file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #dahia-;h4htm  
or #dahia-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#dahia_/pg#dahia-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dahi
a_/dahia-;h4zip7         ,images ( !    
orig9al pages are available ?r\gh       
,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see                  
http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/automobile
biogra#jjweekri*      ,,automobile      
,,biographies  ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,lives & 
! ,"w ( ,^? ,:o ,h ,be5 ,id5tifi$ ) !   
,inv5tion & ,developm5t (               
,self-,propell$ ,vehicles on ! ,common  
,roads  ,illu/rat$        ,new ,york ,! 
,monograph ,press  ,copyright1 #aijd by 
! ,monograph ,press ,all ,rights ,res]v$
     ,,=eword   ,9 a l>ge s5se ! hi/ory 
( ! rise ( ! automobile has be5 a hi/ory
 ( "s ( ! =emo/ inv5tors1 me*anical     
eng9e]s1 manufactur]s & active bus9ess  
m5 ( m ?an a full c5tury4 ,! subject (  
self-propell$ vehicles on ! common roads
 has enli/$ ! faculties ( _m m5 ^: m9ds 

h be5 engross$ ) ! /udy & ! solution (  
me*anical & eng9e]+ problems1 purely f  
an absorb+ love ( sci5ce2 x has _h !    
f9ancial support ( ^? ^: en]gies are    
con/antly & =cefully ex]t$ 9 ! indu/rial
 & comm]cial activities ( ! age2 x has  
receiv$ ! m]it$ consid]ation ( ^? :o    
reg>d z ( p>am\nt importance any        
addition to ! sum ( successful human    
endeavor & any influ5ce t contributes to
 ! fur!r advance ( mod]n civilization4  
,along ^! l9es ( ?\ght ?is book (       
,,automobile ,,biographies has be5      
prep>$4 ,on its pages are sket*es ( !   
lives & ! "w ( ^? :o h be5 mo/ active 9 
plann+1 inv5t+ & p]fect+ ! mod]n        
horseless highway vehicle1 9 adapt+ x to
 ! public ne$s = pleasure or bus9ess & 9
 promot+ its usefulness & broad5+ !     
field ( its utility4  ,includ$ h]e9 are 
acc\nts ( ! pione] inv5tors1 ! not$     
inve/igators & ! contemporane\s work]s  
:o h help$ to make ! automobile 9 its _m
 =ms ! mo/ rem>kable me*anical success (
 to-day & ! mo/ valuable & epo*-mak+    

addition to ! conv5i5ces ( mod]n social1
 indu/rial & comm]cial life4 ,^! sket*es
 h be5 c>efully prep>$ f ! be/ s\rces ( 
in=mation1 works ( ref]5ce1 p]sonal     
pap]s & s on1 & are believ$ to be       
?or\ghly accurate & reliable4 ,mu* ( !  
in=mation conta9$ 9 !m has be5 d]iv$ f  
exce$+ly r>e old volumes & pap]s t are n
 g5]ally accessible1 & x comes ) a full 
flavor ( newness4 ,mu* also has be5     
acquir$ f orig9al s\rces & has nev] be=e
 be5 giv5 to ! public4  ,! inve/igator  
into ?is subject w f9d1 d\btless1 to 8 v
 great surprise1 t ! /ory ( ! pione]    
inv5tors1 :o1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5?   
c5tury1 exp]im5t$ ) ! problems ( ! /eam 
road c>riage1 has be5 record$ volum9\sly
 & ) mu* detail4 ,x 0 a notable movem5t1
 t absorb$ ! abundant att5tion (        
inv5tors1 manufactur]s & ! public at    
l>ge at t "t4  ,writ]s ( t day record$ )
 a great deal ( p>ticul>ity ! exp]im5t+ 
) boil]s1 eng9es1 ma*9]y & c>riages1 & !
 promot+ ( companies = ! transportation 
( pass5g]s & ! haul+ ( goods4 ,mod]n    

/ud5ts & hi/orians ( ?is subject f9d    
!mselves greatly indebt$ to ! writ]s ( t
 epo*1 l ,gordon1 ,h]b]t & o!rs1 :o     
pres]v$1 ) su* pa9/ak+ c>e1 = future    
g5]ations1 z well z = _! own "t1 !      
acc\nt ( ! lives & labors ( su* m5 z    
,watt1 ,trevi?ick1 ,mac]oni1 ,hancock & 
o!rs4 ,e mod]n "w ^u ?is subject draws  
g5]\sly f ^? s\rces4  ,conc]n+ ! lat]   
p]iod f ! middle ( ! c5tury t has j     
end$1 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 !re is less   
concrete in=mation1 readily available4  
,) ! cessation ( public int]e/ 9 ! matt]
 & its g5]al relegation into !          
backgr\nd1 by inv5tors1 eng9e]s & ^? :o 
_h previ\sly be5 f9ancial back]s ( !    
exp]im5t+1 writ]s ceas$ to give !       
subject ! en?usia/ic att5tion t !y _h   
be=e be/[$ ^u x4 ,records ( t p]iod are 
scant1 p>tly because !re 0 s little to  
record & p>tly because no "o c>$ to     
record ev5 t little4  ,until            
comp>atively rec5t times ! hi/orian ( ! 
self-propell$ vehicle1 :o 0 s mu* 9     
evid5ce sev5ty-five ye>s ago1 _h n      

reappe>$4 ,ev5 n[ 8 "w is g5]ally ( a   
desultory "*1 volum9\s1 b l>gely        
ephem]al4 ,x is widely scatt]$1 n easily
 accessible & already consid]ably =gott5
 f day to day4 ,especially ( ! m5 ( !   
la/ half c5tury1 :o h made ! pres5t-day 
automobile possible & are n[ contribut+ 
to its great] future1 ! foll[+ pages    
pres5t mu* t has nev] be5 br\ght toge!r 
9 ?is =m4 ,x is bo? hi/ory & ! mat]ial =
 hi/ory4  ,x is believ$ t ^! sket*es w  
be f\nd peculi>ly int]e/+ & p]man5tly   
valuable4 ,individually !y are cle>     
pres5tations ( ! a*ievem5ts ( "s ( ! mo/
 di/+ui%$ eng9e]s & inv5tors ( ! la/    
hundr$ ye>s4 ,collectively !y pres5t a  
complete /ory ( ! inception & gradual   
developm5t ( ! automobile f ! fir/      
clumsy /eam wagons ( ,cugnot1           
,trevi?ick1 ,evans & o!rs to ! p]fect$  
c>riage ( to-day4  ,! *apt] on ,! ,orig9
 & ,developm5t ( ! ,automobile is a     
c>eful /udy & review ( ! conditions t   
att5d$ ! attempts to in/all ! fir/      
common road /eam c>riages1 ! t5tative   

exp]im5t+ ) bicycles1 tricycles & o!r   
vehicles 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury & !  
r5aissance ( ! la/ two decades4 ,sev]al 
( ! illu/rations are f old & r>e pr9ts1 
& o!rs are f photographs4  ,x is n      
possible to set d[n "h all ! au?orities 
t h be5 consult$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is   
"w4 ,special ackn[l$gm5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ be 
made to ,! ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e = p]mission
 to use text & photographs1 & to ,j4 ,g4
 ,pangborn = p]mission to use a great   
deal ( int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ ! e>ly  
/eam inv5tors conta9$ 9 8 "w1 ,! ,_w's  
,railway1 & to reproduce portrait       
sket*es ( ,trevi?ick1 ,murdo*1 & ,read1 
f ! same valuable volume4  ,,lyman      
,,horace ,,weeks4  ,,new ,,york1        
,janu>y1 #aije4     ,,orig9 ,,&         
,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,automobile       
,,/range ,,e>ly ,,vehicles  ,he :o w\ld 
fully acqua9t himself ) ! hi/ory ( !    
inception & gr[? ( ! idea ( travel by   
self-propell$ vehicles on ! public      
highways mu/ g fur!r back 9 ! annals ( !
 pa/ ?an he is likely fir/ to           

anticipate4 ,ne>ly ?ree c5turies ago m5 
( me*anical & sci5tific turns ( m9d 7   
giv+ att5tion to ! subject1 al?\gh _!   
?\ghts at t "t 7 mo/ly conf9$ to !      
realms ( imag9ative speculation4 ,ev5   
be=e t philosoph]s occasionally dream$ (
 :at might be 9 "s f> (f "t4 ,rog]      
,bacon1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 look+ into !
 di/ant future1 made ?is pr$iction3 ,x w
 be possible to con/ruct *>iots s t )\t 
animals !y may be mov$ ) incalculable   
spe$4 ,x 0 sev]al hundr$ ye>s be=e m5 7 
ready to give practical att5tion to ?is 
idea1 & ab\t #agdj good ,bi%op ,b]keley 
c\ld only make ?is z a pr$iction & n a  
realization3 ,m>k me1 ere long we %all  
see a pan ( coals br\ght to use 9 place 
( a fe$ ( oats4  ,b ! anci5ts1 9 a way1 
anticipat$ ev5 ,rog] ,bacon & ,bi%op    
,b]keley1 = ,heliodorus ref]s to a      
triumphal *>iot at ,a!ns t 0 mov$ by    
slaves :o work$ ! ma*9]y1 & ,pancirollus
 also alludes to su* *>iots4            
,,horseless ,,wagons ,,9 ,,*9a          
,approa*+ ! sev5te5? c5tury !           

inve/igator f9ds t def9ite examples are 
becom+ m num]\s1 ev5 if z yet n v       
practical4 ,*9a1 :i*1 l ,egypt1 seems to
 h kn[n & buri$ _m ideas c5turies be=e !
 re/ ( ! _w a*iev$ !m1 _h horseless     
vehicles be=e #afjj4 ,^! m]it1 at lea/1 
pass+ att5tion ev5 ?\gh !y 7 n propell$ 
by an eng9e1 = ! pres5t automobile is ! 
outgr[? ( t old idea to elim9ate ! horse
 z ! means ( travel4  ,mat?ieu ,ricci1  
#aeeb-afaj1 a ,jesuit mission>y 9 ,*9a1 
told h[ 9 t c\ntry a wagon n drawn by   
horses or o!r animals 0 9 common use4 ,9
 an e>ly collection ( travels ?is       
vehicle 0 describ$ z foll[s3 ,?is riv]  
is s cloy$ ) %ips because x is n froz5 9
 w9t] t ! way is /opp$ ) multitude2 :i* 
made ,ricius ex*ange 8 way by wat] into 
ano!r 7m /range to u7 by waggon1 if we  
may s call x1 :i* _h b "o :eel1 s built 
t "o might sit 9 ! middle z 'tw]e on    
horseback1 & on ea* side ano!r1 !       
waggon] putt+ 't swiftly & safely =w>ds 
) lev]s or b>res ( wood 7^? waggons     
driv5 by w9d & gayle he m5tions n47 ,x 0

 some:at lat] ?an ?is t ,*9a 0 indebt$  
to t o!r fam\s ,jesuit mission>y1       
,v]bie/1 = 8 /eam c>riage1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0
 n mu* m ?an a toy4   ,,manually        
,,propell$ ,,vehicles  ,b 9 ! sev5te5?  
c5tury mo/ att5tion seems to h be5 giv5 
to devis+ c>riages t %\ld be mov$ by !  
h& or foot p[] ( man4 ,! auto c> t 0 run
 9 ! /reets ( ,nuremb]g1 ,g]many1 by    
,johann ,hauts*1 9 #afdi1 0 ( ?is       
description1 & t ( ,eli ,ri*>d1 !       
physician1 ( ,la ,ro*elle1 ,france1 ab\t
 ! same "t1 0 ( ! same class4  ,n long  
aft] ?is ,pott]1 ( ,engl&1 came along 9 
#affc ) a me*anical c>t design$ to      
travel on legs1 & 9 ! same ye> !        
celebrat$ ,hooke pres5t$ to ! ,royal    
,society ( ,engl& a plan = "s sort ( a  
ma*9e by :i* "o c\ld walk ^u ! l& or    
wat] ) swiftness1 aft] ! mann] ( a      
crane4 ,x does n q appe> :at t c>t & t  
ma*9e 74 ,"o au?ority ?9ks t ! ,hooke   
pat5t 0 = a "o-:eel vehicle suppos$ to  
be propell$ by a p]son inside ! :eel4   
,!n1 also1 !re 0 ,beza1 ano!r ,fr5*     

physician1 ) a me*anical vehicle 9      
#agaj4   ,,o!r ,,fr5* ,,& ,,engli%      
,,exp]im5ts  ,9 fact1 ! int]e/ 9        
c>riages work$ by man p[] ext5d$ f !    
sev5te5? well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4    
,soon aft] ! "t ( ,beza1 me*anical      
*>iots1 model$ aft] ! ,ri*>d coa*1 7    
adv]tis$ to be run 9 ,london1 b x does n
 appe> t !y met ) public favor4         
,sci5ti/s & o!rs gave mu* ?\ght to !    
subject1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france4 ,john
 ,vev]s1 ma/] ( ! bo>d+-s*ool at        
,ryegate1 ,surrey1 came out ) a c>riage 
t 0 evid5tly copi$ f t ( ,ri*>d4 ,o!r   
=ms ( c>riages work$ by h& or foot p[] (
 man 7 describ$ 9 ! p]iodicals ( ! "t4  
,george ,black1 ( ,b]wick-on-!-,twe$1   
built a wagon to be run by h& p[] 9     
#agfh4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,john ,ladd1 (        
,tr[bridge1 ,wilts1 9 #ageg2 ,john      
,beaumont1 ( ,ayr%ire1 9 #aghh1 & 9     
,france1 ,?omas 9 #agjc1 ,g]>d 9 #agaa1 
,f]ry 9 #aggj1 & ,maill>d1 ,blan*>d &   
,meurice1 9 #aggi1 & o!rs1 7 mo/ active 
dur+ ?is p]iod4  ,x 0 well into !       

n9ete5? c5tury be=e ?is idea 0 :olly    
ab&on$4 ,edmund ,c>twright1 inv5tor ( ! 
h& loom1 contribut$ to ! exp]im5t+1 & ! 
#ahca pat5t to ,sir ,james ,c4 ,&]son 0 
= a v impos+ vehicle r[$ by tw5ty-f\r   
m54   ,,compress$ ,,air ,,p[]  ,at !    
same "t t ! /eam eng9e]s 9 ,engl& 7 br++
 out _! vehicles1 #ahjj-ce1 o!rs 7 at "w
 on ! problem ( compress$ air c>riages4 
,among ^! 0 ,w4 ,mann1 ( ,brixton1 :o1 9
 #ahcj1 publi%$ 9 ,london a pamphlet1   
entitl$ ,a ,description ( a ,new ,me?od 
( ,propell+ ,locomotive ,ma*9es1 & (    
,communicat+ ,p[] & ,motion to ,all ,o!r
 ,k9ds ( ,ma*9]y1 & x conta9$ a         
li?ograph ( ! propos$ c>riage4 ,sir     
,george ,m$hur/1 ( ,engl&1 ab\t #ahjj1 )
 8 propos$ regul> l9e ( coa*es run by   
compress$ air 01 p]haps1 ! mo/          
conspicu\s exp]im5t] into ?is me?od (   
propulsion4   ,,sail+ ,,c>riages ,,on   
,,l&  ,_m m5 long speculat$ ^u !        
possibility ( w9d propulsion on l& z    
well z ^u ! sea4 ,! mo/ ambiti\s attempt
 9 t l9e 0 ! sail+ *>iot ( ,simon ,/ev91

 ( ,! ,hague1 9 #afjj4 ,vehicles ( ?is  
k9d 7 built by o!rs1 & 9 #afie ,sir     
,humphrey ,mackwor? appli$ sails to     
wagons on ! tramways at 8 colli]y at    
,nea?1 ,s\? ,wales4 ,! ,fr5*man1 ,du    
,quet1 9 #agad1 & ! ,swiss cl]gyman1    
,g5evois1 propos$ to get p[] f w9dmills 
m\nt$ on _! wagons4 ,m curi\s ev5 ?an ^!
 0 ! c>riage drawn by kites1 ! inv5tion 
( ,george ,pocock1 9 #ahbf4   ,,! ,,/eam
 ,,c>riage ,,pr$ict$  ,b all ^! & o!r   
fanta/ic devices nev] got beyond !      
exp]im5tal /age1 & no?+ ( a sub/antial1 
practical "* 0 ev] evolv$ f !m4 ,x      
rema9$ = ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury 
to see ! subject tak5 up s]i\sly &      
consid]$ 9 a way t promis$ def9ite      
results4 ,& x 0 /eam t !n br\ght ! matt]
 /rongly to ! front4  ,x is true t ,sir 
,isaac ,newton t5tatively sugge/$ !     
possibility ( c>riage propulsion by /eam
 ab\t #afhj1 b 8 sugge/ion lay dormant =
 ne>ly a c5tury4 ,!n ! gr[+ k ( ! p[] ( 
/eam & ! possibilities 9 ! new elem5t   
turn$ m5's ?\ghts aga9 v =cibly to ?is  

!me4 ,! /ation>y eng9e _h %[n its       
usefulness1 & ! consid]ation ( mak+ ?is 
/ation>y ma*9e movable1 & !re=e         
available = transportation1 naturally   
foll[$4  ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 is said to 
h urg$ ,james ,watt & ,mat!w ,b\lton to 
build a fi]y *>iot z e>ly z #agfe4 ,9 8 
poem1 ,! ,botanic ,g>d51 fam\s 9 t day1 
,dr4 ,d>w91 l a prophet cry+ 9 !        
wild]ness1 sang ( ! future ( /eam 9 ^!  
l9es3    ,soon %all ?y arm1 unconqu]$   
/eam1 af>   ,drag ! sl[ b>ge1 or drive !
 rapid c>2   ,on1 on wide wav+ w+s1     
exp&$ be>   ,! fly+ *>iot ?r\gh ! field 
( air2   ,fair crews triumphant1 lean+ f
 above1   ,%all wave _! flutt]+ 'k]*iefs
 z !y move1   ,or w>rior b&s al>m ! gap+
 cr[ds1   ,& armies %r9k b5ea? ! %ad[y  
cl\ds4  ,^! l9es may inde$ be fairly    
int]pret$ z anticipat+ 9 prophetic      
pr$iction ! mod]n motor air%ip1 z well z
 ! motor c>4   ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/eam        
,,vehicles  ,x 0 consid]ably lat] ?an   
?is t ! dream ( ,dr4 ,d>w9 approa*$ to  
realization at ! h&s ( ! /eam eng9e     

inv5tors & build]s4 ,aside f ,ni*olas   
,joseph ,cugnot1 ! ,fr5* army (fic] :o1 
ab\t #agfi1 con/ruct$ an artill]y wagon 
propell$ by a high-pressure eng9e1 ^? :o
 fir/ built successful self-propell$    
vehicles = highway travel 7 ! fam\s     
eng9e]s ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 :o h>ness$  
/eam & develop$ ! high-pressure eng9e 9 
! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! fir/ 
half ( ! n9ete5?4 ,james ,watt pat5t$1 9
 #aghb1 a d\ble-act+ eng9e1 :i* he      
plann$ might be appli$ to give motion to
 :eel c>riages1 ! eng9e to be portable2 
b he nev] put ! pat5t to trial4 ,he 0   
foll[$ by ,george ,/eph5son1 ,ri*>d     
,trevi?ick1 ,walt] ,hancock1 ,goldswor?y
 ,gurney1 ,david ,gordon1 ,william      
,brunton & o!rs 9 ,engl&1 & ,oliv]      
,evans1 ,na?an ,read & ,?omas ,blan*>d 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) two score or m      
contempor>ies4 ,= m ?an half a c5tury   
/eam vehicles ( v>i\s types 7 inv5t$ by 
^! eng9e]s & _m ( !m 7 br\ght into      
practical use4  ,soon aft] ! end ( !    
fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! int]e/ 9

 /eam c>riages _h assum$ l>ge           
proportions 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahcc !re 7 no 
less ?an tw5ty su* vehicles1 ei!r       
complet$ or 9 h&1 ar\nd ,london1 & a    
doz5 corporations _h be5 organiz$ to    
build & run !m ov] /at$ r\tes4  ,alex&] 
,gordon1 ! em95t eng9e]1 wrote a book1  
entitl$ ,treatise ,^u ,elem5tal         
,locomotion1 t w5t into ?ree editions   
inside ( f\r ye>s4 ,he also br\ght out  
two special j\rnals cov]+ ?is field (   
me*anics4 ,! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 & o!r 
publications1 also gave mu* att5tion to 
! subject1 & ! /eam-c>riage lit]ature ( 
! p]iod became v volum9\s4   ,,popul>   
,,prejudice ,,ar\s$  ,= a "t x look$ z  
?\gh ! new vehicle 0 de/9$ to a p]man5cy
 & to accompli% a revolution 9 ! me?ods 
( travel on ! high-roads4 ,b sev]al ?+s 
arose to det]m9e o!rwise4 ,!re sprang up
 an unreason+ s5seless ho/ility to any  
sub/itute = ! horse z ! ag5t ( vehicul> 
traffic4 ,! /age-coa* driv]s 7 afraid t 
!y w\ld be ?r[n out ( "w4 ,bre$]s (     
horses =esaw ! de/ruction ( _! bus9ess1 

:5 horses %\ld no long] be 9 dem&4      
,f>m]s 7 sure t ) horses sup]s$$ by     
/eam1 !y w\ld nev] be able to sell any m
 oats4 ,?is public animosity manife/$   
itself :]ev] ! /eam c>riages w5t4 ,!    
coa*es 7 hoot$ at & /on$ amid cries (   
d[n ) ma*9]y4 ,/ones & o!r ob/acles 7   
plac$ 9 ! roads1 tr5*es 7 dug to trap ! 
unsuspici\s driv] & /ret*es ( roadway 7 
dug up & made into quagmires to /all !  
ma*9es4 ,p>liam5t 0 call$ ^u & enact$   
excessive highway tolls1 especially     
direct$ at /eam c>riages4 ,ano!r law t  
/ood on ! /atute books ( ,great ,brita9 
until )9 comp>atively rec5t times       
compell$ e self-propell$ vehicle mov+ on
 ! highway to be prec$$ by a man walk+ &
 c>ry+ a r$ flag4   ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,(    
,,railroads  ,all ?is 0 und\bt$ly due1 9
 a l>ge measure1 if n :olly1 to :at 0 !n
 kn[n z ! ,turn ,pike ,tru/s1 :i*1 9    
conjunction ) ! /age-l9e companies1 9 _m
 cases1 7 own]s ( a ?\s& & m horses4 ,! 
latt]1 q naturally1 object$ to !        
introduction ( ! me*anical vehicle1 :ile

 ! =m] _h su* relations to !m t bo? _!  
int]e/s 7 id5tical4  ,b above all ?+s1 !
 great art ( railroad+ _h already gr[n f
 infant exi/5ce to a condition ( great  
possibilities1 :i* 7 n[ to be f9ally    
det]m9$ by a success1 n alone me*anical 
& 9 ! eyes ( ! inv5tor1 b measur$ by !  
balance %eets ( ! companies (           
individuals :o _h made possible !       
con/ruction ( ! v>i\s exp]im5tal        
locomotives or exp]im5tal l9es !n be+   
op]at$ 9 ,engl& & else:]e4 ,j at ?is "t1
 9 ! ?irties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 seems  
to h be5 ! crucial po9t4 ,! argum5ts ( !
 eng9e]s on ! "q ( suffici5t traction ( 
! iron-%od :eels on iron or o!r h>d     
railways1 :ile giv5 due consid]ation1 7 
n :olly conv9c+1 at lea/ to ! p inve/+  
_! money 9 ! ent]prises2 ! pr(its 7 to  
tell 9 ! f9al conclusion1 & x w\ld seem 
t ! great era ( railroad+ might be      
consid]$ to h _h its actual bir? at ?is 
"t1 because3  ,! fir/ divid5d 0 paid on 
"o ( ! great railroad ent]prises4       
,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,divid5d  ,= 

! "t be+ t seem$ to s\nd ! dea? knell ( 
! common road /eam-propell$ vehicle4 ,! 
eng9e]s s /rongly advocat+ ! railroad _h
 prov5 _! v>i\s propositions 9 ! eyes ( 
^? :o _h ! f9ancial p[]s to engage 9 !  
ext5sive introduction & developm5t ( !  
new means ( transportation4 ,fur!r      
demon/ration1 ext5sively exploit$1 0    
also made to ! satisfaction ( ^?        
inve/ors1 t vehicles c\ld be pull$ )    
less p[] on a h>d roadb$ su* z a        
railway1 ?an on an unev5 & sometimes s(t
 pa? su* z common roads4 ,x seems cle> t
 ^! & v>i\s o!r argum5ts1 he>tily urg$  
at t "t1 &1 9 "s cases1 unque/ionable f 
a te*nical /&po9t1 7 really decid$ by t 
fir/ divid5d4 ,& ! common road vehicle )
 ! support & en?usiasm ( its back]s     
l>gely )drawn f x dropp$ to a position  
greatly subord9ate to ! o!r bran* (     
transportation4   ,,! ,,/eam ,,road     
,,vehicle ,,aga9  ,on ! o!r h&1 !       
developm5t :i* came 9 ! next few decades
 9 ! railroad dep>tm5t br\ght also a    
r5ew$ dem& = common road vehicles =     

c]ta9 classes ( "w or = c]ta9           
localities4 ,! /eam vehicle = /ation>y  
purposes1 & also = ! locomotive1 7 be+  
rapidly develop$ & ref9$4 ,! railroad   
settl$ d[n to ! idea ( a p[] unit draw+ 
num]\s wagons4 ,t has be5 consi/5tly    
adh]$ to to ! pres5t day1 & only 9 ! pa/
 decade h we gone back to ! old & fir/  
pr9ciples ( embody+ ! me*anical propell+
 means 9 ! same vehicle t transports !  
pass5g]s or goods4 ,s1 :ile ,hancock & 8
 wor?y contempor>ies pass$ into hi/ory1 
o!r common road /eam advocates cont9u$  
_! isolat$ attempts up to & pa/ ! middle
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 al?\gh )\t any su* 
g5]al en?usiasm z prevail$ 9 ! tw5ties &
 e>ly ?irties4   ,,new ,,g5]ation ,,(   
,,inv5tors  ,_m attempts 9 ,am]ica1 su* 
z ^? ( ,fi%]1 ,dudgeon1 & o!rs1 & ! "w 9
 ,engl& by num]\s inv5tors & ma*9e      
manufactur]s1 su* z ,tangye1 ,hildit*1  
,sn[d51 ,f4 ,hill1 ,jr41 aid$ by !      
eng9e]s1 ,macadam1 ,tel=d & ,m',neil1 :o
 7 improv+ ! common roads s t !y might  
approa* ! advantage\s conditions ( !    

railroad1 assume prom95ce 9 connection )
 t p]iod ( ! hi/ory4 ,rickett's c>riage1
 9 #aheh2 ,c>rett's1 9 #ahfb2 ,b\lton's1
 9 #ahfg2 ,catley's1 9 #ahfi1 & o!rs1 7 
among ! f+]-po/s ( t "t1 po9t+ to m     
notable a*ievem5ts ( ! future4  ,b 9    
,engl& ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 pass$ 9 #ahcf
 & 9 =ce almo/ to to-day1 kn[n z !      
,locomotive ,act1 0 ! det]r5t to        
progress 9 common road /eam locomotion4 
,?is condition ev5 cont9u$ aft] ! select
 committee ( ,p>liam5t1 9 #ahgc1        
endeavor$ to remove "s ( ! re/rictions1 
b succe$$ only 9 produc+ ! ,act ( #ahgh1
 :i* 9 no way improv$ ! position ( !    
common road vehicle4  ,9 ,france & on ! 
,cont95t political conditions d\btless  
mitigat$ aga9/ any g5]al advance1 & ?\gh
 ?is p]iod includ$ ! great developm5t ( 
ma*9]y & con/ruction :i* pav$ ! way = ! 
future1 x is n ( prom95ce 9 ?is hi/ory4 
,a ,,p]iod ,,( ,,exp]im5t+  ,a new era  
may be said to h comm5c$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( !
 sev5ties :5 we f9d ,amde ,bolle        
exhibit+ a /eam ma*9e at ! ,vi5na       

,exposition4 ,9 ! sev5ties 7 also       
exp]im5ts on modifi$ =ms ( p[] on       
vehicle propell+ motors o!r ?an /eam1 b 
x /ill seem$ to be ! /eam vehicle t     
*>act]iz$ ! new p]iod ( activity :i*    
blossom$ out 9 ! e>ly eighties ) _m     
ard5t advocates1 & exhibit$ a type (    
light vehicle ) effici5t /rong boil] &  
light eng9e4 ,am]ica %\ld n be ov]look$1
 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] ! "o small vehicle
 ( ,au/91 :i* 0 con/ruct$ 9             
,massa*usetts1 & attract$ great att5tion
 at ! %[s ( ! ,ocean ,circus1 9 ! e>ly  
sev5ties1 or !reab\t4 ,b\ton1 ( ,france1
 came to ! =e 9 ! e>ly eighties1 & !    
light /eam vehicle seem$ on ! high road 
to a great developm5t & a monopoly ( !  
common roads vehicle indu/ry1 until its 
competitor appe>$ 9 :at is n[ popul>ly  
kn[n z ! gasol9e vehicle 9 ! middle     
eighties4   ,,! ,,seld5 ,,pat5t  ,f ?is 
"t on ! great indu/ry ( to-day advanc$ 9
 /rides & jumps1 b :ile ! future _h be5 
anticipat$ 9 "s sugge/ions & exp]im5ts 9
 ,europe1 at la/ "o great m9d _h delv$  

into ! problem & anticipat$ ! great     
future ( ! new type ( vehicle 9 ,am]ica4
 ,seld51 aft] a decade or m ( /udy & "w1
 & well-direct$ exp]im5ts1 _h made 8 own
 d$uctions1 & ) cle> disc]n+ _h conclud$
 :at1 to 8 m9d1 w\ld be ! vehicle 9 !   
future4 ,! result ( 8 labors & !        
subsequ5t fil+1 9 #ahgi1 ( a pat5t      
application1 :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) 
8 p]si/5t "w f t "t on1 ev5 to ! pres5t 
day1 w\ld seem to ju/ly m>k him z !     
pione] 9 ?is type ( vehicle2 9 fact1 he 
0 s call$ by ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 publi%+ 8 annual     
report1 imm$iately aft] ! issue (       
,seld5's pat5t4   ,,adv5t ,,( ,,!       
,,hydro-,,c>bon ,,eng9e  ,!n foll[$ ! "w
 on c>buret]s & ignition devices &      
details ( con/ruction adapt+ ! liquid   
hydro-c>bons ( unc]ta9 quality to m     
satisfactory use4 ,details became & /ill
 are num]\s1 & optional to a great      
ext5t1 b ! liquid hydro-c>bon eng9e ( ! 
compression type di/+ui%$ ! new epo*4 ,!
 developm5t ( ! /ation>y eng9e op]at$ ) 

gas f receiv]s also proce$$ rapidly 9 ^?
 days1 ?\gh x 0 well into ! eighties    
be=e ! gas eng9e ( ! compression type   
involv$ a comm]cially successful indu/ry
 to any ext5t2 n = sev]al ye>s did !    
pr9cipal manufactur]s take up           
comm]cially ! proposition ( ! liquid    
hydroc>bon application4 ,! developm5t ( 
! small eng9e us+ liquid hydro-c>bons   
receiv$ att5tion f ,m>cus1 9 ,au/ria1 & 
! p]si/5t att5tion ( ,b5z & ( ,daiml]1 9
 ,g]many4 ,! two latt]1 fur!rmore1      
adapt$ _! eng9es to vehicles1 &         
en?usiasm 0 great :5 ,b5z ran 8         
?ree-:eel]1 ) explosive eng9e1 ?r\gh !  
/reets ( 8 native t[n4   ,,progress ,,9 
,,france ,,& ,,am]ica  ,engl& 0 /ill    
%ackl$2 b 9 ,france _m 7 inspir$ to     
*ange f /eam to ! hydro-c>bon eng9e4    
,ab\t #ahij we f9d sev]al ,fr5*         
manufactur]s procur+ eng9es1 or ! "r to 
manufacture ! small explosive eng9es    
develop$ by ! ,g]mans1 & promptly adapt+
 !m to _! vehicle con/ruction1 already  
well develop$ = /eam propulsion4 ,panh>d

  ,levassor2 ,b\ton1 ) 8 back]1         
,de,dion2 ,bolle1 n[ ,leon1 ! nephew2   
,delahaye & ,peugeot1 7 among ! e>lie/  
,fr5*m5 to appreciate ! comm]cial       
possibilities ( ! new type4 ,!n ! l>ge  
manufactur]s1 already exp]i5c$ 9 o!r    
l9es1 & p>ticul>ly 9 cycle manufacture1 
ent]$ ! field 9 #ahic1 #ahid & #ahie2   
among !m su* old conc]ns z ,de,detrich1 
manufactur]s = "o hundr$ & m ye>s1      
grasp$ ! opportunity4 ,am]ica 0 n idle1 
& :ile road conditions 9 ?is c\ntry     
militat$ l>gely aga9/ ! e>ly attempts 9 
! indu/ry1 ! ef=ts ( ! ,duryeas & (     
,haynes1 & v>i\s o!r exp]im5t]s1 :o h   
s9ce retir$1 7 he>d f4 ,x 0 difficult1  
h[ev]1 ) ! ob/acles !n exi/+ 9 ,am]ica1 
= ^! e>ly work]s to secure enc\ragem5t1 
& progress 0 sl[1 j z ! endeavors (     
,seld5 & "s ( ! e>ly /eam vehicle p _h  
receiv$ no?+ b disc\ragem5t at ! h&s (  
^? :om !y endeavor$ to lead to ! success
 ( l>ge manufactur+ und]tak+s4  ,h[ev]1 
! ,times-,h]ald race1 9 ,*icago1 ne> !  
close ( #ahie1 br\ght =? a l>ge numb] ( 

inv5tors & sev]al />t]s1 includ+        
electric1 /eam & gasol9e vehicles1 & !  
%[+ 0 su* z to practically satisfy !    
d\bt+ t ^! 7 ! beg9n+ ( ! indu/ry 9 ?is 
c\ntry4   ,,! ,,engli% ,,revival        
,abroad1 ! lead]s 9 ! automobile movem5t
 organiz$ ! n[ hi/oric races f ,p>is 9  
diff]5t directions4 ,) ! runs ( #ahid1  
#ahie & #ahif1 & 9 ea* successive ye>   
!reaft]1 & ) ! road & o!r conditions    
improv$1 ! indu/ry rapidly develop$4    
,engl& also 0 at la/ rea*$4 ,! re/ra9ts 
t _h exi/$ !re = m ?an half a c5tury    
c\ld no m be endur$4 ,! burd5 0 f9ally  
?r[n (f1 = :i* great cr$it is due to    
,sir ,david ,salomon1 & ! (f5sive       
,locomotive ,act 0 at la/ repeal$ 9     
,augu/1 #ahif4 ,! subsequ5t ,locomotive 
,act :i* came into effect ,novemb] #ad1 
#ahif1 m>k$ a r$-lett] day 9 motor+     
hi/ory = ,engl&1 & 0 ju/ly celebrat$ by 
a procession ( vehicles f ,london to    
,brighton4 ,salomon _h previ\sly        
organiz$ an exhibition 9 ,engl&1 & _h   
import$ a ,fr5* c>1 & z a prom95t memb] 

( sci5tific & te*nical societies1 9 :i* 
he pres5t$ _m pap]s on ! subject1 _h    
done1 possibly1 m ?an any o!r individual
 to influ5ce public s5tim5t & to secure 
?is new enactm5t4 ,engli% manufactur]s 7
 n entirely unprep>$ = ! *ange1 & a     
great wave ( int]e/ & activity swept !  
c\ntry4 ,naturally ?is 0 foll[$ by a    
reaction1 b s9ce !n a c\nt]-reaction has
 set 91 result+ 9 ! pres5t gr&          
developm5t ( t class ( manufactur+ 9 !  
,briti% ,isles4  ,! small /eam vehicle (
 ,:itney1 & 8 contempor>ies1 ! ,/anleys 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !n came to ! =e4 ,"u 
en]getic promotion ?\s&s ( small        
vehicles ( t type 7 manufactur$ & put   
into use4 ,^!1 9 no small measure1      
became to ! public at l>ge ! conv9c+    
object lesson ( ! practicability &      
possibilities ( ! small automobile =    
e-day use4   ,,mod]n ,,conditions  ,!   
,p>is %[ ( #aijj reveal$ a great =w>d   
/ep 9 ! developm5t ( con/ructions1 & !  
(f] imm$iately !reaft] ( ! ,james       
,gordon ,b5nett trophy ( int]national   

rac+ gave to ! automobile indu/ry su* an
 impetus z has seldom be5 ! good =tune (
 any o!r art to receive4 ,to-day !      
automobile has rea*$ t /age ( p]fection 
:]e ! "q is no long] :e!r or n ! vehicle
 w c>ry y to a c]ta9 place & back4 ,n[ x
 is only a "q ( ! spe$1 abs5ce (        
vibration1 & sweetness ( runn+ ! eng9e1 
abs5ce ( all noise1 & o!r details (     
ref9em5t4 ,vehicles are n[ ( ! ,pullman 
type1 luxuri\s to ! ext5t ( prices rang+
 into ! ?irties ( ?\s&s ( doll>s1 :ile  
on ! o!r h&1 ?\s&s ( small vehicles1    
co/+ betwe5 five hundr$ & "o ?\s&       
doll>s1 are annually made & sold4  ,!   
/eam ma*9e1 aft] be+ practically succe$$
 by ! gasol9e1 0 aga9 improv$ by ! fla% 
boil]4 ,! ma9 developm5t ( ?is new p[] 0
 c>ri$ on by ,s]pollet1 ( ,france1 &    
lat]1 by ,roll9 ,t4 ,:ite1 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 bo? :om h become mo/ able       
competitors ( manufactur]s ( ma*9es (   
o!r classes4   ,,! ,,indu/ry ,,to-,,day 
,! beg9n+ ( #aije f9ds u ) ! annual %[s1
 :i* h be5 consecutive = _m ye>s1 :ile !

 c5sus ( vehicles n[ 9 use1 or made 9 ! 
la/ t5 ye>s1 w aggregate sev]al hundr$  
?\s&4 ,! annual production is e/imat$ z 
probably approximat+ "o hundr$ ?\s& 9 a 
few ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries4 ,! value ( ! 
electrical vehicle1 p>ticul>ly z ! t[n  
vehicle = any?+ except spe$+1 is n[ well
 e/abli%$1 & reports f ,p>is z well z   
,new ,york indicate ! lack ( facilities 
( factories 9 ?is l9e = produc+ ^!      
c>riages z rapidly z dem&$4 ,heavy      
'buses & individual vehicles alike are  
also popul>4     ,,pione] ,,inv5tors    
,,ni*olas ,,joseph ,,cugnot1   ,,william
 ,,murdock1   ,,oliv] ,,evans1          
,,william ,,sym+ton1   ,,na?an ,,read1  
,,ri*>d ,,trevi?ick1   ,,david ,,gordon1
   ,w4 ,h4 ,,james1   ,,goldswor?y      
,,gurney1   ,,?omas ,,blan*>d1   ,m4    
,,johnson1   ,,walt] ,,hancock1   ,w4   
,t4 ,,james1   ,,francis ,,mac]oni1     
,,ri*>d ,,rob]ts1   ,j4 ,,scott         
,,russell1   ,w4 ,h4 ,,*ur*1   ,,eti5ne 
,,l5oir1   ,,am,d,e ,,boll,e1   ,,george
 ,b4 ,,seld51   ,,siegfri$ ,,m>cus1     

,,c>l ,,b5z1   ,,gottlieb ,,daiml]1     
,m4 ,,levassor1   ,,leon ,,s]pollet4    
,,ni*olas ,,joseph ,,cugnot  ,born at   
,void1 ,lorra9e1 ,france1 ,septemb] #be1
 #agbe4 ,di$ 9 ,p>is1 ,octob] #b1 #ahjd4
  ,conc]n+ ! e>ly life ( ,cugnot1 little
 is kn[n4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! eng9e]+     
s]vice ( ! ,fr5* army1 & ga9$ di/9ction 
z a milit>y & me*anical eng9e]4 ,he also
 s]v$ z a milit>y eng9e] 9 ,g]many4     
,soon aft]w>d he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,pr9ce
 ,*>les ( ,lorra9e1 & = a "t resid$ at  
,brussels1 :]e he gave lessons 9 !      
milit>y art4 ,he did n return to 8      
native l& until #agfc1 & !n inv5t$ a new
 gun1 ) :i* ! cavalry 7 equipp$4  ,?is  
br\ght him to ! att5tion ( ! ,compte de 
,saxe1 & "u ! patronage ( t nobleman1 he
 con/ruct$ 9 #agfe 8 fir/ locomotive4   
,?is 0 a small wagon4 ,on its fir/ run x
 c>ri$ f\r p]sons1 & travel$ at ! rate (
 two & a qu>t] miles an h\r4 ,! boil]1  
h[ev]1 be+ too small1 ! c>riage c\ld g  
only = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes be=e !    
/eam 0 exhau/$1 & x 0 necess>y to /op ! 

eng9e = ne>ly ! same "t1 to enable !    
boil] to raise ! /eam to ! maximum      
pressure1 be=e x c\ld proce$ on its     
j\rney4 ,?is ma*9e 0 a disappo9tm5t1 9  
consequ5ce ( ! ineffici5cy ( ! fe$      
pumps4 ,x has be5 /at$ t :ile 9         
,brussels he _h made a small] vehicle1  
:i*1 if s1 0 soon aft] #agfj4  ,sev]al  
small accid5ts happ5$ dur+ ! trial1 = ! 
ma*9e c\ld n be completely controll$1 b 
x 0 consid]$ on ! :ole to be fairly     
successful & wor?y ( fur!r att5tion4 ,! 
sugge/ion 0 made t provid$ x c\ld be    
made m p[]ful1 & its me*anism improv$1 x
 might be us$ to drag cannon into !     
field in/ead ( us+ horses = t purpose4  
,consequ5tly1 ,cugnot 0 ord]$ by ! ,duc 
de ,*oiseul1 ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 to proce$ ) !
 con/ruction ( an improv$ & m p[]ful    
ma*9e4 ,?is vehicle1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9      
#aggj1 co/ tw5ty ?\s& livres4 ,x 0 9 two
 p>ts1 a wagon & an eng9e4 ,! wagon 0   
c>ri$ on two :eels & _h a seat = !      
/e]sman2 ! eng9e & boil] 7 support$ on a
 s+le driv+-:eel 9 front ( ! wagon4 ,!  

two p>ts 7 unit$ by a movable p94 ,a    
too!d quadrant1 fix$ on ! fram+ ( ! =e  
"p1 0 actuat$ by spur ge>+ on ! upright 
/e]sman's %aft 9 close proximity to !   
seat1 by means ( :i* ! conductor c\ld   
cause ! c>riage to turn 9 ei!r          
direction1 at an angle ( f fifte5 to    
tw5ty degrees4 ,9 front 0 a r\nd copp]  
boil]1 hav+ a furnace inside1 two small 
*imneys1 two s+le-act+ brass cyl9d]s    
communicat+ ) ! boil] by ! /eam pipe1 & 
o!r ma*9]y4 ,on ea* side ( ! driv+-:eel1
 rat*et :eels 7 fix$1 & z "o ( ! pi/ons 
desc5d$1 ! pi/on-rod drew a crank1 !    
pawl ( :i*1 work+ into ! rat*et-:eel1   
caus$ ! driv+-:eel to make a qu>t] ( a  
revolution4 ,by ge>+1 ! same movem5t    
plac$ ! pi/on on ! o!r side 9 a position
 = mak+ a /roke1 & turn$ ! f\r-way cock1
 s z to op5 ! second cyl9d] to ! /eam & 
! fir/ cyl9d] to ! atmosph]e4 ,! second 
pi/on !n desc5d$1 caus+ ! lead+ :eel to 
make ano!r qu>t] ( a revolution1 &      
re/or+ ! fir/ pi/on to its orig9al      
position4 ,9 ord] to run ! vehicle      

backw>ds1 ! pawl 0 made to act on ! upp]
 side1 *ang+ ! position ( ! spr+ :i*    
press$ ^u x2 !n1 :5 ! eng9e 0 />t$1 !   
pawl caus$ ! driv+-:eel to turn a qu>t] 
( a revolution 9 ! opposite direction ) 
e /roke ( ! pi/on4  ,?is ma*9e 0 fir/   
tri$ 9 #aggj 9 ! pres5ce ( a di/+ui%$   
assembly1 t includ$ ! ,duc de ,*oiseul2 
,g5]al ,gribeauval1 ,fir/               
,inspector-,g5]al ( ,artill]y2 ! ,compte
 de ,saxe1 & o!rs4 ,subsequ5tly1 o!r    
trials ( x 7 made1 ) satisfactory       
results g5]ally4 ,! heavy ov]-balanc+   
weight ( ! eng9e & boil] 9 front r5d]$ x
 difficult to control4 ,on "o ( its     
trips x ran into a wall 9 turn+ a corn] 
& 0 p>tly wreck$4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts ) x 7
 ab&on$1 & 9 #ahjj x 0 deposit$ 9 !     
,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,meti]1      
,p>is1 :]e x /ill rema9s4  ,at a lat]   
p]iod ( 8 life1 hav+ lo/ 8 means (      
support1 ,cugnot's public s]vices 7     
consid]$ to entitle him to a rew>d f !  
,/ate4 ,l\is ,fifte5? gave him a p5sion 
( six hundr$ livres1 b ! ,fr5*          

,revolution com+ on1 he 0 depriv$ ev5 ( 
t pittance1 & he liv$ 9 abject mis]y 9  
,brussels4 ,8 c>riage 0 !n 9 ! ars5al1 &
 a revolution>y committee1 dur+ ! reign 
( t]ror1 tri$ to take x out & r$uce x to
 scrap1 b 0 driv5 (f4 ,:5 ,napoleon came
 to ! ?rone1 he re/or$ ! p5sion &       
increas$ x to "o ?\s& livres4 ,9        
addition to 8 inv5tions1 ,cugnot wrote  
sev]al works on milit>y art &           
=tification4   ,,william ,,murdock      
,born 9 ,bell[ ,mill1 ne> ,old ,cumnock1
 ,ayr%ire1 ,scotl&1 ,augu/ #ba1 #aged4  
,di$ at ,sycamore ,hill1 ,novemb] #ae1  
#ahci4  ,murdock 0 ! son ( ,john        
,murdo*1 a millwright4 ,he 0 mode/ly    
educat$1 & br\ght up to 8 fa!r's trade1 
help+ to build & put up mill ma*9]y4 ,a 
curi\s production ( ! fa!r & son1 at ?is
 p]iod1 0 a wood5 horse1 work$ by       
me*anical p[]1 on :i* "y ,murdock       
travel$ ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,:5 he 0         
tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age he ent]$ !        
employm5t ( ! fam\s eng9e]+ firm (      
,b\lton  ,watt1 at ,soho1 & !re rema9$  

?r\gh\t 8 active life4  ,watt recogniz$ 
9 him a valuable assi/ant1 & 8 s]vices 7
 jeal\sly reg>d$4 ,on 8 "p he devot$    
himself unres]v$ly to ! int]e/s ( 8     
employ]s4 ,9 #aggg he 0 s5t to ,cornwall
 to look aft] ! pumps & eng9es set up by
 ! firm 9 ! m9es1 & = a long p]iod he   
liv$ at ,r$ru?4 ,= "s five ye>s aft]    
#ahjj he 0 eng9e] & sup]9t5d5t at !     
,soho f\ndry4 ,:ile liv+ at ,r$ru?1 9   
#agib1 he began a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on !
 illum9at+ prop]ties ( ! gases ( coal1  
wood1 peat1 & o!r sub/ances1 & 9 #agii  
put up a gas-mak+ app>atus at ,soho4 ,9 
#ahjc he fitt$ ! ,soho factory ) a      
gas-light+ sy/em4 ,o!r inv5tions t are  
cr$it$ to him are models = an oscillat+ 
eng9e & a rot>y eng9e1 a me?od ( mak+   
/eam pipes1 an app>atus = utiliz+ ! =ce 
( compress$ air1 & a /eam gun4          
,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,murdock  ,8   
e>ly tra9+ & all 8 surr\nd+s naturally &
 inevitably int]e/$ ,murdock 9 ! subject
 ( /eam locomotion1 & be=e #aghd he     
began to exp]im5t on ^! l9es4 ,t he made

 def9ite progress is %[n 9 a lett] t    
,?omas ,wilson1 ag5t 9 ,cornwall (      
,b\lton  ,watt1 wrote to 8 employ]s 9   
,augu/1 #aghf1 say+1 ,william ,murdock  
desires me to in=m y t he has made a    
small eng9e ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* diamet] &  
"o & "o-half in* /roke1 t he has appli$ 
to a small c>riage1 :i* answ]s amaz+ly4 
,he _h made & run ?is model 9 #aghd1 & x
 is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & 9 ! possession ( !
 ,messrs4 ,ri*>d & ,george ,tangye1     
,engl&4  ,?is model 0 on ! high-pressure
 pr9ciple1 & ran on ?ree :eels1 ! s+le  
front "o = /e]+4 ,! v]tical boil]1 ne>ly
 ov] ! re> axle1 0 heat$ by a _s-lamp1 &
 ! ma*9e /ood only a little m ?an a foot
 high4 ,! axle 0 crank$ 9 ! middle &    
turn$ by a rod connect$ to a beam mov$  
up & d[n by ! pi/on-rod project+ f ! top
 ( ! cyl9d]4 ,yet x develop$ consid]able
 spe$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! use ( !
 crank = conv]t+ ! reciprocat+ motion ( 
! /eam eng9e into rot>y 0 pat5t$ by     
,pick>d 9 #aghj1 & ,murdock's 0 probably
 its fir/ application to self-propell$  

c>riages4  ,! fir/ exp]im5t ) ?is little
 eng9e 0 made 9 ,murdock's h\se at      
,r$ru?1 :5 ! locomotive successfully    
haul$ a wagon r\nd ! room1 ! s+le :eel1 
plac$ 9 front ( ! eng9e1 fix$ 9 su* a   
position z to enable x to run r\nd a    
circle4  ,dr4 ,smiles1 9 8 "w on        
inv5tors1 tells an amus+ /ory conc]n+   
?is ma*9e4 ,he says3 ,ano!r exp]im5t 0  
made out ( doors1 on :i* occasion1 small
 ?\gh ! eng9e 01 x fairly outran ! spe$ 
( its inv5tor4 ,"o night1 aft] return+ f
 8 duties at ! m9e at ,r$ru?1 ,murdock  
w5t ) 8 model locomotive to ! av5ue     
lead+ to ! *ur*1 ab\t a mile f ! t[n4 ,!
 walk 0 n>r[1 /raight & level4 ,hav+ lit
 ! lamp1 ! wat] soon boil$1 & (f />t$ ! 
eng9e ) ! inv5tor aft] x4 ,%ortly aft]  
he he>d di/ant %\ts ( t]ror4 ,x 0 too   
d>k to p]ceive objects1 b he f\nd1 on   
foll[+ up ! ma*9e1 t ! cries _h proce$$ 
f ! wor?y vic>1 :o1 :ile go+ along !    
walk1 _h met ! hiss+ & fi]y little      
mon/]1 :i* he decl>$ he took to be !    
,evil ,"o 9 propria p]sona6  ,b ,murdock

 0 too useful a man to ,b\lton  ,watt to
 be all[$ to h free re91 & 8 incl9ation 
t[>d /eam locomotion inv5tion 0 app>5tly
 curb$1 ?\gh x w\ld appe> ,watt ?\ght ! 
roads ( t "t an insurm\ntable ob/acle to
 ! developm5t ( road vehicles1 & want$  
,murdock to devote 8 "t to me*anical    
matt]s m ripe = success4 ,b\lton1 writ+ 
to ,watt f ,truro1 9 ,septemb]1 #agif1  
tells h[ he met ,murdock on 8 way to    
,london to get a pat5t on a new model1 &
 h[ he p]suad$ him to turn back4 ,?is   
model 0 = a /eam c>riage t 0 aft]w>d %[n
 z able to travel freely ar\nd a room ) 
a light load ( %ovel1 pok] & tongs ^u x4
 ,8 0 probably ! fir/ high-pressure     
/eam-eng9e vehicle run 9 ,engl&4 ,?\gh  
only a small model1 x did its           
proportionate "w well4  ,watt cont9u$ to
 oppose ,murdock's s*eme1 b on "o       
occasion sugge/$ t he %\ld be all[$ an  
advance ( five hundr$ doll>s to enable  
him to prosecute 8 exp]im5ts1 & if he   
succe$$ )9 a ye> 9 mak+ an eng9e capable
 ( draw+ a po/ *aise1 c>ry+ two pass5g]s

 & ! driv]1 at f\r miles an h\r1 x 0    
sugge/$ t he %\ld be tak5 z p>tn] into !
 locomotive bus9ess1 = :i* ,b\lton &    
,watt 7 to provide ! necess>y capital4  
,?is proposition 0 nev] c>ri$ out4      
,aga91 9 #aghf1 ,watt said3 ,i wi%      
,william c\ld be br\ght to d z we d1 to 
m9d ! bus9ess 9 h&1 & let su* z ,sym+ton
 & ,sadl] ?r[ away _! "t & money 9 hunt+
 %ad[s4 ,murdock cont9u$ to speculate   
ab\t /eam locomotion on common roads1 b 
nev] c>ri$ 8 ideas fur!r4 ,he retir$ f !
 employm5t ( ,b\lton  ,watt 9 #ahcj1 &  
practically retir$ f all "w at ! same   
"t4  ,murdock seems to h _h a v cle>    
idea ( ! possibilities ( /eam propulsion
 on ! common roads4 ,_h circum/ances    
p]mitt$ he might well h be5 expect$ to h
 solv$ ! problem 9 #agif q z completely 
z 8 successors did 9 #ahce4 ,b he 0 a   
qu>t] ( a c5tury ahead ( ! "t4 ,ev5 !   
mod]ate public int]e/ t exi/$ lat] on _h
 n manife/$ itself at all 9 8 day & !   
condition ( ! ,engli% highways (f]$     
almo/ insup]able ob/acles to /eam       

vehicul> travel4 ,p]sonally 8 lack (    
self-ass]tiv5ess & 8 feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u
 ,b\lton & ,watt also held him back4 ,s 
he rema9$ simply "o ( ! pione]          
inve/igators po9t+ ! way = o!rs4        
,,oliv] ,,evans  ,born 9 #agee or #agef1
 9 ,newport1 ,del4 ,di$ 9 ,philadelphia1
 ,april #ba1 #ahai4  ,little has be5    
pres]v$ respect+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,oliv] 
,evans1 :o has be5 aptly /yl$ ,! ,watt (
 ,am]ica4 ,8 p>5ts 7 f>m+ p1 & he _h    
only an ord9>y common-s*ool education4  
,at ! age ( f\rte5 he 0 appr5tic$ to a  
:eelwright or wagonmak]1 & cont9u$ 8    
meag] education by /udy+ at night "t by 
! light t he made by burn+ *ips & %av+s 
9 ! fireplace4  ,:ile yet an appr5tice 8
 att5tion 0 turn$ to ! subject (        
propell+ l& c>riages )\t animal p[]4 ,b 
! lack ( def9ite k 9 reg>d to /eam p[]  
compell$ him to ab&on 8 plans1 al?\gh 8 
exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ = a long "t4 ,soon  
aft] atta9+ 8 majority he 0 engag$ 9    
mak+ c>d-tee? by h&1 & 9 connection !re)
 develop$ sev]al labor-sav+ improvem5ts4

 ,he also inv5t$ improvem5ts 9 !        
con/ruction ( ma*9]y ( fl\r mills t     
effect$ a complete revolution 9 !       
manufacture ( fl\r4 ,^! improvem5ts     
consi/$ ( ! elevator1 ! conveyor1 !     
hopp]-boy1 ! drill & ! desc5d]1 :i*     
v>i\s ma*9es 7 appli$ 9 diff]5t mills s 
z to p]=m me*anically e necess>y movem5t
 ( ! gra9 & meal f "o "p ( ! mill to !  
o!r1 caus+ a sav+ ( fully "o-half 9 !   
labor ( mill att5dance & manufactur+ !  
fl\r bett]4 ,^! improvem5ts 7 n accept$ 
by ! mill own]s at ! outset1 & ,evans   
sp5t _m disc\rag+ ye>s be=e he c\ld     
f9ally p]suade ! manufactur]s ( !       
utility ( 8 inv5tions4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 
he liv$ to see 8 inv5tions g5]ally      
introduc$1 & he pr(it$ l>gely !reby4    
,illu/ration3 ,,oliv] ,,evans  ,9 ! ye> 
#aghf1 ,evans petition$ ! ,legislature (
 ,p5nsylvania = ! exclusive "r to use 8 
improvem5ts 9 fl\r mills & /eam c>riages
 9 t ,/ate1 & 9 ! ye> foll[+ pres5t$ a  
simil> petition to ! ,legislature (     
,m>yl&4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance he 0 only      

successful s f> z to obta9 ! privilege (
 ! mill improvem5ts1 8 repres5tations   
conc]n+ /eam c>riages be+ consid]$ z    
savor+ too mu* ( insanity to des]ve     
notice4 ,he 0 m =tunate 9 ,m>yl&1 =1    
al?\gh ! /eam project 0 laugh$ at1 yet  
"o ( 8 fri5ds1 a memb]1 v judici\sly    
obs]v$ t ! grant c\ld injure no "o1 = he
 did n ?9k t any man 9 ! _w _h ?\ght (  
su* a ?+ be=e1 & !re=e he wi%$ !        
enc\ragem5t might be af=d$1 z !re 0 a   
prospect t x w\ld produce some?+ useful4
 ,?is k9d ( argum5t _h its effect1 &    
,evans receiv$ all t he ask$ =1 & f t   
p]iod consid]$ himself b\nd 9 honor to !
 ,/ate ( ,m>yl& to produce a /eam       
c>riage1 z soon z 8 means w\ld all[ him4
  ,= sev]al ye>s succe$+ ! grant+ ( 8   
petition by ! ,legislature ( ,m>yl&1    
,evans endeavor$ to obta9 "s p]son (    
pecuni>y res\rces to jo9 ) him 9 8      
plans2 & = ?is purpose expla9$ 8 views  
by drafts1 & o!rwise1 to "s ( ! fir/    
me*anics 9 ! c\ntry4 ,al?\gh ! p]sons   
address$ appe>$1 9 sev]al in/ances1 to  

und]/& !m1 !y decl9$ any assi/ance f a  
fe> ( ! exp5se & difficulty ( _!        
execution4  ,9 ! ye> #ahjj1 or #ahja1   
,evans1 nev] hav+ f\nd anyone will+ to  
contribute to ! exp5se1 or ev5 to       
enc\rage him 9 8 ef=ts1 det]m9$ to      
con/ruct a /eam c>riage at 8 own exp5se4
 ,previ\s to comm5c+ he expla9$ 8 views 
to ,rob]t ,patt]son1 ,pr(essor (        
,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity (             
,p5nsylvania1 & to an em95t ,engli%     
eng9e]4 ,!y bo? decl>$ ! pr9ciples new  
to !m1 & advis$ ! plan z highly wor?y ( 
a fair exp]im5t4 ,!y 7 ! only p]sons :o 
_h any confid5ce1 or af=d$ enc\rag+     
advice4 ,he also communicat$ 8 plans to 
,b4 ,f4 ,latrobe1 ! sci5ti/1 :o publicly
 pron\nc$ !m z *im]ical1 & attempt$ to  
demon/rate ! absurdity ( ,evans'        
pr9ciples 9 8 report to ! ,philosophical
 ,society ( ,p5nsylvania on /eam eng9es4
 ,9 ?is he also endeavor$ to %[ !       
impossibility ( mak+ /eamboats useful4  
,evans comm5c$ & _h made consid]able    
progress 9 ! con/ruction ( a /eam       

c>riage1 :5 ! idea occurr$ to him t z 8 
/eam eng9e 0 altoge!r diff]5t 9 =m1 z   
well z 9 pr9ciple1 f any o!r 9 use1 a   
pat5t c\ld be obta9$ = x1 & !n appli$ to
 mills m pr(itably ?an to c>riages4 ,!  
/eam c>riage 0 accord+ly laid aside = a 
season ( m leisure1 & ! con/ruction ( a 
small eng9e 0 comm5c$1 ) a cyl9d] six   
in*es 9 diamet] & a pi/on ( eighte5     
in*es /roke1 = a mill to gr9d pla/] (   
p>is4 ,! exp5se ( its con/ruction f>    
exce$$ ,evans' calculation1 & be=e !    
eng9e 0 f9i%$ he f\nd x co/ him all he 0
 wor?4 ,he _h !n to beg9 ! _w anew1 at !
 age ( =ty-eight1 ) a l>ge family to    
support1 & t1 too1 ) a k t if ! trial   
fail$ 8 cr$it w\ld be entirely ru9$1 & 8
 prospects = ! rema9d] ( life d>k &     
gloomy4 ,b =tune favor$ him1 & 8 success
 0 complete4  ,9 a brief acc\nt1 giv5 by
 himself1 ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 /eam1 he says3
 ,i c\ld break & gr9d ?ree hundr$ bu%els
 ( pla/] ( p>is1 or twelve tons1 9      
tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & to %[ its op]ations m 
fully to ! public1 ,i appli$ x to saw   

/one1 on ! side ( ,m>ket ,/reet1 :]e !  
driv+ ( twelve saws 9 heavy frames1 saw+
 at ! rate ( "o hundr$ feet ( m>ble 9   
twelve h\rs1 made a great %[ & excit$   
mu* att5tion4 ,i ?\ght ?is 0 suffici5t  
to conv9ce ! ?\s&s ( spectators ( !     
utility ( my discov]y1 b ,i frequ5tly   
he>d !m inquire if ! p[] c\ld be appli$ 
to saw timb] z well z /one1 to gr9d     
gra91 propel boats1 etc41 & ?\gh ,i     
answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 !y /ill d\bt$4  
,i !re=e det]m9$ to apply my eng9e to   
all new uses2 to introduce x & !m to !  
public4 ,?is exp]im5t completely te/$ ! 
correctness ( my pr9ciples4 ,! p[] ( my 
eng9e rises 9 a geometrical proportion1 
:ile ! consumption ( ! fuel has only an 
ari?metical ratio2 9 su* proportion t e 
"t ,i add$ "o-f\r? m to ! consumption ( 
! fuel1 its p[]s 7 d\bl$2 & t twice !   
quantity ( fuel requir$ to drive "o saw1
 w\ld drive sixte5 saws at lea/2 = :5 ,i
 drove two saws ! consumption 0 eight   
bu%els ( coal 9 twelve h\rs1 b :5 twelve
 saws 7 driv51 ! consumption 0 n m ?an  

t5 bu%els1 s t ! m we resi/ ! /eam1 !   
great] is ! effect ( ! eng9e4 ,on ^!    
pr9ciples v light b p[]ful eng9es c be  
made suitable = propell+ boats & l&     
c>riages )\t ! great encumbrance ( _!   
weight z m5tion$ 9 ,latrobe's           
demon/ration4  ,9 ! ye> #ahdj1 ,evans1  
by ord] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? (            
,philadelphia1 con/ruct$ at 8 works1    
situat$ a mile & a half f ! wat]1 a     
ma*9e = clean+ docks4 ,x consi/$ ( a    
l>ge flat or sc[1 ) a /eam eng9e ( five 
horse-p[] on bo>d1 to "w ! ma*9]y to    
raise ! mud into ! sc[s4 ,?is 0 consid]$
 a f9e opportunity to %[ ! public t 8   
eng9e c\ld propel bo? l& & wat]         
conveyances4 ,:5 ! ma*9e 0 f9i%$1 he    
fix$1 9 a r\gh & tempor>y mann]1 :eels )
 wood5 axletrees1 &1 ( c\rse1 "u !      
influ5ce ( great friction4 ,al?\gh !    
:ole weight 0 equal to two hundr$ b>rels
 ( fl\r1 yet 8 small eng9e propell$ x up
 ,m>ket ,/reet & r\nd ! circle to !     
wat]works1 :]e x 0 laun*$ into !        
,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,a paddle-:eel 0 !n   

appli$ to its /]n1 & x ?us mov$ d[n t   
riv] to ! ,delaw>e1 a di/ance ( sixte5  
miles1 leav+ beh9d all vessels t 7 "u   
sail4  ,?is demon/ration 0 9 ! pres5ce (
 ?\s&s ( spectators1 :i* he suppos$ w\ld
 h conv9c$ !m ( ! practicability (      
/eamboats & /eam c>riages4 ,b no        
all[ance 0 made by ! public = !         
disproportion ( ! eng9e to its load1 nor
 = ! r\gh mann] 9 :i* ! ma*9]y 0 fix$1  
or ! great friction & ill =m ( ! boat1 &
 x 0 suppos$ t ?is 0 ! utmo/ x c\ld     
p]=m4 ,"s individuals und]took to       
ridicule ! exp]im5t ( driv+ s great a   
weight on l&1 because ! motion 0 too sl[
 to be useful4 ,! inv5tor sil5c$ !m by  
answ]+ t he w\ld make a c>riage propell$
 by /eam1 = a wag] ( ?ree ?\s& doll>s1  
to run ^u a level road1 aga9/ ! swifte/ 
horse t c\ld be produc$4 ,?is ma*9e     
,evans nam$ ! ,oructor ,amphibolis4  ,on
 ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 #ahjd1 ,evans      
submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,lanca/] 
,turnpike ,company a /atem5t ( ! co/s & 
pr(its ( a /eam c>riage to c>ry "o      

hundr$ b>rels ( fl\r1 fifty miles 9     
tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 t5d+ to %[ t "o su* /eam
 c>riage w\ld make m net pr(its ?an t5  
wagons1 drawn by five horses ea*1 on a  
good turnpike road1 & (f]+ to build "o  
at a v l[ price4 ,8 address clos$ z     
foll[s3 ,x is too mu* = an individual to
 put 9 op]ation e improvem5t :i* he may 
inv5t4 ,i h no d\bt b t my eng9es w     
propel boats aga9/ ! curr5t ( !         
,mississippi1 & wagons on turnpike      
roads1 ) great pr(it4 ,i n[ call ^u ^?  
^: int]e/ x is to c>ry ?is inv5tion into
 effect4 ,all ( :i* is respectfully     
submitt$ to y\r consid]ation4 ,little or
 no att5tion 0 paid to ?is (f]1 = x 0   
difficult at t day to int]e/ anyone 9   
/eam locomotion4  ,evans' int]e/ 9 !    
/eam c>riage =?) ceas$1 b 9 8 writ+s1   
publi%$ ab\t t "t1 he rem>k$3 ,! "t w   
come :5 p w travel 9 /ages mov$ by /eam 
eng9es f "o city to ano!r1 almo/ z fa/ z
 birds fly1 fifte5 or tw5ty miles an    
h\r4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! air ) su* velocity1 
*ang+ ! sc5e 9 su* rapid succession1 w  

be ! mo/ rapid exhil>at+ ex]cise4 ,a    
c>riage 7/eam7 w set out f ,wa%+ton 9 ! 
morn+1 ! pass5g]s w breakfa/ at         
,baltimore1 d9e at ,philadelphia1 & sup 
at ,new ,york 9 ! same day4 ,to         
accompli% ?is he sugge/$ railways ( wood
 or iron1 or smoo? pa?s ( brok5 /one or 
gravel1 & pr$ict$ t eng9es w\ld soon    
drive boats t5 or twelve miles an h\r4  
,9 ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life1 ,evans        
e/abli%$ a l>ge iron f\ndry 9           
,philadelphia4  ,al?\gh ,evans' di/9ct  
contribution to ! problem ( /eam        
locomotion on ! common roads 0 n        
p>ticul>ly practical x 0 at lea/        
important z be+ ! fir/ sugge/ion ( any?+
 ( ! k9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,road       
conditions 9 ?is c\ntry at t "t 7 worse 
?an !y 7 9 ,engl& & yet "u m disc\rag+  
circum/ances he 0 z f> advanc$ 9 ideas &
 plans z 8 great contempor>ies1         
,trevi?ick & o!rs across ! wat]4 ,to    
,evans mu/ be giv5 ! cr$it ( p]fect+ !  
high-pressure1 non-cond5s+ eng9e1 & ev5 
,trevi?ick1 ! fa!r ( ! locomotive1 0    

l>gely indebt$ to him = 8 progress 9 !  
l9es he 0 work+ on 9 ,engl&1 8 plans &  
specifications hav+ be5 s5t abroad = !  
,engli% eng9e]s to inspect 9 #aghd4     
,,william ,,sym+ton  ,born at           
,leadhills1 ,scotl&1 ,octob]1 #aghc4    
,di$ 9 ,london1 ,m>* #bb1 #ahca4  ,m    
=tunate ?an mo/ ( ! ,engli% inv5tors ( !
 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ) :om he 
0 associat$1 ,william ,sym+ton came ( a 
family t 0 able to give him a good      
education4 ,8 fa!r 0 a me*anic :o _h    
*>ge ( ! eng9es & ma*9]y at !           
,w>lockhead lead m9es1 & ! son ga9$ 8   
fir/ k ( me*anics & eng9e]+ 9 ! %ops ) 8
 fa!r4 ,int5d$ = ! m9i/ry1 he 0 s5t to !
 ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[ & ! ,univ]sity (  
,dubl9 to pursue 8 /udies4 ,b ! m9i/ry  
_h slight attractions = him1 & :5 ! "t  
came = him to *oose a pr(ession1 he     
adopt$ t ( civil eng9e]+4  ,9 #aghf he  
work$ out a model = a /eam road-c>4 ,?is
 0 reg>d$ v highly by all :o saw x4 ,x  
is said t ,mr4 ,meason1 manag] ( ! lead 
m9es at ,w>lockhead1 0 s pleas$ ) !     

model1 ! m]it ( :i* pr9cipally belong$  
to "y ,sym+ton1 t he s5t him into       
,ed9burgh = ! purpose ( exhibit+ x be=e 
! pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity1 & o!r       
sci5tific g5tlem5 ( ! city1 9 ! hope t x
 might lead 9 "s way to 8 future        
advancem5t 9 life4 ,mr4 ,meason became !
 patron & fri5d ( ,sym+ton1 all[$ !     
model to be exhibit$ at 8 own h\se1 &   
invit$ _m p]sons ( di/9ction to inspect 
x4 ,! c>riage support$ on f\r :eels _h a
 locomotive beh9d1 ! front :eels be+    
arrang$ ) /e]+-ge>4 ,a cyl9drical boil] 
0 us$ = g5]at+ /eam1 :i* communicat$ by 
a /eam-pipe ) ! two horizontal cyl9d]s1 
"o on ea* side ( ! firebox ( ! boil]4   
,:5 /eam 0 turn$ into ! cyl9d]1 ! pi/on 
made an outw>d /roke2 a vacuum 0 !n =m$1
 ! /eam be+ cond5s$ 9 a cold wat] tank  
plac$ b5ea? ! cyl9d]s1 & ! pi/on 0 =c$  
back by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!    
pi/on rods communicat$ _! motion to !   
driv+-axle & :eels ?r\gh rack rods1 :i* 
work$ too!d :eels plac$ on ! h9d axle on
 bo? sides ( ! eng9e1 & ! alt]nate      

action ( ! rack rods ^u ! too? & rat*et 
:eels1 ) :i* ! drums 7 provid$1 produc$ 
! rot>y motion4 ,! boil] 0 fitt$ ) a    
lev] & weight safety valve4 ,sym+ton's  
locomotive 0 ab&on$1 ! inv5tor consid]+ 
t ! s*eme ( /eam travel on ! common     
roads 0 impracticable4  ,h5ce=?1        
,sym+ton gave 8 att5tion to ! /udy (    
boat propulsion by /eam4 ,9 #aghg he got
 out a pat5t = an improv$ =m ( /eam     
eng9e1 9 :i* he obta9$ rot>y action by  
*a9s & rat*et-:eels4 ,?is eng9e1 ) a    
f\r-in* cyl9d]1 0 us$ to "w ! paddles ( 
a pleasure boat on ,dalsw9ton ,lo*1 9   
#aghh1 ! boat /eam+ at ! rate ( five    
miles an h\r4 ,?is boat is n[ 9 ! ,s\?  
,k5s+ton ,museum1 & x has be5 t]m$ !    
p>5t eng9e ( /eam navigation4 ,!        
exp]im5t ) ?is me?od ( boat propulsion 0
 s successful t a ye> lat] l>g] eng9es1 
) eighte5-in* cyl9d]s1 7 fitt$ to ano!r 
boat1 :i* atta9$ a spe$ ( sev5 miles an 
h\r4 ,9 #ahja1 ,sym+ton took out a pat5t
 = an eng9e ) a pi/on rod guid$ by      
roll]s 9 a /raight pa? & connect$ by a  

rod ) a crank atta*$ directly to !      
paddle-:eel %aft--! sy/em t has be5 9   
use ev] s9ce4 ,al?\gh ! p]fect          
practicability ( ?is me?od ( boat       
propulsion 0 fully demon/rat$ by a trial
 on ! tugboat ,*>lotte ,dundas1 9 ,m>*1 
#ahjb1 ! plan = /eam p[] on canals &    
lakes 0 n c>ri$ fur!r4 ,! ,=? & ,clyde  
,company1 & ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]1 :o 7 
back+ ,sym+ton1 gave up ! project & he  
c\ld get help f no o!r s\rces4 ,8       
inv5tions & exp]im5ts are g5]ally reg>d$
 z m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( /eam navigation4 ,x  
is int]e/+ to note t among ^? :o 7 gue/s
 on ! ,*>lotte ,dundas1 on ! occasion ( 
?is trial trip1 0 ,rob]t ,fulton1 :o    
wrote a treatise on /eam navigation 9   
#agic1 tri$ a small /eamboat on ! riv]  
,se9e1 9 ,france1 9 #ahjc1 & 9 #ahjg    
laun*$ 8 fam\s /eam%ip1 ! ,cl]mont1 on !
 ,hudson ,riv]4  ,sym+ton1 disappo9t$ & 
disc\rag$1 gave up 8 "w & w5t to        
,london4 ,! re/ ( 8 life 0 = ! mo/ "p   
?r[n away1 & he became "o ( ! waifs &   
/rays ( ,london4 ,9 #ahbe he receiv$ a  

grant ( "o hundr$ p\nds f ! privy purse1
 & lat] on fifty p\nds m1 9 recognition 
( 8 s]vices = /eam navigation4 ,he di$ 9
 obscurity & al?\gh he 0 unque/ionably !
 pione] 9 8 c\ntry ( ! successful       
application ( /eam to navigation on inl&
 wat]s 8 "n is only a b>e memory4       
,,na?an ,,read  ,born 9 ,w>r51 ,mass41  
,july #b1 #agei4 ,di$ ne> ,belfa/1 ,me41
 ,janu>y #bj1 #ahdi4  ,graduat$ f ,h>v>d
 ,college 9 #agha1 ,read 0 a tutor at   
,h>v>d = f\r ye>s4 ,9 #aghh he began    
exp]im5t+ to discov] "s way ( utiliz+ ! 
/eam eng9e = propell+ boats & c>riages4 
,8 ef=ts 7 ma9ly direct$ t[>d devis+    
light]1 m compact ma*9]y ?an !n g5]ally 
9 use4 ,8 greate/ inv5tion at t "t 0 a  
sub/itute = ! l>ge work+-beam4 ,?is 0 a 
cross-head beam :i* ran 9 guides & _h a 
connect+-rod ) :i* motion 0 communicat$4
 ,! new cyl9d] t he inv5t$ to atta* to  
?is work+-frame 0 d\ble-act+4 ,9 ord] to
 make ! boil] m portable he inv5t$ a    
multi-tubul> =m1 & ?is he pat5t$1 toge!r
 ) ! cyl9d]1 *a9-:eel1 & o!r appliances4

  ,! boil] 0 cyl9drical & 0 plac$       
upright or horizontal1 & ! furnace 0    
c>ri$ )9 x4 ,a d\ble cyl9d] =m$ a       
wat]-jacket1 connect$ ) a wat] & /eam   
*amb] above1 & a wat]-*amb] bel[4       
,num]\s small /raight tubes connect$ ^! 
two *amb]s4 ,read also inv5t$ ano!r     
boil] 9 :i* ! fire w5t ?r\gh small      
spiral tubes1 v mu* z x does 9 !        
pres5t-day locomotives1 & ?is 0 a       
smoke-consum+ eng9e4 ,= ! purpose (     
acquir+ motion he fir/ us$ paddle-:eels1
 b aft]w>d adopt$ a *a9-:eel ( 8 own    
inv5tion4  ,illu/ration3 ,,na?an ,,read 
,read plann$ a /eam-c> to be run ) 8    
tubul> boil]1 & x is said t ?is vehicle1
 :5 lad5 ) fifty tons weight1 c\ld make 
five miles p] h\r4 ,! model :i* 0       
complet$ 9 #agij _h f\r :eels1 ! front  
pair be+ pivot$ at ! c5t] & controll$ by
 a horizontal %eave & rope4 ,! %eave 0  
locat$ back ne> ! boil]1 & 9 guid+ !    
ma*9e x 0 op]at$ by a h&-:eel plac$     
above ! plat=m1 )9 easy rea* ( ! eng9e]4
 ,a squ>e boil] ) ,read's multi-tubul>  

sy/em1 ov]hung at ! re> ( ! c>riage4    
,two driv+-:eels 7 =w>d ( ! boil]1 & 9  
front ( ^! 7 two horizontal cyl9d]s on  
ea* side ( ! eng9e4 ,on ! inside ( ea*  
:eel 7 rat*$ tee? t fitt$ into          
correspond+ tee? on horizontal racks    
above & bel[ ! hub4 ,! pi/on1 mov+ back 
& =? f ! cyl9d]1 engag$ ^! tee? & caus$ 
a revolution ( ! :eel4 ,!re 7 two /eam  
valves & two exhau/ valves to ea*       
cyl9d]1 ! exhau/ be+ into ! atmosph]e4  
,al?\gh ?is 0 ! fir/ conception (       
propulsion by /eam on l& 9 ,am]ica1     
,read w5t no fur!r 9 creat+ ?is model1  
inasmu* z he receiv$ no enc\ragem5t f   
f9ancial s\rces4  ,9 #agif1 ,read       
e/abli%$ at ,salem1 ,mass41 ! ,salem    
,iron ,f\ndry1 :]e he manufactur$       
an*ors1 *a9 cables1 & o!r ma*9]y4 ,9    
,janu>y1 #agih1 he inv5t$ a ma*9e to cut
 & head nails at "o op]ation4 ,he also  
inv5t$ a me?od ( equaliz+ ! action (    
w9dmills by accumulat+ ! =ce ( ! w9d    
?r\gh w9d+ up a weight2 & a plan =      
h>ness+ ! =ce ( ! tides by means (      

res]voirs :i*1 by be+ alt]nately fill$  
up & empti$1 creat$ a con/ant /ream (   
wat]4 ,among 8 o!r inv5tions 7 a pump+  
eng9e & a ?re%+ ma*9e4   ,,ri*>d        
,,trevi?ick  ,born 9 ,illogan1 9 ! we/ (
 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 ,april #ac1 #agga4  
,di$ 9 ,d>t=d1 ,k5t1 ,april #bb1 #ahcc4 
,ri*>d ,trevi?ick _h meag] educational  
advantages4 ,8 fa!r 0 manag] ( !        
,dolcoa? & o!r m9es1 & %ortly aft] !    
bir? ( 8 son mov$ to ,p5ponds1 ne>      
,camborne1 :]e ! boy 0 s5t to s*ool to  
le>n read+1 writ+ & ari?metic1 :i* 7 !  
limits ( 8 atta9m5ts4 ,e>ly 9 life he   
%[$ ! dawn+ ( rem>kable inv5tive g5ius1 
0 quick at figures & clev] 9 draw+4 ,he 
develop$ into a "y man ( notable        
physique1 be+ six feet two in*es high1 &
 hav+ ! frame & ! /r5g? ( an a?lete4 ,he
 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful wre/l]s 9 ! we/    
c\ntry1 & x is relat$ ( him t he c\ld   
easily lift a ?\s&-weight m&ril4  ,at ! 
age ( eighte5 "y ,trevi?ick began to    
assi/ 8 fa!r z m9e manag]1 & at once    
proce$$ to put 8 inv5tive faculty to    

practical te/4 ,8 initial success1 9    
#agie1 0 an improvem5t ^u an eng9e at ! 
,:eal ,treasury m9e1 :i* accompli%$ a   
great sav+ 9 fuel & 9 p[]1 & won = him 8
 fir/ royalty4 ,be=e 8 fa!r di$1 9      
#agig1 he _h atta9$ to ! position (     
eng9e] at ! ,d+ ,dong m9e1 ne> ,p5zance1
 & _h already set up at ! ,h]l& m9e !   
eng9e built by ,william ,bull1 )        
improvem5ts ( 8 own4 ,8 e>lie/ inv5tion 
( importance 0 9 #agig1 :5 he made an   
improv$ plung] pump1 :i*1 9 ! foll[+    
ye>1 he develop$ into a d\ble-act+      
wat]-pressure eng9e4 ,"o ( ^! eng9es1   
set up 9 #ahjd1 at ! ,alport m9e1 9     
,d]by%ire1 0 run until #ahej4           
,illu/ration3 ,,ri*>d ,,trevi?ick  ,9   
#aghj he built a d\ble-act+             
high-pressure eng9e ) a crank1 = ,cook's
 ,kit*5 m9e4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! ,puff]1 f !
 noise t x made1 & x soon came into     
g5]al use 9 ,cornwall & ,s\? ,wales1 a  
successful rival ( ! l[-pressure /eam   
vacuum eng9e ( ,watt4  ,z e>ly z #agif  
,trevi?ick began to give att5tion to !  

subject ( /eam locomotion1 & a model    
con/ruct$ by him be=e #ahjj is n[ 9 !   
,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,he busi$ himself
 9 design+ & build+ a /eam vehicle to   
travel ^u ! common highways4 ,! "w 0    
done 9 a work%op at ,camborne1 & "s ( x 
9 ! %op ( ,capta9 ,&rew ,vivian4 ,x 0   
,*ri/mas ,eve ( #ahja :5 ?is /eam       
locomotive 0 complet$ & 0 br\ght out =  
trial4  ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ trial 
0 made by "o :o 0 pres5t3 ,i knew       
,capta9 ,dick ,trevi?ick v well4 ,i 0 a 
coop] by trade1 & :5 ,trevi?ick 0 mak+ 8
 /eam c>riage ,i us$ to g e day into    
,john ,tyack's %op at ! ,wei?1 close by 
"h1 :]e !y put h] toge!r4 ,9 ! ye>      
#ahja1 ^u ,*ri/mas ,eve1 t[>ds night1   
,trevi?ick got up /eam1 out on ! high   
road1 j outside ! %op4 ,:5 we saw t     
,trevi?ick 0 go+ to turn on /eam1 we    
jump$ up1 z _m z c\ld1 maybe sev5 or    
eight ( u4 ',twas a /iffi% hill go+ up  
to ,camborne ,beacon1 b %e w5t (f l a   
little bird4 ,:5 %e _h gone ab\t a qu>t]
 ( a mile !re 0 a r\gh piece ( road     

cov]$ ) loose /ones4 ,%e didn't g q s   
fa/1 & z x 0 a flood ( ra91 & we 7 v mu*
 squeez$ toge!r1 ,i jump$ (f4 ,%e 0 go+ 
fa/] ?an ,i c\ld walk1 & w5t up ! hill  
ab\t half a mile fur!r1 :5 !y turn$ h] &
 came back aga9 to ! %op4 ,! next day ! 
eng9e /eam$ to ,capta9 ,vivian's h\se1 &
 a few days subsequ5tly1 ,trevi?ick &   
,vivian />t$ (f = ,tehidy ,h\se1 :]e ,"l
 ,d$un/anville liv$1 "s two or ?ree     
miles f ,camborne4 ,on ?is j\rney !y met
 ) an accid5t1 ! eng9e be+ ov]turn$ 9   
go+ ar\nd a curve2 b !y got back safely4
  ,?is c>riage pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( an 
ord9>y /age coa* on f\r :eels4 ,! eng9e 
_h "o horizontal cyl9d] :i*1 toge!r ) ! 
boil] & ! furnace-box1 0 plac$ 9 ! re> (
 ! h9d axle4 ,!-motion ( ! pi/on 0      
transmitt$ to a sep>ate crank-axle1 f   
:i*1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( spur-ge>1 ! axle ( 
! driv+-:eel1 :i* 0 m\nt$ ) a fly-:eel1 
d]iv$ its motion4 ,! /eam cocks & !     
=ce-pump1 z also ! bell[s us$ = !       
purpose ( quick5+ combu/ion 9 ! furnace1
 7 work$ (f ! same crank axle4 ,?is 0 "o

 ( ! fir/ successful high-pressure      
eng9es con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( mov+ a 
pi/on by ! ela/icity ( /eam aga9/ !     
pressure only ( ! outside atmosph]e4  ,9
 ! foll[+ ye> ,trevi?ick w5t to ,london 
) 8 c\s91 ,&rew ,vivian1 & secur$ a     
pat5t4 ,e>ly 9 #ahjc he made 8 second   
/eam c>riage4 ,?is 0 built at ,camborne 
& tak5 to ,london1 via ,plym\?1 =       
exhibition4 ,its j\rney along ! highways
 ?or\ghly al>m$ ! c\ntry p4 ,col]idge   
relates t a toll-gate keep] 0 s fright5$
 at ! appe>ance ( ! sputt]+1            
smoke-spitt+ ?+ ( fe>some mi5 t1 trembl+
 9 e limb & ) tee? *att]+1 he ?rew aside
 ! toll-gate ) ! sc>$ exclamation1      
,no--no?--no?+ to pay4 ,my de--de> ,mr4 
,devil1 d drive on z fa/ z y c4 ,no?+ to
 pay6  ,! eng9e 9 ?is c>riage _h a      
cyl9d] five & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 )
 a /roke ( two & "o-half feet1 & ) ?irty
 p\nds ( /eam x work$ five /rokes p]    
m9ute4 ,9 e way x 0 sup]ior to its      
pr$ecessor4 ,x 0 n s heavy2 & !         
horizontal cyl9d]1 in/ead ( ! v]tical1  

add$ v mu* to its /ead9ess ( motion2    
:ile :eels ( a l>g] diamet] enabl$ x ! m
 easily to pass ov] r\gh roads :i* _h   
br\ght ! ,camborne "o to a /&/ill4 ,!   
boil] 0 made entirely ( wr\ght iron1 & !
 cyl9d] 0 ins]t$ horizontally1 close    
beh9d ! driv+ axle4 ,a =k$ pi/on-rod 0  
us$1 ! ends work+ 9 guides1 s t ! crank 
axle might be br\ght ne> to ! cyl9d]4   
,spur ge>+ & c\pl+s 7 us$ on ea* side ( 
! c>riage = communicat+ motion f ! crank
 %aft to ! ma9 driv+ axle4 ,!           
driv+-:eels 7 ab\t t5 feet diamet]1 &   
made ( wood4 ,! fram+ 0 ( wr\ght iron4  
,! coa* 0 int5d$ to seat eight or t5    
p]sons1 & ! great] "p ( ! weight came on
 ! driv+ axle4 ,! coa* 0 susp5d$ ^u     
spr+s4  ,! ,london /eam c>riage 0 put   
toge!r at ,felton's c>riage %op1 9      
,lea!r ,lane1 & aft] its completion1    
,vivian "o day ran ! locomotive f ,lea!r
 ,lane1 ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 on to       
,lords' ,cricket ,gr\nd1 to ,padd+ton1 &
 home aga9 by way ( ,isl+ton1 a j\rney (
 t5 miles ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,london4     

,sev]al trips 7 made 9 ,tott5ham ,c\rt  
,road & ,eu/on ,squ>e1 & only once did  
!y meet ) accid5t4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 !    
frame ( ! c>riage got twi/$1 & ! eng9e 0
 deta*$ & set to driv+ a mill4          
,trevi?ick's next exp]im5t 0 made 9     
#ahjc-d1 :ile he 0 eng9e] ( !           
,p5-y-d>ran iron works1 ne> ,m]?yr      
,tydvil1 :]e he built & ran on a railway
 a locomotive t 0 fairly successful4 ,9 
#ahjh he built a locomotive = a circul> 
railway or /eam circus t he & ,&rew     
,vivian set up 9 ,london1 ne> ,eu/on    
,squ>e4 ,?is ran = sev]al weeks1 c>ry+  
pass5g]s at ! rate ( twelve or fifte5   
miles an h\r ar\nd curves ( fifty or "o 
hundr$ feet radius4 ,"o day a rail broke
 & ! eng9e 0 ov]turn$1 :i* end$ !       
exhibition4  ,subsequ5tly1 ,trevi?ick   
appli$ 8 high-pressure eng9e to         
rock-bor+ & break+1 & dr$g+4 ,he laid   
out a sy/em ( dr$g+ ! ,?ames ,riv]1     
plann$ a tunnel "u ! ,?ames1 inv5t$ a   
high-pressure /eam ?re%+ eng9e 9 #ahab1 
con/ruct$ iron tanks & buoys1 & model$  

an iron %ip4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to       
conceive ! practical use ( /eam 9       
agriculture1 decl>+ t ! use ( ! /eam    
eng9e = ?is purpose w\ld d\ble !        
population ( ! k+dom & make our m>kets !
 *eape/ 9 ! _w4  ,9 #ahad1 ,trevi?ick   
became int]e/$ 9 a plan to "w ! silv]   
m9es ( ,p]u by ,corni% me?ods1 & n9e ( 8
 high-pressure eng9es 7 s5t to ,s\?     
,am]ica 9 *>ge ( ,h5ry ,vivian & o!r    
eng9e]s4 ,he himself foll[$ 9 #ahaf1 &  
rema9$ 9 t c\ntry t5 ye>s1 mak+ & los+  
sev]al =tunes dur+ t "t4 ,f9ally1 9 a   
revolution1 ! m9+ plants 7 de/roy$1 & he
 0 =c$ to leave ! c\ntry1 p5niless4 ,= a
 "t he 0 prospect+ 9 ,co/a ,rica1 :]e he
 plann$ a railroad across ! ,i/hmus f ! 
,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,9 #ahbg he    
return$ to ,engl&1 /ill a poor man1 &   
settl+ 9 ,d>t=d1 ,k5t1 devot$ himself to
 new inv5tions1 unsuccessfully endeavor+
 to secure ! help ( ! gov]nm5t 9 8 "w4  
,8 lat] ye>s 7 sp5t 9 pov]ty1 & :5 he   
di$1 ! exp5se ( 8 burial 0 borne by 8   
fell[-workm5 ( ,d>t=d4  ,und\bt$ly1     

,trevi?ick 0 "o ( ! =emo/ ,engli%       
eng9e]s ( 8 day1 a p]iod t 0 ri* ) /rong
 m5 ( di/9ction 9 8 pr(ession4 ,by _m he
 has be5 consid]$ z hav+ contribut$ m   
ev5 ?an ,james ,watt to ! developm5t ( !
 /eam eng9e & its broad] adaptation to  
practical uses4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s he 0     
re/ra9$ 9 putt+ 8 ideas & exp]im5ts to  
practical te/ by ! re/rictions ( ,watt's
 pat5ts4 ,f9ally :5 t difficulty 0      
remov$ he at once took a lead+ position 
9 8 pr(ession4 ,especially 9 !          
developm5t ( ! high pressure eng9e he is
 entitl$ to at lea/ z mu* cr$it z any   
man ( 8 day4 ,8 g5ius 0 fully recogniz$ 
9 8 g5]ation & 8 impov]i%$ old age 0 !  
result ( f9ancial rev]ses 9 bus9ess     
op]ations & n f ! lack ( sub/antial     
rew>ds = 8 inv5tive a*ievem5ts4         
,,david ,,gordon  ,! fir/ exp]im5ts (   
,david ,gordon1 :o 9 #ahai 0 work+ )    
,william ,murdock1 9 ,soho1 7 = !       
purpose ( us+ compress$ air = common    
road locomotives4 ,he also inv5t$ a     
portable gas app>atus1 & orig9at$ a     

society ( g5tlem51 ) ! int5tion ( =m+ a 
company = ! purpose ( runn+ a mail coa* 
& o!r c>riages by means ( a             
high-pressure eng9e1 or ( a gas vacuum  
or pneumatic eng9e1 suppli$ ) portable  
gas4 ,alex&] ,gordon1 8 son1 /ates t !  
committee ( ! society _h only a limit$  
sum at _! disposal1 nor 7 !re to be m   
funds until a c>riage _h be5 propell$ = 
a consid]able di/ance at ! rate ( t5    
miles an h\r4 ,david ,gordon !n tri$ to 
prevail ^u ! committee to make use ( a  
/eam eng9e1 b evid5tly )\t success4  ,9 
#ahba he took out a pat5t = improvem5ts 
9 :eel c>riages1 & 8 locomotive is fully
 describ$ 9 ! int]e/+ ,treatise on      
,elem5tal ,locomotion1 by ,mr4 ,alex&]  
,gordon4 ,! ma*9e consi/$ ( a l>ge holl[
 cyl9d] ab\t n9e feet 9 diamet] & five  
long1 hav+ its int]nal circumf]5ce      
provid$ ) a cont9u\s s]ies ( cogg$ tee?1
 into :i* 7 made to "w ! cogg$ runn+    
:eels ( a locomotive /eam eng9e1 simil> 
to t ( ,trevi?ick4 ,! /eam p[] be+      
communicat$ to ! :eels ( ! c>riage1     

caus$ !m to revolve1 & to climb up !    
int]nal rack ( ! l>ge cyl9d]4 ,! c5t] ( 
gravity ( ! eng9e be+ ?us con/antly made
 to *ange its position1 & to ?r[ its    
*ief weight on ! =w>d side ( ! axis ( ! 
cyl9d]1 ! latt] 0 compell$ to roll =w>d1
 propell+ ! vehicle be=e x1 & :atev]    
tra9 might be add$4  ,gordon's next     
attempt to con/ruct locomotive c>riages 
= ! common road 0 9 #ahbd4 ,! means     
propos$ 0 a modification ( ! me?od      
inv5t$ by ,william ,brunton4 ,b in/ead (
 ! propell]s be+ op]at$ ^u by ! alt]nat+
 motion ( ! pi/on-rod1 z 9 ,brunton's   
vehicle1 ,gordon contriv$ to give !m a  
cont9u\s rotatory action & to apply !   
=ce ( ! eng9es 9 a m direct mann]4 ,!   
c>riage ran ^u ?ree :eels1 "o 9 ! front 
to /e] by1 & two beh9d to be> ! *ief    
weight4 ,ea* ( ! :eels _h a sep>ate     
axle1 ! ends ( :i* _h _! be>+s ^u       
p>allel b>s1 ! :eels roll+ 9 a          
p]p5dicul> position4 ,?is arrangem5t1 by
 avoid+ ! usual cross-axle1 af=d$ an    
increas$ un9t]rupt$ space 9 ! body ( !  

vehicle4  ,9 ! =e "p ( ! c>riage 7 plac$
 ! /eam eng9es1 consi/+ ( two brass     
cyl9d]s1 9 a horizontal position1 b     
vibrat+ ^u trunnions4 ,! pi/on-rods ( ^!
 eng9es gave motion to an eight-?r[     
crank1 two 9 ! middle = ! cyl9d]s1 &    
?ree on ea* side1 to :i* 7 atta*$ !     
propell]s2 by ! revolution ( ! crank1 ^!
 propell]s or legs 7 successively =c$   
outw>ds1 ) ! feet ( ea* aga9/ ! gr\nd 9 
a backw>d direction1 & 7 imm$iately     
aft]w>ds lift$ f ! gr\nd by ! revolution
 ( ano!r crank1 p>allel to ! =m]1 &     
situat$ at a prop] di/ance f x on ! same
 frame4 ,! propell+-rods 7 =m$ ( iron   
gas-tubes1 fill$ ) wood1 to comb9e      
lightness ) /r5g?4 ,to ! l[] ends ( ^!  
propell+-rods 7 atta*$ ! feet1 9 ! =m ( 
segm5ts ( circles1 & made on _! "u side 
l a %ort & v /iff bru% ( :alebone1      
support$ by int]mix$ iron tee?1 to take 
effect 9 case ! :alebone fail$4 ,^! feet
 press$ aga9/ ! gr\nd 9 regul>          
succession1 by a k9d ( roll+1 circul>   
motion1 )\t digg+ x up4 ,! guide _h !   

p[] ( lift+ ^! legs (f ! gr\nd at       
pleasure1 s t 9 go+ d[n hill1 :5 !      
gravity 0 suffici5t = propulsion1 no?+ b
 a brake 0 put into requisition to ret>d
 ! motion1 if necess>y4 ,if ! c>riage 0 
proce$+ ^u a level1 ! lift+ ( !         
propell]s 0 equival5t to ! subtraction (
 ! p[]1 & soon br\ght x to a full /op4  
,:5 mak+ turns 9 a road ! guide _h only 
to lift ! propell]s on "o side ( !      
c>riage & all[ ! o!rs to op]ate alone1  
until ! curve 0 trav]s$4  ,gordon got   
fair results f ?is locomotive1 b ! spe$ 
0 n satisfactory4 ,9 8 fir/ trials he   
f\nd ! p[] insuffici5t4 ,he aft]w>ds    
fitt$ "o ( ,gurney's light boil]s 9 !   
h9d] "p ( ! c>riage1 ?\gh ev5 aft] ?is  
improvem5t _h be5 add$ ! exp]im5ts 7    
disappo9t+4 ,gordon 0 conv9c$ t !       
application ( ! p[] to ! :eels 0 ! prop]
 mode ( propulsion1 & 8 project 0 ab&on$
 aft] six or sev5 ye>s _h be5 sp5t 9    
inv5t+1 con/ruct+1 & c>ry+ out exp]im5ts
 ) f\r di/9ct c>riages4   ,,william     
,,h5ry ,,james  ,born at ,h5ley1 ,engl&1

 ,m>*1 #aggf4 ,di$ at ,dulwi* ,college  
,alms ,h\se1 ,decemb] #af1 #ahgc4  ,!   
fa!r ( ,william ,h5ry ,james 0 ,william 
,james1 ( ,w>wick%ire1 ! great railway  
projector ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 a solicitor 9   
e>ly life1 b became weal?y1 work$ a     
colli]y 9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 & 9 #ahae    
remov$ to ,london1 :]e he _h a l>ge l&  
ag5cy bus9ess4 ,he became int]e/$ 9     
tramways 9 #ahjf1 & f t date on devot$  
mo/ ( 8 en]gies & =tune to project+     
railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,he _h an   
int]e/ 9 "o ( ,george ,/eph5son's       
pat5ts1 made num]\s railway surveys1 &  
by _m has be5 consid]$ to h done m ?an  
any s+le individual 9 lay+ ! f\ndations 
( ! ,engli% railroad sy/em4  ,william   
,h5ry ,james assi/$ 8 fa!r 9 8 railway  
surveys 9 e>ly life1 & !n began bus9ess 
indep5d5tly z an eng9e]1 9 ,birm+ham4   
,he made exp]im5ts 9 /eam locomotion on 
common roads1 & took out pat5ts =       
locomotive /eam eng9es1 boil]s1 driv+   
app>atus1 & s on4 ,8 pat5t = a wat]-tube
 boil] = road locomotives 0 secur$ 9    

#ahbc1 & 8 fir/ c> 0 built 9 #ahbd4 ,?is
 0 a tw5ty-pass5g] /eam coa*4 ,ea* re>  
:eel _h a d\ble-cyl9d] eng9e1 & ! pi/ons
 7 work$ at a pressure ( two hundr$     
p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,sep>ate eng9es to  
ea* driv] gave ea* :eel an indep5d5t    
motion1 s t p[] & spe$ might be v>i$ =  
turn+ corn]s1 ! out] :eel travell+ ov] a
 mu* great] space ?an ! inn] :eel4 ,:5 !
 front :eels 7 s plac$ t ! c>riage      
proce$$ 9 a /raight l9e an equal am\nt (
 /eam 0 admitt$ to ea* pair ( cyl9d]s1 b
 :5 ! front :eel 0 9 ! lock ! eng9e     
driv+ ! out] :eel receiv$ a great] am\nt
 ( /eam & ?us develop$ m p[] & travel$  
fa/] ?an ! inn] :eel4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 
said to be s effici5t t ! c>riage c\ld  
be made to describe e v>iety ( curve1   
repeat$ly mak+ turns ( less ?an t5 feet 
radius4 ,! :ole ( ! ma*9]y 0 m\nt$ ^u   
lam9at$ c>riage spr+s4 ,?is arrangem5t  
caus$ ! eng9es & _! framework to vibrate
 altoge!r ^u ! crank-%aft z a c5t]1 at !
 same "t connect+ ^! eng9es to ! boil]  
by means ( holl[ axles mov+ 9 /uff+     

boxes4 ,ea* eng9e _h two cyl9d]s ( small
 diamet] & long /roke2 to ^! sep>ate    
eng9es /eam 0 suppli$ f ! boil] by means
 ( ! ma9 pipe1 :i* mov$ ?r\gh /eam-tight
 /uff+ boxes to ! slide valve-boxes by  
small pipes4 ,! locomotive 0 entirely   
di/9ct f ! pass5g] c>riage4  ,sir ,james
 ,c4 ,&]son became associat$ ) ,james1 &
 9 #ahbi !y built ano!r c>riage4 ,?is   
weigh$ ne>ly ?ree tons1 & ! fir/ trials 
7 made r\nd a circle ( "o hundr$ & sixty
 feet 9 diamet]4 ,:5 x 0 f9ally ready to
 be br\ght out x 0 load$ ) fifte5       
pass5g]s & driv5 sev]al miles on a r\gh 
gravel road across ,epp+ ,=e/1 ) a spe$ 
v>y+ f twelve to fifte5 miles an h\r4   
,/eam 0 suppli$ by two tubul> boil]s1   
ea* =m+ a holl[ cyl9d] f\r feet six     
in*es long4 ,! tubes ( :i* ! boil]s 7   
compos$ 7 common gas pipe1 "o ( :i*     
split on "o ( ! trips1 ?us lett+ ! wat] 
out ( "o ( ! boil]s & ext+ui%+ its fire4
 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ) only "o boil] 9 
op]ation1 ! c>riage return$ home at !   
rate ( ab\t sev5 miles an h\r1 c>ry+ m  

?an tw5ty pass5g]s--at "o p]iod1 inde$1 
x is said1 a mu* great] numb]2 %[+ t    
suffici5t /eam c\ld be g5]at$ 9 su* a   
boil] to be equal to ! propulsion (     
betwe5 five & six tons weight4 ,9       
consequ5ce ( ?is demon/ration t ! mo/   
brilliant success 0 atta9able1 !        
proprietors dismantl$ ! c>riage &       
comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( sup]ior tubul>  
boil]s ) mu* /rong] tubes4  ,%ortly aft]
 ,&]son & ,james comm5c$ to build ano!r 
/eam c>riage1 :i* 0 ready = use 9       
,novemb]1 #ahbi4 ,?is eng9e 0 n int5d$  
to c>ry pass5g]s1 b to be employ$ =     
draw+ c>riages beh9d4 ,f\r tubul> boil]s
 7 us$1 ! total numb] ( tubes be+ ne>ly 
two hundr$4 ,^! boil]s 7 enclos$ 9 a    
space f\r feet wide1 ?ree feet long1 &  
two feet deep4 ,! /eam f ea* boil] 0    
conduct$ into "o ma9 /eam pipe "o &     
"o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 & !            
communication f any "o ( ! boil]s c\ld  
be cut (f 9 case ( leakage4 ,f\r        
cyl9d]s1 ea* two & "o-qu>t] in* bore &  
n9e in* /roke1 7 arrang$ v]tically 9 !  

h9d "p ( ! locomotive1 & two ( !m act$  
^u ea* crank-%aft z be=e1 giv+ a sep>ate
 motion to ea* driv+ :eel4  ,! exhau/   
/eam 0 conduct$ ?r\gh two copp] tanks = 
heat+ ! fe$ wat] to a high temp]ature1 &
 !nce pass$ to ! *imney4 ,! /e]+-ge>    
consi/$ ( an ext]nal pill> conta9+ a    
v]tical %aft1 at ! upp] end ( :i* small 
bevel-ge>+ 0 us$1 giv+ motion to !      
v]tical %aft1 ^: bottom end c>ri$ a     
p9ion ge>+ into a sector atta*$ to ! =e 
axle4 ,! motion ( ! crank-%afts 0       
communicat$ to ! sep>ate axles ( !      
driv+-:eels by spur-ge>+ ) two spe$s4   
,9 exp]im5ts made ) ?is c>riage1 !      
greate/ spe$ obta9$ ^u a level1 on a v  
indiff]5t road1 0 at ! rate ( fifte5    
miles an h\r1 & x nev] ran m ?an ?ree or
 f\r miles )\t break+ "s ( ! /eam jo9ts4
 ,! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 report+ "o ( ^!
 trials1 said3 ,a s]ies ( int]e/+       
exp]im5ts 7 made ?r\gh\t ! :ole (       
ye/]day ) a new /eam c>riage belong+ to 
,sir ,james ,&]son1 ,b>t41 & ,w4 ,h4    
,james1 ,esq41 on ! ,vauxhall1 ,k5s+ton1

 & ,clapham roads1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ !
 practical advantages ( "s p]fectly     
novel app>atus atta*$ to ! eng9es1 !    
results ( :i* 7 s satisfactory t !      
proprietors int5d imm$iately e/abli%+   
sev]al /age coa*es on ! pr9ciple4 ,!    
writ] 0 favor$ ) a ride dur+ ! la/      
exp]im5t1 :5 ! ma*9e proce$$ f ,vauxhall
 ,bridge to ! ,swan at ,clapham1 a      
di/ance ( two & a half miles1 :i* 0 run 
at ! rate ( fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,f :at 
,i _h ! pleasure ( witness+1 ,i am      
confid5t t ?is c>riage is f> sup]ior to 
e o!r locomotive c>riage hi!rto br\ght  
be=e ! public1 & t %e w easily p]=m     
fifte5 miles an h\r ?r\gh\t a long      
j\rney4 ,! body ( ! c>riage1 if n       
elegant1 is neat1 be+ ! figure ( a      
p>allelogram4 ,x is a v small & compact 
ma*9e1 & runs ^u f\r :eels4  ,w4 ,h4    
,james pat5t$ ano!r /eam c>riage 9      
,augu/1 #ahcb4 ,?is v>i$ mu* f 8 e>li]  
eng9es 9 ! work+ p>ts1 & x 0 n g5]ally  
consid]$ to be z satisfactory z ! o!rs4 
,sir ,james ,&]son 0 n able1 = pecuni>y 

reasons1 to cont9ue to back ,james 9 8  
exp]im5t+1 & x does n appe> t ^! plans (
 #ahcb 7 ev] consummat$ 9 a complet$    
vehicle4  ,james 0 a man ( /rong m9d1 an
 orig9al ?9k] & ?or\ghly well-tra9$ by 8
 appr5tice%ip ) 8 fa!r4 ,he sp5t a good 
"p ( 8 life 9 exp]im5t+ ) common-road   
/eam propulsion1 b he _h n monet>y      
res\rces or f9ancial ability comm5surate
 ) 8 me*anical g5ius4 ,:5 ! support (   
,&]son 0 )drawn f him he seems to h be5 
compell$ to give up4 ,little has be5    
record$ conc]n+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life1 &
 8 dea? 9 ! alm%\se suffici5tly         
indicates ! pov]ty 9 :i* 8 la/ ye>s 7   
sp5t4 ,8 fa!r also sacrific$ 8 life to !
 cause ( railroad advancem5t1 los+ 8    
entire =tune & dy+ a poor man4          
,,goldswor?y ,,gurney  ,born at         
,treator1 ne> ,pad/[1 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1
 ,febru>y #ad1 #agic4 ,di$ at ,re$s1 ne>
 ,bade1 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahge4  ,! son (  
,john ,gurney1 ,goldswor?y ,gurney      
receiv$ a good elem5t>y education at !  
,truro ,gramm> ,s*ool1 & !n /udi$       

m$ic9e4 ,he settl$ at ,wadebridge z a   
surgeon1 b al?\gh v successful1         
gradually turn$ 8 att5tion to sci5tific 
& me*anical inve/igations4 ,he con/ruct$
 an organ1 /udi$ *emi/ry & me*anical    
sci5ce1 & remov+ to ,london 9 #ahbj1    
deliv]$ a s]ies ( lectures on heat1     
electricity & gases at ! ,surrey        
,in/itute4 ,8 inve/igations result$ 9 ! 
inv5tion ( ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe1 & !   
discov]y ( ! p[]ful lime-light kn[n z ! 
,drummond light1 & he engag$ 9 o!r      
exp]im5ts 9 ?is field ( rese>*4  ,9     
#ahjd1 :ile on a holiday at ,camborne1  
he saw a ,trevi?ick eng9e on :eels4     
,recall+ ?is 9 aft] ye>s he began       
exp]im5t+ on /eam locomotion 9 #ahbc1 & 
soon ab&on$ 8 surgical & m$ical practice
 = ?is new pursuit4 ,8 fir/ ef=ts 7 t[>d
 ! con/ruction ( an eng9e to travel on !
 common roads4 ,! weight ( ! /eam eng9es
 t 7 !n be+ built seem$ to him to (f]   
great objections to _! use = ?is        
purpose1 b he succe$$1 ) 8 fir/ ma*9e1 9
 r$uc+ weight f f\r tons to ?irty       

hundr$weight4 ,!n he secur$ a suffici5cy
 ( p[] by ! inv5tion ( ! high-pressure  
/eam jet4 ,?is inv5tion diff]$ f ^? (   
,/eph5son & ,trevi?ick1 :o s5t _! wa/e  
/eam up ?r\gh ! *imney in/ead ( utiliz+ 
x4 ,! ,gurney jet 0 appli$ to !         
,/eph5son ,rocket eng9e on ! ,liv]pool &
 ,man*e/] ,railway1 9 ,octob]1 #ahbi1 & 
also to /eamboats & /eam c>riages4  ,9  
#ahbc1 ,gurney made 8 fir/ exp]im5ts ) a
 model /eam c>riage1 on :i* propell]s or
 feet 7 us$4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahbe1 he
 complet$ a full-size c>riage on ! same 
plan1 & 9 ,may ( t ye> he took out 8    
fir/ pat5t = ?is vehicle4 ,! c>riage 0  
impell$ by ^! legs be+ alt]nately drawn 
=w>ds & press$ backw>ds by a /eam eng9e 
act+ ^u !m ?r\gh movable oblong blocks1 
to :i* !y 7 atta*$4 ,z a fir/ exp]im5t  
?is c>riage 0 driv5 up ,w9dmill ,hill1  
ne> ,kilburn4 ,ano!r trip1 betwe5       
,london & ,edgew>e1 demon/rat$ !        
ineffici5cy ( ^! propell]s1 & l$ to !   
discov]y t !re 0 suffici5t friction     
betwe5 :eels & ! gr\nd to insure        

propulsion4  ,9 #ahbf he con/ruct$ a    
coa* ab\t tw5ty feet long1 :i* w\ld     
accommodate six inside & fifte5 outside 
pass5g]s1 besides ! eng9e]4 ,!          
driv+-:eels 7 five feet diamet]1 & !    
lead+ :eels ?ree feet n9e in*es diamet]4
 ,two propell]s 7 us$1 :i* c\ld be put 9
 motion :5 ! c>riage 0 climb+ hills4    
,gurney's pat5t boil] 0 us$ = supply+   
/eam to ! twelve horse-p[] eng9e4 ,!    
total weight ( ! c>riage 0 ab\t a ton & 
a half4 ,9 front ( ! coa* 0 a capaci\s  
boot1 :ile beh9d1 t :i* _h ! appe>ance (
 a boot1 0 ! case = ! boil] & ! furnace1
 f :i* x 0 calculat$ t no inconv5i5ce   
w\ld be exp]i5c$ by ! outside pass5g]1  
al?\gh 9 cold wea!r a c]ta9 degree (    
heat might be obta9$1 if requir$4 ,9    
desc5d+ a hill1 !re 0 a brake fix$ on ! 
h9d :eel1 to increase ! friction2 b1    
indep5d5tly ( ?is1 ! guide _h ! p[] (   
less5+ ! =ce ( ! /eam to any ext5t by   
means ( ! lev] at 8 "r h&1 :i* op]at$ ^u
 ! ?rottle valve1 & by :i* he c\ld /op !
 action ( ! /eam altoge!r & effect a    

c\nt] vacuum 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,by ?is means 
also he regulat$ ! rate ( progress on ! 
road4 ,!re 0 ano!r lev] by :i* he c\ld  
/op ! vehicle in/antly1 & 9 a mom5t     
rev]se ! motion ( ! :eels4  ,?is c>riage
 travel$ up ,highgate ,hill to ,edgew>e1
 & also to ,/anmore1 & w5t up bo?       
,/anmore ,hill & ,brockley ,hill4 ,9    
asc5d+ ^! hills ! driv+-:eels did n     
slip1 s t ! legs 7 n ne$$4 ,aft] ^!     
exp]im5ts ! propell]s 7 remov$4  ,gurney
 obta9$ ano!r pat5t 9 #ahbg1 & "u ?is   
work$ a /eam c>riage resembl+ ! common  
/age coa*1 ) ! boil] 9 ! h9d boot4 ,?is 
c>riage 0 run exp]im5tally to ,b>net1   
,edgew>e1 ,f9*ley1 & o!r places1 & 9    
#ahbh x 0 said t a trip 0 made f ,london
 to ,melk%am1 ?irte5 miles f ,ba?1 a    
di/ance ( ne>ly two hundr$ miles4 ,on ! 
return trip ! rate ( spe$ 0 ab\t twelve 
miles an h\r4  ,gurney's c>riage s fully
 e/abli%$ its practicability1 t 9 #ahcj1
 ,sir ,*>les ,dance contract$ = sev]al1 
& ran !m successfully f ,london to      
,holyhead1 & f ,birm+ham to ,bri/ol4 ,9 

! foll[+ ye> he ran ov] ! turnpike road 
betwe5 ,gl\ce/] & ,*elt5ham = f\r mon?s 
9 succession1 f\r times a day1 )\t an   
accid5t or delay ( consequ5ce4 ,!       
di/ance ( n9e miles 0 regul>ly cov]$ 9 f
 =ty-five to fifty-five m9utes4 ,ne>ly  
?ree ?\s& p]sons 7 c>ri$1 & ne>ly f\r   
?\s& miles travel$4  ,a /rong public    
s5tim5t aga9/ ! use ( ! common roads by 
^! vehicles sprang up1 & ,p>liam5t 0    
prevail$ ^u to impose ^u /eam c>riages  
heavy highway tolls t 7 9 effect        
prohibitory4 ,sir ,*>les ,dance susp5d$ 
8 op]ations4 ,gurney petition$ ! ,h\se (
 ,commons = relief4 ,sev]al committees 9
 #ahca1 #ahcd & #ahce inve/igat$ !      
subject & report$ /rongly 9 favor ( /eam
 c>riages1 b no legislation c\ld be     
secur$1 & ,gurney 0 =c$ to give up fur!r
 introduction ( /eam c>riages4  ,he     
cont9u$ 8 exp]im5t+ 9 o!r directions1   
inv5t$ ! /ove t bore 8 "n1 introduc$ new
 me?ods ( light+ & v5tilat+ ! ,h\ses (  
,p>liam5t1 & 0 o!rwise active 9         
sci5tific pursuits4 ,he 0 a magi/rate = 

,cornwall & ,devon%ire1 & 9 #ahfc 0     
knight$ 9 recognition ( 8 discov]ies &  
inv5tions4  ,by writ]s ( t p]iod ,gurney
 receiv$ a great deal ( cr$it & an      
abundance ( adv]tis+ = 8 "w4 ,he 0      
especially conspicu\s 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y   
inve/igations reg>d+ /eam c>riages4 ,on 
! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is g5]ally consid]$ t  
he 0 proclaim$ f> beyond 8 m]its1       
especially 9 comp>ison ) su* rivals z   
,hancock1 ,mac]oni & o!rs4   ,,?omas    
,,blan*>d  ,born 9 ,sutton1 ,mass41     
,june #bd1 #aghh4 ,di$1 ,april #af1     
#ahfd4  ,blan*>d receiv$ a common s*ool 
education1 & be=e he _h ent]$ 8 te5s 8  
me*anical g5ius began to %[ itself4 ,at 
?irte5 ye>s ( age he inv5t$ a ma*9e =   
p>+ apples1 & %ortly aft]1 a ma*9e =    
mak+ tacks4 ,8 great "w 0 ! inv5tion ( a
 ma*9e = turn+ out articles ( irregul>  
=m f wood & metals4 ,8 la!s = ?is       
purpose 7 put 9 op]ation by ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 ! armories at ,h>p]'s
 ,f]ry1 ,va41 & ,spr+field1 ,mass4      
,becom+ int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( /eam      

propulsion he made1 9 #ahbf1 a /eamboat 
t 0 successfully tri$ on ! ,connecticut 
,riv]1 runn+ f ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 to       
,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,aft]w>d1 he built a 
boat ( l>g] size1 t drew eighte5 in*es (
 wat]1 & ran ?is up ! ,connecticut      
,riv]1 f ,spr+field1 ,mass41 to ,v]mont4
 ,he also built o!r boats = use on !    
,alleghany ,riv]4  ,! subjects (        
railroads & locomotive p[] on l& int]e/$
 him = a %ort "t1 & 9 #ahbe1 aft] he _h 
complet$ 8 engagem5t ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
armories1 he built1 at ,spr+field1      
,mass41 a c>riage driv5 by /eam = use on
 ! common road4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ real /eam 
c>riage con/ruct$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 !       
,philadelphia ma*9e ( ,evans be+ b a    
rude affair1 al?\gh x involv$ ! ess5tial
 pr9ciples ( /eam propulsion4 ,!        
,blan*>d c>riage 0 p]fectly manageable1 
c\ld turn corn]s & g backw>ds & =w>ds ) 
all ! read9ess ( a well-tra9$ horse1 &  
on asc5d+ a hill ! p[] c\ld be increas$4
 ,its p]=mance on ! highway 0 altoge!r  
satisfactory1 & a pat5t 0 issu$ to its  

inv5tor4  ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas         
,,blan*>d  ,blan*>d endeavor$ to secure 
support to build a railroad 9           
,massa*usetts1 & ! jo9t committee on    
roads & canals ( ! ,massa*usetts        
,legislature1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahbf1 endors$ 
! model ( 8 railway & /eam c>riage1 &   
recomm5d$ !m to all ! fri5ds ( int]nal  
improvem5ts4 ,not)/&+ ?is report1       
capitali/s view$ ! project z vision>y1 &
 ,blan*>d met ) no great] success :5 he 
subsequ5tly appli$ to ! ,legislature (  
,new ,york4 ,giv+ up 8 plans he !nce=w>d
 devot$ 8 att5tion to ! subject ( /eam  
navigation4  ,blan*>d 0 a prolific      
inv5tor1 hav+ tak5 out no less ?an ?irty
 or =ty pat5ts = z _m diff]5t inv5tions4
 ,he did n reap great b5efit f 8 labors1
 = _m ( 8 inv5tions sc>cely paid ! co/ (
 gett+ !m up1 :ile o!rs 7 appropriat$   
)\t paym5t to him1 or ev5 giv+ him      
cr$it4 ,8 ma*9e = turn+ irregul> =ms 0 8
 mo/ notable "w1 & ev5 ( t1 o!rs s\ght  
to defraud him4 ,to def5d himself he 0  
=c$ to g to ! c\rts & ev5 to ,congress1 

be=e he succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ 8 rights4    
,aft] ! success ( ?is ma*9e he made o!r 
improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( arms1     
con/ruct+ ?irte5 diff]5t ma*9es t 7     
op]at$ 9 ! gov]nm5t armories4           
,,johnson  ,two bro!rs ,johnson _h a    
small eng9e]+ e/abli%m5t 9              
,philadelphia1 9 #ahbh4 ,!y put ^u !    
/reets 9 t ye> a vehicle t ,j4 ,g4      
,pangborn1 9 8 ,! ,_w's ,rail ,way1 says
 0 ! fir/ /eam wagon built1 & actually  
op]at$ z su*1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! same
 writ]1 describ+ ?is wagon1 says t x _h 
a s+le cyl9d] set horizontally1 ) a     
connect+-rod atta*m5t ) a s+le crank at 
! middle ( ! driv+-axle4 ,its two       
driv+-:eels 7 eight feet 9 diamet] &    
made ( wood1 ! same z ^? on an ord9>y   
road wagon4 ,! two =w>d or guid+ :eels 7
 mu* small] ?an ! o!rs1 & 7 arrang$ 9 ! 
usual mann] ( a common wagon4 ,x _h an  
upright boil] hung up beh9d1 %ap$ l a   
huge bottle1 ! smoke-/ack com+ out ?r\gh
 ! c5t] ( ! top4 ,! safety-valve 0 held 
d[n by a weight & lev]1 & ! horses 9 !  

neighborhood did n take at all k9dly to 
! puff+ ( ! ma*9e z x jolt$ ov] ! r\gh  
/reets4 ,g5]ally x ran well1 & c\ld take
 )\t difficulty reasonable grades 9 !   
/reets & roadways4 ,dur+ its exi/5ce1   
h[ev]1 x knock$ d[n a numb] ( awn+-po/s1
 ran into & broke sev]al w9d[ fronts1 & 
sometimes 0 altoge!r unmanageable4 ,l   
all o!rs ( _! day1 h[ev]1 ! ,johnsons 7 
ahead ( _! "t4 ,!re 0 no dem& = _! /eam 
wagon1 road conditions made x           
unavailable & ! ma*9e itself 01 despite 
mu* m]it1 really n mu* m ?an a sugge/ion
 ( bett] ?+s ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury     
lat]4   ,,walt] ,,hancock  ,born 9      
,m>lbor\gh1 ,wilt%ire1 ,engl&1 ,june    
#af1 #agii4 ,di$ ,may #ad1 #aheb4  ,!   
fa!r ( ,walt] ,hancock 0 ,james         
,hancock1 a timb] m]*ant & cab9et mak]4 
,walt] receiv$ a common s*ool education1
 & !n 0 appr5tic$ to a wat*mak] & jewel]
 9 ,london4 ,! b5t ( 8 incl9ation1      
h[ev]1 0 t[>d eng9e]+1 & he turn$ 8     
att5tion to exp]im5t+ along ! l9es t 7  
at t "t absorb+ ! ?\ghts & ef=ts ( ^? m5

 ( ,engl& int]e/$ 9 me*anical &         
sci5tific subjects4  ,he 0 =emo/ among  
^? :o 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7  
engag$ 9 try+ to solve ! problem ( /eam 
c>riage locomotion on ! common highways4
 ,! /ory ( 8 "w 9 ?is direction is fully
 told by himself 9 8 ,n>rative ( ,twelve
 ,ye>s' ,exp]im5ts1 #ahbd-cf1           
,demon/rative ( ! ,practicability &     
,advantage ( ,employ+ ,/eam ,c>riages on
 ,common ,roads1 a book publi%$ 9       
,london1 9 #ahch4 ,?is volume conta9s a 
full acc\nt ( 8 labors1 & descriptions (
 all ! c>riages t he built & ran4 ,!    
foll[+ extract f ! introduction ( ! book
 %[s 9 :at e/eem ,hancock reg>d$ himself
 & :at e/imate he plac$ ^u ! value ( 8  
"w3  ,! au?or ( ^! pages believes he    
%\ld (f5d alike aga9/ tru? & g5u9e      
mode/y 7 he to yield to any ( ! /eam    
c>riage inv5tors :o h appe>$ 9 8 day1 9 
a s+le p>ticul> ( des]t2 he began e>li] 
7) "o abortive exception7 & has p]sev]$ 
long] & m unceas+ly ?an any ( !m4 ,he 0 
! fir/ to run a /eam c>riage = hire on a

 common road1 & is /ill ! only p]son :o 
has v5tur$ 9 a /eam vehicle to trav]se !
 mo/ cr[d$ /reets ( ! metropolis at !   
busie/ p]iods ( ! day2 he has built a   
great] numb] ( /eam c>riages 7if n      
bett]7 ?an anyone else1 & has be5 ?us   
enabl$ to try a great] v>iety ( =ms (   
con/ruction1 out ( :i* to *oose ! be/4  
,9 #ahbd1 ,hancock inv5t$ a /eam eng9e 9
 :i* ! ord9>y cyl9d] & pi/on 7 replac$  
by two flexible /eam receiv]s1 compos$ (
 sev]al lay]s ( canvas firmly unit$     
toge!r by coat+s ( dissolv$ ca\t*\c1 or 
india-rubb]1 & ?us enabl$ to resi/ a    
pressure ( /eam ( sixty p\nds ^u ! squ>e
 in*4 ,?is eng9e he tri$ to adapt to    
/eam c>riages1 b f\nd t he c\ld n get ! 
requisite degree ( p[] = locomotion1    
al?\gh x work$ v well z a /ation>y eng9e
 ( f\r horse-p[] at 8 factory 9 ,/rat=d4
 ,next he inv5t$ a tubul> boil] ) sixte5
 horizontal tubes1 ea* connect$ ) ea*   
o!r by less] tubes1 s t ! wat] or /eam  
might circulate ?r\gh ! entire s]ies4   
,?is boil] 0 subsequ5tly *ang$ by       

arrang+ ! tubes v]tically1 & a pat5t 0  
tak5 out 9 #ahbe4  ,aft] fur!r exp]im5ts
 & improvem5ts1 ,hancock f9ally made a  
vehicle to travel on ?ree :eels1 gett+  
p[] f a pair ( vibrat+ or trunnion      
eng9es fix$ ^u ! crank-axle ( ! =e      
:eels4 ,exp]im5tal trips ( ?is c>riage 7
 made f ! ,/rat=d %op to ,epp+ ,=e/1    
,padd+ton1 ,h\nsl[1 ,croydon1 ,fulham1 &
 else:]e4 ,"s *anges 7 made 9 ! vehicle1
 & f9ally ! trunnion eng9es 7 put aside 
& fix$ ones sub/itut$4  ,?is improv$    
c>riage1 ! fir/ 9 a long s]ies built by 
,hancock1 0 nam$ ! ,infant4 ,! body 0 9 
! =m ( a d\ble-body coa*1 or omnibus1 ) 
seats = pass5g]s inside & out4 ,! bulk (
 ! ma*9]y 0 plac$ 9 ! re> ( ! c>riage1 a
 boil] & a fire be+ b5ea? x4 ,betwe5 !  
boil] & ! pass5g]s' seats 0 ! eng9e & a 
place = ! eng9e]4 ,a pair ( inv]t$ fix$ 
eng9es work+ v]tically on a crank-%aft  
furni%$ ! p[]4 ,! /e]+ app>atus 0 9     
front4 ,! :ole c>riage 0 on "o frame    
support$ by f\r spr+s on ! axle ( ea*   
:eel4 ,! c>riage 0 capable ( c>ry+      

sixte5 pass5g]s besides ! eng9e] &      
guide4 ,its total weight1 includ+ coke &
 wat]1 b exclusive ( att5dants &        
pass5g]s1 0 ab\t ?ree & "o-half tons4 ,!
 :eel tires 7 ?ree & "o-half in*es wide1
 & ! diamet] ( ! h9d :eels f\r feet4  ,9
 ,febru>y1 #ahca1 ! ,infant began to run
 on regul> trips betwe5 ,/rat=d &       
,london4 ,9 #ahcb a second c>riage1     
simil> to ! ,infant1 0 built1 & call$ ! 
,era4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ = ! ,london &      
,brighton ,/eam ,c>riage ,company1 to   
ply betwe5 ,london & ,gre5wi*4 ,! foll[+
 ye> a ?ird c>riage1 ! ,ent]prise1 0    
complet$1 = ! ,london & ,padd+ton ,/eam 
,c> ,company1 & 0 run betwe5 ,london &  
,padd+ton4  ,hancock took ! ,infant on a
 long trip f ,/rat=d to ,london &       
,brighton1 9 ,octob]1 #ahcb4 ,elev5     
pass5g]s 7 c>ri$1 & ! c>riage kept a    
spe$ ( n9e miles an h\r on ! level1 &   
six to eight miles an h\r up grade4 ,on 
! return "o mile up hill 0 made at !    
rate ( sev5te5 miles an h\r4 ,ano!r trip
 to ,brighton 0 made 9 ,septemb] ( !    

next ye> at an av]age spe$ ( twelve     
miles an h\r actual travel+4 ,at        
,brighton ! new c>riage attract$ mu*    
att5tion1 & 0 exhibit$ = sev]al days on 
trips 9 & ar\nd ! t[n4 ,aft] !          
,ent]prise1 ! ,autopsy came f ! ,hancock
 %ops1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahcc4 ,?is c>riage 
0 run on trial ab\t ,brighton & 9       
,london /reets1 & = ab\t a mon? 0 run = 
hire betwe5 ,f9sbury ,squ>e &           
,p5tonville4  ,a small /eam drag or tug 
to draw an atta*$ coa* or omnibus 0 !   
next production ( ! ,hancock e/abli%m5t1
 :i* _h already atta9$ m ?an local fame4
 ,?is 0 built = a ,h]r ,voigtl&]1 (     
,vi5na1 & on "o ( its trial trips x     
c>ri$ t5 p]sons & an atta*$ f\r-:eel$   
c>riage ) six p]sons 9 x4 ,) ?is load a 
spe$ ( f\rte5 miles an h\r on ! level 0 
atta9$1 & eight to n9e miles an h\r on  
up grades4  ,beg9n+ 9 ,augu/1 #ahcd1 !  
,era & ! ,autopsy 7 run daily 9 ,london 
betwe5 ! ,city1 ,moorgate & ,padd+ton4  
,dur+ ! ensu+ f\r mon?s ov] f\r ?\s&    
pass5g]s 7 c>ri$4 ,ea* coa* c>ri$ f t5  

to twelve pass5g]s1 & ! trip f ,moorgate
 to ,padd+ton1 five miles1 0 made 9 a   
half h\r1 includ+ /ops4 ,on ! trial trip
 a spe$ ( twelve miles an h\r1 exclusive
 ( /ops1 0 ma9ta9$4  ,lat] 9 ! same ye> 
! ,era1 ) its "n *ang$ to ! ,er91 0 s5t 
to ,dubl91 ,irel&1 :]e x 0 exhibit$ &   
run 9 & ab\t ! city1 by ,hancock1 =     
eight days1 be=e x 0 re%ipp$ to ,/rat=d4
 ,next 9 turn came a drag ( l>g] size   
?an any be=e built1 ) an eng9e ( great] 
capacity4 ,on ! trial trip ?is drew1 on 
a level road1 at a spe$ ( t5 miles an   
h\r1 ?ree omnibuses & "o /age coa* )    
fifty pass5g]s4 ,9 ,july1 #ahce1 ! trip 
to ,read+1 a di/ance ( ?irty-eight      
miles1 0 made 9 ?ree h\rs =ty m9utes    
tw5ty-five seconds2 actual runn+ "t1    
exclusive ( /ops1 ?ree h\rs eight m9utes
 t5 seconds1 at a mov+ rate ( ov] twelve
 miles an h\r4 ,subsequ5tly1 ?is drag 0 
made ov] into a c>riage1 l ! o!rs ( !   
,hancock type1 fitt$ = eighte5 pass5g]s1
 & nam$ ! ,automaton4  ,9 ,augu/1 #ahce1
 ! ,er9 ran f ,london to ,m>lbor\gh1 a  

di/ance ( sev5ty-eight miles1 9 sev5    
h\rs =ty-n9e m9utes1 exclusive ( /ops1  
av]ag+ n9e & six-t5?s miles an h\r4 ,!  
return f ,m>lbor\gh to ,london 0        
accompli%$ 9 sev5 h\rs ?irty-six m9utes1
 exclusive ( /ops1 an av]age ( n9e &    
eight-t5?s miles an h\r4 ,9 ! same mon? 
! ,er9 made ! run f ,london to ,birm+ham
 at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r4  ,9 #ahcf1
 ,hancock ran all 8 c>riages on a regul>
 r\te on ! ,/rat=d & ,isl+ton roads = a 
p]iod ( tw5ty weeks1 mak+ 9 t "t sev5   
hundr$ & twelve trips1 cov]+ f\r ?\s&   
two hundr$ miles1 & c>ry+ twelve ?\s&   
sev5 hundr$ & sixty-"o pass5g]s4  ,aft] 
runn+ 8 c>riages = sev]al ye>s          
diss5sions 9 ! companies t 7 promot+ !  
new means ( travel1 & ! increas+        
effici5cy ( railways1 l$ to !           
discont9uance ( ,hancock's en]gy 9 ?is  
direction4 ,!reaft] he built only a /eam
 phaeton = 8 p]sonal use2 ?is _h seats =
 ?ree1 & 0 us$ ab\t ! ,city1 ,hyde ,p>k 
& ! ,london suburbs4 ,hancock's /eam    
vehicles 7 t5 9 numb]--! exp]im5tal     

?ree-:eel]1 ! trunnion-eng9e ,infant1 ! 
fix$ eng9e ,infant1 ! ,era1 aft]w>d !   
,er91 ! ,ent]prise1 ! ,autopsy1 !       
,au/rian drag1 ! ,iri% drag1 !          
,automaton1 & ! phaeton4  ,hancock turn$
 8 att5tion 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life to   
develop+ ! use ( india-rubb]1 9         
connection ) 8 bro!r1 ,?omas ,hancock1  
:o 0 "o ( ! =emo/ rubb] manufactur]s (  
,engl&4 ,he secur$ sev]al pat5ts =      
improvem5ts 9 manufactur+ rubb]4  ,at ! 
"t :5 ,hancock 0 at "w ^u 8 /eam        
c>riages1 ,gurney 0 also 9 ! front & !re
 0 consid]able jeal\sy betwe5 ! two4    
,dr4 ,l>dn] & o!rs 7 active 9 exploit+  
,gurney1 :ile ,hancock 0 support$ 9     
controv]sies by ,alex&] ,gordon1 ,luke  
,heb]t & o!rs4 ,t ,hancock a*iev$ mo/ 9 
! way ( def9ite results & t 8 exp]im5t+ 
& accompli%m5ts 7 m m>k$ly along        
?or\ghly intellig5t & cons]vatively     
practical me*anical l9es ?an any ( 8    
rivals is n[ g5]ally conc$$4 ,8 c>riages
 7 admirable productions z road         
vehicles1 well-built1 attractive &      

com=table4   ,,william ,t4 ,,james  ,an 
eng9e] ( ,new ,york1 :o 0 engag$ 9      
exp]im5t+ ab\t #ahbi ,james made1 9 8   
%op 9 ,eldridge ,c\rt1 sev]al small     
models ( vehicles t prov$ suffici5tly   
satisfactory4 ,8 fir/ eng9e _h two-in*  
cyl9d]s & f\r-in* /roke4 ,?is ran ar\nd 
a track on ! floor ( 8 %op1 & drew a    
tra9 ( f\r c>s1 c>ry+ an appr5tice boy  
on ea* c>4 ,james' second locomotive 0  
m\nt$ on ?ree :eels1 two driv]s 9 ! re> 
& a /e]+ :eel1 & x ran on ! floor or    
sidewalk4  ,9 #ahbi1 ,james1 satisfi$ ) 
8 exp]im5t+1 built a /eam c>riage       
capable ( c>ry+ pass5g]s1 & ) ?is he    
made v good "t ov] ! /reets & roadways 9
 & ab\t ! metropolis4 ,he !n adopt$ !   
rot>y cyl9d]s in/ead ( ! reciprocat+1 9 
8 eng9e1 :i* _h two six-in* cyl9d]s1 & 0
 support$ on ?ree :eels4 ,on ea* cyl9d] 
7 two fix$ ecc5trics1 "o = ! =w>d & "o =
 ! back+ motion4 ,! slide valve ( "o    
cyl9d] _h a half-in* lap at ea* end1 &  
exhau/$ its /eam into ! o!r4  ,9 #ahcj1 
,james made 8 f\r? full-size /eam       

c>riage4 ,?is 0 a ?ree-:eel$ vehicle1 ! 
re> :eels be+ driv]s ?ree feet 9        
diamet]1 & ! ?ird ! front or /e]+ :eel4 
,9 #ahca1 9 a competition = ! be/       
locomotive eng9e adapt$ to ! ,baltimore 
& ,ohio ,railroad ,company1 ,james built
 8 fif? locomotive1 & ! fir/ "o to run  
on rails4 ,8 eng9e did n secure ! prize1
 b ! company1 ?9k+ 8 ma*9e conta9$      
valuable ideas1 ent]$ into an arrangem5t
 ) him = fur!r exp]im5t+4   ,,francis   
,,mac]oni  ,born 9 ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 9  
#aghh4 ,di$ 9 ,london1 ,july #be1 #ahdf4
  ,! fa!r ( ,francis ,mac]oni 0 ,pet]   
,augu/us ,mac]oni :o1 ) two bro!rs1 s]v$
 9 a ,fr5* regim5t 9 ! ,am]ican         
,revolution4 ,aft] t conflict 0 end$ he 
w5t to ,engl& & settl$ 9 ,man*e/]1 :]e  
he 0 ,italian ag5t = ,briti%            
manufactur]s4  ,francis ,mac]oni 0      
educat$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic s*ool1 9    
,hamp%ire2 at ! ,dom9ican ,academy1 9   
,surrey1 & at ! college at ,old ,hall   
,gre51 ne> ,puck]bridge1 ,h]t=d%ire4    
,dur+ a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 f #ahjc to     

#ahac1 he liv$ 9 ,rome & ,naples z a "y 
g5tleman ( elegant leisure4 ,9 #ahac he 
began ! /udy ( anatomy & m$ic9e1 b _h n 
gone f> 9 ^? pursuits be=e 8 vagrom     
disposition took him 9 ano!r direction4 
,he became aide-de-camp to ,murat1 ,k+ (
 ,naples1 ) ! rank ( ,colonel (         
,cavalry4 ,8 s]vice ) ,murat took him on
 missions to ,engl& & ,france1 & = a "t 
he 0 a prison] ( ! ,fr5* au?orities4    
,aft] two ye>s ( ?is milit>y s]vice1 he 
return$ to ,engl&1 & reta9$ 8 resid5ce  
!re = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he did n rema9 at
 home long1 h[ev]1 = he 0 ) ,sir ,george
 ,mac,gregor at ,porto ,bello1 9 #ahai2 
became a brigadi]-g5]al ( ! new republic
 ( ,colombia1 & 9 #ahba saw s]vice 9    
,spa9 ) ,g5]al ,pepe4  ,return+ aga9 to 
,engl&1 he came be=e ! public z an      
advocate ( a %ip canal across ! ,i/hmus1
 betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans1 &
 also promot$ a company1 call$ ,!       
,atlantic & ,pacific ,junction & ,s\?   
,am]ican ,m9+ & ,trad+ ,company1 ) a    
capital ( "o million p\nds /]l+4 ,!     

company collaps$ 9 ! comm]cial panic (  
#ahbe1 & ?is soldi] ( =tune 9 #ahbi w5t 
to ,con/ant9ople to assi/ ! ,turks aga9/
 ! ,russians4 ,9 ,london aga9 9 #ahca1  
,mac]oni 0 engag$ = ! re/ ( 8 life 9 !  
cause ( highway /eam locomotion1 9 :i*  
he accompli%$ a great deal4  ,mac]oni 0 
second only to ,walt] ,hancock z an     
inv5tor & build] ( /eam road c>riages & 
z a promot] ( travel by ^? vehicles4 ,f 
#ahbe to #ahbh he 0 ) ,goldswor?y       
,gurney 9 ,london1 b 8 real activity did
 n beg9 until #ahca1 :5 he became       
associat$ ) ,john ,squire4 ,9 #ahcc1    
,mac]oni & ,squire took out a pat5t = a 
multi-tubul> boil]1 :i* !y appli$ to a  
/eam c>riage t "o writ] ( t day describ$
 z a f9e specim5 ( indomitable          
p]sev]ance4 ,x (t5 travel$ at ! rate ( f
 eighte5 to tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,!      
eng9es 7 plac$ horizontally und]nea? !  
c>riage body1 ! boil] 0 arrang$ at !    
back1 & a fan 0 us$ to urge ! combu/ion 
( ! fuel1 ! supply ( :i* 0 regulat$ by !
 eng9eman1 :o _h a seat beh9d4 ,!       

pass5g]s 7 plac$ 9 ! op5 c>riage body1 &
 _! seats 7 ^u ! tops ( ! wat] tanks4   
,!re 7 two cyl9d]s sev5 & "o-half in*es 
9 diamet]1 ! /roke be+ fifte5 &         
?ree-qu>t] in*es4 ,! diamet] ( ! /eam   
pipe 0 two & "o-qu>t] in*es1 & t ( !    
exhau/ pipe 0 two & ?ree-qu>t] in*es4   
,! c>riage attract$ a great deal (      
att5tion1 & mu* 0 writt5 ab\t x 9 !     
newspap]s ( ! "t4 ,once ! trip 0 tak5 to
 ,h>r[-on-!-,hill1 a di/ance ( n9e      
miles1 9 fifty-eight m9utes1 )\t ! full 
p[] ( /eam be+ on at any "t4 ,= sev]al  
weeks 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahcd ! c>riage 0   
runn+ daily f ,ox=d ,/reet to ,edgew>e4 
,sev]al trips 7 made to ,uxbridge1 :5 ! 
roads 7 9 v bad condition1 b ! j\rney f 
! ,reg5t's ,circus1 ,ox=d ,/reet1 a     
di/ance ( sixte5 miles1 0 (t5 p]=m$ 9 a 
little ov] an h\r4 ,a trip to ,wat=d 0  
made1 & "o ( ! pass5g]s ?us describ$ !  
exp]i5ce f ,bu%by ,hea? into ! village (
 ,wat=d3  ,we set (f f ! />t+ place amid
 ! *e]s ( ! villag]s4 ,! motion 0 s     
/eady t we c\ld h read ) ease1 & ! noise

 0 no worse ?an t produc$ by a common   
vehicle4 ,on arriv+ at ! summit ( ,clay 
,hill1 ! local & inexp]i5c$ att5dant    
neglect$ to clog ! :eel until x became  
impossible4 ,we w5t ?und]+ d[n ! hill at
 ! rate ( ?irty miles an h\r4 ,mr4      
,squire 0 /e]sman1 & nev] lo/ 8 pres5ce 
( m9d4 ,x may be conceiv$ :at amazem5t a
 ?+ ( ?is k9d1 fla%+ ?r\gh ! village (  
,bu%y1 occasion$ among ! inhabitants4 ,!
 p seem$ petrifi$ on see+ a c>riage )\t 
horses4 ,9 ! busy & popul\s t[n ( ,wat=d
 ! s5sation 0 simil>--! m5 gaz$ 9       
spee*less wond]2 ! wom5 clapp$ _! h&s4  
,we turn$ r\nd at ! end ( ! /reet 9     
magnific5t /yle1 & asc5d$ ,clay ,hill at
 ! same rate z ! /age coa*es drawn by   
five horses4  ,mac]oni made two /eam    
c>riages1 b 9 #ahcd he sep>at$ f        
,squire1 & becom+ %ort ( funds fell into
 ! clut*es ( ,asda1 an ,italian ,jew1 :o
 p]suad$ him to let ! two c>riages g to 
! ,cont95t4 ,"o 0 s5t to ,brussels1 :]e 
x ran successfully1 & ! o!r w5t to      
,p>is4 ,! p]=mance ( ! latt] 0 ?us      

describ$ 9 ! columns ( a ,p>is j\rnal3  
,! /eam c>riage br\ght to p]fection 9   
,engl& by ,colonel ,mac]oni1 ran along !
 ,b\lev>ds z f> z ! ,rue ,faub\rg du    
,temple4 ,x turn$ ) ! greate/ facility1 
ran ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,b\lev>ds back aga91
 & along ! ,rue ,royale1 to ! ,place    
,l\is ,,xv4 ,?is c>riage is v elegant1  
mu* light]1 & by no means s noisy z ! "o
 we saw "h "s mon?s ago1 & x excit$     
along its way ! surprise & applause ( ! 
a/oni%$ spectators4 ,all ! hills on !   
pav$ ,b\lev>d 7 asc5d$ ) a/oni%+        
rapidity4 ,"o ( our colleagues 0 9 ?is  
c>riage ! :ole ( its runn+ above        
describ$1 & he decl>es t !re is n ! lea/
 heat felt inside f ! fire1 & t         
conv]sation c be kept up s z to be he>d 
at a mu* l[] tone ?an 9 mo/ ord9>y      
c>riages4  ,asda sold ! c>riage & !     
pat5t = a l>ge sum ( money1 & sw9dl$    
,mac]oni out ( all 8 %>e4 ,= ye>s !     
inv5tor 0 9 ! dire/ extremes ( pov]ty4  
,9 #ahda he succe$$ 9 secur+ ! support (
 ,! ,g5]al ,/eam ,c>riage ,company to   

con/ruct & run c>riages "u 8 pat5t4     
,disagreem5t betwe5 ! directors & !     
manufactur+ eng9e] aga9 br\ght to       
,mac]oni disa/]1 f :i* he 0 nev] able to
 recov]4   ,,ri*>d ,,rob]ts  ,born 9    
#aghi4 ,di$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahfd4  ,rob]ts 0   
be/ kn[n z a ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 eng9e]1 (
 ! firm ( ,%>p1 ,rob]ts  ,co4 ,he built 
a /eam road locomotive t 0 fir/ tri$ 9  
,decemb]1 #ahcc4 ,?ree mon?s lat] !     
ma*9e 0 subject$ to a second trial4 ,!  
c>riage w5t out "u ! guidance ( ,mr4    
,rob]ts1 ) =ty pass5g]s4 ,x proce$$ ab\t
 a mile & a half1 made a difficult turn 
:]e ! road 0 n>r[1 & return$ to ! works 
)\t accid5t4 ,! maximum spe$ on ! level 
0 ne>ly tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,hills 7    
m\nt$ easily4 ,no d\bt exi/$ ( ! eng9e  
be+ spe$ily put 9 complete & effective  
condition = actual s]vice4 ,dur+ ano!r  
exp]im5tal trip 9 ,april ( ! same ye>1 !
 locomotive met ) an accid5t caus$ by "s
 ( ! boil] tubes giv+ way1 all[+ ! /eam 
to escape & ! fuel to be scatt]$ ab\t4  
,no "o 0 s]i\sly injur$1 & none ( !     

pass5g]s 0 hurt4  ,rob]ts inv5t$ !      
comp5sat+ ge> t he fir/ us$ on 8 /eam   
c>riage4 ,?is ge> sup]s$$ claw clut*es1 
friction b&s1 rat*et-:eels1 & o!r       
arrangem5ts = obta9+ ! full p[] ( bo? ! 
driv+-:eels1 & at ! same "t all[+ = !   
eng9e to turn ! %>pe/ corn]4 ,9 #ahci1  
,rob]ts inv5t$ an arrangem5t =          
communicat+ p[] to bo? driv+-:eels at   
all times1 :e!r turn+ to ! "r or left4  
,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life ?is fam\s   
eng9e] liv$ 9 exce$+ly /rait5$          
circum/ances1 & he di$ 9 pov]ty4        
,,john ,,scott ,,russell  ,born at      
,p>khead1 ne> ,glasg[1 ,scotl&1 ,may #h1
 #ahjh4 ,di$ ,june #h1 #ahhb1 at        
,v5tnor4  ,! fa!r ( ,john ,scott        
,russell 0 ,david ,russell1 a ,scotti%  
cl]gyman1 & ! son 0 orig9ally int5d$ = !
 *ur*4 ,8 m9d 0 m incl9$ t[>d me*anics  
?an !ology1 & he ent]$ a work%op 9 ord] 
to le>n ! trade ( eng9e]+4 ,/udy+ at !  
,univ]sities ( ,ed9burgh1 ,/4 ,&rews &  
,glasg[1 he 0 graduat$ f ,glasg[ :5 he 0
 sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,9 #ahcb1 ^u ! dea? 

( ,sir ,john ,leslie1 ,pr(essor (       
,natural ,philosophy at ,ed9burgh       
,univ]sity1 ,russell 0 elect$ to fill ! 
vacancy tempor>ily4 ,%ortly aft] t he   
began 8 celebrat$ inve/igations into !  
nature ( ! sea waves1 z a prelim9>y /udy
 to improv+ ! =ms ( %ips4 ,z a result ( 
^! rese>*es he develop$ ! wave-l9e sy/em
 = ! con/ruction ( vessels4 ,9 #ahcg he 
receiv$ a gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,society 
( ,eng9e]s1 & 0 elect$ a memb] ( !      
,c\ncil ( t ,society = a pap] t he read 
on ! laws by :i* wat] opposes resi/ance 
to ! motion ( float+ bodies4 ,at t "t he
 0 manag] ( ! %ipbuild+ words at        
,gre5ock1 & "u 8 sup]vision & accord+ to
 8 designs sev]al %ips 7 built ) l9es   
bas$ on 8 wave sy/em4 ,among ^! 7 f\r ( 
! new fleet ( ! ,we/ ,india ,mail       
,company4  ,russell remov$ to ,london 9 
#ahdd1 & became a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal     
,society 9 #ahdg4 ,he 0 vice-presid5t ( 
! ,in/itute ( ,civil ,eng9e]s & secret>y
 ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,= _m ye>s he 0 a
 %ipbuild] on ! ,?ames1 & sup]vis$ !    

con/ruction ( ! celebrat$ /eam%ip ,great
 ,ea/]n4 ,he 0 "o ( ! promot]s &        
vice-presid5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,naval    
,ar*itects1 & a pione] 9 advocat+ !     
con/ruction ( iron-clad m5-(-w>4 ,he    
publi%$ _m pap]s1 pr9cipally ^u naval   
ar*itecture4  ,x 0 :ile he 0 resid+ 9   
,ed9burgh t he took out a pat5t = a /eam
 locomotive to be us$ on ! common roads4
 ,! boil] t he inv5t$ 0 multi-tubul>1 ) 
! furnace & ! return tubes on ! same    
level1 & simil> to a m>9e boil]4 ,!     
boil] ev]y:]e consi/$ ( opposite &      
p>allel surfaces1 & ^! surfaces 7       
connect$ by /ays ( small diamet]4 ,!    
copp] plates ( ! boil] 7 only "o-t5? (  
an in* ?ick4 ,:5 put to actual te/ !    
weakness ( ! boil] ?us con/ruct$ 0 fully
 demon/rat$4  ,! eng9e _h two v]tical   
cyl9d]s1 twelve in*es 9 diamet] & )     
twelve in*es /roke4 ,! eng9e 0 m\nt$ ^u 
lam9at$ spr+s1 arrang$ s t ea* spr+ 9   
its flexure describ$1 at a p>ticul>     
po9t1 su* a circle z 0 also describ$ by 
! ma9 axle 9 its motion r\nd ! crank    

%aft4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 int5d$ to       
correct any irregul>ities 9 ! road s t  
!y w\ld n int]f]e ) ! prop] work+ ( !   
spur ge>+4 ,exhau/ /eam 0 turn$ into !  
*imney to create a bla/4 ,wat] & coke 7 
c>ri$ on a sep>ate t5d] on two :eels1   
c\pl$ to ! re> ( ! eng9e4 ,sp>e t5d]s1  
fill$1 7 kept 9 read9ess at diff]5t     
/ations on ! road4 ,^! t5d]s1 m\nt$ ^u  
spr+s1 _h seats back & front = pass5g]s4
 ,to "w ! locomotive ?ree p]sons 7      
requir$1 a /e]sman on ! front seat1 an  
eng9e] on ! back seat outside above !   
eng9es1 & a fireman /ation$ on !        
footplate 9 front ( ! boil]4  ,on ! ord]
 ( ! ,/eam ,c>riage ,company1 ( ,scotl&1
 six ( ^! coa*es 7 built by ! ,grove    
,h\se ,eng9e ,works1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,!y 7 
sub/antially con/ruct$ & v elaborately  
fitt$ up4 ,z 0 said at ! "t1 !y 7 9 !   
/yle & ) all ! com=t & elegance ( ! mo/ 
co/ly g5tleman's c>riage4 ,!y ran v     
successfully = "s "t1 dur+ #ahcd1 betwe5
 ,/4 ,george's ,squ>e1 ,glasg[1 &       
,paisley4 ,!re 0 a s]vice ( six coa*es  

once an h\r4 ,ea* c>riage accommodat$   
six pass5g]s inside & tw5ty outside1 &  
sometimes drew1 9 addition1 a dogc>t    
lad5 ) six pass5g]s1 & ! necess>y fuel &
 wat]4 ,^! dogc>ts 7 us$ z relays on !  
road1 be+ kept ready con/antly4 ,public 
opposition to ^! coa*es develop$ "h z x 
_h done 9 ,london ab\t ! same p]iod4    
,road tru/ees object$ to !m on ! gr\nd t
 !y wore out ! roads too rapidly4       
,ob/ructions ( /ones1 logs ( wood1 & o!r
 ?+s 7 plac$ 9 _! way1 b ! coa*es       
g5]ally w5t on 9 spite ( ^!4 ,ord9>y    
horse-drawn road c>riages 7 m damag$ &  
h9d]$ ?an ! ,russell coa*es1 & ev5 heavy
 c>ts 7 compell$ to ab&on travel on !   
ob/ruct$ roads & take r\ndab\t c\rses1  
greatly to ! discomfiture ( ! driv]s4   
,"o day1 h[ev]1 a heavy /ra91 unusually 
sev]e1 caus$ by jolt+ ov] ! r\gh road1  
broke a :eel1 & ! weight ( ! coa* fall+ 
on ! boil] caus$ an explosion4 ,five    
p]sons 7 kill$1 & z a result ( ?is      
accid5t ! ,c\rt ( ,session int]dict$ !  
fur!r travel ( ^! c>riages 9 ,scotl&4 ,!

 ,/eam ,c>riage ,company br\ght an      
action = damages aga9/ ! tru/ees ( !    
turnpike road = hav+ compell$ !m to     
)draw ! c>riages f ! ,glasg[ & ,paisley 
road by wantonly1 wrongfully &          
malici\sly accumulat+ masses ( metal1   
/ones & rubbi% on ! said road1 9 ord] to
 create su* annoyance & ob/ruction z    
might imp$e1 ov]turn1 or de/roy ! /eam  
coa*es belong+ to ! pla9tiffs1 b no?+   
seems to h come ( ?is action4  ,no long]
 us$ 9 ,scotl&1 two ( ,russell's coa*es 
7 s5t to ,london4 ,!re !y 7 engag$ 9    
runn+ ) pass5g]s betwe5 ,london &       
,gre5wi*1 or ,kew ,bridge4 ,sev]al trips
 7 made to ,w9dsor4 ,aft] ab\t a ye> !y 
7 (f]$ = sale1 &1 on exhibition         
prep>atory to sale1 !y />t$ e day f     
,hyde ,p>k ,corn] to make a j\rney to   
,hamm]smi?4 ,b !y rema9$ unsold1 & 7    
%ortly =gott54  ,_h conditions be5 m    
enc\rag+ ,russell might h a*iev$ z great
 success 9 8 l& z 9 8 wat] vehicles4 ,he
 0 a man ( r>e sci5tific atta9m5ts1 & 8 
"w 9 %ip design+ & build+ put him 9 !   

front rank ( naval ar*itects & build]s (
 8 day4 ,9 addition to 8 "w1 already    
m5tion$1 he built a big /eam] to        
transport railway tra9s across ,lake    
,con/ance4   ,w4 ,h4 ,,*ur*  ,a         
physician ( ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,w4 
,h4 ,*ur* gave _m ye>s to ! /udy ( /eam 
locomotion4 ,sev]al pat5ts 7 secur$ by  
him betwe5 #ahcb & #ahce1 & 9 ! latt]   
ye> a common road c>riage1 built accord+
 to 8 plans1 0 br\ght out4  ,! ,*ur*    
vehicle _h a framework ( unit$ iron     
plates or b>s1 bolt$ on ea* side ( !    
woodwork to obta9 /r5g?4 ,well truss$ & 
brac$1 ?is framework enclos$ a space    
betwe5 a h9d & =e body ( ! c>riage1 & ( 
! same height z ! latt]1 & conta9$ !    
eng9e1 boil]1 & o!r ma*9]y4 ,! boil]    
consi/$ ( a s]ies ( v]tical tubes1 plac$
 side by side1 ?r\gh ea* ( :i* a pipe   
pass$1 & 0 secur$ at ! bottom ( ! boil] 
tube2 ! int]ior pipe con/itut$ ! flue1  
:i* fir/ pass$ 9 ?r\gh a boil] tube1 & 0
 !n b5t l a syphon1 & pass$ d[n ano!r   
until x rea*$ z l[ or l[] ?an ! bottom (

 ! fireplace1 :5ce x pass$ (f into a    
g5]al flue 9 communication ) an exhau/+ 
app>atus4 ,two fans 7 employ$1 "o to bl[
 9 air1 & ! o!r to draw x out2 !y 7     
work$ by /raps f ! crank %aft4 ,! :eels 
( ! c>riage 7 con/ruct$ ) ! view to     
r5d]+ !m ela/ic1 to a c]ta9 degree1 9   
two diff]5t ways3 ,fir/1 ! felloes 7    
made ( sev]al successive lay]s ( broad  
wood5 hoops1 cov]$ ) a ?9 iron tire1    
hav+ lat]al /raps to b9d ! hoops toge!r2
 second1 ^! b9d+ /raps 7 connect$ by h+e
 jo9ts to a k9d ( flat /eel spr+s1      
some:at curv$1 :i* =m$ ! spokes ( !     
:eels4 ,^! spr+ spokes 7 int5d$ to      
obviate ! necessity1 9 a great measure1 
( ! ord9>y spr+s1 & ! ela/icity ( !     
p]iph]y 0 design$ s t ! yield+ ( !      
circle %\ld prev5t ! :eel f turn+ )\t   
propell+4  ,*ur* also propos$1 9        
addition to spr+ felloes1 spr+ spokes1 &
 ! ord9>y spr+s1 to employ air spr+s1 & 
= t purpose provid$ two or m cyl9d]s1   
made fa/ to ! body ( ! c>riage1 9 a     
v]tical position1 clos$ at top1 &       

furni%$ ) a pi/on1 ) pack+ simil> to !  
cap-lea!r pack+ ( ! hydraulic press4    
,?is pi/on 0 kept cov]$ ) oil1 to       
pres]ve x 9 good ord]1 & a pi/on rod    
connect$ x ) ! support+ frame ( !       
c>riage4 ,motion 0 communicat$ by two   
oscillat+ /eam cyl9d]s susp5d$ on ! /eam
 & exhau/ pipes ov] ! crank %aft4 ,!    
crank %aft & driv+-:eel axle 7 connect$ 
by means ( *a9s pass+ ab\t pit*$        
pulleys4  ,to introduce ! ,*ur* coa*1 ! 
,london & ,birm+ham ,/eam ,c>riage      
,company 0 organiz$4 ,! fir/ c>riage    
built = ! company 0 an impos+ vehicle1  
some?+ l a big circus van1 elaborately  
ornam5t$ & ) a l>ge sph]oidal :eel 9    
front4 ,x c>ri$ ab\t =ty pass5g]s on    
top1 9 omnibus fa%ion1 & ! driv] sat on 
a rais$ seat ne> ! ro(4 ,a fair rate (  
spe$ 0 ma9ta9$1 fifte5 miles on ! level1
 b ! boil] 0 damag$1 & horses haul$ !   
eng9e back to ! factory4 ,o!r c>riages 7
 subsequ5tly br\ght out1 b !y all fail$ 
to meet ! requirem5ts ( travel on ! r\gh
 roads t exi/$ at t "t 9 ,engl&4        

,,jean ,,joseph ,,eti5ne ,,l5oir  ,born 
at ,mussy-la-,ville1 ,luxemb\rg1 ,janu>y
 #ab1 #ahbb4 ,di$1 ,july1 #aijj1 at ,la 
,v>nne ,*emevieves1 ne> ,p>is4  ,:5     
,l5oir came to ,p>is 9 #ahch he _h b an 
ord9>y education & 0 )\t res\rces4 ,= a 
"t he s]v$ z a wait] 9 ord] to e>n money
 to become an enamel] & decorator4 ,9   
#ahdg1 he inv5t$ a new :ite enamel & f\r
 ye>s aft] inv5t$ a galvano pla/ic      
process = rais$ "w4 ,_m o!r inv5tions 7 
made by him1 among !m be+ an electric   
motor 9 #ahef1 a wat] met] 9 #aheg1 an  
automatic regulator = dynamos1 !        
well-kn[n gas motor t be>s 8 "n1 & a    
sy/em ( autographic telegraph+4  ,x is  
claim$ t 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfc1 ,l5oir put 
a gas eng9e ( 8 non-compressor type1 (  
"o & a half horse-p[]1 on :eels & made  
an exp]im5tal run to ,jo9ville-le-,p>is 
& back4 ,! motor1 runn+ at "o hundr$    
revolutions1 x is said1 took !m !re 9 "o
 & a half h\rs4 ,he !reupon ab&on$ su*  
trials1 & tri$ 8 eng9es 9 a boat1 & 9   
#ahfe put a six horse-p[] 9 "o1 b !     

insignificant spe$ possible ) 8 eng9e   
caus$ him to ab&on t also4  ,! ,academy 
( ,sci5ce ( ,p>is decorat$ ,m4 ,l5oir & 
! ,society ( ,enc\ragem5t gave him ! gr&
 prize ( ,arg5teuil1 am\nt+ to twelve   
?\s& francs4 ,= 8 patriotic s]vices at !
 siege ( ,p>is1 dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian
 w>1 he 0 made a naturaliz$ ,fr5*man4 ,9
 #ahhj1 he publi%$ 9 ,p>is a "w treat+ (
 8 rese>*es into ! tann+ ( lea!r4       
,,am$,e ,,boll,e  ,9 ,april1 #ahgc1     
,am$e ,bolle1 ( ,le ,mans1 ,france1 !   
not$ ,fr5* eng9e]1 fil$ a pat5t = a /eam
 road vehicle & two ye>s lat] he built !
 /eam /age t he nam$ ,obeissante4 ,t[>d 
! end ( t ye> ?is /age 0 run 9 & ab\t   
,p>is1 :]e x creat$ some?+ ( a s5sation4
 ,x 0 ev5 *ronicl$ 9 ! songs ( ! day & 0
 made a topic ( amusem5t at ! v>iety    
!atres4 ,?is /eam omnibus made          
tw5ty-eight kilomet]s 9 an h\r4 ,x is   
claim$ to h be5 ! fir/ creation ( ! man 
to ^: family mu* cr$it is due = ! mod]n 
,fr5* automobile4  ,betwe5 #ahgc &      
#ahge1 ,bolle made sev]al c>riages4 ,9  

#ahgf1 he work$ ) ,dalifol & made a     
tram-c> t w\ld c>ry fifty pass5g]s4 ,?is
 vehicle 0 put into ! /eam omnibus      
s]vice 9 ,r\54 ,two ye>s lat] he made   
ano!r /eam omnibus t he call$ ,la       
,mancelle4 ,?is vehicle1 9 ,june ( t    
ye>1 0 run f ,p>is to ,vi5na & develop$ 
a spe$ on level roads ( tw5ty-two miles 
an h\r4 ,9 ,vi5na ?is vehicle 0 !       
subject ( mu* talk & 0 l>gely c>icatur$4
  ,9 #ahhj1 ,bolle built ano!r omnibus1 
,la ,n\velle4 ,?is vehicle 0 ent]$ 9 !  
,p>is-,bordeaux competition 9 #ahie1 & 0
 ! only /eam c>riage t cov]$ ! c\rse 9 t
 race4 ,bolle has be5 a conspicu\s      
expon5t ( ! /eam c>riage 9 ,france f !  
"t he comm5c$ z f> back z #ahgc4 ,!     
vehicles t he has built 7 9 _m in/ances 
pione]s 9 _! class1 & h be5 exce$+ly    
s]viceable & successful4 ,!y h made ! "n
 ( ,bolle notable4   ,,george ,b4       
,,seld5  ,born 9 ! fifties1 ,george ,b4 
,seld5 came ( a family ( juri/s1 ^:     
ance/ors 7 e>ly ,connecticut settl]s4   
,among !m 7 sev]al em95t sci5tific m54  

,8 fa!r1 ,h5ry ,rog]s ,seld51 0 born 9  
,lyme1 ,conn41 ,octob] #ad1 #ahje1 & di$
 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 ,septemb] #ah1     
#ahhe2 0 ,judge ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( !  
,/ate ( ,new ,york1 & is /ill rememb]$  
by m5 ( t g5]ation z "o ( ! mo/         
accompli%$ lawy]s & juri/s :o occupi$ t 
b5* 9 ! la/ c5tury4  ,george ,b4 ,seld5 
att5d$ ,yale ,univ]sity1 & :ile equipp+ 
himself = 8 legal c>e]1 foll[+ 9 !      
foot/eps ( 8 fa!r1 indulg$ 8 natural    
pr$ilection = sci5tific "w4 ,:ile       
practic+ law 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 he     
devot$ mu* "t to ! problem (            
self-propell$ vehicles on common roads1 
9 :i*1 z e>ly z ! sixties1 he 0 !n      
int]e/$4 ,! /udy ( ?is art l$ to a v    
full analysis ( ! possibilities (       
diff]5t means ( propulsion1 )1 z a      
result1 ! conclusion t ! light1 liquid  
hydro-c>bon concussion eng9e mu/        
ev5tually fill ! exact+ requirem5ts (   
road vehicles4 ,8 fur!r exp]im5t+ t 0   
c>ri$ on dur+ ! sev5ties1 & ! actual    
con/ruct+1 s conv9c$ him 9 8 d$uctions t

 ! record is f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,pat5t ,(fice ( 8 fil+ an application = 
pat5t 9 ,may1 #ahgi1 ) a ,pat5t ,(fice  
model ( 8 gasol9e vehicle4 ,= m details1
 ref]5ce mu/ be made to 8 pat5t1 ,no4   
#ediafj1 subsequ5tly issu$ 9 ,novemb]1  
#ahie4 ,!reaft] 9 a g5]al report treat+ 
( important & lead+ inv5tions 9 v>i\s   
fields ?is 0 ref]r$ to by ! ,commission]
 ( ,pat5ts z ! pione] pat5t 9 its class4
  ,( ,seld5's volum9\s & p]si/5t "w & 8 
_m eng9es & models m detail$ in=mation  
_c be "h giv54 ,8 fundam5tal pat5t at   
pres5t is involv$ 9 ext5sive litigation1
 al?\gh x is recogniz$ by manufactur]s (
 gasol9e vehicles :o1 to-day1 are       
produc+ f eighty to n9ety p] c5t ( !    
output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( 8 "w along 
! l9es ( improvem5ts 9 details ( 8 ma9  
inv5tion1 ! gasol9e automobile p] se1 & 
k9dr$ matt]s all ( :i* h or w h a great 
be>+ ^u automobile con/ruction &        
op]ation1 x is n at ?is "t possible to  
dwell at l5g?4  ,seld5 is kn[n z an     
exce$+ly able attorney 9 8 specialty1   

:ile 8 active connection ) ! ext5sive   
reap] & b9d] litigation1 9 all ( :i* he 
appe>$ prom95tly1 e/abli%$ = him an     
enviable reputation4 ,^? :o h _h !      
privilege ( a clos] p]sonal acqua9tance 
"k ( 8 great fund ( sci5tific k 9 v>i\s 
arts1 z well z 8 mo/ int]e/+            
accumulations ( data z a result ( 8     
p]sonal rese>*es4  ,seld5 is a pat5tee 9
 o!r fields beside t ( ! gasol9e        
automobile & 8 a*ievem5ts h be5 num]\s &
 ( exce$+ importance4 ,he is also a     
*emi/ ( m ?an ord9>y ability & has      
appli$ himself z a close /ud5t to ?is   
l9e ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,z a      
result he has made notable discov]ies t1
 al?\gh n yet giv5 to ! _w1 w1 x is     
confid5tly believ$ by ^? acqua9t$ ) !m1 
prove to be ( ! greate/ sci5tific value4
   ,,siegfri$ ,,m>cus  ,m>cus 0 an +5i\s
 me*anic4 ,9 e>ly life he made d5tal    
in/rum5ts & app>atus = a magician 9     
,vi5na4 ,= 8 con/ruction ( a !rmopile he
 receiv$ a prize & to 8 fur!r cr$it z an
 inv5tor are plac$ an arc lamp1 ,rhumk(f

 coil c>buret]1 a high c&le-p[]         
petroleum lamp1 magneto-electro ma*9es1 
a microphone & v>i\s o!r ?+s 9 _m       
bran*es ( sci5ce4  ,illu/ration3        
,,siegfri$ ,,m>cus  ,x is claim$ t ab\t 
! middle sev5ties ( ! la/ c5tury he     
c>ri$ on exp]im5ts ) a gas eng9e t _h a 
spr+-connect$ pi/on rod4 ,he m\nt$ ?is  
v]tically on an ord9>y horse vehicle &  
connect$ x directly ) a crank$ re> axle1
 c>ry+ two fly:eels 9 place ( ! regul>  
road :eels4 ,he is said to h made trials
 ( ?is vehicle at night 9 ,vi5na4 ,if   
?is 0 s he 0 app>5tly try+ to keep 8    
plan secret & succe$$ v well4 ,aside f  
g5]al ref]5ces no?+ ( importance reveal$
 itself conc]n+ ?is vehicle & ,m>cus'   
exp]im5ts ) x1 until v rec5tly :5 int]e/
 9 ! hi/oric developm5t ( ! automobile  
has /imulat$ anew inve/igation into !   
endeavors ( ! e>ly inv5tors4  ,9 #ahhb !
 motor "w ( ,m>cus 0 pr9cipally         
prep>atory to 8 new eng9e con/ruction4  
,x includ$ exp]im5t+ ) an ,otto eng9e   
run ) petroleum & a vaporiz] & electric 

ignition ) magneto4 ,9 #ahhc he         
con/ruct$ a clos$ or two-cycl$ motor &  
!reaft] _h eng9es made 9 ,budape/ &     
else:]e4 ,"o ( ^! motors he put on      
:eels1 b ?is 0 ab&on$ = o!r ideas t came
 f 8 f]tile m9d4   ,,c>l ,,b5z  ,born1  
,novemb] #bf1 #ahdd1 at ,k>lsruhe1      
,bad51 ,g]many4  ,! e>ly education (    
,c>l ,b5z 0 acquir$ at ! ,lyceum until 8
 sev5te5? ye> & !n at ! ,te*nical ,high 
,s*ool ( 8 native city = f\r m ye>s4    
,?is 0 foll[$ by ?ree ye>s ( practical  
"w 9 ! %ops ( ! ,k>lsruhe ,ma*9e ,works4
 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age1 9     
#ahgb1 aft] fur!r exp]i5ce 9 ,mannheim1 
,p=zheim & ,vi5na1 he op5$ work%ops ( 8 
own 9 ,mannheim4  ,9 #ahhj he began to  
comm]cialize a two-cycle /ation>y eng9e4
 ,9 #ahhc he organiz$ 8 bus9ess z ,b5z  
,co41 & produc$ 8 fir/ vehicle 9 #ahhd4 
,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahhe 8 ?ree-:eel$ vehicle
 ran ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,mannheim1        
,g]many1 attract+ mu* att5tion ) its    
noisy exhau/4 ,?is 0 ! subject ( 8 pat5t
 dat$ ,janu>y #bi1 #ahhf1 claim$ by him 

to be ! fir/ ,g]man pat5t on a light oil
 motor vehicle4 ,?is embodi$ a          
horizontal fly:eel belt transmission    
?r\gh a diff]5tial & two *a9s to !      
:eels2 b x is notewor?y prim>ily z hav+ 
embodi$ a f\r-cycle1 wat] jacket$1      
?ree-qu>t] horse-p[] eng9e1 ) electric  
ignition4  ,9 #ahhh1 ! ,b5z ,company    
exhibit$ _! vehicles at ! ,muni*        
,exposition1 :]e !y attract$ wide       
att5tion4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! exhibition 
at ! ,p>is %[ 9 #ahhi1 by ! eng9e]      
,rog]1 ( ano!r vehicle made "u lic5se t 
,rog] _h acquir$ f ,b5z & con/ruct$ by  
,panh>d & ,levassor4  ,illu/ration3     
,,c>l ,,b5z  ,:ile 9 #ahii ! firm 0     
conv]t$ into a /ock company ( ?ree      
million m>ks capital1 & !n employ$ ?ree 
hundr$ m51 ,c>l ,b5z rema9$ ! lead+ _s (
 ! conc]n1 te*nically1 :ile ! comm]cial 
"w came "u ! direction ( ,julius ,ganz4 
,! able co-op]ation ( ^! two has        
e/abli%$ ! _w-fam\s automobile ent]prise
 look$ ^u by _m z ! pione] produc+ works
 ( its k9d 9 ,g]many4 ,( late ye>s motor

 boats h also be5 made by !m1 b _!      
automobiles & ^? ( _! affiliat$         
companies or lic5sees 9 o!r c\ntries    
/ill /& 9 ! fir/ rank4   ,,gottlieb     
,,daiml]  ,born at ,s*orndorf1          
,wurtemburg1 ,m>* #ag1 #ahcd4 ,di$ at   
,cann/adt1 ne> ,/uttg>t1 ,m>* #f1 #ahii4
  ,aft] receiv+ a te*nical & sci5tific  
tra9+ at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at        
,/uttg>t1 #aheb-ei1 ,daiml] sp5t two    
ye>s1 #ahfa-fc1 z an eng9e] 9 !         
,k>lsruhe ,ma*9e ,works1 becom+ =eman   
!re4 ,9 #ahgb he ent]$ ! ,gas ,eng9e    
,works at ,deutz1 ne> ,cologne1 & became
 director ( t e/abli%m5t4 ,)9 t5 ye>s t 
%op1 bett] kn[n z ! ,otto ,eng9e ,works1
 grew f a small place into a l>ge1      
well-organiz$ & fam\s e/abli%m5t4 ,9    
#ahhb he remov$ to ,cann/adt to give 8  
entire att5tion to ! light-weight       
int]nal-combu/ion auto motor1 ) :i* 8   
c>e] 0 s completely id5tifi$1 & !       
successful application ( :i* e>n$ = him 
! title1 ! fa!r ( ! automobile1 9       
,g]many1 ?\gh t is1 9 fact1 conte/$ by  

^? famili> ) ! "w ( ,b5z4  ,in/ead ( us+
 ! unc]ta9-act+ flame ) ! inconv5i5t    
spe$ limitations1 ,daiml] inv5t$ &      
introduc$ 9 #ahhc ! s-call$ hot-tube    
ignition4 ,?is consi/$ ( a metal or     
porcela9 tube atta*$ to ! compression   
space ( ! cyl9d] 9 su* a mann] t !      
int]ior ( ! tube 0 9 cont9ual           
communication ) ! compression space4 ,a 
gas flame1 cont9ually burn+ "u ! tube1  
ma9ta9$ x at a gl[+ r$ heat1 s t ! mix$ 
*>ge ( air & gas1 :5 compress$ into !   
tube1 became fully & effectively ignit$4
 ,exp]i5ce %[$ t by a prop] regulation (
 ! temp]ature ( ! hot tube ! ignition   
c\ld be made to take place at any desir$
 po9t 9 ! compression1 & ?us !          
complicat$1 sl[ & unc]ta9 slide flame   
ignition 0 replac$ by a simple device1  
)\t mov+ p>ts1 altoge!r satisfactory &  
reliable4 ,! especial feature ( !       
hot-tube ignition1 h[ev]1 0 soon f\nd to
 be ! increas$ spe$ :i* x p]mitt$4 ,by  
its use ! rotative spe$ c\ld be increas$
 eight to t5 times ov] ! old] motor1 &  

h5ce ! weight c\ld be r$uc$ 9 ne>ly !   
same proportion4  ,illu/ration3         
,,gottlieb ,,daiml]  ,?is fact at once  
%[$ ,daiml] t ! application ( !         
int]nal-combu/ion motor to me*anically  
propell$ vehicles _h become a           
possibility1 & t1 ) ! use ( hydro-c>bon 
vapor z fuel1 & ! high-spe$ hot-tube    
motor1 ! petroleum automobile might     
become a practical possibility4 ,he     
!re=e sev]$ 8 connection ) ! ,otto      
,eng9e ,works at ,deutz1 & return+ to   
,cann/adt1 ne> ,/uttg>t1 8 e>ly home1 he
 devot$ 8 entire "t & att5tion to !     
design ( a light petroleum motor & motor
 vehicle4 ,! result 0 ! production1 9   
#ahhe1 ( a motor-bicycle1 9 :i* ! motor 
0 plac$ directly "u ! seat1 betwe5 !    
legs ( ! rid]4 ,! petroleum 0 drawn f a 
tank1 ! supply be+ regulat$ by ! valve4 
,! motor 0 fir/ set 9 motion by light+ a
 lamp & turn+ ! crank a few times1 !    
dis*>ge pass+ ?r\gh ! *amb] into an     
exhau/-pipe4 ,aft] ! motor _h be5 fully 
/>t$1 ! vehicle 0 set 9 motion by mov+ a

 lev]1 :i* drew a tight5+ pulley aga9/ !
 belt1 & s caus$ ! p[] to be transmitt$ 
f ! %aft pulley to ! :eel pulley4       
,*anges ( spe$ 7 atta9$ by us+ pulleys (
 diff]5t sizes1 simil> to ! cone pulleys
 on a la!4 ,?is ma*9e 0 put into        
successful action at ,cann/adt on       
,novemb] #aj1 #ahhe4  ,an int]e/+       
feature 9 connection ) ! ,daiml] motor  
is ! arrangem5t ( ! cool+-wat]          
circulation = ! cyl9d] jacket4 ,! wat]  
is conta9$ 9 a tank1 f :i* x is         
circulat$ 9 ! cyl9d] jacket by means ( a
 small rot>y pump4 ,f ! jacket x passes 
to ! cool]4 ,?is consi/s ( a sy/em (    
sev]al hundr$ small tubes ov] :i* a bla/
 ( air is driv5 by a fan op]at$ f !     
motor %aft4 ,s9ce ! spe$ ( ! fan        
increases ) ! spe$ ( ! motor1 ! cool+ is
 proportional to ! production ( heat 9 !
 cyl9d]4  ,9 addition to gas1 :i* is    
applicable = /ation>y motors only1 !    
fuel may be b5z9e ( a specific gravity (
 sixty-eight or sev5ty "o-hundr$?s1 or  
ord9>y lamp petroleum4 ,! consumption   

v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! motor1 rang+
 f ?irty-six to =ty-five "o-hundr$?s    
kilograms p] horse-p[] h\r = vehicles1  
or some:at less = boats4 ,he adapt$ ^!  
light motors to vehicles ( _m /yles1 & 8
 p]si/5t "w 9 ?is connection has made ! 
_w-wide reputation ( ! ,daiml] ,motor5  
,gesells*aft1 n[ fl\ri%+ at ,cann/adt1  
,g]many4  ,9 #ahhh-hi ! ,fr5* int]e/ 9 !
 light motors l$ to _! adoption by      
,panh>d & ,levassor4 ,! type !n develop$
 & kn[n z ,ph5ix motors1 7 soon copi$ 9 
"p at lea/ by _m o!r ,fr5* mak]s1       
result+ 9 a modifi$ =m !re kn[n z !     
,pygme4 ,"w at ,cann/adt progress$      
/eadily1 h[ev]1 & _m pleasure vehicles 7
 made z well z small boats4  ,! able    
assi/ance ( ,william ,mayba* br\ght     
fur!r cr$it to ! company1 p>ticul>ly 9  
view ( ! aspirat+ c>buret] :i*1 ) su*   
details z clut* & transmission me*anism1
 help$ to p]fect ! ,cann/adt            
automobiles4 ,9 ! latt] n9eties !       
prom95ce ( ! ,daiml] ,works z vehicle   
mak]s1 di/+ui%$ f motor mak]s1 aga9     

began to be notic$ & soon _! n[ fam\s   
,m]c$es c>s appe>$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ^!    
ma*9es h made rem>kable records 9 races 
& all o!r bran*es ( ! sport4 ,) a       
magnific5t ref9em5t ( details 9         
con/ruction !y are to-day look$ ^u z !  
pleasure vehicles p> excell5ce4  ,!y h  
_h a l>ge vogue 9 all p>ts ( ,europe &  
are accept$ !re z among ! mo/           
satisfactory vehicles 9 _! class t are  
n[ made4 ,_m ( !m h be5 br\ght to !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e !y h be5 & /ill are 9
 great dem&4   ,,levassor  ,born at     
,m>olles1 9 ,hurepoix 7,se9e & ,oise71  
,janu>y #ba1 #ahdc4 ,di$1 ,april #ad1   
#ahig4  ,levassor 0 graduat$ f ! ,c5tral
 ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,manufactures1 ,p>is1 
9 #ahfd4 ,he 0 employ$ z an eng9e] at ! 
,cock]ill ,works at ,s]iang1 ,belgium1 &
 also ) ,dur5ne at ,c\rbevoie1 ne>      
,p>is4 ,9 #ahgb he ent]$ ! firm ( ,p]r9 
,panh>d1 ! "n ( ! conc]n be+ *ang$ to   
,p]r91 ,panh>d  ,co4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,m4   
,p]r91 he became ! junior p>tn] & ! "n (
 ,panh>d  ,levassor 0 adopt$4 ,:5       

,levassor di$ 9 #ahig1 ! corporation (  
,panh>d  ,levassor 0 =m$4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,levassor  ,levassor made _m          
improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y & output (       
,panh>d  ,levassor4 ,especially he      
p]fect$ ma*9es = wood-work+ & made      
important *anges 9 ! processes us$ = !  
cold cutt+ ( h>d metals4 ,on ! fir/     
appe>ance ( gas motors he und]took _!   
con/ruction 9 ,france4 ,x 0 9 !         
e/abli%m5t ( ,panh>d  ,levassor t ! fir/
 motors 7 con/ruct$ "u ! sy/em ( ,otto &
 ,lang5 ) atmosph]ic pressure1 !n !     
f\r-cycle eng9e ( ,otto & f9ally !      
two-cycle sy/em ( ,b5z & ,ravell4  ,9   
#ahhf1 :5 ! ,daiml] petroleum motor     
appe>$1 he recogniz$ ! great "p t x w\ld
 play 9 practical application to !      
propulsion ( vehicles & boats4 ,he      
acquir$ ! "r to use x 9 ,france1 & 9    
#ahhg exhibit$1 9 ,p>is1 a boat ?us     
propell$4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s he put =? ! 
fir/ automobile vehicle ) motor 9 front4
   ,,leon ,,s]pollet  ,s]pollet is not$ 
9 ,france to-day z ! *ampion ( ! /eam   

automobile4 ,9 #ahhg1 he appe>$ 9 ,p>is 
) 8 ?ree-:eel]1 two re> drive & "o front
 /e]+ :eel4 ,) its light & safe g5]ator 
8 ma*9e attract$ mu* att5tion1 b its use
 9 ! /reets ( ! capital 0 tempor>ily    
prohibit$1 until ! grant+ to him 9 #ahia
 ( ! fir/ unre/rict$ lic5se = su* use   
result$ f 8 initiation ( ! prefect (    
police by driv+ t important p]sonage 9 !
 /eam]4  ,8 g5]ator1 kn[n z ! fla%      
boil]1 has be5 develop$ to a high /ate (
 p]fection4 ,! tubes ( 8 boil] 7 heavy1 
flatt5$ tub+1 /r5g!n$ 9 t =m by be+     
transv]sally b5t or groov$4 ,he 0 help$ 
d\btless to no small ext5t1 9 8 "w1 by 8
 association1 ab\t #ahig1 ) a weal?y    
,am]ican1 ,f4 ,l4 ,g>dn]1 :o made       
possible ! developm5t ( ! l>ge          
,g>dn]-,s]pollet e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,rue    
,/5dhal1 ,p>is4  ,:ile ,s]pollet has    
a*iev$ a brilliant & well-des]v$        
reputation 9 8 native l&1 he is also    
recogniz$ 9 o!r c\ntries z "o ( !       
greate/ liv+ promot]s ( ! /eam bran* ( !
 automobile indu/ry4 ,8 adh]5ce to /eam 

z ! motive p[] 9 self-propell$ road     
vehicles has be5 unremitt+ & en]getic4  
,few m5 h done m ?an he to improve      
c>riages 9 ?is class4  ,9 #aijj1        
,s]pollet 0 made a ,*evali] ( ! ,legion 
( ,honor4 ,8 sales to t date ( five     
ma*9es = ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia & l&aulets = ! 
,mah>ajah ( ,mysore & o!r notables _h   
giv5 him mu* prom95ce at t "t4          
,illu/ration3 ,,leon ,,s]pollet   ,,l\is
 ,,& ,,m>cel ,,r5ault  ,born 9 ,b\logne1
 ,france1 ! ,r5ault ,bro!rs1 ) g5]al    
te*nical education1 p]sev]ance &        
ability1 ent]$ ! field ( automobile     
manufactur+ only "s six ye>s ago1 al?\gh
 !y e>li] gave to ! subject mu* att5tion
 & /udy4  ,hav+ appreciat$ ?r\gh p]sonal
 exp]i5ce ! %ortcom+s ( ! gasol9e       
tricycle1 ,l\is ,r5ault 9 ,octob]1      
#ahih1 manufactur$1 9 8 private %op1 a  
small two-pass5g] vehicle1 ) a "o &     
?ree-qu>t]s horse-p[] motor1 :i*        
elim9at$ ! p$all+ = />t+1 b 0 o!rwise   
small & light z a tricycle4 ,9 ,janu>y1 
#ahii1 he br\ght out a small f\r-:eel] )

 "o & ?ree-qu>t]s horse-p[] motor 9     
front1 ?ree spe$s & *a9less1 or z n[    
call$ propell] drive4 ,! dem& 0 imm$iate
 & l>ge & result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( !    
works ( ,r5ault ,frres1 :o began to make
 ! fir/ lot ( ^! small vehicles 9 ,m>* (
 ! same ye>4 ,^! won prizes 9 !         
,p>is-,tr\ville1 ! ,o/5de & !           
,ramb\illet runs1 & "o complet$ a ?ree  
?\s& six hundr$ kilomet] t\r ?r\gh      
diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe & ov] ! ,alps4   
,! new model ( #aijj _h a ?ree & "o-half
 horse-p[] motor & !rmo-syphon cool+    
sy/em4 ,_m honors 7 won ) ^!1 & notably 
t ( ,l\is ,r5ault's mo/ successful use (
 "o 9 ! gr& army maneuv]s4 ,b ! output (
 ?ree hundr$ & fifty %[$ ! necessity =  
l>g] works4 ,) ! increas$ facilities (  
#aija1 ! product 0 d\bl$ & ! model      
increas$ to f\r & "o-half horse-p[]1    
:ile eight & n9e horse-p[] 7 w9n]s 9 !  
,p>is-,bordeaux & ,p>is-,b]l9 races4  ,9
 #aijb came ano!r addition to !         
,billanc\rt works ( ,cloise to f\r ?\s& 
squ>e met]s area1 & ! ,r5ault ,bro!rs !n

 *ang$ _! models to voiture lgre1 six to
 eight horse-p[]1 /eel tube frame & wood
 :eels--a full-fl$g$ vehicle4 ,!y       
succe$$ 9 ! ,circuit du ,nord1 organiz$ 
by ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture1 =           
alcohol-motor$ vehicles4 ,!n came !     
triumph ( _! tw5ty horse-p[] f\r-cyl9d] 
type 9 ! great ,p>is-,vi5na race1 :]e x 
0 pitt$ aga9/ =ty & ev5 sev5ty horse-p[]
 vehicles4 ,! result 0 a great impetus  
comm]cially1 & new %ops accommodat+ a   
?\s& workm5 & cov]+ ?irte5 ?\s& squ>e   
met]s1 :i* produc$ "o ?\s& f\r hundr$   
vehicles 9 ! foll[+ ye>4  ,bo? bro!rs1  
:o _h always be5 at ! :eel ( _! own c>s 
9 ! ye>s ( rac+1 ent]$ ! memorable      
race-(-dea?1 ,p>is-,madrid1 9 ,may1     
#aijc4 ,l\is arriv$ fir/ at ,bordeaux1 b
 8 un=tunate bro!r ,m>cel1 :ile close to
 victory1 0 kill$ ) ! ov]turn+ ( 8 ma*9e
 only a few kilomet]s f ! goal4 ,9      
memory ( ,m>cel ,r5ault a simple monum5t
 0 unveil$ at ,billanc\rt ,may #bf1     
#aijd1 on gr\nd contribut$ by !         
municipal c\ncil2 a bronze plate on "o  

side ( ?is p]petuates 8 triumphant entry
 into ,vi5na1 %[+ 8 arrival at ! f9i%4  
,l\is ,r5ault1 s9ce cont9u+ ! bus9ess1  
has n[ produc$ l>g] ma*9es1 includ+ !   
sixty to n9ety horse-p[] made = !       
,v&]bilt race 9 ,am]ica1 ,octob]1 #aijd4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,m>cel ,,r5ault        
,,not$ ,,inve/igators     ,,simon       
,,/ev91   ,,?omas ,,wildgosse1   ,,david
 ,,ramsey1   ,,johann ,,hauts*1         
,,*ri/iaan ,,huyg5s1   ,,/eph5          
,,f>fleur1   ,,f]n&o ,,v]bie/1   ,,isaac
 ,,newton1   ,,vegelius1   ,,eli        
,,ri*>d1   ,,gottfri$ ,,wilhelm ,,von   
,,leibnitz1   ,,humphrey ,,mackwor?1    
,,d5is ,,pap91   ,,vaucauson1           
,,rob9son1   ,,erasmus ,,d>w91   ,,ri*>d
 ,,lovell ,,edgewor?1   ,,francis       
,,moore1   ,,planta1   ,j4 ,s4 ,,ke/l]1 
,,blan*>d1   ,,?omas ,,*>les ,,augu/e   
,,dall]y1   ,,james ,,watt1   ,,rob]t   
,,f\rness1   ,,george ,,m$hur/1   ,,&rew
 ,,vivian1   ,,du ,,quet1   ,j4 ,h4     
,,g5evois1   ,,john ,,dumbell1          
,,william ,,brunton1   ,,?omas ,,t9dall1

   ,,john ,,baynes1   ,,julius          
,,griffi?s1   ,,edmund ,,c>twright1     
,t4 ,,burtsall1   ,t4 ,w4 ,,p>k]1       
,,george ,,pocock1   ,,samuel ,,br[n1   
,,james ,,neville1   ,t4 ,s4 ,,holl&1   
,,james ,,nasmy?1   ,f4 ,,&rews1        
,,h>l&1   ,,pecqueur1   ,,james ,,v9ey1 
,,*evali] ,,bord9o1   ,,clive1          
,,summ]s ,,& ,,ogle1   ,,gibbs1         
,,*>les ,,dance1   ,,jo%ua ,,field1     
,,dietz1   ,,yates1   ,g4 ,,milli*ap1   
,,james ,,caleb ,,&]son1   ,,rob]t      
,,davidson1   ,w4 ,g4 ,,heaton1   ,f4   
,,hill1   ,,goodman1   ,,norrgb]1   ,j4 
,k4 ,,fi%]1   ,r4 ,w4 ,,?ompson1        
,,an?ony ,,b]nh>d1   ,,batt91   ,,ri*>d 
,,dudgeon1   ,,l\gh ,,& ,,mess5g]1      
,,?omas ,,rickett1   ,,daniel ,,adamson1
   ,,/irl+1   ,w4 ,o4 ,,c>rett1         
,,ri*>d ,,tangye1   ,t4 ,w4 ,,c[an1     
,,*>les ,t4 ,,hayball1   ,,isaac ,w4    
,,b\lton1   ,,arm/rong1   ,,pi]re       
,,ravel1   ,l4 ,t4 ,,pyott1   ,a4       
,,ri*t]1   ,,raff>d1   ,,*>les          
,,jeanteaud1   ,,sylve/] ,,haywood      

,,rop]1   ,,copel&1   ,g4 ,,b\ton1      
,,c\nt ,a4 ,,de ,,dion1   ,,arm&        
,,peugeot1   ,,radcliffe ,,w>d1         
,,mors1   ,,magnus ,,volk1   ,,butl]1   
,,le ,,blant1   ,,emile ,,delahaye1     
,,rog]1   ,,georges ,,ri*>d1   ,,po*a91 
,,l\is ,,krieg]1   ,,de ,,detri*1       
,,david ,,salomons1   ,,leon ,,boll,e1  
,,joseph ,,gu$on1   ,,r5e ,,de ,,knyff1 
,,adolf ,,clem5t1   ,a4 ,,d>racq1       
,,james ,,gordon ,,b5nett4   ,,simon    
,,/ev9  ,born 9 ,bruges1 ,holl&1 9      
#aedh4 ,di$ 9 #afbj4  ,/ev9 0 a not$    
ma!matician1 & also exp]im5t$ 9 !       
con/ruction ( :eel vehicles ab\t #afjj4 
,he built 9 8 work%op at ,! ,hague a    
:eel$ vehicle t 0 propell$ by sails4    
,?is 0 simply a tray or boat ( wood1 :i*
 hung close to ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 borne on   
f\r wood5 :eels1 ea* "o ( :i* 0 five    
feet 9 diamet]1 & ! aft]-axle 0 pivot$  
to =m a rudd]4 ,a tall ma/ 0 c>ri$      
amid%ips1 & !re 0 a small =ema/ t 0 /ay$
 aft4 ,l>ge squ>e sails 7 c>ri$ on ^!   
ma/s4 ,a trial trip ( ?is sail+ %ip on  

l& 0 made 9 #afjj1 :5 ! j\rney f        
,s*ev5+5 to ,pett51 a di/ance ( =ty-two 
miles1 0 made 9 ab\t two h\rs4 ,on ?is  
occasion "s tw5ty-two pass5g]s 7 c>ri$4 
,pr9ce ,maurice ( ,holl& /e]$1 & among !
 pass5g]s 7 ,grotius1 & ! ,spani%       
,admiral1 ,m5doza1 :o 0 !n a prison] (  
w> 9 ,holl&4  ,/ev9 also built a small] 
sail vehicle1 simil> to ! "o j describ$1
 t c>ri$ f five to eight p]sons4 ,bo?   
c>riages 7 us$ a great deal1 runn+ _m   
miles on ! ,dut* coa/4 ,! small] "o 0 to
 be se5 at ,s*ev5+5 z late z #ahjb4     
,grotius wrote a poem on ^! c>riages4   
,bi%op ,wilk5s1 9 ,engl&1 also wrote    
ab\t !m 9 #afdh1 & %[$ a draw+ t 0 made 
f a description giv5 to him by ^? :o _h 
se5 ! c> at "w4 ,h[ell1 a writ] ( !     
p]iod1 ?us qua9tly describ$ ! ,/ev9     
c>riage3 ,?is eng9e1 t ha? :eels &      
sails1 w hold above tw5ty p1 & goes ) ! 
w9d1 be+ drawn or mov$ by no?+ else1 & w
 run1 ! w9d be+ good & ! sails hois'd   
up1 ab\t fifte5 miles an h\r ^u ! ev5   
h>d s&s4   ,,?omas ,,wildgosse  ,9      

#afah1 ,?omas ,wildgosse got out a pat5t
 = newe1 apte1 ( comp5di\s =mes or k9ds 
( eng9es or in/rum5ts to pl\ghe gr\nds  
)\t horse or ox52 & to make boates = !  
c>ryage ( bur!ns & pass5g]s runn ^u !   
wat] z swifte 9 calmes1 & m safe 9      
/ormes1 ?an boats full sayl$ 9 great    
wynnes4 ,x is agre$ by ! be/ au?orities 
t ^! vehicles 7 set 9 motion by ge>     
work$ by ! h& ( a driv]1 al?\gh ,flet*] 
?9ks t /eam eng9es 7 int5d$4 ,additional
 pat5ts 7 grant$ to ,wildgosse 9 #afbe4 
,,david ,,ramsey  ,associat$ ) ,?omas   
,wildgosse 9 8 exp]im5t+ & pat5t+1 9    
#afah1 0 ,david ,ramsey1 :o at t "t 0   
,page ( ! ,b$ ,*amb] to ,james ,i4 (    
,engl&1 & aft]w>ds 0 ,groom ( ! ,privy  
,*amb] to ! same mon>*4 ,9 #afdd1       
,ramsey 0 aga9 a p>tn] 9 ! grant ( a    
pat5t = a f>re m easie & bett] waye =   
s[e+ ( corne & grayne1 & alsoe = ! c>ry+
 ( coa*es1 c>ts1 drayes1 & o!r ?+s goe+ 
on :eels1 ?an ev] yet 0 us$ & discov]$4 
,?is may h be5 a manually or a /eam     
propell$ vehicle4 ,x is mo/ reasonable  

to suppose t x 0 ! =m]4   ,,johann      
,,hauts*  ,born 9 #aeie4 ,di$ 9 #afgj4  
,hauts* 0 a not$ ma!matician1 &1        
exp]im5t+ 9 ! con/ruction ( road        
vehicles1 he built a me*anical c>riage =
 use on common roads4 ,?is c>riage 0    
successfully run 9 ,nuremb]g1 ,g]many1 9
 #afdi1 & !reaft] attract$ a great deal 
( att5tion4 ,x 0 propell$ by a tra9 (   
ge>s t turn$ ! axle1 be+ op]at$ by two  
m5 :o1 secret$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! body1    
work$ cranks4 ,! f9i% ( ! body ( ?is    
coa* 0 v elaborate1 be+ heavily c>v$ &  
hav+ fa%ion$ 9 front ! figure ( a       
dragon1 arrang$ to roll its eyes & sp\t 
/eam & wat]1 9 ord] to t]rify ! populace
 & cle> ! way4 ,on ea* side ( ! body 7  
c>v$ angels hold+ trumpets1 :i* 7       
con/antly bl[n1 ! precursors1 p]haps1 ( 
! automobile horns ( to-day4 ,! ,hauts* 
coa* 0 said to h gone z rapidly z "o    
?\s& paces an h\r4 ,"o ( ! c>riages :i* 
he built 0 sold to ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce (     
,sw$51 & ano!r to ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,n mu*
 m is kn[n ( ! ,hauts* vehicles1 b x is 

a matt] ( record t ! inv5tor 0 prec$$ by
 "o ^: "n is unkn[n1 b :o ran a coa*1   
me*anically propell$ some:at l ?is c>1 9
 ,janu>y1 #addg1 ne> ,nuremb]g4         
,,*ri/iaan ,,huyg5s  ,born at ,! ,hague1
 ,holl&1 ,april #ad1 #afbi4 ,di$ at ,!  
,hague1 ,june #h1 #afie4  ,huyg5s       
receiv$ a good education1 & at e>ly age 
%[$ a s+ul> aptitude = ma!matics4 ,soon 
aft] he 0 sixte5 ye>s ( age he prep>$   
pap]s on ma!matical subjects t gave him 
pre-em95t di/9ction4 ,he became not$ z a
 physici/1 a/ronom] & ma!matician4 ,he  
devot$ "s "t to ! consid]ation (        
improvem5ts 9 road vehicul> travel4     
,,/eph5 ,,f>flu]  ,born 9 #affc4        
,f>flu] 0 a contempor>y ( ,johann       
,hauts*1 & 0 a skillful me*anician (    
,altd]fan>1 ,nuremb]g1 ,g]many4 ,ab\t   
#afej he made a dirigible vehicle       
propell$ by man p[]1 b z di/+ui%$ f t ( 
8 rival1 ,hauts*1 ?is 0 a small c>riage1
 be+ calculat$ only = "o p]son4 ,be+    
crippl$1 ,f>flu] us$ ! wagon z 8 only   
means ( gett+ ab\t alone4 ,x _h h&      

cranks t drove ! s+le front :eel by     
ge>s4   ,,f]n&o ,,v]bie/  ,born ne>     
,c\rtrai1 ,belgium1 #afbc4 ,di$ 9 ,*9a 9
 #afhh4  ,v]bie/ became a ,jesuit       
mission>y1 & 0 a man ( m>k$ ability4    
,aft] go+ to ,*9a he acquir$ a ?or\gh k 
( ! language ( t c\ntry1 :]e he sp5t !  
great] "p ( 8 life4 ,"u 8 ,*9ese "n he  
wrote sci5tific & !ological works 9     
,*9ese4 ,he 0 appo9t$ a/ronom] at !     
,pek9 obs]vatory1 und]took ! re=mation (
 ! ,*9ese cal5d>1 sup]9t5d$ ! cannon    
f\ndries1 & 0 a great favorite ( !      
,emp]or4  ,ab\t #afee he made a small   
model ( a /eam c>riage4 ,?is is describ$
 9 ! ,engli% edition ( ,huc's           
,*ri/ianity 9 ,*9a1 9 ,muirhead's ,life 
( ,james ,watt1 & 9 ! ,a/ronomia        
,europia1 a "w t is attribut$ to        
,v]bie/1 b 0 probably compil$ f 8 works 
by ano!r ,jesuit prie/ & 0 publi%$ 9    
,europe 9 #afhi4 ,! ,v]bie/ model 0 = a 
f\r-:eel$ c>riage1 on :i* an aeolipile 0
 m\nt$ ) a pan ( burn+ coals b5ea? x4 ,a
 jet ( /eam f ! aeolipile imp+$ ^u !    

vanes ( a :eel on a v]tical axle1 ! l[] 
end ( ! sp9dle be+ ge>$ to ! front axle4
 ,an additional :eel1 l>g] ?an !        
support+ :eels1 0 m\nt$ on an adju/able 
arm 9 a mann] to adapt ! vehicle to mov+
 9 a circul> pa?4 ,ano!r orifice 9 !    
aeolipile 0 fitt$ ) a re$1 s t ! /eam   
go+ ?r\gh x imitat$ ! song ( a bird4    
,,isaac ,,newton  ,born at ,wool/horpe1 
,l9coln%ire1 ,engl&1 ,decemb] #be1      
#afdb4 ,di$ at ,k5s+ton1 ,m>* #bj1      
#agbg4  ,isaac ,newton1 :o became "o ( !
 greate/ ma!maticians t ! _w ev] knew1 0
 ! son ( a f>m]4 ,he 0 educat$ at       
,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 & 9 8 e>ly
 y\? he ma/]$ ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics1 z
 !n kn[n1 & began orig9al inve/igations 
to discov] new me?ods4 ,8 great         
a*ievem5t 0 ! discov]y ( ! law (        
univ]sal gravitation1 b 8 g5ius 0 active
 9 o!r directions1 z ! inve/igation ( ! 
nature ( light1 ! con/ruction ( improv$ 
telescopes1 & s on4 ,he 0 a ,memb] (    
,p>liam5t 9 #afhi & #agja1 & ma/] ( !   
m9t1 a lucrative position1 f #afif until

 ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,9 #afga he 0 elect$ a  
memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 & 0 annually 
*os5 to be its presid5t1 f #agjc until 8
 dea?4  ,newton 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,engli%m5 
to conceive ! idea ( ! propulsion (     
vehicles by ! p[] ( /eam4 ,tak+ up =    
consid]ation ,h]o's holl[ ball fill$ )  
wat] f :i* /eam 0 g5]at$ by ! outw>d    
application ( heat1 he add$ ^!          
conclusions3 ,we h a m s5sible effect ( 
! ela/icity ( vapors if ! hole be made  
bigg] & /opp$1 & !n ! ball be laid ^u ! 
fire till ! wat] boils viol5tly2 aft]   
?is1 if ! ball be set ^u little :eels1 s
 z to move easily ^u a horizontal plane1
 & ! hole be op5$1 ! vapors w ru% out   
viol5tly "o way1 & ! :eels & ! ball at !
 same "t w be c>ri$ ! contr>y way4      
,beyond ?is philosophical sugge/ion1    
h[ev]1 ,newton nev] w5t4 ,! /eam c>riage
 attribut$ to him by "s writ]s is m]ely 
an imag9ative creation1 by writ] or     
arti/1 bas$ ^u ! above proposition4     
,,vegelius  ,a pr(essor at ,j5a1        
,saxony1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,vegelius 

con/ruct$1 9 #afgi1 a me*anical horse1  
:i* 0 propell$ by spr+s & cas$ 9 ! sk9 (
 a real horse4 ,?is ma*9e is said to h  
travel$ f\r ,g]man miles an h\r4   ,,eli
 ,,ri*>d  ,born on ! ,isl& ( ,r 9 #afde4
  ,a physician ( ,la ,ro*elle1 ,france1 
,eli ,ri*>d 0 a man ( sci5ce1 & a       
consid]able celebrity 9 8 day4 ,he _h   
built1 9 #afij1 a dirigible vehicle t he
 us$ to travel ab\t 9 on 8 pr(essional  
"w4 ,! c>riage 0 propell$ by me*anism   
op]at$ by a man-s]vant by means ( a     
treadle4 ,! op]ator 0 plac$ on ! re> ( !
 c>riage1 & ! occupant1 seat$ 9 front1  
/e]$ by a w9* atta*$ to a small :eel4   
,?is con/ruction 0 frequ5tly ref]r$ to  
by contempor>ies ( ,ri*>d1 & ev5 lat]   
on1 & 0 copi$ by o!rs dur+ ! foll[+     
hundr$ ye>s or s4   ,,gottfri$ ,,wilhelm
 ,,von ,,leibnitz  ,born at ,leipsic1   
,g]many1 ,july #f1 #afdf4 ,di$ at       
,hanov]1 ,novemb] #ad1 #agaf4           
,leibnitz1 9 addition to 8 "w z a       
philosoph] & ma!matician1 0 also int]e/$
 9 me*anics4 ,he gave "s att5tion to !  

/udy ( ! possibility ( mak+ improvem5ts 
9 common road vehicles1 & he endeavor$  
to enc\rage1 ?\gh )\t results1 8        
contempor>y1 ,d5is ,pap94   ,,humphrey  
,,mackwor?  ,born 9 #afdg4 ,di$ 9 #agbg4
  ,a celebrat$ ,engli% politician &     
capitali/1 ,sir ,humphrey ,mackwor?     
matriculat$ at ,magdal5e ,college1      
,ox=d1 ,decemb] #aa1 #afgd4 ,he 0 ent]$ 
at ! ,middle ,temple1 9 ,june1 #afge1 & 
call$ to ! b> 9 #afhb4 ,9 #afie he 0    
engag$ 9 develop+ colli]ies & copp] &   
smelt+ works at ,mel5cryddan1 ne> ,nea?1
 ,wales1 & ! improvem5ts introduc$ by   
him !re 7 ( ! greate/ value4 ,among o!r 
improvem5ts he con/ruct$ a wagon-way f !
 m9es1 & propell$ 8 coal-c>ry+ c>s by   
sails4   ,,d5is ,,pap9  ,born at ,bloys1
 ,france1 ,augu/ #bb1 #afdg4 ,di$ 9     
,engl&1 #agab4  ,pap9 0 a son & nephew (
 a physician4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e 9 ,p>is &
 practic$ = "s "t1 atta9+ di/9ction 9 8 
pr(ession4 ,a passion = ! sci5ces1      
ma!matics & physics drew him away f     
m$ical practice & he became skillful 9  

o!r l9es4 ,he foll[$ assidu\sly !       
foot/eps ( ,huyg5s & 9 "s respects      
became a rival ( 8 ma/] 9 orig9al ?\ght 
& exp]im5t+ & 9 pr(essional atta9m5ts4  
,pap9 inv5t$ 9 #afih a c>riage t 0 fitt$
 ) a /eam eng9e z su* is n[ und]/ood2 t 
is1 a cyl9d] & a pi/on4 ,?is 0 probably 
! fir/ vehicle ( its k9d kn[n 9 ,europe4
 ,! con/ruction 0 a model m]ely1 a toy  
:i* ran ar\nd ! room1 b x is said to h  
work$ well4 ,conc]n+ ?is inv5tion1 ,pap9
 said3 ,i believe t "o might use ?is    
inv5tion = o!r ?+s besides rais+ wat]4  
,i h made a little model ( a c>riage t  
is propell$ by ?is =ce4 ,i h 9 m9d :at  
,i c d1 b ,i believe t ! unev5ness &    
turns ( ! highway w make ?is inv5tion v 
difficult to p]fect = c>riages or road  
use4 ,al?\gh enc\rag$ to prosecute 8 "w 
by ! ,b>on ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm von       
,leibnitz1 8 d\bts c\ld n be ov]come 9  
reg>d to ! practicability ( 8 propos$   
c>riage4 ,he /ill claim$1 h[ev]1 t by ! 
aid ( su* vehicles1 infantry c\ld       
probably be mov$ z quickly z cavalry &  

)\t ! necessity ( heavy imp$im5ta ( food
 & o!r supplies4   ,,vaucauson  ,a      
celebrat$ ,fr5* me*anician1 ,vaucauson1 
9 ,april1 #agdj1 built a vehicle to g   
)\t horses4 ,he 0 visit$ at 8 palace 9  
,rue ,*>onne1 ,p>is1 by ,k+ ,l\is       
,fifte5?1 & ! exhibition ( ?is vehicle1 
:i*1 accord+ to reports1 0 propell$ by a
 simple wat* spr+1 0 review$ 9 a j\rnal 
( ! "t z foll[s3  ,ye/]day1 at #c ,p4,m4
 ,8 ,maje/y1 accompani$ by sev]al (fic]s
 & high c\rt function>ies1 repair$ to ! 
palace ( ,m4 ,vaucauson & took 8 seat on
 a species ( ?rone specially prep>$ = 8 
reception on a rais$ plat=m1 :5ce he    
c\ld cle>ly disc]n all ! me*anism ( !   
c>riage 9 its gyrations ?r\gh ! av5ues &
 alleys4 ,! vehicle w\ld seat two       
p]sons1 & 0 pa9t$ sc>let1 bord]$ 9 blue1
 ornam5t$ ) mu* gild+2 ! axle trees ( ! 
:eels 7 provid$ ) brakes & set 9 motion 
by a fif? :eel1 likewise well brak$ &   
b\nd ) long ribbons ( ind5t$ /eel4 ,two 
*a9s communicat$ ) a revolv+ lev] 9 !   
h&s ( ! conductor1 :o c\ld at w />t or  

/op ! c>riage )\t ne$ ( horses4 ,8      
,maje/y congratulat$ ! skillful         
me*anician1 ord]+ f him = 8 own use a   
simil> vehicle to grace ! royal /ables4 
,! ,duke ( ,montem>1 ! ,b>on ( ,av5ac & 
! ,c\nt ( ,bauzun1 :o _h witness$ !     
trial1 7 unable to cr$it _! own vision1 
s m>vel\s did ! inv5tion appe> to !m4   
,nev]!less1 sev]al memb]s ( ! ,fr5*     
,academy unit$ 9 decl>+ t su* a piece ( 
me*anism c\ld nev] circulate freely     
?r\gh ! /reets ( any city4  ,ei!r f     
royal =getfulness or ?anks to ! cu/om>y 
c\rt intrigues to turn ,8 ,maje/y f 8   
purpose1 or possibly because ( ! some:at
 crude nature ( ! inv5tion itself1 !    
fact is t f t "t =? n ! slighte/ m5tion 
is to be f\nd 9 hi/ory ( ! motor c>riage
 ( ,vaucauson4   ,,rob9son  ,x is on !  
au?ority ( ,james ,watt t ,dr4 ,rob9son 
is cr$it$ ) hav+ conceiv$ ! idea ( driv+
 c>riages by /eam p[]4 ,watt wrote z    
foll[s3  ,my att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to 
! subject ( /eam eng9es by ! late ,dr4  
,rob9son1 !n a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity (   

,glasg[1 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ( ,natural  
,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 
,he1 9 #agei1 ?rew out ! idea ( apply+ !
 p[] ( ! /eam eng9e to ! mov+ ( :eel    
c>riages1 & to o!r purposes1 b ! s*eme 0
 soon ab&on$ on 8 go+ abroad4           
,,erasmus ,,d>w9  ,born at ,elton1      
,nott+ham%ire1 ,engl&1 ,decemb] #ab1    
#agca4 ,di$ at ,d]by1 ,april #ah1 #ahjb4
  ,hav+ /udi$ at ,/4 ,john's ,college1  
,cambridge1 & at ,ed9burgh1 ,d>w9 settl$
 z a physician at ,lit*field & ga9$ a   
l>ge practice4 ,9 #agha he mov$ to      
,d]by4 ,he 0 a man ( rem>kable sci5tific
 atta9m5ts & a volum9\s writ] ( poetry t
 0 p]vad$ by en?usiasm & love ( nature1 
b _h little poetic quality4  ,d>w91     
wrote mo/ ( 8 poetry & evolv$ mo/ ( 8   
ideas z he drove ab\t ! c\ntry 9 a      
doctor's cov]$ sulky t 0 pil$ high )    
books & writ+ mat]ials4 ,he 0 9         
correspond5ce ) ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 &      
,mat!w ,b\lton ab\t #agfe 9 reg>d to    
/eam1 & writ+ to ,b\lton1 said3 ,z ,i 0 
rid+ home ye/]day ,i consid]$ ! s*eme ( 

! fi]y *>iot1 & ! long] ,i contemplat$  
?is favorite idea1 ! m practicable x    
appe>$ to me4 ,i %all lay my ?\ghts be=e
 y1 crude & undige/$ z !y appe>$ to me1 
& by ^! h9ts y may be l$ into v>i\s     
tra9s ( ?9k+ ^u ?is subject1 & by t     
means 7if any h9ts c assi/ y\r g5ius1   
:i*1 )\t h9ts1 is above all o!rs ,i am  
acqua9t$ )7 be m likely to approve or   
disapprove4 ,& z ,i am q mad ( ! s*eme1 
,i hope y w n %[ ?is pap] to anyone4 ,^!
 ?+s are requir$3 7#a7 a rot>y motion2  
7#b7 easily alt]+ its direction to any  
o!r direction2 7#c7 to be accel]at$1    
ret>d$1 de/roy$1 reviv$1 in/antly &     
easily2 7#d7 ! bulk1 ! weight1 ! exp5se 
( ! ma*9e to be z small z possible 9    
proportion to its weight4 ,d>w9 gave    
sket*es & sugge/$ t ! /eam c>riage %\ld 
h ?ree or f\r :eels1 & be driv5 by an   
eng9e hav+ two cyl9d]s op5 at ! top1 & !
 /eam cond5s$ 9 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 on 
,newcom5's pr9ciple4 ,! /eam 0 to be    
admitt$ into ! cyl9d]s by cocks work$ by
 ! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! /e]+ :eel1 !        

injection cock be+ actuat$ by ! eng9e4  
,! fi]y *>iot nev] w5t beyond ?is       
sugge/ion1 h[ev]4   ,,ri*>d ,,lovell    
,,edgewor?  ,an ,engli% g5tleman (      
=tune1 & mu* int]e/$ 9 me*anics1 ,ri*>d 
,lovell ,edgewor? 0 influ5c$ by ,dr4    
,erasmus ,d>w9 to take up ! subject (   
/eam locomotion4 ,9 #agfh1 ,dr4 ,small1 
9 correspond5ce ) ,james ,watt1 spoke ( 
,edgewor? & 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! problem (   
mov+ l& & wat] c>riages by /eam4 ,two   
ye>s lat] ,edgewor? pat5t$ a portable   
railway sy/em & !n sp5t ne>ly =ty ye>s  
on t "o idea4  ,:5 an old man ( sev5ty1 
,edgewor? wrote to ,james ,watt3 ,i h   
always ?\ght t /eam w\ld become !       
univ]sal "l1 & t 9 "t we %\ld scorn !   
po/ horses4 ,dr4 ,smiles says3 ,f\r ye>s
 lat] he di$1 & left ! problem :i* he _h
 ne>ly all 8 life be5 try+ ineffectually
 to solve1 to be work$ out by y\ng] m54 
,,francis ,,moore  ,9 #agfi1 ,francis   
,moore1 ( ,london1 a l95 drap]1 inv5t$ a
 ma*9e :i* he describ$ z made ( wood1   
iron1 brass1 copp]1 or o!r metals1 &    

con/ruct$ ^u peculi> pr9ciples1 &       
capable ( be+ wr\ght or put 9 motion by 
fire1 wat]1 or air1 )\t be+ drawn by    
horses or any o!r bea/ or cattle2 & :i* 
ma*9es1 or eng9es1 ^u repeat$ trials1 he
 has discov]$ w\ld be v useful 9        
agriculture1 c>riage ( p]sons & goods1  
ei!r 9 coa*es1 *>iots1 *aises1 c>ts1    
wagons1 or o!r conveyances1 & likewise 9
 navigation1 by caus+ %ips1 boats1      
b>ges1 & o!r vessels to move1 sail1 or  
proce$1 ) m swiftness or despat*4  ,x 0 
said t1 s confid5t 0 ! inv5tor ( !      
success ( 8 ma*9e1 he sold all 8 own    
horses1 & by 8 advice _m ( 8 fri5ds did 
! same1 expect+ t ! price ( t animal    
w\ld be s affect$ by ! inv5tion1 t x    
w\ld n be aga9 "o-f\r? ( :at x 0 !n4    
,moore made sev]al trials ) 8 /eam      
c>riage1 & took out ?ree pat5ts = x4 ,l 
_m o!rs ( t "t1 h[ev]1 ,moore's c>riages
 nev] got into use4   ,,planta  ,a      
,swiss army (fic] :o 0 contempor>y )    
,cugnot 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he 0      
engag$ ^u ! problem ( a /eam road wagon 

at ab\t ! same "t t ,cugnot conceiv$ &  
execut$ 8 vehicle 9 #agfi4 ,g5]al       
,gribeauval1 to :om ,cugnot's plan _h   
be5 ref]r$1 engag$ ,planta to pass ^u x 
& to exam9e ! new vehicle4 ,! ,swiss    
(fic] f\nd x 9 all respects s mu* bett] 
?an 8 own t he s report$ to ! ,fr5*     
,m9i/ry ( ,w> & ab&on$ fur!r endeavors  
on t l9e4   ,j4 ,s4 ,,ke/l]  ,9 #afhj a 
description 0 publi%$ ( a c>riage       
design$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,ke/l]4 ,?is 0 m]ely 
a toy1 set 9 motion by m]cury 9 a tube  
heat$ by a c&le4   ,,blan*>d  ,9        
connection ) 8 p>tn]1 ,masuri]1 ,blan*>d
 br\ght out 9 ,p>is1 9 #aggi1 a vehicle 
t 0 some:at patt]n$ aft] ! man-propell$ 
c>riage ( ,eli ,ri*>d4 ,x 0 v successful
 & attract$ a great deal ( att5tion4    
,,?omas ,,*>les ,,augu/e ,,dall]y  ,born
 at ,ami5s1 ,france1 ,septemb] #d1      
#aged4 ,di$ at ,j\y1 ne> ,v]sailles1 9  
,june1 #ahce4  ,ab\t #aghj1 ,dall]y made
 a /eam vehicle ) a multi-tubul> boil]  
:i* he claim$ 0 an orig9al inv5tion ( 8 
own4 ,?is vehicle 0 run 9 ,ami5s & 9    

#agij 0 se5 on ! /reets ( ,p>is4 ,9     
,m>*1 #ahjc1 he secur$ a pat5t on !     
tubul> boil] = use on 8 /eamboat1 or on 
8 /eam c>riage4 ,?is vehicle 0 a        
boat-%ap$ wagon1 driv5 by a /eam eng9e4 
,,james ,,watt  ,born at ,gre5ock1      
,scotl&1 ,janu>y #ai1 #agcf4 ,di$ at    
,birm+ham1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,engl&1 ,augu/   
#be1 #ahai4  ,watt came ( a respectable 
& indu/ri\s family4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 a      
pr(essor ( ma!matics1 :ile 8 fa!r 0 an  
in/rum5t mak]1 c\ncillor & manufactur]4 
,aft] a limit$ education "y ,watt w5t to
 ,london1 9 #agee1 & became a ma!matical
 & nautical in/rum5t mak]4 ,9 t capacity
 he became connect$ ) ,glasg[           
,univ]sity1 & !re made 8 discov]ies t   
result$ 9 ! practical improvem5ts 9 !   
/eam eng9e :i* made him fam\s4 ,he 0    
associat$ ) ,mat!w ,b\lton1 "u ! firm "n
 ( ,b\lton  ,watt1 f #aggd to #ahjj1 & !
 ,watt eng9es t 7 built by t conc]n at  
,soho revolutioniz$ ,engl&'s m9+        
indu/ries4 ,8 /eam eng9es repres5t$ a   
great /ep beyond ! ,newcom5 eng9es1 ?\gh

 /ill us+ l[-pressure /eam4  ,watt's    
connection ) /eam c>riages = use on !   
common roads1 a subject t 0 ( mu* mom5t 
9 8 day1 0 limit$ to a s+le pat5t &     
g5]ally to disc\rag+ ! plans ( o!rs 9 t 
direction1 ow+ to 8 fe> t ! introduction
 ( high-pressure /eam use w\ld h>m !    
eng9e bus9ess4 ,9 ! pat5t grant$ to him 
9 #aghd he propos$ t ! boil] ( 8 c>riage
 %\ld be made ( wood5 /aves1 fa/5$ )    
iron hoops1 l a cask1 & ! furnace to be 
( iron1 & plac$ 9 ! inside ( ! boil]1   
surr\nd$ ) wat]4  ,watt1 h[ev]1 nev]    
built ! /eam c>riage4 ,he reta9$ !      
deepe/ prejudices aga9/ ! use (         
high-pressure /eam1 say+3 ,i soon       
rel9qui%$ ! idea ( con/ruct+ an eng9e on
 ?is pr9ciple2 f be+ s5sible x w\ld be  
liable to "s ( ! objections aga9/       
,sav]y's eng9e1 viz41 ! dang] ( bur/+ ! 
boil]1 & also t a great "p ( ! p[] ( !  
/eam w\ld be lo/1 because no vacuum 0   
=m$ to assi/ ! desc5t ( ! pi/on4        
,,rob]t ,,f\rness  ,born 9 ,otley1      
,york%ire1 ,engl&4 ,di$ at an e>ly age4 

,f\rness became a practical eng9e] &    
inv5t$ sev]al labor-sav+ ma*9es4 ,"o ( 8
 fir/ inv5tions 0 = a ma*9e to split    
hides1 t 0 set up & op]at$ 9 !          
e/abli%m5t ( 8 fa!r4 ,lat] 9 life he    
e/abli%$ works = himself 9 ,%effield1 & 
aft]w>ds 9 ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,9 #aghh1 he 0 a
 resid5t ( ,ell&1 ,halifax1 & !re made a
 /eam c>riage t 0 run by a ?ree-cyl9d]  
inv]t$ eng9e4 ,spur-ge>+ transmitt$ !   
driv+ p[] f ! crank %aft to ! axle4 ,8  
pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 conjunction ) ,james 
,a%wor?4 ,?is vehicle 0 m\nt$ on two    
driv+ :eels & _h a small] /e]+ :eel 9   
front4   ,,george ,,m$hur/  ,born at    
,%oreham1 ,k5t1 ,engl&1 9 ,febru>y1     
#agei4 ,di$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahbg4  ,m$hur/
 0 educat$ z a clock mak]1 b 9 #aghi    
/>t$ z an eng9e]4 ,9 ! same ye> he      
secur$ a pat5t = a w9dmill & pumps =    
compress+ air to obta9 motive p[]4 ,"o (
 ! fir/ inve/igators 9 ?is direction1 ! 
idea on :i* he work$ & :i* cont9u$ to   
absorb 8 en]gy ?r\gh\t life1 0 to make  
use ( ! w9d :5 x s]v$ 9 ord] to compress

 l>ge bodies ( air = use :5 ne$$4 ,9    
#ahjj1 he took out a pat5t on an aeolian
 eng9e & demon/rat$ h[ c>riages c\ld be 
driv5 ^u ! common roads by compress$ air
 /or$ 9 res]voirs und]nea? ! body ( !   
vehicle4 ,he also contemplat$ apply+ ?is
 eng9e to o!r useful purposes &         
calculat$ t small c>riages c\ld be work$
 by a rot>y eng9e & l>g] ones by        
reciprocat+ eng9es ) special ge> = v>y+ 
p[]4  ,9 describ+ 8 inv5tions & expla9+ 
8 ideas reg>d+ compress$ air1 ,m$hur/   
said3 ,! p[] appli$ to ! ma*9]y is      
compress$ air1 & ! p[] to compress ! air
 ,i obta9 g5]ally by w9d1 assi/$ &      
improv$ by ma*9]y describ$ 9 ?is        
specification1 & 9 ord] to r5d] my      
inv5tion univ]sally useful ,i propose to
 adapt my ma*9]y & magaz9e s t x may be 
*>g$ by h&1 by a fall ( wat]1 by a      
vacuum obta9$ by w9d & also by explosive
 & eff]vesc5t sub/ances1 = ! rapid      
conveyance ( pass5g]s1 mails1 dispat*es1
 artill]y1 milit>y /ores1 etc41 & to    
e/abli% regul> /age coa*es & wagons     

?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 to convey goods &      
pass5g]s1 = public accommodation1 by    
erect+ w9dmills1 wat]-mills1 etc41 at   
prop] int]vals ^u ! roads1 to be employ$
 9 *>g+ l>ge magaz9es at ^! /ations )   
compress$ air1 or 9 rais+ l>ge magaz9es 
( wat] by w9d1 etc41 by ! p[] ( :i*     
portable magaz9es may be *>g$ :5 requir$
 by ma*9]y = t purpose4  ,m$hur/        
contemplat$ e/abli%+ regul> l9es (      
coa*es1 ) pump+ /ations at regul> /opp+ 
places4 ,he endeavor$ to =m a company to
 "w 8 inv5tions & develop 8 plans &     
publi%$ a pamphlet on ! subject (       
compress$ air4 ,ab\t #ahjj1 he e/abli%$ 
himself z a ma*9i/ & ironma/] 9 ,d5m>k  
/reet1 ,soho1 & ab\t t5 ye>s lat] 0 !   
fir/ to sugge/ pneumatic tubes = !      
c>riage ( p>cels or pass5g]s4 ,"s two   
ye>s lat] he br\ght out ! proposition = 
:at has come to be kn[n z ! atmosph]ic  
railway1 an appliance = convey+ goods & 
pass5g]s by ! p[] ( a pi/on 9 a cont9u\s
 tube laid betwe5 ! rails4   ,,&rew     
,,vivian  ,a resid5t ( ,cornwall1       

,engl&1 ,&rew ,vivian1 a c\s9 ( ,ri*>d  
,trevi?ick1 became mu* int]e/$ 9 !      
eng9e]+ exp]im5ts ( 8 fam\s relative4   
,he work$ ) 8 c\s9 & p>ticul>ly assi/$  
him 9 exp]im5ts on /eam eng9es =        
propell+ road c>riages4 ,9 #ahjb1 he 0 a
 jo9t pat5tee ) ,trevi?ick1 9 ! e>ly    
/eam vehicle t 0 tak5 to ,london & 0    
exhibit$ 9 t city1 :]e = a %ort "t x    
occasion$ a great deal ( public         
curiosity4   ,,du ,,quet  ,a ,fr5*man   
:o1 9 #agad1 design$ a small w9dmill to 
give motion to ! :eels ( 8 c>riages4    
,j4 ,h4 ,,g5evois  ,a ,swiss cl]gyman1 (
 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he     
propos$ to use w9dmills or sails on 8   
wagon & by a sy/em ( spr+s to /ore !    
en]gy ?us obta9$ until su* "t z x %\ld  
be ne$$ = driv+ purposes4   ,,john      
,,dumbell  ,9 #ahjh1 ,john ,dumbell     
secur$ a pat5t = an eng9e t _h _m       
peculi> features4 ,he plann$ to h ! /eam
 act on a s]ies ( vanes1 or fli]s1 )9 a 
cyl9d]1 l ! sails ( a w9dmill1 caus+ !m 
to rotate toge!r ) ! %aft to :i* !y 7   

fix$4 ,ge>+ transmitt$ ! motion ( ?is   
%aft to ! driv+ :eels4 ,! inv5tor       
propos$ to raise /eam by p]mitt+ wat] to
 drop ^u a metal plate1 kept at an      
int5se heat by means ( a /rong fire1 :i*
 0 /imulat$ by a pair ( bell[s4         
,,william ,,brunton  ,born at ,dalkei?1 
,scotl&1 ,may #bf1 #aggg4 ,di$ at       
,camborne1 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 ,octob]   
#e1 #aheg4  ,! elde/ son ( ,rob]t       
,brunton1 a wat* & clock mak]1 ,william 
,brunton /udi$ me*anics fir/ 9 8 fa!r's 
%op & !n 9 ,engl&1 "u ! guidance ( 8    
gr&fa!r1 :o 0 a colli]y view]4 ,:5 he 0 
?irte5 ye>s ( age1 9 #agij1 he began "w 
9 ! fitt+ %ops ( ! ,new ,lan>k cotton   
mills ( ,david ,dale & ,ri*>d           
,arkwright4 ,rema9+ 9 t e/abli%m5t = six
 ye>s he !n w5t to ! ,b\lton  ,watt     
%ops1 at ,soho1 :]e he 0 gradually      
promot$1 until he f9ally became ! =eman 
& sup]9t5d5t ( eng9e manufactur+4  ,9   
#ahac1 he w5t to ! ,jessop's ,butt]ley  
,works1 b rema9$ !re only ?ree ye>s1 :5 
he became a p>tn] & me*anical manag] ( !

 ,eagle ,f\ndry1 at ,birm+ham1 a        
connection t he ma9ta9$ = t5 ye>s4 ,f   
#ahbe to #ahce1 he 0 engag$ 9 ! practice
 ( civil eng9e]+ 9 ,london4 ,9 !        
la/-m5tion$ ye>1 he became a %>e own] 9 
! ,cwm ,avom t9 works 9 ,glamorgan%ire1 
,wales1 :]e he sup]9t5d$ ! erection (   
copp]-smelt+ furnaces & roll+ mills4 ,he
 0 also connect$ ) ! ,mae/eg ,works 9 ! 
same c\nty & a brew]y at ,nea?4 ,?r\gh !
 failure ( ^! ent]prises he lo/ ! sav+s 
( 8 lifetime & 0 nev] aga9 engag$       
actively 9 bus9ess4 ,he inv5t$ _m +5i\s 
modes ( r$uc+ & manufactur+ metals2 made
 "s ( ! orig9al eng9es us$ on ! ,humb] &
 ! ,tr5t & also "s ( ! e>lie/ t 7 se5 on
 ! ,m]sey1 includ+ ^? f\r vessels fir/  
op]at$ on ! ,liv]pool f]ries 9 #ahad4   
,he also inv5t$ ! calc9] t 0 put 9 use 9
 ! t9 m9es at ,cornwall & ! silv] ore   
works 9 ,mexico4  ,l ne>ly all ! o!r    
eng9e]s ( 8 day1 ,brunton plann$ a /eam 
c>riage4 ,?is 0 built :5 he 0 at !      
,butt]ley ,works1 9 #ahac1 & 0 call$ !  
me*anical travell]4 ,al?\gh a peculi>   

ma*9e x work$ ) "s degree ( success1 at 
a gradi5t ( "o 9 ?irty-six1 all ! w9t] (
 #ahad1 at ! ,newbottle ,colli]y4 ,!    
ma*9e 0 a /eam horse r ?an a /eam       
c>riage4 ,x consi/$ ( a curi\s          
comb9ation ( lev]s1 ! action ( :i* ne>ly
 resembl$ t ( ! legs ( a man 9 walk+1 ) 
feet alt]nately made to press aga9/ !   
gr\nd ( ! road or railway1 & 9 su* a    
mann] z to adapt !mselves to ! v>i\s    
incl9ations or inequalities ( ! surface4
 ,! feet 7 ( v>i\s =ms1 ! great object  
be+ to prev5t !m f injur+ ! road1 & to  
obta9 a firm foot+1 s t no j]ks %\ld    
take place at ! return ( ! /roke1 :5 !  
action ( ! eng9e came ^u !m2 = ?is      
purpose !y 7 made broad1 ) %ort spikes  
to lay hold ( ! gr\nd4 ,! boil] 0 a     
cyl9d] ( wr\ght iron1 five feet six     
in*es long1 ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & ( su*
 /r5g? z to be capable ( su/a9+ a       
pressure ( upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ p\nds p] 
squ>e in*4 ,! work+ cyl9d] 0 six in*es 9
 diamet]1 & ! pi/on _h a /roke (        
tw5ty-f\r in*es2 ! /ep ( ! feet 0       

tw5ty-six in*es1 & ! :ole ma*9e1 includ+
 wat]1 weigh$ ab\t =ty-five             
hundr$weight4 ,9 #ahae1 ! eng9e ( ?is   
c>riage explod$ & kill$ ?irte5 p]sons4  
,,?omas ,,t9dall  ,a /eam eng9e 0       
pat5t$1 9 #ahad1 by ,?omas ,t9dall1 (   
,sc>bor\gh4 ,! inv5tor propos$ to use   
?is = an inf9itude ( purposes1 su* z    
driv+ c>riages = ! conveyance (         
pass5g]s1 pl\gh+ l&1 m[+ grass & corn1  
or work+ ?ra%+ ma*9es4 ,! c>riage _h    
?ree :eels--"o = /e]+4 ,! /eam eng9e    
drove1 by spur ge>+1 f\r legs1 :i*1 pu%+
 aga9/ ! gr\nd1 mov$ ! c>riage4 ,! eng9e
 c\ld also be made to act ^u ! two h9d  
:eels = asc5d+ hills1 or = draw+ heavy  
loads4 ,a w9dmill1 driv5 p>tly by !     
action ( ! w9d1 & p>tly by ! exhau/ /eam
 f ! eng9e1 0 us$ z adjunct p[]4        
,,john ,,baynes  ,a v +5i\s modification
 ( ,william ,brunton's me*anical        
travel]1 0 ! subject ( a pat5t grant$ to
 ,john ,baynes1 a cutl]1 ( ,%effield1   
,engl&1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahai4 ,! me*anism 
0 design$ to be atta*$ to c>riages = !  

purpose ( giv+ !m motion by means (     
manual labor1 or by o!r suitable p[]1 & 
consi/$ ( a peculi> comb9ation ( lev]s &
 rods4 ,! pat5tee also /at$ t !re might 
be sev]al sets ( ! ma*9]y above describ$
 = work+ ea* set ) a treadle1 or ev5    
only "o set & treadle4 ,!n he add$3 ,i  
pref] two = ord9>y purposes1 p>ticul>ly 
:5 only a s+le p]son is int5d$ to be    
convey$ 9 ! c>riage1 :o may "w ! same by
 plac+ "o foot on ea* treadle1 9 :i* !  
action w be alt]nate4 ,! l[] p>ts ( !   
leg %\ld be s =m$ or %od z n to slip ^u 
! gr\nd4 ,?is ma*9]y may be v>i\sly     
appli$ to c>riages1 accord+ to          
circum/ances1 s z t ! treadles may be   
work$ ei!r beh9d or be=e ! c>riage1 /ill
 produc+ a =w>d motion2 9 "s cases x may
 be advantage\s to jo9t ! front end ( ! 
treadles to ! c>riage & press ! feet on 
! h9d ends4   ,,julius ,,griffi?s       
,among ^? :o came to ! front ) plans =  
/eam c>riages = ! public highways1 soon 
aft] ! roads began to be improv$1 0     
,julius ,griffi?s1 ( ,brompton ,cresc5t4

 ,9 #ahba1 he pat5t$ a /eam c>riage t 0 
built by ,joseph ,bramhah1 a celebrat$  
eng9e] & manufactur]4 ,x is said t "p ( 
! me*anism 0 design$ by ,arzb]g]1 a     
=eign]4  ,! c>riage has be5 t]m$ by "s  
,engli% au?orities ! fir/ /eam coa*     
con/ruct$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 expressly = !   
conveyance ( pass5g]s on common roads4  
,x 0 repeat$ly te/$ dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree 
or f\r ye>s1 b fail$ on acc\nt ( boil]  
defici5cies4 ,alex&] ,gordon said ( x3  
,! eng9es1 pumps1 & connections 7 all 9 
! be/ /yle ( me*anical execution1 & _h  
,mr4 ,griffi?s' boil] be5 ( su* a k9d z 
to g5]ate regul>ly ! requir$ quantity ( 
/eam1 a p]fect /eam c>riage mu/ h be5 ! 
consequ5ce4 ,! c>riage mov$ easily &    
answ]$ v readily to guidance4 ,! vehicle
 0 a d\ble coa* & c\ld c>ry eight       
pass5g]s4  ,?is locomotive _h two       
v]tical work+ /eam cyl9d]s1 :i* ) !     
boil]1 cond5s]1 & o!r details 7 susp5d$ 
to a wood frame at ! re> ( ! c>riage4 ,!
 eng9e] 0 seat$ beh9d & did 8 own fir+4 
,! boil] 0 a s]ies ( horizontal wat]    

tubes1 "o & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] &   
two feet long2 at ea* end ! flanges 7   
bolt$ to ! v]tical tubes =m+ ! sides ( !
 furnace4 ,atta*$ to ! wood frame 9     
front ( ! driv+ :eels1 0 a small wat]   
tank1 & a =ce pump suppli$ ! boil] )    
wat]4 ,! /eam1 pass+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d]1 w5t
 into an air cond5s]4 ,! p[] ( ! eng9es 
0 communicat$ f ! pi/on rods to ! driv+ 
:eels ( ! c>riage by sweep rods1 ! l[]  
ends ( :i* 7 provid$ ) driv+ p9ions &   
det5ts1 :i* op]at$ ^u too!d ge> fix$ to 
! h9d c>riage axle4 ,! object ( ?is     
me*anism 0 to keep ! driv+ p9ions always
 9 ge> ) ! too!d :eels1 h[ev] ! eng9e & 
o!r ma*9]y might vibrate or ! :eels be  
jolt$ ^u unev5 gr\nd4 ,! boil]1 eng9e1 &
 o!r work+ p>ts 7 susp5d$ to ! wood     
frame by *a9 sl+s1 hav+ /rong spiral    
spr+s s z to r$uce ! vibration f r\gh   
roads4   ,,edmund ,,c>twright  ,born at 
,m>nham1 ,nott+ham%ire1 ,engl&1 ,april  
#bd1 #agdc4 ,di$ at ,ha/+s1 ,octob] #cj1
 #ahbc4  ,c>twright 0 educat$ at ,ox=d &
 secur$ a liv+ 9 ! ,engli% *ur*4 ,he    

devot$ himself to ! m9i/ry & to         
lit]ature until #aghd1 :5 he became     
int]e/$ 9 ma*9]y & 9 ! foll[+ ye> inv5t$
 ! p[] loom4 ,he took out o!r pat5ts &  
also gave "s att5tion to devis+ a       
me*anical c>riage propell$ by man p[]4  
,9 #ahbb1 he made a vehicle t 0 mov$ by 
a pair ( treadles & cranks work$ by !   
driv]4  ,ev5 ! /eam eng9e engag$ 8      
att5tion4 ,"s improvem5ts :i* he propos$
 9 x are record$ 9 works on me*anics4   
,:ile resid+ at ,el?am1 9 ,l9coln%ire1  
he us$ frequ5tly to tell 8 son t1 if he 
liv$ to be a man1 he w\ld see bo? %ips &
 l&-c>riages impell$ by /eam4 ,at t e>ly
 p]iod he con/ruct$ a model ( a /eam    
eng9e atta*$ to a b>ge1 :i* he expla9$1 
ab\t ! ye> #agic1 to ,rob]t ,fulton4 ,x 
appe>s t ev5 9 8 old age1 only a ye>    
be=e 8 dea?1 he 0 actively engag$ 9     
endeavor+ to contrive a plan ( propell+ 
l&-c>riages by /eam4   ,t4 ,,burtsall   
,an eng9e]1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&1 ,t4   
,burtsall1 9 conjunction ) ,j4 ,hill1 ( 
,london1 got out1 9 #ahbd1 a pat5t =    

fla% or in/antane\s g5]ation boil]s4 ,8 
aim 0 to make ! metal ( ! boil] /ore    
heat in/ead ( a mass ( wat]1 & he       
accompli%$ ?is by heat+ ! boil] to      
any:]e f two hundr$ & fifty degrees to  
six hundr$ degrees ,fahr5heit1 keep+ !  
wat] 9 a sep>ate vessel & pump+ x into !
 boil] z /eam 0 requir$4 ,a coa* t he   
built to run ) ?is boil] weigh$ eight   
tons1 & x 0 a failure1 simply because ! 
boil] c\ld n make /eam fa/ en\gh4   ,t4 
,w4 ,,p>k]  ,a work+ model ( a light    
/eam c>riage 0 made by ,t4 ,w4 ,p>k]1 ( 
,ill9ois1 9 #ahbe4 ,?ree :eels support$ 
! c>riage1 ! two h9d :eels be+ eight    
feet 9 diamet]4 ,! d\ble-cyl9d] eng9e 0 
us$4   ,,george ,,pocock  ,"o ( ! mo/   
curi\s ( ! w9d vehicle productions t    
held ! fancy ( sci5ti/s to a slight     
ext5t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 !
 *>volant or kite c>riage t 0 devis$ by 
,george ,pocock 9 #ahbf1 & built by     
,pocock & 8 p>tn]1 ,colonel ,v9ey4 ,?is 
0 a v light "o-seat$ c>riage1 drawn by a
 /r+ ( kites h>ness$ t&em4 ,) a good w9d

 ^! kites develop$ great p[] & x is said
 t ! c>riage :irl$ along1 ev5 on heavy  
roads1 at ! rate ( a mile 9 ?ree or ev5 
two & "o-half m9utes4 ,once ,v9ey &     
,pocock made ! trip f ,bri/ol to        
,london1 & !y (t5 ran _! c>riage ar\nd  
,hyde ,p>k & ! suburbs ( ,london4 ,z !  
w9d c\ld n always be dep5d$ ^u !        
*>volant 0 provid$ ) a re> plat=m1 ^u   
:i* a pony 0 c>ri$ = em]g5cies4         
,,samuel ,,br[n  ,9 #ahbf1 ,samuel ,br[n
 appli$ 8 gas-vacuum eng9e to !         
propulsion ( a c>riage1 :i* 0           
effectively work$ along ! public roads 9
 ,engl&4 ,x ev5 asc5d$ ! v /eep         
acclivity ( ,%oot]'s ,hill1 9 ,k5t1 to !
 a/oni%m5t ( num]\s spectators4 ,!      
exp5se ( work+ ?is ma*9e 01 h[ev]1 said 
f> to exce$ t ( /eam1 & ?is =m$ a b>ri] 
to its introduction4 ,exp]im5ts ) ?is   
eng9e = ! propulsion ( vessels on canals
 or riv]s 7 also made by ! ,canal ,gas  
,eng9e ,company4 ,br[n pat5t$ a         
locomotive = common roads 9 #ahbc4      
,,james ,,neville  ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahbg1   

,james ,neville1 an eng9e] ( ,london1   
took out a pat5t = a new-inv5t$ improv$ 
c>riage1 to be work$ by /eam1 ! *ief    
object ( :i* appe>s to h be5 to provide 
:eels adapt$ to take a firm hold ( !    
gr\nd4 ,he propos$ to make ea* ( !      
spokes ( ! :eels by means ( two rods (  
iron1 com+ ne>ly toge!r at ! nave1 b    
div]g+ consid]ably ap>t to _! o!r ends1 
:]e !y 7 fa/5$ to an iron felly-r+ ( !  
bread? ( ! tire1 & ?is tire 0 to be s   
provid$ ) num]\s po9t$ /uds ab\t half an
 in* long z to /ick into ! gr\nd to     
prev5t ! :eel f slipp+ r\nd4 ,a second  
me?od ( prev5t+ ?is effect 0 to fa/5 ^u 
! tire a s]ies ( flat spr++ plates1 ea* 
( !m =m+ a tang5t to ! circumf]5ce1 s t 
z ! :eels roll$ =w>d ea* plate %\ld be  
b5t aga9/ ! tire & recov] its tang5tial 
position z x left ! gr\nd 9 its         
revolution4 ,x 0 consid]$ t ! increas$  
be>+ surface ( ! plate1 & ! resi/ance ( 
its f>!/ edge1 w\ld infallibly prev5t   
slipp+4 ,= propell+ ! c>riage ,neville  
propos$ to use a horizontal vibrat+     

cyl9d] to give motion direct to ! crank 
axis by means ( ! comp\nd motion ( !    
pi/on rod1 z inv5t$ by ,trevi?ick1 !    
motion to ! runn+ :eels to be           
communicat$ ?r\gh ge> ( diff]5t         
velocities4   ,t4 ,s4 ,,holl&  ,among ! 
s+ul> propositions = produc+ a          
locomotive action t 7 br\ght out e>ly 9 
! eighte5? c5tury 0 t inv5t$ by ,t4 ,s4 
,holl&1 ( ,london1 = :i* he took out a  
pat5t 9 ,decemb]1 #ahbg4 ,! inv5tion    
consi/$ 9 ! application ( an arrangem5t 
( lev]s1 simil> to t commonly kn[n by ! 
"n ( lazy-tongs1 = ! purpose ( propell+ 
c>riages4 ,! objects appe>$ to be to    
d]ive f ! reciprocat+ motion ( a %ort   
lev] a consid]able degree ( spe$1 & to  
obta9 an abutm5t aga9/ :i* ! propell]s  
%\ld act horizontally1 9 ! direction ( !
 motion ( ! c>riage1 in/ead ( obliquely 
to t motion1 z is ! case :5 c>riages are
 impell$ by lev]s /rik+ ! e>?4   ,,james
 ,,nasmy?  ,born 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&1  
,augu/ #ai1 #ahjh4 ,di$ 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1
 ,engl&1 ,may #f1 #ahij4  ,:ile yet 9 8 

te5s ,james ,nasmy? %[$ great me*anical 
ability & con/ruct$ a small /eam eng9e4 
,9 #ahba1 he became a /ud5t at !        
,ed9burgh ,s*ool ( ,arts4 ,six ye>s lat]
 he _h made a v sub/antial advance 9 8  
exp]im5ts4 ,! /ory ( :at he endeavor$ to
 accompli% is be/ told by himself4 ,9   
lat] life he wrote3  ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbg1 
:5 ,i 0 n9ete5 ye>s old1 ! subject (    
/eam c>riages to run ^u common roads    
occupi$ consid]able att5tion4 ,sev]al   
eng9e]s & me*anical s*em]s _h tri$ _!   
h&s1 b z yet no sub/antial results _h   
come ( _! attempts to solve ! problem4  
,l o!rs1 ,i tri$ my h&4 ,hav+ made a    
small work+ model ( a /eam c>riage1 ,i  
exhibit$ x be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,scotti%   
,society ( ,arts4 ,! p]=mance ( ?is     
active little ma*9e 0 s gratify+ to !   
,society1 t !y reque/$ me to con/ruct "o
 ( su* p[] z to enable f\r or six p]sons
 to be convey$ along ! ord9>y roads4 ,! 
memb]s ( ! ,society1 9 _! individual    
capacity1 subscrib$ ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 
:i* !y plac$ 9 my h&s z ! means = c>ry+ 

out _! project4 ,i accord+ly set to "w  
at once1 & complet$ ! c>riage 9 ab\t f\r
 mon?s1 :5 x 0 exhibit$ be=e ! memb]s ( 
! ,society ( ,arts4 ,_m successful      
trials 7 made ) x on ! ,que5sf]ry ,road1
 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,! runs 7 g5]ally ( f\r 
or five miles1 ) a load ( eight pass5g]s
 sitt+ on b5*es ab\t ?ree feet f !      
gr\nd4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ = ne>ly   
?ree mon?s1 to ! great satisfaction ( ! 
memb]s4  ,i may m5tion t 9 my /eam      
c>riage ,i employ$ ! wa/e /eam to create
 a bla/ or draught1 by dis*>g+ x into ! 
%ort *imney ( ! boil] at its l[e/ "p2 & 
,i f\nd x mo/ effective4 ,i 0 n at t "t 
aw>e t ,george ,/eph5son & o!rs _h      
adopt$ ! same me?od2 b x 0 aft]w>ds     
gratify+ to me to f9d t ,i _h be5       
correct z reg>ds ! important uses ( !   
/eam bla/ 9 ! *imney4 ,9 fact1 x is to  
?is use ( ! wa/e /eam t we owe !        
practical success ( ! locomotive eng9e z
 a tractive p[] on railways1 especially 
at high spe$s4  ,! ,society ( ,arts did 
n atta* any comm]cial value to my road  

c>riage4 ,x 0 m]ely z a matt] ( exp]im5t
 t !y _h invit$ me to con/ruct x4 ,:5 x 
prov$ successful !y made me a pres5t ( !
 entire app>atus4 ,z ,i 0 anxi\s to get 
on ) my /udies1 & to prep>e = ! "w (    
practical eng9e]+1 ,i proce$$ no fur!r4 
,i broke up ! /eam c>riage1 & sold ! two
 small high-pressure eng9es1 provid$ ) a
 /rong boil]1 = ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-five
 doll>s1 a sum :i* m ?an defray$ all !  
exp5ses ( ! con/ruction & work+ ( !     
ma*9e4   ,f4 ,,&rews  ,x is said t ,f4  
,&rews1 ( ,/am=d ,riv]s1 ,essex1 ,engl&1
 0 ! inv5tor ( ! pilot /e]+ :eel :i* 0  
us$ by ,gurney & has be5 (t5 us$ s9ce   
!n4 ,he also made o!r improvem5ts 9 /eam
 c>riages 9 #ahbf4 ,"o ( 8 pat5ts 0 = ! 
oscillat+ cyl9d]s t 7 us$ by ,james     
,neville 9 8 /eam c>riage4 ,&rews' /eam 
c>riage 0 a failure1 l _m o!rs ( t      
p]iod1 on acc\nt ( imp]fect work+ ( !   
boil]4   ,,h>l&  ,dr4 ,h>l&1 (          
,sc>bor\gh1 9 #ahbg inv5t$ & pat5t$ a   
/eam c>riage = runn+ on common roads4 ,a
 work+ model ( ! /eam coa* 0 p]fect$1   

embrac+ a multi-tubul> boil] = quickly  
rais+ high-pressure /eam1 ) a revolv+   
surface cond5s] = r$uc+ ! /eam to wat]  
aga9 by means ( its exposure to ! cold  
draught ( ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! int]/ices 
( extremely ?9 lam9ations ( copp]       
plates4 ,! entire ma*9]y plac$ "u !     
bottom ( ! c>riage1 0 borne on spr+s2 ! 
:ole be+ ( an elegant =m4  ,?is model   
/eam c>riage asc5d$ ) ease ! /eepe/     
roads4 ,its success 0 s complete t ,h>l&
 design$ a full-siz$ c>riage2 b ! dem&s 
^u 8 pr(essional skill 7 s great t he 0 
prev5t$ go+ fur!r ?an con/ruct+ a pair (
 eng9es1 ! :eels1 & a "p ( ! boil]4     
,h>l& sp5t 8 leisure "t 9 inv5tions & 9 
t "w 0 associat$ ) ,sir ,george ,cayley4
 ,he 0 ,mayor ( ,sc>bor\gh ?ree times4  
,he di$ 9 #ahff4   ,,pecqueur  ,*ief (  
%ops at ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et    
,meti]1 ,p>is1 ,pecqueur made a /eam    
wagon 9 #ahbh4 ,8 vehicle _h two drive  
:eels key$ to two pairs ( axles4 ,8     
planet ge>+ 0 ! orig9 ( ! balance ge>4  
,,james ,,v9ey  ,colonel ,james ,v9ey1  

,royal ,eng9e]s1 9 #ahbi pat5t$ a boil] 
int5d$ = /eam c>riages4 ,8 plan 0 to h  
two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or six conc5tric holl[  
cyl9d]s conta9+ wat]1 betwe5 :i* ! fire 
f bel[ pass$ up4 ,an annul> space =     
wat]1 & an annul> space or flue = !     
asc5d+ fire1 7 plac$ alt]nately1 ! wat] 
be+ betwe5 two fires4   ,,*evali]       
,,bord9o  ,an ,italian (fic] ( eng9e]s1 
,bord9o devis$ & con/ruct$ a /eam       
c>riage = ! div]sion ( 8 little daught]4
 ,x 0 a c>riage  la ,dumont1 & = =ty    
ye>s 0 us$ regul>ly 9 ! c>nival         
fe/ivities ( ,tur9 9 ! e>ly "p ( !      
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is /ill pres]v$ z    
donat$ by ! wid[ ( ,bord9o to !         
,indu/rial ,museum ( ,tur94   ,,clive   
,be/ kn[n z a writ] ( articles on ! /eam
 c>riage1 ov] ! signature ( ,saxula1 9 !
 ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 ,clive1 ( ,cecil  
,h\se1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,engl&1 also engag$ 9
 exp]im5t+ ) /eam4 ,9 #ahcj1 he secur$  
pat5ts = two improvem5ts 9 locomotives1 
"o increas+ ! diamet] ( ! :eels & ! o!r 
increas+ ! ?r[ ( ! cranks4 ,aft] a "t he

 seems to h lo/ fai? 9 ! /eam c>riage1 =
 9 #ahdc he wrote3 ,i am an old common  
road /eam c>riage projector1 b gave x up
 z impracticable t5 ye>s ago1 & ,i am a 
w>m admir] ( ,colonel ,mac]oni's        
inv5tions4 ,my op9ion = ye>s has be51 & 
(t5 s express$1 t x is impossible to    
build an eng9e suffici5tly /rong to run 
ev5 )\t a load on a common road1 ye> by 
ye>1 at ! rate ( fifte5 to tw5ty miles  
an h\r4 ,x w\ld break d[n4 ,cold iron at
 t spe$ _c /& ! %ock ( ! mom5tum ( a    
con/ant fall f /ones & ruts ( ev5 an in*
 high4   ,,summ]s ,,& ,,ogle  ,two /eam 
c>riages built by ,summ]s & ,ogle1 9    
#ahca1 7 among ! mo/ successful vehicles
 ( _! k9d 9 t day4 ,"o ( ^! c>riages _h 
two /eam cyl9d]s1 ea* sev5 & "o-half    
in*es 9 diamet] & ) eighte5-in* /roke4  
,x 0 m\nt$ on ?ree :eels & its boil]    
w\ld "w at a pressure ( two hundr$ &    
fifty p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,pass5g]s 7   
c>ri$ 9 ! front & ! middle ( ! coa*1    
:ile ! tank & ! boil] 7 beh9d4 ,! second
 c>riage _h ?ree /eam cyl9d]s1 ea* f\r  

in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a twelve-in* /roke4  
,:5 ! committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0  
inve/igat+ ! subject ( /eam locomotion  
on ! common roads ,summ]s & ,ogle appe>$
 & gave int]e/+ p>ticul>s conc]n+ _!    
vehicles4 ,! greate/ velocity ev] obta9$
 0 ?irty-two miles an h\r4 ,!y w5t f !  
turnpike gate at ,s\?ampton to !        
f\r-mile /one on ! ,london road1 a      
cont9u$ elevation1 ) "o slight desc5t1  
at ! rate ( tw5ty-f\r & a half miles p] 
h\r1 load$ ) p2 tw5ty pass5g]s 7 (t5    
c>ri$4 ,_! fir/ /eam c>riage ran f      
,cable ,/reet1 ,wellclose ,squ>e1 to )9 
two miles & a half ( ,bas+/oke1 :5 !    
crank %aft broke1 & !y 7 oblig$ to put !
 :ole ma*9e into a b>ge on ! canal & s5d
 x back to ,london4 ,?is same ma*9e _h  
previ\sly run 9 v>i\s directions ab\t ! 
/reets & outskirts ( ,london4 ,) _!     
improv$ c>riage !y w5t f ,s\?ampton to  
,birm+ham1 ,liv]pool & ,london1 ) !     
greate/ success4  ,! ,saturday ,magaz9e1
 ( ,octob] #f1 #ahcb1 gave an acc\nt (  
"o ( _! trials z foll[s3 ,i h j return$ 

f witness+ ! triumph ( sci5ce 9         
me*anics1 by travel+ along a hilly &    
crook$ road f ,ox=d to ,birm+ham 9 a    
/eam c>riage4 ,?is truly wond]ful ma*9e 
is ! inv5tion ( ,capta9 ,ogle1 ( !      
,royal ,navy1 & ,mr4 ,summ]s1 8 p>tn]1 &
 is ! fir/ & only "o t has accompli%$ s 
long a j\rney ov] *ance roads1 & )\t    
rails4 ,its rate ( travel+ may be call$ 
twelve miles an h\r1 b tw5ty or p]haps  
?irty d[n hill if n *eck$ by ! brake1 a 
contrivance :i* places ! :ole ( ! ma*9]y
 "u complete control4 ,away w5t !       
spl5did vehicle ?r\gh t beaute\s city   
7,ox=d7 at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r1    
:i*1 :5 cle> ( ! h\ses1 0 accel]at$ to  
f\rte54 ,j z ! /eam c>riage 0 ent]+ !   
t[n ( ,birm+ham1 ! supply ( coke be+    
exhau/$1 ! /eam dropp$2 & ! good p1 on  
le>n+ ! cause1 flew to ! frame1 & dragg$
 x into ! inn y>d4   ,,gibbs  ,an       
,engli% eng9e]1 ,gibbs made a special   
/udy ( ! /eam c>riage ( ,sir ,*>les     
,dance 9 #ahca4 ,z a result ( 8         
inve/igations he built a /eam drag 9    

#ahcb4 ,?is 0 int5d$ to draw pass5g]    
c>riages & x _h a boil] ) spirally      
desc5d+ flue plac$ beh9d ! driv+ :eels4 
,9 #ahcb1 9 conjunction ) 8 p>tn]1      
,applegate1 he pat5t$ a /eam c>riage ) a
 tubul> boil] & oscillat+ eng9e cyl9d]s4
 ,! p[] f ! axle 0 transmitt$ to ! driv+
 :eels ?r\gh friction b&s1 arrang$ 9 !  
bases ( ! :eels s t "o or bo? :eels c\ld
 be c\pl$ to ! axles4   ,,*>les ,,dance 
,an en?usia/ic motori/1 ,sir ,*>les     
,dance1 ( ,london1 9 ! fir/ ?ird ( !    
n9te5? c5tury did a great deal to       
enc\rage ! eng9e]s :o 7 inv5t+ /eam road
 vehicles4 ,he 0 f9ancially int]e/$ 9   
sev]al ( ! companies t 7 organiz$ to run
 /eam coa*es ov] ! common roads4 ,he 0 !
 back] ( ,goldswor?y ,gurney1 & 0 also  
engag$ 9 build+ = himself4 ,8 mo/ fam\s 
c> 0 a coa* t ran e day f ! ,/r&1       
,london1 to ,brighton4 ,?is 0 an eng9e  
m\nt$ on f\r :eels ) a tall rectangul>  
funnel t n>r[$ t[>d ! top4 ,above !     
eng9e 7 seats = six or sev5 p]sons      
besides ! driv]4 ,beh9d ! eng9e 0 a     

vehicle l a boxc> l[ hung on :eels4 ,on 
! side ( ?is box 0 emblazon$ ! coat (   
arms ( its own]4 ,on ! ro( seat 9 front 
7 places = f\r pass5g]s4 ,on a big      
foot-bo>d beh9d1 /ood ! footman4 ,?is   
c>riage 0 "o ( ! spectacul> sights (    
,london at t "t & great cr[ds ga!r$ 9 ! 
,/r& e day to witness its dep>ture4     
,dance ran ,gurney's coa*es on !        
,*elt5ham & ,gl\ce/] ,road until public 
opposition compell$ 8 )drawal1 b aft] t 
he 0 a jo9t pat5tee ) ,jo%ua ,field1 (  
an improv$ boil]4 ,?is 0 appli$ to !    
road c>riage above m5tion$ & ! fir/     
trips 7 made 9 ,septemb]1 #ahcc1 ) a    
drag & omnibus atta*$1 a spe$ ( sixte5  
miles an h\r be+ atta9$4 ,on ! fir/ trip
 f ,london to ,brighton1 fifte5 pass5g]s
 7 c>ri$ & ! di/ance ( fifty-two miles 0
 cov]$ 9 five & a half h\rs1 ! return   
j\rney be+ p]=m$ 9 less ?an five h\rs4  
,ab\t ! middle ( ,octob] ! /eam drag &  
omnibus 7 put ^u ! road betwe5 ,well+ton
 ,/reet1 ,wat]loo ,bridge1 & ,gre5wi*1  
:]e x cont9u$ to run = a =tnight1 ) a   

view ( %[+ ! public 9 ,london :at c\ld  
be done 9 ?is direction4 ,! proprietor  
_h no int5tion ( mak+ x a p]man5t mode (
 conveyance1 & !re=e kept ! company z   
select z he c\ld by *>g+ half a cr[n =  
tickets ea* way4   ,,jo%ua ,,field      
,born 9 #aghf4 ,di$ 9 #ahfc4  ,a memb] (
 ! well-kn[n firm ( ,maudsley1 ,sons    
,field1 m>9e eng9e]s1 ( ,london1 ,engl&1
 ,jo%ua ,field took out a pat5t = an    
improv$ boil]1 9 conjunction ) ,sir     
,*>les ,dance4 ,! firm made an improv$  
vehicle = ,dance1 & 9 #ahce ,field      
con/ruct$ = himself a /eam c>riage t    
made a trip 9 ,july ) a p>ty ( gue/s4 ,!
 c>riage 0 driv5 up ,d5m>k ,hill1 & did 
! di/ance1 n9e miles1 9 =ty-f\r m9utes4 
,x also ran sev]al times to ,read+ &    
back1 at ! rate ( twelve miles an h\r4  
,"o ( ! subscrib]s t[>ds ! build+ ( ?is 
c>riage1 said t x 0 a success           
me*anically1 b n economical4 ,field 0 "o
 ( ! six f\nd]s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil
 ,eng9e]s4   ,,dietz  ,previ\s to ! "t t
 ! c>riage ( ,francis ,mac]oni 0 tak5 to

 ,france1 an eng9e design$ by ,dietz 0  
run 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! reports ( !
 ,academy ( ,sci5ces & ,academy (       
,indu/ry 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahdj1 ?is vehicle 0
 describ$4 ,! c>riage _h eight :eels1   
two ( :i* 7 l>ge & gave ! impulsion4 ,! 
six small] :eels rose & fell accord+ to 
! irregul>ity ( ! road1 & at ! same "t  
assi/$ 9 be>+ ! weight ( ! c>riages4 ,! 
:eels 7 b\nd ) wood tires1 hav+ cork    
und]nea?4 ,! locomotive 0 a drag1 draw+ 
a c>riage = pass5g]s4 ,! eng9e 0 ( ?irty
 horse-p[]1 & a spe$ ( t5 miles an h\r 0
 made4   ,,yates  ,a /eam c>riage 0     
built by ,messrs4 ,yates  ,smi?1        
,london1 9 #ahcd4 ,x _h a trial 9 ,july 
( t ye>1 runn+ f ! factory 9 ,:ite*apel1
 along ,high & sev]al o!r /reets1 at !  
rate ( t5 to twelve miles an h\r4       
,vibrat+ eng9es1 work+ on horizontal    
fram+1 7 us$4 ,! coa* resembl$ an ord9>y
 /age-coa*4   ,g4 ,,milli*ap  ,9 a lett]
 to an ,engli% eng9e]+ pap] 9 #ahcg1 ,g4
 ,milli*ap1 ( ,birm+ham1 claim$ to h a  
locomotive c>riage build+4 ,he wrote3   

,if y\r correspond5t w take ! tr\ble to 
call at my h\se ,i %all be happy to %[  
him a locomotive c>riage 9 a /ate (     
great =w>dness1 int5d$ decid$ly = common
 roads4   ,,james ,,caleb ,,&]son  ,born
 9 ,cork1 ,irel&1 ,july #ba1 #aghb4 ,di$
 9 ,london1 ,april #d1 #ahfa4  ,! fa!r (
 ,sir ,james ,caleb ,&]son1 ( ,buttevant
 ,ca/le1 ,irel&1 0 ,john ,&]son1 a      
celebrat$ m]*ant ( ,irel&1 fam\s z !    
f\nd] ( ! t[n ( ,f]moy4 ,! son gave mu* 
att5tion to ! subject ( /eam & /eam     
propulsion1 & made _m exp]im5ts1 tak+   
out sev]al pat5ts4 ,9 #ahca1 he lodg$ a 
specification = improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y =  
propell+ vessels on wat]2 9 #ahcg1 =    
improvem5ts 9 locomotive eng9es1 & 9    
#ahdf1 = improvem5ts 9 obta9+ motive p[]
 & apply+ x to ! propulsion ( c>s &     
vessels & ! driv+ ( ma*9]y4 ,8 #ahca    
pat5t 0 = a manually-propell$ vehicle1 a
 c>riage 9 :i* tw5ty-f\r m5 7 arrang$ on
 seats1 l r[]s 9 a boat1 b 9 two ti]s1  
"o above ! o!r4 ,! action 0 ne>ly ! same
 z ! pull+ ( o>s1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 

all ! m5 sitt+ on "o seat pull$ at "o   
horizontal cross-b>1 ea* extremity ( :i*
 0 furni%$ ) an anti-friction roll] t   
ran betwe5 guide rails on ! opposite    
sides ( ! c>riage4 ,! ends ( ea* ( ^!   
horizontal b>s 7 connect$ to reciprocat+
 rods t gave motion to a crank %aft1 on 
:i* 7 m\nt$ spur ge> t actuat$ simil>   
ge> on ! axis ( ! runn+ :eels ( !       
c>riage2 s t by slid+ ! ge> on ! axis ( 
! latt] any requir$ velocity c\ld be    
communicat$ to ! c>riage1 or a sudd5 /op
 made4 ,x 0 propos$ to employ ?is z a   
drag1 to draw "o or m c>riages conta9+  
pass5g]s aft] x4 ,! pat5tee _h *iefly 9 
view ! movem5t ( troops by ?is me?od4   
,&]son gave f9ancial support to ,w4 ,h4 
,james1 9 #ahbg1 until he fell into     
pecuni>y difficulties4 ,t5 ye>s lat] he 
re-engag$ 9 /eam c>riage con/ruction on 
8 own acc\nt1 & accord+ to 8 own reports
 he exp5d$ ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s&   
doll>s on exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 said t he     
fail$ 9 tw5ty-n9e c>riages be=e he      
succe$$ 9 ! la/4 ,he pat5t$ a boil] t 0 

said to be a poor copy ( ,walt]         
,hancock's boil]4 ,!n he organiz$ a     
jo9t-/ock company1 ! ,/eam ,c>riage &   
,wagon ,company1 :i* propos$ to con/ruct
 /eam drags 9 ,dubl9 & 9 ,man*e/]1 :i*1 
:5 complet$1 7 to convey goods &        
pass5g]s at d\ble ! spe$ & at half ! co/
 ( horse c>riages4  ,&]son said3 ,i     
produce & prove my /eam drags be=e ,i am
 paid = !m1 & ,i keep !m 9 repair2      
consequ5tly1 nei!r ! public nor !       
company runs any risk4 ,! fir/ /eam     
c>riage built = ! company is ne>ly      
complet$4 ,x w speak = itself4 ,9 !     
,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #ahci1 a    
,dubl9 correspond5t writes3 ,i 0 =tunate
 en\gh to get a sight ( ,sir ,james     
,&]son's /eam c>riage1 ) :i* ,i 0 mu*   
pleas$4 ,x _h j arriv$ f ! c\ntry1 & 0  
de/9$ = ,london 9 ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,!   
eng9e weighs t5 tons1 & w1 ,i d>e say1  
act v well4 ,i %all h an opportunity (  
judg+ t1 z ! t5d] is at ,cork4 ,x has a 
sort ( dilig5ce1 n jo9$1 b to be atta*$ 
to ! t5d]1 mak+ 9 all ?ree c>riages4 ,i 

talk$ a great deal ab\t x to "o ( 8     
pr9cipal m51 :o 0 mo/ lavi% 9 its       
praises1 especially z reg>ds ! boil]4 ,9
 ,augu/1 #ahci1 ! c>riage arriv$ 9      
,london4  ,9 #ahdj1 a report said3      
,sev]al /eam c>riages are be+ built at  
,man*e/] & ,dubl91 "u ,sir ,james       
,&]son's pat5ts1 & "o has be5 complet$  
at ea* place4 ,at ,man*e/] ! /eam drag  
_h be5 frequ5tly runn+ betwe5 ,cross    
,/reet & ,altr9*am1 & ! la/ run 0 made  
at ! rate ( tw5ty miles an h\r1 ) f\r   
tons on ! t5d]1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,%>p1
 ( ! firm ( ,%>p1 ,rob]ts & ,company1 ( 
,man*e/]1 & o!rs4 ,a newspap] ( ! same  
ye> report$ t an exp]im5tal trip (      
,&]son's /eam drag = common roads took  
place on ! ,h[? ,road1 ,dubl94 ,x ran   
ab\t two h\rs1 back+1 & turn+ ab\t 9 e  
direction--! object be+ *iefly to try ! 
v>i\s p>ts 9 detail4 ,x repeat$ly turn$ 
! corn]s ( ! av5ues at a spe$ ( twelve  
miles an h\r1 ! /eam pressure requir$   
be+ only =ty-six p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,no
 smoke 0 se51 & little /eam 0 obs]v$4 ,!

 :ole ma*9]y 0 ornam5tally box$ 91 s t  
none ( ! mov+ p>ts 0 expos$ to view1 & x
 0 f\nd t ! horses did n %y at ?is      
c>riage4  ,! company _h great plans =   
travel communication by means ( ^! drags
 betwe5 ! *ief t[ns 9 ,irel&1 z soon z a
 few ( ! /eam c>riages 7 f9i%$4 ,an ev5 
m pret5ti\s s*eme involv$ a s]vice 9    
conjunction ) ! railway tra9s f ,london1
 c>riages to be run f ,birm+ham to      
,holyhead1 :5ce pass5g]s 7 to be convey$
 to ,dubl9 by /eam]2 f ,dubl9 to ,galway
 ! /eam drags 7 to be employ$2 & !nce to
 ,new ,york p] vessel t\*+ at ,halifax2 
?us mak+ ,irel& ! /epp+-/one betwe5     
,engl&1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ( ,am]ica4 ,b all ^! plans came to     
naught4  ,&]son cont9u$ to take out     
pat5ts d[n to z late z #aheh4 ,he devot$
 m ?an ?irty ye>s ( 8 life to !         
promotion ( /eam locomotion on common   
roads4   ,,rob]t ,,davidson  ,rob]t     
,davidson1 ( ,ab]de51 0 probably ! fir/ 
to make an electrically propell$ c>riage
 l>ge en\gh to c>ry pass5g]s4 ,?is he   

did 9 #ahci4 ,8 c>riage c\ld c>ry two   
p]sons :5 travel+ ov] a fairly r\gh     
road1 & ?\gh ! prospects 7 entic+ en\gh 
to cause inve/m5t 9 ! ent]prise1        
,davidson's subsequ5t "w 0 on rail      
vehicles4   ,w4 ,g4 ,,heaton  ,w4 ,g4 & 
,r4 ,heaton1 ( ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 built 
sev]al /eam c>riages :i* op]at$ ) v>i\s 
degrees ( success 9 _! neighborhood4 ,_!
 pat5t 0 dat$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahcj4 ,! pat5t
 aim$ p>ticul>ly at ! guidance ( a      
locomotive c>riage1 & ! managem5t ( !   
/eam app>atus s t ! p[] & spe$ might be 
accommodat$ to ! nature ( ! road1 !     
quantity ( ! load1 & s on4  ,= ! purpose
 ( /e]+ ! c>riage1 a v]tical sp9dle 0   
plac$ at "s di/ance be=e ! axle ( !     
front :eels & on its l[] end a small    
drum 0 fix$4 ,ar\nd ?is drum 0 coil$ a  
*a9 ) its middle fix$ ^u ! drum1 & its  
ends made secure to ! front axle =m$ a  
triangle ) ! drum1 situat$ at ! angle   
opposite ! longe/ side4 ,! o!r end ( !  
v]tical sp9dle 0 connect$ ) a frame     
situat$ 9 front ( ! coa*man's or r !    

/e]sman's seat & "h on ! sp9dle 0 a     
horizontal bevel$-too!d :eel4 ,ov] ?is  
:eel an axis ext5d$1 t]m9at+ 9 two crank
 h&les proce$+ f ! axes 9 diff]5t       
directions1 s t "o 0 d[n :5 ! o!r 0 up4 
,^u ?is axis 0 fix$ ano!r bevel$-too!d  
:eel tak+ into ! fir/4 ,:5 ^! :eels 7   
turn$ 9 "o direction ! "r-h& =e :eel ( !
 c>riage advanc$ & ! coa* turn$ t[>ds ! 
left1 :ile :5 !y 7 turn$ 9 ! o!r        
direction ! left-h& :eel advanc$ & !    
c>riage turn$ t[>ds ! "r4  ,! driv+     
:eels 7 connect$ ) ! axle by means ( a  
pair ( rat*ets furni%$ ) a d\ble set (  
rat*et tee? & a rev]s+ pall4 ,by ?is "o 
:eel c\ld be advanc$ or back$ :ile ! o!r
 rema9$ /ation>y1 or mov+ 9 a contr>y   
direction1 an arrangem5t necess>y =     
turn+ & back+4 ,! /e]sman controll$ !   
rev]s+ pall by connect+ rods & lev]4    
,motion 0 communicat$ to ! driv+ :eels  
by a d\ble set ( spur :eel ge>1 arrang$ 
to give diff]5t p[]s or velocities1 by  
hav+ bo? a l>ge & a small :eel fix$ on !
 driv+ z well z ! driv5 axis4 ,by %ift+ 

! l>ge :eel on ! driv+ axis into ge> ) !
 small :eel on ! driv5 axis spe$ 0      
obta9$1 & by %ift+ _! relative position 
till ! small :eel on ! driv+ axis came  
into ge> ) ! l>ge :eel on ! driv5 axis1 
p[] 0 obta9$ at ! exp5se ( spe$4 ,^! two
 axes 7 kept at ! same di/ance f ea* o!r
 by means ( connect+ rods1 al?\gh !     
relative positions might be *ang$ by !  
motion ( ! c>riage on r\gh roads4  ,9   
,augu/1 #ahcc1 ! ,heatons plac$ a /eam  
drag on ! road betwe5 ,worce/] &        
,birm+ham4 ,a slight accid5t occurr$ at 
! />t1 b aft] repairs 7 made ! trial 0 a
 success4 ,atta*$ to ! eng9e 0 a        
/age-coa*1 c>ry+ tw5ty pass5g]s1 ! load 
weigh+ ne>ly two tons4 ,lickey ,hill 0  
asc5d$1 a rise ( "o 9 n9e1 & ev5 "o 9   
eight 9 "s places4 ,_m p>ts ( ! hill 7 v
 s(t1 b by putt+ bo? :eels 9 ge> !y     
asc5d$ to ! summit1 sev5 hundr$ y>ds 9  
n9e m9utes4 ,a company 0 =m$ 9 ,birm+ham
 to con/ruct & run ^! c>riages1 subject 
to ! condition ( keep+ up an av]age spe$
 ( t5 miles an h\r4 ,a new c>riage 0    

built & tri$ 9 #ahcd1 b aft] trials1 !  
,messrs4 ,heaton dissolv$ _! contract1 z
 !y 7 unable to d m ?an sev5 or eight   
miles an h\r4 ,aft] sp5d+ upw>ds ( t5   
?\s& doll>s 9 endeavors to effect /eam  
travel+1 !y retir$ f ! field1 /at+ t !  
we> & te> 7 excessive at t5 miles an    
h\r1 & t ! c>riage 0 heavy1 & wa/eful 9 
/eam4   ,f4 ,,hill  ,an ,engli% eng9e]1 
connect$ ) ! ,dept=d ,*emical ,works1   
,hill 0 among ! fir/ to be int]e/$ 9    
/eam-road locomotion4 ,he 0 famili> )   
,hancock's exp]im5ts & made a c>riage ( 
8 own t 0 tri$ 9 #ahdj4 ,he j\rney$ to  
,sev5oaks & else:]e & ran up /eep hills 
) ! c>riage1 fully load$1 at twelve     
miles an h\r1 & on ! level at sixte5    
miles an h\r4 ,he adopt$ ! comp5sat+ ge>
 t 0 inv5t$ by ,ri*>d ,rob]ts & t by "s 
writ]s has be5 cr$it$ to him4  ,to put  
,hill's pat5ts to practical use ,!      
,g5]al ,/eam ,c>riage ,company 0 =m$ 9  
#ahdc4 ,! probable success ( ! company 0
 bas$ ^u ! belief t !re 0 a dem& =      
additional road accommodations 9 ord] t 

road locomotion %\ld c\nt]act !         
exorbitant *>ges made by ! gigantic     
railway monopoly = convey+ goods %ort   
di/ances4 ,! company /at$ 9 its         
prospectus t :ile !y confid5tly believe 
! improv$ /eam coa* :i* !y h engag$ &   
propose to employ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to be
 ! mo/ p]fect n[ kn[n 9 ,engl&1 !y d n  
b9d !mselves to adh]e to any p>ticul>   
inv5tion1 b w avail !mselves ( e        
discov]y to promote /eam coa*           
conveyance4  ,trial trips 7 made on !   
,w9dsor1 ,brighton1 ,ha/+s1 & simil>    
roads1 & ) success4 ,once ! c>riage made
 a trip to ,ha/+s & back1 a di/ance ( "o
 hundr$ & tw5ty-eight miles1 9 "o day1  
half ! "t occupi$ by ! /age coa*es4 ,!  
,me*anic's ,magaz9e said3 ,we accompani$
 ,hill1 ab\t a ye> ago1 9 a %ort run up 
& d[n ! hills ab\t ,blackhea?1 ,bromley1
 & neighborhood2 & we _h aga9 ! pleasure
 ( accompany+ him 9 a delightful trip1  
on ! ,ha/+s ,road1 z f> z ,tunbridge &  
back4 ,! mann] 9 :i* 8 c>riage took all 
! hills1 bo? 9 ! asc5t & ! desc5t1 prov$

 h[ completely e difficulty on ?is head 
_h be5 surm\nt$4  ,9 ! ,hill c>riage1   
bo? ! coa* & ! ma*9]y 7 erect$ ^u a     
/rong frame m\nt$ ^u sub/antial spr+s4  
,9 ! re> 7 ! boil]1 furnace1 & wat]     
tanks1 ) a place = ! eng9e] & fireman4  
,9 front 0 a coa* body ) seats = six    
inside1 ?ree on ! box1 & ! conductor 9  
front4 ,! front "p ( ! c>riage 0 also   
susp5d$ ^u spr+s4 ,! c>riage 0 propell$ 
by a pair ( t5-in* cyl9d]s & pi/ons1    
horizontally plac$ b5ea? ! c>riage4 ,^! 
act$ ^u two n9e-in* cranks1 c\pl$ to !  
ma9 axle ?r\gh comp5sat+ ge>2 ! two     
six-foot six-in* diamet] driv+ :eels _h 
! full p[] ( ! eng9es pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,!
 weight ( ! boil] :5 empty 0 two ?\s&   
?ree hundr$ p\nds1 & x _h a capacity (  
ab\t sixty gallons ( wat]1 :ile "o      
hundr$ gallons m 7 conta9$ 9 ! tanks4 ,!
 total weight ( ! c>riage1 includ+ wat]1
 coke1 & twelve pass5g]s1 0 less ?an f\r
 tons4 ,on heavy & r\gh roads ! /eam    
pressure 0 sev5ty p\nds p] squ>e in*1 b 
on good roads only sixty p\nds4 ,!      

av]age spe$ 0 sixte5 miles an h\r1 b on 
a level tw5ty miles an h\r 0 rea*$4 ,z  
late z #ahdc1 ,hill's c>riages 7 runn+ f
 ,london to ,birm+ham1 hav+ be5 9       
op]ation f\r or five ye>s4 ,smoo? 9     
motion1 !y c>ri$ _! pass5g]s com=tably1 
b soon w5t out ( use4   ,,goodman  ,e>ly
 9 ! =ties a small road locomotive 0    
made by ,goodman1 ( ,s\?w>k1 ,london4 ,x
 0 work$ by a pair ( direct-act+ eng9es1
 c\pl$ to ! crank %aft4 ,a *a9 p9ion on 
! crank %aft transmitt$ motion to ! ma9 
axle ?r\gh an endless pit* *a9 work+ ov]
 a *a9 :eel ( l>g] diamet] on ! driv+   
%aft4 ,! smoke f ! boil] 0 conduct$ by a
 flue plac$ b5ea? ! c>riage4 ,! vehicle 
_h a spe$ ( f t5 to twelve miles an h\r4
   ,,norrgb]  ,a correspond5t ( ,!      
,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 ( ,london1 wrote 9 
#ahdc3 ,norrgb]1 ( ,sw$51 a locksmi? &  
an +5i\s me*anic1 made a /eam c>riage   
:i* ran betwe5 ,cop5hag5 & ,corso]1     
c>ry+ ?irty pass5g]s1 ! eng9e be+ (     
eight horse-p[]4   ,j4 ,k4 ,,fi%]  ,a   
small /eam c>riage1 t 9 g5]al "* 0 l a  

railroad locomotive1 0 design$ by ,j4   
,k4 ,fi%]1 ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahdj4 ,x 0 n
 until #ahec1 h[ev]1 t he w5t beyond    
?is4 ,!n he built ano!r c>riage1 ) driv+
 :eels five feet 9 diamet]1 & two /eam  
cyl9d]s f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ) t5-in*   
/roke4 ,?is c>riage atta9$ a spe$ (     
fifte5 miles an h\r on good pavem5ts4   
,dur+ ! next two ye>s1 ,fi%] made _m    
trips1 sometimes runn+ twelve miles an  
h\r )\t excessive we>4 ,9 8 lat] eng9es 
he introduc$ sev]al novelties1 among !m 
be+ p>allel connections betwe5 ! crank  
%aft & ! driv+ axle4 ,9 ! /e]+ ge> a    
screw 0 plac$ across ! front "p ( !     
c>riage c>ry+ a nut1 to :i* ! end ( an  
elongat$ rev]t$ pole 0 jo9t$4 ,! screw 0
 turn$ by bevel ge>+1 "o :eel be+ key$  
to ! end ( ! screw1 & ! o!r to ! /e]age 
rod1 ! opposite end ( ?is rod hav+ a    
lev] plac$ )9 easy access ( ! footplate4
 ,fi%]'s c>riages 7 driv5 by direct-act+
 eng9es1 "o cyl9d] on ea* side ( !      
smoke-box4   ,r4 ,w4 ,,?ompson  ,born 9 
,/onehav51 ,engl&1 9 #ahbb4 ,di$1 ,m>*  

#h1 #ahgc4  ,r4 ,w4 ,?ompson came to !  
,unit$ ,/ates 9 e>ly life1 b return$ to 
,engl& & engag$ 9 sci5tific exp]im5t+ & 
/udy+1 & 9 eng9e]+ at ,ab]de5 & ,dundee4
 ,he inv5t$ a rot>y eng9e dur+ ?is p]iod
 ( 8 life4 ,9 #ahdf1 be+ !n 9 bus9ess = 
himself1 he conceiv$ ! idea (           
india-rubb] tires & p]fect$ ?is 9 #ahgf4
 ,9 ,decemb] ( t ye> he made a small    
road locomotive to draw an omnibus & ?is
 0 s5t to ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,o!r road  
/eam]s ( ,?ompson's design 7 manufactur$
 & s5t to ,india & else:]e4   ,,an?ony  
,,b]nh>d  ,9 #ahdh1 a compress$-air     
c>riage inv5t$ by ,an?ony ,b]nh>d1 ,b>on
 von ,ra!n1 0 built 9 ,engl&4 ,x weigh$ 
?ree tons1 & on its fir/ trip 0 driv5 at
 a spe$ ( eight miles an h\r4 ,^u "o    
occasion x made twelve miles an h\r on a
 trip f ,putney to ,w&swor?1 c>ry+ tw5ty
 pass5g]s4 ,until ne> #ahgj1 ,b>on von  
,ra!n 0 engag$ 9 inv5t+ compress$-air   
eng9es4   ,,batt9  ,9 #ahef1 ,joseph    
,batt91 ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 con/ruct$ a  
/eam c>riage ) a v]tical boil] &        

oscillat+ eng9es4   ,,ri*>d ,,dudgeon   
,a small locomotive = ! common roads 0  
built 9 #aheg1 ,dy ,ri*>d ,dudgeon1 an  
eng9e]1 ( ,new ,york4 ,x _h two /eam    
cyl9d]s1 ea* ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & )   
sixte5-in* /roke1 & drew a light c>riage
 at t5 miles an h\r on gravel roads4 ,! 
c>riage 0 de/roy$ by fire at ! ,new     
,york ,cry/al ,palace 9 #aheh4 ,dudgeon 
is said to h aft]w>d built ano!r        
c>riage1 :i* 0 l>g] & m clumsy ?an !    
o!r4 ,a few ye>s ago ?is 0 discov]$ 9 an
 old b>n 9 ,locu/ ,valley1 ,l4 ,i4 ,x 0 
fix$ up & />t$ out & demon/rat$ t1 old z
 x 01 x c\ld g at a spe$ ( m ?an t5     
miles an h\r4   ,,l\gh ,,& ,,mess5g]  ,9
 #aheh1 ,messrs4 ,l\gh & ,mess5g]1 (    
,sw9don1 ,engl&1 design$ & erect$ a     
/eam-road locomotive :i* = two ye>s ran 
at fifte5 miles an h\r on level roads1 &
 six miles an h\r up grades ( "o 9      
tw5ty4 ,! eng9e _h two cyl9d]s1 ea* ?ree
 & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] & ) five-in* 
/roke1 work+ direct on to ! crank axle4 
,! driv+ :eels 7 ?ree & "o-half feet 9  

diamet]1 & ! lead+ :eels two feet 9     
diamet]4 ,! v]tical boil] fix$ on !     
frame 0 work$ at "o-hundr$-&-tw5ty-p\nd 
pressure4 ,! tanks held =ty gallons (   
fe$ wat]4 ,! total weight ( ! locomotive
 0 eight hundr$ p\nds4   ,,?omas        
,,rickett  ,:5 ! revival ( int]e/ 9 !   
common-road /eam locomotive began 9     
,engl&1 ab\t #aheg1 ,?omas ,rickett1 (  
,ca/le ,f\ndry1 ,buck+ham1 0 "o ( ! fir/
 to give att5tion to ! subject4 ,he     
built a road locomotive 9 #aheh = !     
,m>quis ( ,/af=d4 ,?is eng9e _h two     
driv+ :eels & a /e]+ :eel4 ,! boil] 0 at
 ! back ) ! /eam cyl9d]s horizontally on
 ea* side ( x4 ,?ree pass5g]s 7 c>ri$4  
,! c>riage 0 /e]$ by means ( a lev]     
connect$ ) ! =k ( ! front :eel4 ,!      
cyl9d]s 7 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 )       
n9e-in* /roke2 ! work+ /eam pressure 0  
"o hundr$ p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! driv+  
:eels 7 ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,! weight (
 ! c>riage :5 fully load$ 0 only ?ree   
?\s& p\nds4 ,on level roads ! spe$ 0    
ab\t twelve miles an h\r4  ,an acc\nt ( 

"o ( ! trips 9 #ahei 0 z foll[s 9 !     
columns ( ,! ,eng9e]3 ,"l ,/af=d & p>ty 
made ano!r trip ) ! /eam c>riage f      
,buck+ham to ,wolv]ton4 ,8 lord%ip drove
 & /e]$1 & al?\gh ! roads 7 v heavy1 !y 
7 n m ?an an h\r 9 runn+ ! n9e miles to 
,old ,wolv]ton4 ,8 lord%ip has repeat$ly
 said t x is guid$ ) ! greate/ ease &   
precision4 ,x 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,rickett
 to run t5 miles an h\r4 ,"o mile 9 five
 m9utes has be5 atta9$1 at :i* x 0      
p]fectly /eady1 ! c5tre ( gravity be+ n 
m ?an two feet f ! gr\nd4 ,a few days   
aft]w>ds ?is little eng9e />t$ f        
,messrs4 ,hayes' ,works1 ,/oney ,/rat=d1
 ) a p>ty consi/+ ( ! ,m>quis ( ,/af=d1 
,"l ,alfr$ ,paget1 & two ,hung>ian      
noblem54 ,!y proce$$ ?r\gh ! t[n (      
,/oney ,/rat=d at a rapid pace1 & aft] a
 %ort trip return$ to ! ,wolv]ton       
railway /ation4 ,! trip 0 9 all respects
 successful1 & %[s beyond a d\bt t /eam 
locomotion = common roads is            
practicable4  ,two o!r eng9es 7 built by
 ,rickett1 "o ( !m = ! ,e>l ( ,cai?ness4

 ,"s improvem5ts 7 in/all$ 9 ?is        
c>riage1 :i* 0 int5d$ to c>ry ?ree      
pass5g]s4 ,! weight ( ! c>riage1 fully  
load$1 0 five ?\s& p\nds4  ,9 ?is       
c>riage1 ! ,e>l ( ,cai?ness travel$ f   
,inv]ness to 8 seat1 ,borrogill ,ca/le1 
)9 a few miles ( ,john o' ,groat's      
,h\se4 ,he describes 8 trip z foll[s3 ,i
 may /ate t su* a feat z go+ ov] ! ,ord 
( ,cai?ness has nev] be=e be5 accompli%$
 by /eam1 z ,i believe we rose "o ?\s&  
feet 9 ab\t five miles4 ,! ,ord is "o ( 
! l>ge/ & /eepe/ hills 9 ,scotl&4 ,!    
turns 9 ! road are v %>p4 ,all ?is ,i   
got ov] )\t tr\ble4 ,!re is1 ,i am      
confid5t1 no difficulty 9 driv+ a /eam  
c>riage on a common road4 ,x is *eap1 & 
on a level ,i got z mu* z n9ete5 miles  
an h\r4 ,! ,e>l ( ,cai?ness br\ght !    
trial to a successful result1 & "s exp]t
 au?orities jump$ to ! conclusion t at  
once /eam travel+ ^u ! high roads (     
,engl& w\ld be avail$ ( to a l>ge ext5t2
 b t did n happ54  ,9 #ahfd1 ,mr4       
,rickett furni%$ an eng9e = work+ a     

pass5g] & light goods s]vice 9 ,spa91   
int5d$ to c>ry ?irty pass5g]s up an     
incl9e ( "o 9 twelve1 at t5 miles an    
h\r4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s 7 eight in*es 9    
diamet]1 & ! driv+ :eels f\r feet 9     
diamet]4 ,! boil] w\ld su/a9 a pressure 
( two hundr$ p\nds4 ,rickett's lat]     
eng9es _h spur :eels2 b 8 la/ eng9es 7  
direct-act+4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahfd1 he     
says3 ,! direct-act+ eng9es m\nt incl9es
 ( "o 9 t5 easily2 :e!r at eight1 f\r1  
two1 or "o mile an h\r1 on incl9es )    
five tons beh9d !m1 !y /ick to _! "w    
bett] ?an ge>$ eng9es4   ,,daniel       
,,adamson  ,9 #aheh ! firm ( ,daniel    
,adamson  ,co41 ( ,duk9field1 ne>       
,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 built a common-road   
locomotive = a ,mr4 ,s*midt4 ,a         
multi-tubul> boil] 0 us$1 two & "o-half 
feet 9 diamet] & five & "o-half feet    
long1 ) a work+ pressure ( "o hundr$ &  
fifty p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! eng9e1 :i* 
weigh$ five ?\s& six hundr$ p\nds & 0   
borne on ?ree :eels1 0 calculat$ to run 
at eight miles an h\r4 ,a /eam cyl9d] ( 

six-in* diamet] 0 atta*$ to ea* side ( !
 locomotive1 & ^! cyl9d]s actuat$ a pair
 ( driv+ :eels ?ree feet six in*es 9    
diamet]4  ,mr4 ,s*midt gave ?is vehicle 
a ?or\gh try+ out & especially rac$ x ) 
sev]al competitors4 ,on "o ( ^! races1 9
 #ahfg1 ) a ,b\lton /eam c>riage1 ! />t 
0 made f ,a%ton-"u-,lyne1 = ! %[ gr\nd  
at ,old ,traf=d1 a di/ance ( ov] eight  
miles4 ,al?\gh ! ,adamson eng9e 0 !     
l>g]1 ! small] "o easily pass$ x dur+ ! 
fir/ mile1 & kept a good lead all ! way1
 arriv+ at ,old ,traf=d "u ! h\r4  ,mr4 
,s*midt s5t 8 road locomotive to !      
,havre ,exhibition1 9 #ahfh1 & a trial (
 its p[]s 0 made by ,fr5* eng9e]s1 & ,m4
 ,nicole1 director ( ! exhibition4 ,mr4 
,s*midt conduct$ ! eng9e himself1 & to x
 0 atta*$ an omnibus conta9+ !          
commission]s4 ,! eng9e & c>riage trav]s$
 sev]al /reets ( ,havre & m\nt$ a %>p   
incl9e4 ,o!r trips 7 made to sev]al     
villages 9 ! neighborhood ( !           
exhibition1 & ! eng9e behav$ v          
satisfactorily4   ,,/irl+  ,9 a road    

/eam] design$ by ,/irl+1 ( ,kilm>nock1 9
 #ahei1 ! five travel+ :eels 7 m\nt$ ^u 
spr+s4 ,a s+le :eel 0 us$ z a driv]1 & m
 or less weight 0 ?r[n ^u ?is :eel4 ,!  
lead+ & trail+ :eels swivel$ 9 conc]t1 9
 opposite directions1 by means ( "r &   
left h& worms & worm :eels4 ,! c>riage 0
 ?us made to move 9 a curve (           
comp>atively %ort radius4   ,w4 ,o4     
,,c>rett  ,9 #ahfj1 ,george ,salt1 (    
,salt%ire1 ,engl&1 employ$ ,w4 ,o4      
,c>rett1 ( ! firm ( ,c>rett1 ,m>%all    
,co41 proprietors ( ! ,gun ,f\ndry at   
,le$s1 to design & build a /eam pleasure
 c>riage = him4 ,! c>riage 0 fir/ %[n & 
exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,%[ held 9 ,le$s1  
#ahfa1 & likewise at ! ,london          
,exhibition1 #ahfb4 ,x _h two /eam      
cyl9d]s1 six in*es 9 diamet] & )        
eight-in* /roke4 ,! boil] 0 ( !         
locomotive multi-tubul> type1 two feet  
six in*es 9 diamet]1 & five feet ?ree   
in*es long4 ,x _h a work+ pressure ( "o 
hundr$ & fifty p\nds p] squ>e in*1 ! te/
 pressure be+ ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,!     

locomotive 0 m\nt$ ^u two driv+ :eels1  
ea* f\r feet 9 diamet]1 made ( /eel1 & a
 lead+ :eel 0 ?ree feet 9 diamet]4      
,seats 7 provid$ = n9e p]sons1 includ+ !
 /e]] & ! fireman4 ,! travel+ spe$ 0    
fifte5 miles an h\r2 & ! weight ( !     
c>riage1 fully load$1 0 five tons4      
,motion 0 communicat$ f ! crank %aft to 
! driv+ axle ?r\gh spur ge>+4  ,!       
,engli% magaz9e1 ,eng9e]+1 9 an article 
9 ,june1 #ahff1 said3 ,?is /eam c>riage1
 made by ,c>rett1 ,m>%all  ,co41 0      
probably ! mo/ rem>kable locomotive ev] 
made4 ,true1 x did little good = itself 
z a /eam c>riage1 & its own] at la/ made
 a pres5t ( x--mu* z an ,ea/]n pr9ce    
might s5d a fri5d a :ite elephant--to t 
en?usia/ic amateur1 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick       
,hodges1 :o *ri/5$ x ! ,fly-by-,night1 &
 :o did fly1 & no mi/ake1 ?r\gh ! ,k5ti%
 villages :5 mo/ hone/ p 7 9 _! b$s4    
,its ent]pris+ own] 0 repeat$ly pull$ up
 & f9$1 & to ?is day 8 exploits are     
rememb]$ aga9/ him4 ,hodges ran ! eng9e 
eight hundr$ miles2 he _h six summonses 

9 six weeks1 & "o 0 = runn+ ! eng9e     
?irty miles an h\r4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds alt]$ 
to resemble a fire eng9e & ! pass5g]s 7 
equipp$ l firem51 we>+ brass helmets4 ,!
 device did n deceive ! police1 & f9ally
 ! c>riage 0 made ov] into a real       
self-mov+ fire eng9e4   ,,ri*>d ,,tangye
  ,! /eam c>riage built by ! ,tangye    
,bro!rs1 ( ,engl&1 ab\t #aheb1 0 a      
simple affair4 ,x _h seat+ capacity 9 ! 
body = six or eight p]sons1 :ile ?ree or
 f\r m c\ld be accommodat$ 9 front4 ,!  
driv] :o sat 9 front _h full control ( !
 /op valve & rev]s+ lev]1 s t ! eng9e   
c\ld be /opp$ or rev]s$ by him z        
occasion requir$4 ,! spe$ ( tw5ty miles 
an h\r c\ld be atta9$1 & ! eng9e ) its  
load easily asc5d$ ! /eepe/ gradi5ts4   
,ri*>d ,tangye1 9 8 autobiography1      
speaks ( 8 exp]i5ce ) ?is c>riage 9 !   
foll[+ t]ms3 ,great int]e/ 0 manife/$ 9 
our exp]im5t1 & x soon became evid5t t  
!re 0 an op5+ = a consid]able bus9ess 9 
^! eng9es1 & we made our prep>ations    
accord+ly1 b ! 'wisdom' ( ,p>liam5t made

 x impossible4 ,! squires became al>m$  
le/ _! horses %\ld take fright2 & al?\gh
 a judge rul$ t a horse t w\ld n /& !   
sight or s\nd ( a locomotive1 9 ^! days 
( /eam1 con/itut$ a public dang]1 & t   
its own] %\ld be puni%$ & n ! own] ( !  
locomotive1 an act 0 pass$ provid+ t no 
eng9e %\ld travel m ?an f\r miles an h\r
 on ! public roads4 ,?us 0 ! trade 9    
quick-spe$ locomotives /rangl$ 9 its    
cradle2 & ! inhabitants ( c\ntry        
di/ricts left unprovid$ ) improv$       
facilities = travel+4 ,! ,tangye c>riage
 ?us driv5 out ( ,engl& 0 s5t to ,india1
 :]e x cont9u$ to give good s]vice4     
,t4 ,w4 ,,c[an  ,at ! ,london           
,exhibition ( #ahfb1 ! ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & 
,hildit*1 ( ,b>nsbury1 ne> ,london1     
exhibit$ a /eam c>riage1 design$ & made 
by ,t4 ,w4 ,c[an1 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,elev5    
pass5g]s1 besides ! driv] & ! fireman1 7
 c>ri$ & ! vehicle ) full load weigh$   
two tons & a half4 ,! boil]1 ( /eel1 0 a
 v]tical multitubul> two feet 9 diamet] 
& ?ree feet n9e in*es high4 ,! frame ( !

 c>riage 0 ( a%1 l9$ ) wr\ght-iron      
plates1 & to ! outside ( ! bottom sill 7
 two iron f\ndation plates1 to :i* !    
cyl9d]s & o!r p>ts 7 atta*$4 ,! cyl9d]s 
7 five in*es 9 diamet] & _h n9e-in*     
/roke4   ,,*>les ,t4 ,,hayball  ,a      
quick-spe$ road locomotive 0 made by    
,*>les ,t4 ,hayball1 ( ,lym+ton1 ,hants1
 ,engl&1 9 #ahfd4 ,! ma*9]y 0 m\nt$ ^u a
 wr\ght-iron frame1 t 0 c>ri$ ^u ?ree   
:eels4 ,! two driv+ :eels _h an inn] &  
an out] tire1 & ! space betwe5 0 fill$ )
 wood to r$uce noise & less5 !          
concussion4 ,! two /eam cyl9d]s 7 ea*   
f\r & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] & )       
six-in* /roke4 ,hayball us$ a v]tical   
boil]1 two feet two in*es 9 diamet]1 &  
f\r feet high1 work+ at a pressure ( "o 
hundr$ & fifty p\nds4 ,! c>riage ran up 
an incl9e ( "o 9 twelve at sixte5 miles 
an h\r1 & travel$ f\r miles an h\r 9    
f\rte5 m9utes1 up hill & d[n1 ) t5      
pass5g]s on bo>d4   ,,isaac ,w4 ,,b\lton
  ,9 ,augu/1 #ahfg1 ,?omas ,b\lton says3
 ,i ran a small road locomotive         

con/ruct$ by ,isaac ,w4 ,b\lton1 (      
,a%ton-"u-,lyne1 f "h ?r\gh ,man*e/]1   
,eccles1 ,w>r+ton1 ,pre/on ,brook1 to   
,*e/]1 p>ad$ ! pr9cipal /reets ( ,*e/]1 
& return$ home1 ! di/ance be+ ov] n9ety 
miles 9 "o day )\t a /oppage except =   
wat]4 ,b\lton's eng9e _h "o cyl9d] f\r &
 "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 & ) n9e-in*   
/roke4 ,! boil] work$ at "o hundr$ &    
?irty p\nds pressure p] squ>e in*4 ,!   
driv+ :eels 7 five feet 9 diamet]4 ,two 
spe$s 7 obta9$ by means ( spur ge>+     
betwe5 ! crank %aft & ! c\nt] %aft4 ,on 
! ,*e/] trip six p]sons1 & sometimes    
eight & t5 pass5g]s1 7 c>ri$4           
,,arm/rong  ,! virtues ( ! horseless    
vehicle e>ly p5etrat$ to ,india4 ,_m    
,engli% manufactur]s s5t c>riages !re4  
,"s "t 9 #ahfh1 a /eam c>riage1 ) two   
/eam cyl9d]s1 ea* ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 
& ) six-in* /roke1 0 made by ,arm/rong1 
( ,rawilp9dee1 ,punjab4 ,a sep>ate /op  
valve 0 fitt$ to ea* cyl9d]4 ,! boil] 0 
fifte5 in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree feet high1
 & work$ /eam pressure ( "o hundr$ p\nds

 p] squ>e in*4 ,twelve miles an h\r on !
 level1 & six miles an h\r up grade ( "o
 9 tw5ty1 7 made4 ,! driv+ :eels 7 ?ree 
feet 9 diamet]4   ,,pi]re ,,ravel       
,ravel1 ( ,france1 plann$ 9 #ahfh a /eam
 vehicle1 & ab\t #ahgj complet$ !       
con/ruction ( "o at ! b>racks at        
,sa9t-,ow54 ,!n came ! decl>ation ( w> )
 ,prussia1 & ! b>racks1 be+ )9 ! zone ( 
=tification1 ! vehicle 0 lo/ or de/roy$4
 ,!re is no c]ta9ty t x 0 ev] une>!d    
aft] peace 0 decl>$4   ,l4 ,t4 ,,pyott  
,be=e #ahgf1 a motor vehicle 0 inv5t$ by
 ,l4 ,t4 ,pyott1 :o 0 !n a =eman ) !    
,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works 9            
,philadelphia4 ,! c>riage1 :i* c\ld c>ry
 sev5 p]sons at ! rate ( tw5ty miles an 
h\r1 co/ ab\t two ?\s& two hundr$       
doll>s1 & weigh$ ne>ly two tons4 ,x 0   
%[n at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition 9        
,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 b 0 n all[$ to   
run on ! /reets4   ,a4 ,,ri*t]  ,an     
eng9e] & me*anician ( ,neid]-,bielan1   
,ob]laneitz1 ,g]many1 ,ri*t] secur$ 9   
#ahgg a pat5t = a vehicle t 0 propell$  

by a motor consi/+ ( a /ack or batt]y ( 
elliptic spr+s horizontally dispos$1 :i*
 7 compress$ by a *>ge ( p[]ful p[d]    
explod$ 9 :at 0 practically a cannon4 ,!
 subsequ5t expansion transmitt$ ! driv+ 
ef=t to ! :eels by a rack ( ge>s4 ,!    
success ( ?is vehicle is n g5]ally kn[n4
   ,,raff>d  ,9 #ahha1 ,raff>d1 a ,fr5* 
eng9e]1 made a tricycle & a tram-c> t is
 said to h be5 ! fir/ electric          
automobile :i* ran satisfactorily4      
,,*>les ,,jeanteaud  ,x is claim$ =     
,jeanteaud t he built a f\r-:eel$       
electric vehicle ab\t #ahha1 :i* 0 *ang$
 9 #ahhg by ! addition ( an ,immis*     
motor4 ,9 #ahij he con/ruct$ a          
?ree-:eel$ /eam vehicle = five p]sons1  
hav+ ! advice & int]e/ ( ,ar*deacon4 ,9 
,june1 #ahie1 at ! ,p>is-,bordeaux race1
 he ent]$ an electric automobile &      
e/abli%$ batt]y relays e tw5ty-five     
kilomet]s1 b )\t success s f> z spe$ 0  
involv$ 9 comp>ison ) ! gasol9e c>s4 ,9 
#ahig he con/ruct$ a gasol9e phaeton1 b 
8 subsequ5t "w has be5 prim>ily conf9$  

to ! electric4   ,,sylve/] ,,haywood    
,,rop]  ,z e>ly z #ahej1 ,sylve/]       
,haywood ,rop]1 ( ,roxbury1 ,mass41     
began exp]im5t+ ) /eam = /reet-vehicle  
propulsion4 ,9 #ahhb1 :5 he 0           
sev5ty-?ree ye>s ( age1 he fitt$ a      
,columbia bicycle ) a m9iature eng9e1 & 
) ?is he c\ld run sev5ty miles on "o    
*>ge ( fuel4 ,8 bicycle weigh$ "o hundr$
 & sixty-five p\nds4 ,he engag$ 9 _m    
track ev5ts & 8 record = ?ree runs (    
"o-?ird ( a mile ea*1 0 =ty-two1        
?irty-n9e & ?irty-sev5 seconds4         
,,copel&  ,a t&em tricycle ) a v]tical  
boil] & a two-cyl9d] v]tical eng9e 0    
built by ,copel&1 ( ,philadelphia1 9    
#ahhb4 ,k]os5e 0 us$ to fire ! boil]4 ,x
 is said t ov] two hundr$ ( ^! ma*9es 7 
built4   ,g4 ,,b\ton  ,an +5i\s &       
practical eng9e]1 ,b\ton made v>i\s     
me*anical devices1 b x is claim$ t f a  
clev] toy came ! associations :i* h     
result$ 9 ! n[ fam\s firm1              
,de,dion-,b\ton1 ) :i* he is connect$4  
,x is said ,compte ,de,dion saw ?is toy 

& on ask+ = ! mak]1 met ,b\ton4 ,?us    
came ! p>tn]%ip1 9 #ahhb1 ) ,b\ton &    
,trep>d\x4 ,b\ton made a /eam tricycle 9
 #ahhd1 conta9+ ! rem>kable light &     
effici5t boil] ( 8 inv5tion1 :i* = ye>s 
rema9$ ! mo/ important contribution ( ! 
firm to ?is art4 ,9 #ahhe a quadricycle 
0 made1 & ! success att5d+ ! runs made )
 ?is1 9 :i* ,m]relle co-op]at$1 0 su* z 
to br+ =? ! p]sonal ideas ( ,de,dion 9 s
 /rong a mann] t ,trep>d\x & ,m]relle   
sev]$ _! connections ) ! firm4  ,! real 
beg9n+ ( ! "w ( ?is firm 0 9 #ahhd1 & ! 
sev]al ye>s foll[+ saw ! production (   
num]\s /eam ma*9es1 includ+ phaetons1   
dog c>ts1 & a v>iety ( o!r types4 ,ev5 z
 late z #ahig heavy /eam *>s-bancs 7    
made by !m1 & t ye> also saw _!         
well-kn[n ?irty-five-pass5g]1 six-:eel$ 
coa*1 ,paul9e1 on ! /reets ( ,p>is--a   
vehicle :i* co/ ov] tw5ty-six ?\s&      
francs1 & _h a ?irty-five horse-p[] /eam
 tractor4 ,?is vehicle _h be5 prec$$ by 
a some:at simil> "o con/ruct$ 9 #ahic on
 ! old idea ( a me*anical horse atta*$  

to an ord9>y 'bus body f :i* ! front    
:eels _h be5 remov$4  ,9 #ahie1         
,de,dion-,b\ton produc$ _! fir/ liquid  
hydro-c>bon eng9e vehicle--a tricycle ) 
air-cool$ motor & dry-batt]y ignition1  
:i* is s well kn[n to ev]yone 9 !       
indu/ry to-day4 ,^! 7 manufactur$ 9 l>ge
 numb]s1 & 7 foll[$ by l>g] gasol9e     
vehicles into :i* !y introduc$ _! eng9e1
 namely1 a v]tical position4 ,9 #ahii1  
_! ?ree-pass5g]1 f\r-:eel$ vehicle1 & 9 
#aijj a six-pass5g] vehicle1 made good  
reputations4 ,s9ce !n _! l>ge factory at
 ,putaux1 ,france1 well kn[n "u ! "n (  
,de,dion-,b\ton et ,cie1 has be5        
cont9ually cr[d$ ) "w on vehicles1 & ) !
 manufacture ( _! motors :i* are /ill   
sold indep5d5tly to o!r mak]s 9 ,france1
 z well z 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,9 fact !     
manufacture ( eng9es & p>ts might be    
said to be n[ _! ma9 "w4   ,,c\nt ,a4   
,,d$ion  ,c\nt ,de,dion's int]e/ 9 an   
+5i\s me*anical device con/ruct$ by     
,b\ton1 l$ to 8 back+ ! ent]prise n[ s  
well kn[n "u 8 "n4 ,8 activity 9 !      

,automobile ,club ( ,france1 & 9 all !  
sport+ ev5ts 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 has 9 fact
 br\ght him into f> m prom95ce ?an 8    
associate1 ,b\ton4 ,8 int]e/ & en]gy 9  
connection ) 8 company are well kn[n1 & 
?\gh ! cr$it = ! me*anical "w mu/       
und\bt$ly be giv5 to ,b\ton1 ,de,dion is
 l>gely responsible = ! great success & 
g5]al prom95ce ( ! company4   ,,arm&    
,,peugeot  ,9 #ahhe1 & aga9 9 #ahhi1    
,arm& ,peugeot1 a ,fr5* inv5tor &       
manufactur]1 br\ght up ! subject (      
automobiles1 & 9 #ahhi he began to      
manufacture1 us+ ! ,daiml] motor4 ,8    
fir/ att5tion hav+ be5 giv5 to ! motor1 
he br\ght out v soon 8 fam\s two-p>allel
 cyl9d] m\nt$ horizontally on ! body    
frame4 ,orig9ally ( ! firm ( ,fils de   
,peugeot1 he sev]$ 8 connection ) t     
firm1 & 9 #ahgf =m$ ! ,society (        
,artisans4 ,9 #ahih1 additional         
factories 7 erect$ at ,fives-,lille1 &  
n[ ! conc]n has works also at ,aud9c\rt4
 ,! latt] works is claim$ to be ! mo/   
ext5sive automobile manufactur+         

e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,peugeot is a memb] (
 _m le>n$ societies1 0 elect$ an (fic] (
 ! ,academie 9 #ahha1 & a ,*evali] ( !  
,legion ( ,honor 9 #ahhi4   ,,radcliffe 
,,w>d  ,w>d comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,engl&
 ab\t #ahhf1 & built a cab 9 #ahhg1 :i* 
he ran 9 ,brighton ) m or less success4 
,a second vehicle1 an omnibus1 0 built  
by him & run on ! /reets 9 ,london 9    
#ahhh1 & actually cov]$1 all told1 five 
?\s& miles4   ,,mors  ,a manufactur] (  
electrical app>atus1 ! ,mors e/abli%m5t 
made a /eam vehicle 9 #ahhf1 & "s t5    
ye>s lat] began to manufacture gasol9e  
vehicles4   ,,magnus ,,volk  ,9 #ahhg1  
,volk built an electrical dog c>t :i*1 l
 t ( ,w>d1 0 se5 on ! /reets (          
,brighton4 ,! next ye> he associat$     
himself ) ,immis*  ,co41 & built = !    
,sultan ( ,turkey an electrical dog c>t4
 ,?is 0 claim$ to h a radius ( fifty    
miles at t5 miles an h\r1 ) sev5 hundr$ 
p\nds ( batt]y 9 tw5ty-f\r cells1 driv+ 
! vehicle by means ( a "o horse-p[]     
motor4   ,,butl]  ,ab\t ! same "t t     

,daiml] & ,b5z 7 at "w1 ,butl]1 an      
,engli%man1 0 /udy+ to make a           
hydro-c>bon eng9e4 ,he _h draw+s 9 #ahhd
 & got out a pat5t 9 #ahhg4 ,he built a 
tricycle soon aft] t date4 ,?is _h two  
front :eels z /e]+ :eels & a re> :eel   
driv5 by a two-cyl9d] eng9e4 ,b ,butl]  
did n c>ry 8 plans fur!r1 =1 z he wrote 
9 #ahij1 ! au?orities d n c\nt5ance its 
use on roads1 & ,i h ab&on$ 9 consequ5ce
 any fur!r developm5t ( x4   ,,le       
,,blant  ,! /eam c>riage t ,le ,blant1 (
 ,france1 built c>ri$ n9e pass5g]s1 &   
its weight1 fuel & wat] includ$1 0 ?ree 
& "o-half tons4 ,! eng9e 0 ?ree-cyl9d]  
horizontal1 & ! boil]1 a ,s]pollet      
in/antane\s g5]ator1 0 plac$ beh9d !    
c>riage1 ! fireman beside x & ! driv] 9 
front4   ,,emile ,,delahaye  ,delahaye1 
( ,t\rs1 associat$ himself ) ! firm (   
,cail 9 #ahgj1 sp5d+ "s ye>s 9 ,belgium1
 b 9 #ahij ! automobile s attract$ him z
 to lead him to ! con/ruction ( 8 fir/  
vehicle4 ,= t5 ye>s he practically adh]$
 to ! horizontal eng9e "u ! seat1 :i*   

con/ruction we f9d him us+ 9 #aijj4 ,x  
is wor?y ( note t to ,delahaye is giv5  
cr$it = ! practical adaptation ( !      
radiator 9 ! arrangem5t n[ g5]ally us$ 9
 ! cool+ sy/em4   ,,rog]  ,rog]1 (      
,p>is1 0 ! ,fr5* lic5see = ,b5z1 tak+ up
 t motor mu* 9 ! same mann] z ,panh>d   
,levassor took up ! ,daiml]4 ,9 fact he 
_h su* close relations ) ,b5z z to guide
 ! fur!r developm5t ( bo?4 ,to ?is ext5t
 he 0 d\btless l>gely responsible =     
conv]t+ ,b5z to ! f\r-cycle in/ead ( !  
two-cycle con/ruction1 & he is also     
cr$it$ ) hav+ br\ght ab\t ! *ange f !   
v]tical crank %aft to ! horizontal 9 !  
,b5z c>s4 ,mak+ good headway 9 #ahid1 he
 _h produc$ fifty or m ma*9es by #ahie1 
& ran "o 9 ! ,p>is-,bordeaux race ( t   
ye>4 ,he br\ght a c> to ,new ,york 9    
#ahif1 & took "p 9 ! ,cosmopolitan race1
 f ,new ,york to ,ardsley & return4     
,,georges ,,ri*>d  ,9 #ahic1 ,georges   
,ri*>d began cycle manufactur+ 9 a small
 %op & two ye>s lat] turn$ 8 bus9ess    
into a limit$ corporation4 ,9 #ahig1 he 

began ! manufacture ( automobiles4 ,8   
motor is a developm5t ( ! ,b5z1 )       
ignition improvem5t4   ,,po*a9  ,po*a91 
9 ,france1 built 9 #ahic a six-seat$    
phaeton ) fifty-f\r cells ( batt]y1 :i* 
w\ld seem to h be5 practically ! fir/   
satisfactory vehicle ( its k9d4   ,,l\is
 ,,krieg]  ,e>ly 9 ! n9eties ( ! la/    
c5tury ,krieg] made an electric vehicle4
 ,ab\t #ahid1 he introduc$ 8 f\r-pass5g]
 hack1 conv]t$ by sub/itut+ an electric 
=e c>riage = ! front axle ( an ord9>y   
vehicle4 ,he has s9ce develop$ 8        
electric vehicles 9 ! class ( city      
c>riages4 ,a t\r+ c>1 built = ,engl&1   
call$ ! ,p[]ful1 made 9 #aija notable   
records 9 t c\ntry 9 a long t\r ?r\gh ! 
,isles4 ,! pr9cipal "w ( ,krieg]1 h[ev]1
 has be5 9 ! developm5t ( front drive & 
/e] con/ruction4   ,,d$etri*  ,b>on     
,de,detrich is ( ! well-kn[n h\se t     
claims to h be5 f\nd$ m ?an "o hundr$   
ye>s ago 9 ,luneville1 ,alsace1 & has   
gr[n to be "o ( ! greate/ works = !     
manufacture ( locomotives & o!r ma*9]y4 

,9 #ahhj ! conc]n is said to h employ$  
f\r ?\s& m54 ,its connection ) !        
automobile indu/ry began practically 9  
#ahie1 :5 ! con/ruction ( automobiles on
 ! sy/em ( ,amde ,bolle  ,sons 0        
und]tak54 ,) l>ge res\rces & ability    
developm5t 0 naturally rapid1 result+ 9 
! production to-day ( "o ( ! fir/-class 
,fr5* makes4   ,,david ,,salomons  ,sir 
,david ,salomons1 ,b>t41 0 born 9       
,engl&1 9 #ahea4 ,he 0 educat$ = a %ort 
p]iod at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 &
 aft]w>ds at ,caius ,college1           
,cambridge1 :]e he 0 graduat$ ) natural 
sci5ce honors4 ,he is a memb] ( !       
,in/itution ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 :]e 
he took lead+ "p = _m ye>s on ! ,c\ncil1
 & s]v$ 9 ! positions ( honor>y treasur]
 & vice-presid5t4 ,he is a fell[ ( !    
,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 ( !       
,physical ,society ( ,london1 & ( !     
,royal ,microscopical ,society1 & an    
associate ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil      
,eng9e]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,david  
,,salomons  ,sir ,david 0 "o ( ! fir/ 9 

,engl& to adopt ! electric light4 ,?is 0
 ab\t ! ye> #ahgd1 :5 he f\nd x necess>y
 to make ! lamps1 swit*es & o!r app>atus
 himself1 z ^? 7 unobta9able at ! "t2   
mu* ( ! app>atus 9 g5]al use to-day has 
be5 copi$ f 8 models4 ,ab\t #ahgd-e1 he 
con/ruct$ a small electrical road       
c>riage1 :i* 0 9 use a %ort "t only1 ow+
 to ! tr\ble ( re-*>g+ batt]ies1 z no   
accumulators exi/$ at t p]iod4 ,devot+  
himself l>gely to sci5tific inve/igation
 he is ! au?or ( v>i\s works on         
sci5tific subjects1 su* z photographic  
optical =mul1 photography & electrical  
subjects1 8 *ief "w be+ 8 ?ree-volume   
,electric ,light ,in/allations1 n[ ent]+
 its n9? edition4 ,( ?is "w1 ! fir/     
volume on ,accumulators 0 = a great _m  
ye>s ! only practical "w on ! subject4  
,he is also ! au?or ( _m pap]s read be=e
 sci5tific societies1 includ+ ! ,royal  
,society & ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he is an
 orig9al memb] ( ! ,automobile ,club (  
,france & ( ! ,automobile ,club ( ,great
 ,brita91 be+ a memb] ( ! committee ( ! 

=m] & memb] ( committee & a             
vice-presid5t ( ! latt]1 & is also an   
ord9>y or honor>y memb] ( mo/ ( !       
,cont95tal automobile clubs4 ,he 0      
,mayor ( ,tunbridge ,wells1 #ahid-e1 &  
,high ,%]iff ( ,k5t 9 #ahha1 & is a     
,magi/rate = ,k5t1 ,sussex1 ,middlesex1 
,we/m9/] & ,london4  ,! connection (    
,sir ,david ,salomons ) ! enc\ragem5t & 
developm5t ( self-propell$ traffic 9 !  
,unit$ ,k+dom1 con/itutes "o ( ! mo/    
important *apt]s 9 ! contemporane\s     
hi/ory ( ! automobile4 ,8 fir/ /ep to   
secure a favorable public op9ion = !    
legislative measures t he propos$ 0 to h
 an exhibition ( vehicles1 :i* took     
place at ,tunbridge ,wells1 9 ,octob]1  
#ahie4 ,z a result ( ?is exhibition & a 
volum9\s correspond5ce !reaft]1 !       
newspap]s ( ,great ,brita9 & _m ( !     
memb]s ( ! ,h\ses ( ,lords & ,commons 7 
br\ght to see ! ju/ice ( ! measures ask$
 =4 ,next1 ! ,self-,propell$ ,traffic   
,association 0 organiz$4 ,sir ,david    
,salomons 0 elect$ presid5t & ! campaign

 = ,p>liam5t>y action 0 inaugurat$ &    
brilliantly & en]getically prosecut$4   
,:5 ! bill came be=e ! ,commons & !     
,lords x 0 sub/antially support$1 b its 
provisions receiv$ a great deal (       
discussion4 ,"s am5dm5ts1 p>ticul>ly    
relat+ to ! que/ions ( smoke & petroleum
 use1 7 atta*$ to x4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 ! 
act t 0 pass$ 0 g5]ally satisfactory to 
all int]e/$ 9 ! promotion & protection (
 self-propell$ traffic4 ,x has be5 said 
t !re has h>dly be5 an act pass$ conta9+
 m lib]al clauses & ) m unity ( action4 
,its provisions all[ ( reasonable travel
 ( all k9ds ( self-propell$ vehicles    
?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom & ! act z a :ole is    
reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ notable advances    
made 9 ?is matt] dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation4
   ,,leon ,,boll,e  ,a bro!r ( ,amde    
,bolle1 ,leon ,bolle has be5 long       
int]e/$ 9 ! bus9ess t be>s ! family "n4 
,9 #ahif1 he br\ght out a motor cycle t 
0 a type betwe5 a cycle & a vehicle4 ,x 
_h two front /e]+ :eels & "o front      
driv]4 ,! same type ( vehicle has be5   

adopt$ = light "w1 su* z p>cel deliv]y4 
,,joseph ,,gu$on  ,gu$on made 8         
appe>ance at ,bordeaux1 9 ,octob]1      
#ahig1 ) a f\r-:eel$ wagonette1 :i* he  
made "u ! "n ( ! ,decauville4 ,8 special
 con/ruction 0 claim$ to v l>gely       
elim9ate ! vibration ( ! vehicle1 & 8   
success c be fairly judg$ f ! results 9 
! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! ,decauville c>s h be5
 develop$ & ref9$ to su* a po9t z to be 
among ! be/ ( ! ,fr5* makes1 & n[ h an  
int]national reputation4   ,,r5e ,,de   
,,knyff  ,de ,knyff became an en?usia/ic
 automobili/1 & ) o!r g5tlem51 sportsm5 
( ! nobility1 became a great amateur4   
,he 0 & is /ill kn[n z ! ,k+ (          
,*auffeurs1 hav+ won sev]al ( ! mo/     
important races1 driv+ ! ,panh>d c>s to 
victory4   ,,adolf ,,clem5t  ,born 9    
#ahee4  ,entirely a self-made man1      
,clem5t _h exp]i5ce z a locksmi? & s]v$ 
an appr5tice%ip z a t9smi?4 ,he />t$ &  
built up a bicycle manufactur+          
e/abli%m5t :i*1 9 #ahid1 0 consid]$ "o (
 ! f9e/ 9 ,france4 ,9 "t ?is develop$   

into ! f9e/ cycle manufactory 9 t       
c\ntry4 ,x is situat$ 9 ,levallois1 ne> 
,p>is4 ,9 #ahii1 ,clem5t contract$ )    
,panh>d  ,levassor to manufacture "u _! 
pat5ts1 & 9 #aijj he made a mo/         
successful light vehicle ( f\r          
horse-p[]4 ,s9ce !n he has develop$ 8   
automobile factory1 & 9 ! pa/ few ye>s  
has produc$ competitors = honors 9 !    
fir/ class1 :i* are kn[n at home &      
abroad z ! ,bay>d or ,clem5t-,bay>d c>s4
   ,a4 ,,d>racq  ,ab\t fifty ye>s ( age1
 ,d>racq has _h an en]getic & successful
 c>e]4 ,he is n[ presid5t ( ! ,society (
 ,eng9e]s1 ,p>is1 & a memb] ( ! ,legion 
( ,honor4 ,he is be/ kn[n z an inv5tor 9
 connection ) ! automobile indu/ry4     
,among 8 inv5tions are a %aft drive & a 
bevel$ ge> drive :i* are n[ univ]sally  
us$4 ,he orig9at$ ! idea ( plac+ !      
op]at+ lev] on ! /e]+ po/ & made ! fir/ 
mod]ate pric$ automobile 9 ,france4 ,he 
is n[ ! eng9e] & manag] ( "o ( ! bigge/ 
factories 9 ! _w4  ,illu/ration3 ,a4    
,,d>racq   ,,james ,,gordon ,,b5nett  ,s

 int]e/+ 0 ! sport+ side ( ! automobile 
movem5t t x e>ly attract$ ! att5tion (  
,james ,gordon ,b5nett4 ,! great runs1  
or t\rs1 or races comm5c$ 9 #ahia1 &    
cont9u$ annually f #ahid on1 result$ 9 !
 (f]+ ( ! ,b5nett trophy = int]national 
competition "u conditions :i* may h be5 
sugge/$ by ! ,am]ica ya*t cup races4 ,9 
,janu>y1 #aijj1 ?is 0 ann\nc$ 9 ,p>is1 &
 ! cu/ody ( ! trophy initially giv5 to !
 ,automobile ,club ( ,france z ! fir/ & 
=emo/ *ampions ( automobil+4 ,elaborate 
& excell5t rules gov]n ! annual         
competition = ! trophy1 & ! races are   
held 9 ! c\ntry ^: repres5tative has won
 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,9 ?is way ! fir/ race
 0 9 ,france1 z well z ! second1 & !    
#aijc race 9 ,irel&1 :ile t ( #aijd 0   
held 9 ,g]many1 b 0 won by a ,fr5*man1 s
 t ! #aije race w aga9 be held 9 ! l& ( 
! orig9al cu/odians ( ! trophy4         
,,index     ,adamson1 ,daniel1 #aeh     
,&]son1 ,james ,caleb1 #ade    ,&rews1  
,f41 #acg    ,arm/rong1 #afc            
,automobile1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( !1  

#aa     ,batt91 #aee    ,baynes1 ,john1 
#abi    ,b5nett1 ,james ,gordon1 #agf   
,b5z1 ,c>l1 #id    ,b]nh>d1 ,an?ony1    
#aed    ,blan*>d1 #aba    ,blan*>d1     
,?omas1 #fh    ,bolle1 ,am$e1 #ij       
,bolle1 ,leon1 #agd    ,bord9o1         
,*evali]1 #aci    ,b\lton1 ,isaac ,w41  
#afc    ,b\ton1 ,g41 #aff    ,br[n1     
,samuel1 #acc    ,brunton1 ,william1    
#abg    ,burtsall1 ,t41 #acb    ,butl]1 
#afi     ,c>rett1 ,w4 ,o41 #aei         
,c>twright1 ,edmund1 #aca    ,*ur*1 ,w4 
,h41 #hg    ,clem5t ,adolf1 #age        
,clive1 #aci    ,copel&1 #aff    ,c[an1 
,t4 ,w41 #afb    ,cugnot1 ,ni*olas      
,joseph1 #ca     ,daiml]1 ,gottlieb1 #ie
    ,dall]y1 ,?omas ,*>les ,augu/e1 #abb
    ,dance1 ,*>les1 #adb    ,d>racq1    
,a41 #age    ,d>w91 ,erasmus1 #aah      
,davidson1 ,rob]t1 #adh    ,decauville1 
#agd    ,de ,detri*1 #aga    ,de ,dion1 
,c\nt ,a41 #afg    ,de ,knyff1 ,r51 #age
    ,delahaye1 ,emile1 #agj    ,dietz1  
#add    ,dudgeon1 ,ri*>d1 #aee          
,dumbell1 ,john1 #abf    ,du ,quet1 #abf

     ,edgewor?1 ,ri*>d ,lovell1 #abj    
,evans1 ,oliv]1 #ch     ,f>fleur1       
,/eph51 #aab    ,field1 ,jo%ua1 #adc    
,fi%]1 ,j4 ,k41 #aec    ,=eword1 #e     
,f\rness1 ,rob]t1 #abc     ,g5evois1 ,j4
 ,h41 #abf    ,gibbs1 #ada    ,goodman1 
#aec    ,gordon1 ,david1 #ef            
,griffi?s1 ,julius1 #acj    ,gu$on1     
,joseph1 #agd    ,gurney1 ,goldswor?y1  
#fd     ,hancock1 ,walt]1 #ga    ,h>l&1 
#acg    ,hauts*1 ,johann1 #aaa          
,hayball1 ,*>les ,t41 #afb    ,heaton1  
,w4 ,g41 #adh    ,hill1 ,f41 #aej       
,holl&1 ,t4 ,s41 #ace    ,huyg5s1       
,*ri/iaan1 #aaa     ,inv5tors1 ,pione]1 
#bi    ,inve/igators1 ,not$1 #aje       
,james1 ,william ,h5ry1 #ei    ,james1  
,william ,t41 #gg    ,jeanteaud1 ,*>les1
 #afe    ,johnson1 #gj     ,ke/l]1 ,j4  
,s41 #aba    ,krieg]1 ,l\is1 #aga       
,knyff1 ,r5 de1 #age     ,le ,blant1    
#afi    ,leibnitz1 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm   
von1 #aae    ,l5oir1 ,jean ,joseph      
,eti5ne1 #hi    ,levassor1 #ii    ,l\gh 
& ,mess5g]1 #aee     ,mac]oni1 ,francis1

 #gh    ,mackwor?1 ,humphrey1 #aae      
,m>cus1 ,siegfri$1 #ic    ,masuri]1 #aba
    ,m$hur/1 ,george1 #abd    ,mess5g]1 
#aee    ,milli*ap1 ,g41 #add    ,moore1 
,francis1 #abj    ,mors1 #afi           
,murdock1 ,william1 #cd     ,nasmy?1    
,james1 #ace    ,neville1 ,james1 #acd  
,newton1 ,isaac1 #aac    ,norrgb]1 #aec 
,not$ ,inve/igators1 #aje     ,ogle1    
,summ]s &1 #adj    ,orig9 & ,developm5t 
( ! ,automobile1 #aa     ,pap91 ,d5is1  
#aaf    ,p>k]1 ,t4 ,w41 #acc            
,pecqueur1 #ach    ,peugeot1 ,arm&1 #afh
    ,pione] ,inv5tors1 #bi    ,planta1  
#aba    ,po*a91 #aga    ,pocock1        
,george1 #acc    ,pyott1 ,l4 ,t41 #afd  
,raff>d1 #afe    ,ramsey1 ,david1 #aaj  
,ravel1 ,pi]re1 #afd    ,read1 ,na?an1  
#dh    ,r5ault1 ,l\is1 #aja    ,r5ault1 
,m>cel1 #aja    ,ri*>d1 ,eli1 #aad      
,ri*>d1 ,georges1 #aga    ,ri*t]1 ,a41  
#afd    ,rickett1 ,?omas1 #aef          
,rob]ts1 ,ri*>d1 #hb    ,rob9son1 #aah  
,rog]1 #agj    ,rop]1 ,sylve/] ,haywood1
 #afe    ,russell1 ,john ,scott1 #hc    

,salomons1 ,sir ,david1 #agb    ,seld51 
,george ,b41 #ia    ,s]pollet1 ,leon1   
#ajj    ,/irl+1 #aei    ,/ev91 ,simon1  
#aji    ,summ]s & ,ogle1 #adj           
,sym+ton1 ,william1 #de     ,tangye1    
,ri*>d1 #afa    ,t9dall1 ,?omas1 #abi   
,?ompson1 ,r4 ,w41 #aed    ,trevi?ick1  
,ri*>d1 #ej     ,vaucauson1 #aag        
,vegelius1 #aad    ,v]bie/1 ,f]n&o1 #aab
    ,v9ey1 ,james1 #ach    ,vivian1     
,&rew1 #abe    ,volk1 ,magnus1 #afi     
,von ,leibnitz1 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm1 #aae
     ,w>d1 ,radcliffe1 #afh    ,watt1   
,james1 #abb    ,wildgosse1 ,?omas1 #aaj
     ,yates1 #add