file which includes the original        
illustrations4       ,see #dahia-;h4htm 
or #dahia-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu
b_/#dahia_/pg#dahia-;images4html7       
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#da
hia_/dahia-;h4zip7         ,images of   
the original pages are available through
       ,internet ,archive4 ,see         
http3_/_/archive4org_/details_/automobil
ebiogra#jjweekrich      ,,automobile    
,,biographies  ,an ,account of the      
,lives and the ,work of ,those ,who     
,have ,been ,identified with the        
,invention and ,development of          
,self-,propelled ,vehicles on the       
,common ,roads  ,illustrated        ,new
 ,york ,the ,monograph ,press           
,copyright1 #aijd by the ,monograph     
,press ,all ,rights ,reserved           
,,foreword   ,in a large sense the      
history of the rise of the automobile   
has been a history of some of the       
foremost inventors1 mechanical          

engineers1 manufacturers and active     
business men of more than a full        
century4 ,the subject of self-propelled 
vehicles on the common roads has        
enlisted the faculties of many men whose
 minds have been engrossed with the     
study and the solution of mechanical and
 engineering problems1 purely from an   
absorbing love of science2 it has had   
the financial support of those whose    
energies are constantly and forcefully  
exerted in the industrial and commercial
 activities of the age2 it has received 
the merited consideration of those who  
regard as of paramount importance any   
addition to the sum of successful human 
endeavor and any influence that         
contributes to the further advance of   
modern civilization4  ,along these lines
 of thought this book of ,,automobile   
,,biographies has been prepared4 ,on its
 pages are sketches of the lives and the
 work of those who have been most active
 in planning1 inventing and perfecting  
the modern horseless highway vehicle1 in

 adapting it to the public needs for    
pleasure or business and in promoting   
its usefulness and broadening the field 
of its utility4  ,included herein are   
accounts of the pioneer inventors1 the  
noted investigators and the             
contemporaneous workers who have helped 
to make the automobile in its many forms
 the most remarkable mechanical success 
of to-day and the most valuable and     
epoch-making addition to the            
conveniences of modern social1          
industrial and commercial life4 ,these  
sketches have been carefully prepared   
from the best sources of information1   
works of reference1 personal papers and 
so on1 and are believed to be thoroughly
 accurate and reliable4 ,much of the    
information contained in them has been  
derived from exceedingly rare old       
volumes and papers that are not         
generally accessible1 and it comes with 
a full flavor of newness4 ,much also has
 been acquired from original sources and
 has never before been given to the     

public4  ,the investigator into this    
subject will find1 doubtless1 to his    
very great surprise1 that the story of  
the pioneer inventors1 who1 in the early
 part of the nineteenth century1        
experimented with the problems of the   
steam road carriage1 has been recorded  
voluminously and with much detail4 ,it  
was a notable movement1 that absorbed   
the abundant attention of inventors1    
manufacturers and the public at large at
 that time4  ,writers of that day       
recorded with a great deal of           
particularity the experimenting with    
boilers1 engines1 machinery and         
carriages1 and the promoting of         
companies for the transportation of     
passengers and the hauling of goods4    
,modern students and historians of this 
subject find themselves greatly indebted
 to the writers of that epoch1 like     
,gordon1 ,herbert and others1 who       
preserved1 with such painstaking care1  
for future generations1 as well as for  
their own time1 the account of the lives

 and labors of such men as ,watt1       
,trevithick1 ,maceroni1 ,hancock and    
others4 ,every modern work upon this    
subject draws generously from those     
sources4  ,concerning the later period  
from the middle of the century that has 
just ended1 down to the present time1   
there is less concrete information1     
readily available4 ,with the cessation  
of public interest in the matter and its
 general relegation into the background1
 by inventors1 engineers and those who  
had previously been financial backers of
 the experimenting1 writers ceased to   
give the subject the enthusiastic       
attention that they had before bestowed 
upon it4 ,records of that period are    
scant1 partly because there was so      
little to record and partly because no  
one cared to record even that little4   
,until comparatively recent times the   
historian of the self-propelled vehicle1
 who was so much in evidence            
seventy-five years ago1 had not         
reappeared4 ,even now his work is       

generally of a desultory character1     
voluminous1 but largely ephemeral4 ,it  
is widely scattered1 not easily         
accessible and already considerably     
forgotten from day to day4 ,especially  
of the men of the last half century1 who
 have made the present-day automobile   
possible and are now contributing to its
 greater future1 the following pages    
present much that has never been brought
 together in this form4 ,it is both     
history and the material for history4   
,it is believed that these sketches will
 be found peculiarly interesting and    
permanently valuable4 ,individually they
 are clear presentations of the         
achievements of some of the most        
distinguished engineers and inventors of
 the last hundred years4 ,collectively  
they present a complete story of the    
inception and gradual development of the
 automobile from the first clumsy steam 
wagons of ,cugnot1 ,trevithick1 ,evans  
and others to the perfected carriage of 
to-day4  ,the chapter on ,the ,origin   

and ,development of the ,automobile is a
 careful study and review of the        
conditions that attended the attempts to
 install the first common road steam    
carriages1 the tentative experimenting  
with bicycles1 tricycles and other      
vehicles in the middle of the last      
century and the renaissance of the last 
two decades4 ,several of the            
illustrations are from old and rare     
prints1 and others are from photographs4
  ,it is not possible to set down here  
all the authorities that have been      
consulted in the preparation of this    
work4 ,special acknowledgment1 however1 
must be made to ,the ,engineering       
,magazine for permission to use text and
 photographs1 and to ,j4 ,g4 ,pangborn  
for permission to use a great deal of   
interesting information regarding the   
early steam inventors contained in his  
work1 ,the ,world's ,railway1 and to    
reproduce portrait sketches of          
,trevithick1 ,murdoch1 and ,read1 from  
the same valuable volume4  ,,lyman      

,,horace ,,weeks4  ,,new ,,york1        
,january1 #aije4     ,,origin ,,and     
,,development ,,of ,,the ,,automobile   
,,strange ,,early ,,vehicles  ,he who   
would fully acquaint himself with the   
history of the inception and growth of  
the idea of travel by self-propelled    
vehicles on the public highways must go 
further back in the annals of the past  
than he is likely first to anticipate4  
,nearly three centuries ago men of      
mechanical and scientific turns of mind 
were giving attention to the subject1   
although their thoughts at that time    
were mostly confined to the realms of   
imaginative speculation4 ,even before   
that philosophers occasionally dreamed  
of what might be in some far off time4  
,roger ,bacon1 in the thirteenth        
century1 looking into the distant       
future1 made this prediction3 ,it will  
be possible to construct chariots so    
that without animals they may be moved  
with incalculable speed4 ,it was several
 hundred years before men were ready to 

give practical attention to this idea1  
and about #agdj good ,bishop ,berkeley  
could only make this as a prediction and
 not a realization3 ,mark me1 ere long  
we shall see a pan of coals brought to  
use in place of a feed of oats4  ,but   
the ancients1 in a way1 anticipated even
 ,roger ,bacon and ,bishop ,berkeley1   
for ,heliodorus refers to a triumphal   
chariot at ,athens that was moved by    
slaves who worked the machinery1 and    
,pancirollus also alludes to such       
chariots4   ,,horseless ,,wagons ,,in   
,,china  ,approaching the seventeenth   
century the investigator finds that     
definite examples are becoming more     
numerous1 even if as yet not very       
practical4 ,china1 which1 like ,egypt1  
seems to have known and buried many     
ideas centuries before the rest of the  
world achieved them1 had horseless      
vehicles before #afjj4 ,these merit1 at 
least1 passing attention even though    
they were not propelled by an engine1   
for the present automobile is the       

outgrowth of that old idea to eliminate 
the horse as the means of travel4       
,matthieu ,ricci1 #aeeb-afaj1 a ,jesuit 
missionary in ,china1 told how in that  
country a wagon not drawn by horses or  
other animals was in common use4 ,in an 
early collection of travels this vehicle
 was described as follows3 ,this river  
is so cloyed with ships because it is   
not frozen in winter that the way is    
stopped with multitude2 which made      
,ricius exchange his way by water into  
another 7more strange to us7 by waggon1 
if we may so call it1 which had but one 
wheel1 so built that one might sit in   
the middle as 'twere on horseback1 and  
on each side another1 the waggoner      
putting 't swiftly and safely forwards  
with levers or barres of wood 7those    
waggons driven by wind and gayle he     
mentions not47 ,it was somewhat later   
than this that ,china was indebted to   
that other famous ,jesuit missionary1   
,verbiest1 for his steam carriage1      
which1 however1 was not much more than a

 toy4   ,,manually ,,propelled          
,,vehicles  ,but in the seventeenth     
century most attention seems to have    
been given to devising carriages that   
should be moved by the hand or foot     
power of man4 ,the auto car that was run
 in the streets of ,nuremberg1 ,germany1
 by ,johann ,hautsch1 in #afdi1 was of  
this description1 and that of ,eli      
,richard1 the physician1 of ,la         
,rochelle1 ,france1 about the same time1
 was of the same class4  ,not long after
 this ,potter1 of ,england1 came along  
in #affc with a mechanical cart designed
 to travel on legs1 and in the same year
 the celebrated ,hooke presented to the 
,royal ,society of ,england a plan for  
some sort of a machine by which one     
could walk upon the land or water with  
swiftness1 after the manner of a crane4 
,it does not quite appear what that cart
 and that machine were4 ,one authority  
thinks that the ,hooke patent was for a 
one-wheel vehicle supposed to be        
propelled by a person inside the wheel4 

,then1 also1 there was ,beza1 another   
,french physician1 with a mechanical    
vehicle in #agaj4   ,,other ,,french    
,,and ,,english ,,experiments  ,in fact1
 the interest in carriages worked by man
 power extended from the seventeenth    
well into the nineteenth century4 ,soon 
after the time of ,beza1 mechanical     
chariots1 modeled after the ,richard    
coach1 were advertised to be run in     
,london1 but it does not appear that    
they met with public favor4 ,scientists 
and others gave much thought to the     
subject1 both in ,england and in        
,france4 ,john ,vevers1 master of the   
boarding-school at ,ryegate1 ,surrey1   
came out with a carriage that was       
evidently copied from that of ,richard4 
,other forms of carriages worked by hand
 or foot power of man were described in 
the periodicals of the time4 ,george    
,black1 of ,berwick-on-the-,tweed1 built
 a wagon to be run by hand power in     
#agfh4 ,in ,england1 ,john ,ladd1 of    
,trowbridge1 ,wilts1 in #ageg2 ,john    

,beaumont1 of ,ayrshire1 in #aghh1 and  
in ,france1 ,thomas in #agjc1 ,gerard in
 #agaa1 ,ferry in #aggj1 and ,maillard1 
,blanchard and ,meurice1 in #aggi1 and  
others1 were most active during this    
period4  ,it was well into the          
nineteenth century before this idea was 
wholly abandoned4 ,edmund ,cartwright1  
inventor of the hand loom1 contributed  
to the experimenting1 and the #ahca     
patent to ,sir ,james ,c4 ,anderson was 
for a very imposing vehicle rowed by    
twenty-four men4   ,,compressed ,,air   
,,power  ,at the same time that the     
steam engineers in ,england were        
bringing out their vehicles1 #ahjj-ce1  
others were at work on the problem of   
compressed air carriages4 ,among these  
was ,w4 ,mann1 of ,brixton1 who1 in     
#ahcj1 published in ,london a pamphlet1 
entitled ,a ,description of a ,new      
,method of ,propelling ,locomotive      
,machines1 and of ,communicating ,power 
and ,motion to ,all ,other ,kinds of    
,machinery1 and it contained a          

lithograph of the proposed carriage4    
,sir ,george ,medhurst1 of ,england1    
about #ahjj1 with his proposed regular  
line of coaches run by compressed air   
was1 perhaps1 the most conspicuous      
experimenter into this method of        
propulsion4   ,,sailing ,,carriages ,,on
 ,,land  ,many men long speculated upon 
the possibility of wind propulsion on   
land as well as upon the sea4 ,the most 
ambitious attempt in that line was the  
sailing chariot of ,simon ,stevin1 of   
,the ,hague1 in #afjj4 ,vehicles of this
 kind were built by others1 and in #afie
 ,sir ,humphrey ,mackworth applied sails
 to wagons on the tramways at his       
colliery at ,neath1 ,south ,wales4 ,the 
,frenchman1 ,du ,quet1 in #agad1 and the
 ,swiss clergyman1 ,genevois1 proposed  
to get power from windmills mounted on  
their wagons4 ,more curious even than   
these was the carriage drawn by kites1  
the invention of ,george ,pocock1 in    
#ahbf4   ,,the ,,steam ,,carriage       
,,predicted  ,but all these and other   

fantastic devices never got beyond the  
experimental stage1 and nothing of a    
substantial1 practical character was    
ever evolved from them4 ,it remained for
 the latter part of the eighteenth      
century to see the subject taken up     
seriously and considered in a way that  
promised definite results4 ,and it was  
steam that then brought the matter      
strongly to the front4  ,it is true that
 ,sir ,isaac ,newton tentatively        
suggested the possibility of carriage   
propulsion by steam about #afhj1 but his
 suggestion lay dormant for nearly a    
century4 ,then the growing knowledge of 
the power of steam and the possibilities
 in the new element turned men's        
thoughts again very forcibly to this    
theme4 ,the stationary engine had shown 
its usefulness1 and the consideration of
 making this stationary machine movable1
 and therefore available for            
transportation1 naturally followed4     
,dr4 ,erasmus ,darwin is said to have   
urged ,james ,watt and ,matthew ,boulton

 to build a fiery chariot as early as   
#agfe4 ,in his poem1 ,the ,botanic      
,garden1 famous in that day1 ,dr4       
,darwin1 like a prophet crying in the   
wilderness1 sang of the future of steam 
in these lines3    ,soon shall thy arm1 
unconquered steam1 afar   ,drag the slow
 barge1 or drive the rapid car2   ,on1  
on wide waving wings1 expanded bear     
,the flying chariot through the field of
 air2   ,fair crews triumphant1 leaning 
from above1   ,shall wave their         
fluttering 'kerchiefs as they move1     
,or warrior bands alarm the gaping      
crowds1   ,and armies shrink beneath the
 shadowy clouds4  ,these lines may      
indeed be fairly interpreted as         
anticipating in prophetic prediction the
 modern motor airship1 as well as the   
motor car4   ,,the ,,first ,,steam      
,,vehicles  ,it was considerably later  
than this that the dream of ,dr4 ,darwin
 approached to realization at the hands 
of the steam engine inventors and       
builders4 ,aside from ,nicholas ,joseph 

,cugnot1 the ,french army officer who1  
about #agfi1 constructed an artillery   
wagon propelled by a high-pressure      
engine1 those who first built successful
 self-propelled vehicles for highway    
travel were the famous engineers of     
,england and ,scotland1 who harnessed   
steam and developed the high-pressure   
engine in the last half of the          
eighteenth century and the first half of
 the nineteenth4 ,james ,watt patented1 
in #aghb1 a double-acting engine1 which 
he planned might be applied to give     
motion to wheel carriages1 the engine to
 be portable2 but he never put the      
patent to trial4 ,he was followed by    
,george ,stephenson1 ,richard           
,trevithick1 ,walter ,hancock1          
,goldsworthy ,gurney1 ,david ,gordon1   
,william ,brunton and others in         
,england1 and ,oliver ,evans1 ,nathan   
,read and ,thomas ,blanchard in the     
,united ,states1 with two score or more 
contemporaries4 ,for more than half a   
century steam vehicles of various types 

were invented by these engineers and    
many of them were brought into practical
 use4  ,soon after the end of the first 
quarter of the nineteenth century the   
interest in steam carriages had assumed 
large proportions in ,england4 ,in #ahcc
 there were no less than twenty such    
vehicles1 either completed or in hand1  
around ,london1 and a dozen corporations
 had been organized to build and run    
them over stated routes4  ,alexander    
,gordon1 the eminent engineer1 wrote a  
book1 entitled ,treatise ,upon          
,elemental ,locomotion1 that went into  
three editions inside of four years4 ,he
 also brought out two special journals  
covering this field of mechanics4 ,the  
,mechanic's ,magazine1 and other        
publications1 also gave much attention  
to the subject1 and the steam-carriage  
literature of the period became very    
voluminous4   ,,popular ,,prejudice     
,,aroused  ,for a time it looked as     
though the new vehicle was destined to a
 permanency and to accomplish a         

revolution in the methods of travel on  
the high-roads4 ,but several things     
arose to determine otherwise4 ,there    
sprang up an unreasoning senseless      
hostility to any substitute for the     
horse as the agent of vehicular traffic4
 ,the stage-coach drivers were afraid   
that they would be thrown out of work4  
,breeders of horses foresaw the         
destruction of their business1 when     
horses should no longer be in demand4   
,farmers were sure that with horses     
superseded by steam1 they would never be
 able to sell any more oats4 ,this      
public animosity manifested itself      
wherever the steam carriages went4 ,the 
coaches were hooted at and stoned amid  
cries of down with machinery4 ,stones   
and other obstacles were placed in the  
roads1 trenches were dug to trap the    
unsuspicious driver and stretches of    
roadway were dug up and made into       
quagmires to stall the machines4        
,parliament was called upon and enacted 
excessive highway tolls1 especially     

directed at steam carriages4 ,another   
law that stood on the statute books of  
,great ,britain until within            
comparatively recent times compelled    
every self-propelled vehicle moving on  
the highway to be preceded by a man     
walking and carrying a red flag4   ,,the
 ,,beginning ,,of ,,railroads  ,all this
 was undoubtedly due1 in a large        
measure1 if not wholly1 to what was then
 known as the ,turn ,pike ,trusts1      
which1 in conjunction with the          
stage-line companies1 in many cases1    
were owners of a thousand and more      
horses4 ,the latter1 quite naturally1   
objected to the introduction of the     
mechanical vehicle1 while the former had
 such relations to them that both their 
interests were identical4  ,but above   
all things1 the great art of railroading
 had already grown from infant existence
 to a condition of great possibilities1 
which were now to be finally determined 
by a success1 not alone mechanical and  
in the eyes of the inventor1 but        

measured by the balance sheets of the   
companies of individuals who had made   
possible the construction of the various
 experimental locomotives or            
experimental lines then being operated  
in ,england and elsewhere4 ,just at this
 time1 in the thirties of the nineteenth
 century1 seems to have been the crucial
 point4 ,the arguments of the engineers 
on the question of sufficient traction  
of the iron-shod wheels on iron or other
 hard railways1 while given due         
consideration1 were not wholly          
convincing1 at least to the people      
investing their money in the            
enterprises2 the profits were to tell in
 the final conclusion1 and it would seem
 that the great era of railroading might
 be considered to have had its actual   
birth at this time1 because3  ,the first
 dividend was paid on one of the great  
railroad enterprises4   ,,influence ,,of
 ,,the ,,first ,,dividend  ,for the time
 being that seemed to sound the death   
knell of the common road steam-propelled

 vehicle4 ,the engineers so strongly    
advocating the railroad had proven their
 various propositions in the eyes of    
those who had the financial powers to   
engage in the extensive introduction and
 development of the new means of        
transportation4 ,further demonstration1 
extensively exploited1 was also made to 
the satisfaction of those investors1    
that vehicles could be pulled with less 
power on a hard roadbed such as a       
railway1 than on an uneven and sometimes
 soft path such as common roads4 ,it    
seems clear that these and various other
 arguments1 heartily urged at that time1
 and1 in some cases1 unquestionable from
 a technical standpoint1 were really    
decided by that first dividend4 ,and the
 common road vehicle with the support   
and enthusiasm of its backers largely   
withdrawn from it dropped to a position 
greatly subordinate to the other branch 
of transportation4   ,,the ,,steam      
,,road ,,vehicle ,,again  ,on the other 
hand1 the development which came in the 

next few decades in the railroad        
department brought also a renewed demand
 for common road vehicles for certain   
classes of work or for certain          
localities4 ,the steam vehicle for      
stationary purposes1 and also for the   
locomotive1 were being rapidly developed
 and refined4 ,the railroad settled down
 to the idea of a power unit drawing    
numerous wagons4 ,that has been         
consistently adhered to to the present  
day1 and only in the past decade have we
 gone back to the old and first         
principles of embodying the mechanical  
propelling means in the same vehicle    
that transports the passengers or goods4
 ,so1 while ,hancock and his worthy     
contemporaries passed into history1     
other common road steam advocates       
continued their isolated attempts up to 
and past the middle of the nineteenth   
century1 although without any such      
general enthusiasm as prevailed in the  
twenties and early thirties4   ,,new    
,,generation ,,of ,,inventors  ,many    

attempts in ,america1 such as those of  
,fisher1 ,dudgeon1 and others1 and the  
work in ,england by numerous inventors  
and machine manufacturers1 such as      
,tangye1 ,hilditch1 ,snowden1 ,f4 ,hill1
 ,jr41 aided by the engineers1 ,macadam1
 ,telford and ,m',neil1 who were        
improving the common roads so that they 
might approach the advantageous         
conditions of the railroad1 assume      
prominence in connection with that      
period of the history4 ,rickett's       
carriage1 in #aheh2 ,carrett's1 in      
#ahfb2 ,boulton's1 in #ahfg2 ,catley's1 
in #ahfi1 and others1 were among the    
finger-posts of that time1 pointing to  
more notable achievements of the future4
  ,but in ,england the ,act of          
,parliament1 passed in #ahcf and in     
force almost to to-day1 known as the    
,locomotive ,act1 was the deterrent to  
progress in common road steam           
locomotion4 ,this condition even        
continued after the select committee of 
,parliament1 in #ahgc1 endeavored to    

remove some of the restrictions1 but    
succeeded only in producing the ,act of 
#ahgh1 which in no way improved the     
position of the common road vehicle4    
,in ,france and on the ,continent       
political conditions doubtless mitigated
 against any general advance1 and though
 this period included the great         
development of machinery and            
construction which paved the way for the
 future1 it is not of prominence in this
 history4   ,a ,,period ,,of            
,,experimenting  ,a new era may be said 
to have commenced in the early part of  
the seventies when we find ,amde ,bolle 
exhibiting a steam machine at the       
,vienna ,exposition4 ,in the seventies  
were also experiments on modified forms 
of power on vehicle propelling motors   
other than steam1 but it still seemed to
 be the steam vehicle that characterized
 the new period of activity which       
blossomed out in the early eighties with
 many ardent advocates1 and exhibited a 
type of light vehicle with efficient    

strong boiler and light engine4 ,america
 should not be overlooked1 however1 when
 we consider the one small vehicle of   
,austin1 which was constructed in       
,massachusetts1 and attracted great     
attention at the shows of the ,ocean    
,circus1 in the early seventies1 or     
thereabout4 ,bouton1 of ,france1 came to
 the fore in the early eighties1 and the
 light steam vehicle seemed on the high 
road to a great development and a       
monopoly of the common roads vehicle    
industry1 until its competitor appeared 
in what is now popularly known as the   
gasoline vehicle in the middle eighties4
   ,,the ,,selden ,,patent  ,from this  
time on the great industry of to-day    
advanced in strides and jumps1 but while
 the future had been anticipated in some
 suggestions and experiments in ,europe1
 at last one great mind had delved into 
the problem and anticipated the great   
future of the new type of vehicle in    
,america4 ,selden1 after a decade or    
more of study and work1 and             

well-directed experiments1 had made his 
own deductions1 and with clear          
discerning had concluded what1 to his   
mind1 would be the vehicle in the       
future4 ,the result of his labors and   
the subsequent filing1 in #ahgi1 of a   
patent application1 when considered in  
connection with his persistent work from
 that time on1 even to the present day1 
would seem to justly mark him as the    
pioneer in this type of vehicle2 in     
fact1 he was so called by the           
,commissioner of ,patents of the ,united
 ,states when publishing his annual     
report1 immediately after the issue of  
,selden's patent4   ,,advent ,,of ,,the 
,,hydro-,,carbon ,,engine  ,then        
followed the work on carbureters and    
ignition devices and details of         
construction adapting the liquid        
hydro-carbons of uncertain quality to   
more satisfactory use4 ,details became  
and still are numerous1 and optional to 
a great extent1 but the liquid          
hydro-carbon engine of the compression  

type distinguished the new epoch4 ,the  
development of the stationary engine    
operated with gas from receivers also   
proceeded rapidly in those days1 though 
it was well into the eighties before the
 gas engine of the compression type     
involved a commercially successful      
industry to any extent2 not for several 
years did the principal manufacturers   
take up commercially the proposition of 
the liquid hydrocarbon application4 ,the
 development of the small engine using  
liquid hydro-carbons received attention 
from ,marcus1 in ,austria1 and the      
persistent attention of ,benz and of    
,daimler1 in ,germany4 ,the two latter1 
furthermore1 adapted their engines to   
vehicles1 and enthusiasm was great when 
,benz ran his three-wheeler1 with       
explosive engine1 through the streets of
 his native town4   ,,progress ,,in     
,,france ,,and ,,america  ,england was  
still shackled2 but in ,france many were
 inspired to change from steam to the   
hydro-carbon engine4 ,about #ahij we    

find several ,french manufacturers      
procuring engines1 or the right to      
manufacture the small explosive engines 
developed by the ,germans1 and promptly 
adapting them to their vehicle          
construction1 already well developed for
 steam propulsion4 ,panhard  ,levassor2 
,bouton1 with his backer1 ,de,dion2     
,bolle1 now ,leon1 the nephew2 ,delahaye
 and ,peugeot1 were among the earliest  
,frenchmen to appreciate the commercial 
possibilities of the new type4 ,then the
 large manufacturers1 already           
experienced in other lines1 and         
particularly in cycle manufacture1      
entered the field in #ahic1 #ahid and   
#ahie2 among them such old concerns as  
,de,detrich1 manufacturers for one      
hundred and more years1 grasped the     
opportunity4 ,america was not idle1 and 
while road conditions in this country   
militated largely against the early     
attempts in the industry1 the efforts of
 the ,duryeas and of ,haynes1 and       
various other experimenters1 who have   

since retired1 were heard from4 ,it was 
difficult1 however1 with the obstacles  
then existing in ,america1 for these    
early workers to secure encouragement1  
and progress was slow1 just as the      
endeavors of ,selden and some of the    
early steam vehicle people had received 
nothing but discouragement at the hands 
of those whom they endeavored to lead to
 the success of large manufacturing     
undertakings4  ,however1 the            
,times-,herald race1 in ,chicago1 near  
the close of #ahie1 brought forth a     
large number of inventors and several   
starters1 including electric1 steam and 
gasoline vehicles1 and the showing was  
such as to practically satisfy the      
doubting that these were the beginning  
of the industry in this country4   ,,the
 ,,english ,,revival  ,abroad1 the      
leaders in the automobile movement      
organized the now historic races from   
,paris in different directions4 ,with   
the runs of #ahid1 #ahie and #ahif1 and 
in each successive year thereafter1 and 

with the road and other conditions      
improved1 the industry rapidly          
developed4 ,england also was at last    
reached4 ,the restraints that had       
existed there for more than half a      
century could no more be endured4 ,the  
burden was finally thrown off1 for which
 great credit is due to ,sir ,david     
,salomon1 and the offensive ,locomotive 
,act was at last repealed in ,august1   
#ahif4 ,the subsequent ,locomotive ,act 
which came into effect ,november #ad1   
#ahif1 marked a red-letter day in       
motoring history for ,england1 and was  
justly celebrated by a procession of    
vehicles from ,london to ,brighton4     
,salomon had previously organized an    
exhibition in ,england1 and had imported
 a ,french car1 and as a prominent      
member of scientific and technical      
societies1 in which he presented many   
papers on the subject1 had done1        
possibly1 more than any other individual
 to influence public sentiment and to   
secure this new enactment4 ,english     

manufacturers were not entirely         
unprepared for the change1 and a great  
wave of interest and activity swept the 
country4 ,naturally this was followed by
 a reaction1 but since then a           
counter-reaction has set in1 resulting  
in the present grand development of that
 class of manufacturing in the ,british 
,isles4  ,the small steam vehicle of    
,whitney1 and his contemporaries1 the   
,stanleys in the ,united ,states1 then  
came to the fore4 ,under energetic      
promotion thousands of small vehicles of
 that type were manufactured and put    
into use4 ,these1 in no small measure1  
became to the public at large the       
convincing object lesson of the         
practicability and possibilities of the 
small automobile for every-day use4     
,,modern ,,conditions  ,the ,paris show 
of #aijj revealed a great forward step  
in the development of constructions1 and
 the offer immediately thereafter of the
 ,james ,gordon ,bennett trophy of      
international racing gave to the        

automobile industry such an impetus as  
has seldom been the good fortune of any 
other art to receive4 ,to-day the       
automobile has reached that stage of    
perfection where the question is no     
longer whether or not the vehicle will  
carry you to a certain place and back4  
,now it is only a question of the speed1
 absence of vibration1 and sweetness of 
running the engine1 absence of all      
noise1 and other details of refinement4 
,vehicles are now of the ,pullman type1 
luxurious to the extent of prices       
ranging into the thirties of thousands  
of dollars1 while on the other hand1    
thousands of small vehicles1 costing    
between five hundred and one thousand   
dollars1 are annually made and sold4    
,the steam machine1 after being         
practically succeeded by the gasoline1  
was again improved by the flash boiler4 
,the main development of this new power 
was carried on by ,serpollet1 of        
,france1 and later1 by ,rollin ,t4      
,white1 in the ,united ,states1 both    

whom have become most able competitors  
of manufacturers of machines of other   
classes4   ,,the ,,industry ,,to-,,day  
,the beginning of #aije finds us with   
the annual shows1 which have been       
consecutive for many years1 while the   
census of vehicles now in use1 or made  
in the last ten years1 will aggregate   
several hundred thousand4 ,the annual   
production is estimated as probably     
approximating one hundred thousand in a 
few of the principal countries4 ,the    
value of the electrical vehicle1        
particularly as the town vehicle for    
anything except speeding1 is now well   
established1 and reports from ,paris as 
well as ,new ,york indicate the lack of 
facilities of factories in this line for
 producing these carriages as rapidly as
 demanded4 ,heavy 'buses and individual 
vehicles alike are also popular4        
,,pioneer ,,inventors     ,,nicholas    
,,joseph ,,cugnot1   ,,william          
,,murdock1   ,,oliver ,,evans1          
,,william ,,symington1   ,,nathan       

,,read1   ,,richard ,,trevithick1       
,,david ,,gordon1   ,w4 ,h4 ,,james1    
,,goldsworthy ,,gurney1   ,,thomas      
,,blanchard1   ,m4 ,,johnson1   ,,walter
 ,,hancock1   ,w4 ,t4 ,,james1          
,,francis ,,maceroni1   ,,richard       
,,roberts1   ,j4 ,,scott ,,russell1     
,w4 ,h4 ,,church1   ,,etienne ,,lenoir1 
,,am,d,e ,,boll,e1   ,,george ,b4       
,,selden1   ,,siegfried ,,marcus1       
,,carl ,,benz1   ,,gottlieb ,,daimler1  
,m4 ,,levassor1   ,,leon ,,serpollet4   
,,nicholas ,,joseph ,,cugnot  ,born at  
,void1 ,lorraine1 ,france1 ,september   
#be1 #agbe4 ,died in ,paris1 ,october   
#b1 #ahjd4  ,concerning the early life  
of ,cugnot1 little is known4 ,he was    
educated for the engineering service of 
the ,french army1 and gained distinction
 as a military and mechanical engineer4 
,he also served as a military engineer  
in ,germany4 ,soon afterward he entered 
the service of ,prince ,charles of      
,lorraine1 and for a time resided at    
,brussels1 where he gave lessons in the 

military art4 ,he did not return to his 
native land until #agfc1 and then       
invented a new gun1 with which the      
cavalry were equipped4  ,this brought   
him to the attention of the ,compte de  
,saxe1 and under the patronage of that  
nobleman1 he constructed in #agfe his   
first locomotive4 ,this was a small     
wagon4 ,on its first run it carried four
 persons1 and traveled at the rate of   
two and a quarter miles an hour4 ,the   
boiler1 however1 being too small1 the   
carriage could go only for fifteen or   
twenty minutes before the steam was     
exhausted1 and it was necessary to stop 
the engine for nearly the same time1 to 
enable the boiler to raise the steam to 
the maximum pressure1 before it could   
proceed on its journey4 ,this machine   
was a disappointment1 in consequence of 
the inefficiency of the feed pumps4 ,it 
has been stated that while in ,brussels 
he had made a smaller vehicle1 which1 if
 so1 was soon after #agfj4  ,several    
small accidents happened during the     

trial1 for the machine could not be     
completely controlled1 but it was       
considered on the whole to be fairly    
successful and worthy of further        
attention4 ,the suggestion was made that
 provided it could be made more         
powerful1 and its mechanism improved1 it
 might be used to drag cannon into the  
field instead of using horses for that  
purpose4 ,consequently1 ,cugnot was     
ordered by the ,duc de ,choiseul1       
,minister of ,war1 to proceed with the  
construction of an improved and more    
powerful machine4 ,this vehicle1 which  
was finished in #aggj1 cost twenty      
thousand livres4 ,it was in two parts1 a
 wagon and an engine4 ,the wagon was    
carried on two wheels and had a seat for
 the steersman2 the engine and boiler   
were supported on a single driving-wheel
 in front of the wagon4 ,the two parts  
were united by a movable pin4 ,a toothed
 quadrant1 fixed on the framing of the  
fore part1 was actuated by spur gearing 
on the upright steersman's shaft in     

close proximity to the seat1 by means of
 which the conductor could cause the    
carriage to turn in either direction1 at
 an angle of from fifteen to twenty     
degrees4 ,in front was a round copper   
boiler1 having a furnace inside1 two    
small chimneys1 two single-acting brass 
cylinders communicating with the boiler 
by the steam pipe1 and other machinery4 
,on each side of the driving-wheel1     
ratchet wheels were fixed1 and as one of
 the pistons descended1 the piston-rod  
drew a crank1 the pawl of which1 working
 into the ratchet-wheel1 caused the     
driving-wheel to make a quarter of a    
revolution4 ,by gearing1 the same       
movement placed the piston on the other 
side in a position for making a stroke1 
and turned the four-way cock1 so as to  
open the second cylinder to the steam   
and the first cylinder to the           
atmosphere4 ,the second piston then     
descended1 causing the leading wheel to 
make another quarter of a revolution1   
and restoring the first piston to its   

original position4 ,in order to run the 
vehicle backwards1 the pawl was made to 
act on the upper side1 changing the     
position of the spring which pressed    
upon it2 then1 when the engine was      
started1 the pawl caused the            
driving-wheel to turn a quarter of a    
revolution in the opposite direction    
with every stroke of the piston4  ,this 
machine was first tried in #aggj in the 
presence of a distinguished assembly1   
that included the ,duc de ,choiseul2    
,general ,gribeauval1 ,first            
,inspector-,general of ,artillery2 the  
,compte de ,saxe1 and others4           
,subsequently1 other trials of it were  
made1 with satisfactory results         
generally4 ,the heavy over-balancing    
weight of the engine and boiler in front
 rendered it difficult to control4 ,on  
one of its trips it ran into a wall in  
turning a corner and was partly wrecked4
 ,further experiments with it were      
abandoned1 and in #ahjj it was deposited
 in the ,conservatoire des ,arts et     

,metier1 ,paris1 where it still remains4
  ,at a later period of his life1 having
 lost his means of support1 ,cugnot's   
public services were considered to      
entitle him to a reward from the ,state4
 ,louis ,fifteenth gave him a pension of
 six hundred livres1 but the ,french    
,revolution coming on1 he was deprived  
even of that pittance1 and he lived in  
abject misery in ,brussels4 ,his        
carriage was then in the arsenal1 and a 
revolutionary committee1 during the     
reign of terror1 tried to take it out   
and reduce it to scrap1 but was driven  
off4 ,when ,napoleon came to the throne1
 he restored the pension and increased  
it to one thousand livres4 ,in addition 
to his inventions1 ,cugnot wrote several
 works on military art and              
fortification4   ,,william ,,murdock    
,born in ,bellow ,mill1 near ,old       
,cumnock1 ,ayrshire1 ,scotland1 ,august 
#ba1 #aged4 ,died at ,sycamore ,hill1   
,november #ae1 #ahci4  ,murdock was the 
son of ,john ,murdoch1 a millwright4 ,he

 was modestly educated1 and brought up  
to his father's trade1 helping to build 
and put up mill machinery4 ,a curious   
production of the father and son1 at    
this period1 was a wooden horse1 worked 
by mechanical power1 on which young     
,murdock traveled about the country4    
,when he was twenty-three years of age  
he entered the employment of the famous 
engineering firm of ,boulton  ,watt1 at 
,soho1 and there remained throughout his
 active life4  ,watt recognized in him a
 valuable assistant1 and his services   
were jealously regarded4 ,on his part he
 devoted himself unreservedly to the    
interests of his employers4 ,in #aggg he
 was sent to ,cornwall to look after the
 pumps and engines set up by the firm in
 the mines1 and for a long period he    
lived at ,redruth4 ,for some five years 
after #ahjj he was engineer and         
superintendent at the ,soho foundry4    
,while living at ,redruth1 in #agib1 he 
began a series of experiments on the    
illuminating properties of the gases of 

coal1 wood1 peat1 and other substances1 
and in #agii put up a gas-making        
apparatus at ,soho4 ,in #ahjc he fitted 
the ,soho factory with a gas-lighting   
system4 ,other inventions that are      
credited to him are models for an       
oscillating engine and a rotary engine1 
a method of making steam pipes1 an      
apparatus for utilizing the force of    
compressed air1 and a steam gun4        
,illustration3 ,,william ,,murdock  ,his
 early training and all his surroundings
 naturally and inevitably interested    
,murdock in the subject of steam        
locomotion1 and before #aghd he began to
 experiment on these lines4 ,that he    
made definite progress is shown in a    
letter that ,thomas ,wilson1 agent in   
,cornwall of ,boulton  ,watt1 wrote to  
his employers in ,august1 #aghf1 saying1
 ,william ,murdock desires me to inform 
you that he has made a small engine of  
three-quarter-inch diameter and one and 
one-half inch stroke1 that he has       
applied to a small carriage1 which      

answers amazingly4 ,he had made and run 
this model in #aghd1 and it is still in 
existence1 and in the possession of the 
,messrs4 ,richard and ,george ,tangye1  
,england4  ,this model was on the       
high-pressure principle1 and ran on     
three wheels1 the single front one for  
steering4 ,the vertical boiler1 nearly  
over the rear axle1 was heated by a     
spirit-lamp1 and the machine stood only 
a little more than a foot high4 ,the    
axle was cranked in the middle and      
turned by a rod connected to a beam     
moved up and down by the piston-rod     
projecting from the top of the cylinder4
 ,yet it developed considerable speed4  
,it is interesting to note that the use 
of the crank for converting the         
reciprocating motion of the steam engine
 into rotary was patented by ,pickard in
 #aghj1 and ,murdock's was probably its 
first application to self-propelled     
carriages4  ,the first experiment with  
this little engine was made in          
,murdock's house at ,redruth1 when the  

locomotive successfully hauled a wagon  
round the room1 the single wheel1 placed
 in front of the engine1 fixed in such a
 position as to enable it to run round a
 circle4  ,dr4 ,smiles1 in his work on  
inventors1 tells an amusing story       
concerning this machine4 ,he says3      
,another experiment was made out of     
doors1 on which occasion1 small though  
the engine was1 it fairly outran the    
speed of its inventor4 ,one night1 after
 returning from his duties at the mine  
at ,redruth1 ,murdock went with his     
model locomotive to the avenue leading  
to the church1 about a mile from the    
town4 ,the walk was narrow1 straight and
 level4 ,having lit the lamp1 the water 
soon boiled1 and off started the engine 
with the inventor after it4 ,shortly    
after he heard distant shouts of terror4
 ,it was too dark to perceive objects1  
but he found1 on following up the       
machine1 that the cries had proceeded   
from the worthy vicar1 who1 while going 
along the walk1 had met the hissing and 

fiery little monster1 which he declared 
he took to be the ,evil ,one in propria 
persona6  ,but ,murdock was too useful a
 man to ,boulton  ,watt to be allowed to
 have free rein1 and his inclination    
toward steam locomotion invention was   
apparently curbed1 though it would      
appear ,watt thought the roads of that  
time an insurmountable obstacle to the  
development of road vehicles1 and wanted
 ,murdock to devote his time to         
mechanical matters more ripe for        
success4 ,boulton1 writing to ,watt from
 ,truro1 in ,september1 #agif1 tells how
 he met ,murdock on his way to ,london  
to get a patent on a new model1 and how 
he persuaded him to turn back4 ,this    
model was for a steam carriage that was 
afterward shown as able to travel freely
 around a room with a light load of     
shovel1 poker and tongs upon it4 ,his   
was probably the first high-pressure    
steam-engine vehicle run in ,england4   
,though only a small model1 it did its  
proportionate work well4  ,watt         

continued to oppose ,murdock's scheme1  
but on one occasion suggested that he   
should be allowed an advance of five    
hundred dollars to enable him to        
prosecute his experiments1 and if he    
succeeded within a year in making an    
engine capable of drawing a post chaise1
 carrying two passengers and the driver1
 at four miles an hour1 it was suggested
 that he should be taken as partner into
 the locomotive business1 for which     
,boulton and ,watt were to provide the  
necessary capital4 ,this proposition was
 never carried out4 ,again1 in #aghf1   
,watt said3 ,i wish ,william could be   
brought to do as we do1 to mind the     
business in hand1 and let such as       
,symington and ,sadler throw away their 
time and money in hunting shadows4      
,murdock continued to speculate about   
steam locomotion on common roads1 but   
never carried his ideas further4 ,he    
retired from the employment of ,boulton 
,watt in #ahcj1 and practically retired 
from all work at the same time4         

,murdock seems to have had a very clear 
idea of the possibilities of steam      
propulsion on the common roads4 ,had    
circumstances permitted he might well   
have been expected to have solved the   
problem in #agif quite as completely as 
his successors did in #ahce4 ,but he was
 a quarter of a century ahead of the    
time4 ,even the moderate public interest
 that existed later on had not          
manifested itself at all in his day and 
the condition of the ,english highways  
offered almost insuperable obstacles to 
steam vehicular travel4 ,personally his 
lack of self-assertiveness and his      
feeling of dependence upon ,boulton and 
,watt also held him back4 ,so he        
remained simply one of the pioneer      
investigators pointing the way for      
others4   ,,oliver ,,evans  ,born in    
#agee or #agef1 in ,newport1 ,del4 ,died
 in ,philadelphia1 ,april #ba1 #ahai4   
,little has been preserved respecting   
the early history of ,oliver ,evans1 who
 has been aptly styled ,the ,watt of    

,america4 ,his parents were farming     
people1 and he had only an ordinary     
common-school education4 ,at the age of 
fourteen he was apprenticed to a        
wheelwright or wagonmaker1 and continued
 his meager education by studying at    
night time by the light that he made by 
burning chips and shavings in the       
fireplace4  ,while yet an apprentice his
 attention was turned to the subject of 
propelling land carriages without animal
 power4 ,but the lack of definite       
knowledge in regard to steam power      
compelled him to abandon his plans1     
although his experiments were continued 
for a long time4 ,soon after attaining  
his majority he was engaged in making   
card-teeth by hand1 and in connection   
therewith developed several labor-saving
 improvements4 ,he also invented        
improvements in the construction of     
machinery of flour mills that effected a
 complete revolution in the manufacture 
of flour4 ,these improvements consisted 
of the elevator1 the conveyor1 the      

hopper-boy1 the drill and the descender1
 which various machines were applied in 
different mills so as to perform        
mechanically every necessary movement of
 the grain and meal from one part of the
 mill to the other1 causing a saving of 
fully one-half in the labor of mill     
attendance and manufacturing the flour  
better4 ,these improvements were not    
accepted by the mill owners at the      
outset1 and ,evans spent many           
discouraging years before he could      
finally persuade the manufacturers of   
the utility of his inventions4 ,in the  
end1 however1 he lived to see his       
inventions generally introduced1 and he 
profited largely thereby4               
,illustration3 ,,oliver ,,evans  ,in the
 year #aghf1 ,evans petitioned the      
,legislature of ,pennsylvania for the   
exclusive right to use his improvements 
in flour mills and steam carriages in   
that ,state1 and in the year following  
presented a similar petition to the     
,legislature of ,maryland4 ,in the      

former instance he was only successful  
so far as to obtain the privilege of the
 mill improvements1 his representations 
concerning steam carriages being        
considered as savoring too much of      
insanity to deserve notice4 ,he was more
 fortunate in ,maryland1 for1 although  
the steam project was laughed at1 yet   
one of his friends1 a member1 very      
judiciously observed that the grant     
could injure no one1 for he did not     
think that any man in the world had     
thought of such a thing before1 and     
therefore he wished the encouragement   
might be afforded1 as there was a       
prospect that it would produce something
 useful4 ,this kind of argument had its 
effect1 and ,evans received all that he 
asked for1 and from that period         
considered himself bound in honor to the
 ,state of ,maryland to produce a steam 
carriage1 as soon as his means would    
allow him4  ,for several years          
succeeding the granting of his petition 
by the ,legislature of ,maryland1 ,evans

 endeavored to obtain some person of    
pecuniary resources to join with him in 
his plans2 and for this purpose         
explained his views by drafts1 and      
otherwise1 to some of the first         
mechanics in the country4 ,although the 
persons addressed appeared1 in several  
instances1 to understand them1 they     
declined any assistance from a fear of  
the expense and difficulty of their     
execution4  ,in the year #ahjj1 or      
#ahja1 ,evans1 never having found anyone
 willing to contribute to the expense1  
or even to encourage him in his efforts1
 determined to construct a steam        
carriage at his own expense4 ,previous  
to commencing he explained his views to 
,robert ,patterson1 ,professor of       
,mathematics in the ,university of      
,pennsylvania1 and to an eminent        
,english engineer4 ,they both declared  
the principles new to them1 and advised 
the plan as highly worthy of a fair     
experiment4 ,they were the only persons 
who had any confidence1 or afforded     

encouraging advice4 ,he also            
communicated his plans to ,b4 ,f4       
,latrobe1 the scientist1 who publicly   
pronounced them as chimerical1 and      
attempted to demonstrate the absurdity  
of ,evans' principles in his report to  
the ,philosophical ,society of          
,pennsylvania on steam engines4 ,in this
 he also endeavored to show the         
impossibility of making steamboats      
useful4  ,evans commenced and had made  
considerable progress in the            
construction of a steam carriage1 when  
the idea occurred to him that as his    
steam engine was altogether different in
 form1 as well as in principle1 from any
 other in use1 a patent could be        
obtained for it1 and then applied to    
mills more profitably than to carriages4
 ,the steam carriage was accordingly    
laid aside for a season of more leisure1
 and the construction of a small engine 
was commenced1 with a cylinder six      
inches in diameter and a piston of      
eighteen inches stroke1 for a mill to   

grind plaster of paris4 ,the expense of 
its construction far exceeded ,evans'   
calculation1 and before the engine was  
finished he found it cost him all he was
 worth4 ,he had then to begin the world 
anew1 at the age of forty-eight1 with a 
large family to support1 and that1 too1 
with a knowledge that if the trial      
failed his credit would be entirely     
ruined1 and his prospects for the       
remainder of life dark and gloomy4 ,but 
fortune favored him1 and his success was
 complete4  ,in a brief account1 given  
by himself1 of his experiments in steam1
 he says3 ,i could break and grind three
 hundred bushels of plaster of paris1 or
 twelve tons1 in twenty-four hours2 and 
to show its operations more fully to the
 public1 ,i applied it to saw stone1 on 
the side of ,market ,street1 where the  
driving of twelve saws in heavy frames1 
sawing at the rate of one hundred feet  
of marble in twelve hours1 made a great 
show and excited much attention4 ,i     
thought this was sufficient to convince 

the thousands of spectators of the      
utility of my discovery1 but ,i         
frequently heard them inquire if the    
power could be applied to saw timber as 
well as stone1 to grind grain1 propel   
boats1 etc41 and though ,i answered in  
the affirmative1 they still doubted4 ,i 
therefore determined to apply my engine 
to all new uses2 to introduce it and    
them to the public4 ,this experiment    
completely tested the correctness of my 
principles4 ,the power of my engine     
rises in a geometrical proportion1 while
 the consumption of the fuel has only an
 arithmetical ratio2 in such proportion 
that every time ,i added one-fourth more
 to the consumption of the fuel1 its    
powers were doubled2 and that twice the 
quantity of fuel required to drive one  
saw1 would drive sixteen saws at least2 
for when ,i drove two saws the          
consumption was eight bushels of coal in
 twelve hours1 but when twelve saws were
 driven1 the consumption was not more   
than ten bushels1 so that the more we   

resist the steam1 the greater is the    
effect of the engine4 ,on these         
principles very light but powerful      
engines can be made suitable for        
propelling boats and land carriages     
without the great encumbrance of their  
weight as mentioned in ,latrobe's       
demonstration4  ,in the year #ahdj1     
,evans1 by order of the ,board of       
,health of ,philadelphia1 constructed at
 his works1 situated a mile and a half  
from the water1 a machine for cleaning  
docks4 ,it consisted of a large flat or 
scow1 with a steam engine of five       
horse-power on board1 to work the       
machinery to raise the mud into the     
scows4 ,this was considered a fine      
opportunity to show the public that his 
engine could propel both land and water 
conveyances4 ,when the machine was      
finished1 he fixed1 in a rough and      
temporary manner1 wheels with wooden    
axletrees1 and1 of course1 under the    
influence of great friction4 ,although  
the whole weight was equal to two       

hundred barrels of flour1 yet his small 
engine propelled it up ,market ,street  
and round the circle to the waterworks1 
where it was launched into the          
,schuylkill ,river4 ,a paddle-wheel was 
then applied to its stern1 and it thus  
moved down that river to the ,delaware1 
a distance of sixteen miles1 leaving    
behind all vessels that were under sail4
  ,this demonstration was in the        
presence of thousands of spectators1    
which he supposed would have convinced  
them of the practicability of steamboats
 and steam carriages4 ,but no allowance 
was made by the public for the          
disproportion of the engine to its load1
 nor for the rough manner in which the  
machinery was fixed1 or the great       
friction and ill form of the boat1 and  
it was supposed that this was the utmost
 it could perform4 ,some individuals    
undertook to ridicule the experiment of 
driving so great a weight on land1      
because the motion was too slow to be   
useful4 ,the inventor silenced them by  

answering that he would make a carriage 
propelled by steam1 for a wager of three
 thousand dollars1 to run upon a level  
road1 against the swiftest horse that   
could be produced4 ,this machine ,evans 
named the ,oructor ,amphibolis4  ,on the
 #beth of ,september1 #ahjd1 ,evans     
submitted to the consideration of the   
,lancaster ,turnpike ,company a         
statement of the costs and profits of a 
steam carriage to carry one hundred     
barrels of flour1 fifty miles in        
twenty-four hours2 tending to show that 
one such steam carriage would make more 
net profits than ten wagons1 drawn by   
five horses each1 on a good turnpike    
road1 and offering to build one at a    
very low price4 ,his address closed as  
follows3 ,it is too much for an         
individual to put in operation every    
improvement which he may invent4 ,i have
 no doubt but that my engines will      
propel boats against the current of the 
,mississippi1 and wagons on turnpike    
roads1 with great profit4 ,i now call   

upon those whose interest it is to carry
 this invention into effect4 ,all of    
which is respectfully submitted to your 
consideration4 ,little or no attention  
was paid to this offer1 for it was      
difficult at that day to interest anyone
 in steam locomotion4  ,evans' interest 
in the steam carriage forthwith ceased1 
but in his writings1 published about    
that time1 he remarked3 ,the time will  
come when people will travel in stages  
moved by steam engines from one city to 
another1 almost as fast as birds fly1   
fifteen or twenty miles an hour4        
,passing through the air with such      
velocity1 changing the scene in such    
rapid succession1 will be the most rapid
 exhilarating exercise4 ,a carriage     
7steam7 will set out from ,washington in
 the morning1 the passengers will       
breakfast at ,baltimore1 dine at        
,philadelphia1 and sup at ,new ,york in 
the same day4 ,to accomplish this he    
suggested railways of wood or iron1 or  
smooth paths of broken stone or gravel1 

and predicted that engines would soon   
drive boats ten or twelve miles an hour4
 ,in the latter years of his life1      
,evans established a large iron foundry 
in ,philadelphia4  ,although ,evans'    
distinct contribution to the problem of 
steam locomotion on the common roads was
 not particularly practical it was at   
least important as being the first      
suggestion of anything of the kind in   
the ,united ,states4 ,road conditions in
 this country at that time were worse   
than they were in ,england and yet under
 more discouraging circumstances he was 
as far advanced in ideas and plans as   
his great contemporaries1 ,trevithick   
and others across the water4 ,to ,evans 
must be given the credit of perfecting  
the high-pressure1 non-condensing       
engine1 and even ,trevithick1 the father
 of the locomotive1 was largely indebted
 to him for his progress in the lines he
 was working on in ,england1 his plans  
and specifications having been sent     
abroad for the ,english engineers to    

inspect in #aghd4   ,,william           
,,symington  ,born at ,leadhills1       
,scotland1 ,october1 #aghc4 ,died in    
,london1 ,march #bb1 #ahca4  ,more      
fortunate than most of the ,english     
inventors of the seventeenth and        
eighteenth centuries1 with whom he was  
associated1 ,william ,symington came of 
a family that was able to give him a    
good education4 ,his father was a       
mechanic who had charge of the engines  
and machinery at the ,warlockhead lead  
mines1 and the son gained his first     
knowledge of mechanics and engineering  
in the shops with his father4 ,intended 
for the ministry1 he was sent to the    
,university of ,glasgow and the         
,university of ,dublin to pursue his    
studies4 ,but the ministry had slight   
attractions for him1 and when the time  
came for him to choose a profession1 he 
adopted that of civil engineering4  ,in 
#aghf he worked out a model for a steam 
road-car4 ,this was regarded very highly
 by all who saw it4 ,it is said that    

,mr4 ,meason1 manager of the lead mines 
at ,warlockhead1 was so pleased with the
 model1 the merit of which principally  
belonged to young ,symington1 that he   
sent him into ,edinburgh for the purpose
 of exhibiting it before the professors 
of the ,university1 and other scientific
 gentlemen of the city1 in the hope that
 it might lead in some way to his future
 advancement in life4 ,mr4 ,meason      
became the patron and friend of         
,symington1 allowed the model to be     
exhibited at his own house1 and invited 
many persons of distinction to inspect  
it4 ,the carriage supported on four     
wheels had a locomotive behind1 the     
front wheels being arranged with        
steering-gear4 ,a cylindrical boiler was
 used for generating steam1 which       
communicated by a steam-pipe with the   
two horizontal cylinders1 one on each   
side of the firebox of the boiler4 ,when
 steam was turned into the cylinder1 the
 piston made an outward stroke2 a vacuum
 was then formed1 the steam being       

condensed in a cold water tank placed   
beneath the cylinders1 and the piston   
was forced back by the pressure of the  
atmosphere4 ,the piston rods            
communicated their motion to the        
driving-axle and wheels through rack    
rods1 which worked toothed wheels placed
 on the hind axle on both sides of the  
engine1 and the alternate action of the 
rack rods upon the tooth and ratchet    
wheels1 with which the drums were       
provided1 produced the rotary motion4   
,the boiler was fitted with a lever and 
weight safety valve4 ,symington's       
locomotive was abandoned1 the inventor  
considering that the scheme of steam    
travel on the common roads was          
impracticable4  ,henceforth1 ,symington 
gave his attention to the study of boat 
propulsion by steam4 ,in #aghg he got   
out a patent for an improved form of    
steam engine1 in which he obtained      
rotary action by chains and             
ratchet-wheels4 ,this engine1 with a    
four-inch cylinder1 was used to work the

 paddles of a pleasure boat on          
,dalswinton ,loch1 in #aghh1 the boat   
steaming at the rate of five miles an   
hour4 ,this boat is now in the ,south   
,kensington ,museum1 and it has been    
termed the parent engine of steam       
navigation4 ,the experiment with this   
method of boat propulsion was so        
successful that a year later larger     
engines1 with eighteen-inch cylinders1  
were fitted to another boat1 which      
attained a speed of seven miles an hour4
 ,in #ahja1 ,symington took out a patent
 for an engine with a piston rod guided 
by rollers in a straight path and       
connected by a rod with a crank attached
 directly to the paddle-wheel shaft--the
 system that has been in use ever since4
 ,although the perfect practicability of
 this method of boat propulsion was     
fully demonstrated by a trial on the    
tugboat ,charlotte ,dundas1 in ,march1  
#ahjb1 the plan for steam power on      
canals and lakes was not carried        
further4 ,the ,forth and ,clyde         

,company1 and the ,duke of ,bridgewater1
 who were backing ,symington1 gave up   
the project and he could get help from  
no other sources4 ,his inventions and   
experiments are generally regarded as   
marking the beginning of steam          
navigation4 ,it is interesting to note  
that among those who were guests on the 
,charlotte ,dundas1 on the occasion of  
this trial trip1 was ,robert ,fulton1   
who wrote a treatise on steam navigation
 in #agic1 tried a small steamboat on   
the river ,seine1 in ,france1 in #ahjc1 
and in #ahjg launched his famous        
steamship1 the ,clermont1 on the ,hudson
 ,river4  ,symington1 disappointed and  
discouraged1 gave up his work and went  
to ,london4 ,the rest of his life was   
for the most part thrown away1 and he   
became one of the waifs and strays of   
,london4 ,in #ahbe he received a grant  
of one hundred pounds from the privy    
purse1 and later on fifty pounds more1  
in recognition of his services for steam
 navigation4 ,he died in obscurity and  

although he was unquestionably the      
pioneer in his country of the successful
 application of steam to navigation on  
inland waters his name is only a bare   
memory4   ,,nathan ,,read  ,born in     
,warren1 ,mass41 ,july #b1 #agei4 ,died 
near ,belfast1 ,me41 ,january #bj1      
#ahdi4  ,graduated from ,harvard        
,college in #agha1 ,read was a tutor at 
,harvard for four years4 ,in #aghh he   
began experimenting to discover some way
 of utilizing the steam engine for      
propelling boats and carriages4 ,his    
efforts were mainly directed toward     
devising lighter1 more compact machinery
 than then generally in use4 ,his       
greatest invention at that time was a   
substitute for the large working-beam4  
,this was a cross-head beam which ran in
 guides and had a connecting-rod with   
which motion was communicated4 ,the new 
cylinder that he invented to attach to  
this working-frame was double-acting4   
,in order to make the boiler more       
portable he invented a multi-tubular    

form1 and this he patented1 together    
with the cylinder1 chain-wheel1 and     
other appliances4  ,the boiler was      
cylindrical and was placed upright or   
horizontal1 and the furnace was carried 
within it4 ,a double cylinder formed a  
water-jacket1 connected with a water and
 steam chamber above1 and a             
water-chamber below4 ,numerous small    
straight tubes connected these two      
chambers4 ,read also invented another   
boiler in which the fire went through   
small spiral tubes1 very much as it does
 in the present-day locomotives1 and    
this was a smoke-consuming engine4 ,for 
the purpose of acquiring motion he first
 used paddle-wheels1 but afterward      
adopted a chain-wheel of his own        
invention4  ,illustration3 ,,nathan     
,,read  ,read planned a steam-car to be 
run with his tubular boiler1 and it is  
said that this vehicle1 when laden with 
fifty tons weight1 could make five miles
 per hour4 ,the model which was         
completed in #agij had four wheels1 the 

front pair being pivoted at the center  
and controlled by a horizontal sheave   
and rope4 ,the sheave was located back  
near the boiler1 and in guiding the     
machine it was operated by a hand-wheel 
placed above the platform1 within easy  
reach of the engineer4 ,a square boiler 
with ,read's multi-tubular system1      
overhung at the rear of the carriage4   
,two driving-wheels were forward of the 
boiler1 and in front of these were two  
horizontal cylinders on each side of the
 engine4 ,on the inside of each wheel   
were ratched teeth that fitted into     
corresponding teeth on horizontal racks 
above and below the hub4 ,the piston1   
moving back and forth from the cylinder1
 engaged these teeth and caused a       
revolution of the wheel4 ,there were two
 steam valves and two exhaust valves to 
each cylinder1 the exhaust being into   
the atmosphere4 ,although this was the  
first conception of propulsion by steam 
on land in ,america1 ,read went no      
further in creating this model1 inasmuch

 as he received no encouragement from   
financial sources4  ,in #agif1 ,read    
established at ,salem1 ,mass41 the      
,salem ,iron ,foundry1 where he         
manufactured anchors1 chain cables1 and 
other machinery4 ,in ,january1 #agih1 he
 invented a machine to cut and head     
nails at one operation4 ,he also        
invented a method of equalizing the     
action of windmills by accumulating the 
force of the wind through winding up a  
weight2 and a plan for harnessing the   
force of the tides by means of          
reservoirs which1 by being alternately  
filled up and emptied1 created a        
constant stream of water4 ,among his    
other inventions were a pumping engine  
and a threshing machine4   ,,richard    
,,trevithick  ,born in ,illogan1 in the 
west of ,cornwall1 ,england1 ,april #ac1
 #agga4 ,died in ,dartford1 ,kent1      
,april #bb1 #ahcc4  ,richard ,trevithick
 had meager educational advantages4 ,his
 father was manager of the ,dolcoath and
 other mines1 and shortly after the     

birth of his son moved to ,penponds1    
near ,camborne1 where the boy was sent  
to school to learn reading1 writing and 
arithmetic1 which were the limits of his
 attainments4 ,early in life he showed  
the dawning of remarkable inventive     
genius1 was quick at figures and clever 
in drawing4 ,he developed into a young  
man of notable physique1 being six feet 
two inches high1 and having the frame   
and the strength of an athlete4 ,he was 
one of the most powerful wrestlers in   
the west country1 and it is related of  
him that he could easily lift a         
thousand-weight mandril4  ,at the age of
 eighteen young ,trevithick began to    
assist his father as mine manager1 and  
at once proceeded to put his inventive  
faculty to practical test4 ,his initial 
success1 in #agie1 was an improvement   
upon an engine at the ,wheal ,treasury  
mine1 which accomplished a great saving 
in fuel and in power1 and won for him   
his first royalty4 ,before his father   
died1 in #agig1 he had attained to the  

position of engineer at the ,ding ,dong 
mine1 near ,penzance1 and had already   
set up at the ,herland mine the engine  
built by ,william ,bull1 with           
improvements of his own4 ,his earliest  
invention of importance was in #agig1   
when he made an improved plunger pump1  
which1 in the following year1 he        
developed into a double-acting          
water-pressure engine4 ,one of these    
engines1 set up in #ahjd1 at the ,alport
 mine1 in ,derbyshire1 was run until    
#ahej4  ,illustration3 ,,richard        
,,trevithick  ,in #aghj he built a      
double-acting high-pressure engine with 
a crank1 for ,cook's ,kitchen mine4     
,this was known as the ,puffer1 from the
 noise that it made1 and it soon came   
into general use in ,cornwall and ,south
 ,wales1 a successful rival of the      
low-pressure steam vacuum engine of     
,watt4  ,as early as #agif ,trevithick  
began to give attention to the subject  
of steam locomotion1 and a model        
constructed by him before #ahjj is now  

in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,he  
busied himself in designing and building
 a steam vehicle to travel upon the     
common highways4 ,the work was done in a
 workshop at ,camborne1 and some of it  
in the shop of ,captain ,andrew ,vivian4
 ,it was ,christmas ,eve of #ahja when  
this steam locomotive was completed and 
was brought out for trial4  ,the        
following account of the first trial was
 made by one who was present3 ,i knew   
,captain ,dick ,trevithick very well4 ,i
 was a cooper by trade1 and when        
,trevithick was making his steam        
carriage ,i used to go every day into   
,john ,tyack's shop at the ,weith1 close
 by here1 where they put her together4  
,in the year #ahja1 upon ,christmas     
,eve1 towards night1 ,trevithick got up 
steam1 out on the high road1 just       
outside the shop4 ,when we saw that     
,trevithick was going to turn on steam1 
we jumped up1 as many as could1 maybe   
seven or eight of us4 ',twas a stiffish 
hill going up to ,camborne ,beacon1 but 

she went off like a little bird4 ,when  
she had gone about a quarter of a mile  
there was a rough piece of road covered 
with loose stones4 ,she didn't go quite 
so fast1 and as it was a flood of rain1 
and we were very much squeezed together1
 ,i jumped off4 ,she was going faster   
than ,i could walk1 and went up the hill
 about half a mile further1 when they   
turned her and came back again to the   
shop4 ,the next day the engine steamed  
to ,captain ,vivian's house1 and a few  
days subsequently1 ,trevithick and      
,vivian started off for ,tehidy ,house1 
where ,lord ,dedunstanville lived1 some 
two or three miles from ,camborne4 ,on  
this journey they met with an accident1 
the engine being overturned in going    
around a curve2 but they got back       
safely4  ,this carriage presented the   
appearance of an ordinary stage coach on
 four wheels4 ,the engine had one       
horizontal cylinder which1 together with
 the boiler and the furnace-box1 was    
placed in the rear of the hind axle4    

,the-motion of the piston was           
transmitted to a separate crank-axle1   
from which1 through the medium of       
spur-gear1 the axle of the              
driving-wheel1 which was mounted with a 
fly-wheel1 derived its motion4 ,the     
steam cocks and the force-pump1 as also 
the bellows used for the purpose of     
quickening combustion in the furnace1   
were worked off the same crank axle4    
,this was one of the first successful   
high-pressure engines constructed on the
 principle of moving a piston by the    
elasticity of steam against the pressure
 only of the outside atmosphere4  ,in   
the following year ,trevithick went to  
,london with his cousin1 ,andrew        
,vivian1 and secured a patent4 ,early in
 #ahjc he made his second steam         
carriage4 ,this was built at ,camborne  
and taken to ,london1 via ,plymouth1 for
 exhibition4 ,its journey along the     
highways thoroughly alarmed the country 
people4 ,coleridge relates that a       
toll-gate keeper was so frightened at   

the appearance of the sputtering1       
smoke-spitting thing of fearsome mien   
that1 trembling in every limb and with  
teeth chattering1 he threw aside the    
toll-gate with the scared exclamation1  
,no--noth--nothing to pay4 ,my de--dear 
,mr4 ,devil1 do drive on as fast as you 
can4 ,nothing to pay6  ,the engine in   
this carriage had a cylinder five and   
one-half inches in diameter1 with a     
stroke of two and one-half feet1 and    
with thirty pounds of steam it worked   
five strokes per minute4 ,in every way  
it was superior to its predecessor4 ,it 
was not so heavy2 and the horizontal    
cylinder1 instead of the vertical1 added
 very much to its steadiness of motion2 
while wheels of a larger diameter       
enabled it the more easily to pass over 
rough roads which had brought the       
,camborne one to a standstill4 ,the     
boiler was made entirely of wrought     
iron1 and the cylinder was inserted     
horizontally1 close behind the driving  
axle4 ,a forked piston-rod was used1 the

 ends working in guides1 so that the    
crank axle might be brought near to the 
cylinder4 ,spur gearing and couplings   
were used on each side of the carriage  
for communicating motion from the crank 
shaft to the main driving axle4 ,the    
driving-wheels were about ten feet      
diameter1 and made of wood4 ,the framing
 was of wrought iron4 ,the coach was    
intended to seat eight or ten persons1  
and the greater part of the weight came 
on the driving axle4 ,the coach was     
suspended upon springs4  ,the ,london   
steam carriage was put together at      
,felton's carriage shop1 in ,leather    
,lane1 and after its completion1 ,vivian
 one day ran the locomotive from        
,leather ,lane1 ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 on  
to ,lords' ,cricket ,ground1 to         
,paddington1 and home again by way of   
,islington1 a journey of ten miles      
through the streets of ,london4 ,several
 trips were made in ,tottenham ,court   
,road and ,euston ,square1 and only once
 did they meet with accident4 ,finally1 

however1 the frame of the carriage got  
twisted1 and the engine was detached and
 set to driving a mill4  ,trevithick's  
next experiment was made in #ahjc-d1    
while he was engineer of the            
,pen-y-darran iron works1 near ,merthyr 
,tydvil1 where he built and ran on a    
railway a locomotive that was fairly    
successful4 ,in #ahjh he built a        
locomotive for a circular railway or    
steam circus that he and ,andrew ,vivian
 set up in ,london1 near ,euston        
,square4 ,this ran for several weeks1   
carrying passengers at the rate of      
twelve or fifteen miles an hour around  
curves of fifty or one hundred feet     
radius4 ,one day a rail broke and the   
engine was overturned1 which ended the  
exhibition4  ,subsequently1 ,trevithick 
applied his high-pressure engine to     
rock-boring and breaking1 and dredging4 
,he laid out a system of dredging the   
,thames ,river1 planned a tunnel under  
the ,thames1 invented a high-pressure   
steam threshing engine in #ahab1        

constructed iron tanks and buoys1 and   
modeled an iron ship4 ,he was one of the
 first to conceive the practical use of 
steam in agriculture1 declaring that the
 use of the steam engine for this       
purpose would double the population of  
the kingdom and make our markets the    
cheapest in the world4  ,in #ahad1      
,trevithick became interested in a plan 
to work the silver mines of ,peru by    
,cornish methods1 and nine of his       
high-pressure engines were sent to      
,south ,america in charge of ,henry     
,vivian and other engineers4 ,he himself
 followed in #ahaf1 and remained in that
 country ten years1 making and losing   
several fortunes during that time4      
,finally1 in a revolution1 the mining   
plants were destroyed1 and he was forced
 to leave the country1 penniless4 ,for a
 time he was prospecting in ,costa      
,rica1 where he planned a railroad      
across the ,isthmus from the ,atlantic  
to the ,pacific4 ,in #ahbg he returned  
to ,england1 still a poor man1 and      

settling in ,dartford1 ,kent1 devoted   
himself to new inventions1              
unsuccessfully endeavoring to secure the
 help of the government in his work4    
,his later years were spent in poverty1 
and when he died1 the expense of his    
burial was borne by his fellow-workmen  
of ,dartford4  ,undoubtedly1 ,trevithick
 was one of the foremost ,english       
engineers of his day1 a period that was 
rich with strong men of distinction in  
his profession4 ,by many he has been    
considered as having contributed more   
even than ,james ,watt to the           
development of the steam engine and its 
broader adaptation to practical uses4   
,in his early years he was restrained in
 putting his ideas and experiments to   
practical test by the restrictions of   
,watt's patents4 ,finally when that     
difficulty was removed he at once took a
 leading position in his profession4    
,especially in the development of the   
high pressure engine he is entitled to  
at least as much credit as any man of   

his day4 ,his genius was fully          
recognized in his generation and his    
impoverished old age was the result of  
financial reverses in business          
operations and not from the lack of     
substantial rewards for his inventive   
achievements4   ,,david ,,gordon  ,the  
first experiments of ,david ,gordon1 who
 in #ahai was working with ,william     
,murdock1 in ,soho1 were for the purpose
 of using compressed air for common road
 locomotives4 ,he also invented a       
portable gas apparatus1 and originated a
 society of gentlemen1 with the         
intention of forming a company for the  
purpose of running a mail coach and     
other carriages by means of a           
high-pressure engine1 or of a gas vacuum
 or pneumatic engine1 supplied with     
portable gas4 ,alexander ,gordon1 his   
son1 states that the committee of the   
society had only a limited sum at their 
disposal1 nor were there to be more     
funds until a carriage had been         
propelled for a considerable distance at

 the rate of ten miles an hour4 ,david  
,gordon then tried to prevail upon the  
committee to make use of a steam engine1
 but evidently without success4  ,in    
#ahba he took out a patent for          
improvements in wheel carriages1 and his
 locomotive is fully described in the   
interesting ,treatise on ,elemental     
,locomotion1 by ,mr4 ,alexander ,gordon4
 ,the machine consisted of a large      
hollow cylinder about nine feet in      
diameter and five long1 having its      
internal circumference provided with a  
continuous series of cogged teeth1 into 
which were made to work the cogged      
running wheels of a locomotive steam    
engine1 similar to that of ,trevithick4 
,the steam power being communicated to  
the wheels of the carriage1 caused them 
to revolve1 and to climb up the internal
 rack of the large cylinder4 ,the center
 of gravity of the engine being thus    
constantly made to change its position1 
and to throw its chief weight on the    
forward side of the axis of the         

cylinder1 the latter was compelled to   
roll forward1 propelling the vehicle    
before it1 and whatever train might be  
added4  ,gordon's next attempt to       
construct locomotive carriages for the  
common road was in #ahbd4 ,the means    
proposed was a modification of the      
method invented by ,william ,brunton4   
,but instead of the propellers being    
operated upon by the alternating motion 
of the piston-rod1 as in ,brunton's     
vehicle1 ,gordon contrived to give them 
a continuous rotatory action and to     
apply the force of the engines in a more
 direct manner4 ,the carriage ran upon  
three wheels1 one in the front to steer 
by1 and two behind to bear the chief    
weight4 ,each of the wheels had a       
separate axle1 the ends of which had    
their bearings upon parallel bars1 the  
wheels rolling in a perpendicular       
position4 ,this arrangement1 by avoiding
 the usual cross-axle1 afforded an      
increased uninterrupted space in the    
body of the vehicle4  ,in the fore part 

of the carriage were placed the steam   
engines1 consisting of two brass        
cylinders1 in a horizontal position1 but
 vibrating upon trunnions4 ,the         
piston-rods of these engines gave motion
 to an eight-throw crank1 two in the    
middle for the cylinders1 and three on  
each side1 to which were attached the   
propellers2 by the revolution of the    
crank1 these propellers or legs were    
successively forced outwards1 with the  
feet of each against the ground in a    
backward direction1 and were immediately
 afterwards lifted from the ground by   
the revolution of another crank1        
parallel to the former1 and situated at 
a proper distance from it on the same   
frame4 ,the propelling-rods were formed 
of iron gas-tubes1 filled with wood1 to 
combine lightness with strength4 ,to the
 lower ends of these propelling-rods    
were attached the feet1 in the form of  
segments of circles1 and made on their  
under side like a short and very stiff  
brush of whalebone1 supported by        

intermixed iron teeth1 to take effect in
 case the whalebone failed4 ,these feet 
pressed against the ground in regular   
succession1 by a kind of rolling1       
circular motion1 without digging it up4 
,the guide had the power of lifting     
these legs off the ground at pleasure1  
so that in going down hill1 when the    
gravity was sufficient for propulsion1  
nothing but a brake was put into        
requisition to retard the motion1 if    
necessary4 ,if the carriage was         
proceeding upon a level1 the lifting of 
the propellers was equivalent to the    
subtraction of the power1 and soon      
brought it to a full stop4 ,when making 
turns in a road the guide had only to   
lift the propellers on one side of the  
carriage and allow the others to operate
 alone1 until the curve was traversed4  
,gordon got fair results from this      
locomotive1 but the speed was not       
satisfactory4 ,in his first trials he   
found the power insufficient4 ,he       
afterwards fitted one of ,gurney's light

 boilers in the hinder part of the      
carriage1 though even after this        
improvement had been added the          
experiments were disappointing4 ,gordon 
was convinced that the application of   
the power to the wheels was the proper  
mode of propulsion1 and his project was 
abandoned after six or seven years had  
been spent in inventing1 constructing1  
and carrying out experiments with four  
distinct carriages4   ,,william ,,henry 
,,james  ,born at ,henley1 ,england1    
,march1 #aggf4 ,died at ,dulwich        
,college ,alms ,house1 ,december #af1   
#ahgc4  ,the father of ,william ,henry  
,james was ,william ,james1 of          
,warwickshire1 the great railway        
projector of his time4 ,he was a        
solicitor in early life1 but became     
wealthy1 worked a colliery in ,south    
,staffordshire1 and in #ahae removed to 
,london1 where he had a large land      
agency business4 ,he became interested  
in tramways in #ahjf1 and from that date
 on devoted most of his energies and    

fortune to projecting railways in the   
,united ,kingdom4 ,he had an interest in
 one of ,george ,stephenson's patents1  
made numerous railway surveys1 and by   
many has been considered to have done   
more than any single individual in      
laying the foundations of the ,english  
railroad system4  ,william ,henry ,james
 assisted his father in his railway     
surveys in early life1 and then began   
business independently as an engineer1  
in ,birmingham4 ,he made experiments in 
steam locomotion on common roads1 and   
took out patents for locomotive steam   
engines1 boilers1 driving apparatus1 and
 so on4 ,his patent for a water-tube    
boiler for road locomotives was secured 
in #ahbc1 and his first car was built in
 #ahbd4 ,this was a twenty-passenger    
steam coach4 ,each rear wheel had a     
double-cylinder engine1 and the pistons 
were worked at a pressure of two hundred
 pounds per square inch4 ,separate      
engines to each driver gave each wheel  
an independent motion1 so that power and

 speed might be varied for turning      
corners1 the outer wheel travelling over
 a much greater space than the inner    
wheel4 ,when the front wheels were so   
placed that the carriage proceeded in a 
straight line an equal amount of steam  
was admitted to each pair of cylinders1 
but when the front wheel was in the lock
 the engine driving the outer wheel     
received a greater amount of steam and  
thus developed more power and traveled  
faster than the inner wheel4 ,this      
arrangement was said to be so efficient 
that the carriage could be made to      
describe every variety of curve1        
repeatedly making turns of less than ten
 feet radius4 ,the whole of the         
machinery was mounted upon laminated    
carriage springs4 ,this arrangement     
caused the engines and their framework  
to vibrate altogether upon the          
crank-shaft as a center1 at the same    
time connecting these engines to the    
boiler by means of hollow axles moving  
in stuffing boxes4 ,each engine had two 

cylinders of small diameter and long    
stroke2 to these separate engines steam 
was supplied from the boiler by means of
 the main pipe1 which moved through     
steam-tight stuffing boxes to the slide 
valve-boxes by small pipes4 ,the        
locomotive was entirely distinct from   
the passenger carriage4  ,sir ,james ,c4
 ,anderson became associated with       
,james1 and in #ahbi they built another 
carriage4 ,this weighed nearly three    
tons1 and the first trials were made    
round a circle of one hundred and sixty 
feet in diameter4 ,when it was finally  
ready to be brought out it was loaded   
with fifteen passengers and driven      
several miles on a rough gravel road    
across ,epping ,forest1 with a speed    
varying from twelve to fifteen miles an 
hour4 ,steam was supplied by two tubular
 boilers1 each forming a hollow cylinder
 four feet six inches long4 ,the tubes  
of which the boilers were composed were 
common gas pipe1 one of which split on  
one of the trips1 thus letting the water

 out of one of the boilers and          
extinguishing its fire4 ,under these    
circumstances1 with only one boiler in  
operation1 the carriage returned home at
 the rate of about seven miles an hour1 
carrying more than twenty passengers--at
 one period1 indeed1 it is said1 a much 
greater number2 showing that sufficient 
steam could be generated in such a      
boiler to be equal to the propulsion of 
between five and six tons weight4 ,in   
consequence of this demonstration that  
the most brilliant success was          
attainable1 the proprietors dismantled  
the carriage and commenced the          
construction of superior tubular boilers
 with much stronger tubes4  ,shortly    
after ,anderson and ,james commenced to 
build another steam carriage1 which was 
ready for use in ,november1 #ahbi4 ,this
 engine was not intended to carry       
passengers1 but to be employed for      
drawing carriages behind4 ,four tubular 
boilers were used1 the total number of  
tubes being nearly two hundred4 ,these  

boilers were enclosed in a space four   
feet wide1 three feet long1 and two feet
 deep4 ,the steam from each boiler was  
conducted into one main steam pipe one  
and one-half inches in diameter1 and the
 communication from any one of the      
boilers could be cut off in case of     
leakage4 ,four cylinders1 each two and  
one-quarter inch bore and nine inch     
stroke1 were arranged vertically in the 
hind part of the locomotive1 and two of 
them acted upon each crank-shaft as     
before1 giving a separate motion to each
 driving wheel4  ,the exhaust steam was 
conducted through two copper tanks for  
heating the feed water to a high        
temperature1 and thence passed to the   
chimney4 ,the steering-gear consisted of
 an external pillar containing a        
vertical shaft1 at the upper end of     
which small bevel-gearing was used1     
giving motion to the vertical shaft1    
whose bottom end carried a pinion       
gearing into a sector attached to the   
fore axle4 ,the motion of the           

crank-shafts was communicated to the    
separate axles of the driving-wheels by 
spur-gearing with two speeds4  ,in      
experiments made with this carriage1 the
 greatest speed obtained upon a level1  
on a very indifferent road1 was at the  
rate of fifteen miles an hour1 and it   
never ran more than three or four miles 
without breaking some of the steam      
joints4 ,the ,mechanic's ,magazine1     
reporting one of these trials1 said3 ,a 
series of interesting experiments were  
made throughout the whole of yesterday  
with a new steam carriage belonging to  
,sir ,james ,anderson1 ,bart41 and ,w4  
,h4 ,james1 ,esq41 on the ,vauxhall1    
,kensington1 and ,clapham roads1 with   
the view of ascertaining the practical  
advantages of some perfectly novel      
apparatus attached to the engines1 the  
results of which were so satisfactory   
that the proprietors intend immediately 
establishing several stage coaches on   
the principle4 ,the writer was favored  
with a ride during the last experiment1 

when the machine proceeded from         
,vauxhall ,bridge to the ,swan at       
,clapham1 a distance of two and a half  
miles1 which was run at the rate of     
fifteen miles an hour4 ,from what ,i had
 the pleasure of witnessing1 ,i am      
confident that this carriage is far     
superior to every other locomotive      
carriage hitherto brought before the    
public1 and that she will easily perform
 fifteen miles an hour throughout a long
 journey4 ,the body of the carriage1 if 
not elegant1 is neat1 being the figure  
of a parallelogram4 ,it is a very small 
and compact machine1 and runs upon four 
wheels4  ,w4 ,h4 ,james patented another
 steam carriage in ,august1 #ahcb4 ,this
 varied much from his earlier engines in
 the working parts1 and it was not      
generally considered to be as           
satisfactory as the others4 ,sir ,james 
,anderson was not able1 for pecuniary   
reasons1 to continue to back ,james in  
his experimenting1 and it does not      
appear that these plans of #ahcb were   

ever consummated in a completed vehicle4
  ,james was a man of strong mind1 an   
original thinker and thoroughly         
well-trained by his apprenticeship with 
his father4 ,he spent a good part of his
 life in experimenting with common-road 
steam propulsion1 but he had not        
monetary resources or financial ability 
commensurate with his mechanical genius4
 ,when the support of ,anderson was     
withdrawn from him he seems to have been
 compelled to give up4 ,little has been 
recorded concerning the latter years of 
his life1 and his death in the almshouse
 sufficiently indicates the poverty in  
which his last years were spent4 ,his   
father also sacrificed his life to the  
cause of railroad advancement1 losing   
his entire fortune and dying a poor man4
   ,,goldsworthy ,,gurney  ,born at     
,treator1 near ,padstow1 ,cornwall1     
,england1 ,february #ad1 #agic4 ,died at
 ,reeds1 near ,bade1 ,february #bh1     
#ahge4  ,the son of ,john ,gurney1      
,goldsworthy ,gurney received a good    

elementary education at the ,truro      
,grammar ,school1 and then studied      
medicine4 ,he settled at ,wadebridge as 
a surgeon1 but although very successful1
 gradually turned his attention to      
scientific and mechanical               
investigations4 ,he constructed an      
organ1 studied chemistry and mechanical 
science1 and removing to ,london in     
#ahbj1 delivered a series of lectures on
 heat1 electricity and gases at the     
,surrey ,institute4 ,his investigations 
resulted in the invention of the        
oxy-hydrogen blowpipe1 and the discovery
 of the powerful lime-light known as the
 ,drummond light1 and he engaged in     
other experiments in this field of      
research4  ,in #ahjd1 while on a holiday
 at ,camborne1 he saw a ,trevithick     
engine on wheels4 ,recalling this in    
after years he began experimenting on   
steam locomotion in #ahbc1 and soon     
abandoned his surgical and medical      
practice for this new pursuit4 ,his     
first efforts were toward the           

construction of an engine to travel on  
the common roads4 ,the weight of the    
steam engines that were then being built
 seemed to him to offer great objections
 to their use for this purpose1 but he  
succeeded1 with his first machine1 in   
reducing weight from four tons to thirty
 hundredweight4 ,then he secured a      
sufficiency of power by the invention of
 the high-pressure steam jet4 ,this     
invention differed from those of        
,stephenson and ,trevithick1 who sent   
their waste steam up through the chimney
 instead of utilizing it4 ,the ,gurney  
jet was applied to the ,stephenson      
,rocket engine on the ,liverpool and    
,manchester ,railway1 in ,october1      
#ahbi1 and also to steamboats and steam 
carriages4  ,in #ahbc1 ,gurney made his 
first experiments with a model steam    
carriage1 on which propellers or feet   
were used4 ,two years later1 in #ahbe1  
he completed a full-size carriage on the
 same plan1 and in ,may of that year he 
took out his first patent for this      

vehicle4 ,the carriage was impelled by  
these legs being alternately drawn      
forwards and pressed backwards by a     
steam engine acting upon them through   
movable oblong blocks1 to which they    
were attached4 ,as a first experiment   
this carriage was driven up ,windmill   
,hill1 near ,kilburn4 ,another trip1    
between ,london and ,edgeware1          
demonstrated the inefficiency of these  
propellers1 and led to the discovery    
that there was sufficient friction      
between wheels and the ground to insure 
propulsion4  ,in #ahbf he constructed a 
coach about twenty feet long1 which     
would accommodate six inside and fifteen
 outside passengers1 besides the        
engineer4 ,the driving-wheels were five 
feet diameter1 and the leading wheels   
three feet nine inches diameter4 ,two   
propellers were used1 which could be put
 in motion when the carriage was        
climbing hills4 ,gurney's patent boiler 
was used for supplying steam to the     
twelve horse-power engine4 ,the total   

weight of the carriage was about a ton  
and a half4 ,in front of the coach was a
 capacious boot1 while behind1 that     
which had the appearance of a boot1 was 
the case for the boiler and the furnace1
 from which it was calculated that no   
inconvenience would be experienced by   
the outside passenger1 although in cold 
weather a certain degree of heat might  
be obtained1 if required4 ,in descending
 a hill1 there was a brake fixed on the 
hind wheel1 to increase the friction2   
but1 independently of this1 the guide   
had the power of lessening the force of 
the steam to any extent by means of the 
lever at his right hand1 which operated 
upon the throttle valve1 and by which he
 could stop the action of the steam     
altogether and effect a counter vacuum  
in the cylinders4 ,by this means also he
 regulated the rate of progress on the  
road4 ,there was another lever by which 
he could stop the vehicle instantly1 and
 in a moment reverse the motion of the  
wheels4  ,this carriage traveled up     

,highgate ,hill to ,edgeware1 and also  
to ,stanmore1 and went up both ,stanmore
 ,hill and ,brockley ,hill4 ,in         
ascending these hills the driving-wheels
 did not slip1 so that the legs were not
 needed4 ,after these experiments the   
propellers were removed4  ,gurney       
obtained another patent in #ahbg1 and   
under this worked a steam carriage      
resembling the common stage coach1 with 
the boiler in the hind boot4 ,this      
carriage was run experimentally to      
,barnet1 ,edgeware1 ,finchley1 and other
 places1 and in #ahbh it was said that a
 trip was made from ,london to          
,melksham1 thirteen miles from ,bath1 a 
distance of nearly two hundred miles4   
,on the return trip the rate of speed   
was about twelve miles an hour4         
,gurney's carriage so fully established 
its practicability1 that in #ahcj1 ,sir 
,charles ,dance contracted for several1 
and ran them successfully from ,london  
to ,holyhead1 and from ,birmingham to   
,bristol4 ,in the following year he ran 

over the turnpike road between          
,gloucester and ,cheltenham for four    
months in succession1 four times a day1 
without an accident or delay of         
consequence4 ,the distance of nine miles
 was regularly covered in from          
forty-five to fifty-five minutes4       
,nearly three thousand persons were     
carried1 and nearly four thousand miles 
traveled4  ,a strong public sentiment   
against the use of the common roads by  
these vehicles sprang up1 and           
,parliament was prevailed upon to impose
 upon steam carriages heavy highway     
tolls that were in effect prohibitory4  
,sir ,charles ,dance suspended his      
operations4 ,gurney petitioned the      
,house of ,commons for relief4 ,several 
committees in #ahca1 #ahcd and #ahce    
investigated the subject and reported   
strongly in favor of steam carriages1   
but no legislation could be secured1 and
 ,gurney was forced to give up further  
introduction of steam carriages4  ,he   
continued his experimenting in other    

directions1 invented the stove that bore
 his name1 introduced new methods of    
lighting and ventilating the ,houses of 
,parliament1 and was otherwise active in
 scientific pursuits4 ,he was a         
magistrate for ,cornwall and            
,devonshire1 and in #ahfc was knighted  
in recognition of his discoveries and   
inventions4  ,by writers of that period 
,gurney received a great deal of credit 
and an abundance of advertising for his 
work4 ,he was especially conspicuous in 
the ,parliamentary investigations       
regarding steam carriages4 ,on the      
whole1 however1 it is generally         
considered that he was proclaimed far   
beyond his merits1 especially in        
comparison with such rivals as ,hancock1
 ,maceroni and others4   ,,thomas       
,,blanchard  ,born in ,sutton1 ,mass41  
,june #bd1 #aghh4 ,died1 ,april #af1    
#ahfd4  ,blanchard received a common    
school education1 and before he had     
entered his teens his mechanical genius 
began to show itself4 ,at thirteen years

 of age he invented a machine for paring
 apples1 and shortly after1 a machine   
for making tacks4 ,his great work was   
the invention of a machine for turning  
out articles of irregular form from wood
 and metals4 ,his lathes for this       
purpose were put in operation by the    
,united ,states ,government in the      
armories at ,harper's ,ferry1 ,va41 and 
,springfield1 ,mass4  ,becoming         
interested in the subject of steam      
propulsion he made1 in #ahbf1 a         
steamboat that was successfully tried on
 the ,connecticut ,river1 running from  
,hartford1 ,conn41 to ,springfield1     
,mass4 ,afterward1 he built a boat of   
larger size1 that drew eighteen inches  
of water1 and ran this up the           
,connecticut ,river1 from ,springfield1 
,mass41 to ,vermont4 ,he also built     
other boats for use on the ,alleghany   
,river4  ,the subjects of railroads and 
locomotive power on land interested him 
for a short time1 and in #ahbe1 after he
 had completed his engagement with the  

,united ,states armories1 he built1 at  
,springfield1 ,mass41 a carriage driven 
by steam for use on the common road4    
,this was the first real steam carriage 
constructed in this country1 the        
,philadelphia machine of ,evans being   
but a rude affair1 although it involved 
the essential principles of steam       
propulsion4 ,the ,blanchard carriage was
 perfectly manageable1 could turn       
corners and go backwards and forwards   
with all the readiness of a well-trained
 horse1 and on ascending a hill the     
power could be increased4 ,its          
performance on the highway was          
altogether satisfactory1 and a patent   
was issued to its inventor4             
,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,blanchard     
,blanchard endeavored to secure support 
to build a railroad in ,massachusetts1  
and the joint committee on roads and    
canals of the ,massachusetts            
,legislature1 in ,january1 #ahbf1       
endorsed the model of his railway and   
steam carriage1 and recommended them to 

all the friends of internal             
improvements4 ,notwithstanding this     
report1 capitalists viewed the project  
as visionary1 and ,blanchard met with no
 greater success when he subsequently   
applied to the ,legislature of ,new     
,york4 ,giving up his plans he          
thenceforward devoted his attention to  
the subject of steam navigation4        
,blanchard was a prolific inventor1     
having taken out no less than thirty or 
forty patents for as many different     
inventions4 ,he did not reap great      
benefit from his labors1 for many of his
 inventions scarcely paid the cost of   
getting them up1 while others were      
appropriated without payment to him1 or 
even giving him credit4 ,his machine for
 turning irregular forms was his most   
notable work1 and even of that1 others  
sought to defraud him4 ,to defend       
himself he was forced to go to the      
courts and even to ,congress1 before he 
succeeded in establishing his rights4   
,after the success of this machine he   

made other improvements in the          
manufacture of arms1 constructing       
thirteen different machines that were   
operated in the government armories4    
,,johnson  ,two brothers ,johnson had a 
small engineering establishment in      
,philadelphia1 in #ahbh4 ,they put upon 
the streets in that year a vehicle that 
,j4 ,g4 ,pangborn1 in his ,the ,world's 
,rail ,way1 says was the first steam    
wagon built1 and actually operated as   
such1 in the ,united ,states4 ,the same 
writer1 describing this wagon1 says that
 it had a single cylinder set           
horizontally1 with a connecting-rod     
attachment with a single crank at the   
middle of the driving-axle4 ,its two    
driving-wheels were eight feet in       
diameter and made of wood1 the same as  
those on an ordinary road wagon4 ,the   
two forward or guiding wheels were much 
smaller than the others1 and were       
arranged in the usual manner of a common
 wagon4 ,it had an upright boiler hung  
up behind1 shaped like a huge bottle1   

the smoke-stack coming out through the  
center of the top4 ,the safety-valve was
 held down by a weight and lever1 and   
the horses in the neighborhood did not  
take at all kindly to the puffing of the
 machine as it jolted over the rough    
streets4 ,generally it ran well1 and    
could take without difficulty reasonable
 grades in the streets and roadways4    
,during its existence1 however1 it      
knocked down a number of awning-posts1  
ran into and broke several window       
fronts1 and sometimes was altogether    
unmanageable4 ,like all others of their 
day1 however1 the ,johnsons were ahead  
of their time4 ,there was no demand for 
their steam wagon1 road conditions made 
it unavailable and the machine itself   
was1 despite much merit1 really not much
 more than a suggestion of better things
 three-quarters of a century later4     
,,walter ,,hancock  ,born in            
,marlborough1 ,wiltshire1 ,england1     
,june #af1 #agii4 ,died ,may #ad1 #aheb4
  ,the father of ,walter ,hancock was   

,james ,hancock1 a timber merchant and  
cabinet maker4 ,walter received a common
 school education1 and then was         
apprenticed to a watchmaker and jeweler 
in ,london4 ,the bent of his            
inclination1 however1 was toward        
engineering1 and he turned his attention
 to experimenting along the lines that  
were at that time absorbing the thoughts
 and efforts of those men of ,england   
interested in mechanical and scientific 
subjects4  ,he was foremost among those 
who in the early part of the nineteenth 
century were engaged in trying to solve 
the problem of steam carriage locomotion
 on the common highways4 ,the story of  
his work in this direction is fully told
 by himself in his ,narrative of ,twelve
 ,years' ,experiments1 #ahbd-cf1        
,demonstrative of the ,practicability   
and ,advantage of ,employing ,steam     
,carriages on ,common ,roads1 a book    
published in ,london1 in #ahch4 ,this   
volume contains a full account of his   
labors1 and descriptions of all the     

carriages that he built and ran4 ,the   
following extract from the introduction 
of the book shows in what esteem        
,hancock regarded himself and what      
estimate he placed upon the value of his
 work3  ,the author of these pages      
believes he should offend alike against 
truth and genuine modesty were he to    
yield to any of the steam carriage      
inventors who have appeared in his day1 
in a single particular of desert2 he    
began earlier 7with one abortive        
exception7 and has persevered longer and
 more unceasingly than any of them4 ,he 
was the first to run a steam carriage   
for hire on a common road1 and is still 
the only person who has ventured in a   
steam vehicle to traverse the most      
crowded streets of the metropolis at the
 busiest periods of the day2 he has     
built a greater number of steam         
carriages 7if not better7 than anyone   
else1 and has been thus enabled to try a
 greater variety of forms of            
construction1 out of which to choose the

 best4  ,in #ahbd1 ,hancock invented a  
steam engine in which the ordinary      
cylinder and piston were replaced by two
 flexible steam receivers1 composed of  
several layers of canvas firmly united  
together by coatings of dissolved       
caoutchouc1 or india-rubber1 and thus   
enabled to resist a pressure of steam of
 sixty pounds upon the square inch4     
,this engine he tried to adapt to steam 
carriages1 but found that he could not  
get the requisite degree of power for   
locomotion1 although it worked very well
 as a stationary engine of four         
horse-power at his factory in           
,stratford4 ,next he invented a tubular 
boiler with sixteen horizontal tubes1   
each connected with each other by lesser
 tubes1 so that the water or steam might
 circulate through the entire series4   
,this boiler was subsequently changed by
 arranging the tubes vertically1 and a  
patent was taken out in #ahbe4  ,after  
further experiments and improvements1   
,hancock finally made a vehicle to      

travel on three wheels1 getting power   
from a pair of vibrating or trunnion    
engines fixed upon the crank-axle of the
 fore wheels4 ,experimental trips of    
this carriage were made from the        
,stratford shop to ,epping ,forest1     
,paddington1 ,hounslow1 ,croydon1       
,fulham1 and elsewhere4 ,some changes   
were made in the vehicle1 and finally   
the trunnion engines were put aside and 
fixed ones substituted4  ,this improved 
carriage1 the first in a long series    
built by ,hancock1 was named the        
,infant4 ,the body was in the form of a 
double-body coach1 or omnibus1 with     
seats for passengers inside and out4    
,the bulk of the machinery was placed in
 the rear of the carriage1 a boiler and 
a fire being beneath it4 ,between the   
boiler and the passengers' seats was the
 engine and a place for the engineer4 ,a
 pair of inverted fixed engines working 
vertically on a crank-shaft furnished   
the power4 ,the steering apparatus was  
in front4 ,the whole carriage was on one

 frame supported by four springs on the 
axle of each wheel4 ,the carriage was   
capable of carrying sixteen passengers  
besides the engineer and guide4 ,its    
total weight1 including coke and water1 
but exclusive of attendants and         
passengers1 was about three and one-half
 tons4 ,the wheel tires were three and  
one-half inches wide1 and the diameter  
of the hind wheels four feet4  ,in      
,february1 #ahca1 the ,infant began to  
run on regular trips between ,stratford 
and ,london4 ,in #ahcb a second         
carriage1 similar to the ,infant1 was   
built1 and called the ,era4 ,it was     
constructed for the ,london and         
,brighton ,steam ,carriage ,company1 to 
ply between ,london and ,greenwich4 ,the
 following year a third carriage1 the   
,enterprise1 was completed1 for the     
,london and ,paddington ,steam ,car     
,company1 and was run between ,london   
and ,paddington4  ,hancock took the     
,infant on a long trip from ,stratford  
to ,london and ,brighton1 in ,october1  

#ahcb4 ,eleven passengers were carried1 
and the carriage kept a speed of nine   
miles an hour on the level1 and six to  
eight miles an hour up grade4 ,on the   
return one mile up hill was made at the 
rate of seventeen miles an hour4        
,another trip to ,brighton was made in  
,september of the next year at an       
average speed of twelve miles an hour   
actual traveling4 ,at ,brighton the new 
carriage attracted much attention1 and  
was exhibited for several days on trips 
in and around the town4 ,after the      
,enterprise1 the ,autopsy came from the 
,hancock shops1 in ,september1 #ahcc4   
,this carriage was run on trial about   
,brighton and in ,london streets1 and   
for about a month was run for hire      
between ,finsbury ,square and           
,pentonville4  ,a small steam drag or   
tug to draw an attached coach or omnibus
 was the next production of the ,hancock
 establishment1 which had already       
attained more than local fame4 ,this was
 built for a ,herr ,voigtlander1 of     

,vienna1 and on one of its trial trips  
it carried ten persons and an attached  
four-wheeled carriage with six persons  
in it4 ,with this load a speed of       
fourteen miles an hour on the level was 
attained1 and eight to nine miles an    
hour on up grades4  ,beginning in       
,august1 #ahcd1 the ,era and the        
,autopsy were run daily in ,london      
between the ,city1 ,moorgate and        
,paddington4 ,during the ensuing four   
months over four thousand passengers    
were carried4 ,each coach carried from  
ten to twelve passengers1 and the trip  
from ,moorgate to ,paddington1 five     
miles1 was made in a half hour1         
including stops4 ,on the trial trip a   
speed of twelve miles an hour1 exclusive
 of stops1 was maintained4  ,later in   
the same year the ,era1 with its name   
changed to the ,erin1 was sent to       
,dublin1 ,ireland1 where it was         
exhibited and run in and about the city1
 by ,hancock1 for eight days1 before it 
was reshipped to ,stratford4 ,next in   

turn came a drag of larger size than any
 before built1 with an engine of greater
 capacity4 ,on the trial trip this drew1
 on a level road1 at a speed of ten     
miles an hour1 three omnibuses and one  
stage coach with fifty passengers4 ,in  
,july1 #ahce1 the trip to ,reading1 a   
distance of thirty-eight miles1 was made
 in three hours forty minutes           
twenty-five seconds2 actual running     
time1 exclusive of stops1 three hours   
eight minutes ten seconds1 at a moving  
rate of over twelve miles an hour4      
,subsequently1 this drag was made over  
into a carriage1 like the others of the 
,hancock type1 fitted for eighteen      
passengers1 and named the ,automaton4   
,in ,august1 #ahce1 the ,erin ran from  
,london to ,marlborough1 a distance of  
seventy-eight miles1 in seven hours     
forty-nine minutes1 exclusive of stops1 
averaging nine and six-tenths miles an  
hour4 ,the return from ,marlborough to  
,london was accomplished in seven hours 
thirty-six minutes1 exclusive of stops1 

an average of nine and eight-tenths     
miles an hour4 ,in the same month the   
,erin made the run from ,london to      
,birmingham at the rate of ten miles an 
hour4  ,in #ahcf1 ,hancock ran all his  
carriages on a regular route on the     
,stratford and ,islington roads for a   
period of twenty weeks1 making in that  
time seven hundred and twelve trips1    
covering four thousand two hundred      
miles1 and carrying twelve thousand     
seven hundred and sixty-one passengers4 
,after running his carriages for several
 years dissensions in the companies that
 were promoting the new means of travel1
 and the increasing efficiency of       
railways1 led to the discontinuance of  
,hancock's energy in this direction4    
,thereafter he built only a steam       
phaeton for his personal use2 this had  
seats for three1 and was used about the 
,city1 ,hyde ,park and the ,london      
suburbs4 ,hancock's steam vehicles were 
ten in number--the experimental         
three-wheeler1 the trunnion-engine      

,infant1 the fixed engine ,infant1 the  
,era1 afterward the ,erin1 the          
,enterprise1 the ,autopsy1 the ,austrian
 drag1 the ,irish drag1 the ,automaton1 
and the phaeton4  ,hancock turned his   
attention in the later years of his life
 to developing the use of india-rubber1 
in connection with his brother1 ,thomas 
,hancock1 who was one of the foremost   
rubber manufacturers of ,england4 ,he   
secured several patents for improvements
 in manufacturing rubber4  ,at the time 
when ,hancock was at work upon his steam
 carriages1 ,gurney was also in the     
front and there was considerable        
jealousy between the two4 ,dr4 ,lardner 
and others were active in exploiting    
,gurney1 while ,hancock was supported in
 controversies by ,alexander ,gordon1   
,luke ,hebert and others4 ,that ,hancock
 achieved most in the way of definite   
results and that his experimenting and  
accomplishments were more markedly along
 thoroughly intelligent and             
conservatively practical mechanical     

lines than any of his rivals is now     
generally conceded4 ,his carriages were 
admirable productions as road vehicles1 
well-built1 attractive and comfortable4 
,,william ,t4 ,,james  ,an engineer of  
,new ,york1 who was engaged in          
experimenting about #ahbi ,james made1  
in his shop in ,eldridge ,court1 several
 small models of vehicles that proved   
sufficiently satisfactory4 ,his first   
engine had two-inch cylinders and       
four-inch stroke4 ,this ran around a    
track on the floor of his shop1 and drew
 a train of four cars1 carrying an      
apprentice boy on each car4 ,james'     
second locomotive was mounted on three  
wheels1 two drivers in the rear and a   
steering wheel1 and it ran on the floor 
or sidewalk4  ,in #ahbi1 ,james1        
satisfied with his experimenting1 built 
a steam carriage capable of carrying    
passengers1 and with this he made very  
good time over the streets and roadways 
in and about the metropolis4 ,he then   
adopted the rotary cylinders instead of 

the reciprocating1 in his engine1 which 
had two six-inch cylinders1 and was     
supported on three wheels4 ,on each     
cylinder were two fixed eccentrics1 one 
for the forward and one for the backing 
motion4 ,the slide valve of one cylinder
 had a half-inch lap at each end1 and   
exhausted its steam into the other4  ,in
 #ahcj1 ,james made his fourth full-size
 steam carriage4 ,this was a            
three-wheeled vehicle1 the rear wheels  
being drivers three feet in diameter1   
and the third the front or steering     
wheel4 ,in #ahca1 in a competition for  
the best locomotive engine adapted to   
the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad      
,company1 ,james built his fifth        
locomotive1 and the first one to run on 
rails4 ,his engine did not secure the   
prize1 but the company1 thinking his    
machine contained valuable ideas1       
entered into an arrangement with him for
 further experimenting4   ,,francis     
,,maceroni  ,born in ,manchester1       
,england1 in #aghh4 ,died in ,london1   

,july #be1 #ahdf4  ,the father of       
,francis ,maceroni was ,peter ,augustus 
,maceroni who1 with two brothers1 served
 in a ,french regiment in the ,american 
,revolution4 ,after that conflict was   
ended he went to ,england and settled in
 ,manchester1 where he was ,italian     
agent for ,british manufacturers4       
,francis ,maceroni was educated in the  
,roman ,catholic school1 in ,hampshire2 
at the ,dominican ,academy1 in ,surrey1 
and at the college at ,old ,hall ,green1
 near ,puckerbridge1 ,hertfordshire4    
,during a period of ten years1 from     
#ahjc to #ahac1 he lived in ,rome and   
,naples as a young gentleman of elegant 
leisure4 ,in #ahac he began the study of
 anatomy and medicine1 but had not gone 
far in those pursuits before his vagrom 
disposition took him in another         
direction4 ,he became aide-de-camp to   
,murat1 ,king of ,naples1 with the rank 
of ,colonel of ,cavalry4 ,his service   
with ,murat took him on missions to     
,england and ,france1 and for a time he 

was a prisoner of the ,french           
authorities4  ,after two years of this  
military service1 he returned to        
,england1 and retained his residence    
there for the rest of his life4 ,he did 
not remain at home long1 however1 for he
 was with ,sir ,george ,mac,gregor at   
,porto ,bello1 in #ahai2 became a       
brigadier-general of the new republic of
 ,colombia1 and in #ahba saw service in 
,spain with ,general ,pepe4  ,returning 
again to ,england1 he came before the   
public as an advocate of a ship canal   
across the ,isthmus1 between the        
,atlantic and ,pacific oceans1 and also 
promoted a company1 called ,the         
,atlantic and ,pacific ,junction and    
,south ,american ,mining and ,trading   
,company1 with a capital of one million 
pounds sterling4 ,the company collapsed 
in the commercial panic of #ahbe1 and   
this soldier of fortune in #ahbi went to
 ,constantinople to assist the ,turks   
against the ,russians4 ,in ,london again
 in #ahca1 ,maceroni was engaged for the

 rest of his life in the cause of       
highway steam locomotion1 in which he   
accomplished a great deal4  ,maceroni   
was second only to ,walter ,hancock as  
an inventor and builder of steam road   
carriages and as a promoter of travel by
 those vehicles4 ,from #ahbe to #ahbh he
 was with ,goldsworthy ,gurney in       
,london1 but his real activity did not  
begin until #ahca1 when he became       
associated with ,john ,squire4 ,in      
#ahcc1 ,maceroni and ,squire took out a 
patent for a multi-tubular boiler1 which
 they applied to a steam carriage that  
one writer of that day described as a   
fine specimen of indomitable            
perseverance4 ,it often traveled at the 
rate of from eighteen to twenty miles an
 hour4 ,the engines were placed         
horizontally underneath the carriage    
body1 the boiler was arranged at the    
back1 and a fan was used to urge the    
combustion of the fuel1 the supply of   
which was regulated by the engineman1   
who had a seat behind4 ,the passengers  

were placed in the open carriage body1  
and their seats were upon the tops of   
the water tanks4 ,there were two        
cylinders seven and one-half inches in  
diameter1 the stroke being fifteen and  
three-quarter inches4 ,the diameter of  
the steam pipe was two and one-quarter  
inches1 and that of the exhaust pipe was
 two and three-quarter inches4  ,the    
carriage attracted a great deal of      
attention1 and much was written about it
 in the newspapers of the time4 ,once   
the trip was taken to                   
,harrow-on-the-,hill1 a distance of nine
 miles1 in fifty-eight minutes1 without 
the full power of steam being on at any 
time4 ,for several weeks in the early   
part of #ahcd the carriage was running  
daily from ,oxford ,street to ,edgeware4
 ,several trips were made to ,uxbridge1 
when the roads were in very bad         
condition1 but the journey from the     
,regent's ,circus1 ,oxford ,street1 a   
distance of sixteen miles1 was often    
performed in a little over an hour4 ,a  

trip to ,watford was made1 and one of   
the passengers thus described the       
experience from ,bushby ,heath into the 
village of ,watford3  ,we set off from  
the starting place amid the cheers of   
the villagers4 ,the motion was so steady
 that we could have read with ease1 and 
the noise was no worse than that        
produced by a common vehicle4 ,on       
arriving at the summit of ,clay ,hill1  
the local and inexperienced attendant   
neglected to clog the wheel until it    
became impossible4 ,we went thundering  
down the hill at the rate of thirty     
miles an hour4 ,mr4 ,squire was         
steersman1 and never lost his presence  
of mind4 ,it may be conceived what      
amazement a thing of this kind1 flashing
 through the village of ,bushy1         
occasioned among the inhabitants4 ,the  
people seemed petrified on seeing a     
carriage without horses4 ,in the busy   
and populous town of ,watford the       
sensation was similar--the men gazed in 
speechless wonder2 the women clapped    

their hands4 ,we turned round at the end
 of the street in magnificent style1 and
 ascended ,clay ,hill at the same rate  
as the stage coaches drawn by five      
horses4  ,maceroni made two steam       
carriages1 but in #ahcd he separated    
from ,squire1 and becoming short of     
funds fell into the clutches of ,asda1  
an ,italian ,jew1 who persuaded him to  
let the two carriages go to the         
,continent4 ,one was sent to ,brussels1 
where it ran successfully1 and the other
 went to ,paris4 ,the performance of the
 latter was thus described in the       
columns of a ,paris journal3 ,the steam 
carriage brought to perfection in       
,england by ,colonel ,maceroni1 ran     
along the ,boulevards as far as the ,rue
 ,faubourg du ,temple4 ,it turned with  
the greatest facility1 ran the whole    
length of the ,boulevards back again1   
and along the ,rue ,royale1 to the      
,place ,louis ,,xv4 ,this carriage is   
very elegant1 much lighter1 and by no   
means so noisy as the one we saw here   

some months ago1 and it excited along   
its way the surprise and applause of the
 astonished spectators4 ,all the hills  
on the paved ,boulevard were ascended   
with astonishing rapidity4 ,one of our  
colleagues was in this carriage the     
whole of its running above described1   
and he declares that there is not the   
least heat felt inside from the fire1   
and that conversation can be kept up so 
as to be heard at a much lower tone than
 in most ordinary carriages4  ,asda sold
 the carriage and the patent for a large
 sum of money1 and swindled ,maceroni   
out of all his share4 ,for years the    
inventor was in the direst extremes of  
poverty4 ,in #ahda he succeeded in      
securing the support of ,the ,general   
,steam ,carriage ,company to construct  
and run carriages under his patent4     
,disagreement between the directors and 
the manufacturing engineer again brought
 to ,maceroni disaster1 from which he   
was never able to recover4   ,,richard  
,,roberts  ,born in #aghi4 ,died in     

,march1 #ahfd4  ,roberts was best known 
as a ,manchester1 ,england1 engineer1 of
 the firm of ,sharp1 ,roberts  ,co4 ,he 
built a steam road locomotive that was  
first tried in ,december1 #ahcc4 ,three 
months later the machine was subjected  
to a second trial4 ,the carriage went   
out under the guidance of ,mr4 ,roberts1
 with forty passengers4 ,it proceeded   
about a mile and a half1 made a         
difficult turn where the road was       
narrow1 and returned to the works       
without accident4 ,the maximum speed on 
the level was nearly twenty miles an    
hour4 ,hills were mounted easily4 ,no   
doubt existed of the engine being       
speedily put in complete and effective  
condition for actual service4 ,during   
another experimental trip in ,april of  
the same year1 the locomotive met with  
an accident caused by some of the boiler
 tubes giving way1 allowing the steam to
 escape and the fuel to be scattered    
about4 ,no one was seriously injured1   
and none of the passengers was hurt4    

,roberts invented the compensating gear 
that he first used on his steam         
carriage4 ,this gear superseded claw    
clutches1 friction bands1               
ratchet-wheels1 and other arrangements  
for obtaining the full power of both the
 driving-wheels1 and at the same time   
allowing for the engine to turn the     
sharpest corner4 ,in #ahci1 ,roberts    
invented an arrangement for             
communicating power to both             
driving-wheels at all times1 whether    
turning to the right or left4 ,during   
the latter years of his life this famous
 engineer lived in exceedingly          
straitened circumstances1 and he died in
 poverty4   ,,john ,,scott ,,russell    
,born at ,parkhead1 near ,glasgow1      
,scotland1 ,may #h1 #ahjh4 ,died ,june  
#h1 #ahhb1 at ,ventnor4  ,the father of 
,john ,scott ,russell was ,david        
,russell1 a ,scottish clergyman1 and the
 son was originally intended for the    
church4 ,his mind was more inclined     
toward mechanics than theology1 and he  

entered a workshop in order to learn the
 trade of engineering4 ,studying at the 
,universities of ,edinburgh1 ,st4       
,andrews and ,glasgow1 he was graduated 
from ,glasgow when he was sixteen years 
of age4 ,in #ahcb1 upon the death of    
,sir ,john ,leslie1 ,professor of       
,natural ,philosophy at ,edinburgh      
,university1 ,russell was elected to    
fill the vacancy temporarily4 ,shortly  
after that he began his celebrated      
investigations into the nature of the   
sea waves1 as a preliminary study to    
improving the forms of ships4 ,as a     
result of these researches he developed 
the wave-line system for the            
construction of vessels4 ,in #ahcg he   
received a gold medal of the ,royal     
,society of ,engineers1 and was elected 
a member of the ,council of that        
,society for a paper that he read on the
 laws by which water opposes resistance 
to the motion of floating bodies4 ,at   
that time he was manager of the         
shipbuilding words at ,greenock1 and    

under his supervision and according to  
his designs several ships were built    
with lines based on his wave system4    
,among these were four of the new fleet 
of the ,west ,india ,mail ,company4     
,russell removed to ,london in #ahdd1   
and became a ,fellow of the ,royal      
,society in #ahdg4 ,he was              
vice-president of the ,institute of     
,civil ,engineers and secretary of the  
,society of ,arts4 ,for many years he   
was a shipbuilder on the ,thames1 and   
supervised the construction of the      
celebrated steamship ,great ,eastern4   
,he was one of the promoters and        
vice-president of the ,institute of     
,naval ,architects1 and a pioneer in    
advocating the construction of iron-clad
 men-of-war4 ,he published many papers1 
principally upon naval architecture4    
,it was while he was residing in        
,edinburgh that he took out a patent for
 a steam locomotive to be used on the   
common roads4 ,the boiler that he       
invented was multi-tubular1 with the    

furnace and the return tubes on the same
 level1 and similar to a marine boiler4 
,the boiler everywhere consisted of     
opposite and parallel surfaces1 and     
these surfaces were connected by stays  
of small diameter4 ,the copper plates of
 the boiler were only one-tenth of an   
inch thick4 ,when put to actual test the
 weakness of the boiler thus constructed
 was fully demonstrated4  ,the engine   
had two vertical cylinders1 twelve      
inches in diameter and with twelve      
inches stroke4 ,the engine was mounted  
upon laminated springs1 arranged so that
 each spring in its flexure described1  
at a particular point1 such a circle as 
was also described by the main axle in  
its motion round the crank shaft4 ,this 
arrangement was intended to correct any 
irregularities in the road so that they 
would not interfere with the proper     
working of the spur gearing4 ,exhaust   
steam was turned into the chimney to    
create a blast4 ,water and coke were    
carried on a separate tender on two     

wheels1 coupled to the rear of the      
engine4 ,spare tenders1 filled1 were    
kept in readiness at different stations 
on the road4 ,these tenders1 mounted    
upon springs1 had seats back and front  
for passengers4 ,to work the locomotive 
three persons were required1 a steersman
 on the front seat1 an engineer on the  
back seat outside above the engines1 and
 a fireman stationed on the footplate in
 front of the boiler4  ,on the order of 
the ,steam ,carriage ,company1 of       
,scotland1 six of these coaches were    
built by the ,grove ,house ,engine      
,works1 of ,edinburgh4 ,they were       
substantially constructed and very      
elaborately fitted up4 ,as was said at  
the time1 they were in the style and    
with all the comfort and elegance of the
 most costly gentleman's carriage4 ,they
 ran very successfully for some time1   
during #ahcd1 between ,st4 ,george's    
,square1 ,glasgow1 and ,paisley4 ,there 
was a service of six coaches once an    
hour4 ,each carriage accommodated six   

passengers inside and twenty outside1   
and sometimes drew1 in addition1 a      
dogcart laden with six passengers1 and  
the necessary fuel and water4 ,these    
dogcarts were used as relays on the     
road1 being kept ready constantly4      
,public opposition to these coaches     
developed here as it had done in ,london
 about the same period4 ,road trustees  
objected to them on the ground that they
 wore out the roads too rapidly4        
,obstructions of stones1 logs of wood1  
and other things were placed in their   
way1 but the coaches generally went on  
in spite of these4 ,ordinary horse-drawn
 road carriages were more damaged and   
hindered than the ,russell coaches1 and 
even heavy carts were compelled to      
abandon travel on the obstructed roads  
and take roundabout courses1 greatly to 
the discomfiture of the drivers4  ,one  
day1 however1 a heavy strain1 unusually 
severe1 caused by jolting over the rough
 road1 broke a wheel1 and the weight of 
the coach falling on the boiler caused  

an explosion4 ,five persons were killed1
 and as a result of this accident the   
,court of ,session interdicted the      
further travel of these carriages in    
,scotland4 ,the ,steam ,carriage        
,company brought an action for damages  
against the trustees of the turnpike    
road for having compelled them to       
withdraw the carriages from the ,glasgow
 and ,paisley road by wantonly1         
wrongfully and maliciously accumulating 
masses of metal1 stones and rubbish on  
the said road1 in order to create such  
annoyance and obstruction as might      
impede1 overturn1 or destroy the steam  
coaches belonging to the plaintiffs1 but
 nothing seems to have come of this     
action4  ,no longer used in ,scotland1  
two of ,russell's coaches were sent to  
,london4 ,there they were engaged in    
running with passengers between ,london 
and ,greenwich1 or ,kew ,bridge4        
,several trips were made to ,windsor4   
,after about a year they were offered   
for sale1 and1 on exhibition preparatory

 to sale1 they started every day from   
,hyde ,park ,corner to make a journey to
 ,hammersmith4 ,but they remained       
unsold1 and were shortly forgotten4     
,had conditions been more encouraging   
,russell might have achieved as great   
success in his land as in his water     
vehicles4 ,he was a man of rare         
scientific attainments1 and his work in 
ship designing and building put him in  
the front rank of naval architects and  
builders of his day4 ,in addition to his
 work1 already mentioned1 he built a big
 steamer to transport railway trains    
across ,lake ,constance4   ,w4 ,h4      
,,church  ,a physician of ,birmingham1  
,england1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,church gave many
 years to the study of steam locomotion4
 ,several patents were secured by him   
between #ahcb and #ahce1 and in the     
latter year a common road carriage1     
built according to his plans1 was       
brought out4  ,the ,church vehicle had a
 framework of united iron plates or     
bars1 bolted on each side of the        

woodwork to obtain strength4 ,well      
trussed and braced1 this framework      
enclosed a space between a hind and fore
 body of the carriage1 and of the same  
height as the latter1 and contained the 
engine1 boiler1 and other machinery4    
,the boiler consisted of a series of    
vertical tubes1 placed side by side1    
through each of which a pipe passed1 and
 was secured at the bottom of the boiler
 tube2 the interior pipe constituted the
 flue1 which first passed in through a  
boiler tube1 and was then bent like a   
syphon1 and passed down another until it
 reached as low or lower than the bottom
 of the fireplace1 whence it passed off 
into a general flue in communication    
with an exhausting apparatus4 ,two fans 
were employed1 one to blow in air1 and  
the other to draw it out2 they were     
worked by straps from the crank shaft4  
,the wheels of the carriage were        
constructed with the view to rendering  
them elastic1 to a certain degree1 in   
two different ways3 ,first1 the felloes 

were made of several successive layers  
of broad wooden hoops1 covered with a   
thin iron tire1 having lateral straps to
 bind the hoops together2 second1 these 
binding straps were connected by hinge  
joints to a kind of flat steel springs1 
somewhat curved1 which formed the spokes
 of the wheels4 ,these spring spokes    
were intended to obviate the necessity1 
in a great measure1 of the ordinary     
springs1 and the elasticity of the      
periphery was designed so that the      
yielding of the circle should prevent   
the wheel from turning without          
propelling4  ,church also proposed1 in  
addition to spring felloes1 spring      
spokes1 and the ordinary springs1 to    
employ air springs1 and for that purpose
 provided two or more cylinders1 made   
fast to the body of the carriage1 in a  
vertical position1 closed at top1 and   
furnished with a piston1 with packing   
similar to the cap-leather packing of   
the hydraulic press4 ,this piston was   
kept covered with oil1 to preserve it in

 good order1 and a piston rod connected 
it with the supporting frame of the     
carriage4 ,motion was communicated by   
two oscillating steam cylinders         
suspended on the steam and exhaust pipes
 over the crank shaft4 ,the crank shaft 
and driving-wheel axle were connected by
 means of chains passing about pitched  
pulleys4  ,to introduce the ,church     
coach1 the ,london and ,birmingham      
,steam ,carriage ,company was organized4
 ,the first carriage built for the      
company was an imposing vehicle1        
something like a big circus van1        
elaborately ornamented and with a large 
spheroidal wheel in front4 ,it carried  
about forty passengers on top1 in       
omnibus fashion1 and the driver sat on a
 raised seat near the roof4 ,a fair rate
 of speed was maintained1 fifteen miles 
on the level1 but the boiler was        
damaged1 and horses hauled the engine   
back to the factory4 ,other carriages   
were subsequently brought out1 but they 
all failed to meet the requirements of  

travel on the rough roads that existed  
at that time in ,england4   ,,jean      
,,joseph ,,etienne ,,lenoir  ,born at   
,mussy-la-,ville1 ,luxembourg1 ,january 
#ab1 #ahbb4 ,died1 ,july1 #aijj1 at ,la 
,varnne ,chemevieves1 near ,paris4      
,when ,lenoir came to ,paris in #ahch he
 had but an ordinary education and was  
without resources4 ,for a time he served
 as a waiter in order to earn money to  
become an enameler and decorator4 ,in   
#ahdg1 he invented a new white enamel   
and four years after invented a galvano 
plastic process for raised work4 ,many  
other inventions were made by him1 among
 them being an electric motor in #ahef1 
a water meter in #aheg1 an automatic    
regulator for dynamos1 the well-known   
gas motor that bears his name1 and a    
system of autographic telegraphing4  ,it
 is claimed that in ,september1 #ahfc1  
,lenoir put a gas engine of his         
non-compressor type1 of one and a half  
horse-power1 on wheels and made an      
experimental run to ,joinville-le-,paris

 and back4 ,the motor1 running at one   
hundred revolutions1 it is said1 took   
them there in one and a half hours4 ,he 
thereupon abandoned such trials1 and    
tried his engines in a boat1 and in     
#ahfe put a six horse-power in one1 but 
the insignificant speed possible with   
his engine caused him to abandon that   
also4  ,the ,academy of ,science of     
,paris decorated ,m4 ,lenoir and the    
,society of ,encouragement gave him the 
grand prize of ,argenteuil1 amounting to
 twelve thousand francs4 ,for his       
patriotic services at the siege of      
,paris1 during the ,franco-,prussian    
war1 he was made a naturalized          
,frenchman4 ,in #ahhj1 he published in  
,paris a work treating of his researches
 into the tanning of leather4   ,,amed,e
 ,,boll,e  ,in ,april1 #ahgc1 ,amede    
,bolle1 of ,le ,mans1 ,france1 the noted
 ,french engineer1 filed a patent for a 
steam road vehicle and two years later  
he built the steam stage that he named  
,obeissante4 ,toward the end of that    

year this stage was run in and about    
,paris1 where it created something of a 
sensation4 ,it was even chronicled in   
the songs of the day and was made a     
topic of amusement at the variety       
theatres4 ,this steam omnibus made      
twenty-eight kilometers in an hour4 ,it 
is claimed to have been the first       
creation of the man to whose family much
 credit is due for the modern ,french   
automobile4  ,between #ahgc and #ahge1  
,bolle made several carriages4 ,in      
#ahgf1 he worked with ,dalifol and made 
a tram-car that would carry fifty       
passengers4 ,this vehicle was put into  
the steam omnibus service in ,rouen4    
,two years later he made another steam  
omnibus that he called ,la ,mancelle4   
,this vehicle1 in ,june of that year1   
was run from ,paris to ,vienna and      
developed a speed on level roads of     
twenty-two miles an hour4 ,in ,vienna   
this vehicle was the subject of much    
talk and was largely caricatured4  ,in  
#ahhj1 ,bolle built another omnibus1 ,la

 ,nouvelle4 ,this vehicle was entered in
 the ,paris-,bordeaux competition in    
#ahie1 and was the only steam carriage  
that covered the course in that race4   
,bolle has been a conspicuous exponent  
of the steam carriage in ,france from   
the time he commenced as far back as    
#ahgc4 ,the vehicles that he has built  
were in many instances pioneers in their
 class1 and have been exceedingly       
serviceable and successful4 ,they have  
made the name of ,bolle notable4        
,,george ,b4 ,,selden  ,born in the     
fifties1 ,george ,b4 ,selden came of a  
family of jurists1 whose ancestors were 
early ,connecticut settlers4 ,among them
 were several eminent scientific men4   
,his father1 ,henry ,rogers ,selden1 was
 born in ,lyme1 ,conn41 ,october #ad1   
#ahje1 and died in ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 
,september #ah1 #ahhe2 was ,judge of the
 ,supreme ,court of the ,state of ,new  
,york1 and is still remembered by men of
 that generation as one of the most     
accomplished lawyers and jurists who    

occupied that bench in the last century4
  ,george ,b4 ,selden attended ,yale    
,university1 and while equipping himself
 for his legal career1 following in the 
footsteps of his father1 indulged his   
natural predilection for scientific     
work4 ,while practicing law in          
,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 he devoted much    
time to the problem of self-propelled   
vehicles on common roads1 in which1 as  
early as the sixties1 he was then       
interested4 ,the study of this art led  
to a very full analysis of the          
possibilities of different means of     
propulsion1 with1 as a result1 the      
conclusion that the light1 liquid       
hydro-carbon concussion engine must     
eventually fill the exacting            
requirements of road vehicles4 ,his     
further experimenting that was carried  
on during the seventies1 and the actual 
constructing1 so convinced him in his   
deductions that the record is found in  
the ,united ,states ,patent ,office of  
his filing an application for patent in 

,may1 #ahgi1 with a ,patent ,office     
model of his gasoline vehicle4 ,for more
 details1 reference must be made to his 
patent1 ,no4 #ediafj1 subsequently      
issued in ,november1 #ahie4 ,thereafter 
in a general report treating of         
important and leading inventions in     
various fields this was referred to by  
the ,commissioner of ,patents as the    
pioneer patent in its class4  ,of       
,selden's voluminous and persistent work
 and his many engines and models more   
detailed information cannot be here     
given4 ,his fundamental patent at       
present is involved in extensive        
litigation1 although it is recognized by
 manufacturers of gasoline vehicles who1
 to-day1 are producing from eighty to   
ninety per cent of the output of the    
,united ,states4 ,of his work along the 
lines of improvements in details of his 
main invention1 the gasoline automobile 
per se1 and kindred matters all of which
 have or will have a great bearing upon 
automobile construction and operation1  

it is not at this time possible to dwell
 at length4  ,selden is known as an     
exceedingly able attorney in his        
specialty1 while his active connection  
with the extensive reaper and binder    
litigation1 in all of which he appeared 
prominently1 established for him an     
enviable reputation4 ,those who have had
 the privilege of a closer personal     
acquaintance know of his great fund of  
scientific knowledge in various arts1 as
 well as his most interesting           
accumulations of data as a result of his
 personal researches4  ,selden is a     
patentee in other fields beside that of 
the gasoline automobile and his         
achievements have been numerous and of  
exceeding importance4 ,he is also a     
chemist of more than ordinary ability   
and has applied himself as a close      
student to this line of scientific      
investigation4 ,as a result he has made 
notable discoveries that1 although not  
yet given to the world1 will1 it is     
confidently believed by those acquainted

 with them1 prove to be of the greatest 
scientific value4   ,,siegfried ,,marcus
  ,marcus was an ingenious mechanic4 ,in
 early life he made dental instruments  
and apparatus for a magician in ,vienna4
 ,for his construction of a thermopile  
he received a prize and to his further  
credit as an inventor are placed an arc 
lamp1 ,rhumkoff coil carbureter1 a high 
candle-power petroleum lamp1            
magneto-electro machines1 a microphone  
and various other things in many        
branches of science4  ,illustration3    
,,siegfried ,,marcus  ,it is claimed    
that about the middle seventies of the  
last century he carried on experiments  
with a gas engine that had a            
spring-connected piston rod4 ,he mounted
 this vertically on an ordinary horse   
vehicle and connected it directly with a
 cranked rear axle1 carrying two        
flywheels in place of the regular road  
wheels4 ,he is said to have made trials 
of this vehicle at night in ,vienna4 ,if
 this was so he was apparently trying to

 keep his plan secret and succeeded very
 well4 ,aside from general references   
nothing of importance revealed itself   
concerning this vehicle and ,marcus'    
experiments with it1 until very recently
 when interest in the historic          
development of the automobile has       
stimulated anew investigation into the  
endeavors of the early inventors4  ,in  
#ahhb the motor work of ,marcus was     
principally preparatory to his new      
engine construction4 ,it included       
experimenting with an ,otto engine run  
with petroleum and a vaporizer and      
electric ignition with magneto4 ,in     
#ahhc he constructed a closed or        
two-cycled motor and thereafter had     
engines made in ,budapest and elsewhere4
 ,one of these motors he put on wheels1 
but this was abandoned for other ideas  
that came from his fertile mind4        
,,carl ,,benz  ,born1 ,november #bf1    
#ahdd1 at ,karlsruhe1 ,baden1 ,germany4 
,the early education of ,carl ,benz was 
acquired at the ,lyceum until his       

seventeenth year and then at the        
,technical ,high ,school of his native  
city for four more years4 ,this was     
followed by three years of practical    
work in the shops of the ,karlsruhe     
,machine ,works4 ,when he was           
twenty-eight years of age1 in #ahgb1    
after further experience in ,mannheim1  
,pforzheim and ,vienna1 he opened       
workshops of his own in ,mannheim4  ,in 
#ahhj he began to commercialize a       
two-cycle stationary engine4 ,in #ahhc  
he organized his business as ,benz      
,co41 and produced his first vehicle in 
#ahhd4 ,in the beginning of #ahhe his   
three-wheeled vehicle ran through the   
streets of ,mannheim1 ,germany1         
attracting much attention with its noisy
 exhaust4 ,this was the subject of his  
patent dated ,january #bi1 #ahhf1       
claimed by him to be the first ,german  
patent on a light oil motor vehicle4    
,this embodied a horizontal flywheel    
belt transmission through a differential
 and two chains to the wheels2 but it is

 noteworthy primarily as having embodied
 a four-cycle1 water jacketed1          
three-quarter horse-power engine1 with  
electric ignition4  ,in #ahhh1 the ,benz
 ,company exhibited their vehicles at   
the ,munich ,exposition1 where they     
attracted wide attention4 ,this was     
followed by the exhibition at the ,paris
 show in #ahhi1 by the engineer ,roger1 
of another vehicle made under license   
that ,roger had acquired from ,benz and 
constructed by ,panhard and ,levassor4  
,illustration3 ,,carl ,,benz  ,while in 
#ahii the firm was converted into a     
stock company of three million marks    
capital1 and then employed three hundred
 men1 ,carl ,benz remained the leading  
spirit of the concern1 technically1     
while the commercial work came under the
 direction of ,julius ,ganz4 ,the able  
co-operation of these two has           
established the world-famous automobile 
enterprise looked upon by many as the   
pioneer producing works of its kind in  
,germany4 ,of late years motor boats    

have also been made by them1 but their  
automobiles and those of their          
affiliated companies or licensees in    
other countries still stand in the first
 rank4   ,,gottlieb ,,daimler  ,born at 
,schorndorf1 ,wurtemburg1 ,march #ag1   
#ahcd4 ,died at ,cannstadt1 near        
,stuttgart1 ,march #f1 #ahii4  ,after   
receiving a technical and scientific    
training at the ,polytechnic ,school at 
,stuttgart1 #aheb-ei1 ,daimler spent two
 years1 #ahfa-fc1 as an engineer in the 
,karlsruhe ,machine ,works1 becoming    
foreman there4 ,in #ahgb he entered the 
,gas ,engine ,works at ,deutz1 near     
,cologne1 and became director of that   
establishment4 ,within ten years that   
shop1 better known as the ,otto ,engine 
,works1 grew from a small place into a  
large1 well-organized and famous        
establishment4 ,in #ahhb he removed to  
,cannstadt to give his entire attention 
to the light-weight internal-combustion 
auto motor1 with which his career was so
 completely identified1 and the         

successful application of which earned  
for him the title1 the father of the    
automobile1 in ,germany1 though that is1
 in fact1 contested by those familiar   
with the work of ,benz4  ,instead of    
using the uncertain-acting flame with   
the inconvenient speed limitations1     
,daimler invented and introduced in     
#ahhc the so-called hot-tube ignition4  
,this consisted of a metal or porcelain 
tube attached to the compression space  
of the cylinder in such a manner that   
the interior of the tube was in         
continual communication with the        
compression space4 ,a gas flame1        
continually burning under the tube1     
maintained it at a glowing red heat1 so 
that the mixed charge of air and gas1   
when compressed into the tube1 became   
fully and effectively ignited4          
,experience showed that by a proper     
regulation of the temperature of the hot
 tube the ignition could be made to take
 place at any desired point in the      
compression1 and thus the complicated1  

slow and uncertain slide flame ignition 
was replaced by a simple device1 without
 moving parts1 altogether satisfactory  
and reliable4 ,the especial feature of  
the hot-tube ignition1 however1 was soon
 found to be the increased speed which  
it permitted4 ,by its use the rotative  
speed could be increased eight to ten   
times over the older motor1 and hence   
the weight could be reduced in nearly   
the same proportion4  ,illustration3    
,,gottlieb ,,daimler  ,this fact at once
 showed ,daimler that the application of
 the internal-combustion motor to       
mechanically propelled vehicles had     
become a possibility1 and that1 with the
 use of hydro-carbon vapor as fuel1 and 
the high-speed hot-tube motor1 the      
petroleum automobile might become a     
practical possibility4 ,he therefore    
severed his connection with the ,otto   
,engine ,works at ,deutz1 and returning 
to ,cannstadt1 near ,stuttgart1 his     
early home1 he devoted his entire time  
and attention to the design of a light  

petroleum motor and motor vehicle4 ,the 
result was the production1 in #ahhe1 of 
a motor-bicycle1 in which the motor was 
placed directly under the seat1 between 
the legs of the rider4 ,the petroleum   
was drawn from a tank1 the supply being 
regulated by the valve4 ,the motor was  
first set in motion by lighting a lamp  
and turning the crank a few times1 the  
discharge passing through the chamber   
into an exhaust-pipe4 ,after the motor  
had been fully started1 the vehicle was 
set in motion by moving a lever1 which  
drew a tightening pulley against the    
belt1 and so caused the power to be     
transmitted from the shaft pulley to the
 wheel pulley4 ,changes of speed were   
attained by using pulleys of different  
sizes1 similar to the cone pulleys on a 
lathe4 ,this machine was put into       
successful action at ,cannstadt on      
,november #aj1 #ahhe4  ,an interesting  
feature in connection with the ,daimler 
motor is the arrangement of the         
cooling-water circulation for the       

cylinder jacket4 ,the water is contained
 in a tank1 from which it is circulated 
in the cylinder jacket by means of a    
small rotary pump4 ,from the jacket it  
passes to the cooler4 ,this consists of 
a system of several hundred small tubes 
over which a blast of air is driven by a
 fan operated from the motor shaft4     
,since the speed of the fan increases   
with the speed of the motor1 the cooling
 is proportional to the production of   
heat in the cylinder4  ,in addition to  
gas1 which is applicable for stationary 
motors only1 the fuel may be benzine of 
a specific gravity of sixty-eight or    
seventy one-hundredths1 or ordinary lamp
 petroleum4 ,the consumption varies     
according to the size of the motor1     
ranging from thirty-six to forty-five   
one-hundredths kilograms per horse-power
 hour for vehicles1 or somewhat less for
 boats4 ,he adapted these light motors  
to vehicles of many styles1 and his     
persistent work in this connection has  
made the world-wide reputation of the   

,daimler ,motoren ,gesellschaft1 now    
flourishing at ,cannstadt1 ,germany4    
,in #ahhh-hi the ,french interest in the
 light motors led to their adoption by  
,panhard and ,levassor4 ,the type then  
developed and known as ,phenix motors1  
were soon copied in part at least by    
many other ,french makers1 resulting in 
a modified form there known as the      
,pygme4 ,work at ,cannstadt progressed  
steadily1 however1 and many pleasure    
vehicles were made as well as small     
boats4  ,the able assistance of ,william
 ,maybach brought further credit to the 
company1 particularly in view of the    
aspirating carbureter which1 with such  
details as clutch and transmission      
mechanism1 helped to perfect the        
,cannstadt automobiles4 ,in the latter  
nineties the prominence of the ,daimler 
,works as vehicle makers1 distinguished 
from motor makers1 again began to be    
noticed and soon their now famous       
,mercedes cars appeared4 ,in recent     
years these machines have made          

remarkable records in races and all     
other branches of the sport4 ,with a    
magnificent refinement of details in    
construction they are to-day looked upon
 as the pleasure vehicles par           
excellence4  ,they have had a large     
vogue in all parts of ,europe and are   
accepted there as among the most        
satisfactory vehicles in their class    
that are now made4 ,many of them have   
been brought to the ,united ,states1    
where they have been and still are in   
great demand4   ,,levassor  ,born at    
,marolles1 in ,hurepoix 7,seine and     
,oise71 ,january #ba1 #ahdc4 ,died1     
,april #ad1 #ahig4  ,levassor was       
graduated from the ,central ,school of  
,arts and ,manufactures1 ,paris1 in     
#ahfd4 ,he was employed as an engineer  
at the ,cockerill ,works at ,seriang1   
,belgium1 and also with ,durenne at     
,courbevoie1 near ,paris4 ,in #ahgb he  
entered the firm of ,perrin  ,panhard1  
the name of the concern being changed to
 ,perrin1 ,panhard  ,co4 ,upon the death

 of ,m4 ,perrin1 he became the junior   
partner and the name of ,panhard        
,levassor was adopted4 ,when ,levassor  
died in #ahig1 the corporation of       
,panhard  ,levassor was formed4         
,illustration3 ,,levassor  ,levassor    
made many improvements in the machinery 
and output of ,panhard  ,levassor4      
,especially he perfected machines for   
wood-working and made important changes 
in the processes used for the cold      
cutting of hard metals4 ,on the first   
appearance of gas motors he undertook   
their construction in ,france4 ,it was  
in the establishment of ,panhard        
,levassor that the first motors were    
constructed under the system of ,otto   
and ,langen with atmospheric pressure1  
then the four-cycle engine of ,otto and 
finally the two-cycle system of ,benz   
and ,ravell4  ,in #ahhf1 when the       
,daimler petroleum motor appeared1 he   
recognized the great part that it would 
play in practical application to the    
propulsion of vehicles and boats4 ,he   

acquired the right to use it in ,france1
 and in #ahhg exhibited1 in ,paris1 a   
boat thus propelled4 ,after several     
years he put forth the first automobile 
vehicle with motor in front4   ,,leon   
,,serpollet  ,serpollet is noted in     
,france to-day as the champion of the   
steam automobile4 ,in #ahhg1 he appeared
 in ,paris with his three-wheeler1 two  
rear drive and one front steering wheel4
 ,with its light and safe generator his 
machine attracted much attention1 but   
its use in the streets of the capital   
was temporarily prohibited1 until the   
granting to him in #ahia of the first   
unrestricted license for such use       
resulted from his initiation of the     
prefect of police by driving that       
important personage in the steamer4     
,his generator1 known as the flash      
boiler1 has been developed to a high    
state of perfection4 ,the tubes of his  
boiler were heavy1 flattened tubing1    
strengthened in that form by being      
transversally bent or grooved4 ,he was  

helped doubtless to no small extent1 in 
his work1 by his association1 about     
#ahig1 with a wealthy ,american1 ,f4 ,l4
 ,gardner1 who made possible the        
development of the large                
,gardner-,serpollet establishment in the
 ,rue ,stendhal1 ,paris4  ,while        
,serpollet has achieved a brilliant and 
well-deserved reputation in his native  
land1 he is also recognized in other    
countries as one of the greatest living 
promoters of the steam branch of the    
automobile industry4 ,his adherence to  
steam as the motive power in            
self-propelled road vehicles has been   
unremitting and energetic4 ,few men have
 done more than he to improve carriages 
in this class4  ,in #aijj1 ,serpollet   
was made a ,chevalier of the ,legion of 
,honor4 ,his sales to that date of five 
machines for the ,shah of ,persia and   
landaulets for the ,maharajah of ,mysore
 and other notables had given him much  
prominence at that time4  ,illustration3
 ,,leon ,,serpollet   ,,louis ,,and     

,,marcel ,,renault  ,born in ,boulogne1 
,france1 the ,renault ,brothers1 with   
general technical education1            
perseverance and ability1 entered the   
field of automobile manufacturing only  
some six years ago1 although they       
earlier gave to the subject much        
attention and study4  ,having           
appreciated through personal experience 
the shortcomings of the gasoline        
tricycle1 ,louis ,renault in ,october1  
#ahih1 manufactured1 in his private     
shop1 a small two-passenger vehicle1    
with a one and three-quarters           
horse-power motor1 which eliminated the 
pedalling for starting1 but was         
otherwise small and light as a tricycle4
 ,in ,january1 #ahii1 he brought out a  
small four-wheeler with one and         
three-quarters horse-power motor in     
front1 three speeds and chainless1 or as
 now called propeller drive4 ,the demand
 was immediate and large and resulted in
 the establishment of the works of      
,renault ,frres1 who began to make the  

first lot of these small vehicles in    
,march of the same year4 ,these won     
prizes in the ,paris-,trouville1 the    
,ostende and the ,rambouillet runs1 and 
one completed a three thousand six      
hundred kilometer tour through different
 parts of ,europe and over the ,alps4   
,the new model of #aijj had a three and 
one-half horse-power motor and          
thermo-syphon cooling system4 ,many     
honors were won with these1 and notably 
that of ,louis ,renault's most          
successful use of one in the grand army 
maneuvers4 ,but the output of three     
hundred and fifty showed the necessity  
for larger works4 ,with the increased   
facilities of #aija1 the product was    
doubled and the model increased to four 
and one-half horse-power1 while eight   
and nine horse-power were winners in the
 ,paris-,bordeaux and ,paris-,berlin    
races4  ,in #aijb came another addition 
to the ,billancourt works of ,cloise to 
four thousand square meters area1 and   
the ,renault ,brothers then changed     

their models to voiture lgre1 six to    
eight horse-power1 steel tube frame and 
wood wheels--a full-fledged vehicle4    
,they succeeded in the ,circuit du      
,nord1 organized by the ,minister of    
,agriculture1 for alcohol-motored       
vehicles4 ,then came the triumph of     
their twenty horse-power four-cylinder  
type in the great ,paris-,vienna race1  
where it was pitted against forty and   
even seventy horse-power vehicles4 ,the 
result was a great impetus commercially1
 and new shops accommodating a thousand 
workmen and covering thirteen thousand  
square meters1 which produced one       
thousand four hundred vehicles in the   
following year4  ,both brothers1 who had
 always been at the wheel of their own  
cars in the years of racing1 entered the
 memorable race-of-death1               
,paris-,madrid1 in ,may1 #aijc4 ,louis  
arrived first at ,bordeaux1 but his     
unfortunate brother ,marcel1 while close
 to victory1 was killed with the        
overturning of his machine only a few   

kilometers from the goal4 ,in memory of 
,marcel ,renault a simple monument was  
unveiled at ,billancourt ,may #bf1      
#aijd1 on ground contributed by the     
municipal council2 a bronze plate on one
 side of this perpetuates his triumphant
 entry into ,vienna1 showing his arrival
 at the finish4  ,louis ,renault1 since 
continuing the business1 has now        
produced larger machines1 including the 
sixty to ninety horse-power made for the
 ,vanderbilt race in ,america1 ,october1
 #aijd4  ,illustration3 ,,marcel        
,,renault     ,,noted ,,investigators   
,,simon ,,stevin1   ,,thomas            
,,wildgosse1   ,,david ,,ramsey1        
,,johann ,,hautsch1   ,,christiaan      
,,huygens1   ,,stephen ,,farfleur1      
,,fernando ,,verbiest1   ,,isaac        
,,newton1   ,,vegelius1   ,,eli         
,,richard1   ,,gottfried ,,wilhelm ,,von
 ,,leibnitz1   ,,humphrey ,,mackworth1  
,,denis ,,papin1   ,,vaucauson1         
,,robinson1   ,,erasmus ,,darwin1       
,,richard ,,lovell ,,edgeworth1         

,,francis ,,moore1   ,,planta1   ,j4 ,s4
 ,,kestler1   ,,blanchard1   ,,thomas   
,,charles ,,auguste ,,dallery1   ,,james
 ,,watt1   ,,robert ,,fourness1         
,,george ,,medhurst1   ,,andrew         
,,vivian1   ,,du ,,quet1   ,j4 ,h4      
,,genevois1   ,,john ,,dumbell1         
,,william ,,brunton1   ,,thomas         
,,tindall1   ,,john ,,baynes1   ,,julius
 ,,griffiths1   ,,edmund ,,cartwright1  
,t4 ,,burtsall1   ,t4 ,w4 ,,parker1     
,,george ,,pocock1   ,,samuel ,,brown1  
,,james ,,neville1   ,t4 ,s4 ,,holland1 
,,james ,,nasmyth1   ,f4 ,,andrews1     
,,harland1   ,,pecqueur1   ,,james      
,,viney1   ,,chevalier ,,bordino1       
,,clive1   ,,summers ,,and ,,ogle1      
,,gibbs1   ,,charles ,,dance1   ,,joshua
 ,,field1   ,,dietz1   ,,yates1   ,g4   
,,millichap1   ,,james ,,caleb          
,,anderson1   ,,robert ,,davidson1   ,w4
 ,g4 ,,heaton1   ,f4 ,,hill1            
,,goodman1   ,,norrgber1   ,j4 ,k4      
,,fisher1   ,r4 ,w4 ,,thompson1         
,,anthony ,,bernhard1   ,,battin1       

,,richard ,,dudgeon1   ,,lough ,,and    
,,messenger1   ,,thomas ,,rickett1      
,,daniel ,,adamson1   ,,stirling1   ,w4 
,o4 ,,carrett1   ,,richard ,,tangye1    
,t4 ,w4 ,,cowan1   ,,charles ,t4        
,,hayball1   ,,isaac ,w4 ,,boulton1     
,,armstrong1   ,,pierre ,,ravel1   ,l4  
,t4 ,,pyott1   ,a4 ,,richter1           
,,raffard1   ,,charles ,,jeanteaud1     
,,sylvester ,,haywood ,,roper1          
,,copeland1   ,g4 ,,bouton1   ,,count   
,a4 ,,de ,,dion1   ,,armand ,,peugeot1  
,,radcliffe ,,ward1   ,,mors1   ,,magnus
 ,,volk1   ,,butler1   ,,le ,,blant1    
,,emile ,,delahaye1   ,,roger1          
,,georges ,,richard1   ,,pochain1       
,,louis ,,krieger1   ,,de ,,detrich1    
,,david ,,salomons1   ,,leon ,,boll,e1  
,,joseph ,,guedon1   ,,rene ,,de        
,,knyff1   ,,adolf ,,clement1   ,a4     
,,darracq1   ,,james ,,gordon ,,bennett4
   ,,simon ,,stevin  ,born in ,bruges1  
,holland1 in #aedh4 ,died in #afbj4     
,stevin was a noted mathematician1 and  
also experimented in the construction of

 wheel vehicles about #afjj4 ,he built  
in his workshop at ,the ,hague a wheeled
 vehicle that was propelled by sails4   
,this was simply a tray or boat of wood1
 which hung close to the ground4 ,it was
 borne on four wooden wheels1 each one  
of which was five feet in diameter1 and 
the after-axle was pivoted to form a    
rudder4 ,a tall mast was carried        
amidships1 and there was a small        
foremast that was stayed aft4 ,large    
square sails were carried on these      
masts4 ,a trial trip of this sailing    
ship on land was made in #afjj1 when the
 journey from ,scheveningen to ,petten1 
a distance of forty-two miles1 was made 
in about two hours4 ,on this occasion   
some twenty-two passengers were carried4
 ,prince ,maurice of ,holland steered1  
and among the passengers were ,grotius1 
and the ,spanish ,admiral1 ,mendoza1 who
 was then a prisoner of war in ,holland4
  ,stevin also built a smaller sail     
vehicle1 similar to the one just        
described1 that carried from five to    

eight persons4 ,both carriages were used
 a great deal1 running many miles on the
 ,dutch coast4 ,the smaller one was to  
be seen at ,scheveningen as late as     
#ahjb4 ,grotius wrote a poem on these   
carriages4 ,bishop ,wilkens1 in         
,england1 also wrote about them in      
#afdh1 and showed a drawing that was    
made from a description given to him by 
those who had seen the car at work4     
,howell1 a writer of the period1 thus   
quaintly described the ,stevin carriage3
 ,this engine1 that hath wheels and     
sails1 will hold above twenty people1   
and goes with the wind1 being drawn or  
moved by nothing else1 and will run1 the
 wind being good and the sails hois'd   
up1 about fifteen miles an hour upon the
 even hard sands4   ,,thomas ,,wildgosse
  ,in #afah1 ,thomas ,wildgosse got out 
a patent for newe1 apte1 of compendious 
formes or kinds of engines or           
instruments to ploughe grounds without  
horse or oxen2 and to make boates for   
the carryage of burthens and passengers 

runn upon the water as swifte in calmes1
 and more safe in stormes1 than boats   
full sayled in great wynnes4 ,it is     
agreed by the best authorities that     
these vehicles were set in motion by    
gear worked by the hand of a driver1    
although ,fletcher thinks that steam    
engines were intended4 ,additional      
patents were granted to ,wildgosse in   
#afbe4   ,,david ,,ramsey  ,associated  
with ,thomas ,wildgosse in his          
experimenting and patenting1 in #afah1  
was ,david ,ramsey1 who at that time was
 ,page of the ,bed ,chamber to ,james   
,i4 of ,england1 and afterwards was     
,groom of the ,privy ,chamber to the    
same monarch4 ,in #afdd1 ,ramsey was    
again a partner in the grant of a patent
 for a farre more easie and better waye 
for soweing of corne and grayne1 and    
alsoe for the carrying of coaches1      
carts1 drayes1 and other things goeing  
on wheels1 than ever yet was used and   
discovered4 ,this may have been a       
manually or a steam propelled vehicle4  

,it is most reasonable to suppose that  
it was the former4   ,,johann ,,hautsch 
,born in #aeie4 ,died in #afgj4         
,hautsch was a noted mathematician1 and1
 experimenting in the construction of   
road vehicles1 he built a mechanical    
carriage for use on common roads4 ,this 
carriage was successfully run in        
,nuremberg1 ,germany1 in #afdi1 and     
thereafter attracted a great deal of    
attention4 ,it was propelled by a train 
of gears that turned the axle1 being    
operated by two men who1 secreted in the
 interior of the body1 worked cranks4   
,the finish of the body of this coach   
was very elaborate1 being heavily carved
 and having fashioned in front the      
figure of a dragon1 arranged to roll its
 eyes and spout steam and water1 in     
order to terrify the populace and clear 
the way4 ,on each side of the body were 
carved angels holding trumpets1 which   
were constantly blown1 the precursors1  
perhaps1 of the automobile horns of     
to-day4 ,the ,hautsch coach was said to 

have gone as rapidly as one thousand    
paces an hour4 ,one of the carriages    
which he built was sold to the ,crown   
,prince of ,sweden1 and another to the  
,king of ,denmark4 ,not much more is    
known of the ,hautsch vehicles1 but it  
is a matter of record that the inventor 
was preceded by one whose name is       
unknown1 but who ran a coach1           
mechanically propelled somewhat like    
this car1 in ,january1 #addg1 near      
,nuremberg4   ,,christiaan ,,huygens    
,born at ,the ,hague1 ,holland1 ,april  
#ad1 #afbi4 ,died at ,the ,hague1 ,june 
#h1 #afie4  ,huygens received a good    
education1 and at early age showed a    
singular aptitude for mathematics4 ,soon
 after he was sixteen years of age he   
prepared papers on mathematical subjects
 that gave him pre-eminent distinction4 
,he became noted as a physicist1        
astronomer and mathematician4 ,he       
devoted some time to the consideration  
of improvements in road vehicular       
travel4   ,,stephen ,,farfluer  ,born in

 #affc4  ,farfluer was a contemporary of
 ,johann ,hautsch1 and was a skillful   
mechanician of ,altderfanar1 ,nuremberg1
 ,germany4 ,about #afej he made a       
dirigible vehicle propelled by man      
power1 but as distinguished from that of
 his rival1 ,hautsch1 this was a small  
carriage1 being calculated only for one 
person4 ,being crippled1 ,farfluer used 
the wagon as his only means of getting  
about alone4 ,it had hand cranks that   
drove the single front wheel by gears4  
,,fernando ,,verbiest  ,born near       
,courtrai1 ,belgium1 #afbc4 ,died in    
,china in #afhh4  ,verbiest became a    
,jesuit missionary1 and was a man of    
marked ability4 ,after going to ,china  
he acquired a thorough knowledge of the 
language of that country1 where he spent
 the greater part of his life4 ,under   
his ,chinese name he wrote scientific   
and theological works in ,chinese4 ,he  
was appointed astronomer at the ,pekin  
observatory1 undertook the reformation  
of the ,chinese calendar1 superintended 

the cannon foundries1 and was a great   
favorite of the ,emperor4  ,about #afee 
he made a small model of a steam        
carriage4 ,this is described in the     
,english edition of ,huc's ,christianity
 in ,china1 in ,muirhead's ,life of     
,james ,watt1 and in the ,astronomia    
,europia1 a work that is attributed to  
,verbiest1 but was probably compiled    
from his works by another ,jesuit priest
 and was published in ,europe in #afhi4 
,the ,verbiest model was for a          
four-wheeled carriage1 on which an      
aeolipile was mounted with a pan of     
burning coals beneath it4 ,a jet of     
steam from the aeolipile impinged upon  
the vanes of a wheel on a vertical axle1
 the lower end of the spindle being     
geared to the front axle4 ,an additional
 wheel1 larger than the supporting      
wheels1 was mounted on an adjustable arm
 in a manner to adapt the vehicle to    
moving in a circular path4 ,another     
orifice in the aeolipile was fitted with
 a reed1 so that the steam going through

 it imitated the song of a bird4        
,,isaac ,,newton  ,born at ,woolsthorpe1
 ,lincolnshire1 ,england1 ,december #be1
 #afdb4 ,died at ,kensington1 ,march    
#bj1 #agbg4  ,isaac ,newton1 who became 
one of the greatest mathematicians that 
the world ever knew1 was the son of a   
farmer4 ,he was educated at ,trinity    
,college1 ,cambridge1 and in his early  
youth he mastered the principles of     
mathematics1 as then known1 and began   
original investigations to discover new 
methods4 ,his great achievement was the 
discovery of the law of universal       
gravitation1 but his genius was active  
in other directions1 as the             
investigation of the nature of light1   
the construction of improved telescopes1
 and so on4 ,he was a ,member of        
,parliament in #afhi and #agja1 and     
master of the mint1 a lucrative         
position1 from #afif until the time of  
his death4 ,in #afga he was elected a   
member of the ,royal ,society1 and was  
annually chosen to be its president1    

from #agjc until his death4  ,newton was
 one of the first ,englishmen to        
conceive the idea of the propulsion of  
vehicles by the power of steam4 ,taking 
up for consideration ,hero's hollow ball
 filled with water from which steam was 
generated by the outward application of 
heat1 he added these conclusions3 ,we   
have a more sensible effect of the      
elasticity of vapors if the hole be made
 bigger and stopped1 and then the ball  
be laid upon the fire till the water    
boils violently2 after this1 if the ball
 be set upon little wheels1 so as to    
move easily upon a horizontal plane1 and
 the hole be opened1 the vapors will    
rush out violently one way1 and the     
wheels and the ball at the same time    
will be carried the contrary way4       
,beyond this philosophical suggestion1  
however1 ,newton never went4 ,the steam 
carriage attributed to him by some      
writers is merely an imaginative        
creation1 by writer or artist1 based    
upon the above proposition4   ,,vegelius

  ,a professor at ,jena1 ,saxony1 in the
 seventeenth century1 ,vegelius         
constructed1 in #afgi1 a mechanical     
horse1 which was propelled by springs   
and cased in the skin of a real horse4  
,this machine is said to have traveled  
four ,german miles an hour4   ,,eli     
,,richard  ,born on the ,island of ,r in
 #afde4  ,a physician of ,la ,rochelle1 
,france1 ,eli ,richard was a man of     
science1 and a considerable celebrity in
 his day4 ,he had built1 in #afij1 a    
dirigible vehicle that he used to travel
 about in on his professional work4 ,the
 carriage was propelled by mechanism    
operated by a man-servant by means of a 
treadle4 ,the operator was placed on the
 rear of the carriage1 and the occupant1
 seated in front1 steered by a winch    
attached to a small wheel4 ,this        
construction was frequently referred to 
by contemporaries of ,richard1 and even 
later on1 and was copied by others      
during the following hundred years or   
so4   ,,gottfried ,,wilhelm ,,von       

,,leibnitz  ,born at ,leipsic1 ,germany1
 ,july #f1 #afdf4 ,died at ,hanover1    
,november #ad1 #agaf4  ,leibnitz1 in    
addition to his work as a philosopher   
and mathematician1 was also interested  
in mechanics4 ,he gave some attention to
 the study of the possibility of making 
improvements in common road vehicles1   
and he endeavored to encourage1 though  
without results1 his contemporary1      
,denis ,papin4   ,,humphrey ,,mackworth 
,born in #afdg4 ,died in #agbg4  ,a     
celebrated ,english politician and      
capitalist1 ,sir ,humphrey ,mackworth   
matriculated at ,magdalene ,college1    
,oxford1 ,december #aa1 #afgd4 ,he was  
entered at the ,middle ,temple1 in      
,june1 #afge1 and called to the bar in  
#afhb4 ,in #afie he was engaged in      
developing collieries and copper and    
smelting works at ,melencryddan1 near   
,neath1 ,wales1 and the improvements    
introduced by him there were of the     
greatest value4 ,among other            
improvements he constructed a wagon-way 

from the mines1 and propelled his       
coal-carrying cars by sails4   ,,denis  
,,papin  ,born at ,bloys1 ,france1      
,august #bb1 #afdg4 ,died in ,england1  
#agab4  ,papin was a son and nephew of a
 physician4 ,he studied medicine in     
,paris and practiced for some time1     
attaining distinction in his profession4
 ,a passion for the sciences1           
mathematics and physics drew him away   
from medical practice and he became     
skillful in other lines4 ,he followed   
assiduously the footsteps of ,huygens   
and in some respects became a rival of  
his master in original thought and      
experimenting and in professional       
attainments4  ,papin invented in #afih a
 carriage that was fitted with a steam  
engine as such is now understood2 that  
is1 a cylinder and a piston4 ,this was  
probably the first vehicle of its kind  
known in ,europe4 ,the construction was 
a model merely1 a toy which ran around  
the room1 but it is said to have worked 
well4 ,concerning this invention1 ,papin

 said3 ,i believe that one might use    
this invention for other things besides 
raising water4 ,i have made a little    
model of a carriage that is propelled by
 this force4 ,i have in mind what ,i can
 do1 but ,i believe that the unevenness 
and turns of the highway will make this 
invention very difficult to perfect for 
carriages or road use4 ,although        
encouraged to prosecute his work by the 
,baron ,gottfried ,wilhelm von          
,leibnitz1 his doubts could not be      
overcome in regard to the practicability
 of his proposed carriage4 ,he still    
claimed1 however1 that by the aid of    
such vehicles1 infantry could probably  
be moved as quickly as cavalry and      
without the necessity of heavy          
impedimenta of food and other supplies4 
,,vaucauson  ,a celebrated ,french      
mechanician1 ,vaucauson1 in ,april1     
#agdj1 built a vehicle to go without    
horses4 ,he was visited at his palace in
 ,rue ,charonne1 ,paris1 by ,king ,louis
 ,fifteenth1 and the exhibition of this 

vehicle1 which1 according to reports1   
was propelled by a simple watch spring1 
was reviewed in a journal of the time as
 follows3  ,yesterday1 at #c ,p4,m4 ,his
 ,majesty1 accompanied by several       
officers and high court functionaries1  
repaired to the palace of ,m4 ,vaucauson
 and took his seat on a species of      
throne specially prepared for his       
reception on a raised platform1 whence  
he could clearly discern all the        
mechanism of the carriage in its        
gyrations through the avenues and       
alleys4 ,the vehicle would seat two     
persons1 and was painted scarlet1       
bordered in blue1 ornamented with much  
gilding2 the axle trees of the wheels   
were provided with brakes and set in    
motion by a fifth wheel1 likewise well  
braked and bound with long ribbons of   
indented steel4 ,two chains communicated
 with a revolving lever in the hands of 
the conductor1 who could at will start  
or stop the carriage without need of    
horses4 ,his ,majesty congratulated the 

skillful mechanician1 ordering from him 
for his own use a similar vehicle to    
grace the royal stables4 ,the ,duke of  
,montemar1 the ,baron of ,avenac and the
 ,count of ,bauzun1 who had witnessed   
the trial1 were unable to credit their  
own vision1 so marvelous did the        
invention appear to them4 ,nevertheless1
 several members of the ,french ,academy
 united in declaring that such a piece  
of mechanism could never circulate      
freely through the streets of any city4 
,either from royal forgetfulness or     
thanks to the customary court intrigues 
to turn ,his ,majesty from his purpose1 
or possibly because of the somewhat     
crude nature of the invention itself1   
the fact is that from that time forth   
not the slightest mention is to be found
 in history of the motor carriage of    
,vaucauson4   ,,robinson  ,it is on the 
authority of ,james ,watt that ,dr4     
,robinson is credited with having       
conceived the idea of driving carriages 
by steam power4 ,watt wrote as follows3 

,my attention was first directed to the 
subject of steam engines by the late    
,dr4 ,robinson1 then a student in the   
,university of ,glasgow1 afterwards     
,professor of ,natural ,philosophy in   
the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,he1 in  
#agei1 threw out the idea of applying   
the power of the steam engine to the    
moving of wheel carriages1 and to other 
purposes1 but the scheme was soon       
abandoned on his going abroad4          
,,erasmus ,,darwin  ,born at ,elton1    
,nottinghamshire1 ,england1 ,december   
#ab1 #agca4 ,died at ,derby1 ,april #ah1
 #ahjb4  ,having studied at ,st4 ,john's
 ,college1 ,cambridge1 and at           
,edinburgh1 ,darwin settled as a        
physician at ,litchfield and gained a   
large practice4 ,in #agha he moved to   
,derby4 ,he was a man of remarkable     
scientific attainments and a voluminous 
writer of poetry that was pervaded by   
enthusiasm and love of nature1 but had  
little poetic quality4  ,darwin1 wrote  
most of his poetry and evolved most of  

his ideas as he drove about the country 
in a doctor's covered sulky that was    
piled high with books and writing       
materials4 ,he was in correspondence    
with ,benjamin ,franklin and ,matthew   
,boulton about #agfe in regard to steam1
 and writing to ,boulton1 said3 ,as ,i  
was riding home yesterday ,i considered 
the scheme of the fiery chariot1 and the
 longer ,i contemplated this favorite   
idea1 the more practicable it appeared  
to me4 ,i shall lay my thoughts before  
you1 crude and undigested as they       
appeared to me1 and by these hints you  
may be led into various trains of       
thinking upon this subject1 and by that 
means 7if any hints can assist your     
genius1 which1 without hints1 is above  
all others ,i am acquainted with7 be    
more likely to approve or disapprove4   
,and as ,i am quite mad of the scheme1  
,i hope you will not show this paper to 
anyone4 ,these things are required3 7#a7
 a rotary motion2 7#b7 easily altering  
its direction to any other direction2   

7#c7 to be accelerated1 retarded1       
destroyed1 revived1 instantly and       
easily2 7#d7 the bulk1 the weight1 the  
expense of the machine to be as small as
 possible in proportion to its weight4  
,darwin gave sketches and suggested that
 the steam carriage should have three or
 four wheels1 and be driven by an engine
 having two cylinders open at the top1  
and the steam condensed in the bottom of
 the cylinder1 on ,newcomen's principle4
 ,the steam was to be admitted into the 
cylinders by cocks worked by the person 
in charge of the steering wheel1 the    
injection cock being actuated by the    
engine4 ,the fiery chariot never went   
beyond this suggestion1 however4        
,,richard ,,lovell ,,edgeworth  ,an     
,english gentleman of fortune1 and much 
interested in mechanics1 ,richard       
,lovell ,edgeworth was influenced by    
,dr4 ,erasmus ,darwin to take up the    
subject of steam locomotion4 ,in #agfh1 
,dr4 ,small1 in correspondence with     
,james ,watt1 spoke of ,edgeworth and   

his experiments in the problem of moving
 land and water carriages by steam4 ,two
 years later ,edgeworth patented a      
portable railway system and then spent  
nearly forty years on that one idea4    
,when an old man of seventy1 ,edgeworth 
wrote to ,james ,watt3 ,i have always   
thought that steam would become the     
universal lord1 and that in time we     
should scorn the post horses4 ,dr4      
,smiles says3 ,four years later he died1
 and left the problem which he had      
nearly all his life been trying         
ineffectually to solve1 to be worked out
 by younger men4   ,,francis ,,moore    
,in #agfi1 ,francis ,moore1 of ,london1 
a linen draper1 invented a machine which
 he described as made of wood1 iron1    
brass1 copper1 or other metals1 and     
constructed upon peculiar principles1   
and capable of being wrought or put in  
motion by fire1 water1 or air1 without  
being drawn by horses or any other beast
 or cattle2 and which machines1 or      
engines1 upon repeated trials1 he has   

discovered would be very useful in      
agriculture1 carriage of persons and    
goods1 either in coaches1 chariots1     
chaises1 carts1 wagons1 or other        
conveyances1 and likewise in navigation1
 by causing ships1 boats1 barges1 and   
other vessels to move1 sail1 or proceed1
 with more swiftness or despatch4  ,it  
was said that1 so confident was the     
inventor of the success of his machine1 
he sold all his own horses1 and by his  
advice many of his friends did the same1
 expecting that the price of that animal
 would be so affected by the invention1 
that it would not be again one-fourth of
 what it was then4 ,moore made several  
trials with his steam carriage1 and took
 out three patents for it4 ,like many   
others of that time1 however1 ,moore's  
carriages never got into use4   ,,planta
  ,a ,swiss army officer who was        
contemporary with ,cugnot in the        
seventeenth century4 ,he was engaged    
upon the problem of a steam road wagon  
at about the same time that ,cugnot     

conceived and executed his vehicle in   
#agfi4 ,general ,gribeauval1 to whom    
,cugnot's plan had been referred1       
engaged ,planta to pass upon it and to  
examine the new vehicle4 ,the ,swiss    
officer found it in all respects so much
 better than his own that he so reported
 to the ,french ,ministry of ,war and   
abandoned further endeavors on that     
line4   ,j4 ,s4 ,,kestler  ,in #afhj a  
description was published of a carriage 
designed by ,j4 ,s4 ,kestler4 ,this was 
merely a toy1 set in motion by mercury  
in a tube heated by a candle4           
,,blanchard  ,in connection with his    
partner1 ,masurier1 ,blanchard brought  
out in ,paris1 in #aggi1 a vehicle that 
was somewhat patterned after the        
man-propelled carriage of ,eli ,richard4
 ,it was very successful and attracted a
 great deal of attention4   ,,thomas    
,,charles ,,auguste ,,dallery  ,born at 
,amiens1 ,france1 ,september #d1 #aged4 
,died at ,jouy1 near ,versailles1 in    
,june1 #ahce4  ,about #aghj1 ,dallery   

made a steam vehicle with a             
multi-tubular boiler which he claimed   
was an original invention of his own4   
,this vehicle was run in ,amiens and in 
#agij was seen on the streets of ,paris4
 ,in ,march1 #ahjc1 he secured a patent 
on the tubular boiler for use on his    
steamboat1 or on his steam carriage4    
,this vehicle was a boat-shaped wagon1  
driven by a steam engine4   ,,james     
,,watt  ,born at ,greenock1 ,scotland1  
,january #ai1 #agcf4 ,died at           
,birmingham1 ,staffordshire1 ,england1  
,august #be1 #ahai4  ,watt came of a    
respectable and industrious family4 ,his
 grandfather was a professor of         
mathematics1 while his father was an    
instrument maker1 councillor and        
manufacturer4 ,after a limited education
 young ,watt went to ,london1 in #agee1 
and became a mathematical and nautical  
instrument maker4 ,in that capacity he  
became connected with ,glasgow          
,university1 and there made his         
discoveries that resulted in the        

practical improvements in the steam     
engine which made him famous4 ,he was   
associated with ,matthew ,boulton1 under
 the firm name of ,boulton  ,watt1 from 
#aggd to #ahjj1 and the ,watt engines   
that were built by that concern at ,soho
 revolutionized ,england's mining       
industries4 ,his steam engines          
represented a great step beyond the     
,newcomen engines1 though still using   
low-pressure steam4  ,watt's connection 
with steam carriages for use on the     
common roads1 a subject that was of much
 moment in his day1 was limited to a    
single patent and generally to          
discouraging the plans of others in that
 direction1 owing to his fear that the  
introduction of high-pressure steam use 
would harm the engine business4 ,in the 
patent granted to him in #aghd he       
proposed that the boiler of his carriage
 should be made of wooden staves1       
fastened with iron hoops1 like a cask1  
and the furnace to be of iron1 and      
placed in the inside of the boiler1     

surrounded with water4  ,watt1 however1 
never built the steam carriage4 ,he     
retained the deepest prejudices against 
the use of high-pressure steam1 saying3 
,i soon relinquished the idea of        
constructing an engine on this          
principle2 from being sensible it would 
be liable to some of the objections     
against ,savery's engine1 viz41 the     
danger of bursting the boiler1 and also 
that a great part of the power of the   
steam would be lost1 because no vacuum  
was formed to assist the descent of the 
piston4   ,,robert ,,fourness  ,born in 
,otley1 ,yorkshire1 ,england4 ,died at  
an early age4  ,fourness became a       
practical engineer and invented several 
labor-saving machines4 ,one of his first
 inventions was for a machine to split  
hides1 that was set up and operated in  
the establishment of his father4 ,later 
in life he established works for himself
 in ,sheffield1 and afterwards in       
,gainsborough4 ,in #aghh1 he was a      
resident of ,elland1 ,halifax1 and there

 made a steam carriage that was run by a
 three-cylinder inverted engine4        
,spur-gearing transmitted the driving   
power from the crank shaft to the axle4 
,his patent was taken out in conjunction
 with ,james ,ashworth4 ,this vehicle   
was mounted on two driving wheels and   
had a smaller steering wheel in front4  
,,george ,,medhurst  ,born at ,shoreham1
 ,kent1 ,england1 in ,february1 #agei4  
,died in ,september1 #ahbg4  ,medhurst  
was educated as a clock maker1 but in   
#aghi started as an engineer4 ,in the   
same year he secured a patent for a     
windmill and pumps for compressing air  
to obtain motive power4 ,one of the     
first investigators in this direction1  
the idea on which he worked and which   
continued to absorb his energy          
throughout life1 was to make use of the 
wind when it served in order to compress
 large bodies of air for use when       
needed4 ,in #ahjj1 he took out a patent 
on an aeolian engine and demonstrated   
how carriages could be driven upon the  

common roads by compressed air stored in
 reservoirs underneath the body of the  
vehicle4 ,he also contemplated applying 
this engine to other useful purposes and
 calculated that small carriages could  
be worked by a rotary engine and larger 
ones by reciprocating engines with      
special gear for varying power4  ,in    
describing his inventions and explaining
 his ideas regarding compressed air1    
,medhurst said3 ,the power applied to   
the machinery is compressed air1 and the
 power to compress the air ,i obtain    
generally by wind1 assisted and improved
 by machinery described in this         
specification1 and in order to render my
 invention universally useful ,i propose
 to adapt my machinery and magazine so  
that it may be charged by hand1 by a    
fall of water1 by a vacuum obtained by  
wind and also by explosive and          
effervescent substances1 for the rapid  
conveyance of passengers1 mails1        
dispatches1 artillery1 military stores1 
etc41 and to establish regular stage    

coaches and wagons throughout the       
kingdom1 to convey goods and passengers1
 for public accommodation1 by erecting  
windmills1 water-mills1 etc41 at proper 
intervals upon the roads1 to be employed
 in charging large magazines at these   
stations with compressed air1 or in     
raising large magazines of water by     
wind1 etc41 by the power of which       
portable magazines may be charged when  
required by machinery for that purpose4 
,medhurst contemplated establishing     
regular lines of coaches1 with pumping  
stations at regular stopping places4 ,he
 endeavored to form a company to work   
his inventions and develop his plans and
 published a pamphlet on the subject of 
compressed air4 ,about #ahjj1 he        
established himself as a machinist and  
ironmaster in ,denmark street1 ,soho1   
and about ten years later was the first 
to suggest pneumatic tubes for the      
carriage of parcels or passengers4 ,some
 two years later he brought out the     
proposition for what has come to be     

known as the atmospheric railway1 an    
appliance for conveying goods and       
passengers by the power of a piston in a
 continuous tube laid between the rails4
   ,,andrew ,,vivian  ,a resident of    
,cornwall1 ,england1 ,andrew ,vivian1 a 
cousin of ,richard ,trevithick1 became  
much interested in the engineering      
experiments of his famous relative4 ,he 
worked with his cousin and particularly 
assisted him in experiments on steam    
engines for propelling road carriages4  
,in #ahjb1 he was a joint patentee with 
,trevithick1 in the early steam vehicle 
that was taken to ,london and was       
exhibited in that city1 where for a     
short time it occasioned a great deal of
 public curiosity4   ,,du ,,quet  ,a    
,frenchman who1 in #agad1 designed a    
small windmill to give motion to the    
wheels of his carriages4   ,j4 ,h4      
,,genevois  ,a ,swiss clergyman1 of the 
early part of the eighteenth century4   
,he proposed to use windmills or sails  
on his wagon and by a system of springs 

to store the energy thus obtained until 
such time as it should be needed for    
driving purposes4   ,,john ,,dumbell    
,in #ahjh1 ,john ,dumbell secured a     
patent for an engine that had many      
peculiar features4 ,he planned to have  
the steam act on a series of vanes1 or  
fliers1 within a cylinder1 like the     
sails of a windmill1 causing them to    
rotate together with the shaft to which 
they were fixed4 ,gearing transmitted   
the motion of this shaft to the driving 
wheels4 ,the inventor proposed to raise 
steam by permitting water to drop upon a
 metal plate1 kept at an intense heat by
 means of a strong fire1 which was      
stimulated by a pair of bellows4        
,,william ,,brunton  ,born at ,dalkeith1
 ,scotland1 ,may #bf1 #aggg4 ,died at   
,camborne1 ,cornwall1 ,england1 ,october
 #e1 #aheg4  ,the eldest son of ,robert 
,brunton1 a watch and clock maker1      
,william ,brunton studied mechanics     
first in his father's shop and then in  
,england1 under the guidance of his     

grandfather1 who was a colliery viewer4 
,when he was thirteen years of age1 in  
#agij1 he began work in the fitting     
shops of the ,new ,lanark cotton mills  
of ,david ,dale and ,richard ,arkwright4
 ,remaining in that establishment for   
six years he then went to the ,boulton  
,watt shops1 at ,soho1 where he was     
gradually promoted1 until he finally    
became the foreman and superintendent of
 engine manufacturing4  ,in #ahac1 he   
went to the ,jessop's ,butterley ,works1
 but remained there only three years1   
when he became a partner and mechanical 
manager of the ,eagle ,foundry1 at      
,birmingham1 a connection that he       
maintained for ten years4 ,from #ahbe to
 #ahce1 he was engaged in the practice  
of civil engineering in ,london4 ,in the
 last-mentioned year1 he became a share 
owner in the ,cwm ,avom tin works in    
,glamorganshire1 ,wales1 where he       
superintended the erection of           
copper-smelting furnaces and rolling    
mills4 ,he was also connected with the  

,maesteg ,works in the same county and a
 brewery at ,neath4 ,through the failure
 of these enterprises he lost the       
savings of his lifetime and was never   
again engaged actively in business4 ,he 
invented many ingenious modes of        
reducing and manufacturing metals2 made 
some of the original engines used on the
 ,humber and the ,trent and also some of
 the earliest that were seen on the     
,mersey1 including those four vessels   
first operated on the ,liverpool ferries
 in #ahad4 ,he also invented the        
calciner that was put in use in the tin 
mines at ,cornwall and the silver ore   
works in ,mexico4  ,like nearly all the 
other engineers of his day1 ,brunton    
planned a steam carriage4 ,this was     
built when he was at the ,butterley     
,works1 in #ahac1 and was called the    
mechanical traveller4 ,although a       
peculiar machine it worked with some    
degree of success1 at a gradient of one 
in thirty-six1 all the winter of #ahad1 
at the ,newbottle ,colliery4 ,the       

machine was a steam horse rather than a 
steam carriage4 ,it consisted of a      
curious combination of levers1 the      
action of which nearly resembled that of
 the legs of a man in walking1 with feet
 alternately made to press against the  
ground of the road or railway1 and in   
such a manner as to adapt themselves to 
the various inclinations or inequalities
 of the surface4 ,the feet were of      
various forms1 the great object being to
 prevent them from injuring the road1   
and to obtain a firm footing1 so that no
 jerks should take place at the return  
of the stroke1 when the action of the   
engine came upon them2 for this purpose 
they were made broad1 with short spikes 
to lay hold of the ground4 ,the boiler  
was a cylinder of wrought iron1 five    
feet six inches long1 three feet in     
diameter1 and of such strength as to be 
capable of sustaining a pressure of     
upwards of four hundred pounds per      
square inch4 ,the working cylinder was  
six inches in diameter1 and the piston  

had a stroke of twenty-four inches2 the 
step of the feet was twenty-six inches1 
and the whole machine1 including water1 
weighed about forty-five hundredweight4 
,in #ahae1 the engine of this carriage  
exploded and killed thirteen persons4   
,,thomas ,,tindall  ,a steam engine was 
patented1 in #ahad1 by ,thomas ,tindall1
 of ,scarborough4 ,the inventor proposed
 to use this for an infinitude of       
purposes1 such as driving carriages for 
the conveyance of passengers1 ploughing 
land1 mowing grass and corn1 or working 
thrashing machines4 ,the carriage had   
three wheels--one for steering4 ,the    
steam engine drove1 by spur gearing1    
four legs1 which1 pushing against the   
ground1 moved the carriage4 ,the engine 
could also be made to act upon the two  
hind wheels for ascending hills1 or for 
drawing heavy loads4 ,a windmill1 driven
 partly by the action of the wind1 and  
partly by the exhaust steam from the    
engine1 was used as adjunct power4      
,,john ,,baynes  ,a very ingenious      

modification of ,william ,brunton's     
mechanical traveler1 was the subject of 
a patent granted to ,john ,baynes1 a    
cutler1 of ,sheffield1 ,england1 in     
,september1 #ahai4 ,the mechanism was   
designed to be attached to carriages for
 the purpose of giving them motion by   
means of manual labor1 or by other      
suitable power1 and consisted of a      
peculiar combination of levers and rods4
 ,the patentee also stated that there   
might be several sets of the machinery  
above described for working each set    
with a treadle1 or even only one set and
 treadle4 ,then he added3 ,i prefer two 
for ordinary purposes1 particularly when
 only a single person is intended to be 
conveyed in the carriage1 who may work  
the same by placing one foot on each    
treadle1 in which the action will be    
alternate4 ,the lower parts of the leg  
should be so formed or shod as not to   
slip upon the ground4 ,this machinery   
may be variously applied to carriages1  
according to circumstances1 so as that  

the treadles may be worked either behind
 or before the carriage1 still producing
 a forward motion2 in some cases it may 
be advantageous to joint the front end  
of the treadles to the carriage and     
press the feet on the hind ends4        
,,julius ,,griffiths  ,among those who  
came to the front with plans for steam  
carriages for the public highways1 soon 
after the roads began to be improved1   
was ,julius ,griffiths1 of ,brompton    
,crescent4 ,in #ahba1 he patented a     
steam carriage that was built by ,joseph
 ,bramhah1 a celebrated engineer and    
manufacturer4 ,it is said that part of  
the mechanism was designed by           
,arzberger1 a foreigner4  ,the carriage 
has been termed by some ,english        
authorities the first steam coach       
constructed in this country1 expressly  
for the conveyance of passengers on     
common roads4 ,it was repeatedly tested 
during a period of three or four years1 
but failed on account of boiler         
deficiencies4 ,alexander ,gordon said of

 it3 ,the engines1 pumps1 and           
connections were all in the best style  
of mechanical execution1 and had ,mr4   
,griffiths' boiler been of such a kind  
as to generate regularly the required   
quantity of steam1 a perfect steam      
carriage must have been the consequence4
 ,the carriage moved easily and answered
 very readily to guidance4 ,the vehicle 
was a double coach and could carry eight
 passengers4  ,this locomotive had two  
vertical working steam cylinders1 which 
with the boiler1 condenser1 and other   
details were suspended to a wood frame  
at the rear of the carriage4 ,the       
engineer was seated behind and did his  
own firing4 ,the boiler was a series of 
horizontal water tubes1 one and one-half
 inches in diameter and two feet long2  
at each end the flanges were bolted to  
the vertical tubes forming the sides of 
the furnace4 ,attached to the wood frame
 in front of the driving wheels1 was a  
small water tank1 and a force pump      
supplied the boiler with water4 ,the    

steam1 passing through the cylinder1    
went into an air condenser4 ,the power  
of the engines was communicated from the
 piston rods to the driving wheels of   
the carriage by sweep rods1 the lower   
ends of which were provided with driving
 pinions and detents1 which operated    
upon toothed gear fixed to the hind     
carriage axle4 ,the object of this      
mechanism was to keep the driving       
pinions always in gear with the toothed 
wheels1 however the engine and other    
machinery might vibrate or the wheels be
 jolted upon uneven ground4 ,the boiler1
 engine1 and other working parts were   
suspended to the wood frame by chain    
slings1 having strong spiral springs so 
as to reduce the vibration from rough   
roads4   ,,edmund ,,cartwright  ,born at
 ,marnham1 ,nottinghamshire1 ,england1  
,april #bd1 #agdc4 ,died at ,hastings1  
,october #cj1 #ahbc4  ,cartwright was   
educated at ,oxford and secured a living
 in the ,english church4 ,he devoted    
himself to the ministry and to          

literature until #aghd1 when he became  
interested in machinery and in the      
following year invented the power loom4 
,he took out other patents and also gave
 some attention to devising a mechanical
 carriage propelled by man power4 ,in   
#ahbb1 he made a vehicle that was moved 
by a pair of treadles and cranks worked 
by the driver4  ,even the steam engine  
engaged his attention4 ,some            
improvements which he proposed in it are
 recorded in works on mechanics4 ,while 
residing at ,eltham1 in ,lincolnshire1  
he used frequently to tell his son that1
 if he lived to be a man1 he would see  
both ships and land-carriages impelled  
by steam4 ,at that early period he      
constructed a model of a steam engine   
attached to a barge1 which he explained1
 about the year #agic1 to ,robert       
,fulton4 ,it appears that even in his   
old age1 only a year before his death1  
he was actively engaged in endeavoring  
to contrive a plan of propelling        
land-carriages by steam4   ,t4          

,,burtsall  ,an engineer1 of ,edinburgh1
 ,scotland1 ,t4 ,burtsall1 in           
conjunction with ,j4 ,hill1 of ,london1 
got out1 in #ahbd1 a patent for flash or
 instantaneous generation boilers4 ,his 
aim was to make the metal of the boiler 
store heat instead of a mass of water1  
and he accomplished this by heating the 
boiler to anywhere from two hundred and 
fifty degrees to six hundred degrees    
,fahrenheit1 keeping the water in a     
separate vessel and pumping it into the 
boiler as steam was required4 ,a coach  
that he built to run with this boiler   
weighed eight tons1 and it was a        
failure1 simply because the boiler could
 not make steam fast enough4   ,t4 ,w4  
,,parker  ,a working model of a light   
steam carriage was made by ,t4 ,w4      
,parker1 of ,illinois1 in #ahbe4 ,three 
wheels supported the carriage1 the two  
hind wheels being eight feet in         
diameter4 ,the double-cylinder engine   
was used4   ,,george ,,pocock  ,one of  
the most curious of the wind vehicle    

productions that held the fancy of      
scientists to a slight extent in the    
early part of the nineteenth century was
 the charvolant or kite carriage that   
was devised by ,george ,pocock in #ahbf1
 and built by ,pocock and his partner1  
,colonel ,viney4 ,this was a very light 
one-seated carriage1 drawn by a string  
of kites harnessed tandem4 ,with a good 
wind these kites developed great power  
and it is said that the carriage whirled
 along1 even on heavy roads1 at the rate
 of a mile in three or even two and     
one-half minutes4 ,once ,viney and      
,pocock made the trip from ,bristol to  
,london1 and they often ran their       
carriage around ,hyde ,park and the     
suburbs of ,london4 ,as the wind could  
not always be depended upon the         
charvolant was provided with a rear     
platform1 upon which a pony was carried 
for emergencies4   ,,samuel ,,brown  ,in
 #ahbf1 ,samuel ,brown applied his      
gas-vacuum engine to the propulsion of a
 carriage1 which was effectively worked 

along the public roads in ,england4 ,it 
even ascended the very steep acclivity  
of ,shooter's ,hill1 in ,kent1 to the   
astonishment of numerous spectators4    
,the expense of working this machine    
was1 however1 said far to exceed that of
 steam1 and this formed a barrier to its
 introduction4 ,experiments with this   
engine for the propulsion of vessels on 
canals or rivers were also made by the  
,canal ,gas ,engine ,company4 ,brown    
patented a locomotive for common roads  
in #ahbc4   ,,james ,,neville  ,in      
,january1 #ahbg1 ,james ,neville1 an    
engineer of ,london1 took out a patent  
for a new-invented improved carriage1 to
 be worked by steam1 the chief object of
 which appears to have been to provide  
wheels adapted to take a firm hold of   
the ground4 ,he proposed to make each of
 the spokes of the wheels by means of   
two rods of iron1 coming nearly together
 at the nave1 but diverging considerably
 apart to their other ends1 where they  
were fastened to an iron felly-ring of  

the breadth of the tire1 and this tire  
was to be so provided with numerous     
pointed studs about half an inch long as
 to stick into the ground to prevent the
 wheel from slipping round4 ,a second   
method of preventing this effect was to 
fasten upon the tire a series of flat   
springing plates1 each of them forming a
 tangent to the circumference1 so that  
as the wheels rolled forward each plate 
should be bent against the tire and     
recover its tangential position as it   
left the ground in its revolution4 ,it  
was considered that the increased       
bearing surface of the plate1 and the   
resistance of its farthest edge1 would  
infallibly prevent slipping4 ,for       
propelling the carriage ,neville        
proposed to use a horizontal vibrating  
cylinder to give motion direct to the   
crank axis by means of the compound     
motion of the piston rod1 as invented by
 ,trevithick1 the motion to the running 
wheels to be communicated through gear  
of different velocities4   ,t4 ,s4      

,,holland  ,among the singular          
propositions for producing a locomotive 
action that were brought out early in   
the eighteenth century was that invented
 by ,t4 ,s4 ,holland1 of ,london1 for   
which he took out a patent in ,december1
 #ahbg4 ,the invention consisted in the 
application of an arrangement of levers1
 similar to that commonly known by the  
name of lazy-tongs1 for the purpose of  
propelling carriages4 ,the objects      
appeared to be to derive from the       
reciprocating motion of a short lever a 
considerable degree of speed1 and to    
obtain an abutment against which the    
propellers should act horizontally1 in  
the direction of the motion of the      
carriage1 instead of obliquely to that  
motion1 as is the case when carriages   
are impelled by levers striking the     
earth4   ,,james ,,nasmyth  ,born in    
,edinburgh1 ,scotland1 ,august #ai1     
#ahjh4 ,died in ,south ,kensington1     
,england1 ,may #f1 #ahij4  ,while yet in
 his teens ,james ,nasmyth showed great 

mechanical ability and constructed a    
small steam engine4 ,in #ahba1 he became
 a student at the ,edinburgh ,school of 
,arts4 ,six years later he had made a   
very substantial advance in his         
experiments4 ,the story of what he      
endeavored to accomplish is best told by
 himself4 ,in later life he wrote3      
,about the year #ahbg1 when ,i was      
nineteen years old1 the subject of steam
 carriages to run upon common roads     
occupied considerable attention4        
,several engineers and mechanical       
schemers had tried their hands1 but as  
yet no substantial results had come of  
their attempts to solve the problem4    
,like others1 ,i tried my hand4 ,having 
made a small working model of a steam   
carriage1 ,i exhibited it before the    
members of the ,scottish ,society of    
,arts4 ,the performance of this active  
little machine was so gratifying to the 
,society1 that they requested me to     
construct one of such power as to enable
 four or six persons to be conveyed     

along the ordinary roads4 ,the members  
of the ,society1 in their individual    
capacity1 subscribed three hundred      
dollars1 which they placed in my hands  
as the means for carrying out their     
project4 ,i accordingly set to work at  
once1 and completed the carriage in     
about four months1 when it was exhibited
 before the members of the ,society of  
,arts4 ,many successful trials were made
 with it on the ,queensferry ,road1 near
 ,edinburgh4 ,the runs were generally of
 four or five miles1 with a load of     
eight passengers sitting on benches     
about three feet from the ground4 ,the  
experiments were continued for nearly   
three months1 to the great satisfaction 
of the members4  ,i may mention that in 
my steam carriage ,i employed the waste 
steam to create a blast or draught1 by  
discharging it into the short chimney of
 the boiler at its lowest part2 and ,i  
found it most effective4 ,i was not at  
that time aware that ,george ,stephenson
 and others had adopted the same method2

 but it was afterwards gratifying to me 
to find that ,i had been correct as     
regards the important uses of the steam 
blast in the chimney4 ,in fact1 it is to
 this use of the waste steam that we owe
 the practical success of the locomotive
 engine as a tractive power on railways1
 especially at high speeds4  ,the       
,society of ,arts did not attach any    
commercial value to my road carriage4   
,it was merely as a matter of experiment
 that they had invited me to construct  
it4 ,when it proved successful they made
 me a present of the entire apparatus4  
,as ,i was anxious to get on with my    
studies1 and to prepare for the work of 
practical engineering1 ,i proceeded no  
further4 ,i broke up the steam carriage1
 and sold the two small high-pressure   
engines1 provided with a strong boiler1 
for three hundred and thirty-five       
dollars1 a sum which more than defrayed 
all the expenses of the construction and
 working of the machine4   ,f4 ,,andrews
  ,it is said that ,f4 ,andrews1 of     

,stamford ,rivers1 ,essex1 ,england1 was
 the inventor of the pilot steering     
wheel which was used by ,gurney and has 
been often used since then4 ,he also    
made other improvements in steam        
carriages in #ahbf4 ,one of his patents 
was for the oscillating cylinders that  
were used by ,james ,neville in his     
steam carriage4 ,andrews' steam carriage
 was a failure1 like many others of that
 period1 on account of imperfect working
 of the boiler4   ,,harland  ,dr4       
,harland1 of ,scarborough1 in #ahbg     
invented and patented a steam carriage  
for running on common roads4 ,a working 
model of the steam coach was perfected1 
embracing a multi-tubular boiler for    
quickly raising high-pressure steam1    
with a revolving surface condenser for  
reducing the steam to water again by    
means of its exposure to the cold       
draught of the atmosphere through the   
interstices of extremely thin           
laminations of copper plates4 ,the      
entire machinery placed under the bottom

 of the carriage1 was borne on springs2 
the whole being of an elegant form4     
,this model steam carriage ascended with
 ease the steepest roads4 ,its success  
was so complete that ,harland designed a
 full-sized carriage2 but the demands   
upon his professional skill were so     
great that he was prevented going       
further than constructing a pair of     
engines1 the wheels1 and a part of the  
boiler4 ,harland spent his leisure time 
in inventions and in that work was      
associated with ,sir ,george ,cayley4   
,he was ,mayor of ,scarborough three    
times4 ,he died in #ahff4   ,,pecqueur  
,chief of shops at the ,conservatoire   
des ,arts et ,metier1 ,paris1 ,pecqueur 
made a steam wagon in #ahbh4 ,his       
vehicle had two drive wheels keyed to   
two pairs of axles4 ,his planet gearing 
was the origin of the balance gear4     
,,james ,,viney  ,colonel ,james ,viney1
 ,royal ,engineers1 in #ahbi patented a 
boiler intended for steam carriages4    
,his plan was to have two1 three1 four1 

or six concentric hollow cylinders      
containing water1 between which the fire
 from below passed up4 ,an annular space
 for water1 and an annular space or flue
 for the ascending fire1 were placed    
alternately1 the water being between two
 fires4   ,,chevalier ,,bordino  ,an    
,italian officer of engineers1 ,bordino 
devised and constructed a steam carriage
 for the diversion of his little        
daughter4 ,it was a carriage  la        
,dumont1 and for forty years was used   
regularly in the carnival festivities of
 ,turin in the early part of the        
nineteenth century4 ,it is still        
preserved as donated by the widow of    
,bordino to the ,industrial ,museum of  
,turin4   ,,clive  ,best known as a     
writer of articles on the steam         
carriage1 over the signature of ,saxula1
 in the ,mechanic's ,magazine1 ,clive1  
of ,cecil ,house1 ,staffordshire1       
,england1 also engaged in experimenting 
with steam4 ,in #ahcj1 he secured       
patents for two improvements in         

locomotives1 one increasing the diameter
 of the wheels and the other increasing 
the throw of the cranks4 ,after a time  
he seems to have lost faith in the steam
 carriage1 for in #ahdc he wrote3 ,i am 
an old common road steam carriage       
projector1 but gave it up as            
impracticable ten years ago1 and ,i am a
 warm admirer of ,colonel ,maceroni's   
inventions4 ,my opinion for years has   
been1 and often so expressed1 that it is
 impossible to build an engine          
sufficiently strong to run even without 
a load on a common road1 year by year1  
at the rate of fifteen to twenty miles  
an hour4 ,it would break down4 ,cold    
iron at that speed cannot stand the     
shock of the momentum of a constant fall
 from stones and ruts of even an inch   
high4   ,,summers ,,and ,,ogle  ,two    
steam carriages built by ,summers and   
,ogle1 in #ahca1 were among the most    
successful vehicles of their kind in    
that day4 ,one of these carriages had   
two steam cylinders1 each seven and     

one-half inches in diameter and with    
eighteen-inch stroke4 ,it was mounted on
 three wheels and its boiler would work 
at a pressure of two hundred and fifty  
pounds per square inch4 ,passengers were
 carried in the front and the middle of 
the coach1 while the tank and the boiler
 were behind4 ,the second carriage had  
three steam cylinders1 each four inches 
in diameter1 with a twelve-inch stroke4 
,when the committee of the ,house of    
,commons was investigating the subject  
of steam locomotion on the common roads 
,summers and ,ogle appeared and gave    
interesting particulars concerning their
 vehicles4 ,the greatest velocity ever  
obtained was thirty-two miles an hour4  
,they went from the turnpike gate at    
,southampton to the four-mile stone on  
the ,london road1 a continued elevation1
 with one slight descent1 at the rate of
 twenty-four and a half miles per hour1 
loaded with people2 twenty passengers   
were often carried4 ,their first steam  
carriage ran from ,cable ,street1       

,wellclose ,square1 to within two miles 
and a half of ,basingstoke1 when the    
crank shaft broke1 and they were obliged
 to put the whole machine into a barge  
on the canal and send it back to        
,london4 ,this same machine had         
previously run in various directions    
about the streets and outskirts of      
,london4 ,with their improved carriage  
they went from ,southampton to          
,birmingham1 ,liverpool and ,london1    
with the greatest success4  ,the        
,saturday ,magazine1 of ,october #f1    
#ahcb1 gave an account of one of their  
trials as follows3 ,i have just returned
 from witnessing the triumph of science 
in mechanics1 by traveling along a hilly
 and crooked road from ,oxford to       
,birmingham in a steam carriage4 ,this  
truly wonderful machine is the invention
 of ,captain ,ogle1 of the ,royal ,navy1
 and ,mr4 ,summers1 his partner1 and is 
the first and only one that has         
accomplished so long a journey over     
chance roads1 and without rails4 ,its   

rate of traveling may be called twelve  
miles an hour1 but twenty or perhaps    
thirty down hill if not checked by the  
brake1 a contrivance which places the   
whole of the machinery under complete   
control4 ,away went the splendid vehicle
 through that beauteous city 7,oxford7  
at the rate of ten miles an hour1 which1
 when clear of the houses1 was          
accelerated to fourteen4 ,just as the   
steam carriage was entering the town of 
,birmingham1 the supply of coke being   
exhausted1 the steam dropped2 and the   
good people1 on learning the cause1 flew
 to the frame1 and dragged it into the  
inn yard4   ,,gibbs  ,an ,english       
engineer1 ,gibbs made a special study of
 the steam carriage of ,sir ,charles    
,dance in #ahca4 ,as a result of his    
investigations he built a steam drag in 
#ahcb4 ,this was intended to draw       
passenger carriages and it had a boiler 
with spirally descending flue placed    
behind the driving wheels4 ,in #ahcb1 in
 conjunction with his partner1          

,applegate1 he patented a steam carriage
 with a tubular boiler and oscillating  
engine cylinders4 ,the power from the   
axle was transmitted to the driving     
wheels through friction bands1 arranged 
in the bases of the wheels so that one  
or both wheels could be coupled to the  
axles4   ,,charles ,,dance  ,an         
enthusiastic motorist1 ,sir ,charles    
,dance1 of ,london1 in the first third  
of the ninteenth century did a great    
deal to encourage the engineers who were
 inventing steam road vehicles4 ,he was 
financially interested in several of the
 companies that were organized to run   
steam coaches over the common roads4 ,he
 was the backer of ,goldsworthy ,gurney1
 and was also engaged in building for   
himself4 ,his most famous car was a     
coach that ran every day from the       
,strand1 ,london1 to ,brighton4 ,this   
was an engine mounted on four wheels    
with a tall rectangular funnel that     
narrowed toward the top4 ,above the     
engine were seats for six or seven      

persons besides the driver4 ,behind the 
engine was a vehicle like a boxcar low  
hung on wheels4 ,on the side of this box
 was emblazoned the coat of arms of its 
owner4 ,on the roof seat in front were  
places for four passengers4 ,on a big   
foot-board behind1 stood the footman4   
,this carriage was one of the           
spectacular sights of ,london at that   
time and great crowds gathered in the   
,strand every day to witness its        
departure4  ,dance ran ,gurney's coaches
 on the ,cheltenham and ,gloucester     
,road until public opposition compelled 
his withdrawal1 but after that he was a 
joint patentee with ,joshua ,field1 of  
an improved boiler4 ,this was applied to
 the road carriage above mentioned and  
the first trips were made in ,september1
 #ahcc1 with a drag and omnibus         
attached1 a speed of sixteen miles an   
hour being attained4 ,on the first trip 
from ,london to ,brighton1 fifteen      
passengers were carried and the distance
 of fifty-two miles was covered in five 

and a half hours1 the return journey    
being performed in less than five hours4
 ,about the middle of ,october the steam
 drag and omnibus were put upon the road
 between ,wellington ,street1 ,waterloo 
,bridge1 and ,greenwich1 where it       
continued to run for a fortnight1 with a
 view of showing the public in ,london  
what could be done in this direction4   
,the proprietor had no intention of     
making it a permanent mode of           
conveyance1 and therefore kept the      
company as select as he could by        
charging half a crown for tickets each  
way4   ,,joshua ,,field  ,born in #aghf4
 ,died in #ahfc4  ,a member of the      
well-known firm of ,maudsley1 ,sons     
,field1 marine engineers1 of ,london1   
,england1 ,joshua ,field took out a     
patent for an improved boiler1 in       
conjunction with ,sir ,charles ,dance4  
,the firm made an improved vehicle for  
,dance1 and in #ahce ,field constructed 
for himself a steam carriage that made a
 trip in ,july with a party of guests4  

,the carriage was driven up ,denmark    
,hill1 and did the distance1 nine miles1
 in forty-four minutes4 ,it also ran    
several times to ,reading and back1 at  
the rate of twelve miles an hour4 ,one  
of the subscribers towards the building 
of this carriage1 said that it was a    
success mechanically1 but not           
economical4 ,field was one of the six   
founders of the ,institution of ,civil  
,engineers4   ,,dietz  ,previous to the 
time that the carriage of ,francis      
,maceroni was taken to ,france1 an      
engine designed by ,dietz was run in the
 streets of ,paris4 ,in the reports of  
the ,academy of ,sciences and ,academy  
of ,industry in ,paris1 in #ahdj1 this  
vehicle was described4 ,the carriage had
 eight wheels1 two of which were large  
and gave the impulsion4 ,the six smaller
 wheels rose and fell according to the  
irregularity of the road1 and at the    
same time assisted in bearing the weight
 of the carriages4 ,the wheels were     
bound with wood tires1 having cork      

underneath4 ,the locomotive was a drag1 
drawing a carriage for passengers4 ,the 
engine was of thirty horse-power1 and a 
speed of ten miles an hour was made4    
,,yates  ,a steam carriage was built by 
,messrs4 ,yates  ,smith1 ,london1 in    
#ahcd4 ,it had a trial in ,july of that 
year1 running from the factory in       
,whitechapel1 along ,high and several   
other streets1 at the rate of ten to    
twelve miles an hour4 ,vibrating        
engines1 working on horizontal framing1 
were used4 ,the coach resembled an      
ordinary stage-coach4   ,g4 ,,millichap 
,in a letter to an ,english engineering 
paper in #ahcg1 ,g4 ,millichap1 of      
,birmingham1 claimed to have a          
locomotive carriage building4 ,he wrote3
 ,if your correspondent will take the   
trouble to call at my house ,i shall be 
happy to show him a locomotive carriage 
in a state of great forwardness1        
intended decidedly for common roads4    
,,james ,,caleb ,,anderson  ,born in    
,cork1 ,ireland1 ,july #ba1 #aghb4 ,died

 in ,london1 ,april #d1 #ahfa4  ,the    
father of ,sir ,james ,caleb ,anderson1 
of ,buttevant ,castle1 ,ireland1 was    
,john ,anderson1 a celebrated merchant  
of ,ireland1 famous as the founder of   
the town of ,fermoy4 ,the son gave much 
attention to the subject of steam and   
steam propulsion1 and made many         
experiments1 taking out several patents4
 ,in #ahca1 he lodged a specification   
for improvements in machinery for       
propelling vessels on water2 in #ahcg1  
for improvements in locomotive engines1 
and in #ahdf1 for improvements in       
obtaining motive power and applying it  
to the propulsion of cars and vessels   
and the driving of machinery4 ,his #ahca
 patent was for a manually-propelled    
vehicle1 a carriage in which twenty-four
 men were arranged on seats1 like rowers
 in a boat1 but in two tiers1 one above 
the other4 ,the action was nearly the   
same as the pulling of oars1 the only   
difference being that all the men       
sitting on one seat pulled at one       

horizontal cross-bar1 each extremity of 
which was furnished with an             
anti-friction roller that ran between   
guide rails on the opposite sides of the
 carriage4 ,the ends of each of these   
horizontal bars were connected to       
reciprocating rods that gave motion to a
 crank shaft1 on which were mounted spur
 gear that actuated similar gear on the 
axis of the running wheels of the       
carriage2 so that by sliding the gear on
 the axis of the latter any required    
velocity could be communicated to the   
carriage1 or a sudden stop made4 ,it was
 proposed to employ this as a drag1 to  
draw one or more carriages containing   
passengers after it4 ,the patentee had  
chiefly in view the movement of troops  
by this method4  ,anderson gave         
financial support to ,w4 ,h4 ,james1 in 
#ahbg1 until he fell into pecuniary     
difficulties4 ,ten years later he       
re-engaged in steam carriage            
construction on his own account1 and    
according to his own reports he expended

 over one hundred and fifty thousand    
dollars on experiments4 ,it was said    
that he failed in twenty-nine carriages 
before he succeeded in the last4 ,he    
patented a boiler that was said to be a 
poor copy of ,walter ,hancock's boiler4 
,then he organized a joint-stock        
company1 the ,steam ,carriage and ,wagon
 ,company1 which proposed to construct  
steam drags in ,dublin and in           
,manchester1 which1 when completed1 were
 to convey goods and passengers at      
double the speed and at half the cost of
 horse carriages4  ,anderson said3 ,i   
produce and prove my steam drags before 
,i am paid for them1 and ,i keep them in
 repair2 consequently1 neither the      
public nor the company runs any risk4   
,the first steam carriage built for the 
company is nearly completed4 ,it will   
speak for itself4 ,in the ,mechanic's   
,magazine1 ,june1 #ahci1 a ,dublin      
correspondent writes3 ,i was fortunate  
enough to get a sight of ,sir ,james    
,anderson's steam carriage1 with which  

,i was much pleased4 ,it had just       
arrived from the country1 and was       
destined for ,london in about three     
weeks4 ,the engine weighs ten tons1 and 
will1 ,i dare say1 act very well4 ,i    
shall have an opportunity of judging    
that1 as the tender is at ,cork4 ,it has
 a sort of diligence1 not joined1 but to
 be attached to the tender1 making in   
all three carriages4 ,i talked a great  
deal about it to one of his principal   
men1 who was most lavish in its praises1
 especially as regards the boiler4 ,in  
,august1 #ahci1 the carriage arrived in 
,london4  ,in #ahdj1 a report said3     
,several steam carriages are being built
 at ,manchester and ,dublin1 under ,sir 
,james ,anderson's patents1 and one has 
been completed at each place4 ,at       
,manchester the steam drag had been     
frequently running between ,cross       
,street and ,altrincham1 and the last   
run was made at the rate of twenty miles
 an hour1 with four tons on the tender1 
in the presence of ,mr4 ,sharp1 of the  

firm of ,sharp1 ,roberts and ,company1  
of ,manchester1 and others4 ,a newspaper
 of the same year reported that an      
experimental trip of ,anderson's steam  
drag for common roads took place on the 
,howth ,road1 ,dublin4 ,it ran about two
 hours1 backing1 and turning about in   
every direction--the object being       
chiefly to try the various parts in     
detail4 ,it repeatedly turned the       
corners of the avenues at a speed of    
twelve miles an hour1 the steam pressure
 required being only forty-six pounds   
per square inch4 ,no smoke was seen1 and
 little steam was observed4 ,the whole  
machinery was ornamentally boxed in1 so 
that none of the moving parts was       
exposed to view1 and it was found that  
the horses did not shy at this carriage4
  ,the company had great plans for      
travel communication by means of these  
drags between the chief towns in        
,ireland1 as soon as a few of the steam 
carriages were finished4 ,an even more  
pretentious scheme involved a service in

 conjunction with the railway trains    
from ,london1 carriages to be run from  
,birmingham to ,holyhead1 whence        
passengers were to be conveyed to       
,dublin by steamer2 from ,dublin to     
,galway the steam drags were to be      
employed2 and thence to ,new ,york per  
vessel touching at ,halifax2 thus making
 ,ireland the stepping-stone between    
,england1 ,nova ,scotia1 and the ,united
 ,states of ,america4 ,but all these    
plans came to naught4  ,anderson        
continued to take out patents down to as
 late as #aheh4 ,he devoted more than   
thirty years of his life to the         
promotion of steam locomotion on common 
roads4   ,,robert ,,davidson  ,robert   
,davidson1 of ,aberdeen1 was probably   
the first to make an electrically       
propelled carriage large enough to carry
 passengers4 ,this he did in #ahci4 ,his
 carriage could carry two persons when  
traveling over a fairly rough road1 and 
though the prospects were enticing      
enough to cause investment in the       

enterprise1 ,davidson's subsequent work 
was on rail vehicles4   ,w4 ,g4 ,,heaton
  ,w4 ,g4 and ,r4 ,heaton1 of           
,birmingham1 ,england1 built several    
steam carriages which operated with     
various degrees of success in their     
neighborhood4 ,their patent was dated in
 ,october1 #ahcj4 ,the patent aimed     
particularly at the guidance of a       
locomotive carriage1 and the management 
of the steam apparatus so that the power
 and speed might be accommodated to the 
nature of the road1 the quantity of the 
load1 and so on4  ,for the purpose of   
steering the carriage1 a vertical       
spindle was placed at some distance     
before the axle of the front wheels and 
on its lower end a small drum was fixed4
 ,around this drum was coiled a chain   
with its middle fixed upon the drum1 and
 its ends made secure to the front axle 
formed a triangle with the drum1        
situated at the angle opposite the      
longest side4 ,the other end of the     
vertical spindle was connected with a   

frame situated in front of the          
coachman's or rather the steersman's    
seat and here on the spindle was a      
horizontal beveled-toothed wheel4 ,over 
this wheel an axis extended1 terminating
 in two crank handles proceeding from   
the axes in different directions1 so    
that one was down when the other was up4
 ,upon this axis was fixed another      
beveled-toothed wheel taking into the   
first4 ,when these wheels were turned in
 one direction the right-hand fore wheel
 of the carriage advanced and the coach 
turned towards the left1 while when they
 were turned in the other direction the 
left-hand wheel advanced and the        
carriage turned towards the right4  ,the
 driving wheels were connected with the 
axle by means of a pair of ratchets     
furnished with a double set of ratchet  
teeth and a reversing pall4 ,by this one
 wheel could be advanced or backed while
 the other remained stationary1 or      
moving in a contrary direction1 an      
arrangement necessary for turning and   

backing4 ,the steersman controlled the  
reversing pall by connecting rods and   
lever4  ,motion was communicated to the 
driving wheels by a double set of spur  
wheel gear1 arranged to give different  
powers or velocities1 by having both a  
large and a small wheel fixed on the    
driving as well as the driven axis4 ,by 
shifting the large wheel on the driving 
axis into gear with the small wheel on  
the driven axis speed was obtained1 and 
by shifting their relative position till
 the small wheel on the driving axis    
came into gear with the large wheel on  
the driven axis1 power was obtained at  
the expense of speed4 ,these two axes   
were kept at the same distance from each
 other by means of connecting rods1     
although the relative positions might be
 changed by the motion of the carriage  
on rough roads4  ,in ,august1 #ahcc1 the
 ,heatons placed a steam drag on the    
road between ,worcester and ,birmingham4
 ,a slight accident occurred at the     
start1 but after repairs were made the  

trial was a success4 ,attached to the   
engine was a stage-coach1 carrying      
twenty passengers1 the load weighing    
nearly two tons4 ,lickey ,hill was      
ascended1 a rise of one in nine1 and    
even one in eight in some places4 ,many 
parts of the hill were very soft1 but by
 putting both wheels in gear they       
ascended to the summit1 seven hundred   
yards in nine minutes4 ,a company was   
formed in ,birmingham to construct and  
run these carriages1 subject to the     
condition of keeping up an average speed
 of ten miles an hour4 ,a new carriage  
was built and tried in #ahcd1 but after 
trials1 the ,messrs4 ,heaton dissolved  
their contract1 as they were unable to  
do more than seven or eight miles an    
hour4 ,after spending upwards of ten    
thousand dollars in endeavors to effect 
steam traveling1 they retired from the  
field1 stating that the wear and tear   
were excessive at ten miles an hour1 and
 that the carriage was heavy1 and       
wasteful in steam4   ,f4 ,,hill  ,an    

,english engineer1 connected with the   
,deptford ,chemical ,works1 ,hill was   
among the first to be interested in     
steam-road locomotion4 ,he was familiar 
with ,hancock's experiments and made a  
carriage of his own that was tried in   
#ahdj4 ,he journeyed to ,sevenoaks and  
elsewhere and ran up steep hills with   
the carriage1 fully loaded1 at twelve   
miles an hour1 and on the level at      
sixteen miles an hour4 ,he adopted the  
compensating gear that was invented by  
,richard ,roberts and that by some      
writers has been credited to him4  ,to  
put ,hill's patents to practical use    
,the ,general ,steam ,carriage ,company 
was formed in #ahdc4 ,the probable      
success of the company was based upon   
the belief that there was a demand for  
additional road accommodations in order 
that road locomotion should counteract  
the exorbitant charges made by the      
gigantic railway monopoly for conveying 
goods short distances4 ,the company     
stated in its prospectus that while they

 confidently believe the improved steam 
coach which they have engaged and       
propose to employ in the first instance 
to be the most perfect now known in     
,england1 they do not bind themselves to
 adhere to any particular invention1 but
 will avail themselves of every         
discovery to promote steam coach        
conveyance4  ,trial trips were made on  
the ,windsor1 ,brighton1 ,hastings1 and 
similar roads1 and with success4 ,once  
the carriage made a trip to ,hastings   
and back1 a distance of one hundred and 
twenty-eight miles1 in one day1 half the
 time occupied by the stage coaches4    
,the ,mechanic's ,magazine said3 ,we    
accompanied ,hill1 about a year ago1 in 
a short run up and down the hills about 
,blackheath1 ,bromley1 and neighborhood2
 and we had again the pleasure of       
accompanying him in a delightful trip1  
on the ,hastings ,road1 as far as       
,tunbridge and back4 ,the manner in     
which his carriage took all the hills1  
both in the ascent and the descent1     

proved how completely every difficulty  
on this head had been surmounted4  ,in  
the ,hill carriage1 both the coach and  
the machinery were erected upon a strong
 frame mounted upon substantial springs4
 ,in the rear were the boiler1 furnace1 
and water tanks1 with a place for the   
engineer and fireman4 ,in front was a   
coach body with seats for six inside1   
three on the box1 and the conductor in  
front4 ,the front part of the carriage  
was also suspended upon springs4 ,the   
carriage was propelled by a pair of     
ten-inch cylinders and pistons1         
horizontally placed beneath the         
carriage4 ,these acted upon two         
nine-inch cranks1 coupled to the main   
axle through compensating gear2 the two 
six-foot six-inch diameter driving      
wheels had the full power of the engines
 passed through them4 ,the weight of the
 boiler when empty was two thousand     
three hundred pounds1 and it had a      
capacity of about sixty gallons of      
water1 while one hundred gallons more   

were contained in the tanks4 ,the total 
weight of the carriage1 including water1
 coke1 and twelve passengers1 was less  
than four tons4 ,on heavy and rough     
roads the steam pressure was seventy    
pounds per square inch1 but on good     
roads only sixty pounds4 ,the average   
speed was sixteen miles an hour1 but on 
a level twenty miles an hour was        
reached4 ,as late as #ahdc1 ,hill's     
carriages were running from ,london to  
,birmingham1 having been in operation   
four or five years4 ,smooth in motion1  
they carried their passengers           
comfortably1 but soon went out of use4  
,,goodman  ,early in the forties a small
 road locomotive was made by ,goodman1  
of ,southwark1 ,london4 ,it was worked  
by a pair of direct-acting engines1     
coupled to the crank shaft4 ,a chain    
pinion on the crank shaft transmitted   
motion to the main axle through an      
endless pitch chain working over a chain
 wheel of larger diameter on the driving
 shaft4 ,the smoke from the boiler was  

conducted by a flue placed beneath the  
carriage4 ,the vehicle had a speed of   
from ten to twelve miles an hour4       
,,norrgber  ,a correspondent of ,the    
,mechanic's ,magazine1 of ,london1 wrote
 in #ahdc3 ,norrgber1 of ,sweden1 a     
locksmith and an ingenious mechanic1    
made a steam carriage which ran between 
,copenhagen and ,corsoer1 carrying      
thirty passengers1 the engine being of  
eight horse-power4   ,j4 ,k4 ,,fisher   
,a small steam carriage1 that in general
 character was like a railroad          
locomotive1 was designed by ,j4 ,k4     
,fisher1 of ,new ,york1 in #ahdj4 ,it   
was not until #ahec1 however1 that he   
went beyond this4 ,then he built another
 carriage1 with driving wheels five feet
 in diameter1 and two steam cylinders   
four inches in diameter1 with ten-inch  
stroke4 ,this carriage attained a speed 
of fifteen miles an hour on good        
pavements4 ,during the next two years1  
,fisher made many trips1 sometimes      
running twelve miles an hour without    

excessive wear4 ,in his later engines he
 introduced several novelties1 among    
them being parallel connections between 
the crank shaft and the driving axle4   
,in the steering gear a screw was placed
 across the front part of the carriage  
carrying a nut1 to which the end of an  
elongated reverted pole was jointed4    
,the screw was turned by bevel gearing1 
one wheel being keyed to the end of the 
screw1 and the other to the steerage    
rod1 the opposite end of this rod having
 a lever placed within easy access of   
the footplate4 ,fisher's carriages were 
driven by direct-acting engines1 one    
cylinder on each side of the smoke-box4 
,r4 ,w4 ,,thompson  ,born in            
,stonehaven1 ,england1 in #ahbb4 ,died1 
,march #h1 #ahgc4  ,r4 ,w4 ,thompson    
came to the ,united ,states in early    
life1 but returned to ,england and      
engaged in scientific experimenting and 
studying1 and in engineering at         
,aberdeen and ,dundee4 ,he invented a   
rotary engine during this period of his 

life4 ,in #ahdf1 being then in business 
for himself1 he conceived the idea of   
india-rubber tires and perfected this in
 #ahgf4 ,in ,december of that year he   
made a small road locomotive to draw an 
omnibus and this was sent to the ,island
 of ,ceylon4 ,other road steamers of    
,thompson's design were manufactured and
 sent to ,india and elsewhere4          
,,anthony ,,bernhard  ,in #ahdh1 a      
compressed-air carriage invented by     
,anthony ,bernhard1 ,baron von ,rathen1 
was built in ,england4 ,it weighed three
 tons1 and on its first trip was driven 
at a speed of eight miles an hour4 ,upon
 one occasion it made twelve miles an   
hour on a trip from ,putney to          
,wandsworth1 carrying twenty passengers4
 ,until near #ahgj1 ,baron von ,rathen  
was engaged in inventing compressed-air 
engines4   ,,battin  ,in #ahef1 ,joseph 
,battin1 of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41           
constructed a steam carriage with a     
vertical boiler and oscillating engines4
   ,,richard ,,dudgeon  ,a small        

locomotive for the common roads was     
built in #aheg1 ,dy ,richard ,dudgeon1  
an engineer1 of ,new ,york4 ,it had two 
steam cylinders1 each three inches in   
diameter and with sixteen-inch stroke1  
and drew a light carriage at ten miles  
an hour on gravel roads4 ,the carriage  
was destroyed by fire at the ,new ,york 
,crystal ,palace in #aheh4 ,dudgeon is  
said to have afterward built another    
carriage1 which was larger and more     
clumsy than the other4 ,a few years ago 
this was discovered in an old barn in   
,locust ,valley1 ,l4 ,i4 ,it was fixed  
up and started out and demonstrated     
that1 old as it was1 it could go at a   
speed of more than ten miles an hour4   
,,lough ,,and ,,messenger  ,in #aheh1   
,messrs4 ,lough and ,messenger1 of      
,swindon1 ,england1 designed and erected
 a steam-road locomotive which for two  
years ran at fifteen miles an hour on   
level roads1 and six miles an hour up   
grades of one in twenty4 ,the engine had
 two cylinders1 each three and one-half 

inches in diameter and with five-inch   
stroke1 working direct on to the crank  
axle4 ,the driving wheels were three and
 one-half feet in diameter1 and the     
leading wheels two feet in diameter4    
,the vertical boiler fixed on the frame 
was worked at                           
one-hundred-and-twenty-pound pressure4  
,the tanks held forty gallons of feed   
water4 ,the total weight of the         
locomotive was eight hundred pounds4    
,,thomas ,,rickett  ,when the revival of
 interest in the common-road steam      
locomotive began in ,england1 about     
#aheg1 ,thomas ,rickett1 of ,castle     
,foundry1 ,buckingham1 was one of the   
first to give attention to the subject4 
,he built a road locomotive in #aheh for
 the ,marquis of ,stafford4 ,this engine
 had two driving wheels and a steering  
wheel4 ,the boiler was at the back with 
the steam cylinders horizontally on each
 side of it4 ,three passengers were     
carried4  ,the carriage was steered by  
means of a lever connected with the fork

 of the front wheel4 ,the cylinders were
 three inches in diameter1 with         
nine-inch stroke2 the working steam     
pressure was one hundred pounds per     
square inch4 ,the driving wheels were   
three feet in diameter4 ,the weight of  
the carriage when fully loaded was only 
three thousand pounds4 ,on level roads  
the speed was about twelve miles an     
hour4  ,an account of one of the trips  
in #ahei was as follows in the columns  
of ,the ,engineer3 ,lord ,stafford and  
party made another trip with the steam  
carriage from ,buckingham to ,wolverton4
 ,his lordship drove and steered1 and   
although the roads were very heavy1 they
 were not more than an hour in running  
the nine miles to ,old ,wolverton4 ,his 
lordship has repeatedly said that it is 
guided with the greatest ease and       
precision4 ,it was designed by ,mr4     
,rickett to run ten miles an hour4 ,one 
mile in five minutes has been attained1 
at which it was perfectly steady1 the   
centre of gravity being not more than   

two feet from the ground4 ,a few days   
afterwards this little engine started   
from ,messrs4 ,hayes' ,works1 ,stoney   
,stratford1 with a party consisting of  
the ,marquis of ,stafford1 ,lord ,alfred
 ,paget1 and two ,hungarian noblemen4   
,they proceeded through the town of     
,stoney ,stratford at a rapid pace1 and 
after a short trip returned to the      
,wolverton railway station4 ,the trip   
was in all respects successful1 and     
shows beyond a doubt that steam         
locomotion for common roads is          
practicable4  ,two other engines were   
built by ,rickett1 one of them for the  
,earl of ,caithness4 ,some improvements 
were installed in this carriage1 which  
was intended to carry three passengers4 
,the weight of the carriage1 fully      
loaded1 was five thousand pounds4  ,in  
this carriage1 the ,earl of ,caithness  
traveled from ,inverness to his seat1   
,borrogill ,castle1 within a few miles  
of ,john o' ,groat's ,house4 ,he        
describes his trip as follows3 ,i may   

state that such a feat as going over the
 ,ord of ,caithness has never before    
been accomplished by steam1 as ,i       
believe we rose one thousand feet in    
about five miles4 ,the ,ord is one of   
the largest and steepest hills in       
,scotland4 ,the turns in the road are   
very sharp4 ,all this ,i got over       
without trouble4 ,there is1 ,i am       
confident1 no difficulty in driving a   
steam carriage on a common road4 ,it is 
cheap1 and on a level ,i got as much as 
nineteen miles an hour4 ,the ,earl of   
,caithness brought the trial to a       
successful result1 and some expert      
authorities jumped to the conclusion    
that at once steam traveling upon the   
high roads of ,england would be availed 
of to a large extent2 but that did not  
happen4  ,in #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,rickett       
furnished an engine for working a       
passenger and light goods service in    
,spain1 intended to carry thirty        
passengers up an incline of one in      
twelve1 at ten miles an hour4 ,the steam

 cylinders were eight inches in         
diameter1 and the driving wheels four   
feet in diameter4 ,the boiler would     
sustain a pressure of two hundred       
pounds4 ,rickett's later engines had    
spur wheels2 but his last engines were  
direct-acting4 ,in ,november1 #ahfd1 he 
says3 ,the direct-acting engines mount  
inclines of one in ten easily2 whether  
at eight1 four1 two1 or one mile an     
hour1 on inclines with five tons behind 
them1 they stick to their work better   
than geared engines4   ,,daniel         
,,adamson  ,in #aheh the firm of ,daniel
 ,adamson  ,co41 of ,dukinfield1 near   
,manchester1 ,england1 built a          
common-road locomotive for a ,mr4       
,schmidt4 ,a multi-tubular boiler was   
used1 two and one-half feet in diameter 
and five and one-half feet long1 with a 
working pressure of one hundred and     
fifty pounds per square inch4 ,the      
engine1 which weighed five thousand six 
hundred pounds and was borne on three   
wheels1 was calculated to run at eight  

miles an hour4 ,a steam cylinder of     
six-inch diameter was attached to each  
side of the locomotive1 and these       
cylinders actuated a pair of driving    
wheels three feet six inches in         
diameter4  ,mr4 ,schmidt gave this      
vehicle a thorough trying out and       
especially raced it with several        
competitors4 ,on one of these races1 in 
#ahfg1 with a ,boulton steam carriage1  
the start was made from                 
,ashton-under-,lyne1 for the show ground
 at ,old ,trafford1 a distance of over  
eight miles4 ,although the ,adamson     
engine was the larger1 the smaller one  
easily passed it during the first mile1 
and kept a good lead all the way1       
arriving at ,old ,trafford under the    
hour4  ,mr4 ,schmidt sent his road      
locomotive to the ,havre ,exhibition1 in
 #ahfh1 and a trial of its powers was   
made by ,french engineers1 and ,m4      
,nicole1 director of the exhibition4    
,mr4 ,schmidt conducted the engine      
himself1 and to it was attached an      

omnibus containing the commissioners4   
,the engine and carriage traversed      
several streets of ,havre and mounted a 
sharp incline4 ,other trips were made to
 several villages in the neighborhood of
 the exhibition1 and the engine behaved 
very satisfactorily4   ,,stirling  ,in a
 road steamer designed by ,stirling1 of 
,kilmarnock1 in #ahei1 the five         
traveling wheels were mounted upon      
springs4 ,a single wheel was used as a  
driver1 and more or less weight was     
thrown upon this wheel4 ,the leading and
 trailing wheels swiveled in concert1 in
 opposite directions1 by means of right 
and left hand worms and worm wheels4    
,the carriage was thus made to move in a
 curve of comparatively short radius4   
,w4 ,o4 ,,carrett  ,in #ahfj1 ,george   
,salt1 of ,saltshire1 ,england1 employed
 ,w4 ,o4 ,carrett1 of the firm of       
,carrett1 ,marshall  ,co41 proprietors  
of the ,gun ,foundry at ,leeds1 to      
design and build a steam pleasure       
carriage for him4 ,the carriage was     

first shown and exhibited at the ,royal 
,show held in ,leeds1 #ahfa1 and        
likewise at the ,london ,exhibition1    
#ahfb4 ,it had two steam cylinders1 six 
inches in diameter and with eight-inch  
stroke4 ,the boiler was of the          
locomotive multi-tubular type1 two feet 
six inches in diameter1 and five feet   
three inches long4 ,it had a working    
pressure of one hundred and fifty pounds
 per square inch1 the test pressure     
being three hundred pounds4 ,the        
locomotive was mounted upon two driving 
wheels1 each four feet in diameter1 made
 of steel1 and a leading wheel was three
 feet in diameter4 ,seats were provided 
for nine persons1 including the steerer 
and the fireman4 ,the traveling speed   
was fifteen miles an hour2 and the      
weight of the carriage1 fully loaded1   
was five tons4 ,motion was communicated 
from the crank shaft to the driving axle
 through spur gearing4  ,the ,english   
magazine1 ,engineering1 in an article in
 ,june1 #ahff1 said3 ,this steam        

carriage1 made by ,carrett1 ,marshall   
,co41 was probably the most remarkable  
locomotive ever made4 ,true1 it did     
little good for itself as a steam       
carriage1 and its owner at last made a  
present of it--much as an ,eastern      
prince might send a friend a white      
elephant--to that enthusiastic amateur1 
,mr4 ,frederick ,hodges1 who christened 
it the ,fly-by-,night1 and who did fly1 
and no mistake1 through the ,kentish    
villages when most honest people were in
 their beds4 ,its enterprising owner was
 repeatedly pulled up and fined1 and to 
this day his exploits are remembered    
against him4 ,hodges ran the engine     
eight hundred miles2 he had six         
summonses in six weeks1 and one was for 
running the engine thirty miles an hour4
 ,it was afterwards altered to resemble 
a fire engine and the passengers were   
equipped like firemen1 wearing brass    
helmets4 ,the device did not deceive the
 police1 and finally the carriage was   
made over into a real self-moving fire  

engine4   ,,richard ,,tangye  ,the steam
 carriage built by the ,tangye          
,brothers1 of ,england1 about #aheb1 was
 a simple affair4 ,it had seating       
capacity in the body for six or eight   
persons1 while three or four more could 
be accommodated in front4 ,the driver   
who sat in front had full control of the
 stop valve and reversing lever1 so that
 the engine could be stopped or reversed
 by him as occasion required4 ,the speed
 of twenty miles an hour could be       
attained1 and the engine with its load  
easily ascended the steepest gradients4 
,richard ,tangye1 in his autobiography1 
speaks of his experience with this      
carriage in the following terms3 ,great 
interest was manifested in our          
experiment1 and it soon became evident  
that there was an opening for a         
considerable business in these engines1 
and we made our preparations            
accordingly1 but the 'wisdom' of        
,parliament made it impossible4 ,the    
squires became alarmed lest their horses

 should take fright2 and although a     
judge ruled that a horse that would not 
stand the sight or sound of a           
locomotive1 in these days of steam1     
constituted a public danger1 and that   
its owner should be punished and not the
 owner of the locomotive1 an act was    
passed providing that no engine should  
travel more than four miles an hour on  
the public roads4 ,thus was the trade in
 quick-speed locomotives strangled in   
its cradle2 and the inhabitants of      
country districts left unprovided with  
improved facilities for traveling4 ,the 
,tangye carriage thus driven out of     
,england was sent to ,india1 where it   
continued to give good service4   ,t4   
,w4 ,,cowan  ,at the ,london ,exhibition
 of #ahfb1 the ,messrs4 ,yarrow and     
,hilditch1 of ,barnsbury1 near ,london1 
exhibited a steam carriage1 designed and
 made by ,t4 ,w4 ,cowan1 of ,greenwich4 
,eleven passengers1 besides the driver  
and the fireman1 were carried and the   
vehicle with full load weighed two tons 

and a half4 ,the boiler1 of steel1 was a
 vertical multitubular two feet in      
diameter and three feet nine inches     
high4 ,the frame of the carriage was of 
ash1 lined with wrought-iron plates1 and
 to the outside of the bottom sill were 
two iron foundation plates1 to which the
 cylinders and other parts were         
attached4 ,the cylinders were five      
inches in diameter and had nine-inch    
stroke4   ,,charles ,t4 ,,hayball  ,a   
quick-speed road locomotive was made by 
,charles ,t4 ,hayball1 of ,lymington1   
,hants1 ,england1 in #ahfd4 ,the        
machinery was mounted upon a            
wrought-iron frame1 that was carried    
upon three wheels4 ,the two driving     
wheels had an inner and an outer tire1  
and the space between was filled with   
wood to reduce noise and lessen the     
concussion4 ,the two steam cylinders    
were each four and one-half inches in   
diameter and with six-inch stroke4      
,hayball used a vertical boiler1 two    
feet two inches in diameter1 and four   

feet high1 working at a pressure of one 
hundred and fifty pounds4 ,the carriage 
ran up an incline of one in twelve at   
sixteen miles an hour1 and traveled four
 miles an hour in fourteen minutes1 up  
hill and down1 with ten passengers on   
board4   ,,isaac ,w4 ,,boulton  ,in     
,august1 #ahfg1 ,thomas ,boulton says3  
,i ran a small road locomotive          
constructed by ,isaac ,w4 ,boulton1 of  
,ashton-under-,lyne1 from here through  
,manchester1 ,eccles1 ,warrington1      
,preston ,brook1 to ,chester1 paraded   
the principal streets of ,chester1 and  
returned home1 the distance being over  
ninety miles in one day without a       
stoppage except for water4 ,boulton's   
engine had one cylinder four and        
one-half inches in diameter1 and with   
nine-inch stroke4 ,the boiler worked at 
one hundred and thirty pounds pressure  
per square inch4 ,the driving wheels    
were five feet in diameter4 ,two speeds 
were obtained by means of spur gearing  
between the crank shaft and the counter 

shaft4 ,on the ,chester trip six        
persons1 and sometimes eight and ten    
passengers1 were carried4   ,,armstrong 
,the virtues of the horseless vehicle   
early penetrated to ,india4 ,many       
,english manufacturers sent carriages   
there4 ,some time in #ahfh1 a steam     
carriage1 with two steam cylinders1 each
 three inches in diameter1 and with     
six-inch stroke1 was made by ,armstrong1
 of ,rawilpindee1 ,punjab4 ,a separate  
stop valve was fitted to each cylinder4 
,the boiler was fifteen inches in       
diameter and three feet high1 and worked
 steam pressure of one hundred pounds   
per square inch4 ,twelve miles an hour  
on the level1 and six miles an hour up  
grade of one in twenty1 were made4 ,the 
driving wheels were three feet in       
diameter4   ,,pierre ,,ravel  ,ravel1 of
 ,france1 planned in #ahfh a steam      
vehicle1 and about #ahgj completed the  
construction of one at the barracks at  
,saint-,owen4 ,then came the declaration
 of war with ,prussia1 and the barracks1

 being within the zone of fortification1
 the vehicle was lost or destroyed4     
,there is no certainty that it was ever 
unearthed after peace was declared4     
,l4 ,t4 ,,pyott  ,before #ahgf1 a motor 
vehicle was invented by ,l4 ,t4 ,pyott1 
who was then a foreman with the ,baldwin
 ,locomotive ,works in ,philadelphia4   
,the carriage1 which could carry seven  
persons at the rate of twenty miles an  
hour1 cost about two thousand two       
hundred dollars1 and weighed nearly two 
tons4 ,it was shown at the ,centennial  
,exposition in ,philadelphia in #ahgf1  
but was not allowed to run on the       
streets4   ,a4 ,,richter  ,an engineer  
and mechanician of ,neider-,bielan1     
,oberlaneitz1 ,germany1 ,richter secured
 in #ahgg a patent for a vehicle that   
was propelled by a motor consisting of a
 stack or battery of elliptic springs   
horizontally disposed1 which were       
compressed by a charge of powerful      
powder exploded in what was practically 
a cannon4 ,the subsequent expansion     

transmitted the driving effort to the   
wheels by a rack of gears4 ,the success 
of this vehicle is not generally known4 
,,raffard  ,in #ahha1 ,raffard1 a       
,french engineer1 made a tricycle and a 
tram-car that is said to have been the  
first electric automobile which ran     
satisfactorily4   ,,charles ,,jeanteaud 
,it is claimed for ,jeanteaud that he   
built a four-wheeled electric vehicle   
about #ahha1 which was changed in #ahhg 
by the addition of an ,immisch motor4   
,in #ahij he constructed a three-wheeled
 steam vehicle for five persons1 having 
the advice and interest of ,archdeacon4 
,in ,june1 #ahie1 at the                
,paris-,bordeaux race1 he entered an    
electric automobile and established     
battery relays every twenty-five        
kilometers1 but without success so far  
as speed was involved in comparison with
 the gasoline cars4 ,in #ahig he        
constructed a gasoline phaeton1 but his 
subsequent work has been primarily      
confined to the electric4   ,,sylvester 

,,haywood ,,roper  ,as early as #ahej1  
,sylvester ,haywood ,roper1 of ,roxbury1
 ,mass41 began experimenting with steam 
for street-vehicle propulsion4 ,in      
#ahhb1 when he was seventy-three years  
of age1 he fitted a ,columbia bicycle   
with a miniature engine1 and with this  
he could run seventy miles on one charge
 of fuel4 ,his bicycle weighed one      
hundred and sixty-five pounds4 ,he      
engaged in many track events and his    
record for three runs of one-third of a 
mile each1 was forty-two1 thirty-nine   
and thirty-seven seconds4   ,,copeland  
,a tandem tricycle with a vertical      
boiler and a two-cylinder vertical      
engine was built by ,copeland1 of       
,philadelphia1 in #ahhb4 ,kerosene was  
used to fire the boiler4 ,it is said    
that over two hundred of these machines 
were built4   ,g4 ,,bouton  ,an         
ingenious and practical engineer1       
,bouton made various mechanical devices1
 but it is claimed that from a clever   
toy came the associations which have    

resulted in the now famous firm1        
,de,dion-,bouton1 with which he is      
connected4 ,it is said ,compte ,de,dion 
saw this toy and on asking for the      
maker1 met ,bouton4 ,thus came the      
partnership1 in #ahhb1 with ,bouton and 
,trepardoux4 ,bouton made a steam       
tricycle in #ahhd1 containing the       
remarkable light and efficient boiler of
 his invention1 which for years remained
 the most important contribution of the 
firm to this art4 ,in #ahhe a           
quadricycle was made1 and the success   
attending the runs made with this1 in   
which ,merrelle co-operated1 was such as
 to bring forth the personal ideas of   
,de,dion in so strong a manner that     
,trepardoux and ,merrelle severed their 
connections with the firm4  ,the real   
beginning of the work of this firm was  
in #ahhd1 and the several years         
following saw the production of numerous
 steam machines1 including phaetons1 dog
 carts1 and a variety of other types4   
,even as late as #ahig heavy steam      

chars-bancs were made by them1 and that 
year also saw their well-known          
thirty-five-passenger1 six-wheeled      
coach1 ,pauline1 on the streets of      
,paris--a vehicle which cost over       
twenty-six thousand francs1 and had a   
thirty-five horse-power steam tractor4  
,this vehicle had been preceded by a    
somewhat similar one constructed in     
#ahic on the old idea of a mechanical   
horse attached to an ordinary 'bus body 
from which the front wheels had been    
removed4  ,in #ahie1 ,de,dion-,bouton   
produced their first liquid hydro-carbon
 engine vehicle--a tricycle with        
air-cooled motor and dry-battery        
ignition1 which is so well known to     
everyone in the industry to-day4 ,these 
were manufactured in large numbers1 and 
were followed by larger gasoline        
vehicles into which they introduced     
their engine1 namely1 a vertical        
position4 ,in #ahii1 their              
three-passenger1 four-wheeled vehicle1  
and in #aijj a six-passenger vehicle1   

made good reputations4 ,since then their
 large factory at ,putaux1 ,france1 well
 known under the name of                
,de,dion-,bouton et ,cie1 has been      
continually crowded with work on        
vehicles1 and with the manufacture of   
their motors which are still sold       
independently to other makers in        
,france1 as well as in other countries4 
,in fact the manufacture of engines and 
parts might be said to be now their main
 work4   ,,count ,a4 ,,dedion  ,count   
,de,dion's interest in an ingenious     
mechanical device constructed by        
,bouton1 led to his backing the         
enterprise now so well known under his  
name4 ,his activity in the ,automobile  
,club of ,france1 and in all the        
sporting events in the past ten years1  
has in fact brought him into far more   
prominence than his associate1 ,bouton4 
,his interest and energy in connection  
with his company are well known1 and    
though the credit for the mechanical    
work must undoubtedly be given to       

,bouton1 ,de,dion is largely responsible
 for the great success and general      
prominence of the company4   ,,armand   
,,peugeot  ,in #ahhe1 and again in      
#ahhi1 ,armand ,peugeot1 a ,french      
inventor and manufacturer1 brought up   
the subject of automobiles1 and in #ahhi
 he began to manufacture1 using the     
,daimler motor4 ,his first attention    
having been given to the motor1 he      
brought out very soon his famous        
two-parallel cylinder mounted           
horizontally on the body frame4         
,originally of the firm of ,fils de     
,peugeot1 he severed his connection with
 that firm1 and in #ahgf formed the     
,society of ,artisans4 ,in #ahih1       
additional factories were erected at    
,fives-,lille1 and now the concern has  
works also at ,audincourt4 ,the latter  
works is claimed to be the most         
extensive automobile manufacturing      
establishment in the world4 ,peugeot is 
a member of many learned societies1 was 
elected an officer of the ,academie in  

#ahha1 and a ,chevalier of the ,legion  
of ,honor in #ahhi4   ,,radcliffe ,,ward
  ,ward commenced his experiments in    
,england about #ahhf1 and built a cab in
 #ahhg1 which he ran in ,brighton with  
more or less success4 ,a second vehicle1
 an omnibus1 was built by him and run on
 the streets in ,london in #ahhh1 and   
actually covered1 all told1 five        
thousand miles4   ,,mors  ,a            
manufacturer of electrical apparatus1   
the ,mors establishment made a steam    
vehicle in #ahhf1 and some ten years    
later began to manufacture gasoline     
vehicles4   ,,magnus ,,volk  ,in #ahhg1 
,volk built an electrical dog cart      
which1 like that of ,ward1 was seen on  
the streets of ,brighton4 ,the next year
 he associated himself with ,immisch    
,co41 and built for the ,sultan of      
,turkey an electrical dog cart4 ,this   
was claimed to have a radius of fifty   
miles at ten miles an hour1 with seven  
hundred pounds of battery in twenty-four
 cells1 driving the vehicle by means of 

a one horse-power motor4   ,,butler     
,about the same time that ,daimler and  
,benz were at work1 ,butler1 an         
,englishman1 was studying to make a     
hydro-carbon engine4 ,he had drawings in
 #ahhd and got out a patent in #ahhg4   
,he built a tricycle soon after that    
date4 ,this had two front wheels as     
steering wheels and a rear wheel driven 
by a two-cylinder engine4 ,but ,butler  
did not carry his plans further1 for1 as
 he wrote in #ahij1 the authorities do  
not countenance its use on roads1 and ,i
 have abandoned in consequence any      
further development of it4   ,,le       
,,blant  ,the steam carriage that ,le   
,blant1 of ,france1 built carried nine  
passengers1 and its weight1 fuel and    
water included1 was three and one-half  
tons4 ,the engine was three-cylinder    
horizontal1 and the boiler1 a ,serpollet
 instantaneous generator1 was placed    
behind the carriage1 the fireman beside 
it and the driver in front4   ,,emile   
,,delahaye  ,delahaye1 of ,tours1       

associated himself with the firm of     
,cail in #ahgj1 spending some years in  
,belgium1 but in #ahij the automobile so
 attracted him as to lead him to the    
construction of his first vehicle4 ,for 
ten years he practically adhered to the 
horizontal engine under the seat1 which 
construction we find him using in #aijj4
 ,it is worthy of note that to ,delahaye
 is given credit for the practical      
adaptation of the radiator in the       
arrangement now generally used in the   
cooling system4   ,,roger  ,roger1 of   
,paris1 was the ,french licensee for    
,benz1 taking up that motor much in the 
same manner as ,panhard  ,levassor took 
up the ,daimler4 ,in fact he had such   
close relations with ,benz as to guide  
the further development of both4 ,to    
this extent he was doubtless largely    
responsible for converting ,benz to the 
four-cycle instead of the two-cycle     
construction1 and he is also credited   
with having brought about the change    
from the vertical crank shaft to the    

horizontal in the ,benz cars4 ,making   
good headway in #ahid1 he had produced  
fifty or more machines by #ahie1 and ran
 one in the ,paris-,bordeaux race of    
that year4 ,he brought a car to ,new    
,york in #ahif1 and took part in the    
,cosmopolitan race1 from ,new ,york to  
,ardsley and return4   ,,georges        
,,richard  ,in #ahic1 ,georges ,richard 
began cycle manufacturing in a small    
shop and two years later turned his     
business into a limited corporation4 ,in
 #ahig1 he began the manufacture of     
automobiles4 ,his motor is a development
 of the ,benz1 with ignition            
improvement4   ,,pochain  ,pochain1 in  
,france1 built in #ahic a six-seated    
phaeton with fifty-four cells of        
battery1 which would seem to have been  
practically the first satisfactory      
vehicle of its kind4   ,,louis ,,krieger
  ,early in the nineties of the last    
century ,krieger made an electric       
vehicle4 ,about #ahid1 he introduced his
 four-passenger hack1 converted by      

substituting an electric fore carriage  
for the front axle of an ordinary       
vehicle4 ,he has since developed his    
electric vehicles in the class of city  
carriages4 ,a touring car1 built for    
,england1 called the ,powerful1 made in 
#aija notable records in that country in
 a long tour through the ,isles4 ,the   
principal work of ,krieger1 however1 has
 been in the development of front drive 
and steer construction4   ,,dedetrich   
,baron ,de,detrich is of the well-known 
house that claims to have been founded  
more than one hundred years ago in      
,luneville1 ,alsace1 and has grown to be
 one of the greatest works for the      
manufacture of locomotives and other    
machinery4 ,in #ahhj the concern is said
 to have employed four thousand men4    
,its connection with the automobile     
industry began practically in #ahie1    
when the construction of automobiles on 
the system of ,amde ,bolle  ,sons was   
undertaken4 ,with large resources and   
ability development was naturally rapid1

 resulting in the production to-day of  
one of the first-class ,french makes4   
,,david ,,salomons  ,sir ,david         
,salomons1 ,bart41 was born in ,england1
 in #ahea4 ,he was educated for a short 
period at ,university ,college1 ,london1
 and afterwards at ,caius ,college1     
,cambridge1 where he was graduated with 
natural science honors4 ,he is a member 
of the ,institution of ,electrical      
,engineers1 where he took leading part  
for many years on the ,council1 and     
served in the positions of honorary     
treasurer and vice-president4 ,he is a  
fellow of the ,royal ,astronomical      
,society1 of the ,physical ,society of  
,london1 and of the ,royal              
,microscopical ,society1 and an         
associate of the ,institution of ,civil 
,engineers4  ,illustration3 ,,sir       
,,david ,,salomons  ,sir ,david was one 
of the first in ,england to adopt the   
electric light4 ,this was about the year
 #ahgd1 when he found it necessary to   
make the lamps1 switches and other      

apparatus himself1 as those were        
unobtainable at the time2 much of the   
apparatus in general use to-day has been
 copied from his models4 ,about #ahgd-e1
 he constructed a small electrical road 
carriage1 which was in use a short time 
only1 owing to the trouble of           
re-charging batteries1 as no            
accumulators existed at that period4    
,devoting himself largely to scientific 
investigation he is the author of       
various works on scientific subjects1   
such as photographic optical formul1    
photography and electrical subjects1 his
 chief work being his three-volume      
,electric ,light ,installations1 now    
entering its ninth edition4 ,of this    
work1 the first volume on ,accumulators 
was for a great many years the only     
practical work on the subject4 ,he is   
also the author of many papers read     
before scientific societies1 including  
the ,royal ,society and ,royal          
,institution4 ,he is an original member 
of the ,automobile ,club of ,france and 

of the ,automobile ,club of ,great      
,britain1 being a member of the         
committee of the former and member of   
committee and a vice-president of the   
latter1 and is also an ordinary or      
honorary member of most of the          
,continental automobile clubs4 ,he was  
,mayor of ,tunbridge ,wells1 #ahid-e1   
and ,high ,sheriff of ,kent in #ahha1   
and is a ,magistrate for ,kent1 ,sussex1
 ,middlesex1 ,westminster and ,london4  
,the connection of ,sir ,david ,salomons
 with the encouragement and development 
of self-propelled traffic in the ,united
 ,kingdom1 constitutes one of the most  
important chapters in the               
contemporaneous history of the          
automobile4 ,his first step to secure a 
favorable public opinion for the        
legislative measures that he proposed   
was to have an exhibition of vehicles1  
which took place at ,tunbridge ,wells1  
in ,october1 #ahie4 ,as a result of this
 exhibition and a voluminous            
correspondence thereafter1 the          

newspapers of ,great ,britain and many  
of the members of the ,houses of ,lords 
and ,commons were brought to see the    
justice of the measures asked for4      
,next1 the ,self-,propelled ,traffic    
,association was organized4 ,sir ,david 
,salomons was elected president and the 
campaign for ,parliamentary action was  
inaugurated and brilliantly and         
energetically prosecuted4 ,when the bill
 came before the ,commons and the ,lords
 it was substantially supported1 but its
 provisions received a great deal of    
discussion4 ,some amendments1           
particularly relating to the questions  
of smoke and petroleum use1 were        
attached to it4 ,in the end1 however1   
the act that was passed was generally   
satisfactory to all interested in the   
promotion and protection of             
self-propelled traffic4 ,it has been    
said that there has hardly been an act  
passed containing more liberal clauses  
and with more unity of action4 ,its     
provisions allow of reasonable travel of

 all kinds of self-propelled vehicles   
throughout the ,kingdom and the act as a
 whole is regarded as one of the most   
notable advances made in this matter    
during the present generation4   ,,leon 
,,boll,e  ,a brother of ,amde ,bolle1   
,leon ,bolle has been long interested in
 the business that bears the family     
name4 ,in #ahif1 he brought out a motor 
cycle that was a type between a cycle   
and a vehicle4 ,it had two front        
steering wheels and one front driver4   
,the same type of vehicle has been      
adopted for light work1 such as parcel  
delivery4   ,,joseph ,,guedon  ,guedon  
made his appearance at ,bordeaux1 in    
,october1 #ahig1 with a four-wheeled    
wagonette1 which he made under the name 
of the ,decauville4 ,his special        
construction was claimed to very largely
 eliminate the vibration of the vehicle1
 and his success can be fairly judged   
from the results in the past few years4 
,the ,decauville cars have been         
developed and refined to such a point as

 to be among the best of the ,french    
makes1 and now have an international    
reputation4   ,,rene ,,de ,,knyff  ,de  
,knyff became an enthusiastic           
automobilist1 and with other gentlemen1 
sportsmen of the nobility1 became a     
great amateur4 ,he was and is still     
known as the ,king of ,chauffeurs1      
having won several of the most important
 races1 driving the ,panhard cars to    
victory4   ,,adolf ,,clement  ,born in  
#ahee4  ,entirely a self-made man1      
,clement had experience as a locksmith  
and served an apprenticeship as a       
tinsmith4 ,he started and built up a    
bicycle manufacturing establishment     
which1 in #ahid1 was considered one of  
the finest in ,france4 ,in time this    
developed into the finest cycle         
manufactory in that country4 ,it is     
situated in ,levallois1 near ,paris4 ,in
 #ahii1 ,clement contracted with        
,panhard  ,levassor to manufacture under
 their patents1 and in #aijj he made a  
most successful light vehicle of four   

horse-power4 ,since then he has         
developed his automobile factory1 and in
 the past few years has produced        
competitors for honors in the first     
class1 which are known at home and      
abroad as the ,bayard or                
,clement-,bayard cars4   ,a4 ,,darracq  
,about fifty years of age1 ,darracq has 
had an energetic and successful career4 
,he is now president of the ,society of 
,engineers1 ,paris1 and a member of the 
,legion of ,honor4 ,he is best known as 
an inventor in connection with the      
automobile industry4 ,among his         
inventions are a shaft drive and a      
beveled gear drive which are now        
universally used4 ,he originated the    
idea of placing the operating lever on  
the steering post and made the first    
moderate priced automobile in ,france4  
,he is now the engineer and manager of  
one of the biggest factories in the     
world4  ,illustration3 ,a4 ,,darracq    
,,james ,,gordon ,,bennett  ,so         
interesting was the sporting side of the

 automobile movement that it early      
attracted the attention of ,james       
,gordon ,bennett4 ,the great runs1 or   
tours1 or races commenced in #ahia1 and 
continued annually from #ahid on1       
resulted in the offering of the ,bennett
 trophy for international competition   
under conditions which may have been    
suggested by the ,america yacht cup     
races4 ,in ,january1 #aijj1 this was    
announced in ,paris1 and the custody of 
the trophy initially given to the       
,automobile ,club of ,france as the     
first and foremost champions of         
automobiling4 ,elaborate and excellent  
rules govern the annual competition for 
the trophy1 and the races are held in   
the country whose representative has won
 in the previous year4 ,in this way the 
first race was in ,france1 as well as   
the second1 and the #aijc race in       
,ireland1 while that of #aijd was held  
in ,germany1 but was won by a           
,frenchman1 so that the #aije race will 
again be held in the land of the        

original custodians of the trophy4      
,,index     ,adamson1 ,daniel1 #aeh     
,anderson1 ,james ,caleb1 #ade          
,andrews1 ,f41 #acg    ,armstrong1 #afc 
,automobile1 ,origin and ,development of
 the1 #aa     ,battin1 #aee    ,baynes1 
,john1 #abi    ,bennett1 ,james ,gordon1
 #agf    ,benz1 ,carl1 #id    ,bernhard1
 ,anthony1 #aed    ,blanchard1 #aba     
,blanchard1 ,thomas1 #fh    ,bolle1     
,amede1 #ij    ,bolle1 ,leon1 #agd      
,bordino1 ,chevalier1 #aci    ,boulton1 
,isaac ,w41 #afc    ,bouton1 ,g41 #aff  
,brown1 ,samuel1 #acc    ,brunton1      
,william1 #abg    ,burtsall1 ,t41 #acb  
,butler1 #afi     ,carrett1 ,w4 ,o41    
#aei    ,cartwright1 ,edmund1 #aca      
,church1 ,w4 ,h41 #hg    ,clement       
,adolf1 #age    ,clive1 #aci            
,copeland1 #aff    ,cowan1 ,t4 ,w41 #afb
    ,cugnot1 ,nicholas ,joseph1 #ca     
,daimler1 ,gottlieb1 #ie    ,dallery1   
,thomas ,charles ,auguste1 #abb         
,dance1 ,charles1 #adb    ,darracq1 ,a41
 #age    ,darwin1 ,erasmus1 #aah        

,davidson1 ,robert1 #adh    ,decauville1
 #agd    ,de ,detrich1 #aga    ,de      
,dion1 ,count ,a41 #afg    ,de ,knyff1  
,ren1 #age    ,delahaye1 ,emile1 #agj   
,dietz1 #add    ,dudgeon1 ,richard1 #aee
    ,dumbell1 ,john1 #abf    ,du ,quet1 
#abf     ,edgeworth1 ,richard ,lovell1  
#abj    ,evans1 ,oliver1 #ch            
,farfleur1 ,stephen1 #aab    ,field1    
,joshua1 #adc    ,fisher1 ,j4 ,k41 #aec 
,foreword1 #e    ,fourness1 ,robert1    
#abc     ,genevois1 ,j4 ,h41 #abf       
,gibbs1 #ada    ,goodman1 #aec          
,gordon1 ,david1 #ef    ,griffiths1     
,julius1 #acj    ,guedon1 ,joseph1 #agd 
,gurney1 ,goldsworthy1 #fd     ,hancock1
 ,walter1 #ga    ,harland1 #acg         
,hautsch1 ,johann1 #aaa    ,hayball1    
,charles ,t41 #afb    ,heaton1 ,w4 ,g41 
#adh    ,hill1 ,f41 #aej    ,holland1   
,t4 ,s41 #ace    ,huygens1 ,christiaan1 
#aaa     ,inventors1 ,pioneer1 #bi      
,investigators1 ,noted1 #aje     ,james1
 ,william ,henry1 #ei    ,james1        
,william ,t41 #gg    ,jeanteaud1        

,charles1 #afe    ,johnson1 #gj         
,kestler1 ,j4 ,s41 #aba    ,krieger1    
,louis1 #aga    ,knyff1 ,ren de1 #age   
,le ,blant1 #afi    ,leibnitz1          
,gottfried ,wilhelm von1 #aae           
,lenoir1 ,jean ,joseph ,etienne1 #hi    
,levassor1 #ii    ,lough and ,messenger1
 #aee     ,maceroni1 ,francis1 #gh      
,mackworth1 ,humphrey1 #aae    ,marcus1 
,siegfried1 #ic    ,masurier1 #aba      
,medhurst1 ,george1 #abd    ,messenger1 
#aee    ,millichap1 ,g41 #add    ,moore1
 ,francis1 #abj    ,mors1 #afi          
,murdock1 ,william1 #cd     ,nasmyth1   
,james1 #ace    ,neville1 ,james1 #acd  
,newton1 ,isaac1 #aac    ,norrgber1 #aec
    ,noted ,investigators1 #aje         
,ogle1 ,summers and1 #adj    ,origin and
 ,development of the ,automobile1 #aa   
,papin1 ,denis1 #aaf    ,parker1 ,t4    
,w41 #acc    ,pecqueur1 #ach            
,peugeot1 ,armand1 #afh    ,pioneer     
,inventors1 #bi    ,planta1 #aba        
,pochain1 #aga    ,pocock1 ,george1 #acc
    ,pyott1 ,l4 ,t41 #afd     ,raffard1 

#afe    ,ramsey1 ,david1 #aaj    ,ravel1
 ,pierre1 #afd    ,read1 ,nathan1 #dh   
,renault1 ,louis1 #aja    ,renault1     
,marcel1 #aja    ,richard1 ,eli1 #aad   
,richard1 ,georges1 #aga    ,richter1   
,a41 #afd    ,rickett1 ,thomas1 #aef    
,roberts1 ,richard1 #hb    ,robinson1   
#aah    ,roger1 #agj    ,roper1         
,sylvester ,haywood1 #afe    ,russell1  
,john ,scott1 #hc     ,salomons1 ,sir   
,david1 #agb    ,selden1 ,george ,b41   
#ia    ,serpollet1 ,leon1 #ajj          
,stirling1 #aei    ,stevin1 ,simon1 #aji
    ,summers and ,ogle1 #adj            
,symington1 ,william1 #de     ,tangye1  
,richard1 #afa    ,tindall1 ,thomas1    
#abi    ,thompson1 ,r4 ,w41 #aed        
,trevithick1 ,richard1 #ej              
,vaucauson1 #aag    ,vegelius1 #aad     
,verbiest1 ,fernando1 #aab    ,viney1   
,james1 #ach    ,vivian1 ,andrew1 #abe  
,volk1 ,magnus1 #afi    ,von ,leibnitz1 
,gottfried ,wilhelm1 #aae     ,ward1    
,radcliffe1 #afh    ,watt1 ,james1 #abb 
,wildgosse1 ,thomas1 #aaj     ,yates1   

#add