,illustration3 ,cover ,frontispiece3 ,railway ,map of ,china ,,changing ,,china ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,lord ,,william ,,gascoyne-,,cecil ,,assisted ,,by ,,lady ,,florence ,,cecil ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,and ,,company #aiab iii ,,preface ,our interest in ,china was first aroused by a letter from an old school-fellow1 ,arthur ,polhill1 who1 with heroic self-denial1 has spent the best part of his life in ,china as a missionary4 ,subsequently ,i joined the ,china ,emergency ,committee1 who in #aijg invited us to go out to the ,shanghai ,centenary ,conference4 ,that visit led naturally to a tour in ,china1 ,korea1 and ,japan4 ,when we returned we found that great interest was being felt at the ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge in the movement in the ,far ,east2 a ,committee was formed to study the whole question1 which accepted provisionally the idea of encouraging the foundation of a ,western ,university4 ,before finally accepting the idea it was felt that some one ought to go to the mission centres of ,china and find out the opinions of the missionaries working on the field1 and at the same time sound the ,chinese ,government and see whether it would be favourable to the scheme4 ,as a result of these deliberations1 the ,committee asked us in #aiji to go out again1 this time on behalf of the ,united ,universities ,scheme4 ,on our return it was suggested that if we put our report into the form of a book it might possibly excite interest in the whole question1 especially in the ,university scheme4 ,we were deeply impressed with two great facts--the greatness of the need of ,western education from a ,christian standpoint and the vital importance of immediate action4 iv ,not only did we seek information from ,english and ,american but also from ,french and ,italian missions as occasion offered4 ,we tested and compared this information by the information we got from that most enlightened and able body of men who form the consular body in ,china4 ,we are especially grateful to ,sir ,john ,jordan1 by whose great diplomatic skill both the position of ,england and the goodwill of the ,chinese are maintained4 ,it would be impossible even to record the names of all with whom we conversed1 but our thanks are especially due to the following friends1 not only for their generous hospitality1 but also for the patient and kind way in which they instructed us in the many difficult aspects of the ,chinese problem3-- ,sir ,john and ,lady ,jordan1 ,british ,legation1 ,peking4 ,h4,e4 the late ,chang-,chih-,tung4 ,h4,e4 the late ,prince ,ito4 ,h4,e4 ,tong-,shao-,yi4 ,h4,e4 ,tuan-,fang4 ,h4,e4 ,liang-,ten-,sen4 ,sir ,robert ,hart4 ,sir ,walter and ,lady ,hillier4 ,sir ,robert and ,lady ,breedon4 ,dr4 ,aspland of ,peking4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,avison of ,seoul4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,baird of ,pyeng-,yang4 ,bishop and ,mrs4 ,bashford of ,peking4 ,mr4 ,blair of ,pyeng-,yang4 ,m4 et ,mme4 ,boissonnas1 ,french ,legation1 ,peking4 ,mr4 ,bondfield of ,shanghai4 ,miss ,bonnell of ,shanghai4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,bonsey of ,hankow4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,booth of ,hankow4 ,miss ,brierley of ,wuchang4 ,bishop ,cassels of ,west ,china4 ,mr4 ,u4 ,k4 ,cheng of ,nanking4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,christie of ,mukden4 ,mr4 ,chun ,bing-,hun of ,shanghai4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,clarke of ,newchwang4 ,dr4 ,cochrane of ,peking4 ,consul-,general and ,mrs4 ,cockburn1 late of ,seoul4 ,miss ,corbett of ,peking4 ,mr4 ,deans of ,ichang4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,deeming of ,han-,yang4 ,dr4 ,du ,bose of ,soochow4 ,mr4 ,ede of ,shanghai4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,arnold ,foster of ,wuchang4 ,consul-,general and ,mrs4 ,fraser of ,hankow4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,gage of ,changsha4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,gibb of ,peking4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,gillieson of ,hankow4 ,dr4 ,glenton of ,wuchang4 ,bishop and ,mrs4 ,graves of ,jessfield1 ,shanghai4 ,dr4 and v ,mrs4 ,hawks ,pott of ,jessfield1 ,shanghai4 ,consul and ,mrs4 ,hewlett of ,changsha4 ,mr4 ,hollander of ,hankow4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,hoste of the ,c4,i4,m4 ,dr4 ,huntley of ,han-,yang4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,jackson of ,wuchang4 ,monseigneur ,jarlin1 ,pe-,t'ang1 ,peking4 ,dr4 ,griffith ,john of ,hankow4 ,miss ,joynt of ,hangchow4 ,the late ,miss ,keane of ,shanghai4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,keller of ,changsha4 ,consul and ,mrs4 ,king of ,nanking4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,lavington ,hart of ,tientsin4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,t4 ,liang of ,mukden4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,littell of ,hankow4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,lowry of ,peking4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,mac,intosh of ,tientsin4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,macklin of ,nanking4 ,dr4 ,macleod of ,shanghai4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,main of ,hangchow4 ,consul-,general and ,miss ,mansfield1 late of ,canton4 ,dr4 ,martin of ,peking4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,meigs of ,nanking4 ,miss ,miner of ,peking4 ,archdeacon and ,mrs4 ,moule of ,ningpo4 ,mr4 ,mun-,yew-,chung of ,shanghai4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,murray of ,peking4 ,mr4 ,norris of ,peking4 ,mr4 ,oberg of ,shanghai4 ,miss ,phelps of ,hankow4 ,mr4 ,arthur ,polhill of the ,c4,i4,m4 ,miss ,porter of ,peking4 ,bishop ,price of ,fukien4 ,deaconess ,ransome of ,peking4 ,m4 et ,mme4 ,ratard1 ,french ,consulate1 ,shanghai4 ,mr4 ,ready of ,changsha4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,gilbert ,reid of ,shanghai4 ,dr4 ,timothy ,richard of ,shanghai4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,ricketts of ,shan-hai-kwan4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,ridgley of ,wuchang4 ,bishop and ,mrs4 ,roots of ,hankow4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,ross of ,mukden4 ,miss ,russell of ,peking4 ,bishop ,scott of ,north ,china4 ,mrs4 ,scranton of ,seoul4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,sedgwick of ,tientsin4 ,mr4 ,shen-,tun-,lo of ,shanghai4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,sherman of ,hankow4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,smalley of ,shanghai4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,sparham of ,hankow4 ,mr4 ,sprent of ,newchwang4 ,mr4 ,squire of ,ichang4 ,mr and ,mrs4 ,stockman of ,ichang4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,symons of ,shanghai4 ,taotai ,j4 ,c4 ,tong of ,shanghai4 ,taotai ,s4 ,t4 ,tsng of ,nanking4 ,mr4 ,james ,tsong of ,wuchang4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,turley of ,mukden4 ,bishop ,turner of ,korea4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,upward of ,hankow4 ,dean and ,mrs4 ,walker of ,shanghai4 ,miss ,wambold of ,seoul4 ,consul-,general ,sir ,pelham and ,miss ,warren of ,shanghai4 ,mr4 ,warren of ,changsha4 ,mr4 ,watson of ,mukden4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,weir of ,chemulpo4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,wells of ,pyeng-,yang4 ,consul and ,mrs4 ,willis of ,mukden4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,wilson of ,changsha4 ,mr4 ,yih-,ming-,tsah of ,shanghai4 ,pre ,recteur of ,ziccawei1 ,shanghai1 and many others4 vi ,the following books were consulted3-- ,among the ,mongols3 by ,james ,gilmour1 ,m4,a4 ,annuaire ,calendrire pour #aiji4 ,appeal1 ,an3 by ,h4 ,e4 ,t'ang-,k'ai-,sun4 ,buddhism in ,china3 by ,rev4 ,s4 ,beal4 ,catholic ,church in ,china1 ,the3 by ,rev4 ,bertram ,wolferstan1 ,s4,j4 ,catholic ,encyclopdia of ,missions4 ,century of ,missions in ,china3 by ,d4 ,mac,gillivray4 ,china and the ,allies3 by ,a4 ,henry ,savage ,landor4 ,china in ,transformation3 by ,a4 ,r4 ,colquhoun4 ,china's ,book of ,martyrs3 by ,luella ,miner4 ,china's ,only ,hope3 an ,appeal by her greatest ,viceroy1 ,chang-,chih-,tung4 ,chin-,chin3 by ,tcheng-,ki-,tong4 ,chinese ,characteristics3 by ,dr4 ,arthur ,smith4 ,chinese ,classics1 ,the3 ,legge's ,translation4 ,chinese ,empire1 ,the3 by ,marshall ,broomhall4 ,chinese ,shi-,king3 by ,jennings4 ,chinese1 ,the3 by ,j4 ,s4 ,thomson4 ,development of ,religion in ,japan3 by ,knox4 ,diplomatic and ,consular ,reports1 #aije-aijh4 ,early ,chinese ,history3 by ,h4 ,j4 ,allen4 ,educational ,conquest of the ,far ,east1 ,the3 by ,lewis4 ,education in the ,far ,east3 by ,thwing4 ,embassy to ,china3 by ,lord ,m',cartney4 ,four ,books1 ,the3 ,anonymous4 ,griffith ,john3 by ,r4 ,wardlaw ,thompson4 ,john ,chinaman3 by ,e4 ,h4 ,parker4 ,history of ,china1 ,the3 by ,boulger4 ,indiscreet ,letters from ,peking3 by ,putnam ,weale4 ,les ,missions ,catholiques ,franaises aux ,,xix4 ,sicle3 by ,pre ,j4 ,b4 ,piolet1 ,s4,j4 ,life and ,works of ,mencius3 by ,legge4 ,martyred ,missionaries of the ,china ,inland ,mission1 edited by ,marshall ,broomhall4 ,mission in ,china1 ,a3 by ,soothill4 ,mission ,methods in ,manchuria3 by ,john ,ross1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,china and ,old3 by ,archdeacon ,moule4 ,original ,religion of ,china3 by ,john ,ross1 ,d4,d4 ,pastor ,hsi3 by ,mrs4 ,taylor4 ,railway ,enterprise in ,china3 by ,p4 ,h4 ,kent4 ,religions in ,china3 by ,edkins4 ,religious ,system of ,china3 by ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 vol4 v4 ,sidelights on ,chinese ,life3 by ,mac,gowan4 ,taoist ,tests4 ,things ,chinese3 by ,j4 ,dyer ,ball4 ,troubles de ,chine1 ,les3 par ,raoul ,allier4 ,uplift of ,china1 ,the3 by ,arthur ,smith4 vii ,,contents ,,china ,,in ,,transition ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,what ,,has ,,awakened ,,china8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #c ,,ii4 ,,what ,,china ,,means ,,to ,,the ,,world 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bj ,,iii4 ,,oriental ,,and ,,occidental 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cf ,,iv4 ,,foreign ,,relations ,,of ,,china 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dd ,v4 ,,chinese ,,civilisation--,,its ,,weak ,,side 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ef ,,vi4 ,,chinese ,,civilisation--,,its ,,good ,,side 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gj ,,vii4 ,,railways ,,and ,,rivers 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hj ,,viii4 ,,the ,,cities ,,of ,,china 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ie ,,ix4 ,,opium 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajg ,x4 ,,the ,,women',s ,,question 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aba ,,xi4 ,,chinese ,,architecture 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acg ,,religions ,,of ,,china ,,and ,,the ,,missionary ,,xii4 ,,religions ,,in ,,china 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adg ,,xiii4 ,,confucian ,,philosophy ,,and ,,western ,,culture 4 4 4 4 4 #afc ,,xiv4 ,,interview ,,at ,,nanking 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agb ,,xv4 ,,roman ,,catholic ,,missions ,,in ,,china 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahc ,,xvi4 ,,other ,,missions 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aih ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,effect ,,of ,,western ,,literature ,,in ,,china 4 4 4 4 #bjg ,,xviii4 ,,medical ,,missions 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bbj ,,xix4 ,,movement ,,in ,,korea ,,and ,,manchuria 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcb ,,xx4 ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,christianity ,,in ,,china 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bdb ,,the ,,new ,,and ,,the ,,old ,,learning ,,xxi4 ,,education1 ,,chiefly ,,missionary 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bec ,,xxii4 ,,government ,,educational ,,system 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bff ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,same ,,in ,,practice 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bgi ,,xxiv4 ,,difficulties ,,in ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,education 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bic ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,need ,,of ,a ,,university ,,explained 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cje ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,need ,,of ,a ,,university ,,explained 7continued7 4 4 #cag ,,xxvii4 ,,conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cbe ,,appendix ,,will ,,russia ,,be ,,represented ,,on ,,the ,,mission ,,field8 4 4 4 4 4 #cbi ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ccg #c ,,china ,,in ,,transition ,,chapter ,i ,,what ,,has ,,awakened ,,china8 ,for centuries ,china has been the land that never moved4 ,it had a political history full of wars and bloodshed1 of intrigue and murder2 periods of prosperity and enlightenment2 periods of darkness and desolation2 but the country remained essentially the same country4 ,there might be some small alteration in its customs1 but ,china was distinctly unprogressive4 ,and everybody who knew ,china ten or fifteen years ago was prepared to prophesy that it would continue to remain unprogressive4 ,many a missionary speaks of the ,china that he used to know as a very different land from the ,china of to-day4 ,it used to be a sort of ,rip ,van ,winkle land that had slept a thousand years1 and showed every sign of remaining asleep for another thousand4 ,mrs4 ,arnold ,foster told us that when she first came to ,wuchang she used to see the soldiers dressed medivally1 learning to make faces to inspire terror in the hearts of the adversary4 ,monseigneur ,jarlin1 the head of the ,french mission in ,peking1 described the ,china of olden times by saying that in his young days all ,chinamen had a rooted contempt for everything ,western4 ,theirs was the #d only civilised land4 ,the ,west was the land of barbarism4 ,now1 he added1 the positions are reversed2 every ,chinaman despises ,china1 and is convinced that from the ,west comes the light of civilisation4 ,arch-deacon ,moule tells how he sailed out to ,china in a sailing ship1 and found a land absolutely indifferent to the existence of the ,west--more ignorant of the ,west than the ,west was of the ,east1 and that1 when he was young1 was saying a great deal2 and now he finds himself in a land that has telephones and motor cars and takes an active interest in flying machines4 ,china has fundamentally altered4 ,she used to be absolutely the most conservative land in the world4 ,now she is a land which is seeing so many radical changes1 that a missionary said1 when ,i asked him a question about ,china1 ,you must not rely on me1 for ,i left ,china three months ago1 so that what ,i say may be out of date4 ,china is now progressive2 yes1 young ,china believes intensely in progress1 with an optimistic spirit which reminds the onlooker more of the ,french pre-,revolution spirit than of anything else4 ,and this intense belief in progress shows itself at every turn2 the ,yamen runner has become a policeman1 towns are having the benefit of water-works1 schools are being opened everywhere1 railways cover the land4 ,one may well ask what has accomplished this change1 what has awakened ,china8 ,perhaps1 like many other great events in history1 #e this change of opinion in ,china should be attributed to more than one cause4 ,there are two chief causes4 ,one may be small1 but it is not insignificant2 the other is certainly great and obvious4 ,the less appreciated factor that is causing the regeneration of ,china is ,christianity2 the larger and more obvious factor is the new national movement4 ,the cause of the new national movement was the sense of humiliation brought about by political events culminating in the battle of ,mukden1 where a flagrant act of insolent contempt for the laws of neutrality was felt all the more deeply because ,china had to submit to that which she was powerless to resist4 ,the events of the last few years are so well known that ,i must ask the indulgence of the reader in recapitulating them4 ,china1 confident in the number of her people1 which reached to a quarter of the world's population1 attempted to assert her rights of suzerainty over ,korea against ,japan4 ,she had not realised then that ,japan was no longer an ,eastern power1 where knights with two-handed swords did deeds of valour and won for themselves everlasting renown4 ,and when at ,ping-yang the armies met1 the ,chinese ,general ascended a hill that he might direct the armies of the ,celestial ,empire with a fan4 ,he conceived the battle to be merely a small affair1 where a fan could be seen by all the officers engaged4 ,the result was1 of course1 that the ,german-trained ,japanese army had a very easy victory4 ,the war ended in the taking of ,port ,arthur by the ,japanese1 #f and ,china was in the humiliating position of having to appeal to ,western countries to secure her territory4 ,so far1 however1 the sting of her humiliation gave to ,china a sense of resentment against all foreigners1 rather than a sense of repentance for her own shortcomings1 and the missionaries found hostility to their work in every part of ,china4 ,that hostility resulted in the murder of two ,german ,roman ,catholic missionaries in ,shantung4 ,the well-known action of ,germany in demanding a cession of territory as a punishment for this murder may have been a good stroke of policy1 but it has brought but little honour either to ,germany or to ,christianity4 ,in fact it may be regarded as a most regrettable action from a missionary point of view1 for it convinced the ,chinese that the missionary was but a part of the civil administration of a hostile country1 and that if ,china was to be preserved from the foreigner1 missionaries must be induced to leave the country4 ,a deep feeling of national resentment spread over the land1 which was encouraged by some in authority4 ,the direct connection between ,government patronage of the anti-foreign movement and the ,german occupation of ,kiauchau can be deduced from the fact that the ,governor who was responsible for the awful murders in ,shansi had been ,governor of ,shantung when ,germany took ,kiauchau4 ,the result of this bitter feeling was the creation of a secret and patriotic society which concealed the nature of its propaganda under a name with a double #g meaning4 ,the ,boxer ,society was1 as its name suggests1 apparently an athletic society--a society which had for its object the encouragement of the art of self-defence4 ,but the name had another signification4 ,its real object1 as a ,chinaman explained to me1 was to knock the heads of the foreigners off4 ,it was a religious as well as a political movement1 however4 ,it had its prophets1 who did wonders or were thought to do them1 and its disciples were believed to be invulnerable to any ,western weapon4 ,it protested against the movement towards ,western ideas1 which it regarded as immoral2 it condemned and destroyed everything ,western1 from straw hats and cigarettes to mission houses and railways2 its disciples believed that the spirits that defend ,china were angry at the introduction of ,western things1 that they were withholding the rain so necessary to the light loess land of that district1 and that the only way they could be propitiated was by the sacrifice of a ,western life or by the destruction of a ,western building4 ,one of the things that precipitated the siege of ,peking was the apparent success of such an action4 ,in pursuance of their faith1 the ,boxers set a light to the rail-head station of the half-made ,hankow-,peking railway1 a place called ,pao-ting-fu2 the station was a mere wooden barrack1 and blazed up merrily with an imposing column of smoke2 hardly had the smoke reached the heavens1 when the sky was overcast with heavy thunder-clouds1 and in a short time the thirsty land received the long-wished-for rain1 and the ,boxer #h prophets pointed with sinister effect to the heavenly confirmation of their doctrine4 ,it is necessary to remind the reader of the religious aspect of ,boxerdom1 so that he shall realise what its fall meant to many ,chinese4 ,really their faith in it was wonderful4 ,a ,boxer1 for instance1 at the siege of ,peking walked composedly in front of the ,legation1 waving his sword and performing mystic signs2 the soldiers first of one then of another ,legation fired on him with no effect2 probably his coolness put out their aim4 ,another example of their credulity was told me at ,newchwang4 ,the ,russians had occupied ,newchwang1 and1 more suo1 were pacifying it2 they were shooting all the ,boxers on whom they could lay hands1 and1 ,i am afraid1 a great number who were not ,boxers4 ,they chained one of these fanatics to a stone seat with the intention of executing him2 but they thought they might get some useful information out of him1 so they asked an ,englishman who spoke ,chinese perfectly to make inquiries of him1 giving him authority to offer a respite as a reward4 ,he went to the prisoner1 and sitting down by him1 tried to induce him to save his life by giving information1 but he was met by a contemptuous refusal2 and when he pointed out that the firing party was there1 the misguided man merely said1 ,i am a ,boxer1 and their bullets cannot hurt me4 ,another minute1 of course1 proved his error4 ,but his firmness showed the reality of his conviction4 ,sometimes this fanaticism had curious results4 #i ,a ,boxer prophet assured the village that no works of the ,west could hurt him1 no bullet could harm him1 no train could crush him4 ,as a railway ran near the village1 he and all the inhabitants adjourned thither to put his invulnerability to the test4 ,the daily train came puffing along1 as the ,boxer1 waving his sword1 stood right in its path4 ,the driver was a ,european1 and seeing some one on the line1 pulled up his train to avoid running over him4 ,the ,boxer pointed to the train triumphantly1 and the astonished villagers became ,boxers4 ,there was1 however1 a sceptic who refused to believe1 so next day they repaired again to the line1 and the ,boxer again made his passes and uttered his charms4 ,alas for him6 this time the driver was a ,chinaman1 and he was not going to stop his master's train because a coolie fellow got in the way1 so he put on full steam and cut him to pieces1 and the village deserted the ,boxer faith to a man4 ,with the relief of ,peking1 the ,boxer ,society fell2 but the popular view was not that ,boxer teaching was false1 but that the spirits behind ,western religion were stronger than those behind ,boxerdom4 ,so one of the immediate results of the fall of the ,boxers was to establish the spiritual prestige of ,christianity2 the second result was to inspire the ,chinese with a respect for the military power of the foreigner4 ,the ,boxers had failed1 the foreign powers had taken ,peking1 the ,son of ,heaven had become a fugitive2 all this was gall and #aj wormwood to the ,chinaman4 ,the sack of ,peking was especially felt1 both because of the wanton destruction that was committed--one informant told me he saw a vase worth #bjj smashed into a thousand atoms by a drunken soldier--and because the enlightened ,chinese knew very well that no civilised city is sacked at the present time1 and that they were being treated as no other race is now treated4 ,yet the old spirit of pride prevented them learning completely the full truth4 ,the thinking ,chinaman was still disposed to attribute the victory of the ,west to the superior fighting powers of ,western men4 ,a ,chinese gentleman1 explaining the fear his people have of ,europeans1 said1 ,they regard you as tigers4 ,the troops who sacked ,peking were to the thinking ,chinaman but another example of the well-known truth1 that those nearer the savage state fight better than civilised men1 and really1 considering the behaviour of some of the ,european troops1 no surprise can be felt at this conclusion2 it needed another lesson to make them finally and thoroughly realise the superiority of our civilisation4 ,the bitterness of their next humiliation made them ready to learn as they had never been before in the whole of their history1 and events provided them with teachers who taught them that the cause of this humiliation was their refusal to accept ,western ideas1 and that if they would maintain #aa their independence they must learn the art of war from their conquerors4 ,after the siege of ,peking came the ,russo-,japanese war4 ,the ,russians had long been known and feared by the ,chinese2 they were to the ,chinese mind the embodiment of the warlike and blood-thirsty spirit of the ,west2 they were hated for their cruelty and feared for their prowess4 ,the awful story of the massacre of ,blagovestchensk in #aijj was still present to the popular mind4 ,the story was this4 ,the ,amur divides ,china from ,siberia4 ,when the ,boxer movement broke out the ,russians required all the ,chinese to go to their side of the river2 but with sinister intent1 they removed all the boats1 so that no one could cross4 ,the ,chinese pointed this out1 and the respectable merchants of the town presented a petition saying they were ready to obey the ,russian ,government in everything1 but without the boats they could not do so2 but the ,russians insisted that boats or no boats1 they must cross the ,amur2 they protested1 but in vain2 a half-circle was formed round them by the soldiery1 and the whole ,chinese population of the city was driven into the river at the point of the bayonet4 ,the ,japanese were also well known to the ,chinese2 they had been till lately1 when the ,western movement had altered everything in ,japan1 their pupils in civilisation4 ,the ,japanese believed in ,confucius1 used ,chinese characters1 worshipped in ,buddhist temples1 sacrificed to ancestors1 in fact #ab were in ,chinese estimation a civilised race1 though inferior of course to themselves4 ,when these two antagonists met in ,manchuria1 the war could not fail to make a deep impression on ,china4 ,to begin with1 it was an insult surpassing that of the sack of ,peking to the ,chinese amour propre1 to have the war carried on in ,manchuria4 ,russia and ,japan were disputing over ,korea1 and both nations were at peace with ,china4 ,russia might have invaded ,japan2 ,japan might have invaded ,russia1 or both might have met in ,korea1 but what they did was to select a province of a neutral ,state and decide that there should be the scene of conflict4 ,what made this more striking was that they agreed to respect the neutrality of the rest of ,china2 in fact they selected their battle-ground with the same equanimity as if ,china and her national rights did not exist4 ,but the deepest impression made on the ,chinese was by the victory of the ,eastern over the ,western4 ,the ,japanese demonstrated that there was no essential inferiority of the ,east to the ,west1 and that when an ,eastern race adopted ,western military methods it proved itself superior to the most powerful of the ,western races4 ,this was the lesson the battle of ,mukden taught the ,chinese1 and which convinced the anti-foreign party in ,china1 that however much they might hate the foreigner1 they must adopt ,western methods if they would retain their independence4 ,the result was that the progressive and #ac anti-foreign parties found themselves at one4 ,both agreed that ,western ideas were necessary4 ,the first1 because they believed in ,western progress2 the second1 because they felt that the only way to preserve ,china from the hated foreigner was to learn the secret of his military power4 ,the first thing to be done was to study ,western education1 and then they could hope to hold their own against the ,western races1 as ,japan had more than held her own against the ,russians4 ,i believe the battle of ,mukden will prove one of the turning points in the history of the world4 ,few of us have any conception of the bitterness of the humiliation of ,china4 ,people speak of ,russia as having been humiliated1 but my experience is that the ,russians looked at the whole question as a colonial war in which a bungling ,government embroiled their country--a war which1 if it demonstrated the incapacity of their officers1 proved the courage of their soldiers4 ,but the humiliation of ,china was intense4 ,when one remembers the position that the ,emperor occupies in ,china2 when one also remembers the reverential feeling that exists towards ancestors1 one realises what it must have meant to the ,chinaman that the site of the tombs of their ,emperors should have been the scene of that titanic struggle between the ,east and the ,west4 ,but the result of that humiliation was to burn in the lesson that ,japan had taken the right course1 and that1 however hateful were #ad ,western ways1 they were a necessity1 and that every lover of ,china must do his best to introduce them into the ,empire4 ,of course there are many ,chinamen--nay1 ,i should think a vast majority--who intend to preserve to ,china the essential points of the ,confucian civilisation2 they mean to accept ,western ideas only in so far as they are necessary to struggle against the ,west4 ,some1 no doubt1 definitely admire the ,west1 but most are anxious for a compromise2 they want to preserve ,china with its customs1 with its essential thought1 but to strengthen it by foreign knowledge and a foreign military system4 ,the exact degree of what should be preserved in ,china and what should be destroyed and replaced by ,western innovations1 differs according to the age and the temperament of the thinkers1 but the principle is most generally accepted--,western thought must be grafted on to ,eastern civilisation4 ,when we remember the size of ,china1 we may well ask ourselves what effect this policy will have on the rest of the world4 ,we have at present a period of reflection1 for how long we cannot tell4 ,the task of welding ,east and ,west into one whole is in practice proving difficult1 and at present failure is very often the result2 but with ,japan as a successful example1 and with the threat of national extinction and foreign domination before them1 the ,chinese can never give up the effort2 and whatever the exact result may be1 ,i think one may assert #ae without rashness that not only will it fundamentally alter the whole of ,china1 but through ,china affect the whole world4 ,while detailing the causes which have created the national movement which is now inducing ,china to make every effort to perfect her defences against foreign aggressions1 we must not forget that the awakening of ,china has a higher side1 and one which we can attribute directly and indirectly to ,christianity4 ,the influence of ,christianity can be traced back to the seventh century when missions of ,nestorian ,christians came to ,thibet and ,china2 they left behind them1 it is true1 no converts1 but their influence was probably felt through the power that ,lamaism had had over a great part of the ,eastern world4 ,a learned ,japanese1 discussing this subject1 said that no one could study ,lamaism and ,buddhism without realising how intimately it had been in touch with some form of ,christianity4 ,later on the great ,roman ,catholic missions1 initiated by ,st4 ,francis ,xavier in the thirteenth century1 began to work in ,china1 and have slowly but surely raised up a large population who have been ,christians for many generations4 ,their missions were interrupted by persecutions1 but with varying and lately increasing success they have maintained themselves ever since4 ,in #ahjg the pioneer of ,protestant missions1 ,dr4 ,morrison1 began his work and the translation of the ,bible into ,chinese4 ,the work increased1 his mission was followed by other missions1 which pursued #af a policy even more influential in altering the opinion of ,china2 not only did they with great heroism preach the ,gospel in every province of ,china1 but they took two actions which have affected ,china in a very special degree4 ,first the ,american missions made the very greatest effort to get hold of intelligent ,chinese men1 both ,christian and non-,christian1 to teach them ,western knowledge1 so that they might understand how intimately ,christianity was connected with ,christian thought4 ,the result of their efforts has been that there are a considerable number of enlightened ,chinese gentry who are either ,christians or who have a great sympathy with the ,christian side of ,western civilisation4 ,sometimes they educated these men in ,china1 sometimes they induced them to go to ,america for their education2 and there they were brought into contact with the intense1 yet rather narrow1 ,new ,england ,christianity4 ,i had the honour of meeting many of these men in ,china1 and ,i was convinced that they have no small part in her awakening4 ,the ,english and ,american missionaries1 under the leadership of ,dr4 ,williamson1 inaugurated a second policy1 which has had far-reaching results in causing the changes in ,china4 ,the ,christian ,literature ,society was started to supply the ,chinese with translations of the best ,western literature4 ,they were followed by ,chinese imitators who were also ,christians1 and who founded a ,chinese ,commercial #ag ,press4 ,these two bodies have given to ,china a vast amount of ,western literature1 the first on philanthropic lines with the definite intention of spreading ,christianity1 the second on a commercial basis but with the intention of presenting to their fellow-countrymen the purer and more beautiful side of ,western thought4 ,the publications of these two bodies reach1 ,i am told1 to every educated man in ,china4 ,if the humiliations of public events made the ,chinese willing to study ,western civilisation1 it was these men who afforded them the means of studying and understanding the best side of that civilisation4 ,but perhaps those who have done most to give the ,chinese a proper conception of ,christianity are the ,bible ,societies1 especially the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society4 ,ever since1 with the optimism of faith1 the translation of the ,scriptures by ,dr4 ,morrison was published in #ahad1 they have been scattering the ,christian ,scriptures throughout the whole of ,china1 from ,mongolia to ,tonkin1 and ,i am told that those ,scriptures are read by men in the highest positions and with the most conservative antecedents in the whole empire4 ,it cannot be doubted that the indirect fruit of their work has been very great indeed4 ,china has1 through the agencies of these bodies1 been brought into close contact with ,christian thought1 and has at last realised the true nature of our religion4 ,lastly1 there has been the influence of those who #ah died for the ,christian faith during the many persecutions to which ,christianity has been exposed1 and which culminated in the ,boxer persecution4 ,if ,germany1 by her action in ,shantung1 put before ,china a false and most repellent view of ,christianity1 the heroic sufferings of the martyred missionaries1 both yellow and white1 presented ,christianity to a wondering world in its purest aspect4 ,after those thousands of ,christians had suffered in ,shan-si1 the ,home bodies1 especially the ,china ,inland ,mission1 refused to take any compensation for the blood that had been shed in the cause of the ,gospel4 ,the ,chinese were then convinced that the ,german presentation of ,christianity was not the only one2 if ,germany could look on ,christianity only as a stalking horse behind which she could creep up to her prey1 the ,english-speaking races had a holier ideal to teach and one which was more consonant with the words of the ,founder of our religion4 ,the sufferings of the ,christians were intense1 their heroism was great1 but the result has been commensurate with their efforts1 and an awakening ,china looks to our countries1 not solely to teach her the art of war and of killing men1 but also to teach her the great thoughts and the great religion which has before her very eyes proved capable of producing such noble men and women4 ,the awakening of ,china has two aspects4 ,from one aspect ,china is awakening to the value of the science and the arts of the ,west2 from the other #ai ,china is awakening to the fact that there is in the ,west a power which comes from goodness1 and that goodness has its root in ,christian faith4 ,it is this twofold aspect of the awakening of ,china which is so important to bear in mind1 for if she is to share in our civilisation in the future1 it is both our duty and our interest to see that this great world-movement is encouraged to develop on its higher side4 #bj ,,chapter ,,ii ,,what ,,china ,,means ,,to ,,the ,,world ,the day is past when any one in ,europe1 whether ,christian or non-,christian1 can be indifferent to what is happening in ,china4 ,the ,christian has indeed been for a long time alive to the importance of these developments1 but the ordinary citizen with no strong religious views has usually neither displayed nor felt any interest in a country separated from us by so many miles and by such an untraversable gulf in thought and language4 ,if the ,christian has urged the importance of ,chinese missions1 his neighbours have answered by asking him why he cannot leave the ,chinese to themselves and to their own religion4 ,whatever justice the opponent of missions in times past may have thought he had for this view1 he cannot now maintain that the ,chinese question is one which may be put on one side by any thoughtful man4 ,the movements of this vast mass of humanity1 amounting to a quarter of the population of the world1 cannot but fail to have a very real and vital effect on the whole civilised world4 ,the revolution that is affecting ,china brings ,europe and ,america into close contact with a #ba country equal to ,europe in size1 and not far inferior in productive power4 ,a few years ago ,china was so far away that except as an outlet for trade it had little interest for people here4 ,the voyage occupied many months and was esteemed a hazardous journey1 owing to the dangerous coasts and typhoons of the ,china seas4 ,now a train-de-luxe conveys the traveller in a fortnight across ,asia to ,peking1 and if the accommodation on the ,chinese part of the railway is not altogether luxurious1 the traveller remembers that it is far superior to that on the first railways opened in our own land4 ,the journey is of course tedious1 but the fact that business men in the north of ,china are talking of always spending their summer holidays in ,england1 will show how close ,china is now to ,europe4 ,it is no exaggeration to say that in reckoning distance by the time it takes to complete the journey1 ,china is nearer to ,england than ,london was to ,scotland in the days of ,dr4 ,johnson1 while in point of comfort and convenience there is no comparison4 ,the journey from ,london to ,peking is far easier at the present day than the journey from ,london to ,edinburgh in the days of ,johnson's famous trip to the ,hebrides4 ,if in this way we are getting closer to ,china1 we are still more growing closer in thought4 ,no longer can we speak of a gulf that separates us from ,china4 ,every year ,english is becoming more and more the language of educated men in #bb ,east2 even though we cannot read their books1 they are reading ours either in translations or in the original4 ,japan has set the example of having ,english taught universally in her high schools1 and now ,china is following her example4 ,a foreigner1 talking about ,esperanto1 remarked3 ,what would be the use of making an universal language8 ,english1 at any rate in the ,east1 is the universal language4 ,that barbarous patois1 pidgin or business ,english1 lives still in ,china4 ,it consists of ,english roots1 enlarged by the addition of ,portuguese words1 put into ,chinese idiom and pronounced ,chinese fashion4 ,but pidgin ,english is fast giving way to pure ,english1 spoken most commonly with a marked ,american accent4 ,if this growing proximity of ,china compels the attention of the civilised world1 the virgin wealth of her mineral resources and the cheapness of her labour have excited the cupidity of the ,western capitalist1 and it is daily more obvious that ,china must become the centre of international politics1 therefore the extent to which she will affect the rest of the world should be a matter for careful consideration4 ,india1 it will be urged1 has long been in contact with ,europe1 and the effect on ,europe is small4 ,why should there be any difference when another ,oriental race comes in close proximity with ,europe8 ,putting on one side the fact that ,india has1 both in trade and in politics1 had a very great effect on ,england1 it can be answered that there is an essential difference between the #bc brown inhabitants of ,india and the yellow race4 ,the former are1 through religion or custom1 unable to accommodate themselves to the conditions of ,western civilisation2 the latter have shown themselves such adepts at accepting ,western life that they have excelled the white man1 to his great annoyance1 in his own civilisation4 ,the ,chinaman1 who is forbidden to enter ,america1 ,australia1 and ,south ,africa1 is refused admittance1 not because he has been untried or because he has been tried and found wanting1 but because he has been tried in the three continents and found by all who have tried him eminently efficient--so efficient that if he were allowed to continue in those countries1 he would soon render the presence of the white settler unnecessary4 ,he has been tried in three just balances and been found of such value that the white voter is unanimous in demanding his exclusion4 ,but even the most aggressive ,chinese exclusionist can scarcely hope to exclude him from his own country1 and the ,chinaman who stays at home is probably a better man than the ,chinaman who goes abroad4 ,western civilisation may be expected to grow with equal rapidity in ,china as it has in ,japan4 ,obviously ,japan is the precedent that ,china will follow rather than ,india1 whether ,hindu or ,mohammedan4 ,a few years ago a man would have been classed as an eccentric who dared foretell that ,russia would be defeated by ,japan4 ,when ,japan talked about going to war with ,russia1 ,russia laughed4 ,who #bd can tell how we shall speak of ,china a few years hence8 ,for ,japan after all is only the same size in population as ,great ,britain1 but ,china is eight times as large4 ,there are three ways in which ,china may affect ,europe4 ,militarily1 she may menace her by her enormous armies enlisted from her vast population4 ,commercially1 she may afford an outlet for our trade far greater than we possess at the present time1 and perhaps be a competitor in trade and a place where the capital of ,europe will be invested4 ,morally1 she may either depress or elevate our social morals4 ,perhaps the reader may be inclined to smile at the idea of ,china being in a higher moral condition than ,europe1 so as to be able to react on her beneficially1 but stranger things have happened2 and if ,europe follows the example of ,france in deterioration1 and ,china continues to advance with the same rapidity1 ,china might easily excel ,europe in morals4 ,let us first deal with the question from the military point of view4 ,the military authorities who know the ,chinese seem to be equally divided in opinion2 many are confident that they are an unwarlike race1 others maintain and bring evidence to prove that under competent officers they have great military qualities4 ,a few years ago1 for instance1 the development of the military power of ,china was regarded as a possible danger to the world1 and especially to ,england or ,russia4 ,it was pointed out that ,china might easily #be descend with a huge army on to ,india in the distant future1 or she might turn her arms northward and conquer the wide districts of ,siberia4 ,now the popular view is the reverse1 and the military power of ,china is regarded as a thing incapable of great development4 ,a ,japanese diplomatist with whom we discussed the question ridiculed the idea of the yellow peril and smiled at the suggestion that ,china could ever be a nation great in war4 ,certainly her present military power can be safely ignored except in ,manchuria2 whether that power is capable of development is a moot point4 ,believers in the war-like possibilities of ,china point out that as a matter of fact ,china is by right of conquest suzerain to such warlike races as the ,tibetans and the ,ghurkas1 and that her empire reaches as far as ,turkestan4 ,in answer it is urged that the victors were not the ,chinese1 but the conquerors and present rulers of the ,chinese1 the northern ,manchus2 who1 till they were absorbed by ,chinese civilisation1 spoke a different language and wrote a different character4 ,the ,manchus are far from being extinct1 though through years of sensual indulgence they have lost their virility2 but the discipline of religion or the call of a national emergency might restore the war-like qualities of the race4 ,it was only in #agib that the ,chinese1 under ,sund ,fo1 defeated the ,ghurkas1 and we must allow that a race who could defeat these gallant soldiers must be skilled and brave in war4 ,on the other hand ,i was assured that the ,manchus1 #bf so far from showing any courage in the war with ,japan1 were the first to flee1 and that they differ in nothing from the ,chinese except that they are pensioners and ride horses4 ,those who disbelieve in the courage of the ,chinese say the ,chinese never had any courage except of a passive order2 that they would endure suffering against any race on earth1 and that their whole history tells that tale2 that they have been subject in turn to the ,mongols1 the ,kins1 and the ,manchus2 and that the period of the ,ming dynasty when they were free1 was only because the ,mongols had reduced every nation within many thousands of miles to subjection1 and then they themselves had fallen a prey1 not to the ,chinese arms directly1 but to the enervating and destructive effects of ,chinese civilisation which rendered them absolutely unable to fight4 ,those who argue in this way point to that great feature of ,chinese scenery1 the fortified wall4 ,that ,great ,wall of ,china1 climbing hill and dale1 was built to keep the northern and warlike tribes from harrying the peace-loving and industrious ,chinaman4 ,behind that wall lie nothing but fortress after fortress2 every city is walled1 and those walls tell their own tale4 ,a warlike race never dwells in walled cities4 ,when the traveller enters ,japan after visiting ,china1 the first thing which strikes him is the absence of walled cities4 ,the villages and towns lie along the roads as they do in our own country instead of clustering behind the tall and gloomy walls of ,china4 #bg ,again1 those who say the ,chinese will never fight1 point out that they have never been able to reduce two savage races right in their midst1 the ,maios and ,lolos4 ,one devoted missionary who had spent many years of his life in the thankless task of attempting to approach these savage ,lolos1 gave us an interesting account of the relation between the ,lolos and the ,chinese which certainly does not show that the ,chinese have much military skill4 ,the ,lolos are a sort of ,highland caterans who live in the mountains in the west of ,china1 and from time to time raid the peace-loving ,chinese villages4 ,the ,chinese then retaliate by organising a large force1 who advance on the ,lolo country and burn their villages4 ,the ,lolos rarely offer any direct resistance1 as they realise they are hopelessly outnumbered1 but take an opportunity to raid another village and to slaughter hundreds of defenceless ,chinese4 ,if the forces are anything like equal1 the ,lolos will fight1 and even sometimes when the forces are wholly unequal4 ,on one occasion seven ,lolos and two women put to flight three hundred ,chinese soldiers1 killing forty and wounding many more4 ,the ,chinese consequently live in considerable fear of those ,highland barbarians1 whose fierce yells and savage onslaught produce absolute panic in their troops4 ,officers who have commanded ,chinese troops seem generally to believe in their capabilities4 ,gordon1 for instance1 spoke in the highest terms of the soldiers who formed his ever victorious army1 and the #bh ,english officers who commanded the ,weihaiwei regiment and those who commanded the ,chinese volunteers at the siege of ,peking spoke equally well of their men4 ,it is reported that the ,chinese soldiers at the siege of ,tientsin would carry the wounded back out of the range of fire when no ,european soldiers could be found ready to perform this dangerous task1 but of this story ,i could find no first-hand confirmation4 ,but whether the ,chinese in times to come will develop an efficient army or whether they do not1 the most competent judges affirm that ,chinese military greatness will always make for peace2 that they will never wage a war of aggression2 and that1 so far from being a menace to the world1 they will prove to be a security for the world's peace in the ,far ,east4 ,in fact it is the continuance of ,china's military weakness rather than the growth of her military power which is most likely to disturb the political atmosphere4 ,china is far too rich a prize to be safe if unguarded1 and the acquisition of her wealth will always prove a temptation to her needy neighbours4 ,the integrity of the ,chinese empire is for many reasons a most desirable thing1 and that integrity can best be maintained by an increase of ,china's military power4 ,one of the reasons why this is so much to be desired is from the commercial effect which ,china may have on the rest of the world4 ,if the vast masses of her singularly excellent workmen are to be exploited by powers who have no thought for either #bi hers or the world's welfare2 if the sweated den of the alien is a menace to the healthy conditions of the working man in ,london2 if the policy of such philanthropists as ,lord ,shaftesbury has been at all beneficial to the world at large1 the sudden introduction of hundreds of thousands of ill-paid but efficient working men to the great ,western market will have a deleterious effect on the social conditions of the civilised world4 ,it is obviously far more simple to bring the factories to ,china than to bring the ,chinaman to the factories1 and this will be freely done if ever the flag of the foreigner waves over ,china4 ,the great advantages that ,china can offer of cheap labour1 cheap coal and cheap carriage1 coupled with the security of a ,european flag1 will have the effect of attracting to ,china a very large number of the world's industries4 ,if this is done gradually1 so that the internal market in ,china increases proportionally1 this will not result in any evil to other nations4 ,china will share in the wealth of the world1 and will be at once a large producer and a large consumer2 but if before ,western civilisation has been assimilated by the working classes ,western factories are extensively started in ,china the result will be one of those dislocations of social conditions which we include under the name of sweating4 ,western conditions of labour in ,western countries may be deemed by some to be hard1 but no one can doubt that if ,western conditions of labour were forced on a population which did not understand them1 they #cj would have a tendency to become definitely oppressive4 ,the ,chinese coolie will1 ,i fear1 be as little able to maintain his ground against the foreign contractor supported by the arms of a foreign power1 as the ,congo native is to maintain his rights against his ,belgian oppressor2 and unless ,western powers have the humanity and wisdom to resist those of their own nations who will clamour to make money out of ,chinese labour1 ,western dominance in ,china is not to be desired by ,western wage-earners4 ,illustration3 ,,hankow1 ,,the ,,chicago ,,of ,,china4 ,,river ,,at ,,low ,,water1 #fjj ,,miles ,,from ,,the ,,sea4 ,,han-,,yang ,,ironworks ,one of the most impressive sights in ,china is the ,han-yang ,ironworks4 ,they employ three thousand men1 and are owned by a body of ,chinese capitalists4 ,they have found it worth while to triple their plant within the last two or three years1 and one can hardly wonder when one realises that1 though the labourers are paid a very high rate according to ,chinese scale1 they only get sixpence a day1 and even allowing that it requires three ,chinamen to do the work of one ,englishman1 which is a higher proportion than is generally claimed1 obviously there is a very large margin of profit to be made by the owners of the works4 ,it is worthy of note that the ,chinese have been unable at present to produce any native engineers2 sixteen ,europeans of various nationalities manage and control the works1 though they are owned by ,chinese1 but the skilled work is all done by ,chinese4 ,for instance1 we saw a man straightening the rails with a steam hammer2 it was very skilled work1 and ,i was told he was making #g;d4 or #ca #h;d4 a day4 ,if any social reformer1 if any one interested in the condition of the working classes1 has time to consider this question and to escape from that parochial mind which so distorts the importance of things1 he will see that the conditions of the working classes in ,europe will depend to a greater degree on the proper development of the social conditions of ,china than on any factor at home4 ,to put it briefly1 if the fourth of the labour of this world is living under sweating conditions1 the other three-fourths may consider themselves lucky if their income is not cut down by #be per cent4 ,on the other hand1 if the development of ,china is allowed to pursue its normal course1 and education and enlightenment are encouraged to proceed by equal steps with material well-being1 the commercial conditions of ,china1 so far from being injurious1 will prove beneficial to the world at large4 ,the internal market1 for one thing1 will tend to keep pace with ,china's productions4 ,if ,china exports1 she will also import2 the volume of trade will no doubt be enormously increased1 and that trade will bring prosperity to ,china and to those other countries who are trading with her4 ,her people will gradually grow accustomed to ,western conditions1 and1 if ,china maintains her independence1 those conditions will not be allowed to become too onerous to the poorer classes4 ,the wealth of another country does not injure her neighbours2 it is rather her poverty which injures them4 ,there is always the danger that the poorer country #cb will drain the capital from the richer country1 and that a rich country becomes harsh to a poor country in the same way that the creditor is harsh to the debtor2 certainly it would be most undesirable if a sudden industrial expansion in ,china paralysed many industrial undertakings in ,england by depriving them of the capital they needed for enlargement1 and it would be equally undesirable to have any industrial undertaking in ,china controlled by a ,board of ,directors in ,london1 whose one object was to increase their dividends1 and who were ignorant of and therefore indifferent to the injury that might be incidentally done to the welfare of thousands of ,chinese who fell under their power4 ,and this brings me to the third point of how ,china may affect the rest of the world4 ,she may1 and most probably will1 degrade the moral tone of ,europe4 ,on the other hand1 it will be quite possible that she may act as a moral tonic4 ,we scarcely realise the nature of the chains that bind one part of our civilisation to another4 ,to hear men talk1 one would suppose that the great factors in the government of mankind are the laws and regulations made by kings and popular assemblies2 but a deeper inquiry must show that it is only the smaller part of a man's life that is controlled by law1 the greater part is controlled by custom or fashion which is enforced1 to use the technical term1 by the sanction of public opinion4 ,consider1 for instance1 the customs of dress1 or of manners1 or the hours we keep1 or the way we #cc refer to things1 or even our very thoughts--they are all subject to this power2 the ,state does not generally command any particular dress1 yet there is a large and increasing measure of uniformity in dress4 ,you may go from ,asia to ,america1 from ,vancouver to ,vladivostock1 and you will see uniformity in the rules of dress4 ,this uniformity is all the more remarkable1 because its laws1 instead of being fixed and stationary1 are constantly altered2 indeed1 in comparison with the power of fashion1 the powers of the greatest autocrat or of the most efficient public office are as nothing4 ,the autocrat may give an order2 the public office1 with its endless clerks and forms1 with its miles of red-tape1 may try to see that order carried out2 but may quite possibly fail4 ,but fashion1 issuing her capricious orders1 has no office1 no clerks1 no printed forms that have to be filled up to secure obedience1 yet her subjects yield such willing service that they seek for information from every quarter as to the nature of her commands1 and when they know them1 they count neither money nor comfort to be of importance compared with obedience to their mistress4 ,the world1 while it wonders at its own submission1 enlarges or reduces its clothes1 alters its head-gear1 and further1 will even change its manners1 its speech1 and its thoughts4 ,the latest fashion-book is but the exaggeration of a world-power2 the same power that compels women to tighten their skirts and widen their hats1 makes their husbands talk about socialism and observe ,empire ,day4 ,the power of fashion lies in #cd this1 that while every one obeys1 no one is conscious of any difficulty in obeying2 the chains with which fashion binds this world may be so strong that the strongest nature cannot break them1 yet they are so light that the most sensitive natures are not conscious of their restraint4 ,but this great power of fashion has its limits1 and those are the limits of our civilisation4 ,the mandate of the dressmaker may reach from ,siberia to ,peru1 but it has no power in ,mohammedan1 ,hindu1 or ,confucian lands2 the ,turkish lady still veils her face1 the ,hindu still adheres to his caste1 the ,confucian up to this moment still preserves his queue and his blue robe1 but if ,china accepts our civilisation this must change4 ,the modern ,chinaman dresses in ,western fashion2 the loose flowing garment of ,china acts as a sort of barometer by which the extent of ,european pressure can be tested2 up-country they are as loose as ever1 but in ,shanghai1 wherever ,chinese dress is still preserved1 it has grown tight4 ,a change typical of what may happen if the union between the civilisations takes place without any guidance may now be seen in the streets of ,shanghai2 the dress of the women is shaped in the ,chinese fashion1 they wear the traditional coat and trousers1 but the cut of those garments offends both ,east and ,west alike by their great exiguity4 ,every one would allow that ,western fashions1 or1 at any rate1 men's fashions1 must to a great extent affect ,china1 but there is a deeper thought beyond2 #ce ,western fashions will not merely affect ,chinese dress1 but they will also affect ,chinese thought1 and when they have incorporated ,chinese thought into ,western civilisation1 when the conquest is complete and ,china and the ,west are one1 a reaction will take place1 and that which has subdued ,china to the yoke of ,western fashion will give in its turn power to ,china to control the ,western world4 ,without suggesting for a moment that ,peking fashions will take the place of ,paris fashions1 or that the ,englishman will grow a queue1 ,i do suggest that there are many precedents in history for expecting that such a moral force as the ,chinese reverence for parents1 or such an immoral position as the ,chinese contempt for the working-man1 will not be without its effect on the ,western world4 ,again and again it has been pointed out by both missionary and ,government official1 that so great is the power of ,china1 that she brings into subjugation to her thought any one who is long resident in her country4 ,if it should happen that the ,western world should neglect the ,chinaman when it has the opportunity of teaching and directing him1 longing as he is to learn about ,western civilisation1 the punishment of the ,west will be that she will1 in years to come1 be influenced for evil by the power of the great ,celestial ,empire4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the ,east should turn towards ,christianity1 and1 taught by ,christianity1 should learn to live a higher life1 the example of her faith and of her morality will in years to come react beneficially on the ,western world4 #cf ,,chapter ,,iii ,,oriental ,,and ,,occidental ,the ,west cannot either by right or through self-interest ignore the problem that ,china has to solve4 ,from being the most conservative country in the world1 she has become a country in which there is rapid change4 ,the whole civilisation of this vast country of #djj1jjj1jjj is becoming fundamentally altered by the importation into it of ideas and thoughts which are not native to her1 and which have been created by a system of religion and by a history belonging to nations very different to herself4 ,the full difficulty does not present itself till after some thought4 ,the problem is quite different from that which has been before mankind in other parts of the world4 ,china is trying to accept ,western civilisation1 but there is a danger that it will be without ,christianity4 ,i know that many ,europeans living in ,tientsin and ,shanghai1 who give but little thought to the problems before them1 somewhat vaguely hope that in the near future ,china will become a ,european nation2 but a little consideration must convince everybody that this is impossible4 ,we have also already shown that ,china is quite determined--in fact1 she has no alternative--not to #cg remain the old conservative country that lives on ancient traditions1 that looks back two thousand years for all teaching in the arts of government4 ,if ,china1 therefore1 is neither to become ,western nor to remain what she is1 of necessity she will have to blend the two civilisations together and to take a part from each4 ,the ,chinese themselves1 with a sanguineness for which they have no warrant1 are quite certain that this is an easy matter4 ,they tell the inquirer that they have considered it well1 and that they see their way completely through it4 ,they intend to select from ,europe only those things that are advantageous to the race1 and they expect to have no difficulty in weaving these incongruous elements into their own very complete system of thought4 ,statesmen seriously say that three or four months' extra study will enable the educated ,chinaman to learn all that is necessary of ,western civilisation1 and then those who have acquired this knowledge can return to ,china and teach their fellow-countrymen2 and it is impossible to convince the ,chinese that the uniting together of two different webs of thought is a matter of extreme difficulty1 and1 it may be added1 of extreme risk4 ,the pleasing dream that you can arbitrarily select the good points of ,west and ,east and weave them into one is the very reverse of the truth4 ,what naturally happens is the very opposite4 ,there is a tendency to preserve that which is bad and not that which is good in two different systems of thought when they are united into one4 ,the reason #ch probably is that as the bad has its common origin in the wickedness of human nature1 it belongs to both systems of thought1 and therefore both the ,chinaman and the ,western meet on common ground when they meet in vice or vileness4 ,on the other hand1 the virtues of both are the result of moral cultivation resting on authorities which are not recognised by either4 ,therefore the tendency is to waive all moral obligations as resting on controverted grounds4 ,whatever may be the cause1 the result is obvious--the ,westernised ,oriental1 unless a ,christian1 is as a rule only one shade better than the ,orientalised ,western4 ,while the careless thinker hopes generally that good will come out of the union of the two1 he is as a rule terrified lest there should be any tendency to mingle ,western with ,eastern thought in any one of whom he is fond4 ,a leading man at ,tientsin1 extolling the healthy climate of the place1 related how he had kept his children there ever since they were born4 ,his friend from home1 ignorant of life in a ,chinese port1 said in an appreciative way1 ,how nice it must be for your children to be able to speak ,chinese2 ,i suppose you encourage them to learn it8 ,the dweller in ,china turned on him in anger and said1 ,thank ,god1 my children do not know one word of ,chinese2 ,i would send them home to-morrow if ,i caught them learning a single sentence4 ,this enthusiasm for ignorance of the language of a great nation is extraordinarily difficult to understand until the danger of the mixture of ,eastern and ,western thought #ci is realised4 ,experience has taught those who have lived in ,china that it is only a few that can come unscathed through the terrible trial of having to live in two moral atmospheres4 ,one of the most striking books that has ever been written is ,indiscreet ,letters from ,peking4 ,the book is marvellous in the power it has of bringing before the eyes of its reader those awful scenes during the siege of ,peking1 but it is far more wonderful in the character that it imputes to the hypothetical narrator--a character typical of a man who is equally at home in ,england and in ,china2 and in that character is portrayed a true but curiously unpleasant picture of the characteristics of both races4 ,the narrator has the courage of a lion2 he is absolutely without any sense of honour4 ,he fires at an adversary under the flag of truce4 ,he misuses a ,manchu woman who in the horrors of the sack throws herself on his mercy4 ,he connives at the breaking of a solemnly pledged word of honour by a soldier4 ,the character is not overdrawn2 characters such as these are common in a mixed world1 and it is natural that ,english people should fear that their children should grow up so unutterably vile4 ,but if the ,englishman fears for his child1 ought he to ignore the welfare of the country in which he lives1 and can we pass over this whole problem as something that does not concern us2 for what he fears for his child will happen to the whole ,chinese nation4 ,the blending together of the ,east and the ,west #dj may be accomplished with the ease which the ,chinaman expects--but not in the way in which he or anybody else could wish--it may be accomplished by the eradication of all that is good in either race1 on the common ground of vice and sin and evil and cruelty2 unless1 indeed1 the efforts of those who are now labouring to weave together that which is good in both civilisations are supported4 ,the difficulty of preserving the good points and high qualities of ,chinese thought is only equalled by the difficulty of introducing the splendid traditions of the ,west and grafting them on to the ,chinese stock4 ,what success has followed the efforts of those who are thus labouring is rather to be credited to the intensity of their efforts1 to their single-hearted purpose1 to their ready self-denial1 than to the ease or simplicity of their task4 ,no man of any feeling or any conscience could pass indifferently by a single individual eating the berries of a deadly plant1 unconscious that they were poison4 ,what shall be said1 then1 if we allow1 not only one individual but a fourth of the population of the world1 to eat of a deadly poison which must deprive them of all happiness and of life1 which must condemn them by millions to the misery of the very blackest darkness1 where the only motives known are selfishness1 lust1 pride1 and cruelty1 for this is what certainly will happen to ,china if she accepts the materialism of the ,west4 ,western thought is very powerful4 ,the way it has dominated the forces of nature gives it a great #da prestige4 ,as the ,chinaman learns about steam and electricity1 about the telephone1 the flying machine1 radium1 and a thousand more ,western inventions1 he cannot fail to be impressed1 he must admit that these people have knowledge4 ,do not for a moment imagine that1 after such an illumination1 he will be able to go back to the works of ,confucius and learn again the old maxims1 many of which are antipathetic to ,western thought--yes1 even more incongruous to ,western than they are to ,christian thought4 ,how will he1 for instance1 read ,confucius' condemnation of war when the ,japanese and ,germans and ,russians are shouting into his ears1 ,by war ye shall live and by war alone4 ,in an interview ,i had with that great statesman1 ,tong-,shao-,yi1 he said1 ,we respect ,confucius because he has never taught any man to err4 ,unlike the teaching of ,christianity1 ,confucius preaches that the test of truth is worldly success1 and therefore by that test his preaching will be tried and found wanting by the materialist4 ,the materialist will say1 if ,confucius never taught men to err1 how is it that the ,western nations who are ignorant of his teaching have succeeded1 and that ,china1 who outnumbers them greatly1 and who after years of education and training and of following faithfully his teaching1 has failed8 ,how is it1 they will ask1 that she is so powerless1 that were it not for ,european jealousies she could not stand a day before the least warlike of these ,western nations8 ,the ,confucian #db will answer1 ,he taught us to despise war1 and that is why we are weak4 ,the materialist will certainly retort1 ,so he has taught you to err4 ,confucianism must fall before ,western materialism4 ,i do not speak of ,buddhism1 for that is falling so quickly that its influence may be said to be almost gone4 ,china will be left stripped of religion1 robbed of her old ideas1 and not clothed with new ones1 wandering into all the misery and humiliation that vice and sin can bring upon mankind1 till the curse of her millions in misery will go out against the harsh unfeeling ,west1 who could leave her thus blind and helpless without a guide4 ,the call is great4 ,those who have knowledge have no right to keep it to themselves4 ,the ,christian and the ,confucian agree in this1 as they do in much else1 that all knowledge must be shared4 ,one of the purposes of this book is to arouse my readers to the importance of taking some action4 ,had they had an opportunity of going to ,china and seeing things for themselves1 ,i would only have asked them to think2 but as there are many who have not had that opportunity1 ,i would try and show them the transitional condition through which ,china is passing1 the danger of that condition ending in disaster1 a disaster wide as the world itself4 ,i hope to show them what is being done at the present time to lead the ,chinese empire into safe paths1 and to illuminate her with the highest knowledge of the ,west4 ,many efforts have been made1 and there has been much success4 ,i #dc am glad to testify publicly to the heroic and self-denying character of the missions1 but those who are most successful are those who frankly say ,china can never be led by aliens4 ,no race loves the alien1 and the further away the alien is in blood and language the less he is loved2 therefore the ,chinese above all races are least fitted to be led by the ,european1 as they differ from him in most racial characteristics4 ,if they are to be led by their own race1 their own race must be fit to lead them4 ,they must have leaders who understand the whole of ,western knowledge1 and will be able to take what is true and leave what is false4 ,a ,japanese thinker said the other day1 ,our people have made a great mistake--they have taken the false and left the true part of ,western thought4 ,let us hope that ,china may be preserved from such an error1 that she may learn ,western knowledge so thoroughly and so well that she may be able to distinguish the good from the bad1 the beautiful from the vile in our system of thought4 #dd ,,chapter ,,iv ,,foreign ,,relations ,,of ,,china ,it is impossible to study any ,chinese question and ignore the relations of ,china with foreign powers4 ,they are always curious and generally unique4 ,certainly any one who goes to ,china for the purpose of studying the mission question cannot but be struck at the extraordinary treaty rights possessed by missionaries4 ,in most countries the teacher of religion has no peculiar rights4 ,he is1 alas6 more often bullied than favoured by the modern ,state1 even if that ,state should profess itself well inclined towards religion4 ,therefore one would naturally expect in ,china1 where ,christianity is reputed to be disliked1 that those who teach it would have to contend with every form of disability that a hostile ,state could inflict4 ,a feeling of marvel comes over the mind when one realises that in this land of contradictions the persecuted missionary enjoys quite peculiar privileges4 ,the ordinary foreigner cannot1 for instance1 travel in ,china except by the courtesy of the ,government--a courtesy1 indeed1 which is never refused2 but a missionary may travel freely4 ,the ordinary foreigner has no right to stay in any #de town in ,china with the exception of the treaty ports2 a missionary may stay where he likes4 ,the ordinary man cannot buy land2 the missionary has a right to purchase land for the purpose of teaching ,christianity4 ,so it came about1 when we were in ,china1 that ,his ,majesty's ,consul1 with all the might of ,england at his back1 was unable to buy a suitable site to erect a house where he could bring his wife4 ,he was living in a temple1 and temples in ,china are not very comfortable4 ,i should explain to the uninitiated that every ,buddhist temple has guest-rooms attached to it--,chinese rooms largely composed of wooden screens2 and these temples are let out as residences by a people whose faith has less hold upon their affections than their purse4 ,now1 ladies are not as a rule prepared to live in a house with paper partitions in a climate where the winters are extremely cold2 so the ,consul asked a missionary to buy a piece of land on which he could erect a suitable house1 and he had almost succeeded when the ,chinese ,government found out that the land was not to be used for missionary purposes and refused to allow the sale4 ,this does seem a strange situation when one remembers that had that ,consul resigned his appointment and joined a missionary body1 he could have bought the land and settled his wife comfortably in four solid stone walls1 but because he was ,england's representative and not a missionary he had to shiver between wood and #df paper screens1 and this in a country which is supposed to hate missionaries4 ,the explanation of this curious situation is really twofold4 ,first1 the hatred that the official bears for the missionary is not of such an intense character as to induce him to offer a very strenuous resistance to the missionaries who desire to buy land2 and secondly1 missionaries have peculiar and special rights secured to them by a series of treaties among the most curious in the history of diplomacy4 ,in #ahdd the ,americans got by treaty a right to the free exercise of the ,christian religion in the open ports4 ,this right1 sufficiently remarkable in itself1 has often been stipulated by a ,state for its own nationals resident in a foreign country1 but ,i doubt if it has ever before been known for a country to insist on the right of preaching a religion to somebody else's citizens4 ,this was obviously an interference of the sovereign rights of ,china4 ,it was pushed even further in #ahfj4 ,the ,french and ,english had just completed the sack of the ,summer ,palace1 and whatever the justice or the injustice of the war may have been1 ,china had tasted her first great lesson of humiliation from the hand of ,western powers1 and was in no condition to resist any of their demands4 ,the ,english and the ,french made treaties1 most of them concerned with commercial and military matters with which it is not necessary to trouble the reader1 and the ,french had a condition which was quite reasonable1 that the #dg ,chinese should restore all the buildings that had been destroyed in the late troubles2 the wording of the clause was so vague that it could be made to apply1 and did apply1 to any building which had been destroyed at any previous time in the history of ,china1 but the most remarkable part of the clause needs further explanation4 ,the ,french had as their interpreter a very able ,jesuit1 ,pre ,delamarre1 and as the ,french ,minister could not read ,chinese1 he had to trust his interpreter with regard to the ,chinese version1 and this man inserted into the treaty two other provisions1 one securing that ,christians should have a right to the free exercise of their religion all over ,china1 and the other that ,french missionaries should have the right to rent land in all the provinces in the empire and to buy and construct houses4 ,when this pious fraud was discovered1 the ,french ,minister thought it would do no good to denounce his interpreter1 and therefore the treaty was treated by the ,french as binding and never questioned by the ,chinese2 the other powers profited by it under the most favoured nation clause4 ,the ,roman ,catholics a few years later pushed the wording of this treaty to its uttermost4 ,their missions had been at work for #aej years or more1 and they could prove a great number of confiscations which had to be made good by the ,chinese4 ,just at that time in ,france ,napoleon ,,iii4 was trying to establish a doubtful title by the help of the ,pope1 #dh and it was his policy to push in every way the interests of the ,roman ,catholics4 ,china had felt the weight of ,european armies and she was unable to resist these claims1 and so it came about that the very country which now is the centre of free thought was the means of forcing ,christianity upon the ,chinese through fear of her armed power4 ,can you be surprised at the answer ,i got when ,i asked a ,chinese statesman1 who ,i knew was sympathetic with the teaching of ,christianity1 why ,china1 who had always professed1 and to a very great extent had practised tolerance1 should persecute ,christianity8 ,his reply was1 the ,chinese did not hate ,christianity1 and were indeed tolerant of missions1 but they still disliked them1 because ,christianity is the religion of the military races1 and they had a historical tradition that the advance of ,christianity was connected with war4 ,this bad reputation has been intensified by the action of the ,germans4 ,no reasonable man can condemn the ,germans for wishing to enlarge and develop their trade4 ,we can understand the patriotic ,german saying that it was the duty of ,germany to establish good government in ,shantung1 but it is very hard to understand how any one can defend the taking of ,kiauchau on the ground that certain ,german missionaries had been murdered4 ,the taking of ,kiauchau by the ,germans has completed the work begun by the ,french4 ,christianity and the foreign relations of ,china are #di inextricably mixed up1 and every ,chinaman1 believed till lately that ,christianity was the religion which has led foreign nations to enter his land4 ,first the missionary1 then the trader1 lastly the gunboat1 has been too often the order of advance4 ,i am happy to be able to say that the ,americans and the ,english have made great efforts to dissociate themselves from this evil1 and have tried to avoid any appearance of such a connection4 ,i was told that in ,shansi1 owing to the indemnity for the murders of missionaries being retained to ,china and spent on founding a ,university instead of being accepted by the missions1 ,protestant missions are very popular4 ,you have only to say you are an ,english clergyman1 said my ,chinese informant1 and every door will be open to you4 ,the present aspect of foreign affairs has tended to destroy the unfortunate connection between ,christianity and foreign aggression4 ,the two great powers whose armies have met in ,manchuria have neither of them any interest in missions4 ,russia has never had any missions in ,china4 ,she forbade them1 ,i understand1 because they were likely to embroil her in unnecessary wars4 ,japan1 of course1 has none4 ,the ,germans1 who made the murder of missionaries the reason of aggression1 have not many missionaries in ,china belonging to their nationality4 ,china1 therefore1 is coming to look upon ,christianity as not quite so dangerous a thing as it seemed when it was essentially the religion of the ,french and of the ,english #ej whose armies and navies then held ,china in fear4 ,still the political situation cannot but have great interest to the missionary4 ,even while he rejoices that the foreign relations of ,china and his work are not so intimately connected as they used to be1 he must ask himself1 what will the result to my work be1 if in the great world struggle ,japan or ,russia should dominate8 ,at present he fears ,japan more than ,russia2 and his fears are shared1 but for other reasons1 by the ,chinese4 ,the wildest and most ambitious schemes are accredited to ,japan1 ,i cannot say with how much truth4 ,her purse is empty1 but she has far more courage and skill in war than most nations4 ,if she possessed even one part of ,china she might add to her wealth to such an extent that no race could dare to oppose her1 while if she governed ,china1 her armies1 supported by the wealth of that mighty empire1 might threaten the stability of ,europe4 ,she is reported to have two regiments working as private individuals in ,fukien1 and to be prepared to seize the province in case of any disorder4 ,the fact that there are many ,japanese in the province1 and that all the ,japanese are trained soldiers1 gives some cloak to this suggestion4 ,the ,fukienese speak a different dialect to the rest of ,china1 and they have a natural geographical frontier1 which would enable the ,japanese to maintain themselves there if they were once established4 ,again1 the recent events have shown that they are preparing to exercise sovereign rights over ,chinese #ea territory in ,manchuria4 ,on the other hand1 ,russia is arming2 she is double-tracking the railway from ,st4 ,petersburg to ,irkutsk1 and she is getting ready again for a struggle in ,manchuria2 the gossip among the officers there is that there is to be a war2 the ,russians do not for a moment regard themselves as defeated2 they think of the late campaign merely as an unfortunate incident4 ,but the most important development in ,russian policy is the proposed railway across ,mongolia which will give ,russia an entrance to the west of ,china and into ,peking4 ,it is hard to see how1 if an advance were made along that line1 ,japan could in any way resist ,russia2 the whole breadth of ,china would lie between them4 ,meanwhile the ,germans of the east have perfected a railway system which converts ,kiauchau from being an out-of-the-way place which no one cared about1 to a door into the very heart of ,china4 ,in commercial circles in ,china it is reported that the ,commandant of the ,tientsin garrison suggested that the object of the building of the ,german ,fleet was not so much to conquer ,england as to ensure that ,germany should be able to maintain her position in the ,far ,east and make full use of ,kiauchau as a way by which her armies might enter ,china4 ,when one looks at the map and sees how ,china is surrounded by these powers1 and how they are pressing upon her1 one realises why the ,chinese are feeling that ,western education is an absolute necessity1 and that if they are to maintain their #eb independence they must understand the arts of war4 ,a great ,viceroy was reported to have said that he frankly expected ,china to be conquered1 and to learn from her conquerors the ,western arts which would in turn enable her to dominate the ,west2 for this has been her history in the past1 that may be her history in the future1 and ,i think that the nations1 who propose to conquer her1 will do wisely if they consider what might be the result of her influence on them4 ,china is trying to defend herself by building a navy and creating an army4 ,the navy is rather an opra bouffe concern2 every now and then she talks of having ships2 the representatives of all the shipbuilders of the world fly to ,peking and try in every way to induce ,china to buy a fleet which they offer to provide at the very shortest notice1 but at present she has none4 ,she has1 as a practical step1 created a training school of officers4 ,it consists only of some #adj men1 and is taught by two ,british officers lent her by our navy4 ,they said that there was the greatest difficulty in getting the ,chinese to be practical2 they induced the ,government at last to put an old ship at their disposal4 ,for a long time this was refused1 and when it was granted it was regarded as a most wonderful and original departure4 ,the ,chinese way of training naval officers would have been to have instructed them on literary subjects1 and to encourage them to write essays and poems on the sea4 ,to take them out on #ec the ,yangtsze in a ship and actually to show them how a ship was managed1 was a wholly new idea1 but one of which they approve under the impulse of the modern fashion of doing things in accordance with ,western traditions4 ,as to the army1 its exterior is certainly not prepossessing2 far and away the most efficient part of it has been created by ,yuan-,shi-,kei in ,manchuria1 and the ,chinese are very anxious to show it to the passing traveller4 ,both times when we passed through ,manchuria1 on every station were armed guards1 and in one case they were inspected by a ,general who was travelling in our train4 ,he was saluted by the officers in charge in ,chinese fashion1 which is a modified form of a kow-tow1 and consists to all intents and purposes of a curtsey4 ,it had a distinctly funny appearance to see the officers in charge of the guards curtseying as we steamed into the stations4 ,down at ,nanking the army was far less smart--in fact1 it had the appearance of being a very disorderly rabble2 ,i understand when the ,empress died it was regarded as such a danger that those in authority put the broad ,yangtsze between them and a possible mutiny4 ,the real danger to ,china as regards foreign relations is that her bad finance or her own want of discipline may bring about a state of internal disorder which may compel the interference of foreign powers4 ,last year this nearly did happen4 ,two regiments mutinied and seized a town on the #ed ,yangtsze2 they stopped all communications with the outside world1 and to all intents and purposes were in a fair way to commence a rebellion4 ,close by them were several other regiments who might be expected to throw in their lot with them1 and the position was very critical4 ,the missionaries inside the town were in fear of their lives1 and with difficulty managed to communicate with the ,british ,consul and to tell him of their plight4 ,he ordered a gunboat to go down1 and the presence of the gunboat intimidated the mutineers4 ,at the same time the ,governor of the city showed remarkable courage in going round the town pacifying the mob4 ,the authorities were able to move in two other regiments1 who had no sympathy with the mutiny4 ,the mutineers were disarmed and the incident closed4 ,but such an incident may occur at any moment4 ,the condition of the country is such that anywhere a rising may occur1 and the fire once alight may be hard to extinguish2 the result of the conflagration must be that the powers must enter to secure the safety of their nationals4 ,altogether poor ,china is in a dangerous position in regard to her foreign relations2 all round her echoes the cry1 ,you must reform or disappear4 ,every railway that is made1 every loan that is floated1 every trade that is opened up1 bring to ,china increased responsibilities in her foreign relations4 ,if she by her good government and readiness to reform can show that she is able to maintain #ee order in her own land1 and to give to foreigners an equal security to that they have in any other country1 her empire may endure for many hundred years2 but if she be found wanting at the present time and the corruption of her officials renders her unable to maintain order in her country or to fulfil her financial obligations1 a new phase in ,chinese history will be reached1 which will1 ,i believe1 be of extraordinary danger to ,europe2 ,china will yield to the military might of the ,west only to rise again to dominate those who dominated her4 ,the missionary who looks at these dark clouds which surround ,china1 the land of his adoption1 feels that there is only one course to take1 namely1 the course that he is taking1 to try and build up in ,china a high tone of morality1 founded on religion1 which may enable her to accept necessary reforms and to put herself abreast of other nations4 #ef ,,chapter ,v ,,chinese ,,civilisation--,,its ,,weak ,,side ,i do not suppose that we can have any conception of the amount of suffering which goes on at the present time in ,china4 ,the first time we were in ,china ,i had the honour of meeting a ,mr4 ,ede1 who had just returned from distributing food in a famine-stricken district1 and his description was truly terrible2 the young men had walked away and found work in other districts1 but the old people and the children had to remain4 ,what had caused the famine in this case was characteristic of unreformed ,china2 ,china's sorrow1 the river ,hoang-ho1 had done what it is ever doing1 that is1 it had flooded a district4 ,when you pass over it1 it looks most innocuous4 ,it is wholly unable1 as a rule1 to fill its own vast bed1 which is covered with delightful sands1 reminding one more than anything else of the sea-shore at low tide2 but this sand is what makes it dangerous1 for it is not good heavy ,english sand1 but a light sand which is called loess1 and when the river comes down in a flood--that is to say1 when they have rainy weather in ,thibet or the sun shines unduly on ,himalayan snows--this sand is carried along with the water1 #eg and it is asserted indeed that the river consists more of sand than of water2 as the river slackens the sand is deposited and the bed is filled up1 with the result that the next flood1 taking the ,chinese unawares1 overflows its banks and reduces a huge district to poverty2 they cannot sow their fields because they cannot see them4 ,of course the authorities should not be taken by surprise and the banks should be made up1 and canals should be cut to take away the water in case of a flood2 an enlightened ,chinese engineer assured me he had a scheme for raising the level of huge districts of ,china by using this peculiar character of the ,hoang-ho and turning its sand and water flood on to bare places1 and he asserted that the results were most wonderfully successful1 and that districts which were unfertile before1 when well washed and covered up with this loess1 became fertile4 ,still1 however beneficial a flood may be to the land in the end1 its immediate result is to starve the population who are flooded out1 for they have no reserves of food4 ,in the case already referred to1 the country was a long time under water1 because a canal which should have drained it away was not kept clear4 ,the money had been paid1 but1 as often happens in ,china1 the work had not been done4 ,the action that the authorities took was characteristic of ,chinese government4 ,china possesses the system of internal custom-houses--a system which the wildest advocate of ,tariff ,reform would hardly like #eh to see introduced into ,europe2 these custom-houses are called ,likin1 and are a source at once of a great deal of profit to the provinces and of irritation to all traders4 ,the ,chinese used these custom-houses to engineer a corner in rice by which the area of scarcity of food was enormously increased and several officials amassed considerable sums of money2 by the law of ,china it is illegal to export rice even from one province to another2 this law was put in force1 and the rice supply was cut off2 at the same time early in the famine certain rich men bought up rice freely1 with the result that it rose to a very high figure1 so that round the area of famine and desolation there was an area of scarcity and shortage4 ,a large amount of food from all parts of the world was sent by the famine funds1 but it was very difficult to induce the officials to allow the food to enter the famine district4 ,they were filled with all sorts of scruples4 ,they were afraid1 for instance1 that the steamers towing the barges full of food on a canal which had not before been opened for steamers1 might excite the hostility of the population2 they were courteous1 they were diplomatic1 but they were obstructive2 and so it came about that while there was a famine in one district of ,china1 in the other districts there was a very heavy surplus1 of which they had difficulty in disposing4 ,all this did not create the slightest surprise in those who knew ,china4 ,when the story was told #ei us all the old ,chinese hands merely said1 ,how like ,china1 or ,just like them4 ,this was our first insight into what the civilisation of ,china means1 and therefore for the first time we realised the problem that is before the world--the problem which missionaries1 with great devotion1 are trying to solve4 ,chinese civilisation is not1 as many people imagine it to be1 a mere courtesy title for a state in reality only a degree off barbarism4 ,many of my humbler parishioners1 for instance1 when we left for ,china1 ranked the ,chinese as something very near cannibals1 and ,i do not think they would have been in the least surprised to hear that we had been roasted and eaten by the natives4 ,the ,chinese have perhaps a greater right to be called civilised than we have on this side of the world2 their civilisation dates from eras we are accustomed to call ,biblical4 ,confucius and ,ezra represent contemporaneous ideas--ideas that are not wholly different in thought4 ,while on the other side of the globe civilisation has been handed from nation to nation1 and a civilised race has become barbarous and a barbarous race civilised1 the ,chinese1 without making any very great advance1 have steadily proceeded along a path of progress1 and at the present time they possess a very carefully organised system of society4 ,on paper the whole thing is perfect3 the ,emperor at the top1 the ,viceroys over each province1 under them the ,prefectures1 and so down to the village community #fj in the country or the trade guild in the town4 ,the system of government is so perfect that they claim that they are able to discover any individual wanted among those #djj1jjj1jjj of ,chinese1 unless his disguise is very perfect4 ,when we were chatting over the revolutionaries and talking about a certain doctor dodging in and out of ,china at the risk of his life1 ,i said that ,i wondered that there was any difficulty at all for a man who was bred in the country wandering where he liked1 and ,i was assured that such was the organisation of the ,chinese ,government that they could lay hands even in the remotest village on anybody if they required him1 and that the only way a revolutionary could hope to escape arrest was by a most perfect and complete disguise4 ,with this splendid organisation is joined great solidarity4 ,the ,chinese race are essentially one4 ,if it were your duty to look through reports coming from ,china1 as it has been mine1 the first thing that would strike you would be its essential oneness2 you will not find more difference between different parts of ,china than there is between ,england and ,ireland4 ,i do not for a moment mean to say that there are no differences between the ,chinese--that would be untrue2 but you will not find such a difference as one might expect from the diversity of geographical conditions4 ,the civilisation is essentially similar4 ,it is a civilisation with great merits4 ,the population is sober1 industrious1 and perhaps ,i might add honest1 #fa all lovers of ,china will certainly agree2 but if you are writing1 as ,i am1 to people who have never been out of ,england1 ,i think you will have to qualify the phrase with some such a one as honest as compared with other ,orientals1 or honest when contrasted with the ,japanese4 ,they are also extremely obedient2 their idea of the respect which should be paid to authority far exceeds that which prevails on this side of the globe4 ,i think we may add with truth that great numbers of them are very loyal to their employers4 ,but when this much has been said1 the dark side of their civilisation must be added--it is essentially corrupt and cruel2 the ideas of honour1 purity1 mercy are but too little understood4 ,missionaries assured us that there was no word for purity that could be applied to a man1 while the same word stands for honesty and stupidity4 ,yet this nation is in many ways well fitted for the mechanical age in which we live4 ,what the owner of the factory wants is an industrious1 sober1 and obedient man1 and he does not want1 or at least does not realise that he wants1 an honourable1 pure1 and merciful man4 ,the ,chinaman will be in his element in the factory2 the long hours of monotonous toil will not be unpleasant to him2 he is always sober--in fact1 he is by nature and culture the ideal factory hand2 and yet this is what constitutes his danger4 ,he will tend to introduce into ,europe the vices which are now desolating his own country1 unless1 indeed1 #fb the ,european teacher can help him to eradicate those vices4 ,i have given you some idea of his corruption by the story told at the beginning of this chapter1 but we heard many others all to the same effect4 ,we went up the ,yangtsze in one of the ,china ,merchants' boats with an old ,swedish captain who liked the ,chinese and rather disliked the missionaries1 so his evidence was not biassed by any wish to prove that our civilisation was more perfect than that of the ,chinese4 ,we asked him why it was that he being a ,european should be captain of a ship that was owned by ,chinese1 and largely used by them4 ,he told us that the ,chinese merchants had once tried to have a ,chinese captain1 but the moment the ship reached the first port of the ,yangtsze1 the custom officers were on board rummaging here and rummaging there4 ,very soon a large amount of contraband was found on the ship1 put there with the knowledge of the captain4 ,the consequence was the ship was fined and delayed4 ,they tried ,chinese captains again and again with the same result1 and so they have been reduced to employ ,europeans to secure honourable officers4 ,he1 however1 had to confess that the ,chinese distrusted the sobriety of the ,european officers1 and assured us that the old comprador on board1 one of whose duties apparently was to look after the passengers and take their tickets1 was in reality a spy on them4 ,perhaps the best instance of the corruption of the #fc ,chinese is their action with regard to the currency4 ,in the good old days the currency of ,china was the silver shoe or ingot1 which had no exact weight1 and had therefore to be weighed at every transaction4 ,below that was the copper currency1 which had no fixed relation to the silver currency1 but only the relation of copper to silver4 ,a copper cash1 therefore1 represented only its actual value in copper4 ,it was naturally a most unwieldy coin4 ,the old books of travel in ,china give lamentable pictures of the traveller riding about with huge strings of copper cash almost crushing him with their weight4 ,when the whites began to trade in ,china they introduced the ,mexican dollar with its subsidiary coinage1 and this was the common currency in all the ports until a few years ago2 but when the ,chinese began to ,westernise they considered it inconsistent with their dignity not to have a coinage of their own4 ,led by the ,japanese1 and assisted by several firms whose speciality was the erection of mints and mintage machinery1 they started mints all over the country1 and they have kept these mints busy with the most funeste results4 ,to begin with1 they coined a dollar in imitation of the ,mexican dollar1 but even in this the mints did not agree4 ,some dollars are very light1 some slightly below value1 and some are nearly true4 ,the first experience of the traveller is that he possesses in his pocket a set of coins which no one will accept1 except at a great reduction4 ,but the muddle goes further than that4 ,it was very profitable coining light coins1 #fd but it was still more profitable to do so in the lower denominations4 ,the ,chinese thought1 or chose to think1 that it did not matter what the intrinsic value of a #aj-;cent piece was as long as you wrote on it #aj cents4 ,they have no bank or post-office where you have a legal right to get a dollar for ten #aj-;cent pieces1 and the result therefore of recklessly coining the base #aj-;cent pieces has been not only to depreciate it with regard to the dollar1 but to make it an uncertain value1 so that you must go to the money exchangers almost every morning and ask for the rate of exchange between the dollar and the small silver pieces4 ,of course at every step on this downward path the officials concerned made a great deal of money2 their next step was to deal with the copper coin in the same way1 so now there is no fixed relation between the copper coinage and the silver coinage1 nor between the large copper and the small1 and this is still further confusing1 as the provinces having different mints have dollars of different values4 ,and now ,i hear that they have begun to make money by debasing the old silver shoe coinage1 which1 though it is sold by weight1 used to have a certain standard of purity1 and they have issued cash which have no intrinsic value at all1 and that do not represent the fraction of a coin having any intrinsic value4 ,the result of this currency ,rake's ,progress has been to produce what corruption always does produce--widespread poverty4 ,everybody cheats4 ,the stationmasters #fe along the line assure the ,european superintendents that the fares are always paid in the most debased coinage1 and it is very hard to deny the probability of this4 ,but of course the stationmasters take care if any coin comes to their hand which is not debased to do a bit of exchange on their own account4 ,if ,chinese civilisation is corrupt1 it is also cruel1 not with the wild tempestuous cruelty of the savage1 but with the cruelty of the civilised man who at once uses human suffering as the best engine for human government1 and never cares to cure it unless he has some pecuniary object in view4 ,the ,chinese are inured to pain1 and some people argue that they do not feel it to the same degree as ,western nations4 ,no doubt the sensation of pain is intensified in people of highly developed nervous organisation1 and the ,chinese have a nervous organisation of a very quiescent kind4 ,i remember1 when we first landed at ,hong-,kong1 being struck by a ,chinaman who had chosen as his bed for his midday siesta an ordinary piece of granite curbing2 and as you go along in the train every freight car that you pass has some one sleeping on it to protect it from robbery1 and a truck of coals or a load of stone is obviously regarded as a most comfortable resting-place4 ,some of the doctors maintained that this was the case throughout their nervous system--they were insensitive to pain2 others said that pain1 like everything else1 is a thing to which you can get accustomed1 and that pain has played so large a part in their lives that they are #ff accustomed to it1 and are not therefore afraid of it4 ,take1 for instance1 the foot-binding of the women2 every family in ,china must be accustomed to hear the sobs and cries of the little girls as they are going through the first stages of foot-binding4 ,or take again the public flogging2 all the working classes of ,china must be quite accustomed to the idea that men are flogged for certain offences till their flesh is of the consistency of a jelly4 ,a doctor1 describing the state in which men are brought into the hospital after such floggings1 said that it was a difficult matter to avoid mortification setting in1 and it was only with very careful treatment that they could be cured1 the whole flesh having to slough away1 being absolutely crushed and battered4 ,yet this strange people are so indifferent to these horrors1 that even those who suffer will laugh amidst their sufferings4 ,we were told the following tale1 whether true or not ,i cannot say4 ,a man was being bambooed for an offence1 and astonished the officials by laughing all the time2 the more he was flogged the harder he laughed1 till at last those who were punishing him stopped to ask him the reason of his mirth4 ,you have got the wrong man1 he said4 ,it is always a comfort to have a keen sense of humour4 ,i do not think there is anything more awful than the descriptions one has as to the indifference to suffering that is displayed by the average ,chinaman4 ,i remember a story told me by a sailor4 ,as a ship #fg was being loaded1 a man1 obviously on the verge of death1 came and asked for work1 but failed to get it4 ,shortly after he was seen hanging about the ship1 and at night they found him lying between some bales4 ,he was turned out1 but he constantly crept back1 first to one place1 then to another1 till at last the sailor came to know his face quite well4 ,one day1 as the sailor went ashore1 he was attracted by a little crowd looking at something1 and this proved to be the poor fellow in his death struggle1 lying in a gutter of water4 ,he called the attention of a ,chinese policeman to him4 ,the ,chinese policeman explained that he would move him when he was dead1 as he had orders to remove all corpses1 but that he could not move him while he was alive4 ,dr4 ,macklin of ,nanking told us story after story of the way in which the ,chinese would leave people in a dying condition on the road4 ,a little time ago he had ridden into an old temple1 and there he saw a man apparently asleep1 but on looking at him more closely1 he saw that his eyes were wide open and that the flies were walking right across his eyeballs1 showing that he was quite insensitive4 ,he called to one or two men and asked them to help him to carry this poor sufferer to some house near1 but they could not or would not find a house to keep him in2 and so in the end ,dr4 ,macklin determined to take him straight back to ,nanking1 which he did4 ,there he administered a very heavy dose of quinine hypodermically1 with the result that the man soon showed #fh signs of returning consciousness4 ,it was a case of malignant malaria1 and had he not been found by ,dr4 ,macklin1 the man must have been eaten by wild dogs or have died from the disease2 as it was he recovered1 and proved to be a hard-working young farmer who was in search of work1 as his home had been ruined by a local failure of crops4 ,he had apparently contracted malaria1 and owing to his poor and ill-nourished condition it had gone hardly with him4 ,illustration3 ,,chinese ,,civilisation3 ,,its ,,bad ,,side--,,an ,,old ,,beggar4 ,,its ,,good ,,side--,a ,,garden ,but story after story was told us always to the same effect--that the quality of mercy is not highly esteemed by the ,chinese4 ,the appeal the beggar makes to you as he runs after you is the old ,buddhist appeal1 which after all is essentially selfish1 as he beseeches you to acquire merit by helping him2 we must remember that even this reason for mercy is despised by the gentry and literati of ,china as essentially belonging to ,buddhism4 ,perhaps the most lurid stories that we heard were up river4 ,one came from the country of the ,lolos4 ,the ,chinese were going out to fight the ,lolos1 and the missionary saw them carrying a handsome young man bound on a plank so that he could not move--so bound that his head was thrown back4 ,after certain ceremonies they cut the man's throat1 and scattered the blood on the flags2 it was a sort of human sacrifice4 ,another story we heard from some devoted ,franciscan ,sisters up at ,ichang4 ,they assured us that if a mother found her children #fi weakly1 and she lost one or two1 she would make up her mind that the reason they were ill was because an evil spirit had a grudge against her4 ,she would then take one of her remaining children1 and1 in the hope of propitiating the evil spirit1 she would burn that child alive4 ,we could not believe this story was true2 but that evening we saw some hard-working ,presbyterian ladies1 common-sense efficient ,scotchwomen1 and they assured us that it was quite true4 #gj ,,chapter ,,vi ,,chinese ,,civilisation--,,its ,,good ,,side ,it would give a very false idea of the ,chinese if great stress were not laid on the good side of their civilisation4 ,they have many fine qualities1 and in more than one point they are superior to the nominal ,christianity of some ,western countries4 ,the first thing perhaps that strikes a foreigner when he is brought into contact with the ,chinese is their great courtesy2 their literati are such gentlefolk4 ,even the less cultured people have most refined manners2 no one is ever rude2 and one of the things they cannot understand is how we can esteem a rough1 frank1 honest man4 ,there is a case when they would not appoint a certain ,englishman to a commercial post1 preferring a man of far less attainments and of much shorter service1 because the former was rude4 ,that was enough4 ,it was no use telling them that his honesty was above suspicion1 that he was a reliable business man1 that he was very hard working1 that he had many years of hard service behind him2 they allowed all this freely1 but they shrugged their shoulders and said1 ,the truth is1 he is such a rude fellow1 and he will give such very great offence by his bad manners1 so they would not have him4 #ga ,when a visitor enters a ,yamen1 he realises that his manners must be those of a most polished diplomat4 ,before him walks a servant1 holding aloft his visiting card4 ,one really ought to have special ,chinese cards printed on beautiful sheets of red paper with queer-looking characters on them setting forth one's rank and name4 ,however1 in these days of admiration of the ,west1 our poor little white cards are considered adequate4 ,the ,viceroy or official meets the visitor1 enthusiastically shaking his own hands--the ,chinese salutation--and bowing low2 the particular door at which he meets his guest marks the amount of respect he wishes to pay him1 and is therefore of some importance4 ,in my case1 when my host was favourable to higher education1 ,i was received in the outer court4 ,at every door there was a polite contest as to who should go through it first1 and at last we found ourselves in a room where tea1 dessert1 champagne1 and cigarettes were offered1 although of the two latter ,i was unworthy4 ,then began the conversation4 ,i found less stiffness once ,i had explained that ,i came to gather opinions about a scheme for education4 ,after the stately interview was over there was an equally ceremonious leave-taking4 ,though the methods of the ,chinese in doing business may be exasperating to a ,western whose time is money and who wants them to come to some immediate decision1 they are invariably delightful and courteous in all their negotiations4 ,this courtesy is all the direct result of ,confucian teaching4 ,stress is #gb laid there on courteous behaviour1 perhaps even to a degree which may strike the ,western traveller as absurd4 ,this courtesy1 ,i understand1 extends even to those of lower degree4 ,your servant in speaking to another calls him brother1 and nothing makes the servant despise his master so much as seeing him lose his temper3 it is to his mind a mark of our savagery4 ,the ,chinese have higher virtues than courtesy4 ,they are essentially industrious4 ,you have only to look at a ,chinaman's garden to realise the extent to which he possesses this quality4 ,i am certain that those people who are proud of the culture of their kitchen gardens would be surprised and ashamed if they could compare them with those of a ,chinaman4 ,one passes garden after garden with rows of plants placed at even distances and every plant exactly the right distance in those rows1 with never a weed to be seen all over the whole plot4 ,again in handicraft there is the same industry2 you buy ,chinese embroidery for a song in such a place as ,changsha4 ,no one will tell you that ,chinamen ever object to length of hours2 they are ideal men for work that needs care and accuracy4 ,again they are very patient4 ,a monotonous task is not at all unpleasing to them4 ,an acute ,french observer used the word routinire in describing this characteristic4 ,even in intellectual work this liking for monotonous repetition will show itself4 ,one of the doctors told us that he had the very greatest #gc difficulty in inducing his pupils not to perpetuate his most casual gestures when he was demonstrating4 ,for instance1 when teaching bacteriology1 quite unconsciously he might from time to time put an instrument down on the table1 and just touch it again4 ,months after he would find one of his pupils when doing the same experiment repeating every gesture he had accidentally made with careful imitation4 ,it was clear that the student had monotonously continued to practice these gestures for no other reason but that he had seen his master make them4 ,all those words which our writers on social subjects are so fond of inditing against the modern factory system have no meaning to the ,chinaman4 ,those complaints about long hours at mechanical work rendering the worker little better than a machine are doubtless true of the white race1 but are quite beside the point as applied to the ,chinese4 ,if the ,chinaman is well paid in the factory he will prefer rather than otherwise that the work should be mechanical2 he will not mind if the hours are long4 ,again1 he is cheerful and contented under very adverse circumstances4 ,when we were being rowed in a native boat up the ,yangtsze1 and the men were straining every nerve against the current1 while they were chilled by a drizzling rain1 there was never a word of discontent2 they were always cheerful and bright1 good-tempered and merry4 ,their highest quality is obedience1 which is the result of their ,confucian culture4 ,the central virtue #gd of that teaching is obedience to parents1 and they hold that doctrine to a degree which to the ,western mind seems exaggerated4 ,one of the grown-up sons of a ,chinese clergyman did something which he considered unbecoming in a ,christian2 to the surprise of the missionary1 he did not hesitate to administer a sound thrashing to his son1 which the young man took without the slightest resistance1 and in this action the clergyman was supported by the public opinion of the congregation4 ,this quality gives to ,china its great power1 and it is one of the points in which there is the greatest divergence between the teaching of the ,west and of the ,east4 ,every ,chinaman points out to you how little ,westerns care for their parents4 ,i remember a ,chinese gentleman explaining in a patronising way to the other ,chinese that1 strange though it seemed1 he knew it as a fact that one of the commandments of our religion really was that we should honour our parents4 ,were it not for this principle of obedience which is implanted in the mind of every ,chinaman1 the government of ,china would scarcely endure for a day2 but he is taught from his earliest youth to obey his father1 not as we teach in the ,west because the child is unable to think and understand1 so that obedience to parents is a virtue which must fall into disuse as knowledge increases1 but as an absolute duty1 a duty equally incumbent on a man of forty as on a child of four4 ,this principle is extended to that of civil government2 the local #ge official is in their quaint phrase the father and mother of his people1 and the obedience to parents taught in childhood is therefore extended to those who govern4 ,no ,chinaman has any doubt but that the first duty of man is obedience to authority4 ,let us hope these qualities will ever endure4 ,what may happen1 and1 alas1 ,i am afraid1 is at the present moment happening1 is that the two civilisations may be so blended together that the qualities of each may be lost and its peculiar virtues destroyed while its characteristic vices are preserved4 ,the great qualities of obedience to parents1 of courtesy to strangers1 are being forgotten4 ,the ,chinaman educated in the ,states is rude and abrupt2 he fancies that it is ,western and business-like4 ,every ,chinese gentleman to whom ,i talked1 allowed that one of the worst results of ,western teaching had been that a ,westernised ,chinaman was less obedient and respectful to his parents4 ,on the other hand1 the ,westernised ,chinaman does not acquire the peculiar virtues of the ,englishman4 ,the superficial ,chinese thinker wants ,china to learn only the material side of our civilisation1 to profit by our mechanical excellence without learning anything of our ethics4 ,his view is that the ,west is immoral but wealthy2 he regards ,europe as the place where there is no principle excepting money-worship1 and therefore he argues that if you would ,westernise ,china you must despise morality and seek for money4 ,chang-,chih-,tung voiced this thought when he said1 #gf ,western education is practical1 ,chinese education is moral4 ,if you try to argue with a thoughtless ,chinaman who has perhaps never left ,china1 and whose only experience of ,western life is what he has seen in a treaty port1 you will find that it is hard to convince him that ,western education produces a high moral tone4 ,after all we may1 to a certain extent1 be to blame for their want of appreciation of the morality of the ,west1 for too often we show to the ,chinese a very degraded side of our civilisation2 and though ,i do not think that ,shanghai at the present merits the term that was applied to it fifty years ago of being a moral sink1 yet undoubtedly the treaty ports1 both by their constitution and by their geographical position1 collect very unpleasant specimens of white civilisation4 ,there are a certain number of men who spend a great part of their existence being deported from ,shanghai to ,hong-,kong1 and from ,hong-,kong to ,shanghai4 ,one of the comedies in the tragedy of the extinction of the independence of ,korea is illustrative of this point4 ,the ,emperor of ,korea heard that the ,western races were far more trustworthy than those of the ,east1 and so fearing assassination after the murder of the ,queen1 he determined to enrol a corps of ,europeans as a body-guard2 he sent over officers to ,shanghai with orders to enlist ,europeans4 ,unfortunately for himself he did not take the precaution of sending with them any ,western to help in the selection of the men4 ,to ,korean eyes all ,westerns #gg look alike1 and as they were offering good pay1 they soon had their corps complete2 they returned to ,seoul1 and the corps was installed with suitable uniforms1 and1 alas1 rifles and ammunition4 ,the moment the corps was paid1 the greater bulk of them got drunk1 and for the next few hours ,seoul was distinctly an undesirable place of residence1 filled with drunken men of all nationalities shouting and shrieking and firing loaded rifles recklessly in every direction4 ,the poor ,emperor trembled as he looked from his palace windows at his body-guard out on the drink1 and he made up his mind that it would be better to take a reasonable chance of assassination by the ,japanese than to risk the danger of being guarded by this inebriate troop of ,westerns4 ,with the help of the ,consul the body-guard when sober were returned to ,shanghai1 and let us trust the ,chinese heard the story and were convinced that in accepting ,western civilisation they must be careful to avoid accepting the vices of the ,west4 ,at ,changsha ,i heard a similar story1 but with a tragic side1 which one felt exonerated the ,chinese for being rather incredulous as to the morality of our civilisation4 ,changsha1 ,i should explain1 is reputed one of the most bigoted cities in ,china2 even at the present moment white women are advised not to walk through the streets4 ,the ,hunanese have a bold independent character1 which makes them rather hostile to any foreigner or to foreign ways1 and ,i am afraid that the story ,i am going to repeat will have #gh confirmed them in their conviction that foreigners are undesirable4 ,two white men belonging to one of the ,south ,european races--,greeks1 ,i think--settled themselves down in defiance of treaty rights in ,changsha1 and at once opened a gambling hell4 ,very soon they taught the ,chinese1 who are as a race very addicted to gambling1 new and most pernicious forms of that hateful vice4 ,the ,governor complained to the ,consul2 the ,consul sent his officer down1 accompanied by the police1 to arrest the ,greeks2 the ,private ,secretary to the ,governor informed the ,consul of the tragedy that followed4 ,the ,consular officer warned the ,greeks that they must give up their gambling establishment and go back to ,hankow4 ,they said they would not4 ,he told them that if they refused he would arrest them1 take them to the boat1 and send them down by force to ,hankow4 ,they still refused1 and he advanced1 upon which one of the ,greeks shot the officer dead4 ,the ,chinese police after their manner vanished1 while the ,governor's ,private ,secretary1 according to his own account1 spent most of the time of the interview under the table4 ,the ,greeks1 seeing the coast clear1 and realising that vengeance must come1 took to the open country4 ,the ,chinese were told to arrest them if they could4 ,of course they had no difficulty in finding them1 but to arrest them was a different matter4 ,they mobilised two or three regiments1 and surrounding the house in which the ,greeks had taken refuge1 they kept on firing at long range till they judged1 from there being no signs of life1 that they #gi must have killed them4 ,they then carried off the bodies1 but thought it better to describe the incident in an official document as a case of suicide from fear of arrest1 lest they should be held responsible for the death of these murderers4 ,the next ,greeks that came up the river were sent down with a guard of forty men1 and so terrified were the ,chinese that they had to put them first-class1 as no ,chinese would have dared to have travelled with them4 ,there were several other stories told at ,changsha to the same effect4 ,the ,european that the ,chinaman sees in that sort of place is too often one of those worthless men who has found his own country impossible to live in1 and who hopes that his vices and crimes may escape unnoticed in distant ,china4 ,can one wonder that the ,chinese are liable to misunderstand the ,west1 and were it not for the saintly life of many missionaries1 the high character and strict justice of our ,consuls--yes1 and the admirable discipline and management of such great undertakings as that of ,butterfield and ,swire--the evil would be incurable2 but though there are many specimens of the bad1 there are also not a few men who by their lives have testified before the ,chinese to the greatness of our social and moral traditions and to the religion by which they are inspired4 #hj ,,chapter ,,vii ,,railways ,,and ,,rivers ,the rivers and railways of ,china form a very marked contrast4 ,the rivers represent the old means of communication1 the railways the new1 and the comparison between the river and the railway enables the traveller to compare new with old ,china and to realise the great changes that are taking place there and the transitional character of the phase through which the country is now passing4 ,ancient ,china1 as compared to ancient ,europe1 was a most progressive country1 a very essential point to remember when we have to consider what will be the attitude of the ,chinese with regard to modern progress4 ,theoretically they have always been progressive2 practically they have passed through an age of progress and reached the other side4 ,that age of progress improved very much their means of communication4 ,china is naturally well endowed with rivers1 and those rivers were infinitely extended by a system of canals4 ,of these the ,grand ,canal is the most perfect example4 ,the traveller cannot sail along the ,grand ,canal and look at the masonry walls of that great work1 or the high bridges that span it1 without realising that in its time it was one #ha of the greatest works the world had ever seen4 ,that canal1 typical of modern ,china1 is now in disrepair1 but the spirit of the men who built it is not gone2 it is the same spirit that now welcomes railways all over ,china4 ,the greatest of ,china's natural waterways is the ,yangtsze-,kiang2 it cuts right through the centre of ,china from the sea to ,chungking and further2 it has many important tributaries1 which lead through great lakes and afford a very useful means of communication to vast districts in ,central ,china4 ,along that great river for six hundred miles1 ships of the largest size can sail in the summer2 battleships1 though not of the largest class1 can ascend to ,hankow4 ,beyond ,hankow the river is much shallower1 and communication with ,ichang is often interrupted in the winter by want of water4 ,a thousand miles from the sea begin those wonderful gorges of the ,yangtsze which are among the greatest wonders of the world4 ,up to ,ichang1 the ,yangtsze is still a big1 rather dull yellow river1 a vastly overgrown ,thames1 a mass of sandbanks1 running through almost consistently uninteresting country2 but after that thousand miles1 it develops into a sort of huge ,rhine4 ,the river is still yellow1 but it runs through green mountains and grey rocks4 ,at times it swirls along with an oily surface dented here and there by whirlpools which tell of some sunken rock2 at other times the grey rocks creep closer together and the yellow #hb ,yangtsze foams itself white in its effort to squeeze through the narrow opening left4 ,in quieter reaches of the river a house-boat or luban can be rowed or sailed4 ,the rowing is rather jerky1 the sailing delightful1 and so the advance of the traveller is pleasant and uneventful2 but when the boat reaches the rapids1 the only way to get her through is by towing4 ,there is a temptation always to delay putting men ashore to tow--a temptation which ended in our house-boat being bumped upon a rock4 ,our captain 7we call him lowdah in ,china7 had cleverly devised1 by creeping along the side of the river under shelter of projecting rocks and then by dodging round the points1 everybody shrieking and yelling as they strained at the oar1 to avoid the necessity of towing2 but a more malign whirlpool than the rest twisted us round till the oars on one side of the boat could not row because they were fouled on the rocks1 and then another twisted us sideways on to a submerged rock1 and there the current held us till the police-boat the ,chinese ,government supplies to foreign travellers kindly took our rope ashore and we were hauled off without apparently having suffered any damage4 ,these police-boats1 or red boats1 are a great feature in travelling on the ,yangtsze4 ,they add enormously1 to begin with1 to the artistic effect1 as they are furnished with an art-blue sail1 which would rejoice the heart of an artist1 but the nervous traveller #hc regards them with feelings of a warmer nature than those their sthetic effect would arouse4 ,they guarantee1 if not the safety of boats and goods1 at least the safety of his person amidst the terrible rapids of the river4 ,if his boat should be wrecked and his goods become the property of the fishes1 he knows that the red boat will dart into the rapids1 and owing to its peculiar construction and the skill of the boatmen1 will be able to rescue and return him1 a washed and grateful traveller1 to ,ichang4 ,the excitement of passing the rapids is intense4 ,it is a pleasurable sensation when you watch from the shore some one else passing through them2 it is more exciting but less pleasurable to be on the boat itself at that moment4 ,the excitement is largely a question of the size of the boat1 whence the wisdom of taking a small boat even if it is less comfortable4 ,to watch an eighty-ton junk being hauled through a narrow passage of foaming water is intensely thrilling4 ,it is a matter of great difficulty owing to the rocky nature both of the channel and the shore4 ,the ,yangtsze rises and falls some hundreds of feet in the year1 and at low water the banks are a mass of rough rocks which remind one more of the sea than of a river4 ,the men who tow are called trackers1 and they have to climb over these rocks tugging and straining at the rope while a certain number of them1 stripped to nudity1 try to keep the rope clear of the rocks which constantly entangle it both on shore and in the water4 ,it is splendid to #hd watch these men as they bound from rock to rock to disengage the rope from some projecting point1 or as1 leaping into the stream1 they swim across to isolated rocks and extricate it from all sorts of impossible situations4 ,meanwhile the junk creeps up inch by inch1 at times standing almost still while the water surges past her and makes a wave at her bow which would not misbecome a torpedo-destroyer in full steam4 ,woe betide the junk if the rope should foul and break in spite of the efforts of these men1 for then she would be at the mercy of the current1 and if it should so happen that there was no wind1 the mariners on board have no command over her1 and she must drift as chance will guide her till quieter water is reached4 ,of course if there is a wind they can haul up their sail1 and then1 though they will descend backwards down the stream1 they will do it with dignity and safety4 ,we passed a junk doing this4 ,her rope had apparently broken1 her huge sails were set to a stiff breeze2 as you watched her by the water she seemed to be sailing at a good rate forwards2 as you watched her by the land she was travelling a good steady pace down stream4 ,if she cannot hoist her sail because the wind is unfavourable1 then she will rush back1 inadequately guided by three huge strange-looking oars4 ,the one at the bow1 worked by six men1 can twist her round like a teetotum1 so that as she dashes down stream1 the captain can select which part of her shall bump against the submerged rocks1 which after all is but a poor #he privilege1 when you remember that eighty tons of woodwork banged against massive granite rock must be resolved into its constituent boards1 whatever part of it strikes the rock first4 ,the two other oars are even less helpful4 ,with eight men at each1 they can propel the boat at the rate of about three miles an hour2 but what use is that when the stream is bearing the junk to destruction at twenty miles an hour4 ,if the rope breaks1 it is rather a question of good luck than good guidance4 ,if there is no rock in the way1 the junk happily sails down and is brought up in the quieter waters below the rapids4 ,if there is a rock in the way1 the junk arrives at the end of the rapid in a condition which would please firewood collectors but no one else4 ,those of the crew who can swim get ashore1 and those who cannot are either picked up by the red boat1 or if there is not one there1 they disappear2 their bodies are recovered several days later lower down the river4 ,from a ,chinese point of view this is all a small matter2 what is important is that a junk containing a valuable cargo has been lost4 ,so frequent have been these losses that five per cent4 insurance is demanded for cargoes going above ,ichang4 ,illustration3 ,,gorges ,,of ,,the ,,yangtsze3 ,,an ,,awkward ,,moment4 ,,junk ,,negotiating ,,rapids4 7,notice coils of bamboo rope7 ,perhaps ,i ought to say one word about the rope on which the safety of the junk depends4 ,it is made of plaited bamboo1 which is extraordinarily light1 and does not fray1 though it is so stiff that it behaves like a wire rope4 ,its great lightness #hf allows of the use of ropes of enormous length4 ,i do not think it is an exaggeration to say that some of them are a quarter of a mile long4 ,they are very strong1 and therefore can be of wonderfully narrow diameter1 but apparently they last but a short time1 and every boat is furnished with coil after coil of bamboo rope ready for all emergencies4 ,a horrible accident happens when owing to bad steering the trackers are pulled back off the narrow ledges cut into the face of the precipices1 which at times border the river1 so that they fall into the rapid4 ,they are an attractive body of men1 these trackers4 ,they leap over the most incredible chasms in the rocks1 they climb like cats up the precipices1 they pull like devils1 while one master encourages them by beating a drum on board the junk1 and another belabours them on shore with a bit of bamboo rope1 which makes an excellent substitute for a birch rod1 and yet withal they are cheerful4 ,when it rains or snows they are wet through2 when the sun is hot--and remember the ,yangtsze is in the same latitude as ,north ,africa--they expose their bent backs to the scorching sun2 yet apparently they never grumble1 but they wile away the hours of their labour with cheerful song4 ,when they row or pull easily1 the song is a weird antiphonal chant--it seems to be sometimes a solo and a chorus1 sometimes two equally balanced choruses2 but when the work becomes hard1 the song changes into a wild snarl and they laugh a savage laugh as they strain and sweat to the #hg uttermost4 ,i will complete their description by saying that their views of decency are those of ,adam before the ,fall1 and that they preserve their strength by a diet of rice and beans with a handful of cabbages as a relish4 ,at night they sleep on the deck of the junk on their rough ,chinese bedding with only a mat roofing to keep the rain off them4 ,and as ,i watched their cheerful demeanour1 ,i felt more convinced than ever that the natural virtues of the ,chinese are of the very highest order4 ,perhaps ,i ought to say one word about the beauty of the gorges4 ,i think in two points they excel4 ,first1 in the height of the massive cliffs1 through which the ,yangtsze has cut its way like a knife2 the size of the river and the size of the cliffs are so much in proportion that the eagle circling above the gorge looks like a swallow1 and the crowd of trackers appears as a disturbed ant colony4 ,the other way in which the gorges excel in beauty is in colouring2 at one point especially it was most remarkable--the rocks were red1 the mountains when we saw them were purple1 and the purple and red harmonising with the fresh green foliage of early summer and the deep yellow of the river1 made a rich combination of tints in the landscape which could hardly be surpassed4 ,it is typical of the state in which ,china is at the present day that a scheme should be on foot for building a railway which no doubt will render the gorges of the ,yangtsze a silent highway1 and1 instead of hearing the wild song of the tracker or the savage beating of the tom-tom1 #hh the lonely eagle will circle above a silent river on which the fisherman's bark alone will sail in the future4 ,for all schemes to tame the wild and fierce ,yangtsze are clearly impossible4 ,the river rises and falls more than a hundred feet with great rapidity1 and no human hand could ever throw a dam across this mass of surging water4 ,possibly it might be used as a source of power for electrical work1 but it is far more probable that the smaller rivers which fall into the ,yangtsze will be chosen for that purpose4 ,this district may be a tourist resort1 and dwellers in the plains of ,china may seek coolness and beauty on one of the crags that overhang the river2 the modern hotel may perch itself beside the ancient ,buddhist temple2 but the days of the river as a great commercial route of ,china are numbered as soon as the railway linking far-western ,szechuan to the rest of ,china is completed4 ,one wild scheme proposes that the railway should come from ,russia straight down from ,szechuan1 in which case more than probably ,szechuan will fall completely under the influence of the ,russian ,government4 ,one of the results of ,westernising ,china must be to produce an industrial revolution4 ,all those men1 for instance1 who make a living by leaping from crag to crag1 from rock to rock1 and swimming1 struggling1 rowing in that river ,yangtsze will find their living gone4 ,but not only will the railway make many poor who had a competence1 but it must make many rich #hi who before were poor4 ,in this case1 for instance1 all those commodities which are now extremely dear in ,szechuan1 because of the cost of transit1 will fall in price1 and there will be a period when there will be a wide margin of profit between the cost of importation and the conventional price the people are used to pay1 and those who live by trade will grow rich4 ,what has happened in the ,west must also happen in the ,east4 ,the introduction of steam did not make the official classes or even the working classes immediately rich4 ,the people who immediately profited by improved means of production and communication were the great middle class2 afterwards as the working class realised that the margin of profit would allow of larger wages1 they compelled the masters to share these advantages with them4 ,so it will probably happen in ,china4 ,with the railway will come a rich middle class who will be a factor of growing importance in future ,china4 ,a great contrast between the ,yangtsze and its wild gorges is the great trunk line from ,peking to ,canton which runs at right angles through the ,yangtsze north and south1 and must make ,hankow1 the place where it crosses the ,yangtsze1 one of the greatest cities in the whole world4 ,the railway is only completed as far as ,hankow4 ,it runs from ,peking right across the plains of ,china1 which are so desolate in the spring and so fertile in the summer1 and which depend for their fertility on the ,july rains4 ,at every station a great ,chinese inn is erected--that #ij is to say1 a big courtyard with rooms round4 ,at first1 of course1 trade was small2 the ,chinese village community has but little that it wants either to buy or sell2 each community is to a great extent self-supporting4 ,a farmer reckoned1 ,i was told by a ,chinese official1 that if he had made #cjs4 a year1 he had done well4 ,that does not mean that he lived on #cjs4 a year1 though in a country where men are paid threepence a day1 one would almost have been ready to believe it2 but it means that he had fifteen dollars a year to spend on things outside his daily food4 ,his farm supplies him with food and drink and his vicious luxury1 opium2 his women make his clothes2 it only remains for him to buy material for the clothes and the little extras that they cannot make1 besides salt4 ,he pays for the few things that he has bought1 probably with the opium he produces1 or in ,manchuria with beans2 but the trade has been of microscopical dimensions owing to the difficulties of transit4 ,when the railway is made he finds at the railway inn the ,chinese merchant ready to buy and sell anything that he on his part is ready to trade4 ,at first1 such things as sewing cotton and cigarettes are the things that are traded against silk or opium1 and then comes ,chinese medicine and mineral oil1 and so trade begins1 and soon the ,chinese inn becomes a market-place1 and the railways begin carrying goods4 ,of course the full development of the railway system must depend on the feeding lines and in what #ia we had in ,europe before the railway system1 and what the ,chinese have not got1 the feeding roads4 ,in ,manchuria--for ,china1 like ,england1 is more go-ahead in the north than in the south--they are already moving in this direction4 ,the ,russian railways1 possessed now by the ,japanese1 are very busy carrying beans to ,dalny1 and soon the ,japanese lines from ,mukden to ,antung will be equally busy1 and the line from ,mukden to ,tientsin also will carry this crop4 ,what they are now considering at ,mukden is how they can arrange a feeding system of light railways1 by which a bigger area of ground can be brought within reach of the railway system4 ,to give some idea of the energy and progressive character of the officials in those parts1 ,i may mention that they are already making inquiries as to the mono-rail system for such railways4 ,the ,chinese have made up their minds to welcome railways1 and though they would far prefer railways to be built with ,chinese capital1 they are of necessity compelled to accept ,european capital1 since their fellow-countrymen want very high interest for their money4 ,the ,germans have taken very full advantage of the ,chinese desire for railways1 and have linked ,kiauchau with the railway system of ,china4 ,the effect of all this must be very far reaching4 ,to begin with1 it will alter the influence of foreign powers4 ,as the railway service is completed1 ,kiauchau will become a very much more important centre than it is now4 ,if a railway that links ,peking to ,nanking1 #ib or1 to be accurate1 to a town on the ,yangtsze opposite to ,nanking1 is cut by a railway from ,kiauchau1 the result will be that ,kiauchau will become the nearest ice-free port for an enormous district of ,china4 ,this cannot fail to strengthen the ,german influence1 and the ,german influence is connected1 as we have already explained1 too much with that political side of missions which has caused them to be distrusted by peace-loving ,chinese4 ,the ,chinese will ask themselves1 will there not soon be a missionary incident which will justify a further aggression by ,germany along the railway1 which lies so handy for a military advance1 and they will be suspicious of any ,german missionary effort in that quarter4 ,but the effect of the railways is much more far reaching than any casual advantage that it may give to various powers1 whether it be to ,germany in ,shantung1 or to ,russia or ,japan in ,manchuria1 or to ,france in ,yunnan1 or to ,russia in ,szechuan4 ,it will have two main effects4 ,first and foremost it must place the whole of ,china in the same position that ,shanghai and ,tientsin occupy at the present moment--that is1 it must make the whole of ,china a mixture of ,eastern and ,western civilisation4 ,it may be urged that the rivers of ,china have already been the means of bringing ,east and ,west into close contact with one another1 and yet that ,china remains still a separate and different country to the treaty ports4 #ic ,the answer is1 firstly1 that it is comparatively only a short time since the river has been opened to foreign trade1 and that a great advance has been made in the treaty ports1 so much so that a man in the customs service living by the gorges of the ,yangtsze described the difference between the treaty ports and the rest of ,china by saying1 ,a man who has only seen ,shanghai and ,hankow has never seen ,china4 ,secondly1 a railway has a great educational effect4 ,when a railway is first opened the ,chinese crowd to see it2 they get in the way of the engine1 they are run over1 they accuse it of malign powers1 and then they come to the conclusion that it is after all only a machine1 and they take readily to travelling by rail4 ,for instance1 the railway from ,tientsin up to ,manchuria has already completely altered the conditions of culture in the north4 ,it has enabled a large number of labourers to migrate every year to cultivate the fertile but icy districts of ,manchuria1 so that it is quite a sight to see truck-load after truck-load of farm labourers travelling like cattle1 going up from the south to the districts of the north at the rate of three dollars for a twenty-two hours' journey4 ,not only does the railway carry the ,tientsin labourer in a truck to the ,manchurian beanfield1 but it also carries first-class the ,chinese merchant who will buy the crop of beans to the advantage of the farmer and to his own greater advantage4 ,the #id ,chinese are rich in traders1 and such an opportunity would never be allowed to pass4 ,every year will produce a greater number of wealthy ,chinese merchants1 many of them very ignorant both of ,western and ,eastern knowledge1 but probably some of them owning a respect for that knowledge whose lack they have felt in proportion to their own ignorance1 for there is no man more inclined as a class to endow educational institutions than he who in his youth has felt the need of them4 ,china now needs help to found a ,university teaching ,western knowledge4 ,once it is formed1 there is every reason to believe that it will be endowed by the same class that has endowed similar institutions in our own country4 #ie ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,cities ,of ,,china ,nowhere is the transitional period through which ,china is passing more obvious than in the cities of ,china2 many towns are still completely ,chinese1 but as you approach the ports you find more and more ,western development4 ,the contrast between towns is extremely marked4 ,shanghai or ,tientsin are ,western towns and centres of civilisation2 the difference between them and such towns as ,hangchow or ,ichang is very great4 ,the true ,chinese city is not without its beauty--in fact1 in many ways it is a beautiful and wonderful place4 ,but to appreciate it eyes only are wanted1 and a nose is a misfortune4 ,the streets are extremely narrow passages1 which are bordered on either side by most attractive shops1 particularly in the main street4 ,the stranger longs to stop and buy things as he goes along1 but the difficulty is that it takes so much time2 he must either be prepared to pay twice the value of the things he wants1 or to spend hours in negotiation4 ,there is one curious exception to this rule2 the silk guild at ,shanghai does not allow its members to bargain1 and therefore in the silk shop the real price is told at once4 #if ,the shopkeepers are charming1 and there are numbers of salesmen--salesmen who do not mind taking any amount of trouble to please4 ,it is delightful1 if insidious1 to go into those shops2 and one can well believe that if a ,chinese silk shop were opened in ,london1 and silk sold at ,chinese prices1 the shop would have plenty of customers4 ,the quality of ,chinese silk far exceeds that of the silks of the ,west4 ,a ,chinese gentleman mentioned as an example of this superiority that one of his gowns was made of ,french silk1 and that it was torn and spoilt after two or three years2 but that he had had gowns of ,chinese silk for twenty years or more which were quite as good as on the day he bought them1 and that he had only put them on one side because the fashions in men's garments change in ,china as they do elsewhere for ladies4 ,the same gentleman related many interesting things about the silk trade4 ,the quality of the silk is determined by the silk guild4 ,this is much more like the guilds in medival ,europe than anything that we have nowadays1 and that is why ,china is not exporting more silk than she is at present4 ,these silk guilds to a certain extent prevent the ,chinese catering for ,european customers1 as they will not allow or at any rate encourage the production of silks that would take on the ,european market4 ,the ,west has many faults as well as many virtues1 and one of its faults is that it no longer cares for articles of sterling value1 which last long and for which a high price must be paid1 #ig but it delights in attractive articles of poor quality at a low price4 ,it is to be feared that the ,west may spoil some of ,china's great products as she has spoilt the great arts and productions of ,india4 ,but to return to ,chinese streets4 ,next the silk shop will be the silver shop4 ,here again the work is admirable4 ,at such a place as ,kiukiang you can spend an hour or more bargaining1 and watching the wonderful skill of the silversmiths as they turn out beautiful silver ornaments4 ,it is pleasant to wander along and to look into the shops and see the strange things that are for sale--fish of many kinds in one shop1 rice and grain in another1 strange vegetables1 little bits of pork1 flattened ducks2 or to glance at the clothes and the coats hung out1 many of them of brilliant colours4 ,the signs over the shops and the names of the merchants are a feature in themselves1 illuminated as they are in vivid hues of red and gold1 in those wonderful characters so full of mystery to the foreigner4 ,in a native city up-country the traveller is practically forced to go through the city in a chair4 ,there are no wheel conveyances except wheelbarrows1 and1 except where there are ,manchus1 horses are quite unknown4 ,walking is profoundly unpleasant for a ,european1 for as he walks along he is constantly jostled by porters carrying loads of goods on a bamboo across their shoulders2 or cries are heard1 and a ,chinese ,mandarin is carried past shoulder high1 leaning forward looking out of his #ih chair perhaps with a smile1 of contempt for the foreigner who can so demean himself as to go on foot like a common coolie2 or perhaps it is a lady with her chair closely covered in and only a glimpse to be seen of a rouged and powdered face1 for the ,chinese women paint to excess1 as part of their ordinary toilette4 ,next comes the water-carrier hurrying past with his two buckets of water2 or perhaps it is some malodorous burden which makes a ,western long to be deprived of the sense of smell4 ,but in a chair a ride through a ,chinese town is delightful2 the chair-coolies push past foot-passengers who accept their buffets with the greatest equanimity1 and from a comparatively elevated position the traveller can look down on the crowd4 ,but when the ,chinese city is near a port1 all this begins to change4 ,the chair is replaced by the ricksha1 and though in many ways it is less comfortable than a chair1 the ricksha is after all the beginning of the rule of the ,west1 being a labour-saving machine4 ,one coolie or two at the most can drag a man quickly and easily where with a chair three or four bearers would be needed4 ,outside the old town will be built the new native town1 and the new native town is built on ,european lines1 with comparatively wide streets4 ,in a treaty port the completed specimen of the transitional stage through which all ,china is passing is to be seen4 ,shanghai is a most delightful town1 although it seems commonplace to those who live there1 but #ii to a stranger it is a place full of contradictions and eccentricities4 ,the first thing that strikes one in ,shanghai is that none of the natives know any of the names of the streets4 ,it is true they are written up in large letters both in ,english and in ,chinese2 but as not one of the coolies can read1 they have not the very slightest idea that that is the name of the street--they call it quite a different name2 and as they speak a different language both to that of the educated ,chinaman and to the ,englishman1 there is no reason why they should ever learn the names given by them4 ,the habitual way of directing a ricksha coolie is by a sort of pantomime1 and there is always a great element of uncertainty as to whether he will get to his destination even with the oldest resident unless he knows the way himself4 ,i arrived at ,tientsin and tried to go and see ,dr4 ,lavington ,hart1 whose college is known all over ,china1 ,i may say all over the world1 but the ,chinese porter was quite unable to make the coolie understand where it was1 and so we wandered about for some time till the coolie got tired and put me down opposite what fortunately turned out to be the house of a ,japanese gentleman4 ,i entered the house1 and was surprised that the ,chinese servant who met me did not altogether seem to expect me2 but as he could not speak ,english and ,i could not speak ,chinese1 it was impossible to inquire if anything was wrong4 ,i was just wondering why ,dr4 ,hart should live in a ,japanese house1 #ajj when the door opened and a ,japanese gentleman walked in4 ,fortunately for me he spoke both ,chinese and ,english well2 so after explanations ,i was again sent on my road1 and found ,dr4 ,lavington ,hart waiting dinner for me1 and wondering how ,i had got lost4 ,he then told me that ,i should have asked not for his college but for the hospital opposite1 and that ,i should have asked not for the street but for the ,chinese name of the doctor of the hospital who had been dead ten or fifteen years4 ,there is a moral in all this3 it shows the state of confusion that exists in small as well as in large things4 ,i asked several ,englishmen why they did not accept the native names of the streets2 their answer was that the coolies could not read them2 and when ,i suggested that common sense would expect that the coolies' names should be taken for the streets1 for after all that is how most of the streets in ,england were originally named1 the suggestion met with no approval4 ,these small matters show what a great gulf there is between the thoughts of the two races4 ,if the coolies had been ,italians or ,germans or ,russians1 their names would have been accepted1 or they would have been compelled to learn the new names4 ,another example of the difficulty of carrying on the details of city life is afforded by a common spectacle at ,shanghai4 ,in the crowded streets you see a little crowd of policemen4 ,the group consists of three splendid men1 typical of three different #aja civilisations4 ,first there is the ,english policeman2 next to him is a black-bearded man1 bigger than the first1 a ,sikh1 every gesture and action revealing the martial characteristics of his race2 then a ,chinaman completes the group1 blue-coated and wearing a queue and a round ,chinese hat as a sign of office4 ,the traveller wonders why this trio is needed till he sees them in action4 ,a motor car rushes down one road1 a ricksha comes down another1 and a ,chinese wheelbarrow with six women sitting on it slowly progresses down a third4 ,all three conveyances are controlled by ,chinamen1 and when they meet1 all shout and shriek at the top of their voices2 no one keeps the rule of the road1 with the probable result that the wheelbarrow is upset1 the ricksha is forced against the wall1 and the motor car pulled up dead4 ,then the police force comes into action4 ,the ,chinese policeman objurgates vociferously and makes signals indifferently to everybody2 the ,sikh policeman at once begins to thrash the ,chinese coolie2 meanwhile the ,english policeman at last gets the traffic on the right side of the road1 quiets his subordinates1 sees justice done1 and restores order4 ,possibly if the matter had been left to the ,chinese policeman1 he would have arranged it in the end2 the traffic in ,peking was controlled entirely by ,chinese policemen and was fairly well managed4 ,there is an extraordinary example of the want of consideration for the feelings of the ,chinese to #ajb be seen in the public gardens at ,shanghai4 ,there stands a notice which contains1 among several regulations1 first1 that no dogs or bicycles shall be admitted2 secondly1 that no ,chinese shall be admitted except servants in attendance on foreigners4 ,considering that the land is ,chinese soil1 one cannot but wonder that any one who had dealings with the ,chinese should allow so ill-mannered a notice to be put up4 ,no ,chinese gentleman would object for a moment if the notice had been to the effect that unclean persons and beggars should be excluded from the gardens2 but to exclude the cultured ,chinese merchant who is every whit as clean as his ,western neighbour1 or to exclude the respectable people of the middle class whose orderly behaviour is beyond suspicion1 is as unreasonable as it is regrettable4 ,again1 the ,shanghai municipality has no ,chinese representatives upon it1 though the great bulk of the population is ,chinese1 with the result that from time to time they come across ,chinese prejudices and quite unnecessarily irritate the population which they govern4 ,the ,chinese have a principle that a woman shall be publicly punished only for adultery and open shameless theft2 her face or dignity must be preserved2 and therefore she should never be made to answer for her offences in open court1 her husband or her father being held responsible for her behaviour and for her punishment4 ,the right way of dealing with any woman who is charged with an offence is to do as we do in ,england with regard to children1 to summon #ajc not her but those responsible for her behaviour4 ,i was assured by a ,chinese official that the trouble which culminated in the ,shanghai riots originated from disregard of this principle4 ,the refusal of the ,shanghai municipality to have ,chinese representatives upon it is the more remarkable1 as ,i was informed at ,hong-,kong that they have such representatives1 and find them most useful in assisting in the government of the ,chinese4 ,it is not surprising that ,shanghai is a town to which it is diplomatic to make no reference in conversation with a ,chinese gentleman4 ,there is more to be said for the mistrust of the ,chinese ,post-office and for the continuation of the curious system by which each nation has its own post-office4 ,nothing is more annoying to the traveller in ,shanghai than the trouble he has to get his letters4 ,if it should so happen that he has correspondents in many countries1 he has to go to every one of the many post-offices in ,shanghai1 and they are situated in different parts of the town and in places very difficult to find4 ,there is the ,imperial ,chinese ,post-office1 to which he first repairs1 and where he will find letters from any correspondent in ,china2 then with the greatest difficulty he reaches the ,english ,post-office2 after which he remembers that some of his friends may be on a holiday in ,france1 therefore he must go to the ,french ,post-office1 and so on4 ,when he asks why the ,chinese ,post-office cannot be trusted1 he is told that the ,chinese themselves will not trust their #ajd post-office unless there be a ,european official in control1 and that the old ,chinese system by which letters are forwarded by private companies still continues in many parts of ,china1 although they possess branches of the ,imperial ,chinese ,post-office4 ,still the traveller wearily thinks at the end of his day's journey that without undue trust in another nationality1 or any loss of national prestige1 an ,international ,post-office might be arranged in a town like ,shanghai1 with its vast travelling population4 ,shanghai with its mixture of races1 with its national antipathies and jealousies1 is indeed one of the most attractive but strangest towns in the whole world4 ,every race meets there2 and as one wanders down the ,nanking road1 one never tires of watching the nationalities which throng that thoroughfare4 ,there walks a tall bearded ,russian1 a fat ,german1 jostling perhaps a tiny ,japanese officer1 whose whole air shows that he regards himself as a member of the conquering race that has checkmated the vast power of ,europe2 there are sleek ,chinese in ,western carriages1 and there are thin ,americans in ,eastern rickshas2 the motor cycle rushes past1 nearly colliding with a closely-curtained chair bearing a ,chinese lady of rank1 or a splendid ,indian in a yellow silk coat is struck in the face by the hat of a ,frenchman1 who finds the pavements of ,shanghai too narrow for his sweeping salute2 one hears guttural ,german alternating with ,cockney slang2 ,parisian toilettes are seen next half-naked coolies2 a couple of sailors on #aje a tandem cycle almost upset two ,japanese beauties as they shuffle along with their toes turned in2 a grey gowned ,buddhist priest elbows a bearded ,roman missionary2 a ,russian shop where patriotism rather than love of gain induces the owners to conceal the nature of their wares by employing the ,russian alphabet overhead1 stands opposite a ,japanese shop which1 in not too perfect ,english1 assures the wide world that their heads can be cut cheaply2 an ,english lady looks askance at the tightness of her ,chinese sister's nether garments1 while the ,chinese sister wonders how the white race can tolerate the indecency that allows a woman to show her shape and wear transparent sleeves4 ,yes1 ,shanghai on a spring afternoon is a most interesting place2 and yet as you turn your eyes to the river and catch sight of the dark grey warship1 you realise that beneath all this peace and busy commerce lies the fear of the grim realities of war4 ,china may assimilate the adjuncts of ,western life1 but she will never welcome the ,western4 ,the racial gulf that divides them is far too deep4 ,it may be temporarily bridged by the heroism of a missionary2 the enthusiasm of ,christianity may make those who embrace it brothers2 but the feeling of love will not extend one inch beyond the influence of religion2 and those who ponder on the future as they watch the many-hued crowd that passes must grow more and more sure that the future of ,china lies with the ,chinese alone2 and however much as a race they may #ajf be willing to learn from the ,west1 they will as a race be led only by their own people4 ,the ,westerner may be employed2 ,western teaching may be learnt2 ,western garments may be worn2 but1 as a ,chinese professor said1 ,the wearer will be a ,chinaman all the same4 #ajg ,,chapter ,,ix ,,opium ,there was one marked difference in the cities of ,china as we saw them in our two visits1 and this was the change that had taken place in the matter of opium-smoking4 ,opium-smoking in #aijg was such a common vice that you could see men smoking it at the doors of their houses4 ,in #aiji opium-smoking hid itself1 and those that smoked1 smoked secretly1 or at any rate less ostentatiously4 ,i doubt whether so great an alteration has taken place in any country1 certainly not of late years4 ,each race has its peculiar vice2 in fact1 we may go further than that1 we may say that it is a remarkable fact that the great bulk of mankind insists on taking some form of poison2 in fact1 it is only a minute minority which wholly abstains from this practice4 ,the poisons used by mankind have different effects and have a different degree of toxic power1 but the reason they are used is because in some way they stimulate or soothe the nervous system4 ,opium1 alcohol1 tobacco1 tea1 coffee1 hashish1 are examples of this widespread habit of humanity2 but these different drugs have the most different effects on the welfare of man4 ,some seem to be wholly #ajh innocuous if not beneficial1 and others seem to be absolutely pernicious and to do nothing but evil2 and further than that1 one may say that a different preparation of the same drug or a different way of taking it produces differing results4 ,a still more curious thing is that though all mankind is agreed in taking some poison1 there is a marked1 racial tendency to accept one particular poison and to detest others1 and at times it seems as if the habit of taking one was sufficient to prevent another having any attraction4 ,as we went to ,china we passed through the ,suez ,canal1 and heard what a curse hashish was in ,egypt1 and how the ,egyptian ,government had endeavoured to secure total prohibition of the use of this obnoxious drug1 a course which was impossible owing to the great amount of smuggling that was facilitated by the wide deserts that surround ,egypt4 ,when we arrived at ,saigon 7we were travelling by the ,french mail7 we first came in contact with the terrible vice of the ,chinese4 ,a ,french lady was pointed out to us by a doctor1 and he asked us to observe the odd glassy look of her eyes1 the intense suavity of her manner and the contempt which she evinced for truth1 and he told us that these were all symptoms of the vice of opium-smoking that she had contracted from association with the ,annamites4 ,the ,french for some mysterious reason seem more prone to acquire this vice than do our own countrymen1 for though in #aijg it was rife in ,south ,china1 #aji no one ever suggested that any ,english smoked opium at ,hong-,kong4 ,as we went up to ,canton crowds of people were smoking opium on the ,chinese deck1 and when we wandered round they had no objection to our standing watching the lazy process of dipping the needle into the treacle-like mixture1 turning it round till a bead was formed1 then putting it into the lamp to light and thence transferring it to the opium pipe1 when after three whiffs or so the process had to be begun again4 ,the first effect of opium-smoking is to make a man intelligent and amiable4 ,it is for this reason that opium-smoking--so the ,chinese explained to us--is used largely in business4 ,when business is difficult1 and you cannot get three or four men to agree1 the opium pipe is brought out1 and after two or three whiffs the cantankerous people are reasonable1 and the people whose dignity is hurt are forgiving1 and business is easily and rapidly transacted4 ,the next stage of smoking is stupidity4 ,as you watch an opium-smoker in that condition he nods amiably at you with a rather imbecile look4 ,the last stage is one of heavy senseless sleep4 ,the habitual opium-smoker rarely passes the first stage1 and its apparently beneficial influence constitutes its danger4 ,each man says to himself3 ,i will never take it to excess2 ,i will merely use it and not abuse it2 it makes life sweet to me and business easy4 ,i have always thought that those who condemn #aaj opium have a tendency to prove too much in their argument4 ,if it could be shown that the effects of opium-taking were invariably pernicious1 it would be very hard to see how the vice could take such a hold as it has taken on the ,chinese race2 if the young men regularly saw that the older men were brought to inanity and death by the use of opium1 they would themselves be terrified of contracting the vice1 and it would not have spread as rapidly as it has done4 ,the vice is essentially modern4 ,opium has only been grown in ,china for about seventy or eighty years1 and it has only been imported in large quantities for a scarcely longer period of time4 ,an inhabitant of ,shansi told us that though every one smoked opium1 and it was a terrible curse1 his father remembered its introduction4 ,opium is certainly deleterious to the moral fibre of a race1 and in many cases it produces death and misery2 but there are a certain number of cases where no obvious evil effects follow from its consumption--cases when as a rule a man is well-nourished1 for it acts most deleteriously on a man's powers of digestion4 ,men who have good food can better tolerate the effects of the drug1 so a mission doctor explained1 and their comparative immunity tempts others to follow their example4 ,men do not see at once the evil that will result1 and so its use has spread by leaps and bounds4 ,the ,chinese ,government have always theoretically resisted it1 but their action has been hampered by their not being permitted to #aaa prohibit its importation4 ,for many years the pro-opium party in ,china used those treaty obligations by which ,china was bound to permit the importation of opium as a reason for stopping any efforts to extirpate the vice in the country4 ,not only were there always a great number of people in high places addicted to the vice1 who were naturally unwilling to remove from themselves the opportunity of its gratification1 but also there was a vast number of people who rapidly acquired a great pecuniary interest both in the maintenance and extension of this trade4 ,unfortunately for humanity1 opium was not only very injurious but extremely portable1 and it therefore formed in a country where means of communication are bad a very useful article of exchange4 ,the peasant farmer will grow most things on his little farm which he and his family consume--in most respects they will be a self-supporting community--but there must be a certain number of things which they will need to buy1 and for which they must give something in exchange2 that something must be portable4 ,in many cases the only way of bringing your goods to the market is by carrying them on your own back4 ,opium1 alas1 forms1 in soils which it suits1 a most remunerative crop4 ,the whole product of several fields can be carried quite easily on a man's back and can be sent down to the market1 where it will find a ready sale1 and the result of that sale will be invested in articles of which the farmer and his family have need4 #aab ,not only the farmer1 but the trader1 both ,chinese and ,european1 find it a most profitable source of trade4 ,it was hard1 and it is hard1 to persuade the ,european trader that it is injurious to ,china1 and to understand the reason we must turn back to the thought which was suggested at the beginning of the chapter1 namely1 that it is very doubtful whether the ,english race has any natural desire for the vice1 while it is most patent that the ,chinese have a peculiar national tendency towards this form of dissipation4 ,when people have no desire for an intoxicant themselves1 it is hard to persuade them that others may have a desire which may be beyond all power of restraint4 ,the trading class mixes but little socially with the ,chinese1 and the people with whom they are brought in contact are very generally pecuniarily interested in the opium trade1 and therefore they have neither the evidence of the ,chinese nor of their own temptation to convince them of the insidious and dangerous character of this vice to the ,chinese race4 ,the ,english race has long been conversant with opium4 ,in the form of laudanum it used to be sold freely in the eastern counties4 ,i have heard people describe years ago how the old women from the fen round ,lowestoffe1 or the marshes as they are there called1 would call on market day at the chemist for their regular supply of laudanum1 which they would take in quantities sufficient to make any ordinary person go fast asleep4 ,it was used there1 as it is used in many #aac countries1 as a prophylactic against ague4 ,the doctors now deny that it has any beneficial effect1 but the people in the eastern counties used to think differently4 ,but when ,i was a curate at ,yarmouth ,i could find no traces of this vice2 it had apparently been exterminated not by any social reform or moral movement1 but by the superior attraction of alcohol2 and in my day ,yarmouth and the district round was terribly addicted to the national vice of intemperance4 ,i noticed the same thing in ,shanghai4 ,the ,english know opium2 most of them have out of curiosity tried a pipe2 and they describe the effects as trifling or very unpleasant4 ,one man said that he felt as if all his bones were a jelly2 another that he felt as if he was floating between heaven and earth2 a third that he found no pleasure in it at all1 but that he had a filthy headache next day4 ,on the other hand1 if you go into the ,shanghai ,club you can see at once what is the attractive vice to the ,european at ,shanghai2 the whole of one side of the entrance hall was nothing more than the bar of an overgrown public-house4 ,you will hear story after story which tells the same old tale that alcohol1 especially in its strongest form1 is the greatest pleasure and the worst danger to the ,englishman abroad as at home4 ,if opium is unattractive to the white man1 on the other hand alcohol is equally unattractive to the yellow man2 in fact1 their relative position is much the same4 ,the yellow man has known of alcohol from the very earliest ages4 ,dr4 ,ross quotes the #aad second ode of the ,book of ,poetry as showing how well known drunkenness was to the ,chinese3 ,before they drank too much1 they were dignified and grave2 but with too much drink their dignity changed to indecency1 their gravity to rudeness2 the fact is1 that when they have become drunk they lose all sense of order4 ,when the guests have drunk too much1 they shout1 they brawl1 they upset the orderly arrangement of the dishes1 they dance about unsteadily1 their caps are set awry and threaten to fall off1 they dance about and do not know when to stop4 ,had they gone out before drinking so deeply1 both host and guest would have been happier4 ,drinking gives real happiness only when it is taken in moderation according to propriety4 ,drunkenness seems to have been extirpated from ,china by the same process that laudanum-taking was from the eastern counties1 namely1 it has given way before the more entrancing vice of opium-smoking4 ,i was assured that the ,tibetans do not share with the ,chinese this preference for opium1 and this is all the more remarkable because from their geographical position they have always been in close contact with ,india1 which is apparently the home of the opium vice1 but they have adhered steadily to the vice of drunkenness4 ,the ,chinese have free trade in drink2 they have no licensing laws2 any one may sell alcohol at any time of the day1 in any place they like2 and yet alcohol has so few votaries that you will scarcely see a drunken man from one end of ,china to another4 #aae ,if the ,english commercial world is incredulous to the danger of opium to the ,chinaman1 not so the ,chinese world4 ,people will tell you that ,orientals love to agree with you in whatever you say1 but ,i heard a ,british ,vice-consul flatly contradicted by a ,chinese official when the ,vice-consul expressed a doubt as to the danger of the vice1 and ,i must say the ,chinese disputant supported his contradiction with an argument which seemed to me perfectly unanswerable4 ,he said3 ,look at the ,japanese2 they are impartial spectators of the vice of alcoholism and opium-smoking2 they are conversant with the worst forms of alcoholism that white men can show them4 ,it is well known that white sailors are great offenders in this respect4 ,every port in ,japan knows what it is to see a drunken sailor finding his way to his ship4 ,they are equally conversant with the vice of opium-smoking4 ,they have intimate contact with the ,chinese2 they know both the recent origin of this vice and its terrible ravages2 and what do they do8 ,do they forbid both vices equally8 ,no2 they are so convinced that opium is so much more dangerous than alcohol1 that they will not allow it to be introduced into their country for smoking purposes1 and the smuggler is liable to five years' penal servitude4 ,but the vice of alcoholism they treat as something which1 though harmful1 can never threaten their national existence4 ,perhaps we who have suffered much more from the vice of alcoholism than of opium-smoking may be #aaf inclined to think that while the ,japanese are right in the opium question1 they are acting imprudently in allowing alcoholism to gain such a hold on their people2 but whether they are right or wrong1 there can be no doubt that the ,chinese official had justice on his side when he pointed out that to the ,japanese mind the evils that opium-smoking had done to ,china were of a most serious character4 ,his ,excellency ,tang-,k'ai-,sun spoke the ,chinese mind when1 in an eloquent speech at the ,shanghai ,conference1 he told of the awful desolation that opium was bringing to his land4 ,but it is unnecessary to quote the opinion of individual ,chinamen2 they are practically unanimous on this subject4 ,one has only got to point to what ,china has done to show two things4 ,first1 that the curse of opium-smoking was far greater and more horrible than anything that we have experienced on this side of the globe2 next1 that there is latent in the ,chinese character a vigour and an energy which1 when it is called into action1 despises all obstacles and acts so efficiently as to leave the world lost in astonishment4 ,realise what ,china has done4 ,china is addicted to a vice which has a far greater hold upon her than alcoholism has upon us2 she determines that within ten years that vice is to cease4 ,the production of the poppy is to be diminished till none is produced2 opium-smokers are to be held up to public scorn2 opium dens--which are really the equivalent of our public-houses--are to be closed2 all officials who take #aag opium are to be turned out of ,government employ2 the only exception that is made is for old men1 and that exception was quite unavoidable4 ,so vigorous was the action of the ,government that men who have for forty or fifty years of their lives taken opium1 tried to give it up2 the result was in several cases that they were unable to support the physical strain2 a great illness1 even death1 ensued2 and so the edict was relaxed2 men over sixty were allowed to continue smoking4 ,when all this was published1 every one smiled4 ,they argued that ,china was trying to do the impossible4 ,a vice like opium-smoking may be extirpated1 but only after years of struggle4 ,a generation must come and a generation must go before opium or any similar vice shows appreciable diminution4 ,we ourselves have not been unsuccessful in struggling against the vice of alcoholism2 but consider the number of years since ,father ,mathew first spoke against drink4 ,england may be growing sober1 but it is by slow if steady degrees4 ,but ,china hopes to accomplish in ten years what has taken ,england so many patient years of toil to effect partially4 ,the idea that ,china could do this was regarded by most ,westerns as almost laughable4 ,in #aijg1 when the edict was first put forth1 all those we met in ,china held this view2 even missionaries1 while they gave every credit to the ,government for what it intended1 shook their heads and foretold disappointment4 ,we noticed as we passed along that #aah wonderful line that links ,hankow to ,peking and ,peking to ,harbin in #aijg that the country was beautiful with the white and pink crops of poppy1 till at times one might imagine that the transformation scene of a ,london theatre was before us rather than the land of ,china1 and remembering what we had been told1 we also confidently expected failure to the edict which requires the destruction of so many miles of this pernicious if beautiful crop4 ,in #aiji1 when we again traversed the same country1 we could not see a single poppy flower2 not only so1 but we made every effort to see if we could find a field4 ,we went for a twenty mile walk at ,ichang through the country1 where no one could have expected a foreigner to come1 and we only found one tiny patch of poppy1 and one in which the ruthless hand of the law had rooted up the growing crop4 ,as we went up the ,gorges of the ,yangtsze we scanned with a strong glass the hillside1 and never once on those glorious mountains did we see any sign of opium cultivation4 ,we asked about the officials2 not only was the ,government enforcing the law that officials must give up opium-smoking1 but they were taking a more effectual action2 they were requiring all those who were going to be officials to spend some time under supervision1 to ensure that they should not be opium-smokers4 ,could any ,western power hope to accomplish such a feat8 ,would the most extreme temperance reformer suggest that all public-houses should be closed1 that the amount of barley #aai should be diminished every year till within ten years none should be grown1 and that all the ,government officials1 from the ,prime ,minister downwards1 should become total abstainers within that period8 ,the reason of this vigorous action of ,china and its present success is to be attributed to two things3 first1 to the terrible and very real national fear that this vice will destroy the nation1 as it has destroyed countless families and individuals2 secondly1 to the vast store of energy which enables ,china to accept new ideas and act vigorously on them4 ,the great revolution of thought that is going on has called forth this vigour4 ,the ,china of yesterday was fainant and unprogressive4 ,the ,china that is emerging out of this revolution of thought is energetic1 though possibly unpractical4 ,the old traditions of ,government are not lost1 and they wait but for the man and the hour to enable ,china to act as vigorously as she has done in time past4 ,her action in this opium question may be ill-considered in some details2 it may even fail2 but it has shown the world that ,china is in earnest1 and that she can act with a vigour which will cause wonder and envy on this side of the world4 ,every missionary reports that even high officials are coming asking to be cured of the opium habit4 ,the missionaries have founded refuges where they receive and cure those who are ready to submit to the terrible ordeal1 for their suffering is intense4 ,many quack cures are advertised4 ,some are definitely pernicious2 for instance1 the #abj morphia syringe has become a common article for sale in some parts of ,china4 ,some few may be beneficial4 ,there is no doubt that the movement against opium is a great national movement1 and is not the result of the action of any small or fanatical party4 ,what ,china has done proves that this is so4 ,let me close the chapter by a quotation from the ablest of the foreign representatives at ,peking1 ,sir ,john ,jordan4 ,writing to ,sir ,edward ,grey1 he says3 ,it is true that the ,chinese ,government have in recent years effected some far-reaching changes1 of which the abolition of the old examination system is perhaps the most striking instance2 but to sweep away in a decade habits which have been the growth of at least a century1 and which have gained a firm hold upon #h1jjj1jjj of the adult population of the empire1 is a task which has1 ,i imagine1 been rarely attempted with success in the course of history2 and the attempt1 it must be remembered1 is to be made at a time when the ,central ,government has largely lost the power to impose its will upon the provinces4 ,the authors of the movement are1 however1 confident of success1 and ,china will deserve and doubtless receive much sympathy in any serious effort she may make to stamp out the evil4 #aba ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,women',s ,,question ,the desire for radical change is never so much to be dreaded as when it attacks the home life of a nation4 ,that quiet life so often hidden away because of its very sacredness by the ,eastern races is like everything else in ,china disturbed by the introduction of ,western civilisation1 and in no other part of human life will its two different sides be more apparent4 ,western civilisation without ,christianity will destroy the home life as it destroys most ,eastern things it touches1 and will do little to construct a new life to take the place of the one it destroys4 ,the ,japanese complain that ,western civilisation has destroyed both the modesty and the religion of their women1 and ,christianity has not yet been able to any great extent to reconstruct on the basis of true religion new ideals of feminine life4 ,therefore the ,chinese1 with all their enthusiasm for ,western culture1 are looking a little nervously at what they see has happened in ,japan4 ,they say that their home life is not now unbeautiful2 even those who are disposed to admit that the life of the ,western woman is founded on higher ideals than their own will not allow that their national home life deserves unmixed #abb condemnation4 ,everybody agrees that the wanton destruction of the laws which govern women's life in ,china may have a terrible result when ,western civilisation is unwisely introduced1 especially if it is made to appear to be a civilisation without religion4 ,the missionaries see in this crisis the necessity for vigorous action2 while thankful for the movement1 they realise the responsibility it puts upon ,christians to see that that movement is wisely directed4 ,in the memorial from the ,centenary ,conference at ,shanghai in #aijg to the ,home ,churches1 they say3-- ,the changed attitude of ,china towards female education and the place of woman1 lays upon us great responsibilities4 ,the uplifting of woman is a first need in the moral regeneration of a people1 and one of the things in which ,christianity has a totally different ideal from that which the religions of ,china have encouraged4 ,the present change of national sentiment on the subject is one of the indirect but none the less striking changes that the slow but steady dissemination of ,christian ideas in ,china during the past century has led to4 ,let it be remembered1 however1 that it requires the ,christian motive power to make it successful and fruitful4 ,it is somewhat difficult to obtain information from the ,chinese themselves as to the position of women4 ,they are very averse to discussing the subject2 in fact1 it is not even regarded as good manners for a man to ask after the health of his most intimate friend's wife2 and all the information that we could #abc get had for the most part to be obtained by ,lady ,florence ,cecil through feminine sources4 ,we may generally state1 however1 that the position of women in ,china is neither so low as that which they occupy in ,india or among the ,mohammedans1 neither is it in any degree so high as the position of women in ,western lands4 ,the woman is completely subject to the man2 till she marries she is subject to her father1 when she is married she is subject to her husband1 and if her husband dies she is then subject to her son1 and rarely re-marries4 ,these are called the three obediences4 ,she is not educated as a rule1 because both public opinion and ,chinese philosophy regard her as mentally far inferior to the man4 ,we shall explain later on how in ,chinese thought everything is divided into a good and an evil principle--a ,yang and a ,yin4 ,the woman is distinctly ,yin4 ,she is therefore necessary to man1 but at the same time inferior4 ,again1 with regard to the question of polygamy1 her position is an intermediate one between the avowed polygamy of ,moslem countries and the ill-maintained monogamy of many a ,latin country4 ,in ,hong-,kong the position was explained by a ,chinaman to me thus3 that when a woman grew old it was regarded as her duty to provide a secondary wife for her husband's pleasure and as a companion for herself--a companion with a sense of servitude in it4 ,if this was done in an orderly manner1 it was absolutely approved by ,chinese public opinion4 ,if1 #abd on the other hand1 the husband1 ignoring the wife's rights1 should choose a secondary wife for himself and set her up in another house1 his attitude would be regarded as distinctly doubtful by the respectable ,chinese4 ,in the same way if an official were appointed to a distant post he would probably not think of imposing upon his wife with her deformed feet the pain and discomfort of a long journey2 he would most likely take a natural-footed woman1 who will be for that reason a slave2 in fact1 one gentleman went so far as to say that he thought that the squeezed feet had a great deal to do with this institution of a secondary wife1 because he noted that the secondary wives of all the officials when they were travelling were natural-footed women4 ,the secondary wife would be rarely a woman of good class2 it is allowed to be an inferior position4 ,on the other hand1 if she bears her husband a son1 and that son is recognised1 all that son's relations1 and therefore all his mother's relations1 become relations of the father4 ,the curious tangle which such a position begets when brought into contact with the ,christian idea is exemplified in this story4 ,a rich ,chinaman had three wives4 ,by his lawful wife he had nine children2 by the other two he had none2 but his second wife was a woman of very strong character1 and she was brought in touch with the missionaries by the ,chinese wife of a ,european4 ,she apparently ruled the house with a kindly rule to which all the others #abe bowed4 ,she did everything in an energetic and vigorous way1 and she studied ,christianity till she was convinced of its truth1 and then she demanded baptism4 ,there was a great difficulty2 she must leave her husband before she could be baptized4 ,after considerable delay she accepted the condition1 but resistance came1 not alone from the man1 but from the other two wives4 ,they could not possibly get on without her2 they were like sisters2 and she must be allowed to return to the house4 ,she refused1 though the pressure was extreme4 ,the man said that he had promised his ancestors that none of his children should be ,christians1 and that his own mother would not forgive him2 but the woman held firm1 and at last she was baptized4 ,her face was beautiful to behold while she was accepting ,christianity and renouncing all that made life sweet to her4 ,the husband was so moved by her fortitude that he signed a paper promising not to molest her1 and yet to support her apart1 so that she should not be in any need4 ,at the ,shanghai ,conference there were1 curious to relate1 many women who wished the ,christian body to recognise existing polygamy among the ,chinese4 ,a sentence of the resolution proposed was that secondary wives may be admitted to membership if obviously true ,christians4 ,mr4 ,arnold ,foster resisted the inclusion of these words1 and they were lost4 ,no doubt the ,conference was wise in taking this line4 ,it is most essential to maintain the purity #abf of the home life1 and the difficulty that arises from secondary wives desiring to join the ,christian ,church can never be a very important one1 as the vast majority of ,chinese are monogamous4 ,a serious evil this custom creates is that of female slavery4 ,both in ,japan and ,china one of the awful penalties of poverty is that a man is sometimes forced to sell his female children4 ,these little girls are bought by prudent ,chinamen1 first to be servants to their own wives and then to act as secondary wives to their sons to prevent them going elsewhere4 ,sometimes they are kidnapped by men who make a regular business of this cruel traffic4 ,stories are told of boat-loads of these children being brought down the ,yangtsze1 concealed below the deck and terrorised to keep them quiet by one of their number being killed before their eyes4 ,on one occasion a missionary suddenly saw a hand thrust through the planks of the deck1 and on investigation he discovered a dozen children hidden below1 and as it turned out they had been kidnapped1 not bought1 he was able to get them released4 ,these slaves are the absolute property of their owners1 and many are the tales told of the cruel and neglectful treatment to which they are subjected4 ,in ,shanghai the ,chinese police will report such cases1 and in consequence the ladies of the settlement have founded an admirable institution to which they can be brought4 ,the ,slave ,refuge deserves all support4 ,there the little girls are taught and cared for1 and helped to #abg forget the terrible experiences some of them have gone through4 ,sad to relate1 many of them have to be taken first to the hospital to be cured from the effects of the ill-treatment they have received4 ,one poor little thing went into convulsions when a fire was lit in the ward2 it was difficult to understand the reason1 but when it happened again and the poor child uttered incoherent appeals for mercy1 it was discovered that she thought the fire was lit to heat opium needles with which to torture her4 ,her system was too shattered for recovery1 but many others get quite well and form a pleasing sight at work and play in the bright cheerful ,refuge1 with the happy elasticity of youth forgetting the injuries which in some cases have left on them permanent scars4 ,but ,i fear the system of slavery continues very commonly all over ,china1 and such a philanthropic effort as the ,shanghai ,slave ,refuge can touch but a very small proportion of them4 ,probably when the little slaves are destined to be wives to their mistresses' sons they are treated less cruelly1 and though employed as household drudges1 do not live actively unhappy lives4 ,without stating that women as a whole are miserable1 ,i think it would be no exaggeration to say that they are infinitely less happy than their ,western sisters4 ,many of the national customs militate against their happiness4 ,the custom of child betrothal1 for instance1 condemns a woman to live completely subject to a man for whom she perhaps #abh has the greatest natural antipathy4 ,stories are told of brides committing suicide rather than leave their father's house to be married to men for whom they feel no affection2 yet as a whole they accept their position1 and a ,chinese woman has neither the will nor the power to be untrue to her husband4 ,again1 the rule of the husband's mother is very often extremely harsh2 the child-wife is little better than her drudge4 ,on the other hand1 when a woman grows older1 her position is one of considerable strength4 ,i was assured that they take a keen interest in the management of their husbands' properties1 and often show themselves excellent business women4 ,the position which the late ,empress of ,china acquired shows that women's position is the very reverse of inferior when dignified by age4 ,and now before all this woman's world glitters ,western civilisation2 the greater dignity which is accorded therein to women is envied and the laws which restrain her are misunderstood4 ,the ,chinese women hear stories of ,western life4 ,at first such strange perversions are believed as that in the ,west women rule4 ,one missionary explained that this absurd figment came from the rule of the late ,queen2 another attributed it to the custom men have when travelling in ,china of walking while their wives remained in the carrying chair4 ,to the ,chinaman such a course admits of but one explanation3 the #abi woman must be greater than the man because she is carried while he walks4 ,again1 in ,western ,china they learnt through their local press that girls and boys received a similar education in ,england1 and they concluded that the dress must be also similar1 and the missionaries were more amused than scandalised at seeing a ,government girls' school turned out in boys' clothes4 ,it was explained to us that this was far from being an uncommon custom in ,china2 slave-girls who have been brought up with natural feet are habitually dressed as boys1 and it is common now for fathers of small daughters with unbound feet to avoid the unpleasant taunts of the ignorant by allowing their daughters while they are children to wear boys' clothes4 ,still on the whole the desire for imitation of the ,west has been very beneficial to the women of ,china1 especially in this matter of foot-binding4 ,this disgusting custom is going out of fashion among the enlightened and educated classes2 two or three ,chinese gentlemen assured us that this was so2 and in a place like ,shanghai1 where the ,western movement is very strong1 the number of women with unbound feet is quite remarkable2 the greater number of them naturally have had their feet bound1 and as feet bound from infancy never become quite normal1 they still have something of the tottering walk which used to be the admiration of every ,chinaman2 in fact1 this tottering walk is preserved as a piece of #acj affectation4 ,a lady told us that even her ,christian girls' school was not above such a feminine weakness4 ,as they walked to ,church they would step out with the swinging stride that regular gymnastic exercises and a most comfortable dress have encouraged2 suddenly the lady would see the whole of her school struck with a sort of paralysis which made them exchange their easy gait for the tottering-lily walk of the ,chinese small-footed women4 ,the cause is that the boys' school has just come into sight4 ,i fear it must be admitted that foot-binding continues to be practised in the interior amongst the poorer women1 who cling to the custom for fear of ridicule4 ,the most beneficial effect of the admiration of the ,west is the earnest desire that it has given to ,chinese women for education4 ,so keen is this desire that even married women will become children again and take their position in the class4 ,husbands who have received ,western education are most anxious that their wives should share somewhat in their interests4 ,lady ,florence could see over girls' schools where a man's visit would not have been acceptable1 so she visited many of all varieties1 including two at ,peking of a rather unusual description4 ,one of them was carried on by a ,manchu lady of high position1 connected with a great ,manchu prince4 ,her attitude generally towards the forward women's movement offends her family1 as she lectures publicly on topics of the time4 #aca ,her school is small1 and1 alas1 not very efficient1 she having fallen into the usual fallacy amongst the ,chinese of believing that a ,japanese instructress must of necessity be efficient4 ,still her desire to give education to the children of the poor is worthy of nothing but commendation4 ,she looked most impressive1 being a fine big handsome woman1 attired in the ,manchu long robe with the ornate ,manchu head-dress4 ,the second school my wife saw was managed by another ,manchu lady1 and it seemed more orderly and more successful than the other4 ,these two schools testified to a desire to improve the status of women4 ,my wife visited many other schools1 some belonging to missions of various denominations1 which attracted the daughters and even the wives of upper-class men1 who mixed quite happily with girls of lower degree1 being all united in a fervent desire for education1 the ruling desire now in ,china among women of all classes4 ,this desire for education is a great opportunity for the missionaries1 and they appeal most eloquently in the message from which we have already quoted for help from their sisters in ,england4 ,we need more schools for girls and more consecrated and highly trained women competent to conduct such schools and gradually to give higher and higher instruction in them4 ,we need more training schools1 also1 for ,chinese women1 to fit them to work among their sisters1 and we need educated ,christian ladies from our homelands for ,zenana work in the houses of the #acb well-to-do4 ,such work would have been impossible a few years ago2 now the visits of such workers would in many cases be cordially welcomed by ,chinese ladies1 and frequently they would be returned1 for the seclusion of women in ,china is not at all as strict as it is in ,india4 ,this1 so far1 has been a comparatively unworked sphere of usefulness in ,china1 but it is one full of promise and of gracious opportunity in the present4 ,the difficulty of education is in one way increased and in another way decreased by the ignorance which many women have of reading the ,chinese characters4 ,a new system has been invented by which ,chinese can be written in our letters as pronounced4 ,this is called by the rather uncouth name of ,romanised4 ,at the ,shanghai ,conference we were told wonderful stories of the incredibly short space of time in which women learnt to read by this system4 ,a woman of sixty-seven learnt in two months2 while one lady asserted that she had taught a boy to read between ,friday and ,wednesday1 ,i may add inclusive4 ,this extraordinary achievement is not quite so impossible as it would be with our more complicated languages4 ,the ,chinese have extremely few sounds1 and their language is monosyllabic in formation4 ,however1 we do not ask our readers to accept this as the normal rate of education2 still the thing is worth mentioning1 because it is possibly the beginning of a great movement which may alter the whole of education in the ,far ,east4 ,the extreme ease with #acc which ,chinese can be written in our letters may induce some daring spirit to advocate it as a system fitted for the education of the poor1 though this is at present quite improbable4 ,a far darker side to the introduction of ,western ways is the gradual naturalisation of the social evils of the ,west4 ,lady ,florence had the privilege of seeing some of the rescue work undertaken by devoted missionary ladies in ,shanghai4 ,being an open port1 this town1 in common1 ,i believe1 with the other semi-,westernised ports in ,china1 bears a very bad character as regards purity of morals4 ,the advent of the foreigner has done nothing but harm in this respect4 ,wonderful and horrible though it may seem1 the vice-mart exists in the ports mainly in connection with the foreigners1 who appear to have shown the way to the ,chinese4 ,there is a street in ,shanghai1 the ,foochow ,road1 where terrible scandals occur almost openly2 signs whose intention is veiled to the outsider by his ignorance of ,chinese characters1 boldly advertise the merits of various houses and their inmates4 ,formerly these wretched girls were even paraded in open chairs1 but this has been stopped1 though they are still carried about in closed chairs4 ,the scenes in this street as night falls are a sad witness to the ill effect of ,western ideas without ,christianity4 ,it must never be forgotten that the victims of this condition of things are literally victims4 ,they have no choice in the matter4 ,they are sold by their parents1 even by their husbands1 #acd into their terrible position2 and though some may live a life of luxury1 most of them are cruelly treated1 beaten1 tortured to prevent flight1 and1 as is proved by their subsequent conduct1 they regard the life with absolute loathing4 ,inspired by profound pity for these poor creatures1 these excellent ladies started a ,refuge for them with a receiving-house in the very midst of this locality of ill-fame4 ,to this haven the poor things often flee even in the middle of the night1 facing the unknown1 undeterred by rumours of the evil intentions of the foreigners put about by their owners1 rather than endure longer the life of degradation and misery to which they have been condemned4 ,the missionaries receive them and pass them on to the ,door of ,hope1 the appropriately named ,refuge1 which restores them to hope and peace and happiness4 ,there were to be seen some eighty young women living a hard-working simple life1 contented and merry1 and apparently never regretting for one moment the fine clothes and lazy luxury which many of them had renounced4 ,the ladies teach them useful arts1 instruct them in ,christianity1 and fit them for wives to ,chinese ,christians who will be good to them1 and1 understanding well that their former life was involuntary1 are glad to have wives with a modicum of education4 ,the ladies will allow non-,christians to mate with non-,christians1 if of good character2 but they will not permit any of their rescued flock to become secondary wives4 #ace ,two things are remarkable in this work of almost divine compassion--a relapse is practically unknown2 and it is the ,chinese who are most helpful in encouraging it--more so than foreigners2 the ,chinese often themselves suggest the ,door of ,hope to these girls1 and help in police cases to save them from their brutal owners4 ,the risk that ,china runs at this moment in the home-life is the same as the risk that she is running in every other department of her national existence4 ,if the materialist side of ,western civilisation is the one that is the most apparent1 it is scarcely possible that it will fail to do great damage to her home-life4 ,a thoughtful ,chinaman1 talking about the whole question1 argued in favour of a complete acceptance of ,western ideas4 ,he was afraid of a half measure4 ,he said that there was no question that women in the ,west are restrained by a mass of conventions of whose value they are perhaps unconscious1 but which are very apparent to those who have been brought up in a different civilisation4 ,it is the existence of these conventions that makes their liberty possible4 ,if the ,chinese are to accept ,western civilisation for their women1 and he regarded this as inevitable1 they must learn the conventions2 and therefore his solution to the problem was that ,chinese girls should be brought to ,england and brought up as ,english girls4 ,but many missionaries plead for the opposite policy4 ,they say3 ,let us preserve what is good in the ,chinese home-life1 let ,christianity permeate #acf that life and make it beautiful1 but do not destroy it4 ,the ,chinese home-life fits the ,chinese race4 ,the ,westernised ,chinawoman will combine the errors of both civilisations and the virtues of neither4 ,without giving an opinion on this very vexed question1 we may express a hope that a policy of prudence and moderation will govern the action of those who are concerned with women's education1 for the degree of alteration which may be necessary in women's life to make them fitted to receive ,western civilisation will be a matter rather of experiment than of theory4 ,at any rate let ,christianity precede any large alterations1 for ,christianity alone can make the life of a ,western woman intelligible and consistent to her ,eastern sister4 #acg ,,chapter ,,xi ,,chinese ,,architecture ,among the many ways a nation has of expressing its thoughts and of showing its individuality1 none is more valuable to mankind in general than its art4 ,perhaps it can be said that every civilised nation has contributed to the common stock of art1 and certainly ,china has done her share4 ,the porcelain which is called after her name testifies to her pre-eminence in ceramic art1 and should make ,westerns cautious in expressing their contempt for a race which is generally acknowledged to be the originator of this industry4 ,i will not attempt to express an opinion about the mysteries of this art1 except to regret that the name of the country should be so attached to this product of her skill as constantly to cause confusion4 ,when my friend ,archdeacon ,moule published his interesting book on ,new ,china and ,old1 a lady wrote to him to say that she did not care for new china1 but as she was a collector of old china1 she would much like to read his book4 ,china has contributed to other forms of art as well4 ,her embroideries and her lacquer work are well known2 her ivory carving and silver work have found a place in every collection4 ,her art1 as we #ach might expect from a race which has been under artificial conditions of civilisation for many years1 is distinctly artificial4 ,in it you can see the spirit of a race who for many centuries have been taught to control themselves and to avoid the natural expression of their feelings4 ,if it is artificial in form1 it is pleasing in colour and superb in workmanship4 ,there are few who will not agree that every effort should be made to preserve these arts from being injured by a false admiration of ,western models4 ,the only possible exception being modern embroideries1 which might be considerably improved if more harmonious colours were blended together4 ,china excels in another art1 though her excellence is not admitted either by the foreign resident or even by the native student4 ,in certain forms of architecture she is unequalled4 ,yet when the ,westerner comes to ,china he glories in bringing with him ,western architecture1 indifferent as to whether it is suited to the climatic conditions or is in itself beautiful4 ,take1 for instance1 the ,english churches of ,china4 ,could any form of architecture be less suited to a country like ,china1 where the sun is frequently oppressively hot1 than ,gothic architecture8 ,the large windows1 the pointed arch1 and the weak1 open1 high-pitched roof may be suitable in a country like ours which has little sunlight1 and where a wet drifting snow will often force an entrance into the best-designed roof2 but in a country like ,china1 where the sun is the chief difficulty1 some construction #aci should be preferred which renders a heavy and heat-proof roof possible4 ,if antipathy to the ,chinese necessitated a ,western type of building1 ,italian or even ,romanesque architecture might be selected1 and a building with a massive roof supported on solid arches might resist the rays of the sun4 ,but why not accept the ,chinese architecture as eminently fitted for the climate8 ,if ,christianity is to be assimilated by ,china and become part of their national existence1 the buildings in which it is proclaimed should be essentially national4 ,the intention of the ,christian should be written clearly on the face of every landscape where the new and beautiful ,chinese building rises up for the religion which is1 as we maintain1 as essentially fitted for the ,chinese as it is for the ,english4 ,we do not worship in a ,roman basilica1 but in the buildings that the northern architects have devised as suitable1 both for ,christian worship and for our climate4 ,the new ,chinese churches need not be replicas of the ,chinese temples2 the object of the building is different1 therefore the building should differ1 but there are many other forms in which it is possible for the architect to express in ,chinese architecture the eternal truths of ,christianity4 ,again1 why are all the schools and colleges erected on ,western patterns4 ,the ,chinese are used to and prefer their own architecture1 and from a sanitary point of view ,i hardly think it is inferior4 ,the average ,westerner in ,china has but one idea1 and #adj that is that the ,chinese must become like a ,western nation or must remain untouched by ,western civilisation4 ,he absolutely refuses the suggestion that the architecture of ,china can be altered to suit modern conditions4 ,it is said that the thoughts of all nations are written in their architecture2 that you can see the nobility of the ,middle ,ages in the ,gothic cathedral1 or the fulness of the thought of the ,renaissance in the ,palladian facade2 certainly on the modern ,chinese town the story of their change of thought is being rapidly written1 perhaps with truth1 but certainly not with beauty4 ,the ,western man absolutely despising all things ,chinese refuses to erect any building which preserves even a detail of the national architecture2 the ,westernising ,chinaman in faithful imitation erects ,western buildings1 but with this difference2 whereas the buildings of the ,western have some beauty--for instance1 the cathedral at ,shanghai is a noble building and the ,pe-,t'ang at ,peking would not disgrace an ,italian town1 even the bankers' palaces at ,hankow are not unworthy dwellings for merchant princes--the ,chinese imitations of these ,western buildings have but little beauty to commend them1 and as far as ,i could understand they are really less serviceable than a true ,chinese building4 ,no ,european resident in ,china will ever allow that ,chinese buildings are either beautiful or useful1 and if any one suggests that a ,western house shall #ada be built in the ,chinese style the suggestion is scouted as absurd2 yet the ,british ,legation at ,peking is an old ,chinese palace1 and no one who has seen it ever doubts that it is one of the most beautiful buildings in the whole of ,china1 and if this building has been found fitting for ,his ,majesty's ,representative1 surely some such building might serve for others of less high station4 ,as to the spiritual ideals in ,chinese architecture1 who can doubt them when they look at some of the pagodas that the reverence of ,buddhism has produced4 ,these pagodas tell in every line of a nation that would reach up above mere utilitarianism to higher thoughts4 ,the uselessness of the pagoda which so often annoys the practical ,englishman is one of its chief merits4 ,it stands there in all its beauty pleading with mankind for a love of beauty for its own sake and a belief in a beautiful spirit world4 ,the whole of ,buddhist thought is intimately connected with the love of beauty4 ,when a ,chinese gentleman was asked if the ,chinese had any love of beauty1 he said3 ,you will notice that their temples are always built in beautiful spots1 so that they who worship in them should satisfy their love of beauty4 ,even if the pagoda is merely regarded as a thing to bring luck to a town1 it still merits admiration1 for there must be something fine in a race that believes a beautiful thing can bring the blessing of the heavenly bodies on the earth4 ,no one can #adb study the details of any of these pagodas without being confident that those who erected them had as their main object the erection of a beautiful building4 ,or again1 take the ,temple of ,heaven4 ,is there any monument in the whole world that has more feeling of beauty about it8 ,the white altar lying uncovered testifies to the fundamental faith of the ,chinese that there is a ,god in heaven who dwelleth not in temples made with hands1 while the detail of the carving1 though showing a certain sameness1 yet indicates their belief that ,god must love beauty4 ,to see the white ,altar of ,heaven together with the blue-roofed ,temple beyond on some sunny day when the flowers are blooming and the dark green of the pine grove is in strong contrast with the light green of the spring herbage1 is one of those visions of beauty which make a man dream and dream again of the noble future that may be before a race which has its holiest places in such lovely surroundings4 ,as most of the readers of this book may never have seen a ,chinese building1 perhaps it should be described4 ,the architecture of the ,chinese differs from that of the ,west in almost every detail4 ,a ,chinese town is a town without chimneys1 and yet the absence of those chimneys which ,renaissance architects made such a feature of domestic architecture is never missed1 for ,chinese roofs are curved and decorated with quaint figures2 they are often #adc coloured1 bright yellow if the building is an imperial building1 or bright blue or blue and green with yellow lines1 as taste may direct4 ,common houses have not such ornate roofs1 but ,i am speaking of the houses which have some claim to architectural excellence4 ,this great roof is carried directly on pillars1 so that it is possible to have a ,chinese house without walls1 and these wall-less houses are most suitable to a country where the summer is hot4 ,the massive character of the roof prevents the heat of the sun penetrating1 and the absence of walls allows of a free current of air2 if there are walls they are generally wooden screens filled in with paper1 and the effect in some old ,chinese houses is very lovely4 ,for winter weather these houses seem cold to us1 but the ,chinese have always believed in the open-air policy4 ,they never heat their houses2 they rely either on warm clothing or on a flue-heated bed at night2 and as they are as a race very subject to consumption1 probably this policy is one which is best suited to their constitutions4 ,at any rate it seems strange that while we in ,england are advocating open-air schools1 open-air cures1 and sleeping with the window open1 in ,china ,western influence should be destroying the admiration for a splendid form of architecture1 the characteristic of which was that while it was of great beauty1 it also shielded the inmates from the intense heat of summer and gave them ample fresh air4 ,when some ,chinese literati were questioned #add about this architecture they freely confessed that they preferred their native buildings1 but they seemed to think that a ,western school could not be efficient unless it was held in a ,western building4 ,missionaries and others being questioned on this point maintained that ,western houses were in the end the cheapest1 but the ,chinese would not allow this4 ,they said that a ,chinese house would cost far more than a ,western house if it were beautifully adorned with carving1 but if it was built simply it would work out at less cost4 ,chinese architecture is obviously a construction which lends itself to the use of iron4 ,a ,chinese building with iron substituted for wood would look as well1 for they always paint their wood2 this ought to be a very cheap form of construction in a land which is going to produce iron at a very low rate4 ,the truth is that it is neither a question of cost nor of efficiency which makes the ,chinese architecture despised2 it is part of the great movement which expresses itself in stone and brick--a movement which is tending to bring the ,eastern countries into misery--a movement which is planting in the ,east all that is commonplace1 all that is hideous in the ,west1 and that is destroying all that is beautiful in the ,east both in thought and colour and form4 ,it is the counterpart of the movement which is destroying the faith of the ,eastern nations and is only substituting the materialism which has degraded the ,west4 #adg ,,religions ,,of ,,china ,,and ,,the ,,missionary ,,chapter ,,xii ,,religions ,,in ,,china ,the real power of a race lies in its religion2 other motives inevitably tend to egotism1 disorganisation1 and national death1 and ,china is no exception to the rule2 the strength and the weakness of ,china lies in her religion and in its absence4 ,there are few nations who set less store by the outward observance of religion and yet there are few nations with a greater belief in the supernatural4 ,on the one hand1 the temples are deserted or turned into schools1 and the ,chinese are believed to have no other motives than self-interest4 ,on the other hand1 the whole of ,chinese life turns round the relation of man to the spirit of his ancestors and to the spiritual world1 and the ,chinaman obviously believes that a man's soul is immortal and that its welfare has the very closest connection with the welfare of his descendant4 ,the commercial man will tell you that the ,chinese are materialists--people who have no faith2 and yet with glorious inconsistency he will explain that the difficulty of using ,chinese labour abroad is that even the commonest coolie demands that his body shall be repatriated and shall lie in some place which will not hinder his son doing filial #adh worship to his spirit4 ,the whole question of what the race believes is rendered more difficult of comprehension to a ,westerner by the confused nature of that belief1 and is complicated by the characteristic of the ,chinese of mixing all religions together regardless of their natural incongruity4 ,it is hoped that the reader will bear this in mind during the following explanation4 ,the religions of ,china are usually classed as three4 ,not three well-marked religions in our sense of the word1 but three elements which tend to merge into a common religion4 ,there are separate religions4 ,a large number of ,chinese1 for instance1 are ,mohammedan1 and they neither marry nor are given in marriage to the other ,chinese2 there is a very small ,jewish community2 and there is also a native ,greek ,christian village still tolerated by the ,chinese1 which was transplanted from ,siberia as the result of a ,chinese conquest in the days of ,peter the ,great2 there are a quarter of a million ,christians converted by non-,roman missions1 besides a million belonging to the ,roman ,catholic ,communion4 ,but ,christianity1 ,judaism1 and ,mohammedanism put all together1 form but a small part of the ,chinese community1 and the greater part of ,china believes1 according to all orthodox expositors1 in three religions--,buddhism1 ,taoism1 and what is termed ,confucianism4 ,this conglomerate of three religions consists in its turn of composite faiths4 ,buddhism in ,china is not like the ,buddhism of ,ceylon with its agnostic #adi teaching4 ,buddhism is divided into two great divisions--the greater vehicle and the lesser vehicle4 ,the lesser vehicle is known to the world as pure ,buddhism2 the greater vehicle contains many sects1 all of which claim that the revelation extended to ,gautama was only a partial revelation1 and that the truth has been more fully revealed to those who succeeded him4 ,this is called ,lamaism1 and in ,china has incorporated much of the idolatry which it supplanted and perhaps some of the ,nestorian ,christianity which succeeded it2 in fact1 the ,buddhist temple in ,china is nothing more than an idol temple4 ,buddha of ,gautama is always the principal idol2 he is represented calm and without thought or trouble2 he sits1 the embodiment of peace and rest2 but though he may be the first in the ,buddhist temple1 he is far from being alone2 close behind him in popular estimation come two other deities1 ,amita and ,kwannin4 ,amita1 ,amitobha or ,o-mi-to1 is held by some to be the father of ,kwannin1 and is at once a guardian of the ,western ,paradise and the personification of purity2 to this wholly mythical personage is attributed such virtue that the mere repetition of his name will secure salvation4 ,in ,japan a sect holds that every ,buddhist law can be broken with immunity as long as there is faith in ,amita4 ,in ,china such statements are made as this3 to follow the strict law of ,buddhism is to climb to heaven as a fly crawls up the wall1 but to attain ,salvation by repeating #aej the name ,o-mi-to is like sailing heavenwards in a boat with wind and tide behind1 at the pace of a hundred li an hour4 ,there is a general agreement that adherence to the strict ,buddhist law of chastity1 honesty1 truth1 temperance1 abstinence from anger and serenity of mind1 is an ideal which is impossible at any rate for the laity4 ,but the exact method of escaping this burden differs in various sects4 ,the most popular is by a saving faith in ,amita4 ,if the origin of this deity can be attributed to the personification of a spirit of purity1 the origin of the next1 ,kwannin1 is probably from some source outside ,buddhism4 ,she is the goddess of mercy1 but whatever her origin1 she at present represents the remnants of either the ,nestorian or the medival ,roman teaching4 ,in ,peking they have a curious image of her which any one might mistake for a ,madonna1 the truth being that there was at one time an intimate contact between ,christianity and ,buddhism1 when many of the externals of the ,christian religion and some of its doctrines were transplanted4 ,the ,buddhist temple with its altar in the centre looks strangely like a ,christian church1 and the ,buddhist monks and nuns1 with their rosaries and their regular hours for chanting and service1 recall the ,roman ,catholic services2 the picture of the ,buddhist hell which stands in the great ,mongol temple at ,peking reminds one of a scene from ,dante's ,inferno1 and among the many things the ,buddhists borrow from ,christian sources #aea are these two ideas1 embodied in two idols1 the goddess of mercy who intercedes for mankind1 and the god of faith in whom the worshipper should put all trust and confidence4 ,besides these gods there are the god of war and the god of good-fellowship1 probably taken from old heathen sources4 ,again1 there are hundreds of ,buddhas1 or as we should call them1 saints1 whose position is somewhere between human and divine1 much the same position that the saints occupy in the mind of a ,neapolitan peasant4 ,after ,buddhism comes ,taoism4 ,taoism is again a conglomerate faith4 ,technically it is the faith of ,laotze1 who was an opponent and a contemporary of ,confucius4 ,he taught a dualism which reminds the ,westerner of the doctrine of the ,manichees4 ,again1 ,western and ,eastern thought have been confused2 ,manichees are known to have existed in ,china1 and whether ,manichism originally came from the ,east or whether subsequently ,chinese thought has been affected by ,manichism is hard to decide4 ,at any rate1 ,laotze did not claim that his teaching was original2 he was merely the prophet of an established school of thought4 ,the greater part of ,china follows his rival and despises ,laotze's teaching1 yet the dualism that he taught is part of the essential faith of ,china1 and a part which is most opposed to all that is good4 ,he taught that good and evil were essentially divided1 were halves1 as it were1 of one whole4 ,he called them the ,yang and the ,yin--terms #aeb which are in no way confined to the few disciples who now follow him4 ,this division between good and evil makes up the mystery of the world--light and darkness1 heaven and earth1 male and female1 each couple makes up one whole divided between good and evil2 and so the world beyond is peopled with good and evil spirits1 the ,yang and the ,yin4 ,obviously such a faith has all the evil which we recognise in ,manichism1 and its practical disadvantages are very great4 ,for instance1 the inferior position of women is defended as inevitable2 they are ,yin4 ,no mine must be sunk or cutting made for fear of angering the earth spirits1 for as man is as essentially a part of the world as the earth1 those earth spirits will avenge themselves upon him4 ,even such great men and such good ,confucianists as ,his ,excellency the late ,chang-,chih-,tung are not insensitive to such a superstition4 ,the town over which he ruled was divided by a steep gravel hill4 ,a ,western engineer recommended that this hill should be cut through to facilitate access from one part of the town to the other1 and the ,viceroy1 ever ready to accept new and ,western ideas of practical advantage1 immediately ordered the suggestion to be carried out4 ,shortly afterwards a large wen developed on his neck1 and1 arguing that an evil spirit of the earth1 who had originally made the gravel hill1 was so angered at the destruction of it that he determined to re-make it on the neck of the offender1 the ,governor had the cutting filled up1 and there it stands to this very day1 a #aec witness of the evil influence that an evil religion can have on the greatest men of a nation4 ,taoism has now but few adherents1 and yet there are many ,taoist priests1 since these priests are regarded as particularly efficient in dealing with the evil spirits in whom ,taoism believes so fully4 ,the third religion is generally called ,confucianism1 and this may easily lead to a great misunderstanding1 for under the term ,confucianism two very different things are included4 ,first1 a belief in the philosophy of ,confucius4 ,this for the most part is outside what we are accustomed to call religion1 and we shall have occasion to deal with it later on4 ,secondly1 and more commonly1 the spiritual beliefs of those who call themselves ,confucians1 and who1 owing to his silence on religion1 have to find other authorities for their faith4 ,sometimes they claim that their faith was the same as the faith of ,confucius1 that the background of his philosophy was the religion that they believe1 but more commonly they accept it without any question4 ,this religion is commonly mixed up both with ,buddhism and with ,taoism1 but its essential doctrine is very distinct and has great weight in ,china1 namely1 that the spirits of men who are dead live and have influence over the lives of their descendants4 ,i was told by a ,chinese ,christian that a religious ,chinaman of the lower class never goes out without burning a stick of incense to the tablet of his father1 and no one can go through ,chinese towns without being impressed by the number of people who in that #aed poor country are kept hard at work manufacturing mock money to be burnt for the use of parents and ancestors4 ,the missionaries find that this doctrine is the hardest doctrine for ,christianity to assail2 and there are not a few who1 despairing of success1 suggest that the position must be turned1 and ancestor worship must be ,christianised and accepted as an essential part of a man's belief4 ,the logical ,western mind immediately wants to know what is behind the ancestor2 if an ancestor is to have power he can only have it1 says the logical ,westerner1 by being in contact with some higher power4 ,one of the greatest missionaries that ,china possesses answers this difficulty by saying that the ,chinese mind is not the ,western mind2 that he does not concern himself very much with remote speculation2 he has not that itching longing to use the word why1 which is at once the glory and the difficulty of the ,western mind1 and therefore he looks at the spiritual world much as he looks at the earthly world2 the man immediately over him in the town is the magistrate1 and1 to use the ,chinese phrase1 is the father and mother of his people1 and so over him in spiritual things is his father and grandfather4 ,behind the magistrate there is in his distant thought the prefect--the head of the prefecture or ,fu town--a being who only comes into his village life when there is trouble and difficulty2 he comes to punish1 rarely to reward1 and so behind his father and grandfather in #aee the spiritual world are the great clan leaders whom he worships at regular intervals with the rest of his clan4 ,in civil government there are in a distant background a ,viceroy with awful powers and awful majesty1 and an ,emperor whose very name is so divine that he scarcely likes to use it2 and behind the clan leaders are many beings borrowed from ,buddhism1 relics of old idolatry1 muddled up with ,taoism2 and in the dim and distant background is the ,supreme ,being--the ,supreme ,being ,who rewards the just and punishes the unjust1 ,who can in no way be deceived1 ,who refuses the rain to the sinner and makes the land desolate1 ,who has power to dethrone the earthly ,emperor and to place ,china under a foreign domination4 ,this great and awful power is1 however1 so far distant that the average ,chinaman thinks but little about ,him4 ,the ,temple of ,heaven at ,peking is the beautiful shrine of this ,supreme ,being4 ,here once a year1 after spending a night fasting1 the ,emperor1 as the father of his nation1 worships the great ,god who made heaven and earth4 ,the chief feature of this worship is that it is performed in the open air on a beautiful marble dais4 ,no place in ,china is quite so lovely2 it is the fitting shrine of the beautiful faith of ,china's most glorious days1 a faith which though dormant is not dead4 ,the traveller who stands there should remember that the worship which is here performed is as old as the date of the patriarchs and not un-akin to their religious #aef ideals2 and if there are some things which are not sympathetic to the ,christian idea1 they are subordinate4 ,in the main it is the worship of the ,one ,true ,being4 ,this faith has no right to be called ,confucian4 ,there is great doubt about the faith of ,confucius4 ,he is silent about religion1 or he refers to it only indirectly2 it is no part of his teaching2 but his indirect references to it apparently express a belief in a ,supreme ,being whom he calls ,heaven1 a ,supreme ,being who has an influence on human affairs4 ,he also recognises ancestor worship1 but with such a dubious phrase that many ,chinese and ,english scholars have doubted his meaning4 ,neither is this the faith of all the leading ,confucianists in ,china1 many of whom are professedly agnostics in matters of religion1 and follow the teaching of ,chu2 but it is the faith1 the ill-understood faith1 of the great multitude of thinking and non-thinking ,chinamen1 and it is looked upon as the ,state religion of ,china4 ,its power over ,china is universal and yet insecure4 ,many ages ago it was partially defeated by the more logical and more sympathetic faith of ,buddhism4 ,the fight was bitter1 the persecutions were cruel1 but ,buddhism conquered4 ,now ,buddhism fails4 ,with its failure a vast mass of superstition1 kept alive by the sacrifice to the ancestor1 once more rises up and stands right in the path of progress--right in the way of civilisation4 ,it was superstition that moved the ,boxer1 and this it was that lost credit when #aeg ,boxerdom failed4 ,story after story is told of the influence of this incoherent but vital mass of religion4 ,the junk will dart across the bows of your steamer2 there will be much whistling1 reversing of engines1 peremptory commands in ,english1 abuse in ,chinese2 and when you inquire why the lowdah of the junk risked his cargo1 perhaps his life1 and put the steamer and its passengers in a state of excitement1 if not in jeopardy1 the answer is that every junk lowdah is afraid of the evil spirit that is following him1 and if he crosses the steamer's bow he expects that the evil spirit1 seeing a more worthy quarry1 will neglect him and follow the steamer4 ,the head of the ,shanghai ,telephone ,company tells how he is not uncommonly met by some sleek well-to-do ,chinaman who is most distressed because the shadow of a telephone pole falls over his door1 so that as he goes out he passes beneath it1 and that will bring bad luck4 ,the houses in ,china stand unconformably with the road1 because a certain aspect is lucky2 a cracker is exploded to frighten the evil spirits away1 and so on through tales innumerable4 ,the world around is full of evil spirits to the ,chinaman4 ,every village has the witch doctor who is learned in the ways of these evil spirits4 ,diabolical possession is as present with them as ever it was in ,bible times4 ,your hard-headed commercial man smiles when he relates these stories1 incredulous that there can be any foundation for them2 but those who have dwelt among the ,chinese take much the same line #aeh about these stories as we do about spiritualism4 ,much is folly1 more is fraud2 but behind both the folly and the fraud there is a mysterious reality4 ,the faith of the masses of ,china in the spiritual world has never been encouraged by its philosophers4 ,it owes its vitality to the fact that1 as with us1 so with them1 manifestations of powers beyond this world are real if ill-comprehended1 and connected too often with man's evil side4 ,the ,psychical ,research ,society will do well to inquire closely into many of these phenomena4 ,nothing convinced me of the reality of this belief more than the line that was taken by one of our ,english missionaries4 ,he was speaking of diabolical possession1 and he related the same story which one has heard so often that a man suddenly spoke as another personality2 and then he added1 ,i realised that it was not he who was speaking to me1 but the evil spirit within him2 and he went on1 ,i was afraid to speak to him1 because if you speak to those who are possessed with an evil spirit1 the evil spirit will take possession of you4 ,it was strange to hear such a testimony to the reality of diabolical possession from an ,englishman1 but you will hear it from every ,chinaman4 ,those who have read ,pastor ,hsi will remember how firm was his belief in such possession4 ,against all this mass of the evil world the ,chinaman has but one defence3 his father and his ancestor belong to that world and they will defend him2 and so the ancestor cult is intimately connected with this #aei belief in evil spirits4 ,if the father does not bestir himself the son may come to harm--in fact1 the main part of a ,chinaman's religious idea centres round ancestor worship2 and there is no such awful moment in a ,christian convert's life as when he is required to destroy the tablet of his ancestors4 ,a ,confucianist cannot understand the missionary position2 to his mind contempt for the ancestor only means a deep and spiritual scepticism1 an absence of all faith in the supernatural1 a negation of all sense of duty4 ,a missionary recounted a story illustrative of this difficulty4 ,he was travelling up-country in ,china1 and his road lay along the same way down which a well-to-do merchant was travelling1 and as they journeyed on side by side and met every night at the inns at which they put up1 he noticed that the ,chinaman eyed him askance2 but as the missionary spoke ,chinese well1 and as travellers have many little wants which another traveller can supply1 it was not unnatural that in spite of the mistrust manifested by the ,chinaman they should fall gradually into more intimate converse4 ,one night as they were sitting at an inn the ,chinaman said to the missionary1 ,do you know ,i thought you were a ,christian1 but ,i see you are a good fellow4 ,the missionary assured him that he was a ,christian1 and did not deny that he was a good fellow4 ,he felt1 however1 that there was some obstacle in the ,chinaman's mind that kept them still apart1 and as they journeyed on from day to day and had grown more intimate1 the ,chinaman said1 ,you know #afj people do tell such lies that one cannot believe a word they say4 ,the missionary assented to this general proposition as true of all the world1 but asked for a more immediate application4 ,the ,chinaman continued3 ,well1 ,i hope you will not be offended if ,i tell you the lies they tell about you--lies that ,i am afraid ,i believed till ,i met you and could see what a good fellow you are4 ,they say-- but he broke off4 ,pardon me1 it is such a horrible accusation that ,i do not like to repeat it1 even though ,i know that it is untrue4 ,the missionary pressed him to tell what this accusation was1 and the ,chinaman continued apologetically1 ,i know that it is such a lie that ,i am ashamed that my people should tell such lies1 but they do say that you ,christians actually teach men to break up the tablet on which their father's name is written2 and the missionary realised all at once the depth of the conviction of the ,chinaman and the wide gulf that separated him from ,christianity4 ,and so many and many a person who knows ,china best confidently asserts that ,christianity will never become the religion of ,china till it permits and recognises this ancestral worship4 ,but now a new factor has entered into this problem4 ,western materialism is spreading its malign influence over ,china2 the educated classes of ,japan boldly profess that they have long since ceased to believe in any religion1 and they are calling upon ,china with great effect to follow their example1 and so the position changes altogether4 ,ancestor worship1 #afa with all its accompanying superstition1 tends to disappear where ,western knowledge is taught4 ,the ,boxers were not untrue prophets when they told their people that they or ,western civilisation1 as they knew it1 must leave ,china1 and that they could not co-exist4 ,the position is surely one that must excite the very deepest interest4 ,it is scarcely conceivable that a race so deeply convinced of the realities of the spiritual world will1 as a whole1 accept the belief that there are no spirits4 ,it is equally inconceivable that with modern ,western education the people shall believe in the spirit that follows the junk1 or in the spirit that is angered by a mining operation4 ,the religious sentiment of ,china will1 as it were1 be turned out of doors by ,western knowledge4 ,there will be a terrible moment when1 with all the insolence of youth1 the young man refuses to believe in ,god or in a devil1 and rushes into every wild anarchical and socialistic scheme to satisfy his craving for action4 ,it is a terrible moment1 and one which one sees rapidly developing in ,japan and among the ,westernised ,chinese2 but beyond that terrible period there dawns a brighter day when ,china will reassert its natural sentiment and will accept ,christianity as the only reasonable religion that is consonant with modern science and a belief in the spiritual world4 ,the question of policy that needs solving is whether it is wise in the face of this great ,western unbelieving movement to treat respect for #afb ancestors too drastically4 ,western education must remove its objectionable features and ,christianity might accept the modified form of this belief which is not wholly inconsistent with the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead4 #afc ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,confucian ,,philosophy ,,and ,,western ,,culture ,it is not realised in the ,west how much the modern movement in ,japan owes its power and vitality to a native movement which welcomed change4 ,in ,japan ,buddhism had failed1 the one school of ,confucianism which believed in change was dominant1 and therefore it was a comparatively easy matter to introduce the extensive changes of ,western civilisation4 ,there was no religion with roots deeply entwined in the hearts of the people to oppose such a change4 ,shintoism had not yet been rediscovered and established1 and it consisted merely of a mass of superstition1 without any literature or organisation4 ,thus it was the combination of these facts1 with the threatening attitude of ,western powers1 which made all the prophecies of men who knew the ,east untrue4 ,no one understood the vital power of the movement in ,japan4 ,if1 thirty years ago1 some one had written a book to prove that ,japan would one day defeat ,russia1 people would have laughed at the suggestion1 and the authority of people who had lived in the ,east all their lives would have been quoted to prove that an ,eastern race could never fully accept ,western civilisation4 ,the prophets were misled by #afd the precedent of ,india and ,turkey4 ,the ,western civilisation is met there by religions whose tenets are opposed to ,western thought1 and as long as those religions hold1 ,western views will make but small progress2 but in ,japan there was no such religion1 and in ,china to-day there is no such religion4 ,the ,buddhism of ,china1 like the ,buddhism of ,japan1 may satisfy the cravings for spiritual religion of the uneducated and the ignorant2 but the thinkers of both races--the statesmen1 the writers1 the leaders--are uninfluenced by ,buddhism4 ,taoism has contributed to the thought and superstition of ,china1 but is in no way now an important factor in her development2 the philosophy of ,confucius is the one vital force in the land4 ,its doctrines are in no way opposed to our civilisation2 it teaches mainly that a man must be sincere to his own higher nature2 it has a profound belief in the greatness of human nature1 and a very inadequate explanation1 therefore1 of the failures of that nature4 ,that man must be sincere1 so that the full beauty of his nature may appear1 is one of its main tenets1 and that this beautiful thing must be decorated with knowledge is a natural corollary4 ,it undertakes the reform of the world1 by convincing the ruler of his duty1 and through him compelling the ruled to tread the right path1 contrasting here very strongly with the religion of our ,bible1 though perhaps not with political ,christianity4 ,all through its teaching there is an underlying suggestion that #afe subjects will obey their rulers not only outwardly but also inwardly in their opinions and convictions4 ,confucianism does not believe in government by the people1 of the people1 for the people2 but it believes very strongly in government for the people by the rulers4 ,many of its maxims might be cut out as texts1 and hung up in the ,house of ,commons with great appropriateness4 ,it constantly pictures a well-ordered peaceful state1 in which the dignity of government is well maintained1 and where the working-man shall profit by his work through justice and peace1 and the trader grow rich in confident security4 ,in all this teaching it is not opposed to ,western civilisation4 ,confucius advocates the reform of society by the action of the ,state4 ,thus the sanitary laws1 the education laws1 the temperance laws of the ,west are thoroughly consistent with the teaching of ,confucius4 ,where that teaching differs from the ,west is that it disbelieves in democracy4 ,yet ,confucianism cares nothing for a man's birth3 all men are born equal to the ,confucianist as to the ,christian2 and so ,confucianism has1 for many centuries1 welcomed people of the lowest birth as ,governors1 if they could pass the requisite examinations1 and1 having given every opportunity to men of all classes to become officials1 it entrusts them and not the people with the government of the country4 ,in another way ,confucianism is opposed to ,western civilisation4 ,confucianism believes intensely in the dignity of government2 their classics are full #aff of examples of people who1 at the risk of their lives1 defied kings and maintained the dignity of their positions2 and this doctrine of dignity is consequently very deeply ingrained in ,chinese thought2 it is in reality the base of that curious doctrine of face by which a man will do anything rather than confess that he is wrong4 ,a great missionary recounts how his wonderful work at ,tientsin was once threatened with destruction because a boy from the south of ,china knocked a boy from the north off his bicycle1 with the result that the college was soon divided into two factions on the question as to who should pay for the injured bicycle4 ,the matter was only with difficulty arranged by the ,president paying for the bicycle and charging it to the guilty boy2 but the boy did not mind paying--he minded confessing that he was wrong4 ,there was another case in this same college where a boy had been induced to confess privately his sorrow that he had wilfully insulted a master4 ,he was prepared to suffer expulsion rather than confess his fault openly4 ,he was miserable at the prospect of leaving the college1 and when a great appeal was made to his better feelings to say that he was sorry1 he shook his head sadly4 ,at last he was asked1 ,have you never allowed you were wrong in your whole life8 ,no1 he said1 with a look of pride1 never4 ,odious and detestable as this doctrine is in private life1 ,i think ,i have the authority of ,st4 ,augustine for saying that it is a maxim of good government that however wrong an #afg order may be1 a superior should not confess his error1 so necessary is this doctrine of dignity to government4 ,thus the ,chinese expression face has been commonly accepted as a good ,english expression when speaking about governments4 ,no doubt it is this sense of dignity which gives such authority to the ,chinese official4 ,in many ways it may be an element of weakness4 ,i was surprised to learn that the officials in the ,yamen had never been in the shops of the city2 it is beneath their dignity4 ,goods are brought to them and they buy in their own houses4 ,for instance we were told how in ,changsha two patriotic bas-reliefs were put up in a shop1 one of them representing the ,westerns bringing tribute to the ,emperor of ,china1 and the other depicting a ,western woman1 chained and dishevelled1 being led in as a slave4 ,of course our very excellent and most efficient representative1 ,consul ,hewlett1 made instant representation to the ,governor and the objectionable figures were removed2 but the ,chinese officials claimed that they were completely ignorant of what was happening in the shops of the town1 because they never went there4 ,it is obvious that this high estimation of dignity makes much of ,western government antipathetic to a ,chinaman2 he cannot sympathise with a civilisation which admires government by noisy agitation1 vulgar posters1 indecent journalism4 ,such an agitation as that in favour of women's suffrage is inconceivable and disgusting beyond words to the mind of #afh a ,chinese thinker2 that women1 whose dignity is such that they should never be tried in a public court2 that educated ladies1 whose names1 in ,china1 must scarcely be mentioned owing to their exalted position1 should wrestle in a public crowd and be arrested1 is one of those mysteries in ,western government that the dignified ,eastern mind can never hope to understand4 ,confucianism1 considered by itself1 is not unfavourable to ,western civilisation1 and its great influence in ,china will no doubt largely accelerate the ,westernisation of that vast empire4 ,for instance1 the policy of education is one which has been followed by ,china for many a long year2 all that the ,chinese are doing is to alter the object of that education4 ,it used to aim at giving men a complete knowledge of the ,chinese classics2 now it aims at giving them in addition a knowledge of the ,west and of natural sciences2 and so such an eminent ,confucian scholar and such an ardent ,conservative as the late ,chang-,chih-,tung was the foremost advocate for a ,western education4 ,again the development of the ,press on ,western lines takes place rapidly in ,china1 where newspapers have long been known1 and which boasts of being a country possessing the oldest newspaper in the world1 the ,peking ,gazette4 ,translations of ,western literature issued by the ,christian ,literature ,society are read with avidity by a race that esteems literature highly1 no matter with what subject it deals1 #afi and who has no worse an epithet for one of its emperors than book-burner4 ,though ,confucianism is not antipathetic to ,western civilisation as a whole1 and by its philosophy and literature encourages education in ,western ideas1 yet those ideas will1 ,i fear1 be fatal to that mighty system of ethics that has kept ,china together1 and has enabled her to conquer her conquerors so many times4 ,the countries that have never known ,confucius are succeeding far better than the countries that have been taught by him4 ,the fact that he always claimed that any race who followed his teaching would be prosperous1 coupled with the fact that ,china1 with her splendid resources and immense population1 is far poorer and weaker than nations who know nothing of his teaching1 is sufficient to bring its own condemnation to this philosophy4 ,there is a marked difference in the teaching of ,christianity and ,confucianism in this respect4 ,christianity1 by the example of its founder1 teaches that the world must be reformed through the individual2 and that the destruction of a ,state1 whether it be ,jerusalem or ,rome1 is only a painful incident in the upward advance of mankind4 ,if every ,western ,state were destroyed1 the true ,christian would only pause longer over his reading of the prophet ,jeremiah2 but when ,china1 the home of ,confucianism1 realises her powerlessness in the face of the ,west1 in sorrow and regret she will close the books of ,confucius1 as the books that guided the #agj ,state to destruction1 even though that teaching was pleasant and beautiful4 ,a great ,chinaman realised that this was the position of ,japan1 and told me that he did not believe that in ,japan any one really believed in ,buddhism or in ,confucianism or in the new-found ,shintoism2 and that1 as they had not yet accepted ,christianity1 they were in a state1 odious to the ,western and ,eastern alike1 of being without moral guidance in this world4 ,the position of ,japan to-day will1 in all probability1 be1 both in regard to the constructive and destructive effects of ,western civilisation1 the condition of ,china to-morrow1 unless indeed ,christianity can fill the vacant place in ,chinese thought4 ,never before has such an opportunity been presented to the ,christian world as this vast mass of population included under the name of ,china1 left homeless by the action of world thought4 ,those millions of people1 for instance1 who yearn for a spiritual religion1 and who have found in times past some comfort in the confused and corrupt faith of ,chinese ,buddhism1 are now ready with open ears to listen to any one who is prepared to teach them a higher and more spiritual religion4 ,the ,confucian scholar who realises the debt that ,china owes to the teaching of the sage1 and yet who feels that ,western civilisation is sapping his authority and leaving ,china without a moral guide1 welcomes readily the teaching of the moral philosopher who is prepared to show that ,confucianism is essentially #aga right and has evidence of ,divine truth within it1 but that it only errs in not realising that the complete salvation of man can only be accomplished by those who appeal to his spiritual nature as well as to his moral sentiments4 ,if ,christianity conquers ,china1 one of her first actions will be to reinstate ,confucius in the position from which ,western materialism has dethroned him2 but the task would be infinitely easier if ,christians could take effective action at once4 ,every day that passes makes the position more difficult4 ,every ,confucian scholar who shuts up his books and opens the books of the materialistic philosopher of the ,west1 will prove an additional obstacle in the way of the ,christianisation of ,china4 ,the great danger is that the ,west1 ignorant of what is happening in the ,east1 will let this opportunity pass and allow ,western materialism to establish itself as a force in ,china1 as it has established itself as a force in ,japan4 ,the world is full of examples of lost opportunities2 let us hope that ,china will not have to be added to that sad category4 #agb ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,interview ,,at ,,nanking ,the best view of the religion of ,china is to be obtained from the enlightened ,chinese themselves1 and their views will probably be of interest to our readers4 ,it should be explained that one of the objects of our second visit to ,china was to inquire whether the ,chinese officials would welcome the foundation of ,universities in which ,western knowledge could be taught1 and whose atmosphere should be ,christian4 ,when the matter was first discussed in ,england it crept into the newspapers1 and ,i immediately received an invitation from the ,director of ,chinese ,students in ,london to discuss the subject with him4 ,i had two interviews with him4 ,what surprised me was that against all the opinion of the average ,englishman who is conversant with ,china he did not regard the ,christian character of the ,university as a deterrent1 but he asked one question on which he apparently laid the very greatest stress4 ,he inquired1 ,if a ,university is started in ,china on such lines as you propose1 will you guarantee that the teachers are efficient8 ,i immediately assured him that the learned committees who were considering the question at both ,universities would1 whatever #agc else they did1 never allow any one to go out as teacher unless he was most fully qualified4 ,he then assured me that he had no doubt the scheme would meet with very great sympathy in ,china1 and that he would give me letters of introduction to various people who would give the very fullest information on the subject4 ,among these was one to that most eminent man1 ,tuan-,fang1 ,viceroy of ,nanking4 ,when ,i arrived at ,nanking ,i presented my letter of introduction through the ,consul1 and the ,viceroy most cordially invited me to tiffin at the ,yamen4 ,with further courtesy he sent his carriage to fetch me4 ,we had a most sumptuous repast1 at which about twenty officials were present1 and in consideration of my being a foreigner some ,european food was provided4 ,they appeared much pleased when ,i assured them that ,i appreciated ,chinese quite as much as ,european food4 ,we had a most pleasant luncheon1 at which we discussed all manner of topics4 ,i was asked to explain exactly the position of ,oxford and ,cambridge1 and when ,i mentioned that ,oxford was over a thousand years old1 ,i had evidently established the reputation of my ,university far above that of all competitors4 ,the ,viceroy then admired the school system of ,england4 ,he said the schools were like a forest1 and he assured me that he took the very greatest interest in education1 and promised after luncheon to show me some of his schools4 ,i expressed admiration of ,chinese learning1 and he told me it was divided into four #agd heads--morals1 elegancy of style1 philosophy1 and manners4 ,the respect that ,his ,excellency had for ,confucius did not prevent him from admiring other philosophers1 especially ,mih-,tieh1 the philosopher who taught the doctrine of universal love4 ,this was the more remarkable1 because at ,hankow the very same point had been discussed with some ,chinese clergy over ,sunday supper1 and they had referred to this philosopher's works with considerable admiration1 and had declared that his doctrine was much more consonant with ,christianity than that of any other ,chinese philosopher4 ,his ,excellency then discussed the danger of a modern education4 ,he quite realised the obvious evils that resulted from rashly encouraging ,western education without an ethical basis4 ,he said they had observed that those who returned from the ,west were less dutiful to parents than those who had remained in ,china4 ,then we had a long talk as to whether it was possible to assimilate the two and to give a man a perfect foreign and a perfect ,chinese education4 ,the difficulty felt was that men with a perfect foreign education were too often unable to write ,chinese with sufficient elegance to satisfy the fastidious taste of the cultivated ,chinese scholar4 ,all this conversation was carried on at the dinner-table1 chiefly through interpreters1 with a crowd of ,chinese servants1 excluded from the room1 but looking through a window to watch when our needs required their presence4 #age ,we discussed after tiffin the scheme for a ,university and the relations between ,confucianism and ,christianity4 ,his ,excellency was much pleased that ,i should take such interest in things ,chinese1 and immediately said that as ,i had come all the way to ,china to inquire into these things1 ,i ought to receive every information4 ,turning to his secretaries1 he told them that on the next day they were to provide scholars learned in ,confucianism1 ,buddhism1 and ,taoism to give me all the information that ,i required1 and arranged that the ,consul and ,i should return next day4 ,he then suggested that we should go and inspect the school that was next his palace1 and in which his own daughter was being educated4 ,the school was for children of the highest class1 and contained only about thirty boys and thirty girls4 ,he conducted a sort of informal examination which ,i should have thought must have been extremely trying for the children4 ,his ,excellency and myself came first1 then two interpreters1 and then about twenty officials4 ,when the scholars were examined in ,western knowledge1 we were asked to put a question or to look at a copy-book2 when they were examined in ,confucian knowledge1 ,his ,excellency put the question1 and the interpreters translated to me both the question and the answer4 ,the intelligence of the children was of a very high order1 and they were very attractive4 ,the uniform of the boys resembled that of a ,french schoolboy1 though the cut of the trousers showed that the #agf costume had been made by a ,chinese tailor1 probably after a ,japanese model4 ,the girls were dressed in grey coats and trousers and had natural feet2 this was perhaps not quite so remarkable as it at first appeared when one remembers that the ,viceroy is a ,manchu1 and the ,manchus have never admired the distorted foot of a ,chinese woman2 but as they went through their musical drill one could not help thinking that the neat coat buttoned across and reaching to the knees over loose trousers was about as ideal a dress as has ever been invented for women4 ,his ,excellency did not fail to make his own daughter stand up1 and asked her many difficult questions1 which she answered very well in a calm and collected manner4 ,after showing us these schools ,his ,excellency said that we must stop a third day and see many of the other schools in ,nanking4 ,next morning ,i was most distressed to find that my friend ,mr4 ,king1 ,his ,majesty's ,consul1 was too unwell to attend the interview which ,i was to have with the learned men of ,nanking1 and so with some trepidation lest ,i should make sad faults in my manners without his kindly guidance1 ,i drove up to the ,yamen4 ,there ,i was received by a crowd of officials1 among whom were two great ,confucian scholars with the ,hanlin ,degree1 an authority on ,buddhism and an authority on ,taoism1 whose knowledge subsequently proved to be extremely small4 ,the courtesy of the ,chinese officials1 the charm of their manner1 the mixture of dignity and good nature #agg which is such a characteristic of their behaviour1 makes controversy with them delightful4 ,i do not think any one who has known them can be but greatly attracted by their courtesy and kindness4 ,all ,chinese are courteous1 but the ,chinese literati1 perhaps naturally1 greatly excel their fellow-countrymen in this charming characteristic4 ,i should add that the two interpreters who were provided were men whose mastery of ,english was only equalled by their wide learning and pleasant address4 ,one of them had been in ,england and was indeed a great traveller2 he had ridden all through the passes which separate ,india from ,chinese ,turkestan2 he belonged to a very great family1 and traced his descent from one of the leading pupils of ,confucius4 ,we discussed ,confucianism first4 ,i set the ball rolling by asking what was meant by the phrase superior man4 ,the position was a pleasant one2 ,i was there to be instructed1 and could therefore ask as many questions as ,i chose4 ,the superior man is a translation of a phrase in the ,chinese classics which perhaps might be better translated ideal man2 at least so ,i gathered from these gentlemen2 and that in the works of ,confucius and ,mencius his qualities are fully described4 ,with great joy the whole party fell upon the question1 and next minute they were engaged in a courteous polemic as to how exactly they should describe the superior man1 and the answer came that he must be a conscientious man1 a man very true to himself1 charitable1 just and #agh truthful4 ,when they were pressed as to whether wealth was at all necessary to the ideal man1 they indignantly repudiated the suggestion2 the superior man might equally be a beggar sitting by the roadside or a ,viceroy sitting in his palace4 ,it was more interesting when they were asked whether he need be a learned man4 ,there was some doubt and hesitation in the answers2 the doctors again consulted with one another1 and the answer came1 ,no1 learning was not at all necessary4 ,i asked whether the ideal man might be a non-,chinaman1 and it was held that he might belong to any race4 ,but the next question was far more difficult for them to answer4 ,nothing that they had said prevented the superior man being a ,christian2 a ,christian might be true and conscientious and charitable4 ,i quoted the case of a foreign doctor living in their city1 and asked how he failed to come within their definition of the superior man1 but the ,hanlin scholars could not agree2 no ,christian1 in their opinion1 could be a superior man4 ,but my interpreter added that he himself did not endorse this2 to his mind any man who fulfilled the requirements should be classed as a superior man4 ,we then changed the conversation to the question of whether ,confucius believed in ,god or not8 ,i had been instructed in this controversy by one of the most learned missionaries in ,china1 ,dr4 ,ross of ,mukden4 ,they maintained1 as he told me they would maintain1 that the ,heaven of ,confucius meant ,reason4 #agi ,but ,reason cannot possibly punish the guilty1 though the guilty might be punished by their want of ,reason4 ,and as ,confucius refers in several places to ,heaven as a power that punishes1 the definition is obviously incorrect4 ,it dates from a philosopher called ,chu4 ,again the learned men were absorbed in controversy1 every one enjoying such a discussion4 ,the greatest number still held to the doctrine that ,heaven meant ,reason1 but a certain number held that it meant a personal ,god4 ,it ended in the controversy becoming quite heated1 and in a copy of ,dr4 ,legge's translation of the ,chinese classics being fetched1 so that ,i might fully understand their different points of view4 ,in the end we agreed that there was a considerable force in the argument that ,confucius believed in a personal ,god4 ,when ,i further asked how ,reason could possibly punish a bad man when he was dead1 and how it was that many a bad man1 as we all know1 died in wealth and prosperity1 they answered that after death his memory was punished by his bad deeds coming to light4 ,i suggested that if a man was dead this did not matter to him1 and that ,confucius' assertion that punishment followed sin implied a future life4 ,when they were further asked whether ,confucius taught that all secret sin should one day be made public1 there was an eloquent silence1 and we dropped the subject4 ,we then went on to discuss ,buddhism1 and a pleasant old gentleman leaning on a stick was #ahj brought up to instruct me in the doctrine of ,buddhism4 ,it was obvious from the jocose and pleasant way the matter was treated1 that this was very different ground to the philosophy of ,confucius4 ,then1 though everybody was courteous1 everybody was keenly and seriously interested1 but ,buddhism was regarded as a most amusing topic2 ,i was assured that only a few women believed in it1 and that none of those in the room gave it the slightest credence4 ,they explained to me why the ,dalai ,lama came to ,peking4 ,two of the disciples of ,buddha had been reincarnated1 and the greatest of those two was the ,dalai ,lama1 but it was impossible to tell in which baby the reincarnation took place without coming to the ,mongol ,temple at ,peking2 then lots were cast and the matter was settled4 ,i had my doubts whether the old gentleman was accurate1 but clearly no one else in the room had the smallest acquaintance with the subject2 they made a marked difference between the ,buddhism of the ,lama ,temple at ,peking and that of the ,monastery at ,hangchow1 which they called ,indian ,buddhism1 and said the district was often named ,little ,india2 but when ,i tried to discover how many sects of ,buddhists there were in ,china1 or what was the nature of their tenets1 ,i could get no information from these gentlemen4 ,his ,excellency ,tuan-,fang joined us at this moment and asked whether ,i could possibly read a ,sanscrit manuscript that he had discovered1 and #aha which1 from the ,chinese notes appended to it1 he gathered referred to ,buddhism4 ,he also wished to discuss the origin of ,chinese characters2 he had a theory that they came from ,egypt1 and he showed many rubbings of hieroglyphics which he had had made from monuments in ,egypt to prove his point4 ,but ,i wanted to ask some questions about ,taoism4 ,i had tried to understand ,taoism and had found it extremely difficult1 and ,i thought these cultured literati could give me some assistance4 ,i was soon undeceived4 ,nobody believed in ,taoism1 and they knew nothing of its doctrine or of its worship4 ,they suggested that the ,taoist priests were often to be found in a ,buddhist temple1 but one scholar said that that was only because the ,taoist priest liked to make a little money by selling incense sticks4 ,then ,his ,excellency turned the tables and began asking questions about ,christianity4 ,the thing that troubled him was that the ,bible which he had read was in such poor style4 ,he wanted to know whether ,i thought our ,blessed ,saviour habitually wrote in good style or not4 ,i explained that ,he had originally spoken in ,aramaic1 which had been translated into ,greek1 and from the ,greek into ,english1 and then had been retranslated by ,englishmen into ,chinese1 so naturally the ,chinese version could but inadequately represent the full beauty of ,his words4 ,it is worthy of notice how much the ,chinese mind is attracted by all purely literary subjects1 and how #ahb little they care about physical science4 ,for instance1 when the ,viceroy asked me about the sun standing still in the ,book of ,joshua1 which led us into natural science1 it was immediately obvious that this was a subject in which these gentlemen took no interest4 ,we then repaired to a sumptuous luncheon prepared entirely in ,chinese fashion4 ,the viands were exquisitely cooked1 and comprised bird's-nest soup1 shark's fins1 white fungus1 and all the usual ,chinese delicacies4 ,the hospitality of my host made me regret that the capacity of a human body is limited1 and if it were not for the excellency of the ,chinese cooking1 dyspepsia must have been the result4 ,over luncheon we discussed all manner of topics1 and ,i noticed how extremely sensitive my hosts were to the slightest want of manners4 ,they referred to a mutual friend1 a ,european1 in the severest terms because he lacked in courtesy4 ,they discussed also the question of foot-binding4 ,they were convinced that the habit is being given up1 and they assured me that it did cause girls excruciating agony4 ,they said the younger generation of ,chinese gentlemen would not marry women with deformed feet4 ,i left the ,yamen a great admirer of the culture that could make men so pleasant4 ,if they lacked directness as controversialists1 they were most agreeable in their extreme civility and their imperturbable good humour4 ,i shall always look back to my days at ,nanking as some of the pleasantest of my life4 #ahc ,,chapter ,,xv ,,roman ,,catholic ,,missions ,,in ,,china ,it is only just to put in the forefront of the influences that are ,christianising and changing ,china the ,french1 ,italian1 and other missions of the ,roman ,catholic ,communion4 ,our first contact with the wonderful work which these missions are accomplishing was in ,french ,china1 at that very interesting but most pestilential locality1 ,saigon4 ,we were received with the greatest kindness by the ,sous-,gouverneur at the ,french ,government ,house1 a palatial residence worthy rather of an emperor than a governor1 compared to which ,government ,house at ,hong-,kong seemed but a cottage4 ,yet even there life was hardly bearable even under an electric fan4 ,the heat was stifling4 ,it had been impossible to drive out except in the middle of the night1 and so we were entertained by being taken by night to see our first glimpse of ,chinese civilisation1 for the ,chinese once dominated this country1 and have left their civilisation behind them4 ,driving back1 our ,french host regaled us with stories of the people1 and incidentally mentioned the great power which ,christianity has in these colonies4 ,we were much impressed by his #ahd testimony to the efficiency of mission work1 for the ,french official is far from favourable to the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,he told us not only was a large part of the country round ,saigon ,christian1 but ,christianity was such a vital thing that the ,church had no difficulty in getting sufficient money to build splendid churches4 ,next day ,i called on the ,bishop4 ,he was a splendid type of ,roman ,catholic missionary1 with his white beard and his courtly manners4 ,we found several such in our wanderings1 for ,catholic missions are spread all over ,china1 and have been founded many years4 ,he spoke of the great success of the work1 and thought that the hostility of the ,french ,government was in some ways preferable to their patronage1 for the personal lives of many of the officials are far from admirable4 ,their morality would better befit our ,restoration ,period than the twentieth century4 ,a ,governor's mistress was a person recognised and courted by official society1 and it was perhaps to the advantage of the mission that in the native mind ,christianity was dissociated from such evil doings4 ,i asked him how he supported the climate1 which we had found barely endurable for two days4 ,he replied that the climate was quite cool to the missionary who lived a chaste and temperate life1 but that the ,government found it terrible for their officials4 ,this may be quite true1 but still ,i think chaste and temperate ,englishmen would find the climate of ,saigon intolerable4 ,we do not make #ahe sufficient allowance in speaking of a healthy or unhealthy climate for the origin of the missionary4 ,if he comes from ,marseilles in the ,south of ,france1 it is not perhaps wonderful that he should find the countries which are not hotter than his native land in the summer quite tolerable4 ,the history of ,catholic missions is apparently to be divided into three periods4 ,the first period terminates in #agdb and commences with the first mission of the ,jesuits under ,father ,ricci in #aehd4 ,during this period the ,roman ,catholic missions1 directed by a series of men of extreme ability1 endeavoured and nearly succeeded in converting ,china from the top downwards1 for1 owing to their wonderful scientific attainments1 the missionaries received important posts under the ,chinese ,government4 ,the fall of the ,ming dynasty and the conquest of ,china by the ,manchus only served to improve their position2 they directed not only the ,government astronomical observatory1 but they even superintended the arsenal and became the cartographers of the empire4 ,they had many adherents chiefly among the learned4 ,christianity1 like ,confucianism1 had commended itself to the intellect of the country4 ,in pursuit of this policy they endeavoured to harmonise ,christianity with the thought of the literati of ,china2 such a process was no doubt extremely dangerous1 but they thought that it was possible to tolerate ancestor worship and the adoration of ,confucius2 whether they were right or #ahf whether they were wrong1 while they did it ,christianity had many educated adherents4 ,another kind of missionary next appeared in ,china1 the ,dominicans1 who made up in fanaticism for what they lacked in wisdom4 ,these men offended every prejudice of the ,chinese2 they taught the harshest and narrowest form of the ,roman ,catholic doctrine4 ,the foot was to be made to fit the shoe1 and not the shoe to fit the foot4 ,there were riots and troubles1 and the ,dominicans blamed the highly placed ,jesuits and freely accused them of having denied the faith and of having accepted high office as the reward for unfaithfulness4 ,appeals were made to ,rome4 ,rome1 many thousands of miles away1 wavered1 unable probably to understand either the controversy or its importance4 ,the heroism of missionaries travelling over miles of sea and being shipwrecked in their endeavours to reach ,rome reads like a romance4 ,but in #agdb the matter was finally settled by ,benedict ,,xiv4 in a ,bull ,ex quo singulari1 and the ,jesuits were defeated--a defeat which was completed by their suppression in ,china in #aggc4 ,with their defeat the ,roman missions entered on the second period of their history4 ,they were no longer directed by very able men1 and they became rather the ,church of the poor than of the rich4 ,they experienced constant persecution1 and1 to gain weight and position1 they finally accepted the ,french1 who were then in the zenith of their power1 as their #ahg patrons4 ,such a course necessarily involved that they must do all they could to further the ,french interests1 and the ,roman ,catholic missions became more and more an adjunct of ,french diplomacy1 defended by ,france and on their side advancing the interests of the ,french4 ,it is impossible to say exactly when this policy began4 ,louis ,,xiv4 had sent large gifts to the ,emperor of ,china1 but he does not seem to have had any intentions beyond giving countenance and weight to the ,roman ,catholic missions4 ,some one pointed out to ,napoleon ,i4 the great value of ,china1 and the man of great ideas1 always dreaming of that ,empire in the ,east which he was never to found1 clearly thought there was something to be made of this4 ,he helped the missionary societies with funds--it is curious to think of ,napoleon ,i4 as the supporter of foreign missions4 ,this act came1 like most other ,french secrets of the time1 to the ears of ,pitt2 and he managed that the information should reach the ,emperor of ,china1 and sent through a safe channel advice that the ,emperor of ,china should look upon the ,roman missions as dangerous and ,france as a wicked power4 ,whether this advice would have been taken to heart or not is doubtful4 ,roman missions were unpopular in ,china2 still they had powerful friends2 but the discovery of one of their missionaries with maps of ,china intended for the use of foreign countries convinced her of the truth of the ,english suggestion1 and ,roman missions were put #ahh down at the beginning of the nineteenth century with a relentless hand4 ,in #ahdj there broke out the first foreign war between ,china and the ,west1 and after this ,catholic missions became more and more an appanage of ,french policy4 ,whether the ,french had distantly intended the conquest of ,china1 or whether they merely looked upon ,china as an outlet for her trade1 they used the ,catholic missions as a means whereby ,french interests should be pushed4 ,certainly the author of ,les ,missions ,catholiques ,franaises does not hesitate to suggest that ,france was rewarded for the protection of missions by an increased trade4 ,in #ahdb1 as the result of a war1 a treaty was signed to which we have before referred1 and in #ahfj it was followed by another4 ,both gave missionaries extensive rights4 ,can you wonder that the peace-loving ,chinaman1 looking back on history1 finds it difficult to understand why the preachers of the gospel of love should have been so often followed by the armies and fleets of the military races of the ,west8 ,the coping stone to this policy of propagating ,christianity by the power and influence of a foreign nation was placed by an edict which just preceded the ,boxer movement4 ,that edict astonished even the ,roman ,catholics1 for the author of ,les ,missions ,catholiques ,franaises au ,,xix4 ,sicle speaks of the extraordinary surprise it was to the ,roman ,catholic body4 ,this edict ordained that bishops and priests should have official rank in ,china2 that the bishops #ahi should be equal in rank to viceroys and governors1 and the vicars-general and the arch-priests should be equal to treasurers and judges1 while the other priests should be equal to prefects of the first and second class2 and that if any question of importance arose in connection with the missions1 the bishop or missionaries should call in the intervention of the ,minister or ,consul to whom the ,pope had confided the protection of the ,catholics4 ,the edict closes with three injunctions4 ,first1 that the people in general were to live at peace with the ,catholics2 secondly1 that the bishops should instruct the ,catholics to live at peace with the rest of the world2 and lastly1 that the judges should judge fairly between ,catholics and non-,catholics4 ,this edict can perhaps be regarded rather as a victory of ,french diplomacy than of the ,roman ,church4 ,french diplomacy had converted the whole of the ,roman ,catholic work into an agency for the national aggrandisement of ,france2 the ,roman ,catholic ,church had sold herself to the ,french ,government2 her old traditional policy of employing the powers of this world to propagate ,christianity had involved her in this position2 and she had presented ,christianity to her converts as something which1 however great its spiritual gain1 had also very real temporal advantages4 ,the ,church was a great society which would defend you in this world just as it would give you promises of security in the world to come4 ,so she had instituted a regular system by which her adherents were defended in any lawsuit or attack4 #aij ,this interference in lawsuits was1 however1 not peculiar to the ,roman ,catholics4 ,it is an old ,chinese custom--a custom in which both ,romans and other denominations have acquiesced2 still it was exaggerated by the ,roman ,catholic ,church till it brought down upon her the anger of the ,chinese official world4 ,it is hard for a ,westerner1 with his ideas of an independent court of justice1 to comprehend the system4 ,a lawsuit is not regarded in ,china as a thing to be settled simply on its merits4 ,they are only a factor in the decision4 ,the general desire is that1 if all things are equal1 justice shall be done2 but together with justice the judge has to consider the social position of the litigants and their power of vengeance or of reward4 ,the best analogy to a ,chinese lawsuit is an ,english election4 ,if you read the speeches and addresses you will conceive that the whole desire of a candidate engaged in an ,english election is that justice should be done1 but in practice you soon discover that the influence of individuals has to be considered as well4 ,a candidate who always disregards justice is universally condemned2 but a candidate who wilfully offends powerful people1 who is not prepared to give and take1 to sacrifice a conviction here1 to push forward a little beyond the line of justice there1 is equally unable to gain the suffrages of the voters2 and in ,china the judge stands in the same position as the candidate does in ,england4 ,if he is convinced that a certain #aia cause is backed by very powerful people who can secure him a better appointment and a higher salary1 or who if angered might even succeed in getting him dismissed from his post1 he decides the case in that litigant's favour4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the parties are about equally matched in influence and power1 like the ,english candidate he then considers the justice of the case2 and therefore the first thing a litigant does is to try and secure all the influential support within his reach4 ,chinese officials told me that they have to have their cards printed with for visiting purposes only written on them1 otherwise they are stolen and used without their knowledge in the furtherance of some lawsuit1 and ,english ,protestant missionaries confirmed the story4 ,though this interference in lawsuits is a universal custom1 its extreme use is peculiar to the ,roman ,catholics4 ,to attack a ,roman ,catholic was to bring the whole strength of his mission1 with the diplomacy of ,france behind it1 against you4 ,it was in furtherance of this policy that the ,roman ,catholics were anxious to hold official rank4 ,an official will not speak to any one below his rank2 the missionary finds access to the ,viceroys very difficult2 but if the ,roman ,hierarchy had this high official rank1 the ,bishop had only to pay a visit in his green official chair1 when1 by the strict etiquette of ,china1 he must be received with all politeness1 and his visit must be returned4 ,to procure these privileges the ,roman ,catholics were prepared to sell to ,france the large #aib and undoubted influence they had among many thousands in ,china4 ,there is a certain poetic justice in the ,roman ,catholic ,church suffering from the actions of the ,french ,government at home4 ,still justice compels us to remember that they have not been alone in this policy4 ,missionaries of other faiths and other lands have both relied on the defence of foreign powers and have interfered with the lawsuits of their converts4 ,a ,protestant missionary from the ,southern ,states of ,america frankly defended the system4 ,he boldly asserted that non-interference in a lawsuit would be simply misunderstood by the ,chinese4 ,when he was young he had absolutely refused to interfere in a case where a widow was being oppressed1 and a non-,christian ,chinese gentleman had interviewed him1 and after some circumlocution1 had remonstrated with him on his hardness of heart1 that he1 a teacher of the religion of love1 should neglect the widow in her necessity4 ,still1 the ,roman ,church1 as in ,ireland1 as in ,france1 as in ,italy1 is an institution which is essentially political2 and the traditional policy of the ,roman ,church has been followed in ,china with the invariable result1 first1 that when the power of the ,state is used to promote her tenets she grows strong1 and next when that power is withdrawn or becomes hostile she feels the loss of the earthly support on which she has relied and apparently grows weaker4 ,this is1 however1 only transitory2 the ,roman ,church1 for instance1 is growing stronger1 not weaker1 now #aic that she has lost the support of ,french diplomacy1 and the missions have entered upon their third epoch when they are preaching ,christianity without any special support of a foreign government and are succeeding4 ,for there are few bodies of people in this world who are more heroic and devoted than the ,roman missionaries2 they have died by fever1 have been massacred1 they live on a miserable pittance2 ,i was told that one enlightened missionary1 once a ,professor in ,paris ,university1 lived on #ab a year2 and their heroism and self-denial reaps a large reward4 ,their most beautiful and most successful works are the orphanages which they maintain4 ,they accept any of those children whom the ,chinese mothers cast out to die1 either because of their poverty or because they are girls4 ,these children are brought up with infinite care and kindness1 and are taught embroidery1 lace-making1 and other trades4 ,no more beautiful sight can be seen than one of these orphanages1 with the happy children hard at work and rejoicing as only ,chinese rejoice in pleasant labour4 ,when these children grow up they are married to ,christians1 and from them springs a native ,christian population1 which has never known any of the horrors of heathenism4 ,as a rule they live in small societies4 ,i believe there is an island on the ,yangtsze which is entirely peopled by ,christians4 ,the work may be great1 but the cost is great too4 ,many a life has been laid down so that these children might be ,christians4 #aid ,i recall one scene at ,ichang4 ,there rises near the town a great orphanage1 and when we visited it1 we found the ,french sisters looking weary and whiter than their white robes4 ,an epidemic of smallpox had broken out in the orphanage1 and out of #adj orphans1 #bh had died of small-pox1 besides which the sisters had suffered themselves from malaria4 ,one could but admire the devotion of these women living far off from their own country1 tending children whom no one else would tend1 and gaining as their reward hatred and misunderstanding from the ,chinese4 ,a ,bishop belonging to this mission had been murdered1 and a lay brother told me that it was because they were accused of stealing children to make ,western medicine out of their eyes4 ,this strange slander arises apparently from the desire1 which is not understood by the ,chinese1 to save and preserve the lives of other people's children4 ,chinese ethics have no place for such altruism4 ,your duty never extends beyond your own relations1 either by blood or from official position4 ,there is another reason1 however1 for this notion4 ,the ,roman ,catholics have a system of native agents who are prepared to baptize any child1 whether of heathen or ,christian parents1 who is dying4 ,this system is very well organised4 ,some of these agents perambulate districts and some remain at fixed points4 ,perhaps not unnaturally the ,chinese cannot understand this methodical search for dying children1 and as a reason must be found1 and as the reason that seems most probable to the ,chinese #aie mind is some form of personal gain1 they have invented this slander4 ,whether we approve or disapprove the general action of the ,roman ,catholics--and our feelings are probably very mixed on this subject--we must recognise that they are a very great factor in the change that is coming over ,china4 ,for centuries they have stood before the ,chinese as associating with ,christianity the science and the knowledge the ,chinese have always admired4 ,the wonderful work done by the ,jesuits of the eighteenth century has established a tradition of excellent scientific work which is well maintained by the learned brothers of the ,ziccawei ,observatory4 ,many hundreds of lives have been saved at sea by the splendid meteorological service they have organised1 and the sailor who cares nothing for ,roman or for ,protestant walks down on the ,bund to see what the ,ziccawei brothers can tell him about the probability of a typhoon4 ,the benefit of their service1 though great1 is not limited to the number of lives of mariners that their science preserves2 their science is an object-lesson to the ,chinese--an object-lesson especially useful at a time when materialism is taunting ,christianity with obscurantism4 ,missionaries in the field do not entirely recognise the connection that exists between their own work and the work of other denominations4 ,the man on the mission field sees his bit of work1 and realises that it is a failure or that it is a success1 but he does not #aif realise how intimately associated that success or failure is with world movements over which he has but the very slightest control4 ,these world movements are dependent on many factors that must be beyond his direct knowledge1 and one of the factors that influence the success of ,protestant missions is the wide influence of ,catholic work4 ,conversely every new ,protestant mission that opens the door of a school or a college probably tends to augment the number of ,roman ,catholics in ,china4 ,the question put to the ,chinaman is not1 ,will you be ,roman or ,protestant8 ,that was the question that was put to the ,european in the sixteenth century4 ,the question is1 ,will you become a materialist or a ,christian8 ,and the answer he makes must be largely affected by his experience of the intellectual efficiency and high moral tone of those he calls ,christians4 ,i despair of persuading my ,protestant friends that the reputation of the ,ziccawei brothers is a valuable asset in evangelical work1 and ,i equally despair of persuading the ,roman ,catholic that the splendid educational establishments of ,american ,protestantism is one of the reasons why their numbers are increasing by leaps and bounds2 but the ,chinaman would probably think the remark self-obvious4 ,how small the differences appear that we think so profound was first brought home to me as we passed through the ,red ,sea on the ,french mail in company with a body of ,coptic schoolmasters who were going to civilise ,menelik's subjects in ,abyssinia4 #aig ,as it was ,sunday morning these young men came up to me to ask an explanation of the ceremony of ship inspection which is performed with some pomp by the ,french captain on that day4 ,with a wholly exaggerated idea as to the religiosity of the ,french they had concluded that this was a ,christian ceremony1 and when ,i had explained to them that on a ,french ship it was illegal to have a service1 they were distressed1 for they explained that though they had been educated in many different quarters1 they were all in agreement on religious matters4 ,one had been educated in the ,protestant ,college in ,beyrout1 and another had been educated in the ,jesuit ,college at ,cairo1 which1 he added in explanation1 is practically the same thing4 ,this statement would be regarded as accurate by the average ,chinaman4 ,at any rate1 no one can doubt the importance of ,roman ,catholic work in ,china4 ,they now claim to have over a million of adherents1 served by nearly two thousand priests1 and when one reads that they declare that they have made in ,peking alone thirty-three thousand converts in one year1 one realises what a power they are in the ,christianisation of ,china4 ,in the ,west such figures would mean the downfall of ,protestantism1 but in ,china such figures mean the growth of a common ,christianity which all denominations can influence and in which all denominations can have a share4 ,remember1 though a million ,christians sounds a vast number1 it is small compared with the four hundred millions who now form the population of ,china4 #aih ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,other ,,missions ,though the ,roman ,catholic missions were first in the field by several centuries1 it must not be supposed that they are now the only ,christian influence at work4 ,the work of other bodies is extensive and very important4 ,the pioneer society was the ,london ,mission1 which began work under ,dr4 ,morrison in #ahjg4 ,very soon after them the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society began work in #ahab4 ,but no great mission work was undertaken till after the treaty of #ahdb4 ,then society after society sprang up4 ,one of the earliest was the ,church of ,england ,missionary ,society1 which has a very extensive work1 especially in ,eastern ,china4 ,among the earliest of its missionaries were the two veteran brothers1 ,bishop ,moule and ,archdeacon ,moule1 who have for half a century ordered its ranks with courage and self-denial4 ,the ,presbyterian ,mission was not long behind them1 and the ,american ,methodist ,missions began work practically at the same time2 and so missions have gone on increasing till there are over sixty missions1 over and above the ,roman ,catholic ,missions1 at work in ,china1 with a staff of over three thousand five hundred white workers and a #aii body of converts numbering over a quarter of a million4 ,the people who are opposed to missions will immediately say what a regrettable thing it is that ,christianity should present such a picture of division to the heathen1 and they will probably find a great number of people who are sympathetically inclined to missions and who cordially agree with them4 ,there can be no doubt that it would be far better if the ,christian ,church presented a picture of unity to the whole world4 ,it would be far better that we should all think alike2 but if we cannot think alike1 it would be a great mistake to seek for unity by encouraging people to suppress their convictions4 ,unity is very valuable1 but it can never be so valuable as are truth and honesty4 ,far better to accept the truth and say that there is a difference of opinion rather than by denying the truth and concealing the divisions that really exist to give a false appearance of unity4 ,if this is true of other parts of the world1 it is even more true of ,china4 ,her national tendency is to regard conviction as of little importance1 and on the other hand to lay great stress on uniformity4 ,perhaps one should say that this is the natural result of an autocratic government4 ,autocratic government naturally encourages the doctrine that everybody should agree with the autocrat4 ,now the advance of the ,west has been accomplished by encouraging liberty of opinion1 therefore the people who are to expound the great doctrines of ,western civilisation rightly appear before #bjj the ,chinese world showing a great diversity of view4 ,it is most regrettable when liberty is exchanged for tyranny1 when the acceptance of one opinion involves the persecution of another1 when ,christians not only differ but persecute and thwart each other's efforts4 ,this may be an evil in our own land1 an evil which we hope will soon pass away1 but in ,china that evil does not exist except between the ,roman and the non-,roman bodies4 ,there are great differences of opinion4 ,the extreme ,ritualist position is ably represented in ,china1 the ultra-,protestant position has equally able representatives1 and ,i have seen them uniting in the ,shanghai ,conference in defence of the ,apostles' ,creed against a ,latitudinarian attack4 ,to the ,chinese ,i think they present not the aspect of different bodies opposing one another1 but rather different regiments of the same army intent on overthrowing the same enemy2 and though they are clothed in a different uniform and use different weapons they serve under the same general4 ,illustration3 ,,travelling ,,in ,,china--,,old ,,style4 ,a ,,railway ,,station--,,new ,,style ,the ,american bodies are far the richest4 ,whether it is that the ,united ,states is a richer country than ,england1 or whether it is that they are more liberal in their gifts to missions1 or whether it is that they are more inclined to spend their money on ,chinese missions1 the result is certain1 the ,american missions have every advantage that money can give4 ,their splendid educational establishments are a feature in #bja many towns4 ,if the ,american missions have the advantage of the ,english missions in money1 both ,british and ,american missions have an equal right to claim that they have as representatives in ,china a body of self-denying and enthusiastic men4 ,it would be invidious to make any reference to the excellence of any special mission4 ,among the ,british missions1 the ,london ,mission claims indeed the greatest number of converts1 though the ,church ,missionary ,society does not come far behind it4 ,again1 the ,presbyterian ,missions and the ,china ,inland ,mission have a large and growing work4 ,the latter is a most curious development of missionary policy4 ,the missionaries1 differing in many doctrinal particulars1 have agreed to co-operate under the name of ,china ,inland ,missions in the west of ,china2 they have agreed not to oppose each other in any way1 and to give each other mutual support4 ,they are under the head of a director who organises and arranges their separate provinces4 ,a great feature of this scheme is that they effect a large saving in the expenses of mission work by co-operation4 ,a white man cannot live in many districts in ,china without a supply of medicines and some ,western comforts2 they arrange for the forwarding of these things1 and help the missionaries in their journeys4 ,bishop ,cassels is at once a member of this mission and of the ,c4,m4,s4 ,he is a splendid example of the courage that is necessary for missionary work4 ,he has been through the ,gorges of the ,yangtsze twenty #bjb times4 ,once he was unwise enough to forsake the small native boat in which he habitually travels and to entrust himself to a steamer1 which1 under the pilotage of a ,german captain1 was going to attempt the rapids4 ,they did very well till they happened to bump on a rock1 when the captain lost his head1 and instead of beaching her1 he tried to anchor4 ,the water surged in and soon put out his fires1 thus preventing him from raising his anchor1 with the result that the ship gradually filled and sank and the passengers had to swim for their lives4 ,the ,s4,p4,g4 ,mission is excellently manned1 but suffers much from want of pecuniary support4 ,i cannot help feeling that if it was but once realised how important it is that the capital of ,china1 whither resort all the intellectual and ambitious men of ,china1 should thoroughly understand the logical position and the reverent worship of the ,church of ,england1 that the necessary funds would be forthcoming4 ,it is most desirable that ,china should understand that there is a via media between ,rome and ,protestantism4 ,without wishing in any way to detract from the necessity for missions to other parts of the world1 we may point out that ,china has at this moment a very special claim4 ,no one would say that the mission work in ,india or in ,africa demands within the next few years that the intellectual side of ,christianity should be thoroughly explained1 but this is actually the case in ,china4 ,the intellectual men of #bjc ,china who gather together at ,peking are now demanding to know what truth there is in ,christianity4 ,they must be answered by men as intellectual as themselves1 who will be able with courtesy and force to convince them that ,christianity is a religion that is thoroughly consistent both with modern science and with the intellectual progress of the world4 ,no better mission to undertake that work can be conceived than the ,north ,china ,mission of the ,church of ,england4 ,this mission1 under the leadership of ,bishop ,scott1 represents with dignity the tolerant and reverential attitude of the ,church of ,england4 ,one cannot help thinking that if he had a sufficiently liberal support1 so that he could have a college where he could undertake the education of some of those future statesmen of ,china who are desiring to understand ,western things1 that his mission might be the means of encouraging a movement towards ,christianity among the scholars and statesmen of ,china4 ,that distinguished ,baptist missionary1 ,dr4 ,timothy ,richard1 told me that he thought that the dignity of the ,church of ,england1 especially as so ably represented by ,bishop ,scott1 might be a great asset in convincing the ,chinese literati that ,christianity was a religion which would harmonise with their love of order and dignity4 ,of missions of other nations we saw one or two examples1 but they are few in number if you except the ,roman ,catholic ,missions4 ,it is rather a pity that the ,scandinavian ,missions do not throw all their #bjd effort into work in ,manchuria2 few races would endure the bitter cold of ,manchuria better than they1 and ,manchuria is readier to accept ,western ideas than perhaps any other part of ,china4 ,she has felt and realised the pressure of the ,west1 she has suffered under the burden of ,russian domination1 she has seen the ,westernised armies of conquering ,japan put to flight the northern invader4 ,as we stood on the #bjc ,metre ,hill and realised on that shattered hill-top how ,manchuria has seen the full force of the destructive power of ,western civilisation2 as we counted the wrecks that then lay at the mouth of the harbour2 as we looked at each shattered homestead1 yes1 and at the bones that were still unburied1 we felt that the great land of ,manchuria has a special need that some one should show her that ,western civilisation can indeed produce something more lovely than shells and bayonets4 ,i am happy to be able to say that a splendid work is being carried on by the ,presbyterian ,missions2 they have shown to the ,northern ,chinese another form of courage than that which was shown by the warriors of ,russia and ,japan4 ,two stories remain in my mind among many4 ,first a story of the old days before ,russia had made the ,trans-,siberian ,railway1 before the ,japanese had for the first time taken ,port ,arthur4 ,a ,british mission doctor was at work4 ,the ,chinese1 more suo1 had determined to get rid of this example of the mercy of ,western civilisation4 ,they did not dare to kill him openly1 so they sent a #bje messenger who feigned to have come from a sick man out in the country4 ,the doctor and his ,chinese dresser1 unconscious of the plot1 readily obeyed the summons4 ,they noticed that a child followed them1 and they did their best to induce him to go home1 but he would not4 ,when they arrived at the village inn they discovered that the sick man did not exist4 ,they were in doubt what to do1 when suddenly the door was thrown open and several of the soldiers of the ,viceroy's bodyguard rushed in1 and seizing the two1 they declared that they had stolen a child to make medicine out of his eyes4 ,they then proceeded to torture the doctor by tying his hands behind his back and suspending him by them to the roof4 ,such was the agony that the doctor lost consciousness4 ,they then took him down1 and he was put into a loathsome ,chinese prison1 where he was exposed to mental torture as severe as the physical torture which he had already endured4 ,he was told that he would be beheaded1 and every preparation was made1 and then at the last moment he was taken back to the prison4 ,this was repeated till they thought they had shattered his nerve1 and then he was allowed to go free4 ,with that calm courage which has so often characterised the action of the members of the missionary body he returned to his work fearless of death and torture4 ,another story1 which has its humorous side1 was also told us4 ,at the time of the ,russian occupation of ,newchwang1 the ,russians had1 as we have #bjf described above1 been pacifying the town1 and a crowd of terrified ,chinese had taken refuge in the ,presbyterian ,mission compound1 where there was only one lady4 ,she1 however1 came from ,belfast1 and had all the courage of the ,northern ,irish in her veins4 ,a body of ,russian soldiers came towards the mission with the intention of shooting the ,chinese4 ,she took a horsewhip in her hand1 and regardless of the loaded rifle or the bloody bayonet1 commenced to belabour the soldiers with it4 ,there are some things which are understood by all nations1 and the use of the horse-whip was at once appreciated by the ,russians1 who fled before her1 leaving her a victor and the saviour of her ,chinese friends4 ,i know people say that women should not be exposed to the risks of a missionary's life1 but the answer is that were women not employed1 half the mission work would be left undone and the heroism with which women have endured death and danger has been no small factor in the spread of ,christianity and in producing the change in ,china4 #bjg ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,effect ,,of ,,western ,,literature ,,in ,,china ,among the influences that have awakened ,china1 outside the great lesson of political events1 none has been more influential than literature in its many branches4 ,the ,chinese have always been a literary race4 ,they invented printing about the same time that the savage ,saxons welcomed the first book written by the ,venerable ,bede1 and the influence of literature has therefore held sway many hundred years in ,china4 ,but for the last six hundred years there have not been many works of original thought produced in native literature4 ,most of their writings have been commentaries on the ,classics following along the beaten paths1 or works of poetry full of references to the ,shi-,king or the classic poetry of the ,chinese4 ,the literature of ,china is characteristic of her civilisation4 ,it is confined by an artificiality which has its origin in an inordinate respect for the past and an absolute distrust of the future4 ,every book looks backward to the period when ,china's thought was pure and great4 ,this period continued till the ,anglo-,saxon influence made itself felt through its missions4 ,very early in the history of ,protestant missions it was #bjh perceived that in a country like ,china some other appeal must be made than could be made by the white missionary4 ,a nation reverencing the printed page to such a degree that men will carefully pick up a piece of paper and put it on one side rather than trample it heedlessly1 for fear lest that piece of paper should contain words of wisdom1 is obviously a nation that can best be reached through printed matter1 and so ,dr4 ,morrison1 the pioneer of ,protestant missions1 devoted the greater part of his missionary life to translating the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,the matter was not so simple as might appear to those who are only conversant with the civilisation of younger and less artificial races than the ,chinese4 ,it is not enough to translate a work into ,chinese2 the spoken language is nowhere used for literature4 ,the literary language commonly called ,wenli probably never was spoken1 and is so full of artificial rules of construction that it is only after many years that a man can hope to write it efficiently4 ,chang-,chih-,tung says that it requires ten years for a ,chinaman to become an efficient translator4 ,that does not mean that it takes ten years for a ,chinaman to learn ,english1 but ten years for a man to be able to put into good ,chinese the thoughts that he has learned from the ,west4 ,the written language of ,china1 it should be remembered1 is not a language in which sounds are portrayed by means of signs as it is with ,western languages4 ,each character represents an idea1 the only analogy in our language being the numerals and #bji some few signs we have for simple words such as cross or and4 ,therefore when new ideas are developed new signs are required4 ,these can be created out of old signs4 ,for instance1 ,i understand that a railway engine is called a fire carriage4 ,this1 by the way1 caused great confusion of mind in a certain district to the ,christian converts who were conversant with the story of ,elijah1 for some of them erroneously concluded that ,elijah left this earth in a railway train4 ,another instance of the difficulty of expressing new things was afforded when a certain mission started work in ,china4 ,they were in some perplexity as to the title that they should choose for their society4 ,they wanted to convey to the ,chinese that their denomination claimed especially to feed the souls of men4 ,they explained all this to an educated ,chinaman1 and quoted some well-known texts4 ,he immediately wrote down two characters1 and assured them that they represented what they had said about the spiritual food that they provided1 and would also be very popular with the ,chinese1 as indeed it proved4 ,the moment they opened the door of the chapel they were besieged by hundreds of ,chinese of the poorer class1 who1 after listening for a short time1 went away discontentedly4 ,the missionaries found out afterwards that the title they had been given literally translated was ,health-giving ,free ,restaurant1 a most attractive title to the hungry ,chinaman4 ,there is indeed another way of representing new #baj words4 ,the word can be borrowed bodily from another language and pronounced in a ,chinese way1 and the word-signs which best represent the sounds can then be employed4 ,this is often done with proper names4 ,for instance1 a great ,chinese statesman told me that he referred to ,sir ,edward ,grey in his despatches to ,china by three signs which had the three sounds ,ga ,la ,hay1 but this system is obviously open to misconstruction1 because the reader might be tempted to give the words their normal meaning4 ,i believe that such terms as ,x-rays and ultimatum have been so adopted bodily into the ,chinese language4 ,ninety per cent41 however1 of the new word-signs which go to make up what the ,chinese call modern style are new combinations of ancient ideographs4 ,one of the pioneers in this translation work said at the ,shanghai ,conference that the first thing a missionary had to do before he could convert the people was to convert the language4 ,until he had invented a new set of word-sounds to convey ,christian ideas1 the preaching of ,christianity laboured under the very greatest disadvantage4 ,the term controversy1 that is1 the controversy as to what sign should be chosen to signify the ,christian's ,god1 was an example of this4 ,it arose first in the ,roman ,communion and afterwards gave great trouble to other ,communions4 ,the choice lay between three terms--one signifying originally ,supreme ,ruler1 one ,heaven1 and the last ,spirit1 none of which quite #baa expressed our idea of ,god4 ,what ,christians felt was felt by other translators also1 and one of the great causes of advance in ,china has been the formation of a language which can now thoroughly express all the ideas that are characteristic of the ,west4 ,many of these word-signs come from ,japan4 ,japan1 using the same written script as ,china1 and having accepted ,western thought1 is more easily able to compose the word-sign necessary for its expression1 and it is in this way among many others that the influence of ,japan will be very important if not paramount in far ,eastern countries4 ,every missionary body has tried to produce ,christian literature2 the great difficulty has been to get the translator4 ,the method usually employed is to get a ,chinese graduate1 too often not a ,christian1 and to make him1 under careful supervision1 write down the phrases rendered by the missionary into ,chinese4 ,even so the difficulties are very great4 ,the object of literature is differently understood in the ,west and in the ,east4 ,a ,chinese scholar who was very conversant with both languages explained the difficulties by the following anecdote4 ,engrossed in the study of ,western knowledge he had neglected his ,chinese literature1 and was in imminent danger of failing in his examination4 ,happily for him the night before his examination he read a classical author much admired by connoisseurs but not much read owing to his great obscurity of expression4 ,a particularly recondite #bab phrase dwelt in his memory because it had cost him so much trouble to discover its meaning4 ,next day he used the phrase in his paper1 and when his paper was returned to him with the marks of the examiner upon it1 it was obvious that it was this phrase1 surrounded on all sides by the marks of his examiner's approbation1 which had been the means of his passing that examination4 ,subsequently he went to ,chicago ,university4 ,there1 he said1 with the quiet humour of a ,chinaman1 ,i learnt that the object of an essay was to convey an idea in as simple a manner as possible4 ,this is not the ,chinese plan4 ,one of the pioneers in this work was the body which is now called the ,christian ,literature ,society for ,china4 ,assisted by a brilliant staff1 ,dr4 ,timothy ,richard has produced a great mass of excellent work which has profound influence on thought in ,china4 ,no better test can be found of the wonderful work that they have done than the fact that the greatest statesman that ,china possessed1 and also her greatest ,confucianist scholar1 should refer to one of their publications1 ,the ,review of the ,times1 as one of the causes of ,china's enlightenment4 ,the ,christian ,literature ,society has not1 however1 been the only labourer in the field4 ,good work has been done by the ,religious ,tract ,society1 which has depts in various parts of ,china for the sale of good literature2 and there have been other societies which have also published books1 including the ,mission ,press1 belonging #bac to the ,roman ,catholics1 which is situated at ,hong-,kong4 ,but in speaking of ,christian literature we must not forget the various ,bible ,societies which have done such varied and excellent work in ,china1 chief among which has been the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society4 ,far beyond where the white missionary could reach1 the productions of this ,society have penetrated2 even right across the deserts of ,mongolia have their colporteurs carried their wares4 ,of the conversations which ,i had with various ,chinese gentlemen one was especially remarkable as a testimony to their activity4 ,my interlocutor was one of those fat lazy men who enjoy the good things of life and care but little for serious matters1 and yet ,i was surprised to find that he was obviously acquainted with1 at any rate1 some of the tenets of the ,christian faith1 and ,i wondered how this indolent man had obtained such knowledge4 ,i felt certain that his dignity would never have permitted him to have talked to a ,christian missionary1 much less to have listened to a ,christian sermon4 ,at last he incidentally mentioned that though a ,confucianist he was well acquainted with the ,gospel of ,st4 ,mark4 ,i could not well ask him how he had obtained it1 but no doubt it had come to him through the means of the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society4 ,we happened upon another example of the influence of the ,bible ,society4 ,we were coming down on the boat from ,canton1 and1 walking on the ,chinese #bad deck1 ,i saw a man smoking opium and reading an ,english book4 ,as ,i saw he knew ,english1 ,i addressed him2 under the influence of opium1 he was wonderfully communicative4 ,the book turned out to be ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 and he was reading about our ,lord's ,crucifixion4 ,he had only picked it up because he wanted to improve his ,english1 but he was deeply impressed by it1 and his comments were most interesting4 ,he asked me whether it was true that when our ,lord was crucified ,he had stood alone against all the power of the ,jews and the ,romans1 and when he received an answer in the affirmative1 he added1 ,then ,he must have been ,divine1 for no man who was not ,divine could have stood alone4 ,to the ,chinese mind1 which is incapable of any separate action1 which is powerless unless it has the moral support of the ,government1 of a ,guild1 or even of a secret society1 the story of the ,crucifixion appeals most strongly as an example of ,divine strength of purpose4 ,this strange contrast between the opium-smoker and the ,bible was typical of ,china4 ,the forces of good and evil were wrestling together for the possession of that man's life2 the forces of good having been put into his hands no doubt by the instrumentality of some ,bible ,society4 ,but the good work that has been directly done by all these societies has been greatly augmented by the good work that they have done indirectly through the medium of some of their converts4 ,a body of ,christian young men determined to start #bae a publishing house on their own account1 the object of which should be that the published books1 both translations and original works1 should best convey to the ,chinese mind lofty and noble ideas in ,western thought4 ,if these books were not intended to be definitely propagandist they were at least calculated to teach the ethical system of ,christianity4 ,the work of the ,shanghai ,commercial ,press has had a great influence on the thought of ,china2 from thence has issued forth a mass of literature both for schools and for the general public which has introduced ,western thought to the ,chinese4 ,many of our standard authors have been translated1 and the ,chinaman1 moved by his love of literature1 is now becoming intimately acquainted with every literary activity of our civilisation4 ,when one looks at those strange word-signs it seems hard to believe that any one could read them with ease and rapidity2 yet ,chinamen say1 though writing is a matter of great difficulty and requires much time1 reading the characters is quicker than reading our system of printing1 each idea being conveyed by one sign1 instead of1 as in our language1 by many letters4 ,these signs are apparently things to which sentiment attaches4 ,we heard a most interesting debate at the ,conference of the ,anglican ,church at ,shanghai as to the title by which the ,anglican body should be generally known1 and it was instructive to watch the differences between the views of the ,english and the ,chinese minds on the question1 as the debate #baf was translated by a most able interpreter1 ,mr4 ,tsen4 ,we began with what threatened to be a rather dreary ,anglo-,saxon debate between the ,high and the ,low ,church4 ,one felt the old atmosphere of the sixteenth and seventeenth century of ,english history very present in the room4 ,the debate was on the question as to whether the word ,catholic should form part of the title4 ,i need not detail the arguments that were advanced on both sides2 they are too well known4 ,then we turned to the ,chinese translation1 and at once the fires of ,smithfield and the thunders of the ,reformation disappeared as by magic1 and the blue-robed men from all parts of ,china woke up to an interest that was as extraordinary as it was instructive4 ,we gathered1 by means of our interpreter1 two or three most interesting facts4 ,first1 there was unanimity in the room that the title should not in any way1 indirectly or by allusion1 convey the idea that the ,anglican ,church had anything to do with ,england4 ,the view of ,china for the ,chinese obviously commanded the assent of all in the room2 even those who had been influenced the other way by their teachers1 had to allow that the word ,anglican would be fatal to the popularity of the ,church4 ,when ,the ,holy ,catholic ,church of ,china was proposed as a title1 it was suggested by the white men that it savoured of insolence1 as implying that the other communions did not belong to it4 ,this met with no favour from the ,chinese4 ,their argument was simple2 we are #bag all going to be one body in a short time1 so the others can share in our title if it is a good one1 and if it is not1 we can share theirs4 ,then there was this feeling1 which it was impossible for a stranger to appreciate1 that each ideograph had a sentiment attached to it1 and that therefore the title must be composed of ideographs which had not merely a suitable meaning but also a beautiful association4 ,in the end they adopted for their title the ideographs that are used in the ,creed for the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 not meaning thereby that they were the only branch of the ,catholic ,church in ,china1 but that they were a true branch of the ,catholic ,church4 ,there was another point made obvious to the onlooker1 a point which will be dealt with further on in this book1 namely1 that owing to the different policies of the missions1 the ,american body dominated in debate because they were represented by an extremely able body of ,chinamen1 while the ,english missions had as ,chinese representatives only men of ordinary education4 ,but to return to the question of literature4 ,though literature has been instrumental in disseminating both the truths of ,christianity and the noble ethical teaching of the ,west1 it has also been instrumental in disseminating much that is evil and corrupt in ,western literature4 ,perhaps it is not extraordinary that the ,japanese bookseller finds that the erotic novel from ,paris sells more freely when translated than the ,english story whose whole #bah motive depends on a proper comprehension of the ,christian ethical position4 ,the ,dame aux ,camlias1 by ,dumas1 is the most popular of the ,western works1 and one cannot but tremble to think what incalculable injury such stories will do to a nation which does not understand the relative positions in which those works are held by men of high character in the ,west4 ,chang-,chih-,tung refers in one of his works to the apparent immorality of ,western thought2 and if we grant that books like these are typical of ,western thought1 we shall not be able to wonder at his conclusion4 ,through the distorted medium of such translations ,western civilisation must seem wholly detestable4 ,the ,chinaman will naturally say1 ,your boasted morality is merely a hypocritical covering for a profligacy which we should never permit in our land4 ,not only are ,french novels translated1 but all the works which ,western thought has produced against the ,christian faith4 ,haeckel's ,riddle of the ,universe is a typical example4 ,in literature1 as in every other department of life in ,china1 two elements of ,western civilisation strive for mastery4 ,on one side there are arrayed the powers of ,christianity and the interpretation of ,western civilisation as a product of ,christian thought2 on the other side lies materialism1 and the explanation of ,western civilisation as a natural result of evolution which is developing an irreligious but most comfortable world4 ,if ,china listens to the first1 she will become like other #bai nations1 a great power1 not only rich1 but honourable1 true1 and merciful1 the result of the teaching of ,christian faith and ethics4 ,if she listens to the second1 the efficiency of ,china will be rendered terrible by a low morality1 which will not only desolate and depress many millions1 but even have a deleterious effect on the ,west which so mistaught her4 #bbj ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,medical ,,missions ,after literature perhaps we should place medical missions as one of the most effective ways of placing before the ,chinese the difference between our civilisations and of showing them the truth and beauty of ,christianity4 ,there are three or possibly four reasons why medical missions are a right and effective way of conducting the ,christian propaganda4 ,first1 they are an object-lesson of the love which ,christianity inculcates4 ,in school teaching we find that the object-lesson is the most efficient and easiest way of getting the human mind to understand a quite new idea2 medical missions are object-lessons of the essential character of ,christian teaching4 ,chinese ethics are very distinct in limiting the duty of man to certain well-known relations4 ,they are five in number3 the relation of the sovereign and minister1 of the husband and wife1 of the father and son1 of the elder and younger brother1 and of friends4 ,no ,confucian recognises the universal brotherhood of man2 that is solely a ,christian doctrine4 ,thus ,confucius reproves the man who wishes to offer sacrifices to some one else's forefathers2 that appears to him to be as officious as the duty of #bba offering sacrifices to his own ancestors is important2 a man has no obligations to any one else but to those who stand to him in one of these five relations4 ,very different is the tone of the ,apocrypha1 which is not of very different date1 and which puts burial of the dead among one of the first duties of man without specifying the necessity of any close relationship4 ,the action of missionaries in coming to ,china was therefore wholly misunderstood by the ,chinese4 ,they were regarded as merely the emissaries of foreign powers1 sent to spy out the land4 ,considering the way in which the ,roman ,catholic missions did as a fact identify themselves with the foreign policy of ,france1 one cannot altogether wonder that the ,chinese attributed to their mission the selfish principles they themselves would have followed4 ,the first purpose1 therefore1 served by medical missions is to demonstrate to the ,chinese that ,christianity has higher ideals than ,confucianism4 ,their second great object is one that must appeal to the heart of everybody who has been in ,china4 ,it is impossible to work among the ,chinese without being rendered miserable by the appalling amount of suffering and misery that exists at the present day4 ,the poverty of ,england cannot be spoken of in the same breath nor can in any way be compared with the poverty of ,china4 ,deplorable as is the condition of many individuals in ,england1 harsh as is the action of some of our casual wards1 #bbb any one who has studied both will freely allow that the poor in ,england are rich compared to the poor in ,china4 ,among the vast crowd that wanders along the ,north ,road to ,london1 you will scarcely see one without boots2 there is scarcely one who does not get a piece of bread to eat when he is hungry2 there are none who are suffering from untended wounds or unalleviated sickness4 ,the workhouse infirmary will always open its doors1 however harsh the ,guardians1 to those who are absolutely ill4 ,but in ,china1 starvation is quite common4 ,missionaries tell you how at certain junctures they have travelled along a road1 passing man after man lying at the point of death1 and those who are sick have too often no resource but to wait with patience the pain and death they foresee as their fate4 ,the missionary feels1 as he preaches the doctrine of love1 that he cannot consistently ignore these suffering multitudes4 ,the third reason why medical missions are maintained is because they are a means of approaching people who otherwise would not hear the ,christian truth4 ,the man who has successfully healed the body has some reasonable hope to expect that the patient will accept that medicine that he offers to cure the soul4 ,so medical missions have been started in every place4 ,we visited many excellent medical missions1 from chilly ,mukden to torrid ,canton4 ,there are many stories told how in the days when the ,chinese would not listen to #bbc missionaries1 the medical missionary obtained that hearing which was refused to his clerical brothers4 ,i was told one medical missionary found that the moment that he was extracting teeth was the moment when he could best advance his teaching4 ,i have never heard the story substantiated2 unless the ,chinese are very different from us1 one would have thought that the teaching would have had a distinctly painful association4 ,perhaps he took as his thesis the extraction of sin from the character4 ,his success was equalled by that non-medical missionary who had the advantage of having a set of false teeth2 these he used to take out before the astonished coolies and replace them2 then having attracted their attention by this manoeuvre1 he took up his parable on the need for taking away their sins from them and for putting new life into them4 ,the ,chinese coolie loves a jest1 and once he is on the laugh he will1 unlike his ,english brother1 be much more inclined to attend to serious teaching4 ,one of the missionaries who understands this trait of the ,chinese best is ,dr4 ,duncan ,main of ,hangchow1 where we spent two most interesting days seeing his hospitals and work and visiting his patients4 ,there is no better testimony to his great work than his obvious popularity4 ,wherever he goes there are smiles and greetings4 ,he explains as we walk who are the individuals who salute him4 ,that great fat man who stands bowing and smiling is a #bbd merchant of some wealth2 his wife has been in the hospital2 she has been tended by ,dr4 ,main and by his skill has been cured4 ,that old woman who stands by him smiling is another ex-patient4 ,that young man with an intellectual face and a dark robe is an old medical student1 now a doctor himself with a large practice1 and he has settled near ,dr4 ,main's hospital4 ,and so his work increases and grows and the good he does must live after him4 ,he takes us into the out-patients' room2 they are a motley crowd1 with strappings and bandages on various parts of their persons4 ,while they are sitting there a lay-reader expounds to them the elements of ,christian teaching4 ,what a contrast to their minds must be the plain forcible teaching and the simple effective remedies and medicines of the ,christians to the incantations and nauseous compounds of their native doctors4 ,there is a great doubt as to what is the nature of many of the ,chinese drugs4 ,they always prescribe a vast number1 many of which are apparently innocuous in their effect2 they always give them in large quantities1 and do not in any way attempt to isolate and extract the active properties of the things they use4 ,you see a man eating a large bowl of some nauseous compound and you are told he is taking ,chinese medicine4 ,you ask a captain what his cargo consists of1 and he tells you that it is largely made up of ,chinese medicine4 ,some of the medicine seems to be prescribed on the principle of our old herbals2 that is1 there is a fancied resemblance between the plant and the disease4 ,others seem to #bbe come from well-known remedies administered in various ways2 ground-up deer's horns from the mountains of ,siberia has probably much the same effect as chalk has in our pharmacopoeia4 ,but there also seems to be some possibility that the ,chinese doctors have certain useful remedies which are unknown to ,western medicine4 ,there is a strange story told in ,shanghai about a certain remedy for a horrible disease called sprue4 ,the story is well known to every resident in ,shanghai1 still it will bear repetition4 ,a certain quack called ,french ,peter--,i do not know his proper name--habitually cured sprue4 ,cases which ,english doctors had absolutely failed to cure1 and which threatened ruining a career or loss of life1 he cured in a few weeks4 ,he had two remedies--a white powder and a black draught4 ,he himself was a most unattractive-looking man4 ,my informant told me that his career was being threatened by this horrible disease1 and that he was expecting to leave ,china in a week or two1 when some one suggested that he should try ,french ,peter4 ,when they met1 ,french ,peter's appearance was so unprepossessing that the sick man's courage nearly failed him4 ,he had been for weeks on a milk diet1 and the first thing that the man said to him was1 ,look here1 take these medicines and go and have a good beefsteak for luncheon4 ,he decided to try them4 ,he ate his beefsteak1 he took the white powder and the black draught1 and ,i think within three weeks was quite well4 ,french ,peter would #bbf never tell his secret or where he got his remedies2 at least he used to give different accounts to different people4 ,i believe he is now dead1 but on talking the matter over with some ,chinese friends they assured me that the remedies were well known to ,chinese doctors1 and that ,french ,peter had got them from one of their compatriots4 ,dr4 ,main deals with his patients in the same cheery way that he addresses every one2 a word or two suffices to discover the nature of their ailment4 ,if the case is very serious1 the patient is detained for further examination2 if it is trivial1 it is attended to at once by a native dresser4 ,for the rest he himself prescribes4 ,then he takes us up to the wards1 and explains that the great difficulty is to get the ,chinese to care for cleanliness4 ,that is the same story in every hospital2 they cannot believe it matters very much whether the thing is kept clean or not4 ,the medical students will proceed to handle anything after they have washed their hands and think that the previous washing insures asepticism1 regardless of the fact that they have touched many septic things4 ,dr4 ,main's hospital is typical of mission hospitals--,dr4 ,christie's hospital at ,mukden1 ,dr4 ,gillison's at ,hankow1 ,dr4 ,cochrane's at ,peking1 and many others4 ,there are also hospitals for women4 ,we saw many2 the first we visited1 the ,presbyterian ,hospital at ,canton1 was a good example1 impressing us not only by its efficiency1 but also by the great service it performed to the suffering #bbg masses of ,china by training women doctors1 who are permitted to minister to their sisters when etiquette does not permit of male medical attendance4 ,the lady who showed us round the hospital spoke ,english fluently2 she was dressed in the dress of the ,cantonese woman1 which suited her profession admirably1 as it consisted of a long black coat and trousers4 ,some hospitals are reserved for the very poor2 at ,nanking1 for instance1 ,dr4 ,macklin showed us over his beggar hospital4 ,he follows the parable of the ,good ,samaritan most literally1 and wherever he finds a poor1 starving1 dying man1 he brings him in4 ,clearly he cannot afford anything but a limited accommodation for these poor creatures1 but he is on the whole most successful1 and there is many a man whom poverty had brought near to death whose life he has saved4 ,as one looked at those types of suffering humanity and realised the good that ,dr4 ,macklin was doing1 one felt that the days of saintly service were not over yet4 ,another beautiful work is ,dr4 ,main's leper hospital at ,hangchow4 ,it was a weird and strange experience to hear those lepers singing our old ,english hymns4 ,leprosy1 as my readers doubtless know1 does not often leave open sores2 it slowly eats away the body while it leaves the skin intact2 and so you see men without hands and arms yet with finger nails upon the stump1 blind men without noses1 and very commonly men whose voices are cracked and broken4 ,these lepers are housed in an old temple1 in one of the most beautiful situations in ,china--a #bbh situation which is supposed to be the original of the landscape on the old willow pattern plates2 and the beauty of their surroundings contrasts strangely with their hideous forms and harsh voices4 ,there was an infinite pathos when by that blue lake and purple mountain1 those harsh but plaintive voices sang the old tune of ,jesu1 lover of my soul2 and though we could not follow the ,chinese words1 the faces of these poor sufferers were eloquent in expressing how fully they felt the meaning of that hymn4 ,but above all we should mention the great work that is being carried on by ,dr4 ,cochrane at ,peking4 ,he has managed to induce all the medical missions in ,peking to unite in founding a great hospital--a hospital which has received the approval of ,government4 ,this successful example of federation has solved a difficult problem4 ,no doubt the efficiency of medical missions in many a town is impeded by their want of unity4 ,a mission body will open a medical mission1 and will send out a doctor or even two in charge2 one doctor must go on his furlough1 another is perhaps ill1 and the result is that the mission is closed4 ,the commercial community are rather ready to point out that the mission hospital is closed in the summer when there is the greatest need for it4 ,the answer to the taunt is the policy of federation4 ,while it is next to impossible to keep open the mission hospitals in an unhealthy climate with a limited staff1 it is perfectly possible to do it if the staff is increased4 ,every doctor in ,central and ,southern ,china must #bbi have a certain period of rest1 otherwise he will not be able to stand the enervating effects of a semi-tropical climate2 and however possible it is to keep white men at work for three or four years without a holiday1 and ,i know commercial people claim that this has been done in certain individual instances1 it is in reality the very poorest economy4 ,the mission doctor is far too valuable a person to have his life cast away by such a foolish policy of extravagance4 ,he must have his rest every year and his furlough every seven years4 ,but it is not necessary that the hospitals should be closed if the staff is big enough2 a certain number of the hospital staff can go on leave1 and when they are rested1 can come back and allow others to go in their turn4 ,dr4 ,cochrane has shown at ,peking that such federation is possible1 and the ,china ,emergency ,committee is making every effort to encourage a similar federation in other parts of ,china4 ,medical missions are splendid examples of ,christian charity and love1 but they are rather sad examples of the lack of unity among ,christian men4 ,analogous to the medical mission are the missions to the blind and the deaf4 ,the blind are a striking example of how ,christianity alleviates misery1 for the blind in ,china learn to read more quickly than those who have sight4 ,the teachers of the blind have invented a system of raised type by which the ,chinaman can read every word that is pronounced in ,chinese4 ,it is not our letter system1 which they #bcj would find difficult to understand1 but something after the nature of the ,japanese system4 ,each syllable is represented by a sign2 so1 strange as it may appear1 the blind man not having to study the character learns to read more quickly than the man with normal sight4 ,there is an excellent school for the blind at ,peking1 under ,dr4 ,murray's superintendence4 ,there is another at ,hankow1 where we saw a most striking instance of the beauty of holiness4 ,one of the masters at this blind school was a blind man himself2 he was a most ardent ,christian2 he had been taught to play the organ1 which1 indeed1 is a speciality at that school1 many of the organists in the mission churches in ,hankow coming from it1 and one could not look upon his face without feeling a conviction that his spiritual vision was as clear as his physical sight was dark4 ,there is a fourth reason1 and one which applies as much to educational missions as to medical missions1 why both are fitting and proper ways to teach ,christianity4 ,christianity claims to and does benefit the whole of man1 not merely his spiritual side4 ,mankind cannot properly be cut up and divided into spirit1 mind1 and body4 ,he is essentially one1 and it is most necessary that those who are learning about our religion1 should understand that while we claim every benefit should come from the spiritual part of our nature1 we are prepared to show that we in no wise despise the body1 which needs religious care as much as the soul4 ,neither are we careless about the #bca mind4 ,so the three parts of mission work go hand in hand1 for preaching and prayer will heal the ills of the soul1 the medical mission deals with the ills of the body1 and the educational mission makes the mind healthy and strong4 ,we shall deal with the educational side of mission work later on4 #bcb ,,chapter ,,xix ,,movement ,,in ,,korea ,,and ,,manchuria ,one of the movements which will affect ,christianity all over the ,east has had its origin in ,korea4 ,just as the suffering and miserable heart of the individual man is that which ,christianity finds most suitable for its home1 so it is with a nation4 ,it is at the moment of national adversity and humiliation that religious movements most readily rise4 ,korea had looked upon herself as the equal of ,japan4 ,from ,korea came much of the civilisation which adorned ,japan before the great ,western movement4 ,when ,prince ,ito with the eyes of a statesman was realising that ,japan must either accept the domination of the ,west or its civilisation1 ,korea was immovably entrenched in her belief in her national greatness and in her contempt for the ,western world4 ,so ,westernised ,japan has overcome her ancient rival and teacher1 and ,korea is humbled to the very dust4 ,in many ways that humiliation is rendered more poignant owing to the lack of sympathy between the races4 ,though they both have taken their civilisation from ,china and have a common classical literature1 they are diametrically opposed in many things4 ,the ,japanese are essentially a clean race4 #bcc ,they wash constantly2 they will not enter a house with their shoes on their feet4 ,no one who knows them will accuse the ,koreans of excess in cleanliness4 ,on the other hand1 the ,japanese very frequently lack modesty4 ,many are the stories that residents will tell2 and we have seen the ,japanese women clothed in the garb of ,eve appear in the public bath and even in the street4 ,on the other hand1 the ,koreans may be corrupt and immoral1 but they are modest4 ,the women of ,seoul as they walk through the streets cover their faces with their green cloaks1 till one almost thinks one must be in a ,mohammedan land4 ,those green cloaks are a perpetual reminder of the ancient hostility between the races4 ,the picturesque story is worth telling4 ,the ,japanese1 knowing of the absence of the ,korean armies1 determined to surprise ,seoul4 ,they thought they had succeeded1 when to their amazement they saw the walls of ,seoul covered with what they took for warlike ,koreans4 ,the ready wit of the women had saved their town4 ,they had dressed themselves in their husbands' clothes and so deceived their hereditary foes4 ,the ,emperor rewarded them by giving them the right to wear the man's green coat1 which they wear not in coat fashion1 but over their heads1 the sleeves partially veiling their faces2 and as one wanders down the main street of ,seoul and watches the modest but gaily-dressed crowd of ,koreans--the women in their green coats with red ribbons1 the men in white garments wearing their curious top-knots #bcd and quaint hats--one understands the antipathy they must feel for the short1 muscular1 soberly-dressed ,japanese who by his courage and daring has subdued them and now tramples on their national susceptibilities and ignores their national rights4 ,there are several missions in ,korea1 but there is one which1 prim facie1 would call for no special remark4 ,it ministers to the white-robed ,koreans in the same way that many another mission ministers to these ,eastern peoples--teaching and preaching4 ,externally there is nothing exceptional about the missionaries4 ,i will not say that their mission is uninteresting1 but it is unexciting4 ,they are ,americans by nationality and ,scotch by name and blood1 and they follow the national ,presbyterian faith with all its cautious teaching1 with all its prim simplicity4 ,no one would regard them as the mission that was likely to create a great excitement or raise a great enthusiasm1 neither indeed do they so regard themselves4 ,their conception of mission work was the sensible and reasonable plan of converting a sufficient number to make them teachers and preachers1 and then having educated them1 to send them out to convert their own fellow-countrymen4 ,in #aijf and the beginning of #aijg they were filled with dark forebodings for the future of ,korea4 ,the temporary occupation of ,korea by the ,japanese was obviously going to be changed into a permanency4 ,the murder of the ,queen had shown what the ,japanese would do1 and the victory over ,russia had shown what they #bce could do4 ,korea was at their mercy4 ,subdued yet not conquered in spirit1 the missionaries1 knowing their people well1 foresaw that a bitter friction must arise between the two races2 that rebellions and the consequent fierce repression must bring to their infant church a time of great trouble2 and so1 like the wise ,christian men that they were1 they took themselves to the ,christian's weapon1 namely1 prayer4 ,they earnestly prayed that in some way a great blessing should fall on their converts4 ,that prayer was seemingly unanswered1 the grasp of ,japan was not relaxed4 ,except for the wisdom and gentleness of the great ,prince ,ito1 there was nothing but oppression and sufferings for the ,koreans4 ,the ,japanese army had learnt not only their military art but their statecraft in ,germany1 and the latter is traditionally harsh4 ,break1 crush1 and bully are the maxims which find general acceptance in the ,prussian ,court4 ,prince ,ito1 however1 was a great admirer of ,english imperial policy with its maxims of justice to the weak1 mercy to the conquered1 and reverence for all national traditions2 but ,prince ,ito could not control the ,japanese soldiers1 and the moans of the oppressed ,koreans echoed throughout her land4 ,in the spring of #aijg the ,presbyterian ,mission held what is called its country class--that is to say1 that the men who had been converted were summoned from all the country villages to the town of ,pyeng-,yang1 and there they attended for several days' instructions in the ,christian faith4 ,this #bcf excellent rule enables ,christians who believe but who are ignorant to acquire a more ultimate knowledge of the truths of ,christianity4 ,these meetings are wholly unemotional2 they are in no sense revival meetings1 nor even devotional2 they are essentially educational4 ,their object is to teach and not to excite4 ,for the ,scottish-,american has a double national tradition that knowledge is strength4 ,these meetings had been held one or two days2 they had followed their usual uneventful if beneficial course1 and showed every probability of ending as they had begun1 when one of the ,koreans rose from the centre of the room and interrupted the ordinary course of the meeting by asking leave to speak4 ,as he insisted1 permission was given him4 ,he declared that he had a sin on his conscience that forbade him listening to the teaching of the missionaries in peace1 and that further he must declare this sin4 ,the ,presbyterian missionaries do not encourage this kind of open confession of sin1 but still to get on with the meeting and to quiet him they gave him leave to speak4 ,he then declared that he had felt some months ago a feeling of bitterness towards one of the missionaries1 a ,mr4 ,blair1 who was our informant4 ,mr4 ,blair assured him that so far from feeling that there was any need for this confession he regarded the matter as trivial1 and hoping again to bring the meeting back to the point he suggested that they should say the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,hardly had he uttered in ,korean the words ,our ,father1 when #bcg a sudden emotion seemed to rush over all those who were there present4 ,the missionaries described it as at once one of the most awful and one of the most mysterious moments of their lives4 ,they were not revivalists2 they had not encouraged it2 they did not believe in it2 they disliked an emotional religion with which they had no sympathy2 and here they were in the face of a movement which was beyond1 not only their experience1 but that of the greatest revivalists4 ,they tried to stop it1 but unavailingly4 ,the ,koreans1 unlike the ,chinese1 always sit upon the floor1 and as the missionaries looked out over the meeting from the platform on which they stood1 they saw the faces of their converts racked with every form of mental anguish4 ,some were swinging themselves forward striking their heads on the ground1 hoping1 as it were1 to obtain by insensibility peace from their torturing thoughts2 some were in the presence of an awful terror2 some were leaping up demanding to be heard1 longing to free their souls from the weight they felt would crush them2 others with set faces were resolutely determined not to yield to the inspiration of the spirit which suggested that they should gain relief by frank confession4 ,the missionaries having failed to bring the meeting to a close1 submitted to what they felt was the will of a higher ,being1 and the meeting went on till fatigue produced a temporary and a partial rest4 ,though the meeting was closed1 the missionaries learnt afterwards that many #bch ,koreans went on all through the night in agonised prayer4 ,the next day they hoped the thing was over1 and that the incident might be reckoned among those strange experiences which workers in the mission field must occasionally expect to encounter2 but not so--the meeting next night was the same as its predecessor4 ,they noticed several interesting facts4 ,one1 for instance1 was1 that the women were far less affected than the men4 ,the movement did not reach them till later1 and never so fully4 ,another remarkable thing about this movement was that though the ,methodists are by tradition a revivalist body1 and though they have a vigorous mission working in that town1 yet the revival only spread to their converts after many days1 and then neither with the spontaneity nor the fire with which it had been manifested in the ,presbyterian ,mission4 ,of the reality of the confession of sin there could be no doubt4 ,one man1 for instance1 confessed to having stolen gold from a local gold-mining company1 and produced the wedge of gold which he had stolen1 and asked them to treat him as he deserved4 ,the manager of the company luckily was a ,european1 who wisely refused to punish a man who had so spontaneously confessed his theft4 ,many of the sins that were confessed would not bear repetition4 ,some confessed even to such awful sins as that of murder of parents4 ,one man in particular1 a trusted servant of the mission1 resisted confession1 and day by day #bci became more and more racked with mental agony1 till the missionaries feared that his health would not endure the terrible strain of such mental anguish1 and they advised him to make a free confession of his sins4 ,at last he came to them with a sum of money in his hand2 he had raised it by selling some houses which he had bought as a provision for his old age1 and he confessed to the sin that was torturing him4 ,he had done what is constantly done in the ,east--he had peculated4 ,his position had been that of an agent whom the missionaries employ to make many of their small payments1 and out of each of these payments he had taken a squeeze4 ,with these he had bought the houses which now he had sold4 ,he left the missionaries happy in heart though empty in pocket4 ,this movement spread more or less over the ,presbyterian missions in ,korea1 but never with such intensity as manifested at ,pyeng-,yang4 ,we heard it spoken of by a non-,christian ,korean1 a member of the ,court of the ,emperor of ,korea4 ,he had heard of it1 and said men were saying this movement is a wonderful thing1 for under its influence men confessed crimes of which even torture would not have induced them to own themselves guilty4 ,a ,chinese merchant also heard of it in ,manchuria4 ,the man came down to ,pyeng-,yang1 and happened to stop with the ,chinese merchants4 ,he mentioned that there were ,christians in ,manchuria1 and the ,chinese merchants immediately took an interest4 ,when he asked what #bdj they knew of the ,christians1 they answered1 ,good men1 good men4 ,one of them was owed by a ,korean twenty dollars1 who would only allow that he owed ten1 and the merchant having no means of redress1 had written off the debt2 but when this revival took place1 the ,korean came with the other ten dollars together with interest1 and what of course would appeal even more to the ,eastern mind1 with the frank confession that he had lied4 ,this practical illustration of the effects of ,christianity greatly impressed the ,chinese4 ,when we arrived at ,pyeng-,yang the movement was over4 ,we went to some of their meetings4 ,they were very common-place ordinary meetings4 ,all that struck us was that there was a tone of reverence1 a sense of reality1 which made one feel that ,christianity was as sincere in ,korea as it is in our own land4 ,the movement has spread from ,korea to ,manchuria4 ,in ,manchuria the movement had not quite the same spontaneity that it had in ,korea2 it savoured more of the revival meetings of the ,west4 ,it needed the stirring words of a great preacher1 ,mr4 ,goforth1 to start it1 yet there were one or two curious manifestations of power4 ,one is worth telling4 ,one brother was heard expostulating with another2 he was asking why his brother had1 forgetful of his family dignity or face1 confessed to sins which brought not only himself but his family into disrespect4 ,the other answered1 ,when the ,spirit of ,god takes hold of a man1 he cannot help speaking4 #bda ,two still more curious instances are worth recording3 one in which two soldiers who were not ,christians were so moved that they confessed their sins2 another which seems to prove the presence of a force exterior to human influence or to the emotions caused by eloquence or moving hymns4 ,an elder of the ,church had forgotten or been detained from going to one of these meetings2 when the speakers went to inquire next day why he had not been there1 he asked them in return to tell him what they had done at the meeting1 and they told him that many people had confessed their sins4 ,he was deeply interested1 and said3 ,i was sitting in my house at the hour of your meeting2 ,i suddenly felt as if all my sins were laid before me1 and ,i realised as ,i had never done before my many shortcomings4 ,and so the movement has spread through ,manchuria to ,china4 ,if it has lost something of its freshness1 something of its force1 it still remains a movement that may accomplish great things4 ,no one who has read the history of the ,wesleyan movement1 and of the wonderful manifestations that accompanied its commencement1 will look without interest and expectation for the work which this movement may accomplish4 ,let us hope that it will bring to ,china a sense of reality in spiritual things which the present materialist teaching threatens to eliminate from her national life4 #bdb ,,chapter ,,xx ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,christianity ,,in ,,china ,at the great ,shanghai ,conference we always spoke of the ,church in ,china1 implying thereby that there was to be one ,christian body in the ,chinese empire4 ,this ideal is lofty and not impossible4 ,there is a reasonable expectation that the great intellectual movement in ,china will render the ,chinese very ready to accept new ideas1 and the rate of conversion in ,china gives one reasonable hope that the new ideas may be ,christian and not those of ,western materialism4 ,if ,china becomes ,christian there will no doubt be a great tendency to accept the unity of ,christianity as an essential doctrine4 ,as a race they clearly tend towards union as much as the ,anglo-,saxon race tends towards disunion4 ,the ,british empire has been held together by its fear of its enemies2 the ,chinese empire has been held together through their natural love of union1 which is the dominant characteristic of the race4 ,remove the enemies of the ,british empire and she will naturally divide1 but force the ,chinese empire apart and she will naturally return to one body4 ,chinese ,christianity will1 if it is truly ,chinese1 tend to one body4 ,this truth1 which ,i think would have been #bdc allowed by the whole ,shanghai ,conference1 opens up a train of thought which is full of foreboding and yet of hope4 ,one obvious criticism of what was said of the ,church in ,china was kept largely out of sight at the ,shanghai ,conference1 namely1 that as the ,roman ,communion far outnumbers the whole of the non-,roman ,communions put together1 the ,church in ,china1 therefore1 if it is to consist of all ,christians1 will be something very different to what the majority of those present at that ,conference would like4 ,some men maintain that the ,chinese love of unity will not go so far as to compel the union between ,protestant and ,catholic1 and that in ,china the schism which has rent ,christianity in twain in ,europe will be continued4 ,i would ask those who think thus if they think this is desirable even if it is possible4 ,once foreign influence and support has been removed1 would not such a division soon produce a state of great friction1 resulting probably in the destruction of the smaller body4 ,but it is most improbable2 a race which has habitually put together ,taoism1 ,buddhism1 and ,confucianism will have no difficulty at all in uniting ,romanism and ,protestantism4 ,i do not mean to say that ,rome will conquer2 it does not seem likely4 ,the power of the ,romans is great when they are preaching our common ,christianity1 but their peculiar doctrine of the pre-eminence of ,rome is most unattractive to the ,chinaman4 ,after all1 ,rome is a very small place to a man who lives in ,china4 ,think how little #bdd we know of ancient ,chinese history1 and realise how little ,china knows of the history of our civilisation4 ,home at the present day is to the ,chinaman merely the capital of ,germany's weakest ally4 ,the reasoning of the universality of the ,roman ,church1 always faulty1 seems almost ridiculous in ,china4 ,the ,chinaman on one side is conversant with ,america1 on the other side she is in touch with ,india1 while on the north she has a frontier which stretches for thousands and thousands of miles between her and the great ,orthodox ,church of ,russia4 ,one's eyes naturally turn to this immense line of frontier between ,confucianism and ,christianity1 and one wonders how any ,chinaman can possibly think of ,rome as the one ,catholic ,church4 ,if the ,roman ,church1 with its foreign domination and its tacit acceptance of the fact that only members of the ,italian nation can receive ,divine authority to guide the ,church on earth1 is unattractive to the mind of the man who lives in the ,far ,east1 on the other hand its ornate and dignified services must be most attractive to a race whose national philosophy puts pre-eminent weight on dignity and decorum in dress and demeanour4 ,if the ,roman ,church could give up her ,latin services1 could frankly become a national ,church which owed no obedience to any ,pontiff outside ,china1 one would regret the possibility but one would have to allow the probability of her complete domination over the ,chinese empire4 ,again one's eyes turn to the northern frontier1 and one asks oneself #bde whether that great ,orthodox ,church1 the dignity of whose services is without parallel1 and which frankly accepts the national ,church as a reasonable ,christian position1 will not one day be a large factor in the future missionary work in ,china4 ,after what we had seen and heard at the ,centenary ,conference1 and after we had realised the great extent of the ,roman work1 we felt that till one understood why the ,russian ,church conducted no missionary work one could not understand the whole missionary problem2 for when the ,russian ,church does undertake such work1 her geographical position must render her important4 ,the whole of this question is of the greatest interest to the student of missions1 but especially to an ,anglican4 ,the great value of the ,anglican position has always seemed that1 to use an election phrase1 we offer a platform on which all those who call themselves ,christian might possibly unite4 ,the great rent which divides ,protestant from ,catholic seems not only to make it impossible for ,latin ,christians to unite with the ,teuton ,protestant ,churches1 but also renders it hard for the latter to unite with the great ,churches of ,eastern ,europe4 ,of course all this has only an academic interest in ,england1 but in ,china with its rapidly growing ,christianity and an intellectual revolution surging forward to unknown possibilities1 all this is of vital interest4 ,what will ,chinese ,christianity be8 ,is it to be an ornate ,christianity to which the converts #bdf of ,rome and possibly the converts of the ,orthodox ,church will adhere1 an ornate ,church sullied no doubt with the faults of her parents1 a ,church possibly attractive to the ,buddhist1 for he will not need to traverse any great distance in thought to enter her portals2 or is it to be a great ,protestant ,church1 cold and bare1 vigorous and energetic1 a ,church in which the uniform of the ,teuton mind will sit badly on the ,chinese convert1 a ,church which may in many things represent truly the will of our mutual ,master1 but a ,church which leaves the ,oriental cold and miserable1 while it practically tears from our ,bible those endless chapters on the decoration of ,temple and ,tabernacle1 those constant commands to an exact and ordered ritual4 ,i write with what the ,germans call objectivity2 the ,teuton within me dislikes ritual2 but the ,chinaman is no ,teuton1 and the ,chinaman loves ritual as much as any man on earth4 ,no one who has been received by a ,chinese ,viceroy in his ,yamen can have the very slightest doubt on this subject4 ,if the ,protestant bodies hope to force on the ,chinese a non-ornate form of ,christianity1 they will be doing exactly what the ,italian ,church did to the ,northern races1 and which produced the great upheaval of the ,reformation4 ,the ,reformation was essentially the rebellion of the ,teuton mind against a forced acceptance of the ,italian view of ,christianity4 ,to force on the ,chinese converts a ,christianity shorn of all ritual and display will produce in years to come some similar upheaval4 #bdg ,there is yet a third possibility4 ,the ,anglican position affords the means of avoiding such an upheaval1 and of permitting a union of all ,christians on the basis of an ornate service and evangelical ,christianity4 ,for while it permits a service equal in dignity to that of ,rome or of ,russia1 it insists equally with the bodies who pride themselves on the name of ,protestant on the supreme value of the ,bible4 ,the very hope ,i have that ,christianity will conquer ,china makes me fearful for the future4 ,the age of persecution is past1 the blood of the martyrs has been shed1 and the seed of a ,church freely sown4 ,but after the age of persecution comes the age of heresy1 and to preserve ,christianity in ,china from future dangers1 not only is union necessary1 but a well-ordered ,church bound by creeds1 respecting tradition1 which shall embrace all those ,christians by whomsoever they have been converted who love the name of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,the great danger ,i fear for the future ,church in ,china is one of ,eastern and not ,western origin4 ,i do not fear the domination of ,rome4 ,i doubt that the ,protestant ,communions will succeed in ultimately persuading the ,chinese to worship ,god in a bare building and without vestments4 ,china and ,japan will1 if they are conquered by ,christianity1 be neither ,protestant nor ,catholic any more than we are ,nestorian or ,eutychian4 ,their divisions1 their dangers1 their struggles1 will arise from a wholly different set of circumstances4 ,i fear #bdh the dangers will come from an effort to incorporate ,buddhism and ,christianity in one religion4 ,this is all the more probable as it has doubtless happened before4 ,nestorianism and ,buddhism are the probable parents of the present ,chinese ,lamaism4 ,it is1 however1 not given for us to see into the future1 but we can look back into the past1 and we can see that our predecessors in the faith nearly invariably made the mistake of supposing that the old dangers were going to recur1 and of therefore depending on the old measures of defence4 ,the future ,church in the ,far ,east must fight her own battles4 ,she must solve her own problems4 ,all we can do is to hand over to her the truth in all its fulness1 and teach her to look for divine guidance1 to forget such words as ,protestant1 ,roman ,catholic1 ,nonconformist1 and ,anglican2 to learn merely the word ,christian and the word ,love4 ,if ,far ,eastern ,christianity will have its battles to fight1 it will have also its message to give to the ,west1 that they without us should not be made perfect4 ,it may be that the message of the ,east to the ,west will be that as ,god is ,one1 so must ,his followers be2 that strong and mighty as is the ,west1 there is in her an element of the very greatest weakness2 that the discord that reigns between ,christian and ,christian1 between race and race1 between class and class1 is not the will of the ,creator1 but is the result of the national sins of the white races4 ,the ,far ,east1 with its greater power of unity1 #bdi may illumine the ,west with a higher conception of this great virtue1 and the world may be a far holier and happier place when the yellow race has preached to the world the great doctrine of peace on earth and goodwill to men4 #bec ,,the ,,new ,,and ,,the ,,old ,,learning ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,education1 ,,chiefly ,,missionary ,i have before had occasion to refer to the great influence education has had on the awakening of ,china1 and ,i think the ,americans can fairly claim to have been the greatest workers in this field4 ,the ,roman ,catholics have from time immemorial been most careful to train children in ,christian truth1 and they have wonderful institutions for this purpose4 ,in #aheb the ,jesuits founded the ,college of ,st4 ,ignatius for the education of native priests1 and since that day they have founded many educational institutions4 ,they have besides a very large number of primary schools1 intended originally merely to preserve their converts from too intimate contact with the heathen world1 and they have also many higher schools4 ,in those schools they teach modern knowledge1 making a speciality of teaching ,french1 which they can do with great efficiency1 as many of their number belong to the ,french nation4 ,in the ,german sphere of influence there are ,catholic schools where ,german is taught2 but though the work is excellent1 it cannot be compared with the work of the ,americans1 who were really the pioneers of higher education in ,china4 #bed ,when the ,american missionaries began to arrive1 a new departure was inaugurated in education4 ,the school and college were no longer places where ,christians were simply educated2 they were places where ,christians1 confident in the truth of their teaching1 gave away to heathen and ,christian alike all the knowledge that the ,west possessed4 ,the conception was bold2 it was grand4 ,it showed a statesmanlike grip of the situation and a courage which can only come from a consciousness of the strength of the ,christian position1 that ,christianity was not a narrow religion fearing free inquiry4 ,christianity1 on the contrary1 was a religion which could only be appreciated by those who had the very fullest knowledge4 ,these teachers boldly declared that ignorance was the mother of religious error1 and therefore the duty of every ,christian was at once to remove ignorance and to share with every one the knowledge that can alone make the world capable of truly appreciating ,god's power as manifested in every department of science4 ,so these schools and colleges grew up4 ,those who believed in this policy did not belong to any one denomination1 though they did belong to one nation--,america4 ,there were many opponents to this policy4 ,it was argued that the duty of the mission bodies was to preach the ,gospel1 and that however advantageous education might be1 it was not the business of the ,christian to give it2 but whatever doubt there was then1 facts have been too strong for those who #bee opposed the educational policy1 and any one travelling through ,china realises more and more how the ,mission that has spent money on education is the ,mission that has the power of expansion4 ,the ,mission that has no educational system is always cabined and confined for want of money and men4 ,they are always writing home to ask that another man shall be sent out2 some one has broken down or some new opportunity for work has been opened1 and so they must press upon the ,home ,board the great importance of sending out at as early a date as possible one or more helpers4 ,the ,home ,board is always answering those letters1 expressing every sympathy with their anxiety1 but in reality pouring cold water on their enthusiasm1 and pointing out that the supply of men is limited and that the supply of money is yet more limited4 ,thus the opportunity passes and the mission cannot expand4 ,the same little church stands filled with converts2 the same mission building houses the tired out and climate-stricken white missionaries4 ,such a mission1 while inspiring the greatest respect for the heroism of the missionaries1 arouses also a feeling of despair4 ,how is it possible that a mission like this can really solve the problem of making ,christianity a national religion8 ,how can spiritual ministrations be performed by aliens1 supported by alien money collected from a possibly hostile race8 ,a very different effect is made on the mind of the onlooker when he comes upon some mission that #bef has made education a speciality4 ,there all is life1 vigour and success4 ,one of the most successful of the ,american missionaries1 ,bishop ,roots1 of the ,episcopal ,church of ,america1 explained the system by which he is succeeding in making ,christianity an indigenous religion4 ,at his large college1 presided over by ,mr4 ,jackson1 many are heathen4 ,some go through the college and imbibe a certain respect for ,christian ethics1 which will not only make them a benefit to ,china but will make an intellectual atmosphere sympathetic to ,christian teaching4 ,some1 however1 will become ,christians who will mostly go out into the world and take their place1 and a high place too1 in the leadership of the future ,china1 as much owing to the excellence of the teaching that they have received as to the high morality which is produced by their ,christian faith4 ,then there will be a few who will feel a distinct call to go out as missionaries to their own people4 ,these men will have no temptation to become ,christians for the loaves and fishes1 because1 owing to the excellence of the education that they have received and the great prosperity that is dawning over ,china1 they could command a large salary in the open market4 ,these highly-educated clergy are able to go out and put ,christianity to the ,chinese in a manner which no white man could hope to equal4 ,what ,bishop ,roots told me can be well illustrated by two little incidents4 ,in ,hankow1 where his work is increasing by leaps and bounds1 the ,lutheran #beg ,mission failed1 and therefore it resigned the chapel to him4 ,he accepted readily1 and soon his ,chinese clergy were preaching to crowded congregations4 ,the second incident was this3 ,i expressed a wish to make a present to one of these ,christian scholars1 and ,i asked what books he would like to receive4 ,i was told that such books as ,balfour's ,defence of ,philosophic ,doubt and ,haldane's ,pathway to ,reality were the kind that would appeal to such young men4 ,not only will these men carry the ,gospel to their fellow-countrymen far more efficiently than can the alien1 but they will to a great extent be able to live on the subscriptions of their congregations1 and so the communion to which they belong will become not only self-propagating but self-supporting4 ,to understand the importance of this controversy the various aims of missionary education must be realised1 and it is because those aims are different that the controversy has been confused and the value of education as an assistance to missionary effort in ,china misunderstood4 ,there are really seven aims3 three which are common to all missionary effort in all lands1 and four which especially apply to countries like ,china which are passing through a transitional period of thought4 ,the three which are common to all missionary effort are 7#a7 evangelisation2 7#b7 edification of the ,christian body2 7#c7 education of preachers and teachers4 ,the four that are peculiar to ,china in her present transitional condition are 7#d7 preparation of secular leaders2 7#e7 leavening of the whole public opinion2 7#f7 opposition #beh to ,western materialism2 7#g7 association of ,christianity with learning4 ,the arguments for the first three are applicable to every land4 ,evangelisation can no doubt be carried on most efficiently before the mind has received any intellectual bias4 ,the ,jesuit priest is reported to have said1 ,if ,i have the child till he is ten1 ,i do not care who has him afterwards2 and therefore1 as in all the world so in ,china1 the ,roman ,catholics have always made a great effort to educate children4 ,they have preferred those who have had no home-ties1 orphans and waifs1 and have by this policy built up a huge ,christian population numbering over a million4 ,this population is thoroughly ,christian in sentiment2 they have never known an idolatrous atmosphere1 and they live to a great extent by themselves in communities4 ,while they are thoroughly ,christian1 they are also absolutely ,chinese2 no effort is made to ,westernise the children in any way4 ,from this great ,christian body ,catholic priests are drawn1 and ,i believe so completely ,christian are they1 that no difference is made between them and white men by such an important body as the ,jesuits4 ,when other ,christian bodies began missionary work in ,china they also started schools1 but the difference of their schools was that they aimed much more at the second than at the first object4 ,the school was not merely a place to attract homeless children and bring them up as ,christians2 it was also intended to edify and adorn with knowledge the children of ,christians4 #bei ,non-,christians were largely admitted1 but ,i think that ,i am right in stating that the object was much more edification than evangelisation4 ,in a corrupt society like ,china1 where all knowledge is intermingled with vice1 it is inevitable that ,christian schools should be erected for the ,christian body1 and it is equally inevitable that those who are non-,christians but who admire the schools greatly should try and enter them4 ,the feature of these schools for the most part1 though not invariably1 in contrast to the earlier ,roman ,catholic schools1 is that ,western education is to a certain extent1 varying in each mission1 superadded to ,chinese learning2 and therefore1 though the school is essentially a school for ,chinese learning1 the children as a rule learn something also of ,western knowledge4 ,out of these schools naturally arise others which have the third aim of missionary education as their object1 namely1 the preparation of preachers and teachers who in the future shall be the real missionary body of ,china4 ,every thinking man realises that the alien missionary can only exist in a brief transitional period4 ,the true teachers of a race must be those who are linked to it by ties of blood and tradition1 and nearly every mission has therefore set to work to create a native ministry which is sooner or later to take over the task of the conversion of ,china4 ,this is regarded by many1 nay1 by most1 as the great aim of missionary educational work4 ,the degree of preparation1 however1 differs widely in different missions4 #bfj ,some missions1 drawing their teachers from the lower ranks of society1 are quite content to give them an education which will enable them to lead and teach the lower class among whom they move2 other missions held that the ,christian teacher must not merely he able to lead the ignorant but must be able also to meet in controversy those who may be well equipped with ,western knowledge2 and therefore while in some missions the education of native pastors is conducted solely in ,chinese1 in others the teaching is in ,english1 to enable the teachers and preachers to keep abreast with the thought of ,western countries and to defend their land by pen and sermon as much against the errors of the ,west as against the superstition of the ,east4 ,it is in the preparation of these highly educated men that an opportunity is given for the fourth aim of missionary education in ,china3 one which would not be applicable in every country1 but which is vitally important in ,china1 namely1 the preparation of secular leaders in ,china4 ,to understand the importance of this we must be always reminding our readers that ,china is in the midst of an intellectual revolution4 ,she is passing through a period which is in some way comparable to the period of the ,renaissance in ,europe1 but which exceeds it both in importance and in danger1 because in ,europe1 as the name shows1 it was essentially a reintroduction of forgotten but not new knowledge with its subsequent enlargement and development4 ,in ,china #bfa the revolution is caused by the introduction of foreign knowledge1 which is absolutely inharmonious and in many ways opposed to native thought4 ,in ,europe the foundations of knowledge were always secure2 it was only the superstructure that was altered4 ,in ,china the very foundations are being uprooted2 the result is that ,china is at the present without leaders1 except for a narrow band of men1 who owing to the foresight of some ,christians in the past have received a ,western education4 ,there are plenty of old-fashioned leaders1 who have led or failed to lead the sleepy ,china of years ago--men of considerable ability but in a state of great mental confusion1 owing to their powerlessness to comprehend the many aspects of the civilisation which is being forced upon them and which is unnatural to them4 ,they cannot understand our currency questions1 our financial operations2 they only dimly realise the possibilities and problems connected with military and naval armaments4 ,they yearn for the years gone by1 but an inexorable fate urges their country forward into new positions1 which bring with them new responsibilities1 new powers and new dangers4 ,china demands men to lead her through this terrible state of confusion and change1 and she turns round to find the men who understand ,western civilisation1 who have the character and the knowledge necessary to deal with all these problems4 ,just at this moment1 any man of ability who has an intimate knowledge of ,western things stands a chance of high #bfb preferment4 ,it may be that this demand will be satisfied by the number of students ,china has sent abroad to be educated1 but the size of ,china and the great demand for men skilled in ,western learning make many of those having a most intimate knowledge of ,china confident that this is an opportunity that is still open1 that it is still possible to direct to some degree the minds and thought of those who will lead ,china as statesmen1 as authors1 and as men of learning4 ,the production of these men can be carried on to great advantage in the same establishment as that in which the clergy are receiving their education2 the educated clergyman1 the future pressmen and statesmen of ,china are in this way brought in close contact with one another1 and even from one establishment the good that may come to ,china is quite incalculable4 ,this brings us to the fifth great aim of education1 the leavening of public opinion in ,china so that ,christianity will find ground prepared for its sowing4 ,the destruction of superstition1 the production of ,western ethics make ,christianity a reasonable instead of an unreasonable religion to those who hear it preached4 ,clearly to leaven public opinion influence must be applied to those who will control such powers as those of the press and the school2 the teacher and the writer are the men who should be especially aimed at2 and to attain this aim1 it is necessary to institute and maintain #bfc places where higher knowledge is taught rather than only primary schools4 ,but there is another object1 the sixth aim for education in ,china4 ,one of the unpleasant features in the revolution that is going on in ,chinese thought is the present introduction of ,western materialism1 which to judge by the example in ,japan1 will grow more rankly after transplantation4 ,the ,west has a double aspect when seen from the ,east2 it is a ,christian world where women are pure and men are honourable2 it is a rich world where there are no moral obligations4 ,the first aspect is the one that is represented by the missionary2 the second aspect is too often taught by the sailor and merchant classes2 and when the ,chinaman asks what is the thought and the base of ,western teaching1 the ,japanese materialist1 pointing to the example set by many ,western lives1 declares that ,christianity in ,europe is like ,buddhism in ,japan1 a religion that at one time had many adherents but whose influence is fast waning1 and it is in resisting this materialism that the ,missionary ,college and ,university perform perhaps their most important task4 ,the men who are to do this work must be men most highly skilled in ,western knowledge2 they must understand science and be able to meet a follower of ,haeckel in debate1 they must be competent to discuss sociology with disciples of ,herbert ,spencer1 and they must not be afraid to dip into the #bfd study of comparative religion2 in addition1 they must be qualified to write excellent ,chinese and to be firm in their ,christian faith4 ,the production of such men as these should also satisfy the seventh and last aim of ,christian education3 it will associate learning with ,christianity in the minds of the ,chinese4 ,the keynote of ,chinese thought is its great admiration for learning4 ,in ,china there is no caste or class1 no division except between the ignorant and the learned2 if ,christianity is associated with ignorance1 its influence will be lost1 and it is no mean object to make ,christianity and knowledge in the mind of the ,chinaman two parts of one great idea4 ,it is obvious that as missionary societies lay weight on one or the other of these objects1 they will support a different kind of school4 ,if their object is the first1 they will seek to educate the orphan and the waif1 and the school and the orphanage will be1 as they are in the ,roman ,catholic body1 intimately joined together4 ,if the object is to edify the ,christian body and to provide it with a suitable pastor1 the missionary body will erect primary schools for ,christian children and theological and normal schools to complete their school system4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the missionary body aims at leavening the whole thought of ,china1 of capturing ,china for ,christ1 or if it aims at defending ,china against the terrible pest of ,western materialism--which will turn the light that ,china now has into black darkness and harden her for ever against ,christian teaching--the ,high ,school1 #bfe ,college1 and the ,university will be the objects on which the money will be spent4 ,this last has been the object of the ,american bodies2 and ,i think ,china owes a great debt of gratitude1 under ,god1 to the great width of thought and grasp of the situation that the ,american mind has exhibited4 #bff ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,government ,,educational ,,system ,one of the highest testimonials to the wisdom of the missionaries in inaugurating an educational policy has been given by the ,chinese ,government4 ,imitation is the sincerest flattery1 and missionary education has its imitator in no less a body than the ,chinese ,government4 ,the ,chinese have always loved education1 but the education they admired was the literary education which had for its commencement the ,chinese character and for its end the ,chinese ,classics2 their system of teaching was different from our own2 they were far greater believers in learning by rote than the most conservative ,english schoolmaster who ever set a long repetition lesson to his pupils4 ,it is a strange sight to see an old-fashioned ,chinese school1 the boys all shouting out at the top of their voices the names of the characters whose meaning they do not understand4 ,an essential part of the performance is the clamorous shouting2 the louder they shout1 the harder they are working and the quicker they think they learn1 so when the visitor surprises a class their voices are not raised above a pleasant and reasonable elevation1 but after he has been #bfg discovered by the class1 the shouts increase in volume till the noise is only to be compared to the paroquets' cage in the ,zoological ,gardens4 ,another peculiarity of the school is that all the pupils turn their backs to their master2 the doctrine being that if they were allowed to watch their master1 it would be perfectly impossible for him to detect their many little acts of dishonesty4 ,the missionaries at first painfully imitated these schools2 they felt that it was impossible to trust the children of their converts to the heathen atmosphere of a ,chinese school1 and at the same time they realised what great value and importance was placed by the ,chinese on education4 ,these schools led on to a sort of middle school called shu-yuen1 which existed in all big towns1 which in its turn led on to four ,universities1 but they have been1 ,i believe1 for some time in an inefficient condition4 ,still for good or for evil the system was there1 and long before our own new departure in education1 the ,chinese were quite accustomed to the idea that the boy who had sufficient ability might climb the ladder of learning1 from class to class1 from school to school1 till at last he took the coveted ,hanlin ,degree4 ,so high a value did the ,chinese place on education1 that it was possible1 and it did indeed happen1 that boys of the very humblest parentage climbed that ladder till they reached the most exalted positions4 ,the first sign of an alteration of this system was #bfh the book that was issued after the ,chinese-,japanese war by ,chang-,chih-,tung4 ,that remarkable statesman realised after ,china's crushing defeat that a general reform was absolutely necessary if she was to maintain her place among the free and independent nations of the world1 and he wrote a book entitled ,china's ,only ,hope1 in which he strongly advocated the acceptance in some measure of ,western education4 ,his scheme is the one which practically obtains now in ,china1 that is of making ,chinese learning the foundation on which ,western education is to be placed4 ,he had a great disbelief1 like most ,chinese1 in the difficulty of acquiring ,western education4 ,he writes3 ,comparative study of foreign geography1 especially that of ,russia1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,england1 ,japan1 and ,america2 a cursory survey of the size and distance1 capital1 principal ports1 climate1 defences1 wealth1 and power of these 7the time required to complete this course ten days74 ,it is very hard for the ,chinese literati to understand the difficulties of acquiring ,western learning4 ,chang was a man of no mean intellect1 and one of the reasons why he was so anxious to preserve ,chinese learning was because he realised the destructive effect ,western learning has on ,oriental faiths4 ,he hoped to preserve the ethics of ,confucianism and to attach to them the practical knowledge of the ,west1 which he realised was a necessity for ,china4 ,he summed up the position by saying1 ,western knowledge is practical1 ,chinese learning is moral4 #bfi ,the immediate result of this book was absolutely the reverse of what its author intended4 ,a million copies of the book had been issued1 and it circulated throughout ,china4 ,it raised a storm of opposition1 and probably was one of the causes which produced the ,boxer outbreak2 but the failure of ,boxerdom and the ,russo-,japanese war convinced ,china that ,chang-,chih-,tung was right1 and his book may now be taken as the book which best expresses the intellectual position of the moderate reformer4 ,he first deals with that very difficult question of finance4 ,he proposes to finance the schools with a wholesale disendowment of the two religions in which he does not believe1 ,buddhism and ,taoism4 ,he writes3 ,buddhism is on its last legs1 ,taoism is discouraged because its devils have become irresponsive and inefficacious4 ,he then suggests that seven temples out of ten should be used both as regards their building and their funds for educational purposes4 ,but he has a sympathetic way of treating the disendowed clergy of ,china4 ,he suggests that they could be comforted by a liberal bestowal of official distinction upon themselves and upon their relatives4 ,who can tell if ,welsh ,disestablishment would not be popular if all the clergy were to be made archdeacons and their brothers and fathers knights4 ,but he has a historical precedent for disendowment--,buddhism has apparently experienced the process of disendowment three times2 but as the last disendowment was #bgj in #hdf1 on our side of the world we should not regard it as a precedent of much value4 ,in establishing schools he adopts five principles4 ,the first is one to which we have already referred1 that the new and the old are to be woven into one1 the ,chinese ,classics are to be made by some magical process the foundation of the teaching of ,western education4 ,the second is a very un-,western but possibly a sound way of looking at the question4 ,he puts forward two objects of education3 first1 government2 secondly1 science4 ,the first includes all knowledge necessary for the government of mankind--geography1 political economy1 fiscal science1 the military art1 and though he does not mention it1 ,i suppose history4 ,the second is natural science1 and includes mathematics1 mining1 therapeutics1 sound1 light1 chemistry1 c4 ,the third principle is one that we rarely act on in our own country1 namely1 that the child shall be only educated in the subjects for which he has a natural aptitude4 ,the fourth principle is one that applies absolutely to ,china2 it is the abolition of what is called the three-legged essay1 a complicated feat of archaic and artificial writing which only exists for the purpose of examination1 something analogous to our ,latin verses4 ,the fifth principle shows that ,china is as far ahead of us in some ways as she is behind us in others4 ,china has passed beyond the stage of free education to the stage of universal scholarship2 all students are paid1 and this has brought about a great abuse2 #bga men study merely to obtain a living who have no aptitude for learning1 and on whom educational money is really wasted1 and so he abolishes payment4 ,his ,excellency closes his advice with a suggestion that societies for the promotion of education should be formed4 ,the ,chinaman loves these little social clubs and gatherings4 ,his chess club1 his poetry club1 his domino club1 are national institutions4 ,why not1 suggests ,his ,excellency1 have an educational club1 or as ,i suppose we should call it1 a mutual improvement society4 ,thus wrote the great ,viceroy who more than any other man prevented the spread of the ,boxer outbreak from desolating ,central and ,southern ,china4 ,during that ,boxer rebellion all advance was impossible1 but after that overflowing flood of disorder was passed1 the reforms suggested by ,chang-,chih-,tung began to be seriously considered1 and on ,january #ac1 #aijc1 an ,imperial ,edict was put forth renovating and organising1 at least on paper1 the whole educational system of ,china4 ,it would not be ,china if there were not a great deal of sound sense in that edict2 it would not be ,china if on paper the organisation did not seem to be perfect2 it would not be ,china if as a matter of fact the whole scheme were not to a great extent a failure4 ,the scheme was very complete4 ,it began at the bottom and continued through every grade of education to the top4 ,first there were to be infant schools2 these were to receive children from three to #bgb seven years old1 and their object was to give the first idea of right and to keep the children from the dangers of the street4 ,these schools were to be succeeded by primary schools of two departments1 and children were to enter the schools as they left the infant school when they were seven years old1 and to continue in them till they were twelve4 ,the subjects to be taught were morals1 ,chinese language1 arithmetic1 history1 geography1 physical science and gymnastics4 ,at present there was to be no compulsory attendance1 but that was looked forward to as the future ideal4 ,the schools were to be free1 and the money was to be produced either by taxes or by a raid on some endowments1 notably endowments of religion or of the theatre--for theatres in ,china are endowed4 ,funds were also to be found by subscription1 and titles and ranks were promised to those who shall open schools2 unlike our own country1 where1 alas1 the spending time on education for the poor is only rewarded by abuse4 ,these primary schools would lead into higher schools1 and these schools would be the last on the ladder of education1 in which only ,chinese subjects were to be taught4 ,above them were to be what they call middle schools1 and the subjects to be taught are roughly those which are taught in our ,high ,schools3 the ,chinese ,classics1 ,chinese language and literature1 foreign languages 7one at least to be obligatory71 history1 geography1 physics1 chemistry1 science of government1 political economy1 drawing1 gymnastics2 and after the example of ,western schools1 singing #bgc would be also taught4 ,these schools lead on to the superior schools in which higher branches of the same subjects are taught4 ,these schools were to be divided into three sections4 ,the first section consists of law1 literature1 and commerce2 the second section of sciences1 civil engineering1 and agriculture2 the third section of medicine4 ,it is noteworthy that ,english is necessary for those who are learning the first two sections1 while ,german is compulsory for those who are learning the third section--in either case a third language may be added2 and these superior schools were to lead on to a ,university1 in which there were to be eight faculties4 ,the first faculty is essentially a ,chinese one1 and ,i suppose would be best expressed to our thought by belles-lettres1 but it includes such things as rites and poetry2 the second faculty is that of law2 the third1 history and geography2 the fourth1 medicine and pharmacy2 the fifth1 science2 the sixth1 agriculture2 the seventh1 civil engineering2 the eighth1 commerce4 ,the ,university course was to take three years1 and there was to be a ,university installed in each province4 ,the educational system was to be perfected by two other institutions--a post-graduate college where research was to be undertaken1 and a normal college which was to be divided into an inferior and a superior one for the purpose1 the one of preparing schoolmasters for the village schools1 the other for higher education4 ,a far less ambitious scheme for the education of girls has been added to this by #bgd an edict of #aijg4 ,if my readers have waded through this scheme ,i am afraid that they will have come to the conclusion that ,china has nothing to learn from ,western powers1 but rather she ought to be able to teach them how to perfect their own incomplete system of education2 but alas1 this scheme is only on paper4 ,in the province where ,h4,e4 ,yuan-,shih-,kai ruled the schools approach in some degree to the level of ,western efficiency4 ,in every other province that ,i visited or heard about1 the results of this edict were markedly disappointing2 the only exception being where the ,universities had been organised1 not in the form or terms of the edict1 but by ,western teachers acting on more or less independent lines4 ,for instance1 there is a splendid ,university which has been founded by ,dr4 ,timothy ,richard in ,shansi4 ,that ,university has a curious history4 ,after the ,boxer massacres compensation was demanded by the ,powers both for the buildings that were destroyed and for the missionaries that were killed4 ,a certain number of the missionary bodies refused absolutely to take any compensation4 ,animated by the spirit of the early ,christian ,church1 they would not allow that the blood that had been shed for the sacred cause could be paid for in money4 ,at this juncture there threatened to be rather an impasse4 ,the ,western ,government were insisting on compensation1 and it was doubtful and uncertain how that compensation should be paid4 ,the ,chinese ,government sent for the ,protestant missionary in whom they had the #bge greatest confidence1 ,dr4 ,timothy ,richard1 and he made a suggestion which was at once acceptable to both the ,chinese and to the missionary body1 that the money should be devoted to the founding of a great ,university2 for ignorance is the most common cause of fanaticism1 and the terrible massacres enacted in ,china would never have taken place had ,china understood1 as ,chang-,chih-,tung did understand1 that ,western science and enlightenment were for the benefit of ,china2 so this ,university was founded4 ,it was founded under peculiar terms4 ,it is under the government of ,china1 and yet not completely so4 ,dr4 ,timothy ,richard is for a certain number of years one of its governors1 and he has for ten years at least the control of the ,western side of the education4 ,he is supported by an able staff1 and the ,rev4 ,w4 ,e4 ,soothill is the existing ,president4 ,at the end of the ten years which are just running out1 the status of the ,university is to be altered1 and is1 as far as ,i understand1 to return to the ordinary status of a ,government ,university4 ,i need hardly say that this ,university has been highly satisfactory in its teaching1 and lately it has sent many of its students to ,england to complete their education4 ,it suffers1 however1 from the absence of a proper preparatory course4 ,one of the difficulties that lie right in the way of ,chang-,chih-,tung's compromise is the difficulty of finding time for a ,western preparatory course1 and that is only equalled by the difficulty of finding teachers4 ,without time and teachers the students #bgf arrive at the ,university period of their lives with only a very elementary knowledge of ,western subjects4 ,this college can hardly be cited as a college of high governmental efficiency1 but should rather be regarded as an example of the good that a man like ,dr4 ,timothy ,richard can do if he is only allowed scope4 ,another ,western ,university under ,chinese ,government control is the one at ,tientsin1 the ,pei-,yang ,university4 ,that ,university has the advantage of being well supported by efficient ,government schools at ,pao-ting-fu4 ,one interesting detail about the ,pao-ting-fu school--a fact indeed which in two or three ways should give us food for thought--is that it is controlled by a ,christian who is allowed by the ,government1 against their own regulations1 to carry on an active propaganda4 ,he was the man who1 when the missionaries were murdered at ,shansi1 at the risk of his life brought down a message from them written in blood on a piece of stuff4 ,perhaps it is not extraordinary to find that such a man is producing excellent work4 ,the ,pei-,yang ,university1 however1 falls far short of our ideals of what a ,university standard should be4 ,still1 as far as it goes1 it is very efficient4 ,it is taught by a very effective body of professors4 ,it has #aej students1 and teaches law1 mining1 and engineering4 ,the staff is ,american with very few exceptions4 ,one of those exceptions is ,mr4 ,wang1 a ,chinese gentleman who received his education in ,london4 ,very little philosophy is taught1 #bgg only three hours a week are given for ,chinese learning1 and the students are expected to acquire a sufficient knowledge of ,chinese subjects before they come to the ,university4 ,the ,american professors1 who proved to be a delightful set of men1 allowed that there was no real scientific training given in this school4 ,they gave the same account of their pupils which you will hear in every ,chinese school4 ,they excelled in algebra1 drawing1 and in the most stupendous power of committing formul to memory4 ,one of the difficulties of teaching a ,chinese class is that they have so little difficulty in learning by rote that they much prefer learning the text-books by heart to trying to understand them4 ,the ,law ,school in the ,pei-,yang ,university is taught by a man who has no knowledge of ,chinese law4 ,this is one of the small mistakes made by ,american educators in ,china1 which ,i think must be somewhat misleading for ,china in the future4 ,to learn nothing but ,western law1 and to imagine that that ,western law can be applied directly to the ,chinese people1 is to make the same mistake that ,macaulay so eloquently condemned in the old ,east ,india ,company4 ,such a system of teaching can only make unreasonable revolutionaries4 ,these two examples of teaching institutions carried on under the ,chinese ,government by ,western teachers are wholly exceptional1 and though excellent in their way are unimportant1 and having regard to the vast mass of the population of ,china are inconsiderable4 ,what are five or six #bgh hundred students to a population of four hundred millions4 ,i must reserve the account of what ,i saw of the schools under ,chinese management1 including the ,peking ,university1 to another chapter4 #bgi ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,same ,,in ,,practice ,any one who has read the preceding account of the intentions of the ,chinese ,government might be pardoned if he supposed that after four or five years those intentions had borne fruit in an efficient system of public education4 ,but one who has resided any time in ,china would only smile at the suggestion that there should be an intimate relation between what the ,chinese ,government professes to do and what the ,chinese ,government does4 ,a ,manchu ,professor whose ,european education had enabled him to appreciate rightly the weaknesses of the ,chinese race1 said with great candour1 ,in ,china we begin things1 but we never finish them4 ,i had the privilege of seeing over some twenty ,government schools in ,china1 and the truth of these words was very obvious4 ,my hospitable host at ,nanking1 ,his ,excellency ,tuan-,fang1 hearing that ,i took an interest in education1 declared that he would be very glad that ,i should see his schools4 ,i expressed a regret that my ignorance of the language would impede me in thoroughly understanding what was being taught4 ,he most hospitably said that ,i could myself examine #bhj the pupils who were studying ,western subjects1 and who therefore spoke ,english or ,french1 and that my wife should examine the girls' schools2 that we should be accompanied by two interpreters as well as by the ,director of ,education1 and that he would examine the schools in any branch of knowledge that ,i chose4 ,so we sallied forth1 a very imposing body1 and ,i was asked to select what schools ,i should like to visit4 ,of course ,i selected the higher grade schools in which ,western subjects were taught4 ,the first school on which we descended was the ,agricultural ,college4 ,the teachers of ,western subjects were two ,japanese and one ,chinaman4 ,they were being taught in ,chinese1 but ,i had no difficulty in finding out in the first room we entered what they were learning1 because the illustrations were well known to me1 for they formed part of a book of elementary botany which ,i had at one time studied4 ,i suggested to ,mr4 ,tsng1 the interpreter1 that the right course would be to ask the ,japanese master to select his best pupils and that then he should examine them while ,i should suggest the questions4 ,it soon became clear that all the ,japanese teacher was doing was to teach them to copy the illustrations in the book and nothing else4 ,for the first time we noticed what we afterwards discovered to be the invariable rule1 that the ,japanese are most perfect draughtsmen1 and that every class taught by the ,japanese always learnt to draw perfectly1 though they learnt little else4 ,the ,chinese were rather pleased that the ,japanese teacher cut such a sorry figure4 ,we then #bha went to the next room4 ,again there was a ,japanese teacher professing to explain the model of a steam-engine2 again the pupils were obviously ignorant2 again we bowed and they bowed and we left the room4 ,the next room had quite a different atmosphere4 ,obviously efficient work was going on4 ,the men were learning elementary chemistry4 ,the teacher was a ,chinaman who had been trained in ,london and spoke ,english perfectly4 ,he was as straightforward as he was efficient4 ,he frankly said that the progress that his pupils had made was very limited because of the short time that they had been at work4 ,we congratulated him on the efficient way he was managing his class1 and were interested to hear afterwards that he was a ,christian4 ,more than once we came across ,christian ,chinese1 and did not know till later that they were ,christians1 but were struck by their efficiency1 which sprang doubtless from a high ideal of work4 ,we left the ,agricultural ,college and then proceeded to a ,high ,school1 which is the name that is given to a first-grade school that precedes the ,university1 and which at present stands in its place4 ,we had in this school much the same experience4 ,a ,japanese teacher was teaching biology and was dissecting a river mussel4 ,this was done in such a position that only two men could see what was going on4 ,i wondered at this4 ,then we found out that he could not speak a word of ,chinese4 ,he dissected the #bhb mussel and professed to give a lecture on its anatomy to a pupil who understood ,japanese1 and then the pupil delivered the lecture to the rest of the class4 ,my ,chinese interpreters were of opinion that very little could filter through the class in this way1 but the ,director of ,education smiled sweetly4 ,he obviously felt that in some mysterious way ,western education was percolating to the pupils under his charge4 ,as we returned along the corridor ,i glanced in4 ,the biological lecture was over2 ,i expect it was the only one of the session1 and the pupils went away with admirable pictures of the river mussel4 ,if the ,japanese teachers only set up for teachers of drawing1 ,i am certain they would have no equals in the world4 ,a little further on in the same building there was a professed teacher of drawing4 ,the class was not a selected class1 they were drawing from a cast of a well-known ,greek statue1 and the work was simply admirable4 ,i am confident that1 except in an art school1 you would not find better work in ,europe4 ,in the next room there was a science teacher4 ,to impress the ,director of ,education1 he rashly set a machine for demonstrating the vibration of sound at work4 ,the machine would not demonstrate anything1 much to the joy of my ,chinese friends1 solely for the reason that he had not wound it up4 ,i should tire my readers if ,i were to go on describing room after room4 ,i cannot of course be certain how far these ,japanese teachers had taught science1 but at any rate their pupils had not #bhc acquired any knowledge1 and ,i think we may easily be too hard on the ,japanese4 ,one must remember that they have to supply teachers for all their own schools4 ,is it likely that they will be either able or willing to send into other countries efficient teachers of ,western education8 ,it is not as if ,western knowledge had been for long taught in ,japan4 ,their schools are now many and they were few4 ,i suppose no man1 no great number of men at any rate1 over thirty-five or forty1 are equipped with an efficient ,western education in ,japan4 ,one wonders why they allow their national reputation to be injured by supposing it to be possible for them to supply these teachers of ,western knowledge4 ,political motive suggests itself as a reason why a country so proud and so ambitious as ,japan should allow a course that must eventually injure her reputation as an enlightened power4 ,the next school we went over was very interesting4 ,it was what is called a ,law ,school4 ,the men who are learning in this school will be the future officials of ,china2 only1 following the ,chinese custom1 they will rarely or never hold office in the province in which they were born and educated4 ,they were men of some standing1 and it looked strange to see all these senior men1 over sixty in number1 sitting like children at the school desks4 ,they were dressed1 in uniform1 and were under a sort of military discipline4 ,the senior pupil gave the word of command1 and at once the class sprang to attention and saluted #bhd us1 while we bowed first to the teacher1 then to the class1 after which the examination began4 ,they were chiefly taught by ,chinese1 and1 as one might expect1 were well taught in the ,chinese ,classics4 ,we were informed that the ,japanese teacher was teaching them ,western law2 but in answer to an inquiry he explained that he had not yet taught them any law1 but that he was teaching them the ,japanese language1 since it was through the ,japanese language alone a knowledge of ,western law could be attained4 ,the reason seemed very inconclusive especially when one remembers that the ,japanese know and write ,chinese characters1 so that it is easy to get any work that is printed in ,japan printed in the character which every ,chinaman can read4 ,i have before explained the peculiar merit of the ,chinese character is that people who speak different dialects and even languages can read it equally well4 ,i pointed all this out to my ,chinese friends4 ,i think their suspicions too were aroused4 ,certainly this experience lends colour to the suggestion that ,japan hopes that the ,manchu dynasty will be succeeded1 not by a ,chinese dynasty1 but by a dynasty from a race whose courage1 energy1 and intellect has already humiliated ,russia and ,china1 and may not inconceivably dominate ,china1 should1 for instance1 ,germany and ,england go to war4 ,we then went to see some classes taught by ,americans4 ,two things struck me in those classes4 ,first1 for some reason ,i cannot understand1 unless #bhe there was jealousy at work1 the class was small compared with the enormous classes which ,i had seen elsewhere--thirty1 twenty1 or even fifteen were the numbers that white men were teaching4 ,the other thing which struck me was that the selection of subjects might be improved4 ,for instance1 one of the teachers was teaching ,anson's ,law of ,contract2 one could scarcely see how a knowledge of the ,english law of contract could be very beneficial to a resident in ,china2 and on looking over the book that another class was using1 ,i found that they were being instructed how to buy an advowson in ,england4 ,i cannot of course say that the class was actually taught this interesting information1 but it was certainly in their text-book4 ,another text-book was a summary of the history of the world2 it was issued by an ,american firm4 ,on looking up the chapter which referred to ,china ,i found the most extreme expression that an ,american democratic feeling could prompt used with regard to the ,emperor of ,china4 ,i pointed this out to the ,chinamen4 ,apparently no one had taken the trouble to glance through the books that were being used4 ,such action is regrettable1 because it inevitably brings ,western education into disrepute1 and suggests it to be something essentially revolutionary4 ,another curious experience was to find a ,cantonese ,chinaman teaching a science class in ,english because he did not know ,mandarin4 ,it will be one of the limitations to the usefulness of the ,hong-,kong #bhf ,university that the bulk of the students who attend it will be ,cantonese-speaking ,chinamen1 and they will therefore be inefficient as teachers to the great mass of the ,chinese empire4 ,a ,university which hopes to produce teachers which shall teach the whole of ,china must be a ,university situated in ,mandarin-speaking ,china4 ,it was waxing late after we had seen these schools4 ,we had consumed a great amount of the day in partaking of a most excellent ,chinese luncheon1 where the only mistake ,i had made--at least the only one of which ,i was conscious--was in not being instructed in the nature of the entertainment4 ,i had yielded to the solicitations of my host and had partaken largely of the first two or three courses4 ,later on in the luncheon ,i was divided between the desire to be polite and a fear that the capacity of the human body might be exceeded4 ,our host was the ,director of ,education1 and my interpreter whispered to me that he had a great knowledge of cooking and that he loved a dry joke4 ,his skill as a ,director of ,education1 especially of ,western subjects1 might be doubted2 but as a kindly host and an amusing companion he would have few equals in our country4 ,this aspect of the ,chinese official too often escapes the ,western critic2 whether efficient or inefficient1 they are always agreeable men4 ,after luncheon he begged to be excused1 as he had a visit of ceremony to pay2 it was the birthday of a dear friend's mother4 #bhg ,his official robes were brought out1 and clothed in them he took his seat in a sedan chair and left us4 ,we were taken on1 rather unwillingly ,i fancied1 to see the ,commercial ,school4 ,the hour of the classes was over1 but still the school was really instructive4 ,what was so remarkable about it was the extreme simplicity of the place where the boys lodged4 ,the school is not maintained by ,government1 but by the rich ,silk ,guild of ,nanking4 ,many members of this ,silk ,guild1 ,i was assured1 would only be able to read and write enough to carry on their business4 ,they are a rich and powerful body1 and this school is intended for their sons4 ,the dormitory was a slate-covered building without any ceiling1 and the beds were arranged like berths on board ship1 one on the top of the other1 with narrow passages between them4 ,in this way1 of course1 a room was made to hold a perfectly surprising number of individuals4 ,i could not help remembering the ,church ,army ,lodging-house at home4 ,if we arranged the beds as they were arranged in that room1 though we should double or treble the number of travellers we could house1 we should incur the wrath of the sanitary authority4 ,very different was the ,naval ,school4 ,here reigned efficiency1 for the ,naval ,school is under the partial control of two officers lent by ,his ,majesty's ,navy4 ,the limit of their control was the limit of their efficiency4 ,for instance1 the ,chinese ,government sometimes refused to let their naval officers be shown an actual ship2 their idea was much the same #bhh as that of the lady who forbid her son to bathe until he had learnt to swim4 ,the difficulty was very great for anything like practical instruction4 ,continual representations induced the ,chinese ,government to allow the boys to have a trip on the river in an old ship4 ,the moment this was accomplished there was great self-congratulation on the part of the ,chinese official2 from resisting this reasonable suggestion they changed to self-laudation at the wisdom of accepting the plan4 ,the efficiency of the teaching was not only hindered by the want of practical knowledge1 which is of course fatal to naval efficiency1 but these officers had also to complain of what so many other ,europeans have to complain--first1 that the people whom they were sent to teach did not know enough ,english1 so that much of their time was spent in teaching elementary ,english2 secondly1 that their classes were not large enough4 ,far away the most effective way of using a ,western teacher would be to use them as we saw them used in one school4 ,the ,western teacher was supported by two or three ,chinese assistants2 he gave his lecture in ,english1 and the pupils took notes2 then the assistants went round the desks1 looked at the notes1 and explained in ,chinese all those points that the pupils had not fully taken in4 ,this plan has another advantage1 that it trains these ,chinese teachers to continue the work of a ,western teacher1 and in some ways it is a more efficient system than the normal schools4 ,the ,western teacher of course exercises a general #bhi supervision over his class and maintains order and discipline4 ,while ,i had been busy with the boys' schools1 my wife had been busy with the girls' schools4 ,she was taken over the ,viceroy's ,school1 the one already described where the little girls showed such surprising knowledge of the ,chinese ,classics4 ,her experience was less happy than mine4 ,the children were being drilled by a ,japanese instructress who could hardly play at all2 she used a small gem harmonium1 and the drilling was little better than a feeble country dance4 ,the same instructress was responsible for a singing lesson2 she played with one hand on a harmonium1 and allowed the children to bawl as they pleased without either time or tune4 ,all the pupils at this school were day scholars4 ,the interpreter who conducted ,mrs4 ,king1 the ,consul's wife1 and my wife over this and the following schools had removed his own daughter to a mission school1 thinking she would receive better teaching4 ,as regards the musical part of the instruction there can be no question but that he was right4 ,the next school she saw was also for the children of the gentry1 who supported it by subscriptions4 ,there were #adj girls1 fifty of whom were boarders whose parents paid for their board4 ,these fifty young ladies all slept in one room1 and their toilet arrangements impressed my wife as anything but luxurious2 the effect was more like a steerage cabin on a big liner than an ordinary school dormitory4 ,the class-rooms #bij were all on the ground floor1 leading from courtyard to courtyard in ,chinese house fashion4 ,the instruction seemed to be mainly ,chinese1 with attention paid to geography1 drawing1 and fancy work1 ,english being taught by a young ,chinese teacher in a rather elementary way4 ,the mistresses appeared in dignified skirts1 no doubt as a symbol of authority4 ,the last school she was shown was larger and less exclusive4 ,it was well organised1 the classes being arranged with sense and discrimination4 ,there were #bjj pupils of all ages and ranks1 the school being a public one4 ,they were mostly dressed in black4 ,ten lady teachers presided over this school1 including a normal class with a male superintendent2 the whole in ,chinese buildings4 ,the teaching comprised ,confucian ethics1 the ,chinese characters1 arithmetic1 geography1 drawing from flat copies1 and ,english given by a young ,chinese girl who had been educated in a ,shanghai mission school4 ,the instruction seemed to be good on the whole4 ,about one-fourth of the scholars boarded at the school4 ,attached to it was a kindergarten managed rather sleepily by two ,japanese4 ,again the children's singing was hardly worthy of the name4 ,my wife was impressed by the inferiority of the ,government girls' schools to the mission girls' schools in almost every particular4 ,doubtless they will soon improve1 but at present the ,government does not seem able to obtain efficient teachers1 and is much too inclined to spend vast sums on practically useless #bia apparatus--useless because the instructors do not understand how to use it4 ,our experiences at ,nanking were extremely interesting1 but they were not exceptional4 ,we saw over ,government schools at ,wuchang1 again at ,changsha1 and also we saw something of the ,peking ,university4 ,at ,changsha matters were not nearly so far advanced as they were at ,nanking4 ,there were the same ,japanese teachers1 one of whom taught ,english1 but ,i could not get a single copy-book produced to show how far they had advanced in the knowledge of this language4 ,there were the same ,american teachers2 good men1 but unable to do much owing to their want of knowledge of ,chinese1 and owing1 as ,i said before1 to a certain jealousy which prevented them having a sufficient number of pupils4 ,the very excellent school which is carried on at ,shanghai1 under ,western management1 forms a good contrast to the others4 ,this school does not profess to teach very advanced subjects1 but it teaches ordinary ,english subjects most efficiently4 ,the system is this3 the boys are first taught in ,chinese1 while they are acquiring the rudiments of ,western knowledge and of the ,english language2 they are then transferred to a class which is taught in ,english by ,chinese2 here they acquire from their own countrymen a very thorough knowledge of ,english and a tolerable knowledge of ,western subjects4 ,in both these divisions of the school all explanations are given in ,chinese4 ,after they have acquired a good knowledge of ,english they are then #bib advanced to the class which is taught by an ,englishman1 who has some knowledge of ,chinese2 here they perfect their knowledge of ,english1 and the teacher can if necessary explain a difficulty by the help of a ,chinese word4 ,lastly1 they are taught absolutely in ,english by an ,englishman who need not know any ,chinese1 as it is never used4 ,at ,wuchang the schools were similar to those of ,nanking4 ,the only school which was exceptionally interesting was the ,school of ,languages4 ,this was managed by a ,manchu1 who was prompt1 exact1 and efficient--in fact1 the very greatest contrast to the usual ,chinese official4 ,he spoke ,french perfectly1 as he had been brought up in ,paris and spent some time in the ,west4 ,in a few words he showed that he understood the problem of education in ,china4 ,he told me that his nation would never succeed in teaching their nationals ,western subjects until they selected teachers who had some experience in the knowledge and in the art of teaching1 and that the habit of regarding all ,westerners as capable of teaching all ,western subjects must produce disaster4 ,he boldly professed himself a ,roman ,catholic1 and was one of several examples that came under my notice of the wonderful influence that ,christianity has on the formation of a vigorous character4 ,the boys had been very well taught in ,english and ,french1 and ,i gathered in ,german and ,russian as well4 ,certainly if ,china gets such men to lead her1 she need have little fear of the power of the ,west4 #bic ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,difficulties ,,in ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,education ,the difficulties in the way of education differ in ,government schools and in ,mission schools4 ,if the ,chinese ,government could unite the ,government schools to the ,mission schools1 they would overcome all these difficulties1 and they would have a most perfect system of ,western education4 ,of all the difficulties lying in the way of ,government schools1 first and foremost is the fundamental weakness of ,china1 that weakness which is endangering her national existence1 a weakness which ,i fear she will never completely surmount until she accepts a higher ideal4 ,for her weakness is the universal greed for gain4 ,resident after resident reported the same cause of weakness1 that a ,chinaman cannot resist taking his squeeze--that is1 his commission4 ,it is not of course so dishonest as it would be on our side of the globe1 because a ,chinaman is more or less avowedly paid by these commissions1 and therefore in many ways they are rather equivalent to the fees paid by an ,englishman to a ,government office than to illicit commissions1 the acceptance of which in this country is punishable by law4 ,if it is not as immoral1 it is almost as deleterious to efficiency1 because it tends #bid to make officials unreasonable in their action4 ,to ask the reason why things are done in ,china1 is always to receive the answer that somebody got a squeeze thereby4 ,and so it is with education4 ,as we wandered through room after room filled with apparatus sufficient to teach thousands of students1 and of such a complicated nature as absolutely to confuse those students when taught1 one longed that a tithe of this expenditure could have been used for that modicum of apparatus which is necessary to make not a few mission schools thoroughly efficient4 ,much of the apparatus has never got outside its packing cases1 and perhaps a great deal had better permanently remain there1 for nothing is so subversive to the proper teaching of men whose great defect is that they have never handled things with their hands1 as to give them complicated apparatus to demonstrate the most recondite laws of science4 ,a great scientific teacher1 when consulted about the apparatus necessary for elementary science1 advised plenty of bonnet wire1 glass tubes1 and one or two other little things of that sort4 ,when one asks why the ,chinese have been so lavish in their expenditure on apparatus which they cannot and will not use1 the reply is the same old answer--somebody got a commission4 ,bui ,i think beyond that there is a real belief that education is a matter of expensive apparatus--a belief which is not altogether unknown on this side of the globe4 #bie ,this brings me to the second great difficulty in the path of ,government education4 ,they will believe that an efficient education results rather from having an expensive building than from a competent teacher4 ,i have before had occasion to refer to the extreme simplicity of the life of the ,chinese4 ,many of the schools were housed1 and very comfortably housed1 in ,chinese houses4 ,the ,chinese house always looks out on a courtyard1 and courtyard is joined to courtyard by passages4 ,the rooms are only divided from the courtyard by carved wooden screens whose interstices are sometimes filled with paper and sometimes not4 ,they are eminently sanitary--in fact1 to a large extent they fulfil the requirements of the open-air cure4 ,in one case in the courtyard were a lot of basins and ewers1 and the boys were compelled to have a wash1 which if extensive must1 in the winter1 have been extremely unpleasant4 ,for all this ,i expressed my sincere admiration to my friend the ,director of ,education1 but he received my compliment much in the same spirit with which a mother accepts your assertion that her child is far prettier in her every-day dress with tousled hair than she is in her ,sunday clothes1 as with hideous tidiness and pharisaic pomp she wends her way to church4 ,my compliment was taken almost as an insult4 ,i was then shown the ideal of ,china1 a huge and hideous building1 modelled on the architecture which white men deem necessary to enable them to support the tropical heat1 to the fatal effects of which they are #bif so sensitive2 massive walls to carry the heavy roof2 huge arched verandahs where white people may get the breath of air they so need4 ,of what use are all these to a race who cannot understand what you mean when you speak of the heat being unhealthy1 who1 however sensitive to cold and wet1 flourish in the warmth to which they have been accustomed all their lives8 ,the ,chinese do not admire this architecture for its sthetic effect2 they care little about its heat-resisting qualities4 ,they like it because it is ,western2 because ,western people are educated in such buildings2 because1 ,i suppose1 they expect ,western learning to work in some way through those massive stone walls to the minds of the pupils2 and because they fancy ,western ideas would be more easily understood in these hideous surroundings4 ,thirdly1 there is no serious effort made to get good teachers4 ,at one time1 ,i understand1 they had in their service a very remarkable body of men--men like ,professor ,martin of ,peking--whose knowledge was only equalled by the sincerity of their purpose4 ,lately they have been getting rid of these men as fast as they could1 the cry of ,china for the ,chinese being perhaps responsible for this movement2 and they have endeavoured to replace them by ,chinese subjects with but little success4 ,they have therefore fallen back again on foreigners1 largely on ,japanese4 ,these men are some of them very able and qualified teachers2 some1 on the other hand1 have had little or no experience of teaching1 and their inefficiency tends #big to bring all foreign teachers into disrepute4 ,not only must the teacher have a special knowledge of the art of teaching1 but a teacher of a race like the ,chinese1 with different traditions to our own1 must well understand those traditions4 ,we can best realise the enormous difficulty a ,chinese student has of learning from a ,western teacher by remembering how impossible it is for any of us to understand something that is put from a ,chinese point of view4 ,if the ,chinese ,government want efficient foreign teachers1 they must not pick up anybody1 but they must hold out inducements to young men to come as teachers1 and must give them security of tenure4 ,if1 for instance1 the ,chinese ,government had in their service such an efficient body of men as could be found in the mission schools1 they would have no difficulty4 ,another difficulty which stands in the way of the ,chinese schools is their want of discipline4 ,one of the most remarkable developments in ,china is the school strike4 ,they have undoubtedly extraordinary powers of united action1 but the school strike originates as much in the weakness of the teachers as it does in the remarkable power the ,chinese race has of united action2 you hear of it all over ,china1 and it is sometimes ludicrous1 sometimes serious4 ,one school struck because the foreign teachers required the pupils to pass an examination of efficiency before they would give them a testimonial4 ,this was deemed most incorrect by the #bih scholars1 who held a doctrine which would be very attractive to our own undergraduates1 that residence alone was a sufficient qualification for a degree4 ,many of the strikes take place for most occult reasons4 ,and this brings me to mission schools1 for strikes take place equally with them as in ,government schools4 ,they occur in boys' and in girls' schools1 and for the most un-understandable reasons4 ,in one school the strike began because a ,chinese teacher caught hold of a boy's queue and dragged him by it4 ,the boy's face was injured1 and his companions made common cause4 ,another strike took place in a girls' school because a girl was punished4 ,of course these strikes do not occur where there is an efficient and vigorous teacher4 ,it was attempted1 for instance1 with ,archdeacon ,moule1 but it only ended in the leaders being caned4 ,still1 one mission had its school practically ruined by one of these strikes2 it was the result of an intrigue by an unbelieving teacher who had been employed by mistake4 ,these strikes are not a very great difficulty to the mission when it is in charge of efficient and experienced men2 a little justice and firmness apparently soon disposes of any unreasonable resistance to authority1 and tact and knowledge prevent any friction which may result from regulations that may be offensive to ,chinese ideas4 ,a far greater difficulty in the mission schools is the question of finance4 ,the ,chinese for the most part pay their scholars2 the result is that the mission school #bii has to compete not only against a free school1 but against a school in which pupils are paid to come1 and it appears as if it would be almost an impossibility for mission schools to support themselves against such competition4 ,as a matter of fact it is usually found that so great a value do the ,chinese put on the efficient education that they receive in the mission school that they are willing to pay a reasonable fee rather than be paid for the useless education given by the ,government school4 ,still it makes finance a certain difficulty4 ,many of the schools are largely self-supporting2 others rely on fees to find board and lodgings for the pupils and the salaries of the native teachers4 ,so that every school more or less carries a great financial burden4 ,the great difficulty of mission schools at the present time springs partially from ,government action4 ,the ideal of every ,chinaman is at present to be in the service of the ,government2 we must emphasise that word at present1 because undoubtedly1 owing to the railway development of ,china1 a wealthy commercial class must arise all over her land1 as it has already risen in the great port towns4 ,this class will be independent of ,government and will be the class that needs ,western education more than any other class1 for they will be in intimate contact with the ,west4 ,but at present those who seek a higher education hope for the most part for ,government employment4 ,one of the rules of ,government employment is that the officials shall on #cjj certain days repair to the various temples to represent the ,emperor1 and it is naturally held that such action is impossible for a ,christian4 ,besides this1 the ,government makes it extremely hard if not impossible for a ,christian to go to its ,university at ,peking4 ,all teachers and pupils in a ,government school are required on the ,emperor's birthday to bow down or kow-tow to the tablet of ,confucius4 ,missionaries hold that such action is not consistent with the ,christian faith1 and therefore the mission school is very loath to send its ,christian pupils on to the ,government ,university4 ,it must1 however1 be stated that several ,chinese scholars1 including a ,christian1 have indignantly denied that the kow-towing to the tablet of ,confucius implies anything more than the respect due to the greatest thinker that ,china ever possessed4 ,we had the privilege of being shown over ,peking ,university by an extremely able and pleasant ,chinese gentleman1 a ,christian4 ,he showed us the tablet of ,confucius and explained to us the ceremony4 ,it must be owned that externally there was but little that one could associate with the idea of divinity4 ,the tablet was behind a glass case1 and at first it suggested some sort of educational apparatus4 ,the desks were placed at right angles to it1 so that it did not actually occupy what could be regarded as the chief place in the room4 ,the gentleman who showed us over strenuously denied that any of the pupils in ,peking ,government ,university could regard #cja ,confucius as ,god4 ,none were admitted to the ,university except those who were already well versed in the ,chinese ,classics1 and they knew perfectly well that in these ,classics ,confucius said that he had no supernatural power2 while the leading commentator on ,confucius1 the man whose teaching had more than any other influenced modern ,confucianism1 was avowedly an agnostic1 and therefore1 so far from regarding the tablet as divine1 it would be nearer the truth to say that the greater bulk of the scholars disbelieve in the idea of ,god altogether1 or at any rate hold an agnostic position with regard to it4 ,when ,i put these difficulties to an eminent missionary the answer was1 yes1 but by a late edict they have made ,confucius equal to heaven and earth1 and so whatever doubts there were before have been resolved1 and the ,chinese ,government has decreed to ,confucius divine honour4 ,i put this criticism to an able civil servant in the employ of the ,chinese ,government1 and he answered that that decree was really intended to have the opposite effect4 ,the ,chinese are aware that they are as a matter of fact relegating ,confucius to a secondary place in education1 and they are therefore most anxious to propitiate the ,confucian scholars4 ,they have compromised the matter much on the same system that we use in the ,west with regard to some politician whose services have been valuable1 but who is actually a hindrance in the ,house of ,commons4 ,confucius has been given divine honours #cjb as the worn-out politician in ,england is given a peerage2 it is a form of honourable retirement4 ,a very intellectual ,chinese1 however1 expressed himself quite otherwise1 saying that anybody who understood ,chinese views would have grasped the meaning of making ,confucius equal to heaven and earth4 ,as heaven and earth induce the wealth of mankind1 so has ,confucius done by his teaching2 as heaven and earth can change things and make things exist that were not1 so with ,confucius2 but that ,chinese theology regards heaven and earth as created by the one ,god1 and therefore ,confucius is put in the position of an exalted but a created being4 ,what impresses perhaps the ,westerner more than this rather recondite ,chinese reasoning is the simple fact that while by the ,government edict it is decreed that the tablet of ,confucius shall be honoured by three bowings and nine knockings1 it is also ordained that the schoolmaster shall be honoured by one bowing or kow-tow and three times knocking the ground with the head4 ,the similarity of the salute to the schoolmaster and to the tablet of ,confucius rather disposes of the idea that the act of reverence to the tablet involves worship4 ,on the other hand1 it is pointed out that this is the main ceremony that is observed in what are called the temples of ,confucius2 but when this was put to a ,chinaman1 his answer was that they were not temples1 and if there had been any worship in those temples1 they would have been frequented #cjc as much by the women and children as by the men1 but as a matter of fact they were frequented only by literati4 ,when it was suggested that on occasion1 however1 there were sacrifices in these temples1 he did not deny this1 but changed the subject4 ,but we must not say that the respect and reverence offered to ,confucius1 whether it involves idolatry or not1 is the only reason why ,christian pupils are advised not to go to the ,government ,universities4 ,there are two other great reasons4 ,the first is an extremely practical one3 the education in ,government ,universities is avowedly imperfect4 ,the fact that the ,government have subscribed to the ,english ,university at ,hong-,kong and to the ,german ,college in ,shantung show that they are aware of their own shortcomings4 ,the second reason is that the racial characteristics of ,chinamen demand that they should act as a body4 ,an acute observer asserted that1 as far as he was able to judge the matter1 no ,chinaman ever acted independently2 and that therefore it is putting a burden greater than the race can bear to ask that ,christians should maintain their ,christianity when they are surrounded by an unbelieving and heathen atmosphere2 and that1 as a matter of fact1 the result of sending students to ,government ,universities would1 except in cases of men of very strong character1 be to send them to unbelief4 ,yet a greater and simpler objection is that these ,government ,universities for the most #cjd part do not exist1 and that it is impossible for small institutions like that at ,peking to take even a hundredth part of the students who are clamouring for ,western education4 ,but the mission schools have another and a newer difficulty1 one which is causing the greatest heart-searching4 ,this ,i must reserve for the next chapter4 #cje ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,the ,,need ,,of ,a ,,university ,,explained ,the great danger that threatens mission schools1 a danger which is increasing every year1 is that the best pupils of these schools have to go to ,universities in search of ,western knowledge where they are exposed to the insidious attacks of ,western materialism4 ,the teachers have at present no alternative2 they have to send the best and brightest of their pupils somewhere to complete their education4 ,it would be unfair on a boy to refuse to send him on1 and if he is to receive a higher education1 where can he get it but at some place where the atmosphere is distinctly anti-,christian4 ,there is in the ,east no place with a neutral atmosphere as there is in the ,west4 ,in the ,west most people have had some ,christian training1 or at least they comprehend ,christian ethics4 ,so in a ,western institution1 even if the education be wholly secular1 a ,christian does not find everything antipathetic to his faith4 ,but in the ,east the vast majority are non-,christian1 and consequently the moral and intellectual atmosphere is hostile and antipathetic to a ,christian4 ,here if an institution is non-religious it is probably not hostile to religion4 #cjf ,in the ,east if an institution is non-religious it is probably anti-,christian4 ,at present the only ,university in action is that of ,tokio1 though we are promised others1 and its ill effects have been so obvious that the ,chinese ,government have ordered a wholesale withdrawal of pupils from its unhealthy influence4 ,as we have already pointed out1 ,western civilisation is magnificent but it is destructive1 and when taught without any constructive religious teaching it inevitably tends to destroy all spiritual ideas and too often also to pervert the moral ideals of the race4 ,as the pupil goes through the mission school he learns within its walls to shake himself free from the haunting fear of demons which besets every ,chinaman2 he has slowly realised that ,god is holy1 good and loving1 and has either accepted ,christianity or stands on the threshold of the formal acceptance2 he has reached the end of the curriculum of the school or college and his brilliancy demands a higher education4 ,attracted by the reputation of ,tokio1 he goes to its ,university1 and there he finds himself in an atmosphere where all the destructive thought of ,europe grows rankly2 the good ,god in whom he has learned to believe in the mission school follows in the track of the demons of his youth1 and he is left believing in a world founded by blind chance1 where ethics are things of service to restrain your neighbour but folly to follow yourself4 ,eat and drink1 for to-morrow we die1 is the lesson which is not perhaps taught in so many words1 but #cjg which none the less is forced into his mind2 his views become those of ,falstaff2 all that is fine1 all that is noble1 flees from his life2 though he no longer believes in the ,god of ,love1 he does not return to the belief in the demons of his youth2 there is nothing in his world beyond getting rich or gratifying the flesh and laughing at those people who believe in higher ideals4 ,he has been acquainted with and has learnt to loathe from his youth up the philosophy of ,yang ,choo4 ,he has1 for instance1 despised such a sentence as this3 ,the people of high antiquity knew both the shortness of life and how suddenly and completely it might be closed by death1 and therefore they obeyed every suggestion of the movements of their hearts1 refusing not what was natural for them to like1 nor seeking to avoid any pleasure that occurred to them1 they paid no heed to the incitement of fame2 they enjoyed themselves according to their nature2 they did not resist the common tendency of all things to self-enjoyment2 they cared not to be famous after death4 ,they managed to keep clear of punishment2 as to fame and praise1 being first or last1 long life or short life1 these things did not come into their calculations4 ,and now he finds that the philosophy of ,yang ,choo is as he supposes the newest thought of the great rich successful ,western world2 as he returns to his home and spreads abroad the poisonous doctrines that he has imbibed1 the missionary wonders whether1 after all1 it would not have been better to have left the man to his primitive demonology4 #cjh ,the ,american mission bodies saw this danger from the first1 and have already set up great educational establishments which to a certain extent supply this need4 ,that great institution ,bishop ,graves' ,college at ,jessfield1 the ,boone ,college at ,wuchang1 the ,british ,college at ,weihsien1 and ,methodist ,universities at ,soochow and ,peking1 are all examples of good work4 ,but they do not1 any of them1 bring the student up to what we call ,university standard1 or what ,i understand is called in ,america the post-graduate course2 what is felt is1 that there is need of an institution in which the highest knowledge shall be taught1 where the true aspect of ,western thought shall be shown--not that aspect which is bringing ,france to destruction1 not that aspect which makes ,belgium unconcerned at the ,congo scandals1 but the aspect which both in ,america and in ,england we have always admired at least in theory1 and in practice when we have been strong4 ,the fundamental truth on which our civilisation rests is that ,god is good1 and that therefore truth and progress are right and possible1 and that the highest expression of the goodness of ,god is in ,his incarnation as it is universally taught by ,christians of various views and of many denominations4 ,the ,west owes to the ,east1 if there is any common duty of man to man1 to set before it the real truth as to the greatness of ,western civilisation1 namely1 that it is the result of ,christianity4 ,but missions are not anxious merely for a ,university #cji as a means of defence against the materialistic onslaught which threatens their work--they need it for many other reasons2 for instance1 the ,university would make it possible for all denominations to have highly educated native ministers4 ,no student of missions can ever be content to regard them as an ideal arrangement4 ,the conception of a race being ministered to spiritually by another race is obviously inadequate2 it is open to many criticisms2 there must be a confusion in the mind of the convert between what is national and what is ,christian2 one ,chinese regarded ,christianity with doubt because he had heard that the ,german ,emperor is a ,christian1 and to his mind he is the embodiment of the fierce piratical ,western races4 ,the word which the ,chinese use for robbers means red-bearded men1 so associated1 alas1 is the ,western race in ,china with war and rapine2 it is easy for a member of the ,western races to be misunderstood when he is talking about the religion of love4 ,would any ,english parish like as its ,rector a ,chinaman1 even if he were saintly and went so far as to cut off his queue8 ,setting aside the associations of the ,western race1 the ,western race has great difficulty in speaking ,chinese without making ridiculous mistakes4 ,who among us has not smiled when the ,chinaman's inability to say the letter r has caused him to offer us lice to eat1 but what must it be to the ,chinaman when he hears the ,western preacher lost amidst those mysterious ,chinese intonations1 and #caj therefore making some wonderful statement4 ,a ,chinese gentleman assured me that he had listened to a missionary extolling the virtues of a wild pig4 ,reverence forbids explaining what was really meant4 ,if the ministers of religion are to be ,chinese1 it is obvious that they must be highly educated ,chinese2 to have religion taught by ignorant men in a country like ,china where learning is reverenced so profoundly1 must be to condemn it as the religion of the coolie4 ,the ,chinese minister must be able to maintain his position1 not only against the ,confucian scholar1 but against the ,western materialist1 and must therefore have an equally good education4 ,without saying that it is reasonable to expect that the ,western missionary should be withdrawn within the next few years1 ,i think it is wisdom for every mission body to aim at founding a body of educated native clergy who can free ,christianity from the taunt of being a foreign religion1 and who can1 when the foreigner leaves ,china1 take his place and uphold the faith4 ,if to have an educated native ministry is one great object of the ,university1 another great and only less important object is the creation of an intellectual ,christian laity who shall form and direct ,christian public opinion4 ,the school teacher1 the writer1 are only one degree less important1 if indeed they are so1 than the ,christian minister2 and if as ,china assimilates ,western civilisation1 she finds in her midst a body of men conversant #caa with the best side of that civilisation1 able to interpret its mysteries to her1 so that it does not become subversive to all spiritual religion and morality1 it is more than probable that she will take those men and put them in high positions1 and the grain of mustard seed will by their means grow into a plant which shall overshadow the whole of ,china4 ,the other day ,i was reading how ,st4 ,grimaldi and ,st4 ,neots founded the ,university of ,oxford in #hhf4 ,theology1 grammar and rhetoric1 music and arithmetic1 geometry and astronomy1 were the subjects taught4 ,after a thousand years we are in a position to judge of the success of the experiment4 ,surely every one will wish to have a hand in founding a similar undertaking4 ,the foundation of this ,university cannot for two or three reasons be left to one body4 ,in the first place1 no one communion will be rich enough to undertake such a work2 secondly1 it might cause a certain narrowness of atmosphere2 thirdly and chiefly1 co-operation among ,christians would afford an object-lesson to the ,chinese of the real unity there is between them4 ,we are constantly twitted with the fact that we confuse the heathen by professing the religion of love and then setting before them a mass of warring sects4 ,if we can unite in the founding of such a ,university1 we shall show that though we see the ,christian truth in different aspects we have agreed that truth is one1 and have in spite of our divisions a fundamental unity4 ,when #cab this matter was referred to at the ,shanghai ,conference1 considerable difficulty was felt among missionaries as to the terms on which such a ,university should be founded4 ,it was agreed to refer it to the ,committee on ,education1 and that ,committee of ,education has in the year #aiji welcomed the formation of such a ,university4 ,dr4 ,hawks ,pott1 who of all men in ,china can best speak as an authority on education1 since he has organised and maintained that wonderful institution at ,jessfield1 warmly advocated its formation4 ,no doubt one of the reasons why the missionaries now see their way to the acceptance of this ,university is because a neutral body has come forward to initiate the undertaking4 ,committees of the ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge have been sitting for many months considering the question with all the skill and ability which their great learning and technical knowledge enable them to bring to bear on this subject4 ,though of course they have a thorough knowledge of education in all its aspects1 they were aware that they lacked knowledge of ,china and the ,chinese1 so for many months they heard and examined the evidence of any one who was thoroughly acquainted with ,china and with the conditions of missionary work4 ,they devised a scheme which they thought would at once satisfy the workers in the mission field and be acceptable to the ,chinese4 ,the mere outline of the scheme is that this ,university should encourage the formation of denominational hostels1 which shall #cac be under the control of individual missionary bodies1 and which shall form colleges at the ,university2 and while the ,university alone would concern itself with giving secular teaching from a neutral standpoint1 the colleges would give ,christian teaching to their pupils4 ,in this way all conflict between missions would be avoided2 each mission would continue to care for the pupils which it had hitherto sheltered and educated4 ,to the ,university would accrue the great gain of having a supply of properly prepared pupils coming into it from the mission schools1 one of the causes of disappointment of ill-considered ,university schemes being that there is no proper provision for a supply of pupils4 ,in the ,west there are numerous secondary schools1 and any ,university can easily find a sufficient number of pupils properly grounded in knowledge4 ,in the ,east to erect a ,university without feeding schools is like building a house in the ,chinese fashion roof first4 ,the ,yale ,university ,mission found itself compelled to set up elementary schools to teach the elementary ,western knowledge which was necessary before even the lowest grade of college work could be attempted4 ,western teachers are1 as we have before explained1 few and far between outside the mission schools1 and therefore mission schools would both help and be helped by a ,university4 ,the ,university completes the work they have begun1 and returns the men to the mission to carry on its work with honour and efficiency4 ,on the other hand1 the mission supplies the #cad ,university with pupils1 which after all are the prime necessity of education4 ,another great feature of the ,oxford and ,cambridge scheme was that the ,university should aim to be a native ,university1 and this no doubt was the side which attracted the ,chinese4 ,instead of using knowledge1 the common heritage of all men1 as the means of imposing the domination of the alien on ,china1 knowledge is offered by this ,university as essentially the thing which belongs to ,china as well as to any other race4 ,if in the commencement the majority of the professors must belong to the ,western race1 it is to be hoped that many of its professors will soon come from ,china1 and that when the ,university is well begun1 and ,christianity has become as national a religion as it is in our land1 and ,western civilisation has lost the right to describe itself by that epithet1 and has become the civilisation of the ,east as of the ,west1 then the ,university whose foundation is now being laid may be the great light of the future ,china4 ,perhaps the most important part of the scheme is that which suggests denominational hostels as the proper solution of the difficulties that beset union and interdenominational work in the mission field4 ,there are obvious difficulties in arranging for a common religious teaching1 and1 on the other hand1 it is very advantageous for the many mission bodies at work in ,china to show a united front against the new materialism and the ancient superstition4 #cae ,nothing so shows the power of ,christian love as a union work of this nature4 ,we ,christians are often taunted with our differences1 and we are assured that many will support any scheme that makes for union and peace between the different elements of the ,christian world4 ,here is a scheme which will tend to bring ,christians together1 and to induce that mutual respect and toleration which must be the foundation of a closer union4 ,the baby must walk before he runs1 and if the ,christians of ,china can maintain such a ,university1 their daily intercourse will greatly assist any further scheme for unity4 ,but there is another use in the hostel system which should not be overlooked4 ,at all times one of the great hindrances to the education of young men is the tendency that they have to waste their strength in riot and wantonness4 ,the ,chinaman is perhaps more subject to these temptations than the ,westerner4 ,a student said3 ,we cannot work2 we are too profligate4 ,a ,chinese statesman advised against certain towns as possible sites for a ,university because of their tendency to entice men into vicious courses4 ,far the most efficient way of opposing this evil is to make some one responsible for the moral welfare of the young men1 and this is done in the hostel system4 ,every hostel would be governed by some person who would make the moral welfare of the young men his peculiar care and study4 ,the head of the hostel might or might not be on the teaching staff of the #caf ,university2 but whether he taught or not1 his first duty would be the care of the moral and spiritual welfare of those committed to his charge4 ,he would give all his energy to reproduce the highest moral tone of a ,western ,university4 ,this scheme is being tried in ,chentu1 where a union ,university is being started4 ,and ,i believe it is in every way proving successful4 ,those who have not realised the size of ,china will be perhaps inclined to ask why not unite the two schemes8 ,the simple answer to those who have travelled is that the distances are too vast4 ,you might as well talk of uniting ,oxford and ,harvard1 for those two ,universities are about as far from one another in time as ,hankow is from ,chentu4 ,even when the railway is built the distances will be immense4 ,the enormous distances of ,china are also a reason why it was impossible to amalgamate the ,hong-,kong scheme and the ,oxford and ,cambridge scheme4 ,hong-,kong is now ten days to a fortnight away from ,hankow1 and such a different language is spoken there that the dwellers in ,northern and ,central ,china are often forced to use ,english to understand one another4 ,the ,university of ,hong-,kong will be very beneficial to the colony1 and is an example of the generosity of the merchants and citizens of that town2 but as a means of naturalising the higher side of our civilisation it labours under the great disadvantage of not being either in ,china nor under the ,chinese flag1 nor of speaking the prevailing language4 #cag ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,the ,,need ,,of ,a ,,university ,,explained 7continued7 ,the ,committees at ,oxford and ,cambridge had not been without hope that the missionary world would accept the scheme readily once it was well understood4 ,they had had the advantage of many interviews with missionaries and others in ,london at their joint meetings so as to make it a matter of some certainty that a large portion of the ,western educators of ,china would agree with them4 ,but they were rather doubtful whether the scheme would be welcomed by the ,chinese official world4 ,the commercial world in ,london that had dealings with ,china was rather pessimistic4 ,they held the view that you only had to mention the word ,christian or missionary to a ,chinese official and it would have the same effect that the word rats has on a terrier4 ,but as ,i have before related1 we were agreeably surprised to find at the very outset that the ,chinese official world were far from hostile1 and that we were given1 unasked1 letters of introduction1 whose contents ,i did not know except that they procured for us a welcome in ,china which was as surprising as it was delightful4 ,i learnt in ,china that knowledge #cah and learning is so loved and respected that those whose object is its dissemination will ever find a ready welcome1 and ,i learnt also that whatever may have been their sentiments in the past1 in the present the ,chinese have no hatred towards ,christianity1 but they regard it as one of the least odious parts of the ,western civilisation which has become for them a necessity4 ,i had also the privilege of seeing ,his ,excellency ,tong-,shao-,yi in ,london1 and he did not discourage the plan4 ,when we arrived at ,harbin we found an official ready to receive us who had been sent to welcome the scheme to ,china4 ,his instructions were to accompany us to ,kwangchangtzu and to watch over our comfort4 ,as he only spoke ,chinese1 conversation was difficult2 but with the aid of a member of the ,imperial ,customs we gathered the object of his mission4 ,at ,mukden we met with a similar civility4 ,i was invited to dine at the ,yamen4 ,i shall always remember my drive to that dinner4 ,at ,mukden no carrying chairs are used1 but a springless cart1 in which the traveller1 or more accurately the sufferer1 reclines4 ,i was late for dinner1 so the order was given to the charioteer to drive quick1 and as we bounded over the unpaved streets of a ,manchurian town ,i had an opportunity of realising one of the minor discomforts of ,chinese missionary life4 ,at the ,yamen the same civility was shown to the scheme1 and next day ,dr4 ,ross1 my kindly host1 took me to see a ,manchu noble of high rank4 ,he was more than encouraging4 ,he first sounded the note #cai that ,i found vibrating through the whole of ,china4 ,he asked why did not the ,west concern itself with such things as education1 which benefit man1 rather than with war1 which produces such endless suffering and misery4 ,at ,peking ,i met some great officials who all were favourable1 but it was not till we got south that we encountered what can only be described as enthusiasm for ,western education4 ,one gentleman advised that such an institution should be started at once1 and recommended the recall of all students studying in ,western lands to fill its ranks4 ,another who was interpreting was not satisfied with the prudent official reply ,i received that the plan was good1 but that ,i must make inquiries at ,peking4 ,he added3 ,make inquiries at ,peking2 but if they refuse1 go on with your scheme all the same4 ,a body of young men who had been educated at ,boone ,college sent a petition that the scheme should be forthwith undertaken1 but perhaps the most remarkable experience was that which ,i had at ,shanghai4 ,i was entertained by thirteen of the gentry who had all received their education in the ,west4 ,we discussed every aspect of the plan1 and when ,i pressed upon them that one of the good results of the ,university would be that it would have a healthy moral environment1 an old man turned to his companions and said3 ,we have ourselves had experience of this4 ,the environment in which we lived when we were in the ,west was different from that in which we found ourselves when we returned #cbj to ,shanghai1 and did not it largely affect our lives8 ,after we had talked some time the question was put plainly to them3 ,would they support such a ,university8 ,one of them turned round and said3 ,of course we should4 ,it is obvious that if you will give us in ,china the same sort of ,university as there is in ,england1 if only on the score of expense1 we shall want to send our sons there2 besides which no one likes parting from their children and leaving them in a distant land4 ,i discussed the matter with a ,chinese statesman in ,peking4 ,i asked whether ,peking would not be a good centre1 but he was very adverse to the idea1 because he said that ,peking had such a bad moral tone that boys would not be able to do any good work1 and that he himself far preferred that ,chinese boys should be sent at ten years old to ,england to receive their whole education in our country4 ,when we pointed out to him how1 except in the case of a few rich men1 such a course would be quite impossible1 he said3 ,then put your ,university right away in the western hills out of reach of the immoral influences of a town4 ,there can be few more eloquent testimonies to the necessity of another ,university2 nothing but a ,christian ,university could succeed in creating the moral atmosphere1 which this wise man saw was the power of the ,west4 ,in the same conversation he gave a further testimony to the power of ,christianity1 all the more striking that it was uttered by a man who was not a ,christian4 ,he said3 ,yes1 #cba ,i have no doubt that all that is good in the ,west comes from ,christianity4 ,all the officials we interviewed always ended their encomiums on the suggested scheme by a saving clause to the effect that1 before we did anything1 we must ask his ,excellency ,chang-,chih-,tung4 ,when we passed through ,peking the first time we failed to see him1 and it was therefore with some anxiety ,i sought an interview with him on our return journey4 ,chang was a figure in the politics of ,china whose importance it would be hard to over-estimate4 ,not that he had the reputation for being a peculiarly able man2 in fact1 some of the ,europeans spoke slightingly of his mentality4 ,his force and influence came rather from his moral qualities4 ,he was the perfect type of ,confucian scholar4 ,wonderfully well versed in all the knowledge of the literati of ,china1 he was far from despising any form of knowledge2 in fact1 he was one of the first of the statesmen of ,china to recognise the importance of ,western education4 ,when we were discussing with some leading merchants the want of integrity of many of the officials1 they claimed ,chang as an exception with enthusiasm4 ,he had held the highest offices and still remained comparatively poor4 ,his reputation for clean-handedness was enhanced by his age4 ,in ,china the old are greatly reverenced1 and an old1 honest1 and learned statesman combined three of the qualities most admired in ,china4 ,it was therefore with some trepidation that ,i #cbb found myself going to see a man whose moral authority was so great that he could with a word mar or make the ,university scheme as far as the power of the ,chinese officials extended1 and in his case this was very far4 ,i was alone1 for owing to the rather heated debates that divided the ,british and ,chinese ,governments over the ,canton-,wuchang ,railway1 it was thought advisable that no member of the ,legation should come with me4 ,i drove down to the north end of the city1 and turning down a by-lane1 scarcely wide enough for the carriage to pass1 we drew up opposite a very modest dwelling4 ,i was received by ,his ,excellency's nephew1 a man of extremely courtly manners2 and as he conducted me across the yard ,i was struck by the simplicity of the house4 ,the room1 for instance1 into which ,i was ushered had a brick floor1 and was separated from the courtyard only by a paper and wood screen4 ,imagine what the intense cold must be in a ,peking winter when the thermometer is somewhere below zero6 ,the furniture of the room was equally simple4 ,two ,chinese chairs of the ,chinese guest-room pattern1 standing on each side of the usual ,chinese table1 were supported on the other side of the room by a token of the ever-encroaching ,west in the shape of a common round table and some mongrel-looking stools1 which looked as if they were productions of ,japan palmed off as ,european4 ,as we sat and talked 7for ,i was too early for my interview7 my host told me all about his uncle's #cbc family1 and the while ,i wondered at the austerity of the dwelling of the greatest man in ,china after those of royal blood4 ,his ,excellency was then ready to receive me1 and we adjourned to another equally simple room where the usual table with tea1 sweetmeats1 and wine was laid out4 ,chang during the whole interview smoked a long pipe1 which required all the efforts of what ,i took to be two boys1 but who really were slave-girls1 to keep alight4 ,he wanted to know where the money was to come from4 ,i assured him that there are many generous people in ,england and ,america who1 desiring to leave a good name behind them1 and convinced that education confers on humanity incalculable benefits1 are willing to give largely to such a cause4 ,then he inquired what line we should take with regard to ,confucian learning2 ,i said ,christianity and ,confucianism need not be opposed1 and we should respect and encourage the teaching of the sage4 ,he clearly approved1 and gave me advice as to the course of study to be followed--first1 ,chinese letters1 then foreign languages2 and he advised as the site for the ,university some place near ,wuchang and not ,peking4 ,he then assured me that ,i might tell my countrymen that he approved of the scheme4 ,who1 said he1 could but approve of such a scheme8 ,as ,i left he accompanied me across the courtyard1 though ,i protested1 and ,i felt ,i had been honoured #cbd by this interview with one of ,china's greatest men4 ,he was the embodiment of all that was fine in ,china4 ,he belonged to an age that is passing away4 ,the ,chinese statesman of the future will learn ,western luxury with ,western knowledge4 #cbe ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,conclusion ,one word in conclusion4 ,i have tried to show the greatness of the crisis that is before us4 ,the civilisation which has long been worn by the white man alone is now being donned by the yellow man1 not as the result only of missionary effort1 but as the result of those great world causes over which puny mankind has no control2 and ,i have tried to show that all that we can do is to recognise and frankly accept this great fact1 namely1 that the members of the human race who are subject to and governed by our civilisation are to be nearly doubled1 and that the second half will import into that civilisation not only new traditions1 but a new racial personality1 which must cause a fundamental alteration in many of its traditions and customs4 ,we must not say that the movement will be shortly completed1 for it has scarcely yet begun2 but we have seen enough in the success that has attended the movement both in ,japan and in ,china1 to convince us that it will ultimately dominate the ,far ,east4 ,this movement may be for good or for evil2 it may be for the downfall of the world1 for the perpetual misery of mankind1 if that which is evil in both civilisations is to be perpetuated and #cbf that which is good is to be destroyed2 or it may be for the benefit of mankind if1 when the ,christian civilisation welcomes the great yellow races1 it accepts from them1 as it has accepted from many other races1 their characteristic virtues4 ,hitherto our civilisation has grown richer2 every race it has conquered has added beauty to its traditions and nobility to its ideals4 ,we may look forward with hope1 if not with confidence1 to its future4 ,but if this momentous change in the history of the world is to be well directed1 it can only be done by men of sincere ,christian faith2 and if the civilisation is to augment these benefits to mankind1 it can only be by being more fully endued with the ,christian ethics on which its whole greatness depends4 ,for the perpetuation of this ethic1 for the education of the future thinkers of ,china1 we suggest a ,university is needed2 that ,university should not be founded by one race alone4 ,some may differ from us1 and hold that other action is advisable4 ,they may be right1 but it behoves them to formulate their policy1 because one thing seems certain--that a policy of inaction at the present moment is one which is fraught with risk1 if not with disaster4 ,if no one makes any effort to direct the thought of this vast unit of mankind into the right paths1 it is improbable that good will naturally result4 ,the fitting of ,western thought to an ,oriental race1 while it must be chiefly left to the race itself1 needs clearly the help of those who are conversant with the best aspects #cbg of that ,western thought and of its history4 ,the missionary has done much1 but he himself is the first to say1 ,i cannot do all2 ,i must be supported by those who will teach my converts the fulness of ,western knowledge4 ,and so the missionaries have inaugurated a policy of education which is most successful as far as it has gone4 ,the question before all well-wishers of ,china is1 shall it go further2 shall we show ,china the intellectual light by which we are walking1 or shall we leave ,china to stumble in the darkness till she falls into deeper error4 ,those who look forward to progress in this world must also look forward to breaking up the old evil traditions and to founding new ones2 the old tradition1 which limited love to citizens of the same ,state1 which put bounds on charity1 so that man did not love man unless he spoke the same language1 or at least had the same coloured skin1 is dying fast though it is dying hard4 ,a new tradition is being founded1 and must be further developed1 in which1 as in the parable of the ,good ,samaritan1 the word love is taught as passing and transcending all bounds of race and language4 ,the cultivation of this new tradition is vital to the existence of our civilisation4 ,if love cannot bind races together1 the improved arts of war will in time extinguish the civilisation that gave them birth4 ,if we are to encourage international love1 we can best do it by sharing together in international acts of mercy and generosity4 ,the great ,chinese race has need of the wealth of ,western #cbh knowledge4 ,let ,western races join together to give them what they need1 and in so doing they will not merely benefit ,china1 though as ,china counts for a quarter of the population of this world1 and is nearly equal to the number of men who have a right to call themselves civilised1 that were no small merit2 but they will do more1 for they will by common acts of mercy and love bind each to each so that the horrid curse of racial hatred shall not be again able to divide them4 ,the elements of good in one race will be brought in contact with the similar elements in another race2 men will learn to trust men2 and that which the thundering cannon can never compel1 or the keenest wit of statesmen ever compass1 will be accomplished by the obedience and simple faith of the ,christian men and women of all races1 and the world will be welded into one solid piece1 where men can work without wasting their efforts in making machines to torture and kill their fellow-men1 and where at last the prophecy shall be fulfilled3 ,they shall beat their swords into plowshares1 and their spears into pruning-hooks4 #cbi ,,appendix ,,will ,,russia ,,be ,,represented ,,on ,,the ,,mission ,,field8 ,when it was settled that we should go to ,china to see what opportunities there were there for an educational mission emanating from our ,english ,universities1 we decided to go vi ,siberia1 and stop at ,st4 ,petersburg and also at ,irkutsk on the way4 ,i had previously found the journey of fifteen days without a break exhausting to myself and still more so to my wife who accompanied me4 ,the plan had also the advantage that it gave me an opportunity of trying to find out why the great ,russian ,church had never attempted any serious mission work in ,china4 ,from a mere inspection of the map one would naturally have expected that the ,christian power which had a frontier with ,china of thousands and thousands of miles would have been the most forward in that country in fulfilling the command of the founder of ,christianity to give ,his message of happiness to every living man4 ,in our previous tour we had been surprised to find that the missionary efforts of ,russia were insignificant in ,china1 though1 strange to say1 they were fairly vigorous in ,japan4 ,when we arrived at ,st4 ,petersburg ,i was fortunate enough to obtain letters of introduction to the courteous gentleman who then represented the imperial power in the councils of the ,russian ,church1 ,m4 ,iwolsky1 ,procurator of the ,holy ,synod4 ,one thing became evident2 for the time being ,russia is so much absorbed in politics as to be oblivious of other duties4 ,living in ,england1 we can little realise the excitement and anxiety that filled the minds of many who dwelt in the far off villages of ,russia1 while they waited to hear whether or not they were to be engulfed in a revolution as dangerous #ccj and as far-reaching as that which more than a hundred years ago overwhelmed ,france4 ,a lady described to me how she had sat in terror in her country house when all communication from ,st4 ,petersburg had ceased owing to the strikes1 while the smoke of surrounding houses which had been set on fire by marauding bands told of the fate which might possibly await her4 ,now all that is over4 ,the revolution--so they think in ,russia--is a thing of the past2 and ,russia has entered on a course of conservative reform to which1 if she adheres1 will doubtless make her a prosperous and contented empire4 ,i gathered from some of my informants that the reasons why ,russia had been backward in the mission field1 and also why she was racked with revolution1 were in reality the same1 namely1 that the ,orthodox ,church was not so vigorous and had not that hold on the consciences of the people that it ought to have4 ,not that for one moment ,russia is ceasing to be religious4 ,the attendance at ,father ,john's funeral was quoted as disproving such a possibility4 ,people of the working and middle classes came for miles to stand on a bleak cold day for long hours merely to catch a glimpse of the coffin which contained the mortal remains of a man who1 according to their belief1 lived more than any man in accordance with ,god's law4 ,russia is religious to the very core2 but1 like all religious nations1 our own included1 she longs to express her deep sincerity through diversity and not through uniformity4 ,alas6 there are people in every nation who want to put us in one religious uniform and to march us like soldiers at the word of command straight into heaven's gate4 ,in ,england this view only makes some good and narrow-minded people anxious to have such a thing as religious uniformity in our schools2 but in ,russia this doctrine has been more vigorously held1 and is doubtless responsible for the waning power of the ,orthodox ,church4 ,mr4 ,pobiedonosteff1 leader of the reactionary movement1 nearly caused a revolution1 and certainly #cca weakened the ,church1 by insisting on ,uniformity and ,orthodoxy4 ,he believed that there could be but one form of religion in the ,state1 and therefore he discouraged every other form of religious activity4 ,not only did he rightly forbid those strange wild immoral sects who practise and teach mutilation1 but even the sober and devout followers of ,lord ,radstock were to be silenced4 ,the result of such a policy was but too obvious4 ,religion was made odious by the insincerity which such a policy must foster1 and the ,state became detestable to all earnest ,christians who claimed the inherent right of every living soul to love and worship his ,creator in accordance with his true convictions4 ,all this has now passed like a bad dream4 ,people in ,russia may believe what they like and worship ,god how they like4 ,m4 ,iwolsky was most anxious that the world should know that he1 the then representative of temporal power in the councils of the ,russian ,church1 so far from encouraging the idea that ,christ's ,church can be controlled by a temporal power1 however great1 was most careful to maintain that in spiritual matters the ,church is independent of the ,state1 even if in temporal matters she submit herself to the authority of ,government4 ,peter the ,great abolished the ,patriarchate2 he added many1 though not all1 of the powers of the ,patriarchate to the ,crown2 and therefore the ,emperor represents the ,patriarch in many ways4 ,but it is wholly misunderstanding his position to say that in spiritual matters he is supreme4 ,the ,russian ,church1 like all other branches of the ,church1 is controlled and governed by councils1 both general and provincial4 ,but ,m4 ,iwolsky had to confess that the power which the ,state wielded in the ,synod of the ,church was still very great4 ,the ,crown has three ways in which it can influence the council4 ,first1 though the members of the council are representatives of the ,church1 it is the ,crown who decides 7with the exception of the ,metropolitans7 who those representatives shall be2 secondly1 the ,crown1 through the ,procurator1 can forbid any action which #ccb brings the ,synod into conflict with the laws of the ,state2 lastly1 the ,procurator1 as representative of the ,crown1 must always be present at the debates of the ,synod1 and has always a right to express his opinion1 even on spiritual questions4 ,such powers put together clearly give the ,crown a control not only in things temporal1 but1 if it is desired1 an influence in things spiritual as well4 ,still it cannot be too widely known that at any rate in theory the ,russian ,church is in things spiritual independent of temporal power4 ,most ,englishmen would think1 no doubt1 that if the ,church is to hold her rightful place in the hearts of ,russians1 she can only do it by relying on the power of preaching rather than on the power of the sword4 ,therefore it would be best for both ,church and ,state if they had less to do with one another4 ,english ,churchmen will be glad to hear that there is some prospect of a ,synod of the ,orthodox ,church being held1 independently of the existing ,holy ,synod--a council which may rank as a ,general ,synod of the ,greek ,communion1 if other branches of the ,orthodox ,church are invited to join in its deliberations1 of which there is some prospect4 ,the object of this ,synod will be to reform the discipline of the ,church1 a matter which is engaging1 ,i understand1 the sincere attention of the devout ,christians of ,russia4 ,few things bear truer witness to the weakness of the ,church in ,russia than the low moral tone which exists1 as all witnesses aver1 in every grade of ,russian social life4 ,the outward observance of the fasts and feasts and ceremonies of the ,church1 though admirable in itself1 is perfectly consistent with a great deal of scepticism with regard to the truths of ,christianity4 ,it is not uncharitable to suspect such scepticism when a great profession of ,christianity is accompanied by a low moral tone4 ,the ,church has felt her weakness and has sought the help of the ,state1 and has therefore not succeeded in her mission4 ,now happier days have opened for ,russia which it is hoped may lead on to happier ones beyond4 ,the ,state no #ccc longer helps the ,church by silencing her critics1 by exiling those who cannot agree with her3 the ,buddhist who lately at the definite command of the ,government had accepted ,christianity has returned to sincerity and open profession of ,buddhism4 ,the ,church no longer so supported by the ,state may feel her weakness1 but she will grow rather than diminish in strength as she learns to use more and more the real weapon of ,christianity1 namely1 the sacred truths of our religion published both by writing and by preaching4 ,russia is one of the great nations of the world4 ,the ,orthodox ,church which dominates ,russia is both true and faithful1 and she will guide her people into prosperity and peace when she has learned to follow her ,master's example and to order the sword drawn in her defence to be returned altogether to its sheath4 ,nothing can be at present expected from the unorthodox bodies who until lately have been persecuted to such a degree that they have scarcely been able to exist4 ,in external matters the ,orthodox ,church commands the obedience of the nation to a wonderful degree1 but in controlling the deep convictions of the heart she lacks power4 ,nowhere is this more obvious than in the moral tone which prevails in ,russian society4 ,perhaps it is not just or fair to take the capital of ,siberia as a specimen of ordinary moral life in ,russia1 but one might well say at ,irkutsk that all save the spirit of man is divine4 ,we had been to a certain extent prepared by our previous tour to disbelieve in the horrors of the climate of ,siberia1 but what we saw and heard at ,irkutsk has convinced me that ,siberia should rank high among the places that are reckoned pleasant for human habitation4 ,siberia1 or certainly the eastern part of ,siberia1 is not the dreary plain1 wind-swept and miserable1 that one read of in one's childhood4 ,on the contrary1 it is a land of constant calms and steady sunshine1 a land of lakes and hills1 and though it is cold1 the cold seems but trifling in the glorious sunshine of a ,siberian winter4 ,i feel certain that if ,lake ,baikal were #ccd somewhere within reach of ,london it would be one of the most frequented centres for pleasure-seekers4 ,and from the point of view of wealth it is a most favoured land2 a land where there is gold and where there is coal2 a land where there is copper and silver1 and where a hot summer ripens thoroughly all cereal crops4 ,for sportsmen it seems a veritable paradise4 ,the pheasant 7or at least his brother7 with whom we have long been conversant as dying of every disease in the moist coverts of ,england1 lives wild in this dry and healthy climate4 ,the wild boar and the wolf1 the bear and many forms of the antelope and deer1 are to be found on the borders between ,siberia and ,china4 ,the rivers are full of salmon and other fish whose names ,i cannot attempt to give4 ,if an ,englishman were asked to choose whether he would live in ,st4 ,petersburg or in exile at ,irkutsk1 he would1 ,i believe1 have no doubt in deciding in favour of the latter1 if--and that is a great if--the spirit of man were not so human and corrupt4 ,we were told that there are six hundred women who are divorced in the jurisdiction of ,irkutsk4 ,such a statement indeed seems incredible1 but certainly the morals of the officers leave much to be desired4 ,vices go in flocks1 therefore laziness perhaps accounts for the amazing state of things which exists in ,irkutsk4 ,the town is as full of officers as ,eton is of boys4 ,epaulettes jostle you in the streets1 you tumble over swords in the restaurants1 and with all this force at the disposal of the authorities--for ,i conclude that some at least of these officers have soldiers under them--the streets of ,irkutsk are unsafe after dark4 ,person after person warned us of the danger of being unarmed at night1 at any rate in the by-streets4 ,people are murdered in their own houses in the suburbs2 women have their fur coats torn off their backs4 ,one is aghast at the incredible slackness of the authorities1 who instead of instituting a reasonable police force such as exists even in ,chinese cities1 allow the city to be watched at night by aged ,dogberrys in huge fur coats armed with #cce rattles which they use incessantly4 ,certainly1 though they may fail to frighten away robbers with this primitive weapon of protection1 they succeed in interrupting the slumbers of the visitor4 ,in the department of municipal activity the town is equally badly organised4 ,the streets were under snow1 and as upon a hard-seated sledge we leapt from hole to hole1 we had at least the comfort of realising that in summer their condition must be even more trying4 ,it is unsafe to trust gossip1 but ,i give it for what it is worth4 ,we were assured that the only reason why the priceless wealth which ,russia possesses in the gold mines of ,siberia was not further developed was because of a similar official incompetence4 ,there is said to be a great deal of secret digging for gold4 ,men disappear in the summer and reappear in the autumn with a pound's weight of pure gold1 for the gold lies only about three metres below the ground4 ,but if this primitive form of mining came to the knowledge of the ,government it would put in force the mining laws which would then successfully stifle the industry4 ,it is needless to add that profligacy and laziness are not the only vices against which ,russian ,christianity has to contend4 ,their people have another in common with ourselves of which the ,church is only too well aware and which it is making great efforts to suppress1 namely1 drunkenness4 ,actually on our journey we had an example of this vice which every one regarded as comic1 but which might have been tragic4 ,the train is brought suddenly to a standstill4 ,there is something wrong4 ,everybody tumbles out of the carriage to look4 ,a man is lying in the snow4 ,at first it is thought he has been knocked down by a previous train4 ,further examination shows that it is only a man dead drunk lying right across the line--the result of keeping one of the festivals of the ,church4 ,every one laughs2 he is pulled out of the way1 we climb back into the train1 leaving him in the care of a priest1 quite unconscious how near he has been to death4 ,drunkenness is a terrible evil in our own land1 but its results are far more terrible in #ccf this land of frost-bite4 ,there are numbers of people without hands and feet begging in the street1 and we were told that the general cause of these injuries was vodka4 ,a man going home falls into a drunken sleep on the way3 he awakes next morning with his hands and feet frost-bitten1 or perhaps he never wakes again3 the sleep of drunkenness merges into the sleep of death4 ,as one considers these things one realises why the ,buddhist ,bouriat and the ,mohammedan ,tartar still adhere to their ancient faiths4 ,i do not think an ,englishman has a right to criticise other nations when so much remains to be done at home4 ,still one cannot truthfully say that1 however numerous her churches or well-attended her services1 the ,orthodox ,church directs ,russia while she is powerless to make headway against these vices4 ,the great trials through which ,russia has passed hold out every reason to hope that with liberty1 purity of worship will be again established1 and where there is purity of faith there must be mission work4 ,no doubt the ,government has hindered mission work2 in fact1 they have forbidden it in ,china4 ,christianity was to them so much the handmaid of the ,state as to be inconceivable outside the ,state2 but all this is breaking down4 ,the great mission work conducted in ,japan to which ,i have before referred has shown that the ,orthodox ,church grows well on ,eastern soil4 ,the existence of a village preserving the ,orthodox religion in the middle of ,china which has been spoken of above1 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