,,dynamic ,,thought ,,or ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,vibrant ,,energy ,,by ,,william ,,walker ,,atkinson ,author of ,thought ,force2 ,law of the ,new ,thought2 ,nuggets of the ,new ,thought2 ,memory ,culture and other ,scientific and ,occult ,works4 ,associate ,editor of ,suggestion1 #aijj-ja2 ,editor of ,new ,thought1 #aija-je2 ,co-,editor of ,the ,segnogram1 #aijf4 ,i am attacked by two very opposite sects--the ,scientists and the ,know-,nothings2 both laugh at me1 calling me the ',frogs' ,dancing ,master1' but ,i know that ,i have discovered one of the greatest ,forces in ,nature4 --,,galvini4 #aijf ,,the ,,segnogram ,,publishing ,,company ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,california ,copyright #aijf ,by ,the ,segnogram ,publishing ,company ,,notice4--,this book is protected by ,copyright1 and simultaneous initial publication in the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,canada1 ,great ,britain1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,russia1 and other countries4 ,all rights reserved4 ,a ,,foreword ,this is a queer book4 ,it is a marriage of the ,ancient ,occult ,teachings to the latest and most advanced conceptions of ,modern ,science--an odd union1 for the parties thereto are of entirely different temperaments4 ,the marriage might be expected to result disastrously1 were it not for the fact that a connecting link has been found that gives them a bond of common interest4 ,no two people may truly love each other1 unless they also love something in common--the more they love in common1 the greater will be their love for each other4 ,and1 let us trust that this will prove true in this marriage of ,occultism and ,science1 celebrated in this book4 ,the ,occultists usually get at the facts1 first1 but they manage to evolve such outrageous theories to explain the facts1 that the world will have none of their wares1 and turns to ,science for something reasonable4 ,science1 proceeding along different lines1 at first denies these facts of the ,occultists1 not finding them accounted for by any of her existing theories2 but1 later on1 when the facts have been finally thrust under her eyes1 after repeated attempts and failures1 she says1 ,oh1 yes1 of course6 and proceeds to evolve a new theory1 welding it with other scientific hypotheses1 and after attaching a new label thereto1 she proudly exhibits the thing as the latest discovery of ,modern ,science--and smiles indulgently1 or indignantly1 when the theory of the old ,occultists is mentioned1 saying1 ,quite a different thing1 we assure you6 ,and yet1 in all justice1 be it said1 ,science usually proceeds to find much better proofs to fit the facts of ,occultism1 than did the ,occultists themselves4 ,the ,occultist sees things1 but is a poor hand at proofs--while the ,scientist is great on proofs1 but so often1 and so long1 fails to see many things patent to the ,occultist who is able to look within himself1 but who is then unable to positively and scientifically prove the facts4 ,this is easily explained--the ,occultist's information comes from within1 while the ,scientist's comes from without--and proofs belong to the without side of ,mentation4 ,and this is why the ,occultists so often make such a bungle regarding proofs and the ,scientist fails to see facts that are staring the ,occultist in the face4 ,the whole history of ,occultism and ,science proves the above4 ,take the phenomenon called ,mesmerism for instance--it was an old story with the ,occultists1 who had been for years aware of it1 theoretically and practically4 ,mesmer brought it into general prominence1 and ,science laughed at it and at ,mesmer's fluid theory1 and called him a charlatan and imposter4 ,years afterwards1 ,braid1 an ,english surgeon1 discovered that some of the facts of ,mesmerism were true1 and he announced his discovery in a scientific manner1 and lo6 his views were accepted1 and the thing was called ,hypnotism1 poor old ,mesmer being forgotten1 because of his theory4 ,then1 after a number of years1 certain other aspects of the phenomenon were discovered1 and scientifically relabelled ,suggestion1 and the re-naming was supposed to explain the entire subject1 the learned ones now saying1 ,pooh1 'tis nothing but ',suggestion1' as if that explained the matter4 ,but so far1 they have only accepted certain phases of this form of ,dynamic ,thought--for that is what it is1 and there are many other phases of which they do not dream4 ,and the same is true of the ,occult ,teaching that there is ,life in ,everything--the ,universe is ,alive4 ,for years1 this idea was hooted at1 and we had learned scientific discourses upon dead ,matter1 inert substance1 etc4 ,but1 only within the past decade--yes1 within the last five years1 has ,science discovered that there was ,life in ,everything1 and that even in the ,atom of mineral and chemical substance1 there was to be found evidence of ,mind4 ,and ,science is beginning to plume itself on its recent discovery1 and to account for it by a new theory1 which is quite a different thing1 we assure you1 from the old ,occult ,theory4 ,and the same will prove true in the case of the ,occult ,teaching of an ,universal ,mind1 or ,cosmic ,mind4 ,science and ,philosophy have long laughed at this1 but even now their foremost investigators have come to the borders of a new country1 and are gasping in amazement at what they see beyond its borders--they are now talking about ,life and ,mind in the ,ether--and before long they will discard their paradoxical1 absurd1 hypothetical ,ether1 and say1 ,we are bathed in an ,ocean of ,mind--only they will insist that this ,ocean of ,mind is1 somehow1 a secretion of ,matter--something oozing out from the pores of ,matter1 perhaps4 ,but ,science is doing valuable work in the direction of investigation and experiment1 and in this way is proving the principal occult teachings in a way impossible to the ,occultists themselves4 ,so1 you see that both ,occultism and ,science have their own work to do--and neither can do the work of the other4 ,just now ,science is coquetting with the question of ,thought ,transmission1 etc41 at which she has for so long sneered and laughed4 ,by and by she will accept the facts1 and then proceed to prove them by a series of careful and conclusive experiments1 and will then announce the result1 solemnly1 as a triumph of ,science4 ,and so1 in this book you will find a marriage of the old ,occult ,teachings and ,modern ,scientific ,researches and ,investigation4 ,and the two are bound together with that bond forged by the writer of the book--heated in the oven of his mind1 and hammered into shape with his untrained thought--a crude1 clumsy thing1 but it serves its purpose--a thing called ,the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought4 ,and so1 this is what this ,theory is--a tie that binds4 ,how you will like it depends upon yourself4 ,for himself1 the writer does not hesitate to say that he is pleased with his handiwork1 rude1 and clumsy though it may be4 ,he believes that he has made a thing that will stand wear and tear1 and that though it be not beautifully finished1 it will serve1 and be useful4 ,and that is the main thing1 after all4 ,and1 then1 perhaps1 some may see beauty in the very crudeness of the thing--may see that it bears the loving mark of the hammer that beat it into shape--may recognize that over it has passed the caress of the hand that made it--and in that seeing there may come the recognition of a beauty that is beyond prettiness4 ,,william ,,walker ,,atkinson4 ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 ,february #af1 #aijf4 ,,contents ,,chapter4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,in the ,beginning #aa ,,ii4 ,things as ,they ,are #bj ,,iii4 ,the ,universality of ,life and ,mind #cj ,,iv4 ,life and ,mind ,among the ,atoms #da ,v4 ,the ,story of ,substance #fa ,,vi4 ,substance and ,beyond #ge ,,vii4 ,the ,paradox of ,science #if ,,viii4 ,the ,forces of ,nature #aji ,,ix4 ,radiant ,energy #aba ,x4 ,the ,law of ,attraction #ace ,,xi4 ,the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought #aed ,,xii4 ,the ,law of ,vibrant ,energy #aga ,,xiii4 ,the ,riddle of the ,sphinx #ahb ,,xiv4 ,the ,mystery of ,mind #bjj ,,xv4 ,the ,finer ,forces of the ,mind #bjf ,,xvi4 ,thought in ,action #bai ,a fire-mist and a planet1 ,a crystal and a cell1 ,a jelly-fish and a saurian1 ,and caves where the cave-men dwell2 ,then a sense of law and beauty1 ,and a face turned from the clod1-- ,some call it ,evolution1 ,and others call it ,god4 ,like tides on a crescent sea-beach1 ,when the moon is new and thin1 ,into our hearts high yearnings ,come welling and surging in1-- ,come from the mystic ocean ,whose rim no foot has trod1-- ,some of us call it ,longing1 ,and others call it ,god4 --,w4,h4 ,,carruth4 ,,dynamic ,,thought ,,chapter ,i ,,in ,,the ,,beginning ,this book will deal with ,life4 ,it holds that ,life is ,universal--that it is inherent in1 and manifests 7in different degrees7 in every part1 particle1 phase1 aspect1 condition1 place1 or relationship1 in the ,world of ,things that we call the ,universe4 ,it holds that ,life manifests in two aspects or forms1 which are generally found by us in connection and co-operation with each other1 but which are both1 probably1 an expression of some ,one ,thing higher than either4 ,these two aspects or forms1 which together go to make up or produce that which we know as ,life1 are known as 7#a7 ,substance or ,matter2 and 7#b7 ,mind4 ,in this book the term ,substance is used in preference to ,matter1 owing to the fact that the term ,matter has become closely identified with certain ideas of the ,materialistic school of thought1 and has generally been regarded by the public in the light of dead matter1 whereas this book holds that all ,substance is ,alive4 ,the term ,mind is used in the sense of ,mind1 as we know it1 rather than as ,mind1 as it is--or1 as ,the ,cosmic ,mind4 ,in some places the term ,mind-principle is used to convey the idea of a portion of the ,great ,principle of ,mind1 of which that which we call ',mind' is but a small and but partially expressed portion4 ,these terms are explained and illustrated as we proceed4 ,the aspect of ,energy or ,force is not treated as a separate aspect or form of ,life1 in this book1 for the reason that it is regarded as merely a manifestation of ,mind1 as will appear as we proceed4 ,we have much to say regarding ,motion1 but the writer has tried to explain and prove that1 at the last1 all ,motion results from ,mental ,action1 and that all ,force and ,energy is ,vital-,mental ,force and ,energy4 ,this book is not intended to run along metaphysical or theological lines--its field is different4 ,and so1 while it recognizes the importance of these branches of human thought1 still1 it finds that its own particular field is sufficient to engross its entire attention1 for the moment1 and1 consequently the aforesaid subjects shall not be touched upon except incidentally1 in connection with the subject matter of the book4 ,this being the case1 there will be no discussion of the origin of ,life--the question of creation--the problems of theology and metaphysics--the riddle of the ,why and ,wherefore of ,life and the ,universe4 ,the writer has his own opinions upon these questions1 but feels that this is not the place in which to air the same4 ,for the purposes of the book1 he prefers to leave every reader to his own favorite views and conceptions regarding these great subjects1 feeling that the views regarding ,life1 ,mind1 ,motion and ,substance1 that are advanced in this book1 may be accepted by any intelligent reader1 without prejudice to his1 or her1 accepted religious or philosophical views4 ,the writer sees that this something called ,life exists--he finds it in evidence everywhere4 ,and he sees it always in its aspects of ,substance and ,mind4 ,and he feels justified in regarding ,life as always existing in1 and manifesting in these aspects--always in conjunction--at least1 ,life as we know it4 ,and he finds certain apparent ,laws of ,life in operation in the ,universe to which all ,life1 in all of its aspects1 is apparently amenable4 ,and he feels justified in considering these ,laws constant1 and invariable1 and unchangeable so long as the ,universe1 as it now is1 exists4 ,and with the above views in mind1 this book will proceed to a consideration of its subject1 without attempting to peer behind the veil separating the ,universe from its ,causer--,life from its ,source4 ,but in justice to reader1 subject and writer1 the latter has thought it well to state that he does recognize1 not only the veil1 but ,that-which-is-behind-the-,veil4 ,to proceed without this statement would be unfair and misleading4 ,the writer wishes to be understood positively upon this point1 even though the declaration may bring forth the derisive jeer of those who feel that they have outgrown this conception2 or else the calm1 superior1 pitying smile of those who feel that the ,universe is its own ,cause and ,effect4 ,by ,universe1 the writer means ,the whole body of ,things 7,webster74 ,his declaration means that he believes in ,that-which-is-above-,things4 ,the writer prefers not to attempt to define ,,that which he calls ,the ,infinite4 ,the word ,infinite means without limit in time1 space1 power1 capacity1 knowledge or excellence 7,webster74 ,and to define is to limit2 mark the limits of2 mark the end of1 etc4 ,the term define1 as applied to ,the ,infinite1 is ridiculous--an absurd paradox4 ,the writer echoes ,spinoza's statement3 ,to define ,god is to deny ,him4 ,and so there shall be no attempt at definition or limitation4 ,but the human mind1 in considering the subject1 is bound by its own laws to think of ,the ,infinite as ,real1 and actually being and existent1 if it thinks of ,it at all4 ,and if it thinks of ,it as ,infinite1 it must1 by its own laws1 think of ,it as ,causeless2 ,eternal2 ,absolute2 ,everywhere-present2 ,all-,powerful2 ,all-,wise4 ,the human mind is compelled to so consider ,the ,infinite1 if it thinks of ,it at all4 ,but even in so thinking of ,it as being these things1 it is doing something like defining or limiting ,it1 for ,the ,infinite must not only be those things1 but it must be so much more1 that those things are but as a grain of dust on the desert as compared to the real ,being of ,the ,infinite4 ,for the things mentioned are but finite or defined things--things possessed by the ,finite ,things--and1 at the best can be but symbols of the attributes or qualities of ,the ,infinite2 even the words attributes or qualities being an absurdity as applied to ,the ,infinite4 ,this view1 also1 must be reported by the human reason1 if it thinks about the matter at all4 ,the final report of the human reason regarding this matter is that it is insoluble and unthinkable to that reason1 in its final analysis4 ,this because the human reason is compelled to use terms1 concepts1 etc41 derived from its experience with finite things1 and therefore has no tools1 measurements1 or other appliances with which to think of ,the ,infinite4 ,all that it can do is to report that it finds that it has limits itself1 and that it finds beyond those limits ,that which it cannot define1 but which it is justified in considering as ,infinite1 and superior to all finite conceptions1 such as ,time1 ,space1 ,causation and ,thought4 7,the idea of ,thought being finite1 equally with ,time1 ,space and ,causation1 is not common1 by the writer is compelled to place it in that category1 because it is clearly under the laws of ,time1 ,space1 and ,cause and ,effect1 and must be considered as finite4 ,the knowledge possessed by ,the ,infinite must be something far transcending that which we know as the result of mental operations1 or thinking47 ,certain fundamental truths seem to have been impressed upon the human intellect1 and the reason is compelled to report in accordance therewith4 ,but an analysis of these fundamental truths is futile1 and the attempt only leads one into wild speculations4 ,the only advantage that comes from the attempt is the strengthening of mental muscle of those who are able to stand the strain of the exercise2 and the fact that by such attempt we are made aware that we do not know1 and cannot know1 by reasons of the nature of the ,intellect1 and are thus prevented from harboring absurd and childish theories about the ,unknowable4 ,to know that we do not know1 and cannot know1 is the next best thing to actually knowing4 ,the writer does not wish to be understood1 that the limits of the human reason are unalterably fixed4 ,on the contrary1 he believes that additional fundamental portions of ,truth are super-imposed upon the mind of the race from time to time4 ,and he believes1 yes1 knows1 that there are regions of the mind that give reports higher than those conveyed through the ,intellect4 ,and he believes that there are phases of knowledge in store for ,man that will raise him as much higher than his present position1 as that present position is superior to that of the earthworm4 ,and he believes that there are ,beings in existence to-day1 on planes of ,life as yet undreamed of by the average man1 who far transcend ,man in power1 wisdom and nature4 ,he believes that ,man is merely just entering into his kingdom1 and does not realize the grandeur of that which is his ,divine ,inheritance4 ,it will be as well to mention here that the classification of ,mind with the aspects of ,life1 in conjunction with ,substance1 and ,motion1 does not mean that the ,ego or ,man is a material thing4 ,the writer believes that the ,ego is a transcendent ,being1 partaking in some wonderful way of the essence of ,the ,infinite--that it is a ,soul--,immortal4 ,he believes that as ,paul says1 ,we are all children of ,god1 but what we shall be does not as yet appear4 ,these matters shall not be discussed in this book1 but the writer wishes to make himself clear1 in order to prevent misunderstanding4 ,again1 in this respect1 he must fly in the face of ,materialism4 ,but1 although the writer expresses his belief in the existence of ,the ,infinite1 and bases his philosophy upon that basis1 he does not wish to insist upon the identification of his conception with that of any other particular conception of the ,source of ,life4 ,nor does he insist upon names1 or terms1 in connection with the conception4 ,he has used the term1 ,the ,infinite1 because it seems to be broader than any other of which he could think1 but he uses it merely as a name for the ,un-,nameable4 ,so1 if the reader prefers1 he1 or she1 may use the terms3 ,god2 ,deity2 ,first ,cause2 ,principle2 ,unknowable2 ,infinite and ,eternal ,energy2 ,the ,thing-in-,itself2 ,the ,absolute2 or any of the other countless terms used by ,man in his attempt to name the ,un-,nameable--to describe the ,un-,describable--to define the ,un-,definable4 ,and all may retain their ideas1 or lack of ideas1 regarding the relation of ,the ,infinite to their own particular religious views1 or lack of views4 ,the philosophy of this book need not disturb a man's religious belief--nor does it insist upon the man holding any special religious belief4 ,those are matters entirely for the exercise of the man's own reason and conscience4 ,and they may retain their own pet philosophy regarding the origin1 purposes or plan of the production and existence of the ,universe--this book shall not meddle with their metaphysics or philosophy4 ,what is herein offered may be assimilated with the fundamental ideas of nearly every form of religious or philosophical belief1 it being in the nature of an ,addition rather than a ,subtraction1 or ,division4 ,its philosophy is ,constructive rather than ,destructive4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,things ,,as ,,they ,,are ,in our last chapter we considered the ,source-of-,all-,things1 which we called ,the ,infinite4 ,in this chapter we shall consider the ,all-,things itself1 which men call ,the ,universe4 ,note that the word ,universe is derived from the ,latin word ,unus1 meaning ,one1 and ,versor1 meaning to turn1 the combined word meaning1 literally1 ,one that turns1 or moves4 ,the ,latin words indicate a close meaning1 namely1 ,one thing in motion1 turning its several aspects1 and assuming many changes of appearance4 ,the writer does not intend touching upon theories of the origin of the ,universe1 nor of its purpose1 or of any design in its production or management1 nor of its possible or probable end4 ,these questions do not belong to our subject1 and then again1 as was said in the last chapter1 speculation regarding it is devoid of results1 and leads one to quicksands and bogs of mental reasoning1 from which it is difficult to extract oneself4 ,the answer to the ,riddle of the ,universe rests with ,the ,infinite4 ,but it is different with the case of the manifested ,universe that is evidenced by our senses4 ,science is a different thing from metaphysics1 and its process and mode of work are along different lines4 ,and1 much knowledge of ,things may be obtained from a consideration of it--remembering always1 that its knowledge is confined to ,things1 and not to ,that-which-is-back-of-,things4 ,and1 so let us consider the ,universe of ,things4 ,material ,science has held that the ,universe is composed of two principles1 7#a7 ,matter2 7#b7 ,energy or ,force4 ,some hold that these two principles really are aspects of the same thing1 and that there is really but one ,principle1 one aspect of which is shape1 form1 etc41 and called ,matter2 the other a quality manifesting in ,motion1 which quality is called ,force4 ,others1 the most radical1 hold that there is nothing but ,matter1 and that ,force and ,energy is but a quality1 or power1 inherent in ,matter4 ,others hold that ,force is the real thing and ,matter but a form of ,force4 ,all branches hold to the idea that ,matter and ,energy are always found together1 and can not be thought of separately4 ,matter and ,force are held to be ,eternal1 and ,infinite1 it following that there can be no addition to1 or subtraction from either2 all apparent loss and gain1 creation and destruction being but change of form or mode4 ,god is declared unnecessary1 and the ,universe is held to operate according to certain ,laws of ,matter or ,force 7either or both7 which are unchangeable and immutable--eternal and always valid4 ,mind and ,thought are held to be products of properties of ,matter or ,force 7one or both71 secreted1 evolved1 or produced in the ,brain4 ,the ,soul is relegated to the waste heap1 and discarded as useless in the new philosophy4 ,moleschott said1 ,thought is a motion of ,matter2 and ,holbach1 that ,matter enjoys the power of thinking4 ,natural ,laws are held to be sufficient for the explanation of all phenomena1 although ignoring the fact that the reason has never before formed the conception of a law1 without thinking it necessary to think of a law-maker1 or a power to enforce and administer the law4 ,however1 the philosophers hold that it is no more difficult to think of such a law than to try to form an idea of ,space or ,eternity1 both of which are unthinkable to the human reason1 but both of which are admitted as self-evident facts4 ,but notwithstanding this somewhat crude and raw reasoning1 ,material ,science has accomplished a wonderful work in the world1 and has brought to light facts of inestimable value to ,man in mastering the material world1 and in forming correct ideas of the solution of material difficulties4 ,the facts of ,material ,science enables the world to cheerfully overlook its theories4 ,and even the theories are rapidly undergoing a change1 and1 as we have stated1 some of the most advanced scientists are rapidly reaching the position of the ,occultists and mystics1 bringing with them a mass of facts to back them up1 to exhibit to the ,occultists who dealt with principles rather than with details1 or material facts1 so far as fundamental theories were concerned4 ,each is boring his way through the mountain tunnel of the ,unknown1 and both will meet in the centre1 their lines meeting each other without a variation4 ,but the ,occultists will call the tunnel-centre ,mind1 and the scientists will call it ,matter1 but both will be speaking of the same thing4 ,and the ,causer of the mountain will probably know that they both are right4 ,but1 we are speaking of the new school of advanced ,material ,science now--not of the old conservative ,all is ,matter people1 who have been left behind4 ,the new school speaks of ,substance now1 instead of ,matter1 and ascribes to ,substance the properties of ,matter1 ,energy1 and something that they call ,sensation1 by which they mean ,mind in a crude form1 and from which they say ,mind and ,soul evolved4 ,this new school of ,scientists are very different from their predecessors--they are less hide-bound1 and far from being so cock-sure4 ,they are seeing ,matter melting into ,energy1 and giving signs of ,sensation1 and they are beginning to feel that1 after all1 there must be a ,thing-in-,itself1 that is the real basis of1 or real thing in ,substance4 ,there is heard very little among them about dead matter2 blind force2 or of the mechanical theory of ,life and the ,universe4 ,instead of it being a big machine1 operated under mechanical laws1 with ,life as the steam1 the ,universe is beginning to be regarded as somehow filled with ,life1 and ,science is finding new examples of ,life in unexpected quarters1 and the dead matter area is being narrowed4 ,men who have followed the advances made by recent ,science are holding their breaths in awe and earnest expectation--and those who are pushing the inquiries and investigations to the furthest extent are showing by their eager faces and trembling hands that they feel that they are very close to the border line separating the old ,materialism from a ,new ,science that will give ,thought and ,philosophy a new impetus and a new platform4 ,such men are feeling that they are seeing the old ,matter melting away into something else--the old theories are falling apart under the light of new discoveries--and these men feel that they are penetrating a new and hitherto unexplored region of the ,unknown4 ,may success be theirs1 for they are now on the right road to ,truth4 ,in the following chapters we shall see frequent references to ,science--and when we use the word we shall know it means this new school of ,scientists1 rather than the older school that is now being superceded4 ,there is no conflict between ,true ,occultism and ,true ,science1 notwithstanding their directly opposite theories and ideals--they are merely looking at the ,truth from different viewpoints--at different sides of the same shield4 ,a better day is coming1 when they shall work together1 instead of in opposition4 ,there should be no partisanship in the search for ,truth4 ,things have worked this way3 ,occultism would enunciate a theory or principle--but would not attempt to prove it by material facts1 for it had not gathered the facts1 having found the principle within the mind1 rather than without4 ,then1 after laughing at the occult theory or principle1 ,science would search diligently for material facts to prove an opposite theory1 and in so doing would unearth new facts that would support the ,occultists contention4 ,then ,science would discard its old theory 7that is1 the younger men would--the old ones1 never7 and proceed to proclaim a new theory or principle1 under a new name1 and backed up with a mass of facts and experiments that would create a new school with many enthusiastic followers4 ,the old claim of the ,occultists would then be forgotten or else go unrecognized under its old name2 or disguised by the fantastic and bizarre coverings which some so-called ,occultists had draped around the original ,truth4 ,but1 so long as ,truth is being uncovered1 what matters it who does the work1 or by what name he calls his school4 ,the movement is ever forward1 and upward--what matter the banner under which the armies move8 ,in this book the writer will advance a very different theory of the ,universe of ,all-,things from that of ,modern ,science1 although he feels that his theory may easily be reconciled with the most advanced views of that school4 ,in the first place1 as he has stated in the first chapter1 he does not hold that the ,universe1 as we know it1 is self-sufficient1 but he recognizes a ,something back of all phenomena and appearances1 which ,something he calls ,the ,infinite4 ,and he differs very materially from the views of those who claim that ,mind is but a property1 or quality1 or something proceeding from ,matter or ,force1 or ,matter-,force1 or ,force-,matter--according to the views of the respective schools4 ,he takes an entirely different and opposite position4 ,he holds that all that we call ,matter 7or ,substance7 and ,mind 7as we know it7 are but aspects of something infinitely higher1 and which may be called the ,cosmic ,mind4 ,he holds that what we call ,mind is but a partial manifestation of the ,cosmic ,mind4 ,and that ,substance or ,matter is but a cruder or grosser form of that which we call ,mind1 and which has been manifested in order to give ,mind a ,body through which to operate4 ,but this view he merely states in passing1 for he makes no attempt to demonstrate or prove the same1 his idea being that it forms a different part of the general subject than the phase of ,dynamic ,thought1 to the consideration of which this book is devoted4 ,he also differs very materially from the ,materialistic school in his conception of ,force or ,energy4 ,instead of regarding ,force as a distinct principle1 and as something of which ,mind is but a form1 he walks boldly out into the arena of ,scientific ,thought1 and throwing down his gauntlet1 proclaims his theory that ,there is no such thing as ,force apart from ,life and ,mind--,all ,force and ,energy is the product of ,life and ,mind--all ,force1 ,energy and ,motion result from ,vital-,mental ,action--all ,force1 ,energy and ,motion is ,vital-,mental ,force1 ,energy and ,motion4--,the ,mind abiding in and permeating all ,substance1 not only has the power to ,think1 but also the power to ,act1 and to manifest ,force and ,energy1 which are its inherent and essential properties4 ,he also takes the position that ,mind is in and about and around ,everything4 ,and that ,everything is ,alive and ,thinking4 ,and that there is no such things as ,dead-,matter1 or ,blind-,force1 but that all ,substance1 even to the tiniest ,particle1 is permeated with ,life and ,mind1 and that all ,force and ,motion is caused and manifested by ,mind4 ,he holds that all forms of ,force1 ,energy and ,motion1 from the ,attraction of the ,particles of ,matter1 and their movements in response thereto1 up to the ,attraction of ,gravitation1 and the response of the ,worlds1 and ,suns1 and ,stars1 and ,planets1 thereto--are forms of ,mental ,energy and ,force1 and ,action4 ,and that from the tiniest atom1 or particle1 to the greatest ,sun--all obey this ,great ,action of ,mind--this ,great ,force of ,mind--this ,great ,energy of ,mind--this ,great ,power of ,mind4 ,and upon this rock--this rock of ,truth1 he believes it to be--he takes his stand1 and announces his belief1 and bids all-comers take notice of what he believes to be a germ-thought that will grow1 develop1 and increase so that it will eventually permeate all ,scientific ,thought as the years roll along4 ,he calls this theory ,the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,universality ,,of ,,life ,,and ,,mind ,the writer has deemed it advisable to preface his consideration of ,mind in itself1 as well as of ,substance and ,motion1 with two chapters1 the purpose of which will be to demonstrate that ,mind1 in some form or degree1 is to be found in connection with all ,things--and that ,everything has ,life--and that ,mind is an accompaniment of all ,life4 ,to many the term ,mind means only the thinking quality of man1 or perhaps of the lower animals2 and ,life the property only of such organic creatures4 ,for that reason it has been deemed advisable to point out that ,life and ,mind are found even in the lowest forms of substance--even in the inorganic world4 ,in this chapter and from now on1 the writer shall use the term the ,mind1 etc41 to indicate the particular mental principle of the creature or thing--the bit of ,mind that is segregated from the rest1 and which each person thinks of as mine1 just as he thinks of my body1 as distinguished from the universal supply of ,substance4 ,the term ,mind will be used in its ,universal sense4 ,and1 the writer intends to use ,elmer ,gates' term1 ,mentation1 in the sense of effort2 action2 or effect2 in or of1 the ,mind--in short1 mental process4 ,the word is useful and when one has learned to use it1 he will prefer it to the more complicated terms4 ,remember1 then1 please--,mentation means ,mental ,process4 ,mentation includes that which we call ,thought1 as well as some more elementary forms of mental process that we are not in the habit of dignifying by the term1 ,thought1 which latter we usually reserve for mental process of a higher order4 ,so1 then1 ,mind is the something of which one's particular ,mind is composed2 ,the ,mind is that something possessed by one1 by and through which he thinks2 ,mentation is mental process2 and ,thought is a advanced kind of ,mentation4 ,at least1 the said words will be so employed in this book1 from now on4 ,in this chapter1 you are asked to consider the fact that ,life is ,universal--that ,everything is ,alive4 ,and1 that ,mind and ,mentation is an attribute of ,life1 and that1 consequently1 ,everything has ,mind1 and is able to express a degree of ,mentation4 ,forms of ,life1 as we know them1 are always seen as possessing two aspects1 viz41 7#a7 ,body 7,substance72 and 7#b7 ,mentation 7,mind74 ,the two aspects are always found in combination4 ,there may be living creatures who occupy bodies of so fine a form of ,substance as to be invisible to the human senses--but their bodies would be ,substance just as much as is the body of the granite rock4 ,and1 in order to think1 these beings would need to have a material something corresponding to the brain1 though it be finer in quality than the rarest gas1 vapor1 of electric wave4 ,no body1 without ,mentation2 no ,mentation without a body4 ,this last is the invariable law of the world of ,things4 ,and naught but ,the ,infinite--,that-which-is-above-,things- -can be exempt from that law4 ,in order to grasp the idea of the ,universality of ,mind1 let us go back to the elementary forms of ,things1 and1 step by step1 see how ,mentation manifests itself in every point on the scale from mineral to man--using bodies ranging from the hardest rock to that finest form of known ,substance--the ,brain of ,man4 ,as ,mind advances in the scale of evolution it creates its own working instrument--the body 7including the brain7 and shapes1 and moulds it to admit of the fullest possible expression of ,mentation possible at that stage4 ,mind is the moulder--body 7and brain7 that which is moulded4 ,and ,inclination1 ,desire1 and ,will1 are the motive powers leading to gradual ,unfoldment1 the impelling cause being the craving for ,satisfaction4 ,we shall make our journey backward--and ignoring ,beings higher in the scale1 we shall start with ,man4 ,leaving out of the consideration1 for the moment1 the fact of the existence of the ,ego1 or ,spirit of ,man1 which is higher than ,body or ,mind--and considering the ,mind of ,man1 rather than the ,man himself--we have our starting point on the downward journey of investigation4 ,we need not devote much attention to the consideration of the ,mind of ,man1 at this stage1 although we shall have much to do with it1 later on4 ,but we may undertake a brief consideration of the descending degrees of ,mentation as manifested by ,man1 as we pass down the scale in the human family1 considering in turn1 the ,newtons1 ,shakespeares1 ,emersons1 ,edisons1 and their brothers in intellect1 in the field of mathematics1 literature1 music1 art1 invention1 science1 statesmanship1 business1 skilled workmanship1 etc41 respectively4 ,from these high levels we pass down1 gradually1 through the strata of men of but a slightly lower degree of intellect--down through the strata of the average man--down through the strata of the ignorant man--down through the strata of the lowest type of our own race and time--down through the strata of the barbarian1 then on to the savage1 then on to the ,digger ,indian1 the ,bushman4 ,what a difference from highest to lowest--a being from another world would doubt that they were all of the same family4 ,then we pass rapidly through the various strata of the lower animal kingdom--from the comparatively high degree of ,mentation of the horse1 the dog1 the elephant1 etc41 down through the descending scale of the mammals1 the degree of ,mentation becoming less marked at each step of the journey4 ,then on through the bird kingdom4 ,then through the world of reptiles4 ,then through the family of fishes4 ,then through the millions of forms of insect life1 including those wonderful creatures1 the ant and the bee4 ,then on through the shell-fish family4 ,then on through the community of sponges1 polyps1 and other low forms of life4 ,then on to the vast empire of the microscopic creatures1 whose name is legion4 ,then on to the plant life1 the highest of which have sensitive cells that resemble brains and nerves--descending by stages to the lower plant life4 ,then still lower to the world of bacteria1 microbes1 and infusoria--the groups of cells with a common life--the monera--the single cell4 ,the mind that has followed us in this descent of life1 from the highest form to the cell-like thing merely existing in the slime at the bottom of the ocean1 has acquired a sense of awe and sublimity not dreamed of by the man on the street4 ,the degrees of ,mentation in the lower animal kingdom are well known to all of us1 therefore1 we need not devote much time to their consideration at this time4 ,although the degree of ,mentation in some of the lowly forms of animal life1 are scarcely above that of the plant life 7in fact1 are inferior to that of the highest plants71 still we have accustomed ourselves to the use of the word ,mind in connection with even the lowest animals1 while we hesitate to apply the word to the plants4 ,it is true that some of us do not like to think of the lower animals reasoning1 so we use the word ,instinct to denote the degree of ,mentation of the lower animal4 ,the writer does not object to the word2 in fact1 he shall use it for the sake of distinguishing between the several mental states4 ,but1 remember1 ,instinct is but a term used to denote a lesser form of ,reason--and the ,instinct of the horse or dog is a fine thing when we consider the ,reason of the ,bushman or ,digger ,indian4 ,however1 we shall not quarrel about words4 ,both ,reason and ,instinct mean degrees or forms of ,mentation1 the word we are using4 ,the lower forms of animal life exhibit ,mentation along the lines of sex-action2 feeling and taste4 ,then by degrees come smell1 hearing and sight4 ,and then something very like reasoning in the case of the dog1 elephant1 horse1 etc4 ,mentation everywhere in the animal kingdom1 in some degree4 ,no doubt about ,life and ,mentation1 there4 ,but what about ,mentation and ,life in the plant life8 ,all of you admit that there is ,life there--but about ,mentation1 well1 let us see6 ,some of you draw the line at the word ,mind in connection with plants1 although you freely admit the existence of ,life there4 ,well1 remember our axiom--no ,life without ,mentation4 ,let us try to apply it4 ,a moment's reflection will give you instances of ,mentation among the plants4 ,science has called it ,appetency1 rather than admit ,mind1 the word ,appetency being defined as an instinctive tendency on the part of low forms of organic life to perform certain acts necessary for their well-being--such as to select and absorb such particles of matter as serve to support and nourish them4 ,well1 that looks like a degree of ,mentation1 doesn't it8 ,many young animals evidence little or nothing more than ,appetency in suckling4 ,we shall adopt the word ,appetency to designate the ,mentation in plant-life4 ,remember this1 please4 ,anyone who has raised trees or plants has noticed the instinctive efforts of the plant to reach the water and sunlight4 ,potatoes in dark cellars have been known to send forth shoots twenty feet in length in order to reach an opening in the wall4 ,plants have been known to bend over during the night and dip their leaves in a pot of water several inches away4 ,the tendrils of climbing plants seek for the stake or support1 and find it1 too1 although it has been changed daily4 ,the tendril will retwine itself1 after it has been untwisted and bent in another direction4 ,the tips of the roots of the tree are said to show a sensitiveness almost akin to that of the limb of an animal1 and evidently possess something akin to nerve matter4 ,duhamel placed some beans in a cylinder of moist earth4 ,when they began to sprout1 he turned the cylinder around quarter way of its circumference2 then a little more the next day2 and so on1 a little each day1 until the cylinder had described a complete revolution--had been turned completely around4 ,then the beans were taken from the earth1 and lo6 the roots and sprouts formed a complete spiral4 ,with every turn of the cylinder the roots and sprouts had changed their position and direction--the roots striving to grow downward1 and the sprouts striving to grow upward--until the spiral had formed4 ,akin to this is the boy's trick of uprooting a sprouting seed1 and replanting it upside down1 in which case the sprouts begin to turn a semicircle until it is able to grow straight up to the surface of the earth1 while the roots describe a semicircle until they can grow downward once more4 ,and so on1 story after story of ,appetency or ,mentation in plants might be told1 until we reach the insect-catching species1 when even the most conservative observer is forced to admit that3 ,well1 it does almost seem like thinking1 doesn't it8 ,any lover of plants1 flowers or trees1 and who has been able to study them at first hand1 does not need much argument to prove that plant-life exhibits traces of ,mentation1 some of it pretty far advanced1 too4 ,some lovers of plants go so far as to claim that one must love plants before they will succeed in growing them1 and that the plants feel and respond to the feeling4 ,but the writer does not insist upon this1 but merely mentions it in passing4 ,before leaving the subject of ,mentation in plants1 the writer is tempted to steal a little more space and tell you that plants do more than receive sensations of light and moisture4 ,they exhibit rudimentary taste as well4 ,haeckel relates an interesting story of an insect-catching plant4 ,he states that while it will bend its leaves when any solid body 7excepting a raindrop7 touches its surface1 still it will secrete its acrid digestive fluid only when that object happens to be nitrogenous 7meat or cheese74 ,the plant is able to distinguish its meat diet 7its food being insectivorous71 and while it will supply its gastric juice for meat and cheese1 as well as for the insect1 it will not do so for other solids to which it is indifferent4 ,he also mentions the fact that roots of trees and plants are able to taste the different qualities of soil1 and will avoid poor soil and plunge into the richer parts of the earth4 ,the sexual organism and life of plants also affords a great field for study to the student hunting for evidences of life and ,mentation in that kingdom4 ,the motion or circulation of the sap in trees and plants was formerly considered to be due to capillary attraction and purely mechanical laws1 but recent scientific experiments have shown it to be a vital action--an evidence of life and ,mentation--the experiments having proven that if the cell-substance of the plant was poisoned or paralyzed1 the circulation of sap immediately ceased1 although the mechanical principles had not been interfered with in the least4 ,and now on to the mineral kingdom4 ,what1 you may cry1 ,mind and ,mentation in the mineral and chemical world--surely not8 ,yes1 even in these low planes may be found traces of mental action4 ,there is ,life everywhere--even there4 ,and where there is ,life there is ,mind4 ,away back among the chemical principles1 and the minerals we may go in our search for ,life and ,mind--they cannot escape us--even there6 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,life ,,and ,,mind ,,among ,,the ,,atoms ,to the majority of persons the title of this chapter would seem an absurdity4 ,not to speak of ,inorganic ,mind1 the idea of ,life in the ,inorganic ,world would seem a ridiculous paradox to the man on the street who thinks of ,substance as dead1 lifeless and inert4 ,and1 to tell the truth1 even ,science has held this view until a comparatively recent period1 laughing to scorn the old ,occult ,teaching that the ,universe is ,alive1 and capable of ,thinking4 ,but the recent discoveries of modern ,science has changed all this1 and we no longer hear ,science speaking of dead ,matter or blind ,force--it recognizes that these terms are meaningless1 and that the dreams of the old ,occultists are coming true4 ,science confronts a live and thinking ,universe4 ,she is dazzled by the sight1 and would shade her eyes1 fearing to see that which she feels must present itself to her vision when her eyes become accustomed to the sight4 ,but a few daring minds among the scientific investigators are dreaming wonderful dreams to-day1 and they tell us in broken tones of the wonderful visions that are passing before their sight4 ,they dare not tell it all1 for they fear the ridicule of their fellows4 ,their visions are of ,life--,universal ,life4 ,in its investigations of the ,material1 ,science has penetrated so far into the recesses of ,things that its most advanced thinkers and investigators now find themselves standing in the presence of the ,immaterial4 ,science to-day is proclaiming the new doctrine--that is the same as the old doctrine of the ,occultists--the doctrine of ,life ,everywhere--,life even in the hardest rock6 ,before entering into our consideration of the evidence of ,mentation in the ,inorganic world1 let us accustom ourselves to the idea of something like ,life being found there4 ,it will be better for us to approach the subject by easy stages4 ,where there is ,life there must be ,mind--so let us first look for evidences of ,life4 ,the man on the street would require something more tangible than scientific explanations of sensation1 attraction1 etc4 ,what can we offer him as an illustration8 ,let us see6 ,suppose we call the attention of the man to the fact that metals get tired after considerable work without periods of rest4 ,science calls this the fatigue of elasticity4 ,when the metals are given rest1 they recuperate and regain their former elasticity and health4 ,the man may remember that his razor acts this way occasionally--and if he talks the matter over with his barber1 his suspicions will be verified4 ,then1 if he consults a musician friend1 he will be informed that tuning-forks also become tired1 and lose their vibrating quality1 until they are given a rest4 ,then his machinist friend will tell him that machinery in factories must be given a rest1 occasionally1 else it will begin to disintegrate and die4 ,machinery will go on a strike for a rest1 if it is overworked4 ,then metals contract disease4 ,science informs us that zinc and tin have been infected1 and the infection has spread from sheet to sheet crumbling the metal into powder--the spread of the infection resembling the spread of a plague among animals or plant-life4 ,science has experimented with copper and iron1 and has found that these metals may be poisoned with chemicals1 and will remain in a weakened condition until antidotes are administered4 ,window-glass workers declare that there is such a thing as glass-disease1 that will ruin fine stained glass windows unless the infected panes are removed4 ,the glass-disease starts with one pane1 and spreads gradually to the entire window1 and from there to other windows4 ,metallurgists have found that when metallic ores are put under certain forms of pressure1 they seem to lose strength1 and become weak until the pressure is removed4 ,do these things mean anything to the ,man of the ,street8 ,another step in the consideration of ,life in the ,inorganic world1 is the realization of the fact that1 after all1 there is but the very finest line separating the higher forms of ,mineral life1 from the lower forms of vegetable life1 or the life of those ,things which we may call either plants or animals4 ,the ,life-line is being pushed further back every day1 by scientific investigation1 and the living thing of today was the inanimate thing of yesterday4 ,we hear much talk in the newspapers about some scientist1 or another1 discovering life1 or creating life1 in some inanimate substance4 ,bless your hearts1 you who are alarmed by these reports--no one can create life in anything1 for it already exists there4 ,the discovery is simply the realization of this fact4 ,science1 by means of the microscope1 has brought to light forms of living things1 resembling in appearance the fine dust of inorganic minerals4 ,these low forms of life exhibit but the simplest vital processes1 the same very closely resembling chemical processes1 although just a shade higher in the scale4 ,living creatures have been found which could be dried and laid aside like dust for several years1 and then revived by being immersed in water1 when they would resume their vital process as if they had been awakened from a sleep4 ,forms of life1 called ,baccilli have been discovered that can pass through degrees of heat and cold that can be expressed only by vague symbols or figures1 the heat and cold being so intense that the unscientific mind cannot imagine it4 ,in appearance the ,diatoms resemble the chemical crystals4 ,these ,diatoms are minute one-celled living ,things1 having a hard but thin siliceous covering or shell1 of extreme delicacy4 ,they are what are known as microscopic creatures--that is1 visible only through the microscope4 ,some of them are so small that it would take a thousand or more to cover the head of a pin4 ,but1 remember this--the microscope reveals them as living creatures performing vital functions4 ,they are found in the deep waters of the ocean4 ,to the naked eye they appear like fine sand or dirt1 but under the most powerful microscope1 they are seen to comprise many species and varieties1 exhibiting many peculiar shapes and forms--in fact1 they have been called living geometrical forms1 their shapes and appearances almost exactly resembling those of the chemical and mineral crystals4 ,science informs us that these and similar microscopic creatures1 number thousands of families or species1--and it is thought that the varieties of microscopic creatures outnumber the varieties of creatures visible to the unaided sight4 ,and1 remember1 that there is probably a still greater world of sub-microscopic creatures1 that is a world invisible even when the most powerful microscope is used4 ,who knows what wonders are to be found there--what forms of creatures live1 and move and have their being there4 ,in passing by the subject of the resemblance between the outward forms of living things and the crystals1 it is interesting to note how the crystals of frost and ice resemble the forms of leaves1 branches1 flowers1 foliage1 etc4--the pane of glass covered with these frosty forms1 resembles a garden4 ,the disk of saltpeter1 under the effect of polarized light1 very closely resembles the form of the orchid4 ,recent scientific experiments have shown that certain metallic salts1 when subjected to a galvanic current1 group themselves around one of the poles of the battery1 and assume a mushroom-like shape and appearance4 ,at first1 they seem to be transparent1 but gradually they assume color1 the top becoming a bright red1 with the under-side showing a pale rose color1 the stem being of a pale straw color4 ,the discoverers of these peculiar forms1 called them by the ,german equivalent for inorganic mushrooms1 but even this term seems scarcely worthy of them1 for they even show a trace of something like organs4 ,under the microscope they are seen to have fine canals or vein-like channels running through their stems1 from top to base4 ,and through these veins the thing absorbed fresh material and actually grew like low forms of fungus-life4 ,were these things merely minerals or chemical-substances1 or were they low forms of organic life8 ,the lines between the ,inorganic and the ,organic are being wiped out rapidly4 ,the ,supreme ,power that caused ,life to ,be1 caused it to ,all1 and did not divide ,its manifestations into ,dead-,things and ,live-,things1 but breathed into all the ,breath of ,life4 ,and the more clearly we see the actual evidence of this1 the greater does that ,supreme ,power seem to us4 ,a very low form of living creatures called the ,monera1 is held by ,science to be the one of the strands of the connecting link between the organic and inorganic worlds4 ,the ,monera are the lowest and simplest form 7at least so far known7 of organic life4 ,they may be said to be organic creatures without organs--being but little more than simple cells--tiny globules of plasm1 surrounded by a thin membrane--their sole vital function being the absorption of nourishment through the pores of their covering 7just as a piece of chalk would absorb water7 and the consequent conversion of the nourishment into material for growth1 the whole process resembling chemical action4 ,the ,monera reproduce their kind simply by cleavage or separation of the substance of the mother cell into two1 and so on1 being little more than the growth of crystals4 ,the ,monera are everywhere recognized1 without question1 as living creatures1 but they exhibit merely a trace more of life than do certain forms of crystals4 ,the difficulty in considering crystals as living things is partially due to the outward form and substance1 so different from the form and substance of the higher living things4 ,but we have seen that the ,diatoms took on shapes of crystals1 and that the outer shell or covering was similar to silicia1 a mineral1 the inner substance being but a tiny speck of plasm1 similar to that of the substance of a plant cell4 ,and then we may look to the tiny bit of chalk dust which was once the skeleton-form of a living creature4 ,the same is true of coral4 ,in the very low forms of life1 the skeleton1 or form1 is the thing most apparent1 the plasm of living substance being still smaller1 and less apparent4 ,and yet1 the skeleton1 or shell1 was formed by the vital processes of the creature1 and was a part of its body1 just as is the skeleton or bony structure of the higher animals4 ,and1 in the same sense it is living substance4 ,and1 remember1 that there is but little difference between these bodies of the low forms of life1 and the bodies of crystals4 ,and the chemical constituents of its plasmic inner body is but slightly different from that of the crystals4 ,and its nature and vital process are by a shade higher in the scale than those of the crystals4 ,you may ask why we have said so much of ,crystals4 ,the reason is just this--,science has begun to think of ,crystals as semi-living things1 and its most advanced investigators and thinkers go further and assert that the ,crystals are alive--,crystallization is an evidence of life process4 ,crystals arrange themselves in well-known and well-defined shapes1 direction and order of formation being observed implicitly4 ,each crystal follows the laws and habits of its kind1 just as do plants and animals4 ,its lines of crystallization are mathematically perfect1 and according to the laws of its being4 ,not only this1 but some substances have a range of six or seven different forms of crystal-forms possible to them4 ,in some cases a chemical element assumes one form of crystallization when it manifests as one mineral1 and a second form when it manifests in another form--in each case however1 it manifests along well-known and recognized courses of action1 movement1 and shapes4 ,crystals may be killed by a strong electrical discharge--that is1 they are so affected that they disintegrate1 their atoms separating to form new combinations1 just as is the case with the bodies of higher forms of life4 ,some scientists have gone so far as to claim that they had discovered something akin to rudimentary sex-action in certain crystals1 resembling the sex-process of the lowest plant-life4 ,but this has not1 as yet1 been positively established1 although it seems probable and reasonable4 ,a recent writer in one of the magazines has said1 ,crystallization1 as we are to learn now1 is not a mere mechanical grouping of dead atoms4 ,it is a birth4 ,this may seem mere scientific poetry until the process of crystallization is carefully studied1 when it will be seen to give evidence1 not only of something like vital and mental action1 but also something very much like reproductive functioning of the lower forms of life4 ,there is an assimilation of material to build up the crystal in the first place1 just as an animal assimilates matter to build up its shell--or a tree to form its bark4 ,the form of the crystal is truly its body1 and behind and in that body there is something at work that is not the body1 but which is forming it4 ,and1 later on1 that crystal increases in size1 and then begins to separate into two1 throwing off a smaller crystal1 identical in form with the parent crystal4 ,this manner of reproduction is almost identical with the process of reproduction in the lower forms of life1 which consist merely of a like separation of the parent form into two1 and the throwing off of the offspring4 ,the principal difference between the growth of crystals and of the ,monera1 is that the ,crystals grow by absorbing fresh matter and attaching it to their outer surface1 while the ,monera grow by absorbing fresh material and growing outwardly1 from within4 ,but this may be accounted for by the difference in the density of their bodies1 the ,crystal being very solid1 while the ,monera is like a thin jelly4 ,if the ,crystal had a soft interior1 it could grow like the ,monera or ,diatom1 but then it would be a ,diatom4 ,the process of crystallization is accountable only by the theory that in the crystal there exists something like life and ,mentation4 ,there is something more than mere mechanical motion1 or blind chance at work here4 ,does not the process of crystallization look like rudimentary purposive action8 ,it may be said that it is movement and action in accordance with some established ,law of ,nature--granted1 but is not that also true of the physical processes and growth of higher forms of life8 ,is the forming of the ,crystal-form to be considered as a mechanical effect1 and the forming of the shell of the ,monera to be considered a mental and vital action8 ,if so1 wherefore8 ,the point is that ,crystals act as if they are alive1 and capable of assimilation1 growth1 and reproduction1 in a manner and degree differing but very slightly from corresponding functioning of the lower forms of life4 ,verily the ,crystals are alive--and if alive they must have at least a trace of ,mind4 ,does it not appear that they exhibit something very like both8 ,quoting from a recent writer1 let us notice that3 ,recent investigations in the new department of science1 which has been termed 'plasmology1' show in crystals phenomena which are absolutely analogous to vital phenomena--so much so that photographs of certain forms produced in the changes of crystals appear to be almost exact duplicates of those in the various lower forms of microbes4 ,the question has been raised as to whether the microbe is no more alive than the crystal1 or the latter equally endowed with life as is the former4 ,and now another step1 in our search for ,life4 ,remember1 that the hardest rocks are composed of crystals of certain kinds4 ,and1 if the higher crystals have ,life1 then it is only fair to suppose that the lower and cruder forms are likewise endowed1 even if in a still lower degree4 ,and if all crystals are endowed with ,life1 then the most solid rocks1 being composed of aggregations of crystals must be masses of ,inorganic ,life--and consequently1 of ,inorganic ,mind4 ,a ,crystal1 according to ,webster1 is the regular form1 bounded by plane surfaces1 which a substance tends to assume in solidifying1 through the inherent powers of cohesive attraction4 ,that definition of ,webster tells the whole story1 and we see that a ,crystal is merely a regular form of a ,substance1 which the substance tends to assume in solidifying--that is in re-assuming a solid form after being in a liquid or melted state1 and that is just what all the rocks of the earth did when they emerged from the melted state in which they existed in the early days of the world's history4 ,and this tendency that caused them to solidify1 and assume certain crystal forms1 and which must have existed potentially through the melted state--what of that1 what is this tendency or force4 ,the definition answers3 the inherent powers of cohesive attraction4 ,so1 here is ,cohesive ,attraction1 that we shall consider fully in forthcoming chapters of this book4 ,inherent1 too1 the definition says4 ,what is ,inherent8 ,let us see1 ,webster defines ,inherent as permanently existing4 ,so this power of ,cohesive ,attraction permanently existed in the ,substance or else in connection with it4 ,let us take another look at ,cohesive ,attraction4 ,cohesive ,attraction is that form of ,universal ,attraction that causes the ,molecules of a body to draw together--that invisible power of the ,molecule1 by which it draws another ,molecule toward itself1 and itself toward the other1 the manifestation of which power by several ,molecules tends to draw each of them together4 7,we shall learn of these particles of ,substance called ,molecules before long47 ,it is a primal cause of ,motion1 this mutual ,attraction1 and drawing-power4 ,now is it reasonable to suppose that this wonderful power is a mere blind-force8 ,is it not more reasonable to think of it as a form of vital-action--life-action8 ,dead things could not manifest this force and action4 ,and if this ,cohesive ,attraction is an evidence of ,life1 then all substance must have ,life manifesting through it4 ,not only the rocks1 but the soil and earth and dirt1 for they are but crumbled rock4 ,and1 when we thus consider ,substance1 as being the body through which ,life is ,manifesting1 we must not lose sight of the ,molecules and ,atoms1 in our consideration of the ,mass4 ,a bit of rock2 crystal2 or dirt2 is but an aggregation of countless ,molecules1 grouped together in certain crystallized shapes and forms1 each having characteristics of its own4 ,these ,molecules cling together1 in accordance with their mutual ,attractive powers4 ,and each of these ,molecules is composed of a number of ,atoms1 which cling together in accordance with ,chemical ,affinity1 or ,chemism--but which is but another name for ,attraction1 or ,cohesion--and which form a little family1 called a ,molecule4 ,and these ,atoms are composed of ,corpuscles4 ,we will waive the consideration of the ,corpuscle1 for the moment1 but even if we consider it1 we only carry the subject back a step farther4 ,what we wish to say1 could be said even if there were ten further divisions of ,substance--or a million1 for that matter4 ,the point we wish you to consider now1 is that we must separate the ,mass into its constituents--its ,molecules1 ,atoms1 and even ,corpuscles--in our search for the ,life in the ,mineral and ,chemical ,world4 ,if there is ,life in the ,mass1 there must be life in the ,molecule1 ,atom1 or ,corpuscle4 ,now1 do we find it there8 ,certainly1 for the tiniest ,atom manifests its ,attractive ,power1 and not only does it draw other atoms to itself by virtue thereof1 but it even goes a step further1 and shows a preference--a degree of liking in its mutual relations with other atoms4 ,we shall see1 in future chapters1 that there is desire1 love1 marriage1 and divorce among the chemical ,atoms4 ,we shall consider the flirtations1 and love-affairs of certain ,atoms4 ,we shall see how an ,atom will leave another1 and fly to a new charmer4 ,we shall have many evidences of the ,atom's power to receive sensations1 and to respond to the same4 ,nothing dead about this1 is there8 ,the ,atom is very much alive4 ,the ,attraction2 ,affinity2 and ,motions1 of the ,atom1 give a certain evidence of something very much like ,life1 as we see it in higher forms4 ,in the ,atom exists all the ,life that causes crystallization4 ,and in the ,atom lies that which causes ,force and ,motion to manifest4 ,verily1 the ,atom lives and moves and has its being4 ,and1 so our journey is ended--we have traced ,life to its last stages of manifestations--and we have found it there1 and at each step of the journey4 ,but1 stop1 we have not completed our journey--we have but begun it4 ,why1 some of us may cry1 how can we go back of the ,atom1 or ,electron8 ,the answer is ,,into ,,the ,,ether6 ,yes1 back of the ,atom and the ,corpuscle1 is said by ,science to lie that wonderful1 paradoxical ,something they call ,the ,universal ,ether--that ,something that ,science has considered the ,womb of ,matter and ,force--,something that is different from ,anything ever known or dreamed of by ,man1--that ,something which ,science has labored so diligently to build up1 and which it has used as an explanation for so much phenomena1 but regarding which1 of very recent date1 there has begun to grow a distrust and a suspicion1 owing to the discovery of ,radiant ,matter1 and things that followed in its train4 ,but1 notwithstanding these shadowy suspicions1 ,science still asserts in belief in the constancy and integrity of ,the ,ether1 and it behooves us to investigate that wonderful region in which it dwells1 in order to see whether ,life and ,mind are also to be found there4 ,we think that1 in the words of the street1 we shall find that they are very much there4 ,and1 so in later chapters of this book1 we shall consider the ,etherial ,region very fully4 ,but before doing so1 we had better give ,substance and ,motion1 in all their forms1 a careful consideration1 for a correct understanding of them is vitally necessary for an intelligent conception of the ideas underlying the philosophy to be herein set forth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,now1 pray do not leave this chapter with the belief that the writer has said that the ,particles of ,inorganic ,substance are endowed with ,conscious reasoning powers4 ,nothing of the kind has been said--nothing of the kind is meant4 ,the ,life and ,mind evidenced in the ,particles are but the faintest glimmerings4 ,there is no sign of consciousness or reasoning--the ,mind exhibited is less than that of the plant1 yes1 less than even that of the cell of the plant4 ,the ,life is evidenced by power to move1 and the ,mind is evidenced by the ability to receive impressions and to respond to the same by evidencing ,force and movement4 ,there is no evidence of consciousness or understanding in these mental processes4 ,consciousness is not an essential attribute of ,life or ,mind-action4 ,in fact1 but a small part of even the ,mentation of ,man is performed in the field of consciousness4 ,nearly all of his bodily functions are beneath the field of consciousness--one does not consciously regulate the beating of his heart2 the circulation of his blood2 the digestion and assimilation of his food2 the tearing-down and building-up work of the cells2 the work of the organs1 etc41 etc4 ,yes1 these processes are all mental processes1 and far from mere mechanical movements1 or chemical processes1 as some imagine4 ,let the spark of ,life leave the body1 and the processes stop1 although all the chemicals are still there1 and the mechanical movements might go on unhindered4 ,the ,particles of ,substance have enough ,life and ,mind to enable them to move1 receive and respond to impressions1 and to exert force in accordance with the ,law of ,attraction--but there it stops4 ,the ,crystals show signs of something like taking nourishment1 but the real taking of food may be said to commence with the ,monera4 ,not until very high degrees of ,life and ,mind are attained1 do creatures begin to exhibit ,consciousness1 and that which is called ,understanding is still higher in the scale1 and not until ,man is reached does the faculty of turning the mental searchlight inward manifest itself4 ,these matters are mentioned here merely to prevent misunderstanding and misapprehension4 ,but still1 do not forget--the ,particles of ,substance receive impressions and respond thereto--they act and exert ,force and ,energy--they manifest ,life and ,mentation4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,substance ,as we stated in a former chapter1 there are two ,aspects of ,all-,things1 viz41 7#a7 ,substance2 7#b7 ,mind4 ,in this and the following two chapters we shall consider the first one1 ,substance1 which ,science calls ,matter4 ,perhaps it would be as well to begin by asking ourselves the question3 ,what is ,substance8 ,the answer seems to be3 ,anything that takes up room2 the ,body aspect of ,things2 matter occupying space1 etc4 ,some writers have spoken of ,substance as something tangible--that can be felt1 but this definition will not do1 for there are forms of ,substance too fine to be felt4 ,and so1 perhaps the definition ,the ,body of ,things1 is as good a definition as any1 taken in connection with the thought that it takes up room4 ,science divides ,substance 7which it calls ,matter7 into four general classes1 viz43 7#a7 ,solid ,matter1 which is ,substance1 the parts of which closely adhere and resist impression1 such as stone1 wood1 flesh1 etc41 the degrees of solidity varying greatly1 and sometimes shading into the next class1 which is called3 7#b7 ,liquid ,matter1 which may be described as ,substance1 the parts of which have a free motion among themselves1 and easily yield to impression1 such as water1 molasses1 etc41 the degree of fluidity ranging from some liquids that flow very slowly1 such as hot pitch1 up to others that flow very freely1 such as water1 wine1 etc41 the property of fluidity being also shared by the next higher class1 which is called3 7#c7 ,aeriform ,matter1 which is ,substance in the form of elastic fluid1 such as air1 gas1 vapor1 etc42 and 7#d7 ,radiant ,matter1 which is of recent recognition1 and which is an ultra-gaseous form of ,substance1 utterly unlike anything ever before known1 consisting of the tiniest particles of corpuscles of ,substance finer and more subtle than the rarest form of atomic substance known to ,science4 ,the three classes are well represented by 7#a7 ,earth 7solid72 7#b7 ,water 7liquid72 7#c7 ,air 7aeriform72 7#d7 ,the ,corpuscles or ,electrons1 or particles of electrified substance1 first noticed in connection with the ,x ,rays1 ,radium1 etc4 ,but it must be remembered that these four classes of ,substance are not fixed or permanent--on the contrary they are changeable either under pressure1 when subjected to heat1 or under the influence of electricity1 etc4 ,in fact the word condition is more applicable than the term class4 ,the condition or class of a particle of ,substance may be changed into another class or condition by the application of the agencies above named4 ,the same substance may exist in two or three classes1 under different circumstances4 ,solids may be changed into liquids1 and liquids into gases1 and vice versa4 ,metals may be melted1 then changed into gas1 according to the degree of heat applied4 ,liquids may be changed into vapor by the application of heat1 or into solids by the withdrawal of heat4 ,for an example we may turn to ,water1 which is a solid in the condition of ice2 a liquid in the condition of water2 and steam in the condition of vapor4 ,quicksilver is a metal which is in a liquid condition in our ordinary temperature1 but which becomes a solid when subjected to a very low degree of temperature1 and may be transformed into a gas1 under a high degree of heat4 ,air is a vapor in our ordinary temperature1 but has been transformed into liquid air under tremendous pressure1 which produced a very low degree of temperature1 and1 theoretically1 it may be transformed into a solid under a sufficiently low degree of temperature1 although so far1 ,science has not been able to produce a degree of cold sufficient to freeze the liquid air4 ,it is all a matter of freeze1 melt1 and evaporate1 in all forms of ,substance--and any substance1 at least theoretically1 is capable of being subjected to any of the three conditions just named1 and being manifested in the respective conditions1 of ,solid1 ,liquid1 and ,aeriform4 ,this may actually be accomplished with the majority of substances at this time1 although in some instances we are not able to produce a sufficiently high temperature to melt and evaporate certain solid substances1 on the one hand1 or a sufficiently low degree of temperature to liquify or freeze solid certain vapors4 ,but the intense heat of the centre of the earth is able to melt rocks1 and show them as liquid lava flowing from volcanoes1 and ,science teaches that the solid ,substance of the ,earth1 and other planets1 suns1 etc41 existed in the shape of a vapor at one time1 and would again take on that condition in case of a collision with another great body1 which convert motion into intense heat that would first melt1 and then vaporize every solid particle of which the earth is composed4 ,if the sun's heat were completely to die out1 the cold would be so intense that the air around the earth1 and all the gases and vapors1 would be frozen to solids4 ,in physics the term gas is generally applied to a substance that is aeriform in our ordinary temperature1 but which may be liquefied in a low temperature2 the term vapor being generally applied to the aeriform condition of substances that are solid or liquid in our ordinary temperatures1 but which may be evaporated by heat1 and thus transformed into an aeriform condition1 resuming their original form upon cooling4 ,these terms1 however1 are technical1 and practically there is no difference between a gas and a vapor4 ,in the above statements regarding the possibility of the transformation of each of the several forms of ,substance1 into other forms1 the reference has been applied only to the three better known forms1 i4e41 ,solid1 ,liquid and ,aeriform4 ,the fourth form or state of ,substance1 known as ,radiant ,matter1 is of too recent discovery to admit of its properties being accurately observed4 ,the best and latest opinion of ,science1 however1 is that it constitutes what may be called ,primal ,matter--that is substance from which all other forms1 states1 kinds and varieties of ,substance arise--the stuff from which they are manufactured4 ,science seems to be discarding the ,ether theory of the ,origin of ,matter1 in favor of this ,primal ,matter4 ,physical ,science divides ,substance into ,masses1 ,molecules1 and ,atoms--that is1 the old ,physical ,science did1 but the later investigators now see that even the ,atom may be sub-divided4 ,but the old terms may as well be used1 at least for the time being4 ,let us consider these divisions4 ,a ,mass is a quantity of ,substance considered as a whole--but which is composed of a collection or combination of parts 7molecules47 ,a lump of coal2 a piece of iron2 a portion of meat1 even a drop of water1 is a ,mass4 ,the only requisite for a ,mass1 is that it contains two or more parts or molecules4 ,therefore a ,mass is a collection or combination of two or more molecules1 considered as a whole4 ,a ,molecule is the physical unit of ,substance1 or1 in other words1 the smallest part of any kind of ,substance that can exist by itself and still remain that particular kind of substance4 7,but not the smallest chemical part--the latter is called an ,atom1 and ,atoms combine to form a ,molecule47 ,the ,molecule exists as a unit1 and cannot be split or separated by physical means1 although it may be separated into ,atoms by chemical means4 ,in order that we may form a clear idea of the ,molecule1 let us take a very small ,mass of ,matter--a drop of water1 for instance4 ,this drop of water is a ,mass composed of a great number of molecules4 ,it may be divided1 and sub-divided1 into smaller and still smaller parts4 ,this division may be carried on until it reaches a point where our sight and instruments are unable to make a further sub-division4 ,but1 theoretically1 the work may be carried on still further1 until at last a limit is reached where we are unable to divide the water into any smaller parts1 without separating its chemical constituents from each other1 in which latter case there would be no water at all1 its chemical constituents 7or ,atoms7 having separated and now appearing as two atoms of ,hydrogen and one atom of ,oxygen1 separated and apart and no longer forming a molecule of water4 ,well1 this smallest possible part of water 7or any other form of ,substance7 is a ,molecule4 ,remember the ,molecule is the smallest part of that kind of ,substance that can be produced by division and sub-division1 without destroying the kind of the ,substance4 ,it is the smallest part of any kind of ,substance that can exist by itself1 and maintain its kind4 ,in order that you may grasp the minuteness of the ,molecule1 we may mention that ,science claims that no molecule1 even the largest1 is of sufficient magnitude to be seen under even the strongest microscope4 ,it has been calculated that if a drop of water as large as a pea were magnified to the size of the ,earth1 the molecules would then appear no larger than the original drop4 ,the space between the molecules is believed to be considerably larger than the molecules themselves4 ,the figures that are necessary to use in connection with molecular ,substance are likely to stagger the imagination4 ,besides speaking of the molecules of inorganic ,substance1 it may be interesting to note that a spider's thread is so fine that a piece of it large enough to circle the earth would weigh only half a pound4 ,and yet each thread is composed of six thousand filaments4 ,and each of these minute filaments may be divided into tiny bits1 and each bit will still be a ,mass of ,substance containing thousands of molecules and their constituent chemical atoms4 ,there are living1 microscopic creatures1 so small that five millions of them might be crowded into a space the size of a pin head4 ,and yet each of them have organs4 ,and in these organs fluids circulate4 ,try to figure out the size of the molecules of the fluids circulating in these tiny organs1 not to speak of the chemical atoms4 ,when you handle a coin1 an infinitesimal portion of it is worn off--can you figure the size of the molecules composing that part8 ,when a rose throws off its perfume1 it emanates tiny particles of itself--can you measure or weigh the molecules composing that odor8 ,the human mind is compelled to realize its finiteness when it considers these things--but we have only just begun to consider the smallness of ,things4 ,an ,atom is the chemical unit of ,substance--that is1 the smallest chemical part that can enter into combination4 ,it has been considered indivisible--that is1 incapable of further sub-division4 ,that is1 it has been so considered1 until very recently1 but the latest discoveries have exploded this idea1 and have shown the ,atom is composed of certain other ,things1 as we shall see a little later on4 ,still we may use the ,atom as a very good unit of measurement1 for it still represents the unit of chemical ,substance1 just as the molecule is the unit of physical ,substance4 ,in order that you may understand the difference between ,molecules and ,atoms--physical units1 and chemical units1 let us give you a few examples4 ,take a molecule of water--the physical unit1 you remember4 ,when it is chemically separated or analyzed1 it is found to contain two atoms of hydrogen1 and one atom of oxygen--both chemical units1 remember--which when united and combined1 form water1 but which when separated are simple atoms of certain chemical gases4 ,the proportion in water is always the same1 two of hydrogen and one of oxygen--this is the only partnership that will form water4 ,the molecule of table salt contains one atom of sodium and one of chlorine4 ,the molecule of air contains five chemical gases1 of which nitrogen and oxygen are the principal ones1 the proportion being about three parts of nitrogen to one of oxygen4 ,some molecules are far more complex1 for instance the molecule of sugar is composed of forty-five chemical atoms1 and sulphuric acid of seven4 ,an atom is estimated at one-#bej1jjj1jjjth of an inch in diameter4 ,but this is not all4 ,the old theory of the finality1 and ultimateness of the ,atom has been shattered by the recent discoveries of ,science4 ,the atom of ,hydrogen was formerly considered to be the refinement of ,substance--the ,ultimate ,atom--the smallest and finest ,atom possible or known--the last thing that could be imagined about ,substance4 ,some even went so far as to declare that the ,atom of ,hydrogen was the ,ultimate ,element1 that is the ,element out of which all other atoms were made--the mother of ,atoms--the ,origin of ,substance4 ,it was supposed that all other ,atoms of ,matter were composed of a varying number of hydrogen ,atoms1 which themselves were vortex-rings in the ,ether--and that analysis could go no further4 ,science rested on its oars1 and pronounced the work of a century completed4 ,but alas6 no sooner was this position reached1 than the discovery of ,radiant ,matter and the formulation of the ,corpuscle ,theory brought down the whole theoretical structure1 and ,science was compelled to take up the hunt again1 and to probe further into the inner recesses of ,things for the ,ultimate ,thing4 ,but1 nevertheless1 ,atoms still exist1 although their finality is no longer urged4 ,the facts remain1 although the theory has fallen4 ,let us see about this latest theory--the ,corpuscle or ,electron ,theory4 ,the discovery of ,radiant ,matter1 and the investigation of the late discovery of ,radium1 has led to the further discovery that each ,atom1 instead of being a thing-in-itself is a little mass containing numerous other ,things called ,corpuscles 7or ,electrons1 because electrified74 ,the theory is this1 briefly3 ,that each ,atom is a minute mass of ,substance containing a number of electrified particles1 which are known as ,electrons1 in constant motion and vibration1 revolving around each other1 as do the planets1 suns1 and moons of the ,universe--in fact each chemical ,atom is like unto a ,universe in itself4 ,the simplest ,atom--that which was supposed to be the ,ultimate ,atom--the ,atom of ,hydrogen--is supposed to contain within its tiny self no less than #a1jjj minute ,corpuscles1 which because electrified are called ,electron1 revolving in fixed and regular orbits within the containing globe of the ,atom4 ,the more complex forms of ,atoms are supposed to contain a far greater number of ,electrons1 the authorities estimating those in an ,atom of ,oxygen at #aj1jjj2 those in an ,atom of ,gold1 #ajj1jjj2 and those in an ,atom of ,radium1 #aej1jjj4 ,these figures are of course mere scientific guesses but when compared with the similar guess regarding the size of the ,atom1 they give a startling illustration of the size of the newly discovered ,corpuscle or ,electron4 ,another authority1 for an illustration1 asks us to consider a great globe about #ajj feet in diameter--that is1 of course1 #ajj feet through its centre4 ,let the globe represent the ,atom4 ,then imagine #a1jjj minute specks1 each the size of a pin-point1 composed of ,substance1 and each containing1 as in a capsule1 an atom of electricity4 ,each speck is revolving around each other in a regular orbit1 in that great #ajj feet through globe1 and keeping well away from one another4 ,that will give you an idea of the relative size of the ,electrons and ,atoms1 and the room that the former have to move about in--good many feet between each1 you will notice4 ,lots of room1 and plenty to spare4 ,try to figure out the size of an ,electron4 ,many readers of the magazines have been confused as to the relation between the ,corpuscles and the ,electrons 7or ,ions1 as some have called the latter47 ,the matter is very simple4 ,they are both the same4 ,the ,corpuscle is the tiny particle of ,matter1 which because it is electrified and has thus become the unit of electricity1 is called an ,electron4 ,from the viewpoint of ,substance we call the tiny particle a ,corpuscle--from the viewpoint of ,electricity1 we call it an ,electron4 ,these ,electrons are the tiny particles that pour forth from the pole in the ,crookes' ,tube1 and constitute what are known as ,x ,rays1 ,cathode ,rays1 ,becquerel ,rays1 etc4 ,they also are the particles that are thrown off and emitted by ,radium1 and similar substances4 ,they exist in the ,atom1 as explained1 but also are found free and independent1 and in the last condition or state are thrown off in the aforesaid ,rays1 and by ,radium1 etc4 ,so far the ,corpuscles are known only as charged with ,electricity1 and the ,electron only as a tiny charge of ,electricity with which the ,corpuscle is charged4 ,but ,science dreams of ,corpuscles of ,substance other than ,electrons1 in which case the old ,occult teachings of light dust and heat dust1 etc41 will be verified4 ,the ,electron contains a powerful charge of ,electricity1 as much in fact as an ,atom1 #a1jjj to #aej1jjj times its size will carry4 ,but ,science is wondering how these highly charged particles manage to hold together in the ,atom1 so rigidly coherent as to appear indestructible4 ,we think that we may get a hint at the matter a little later on in this book4 ,science1 or at least some scientists1 are wondering whether the whirl or vibration of the ,corpuscle might not produce that which we call ,electricity1 and whether1 when this motion is intensified1 waves of ,electricity will not be emitted4 ,the writer fully agrees with this idea1 and finds that it fits closely his own theories regarding ,substance and ,motion4 ,but the reader is cautioned against falling into the error of many recent popular writers on the subject1 some of whom have used terms calculated to convey the idea that the ,corpuscle 7,electron7 is ,electricity itself1 rather than tiny particles of ,substance called ,corpuscles1 charged with the unitary charge of ,electricity1 and therefore called ,electrons4 ,but for that matter1 ,electricity is only known to us as associated with some form of ,substance1 and not as a thing-in-itself4 ,we shall see the reason for this as we proceed with this book4 ,these ,corpuscles are destined to play a most important part in the theories of ,science from now on4 ,they already have overturned several very carefully and laboriously erected theoretical structures--and many more will follow1 among the many important ones evidently doomed to the dust-heap being the vortex-ring atomic theory1 and other theories built upon the ,etheric origin of ,matter1 and other theories concerning the ,ether1 even to the extent of breaking down the theory of ,the ,ether itself1 which theory had almost come to be considered a ,law4 ,we shall further consider the ,corpuscles1 and their qualities1 characteristics1 etc41 in the next chapter1 for they have an important bearing upon the theories advanced in the course of the study of this book4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,substance ,,and ,,beyond ,science has ascribed to ,substance certain characteristic qualities which it calls ,properties4 ,it divides these properties into two classes1 viz43 7#a7 ,molecular ,properties 7sometimes called ,physical ,properties72 and 7#b7 ,atomic ,properties 7sometimes called ,chemical ,properties74 ,molecular ,properties are those which may be manifested by ,substance without disturbing the ,molecules1 and consequently without affecting the kind of ,substance4 ,atomic ,properties are those which concern the ,atoms when free from ,molecular combination1 and which consequently cannot be manifested without changing the kind of ,substance4 ,science1 before long1 is likely to add a third class of ,properties1 namely1 ,corpuscular ,properties1 relating to the ,corpuscles or particles of ,radiant ,matter1 but1 so far1 it has not had the opportunity to sufficiently observe these qualities1 except in a general way4 ,there are certain ,general ,properties that seem possessed by both ,mass1 ,molecules1 and ,atoms--and probably by ,corpuscles4 ,these ,general ,properties are as follows3 ,shape3 ,that property whereby ,substance takes up room4 ,this property manifests in three directions1 called ,dimensions of ,space1 namely1 ,length1 ,breadth1 and ,thickness4 ,weight3 ,that property whereby ,substance responds to ,gravity4 ,weight is simply the measure of the attraction4 ,impenetrability3 ,that property whereby two bodies of ,substance are prevented from occupying the same space at the same time4 ,a nail driven into a piece of wood1 simply pushes aside the molecules1 and occupies the ,space between them4 ,substance is never actually invaded or its actual territory occupied by other ,substance4 ,indestructibility3 ,that property whereby ,substance is prevented from being destroyed or annihilated4 ,although the forms of ,substance may be changed1 or transformed into other forms1 still1 ,substance in itself is not destroyed1 and cannot be under the existing ,laws of the ,universe4 ,mobility3 ,that property whereby ,substance responds to imparted ,motion4 ,we shall notice this property in our consideration of ,motion4 ,in addition to the ,motion of the ,mass1 and the movements of ,molecules and ,atoms in response to its ,attraction1 there is another form of ,motion constantly going on1 without reference to the ,attraction or impressed ,motion of the ,mass4 ,the ,molecules of all bodies are always in a state of rapid ,motion1 called ,vibration4 ,in solids this vibration is short1 being restrained by the close cohesive position of the ,molecules4 ,but in ,liquids1 the ,molecules being further separated1 the vibration is far more rapid1 and they move around and slide over each other with comparatively little resistance4 ,in gases and vapors the ,molecules have a splendid field for ,motion1 and consequently vibrate in wide fields and orbits1 and dash around with the greatest velocity4 ,the ,atoms also are believed to vibrate rapidly1 in accordance with their own laws of vibration4 ,and the ,corpuscles are believed to far excel the last two mentioned particles in intensity1 rapidity and complexity of their vibrations1 as we shall see a little later on in the book4 ,all ,substance is in constant ,motion and ,vibration4 ,there is no ,rest in ,substance4 ,inertia3 ,that property whereby ,substance may not move unless in response to imparted ,motion2 nor terminate its ,motion1 when it is once imparted1 except in response to some other manifestation of impressed ,force4 ,science holds that this impressed ,force or imparted ,motion must come from without1 but the writer holds that ,force may also be expressed from within1 as may be seen by reference to subsequent chapters of this book4 ,attraction3 ,that property whereby particles or bodies of ,substance 7#a7 draw other particles or bodies toward themselves2 or 7#b7 move toward other particles or bodies2 or 7#c7 are mutually drawn together4 ,this property manifests in four forms1 generally referred to as separate and distinct from each other1 but which the writer believes to be but forms of the same ,attractive ,power1 and which he believes to be a ,mental ,process1 at the last analysis 7a revolutionary claim1 which will be supported by argument in later chapters of the book74 ,these three forms of ,attraction are known as 7#a7 ,gravitation2 7#b7 ,cohesion2 7#c7 ,adhesion2 and 7#d7 ,chemical ,affinity1 or ,chemism4 ,we are invited to consider them briefly1 at this point1 further investigation being reserved for our chapters on ,motion1 and ,dynamic ,thought4 ,gravitation3 ,this term is usually applied to the attraction between ,masses of ,substance1 such as the ,sun1 the ,earth1 and ,masses of ,substance on or about the ,earth's surface4 ,however1 ,newton1 who discovered the facts of ,gravitation1 states the ,law1 as3 ,every particle of matter in the ,universe1 attracts every other particle1 etc4 ,cohesion3 ,this term is used to indicate the attraction between ,molecules1 by which they are combined into ,masses or ,bodies4 ,cohesion causes the ,molecules to unite and cling together1 thus forming the ,mass4 ,adhesion3 ,this term is used to indicate the attraction between ,masses which causes them to stick together without a cohesion of their ,molecules4 ,adhesion operates through the adjacent surfaces of the two ,masses4 ,it may be considered as a lesser form of cohesion4 ,chemical ,affinity 7sometimes called ,chemism or ,atomic ,attraction73 ,this term is used to indicate the attraction between the atoms1 by which they combine1 unite and cling together1 forming the ,molecule4 ,science has before it the task of naming1 and classifying1 the attraction between the ,corpuscles1 by which they combine and form the ,atom4 ,but whatever the name1 it will be seen that it represents but another manifestation of ,attraction4 ,arising from ,molecular ,attraction1 or ,cohesion1 are several ,properties peculiar to ,masses having ,molecules1 and resulting from the tendency of the latter to resist separation4 ,we had better consider them briefly1 in order to understand the power of ,molecular ,attraction1 and its incidents4 ,porosity3 ,that property indicating the distances observed by the ,molecules in their relation to each other1 which varies in different kinds of ,substance4 ,all ,substance is more or less ,porous1 that is1 has more or less space existing between the ,molecules--the degree depends upon the closeness4 ,compressibility and ,expansibility1 sometimes mentioned as properties1 are but results of ,porosity4 ,elasticity3 ,that property whereby bodies resume their original size and form1 after having been compressed1 expanded or bent4 ,the result is caused by the inclination of the molecules to resume their original positions4 ,what is sometimes called ,plasticity is merely the reverse of ,elasticity1 and denotes a limited degree of the latter4 ,hardness3 ,that condition resulting from ,molecular ,attraction resisting the forcible entrance and passage of other ,substance between the molecules4 ,tenacity3 ,that condition resulting from ,molecular ,attraction resisting the forcible pulling asunder1 or tearing apart of the ,mass4 ,this condition sometimes is called ,toughness4 ,malleability3 ,that condition resulting from ,molecular ,attraction resisting the forcible separation of the ,mass by pounding1 hammering or pressure4 ,the resistance is passive1 and consists of the ,molecules allowing themselves to assume a spread-out formation1 rather than to be forced apart4 ,ductility3 ,that condition resulting from ,molecular ,attraction resisting the forcible separation of the ,mass by a drawing out process4 ,the resistance is passive1 and consists of the ,molecules allowing themselves to be drawn out into a formation of the shape of wire or thread1 rather than to be pulled apart4 ,in any of the above cases1 we may intelligently1 and with propriety1 substitute the words1 ,molecules1 by means of cohesion1 resisting1 etc41 for the terms above used1 ,molecular ,attraction1 resisting1 etc4 ,all ,masses of ,substance 7probably ,molecules as well7 are capable of ,expansion and ,contraction1 both phenomena1 in fact1 and in degree1 resulting from the relation of the ,molecules4 ,contraction is a crowding together of the ,molecules2 ,expansion a getting apart of them4 ,density3 ,the amount of ,substance in relation to a given bulk4 ,volume--the size or bulk of a body of ,substance4 ,mass--,besides being used to designate a body of ,substance1 composed of two or more ,molecules1 the term ,mass is used to designate the total quantity of ,substance in a ,body4 ,an application of the above terms may be seen in the following illustration3 ,a quart of water occupies a certain space--and has a certain volume1 mass and density4 ,convert the same mass of ,water into ,steam1 and it expands to a volume of #agjj times that of ,water--but1 as no molecules have been added1 the mass remains the same--but as a quart of ,steam weighs #agjj times less than the same volume of ,water1 the density of ,steam is #agjj times less than that of ,water4 ,as the volume of a given mass increases1 the density decreases in the same proportion--but the mass remains the same4 ,mass therefore has two factors1 i4e41 ,volume and ,density4 ,the ,density of a ,mass is determined by the weight of a certain ,volume of it4 ,the above consideration of the ,properties of ,substance dealt only with the ,molecular ,properties1 or ,physical ,properties1 as they are sometimes called--that is1 with properties depending upon the existence of the ,molecules4 ,when we consider the ,molecules as being composed of ,atoms1 and when we consider the processes whereby these ,molecules are built up of1 or broken down through the separation of ,atoms1 we come to the subject of ,atomic ,properties1 or ,chemical ,properties1 as they are often called4 ,the ,atomic ,properties of ,substance consist principally in the power and manifestation of ,motion1 in the direction of combination1 separation1 and the complex motions resulting from the same4 ,this ,motion is manifested by reason of ,atomic ,attraction1 sometimes called ,chemical ,affinity1 which we shall consider a little later on in the chapter4 ,atomic ,principles1 as above mentioned1 are best illustrated by a reference to ,chemical changes1 and we shall now examine the same4 ,and1 the better way to consider ,chemical ,changes is by comparing them with ,physical ,changes1 or ,changes of the ,molecules4 ,some ,physical ,changes in ,substance are brought about by ,heat1 which tends to separate the molecules1 or rather to allow them to spread out away from each other1 so long as the high temperature is maintained1 the degree of their nearness being influenced by temperature4 ,other ,physical ,changes are produced by outside ,forces separating the molecules to such an extent--to such a distance--that their cohesive force is lost1 and the ,solid matter is said to be broken1 or even reduced to dust4 ,other physical changes are brought about by ,electricity1 causing the ,molecules to separate and disintegrate4 ,chemical ,changes1 as distinguished from ,physical ,changes1 do not involve or deal with ,molecules1 the action being solely upon the ,atoms of which the ,molecules are composed4 ,physical ,changes separate ,molecules from each other1 while ,chemical ,changes destroy and break up the ,molecule1 so that its identity is forever lost1 its ,atoms thereafter either existing free from combinations1 or else recombining with other ,atoms1 and forming new combinations4 ,chemical changes are occasioned by either physical or chemical agencies4 ,the physical agencies generally employed are heat1 electricity1 light1 pressure1 percussion1 etc4 ,the principle of ,chemical ,changes is that the ,atoms are possessed of1 and subject to1 what is called ,atomic ,attraction or ,chemical ,affinity1 which may be defined as an attraction or love existing in varying degrees between ,atoms4 ,this ,affinity causes ,atoms of one element to seek out and ally themselves to ,atoms of another element1 the element of choice or preference being strikingly in evidence4 ,atoms of different elements form marriages1 and cling together in harmony1 until1 perchance1 by some physical or chemical agency1 the ,molecule is brought in sufficiently close connection with another ,molecule composed of different elemental atoms1 when1 alas6 one of the ,atoms of our ,molecule finds that it has a greater ,affinity for some other elemental ,atom in the second ,molecule1 and lo6 it flies away1 leaving its first partner1 and seeking the new charmer4 ,divorce and re-marriage is a common thing in the world of ,atoms--in fact1 ,chemistry is based upon these qualities4 ,physical and ,chemical ,changes gradually transform solid rock to earth or soil4 ,disintegration1 by the action of changes in temperature1 rains and atmospheric influences1 and other ,physical ,changes1 have slowly worn down the rocks into dirt1 gravel1 clay1 loam1 etc4 ,and ,decomposition by ,chemical ,change that set the atoms free from their combinations has aided in the work4 ,there is no rest in the world of ,substance4 ,everything is changing--constantly changing4 ,old forms give way to new1 and these1 grown old while being born1 are1 in turn replaced by still newer4 ,and on1 endlessly4 ,nothing persists but change4 ,and yet nothing is destroyed1 although countless forms and shapes have succeeded each other4 ,substance is always there1 undisturbed and unaffected by the varieties of forms it is compelled to undergo4 ,masses may change--and do change4 ,molecules may change--and do change4 ,disintegration and decomposition affect both1 and bring to them the death of form4 ,but their substance endures in the ,atom4 ,atoms may change1 and decompose1 or undergo whatever change that is their fate1 and still the ,corpuscles1 or what lies beyond the ,corpuscles will remain4 ,the ,atom was once regarded as ,eternal1 but now even it seems to be capable of dissolving into some finer division of ,substance--and perhaps still finer subdivisions await it4 ,that familiar form of ,substance that we call earth1 dirt1 soil1 etc41 is but the result of disintegrated rock1 which has crumbled and lost its former form through the action of air1 water and atmospheric influences4 ,and the rocks themselves1 from which the soil came1 were at one time a sea of melted1 flowing liquid ,substance1 somewhat resembling volcanic lava4 ,and this melted rock is thought to have been condensed from the same principles in the shape of vapor1 that existed in the early days of our planetary system4 ,vapor1 gas1 liquid1 semi-liquid1 solid rock1 soil--the ,substance unchanged1 the forms totally unlike4 ,helmholtz estimates the density of the nebulous vapors of ,substance as being so rare that it would take several millions of cubic miles of it to weigh a single grain4 ,oh1 ,nature1 what a wizard thou art6 ,we have spoken of ,air and ,water1 in a former chapter1 and their constituent atoms have been named4 ,and from these three great reservoirs of ,substance--the ,earth1 the ,air1 and the ,water--are obtained all the material that goes to form the bodies of the animal and vegetable kingdoms4 ,the plant draws its nourishment from the soil1 the air1 and water1 and in its wonderful chemical laboratory is able to transform the elements so drawn from these sources into a substance called ,plasm1 which consists principally of carbon1 oxygen1 nitrogen and hydrogen1 being nearly identical in composition to the white of an egg1 and which constitutes the basis of animal and plant bodily structures4 ,all the material of the physical bodies1 of men1 animals and plants1 are but forms of ,plasm4 ,the animals1 and man1 obtain their nourishment1 directly or indirectly1 from the plant body1 and so at the last we are seen to draw from the soil1 air and water all our bodily nourishment1 which we convert into bodily structure1 bone1 muscle1 flesh1 blood1 veins1 tissue1 cells1 etc4 ,and the chemical atoms of our bodies are identical with those in the rock1 the air1 the water4 ,and so you see the universality of ,substance and its countless forms and appearances4 ,chemistry resolves ,substance back into about seventy-five simple substances1 of which ,atoms are the ,units1 which simple substances are called ,elements4 ,from these ,elements 7by their ,atoms7 all other substances are formed by combinations1 the number of such possible combinations being infinite4 ,an ,element 7in order to be an element7 must be a simple substance1 that is1 must be incapable of further analysis into some other elements4 ,the seventy-five elements1 now recognized by science1 have never been resolved into other elements1 by chemical analysis1 and therefore are accepted as simple4 ,but1 it is true that other substances that were formerly considered as simple elements were afterward decomposed by electricity1 and found to consist of two or more simpler substances or elements4 ,thus new elements were discovered1 and old ones discarded as not-elemental4 ,and this fate may be in store for a number of the elements now on the list--and many new ones may be discovered4 ,for a long time ,science was endeavoring to trace all elements back to ,hydrogen1 the latter being considered the ,ultimate ,element1 and its atoms composing all the other atoms1 under varying conditions1 etc4 ,but this theory is now almost abandoned1 and ,science rests on its list of seventy-five elements1 the atoms of which are composed of ,electrons4 ,some have hazarded the theory that the ,elements were all forms of ,ether 7see next chapter71 their apparent differences resulting merely from the varying rate of vibration1 etc4 ,and1 in fact1 such theory was about finally adopted as a working hypothesis until the discovery of the ,corpuscle4 ,everything in ,substance now seems to be moving back to the ,corpuscle1 as we shall see a little further on4 ,the following is a list of the principal ,elements1 known to ,science1 to-day3 ,aluminum4 ,antimony4 ,arsenic4 ,barium4 ,bismuth4 ,boron4 ,bromine4 ,cadmium4 ,calcium4 ,carbon4 ,chlorine4 ,chromium4 ,cobalt4 ,copper4 ,fluorine4 ,gold4 ,hydrogen4 ,iodine4 ,iron4 ,lead4 ,magnesium4 ,manganese4 ,mercury4 ,nickel4 ,nitrogen4 ,oxygen4 ,phosphorus4 ,platinum4 ,potassium4 ,radium4 ,silicon4 ,silver4 ,sodium4 ,strontium4 ,sulphur4 ,tin4 ,zinc4 ,of the above1 ,hydrogen is by far the lightest in weight2 in fact it is used as a unit of ,atomic ,weight1 its weight being marked #a on the scale2 ,gold1 #aig2 ,lead1 #bjg2 ,silver1 #ajh2 ,oxygen1 #af2 ,nitrogen1 #ad2 ,iron1 #ef4 ,the discovery of the ,corpuscle1 or ,electron1 rudely shattered the vortex-ring theory of the origin of the ,atom1 and now1 instead of the ,atom being regarded as a vortex-ring in that hypothetical1 paradoxical absurdity1 the ,ether1 it is believed to be composed of a vast number of tiny particles called ,corpuscles1 as we saw stated in our last chapter4 ,these ,corpuscles seem to be the last thing in ,substance--its last known state of refinement1 and already it is being proclaimed as the long-sought for ,primal ,matter1 or ,ultimate ,substance4 ,whether or not a still finer state of ,substance will be discovered ,science is unable to say1 but thinks it unlikely4 ,but we must not overlook the old ,occult ,teaching indicating a state of ,substance so fine that it is imperceptible1 and only recognizable as apparently free force2 its covering1 or vehicle of ,substance not being evident4 ,this would seem to indicate a still further refinement of ,substance1 although perhaps the ,corpuscle or ,electron will answer to fill the bill in the case4 ,as to the ,corpuscle being ,primal ,substance1 it must be admitted that its advocates have presented a very strong case4 ,one of their most important points is that although ,molecules differ very materially from each other1 according to their kinds2 and while ,atoms likewise manifest very plainly their kind1 the ,corpuscle seems to possess only one kind1 no matter from what form or kind of ,substance it is thrown off4 ,just think what this means4 ,it means that the finest particles of ,gold1 ,silver1 ,iron1 ,hydrogen1 ,oxygen1 and all the rest of the ,elements1 are composed of identically the same material1 and exhibit no differences in kind4 ,the ,elements are no longer ,simple4 ,all ,substance is ,one1 at the last analysis6 ,the ,corpuscles seem to possess the same ,mass--to carry the same charge of ,electricity--to act precisely the same--irrespective of their source4 ,no difference in size1 mass or character1 as in the case of the ,atom--all are identical1 save in the rate of their vibration at the time of observation1 which is simply a matter of more or less ,motion4 ,space seems to be flooded with these tiny particles--these ,units of ,substance4 ,they stream from the ,sun2 the ,stars2 and every body highly heated4 ,likewise they stream from the bodies of highly electrified ,substance4 ,groups of these ,corpuscles1 absolutely identical in nature1 size1 mass1 etc41 constitute the ,atoms of the ,seventy-five ,elements1 the kind of ,element seemingly being dependent upon the number and arrangement of the ,corpuscles1 and possibly by their rate of vibration4 ,every ,atom is like a great bee-hive with a swarm of ,corpuscles vibrating1 moving around each other1 and upon their own centres4 ,and1 if by the action of intense heat1 transmitted1 or caused by interrupted ,motion--or if by a strong ,electric charge--some of these ,corpuscles are detached from the ,atoms 7or possibly an ,atom broken up71 they fly off through ,space at a marvellous speed of many thousand miles an hour4 ,so we see that these wonderful ,corpuscles look very much like ,primal ,matter or ,ultimate ,substance--the ,stuff out of which ,substance is made4 ,and1 taking you back to the chapter on ,the ,universality of ,life and ,mind1 the writer would remind you that in their ,motions and evident ,attraction1 etc41 these ,corpuscles evidence the same ,life and ,mind that we observed in the ,molecules and ,atoms4 ,it must be so1 for what is in the manufactured article must be in the material of which the article is made4 ,and so1 even here1 ,life and ,mind have not escaped us4 ,nor will it in ,the ,ether6 ,and speaking of the ,corpuscles1 as manufactured articles1 we are reminded of ,herschel's thought about the ,atoms1 when they were regarded as ,primal ,matter and likely to be uniform1 and1 at the end1 of one primal substance4 ,although ,herschel's conception does not now apply to the ,atoms1 it may be transferred to the ,corpuscles4 ,herschel thought that the fact that the ,particles of ,substance were likely to be found to be uniform in size1 and identical in nature and characteristics1 indicated that they might be akin to manufactured articles1 turned out from the same great machinery of ,creation4 ,this idea would indicate that the ,creator applied the rules of careful manufacture to the manufacture of the ,particles1 the uniformity operating in the direction of 7#a7 ,economy of ,material2 7#b7 ,utility through interchangeability1 replacing broken or discarded parts1 etc42 and also 7#c7 ,conformity to a ,standard of ,size1 ,quality1 etc4 ,the thought is interesting1 and is mentioned here for that reason4 ,it is not affected by the supposition that there may be a still finer and rarer form of ,substance1 from which the ,particles are manufactured--in fact1 the idea of ,herschel1 if closely analyzed1 would seem to indicate some such raw material from which the articles were manufactured4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,paradox ,,of ,,science ,in the days of the ancients1 when the philosophers found themselves unable to account for any particular class of phenomena1 they bundled it together and referred it to a suppositious ,something that they called ,the ,ether4 ,finding this an easy way to get rid of vexatious questions1 they fell into the custom--and the habit grew upon them4 ,soon there were a dozen or more different kind of ,ethers in vogue1 each explaining something else--the something else1 by the way1 being things that ,science now feels that it understands pretty well4 ,these ,ethers grew to be like the various ,vapors of the ancients--a dignified term for ,we don't know--a respectable road for retreat under the semblance of an advance4 ,these ,ethers became a scientific scandal1 and caused a lax mode of thinking among students of those times4 ,and so they were finally abolished and relegated to the scrap pile of ,science1 where they lay for many centuries until a comparatively recent period1 when at least one of them was hauled forth1 dusted1 freshened up a little1 and placed upon its old pedestal4 ,this revamped ,ether1 referred to1 was the ,ether of ,aristotle4 ,aristotle1 as we know1 was a famous ,greek philosopher who lived about #cej ,b4,c4--about #bbej years ago4 ,he was a good man and a celebrated philosopher1 but was somewhat deficient in scientific knowledge4 ,although he knew many things1 and uttered many wise thoughts1 he was under the impression that the breath of ,man entered the heart instead of the lungs--that the back part of the skull was empty1 and so on4 ,he was without the advantages of a modern training--which1 was not his fault1 however4 ,well1 ,aristotle conceived the idea of an ,universal ,ether1 which he thought pervaded all space1 and with which he accounted for the passage of light from the sun and stars2 the movements of the planets1 and various other physical phenomena4 ,it is not known whether ,aristotle really believed in this ,ether1 or whether he merely used it as a speculative hypothesis1 following the ,ether ,habit of his contemporaries4 ,at any rate1 his theory served its purpose--lived1 flourished1 declined and died--at least seemed to be dead4 ,but its corpse was resurrected in modern times1 and used to account for divers things4 ,this does not mean that modern thinkers really believe in the ,universal ,ether--they merely assume it as a working hypothesis until something better is offered4 ,its principal modern use is to account for the transmission of ,light from the ,sun and ,stars to the ,earth4 ,it was held that a thing could not act where it was not1 and so it became necessary to account for the transmission either by the theory that small particles of substance were thrown off from the ,sun1 and travelled to the ,earth1 or else that there was some medium of communication by means of vibrations1 etc4 ,newton held to the first theory1 but his hypothesis went down before the ,ether advocates1 who advanced the wave-theory1 although it seems that1 like ,banquo's ghost1 ,newton's theory will not stay down1 and is now taking on a new lease of life1 owing to the discovery of the ,corpuscle and ,radiant ,matter4 ,the ,wave-theory philosophers asserted that the ,light and ,heat of the ,sun were thrown off in the shape of ,force or ,energy1 and transformed into waves in and of a hypothetical ,ether 7,aristotle's own71 which waves were carried to the ,earth1 where1 meeting ,substance1 they were again transformed into ,heat and ,light4 ,it was known that ,light and ,heat travelled at the rate of #ahd1jjj miles per second1 and therefore the waves of the ,ether were considered to have that speed4 ,the ,wave-theory seemed to fit the facts of the case better than the ,newtonian ,theory of ,corpuscles1 although the latter has always been considered as better explaining certain phenomena than the new theory4 ,and so the ,ether ,wave became generally accepted1 and remains so to-day1 although recent discoveries are causing a disturbance in the scientific camp regarding the question4 ,later it was discovered that the ,electricity travelled at the same rate as ,light and ,heat1 and the ,wave-of-the-,ether theory was thus thought to have additional verification1 and ,electricity came under the ,law and remained there until the ,electron discovery1 which is causing much disturbance1 among those interested in the study of ,electricity4 ,briefly stated1 the theory of the ,universal ,ether is this3 ,that pervading all ,space in the ,universe--not only between planets1 stars and suns1 but also filling in the cracks between molecules1 and atoms as well--there is a subtle ,substance in and through which the waves of ,light1 ,heat1 ,electricity and ,magnetism travel at the rate of #ahd1jjj miles per second4 ,this ,substance is said to be ,matter that is not ,matter--in fact1 ,science does not venture to say just what it is1 although it freely states just what some of its properties must be1 and1 alas6 these properties are most contradictory and opposite to each other1 as we shall see as we proceed4 ,this ,universal ,ether is purely hypothetical4 ,it has been called a necessity of ,science--something assumed for the purpose of explaining or accounting for certain phenomena4 ,it is undemonstrated and unproved--in fact1 may truthfully be said to be undemonstrable and unprovable4 ,some have gone so far as to say that its claimed properties and qualities render it unthinkable as well4 ,and yet1 ,science finds itself compelled to assume that the ,ether1 or something like it exists1 or else cease speculating about it4 ,it belongs to the realm of pure theory1 and yet1 many writers treat it as if it were a positively demonstrated and proven fact4 ,let us examine into the nature of ,science's problem1 and her attempted solution1 and the trouble arising therefrom4 ,light travels at the rate of #ahd1jjj miles a second4 ,remember1 that ,light and ,heat are that which we call by those names only when considered in connection with ,substance4 ,according to the theory1 ,light in the ,sun's atmosphere is transformed into a ,light-wave of the ,ether on its travels to the earth1 and only when the wave comes in contact with the ,substance on the earth's body or atmosphere does it become again transformed into ,light as we know it4 ,in its travels through space it meets with no ,substance1 and has nothing to turn into light--consequently ,space 7between worlds7 is in a state of absolute darkness4 ,the same is true of ,heat1 and inter-world ,space is absolutely cold1 although passing through it are countless heat-waves of great intensity1 which1 later on1 will be transformed into ,heat when they reach the ,substance1 the earth4 ,the same is true of ,electricity and ,magnetism4 ,although the ,ether1 as we have seen1 is a purely theoretical substance1 yet ,science has found it reasonable to conclude that it must be possessed of certain attributes in order to account for certain known facts4 ,thus1 it is said to be frictionless1 else the worlds1 suns and planets could not pass freely through it1 nor could the light and heat waves travel at such a tremendous rate4 ,it also is thought to have something like ,inertia1 because ,motion once started in it persists until stopped2 because it is at a state of rest until ,motion is imparted to it2 and because it takes a fraction of time to impart motion to it4 ,it is thought to be different from ,substance in any of its known forms1 for many reasons1 among such being the fact that no known form of ,substance could carry vibrations through space at the rate of #ahd1jjj miles a second4 ,and ,light and ,heat waves travel at that rate1 and have forms and shapes1 and lengths of their own4 ,light for instance1 vibrates on two planes1 and a light-wave is something like a ,greek cross1 thus 7--71 having a horizontal and a vertical line1 or plane of vibration4 ,and the ,ether cannot be a fluid of any degree1 because a fluid cannot transmit cross vibrations at all4 ,and it cannot be a ,solid1 because a ,solid could not stand vibrations at such a terrific speed1 and still remain a ,solid4 ,and yet1 to transmit the two-plane light waves1 the ,ether must have a certain degree of ,rigidity1 else the waves could not travel4 ,lord ,kelvin estimated this degree of ,rigidity as about #ai1jjj1jjj1jjjth of the rigidity of the hardest steel4 ,so1 you see1 ,science is compelled to assume that the ,ether is a continuous1 ,frictionless medium1 possessing both ,inertia and ,rigidity4 ,some scientists have thought it to be a kind of elastic jelly4 ,of the ,ether1 ,prof4 ,oliver ,lodge has said1 ,we have to try and realize the idea of a perfectly continuous1 subtle1 incompressible substance1 pervading all ,space1 and penetrating between the molecules of ordinary ,matter1 which are imbedded in it1 and connected to one another by its means4 ,and we must regard it as the one universal medium by which all actions between bodies are carried on4 ,this1 then1 is its function--to act as the transmitter of motion and energy4 ,to give you an idea of the wonderful thing that ,science is compelled to think of the ,ether as being1 by reason of the qualities it is compelled to ascribe to it--although it confesses itself unable to imagine the nature of the ,thing which it has created in bits by the adding and bestowing of qualities which were made necessary by the logical requirements of the case--let us take a hurried view of the ,thing as the several departments of ,science say it must be thought of4 ,to meet the requirements of the case1 ,science says that ,the ,universal ,ether must be ,substance infinitely more rare and evanescent than the finest gas or vapor known to ,science1 even in its rarest condition4 ,it must convey ,heat in the manner of an infinitely ,solid body--and yet it must not be a ,solid4 ,it must be transparent and invisible4 ,it must be ,frictionless1 and yet ,incompressible4 ,it cannot be a ,fluid4 ,it cannot have ,attraction for ,substance1 such as all ,substance has4 ,nor can it have ,weight--that is1 it is not subject to ,gravitation4 ,it is beyond the reach of any known scientific instrument1 even of the greatest power1 and it refuses to register itself in any way1 either to senses or instruments4 ,it cannot be known of itself1 but may only be recognized as existent by the things for which it acts as a medium or transmitting agent4 ,it must convey ,energy and ,motion1 yet it must not take up any part of either from the ,matter in its midst4 ,it must not absorb any of the ,heat1 ,light or ,electricity4 ,it must fill up the spaces between the worlds1 as well as the most minute space between the ,molecules1 ,atoms and ,corpuscles1 or any other minute particle of ,substance1 either known by name to ,science now or which may be discovered or imagined later as a necessity of some conception regarding the nature of ,substance4 ,in short1 ,the ,universal ,ether1 in order to do the things attributed to it1 must be more solid than ,solids2 more ,vapor-like and ,gas-like than ,vapor or ,gas2 more fluid than ,fluids2 infinitely less rigid than steel1 and yet infinitely stronger than the strongest steel4 ,it must be a substance having the qualities of a vacuum4 ,it must be continuous and not composed of ,particles1 ,atoms or ,molecules4 ,it must be an everything in some respects1 and yet a nothing in others4 ,it must not be ,substance1 and yet it must carry ,substance within its ocean of dimensions1 and1 besides1 interpenetrate the most minute space between the particles of ,substance4 ,it must not be ,energy or ,force1 and yet ,science has been considering ,energy and ,force as but interruptions of rest or agitations within1 and of1 itself4 ,so you see that this mysterious1 wonderful ,universal ,ether--in order to be at all--must be a ,something possessing certain qualities or properties of ,substance--many of the properties of qualities being exactly contradictory and opposed to each other--and yet it cannot be ,substance as we know it4 ,it is a ,paradoxical thing4 ,it could only belong to another and an entirely different order of existence from that of ,substance as we know it4 ,it must possess characteristics and properties of an order as yet unknown to us by name--for which the material world contains no analogy--for which ,substance has no analogues4 ,it must be a far more complex thing than is even the most complex thing we call ,matter1 or that which we call ,force or ,energy4 ,and yet1 it has been claimed that it would explain both--yes1 contain within itself the possibility of both4 ,and yet1 in face of what has just been said1 the writer must confess1 humbly and with a full realization of the enormity of the offence1 that he supposes advancing a theory1 a little further on in this book that will attempt to identify this ,something--this ,universal ,ether--with a ,something else that we know1 although not through the senses or by means of instruments4 ,bear with him kindly1 he begs of you1 while he proceeds gradually along the path that leads to the theory4 ,scientists have compared ,substance moving through the ,ether as a coarse seive moving through water1 the latter making room for the passage of the seive1 and then closing up behind it4 ,if this be amended by the idea that the moving seive1 while allowing the water to pass through it freely1 still carries along with it a thin film of water which clings to the wires of the seive by adhesion--if there be admitted this clinging film as well as the body of the water through which the seive moves--then the illustration answers quite well as a crude illustration of ,substance and ,the ,ether4 ,this fact is important in view of the theory that will be advanced1 further on in this book4 ,prof4 ,lodge1 in his interesting work1 ,modern ,views of ,electricity1 mentions a number of experiments tending to prove the above mentioned fact1 which is not so generally known as other facts relating to the ,ether4 ,until the discovery of ,radiant ,matter 7bringing with it the new theories of the ,corpuscle or ,electron1 etc471 brushed aside into the dust heap many generally accepted scientific theories regarding the nature of ,substance1 the favorite and most popular theory was what was known as the ,vortex-ring theory of the ,atom4 ,this theory held that the atoms of ,substance were but vortex-rings of the ,ether1 having had motion communicated to them in some way1 and which afterwards acquired other motions1 and which finally become apparent to our senses as ,substance4 ,in other words1 the ,atom was supposed to be a vortex-ring of ,ether1 acted upon by ,force1 in some unknown way1 the character1 nature and properties of the ,atom being determined by the shape and size of the vortex-ring2 the rate of motion2 etc41 etc4 ,the new discoveries of ,science1 however1 have set aside 7at least temporarily7 this vortex-ring theory1 and at present ,science seems to find its latest thing in ,substance1 in the theory that ,substance--at the last--seems to be the ,corpuscle or ,electron4 ,in other words1 after many years of fancied security in a settled theory regarding the nature of ,substance1 ,science once more finds itself compelled to take up the search for the origin of things4 ,but the theory of the ,ether remains--and is likely to--although the names applied to it will change4 ,by some it is still believed that in the ,ether1 a little further removed1 rests the origin of ,substance and that the ,corpuscle may be the vortex-ring product1 instead of the ,atom4 ,it will be noticed that ,science has made no serious attempt to connect the phenomenon of ,gravitation or ,attraction with the ,ether4 ,gravitation stands alone--an outsider among the ,forces1 responding to none of their laws--needing no time in which to travel--needing no medium like the ,ether in which to transmit waves--fearing no obstacle or interfering body1 but passing right through the same--different1 different1 different4 ,and we shall see why this difference1 when we reach the point where our theory brings us to the point where we must substitute something else for that ,great ,paradoxical ,general ,solvent of ,modern ,science--the ,ether of ,aristotle4 ,we shall reach the point after a brief consideration of ,motion1 ,force and ,energy4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,forces ,,of ,,nature ,the ,substance filling the ,universe is in constant and unceasing ,motion4 ,motion is evidenced in every physical and chemical process and change1 and manifested in the constant interchange of position of the ,particles of ,substance4 ,there is absolutely no rest in ,nature--everything is constantly changing--moving--and vibrating4 ,building-up processes are ever at work forming larger masses or bodies of the ,particles--and tearing-down processes1 disintegration and decomposition of ,molecules and ,atoms1 and ,corpuscles1 are constantly at work also4 ,nature maintains a constant balance among her ,forces4 ,if the building-up energies and forces were allowed full sway1 then all the ,particles in the ,universe ultimately would gravitate to a common centre1 thus forming a compact and solid ,mass1 which would thus dwell for ,eternity1 unless the ,creative ,power should move upon it and again scatter its ,particles in all directions4 ,and1 if the tearing-down1 and dispersive forces and energies were allowed full sway1 the ,particles would fly apart and would remain asunder for ,eternity1 unless called together by some new ,creative fiat4 ,but ,nature pits one force against another1 maintaining an equilibrium4 ,the result is constant play and inter-play of forces1 causing distribution1 and redistribution of ,particles1 following the gathering-together and building-up processes4 ,there is no lost motion1 or waste force4 ,one form of force and motion is converted into another1 and so on1 and on4 ,nothing is lost--all force is conserved1 as we shall see as we proceed4 ,in the public mind--or rather1 in the mind of that part of the public which think of the matter at all--there seems to be an idea that ,force is something of the nature of an entity1 separate from ,substance or ,mind--something that pounces down upon ,substance and drives it along by presence from without4 ,the ancient philosophers regarded ,substance as acted upon from without by an entity called ,force1 ,substance being regarded as absolutely inert and dead4 ,this idea1 which is still held by the average person1 owing1 doubtless1 to the survival of old forms of expression1 was generally held by philosophers until the time of ,descartes and ,newton4 ,this old idea was due to the teachings of ,aristotle--he of the ,ether ,theory--and ,science and ,philosophy were timid about shaking off the ,aristotelian dogmas4 ,others held that ,light1 ,heat and ,electricity were fluids conveyed from body to body--in fact the general public still entertains this idea regarding ,electricity1 owing to the use of the term the ,electric fluid4 ,the present teaching of ,science is that ,force is the result of the motion of the ,particles of ,substance1 and1 of course1 originates from within1 rather than from without4 ,it is true that ,motion may be communicated to a body by means of another body in ,motion imparting the same to it1 but that does not alter the case1 for the ,original ,motion came from the movement and vibration of the ,particles of ,substance1 although it may have passed through many stages of transformation1 change and transmission in its progress4 ,the only exception to the rule is ,gravitation1 which is a form of ,force1 the nature of which is unknown to ,science1 although its laws of operation1 etc41 are understood4 ,we shall learn some new facts about ,gravitation in the forthcoming chapters of this book4 ,it will be well for us to remember this fact1 in our consideration of ,force and ,motion--that ,force and ,motion originate from the inherent property of ,motion passed by the ,particles of ,substance1 and come from within1 not from without4 ,this is the best teaching of ,modern ,science1 and also1 forms an important part of the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought which is advanced in this book4 ,buchner1 the author of ,force and ,matter1 vigorously insists upon this conception1 saying1 among many other similar expressions3 ,force may be defined as a condition of activity or a motion of matter1 or of the minutest particles of matter or a capacity thereof4 ,the term ,force is generally defined in works on ,physics as ,that which causes1 changes or terminates ,motion4 ,the word ,force is generally used in the sense of in action1 while ,energy is usually used in the sense of ,potential ,force--capacity for performing work1 the idea being that it is stored-up force1 or force awaiting use4 ,the term ,power is used in two senses1 the first meaning a measure of ,mechanical ,energy1 such as a forty horse-power engine1 etc42 the second sense being ,capacity or ,ability to ,act1 or exercise ,force1 this use being almost identical to the idea of ,energy1 as above described1 although1 possibly1 a little stronger expression4 ,the ,materialistic school holds that ,force is a property of ,matter1 the latter being regarded as the real thing of the ,universe4 ,others hold that ,force is the real thing1 and that what is called ,matter1 or ,substance1 is but a centre of ,force1 etc4 ,others hold that the two are but aspects of the same thing1 calling the thing by the name ,matter-,force1 or ,force-,matter4 ,haeckel calls this combined thing by the name of ,substance1 claiming that what are called ,matter and ,force are but attributes of it1 the third attribute being ,sensation1 which he holds is akin to ,mind--,haeckel's ,substance is held to be ,eternal1 and ,self-existent--its own ,cause1 in fact4 7,in this book the term ,substance is not used in this sense1 but merely as synonymous with what ,science usually calls ,matter47 ,the views advanced in this book differ materially from any of those above mentioned1 it being held by the writer that ,all ,force is ,vital-,mental ,force1 and1 consequently1 ,force as a separate thing is considered an unreasonable proposition--what is called ,force being considered merely an action of ,mind upon ,substance1 causing ,motion4 ,the writer does not intend to advance this idea at this point beyond the mere mentioning of the fact--the theory being brought out and developed as we proceed--and he will proceed to a consideration of the phenomena of ,force1 along the lines of ,modern ,science1 believing that in this way the subject may be better understood4 ,the term ,motion1 as used in ,physics1 is defined as3 ,the act1 process or state of changing place or position2 movement--7,webster74 ,so you see1 ,motion is the movement of ,substance changing place or position2 ,force is that which causes1 changes or terminates ,motion2 and ,energy is the capacity for manifesting ,force2 and ,power the ,ability to ,act4 ,in works on ,physics you will notice the expression1 ,potential ,energy1 meaning ,energy awaiting action2 also ,kinetic ,energy1 meaning ,energy in ,action2 that is1 in ,motion4 ,we shall not need these terms in this book1 but it is well to understand them4 ,another term frequently met with1 is ,conservation of ,energy1 which is used to indicate that ,law of ,physics the operation of which renders ,energy indestructible4 ,that is1 ,science holds that ,energy can not be destroyed--that it is not lost1 or created1 but is merely transformed into other forms of ,energy1 ,potential or ,kinetic4 ,therefore1 after ,energy is used1 it either passes into a state of ,potential ,energy or ,rest1 awaiting a future call to ,activity1 or else is immediately transformed into another form of ,kinetic ,energy1 or ,energy in ,action4 ,the theory holds that the quantity or amount of ,energy in the ,universe is fixed in its totality--none may be created or destroyed--there can be no addition to1 or subtraction from the ,totality of ,energy--that all ,energy used has been previously stored up1 or else has been immediately transmitted or transformed4 ,it is also held that when ,energy manifests as the result of work performed1 it is always found that it is at the expense of some previously manifested form of ,energy--that the agency by which the work is performed always parts with its stock of ,energy1 and that the thing worked upon always acquires or gains the amount of ,energy lost by the aforesaid agent1 or worker--and yet there is no actual loss or gain1 but merely transformation4 ,the above theory is mentioned as of interest in the general subject1 although it does not play a prominent part in the subject of this book1 for the writer holds that all ,energy resides in ,mind1 and emerges therefrom1 and1 in the end1 returns thereto4 ,this being believed1 it is seen that ,energy is not to be thought of as a separate thing having a totality1 but merely as a quality of ,mind--the question of its totality or fixed quantity not being inquired into1 although both1 probably1 run along the lines of the nature of ,mind1 and depend upon the limitations1 or lack of limitations1 of the latter4 ,however1 the question does not assume a vital importance in our consideration of the subject4 ,so far as the question of transmission1 or transformation of ,energy1 is concerned1 however1 the principles of the ,law of ,conservation of ,energy may be accepted as correct1 although it more properly belongs to the principle of what has been called ,the ,corelation of ,force1 the idea of which is that one form of ,energy may be1 and is always1 transformed into another form1 and so on1 and on1 unto infinity4 ,this idea is followed in this book1 except that the idea of ,from ,mind originally1 to ,mind finally1 is incorporated within it4 ,this law of the ,corelation of ,force may be illustrated by the following quotation from ,tyndall1 the great scientist of the last century1 who says3 ,a river1 in descending from an elevation of #ggbj feet1 generates an amount of heat competent to augment its own temperature #aj degrees ,f41 and this amount of heat was abstracted from the sun1 in order to lift the matter of the river to the elevation from which it falls4 ,as long as the river continues on the heights1 whether in the solid form as a glacier1 or in the liquid form as a lake1 the heat expended by the sun in lifting it has disappeared from the universe4 ,it has been consumed in the act of lifting4 ,but1 at the moment that the river starts upon its downward course1 and encounters the resistance of its bed1 the heat expanded in its elevation begins to be restored4 ,the mental eye1 indeed1 can follow the emission from its source through the ether1 as vibratory motion1 to the ocean1 where it ceases to be vibration1 and takes the potential form among the molecules of aqueous vapor2 to the mountain-top1 where the heat absorbed in vaporization is given out in condensation1 while that expended by the sun in lifting the water to its present elevation is still unrestored4 ,this we find paid back to the last unit by the friction along the river's bed2 at the bottom of the cascade1 where the plunge of the torrent is suddenly arrested2 in the warmth of the machinery turned by the river2 in the spark from the millstone2 beneath the crusher of the miner2 in the ,alpine saw-mill2 in the milk-churn of the chalet2 in the supports of the cradle in which the mountaineer1 by water-power1 rocks his baby to sleep4 ,all the forms of mechanical motion here indicated are simply the parcelling out of an amount of calorific motion derived originally from the sun2 and1 at each point at which the mechanical motion is destroyed or diminished1 it is the sun's heat which is restored4 ,the following quotation1 also1 is interesting as illustrating another phase of this law3 ,the work performed by men and other animals is due to the transformed energy of food4 ,this food is of vegetable origin and owes its energy to the solar rays4 ,the energy of men and animals is1 therefore1 the transformed energy of the sun4 ,excepting the energy of the tides1 the sun's rays are the source of all the forms of energy practically available4 ,it has been estimated that the heat received by the earth from the sun each year would melt a layer of ice over the entire globe a hundred feet in thickness4 ,this represents energy equal to one horse-power for each fifty square feet of surface4--,anthony and ,brackett4 ,from the above quotations1 it will be seen that the principal and most familiar sources 7or great storage batteries7 of ,energy1 apparent to dwellers upon this planet1 are 7#a7 the ,earth manifesting the ,power of ,gravitation2 and 7#b7 the ,sun1 manifesting solar heat4 ,in ,tyndall's illustration we see the force of the sun's ,energy--heat--raising the water from the ocean1 by evaporation 7although aided by the earth's gravitation pulling down the heavier air1 allowing the vapor to rise74 ,then we see the ,force of ,gravitation causes the condensed vapor to fall as rain or snow on the mountain-top--then causing the rain to run into little streams1 and so on until the river is reached--then causing the river to start on its downward journey of over seven thousand feet--then causing it to plunge over the cascade2 to turn the wheels that operated the machinery1 and turned the millstone1 and the crusher of the miner1 and the saw-mill1 and the milk-churn1 and the cradle4 ,and1 as ,tyndall might have added1 had he lived a little later--in the running of the dynamo1 which running1 produced electricity1 that in turn caused lights to burn2 other machinery to run and manufacture things2 stoves to cook2 flat-irons to iron2 automobiles and engines to run2 and many other things along the lines of transmitting ,energy1 ,force and ,motion4 ,and in this consideration1 let us not forget the important part that ,gravitation--that most wonderful of all ,forces--plays in the grand scheme of ,nature4 ,not only does this ,force cause the planets to circle around the sun1 and1 perhaps that sun around another sun1 and so on1 and on until the matter becomes unthinkable--not only this1 but it performs a million parts in the affair of earthly ,matter1 as we shall see in a later chapter4 ,the ,force of ,gravitation is one of the greatest mysteries confronting ,science to-day1 although many believe it a simple question4 ,gravitation and the ,universal ,ether contain the great secrets of ,nature that ,man is striving to unveil4 ,and yet1 so common is ,gravitation that the race1 including almost all the scientists1 take it as a matter of course4 ,we shall devote much attention to the question of ,gravitation in the forthcoming chapters of this book1 for it plays a very important part in the general theory of ,dynamic ,thought1 upon which this book is based4 ,we shall have a special chapter devoted to it1 a little later on1 and the matter will also come up for explanation further on in the book4 ,but1 in the meantime1 let us consider the other forms of ,energy1 viz41 ,heat1 ,light1 ,magnetism and ,electricity1 which with ,gravitation and ,attraction of other kinds1 form the ,forces of ,nature4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,radiant ,,energy ,the kinds of ,energy are very few1 although the methods of using1 applying and manifesting same are innumerable4 ,let us begin with one of the best known forms of ,energy1 namely1 ,heat4 ,heat was formerly regarded as a very fine fluid or substance1 called caloric1 which was supposed to enter into ,substance and then manifest the phenomenon of heat4 ,this idea has long since been relegated to the scrap pile of ,science4 ,the present theory1 which is supported by a mass of evidence obtained through investigation and experimentation1 is that ,heat is a form of ,energy1 arising from the vibratory motions of the ,particles of ,substance--a ,mode of ,motion4 ,the degrees of ,heat are termed ,temperature4 ,temperature depends upon the rate of the heat-vibrations of the ,particles of ,substance1 either arising from the ,original ,motion of the ,particles1 or else from vibrations or ,motion aroused in them by transmission from ,particles of other bodies of ,substance--these vibrations being contagious4 ,temperature then means the measure of the vibrations of the ,particles4 ,all bodies of ,substance have some degree of ,temperature--some degree of heat-vibration of its ,particles4 ,science has a pleasant scientific friction of an ,absolute ,zero at the degree of #dia below ,zero1 ,fahrenheit1 but this is merely an imaginary something with which the grown up children of ,science amuse themselves4 ,when two bodies are brought near each other--the nearness being comparative1 and1 in some cases1 meaning a distance of millions of miles--,heat is transmitted from the warmer to the cooler body1 until the temperatures are equalized--that is until the two bodies vibrate in unison4 ,in ,physics we are taught that the ,transmission of ,heat may be accomplished in three ways1 although the writer is of the opinion that the three ways are but three forms of one way4 ,the first form is called ,conduction1 whereby the vibration1 or ,heat1 is conveyed along a body of ,substance1 from its warmer to its cooler parts--for instance1 an iron poker with one end in the fire4 ,the second form is called ,convection1 whereby the visible motion of heated ,substance1 moving along the air--for instance1 hot-air1 hot-water1 steam1 etc41 either by means of pipes1 or by allowing them to pass freely through the air4 ,the third form is called ,radiation1 whereby the vibrations are believed to be transformed into waves of the ,ether1 which will be spoken of later1 in addition to what has been said on the subject in our chapter entitled ,the ,paradox of ,science4 ,the writer thinks that a little consideration will show us that the same rule operates in all of the above cases1 and that ,conduction and ,convection are but forms of ,radiation4 ,for instance1 in ,conduction there must be a few ,particles first set into vibration1 the same gradually passing on to the others farther1 and farther away4 ,passing how8 ,by contact1 replies ,physics4 ,but1 the ,particles are never in absolute contact--there always is plenty of space between them4 ,and so there must be some kind of waves passing through the space between them1 which space is not filled with air1 or other form of ,substance1 but only with the ,ether1 or something that takes its place4 ,so that1 after all1 ,conduction is but a form of ,radiation4 ,and the same rule will apply in the case of ,convection4 ,heat arises from several causes1 all of which1 however1 manifest through the vibration of the ,particles of the body evidencing the ,heat4 ,these causes may be stated as 7#a7 ,original ,motion of the ,particles of a body of ,substance1 arising from some workings of the ,law of ,attraction1 and including ,motion arising from ,chemical ,action1 ,combustion1 etc4 7#b7 ,from transmission or contagion from some other body of ,substance1 the ,particles of which are vibrating at the rate of ,heat4 7#c7 ,from interrupted ,motion1 including friction both of the moving body with the air or other ,substance1 and the friction of a current of ,electricity passing through the body4 ,in each of the above cases1 the actual and immediate cause of the ,heat is the vibration of the ,particles of the ,substance manifesting the ,heat1 although the transmitted vibratory waves1 or the interrupted motion1 friction1 current1 etc41 may have been the instigator or provoker of such vibration4 ,the interrupted motion1 friction1 or wave does not produce the ,heat1 but merely arouses or provokes the increased vibration of the ,particles1 that really manifest the ,heat4 ,at the last1 remember1 the ,heat is in the ,particles of the body that feels or experiences it4 ,the vibrations of ,heat seem to have the properties of causing the ,molecules to draw further apart1 and to manifest less ,attraction1 or more ,repulsion1 whichever way one cares to express it4 ,this moving away of the ,molecules tend to cause the body to increase in volume or size1 and occasions what is known as ,expansion in ,substance4 ,in this way ,heat transforms ,solids into ,liquids2 ,liquids into ,gases or ,vapors1 the change being wholly a matter of the relative distances of the ,molecules4 ,magnetism is another form of ,energy1 and is generally believed to be a part of the phenomena of ,electricity1 if indeed1 not a form of ,electricity itself4 ,science knows very little about the nature of ,magnetism1 but in a general way holds to the theory that it results from the vibration or motion of the ,particles of ,substance1 as do all other forms of ,energy4 ,the magnetic qualities of a body may be increased or decreased by motion affecting the relation of the ,molecules1 which fact has been regarded as having some bearing on the theory4 ,electricity is a form of ,energy1 that ,science regards as also arising from the vibration or motion of the ,particles of ,substance4 ,it is transmitted1 like ,heat1 by ,conduction and ,radiation1 the waves tending to provoke similar vibrations in the ,particles of ,substances receiving them4 ,by many careful investigators1 ,electricity is believed to be very closely related to the phenomenon called light1 both having much in common4 ,science seems to be discovering new points of resemblance between them1 and it is probable that in the near future they will be seen to be but varying forms of the same thing4 ,the purposes of this book do not call for an extended consideration of the properties of ,electricity1 the same being served by a consideration of its nature being akin to that of the other forms of ,energy1 namely1 vibration or motion in or among the ,particles of ,matter4 ,light is a form of ,energy1 the study of which is of the greatest interest to ,science1 for the reason that the field seems to be widening out continuously1 and reaching out into the territory formerly thought to be the special region of ,electricity4 ,and1 in another direction1 it seems to be reaching out into the territory of ,heat1 the latter being considered by many to be but a form of ,light1 in its lower vibrations4 ,in fact1 the writer of this book so considers the subject1 and for the purposes of this book1 in later chapters1 he will combine ,electricity1 ,heat1 and ,light1 including1 also1 the phenomena known as the ,x-,rays1 ,becquerel ,rays1 ,radium waves1 etc41 as forms of ,light--the combined forms of ,energy to be called ,radiant ,energy4 ,in this combination1 he believes that he is in line with the latest and best thought of ,modern ,science4 ,however1 he does not insist upon his readers following this idea1 and so1 if they prefer1 they may think of each of these forms as separate and distinct1 and yet not run contrary to the line of thought of the book4 ,light is not the simple thing that it is considered to be by the general public4 ,it is composed of many parts1 qualities and manifestations4 ,its rays1 when separated by the ,spectrum1 are seen to consist of waves or vibrations of differing degrees of rate and intensity4 ,the lower range contains the heat rays1 and it is interesting to know that there are rays of heat too far down in the scale to be evidenced by human senses that may be distinguished by delicate instruments4 ,but there are rays still further down in the scale that are known to exist1 theoretically1 that cannot be registered even by the finest instruments4 ,to gain an idea of the delicacy of these instruments1 let us remember that ,prof4 ,langley has an instrument called the ,bolometer1 that is so delicate that it registers a change of temperature of one millionth of a degree1 and will register the heat of a candle one and one-half miles distant from it4 ,light vibrations arise from combustion1 friction1 electricity etc41 causing the ,particles to assume increased ,motion4 ,let us consider the report of the ,spectrum4 ,beginning with waves or vibrations far below the sensibility of ,man1 the scale shows an advance until the first warm vibration of iron was reached4 ,this first indication of warmth comes when the vibrations reach the rate of #ce1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj per second4 ,then gradually they increase until a dull red glow is noticed--the lowest visible light ray--when the vibrations are #dej1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj per second4 ,then come the orange rays1 then the golden yellow1 then the pure yellow1 then the greenish yellow1 then the pure green1 then the greenish blue1 then the ocean blue1 then the cyanic blue1 then the indigo1 then the violet--the latter evidencing when the vibrations reach the rate of #gej1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj per second4 ,then come the ,ultra-violet rays--invisible to human sight--but evidenced by chemical media4 ,in this ,ultra-violet region lies the ,x-,rays1 etc41 and also the ,actinic ,rays1 that produce photographs1 sunburn one's face and blister the nose--that cause violent explosions in chemicals--that transform forms of ,substance--that are employed to cure skin diseases1 etc4 ,these ,actinic or ,chemical ,rays have an important role to play in plant-life1 for they act upon the green leaves of the plant1 causing a chemical change by which carbonic acid and water are transformed into sugar and starches4 ,some of the rays of the ,ultra-violet region of ,light penetrate substances formerly considered solid and impenetrable4 ,and some of them emitted from ,radium1 etc41 would destroy organic life if applied in sufficient quantities4 ,some of them are practically waves of ,electricity so that ,light and ,electricity are seen to be closely related4 ,to give one an idea of the differences produced by different rates of vibration1 let us imagine a ,mass of ,iron1 shaped like a great ,top1 capable of being impelled to spin at a constantly increasing rate of speed1 by some ,mighty ,will4 ,at first it is seen as a slowly spinning ,top1 manifesting nothing but slow motion1 to our senses4 ,now1 imagine our ,top spinning at a rate doubling each second4 ,the first second the ,top spins at the rate of two revolutions per second4 ,we notice no change1 except that we can see the movement4 ,the next second the revolutions are doubled to four per second4 ,then1 doubling each second1 we have1 respectively1 revolutions of eight per second1 then sixteen1 and then in the fifth second thirty-two per second4 ,then we begin to notice a change4 ,when the revolutions reach thirty-two per second the friction of the moving ,top on the air causes it to give forth a very low1 deep1 bass note of sound4 ,this note is like a low1 deep hum1 and is the lowest possible of perception by the human hearing1 although it is possible that some of the lower forms of life may be conscious of still lower vibrations4 ,the sixth second the revolutions reach sixty-four1 and the low note has grown much higher in the scale4 ,the seventh second records a rate of #abh1 and the note has correspondingly increased4 ,then1 as the seconds pass1 we have1 successively1 #bef1 #eab1 #a1jbd1 #b1jdh1 #d1jif1 #h1aib1 #af1chd1 #cb1gfh1 the latter in the fifteenth second1 and representing the highest note recognizable by the human ear1 although it is believed that some of the lower animals may recognize sounds too acute for our sense of hearing4 ,during this increase in revolutions from the fifth second to the fifteenth1 the sound-note has risen rapidly in the scale from the low sullen hum1 on through the notes of the musical scale1 and beyond the range of instruments1 until the shrillness becomes so intense as to be almost unbearable1 and finally terminating in a shrill1 piercing shriek like the squeak of the bat1 only long-drawn out4 ,then from the termination of the sound 7by reason of the rate of vibration having become too high7 silence reigns for thirty seconds--absolute silence1 in spite of the rapidly increasing rate of vibrations1 in fact1 because of it4 ,when the forty-fifth second is reached1 and the revolutions have reached the rate of #ce1ahd1cgb1jhh1hcb per second1 our ,top begins to emit heat-rays1 increasing each second4 ,then a little later a dull1 dim glow may be noticed4 ,then1 as the seconds fly1 the dull glow manifests a deep dark red color1 such as one notices in the iron of the blacksmith's shop1 soon after it begins to glow4 ,then1 on and on1 as the seconds fly1 the deep red grows lighter and brighter1 gradually changing into orange1 then into yellow1 then into green1 then into blue1 then into indigo1 then into violet1 and then into the color of white-heat4 ,then this white-heat changes into a still more dazzling white1 and then a white impossible to describe appears1 so bright1 clear and brilliant that the eye cannot bear the sight4 ,then1 suddenly1 the intense brightness is succeeded by absolute darkness1 and the moving ,top cannot be seen by the eye--and yet it moves on4 ,the highest recorded chemical rays of light are estimated to equal a rate of vibration of #a1hge1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj per second4 ,the vibration of the lowest shade of red light is estimated at #dej1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 and the highest of violet at #gej1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj per second1 so we may imagine what the highest line on the spectrum is like4 ,still vibrating1 our ,top1 which has become now a ,mass of ,vaporized ,iron1 rapidly tending toward still more ethereal forms4 ,it has passed out from the region of light-waves1 into another ,unknown ,region of ,vibrations1 in which region1 however1 exist the vibrations known to us as the ,x-,rays1 etc4 ,it is throwing off great quantities of ,electrons4 ,if we were to use a fluorescent screen we would be able to observe the phenomena of the ,roentgen ,rays1 and similar manifestations of ,radiant ,energy4 ,on and on vibrates the ,top of what we once called ,iron--cold iron1 warm iron1 hot iron1 melted iron1 gaseous iron1 etherealized iron1 if you like4 ,what it is like now1 the imagination of ,man cannot conceive4 ,still the revolutions continue1 doubling each second4 ,what is being produced8 ,the imagination cannot conceive of what this state of ,substance1 now being reached1 is like4 ,by a scientific form of poetry we might think of it as melting into ,energy--pure ,energy1 if there were such a thing4 ,long since it has been resolved into its original ,particles--its ,corpuscles1 and perhaps into the stuff from which particles are made4 ,but we must let the curtain drop--the wildest fancy cannot follow the ,dance of ,substance any further4 ,the theory of the transmission of vibrations of ,radiant ,energy by means of waves in the ,ether1 or something that takes the place of the ,ether1 has been mentioned in other parts of the book4 ,referring again to it1 the writer would say that he thinks it probable that the waves coming in contact with the countless ,corpuscles in the ,earth's atmosphere1 communicate a high rate of motion to them1 the result being that they take on the vibrations immediately1 and pass along with the wave current--the result being that much that we consider as waves of ,light1 ,heat and ,electricity are but streams of these ,corpuscles in which vibrations have been awakened by the waves4 ,this idea will help to explain some of the phenomena of ,light1 which seemed more understandable under the old ,light-,corpuscle theory of ,newton than under the wave theory of recent years4 ,the idea is advanced merely for the purpose of setting down the thought1 for it plays no important part in the theory of the book4 ,another matter that should not be overlooked in connection with ,light and ,heat and ,electricity is that ,particles absorb or catch the vibrations in different degrees1 their receptivity depending upon their particular vibratory mode1 or custom of their kind4 ,if unable to absorb the vibrations1 they reflect them4 ,substance1 of any particular kind1 absorb ,heat in the degree of its atomic weight4 ,in the next chapter we shall learn something of ,the ,law of ,attraction1 that wonderful ,law that makes possible any ,motion or ,radiant ,energy4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,attraction ,in the previous chapters we have seen that all forms of ,radiant ,energy1 viz41 ,light1 ,heat1 ,electricity and ,magnetism1 arose from the ,motion of the ,particles of ,substance4 ,it now becomes important to learn just what cause this ,motions of the ,particles4 ,science is somewhat hazy and foggy on this subject1 but in a general way decides that it is caused by the mutual relations and positions of the particles1 arising from their respective attractive qualities1 as a recent writer has expressed it4 ,well1 this is better than the old way of seeking refuge and retreat in a mere volume of dense words4 ,it is indeed the only logical conclusion1 this one that the operations of the ,law of ,attraction are manifested in the ,motion of the ,particles4 ,this great ,law of ,attraction is the greatest ,law in ,nature4 ,it operates on all planes of life4 ,it is always in evidence4 ,let us consider it4 ,let us begin by considering the most magnificent and constant exhibition of that ,law--,gravitation4 ,gravitation is the ,riddle of the ,universe1 and the one form of ,energy that balks ,science--so much a mystery that ,science does not even hazard a guess at its nature--no theory of the origin and nature of ,gravitation is to be found in the books4 ,let us see what ,gravitation is4 ,it is more than the power that pulls things to the earth1 as the average man would define it4 ,it does more than cause water to run down hill1 and turn mill-wheels to drive machinery4 ,water-power results from ,gravitation1 but even the ,energy of ,niagara ,falls is insignificant when compared to the other manifestations of the ,mother of ,energy--,gravitation4 ,webster defines ,gravitation as3 ,that attraction or force by which all bodies or particles in the universe tend toward each other4 ,following that definition1 let us add that3 ,every particle of ,substance has an attraction for every other particle4 ,in view of our belief that this attraction is a form of mental effort1 let us regard the term ,attraction as being a form of what we call ,desire1 or even ,love1 in the mental world4 ,if you will think of it in this way1 you will be better able to fall in with our lines of thought4 ,and1 in addition to every particle of ,substance having an attraction 7love or desire7 for every other particle1 it has the means and power to draw that other particle toward itself1 and to move toward that other particle at the same time4 ,webster gives a very clear idea of this when he defines ,attraction as3 ,an invisible power in a body by which it draws anything to itself2 the power in nature acting mutually between bodies1 or ultimate particles1 tending to draw them together1 or to produce their cohesion or combination1 and conversely resisting separation4 ,the majority of persons1 when thinking of ,gravitation1 are satisfied with the idea that it is a power that pulls things down to the ground1 and do not think of it as a force that pulls things other ways besides down1 and which is possessed and exercised by the speck of dust as well as by the whole earth--by the molecule as well as by the mass4 ,the reason of this is that this power is so slight in small bodies of ,substance that it is unnoticed2 and that only when the mass is sufficiently large to make the pull strong does one perceive and appreciate that the force exists4 ,the lack of information on the part of the average person regarding this subject is amazing1 particularly when the importance of the knowledge is understood4 ,the attraction that holds the molecules of ,substance together is ,gravitation4 ,the attraction that pulls a piece of ,substance to the earth is ,gravitation4 ,the attraction that keeps the suns and planets in their orbits is ,gravitation4 ,let us see the operations of the ,law4 ,in ,astronomy you may learn that the movements of the planets around the sun and the moons around their planets--their regular and constant relative positions--are caused by the force of ,gravitation4 ,if it were not for this attraction by the ,sun1 the planets would fly out into space1 like a stone from a sling4 ,the ,attraction of ,gravitation acts on the planets just as does the string of the whirling sling that keeps the stone from flying away during the whirling until the string is released4 ,some astronomers think that our sun revolves around some greater sun1 and this again around a greater1 and so on to infinity4 ,if this be so1 then the ,attraction of ,gravitation is that which holds them all in their orbits and places in spite of their motion4 ,and in ,physics1 you may learn that this same ,attraction of ,gravitation prevents the people and objects on the surface of the earth from flying off into space4 ,and that it holds the portions of the earth together1 preventing them from flying apart4 ,and1 remember this1 for it is important--the ,attraction of the ,earth1 great and powerful as it is1 is nothing more than the combined attractive power of its constituent molecules1 or atoms1 or parts4 ,the centre of the ,earth is the ,centre of the ,attraction1 because it is the centre of the aggregation of its ,particles4 ,it must not be supposed that the ,earth simply attracts downward1 that is1 toward its centre4 ,on the contrary1 large masses of earth--large mountains1 for instance--exert a certain degree of ,attraction of ,gravitation1 and experiments have shown that a plumb is slightly deflected by reason of the proximity of a large mountain4 ,and the reason that bodies lose weight as they descend from the surface of the earth is because they leave above them a certain large portion of the molecules composing the earth1 which mass of molecules exert an attraction proportionate to their mass1 which attraction balances the attraction of the mass of earth beneath them4 ,science teaches that if the earth were hollow in the centre1 the weight there would be ,zero1 or nothing at all1 and that a body would float in the space at the centre of the earth just as does a balloon in the air1 the reason thereof being that the attraction would be equalized--equal attraction from every direction1 counterbalancing each other4 ,considering the earth's radius to be #djjj miles1 a body that weighed #ajj pounds on the surface would weigh but #ge pounds at the depth of #ajjj miles2 but #ej pounds at a depth of #bjjj miles2 but #be pounds at a depth of #cjjj miles2 and ,nothing1 or ,zero1 at a depth of #djjj miles1 which would be the ,centre of the ,earth4 ,this1 of course1 supposes that the ,substance of which the earth is composed is of uniform density from surface to centre4 ,from an equal distance above the surface of the earth1 bodies released1 or dropped1 will reach the surface at exactly the same degree of speed1 and in exactly the same time--this irrespective of weight or size4 ,in other words1 a cork or piece of lead1 no matter what their sizes may be1 will travel with equal rapidity4 ,in case where the lighter substance travels more slowly 7compare a feather and bullet1 for instance7 the difference is caused by the light object meeting with more resistance from the air4 ,this apparent exception has been explained away by the experiment of dropping the bullet and the feather in a vacuum tube1 in which there was no resistance from air1 the consequence being that both descended precisely at the same instant4 ,another similar experiment is to place the feather upon a piece of iron whereby the resistance of the air is prevented1 and the feather will maintain its position during the drop1 and will reach the ground resting on top of the iron1 just as it started4 ,and1 remember this please1 that the small object attracted by the earth exerts an attraction on its own account4 ,if the two were of the same size they would exert an equal attracting power1 but as one is smaller its attracting power is very slight compared with that of the large mass4 ,but it is true that the particle of dust attracts the earth precisely as the earth attracts the particle of dust--the difference being solely a matter of degree depending upon the mass of the body4 ,the amount or degree of the combined attracting power is determined by the combined total of the two masses4 ,distance lessens the degree of attraction--thus as bodies are lifted above the earth the weight decreases very gradually1 and by very slight degrees1 but constantly and invariably4 ,the poles of the earth are flattened1 and1 consequently1 the weight of an object slightly increases as it is carried from equator to pole4 ,concluding our consideration of ,gravitation1 it will be well to call your attention to the fact that ,gravitation differs from the forms of ,radiant ,energy known as ,heat1 ,light1 ,electricity and ,magnetism in several very important particulars1 which seems to go far in the direction of proof that the latter are by incidents or consequences of the former4 ,in the first place1 ,gravitation1 so far as is known1 is not dependent upon1 caused by1 or maintained by1 any other ,force or form of ,energy4 ,nor does it seem to be derived from some great reservoir1 from which it obtains its supply of ,energy4 ,on the contrary1 it seems to be a thing-in-itself1 self-supporting1 self-existing--an intrinsic thing1 in fact4 ,it does not seem to be lost to bodies by radiation4 ,and consequently there seems to be no need of a body replenishing its supply1 as there is no loss4 ,gravitation seems to be a constant something1 remaining always with bodies and neither being lost or acquired4 ,it exists between the ,atoms1 ,molecules1 ,masses--all in the same way4 ,in fact1 one is tempted to think of the planets and worlds in space1 as ,molecules of some greater ,mass held together by ,gravitation just as are the ,molecules held together4 ,remember1 that the ,molecules and ,atoms are not in absolute contact1 but there is always a space between them1 although the space or distance may be insensible to us4 ,as above1 so below1 says the old occult aphorism1 and it seems to be so4 ,then again1 ,gravitation is believed to act instantaneously1 and does not require ,time to pass between bodies1 as does ,light1 ,heat1 ,electricity1 ,magnetism--,radiant ,energy4 ,light travels through the ,ether 7as light-waves7 at the rate of #ahd1jjj miles a second4 ,the same is true of ,heat and of ,electricity4 ,but ,gravitation travels instantaneously4 ,for instance1 if a new star were to spring into existence at some inconceivable distance from the earth it would require thousands of years for its light to reach us4 ,but its ,attraction of ,gravitation would be felt instantly4 ,do you realize what this means8 ,it means that ,gravitation is in some way connected with the ,ether1 or conveying medium1 that an impulse communicated at some point of space trillions of miles away is felt at once at our point in space1 and vice versa4 ,there is some awful mystery here1 and the laws of ,substance1 and ,force1 as generally understood1 do not account for it4 ,and the theories regarding the ,ether do not throw light upon it4 ,but wait a bit6 ,but more than this4 ,science holds that ,gravitation does not require a medium--that it seems to be its own medium--needing no ,ether or other medium to transmit its influence4 ,in this respect also1 ,gravitation differs from the form of ,radiant ,energy4 ,and more1 it is not cut-off or interfered with by any intervening body1 for its force operates through such intervening bodies4 ,for instance1 in an eclipse of the ,sun1 the ,moon passes between the ,earth and the ,sun1 but the ,gravitation is not affected in the slightest1 for the bodies would evidence such change immediately were it to occur4 ,so ,gravitation acts instantaneously2 is its own medium1 and may not be interfered with by an intervening body4 ,it1 indeed1 is in a different class from ,light1 ,heat and ,electricity4 ,and now let us consider the other forms of ,attraction4 ,in the previous chapters we saw that the form of ,attraction called ,cohesion caused the molecules to tend to each other1 and to remain in more or less close contact1 the differing degrees of ,cohesion determining the ,density1 etc41 of the body4 ,were the ,attractive force of ,cohesion suddenly removed1 the most solid bodies1 as well as the lightest ones1 would instantly fly into very fine powder1 thus being resolved into their constituent molecules4 ,the separation of the ,molecules1 that is1 the setting further apart1 occasioned by ,heat1 is spoken of by ,physicists as ,repulsion4 ,but the writer holds that repulsion is an entirely different thing1 and that the heat merely causes the ,molecules to lose a portion of their ,attractive power for each other4 ,until the heat being withdrawn1 the ,molecules respond to the uninterrupted ,attraction4 ,the ,molecules are like lovers who are attracted toward each other1 and remain attached unless separated violently1 or by some fading of ,attraction4 ,consider ,heat as a disturbing element--a misunderstanding between the molecular lovers1 who under its influence draw somewhat apart1 and are only reunited when the obstacle is removed1 and harmony again manifested4 ,as we have shown you in a previous chapter1 the so-called properties of ,matter1 i4e41 ,hardness1 ,tenacity1 ,malleability1 ,ductility1 etc41 are simply evidence of a persistent ,cohesiveness of the ,molecules--a strong love or desire for each other that caused them to adopt every possible means in their power to resist1 and prevent1 the separation of the ,molecules forming the mass4 ,it was like a desperate attempt to prevent the breaking up of the family4 ,each so-called ,special ,physical ,property of ,matter is seen to be but the action of the ,molecule resisting separation1 in obedience to that law of its being called ,attraction1 or ,gravitation1 or ,cohesion1 or ,adhesion--but which might as fitly be called ,desire1 or ,love4 ,and1 remember1 that this law does not seem to be merely one of self-preservation of the ,molecule--for it remains intact even after the separation from its companions or family4 ,it is more1 for it is a law that causes it to bend all its energies in remaining within molecular distance or close companionship with its family1 and resisting disintegration4 ,it is like the social instinct in ,man1 if one may be pardoned from using the figure4 ,now for the ,attraction of the ,atoms--,chemical ,affinity1 or ,chemism1 as it is called4 ,an ,atom1 you know1 is the chemical unit of ,matter1 and the smallest particle of ,matter that can enter into combination 7leaving the ,corpuscle out of the consideration1 for the moment74 ,these ,atoms exhibit and manifest an ,attraction for each other that causes them to form combinations or marriages1 and thus to combine1 forming a molecule4 ,but remember1 always1 that when ,atoms combine they do not merge their identities--they simply marry1 and nothing more4 ,each atom maintains its own identity1 and is found intact if the marriage is destroyed by chemical process1 which might be called the termination of the molecular marriage1 by divorce1 that is1 by one ,atom forsaking its mate and seeking a new affinity in the shape of some more attractive 7or attracting7 ,atom4 ,for1 alas1 the ,atoms are more or less fickle1 and often leave their life-partners for some other fascinating ,particle4 ,at times there is manifested a condition of how happy could ,i be with either1 were t'other fair charmer away--there is a conflict of attractions4 ,there is more flirting and affairs of the heart in the world of ,atoms than in the region of the ,molecules1 for while the latter are apt to seek only the companionship of their own family1 or some nearly related family1 the ,atoms have quite a number of possible affinities1 and will invariably desert a lesser attraction for a greater one 7thus forming a new molecule7 and leave the deserted one to get along alone as best it may1 or else form a new alliance with some other affinity who is either impervious to the attraction of the more brilliant charmer1 or else is out of the danger of temptation4 ,but1 if we analyze and carefully consider this ,chemical ,affinity1 ,chemism1 we will see that it comes well under the definition of ,attraction as given by ,webster1 and quoted in the first part of this chapter4 ,it certainly comes under the rule of the power in nature acting mutually between bodies1 or ultimate particles1 tending to draw them together1 etc4 ,the writer thinks that he is justified in asking you to consider ,gravitation1 ,cohesion1 ,adhesion and ,chemical ,affinity as related forms of the same thing4 ,if you do not like to call this same thing by the name of ,gravitation1 suppose we call it ,the ,law of ,attraction1 of which ,gravitation1 ,cohesion1 ,adhesion1 ,chemical ,affinity or ,chemism are but different aspects4 7,this relation is described in ,chapter ,,xiii47 ,and the writer believes that this ,law of ,attraction is the underlying cause of all that we call ,energy1 ,force1 ,power1 ,motion1 etc41 in the ,physical world4 ,for if ,gravitation accounts for all ,mass ,motion1 or ,mechanical ,motion--if ,molecular ,cohesion1 and the vibrations accompanying it1 manifest in forms of ,molecular ,motion--and if ,atomic ,chemical ,affinity or ,chemism1 manifest in ,atomic ,motion--and if even the ,corpuscles in their movements obey this same ,law of ,attraction in some form--and if all ,force and ,energy is but a ,mode of ,motion--then1 if all this be true1 are we not justified in claiming that this ,law of ,attraction is the ,basis of ,all ,energy1 ,force and ,motion8 ,and are we not justified in thinking of this ,law of ,attraction as always manifesting in the direction of drawing together particles of ,substance--be those particles suns1 planets1 masses1 molecules1 atoms or corpuscles--in pursuance of some basic law imposed upon ,all-things1 by ,that-which-is-above-,things8 ,the following quotation is interesting1 in our consideration of this subject3 ,there are other forces besides gravity1 and one of the most active of these is chemical affinity4 ,thus1 for instance1 an atom of oxygen has a very strong attraction for one of carbon1 and we may compare these two atoms to the earth and a stone lodged upon the top of a house4 ,within certain limits1 this attraction is intensely powerful1 so that when an atom of carbon and one of oxygen have been separated from each other1 we have a species of energy of position just as truly as when a stone has been separated from the earth4 ,thus by having a large quantity of oxygen and a large quantity of carbon in separate states1 we are in possession of a large store of energy of position4 ,when we allowed the stone and the earth to rush together1 the energy of position was transformed into that of actual motion1 and we should therefore expect something similar to happen when the separated carbon and oxygen are allowed to rush together4 ,this takes place when we burn coal in our fires1 and the primary result1 as far as energy is concerned1 is the production of a large amount of heat4 ,we are1 therefore1 led to conjecture that heat may denote a motion of particles on the small scale just as the rushing together of the stone and the earth denotes a motion on the large4 ,it thus appears that we may have invisible molecular energy as well as visible mechanical energy4--,balfour ,stewart4 ,to the writer it seems that the ,particle of ,substance finds within its ,mind-principle 7for you know we have seen that all ,substance had something akin to ,life and ,mind7 a constant craving1 imbedded in its very nature1 which causes it to seek ,satisfaction4 ,this craving for ,satisfaction results in ,unrest1 and seeks a solution along two lines4 ,these two lines are indicated by two entirely different ,desires that it finds within itself--the first being a ,desire or ,inclination to seek the companionship of some other ,particle--the second being a ,desire or ,inclination to be ,free of ,attachment or ,entanglement4 ,the ,desire for ,attachment arises from the force of the ,law of ,attraction that exists between each ,particle of ,substance4 ,the ,desire for ,non-attachment arises from some inward inclination for ,freedom4 ,these two ,desires or ,inclinations may be called the ,desire for ,impression and the ,desire for ,expression4 ,the ,desire for ,impression 7or pressing in7 manifests along lines of action tending toward ,attachment1 ,moreness1 ,companionship1 ,combination4 ,the ,desire for ,expression 7or pressing out7 manifests along the lines of action tending toward ,individuality1 ,freedom1 ,independence1 ,unattachment1 etc4 ,and both are strong cravings--and both tend to produce ,unrest1 which results in ,motion4 ,the pull of the ,desire of ,impression exists always1 and is always modified and counteracted by the push of the ,desire for ,expression4 ,and1 resulting from the play of these two ,desires1 or ,forces1 result ,activity1 ,motion and ,change4 ,like the two conflicting angels in the ,persian mythology--,ahriman and ,ormuzd--these two ,desires wrestle with each other in the theatre of the ,universe--constant ,motion and ,change being the results4 ,and1 if the writer may be pardoned for dropping into ,mysticism for the moment1 may it not be that these conflicting ,desires for ,separateness and ,unity1 respectively1 are but different forms of the ,desire for ,satisfaction through ,oneness4 ,impression seeks ,oneness by combination with other separated ,particles1 but finds it not4 ,expression seeks ,oneness by drawing apart and endeavoring to realize it in that way1 but finds it not4 ,but both are but different aspects of the same ,desire for ,satisfaction1 and only when the ,mind recognizes ,oneness in ,diversity does ,satisfaction come4 ,and thus the lesson of the ,particle becomes the ,lesson of the ,man4 ,these conflicting ,desires of ,inclinations of the ,particles--the one urging it along the lines of ,attraction--the other along the lines of ,separation--produce the ,dance of the ,atoms--the ,motion of the ,particles4 ,when the ,particle manifests along the lines of ,expression it pushes itself away from the other ,particle1 and1 consequently1 also pushes the other ,particle away4 ,when it manifests along the lines of ,impression1 it pulls itself toward the other ,particle1 and at the same time pulls the other ,particle toward itself4 ,in both cases the medium of the pulling extends over the space separating them1 as will be described in future chapters4 ,this pulling and pushing is called by ,chemistry ,attraction and ,repulsion of the ,particles4 ,it is perhaps unnecessary to state that the ,force of the ,attraction of ,cohesion or of ,chemical ,affinity is much stronger than that of ,gravitation1 in the case of the same ,particles4 ,otherwise1 if one picked up a piece of iron1 the ,attraction of ,gravitation would cause its particles to separate and fall to the ground1 whereas1 the ,attraction of ,cohesion and that of ,chemical ,affinity enable the ,particles to counteract the pull of ,gravitation1 and thus remain intact4 ,compared with ,cohesion or ,chemical ,affinity1 the pull of ,gravitation is incomparably weak4 ,the force which holds together two atoms of water represents a high degree of dynamic power1 and the shock of forcible separation of chemical atoms produces something akin to an explosion4 ,so we see that the ,attraction of the ,particles1 while of the same nature as ,gravitation1 is much higher in intensity4 ,but notwithstanding the power of the ,attraction1 it seems to be a matter inherent in the nature of the ,particle1 and to represent a something like ,will1 in response to ,desire4 ,the varying push and pull or the two ,desires1 would necessarily cause a revolution of each ,particle on its own axis1 and a revolution around each other--besides many instances of rushing together and away from each other4 ,in these forms of ,motion is to be found the cause of the vibrations producing ,radiant ,energy1 known as ,light1 ,heat1 ,electricity and ,magnetism4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,dynamic ,,thought ,from the preceding chapters we have learned that3 7#a7 ,the forms of ,force or ,radiant ,energy1 known as ,light1 ,heat1 ,magnetism and ,electricity1 are ,modes of ,motion1 arising from the ,original ,motion of the ,particles of ,substance 7,molecules1 ,atoms1 ,corpuscles or ,electrons74 ,and that such ,original ,motion of the ,particles arises from the ,operation of ,the ,law of ,attraction2 7#b7 ,that the forms of ,attractive ,force or ,energy1 known as ,gravitation1 ,cohesion1 ,adhesion1 ,atomic ,attraction1 ,chemical ,affinity or ,chemism1 and ,corpuscular ,attraction1 also arise from the operation of the ,law of ,attraction2 7#c7 ,that1 from the above1 it follows that3 ,all ,manifestations of ,force and ,energy in ,inorganic ,substance 7viz41 both ,radiant ,energy in its forms of ,light1 ,heat1 ,magnetism1 ,electricity1 etc42 and also ,attractive ,energy in its forms of ,gravitation1 ,cohesion1 ,adhesion1 ,chemical ,affinity or ,atomic ,attraction and ,corpuscular ,attraction7 arise from the operation of the ,law of ,attraction4 ,it will be well to remember that the fact that some of the above forms of ,radiant ,force or ,energy1 such as ,heat1 ,light1 ,magnetism and ,electricity1 may arise from ,motion transmitted from other ,substance1 does not alter the matter4 ,for if they arise from waves from some other ,substance1 it merely follows that the ,original ,motion that gave rise to the waves arose from the operation of the ,law of ,attraction4 ,or1 if they arise from interrupted ,motion1 it merely follows that the ,motion that is interrupted may be traced back to ,original ,motion that arose from the operation of the ,law of ,attraction4 ,so that all ,mechanical ,power1 and all the forms of ,energy or ,force producing the same 7omitting for the moment the forms of ,energy or ,force of ,living ,organisms1 which will be described later on7 arise from the operation of the ,law of ,attraction4 ,now1 for the next step4 ,we have seen that the operation of the ,law of ,attraction results from ,vital-,mental ,action on the part of the ,life and ,mind ,principle inherent in the nature of the ,particles of ,substance4 ,consequently1 all forms of ,energy and ,force arising from the operation of ,the ,law of ,attraction--the latter being the result of ,vital-,mental ,action--then it follows that3 ,all forms of ,energy and ,force having its origin in the ,law of ,attraction are manifestations of ,vital-,mental ,action4 ,but this is not all--for we have not considered the ,energy and ,force abiding in1 and manifested by1 what are called ,living ,organisms1 such as human1 animal and plant life1 which are manifested by the physical organisms or bodies of man1 animal and plant4 ,in order to avoid a long digression into the realms of biology1 we will omit all but a passing reference to the theories that seek to identify the action of the cells of organic life with those of the particles of inorganic life--for remember1 that ,organic ,substance has its ,molecules1 ,atoms and ,corpuscles1 as well as its higher combinations known as ,cells--and we will seek the ultimate source of all forms of ,force and ,energy1 exhibited by ,organic ,life1 in that which lies back of ,physical ,action4 ,we need no argument here--for all will readily recognize that behind the physical action of man1 animal and plant1 lies ,life and ,mind1 and that therefore all ,force and ,energy arising from such action must be manifestations of ,vital-,mental ,action4 ,and so1 summing up our conclusions regarding ,force and ,energy and ,motion in ,inorganic ,substance--and then in ,organic ,substance--we arrive at an understanding of the ,basic ,proposition of the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought1 which is as follows3 ,,basic ,,proposition4--,that ,all forms and exhibition of ,force1 ,energy1 ,motion and ,power are manifestations of ,vital-,mental ,action4 ,and that1 consequently1 at the last there is no ,force but ,vital-,mental ,force2 no ,energy but ,vital-,mental ,energy2 no ,motion but ,vital-,mental ,motion2 no ,power but ,vital-,mental ,power4 ,it is possible that the average reader will fail to recognize the tremendous importance of the above proposition4 ,it is most revolutionary1 and is not only directly opposed to the ,materialistic theory which makes ,matter the dominant factor--the only factor1 in fact--in ,life2 but it is also far different from the opinion of the average person who has been taught to think of blind force1 dead matter1 mechanical energy1 power of machinery1 engines1 etc4 ,and yet1 you are invited to go back over the path that leads up to the theory1 and test and examine every bit of the road for weak spots--insecure bridges1 etc4--the writer feels that the work will bear examination4 ,he thinks that he has succeeded not only in proving that 7#a7 ,the ,universe is ,alive and ,thinking2 and 7#b7 ,that ,mind is ,dominant--but he believes1 also1 that he has made at least partially understandable the old occult and metaphysical aphorism that has been heard so much in these later days--the statement that ,all is ,mind--,mind is ,all4 ,the only fact needed now is the proof of the old occult theory that ,matter or ,substance blends gradually into ,mind1 and that in the end it is found to have its origin there4 ,so far1 ,science has not given us this proof1 but it begins to look that way1 although ,science does not dream of what lies at the end of the road she is travelling4 ,she tells us that she sees ,matter melting into ,force or ,energy1 and that perhaps the ,universe may be found to be ,energy or ,force1 at the last4 ,but she ignores the fact that her investigations have already proven 7to those who know how to combine them7 that ,mind is back of ,force--that all ,force is ,mental ,force1 at the last4 ,and1 so1 you see it is not so far a cry from ,matter to ,mind in these days of the ,twentieth ,century4 ,the bridge is being erected by the ,materialists1 but the ,mentalist will be the first to cross over it4 ,but there are many important questions ahead of us for consideration in relation to the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought4 ,and we must hasten on to them4 ,one of the first questions that must be considered is that of the transmission of ,force1 ,energy or ,motion4 ,science has told us that ,light travels and is contagious1 that ,heat travels and is contagious1 that ,electricity travels and is contagious1 that ,magnetism travels and is contagious4 ,but is has failed to find evidences of ,cohesive ,force1 or ,adhesive ,force1 or the ,force of ,gravitation1 or the ,force of ,chemical ,affinity1 or the ,force of ,corpuscular ,affinity1 being contagious1 and although it recognizes that they must travel beyond the limits of the bodies manifesting them1 yet it has hazarded no theory or hypothesis1 worthy of the name1 to account for the phenomenon4 ,it informs us that ,light1 ,heat1 ,magnetism and ,electricity travel 7via waves of the ,ether7 at the rate of #ahd1jjj miles per second--and that when they reach their destination the ,ether waves set up similar vibrations in the ,substance with which they come in contact4 ,the only explanation of the method or medium of travel is the ,aristotle's ,ether ,theory1 which1 while generally accepted as a working hypothesis1 nevertheless1 brings a broad smile to the face of any thoughtful scientist who considers it in detail4 ,as for the medium of the transmission of ,gravitation1 ,cohesion1 ,chemical ,affinity and ,molecular ,affinity1 ,science is mute4 ,all that she says is that ,gravitation is believed to travel instantaneously over distances that it takes ,light1 travelling at the rate of #ahd1jjj miles per second1 over two thousand years to travel4 ,verily1 ,gravitation defies ,scientific theories and estimates1 and laughs at the ,ether4 ,let us see if the ,dynamic ,thought ,theory throws any light on the subject6 ,the first step in the solution of the problem of the transferring and communication of ,energy is the remembrance of the fact that the ,energy is purely ,mental4 ,be it ,gravitation1 ,affinity or ,attraction1 on the one hand--or ,light1 ,heat1 ,magnetism or ,electricity on the other--it is all ,mental ,force4 ,attraction in all of its forms has been recognized as ,mental ,action4 ,and the vibrations that cause ,light1 ,heat1 ,magnetism and ,electricity have been seen to result from the ,law of ,attraction1 and1 therefore1 are ,mental4 ,this being the case1 would it not be wise for us to look for a solution of the transmission of ,force and ,energy in the region from which it originated--the ,mental ,region8 ,does not this seem reasonable8 ,should not the explanation for ,mental ,effects be sought in a ,mental ,cause8 ,and should not the medium between ,mind and ,mind be looked for in the ,mental ,region8 ,taking the liberty of peeping into some of the succeeding chapters of this book--getting a little ahead of the story1 as it were--let us consider the operation of ,mind in the higher forms of ,life4 ,without argument1 or proof at this point1 let us remember the well-founded statements of fact--and the old occult teachings as well--that the ,mind is not confined to the limits of the body1 but extends as an ,aura for some distance beyond the physical form4 ,let us also remember the phenomena grouped together under the general subject of ,thought-transference1 ,thought-transmission1 ,telepathy1 or 7the best term of all7 ,telesthesia 7meaning1 literally far-off sensation74 ,the writer imagines that he hears the yell of derision go up at this point from the materialistic personage1 or man on the street1 who has been induced to read this book by some well meaning friend4 ,thought-transference1 ,fiddlesticks1 we may hear him cry1 in imagination4 ,but let this reader remember--,fiddlesticks1 or no ,fiddlesticks--that ,thought-transmission is a proven fact--and that thousands of people know it to be so1 absolutely1 from their own experience4 ,it is too late in the day for sneers at the mention of the term4 ,well1 then1 since ,force is ,mental1 and we are looking for a ,mental explanation for the phenomenon of ,transmission of ,force1 does it not seem natural to consider ,thought-transmission in that connection8 ,answering a possible objection of some critical reader1 to the effect that before a sensation may be received1 the receiver must have sense-organs--a very good objection1 but one that is answered by ,science itself--let us read on4 ,haeckel1 the distinguished scientist1 in his endeavor to prove that ,man's senses are but a development of something in inorganic life1 has called our attention to the fact that ,molecules1 and ,atoms1 are capable of receiving sensations and responding thereto4 ,he makes quite a point of this in his latest works1 and remarks1 among many other things showing his positive views on the subject of sensation in the inorganic world3 ,i cannot imagine the simplest chemical and physical process without attributing the movements of the material particles to unconscious sensation2 and again3 ,the idea of chemical affinity consists in the fact that the various chemical elements perceive the qualitative differences in other elements--experience 'pleasure' or 'revulsion' at contact with them1 and execute specific movements on this ground4 ,he also quotes1 approvingly1 the remarks of ,nageli1 who said3 ,if the molecules possess something that is related1 however distantly1 to sensation1 it must be comfortable to be able to follow their attractions and repulsions2 uncomfortable when they are forced to do otherwise4 ,haeckel also says that in his opinion the sensations in animal and plant life are connected by a long series of evolutionary stages with the simpler forms of sensation that we find in the inorganic elements1 and that reveal themselves in chemical affinity4 ,is not this strong enough8 ,perhaps we may now be permitted at least to assume that even the ,atoms1 ,molecules and ,corpuscles have something like sensation4 ,some one may now object that ,haeckel speaks of contact between the particles1 and that sensation by contact 7even in an atom7 is far different from sensation without contact1 at a short distance4 ,quite right1 but if the objector will take the trouble to review the teachings of ,science regarding the relation of the ,particles1 he will see that the ,particles are never exactly in contact1 except in moments of collision1 which1 by the way1 they carefully avoid4 ,the ,corpuscles1 as we have shown1 have plenty of room in which to move about1 and they move in orbits around each other4 ,the ,atoms combine1 but there is always room between them1 as may be seen by reference to the teachings regarding the ,ether1 which fills up the cracks according to the theory4 ,and the ,molecules also have plenty of room1 as may be seen by reference to that part of the subject1 particularly to the comparison of the drop of water magnified to the size of the ,earth1 in which the ,molecules would appear about the size of the original drop with more room between each than their own size4 ,in fact1 as we have been shown in a previous chapter1 the particles are attracted only to a certain distance1 at which they resist the impulse or attraction and stand off a bit4 ,they will not be forced too near without creating disturbances1 and manifestations of force1 and if they are separate beyond a certain distance the attractive power ceases to operate4 ,but there is always some room between them1 and they bridge over that room and exert and receive the attractive power in some way4 ,this is true not only of the particles but of the great bodies1 like the ,earth and planets1 that are attracted1 and attract over great distances4 ,now for the question3 ,how do they exert sense and attractive power over the great comparative distance--great1 comparatively1 as well in atom1 as in planet and sun8 ,some one may answer the question closing the last paragraph with the word ,electricity4 ,very good--,electricity1 like the ,ether1 comes in quite handy when one is forced to explain something not known4 ,electricity1 like the ,glacial ,period1 ,aristotle's ,ether1 ,natural ,laws1 and ,suggestion1 is a most handy weapon of argument1 and often acts as a preventative to further inquiry and investigation until some sufficiently irreverent of precedent arises to ask1 ,but ,why and ,how8 and starts the ball rolling again4 ,but ,electricity will not answer in this case1 for the rate of the travel of ,electricity is well known--#ahd1jjj miles per second1 which1 fast as it is1 assumes the crawl of a slow-freight when compared with the instantaneous rate of travel of ,gravitation4 ,and then ,electricity requires a medium and ,gravitation does not1 and in many other ways the two are seen to be totally different4 ,and in the case of the ,space between the ,atom and ,molecule and ,corpuscle1 it is no more reasonable to say ,electricity than it would be to say ,heat or ,light2 and ,magnetism is not available for obvious reasons4 ,remember that ,electricity1 ,light and ,heat are caused by ,motion resulting from ,attraction1 and the child cannot procreate the parent4 ,heat1 ,light and ,electricity may beget each other 7and they do74 ,and ,gravitation may procreate ,heat1 ,light and ,electricity4 ,but ,heat1 ,light and ,electricity cannot procreate ,gravitation--,never6 ,and ,light1 ,heat and ,electricity require replenishing from the common source of ,energy1 but ,gravitation is self-sufficient and asks no replenishing or storage-battery or power-house4 ,electricity1 ,heat and ,light come and go1 appearing1 manifesting and disappearing1 swallowed up by each other1 or by ,substance4 ,but ,gravitation is always there--unchangeable--unwavering--immutab le--invariable--,something above ,matter and ,force--something majestic1 awe-inspiring1 sublime6 ,does it take a wild flight of the imagination to see that this ,something1 that is not ,matter1 and nor ,force1 must be a manifestation of ,mind8 ,let us first apply this idea of ,thought-transference to the operation of the ,law of ,attraction between the ,corpuscles1 ,atoms and ,molecules of ,substance--the ,particles of ,substance4 ,the particles are believed to move to or away from each other in accordance with the workings of ,attraction and ,affinity1 in its various degrees4 ,first they must desire to move--not ,desire in the developed sense that we feel it1 but still elementary feeling1 or inclination1 or tendency--call it what you will1 but it remains rudimentary ,mental ,emotion--an ,e-motion leading to ,motion4 7,this is not a pun--look up the meaning of the word ,emotion and you will see its application47 ,then1 following the ,desire1 comes the action in the direction of gratifying it4 ,the ,particles act to gratify ,desire in two ways--acting at a distance1 remember--they exert the ,attractive ,force1 which the writer believes to be ,mental ,force1 transmitted by ,mind1 projection1 a mental or psychic bond or connection being thus established4 ,by means of this bond of ,mind1 the ,particle endeavors to 7#a7 draw itself to the object2 and 7#b7 to draw the object toward itself4 ,in the case of the ,molecule1 this ,desire and ,movement seems to be mutual1 and evidenced by and to all ,molecules alike1 providing they be within ,molecular ,distance1 as ,science calls it4 ,but in the case of the ,atoms1 it seems to be different--for there is found a greater degree of choice1 or elective affinity4 ,this election or choice is not altogether free1 but depends upon the relative likes and dislikes of certain kinds of elements1 as we have seen in previous chapters1 although1 to be sure1 these ,elements are all made out of the same stuff in different combinations4 ,the details of ,corpuscular ,attraction are not known1 so it cannot be told whether preferences exist1 or whether 7in the words of the street7 all ,corpuscles look alike to each other4 ,it would appear1 however1 that there must be some reasons for preference1 among the ,corpuscles1 else they would always form in the same combinations--always act alike to each other1 as they are alike in other actions--and thus there would be but one ,element or kind of ,atom1 formed1 instead of the seventy-five1 already known4 ,to be sure1 in this case1 it might be that the one kind of ,atom formed would be the ,atom of ,hydrogen1 and that all other ,elements1 or ,atoms1 were modifications of that one--just proving the dream of the ,scientists of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,but1 as ,kipling would say1 that is another story4 ,to return to the ,particle which we left trying to draw the other ,particle to itself1 and itself toward the other4 ,there is no material connection between them 7and ,electricity and ,magnetism will not answer71 so what is to be done8 ,evidently the ,particle knows1 for it exerts a drawing power or force by means of the ,mental-connection1 and two come together4 ,the ,particle evidently is able to exert a repelling or moving away power by reversing the process1 the ,mental-bond acting as the medium4 ,this may cause a smile1 because we have never seen an instance of bodies pulling themselves together by intangible bonds4 ,haven't we8 ,then how about two pieces of magnetised steel1 or two electrified substances8 ,oh1 that's different1 you say4 ,why1 different8 ,isn't the bond intangible8 ,and1 haven't we seen that both ,electricity and ,magnetism were ,mental ,actions also8 ,oh1--er--but well1--oh yes1 that's it--perhaps the ,attracting ,force is ,magnetism or ,electricity4 ,no1 that will not do1 for we have seen that ,electricity and ,magnetism were products of this ,attraction1 not producers of it--the ,attraction must come before ,electricity and ,magnetism1 not after them--you are mixing ,cause and ,effect4 ,and1 even if you were right--and you cannot be--wouldn't the ,electrical or ,magnetic ,force be called into operation1 and directed by the ,mental ,action1 arising from the ,desire8 ,you cannot get away from ,mental ,action when you study the ,law of ,attraction4 ,but1 how about the fact that ,heat causes the ,particles to change their vibrations1 and draw apart1 and all that sort of thing--and ,electricity1 likewise8 you may ask4 ,surely this takes the matter away from ,mental ,action1 doesn't it8 ,well1 the writer thinks that the phenomenon referred to only helps to prove his theory4 ,and he will endeavor to so prove to you4 ,the consideration of the facts related in this chapter1 leads us to a supplemental proposition to our ,basic ,proposition1 which may be stated as follows3 ,,supplemental ,,proposition ,i4--,not only is the ,law of ,attraction the manifestation of a ,mental ,process1 or ,vital-,mental ,action2 but also the actual ,force or ,energy used in bringing the ,particles of ,substance in closer relation1 in accordance with that ,law1 is in its nature a ,vital ,mental ,force or ,energy1 operating between bodies or particles of ,substance1 without a material medium4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,vibrant ,,energy ,in previous chapters we have seen that the phenomena of ,radiant ,energy1 known as ,light1 ,heat1 ,magnetism and ,electricity1 had their origin in the ,motion of the ,particles1 the different classes of phenomena depending upon the particular degree and nature of the aforesaid ,motion of ,particles4 ,we have seen also that ,radiant ,energy could be communicated or transmitted from one body of ,substance to another4 ,and that the communication of transmission might be accomplished not only by close contact of the bodies1 but by waves of some sort which were caused in some medium 7the ,ether7 by the vibrations of the ,particles of the body1 and which waves1 when they reached the other body1 were transformed into vibrations of the ,particles corresponding to those manifested in the first body4 ,the idea has been illustrated by the sending telephone1 the sound waves in the diaphragm of which were transformed into waves of the ,electric current1 and thus passing along the wires were transformed again into sound-waves by the diaphragm of the receiving instrument4 ,we have seen1 also in the preceding chapter1 that the medium by which these vibrations were transferred1 transmitted1 or communicated1 might be supposed to be ,mind1 the operation being akin to ,thought-transference4 ,now let us examine into the workings of the matter4 ,in the first place1 we assume a certain state of vibration1 existing in a certain body of ,substance--,heat1 or ,electricity for instance 7either illustration will answer47 ,another body of ,substance is brought in close contact with the first body1 and the vibrations of ,energy pass on to the second1 not by waves but by a seeming actual passing of vibrations without the need of intervening waves4 ,this1 ,science calls transmission by ,conduction1 the theory being that the particles rapidly pass on the vibrations from one to another4 ,convection or conduction along other forms of ,substance1 such as hot-air1 hot-water-steam1 etc41 is but a variation of the above1 as ,substance is the medium in both cases4 ,the third form of transmission is by ,radiation1 whereby the vibrations are transmitted by waves in some medium other than ,substance 7according to the theory71 as we have described in a preceding paragraph1 as well as in previous chapters4 ,as a matter of fact1 a careful analysis of the matter will show that even in the ,conduction of the most solid ,substance1 there must be a medium not ,substance between the ,particles of the ,substance1 for the ,particles always have ,space between them--this being true of the ,particles of ,air1 as well as those of ,iron4 ,so there is always ,space to be traversed by a medium not ,substance4 ,but we need not stop to split-hairs regarding this question1 for the general explanation will explain this also4 ,now1 to get back to our body of ,substance vibrating with ,radiant ,energy1 separated from a second body of ,substance by a great distance--thousands of miles in fact--millions would be better--let us take two worlds1 for instance--the ,sun and the ,earth4 ,ignoring for the moment the explanation of ,gravitations 7which will be given later7 and realizing that there is no medium of ,substance existing between the two bodies1 we must grant that there is a medium not ,substance existing between them1 either permanently or thrown out for the purpose of this special transmission4 ,we shall assume a medium existing before the need of the transmission 7for reasons to be seen later47 ,our ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought1 and ,thought-,transference between bodies of ,substance1 compels us to suppose that this medium is a ,mental ,connection1 or ,mental ,relation1 existing between the two bodies of ,substance4 ,so1 we must consider the question of this medium of ,mind transmitting the vibrations of ,radiant ,energy from the ,sun to the ,earth4 ,how can ,mind conduct ,radiant ,energy8 ,it does not conduct ,radiant ,energy1 but it does transmit--not ,radiant ,energy--but the ,mental ,state that causes ,radiant ,energy ,vibrations4 ,this statement of a ,mental ,state causing ,radiant ,energy ,vibrations seems rather startling at first sight--but let us examine it4 ,we have seen that the ,radiant ,energy was caused by the ,motion or ,vibrations of the ,particles1 which ,motion or ,vibration was the result of the workings of the ,law of ,attraction1 and which ,law was but the manifestation of ,vital-,mental ,action4 ,and1 at the last1 the ,vibrations of ,radiant ,energy are the result of peculiar or particular states of the ,life and ,mind of the ,particle4 ,the word ,state is derived from the ,latin word ,status1 meaning position2 standing1 and is used generally in the sense of condition4 ,this ,mental ,state of the ,particle may be described as a state of ,emotional ,excitement4 ,let us pause a moment to consider the meaning of these words--it often helps us to understand a subject1 if we examine the real meaning of the words defining it4 ,emotion is derived from the ,latin word ,emotum1 meaning to shake2 to stir up--the ,latin word being made up of two other words1 i4e41 ,e1 meaning out2 and ,motum1 to move4 ,emotion is defined as a moving or excitement of the mind4 ,excitement is derived from the ,latin word ,excitare1 meaning to move out--the ,english word being defined as a calling to ,activity2 state of ,active feeling2 aroused ,activity4 ,so you see that the idea of ,active ,motion1 and ,aroused ,activity1 of ,mind1 permeates the term ,emotional ,excitement1 that is used by the writer in connection with the ,mental ,state causing vibration of the ,particles of ,substance4 ,the single word1 ,excitement1 will be used by the writer1 hereafter1 in the above connection1 in order to avoid complex terms4 ,to those who still object to the use of a mental term in reference to motion of ,substance1 he might remark that ,science makes use of the term--,excite1 and ,excitement--in reference to ,electrical phenomena1 so that he is not altogether without support in the use of the word4 ,now to return again to our body of ,substance--the ,sun--the ,particles of which are manifesting a great degree of ,excitement1 evidencing in ,vibrations producing the phenomenon of ,radiant ,energy4 ,the excitement is shared equally by its ,particles1 the contagion having spread among them4 ,even the ,particles of its atmosphere are vibrating with ,excitement1 and evidencing ,radiant ,energy4 ,the ,sun is in direct ,mental ,connection with the ,earth 7as we shall see presently7 and the ,excitement is transmitted by ,thought-,transference 7along this ,mental ,connection7 in the shape of ,dynamic ,thought-waves of ,excitement4 ,these waves have a rate of speed of #ahd1jjj miles per second--why this particular rate1 or any rate at all1 is not apparent2 it being very evident1 however1 that this particular kind of ,mental ,action--,excitement1 or ,thought--is not transmitted instantaneously as is the ,mental ,quality known as ,desire1 resulting in ,attraction1 or ,gravitation1 which seems to be rather a ,basic quality1 rather than a temporary disturbance or emotional excitement4 ,but the writer must not get ahead of his story4 ,the ,excitement of the ,particles of ,substance composing the ,sun is contagious1 and the ,thought-waves travel along the ,mental ,connection1 or medium1 at a wonderful rate of speed4 ,soon they come in contact with the ,mental ,atmosphere of the ,earth and the ,excitement becomes manifest in ,action1 the ,emotional ,excitement being reproduced by the ,particles of the ,earth's ,substance nearest the surface which vibrate and manifest the ,radiant ,energy in spite of themselves1 for the tendency among ,particles is to settle down1 and remain calm1 rather than to participate in ,emotional ,excitement4 ,they have acquired a normal and fixed rate of ,vibration1 or ,mental ,state1 after many years1 gradually changing from a high state of ,excitement1 to a comparative calm state4 ,and1 their tendency and inclination is ,conservative1 and they are disposed to resent and repel ,radical states of ,excitement or ,disturbance1 coming from other less ,conservative ,bodies4 ,the above fact partially explains why the communicated ,excitement manifests itself more strongly on the surface of the body exposed to the contagion of ,excitement4 ,the ,conservative influence is always at work1 and manages to absorb and equally distribute the ,energy that is beating down upon it1 without allowing it to penetrate very far4 ,the ,energy is used-up or absorbed1 and neutralized by the lower vibrations of the ,mass4 ,the effort of the ,energy coming from the sending ,body is to bring-up the vibrations of the receiving body to the rate of the sender2 while the effort of the receiving body is to resist this effort1 and to reduce and bring-down the transmitted increased rate of vibration of the ,particles immediately exposed to the contagion4 ,in both cases the effort is toward equalization of the rate of vibrations4 ,this working of the law may be observed plainly in the case of ,heat vibrations--the ,energy seeming to wish to bring-up the vibrations or temperature of the second body1 while the latter resists this effort1 and strives to bring-down the vibrations or temperature of those ,particles of itself that have caught the ,motion4 ,the ,energy is like a ,radical ,agitator who wishes to stir up an ,excitement1 leading to a change1 while the ,body is like the ,conservative element that prefers to let well enough alone1 and resists the stirring-up process1 and exerts itself to restore quiet1 and to maintain accustomed conditions4 ,the explanation of the phenomenon given in any work on ,physics or ,natural ,philosophy will answer fairly well in the consideration of this ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought1 the only important change being required1 being the substitution of ,thought-waves for ,waves of the ,ether of ,science4 ,science has described the working operations1 as might be expected from her years of careful study and examination4 ,she has erred only in the ,theory or ,hypothesis advanced to account for the facts4 ,her ,ether handed down by ,aristotle1 is admitted by her to be paradoxical and unthinkable--but she has had none other to substitute for it4 ,she will probably sneer at the ,dynamic ,thought1 and ,thought-,transference theory advanced in this book--if indeed she takes the trouble to examine it4 ,but sometime1 from her own ranks--among her most advanced members--will arise a man who will claim that ,all ,force is ,mental ,force1 and that ,transference of ,energy is ,thought ,transference4 ,and the ,scientific ,world will accept the doctrine after it finds itself unable to fight it down--and it will give new names and terms to its workings4 ,and it will proclaim loudly the new ,truth4 ,and this little book1 and its writer will be ignored--but its work will go on4 ,the writer although probably doomed to have himself and his theory laughed at by the masses of people 7whose children will accept the teachings of this book7 does not feel discouraged by the prospect4 ,he cares nothing for personal credit--the truth being the important thing4 ,like ,galvini1 7whose words appear on the title page of this book7 he may cry3 ,i am attacked by two very opposite sects--the scientists and the know-nothings4 ,both laugh at me1 calling me the ',frog's ,dancing ,master1' but ,i know that ,i have discovered one of the greatest ,forces in ,nature4 ,the illustration given above of the transmission of the ,excitement of the ,particles of the ,sun to the ,particles of the ,earth1 will answer equally well in the case of ,light1 ,heat1 ,magnetism and ,electricity4 ,and it will answer in the case of the transmission of these ,forces between ,atoms1 ,molecules1 and ,masses as well as between ,worlds and ,solar ,systems4 ,any bodies subject to the ,law of ,attraction may and do1 so transmit ,vibrations4 ,in our consideration of ,the ,riddle of the ,sphinx1 which forms the subject of the next chapter1 we shall obtain further particulars of the workings of the ,law4 ,the consideration of the facts and principles stated in this chapter brings us to a second ,supplemental ,proposition1 which may be stated as follows3 ,,supplemental ,,proposition ,,ii4--,the rates of vibration of the ,particles of ,substance may be likened to ,mental ,states2 and a high degree of the same may be called an ,excitement4 ,this ,excitement may be1 and is1 communicated from the ,particles of the body manifesting it1 to the ,particles of other bodies--the medium of such communication being a ,mental ,connection or ,mental ,relation existing between the two bodies of ,substance1 without the employment of any material medium--and which ,excitement1 so communicated1 reproduces in the second body the vibrations manifested in the first body1 subject1 always1 to the counteracting efforts of the second body to maintain its accustomed1 and former1 rate of vibration1 and ,mental ,state4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,riddle ,,of ,,the ,,sphinx ,it is with no light emotion1 or jaunty air1 that the writer approaches this part of his subject4 ,on the contrary1 he feels something like awe when he contemplates the nature of that great ,something which he is called upon to attempt to explain in a few pages4 ,he feels1 in only a lighter degree1 the emotion that one experiences when1 in occasional moments1 his mind leads to a contemplation of ,the ,infinite4 ,he feels that that which men mean when they say ,gravitation and ,the ,ether1 are but symbols and feeble concepts of ,something so far above human experience that the ,mind of ,man may grasp only its lowest shadings1 the greater and higher part of it1 like the higher rays of the ,spectrum1 being hidden from the experience of ,man4 ,in his endeavor to pass on to you his ideas regarding the ,something that explains both ,gravitation and the ,ether1 he must ask you to endeavor to form a ,mental ,picture of a ,something4 ,this ,something must fill all ,space within the ,limits of the ,universe1 or ,cosmos--if limits it has4 ,it must be an expression of the first of the attributes of ,the ,infinite--the one called ,omnipresence1 or ,presence-everywhere--and yet it must not be ,the ,infinite ,presence4 ,it also must be an expression of the second of the attributes of the ,infinite--the one called ,omnipotence1 or ,all-,power--and yet it must not be ,the ,infinite ,power4 ,it also must be an expression of the third attribute of ,the ,infinite--the one called ,omniscience1 or ,all-,knowing--and yet it must not be ,the ,infinite ,wisdom4 ,it must be an expression of ,all the ,attributes that we think of as belonging to ,the ,infinite--and yet through them ,all we may see ,the ,infinite1 ,itself1 in the background1 viewing its expressions4 ,this ,something that you are asked to think of is that ,something regarding which the mystics have dreamed2 the philosophers have speculated2 the scientists have sneered and smiled--that ,something that ,men have thought of as ,the ,universal ,mind or the ,cosmic ,mind4 ,you are asked to think of this ,something as a great ,ocean of ,pure ,mind1 permeating all ,space--between ,solar ,systems--between ,worlds--between ,masses of ,substance--between the ,molecules1 ,atoms1 and ,corpuscles4 ,in and about and around everything--yes1 even in ,everything--in the very essence of the ,corpuscle it is--in truth it is that ,essence itself4 ,bound up in the bosom of that ,mighty ,ocean of ,mind must reside all ,knowledge of the ,universe--of all this side of ,god4 ,for that ,all-,knowledge is but a knowing of its own region4 ,latent within itself must be locked up all ,energy1 or capacity for ,force or ,motion1 for all ,force or ,energy is ,mental4 ,in its very presence it exemplifies the capacity of filling ,all ,space4 ,omnipresent2 ,omnipotent2 ,omniscient--all the attributes of ,the ,infinite are manifested in it--and yet it is but the outward expression of ,that-,behind-the-,veil1 which is the ,causeless ,cause of ,all4 ,in that ,great ,ocean of ,universal or ,cosmic ,mind1 bodies of ,substance are but as floating specks of dust--or even bubbles formed of the substance of that ,ocean itself--on the surface of that ,ocean1 there may arise waves1 currents1 ripples1 eddies1 whirlpools1--storms1 hurricanes1 tempests1--from its bosom may rise vapor1 that after stages of clouds1 rain-drops1 flowing in streams1 rivers1 bays1 at last again reach the source of its origin4 ,these disturbances and changes we call ,energy1 ,force1 ,motion--but they are but surface manifestations1 and the ,great ,ocean is serene in its depths1 and1 in reality1 is unchanged and undisturbed4 ,this1 friends1 is that which the writer asks you to accept in the place of ,aristotle's ,ether4 ,is it a worthy exchange8 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have seen that the ,attraction of ,gravitation was different from any other so-called form of ,force and ,energy--both in its operations and laws1 as well as in its constancy and self-support4 ,and that it was different from the other forms of ,attraction such as ,cohesion1 ,chemical ,affinity1 etc4 ,and1 so we must consider it as more than a mere ,emotional ,excitement in the ,mind of the ,particle--that bubble on the surface of the ,ocean4 ,and it must be different from the special forms of ,attraction manifested by the ,atom and ,molecule4 ,it must be a simpler1 more basic1 and yet a more constant and permanent thing4 ,it must exist before and after ,excitement2 ,vibration2 ,cohesion2 and ,chemical ,affinity4 ,it must be the ,mother of the ,forces4 ,let us imagine the ,cosmic ,mind as a great body of ,something filling ,space1 instead of as the surface of the ,ocean1 which figure we used just now--either figure is equally correct4 ,this great ,cosmic ,mind is to be thought of as filling ,space1 and containing within its volume 7,oh1 for a better word67 countless worlds1 and suns1 as well as smaller bodies of ,substance4 ,these suns and world1 and bodies are apparently free and unconnected1 floating in this great volume of ,mind4 ,but they are not free and unconnected--they are linked together by a web of lines of ,gravitation4 ,each body of ,substance has a line reaching out in a continuous direction1 and connecting it with another body4 ,each body has one of such lines connecting it with each particular other body4 ,consequently1 each body has countless lines reaching out from it2 some slender1 and some thick1--the thickness depending upon the ratio of distances maintained by1 and relative sizes of1 the particular bodies that it connects4 ,this system of lines form a great net-work of connections in the volume of ,mind1 crossing each other at countless points 7but not interfering with each other47 ,and although the number may be said to be countless1 still these lines do not begin to cover the entire dimensions of ,space1 or of the ,mind that fills it4 ,there are great areas of ,space entirely untouched by these lines4 ,if one could see the system of lines1 it probably would appear as a sheared off section of a great spider's web1 with lines in all directions1 but with plenty of room between the lines4 ,perhaps these lines converge to a common centre1 and that centre may be----6 ,but this is transcendental dreaming--let us proceed with our consideration of the use of these lines4 ,it is to be understood1 of course1 that these lines are not material lines--not made of ,substance--but rather1 conditions in the ,cosmic ,mind4 ,not ,thought-waves arising from the ,excitement of ,particles1 but ,something more basic1 simpler1 and more permanent4 ,let us look closer and we will see that the great lines of ,gravitation radiating from1 and connecting world with world--sun with planet--are really cables composed of much smaller lines1 the finest strands of which are seen to emanate from each ,corpuscle or ,particle of ,substance--the line of ,gravitation reaching from the ,earth to the ,sun being composed of a mass of tiny strands which connect each ,particle of one body with each ,particle of the other4 ,the last analysis shows us that each ,particle is connected with every other ,particle in the ,universe by a line of ,attraction4 ,these ,lines of ,attraction are what we call ,gravitation--purely ,mental in nature--,lines of ,mind-,principle in the great volume of mind4 ,these lines of ,gravitation must have existed from the creation of the ,particle1 and the connection between ,particle and ,particles must have existed from the beginning1 if beginning there was4 ,the ,particles may have changed their positions and relations in the ,universe1 but the lines have never been broken4 ,whether the ,particle existed as a free ,corpuscle--whether combined as ,atom or ,molecule--whether part of this world or sun or planet1 or that one countless millions of miles removed--it mattered not4 ,the ,line of ,gravitation always was there1 between that ,particle and every other ,particle4 ,distance extended and thinned the line1 or the reverse1 as the case might be--but it was there1 always4 ,obstacles proved no hindrance to passage1 for the lines passed through the obstacle4 ,can it not be seen that here is the secret of the fact that no time is required for the passage of ,gravitation--it apparently traveling instantaneously1 whereas1 in fact1 it does not travel at all4 ,and does not seem that this theory also explains why no medium is required for the travel of ,gravitation8 ,and does it not explain why ,gravitation is not affected in its passage by intervening bodies8 ,gravitation does not travel or pass--it remains constant1 and ever present between the articles1 varying in degree as the distance between the ,particles is increased1 and vice-versa2 and increasing and decreasing in effect1 according to the number of ,particles combining their lines of ,attraction1 as in the case of ,atom1 ,molecule1 ,mass1 ,world4 ,gravitation is a ,mental ,connection or ,bond uniting the ,mind in the several ,particles1 rather than their ,substance or ,material4 ,along these lines of ,gravitation pass the ,thought-waves1 resulting from the ,excitement of the ,particles--these fleeting1 changing1 inconstant waves of ,emotion--how different they are from the changeless1 constant exhibition of ,gravitation4 ,and along these same lines--when shortened by close contact1 travel the impulses of ,cohesion and ,chemical ,affinity4 ,gravitation not only performs its own work1 but also acts as a common-carrier for the waves of ,desire-,force1 and the ,thought-waves of ,excitement of the ,particles1 manifesting as ,attractive ,energy1 and ,radiant ,energy1 respectively4 ,the writer asks you to remember1 particularly1 that while the ,desire-waves of the ,particles1--and their ,thought-waves of ,excitement--are changeable1 disconnected1 and inconstant2 the ,line of ,gravitation is never broken1 and could not be unless the ,particle of ,substance was swept out of existence1 in which case the balance of the ,universe would be overturned1 and chaos would result4 ,the ,divine ,plan is perfect to the finest detail--every ,particle is needed--is known--is counted--and used in the ,plan4 ,and ,gravitation is the plainest evidence of the ,,reality of ,the ,infinite that is afforded us4 ,in it we see the actual machinery of ,the ,infinite4 ,no wonder that great thinkers have bowed their heads reverently before its ,power and ,awfulness1 when their minds have finally grasped its import4 ,verily the sparrow's fall is noted1 and known1 as the ,biblical writer has recorded1 for the fall is in obedience to that great ,law that holds the ,particles in their places--that makes possible the whirl of worlds1 and the existence of ,solar ,systems--that1 indeed1 makes possible the ,forms of ,life as we know them--that ,something that forever and ever has1 and will1 silently1 ceaselessly1 untiringly1 and without emotion1 fulfilled its work and destiny--,,gravitation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought also holds that in addition to the existence of the ,cosmic ,mind1 or ,ocean of ,mind-principle--and the ,lines of ,attraction that run through it1 each particle has its ,mental ,atmosphere1 or ,aura4 ,the ,aura is an ,atmosphere of ,mind that surrounds the ,particle--and also the larger bodies--and also living forms higher in the scale4 ,this ,aura is merely an extension of the bit of ,mind that is segregated or apparently separated from the ,cosmic ,mind1 for use by the individual ,particle1 ,mass1 or ,creature4 ,through1 and by means of this ,aura the ,particle takes cognizance of the approach and nature of the other ,particles in its vicinity4 ,the same rule holds good in the case of the ,creatures1 including ,man1 as we shall see in a later chapter4 ,the fact is mentioned here1 merely in order to connect the several manifestation of ,mental ,phenomena mentioned in the several parts of this book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some may object to the ,theory of the ,lines of ,gravitation being the only carriers of the ,energy of the ,sun1 as being contrary to the conception of ,science that the ,sun radiates ,energy in all directions equally1 just as does a piece of hot iron1 or a lamp4 ,answering this objection1 the writer would say that there is a decided difference in the two cases4 ,the iron or lamp radiates its heat and light to the particles of the surrounding air and other ,substance in close distance1 the lines being very close together1--so close in fact that they seem to be continuous and having no space between them1 at least no ,space sufficiently large to be detected by the eye of ,man1 or his instruments4 ,but with the ,sun the case is different1 for the distances are greater and the lines spread apart as the distance is increased4 ,draw a diagram of many fine rays emanating from a central point1 and you will have the idea at once4 ,if ,space were filled with ,substance1 just as is the ,atmosphere of the ,earth--the ,air1 is meant of course--then indeed would the lines practically be joined together1 but as ,space between the worlds is almost devoid of ,substance1 the lines between the ,sun and the other worlds1 and planets1 spread out rapidly as the distance from the ,sun increases4 ,to show how this objection is really an additional proof of the ,theory the writer begs to call your attention to the fact that according to the calculations of the physicists in ,science1 the ,sun's energy would have been exhausted in #bj1jjj1jjj years1 granting that it was dispersed equally in all directions during that time4 ,but1 note this1 ,science in its other branches1 namely in ,geology1 etc41 holds that the ,sun already has been throwing out energy for #ejj1jjj1jjj or more years1 and seems able to stand the strain for many millions of years more4 ,thus ,science is arrayed against ,science4 ,does not this ,theory harmonize the two1 by showing that the ,sun does not emanate ,energy in all directions1 equally1 and at all times--but1 on the contrary radiates ,energy only along the lines of ,gravitation1 and in proportion to the relative distances and sizes of the bodies to whom such ,energy is radiated8 ,the writer need scarcely state that in the short space at his disposal1 in the pages of this book1 he has been able merely to outline his ,theory of ,dynamic ,force1 as applied to the ,inorganic ,world4 ,the patience of the average reader has limits--and he must pass on to other features of the workings of the theory1 namely the ,mental ,life of ,man1 in which the same laws are manifested4 ,but1 he feels that those interested in the phases of the subject touched upon1 may explain for themselves the missing details by reference to the teachings of ,modern ,science on the subjects of ,physics1 remembering1 always1 to substitute the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought for the ,ether theory that ,modern ,science borrows from ,aristotle as a temporary makeshift4 ,the writer believes that this ,theory will account for many of the missing links in ,physics--a broad statement1 he knows1 and one either extremely impudent or superbly confident1 according to the view-point of the critic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the writer may be able to throw a little additional light1 probably1 upon the question of the relation between ,gravitation1 and the ,excitement-waves of ,radiant ,energy4 ,without attempting to go into details1 he wishes to suggest that in view of the fact that the ,particles are connected by the ,lines of ,gravitation1 any great1 extended1 and rapid disturbance of a number of ,particles would cause a series of undulating or wave-like movements in the lines1 which might be spoken of as waves of ,agitation or ,unrest in the ,lines of ,gravitation4 ,this ,agitation1 or ,unrest1 of course1 would be thus communicated to all other ,particles toward whom lines extended1 the intensity or effect of such ,agitation or ,unrest depending upon the relative distances1 and the number of ,particles involved4 ,we may easily imagine how the intense and high rate of vibration among the ,particles of the ,sun1 manifesting as intense ,heat1 would cause a like high degree of ,agitation or ,unrest among the ,lines of ,gravitation--the lines dancing backward and forward2 around and about2 following the movements of the ,particles1 and thus producing waves of ,gravitational ,agitation and ,unrest1 which when communicated to the ,particles of the ,earth1 would produce a similar ,excitement among the ,particles of the latter4 ,in the same way the ,sun-spots1 and consequent terrestial electrical disturbance may be explained4 ,while not absolutely tying himself to this particular conception of the details of the workings of the law1 the writer feels free to say that he considers it a very reasonable idea1 and one that in all probability will be found to come nearer to explaining the phenomena1 than any other hypothesis4 ,it certainly coincides with the undulatory wave theory of ,science4 ,the idea is but crudely expressed here1 for lack of space1 it being impossible to attempt to go into details--the mere mention of general principles being all that is possible at this time and place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and now1 for a few additional words on the subject of our theory that in place of the hypothetical ,ether of ,science--a ,substance that is not ,substance--there exists a great ,ocean of ,cosmic ,mind4 ,the idea is not without coroborative proof in the direction of the thought of advanced thinkers even among the ranks of ,science4 ,while ,science has accustomed the public to the idea that in the ,universal ,ether might be found the origin of ,matter--the essence of ,energy--the secret of ,motion--it has not spoken of ,mind1 in connection with this ,universal ,something4 ,but the idea is not altogether new1 and some daring ,scientific thinkers have placed themselves on record regarding same4 ,let us quote from a few of them--it will make smoother our path4 ,edward ,drinker ,cope1 in several of his writings1 hinted at the idea that the basis of ,life and ,consciousness lay back of the ,atoms1 and might be found in the ,universal ,ether4 ,dolbear says3 ,possibly the ,ether may be the medium through which ,mind and ,matter react4 ,hemstreet says3 ,mind in the ,ether is no more unnatural than ,mind in flesh and blood4 ,stockwell says3 ,the ,ether is coming to be apprehended as an immaterial1 superphysical substance1 filling all space1 carrying in its infinite throbbing bosom the specks of aggregated dynamic force called worlds4 ,it embodies the ultimate spiritual principle1 and represents the unity of those forces and energies from which spring1 as their source1 all phenomena1 physical1 mental and spiritual1 as they are known to man4 ,dolbear speaks of the ,ether as a substance1 which1 besides the function of energy and motion1 has other inherent properties out of which could emerge1 under proper circumstances1 other phenomena1 such as life1 or mind or whatever may be in the substratum4 ,newton spoke of it as a subtle spirit1 or immaterial substance4 ,dolbear says3 ,the ,ether--the properties of which we vainly strive to interpret in the terms of ,matter1 the undiscovered properties of which ought to warn every one against the danger of strongly asserting what is possible and what is impossible in the nature of things4 ,stockwell says3 ,that the ,ether is not ,matter in any of its forms1 practically all scientists are agreed4 ,dolbear1 again1 says3 ,if the ,ether that fills all space is not atomic in structure1 presents no friction to bodies moving through it1 and is not subject to the law of gravitation1 it does not seem proper to call it ,matter4 ,one might speak of it as a substance if he wants another name for it4 ,as for myself1 ,i make a sharp distinction between the ,ether and ,matter1 and feel somewhat confused to hear one speak of the ,ether as ,matter4 ,and yet1 in spite of the above expressions1 no ,scientist has dared to say in plain words that the ,ether1 or whatever took the place of the ,ether1 must be ,mind1 although several seem to be on the verge of the declaration1 but apparently afraid to voice their thought4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in view of what we have seen in our consideration of the facts and principles advanced in this chapter1 we are invited to consider the following two ,supplemental ,propositions3 ,,supplemental ,,proposition ,,iii4--,connecting each ,particle of ,substance with each and every other ,particle of ,substance1 there exists lines of ,mental ,connection1 the thickness of which depends upon the distance between the two particles1 decreasing in proportion as the distance is increased4 ,these lines may be considered as conditions of the great ,ocean of ,cosmic ,mind which pervades and fills all ,space1 including the essence or inner being of the ,particles of ,substance1 as well as the space between the said ,particles4 ,these lines are the ,lines of ,gravitation1 by and over which the phenomenon of ,gravitation is manifested4 ,these ,lines of ,gravitation have always existed between each ,particle and every other ,particle1 and have persisted continuously and constantly1 throughout all the changes of condition1 and position1 and relation1 that the ,particles have undergone4 ,there is no passage or transmission of ,energy or ,force of ,gravitation over these lines1 or any other channel1 but1 on the contrary the ,energy or ,force of ,gravitation is a constant and continuous ,mental ,connection or ,bond existing between the ,mind of the ,particles1 rather than between their ,substance or ,material4 ,,supplemental ,,proposition ,,iv4--,the ,lines of ,gravitation1 mentioned in the preceding proposition1 are the medium over which travel1 or are transmitted the ,thought-waves resulting from the ,excitement of the ,particles1 and by which waves the ,mental ,states are communicated or transmitted4 ,the same medium transmits or carries the ,mental ,force of ,attraction--,cohesion1 ,chemical ,affinity1 etc41 evidencing in the relation of the ,particles to each other4 ,thus ,gravitation not only performs its own work1 but also acts as a common carrier for the waves of ,excitement1 manifesting as ,radiant ,energy2 and the waves of ,desire-,force1 manifesting as ,attractive ,energy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and here1 the writer rests his case in the action in the ,forum of ,advanced ,thought1 entitled ,the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought vs4 ,the ,theory of ,aristotle's ,ether1 in which he appears for the ,plaintiff4 ,he begs that you1 the members of the jury1 will give to the evidence1 and argument1 due consideration1 to the end that you may render a just verdict4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,mind ,the writer1 in this book1 has treated the two manifestations of ,life1 viz41 ,mind and ,substance1 as if they were separate things1 although he has hinted at his belief that ,substance1 at the last1 might be found to emanate from ,mind1 and be but a cruder form of its expression4 ,the better way to express the thought would be to say that he believes that both ,substance1 and ,mind as we know it1 are but expressions of a form of ,mind as much higher than that which we know as ,mind1 as the latter is higher than ,substance4 ,but he does not intend to follow up this belief1 in this book1 as the field of the work lies along other lines4 ,the idea is mentioned here1 merely for the purpose of giving a clew to those who might be interested in the conclusions of the writer1 regarding this more remote regions of the general subject4 ,the writer agrees with the ,ancient ,occult ,teachings regarding the existence of ,the ,cosmic ,mind1 as he has stated in the last chapter4 ,this ,cosmic ,mind1 he believes1 is independent of ,substance1 in fact it is the ,mother of ,substance1 and its twin-brother1 ,mind as we know it4 ,mind1 as we know it1 and ,substance are always found in connection with other4 ,it is true that the form of ,substance1 used by ,mind as its body1 may be far finer than the rarest vapor that we know1 but it is ,substance nevertheless4 ,the working of the ,great ,plan of the ,universe seems to require that ,mind shall always have a body with which to work1 and this rule applies not only in the case of the densest form of ,substance and the ,mind-principle manifesting through it1 but also in the case of the highest manifestation of ,mind1 as we know it1 which requires a body through which to manifest4 ,this constant combination of ,mind and ,substance--the fact that no ,substance has been found without at least a trace of ,mind1 and no ,mind except in relation to and combination with ,substance1 has led many scientific thinkers to accept the ,materialistic idea that ,mind was but a property of ,substance1 or a quality thereof4 ,of course1 these philosophers and thinkers have had to admit that they could form no idea of the real nature of ,mind1 and could not conceive how ,substance really could think1 but they found the ,materialistic idea a simpler one that its opposite1 and so they fell into it4 ,notwithstanding the fact that there was always a ,something ,within that would cry ,pshaw6 at the conclusion of the argument or illustration1 these men have thought it reasonable to believe that there was no such thing as ,mind1 except as a result of irritation of tissue1 etc4 ,but1 nevertheless1 there is always a ,something in us that1 in spite of argument1 keeps crying like a child1 'taint so6 ,and1 wonderful to relate1 we heed the little voice4 ,this ,materialistic theory is a curious reversal of the facts of the case4 ,even the very conclusions and reasoning of these thinkers is made possible only by the existence of that ,mind which they would deny4 ,the human reason is incapable of explaining the inner operation of the ,mind1 upon a strictly and purely physical basis4 ,tyndall1 the great ,english scientist1 truthfully said1 the passage from the physics of the brain1 to the corresponding facts of consciousness1 is unthinkable4 ,granted that a definite thought and a definite molecular action of the brain occur simultaneously1 we do not possess the intellectual organ1 nor apparently any rudiment of the organ1 which would enable us to pass by a process of reasoning from the one phenomenon to the other4 ,the ,materialist is prone to an attempt to rout the advocates of ,mind with a demand for an answer to the question1 ,what is ,mind8 ,the best answer to that question lies along the proverbial ,irishman's lines of answering a question by asking another one1 resulting in the answering question1 ,what is ,matter8 ,as a fact1 the human reason is unable to give an intelligent answer to either question1 and the best opinion seems to be to consider them as but two aspects of ,something1 the real origin of which lies in ,something ,higher1 of which both are aspects or forms of expression4 ,the ,occult ,teaching1 with which the writer agrees1 is that the ,mind inherent in any portion of substance1 from the ,corpuscle up to the ,brain of ,man1 is but a segregated 7or apparently separated7 portion of the ,universal ,mind-principle1 or ,cosmic ,mind4 ,this fragment of ,mind is always connected with ,substance1 and1 in fact1 it is believed that it is separated from the ,universal ,mind1 and the other ,separate ,minds by a film of the rarest ,substance1 so fine as to be scarcely distinguishable from ,mind4 ,this separation is not a total separation1 however1 for the fragment of ,mind is in connection with all other fragments of ,mind1 by mental filaments1 and besides is never out of touch with the ,cosmic ,mind4 ,but1 comparatively1 the fragment of ,mind is apart from the rest1 and we must consider it in this way1 at least for the purpose of study1 consideration1 and illustration4 ,it is like a drop in the ,ocean of ,mind1 although connected1 in a way1 with every other drop1 and the ,ocean itself4 ,the individual ,mind is not closely confined within the ,substance in which it abides1 but extends beyond the physical limits of the ,substance1 sometimes to a quite considerable distance4 ,the ,aura1 or egg-shaped projection or emanation of ,mind1 surrounding each ,particle and each ,individual1 is an instance of this4 ,in addition to the ,aura1 there is possibly an extension of ,mind to a considerable distance beyond the immediate vicinity of the physical limits1 the connection1 however1 never being broken during the life term4 ,mental influence at a distance1 however1 does not always require the above mentioned projection of the ,mind4 ,thought-waves often answer the purpose1 and1 besides1 there is such a thing as the imparting of ,mental vibrations to the small particles of ,substances with which the atmosphere is filled1 which vibrations continue for quite a time1 often for a long period after the presence of the individual producing them4 ,these matters shall be discussed in later chapters of this book4 ,the ,mind of ,man is a far more complex thing that is generally imagined by the average man4 ,not only in its varied manifestation of consciousness1 but its great region of below-consciousness or ,infra ,consciousness1 as it is called4 ,it shall be the purpose of the sequel to this book 7now in preparation7 which will be entitled ,the ,wonders of the ,mind1 to describe these inner workings1 and to point out methods of utilizing the same4 ,our next chapter1 entitled ,the ,finer ,forces of the ,mind1 will lead us into this field4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,finer ,,forces ,,of ,,the ,,mind4 ,it was the writer's original intention to close the book with the chapter in which he brought to a close his argument1 and presentation of the case of ,dynamic ,thought4 ,the book was written for the purpose of demonstrating that ,theory1 and it naturally should have closed there4 ,the writer has in simultaneous course of preparation a companion book1 entitled ,the ,wonders of ,the ,mind1 in which1 in addition to information and instruction regarding the latent powers and hidden regions of the mind--including an investigation of the ,infra-conscious and ,ultra-conscious ,regions2 ,automatic ,thinking2 ,occult ,systems of ,mentation2 ,mental ,development1 and ,unfoldment1 etc4--he purposes taking up the subject of ,dynamic ,thought1 from the ,mental ,plane of ,man4 ,and he thought it better to keep the two branches of the subject separate and apart4 ,but1 notwithstanding the above facts1 he feels that he cannot close the present book--the consideration of the present phase of the subject1 without at least a passing reference to the fact that ,dynamic ,thought is fully operative on the ,plane of ,human ,mentation1 as on the ,plane of ,atomic ,mentation4 ,in fact1 ,man has the same power1 potentially1 that is possessed by the ,atom1 only refined to a degree corresponding to the development of ,man as compared to that of the ,atom4 ,the ,power is raised to a higher ,plane of ,mentation1 but is fully operative4 ,just as the body of ,man contains physical life corresponding with the different stages of lower physical life1 mineral1 vegetable1 and animal--for instance1 the mineral-like bones1 and the mineral salts in the system2 the plant-like life and work of the cells2 and the animal-like flesh1 and physical life2 in addition to the wonderful brain-structure and fine brain development1 peculiar to ,man--so has ,man the lower ,mental ,qualities of the lower life1 in addition to his glorious ,human ,consciousness that is reserved for the ,highest ,form of ,life on the globe4 ,in his ,mental regions1 man has the power of the ,atom of attracting particles of ,substance to him1 that he may combine it with other ,substances in building up his body--then he has the plant-like cell mentation1 that does the building-up work1 and repairs wounds1 and damaged parts1 etc4--then he has the animal mentation evidencing in the passions1 desires1 and emotions of the purely animal nature1 and which mentation1 by the way1 keeps ,man busy in controlling by means of his higher mental faculties1 that are ,god's gift to ,man1 and are not possessed by the animals4 ,but all this will form part of the sequel1 ,the ,wonders of ,the ,mind1 and are merely mentioned here in passing4 ,and1 just as ,man is enabled to use elementary the physical qualities that he finds in his body1 and to turn same to good account in living his human life1 so does man1 consciously1 or unconsciously1 make use of these elementary ,mental powers in his everyday mental life4 ,and if he but realizes what a conscious use of these faculties1 guided by the ,human ,will1 will do1 ,man may become a different order of being4 ,this is the basis of the ,occult ,teachings1 and the ,mysteries of the ,ancients1 as well as the teachings of the modern secret esoteric bodies and societies1 such as the ,rosicrucians and ,hermetic ,brotherhood1 and several other societies whose names are not known--the real societies are referred to1 not the brazen imitations that unscrupulous men are holding out to the public as the original orders1 membership being offered and urged for the consideration of a few dollars4 ,it is needless to say that membership in the real ,occult orders is never urged1 and cannot be bought4 ,but to return to the subject--the ,individual ,mind of ,man is in direct touch1 not only with the great ,cosmic ,mind1 but also with the ,individual ,mind of every other ,man4 ,just as the ,particles are bound by lines of ,attraction1 so are the ,minds of ,men bound together by lines of ,mind1 or ,mental filaments4 ,and just as special forms of ,attraction exist between the ,particles1 so do special forms of ,attraction exist between ,men4 ,and just as ,particles are influenced at a distance by other ,particles1 so are ,men influenced at a distance by other ,men4 ,and just as the ,particle draws toward itself that which it ,desires1 so do ,men draw toward themselves that which they ,desire4 ,and just as ,mental-,states and ,excitement are transmitted1 or communicated from ,particle to ,particle1 so are ,mental ,states or ,excitement transmitted or communicated from ,men to ,men4 ,as ,above so ,below--as ,below so ,above1 says the old ,occult ,maxim1 and it may be found to operate on every plane4 ,the phenomena of ,thought ,transference2 ,telepathy2 ,telesthesia2 ,mental ,projection2 ,suggestion2 ,hypnotism1 ,mesmerism1 etc41 etc41 may be explained and understood1 by reason of an acquaintance with the ,theory of ,dynamic ,thought1 as explained in this book4 ,an understanding of one gives you the key to the other--for the ,law operates precisely the same on each particular plane4 ,if the reader will think over this statement1 and then apply it to his investigations and experiments1 he will find that he has the key to many mysteries--the loose end of a mighty ball of thread1 which he may unwind at his leisure4 ,let us begin by a consideration of the process of ,thought-production in the ,human ,mind4 ,in this way we may arrive at a clearer idea of the ,mental ,phenomena known as ,thought-,force2 ,mental ,power2 ,thought-waves2 ,thought-vibrations2 ,mind-transference2 ,mental ,influence1 etc4 ,to understand these things we must begin by understanding the ,process of ,thought-production4 ,here is found the ,secret of the phenomena named1 and much more4 ,in the first place1 while the ,brain is the ,organ of the ,mind--the ,instrument that the ,mind uses in producing ,thought1 still the ,brain does not do the thinking1 nor is the brain-matter visible to the eye1 the material instrument of thinking4 ,the ,brain 7and other portions of the nervous systems1 including the little brains or ganglia1 found in various parts of the body7 is composed of a certain substance--a fine form of ,plasm1 which however is but the ground-work of foundation for finer forms of ,substance used in the production of ,thought4 ,science has not discovered this finer ,substance1 for it is not visible to the eye1 or to the finest instruments1 but trained ,occulists know that it exists4 ,this fine ,substance escapes the scalpel and microscope of the biologists and anatomists1 and1 consequently1 their search for ,mind in the ,brain is futile4 ,there is something more than tissue to be irritated in the ,brain4 ,but1 remember1 that this something more is still ,substance1 and not ,mind itself4 ,thought is a form of ,excitement in this fine brain-substance1 which we may as well call ,psycho-plasm1 from the two ,greek words meaning the mind1 and a mold1 or matrix1 respectively--the combined word meaning the mould or matrix of ,mind1 in other words the material ,substance used by the ,mind in which to cast or mold ,thoughts4 ,this ,excitement in the ,psychoplasm manifests in vibrations of its particles--for1 like all ,substance1 it has particles4 ,all scientists agree that in the process of thinking there is an expenditure of ,energy1 and a using-up of material ,substance4 ,just how this is effected1 they do not know1 but their experiments have shown that there is ,energy manifested and used1 and also ,substance consumed4 ,the secret of the production of ,thought does not lie in the ,brain or nervous system1 which are but the material substratum upon which the ,mind works1 and which it uses as a mold or matrix for the production of ,thought4 ,thought is the product of ,mind directing ,force upon ,substance in the shape of ,psychoplasm4 ,and ,energy is manifested in the production of ,thought just as much as in the operation of the ,law of ,attraction1 or ,chemical ,action4 ,what ,force and ,energy8 may be asked4 ,the answer is ,mental ,force6 ,but although the answer stares them right in the face1 scientists deny that ,mind contains ,force or ,energy within itself1 and persist in thinking of ,force as a mechanical thing1 or as necessarily derived from the common forms of ,energy1 such as ,heat1 ,light or ,electricity4 ,they ignore the fact that ,mind has a ,finer ,force which it uses to perform its work4 ,how do the ,atoms attract each other and move together8 ,there is an evidence of ,force and ,energy here that is not ,heat1 ,light or ,electricity--what is it8 ,when a man wishes to close his hand1 he ,wills that it be closed1 and sends a current of this ,finer ,force of the ,mind along the nerve to the muscle1 and the latter contracts and the hand is closed4 ,a similar process is used in every muscular action4 ,what is the ,force used8 ,science admits the existence of this ,force1 and calls it ,nervous ,energy1 or ,nerve ,force4 ,it holds that it must be something like ,electricity1 and some even go so far as to say that it is ,electricity4 ,they base their ideas upon the fact that when ,electricity is applied to the muscle of living or dead animals1 they contract just as they do when this ,nerve ,force is applied1 and every movement of the muscles may be so produced by ,electricity1 which becomes a counterfeit ,nerve ,force4 ,but1 here is the point1 this ,force cannot be identical with ,electricity1 for none of the appliances for registering electric currents will register it4 ,it is not ,electricity1 but is some ,finer ,force of the ,mind1 generated in the material substratum that the ,mind uses as a base of operation4 ,this ,fine ,force of the ,mind is generated in some way in the ,brain and ,nervous ,system1 by action upon the ,psychoplasm4 ,the ,brain1 or brains 7for ,man has several centres worthy of that term7 are like great dynamos and storehouses of this ,force1 and the nerves are the wires that carry it to all parts of the system4 ,more than this1 the nerves have been found to be generators of ,force1 also1 as well as the ,brain4 ,experiments have shown that the supply of ,force in a nerve vanishes when the nerve is used1 in which case it draws upon the storehouses for an additional supply4 ,this ,fine ,force of the ,mind is really the source of ,all ,energy1 for as we have shown in previous chapters1 all ,motion arises from ,mental ,action1 and this form of ,force or ,energy is the primal ,force or ,energy produced by the ,mind4 ,and this ,force is in operation in all forms of ,life1 from the ,atom to the ,man4 ,and not only may it be used by the ,particle1 but ,man1 also1 has it at his disposal4 ,as a proof that ,substance is used-up1 and ,energy manifested in the production of ,thought1 ,science points to the fact that the temperature of a nerve rises when it is used1 and the temperature of the ,brain increases when it is used for extended ,thought4 ,scientists have claimed1 and advanced a mass of proof to back up the same1 that ,thought was as much a form of ,energy as was the pulling of a train of cars1 and was attended by the production of a definite amount of ,heat1 resulting from the activity of the fine substance of the physical extended resistant and composite substratum4 ,but1 ,science has taken all this to mean that ,thought and ,mind were purely material things1 and properties of ,matter4 ,it has claimed that ,matter ,thinks1 instead of that ,mind uses the ,matter or ,substance1 in its finer forms1 as a substratum for the production of ,thought4 ,buchner1 the leader of the purely ,materialistic school1 claims positively that ,thought is but the product of ,matter4 ,he says3 ,is it not a patent fact1 obvious to all but the wilfully blind that matter does think8 ,de la ,mettrie made merry over the narrowness of the mentalists1 in saying3 ',when people ask whether matter can think1 it is as though they asked whether matter can strike the hours6' ,matter1 indeed1 as such1 thinks as little as it strikes the hours2 but it does both1 when brought into such conditions that thinking1 or hour-striking results as a natural action or performance4 ,the above quoted opinion of ,buchner shows how narrow and one-sided a talented man may become by reason of shutting out all other points of view1 and seeing only one phase of a subject4 ,the example of the hour-striking is a poor figure for the ,materialists1 for although matter does strike the hours1 it does so only when wound up by ,man under direction of his ,mind4 ,and in the manufacture1 adjustment1 and winding of the clock1 ,mind is the ,cause of the ,action4 ,and1 more than this1 the very action of the coiled spring that is the immediate cause of the striking1 results from the mental effort of the ,particles of the spring endeavoring to resume their accustomed position1 under the law of ,elasticity1 as explained in our chapters on ,substance4 ,science renders valuable service in showing us the details of the mechanism of ,thought1 but it will never really explain anything unless it assumes the existence of ,mind1 back of and in everything4 ,it may dissect the brain-cells1 and show us their composition1 but it never will find ,mind under the scalpel1 or in the scale or test-tube4 ,not only is this true1 but it cannot even discover the fine ,psychoplasm which is used in the production of ,mind4 ,but we may make use of its investigations regarding the matter of ,activity of ,brain-substance in the process of ,thought1 and by combining them with our belief regarding the existence of ,mind we may form a complete chain of reasoning1 without any missing-links--these missing-links appearing both in the case of the no-mind philosophers1 and the no-matter metaphysicians4 ,this theory of ,mind and ,substance considered as the two aspects of ,something ,higher1 from which both have originated or emanated1 will come to be regarded as the only thinkable proposition1 in the end4 ,and1 with this idea in view1 we may use the facts and experiments of the ,materialists1 while smiling at their theories4 ,and1 with but a slight change of words1 we may turn against them their own verbal batteries4 ,in this way1 we may take ,moleschott's famous statement3 ,thought is but a motion of ,matter1 and render it intelligible by making it read as follows3 ,thought produces ,motion in ,matter4 ,this ,finer ,force of the ,mind is in full evidence to those who look for it1 and although it may not be registered by the scales or instruments designed to register the coarser grades of ,force1 still it is registered in the minds of men and women1 and in the actions resulting from their thoughts4 ,these living registers of the ,force respond readily to it1--and every one of us is such a register4 ,just as is the ,force a much higher grade of ,energy than the forms usually considered as comprising the entire range of ,energy1 so are the instruments required for its registration much higher than those used to determine the degrees of ,heat1 ,light1 ,electricity1 and ,magnetism4 ,it may be that the future will give us instruments adapted for the purpose--in fact it begins to look even now as if the same were forthcoming4 ,but whether we have such mechanical instruments1 or not1 the living instruments give us a sufficient proof of the existence of the ,force1 and its operation4 ,well--the writer still finds himself unable to bring the book to a close4 ,he added this chapter1 to show that the property of ,dynamic ,thought extended to the highest development of ,mind1 as well as abiding in the lowest4 ,and1 now that he has ventured upon the subject1 he finds himself impelled to give you a few instances of the workings and operations of that ,law1 in the case of ,human ,mental ,life4 ,and this means one more chapter--but only one1 remember4 ,the book must come to an end sometime remember4 ,and1 so we will pass over into another chapter1 which will be entitled1 ,thought in ,action4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,thought ,,in ,,action ,without attempting to go into details1 or to enter into explanations1 the writer purposes taking his readers on a flying trip through the region of ,thought in ,action1 or ,dynamic ,thought in ,operation in ,human ,life4 ,the details of this fascinating region must be left for another and more extended visit1 in our next book 7before mentioned7 which will be called ,the ,wonders of ,the ,mind4 ,but he thinks that even this flying trip will prove of interest and instruction4 ,let us start with a hasty look at ,man himself4 ,not to speak of his ,seven ,planes of ,mind1 which belongs to the next visit1 we find him a very interesting object4 ,not only has he a physical body1 apparent to our senses1 but he has also a finer or astral body1 which he may use 7unconsciously1 or consciously1 when he learns how7 for little excursions away from the body1 during his lifetime4 ,this ,astral ,body is composed of ,substance just as his denser physical body4 ,the field and range of ,substance extends far beyond the powers of ordinary vision1 as even the ,materialists must admit when they talk of ,radiant ,matter1 ,etherial ,substance1 etc4 ,then he has currents of ,fine ,force coursing through his nervous system1 which may be seen by those possessing ,astral ,vision1 if the teachings of the ,occultists be true4 ,then he1 like the ,particle1 has an ,aura or egg-shaped projection of ,mind and fine particles of ,psychoplasm1 which has been thrown off in the process of ,thought1 and which clusters around him1 producing a ,mental ,atmosphere1 which constantly surrounds him1 and makes itself felt by those coming in his presence4 ,those who read these words may remember1 readily1 the feeling they have experienced when coming in contact with certain people--how some radiated an atmosphere of cheerfulness1 brightness1 etc41 while others radiated the very opposite4 ,some radiate a feeling of energy1 activity1 etc41 while others manifest just the reverse4 ,many likes and dislikes between people meeting for the first time1 arise in this way1 each finding in the mental atmosphere of the other1 some inharmonious element4 ,these radiations are perceived by others coming into their range4 ,occultists tell us that the character of a man's thought vibrations may be determined by certain colors1 which are visible to those having ,astral ,sight4 ,there is nothing so wonderful about this1 when it is remembered that the various colors of light1 comprising the visible colors of the spectrum1 ranging from red1 on through orange1 yellow1 green1 blue1 indigo1 and terminating in violet1 arise simply from different rates of vibration of the ,particles of ,substance4 ,and as ,thought is produced by ,mind causing vibrations in the ,psychoplasm1 why is not the ,astral ,colors reasonable8 ,we cannot stop to consider these colors in detail1 but may run over the ones corresponding to each marked ,emotion of ,thought1 as reported by the ,occult teachings4 ,for instance the shade of the thought manifesting in physical or organic functions1 is of a colorless white1 or color of clear water2 and the color of the thought manifesting in ,fine ,force or ,vital ,energy1 is that of air1--heated air arising from a furnace or heated ground--when it emerges from the body although of a faint pink when in the body itself4 ,black represents ,hate1 ,malice1 etc42 ,gray 7bright shade7 represents ,selfishness1 while ,gray of a dark dull shade represents ,fear4 ,green represents ,jealousy1 ,deceit1 ,treachery1 and similar emotions1 ranging from the dull shades which characterize the lower and cruder forms1 to the bright shades which characterize the finer1 or more delicate forms of ,tact1 ,politeness1 ,diplomacy1 etc4 ,red 7dull shade7 represents ,sensuality and ,animal ,passion1 while red 7bright and vivid7 represents ,anger4 ,crimson1 in varying shades1 represents the phases of ,love4 ,brown represents ,avarice or ,greed4 ,orange represents ,pride and ,ambition2 and ,yellow1 in varying shades1 represents grades of ,intellectual ,power4 ,blue is the color of the ,religious thoughts1 ranging1 however1 through a great variety of stages1 from the dull shade of superstitious religious belief1 to the beautiful violet of the highest religious emotion or thought4 ,what is generally known as ,spirituality is characterized by a ,light ,blue of a peculiarly luminous shade4 ,just as there are ultra-red1 and ultra-violet rays in the spectrum1 which the eye cannot perceive1 so ,occultists inform us there are colors in the ,aura or ,mental ,atmosphere of a person of unusual psychic or occult development1 the ultra-violet rays indicating the thought of one who is pursuing the higher planes of occult thought and unfoldment1 while the ultra-red is evidenced by those possessing occult development1 but who are using the same for base and selfish purposes--black-magic in fact4 ,there are other shades1 known to ,occultists1 indicating several highly developed states of ,mind1 but it is needless to mention them here4 ,but the influence of these ,particles of ,thought-stuff thrown off from the ,mind ,psychoplasm under the vibrations produced by the ,mind during the process of ,thought1 does not cease with the phenomena surrounding the ,aura4 ,they are radiated to a considerable distance1 and produce a number of effects4 ,we will remember how the ,corpuscles or ,electrons are thrown off by ,substance in a high state of vibration4 ,well1 the same law manifests in the vibrations attendant upon the production of ,thought4 ,the particles are thrown off in great quantities each vibrating at the rate imparted to it during the process4 ,no these particles of ,thought-stuff do not compose the ,thought-waves--the latter belong to a different set of phenomena4 ,these particles of vibrating ,thought-stuff fly off from the brain of the thinker1 in all directions1 and affect other persons who may come in contact with them4 ,there is an important rule here1 however1 and that is that they seem to be attracted by those minds which are vibrating in similar thought-rates with themselves1 and are but feebly attracted--and in some cases1 actually repelled--by minds vibrating on opposite lines of ,thought4 ,like attracts ,like1 in the ,thought ,world1 and ,birds of a feather flock together1 here as elsewhere4 ,some of these particles of ,thought-stuff are still in existence1 and vibrating1 which proceeded from the minds of persons long since dead1 the same being emitted or thrown off during the lifetime of the persons1 however4 ,just as a distant star1 which was destroyed hundreds of years ago1 may have emitted rays which are only now reaching our vision1 years after the destruction of the star which emitted them--and just as an odor will remain in a room after the object causing it has departed the particles still remaining and vibrating--and just as a stove removed from a room may leave heat vibrations behind it--so do these particles persist1 vibrate1 and influence other minds1 long after the person who caused them may have passed out of the body4 ,in this way1 rooms1 houses1 neighborhoods1 and localities may vibrate with the thoughts of people who lived there long ago1 but who have since passed away1 or removed4 ,these vibrations affect people living in these places1 to a greater or lesser extent1 depending upon circumstances1 but they may always be counteracted or changed 7if they are of undesirable nature7 by setting upon positive vibrations on a different plane of mind1 or character of thought4 ,the mind of a thinker is constantly emitting or throwing off these particles of ,thought-stuff2 the distance and rate of speed1 to and by which they travel1 being determined by the force used in their production1 there being a great difference between the thought of a vigorous thinker1 and that emanating from a weak1 listless mind4 ,these projections of ,thought-stuff have a tendency to mingle with others of a corresponding rate of vibration 7depending upon the character of the thought47 ,some remain around the places where they were emitted1 while others float off like clouds1 and obey the ,law of ,attraction which draws them to persons thinking along similar lines4 ,the characteristics of cities arise in this way1 the general average of ,thought of their inhabitants causing a corresponding ,thought-atmosphere to hang over and around it1 which atmosphere is distinctly felt by visitors1 and often determines the mental character of the persons residing there1 in spite of their previous characteristics--that is1 unless they understand the ,laws of ,thought4 ,some neighborhoods1 also1 have their own peculiar ,mental ,atmosphere1 as all may have noticed if they have visited certain tough neighborhoods1 on the one hand1 and neighborhoods of an opposite kind1 on the other4 ,certain kinds of ,thoughts and ,actions seem to be contagious in certain places--and they are to those who do not understand the ,law4 ,certain shops seem to have their own atmosphere--some reflecting confidence and honest dealing1 and others radiating an atmosphere that causes patrons to hold tightly to their pocketbooks1 and1 in some extreme cases1 to be certain that their buttons are tightly sewed on their garments4 ,yes1 places like people1 have their distinctive ,mental ,atmospheres1 and both arise from the same cause4 ,and each person draws to himself these particles of vibrating ,thought-stuff corresponding with the general mental attitude maintained by him4 ,if one harbors feelings of ,malice1 he will find thoughts of malice1 revenge1 hate1 etc41 pouring in upon him4 ,he has made himself a centre of ,attraction1 and has set the ,law into operation4 ,his only safe course is to resolutely change his thought vibrations4 ,a most remarkable form of these particles of ,thought-stuff is evidenced in the case of what are known among occultists as ,thought-forms1 which are aggregations of ,particles of ,thought-stuff energized by intense and positive thought1 and which are sent out with such intensity and positiveness1 that they are almost vitalized1 and manifest almost the same degree of mental influence that would be manifested by the sender if he were present where they are4 ,this highly interesting phase of the subject would take many chapters to describe in detail1 and we must content ourselves with a mere passing view4 ,to those who are interested in the subject1 the writer would say that he purposes considering them at considerable length1 in the forthcoming book ,the ,wonders of ,the ,mind1 which has been alluded to elsewhere4 ,besides the operation of these particles of ,thought-stuff emitted during the production of ,thought1 there are many other phases of ,thought ,influence1 or ,thought in ,action4 ,the principal phase of this phenomena arises from the working of the ,law of ,attraction between the respective minds of different people4 ,just as are the ,particles of ,substance united and connected by lines of connection1 so are the minds of ,men connected4 ,and the strong pull of ,desire manifests along these lines1 just as it does in the case of the ,atoms4 ,there has been much written of recent years regarding this ,drawing ,power of the ,mind1 and although some of what has been written is the veriest rubbish and nonsense1 yet under it all there remains a strong1 form1 substantial substratum of ,fact and ,truth4 ,men do attract ,success and ,failure to them--people do attract things to them--as strange as it may seem to the person who has not acquainted himself with the laws underlying the phenomenon4 ,there is no miracle about all of this--it is simply that the ,law of ,attraction is in full operation1 and that people of similar thoughts are drawn together by reason thereof4 ,the workings of this ,law are somewhat intricate1 but all of us are constantly using them1 consciously or unconsciously4 ,we draw to ourselves that which we ,desire very much1 or that which we ,fear very much1 for a ,fear is a ,belief1 and acts in the direction of actualizing itself1 sometimes4 ,but1 again1 as ,kipling would say3 ,but1 that's another story4 ,this phase of the subject is a mighty subject in itself1 and the half has not been told even by the many who have written of it4 ,the writer intends to try to remedy the deficiency in his next book1 however4 ,then1 again1 the ,excitement of ,thought1 in the minds of people may be transmitted or communicated to the minds of others1 and a similar vibration set up1 under certain conditions1 and subject to certain restraining influences--just as in the case of the ,particles of ,substances in a body or ,mass of ,substance4 ,and1 in many ways that will suggest themselves to the reader who has mastered the contents of the earlier chapters of this book1 the phenomena of ,dynamic ,thought in the case of the ,atoms1 and ,particles1 may be1 and are duplicated in the case of ,individual ,minds of ,men4 ,the reader will see1 readily1 that this theory of ,dynamic ,thought1 and the facts noted in the consideration thereof1 give an intelligent explanation for the respective phenomena of ,hypnotism1 ,mesmerism1 ,suggestion1 ,thought-transference1 ,telepathy1 etc41 as well as of ,mental ,healing1 ,magnetic ,healing1 etc41 all of which are manifestations of ,dynamic ,thought4 ,not only do we see1 as ,prentice ,mulford said1 that ,thoughts are ,things1 but we may see just why they are ,things4 ,and we may see and understand the laws of their production and operation4 ,this theory of ,dynamic ,thought will throw light into many dark corners1 and make plain many hard sayings that have perplexed you in the past4 ,the writer believes that it gives us the key to many of the great ,riddles of ,life4 ,this theory has come to stay4 ,it is no ephemeral thing1 doomed to die a-borning4 ,it will be taken up by others and polished1 and added to1 and shaped1 and decorated--but the fundamental principles will stand the stress of ,time and ,men4 ,of this the writer feels assured4 ,it may be laughed at at first1 not only by the man on the street1 but also by the scientists4 ,but it will outlive this1 and in time will come to its own--perhaps long after the writer and the book have been forgotten4 ,this must be so--for the idea of ,dynamic ,thought underlies the entire ,universe1 and is the cause of all phenomena4 ,not only is all that we see as ,life and ,mind1 and ,substance illustrations of the ,law1 but even that which lies back of these things must evidence the same ,law4 ,is it too daring a conception to hazard the thought that perhaps the ,universe itself is the result of the ,dynamic ,thought of ,the ,infinite8 ,oh1 ,dynamic ,thought1 we see in thee the instrument by which all ,form and ,shape are created1 changed and destroyed--we see in thee the source of all ,energy1 ,force and ,motion--we see thee ,always--present and ,everywhere--present1 and always in ,action4 ,verily1 thou art ,life in ,action4 ,thou art the embodiment of ,action and ,motion1 of which ,zittel hath said3 ,wherever our eyes dwell on the ,universe2 whithersoever we are carried in the flight of thought1 everywhere we find ,motion4 ,suns1 planets1 worlds1 bodies1 atoms1 and particles1 move1 and act at thy bidding4 ,amidst all the change of ,substance--among the play of ,forces--and among and amidst all that results therefrom--there art thou1 unchanged1 and constant4 ,as though fresh from the hand of ,the ,infinite1 thou hast maintained thy vigor and strength1 and power1 throughout the aeons of ,time4 ,and1 likewise1 ,space has no terrors for thee1 for thou hath mastered it4 ,thou art a symbol of the ,power of ,the ,infinite--thou art ,its message to doubting ,man6 ,let us close this book with the thought of the ,greatness of this ,thing that we call ,dynamic ,thought--which1 great as it is1 is but as the shadow of the ,absolute ,power of ,the ,infinite ,one1 which is the ,causeless ,cause1 and the ,causer of ,causes4 ,and in thus parting company1 reader1 let us murmur the words of the ,german poet1 who has sung3 ,dost thou ask for rest8 ,see then how foolish is thy desire2 the stern yoke of motion holds in harness the whole ,universe4 ,nowhere in this age canst thou ever find rest1 and no power can deliver thee from the doom of ,activity4 ,rest is not to be found either in heaven or on earth1 and from death and dying break forth new growth1--new birth4 ,all the life of ,nature is an ocean of ,activity2 following on her footsteps1 without ceasing1 thou must march forward with the whole4 ,even the dark portal of death gives thee no rest1 and out of thy coffin will spring blossoms of a new life4 ,,finis4 ,,success-,,thought ,the desire of every reader is to get1 hot from his pen1 all that a progressive writer has to say4 ,readers of this book will be interested in knowing that ,mr4 ,william ,walker ,atkinson is on the regular editorial staff of ,,the ,,segnogram1 and that the choicest of his ,i ,can and ,i ,will preachments are appearing in each issue of that magazine4 ,,the ,,segnogram is a monthly magazine for ,success-,thought ,thinkers and ,readers4 ,it has one mission to fill--the upbuilding--the betterment of man4 ,it has no time to quarrel with any creed1 sect1 doctrine or belief4 ,the ,law of ,love is its controlling influence--it has none other4 ,to read it is to be imbued with its high teachings4 ,it is a ,success ,magazine that teaches how to win ,success without preaching about it4 ,it believes in doing things1 because in doing things we win ,success4 ,do you desire to come in with us8 ,do you want to join our circle of thousands of ,success readers8 ,do you want to get the cream of ,success--thought8 ,if so you must not lag behind4 ,keep to the front by keeping in touch with ,mr4 ,atkinson and his coworkers1 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,victor ,segno and ,h4,m4 ,walker4 ,the price of the magazine is #ej cents a year1 five cents the copy4 ,write for sample copy if you never have seen it4 ,,address ,the ,segnogram ,publishing ,co4 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 ,,transcriber',s ,,note3 ,obvious typos and printer errors have been corrected without comment4 ,in addition to obvious errors1 the following changes have been made3 ,page #ag3 ,missing word are was added to the phrase1 ,and he believes that there are ,beings in existence4444 ,page #hf3 ,missing word the was added to the phrase1 444 one of the ,atoms of our molecule4444 ,page #ajj3 ,missing word miles was added for meaning in the phrase1 444 the rate of #ahd1jjj miles per second4 ,page #ajg3 ,missing word be was added for meaning in the phrase1 444 the ,atom was supposed to be a vortex-ring4444 ,page #ahi3 'incon-constant' changed to 'inconstant' in the phrase1 444 are changeable1 disconnected1 and inconstant4444 ,page #bji3 'difference' changed to 'distance' in the phrase1 ,and just as ,particles are influenced at a distance by other ,particles1 so are ,men influenced at a distance by other ,men4 ,other than the above changes1 no attempt has been made to correct common spelling1 punctuation1 grammar1 etc4 ,the author's usage is preserved as printed in the original publication4 ,unconventional and_/or inconsistent spelling which has been preserved includes1 but is not limited to the following3 seive ,corelation terrestial mould_/ mold ,inconsistent hyphenation which has been preserved includes3 to-day_/ today view-point_/ viewpoint