur*man1 :ile ! races :o _h trampl$ h] to dea? w5t on rejoic+ 9 ! light & culture %e _h won by c5turies ( toil8 ,?is is ! tragic aspect ( ! subject :i* has occupi$ u ?r\gh ! pres5t volume4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] x is1 h[ev]1 m pr(itable to rememb]1 n ! intellectual dea? ( ,italy1 b :at %e wr\ght 9 t bright p]iod ( h] vig\r4 ,%e 0 ! div9ely appo9t$ bir?place ( ! mod]n _s1 ! work%op ( k = all ,europe1 our mi/ress 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 ! ,alma ,mat] ( our /ud5t ye>s1 ! well-spr+ ( m5tal fre$om & activity aft] ages ( /agnation4 ,if great] philosoph]s h s9ce be5 produc$ by ,g]many & ,france & ,engl&1 great] s*ol>s1 great] m5 ( sci5ce1 great] poets ev51 & great] pione]s ( progress 9 ! l&s div9$ by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus beyond ! seas--?is mu/ n bl9d u to ! tru? t at ! v outset ( ! era 9 :i* we live & play our p>ts1 ,italy embrac$ all philosophy1 all s*ol>%ip1 all sci5ce1 all art1 all discov]y1 alone4 ,su* is ! ,lampadephoria1 or tor*-race1 ( ! nations4 ,greece /ret*es =? h] h& to ,italy2 ,italy consigns ! sacr$ fire to ,nor!rn ,europe2 ! p ( ! ,nor? pass on ! flame to ,am]ica1 to ,india1 & ! ,au/ralasian isles4