file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #dahfi-;h4htm or #dahfi-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#dahfi_/pg#dahfi-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#da hfi_/dahfi-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see http3_/_/archive4org_/details_/oldtavern signsex#jj;enderich ,,old ,,tavern ,,signs ,illustration3 ,old ,dutch ,signs ,from a ,painting by ,gerrit and ,job ,berkheyden ,,old ,,tavern ,,signs ,an ,excursion in the ,history of ,hospitality by ,,fritz ,,endell ,with ,illustrations by the ,author ,published by ,houghton ,mifflin ,company ,printed at ,the ,riverside ,press ,cambridge ,mdccccxvi ,copyright1 #aiaf1 by ,houghton ,mifflin ,company ,all ,rights ,reserved ,published ,november #aiaf ,,this ,,edition1 ,,printed ,,at ,,the ,,riverside ,,press1 ,,cambridge1 ,,consists ,,of ,,five ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,numbered ,,copies1 ,,of ,,which ,,five ,,hundred ,,are ,,for ,,sale4 ,,this ,,is ,,number #e ,preface ,for a sign6 as indeed man1 with his singular imaginative faculties1 can do little or nothing without signs4 ,,carlyle ,the author's love of the subject is his only apology for his bold undertaking4 ,first it was the filigree quality and the beauty of the delicate tracery of the wrought-iron signs in the picturesque villages of southern ,germany that attracted his attention2 then their deep symbolic significance exerted its influence more and more over his mind1 and tempted him at last to follow their history back until he could discover its multifarious relations to the thought and feeling of earlier generations4 ,for the shaping of the ,english text the author is greatly indebted to his ,american friends ,mr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,muzzey1 ,mr4 ,emil ,heinrich ,richter1 and ,mr4 ,carleton ,noyes4 ,contents ,i4 ,,hospitality ,,and ,,its ,,tokens #a ,,ii4 ,,ancient ,,tavern ,,signs #bc ,,iii4 ,,ecclesiastical ,,hospitality ,,and ,,its ,,signs #dg ,,iv4 ,,secular ,,hospitality3 ,,knightly ,,and ,,popular ,,signs #ge ,v4 ,,traveling ,,with ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,montaigne #aja ,,vi4 ,,tavern ,,signs ,,in ,,art--,,especially ,,in ,,pictures ,,by ,,the ,,dutch ,,masters #abg ,,vii4 ,,artists ,,as ,,sign-,,painters #ada ,,viii4 ,,the ,,sign ,,in ,,poetry #afg ,,ix4 ,,political ,,signs #ahg ,x4 ,,traveling ,,with ,,goethe ,,and ,,frederick ,,the ,,great #bag ,,xi4 ,,the ,,english ,,sign ,,and ,,its ,,peculiarities #bce ,,xii4 ,,the ,,enemies ,,of ,,the ,,sign ,,and ,,its ,,end #bei ,,envoy3 ,,and ,,the ,,moral8 #bgg ,,bibliography #bia ,,index #big ,illustrations ,,old ,,dutch ,,signs ,frontispiece ,from a painting by ,gerrit and ,job ,berkheyden ,,zum ,,schiff1 ,,in ,,stuttgart ,title-,page ,,zum ,,ochsen1 ,,in ,,bietigheim1 ,w,,rttemberg vi ,,the ,,cock1 ,,in ,,fleet ,,street1 ,,london #b ,,adam ,,and ,,eve #e ,from an engraving by ,hogarth ,,elefant ,,and ,,castle1 ,,london #g ,from an old woodcut ,,engel1 ,,in ,,murrhardt1 ,w,,rttemberg #aa ,,zum ,,goldnen ,,anker ,,in ,,besigheim1 ,w,,rttemberg #bj ,,engel1 ,,in ,,winnenden1 ,w,,rttemberg #bd ,,zum ,,rad1 ,,in ,,ravensburg1 ,w,,rttemberg #cg ,,zum ,,wilden ,,mann1 ,,in ,,esslingen1 ,w,,rttemberg #ch ,,roman ,,tavern ,,sign ,,from ,,isernia1 ,,italy #dc ,,campana ,,and ,,canone ,d',,oro1 ,,in ,,borgo ,,san ,,dalmazzo1 ,,italy #dd ,,lamm1 ,,in ,,erlenbach1 ,w,,rttemberg #dh ,,zum ,,ritter1 ,,in ,,degerloch1 ,w,,rttemberg #fe ,,the ,,good ,,woman1 ,,old ,,english ,,sign #fg ,,hie ,,zum ,,kindli1 ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,the ,,antiquarian ,,society ,,in ,z,,rich #ga ,,adler1 ,,in ,,leonberg1 ,w,,rttemberg #gf ,,zum ,r,,ssle1 ,,in ,,bozen1 ,,austria #hc ,,le ,,chat ,,qui ,,dort1 ,,mus,e ,,carnavalet1 ,,paris #hi ,,affenwagen1 ,,old ,,swiss ,,sign #ia ,,eagle ,,and ,,child1 ,,guildhall ,,museum1 ,,london #ajj ,,krone1 ,,in ,,leonberg1 ,w,,rttemberg #ajb ,,the ,,falcon1 ,,in ,,chester1 ,,england #aje ,,the ,,old ,,blue ,,boar1 ,,in ,,lincoln1 ,,england #aae ,,rose1 ,,in ,,murrhardt1 ,w,,rttemberg #aba ,,the ,,rowing ,,barge1 ,,in ,,wallingford1 ,,england #abe ,,the ,,trumpeter ,,before ,a ,,tavern #abh ,from a painting by ,du ,jardin in ,amsterdam ,a ,,baker',s ,,sign ,,in ,,borgo ,,san ,,dalmazzo1 ,,italy #ace ,,the ,,half-,,moon #acf ,from a painting by ,teniers in ,london ,,zur ,,post1 ,,in ,,leonberg1 ,w,,rttemberg #acg ,a ,,sign-,,painter #adb ,from an engraving by ,hogarth ,,enseigne ,,du ,r,,mouleur1 ,,paris #aec ,,the ,,goat1 ,,in ,,kensington1 ,,london #afc ,,zum ,,goldnen ,,hirsch1 ,,in ,,leonberg1 ,w,,rttemberg #afh ,,trattoria ,,del ,,gallo1 ,,in ,,tenda1 ,,italy #ahd ,,zum ,l,,wen1 ,,in ,,bietigheim1 ,w,,rttemberg #ahf ,,the ,,king ,,of ,w,,rttemberg1 ,,in ,,stuttgart #ahh ,,zur ,,krone1 ,,in ,,degerloch1 ,w,,rttemberg #aia ,,butcher ,,sign ,,in ,,oberstenfeld1 ,w,,rttemberg #aig ,,the ,,dog ,,and ,,pot1 ,,in ,,london #bad ,,zur ,,post1 ,,in ,,bietigheim1 ,w,,rttemberg #bah ,,aux ,,trois ,,lapins1 ,,old ,,parisian ,,sign #bbg ,,lamb ,,and ,,flag1 ,,in ,,east ,,bath1 ,,england #bcf ,,the ,,swan1 ,,in ,,wells1 ,,england #bch ,,four ,,swans1 ,,in ,,waltham ,,cross1 ,,england #bdj ,,salutation ,,inn1 ,,in ,,mangotsfield1 ,,england #bdd ,a club sign from the museum in ,taunton1 ,england ,,the ,,pack-,,horse1 ,,in ,,chippenham1 ,,england #bdf ,,zum ,,hirschen1 ,,in ,,winnenden1 ,w,,rttemberg #bec ,,cavallo ,,bianco1 ,,in ,,borgo ,,san ,,dalmazzo1 ,,italy #bfj ,,three ,,squirrels1 ,,in ,,london #bfb ,,zur ,,glocke1 ,,in ,,winnenden1 ,w,,rttemberg #bfd ,,zum ,,schl,,ssel1 ,,in ,,bozen1 ,,austria #bfg ,,the ,,dog ,,in ,,shoreditch #bgj ,from a woodcut in 8,a ,vademecum for ,malt-,worms10 in the ,british ,museum ,,the ,,queen1 ,,in ,,exeter1 ,,england #bgb ,,zum ,,storchen1 ,a ,,modern ,,sign ,,in ,,bietigheim #bgd ,,zur ,,traube1 ,,in ,,stuttgart1 ,,kolbstrasse #ad #bgf ,,sonne1 ,,in ,,neckarsulm1 ,w,,rttemberg #bgh ,,an ,,old ,,landlord #bha ,from the 8,schachbuch10 ,lbeck1 #adhi ,,death ,,and ,,the ,,landlord #bhc ,from a ,dance of ,death printed in the ,fifteenth ,century1 now in the ,court ,library in ,stuttgart ,,zur ,,sonne ,,in ,,winnenden1 ,w,,rttemberg #bhd ,,the ,,george ,,and ,,dragon1 ,,in ,,wargrave1 ,,england #bhf ,,zum ,,postgarten1 ,,in ,m,,nchen1 ,,bavaria #bhi ,the ,cover-,design is from the sign of the 8,goldene ,sonne0 in ,leonberg1 ,wrttemberg ,old ,tavern ,signs ,,chapter ,i ,,hospitality ,,and ,,its ,,tokens ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cock ,,fleet-,,street ,,london ,old ,tavern ,signs ,,chapter ,i ,,hospitality ,,and ,,its ,,tokens 8,und es ist vorteilhaft1 den ,genius ,bewirten3 giebst du ihm ein ,gastgeschenk1 ,so lsst er dir ein schneres zurck4 ,die ,sttte1 die ein guter ,mensch betrat1 ,ist eingeweiht44440 ,,goethe4 8,to house a genius is a privilege2 ,how fine so e'er a gift thou givest him1 ,he leaves a finer one behind for thee4 ,the spot is hallowed where a good man treads40 ,without a question1 the first journey that ever mortals made on this round earth was the unwilling flight of ,adam and ,eve from the ,garden of ,eden out into an empty world4 ,many of us who condemn this world as a vale of tears would gladly make the return journey into ,paradise1 picturing in bright colors the road that our first parents trod in bitterness and woe4 ,happy in a ,paradise in which all the beauties of the first creation were spread before their eyes1 where no enemies lurked1 and where even the wild beasts were faithful companions1 ,adam and ,eve could not1 with the least semblance of reason1 plead as an excuse for traveling that constraint which springs from man's inward unrest striving for the perfect haven of peace beyond the vicissitudes of his lot4 ,and as ,adam and ,eve went out1 weak and friendless1 into a strange world1 so it was long before their poor descendants dared to leave their sheltering homes and fare forth into unknown and distant parts4 ,still1 the bitter trials which the earliest travelers had to bear implanted in their hearts the seeds of a valor which has won the praise of all the spiritual leaders of men1 from the ,old ,testament worthies1 with their injunction 8to care for the stranger within the gates10 to the divine words of the ,nazarene3 8,i was a stranger1 and ye took me in4444 ,verily ,i say unto you1 ,inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren1 ye have done it unto me40 ,our first parents1 naturally1 could not enjoy the blessings of hospitality4 ,and still1 in later ages1 they have not infrequently been depicted on signs which hosts have hung out to proclaim a hospitality not gratuitous but hearty4 ,so in one of ,hogarth's drawings1 of the year #agej1 8,the ,march of the ,guards towards ,scotland10 which the artist himself later etched1 and dedicated to ,frederick the ,great1 we see ,adam and ,eve figuring on a tavern sign4 ,no visitor to ,london should fail to see this work of the ,english painter-satirist4 ,one may see a copy of it1 with other distinguished pictures1 in the large hall of a foundling asylum established in #agci1 especially for the merciful purpose of caring for illegitimate children in the cruel early years of their life4 ,this hall1 which is filled with valuable mementos of great men1 like ,hndel1 is open to visitors after church services on ,sundays4 ,and we would advise the tourist who is not dismayed by the thought of an hour's sermon to attend the service4 ,if he finds it difficult to follow the preacher in his theological flights1 he has but to sit quiet and raise his eyes to the gallery1 where a circlet of fresh child faces surrounds the stately heads of the precentor and the organist4 ,at the end of the service let him not forget to glance into the dining-hall1 where all the little folks are seated at the long fairy tables1 with a clear green leaf of lettuce in each tiny plate1 and each rosy face buried in a mug of gleaming milk4 ,this picture will be dearer to him in memory than many a canvas of noted masters in the ,national ,gallery4 ,the present-day tourist who takes the bus out ,finchley ,road to hunt up the old sign will be as sorely disappointed as if he expected to find the 8,angel0 shield in ,islington or the quaint 8,elephant and ,castle0 sign in ,south ,london4 ,almost all the old ,london signs have vanished out of the streets1 and only a few of them have taken refuge in the dark sub-basement of the ,guildhall ,museum1 where they lead a right pitiable existence1 dreaming of the better days when they hung glistening in the happy sunshine4 ,there were 8,adam and ,eve0 taverns in ,london1 in 8,little ,britain10 and in ,kensington ,high ,street4 ,in other countries1 ,france and ,switzerland1 for example1 they were called 8,paradise0 signs4 ,a last feeble echo of the old ,paradise sign lingers in the inscription over a fashion shop in modern ,paris1 8,au ,paradis des ,dames10 the woman's paradise1 in which are sold1 it must be said1 only articles for which ,eve in ,paradise had no use4 ,illustration3 ,,elefant,,and,,castle,,london ,gavarni1 who spoke the bitter phrase1 8,partout ,dieu n'est et n'a t que l'enseigne d'une boutique10 made bold in one of his lithographs of 8,scnes de la vie intime0 7#ahcg7 to inscribe over the gates of ,paradise1 from which the 8tenants0 were flying3 8,au pommier sans pareil40 ,schiller tells us that the world loves to smirch shining things and bring down the lofty to the dust4 ,this need not deter us from reading in the old ,paradise signs a reminder of the journey of our first parents1 and to enjoy thankfully the blessings of ordered hospitality to-day4 ,until this ordered hospitality prevailed1 however1 many centuries had to elapse1 and for the long interval every man who ventured out into the hostile wilderness resembled ,carlyle's traveler1 8overtaken by ,night and its tempests and rain deluges1 but refusing to pause2 who is wetted to the bone1 and does not care further for rain4 ,a traveler grown familiar with howling solitudes1 aware that the storm winds do not pity1 that ,darkness is the dead earth's shadow40 ,only the strong and bold could dare to defy wild nature1 especially when there was need to cross desolate places1 inhospitable mountains like the ,alps4 ,so the ancients celebrated ,hercules as a hero1 because he was the pioneer who made a road through their rough mountain world4 ,a still longer time had to elapse ere the traveler could rejoice in the beauties of nature which surrounded him4 ,the civilizing work of insuring safe highways had to be done before what ,macaulay names 8the sense of the wilder beauties of nature0 could be developed4 8,it was not till roads had been cut out of the rocks1 till bridges had been flung over the courses of the rivulets1 till inns had succeeded to dens of robbers 444 that strangers could be enchanted by the blue dimples of the lakes and by the rainbow which overhung the waterfalls1 and could derive a solemn pleasure even from the clouds and tempests which lowered on the mountain-tops40 ,no wonder1 then1 that the literature of olden times1 when traveling was so dangerous an occupation1 is filled with admonitions to hospitality4 ,the finest example of it1 perhaps1 is preserved in the ,bible story of the visit of the angels to ,abraham1 and later to ,lot4 ,this story deserves to be read again and again as the typical account of hospitality4 ,as is the custom to speak in the most modest terms of a meal to which one invites a guest1 calling it 8a bite0 or 8a cup of tea10 so ,abraham spoke to the angels1 8,i will fetch a morsel of bread1 and comfort ye your hearts40 ,then ,abraham told his wife to bake a great loaf1 while he himself went out to kill a fatted calf and bring butter and milk4 ,in like fashion ,lot extends his hospitality1 providing the strangers with water to refresh their tired feet1 and in the night even risking his life against the attacking ,sodomites1 to protect the guests who have come for shelter beneath his roof4 ,the feeling that a guest might be a divine messenger1 nay1 even ,deity itself1 continued into the ,new ,testament times1 as ,st4 ,paul's advice to the ,hebrews shows3 8,be not forgetful to entertain strangers1 for thereby some have entertained angels unawares40 ,and did not the disciples1 too1 at times1 receive their ,master as a guest in their homes1 the ,son of ,man1 the ,son of ,god8 ,william ,allen ,knight has dwelt on this thought very beautifully in his little book called 8,peter in the ,firelight03 8,the people of ,capernaum slept that night with glowings of peace lighting their dreams4 ,but in no house where loved ones freed from pain were sleeping was there gladness like in ,simon's2 for the ,master himself was sleeping there40 ,illustration3 ,murrhardt ,a later type of legend pictures the angels1 not as guests1 but as benefactors1 preparing a wonderful meal for starving monks who in their charity have given away all their possessions to the poor1 and have no bread to eat4 ,the tourist1 walking through the seemingly endless galleries of the ,louvre1 will pause a moment before the beautiful canvas on which ,murillo has depicted this story4 ,the ,french call it 8la cuisine des anges40 ,it is a historical fact that many cloisters were reduced to poverty in the ,middle ,ages on account of their generous almsgiving4 ,not all of them could lay claim to the holy ,diego of ,murillo's painting1 who could pray with such perfect trust in ,him who feeds the sparrows that angels came down from heaven into the cloister kitchen to prepare the meal4 ,the widespread popularity of these ,biblical stories and holy legends need cause no wonder that the angel was a favorite subject for tavern signs in the ,middle ,ages1 and that even at this day he takes so many an old inn under the patronage of his benevolent wings4 ,it has been asserted that the angel sign originated in the age of the ,reformation1 simply by leaving out the figure of the ,virgin ,mary from the portrayal of the scene of the ,annunciation4 ,but against this theory stands the fact that there were simple angel signs in the ,middle ,ages as well as ,annunciation signs4 ,we learn that the students of ,paris in the year #achj assembled for their revels in the tavern 8in angelo40 ,the records of these same ,parisian students tell us how they lingered over their cups in the tavern 8in duobus angelis10 in the year of grace #addi4 ,we may remark here in passing that the linen drapers' guild in ,london had as its escutcheon the three angels of ,abraham4 ,one need only to recall the full1 flowing garments of ,botticelli's angels to understand in what great respect the linen merchant would hold the angels as good customers of the drapery trade4 ,an angel in beggar's form brought ,st4 ,julian the good news of the pardon of the sins of his youth4 ,in a wild fit of anger the headstrong young ,julian had killed his parents4 ,as atonement for his dreadful crime he had done penance and built a refuge in which for many long years he freely cared for all travelers who came his way4 ,at last the angel's reward of hospitality was vouchsafed to him1 and in memory of his good works tavern-keepers chose him as their patron saint4 ,the stern ,consistory of ,geneva had evidently forgotten all these beautiful legends and their deep symbolical meaning1 when in the year #afdg it forbade a tavern-keeper to hang out an angel sign1 8ce qui est non accoutum en cette ville et scandaleux40 ,perhaps the grave city fathers of ,geneva remembered their by-gone student days in ,paris1 and the handsome angel hostess in the city on the ,seine1 where a contemporary of ,louis ,,xiv celebrated in song3-- 8,un ange que j'idoltre cause du bon vin qu'il a40 ,the most attractive angel tavern that the author has met in his travels is in the quiet little ,english town of ,grantham1 although he has to confess1 in the words of the ,german song3-- 8,es giebt so manche ,strasse1 da nimmer ich marschiert1 ,es giebt so manchen ,wein1 den ich nimmer noch probiert40 ,it was a sharp autumn day4 ,the wind that whistled about the lofty cathedral of ,lincoln had searched us to the marrow1 and we were well content after our ride from the station to find a kindly welcome at the 8,angel40 ,the faade of the dignified tavern1 which once belonged to the ,knights' ,templars1 and which saw the royal guests1 ,king ,john in #abac1 and ,king ,richard ,,iii in #adhc1 entertained within its walls1 is one of the most splendid architectural monuments that we saw in ,england4 ,as everywhere in this garden-land1 the ivy winds its green arms around the stiffer forms of the ,english ,gothic1 which often lack the warm picturesqueness of architectural detail that makes the wonderful charm of the ,french and the ,south ,german ,gothic4 ,over the lintel of the door of the tavern the sculptured angel shone resplendent in his golden glory4 ,a charming little balcony rested on his wings and his hands held out a crown of hospitable welcome to royal and common guests alike4 ,all these winged messengers of hospitality seem to say in the words of the ,old ,testament3 8,the stranger that dwelleth with you shall be unto you as one born among you1 and thou shalt love him as thyself3 for ye were strangers in the land of ,egypt40 ,the bitter experience of their own distress in a strange land planted in the hearts of the ,israelitish people a kindly feeling toward the stranger4 ,for all that1 much was permitted in dealing with a stranger which was forbidden in the case of a brother ,israelite4 ,the stranger might be made to pay interest1 and it was no infraction of the ,mosaic ,law to make him and his children men-servants and maidservants4 ,while1 then1 the law of the exclusive ,jews accorded certain rights to the stranger which the children of ,israel were warned not to impair1 the ,grco-,roman world1 on the other hand1 recognized no claim of the stranger4 8,il n'y a jamais de droit pour l'tranger10 says ,fustel de ,coulanges in 8,la ,cit antique40 ,the same word in ,latin means originally both enemy and stranger4 8,hostilis facies0 in ,virgil1 means the face of a stranger4 ,to avoid all chance of encountering the sight of a stranger while performing his sacred office1 the ,pontifex performed the sacrifice with veiled face4 ,in spite of this1 the stranger met with favorable consideration both at ,athens and at ,rome1 in case he was rich and distinguished4 ,commercial interests welcomed his arrival and bestowed on him the 8jus commercii0--7the right to engage in trade74 ,yet he came wholly within the protection of the laws only when he chose one of the citizens as his 8patron40 ,it seems as if it must have been embarrassing in those days to have shown one's 8hostilis facies0 in foreign lands and cities in the course of a journey undertaken for pleasure or to seek the cures at the bathing resorts4 ,still we know that the ,romans1 in their enthusiasm for this kind of travel1 built villas1 theaters1 temples1 and baths at some of the most celebrated watering-places of modern days1 like ,nice and ,wiesbaden4 ,the stiff and almost hostile attitude of classical antiquity toward the stranger was relieved by the hospitable custom which made the stranger almost a member of the family as soon as he had been received at the family hearth and had partaken of the family meal4 ,this function was a sacred one among the ancients1 for they believed that the gods were present at their table3 8,et mens credere adesse deos10 says ,ovid in the 8,fastes40 ,at especially festal meals it was the custom to crown the head with wreaths1 as in the case of the public meals1 where chosen delegates of the city1 clad in white1 met to partake of the food which was the symbol of their common life of citizenship2 or in the case of the bridal meals1 where the maiden1 veiled in white1 pledged herself forever to the bridegroom4 ,there was no rich wedding-cake1 like those common in ,england and ,america1 but a simple loaf1 8panis farreus10 which after the common prayer they ate in common 8under the eyes of the family gods40 8,so10 says ,plato1 8the gods themselves lead the wife to the home of her husband40 ,the custom of wearing a crown at solemn feasts was founded on the ancient belief that it was well pleasing to the gods4 8,if thou performest thy sacrifice and the meal was a sacrifice without the wreath upon thy head1 the gods will turn from thee10 says a fragment from ,sappho4 ,the sense of the nearness of the gods at mealtime and the beautiful old custom of pouring out a bit of wine for the invisible holy guest1 were preserved down to the time of the later ,romans4 ,we find the custom in vogue with such old sinners as ,horace and ,juvenal4 ,we shall recall the significance of the wreath as a symbol when we meet the ivy wreath later as a tavern sign4 ,but even in classical antiquity the exercise of free hospitality demanded certain tokens to preserve it from abuse at the hands of fraudulent strangers4 ,for example1 the so-called 8tessera hospitalis10 a tiny object in the shape of a ram's head or a fish1 was split in halves and shared by each party to the agreement of hospitality4 ,by presenting his half of the 8tessera0 the stranger could always prove his identity and his claims to a hospitable reception by the family to which he came4 ,other tokens were small ivory or metal hands carved with appropriate inscriptions4 ,the latter were also sometimes exchanged on the negotiation of treaties between nations4 ,in the medallion cabinet at ,paris there is one of these treaty-hands in bronze1 commemorating a treaty between the ,gallic tribe of the ,velavii and a ,greek colony--probably ,marseilles4 ,this hand of hospitality1 like the wreath1 was a frequent motive in the development of the tavern sign4 ,in fact1 it was so frequent in the ,german lands that the people were accustomed to call the tavern1 in figurative speech1 the 8place where the good ,god stretched out his hands40 ,if we recall the deep symbolic meaning of such signs1 we shall not find this nave expression of the people shocking1 like the ,puritan ,consistory at ,geneva1 whose narrow-minded prohibition of the angel sign we have already noticed4 ,illustration3 ,,besigheim ,now1 before passing to the study of the origins of entertainment for pay1 with its signs 7which were really the first tavern signs7 let us turn back to the old ,germans1 to note their idea of hospitality4 ,the ,german fathers1 too1 tell in a beautiful story of the reception of a divine guest in the cottage of a mortal1 and of a reward like that which ,abraham had for his spirit of friendly aid4 ,in one of the religious songs of the 8,edda10 which probably originated in the ,north-,scottish islands1 we read how the god ,heimdall1 in the disguise of a humble traveler1 visited the hut of an aged couple1 and was honorably received by them3-- 8,then ,edda brought forward a loaf of graham bread1 ,firm1 thick and full of hulls2 ,and more1 too1 she brought to the table1 ,and set thereon the bowl of soup40 ,,rigspula1 #d4 ,in the sayings of ,hars 7i4e41 of ,odin7 the ,lofty1 the rule of hospitality is stated3-- 8,hail to the ,givers6 a guest enters4 ,say where he shall sit4 ,he cannot stay long ,who must seek his living in the chase on snowshoes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he who comes from afar needs fire1 ,for his knees are stiff with the cold4 ,he who has crossed the mountain cliffs1 ,needs food and clothing sore4 ,water and welcoming greeting he needs ,and the towel to dry him from the bath40 ,so even the old ,germans had felt the blessings of hospitality1 and received the angel's reward4 ,an old poet expressed it in a simple phrase3-- 8,a bit of bread1 and the offer of the cup ,won me a noble friend40 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,ancient ,,tavern ,,signs ,illustration3 ,engel ,winnenden1 ,wrttemberg ,,chapter ,,ii ,,ancient ,,tavern ,,signs 8,la bourse du voyageur1 cette bourse prcieuse1 contient tout pour lui1 puisque la sainte hospitalit n'est plus l pour le reevoir au seuil des maisons avec son doux sourire et sa cordialit auguste40 ,,victor ,,hugo 7,le ,rhin74 ,we must now take leave of 8holy hospitality0 which is written in the hearts of men and truly needs no outward sign1 and must follow ,iago's counsel3 8,put money in thy purse60 ,for our journey is no longer from friend to friend1 but from host to host and from sign to sign4 ,regret it as we may1 a hospitality for profit's sake had to succeed the old free hospitality of friends4 ,the widening commerce of the ,roman world-empire could hardly have existed without a well-regulated business of entertainment along those magnificent roads by which the empire was bound together4 ,the traveler was more and more unlikely1 with every extension of the area of his far journeyings1 to find houses to which he was bound by the friendly ties of genuine hospitality2 while he who remained quietly by his own fireside 78qui sedet post fornacem07 would find the constantly increasing duties of the voluntary host growing to be so great a burden that he would be relieved to see the establishment of public inns4 ,indeed1 he may himself1 at first1 have sought relief by charging his guests a nominal sum to defray their expense4 ,at any rate1 it would be very difficult to fix an exact line between these two forms of entertainment1 which existed side by side for long ages of antiquity4 ,certain it is that at some moment1 we know not just when1 there appeared the ,pompeian inscription over the tavern door3 8,hospitium hic locatur40 7,hospitality for hire47 ,that was the birth-hour of the tavern sign4 ,we cannot hide the fact that the beginnings of business hospitality were of a very unedifying character1 under the plague of ,mammon4 ,in ,jewish and ,gentile society alike they must have been closely akin to that kind of hospitality against whose smooth speech and ,egyptian luxury the wise old ,solomon warned foolish youth in his ,proverbs4 ,witness the identical word in ,hebrew to denote a courtesan and a tavern hostess2 witness ,plato's exclusion of the tavern-keeper from his ideal republic2 witness the reluctance of the respectable ,greek and ,roman to enter a tavern4 ,in the ,berlin collection of antiques there is a stone relief which has been pronounced an old ,roman tavern sign4 ,on it the 8,quattuor sorores10 or four sisters1 are represented as frivolous women4 ,and there are charges entered on old ,roman tavern bills which could not possibly appear on a hotel bill to-day4 ,both the rich and the poor were imbued with the spirit of ,horace's words3-- 8,pereant qui crastina curant1 ,mors aurem vellens3 ,vivite1 ait1 venio40 7,dismiss care for the morrow1 ,death tweaks us by the ear and says1 ,drink1 for ,i come47 ,this spirit reveals itself in a dance of death1 which decorated the beautiful silver tankards found in ,boscoreale1 a ,pompeian suburb4 ,and so we must not be surprised to see later1 during the ,middle ,ages1 even on tavern signs the grim figure of ,death2 as for example1 on the ,french tavern1 8,la ,mort qui trompe40 ,the magnificent frescoes of the rich in ,pompeian art show us a palatial feasting-hall with the inscription1 8,facite vobis suaviter0 7,enjoy your life here72 and at the same time the tavern guests for a few pennies woo the philosophy of 8carpe diem0--the careless abandonment to pleasure that knows no concern for the morrow4 ,another inscription found in ,pompeii makes the tavern ,hebe say3 8,for an as penny ,i give you good wine2 for a double as1 still better wine2 for four ases1 the famed ,falerian wine of song40 ,to be sure1 the wine was often pretty bad in these greasy inns--,horace's 8uncta popina40 ,one guest relieved his mind of his complaint by writing on the chamber wall3 8,o mine host1 you sell the doctored wine1 but the undiluted you drink yourself40 ,on the same wall1 which seems to have served as a kind of 8guest-book0 78libro dei forestieri07 are the names of many guests1 one of whom complains in touching phrase that he is sleeping far away from his beloved wife for whom he yearns3 8urbanam suam desiderabat40 ,in spite of the contempt which ancient writers all manifest for these wine-shops and inns1 we remark that men of the senatorial order1 like ,cicero1 did not scorn at times to stop for a few hours on their summer journey at some country inn like the 8,three ,taverns10 in the neighborhood of ,rome1 to call for a letter or to write one4 ,this was the same 8,tres ,tabern0 to which the ,roman ,christians went out to meet the ,apostle ,paul1 to welcome him with brotherly greetings after the trials of his ,christian ,odyssey4 ,we read in the ,acts of the ,apostles how great his joy was when he saw them1 and how 8he thanked ,god and took courage40 ,he had no need1 however1 of the tavern4 ,the hospitality of ,christian fraternity1 which he had praised so beautifully in his message to the ,roman community1 now received him with open arms4 ,the very name 8tavern10 which in its ,latin original means a small wooden house built of 8tabul10 or blocks1 indicates the very modest origins of professional hospitality4 ,and we must distinguish1 in the olden times as in the ,middle ,ages1 between hospitality proper1 which takes the guest in overnight1 and the mere charity which refreshes him with food and drink and sends him on his way4 ,the original sign of the tavern-keeper is the wreath of ivy with which ,bacchus and his companions are crowned1 and which twines around the ,bacchante's thyrsos staff4 ,as the ivy is evergreen1 so is ,bacchus ever young 78juvenis semper071 ,shakespeare's 8eternal boy40 ,as the ivy winds its closely clinging vine around all things1 so ,bacchus enmeshes the senses of men4 ,thus the custom grew of crowning the wine-jars with ivy1 a custom which ,matthias ,claudius1 in his famous ,rhine wine song1 has described thus3-- 8,crown with ivy the good full jars ,and drink them to the lees4 ,in all of ,europe1 my jolly tars1 ,you'll find no wines like these40 ,now1 whether a good wine really needed the recommendation of the wreath was a question on which experts were not agreed4 ,in general1 the ancients leaned to the opinion that 8good wine needs no bush0--8,vino vendibili suspensa hedera non opus est40 ,the ,french later expressed the same idea in their proverb1 8 bon vin point d'enseigne02 though ,la ,fontaine seems to have been of a different mind when he said1 8,l'enseigne fait la chalandise40 ,and ,shakespeare enters the controversy in his epilogue to 8,as ,you ,like ,it10 when he makes ,rosalind say1 8,if it be true that good wine needs no bush1 'tis true that a good play needs no epilogue40 ,an ,english humorist1 ,george ,greenfield of ,henfield 7whoever he may be71 is fully of the opinion that there is no need of the bush3 8,no1 certainly not10 says he2 8all that is wanted is a corkscrew and a clean glass or two40 ,it is perfectly natural that gloomy and distrustful natures like ,schopenhauer's should have no confidence in the sign4 ,he uses the word 8sign0 always as a synonym for deceit4 ,he calls academic chairs 8tavern signs of wisdom02 and illuminations1 bands1 processions1 cheers1 and the like1 8tavern signs of joy0--8whereas real joy is generally absent1 having declined to attend the feast40 ,wieland shows the same mistrust in his verses of ,amadis3-- 8,the finest looks prove only for the soul ,what gilded signs prove for the tavern-bowl40 ,on the other hand1 happy optimistic natures like ,fischart's1 the author of the famous 8,ship of ,fools0 78,narrenschiff071 and perhaps of its jolly woodcuts as well1 give full credence to a handsome sign4 8,how shall you think10 says he1 8that poor wine can go with so brave a sign displayed1 or that so neat an inn can harbor a slovenly host or guest80 ,we can see what an important business the making of wreaths was in ancient times by the place which the ,amorettes1 who were engaged in this work1 had in the favorite ,pompeian wall frescoes1 which portray ,cupids in varied activities4 ,we look into the workshop where a small winged figure is working industrially twining garlands2 or into the sale-shop where a tiny ,psyche is asking the price of a wreath4 ,the winged saleslady answers her in the finger language which the ,italians still use3 8,since it is you1 pretty maiden1 only two ases40 ,a very favorite tavern sign in the later times also dates from high antiquity1 namely1 the pentagram1 triangles intersecting so as to make this figure 99 hexagram symbol4 ,the ,pythagoreans held this as a talisman of health and protection4 ,the ,northern myths called the sign a footprint of a swan-footed animal4 ,they called it the 8,drudenfuss10 and thought it would protect men against evil spirits like the 8,trude10 a female devil-nixie which harassed sleepers4 ,we see the sign in the study-scene in the first part of 8,faust02 and remark how evil spirits and the devil himself could slip into human habitations if the pentagram before the door was not fully closed at the apexes--but had a hard time getting out again4 ,the elfish verses are well known3-- 8,mephistopheles3 ,i must confess it6 just a little thing ,prevents my getting out beyond the threshold3 ,that is the ,drudenfuss before the door4 8,faust3 ,ah1 then the pentagram is in thy way6 ,so tell me then1 abandoned son of ,hell1 ,if that can stop thee how thou camest in2 ,can such a spirit be so tricked and caught6 8,mephistopheles3 ,look closely6 ,it is badly drawn3 one angle1 ,the one that's pointing outward1 is not closed4 8,faust3 ,ah1 that's a lucky fall of fortune then2 ,it makes thee willy-nilly captive here40 ,besides wreath and pentagram1 we find among the ancients a third customary sign of hospitality1 namely1 a chessboard1 which invited the passer-by to a game of draughts along with a draught of wine4 ,the game was not chess1 for that came to ,europe from the ,east in the post-classical age4 ,hogarth's engraving 8,beerstreet0 shows us that this sign prevailed in old ,england1 for the characteristic signpost in front of the tavern door is painted in black and white checkered squares4 ,painted and carved animal images also served as signs in ,roman times4 ,we have a few examples left1 and the names of a great many more4 ,in ,pompeii there was a little inn called the 8,elephant10 in which one could rent a dining-room with three couches and all modern comforts 78cum commodis omnibus074 ,the sign represents an elephant1 around whose body a serpent is entwined1 and to whose defense a dwarf is running4 ,it was an animal scene on an old sign that inspired ,phdron with his fable of the battle of the rats and the weasels2 so the author tells us at the opening of his poem3 8,historia quorum et in tabernis pingitur40 ,perhaps the host of the 8,elephant0 had an ancestor in the ,african wars1 and in his honor chose the ,african animal as a sign2 just as the host of the 8,cock10 in the ,roman ,forum1 hung out for a sign a ,cimbric shield captured in the old wars against ,germania4 ,on the shield he had painted a stately rooster with the inscription3 8,imago galli in scuto ,cimbrico picta40 ,the choice of the elephant1 however1 might be due simply to the preference which tavern-keepers showed for strange and wonderful beasts4 ,for the traveler would first stop and stare at the queer animal1 and then1 like as not1 turn in at the door1 half expecting that the wily host might be harboring the very beast in real life4 ,there was a grand elephant sign on a ,strassburg tavern1 which invited to a hospitable table the young students of the town1 especially the law students--among them a young man named ,goethe4 ,the elephant stood erect on his hind legs1 and the toast of the students was3 8 l'lve en droit0 7 l'lphant droit74 ,among other figures of animals on ,roman signs the eagle was a great favorite4 ,the ,romans bore the eagle on their standards1 after having long accorded the honor to the she-wolf1 the minotaur1 and the wild boar4 ,the ,corinthians likewise carried a ,pegasus1 and the ,athenians an owl1 on their banners4 ,the sign was closely related to the banner3 it was a kind of rigid flag4 ,we shall see later1 in the ,dutch pictures1 how1 at the jolly kermess1 flag and shield together invited the peasant to drink and dance4 ,in medival ,france the tavern hosts hung out flags on which the sign was painted or woven in colors4 ,the ,french word 8enseigne0 means originally a flag3 8,le signe militaire sous lequel se rangent les soldats10 as the classic definition in ,diderot's famous ,encyclopdie runs4 ,a secondary definition is3 8,le petit tableau pendu une boutique40 ,the ,romans seldom had signs that hung free1 such as the ,cimbric shield described above4 ,generally their signs were paintings or reliefs on a wall4 ,there were in the shops of ,pompeii depressions in the wall made especially to receive these signs4 ,so1 too1 the so-called 8dealbator0 whitewashed a place on the wall for the election bulletins4 ,sometimes the painter used wood or glass as the ground for his sign4 ,we find all the ,roman animal signs--storks1 bears1 dragons1 as well as the eagle1 the cock1 and the elephant--in the later ,christian ages4 ,it is not impossible that the eagle signs of later days are the direct descendants of the old ,roman eagle2 and they probably existed in most of the old towns founded by the ,romans--,mayence1 ,speyer1 ,worms1 ,basel1 ,constance4 ,the names that have come down to us are chiefly of taverns in the ,african colonies4 ,here we find1 curiously enough1 the wheel 78ad rotam071 the symbol of ,st4 ,catherine1 which we shall meet later in ,christian lands2 for example1 in a picturesque sign in the old town of ,ravensburg in ,wrttemberg4 ,illustration3 ,zumwilden ,mann ,elingen ,in ,spain we find the ,moor 78ad ,maurum07 who kept his popularity for centuries4 ,in ,sardinia1 ,hercules1 the pattern of the later hero with the 8big stick10 as he appears in the ,german sign at ,esslingen4 ,some of the inns had names of heathen divinities1 like ,diana1 or ,mercury1 the god of commerce1 or ,apollo1 whose emblem the sun shed its inviting rays from so many a tavern portal in fair and foul weather alike4 ,a tavern in ,lyons was named 8,ad ,mercurium et ,apollinem03 8,mercurius hic lucrum permittit1 ,apollo salutem0 78,here ,mercury dispenses prosperity1 and ,apollo health074 ,it is possible that these taverns had gods as signs1 just as in the ,middle ,ages the streets abounded in images of the ,madonna and saints1 which invited the traveler to turn in for profit or pleasure4 ,tertullian tells us that there was not a public bath or tavern without its image of a god3 8balnea et stabula sine idolo non sunt40 ,after the victory of ,christianity the images of the gods were cheap3 tavern-keepers could buy them for a few obols4 ,we can little doubt that among this 8rubbish0 was many a precious work of art which the museums of to-day would be proud to own4 ,it would be hard to say whether an unbroken tradition connects the signs of the ,middle ,ages with those of like name in classical antiquity4 ,many a sign may have been invented anew4 ,but that we have learned much directly from the old ,romans in the field of hospitality is proved by a curious fact4 ,the ,bavarian ,kndel1 which every true ,bajuware claims as an indigenous1 national institution1 are prepared to-day exactly like the old ,roman 8globuli10 after the recipes of ,columella and ,varro4 ,such1 at least1 is the assurance of ,herr von ,liebenau in his interesting book on ,swiss hospitality4 ,we remarked above that it was by their roads especially that the ,romans extended their power over all the world4 ,we must notice now briefly the ,roman post-system1 the 8cursus publicus10 whose coaches probably carried travelers from tavern to tavern like the modern mail-coaches4 ,we must1 however1 curb the imagination of the reader with a reminder that practically only the state officials used this service4 ,not every country bumpkin could mount with market-basket on his arm1 to make a jolly journey over hill and dale to the sound of the echoing horn4 ,still the ,emperor or his prefect could issue tickets to private persons2 and furthermore1 these persons could1 under certain circumstances1 get a sort of ,cook's ticket1 called 8diploma tractoria10 which included board and lodging as well as transportation4 ,if the journey lay through a lonely region1 where there were no private taverns to provide shelter for the night1 the traveler might put up at the state inn 78mansio07 which the province was obliged to maintain at public cost1 with all the necessities and comforts to which respectable ,roman travelers were accustomed4 ,one can well understand how1 as the empire disintegrated1 the provincials were glad to throw off this hated compulsory tax for the support of the state inn4 ,it was not till the time of ,charlemagne that the institution was revived as a military-feudal service along the routes of the imperial army4 ,whether these ,roman state inns displayed signs or not1 we do not know4 ,it is1 however1 very likely that they were distinguished by the sign of the ,roman eagle1 and so became the type of the later private eagle inns4 ,here let us remark that the post-coaches of our own day1 which seem to us an institution dating from the ,deluge1 are a comparatively late invention4 ,the first so-called 8land-coach0 in ,germany was established between ,ulm and ,heidelberg in the year #afhc4 ,through all the ,middle ,ages and the ,renaissance period1 we depended on mounted messengers1 traveling cloister brothers1 university students1 and rare travelers to carry messages4 ,in ,wrttemberg1 where we find to-day the most abundant reminders of the good old post-coach days1 and consequently the finest old signs1 bands of 8noble post-boys0 are found1 including the distinguished names of ,trotha and ,hutten4 ,that the common workman1 even in the ,roman days1 had to use 8shank's mare0 when he went traveling goes without saying4 ,but the well-to-do burgher or trader who had no license to ride in the state post-coach rode on his horse or his high mule4 ,horse and saddle remained for centuries the only method of travel after the ,roman roads had fallen into that state of dilapidation from which they fully recovered only in the days of ,napoleon4 ,one needs only to look at the coaches of princes in past centuries to see for what bottomless mud-bogs these lumbering vehicles were built4 ,montaigne rode on horseback from his home in ,bordeaux to the baths of southern ,france and ,italy1 although he seems1 from the entries in his diary1 to have been very much afflicted with 8distempers40 ,a late ,roman relief found in ,isernia 7in ,samnium7--a kind of tavern sign--shows us a traveler holding his mule by the bridle as he takes leave of the hostess and pays his account4 ,the traveler has on his cloak and hood4 ,the hood1 even up to ,seume's time 7i4e41 up to the end of the eighteenth century71 was generally worn by travelers in ,italy1 and especially in ,sicily3 8,my mule-driver showed a tender solicitude for me10 wrote ,seume1 8and gave me his hood4 ,he could not understand how ,i dared to travel without one4 ,this peculiar kind of dark-brown mantle with its pointed headgear is the standard dress in all ,italy1 and especially in ,sicily4 ,i took a great fancy to it1 and if ,i may judge from this night's experience1 ,i have a great inclination toward ,capuchin vows1 for ,i slept very well40 ,illustration3 ,,roman,,tavern,,sign,,from,,isernia ,we have had to confine ourselves in the treatment of ancient signs entirely to ,roman examples1 for we have very little knowledge of ,greek signs4 ,in fact1 the tavern sign seems to have come late into ,greece1 through ,roman influence4 ,we hear of a tavern 8,the ,camel0 at the ,pirus1 also of a sailors' inn having the sign in relief3 a boiled calf's head and four calf's feet4 ,we shall later see what an important part signs played in directing travelers in a city through the ,middle ,ages and even in modern times4 ,they took the place of house numbers and street names4 ,in ancient ,rome a whole quarter was often named after an inn1 like the 8,bear in the ,cap0 78vicus ursi pileati074 ,this is the longest-lived bear in history3 he lives even to-day4 ,an excellent ,german tavern guide1 ,hans ,barth1 writes in his delightful little book 8,osteria03 8,on the quay of the ,tiber was the famous old inn of the ,bear1 where ,charlemagne lodged1 because the ,cafarelli ,palace was not yet built2 where ,father ,dante frolicked with the pussy-cats2 where ,master ,rabelais raised his famous bumpers of wine40 ,in ,montaigne's time the ,bear was so frightfully stylish an inn1 with its rooms hung with gilded leather1 that the essayist stayed there only two days and then forthwith sought a private lodging4 ,illustration3 ,campana and ,canone d',oro ,borgo ,san ,dalmazzo1 ,italy ,in modern ,italy there are only a few interesting signs4 ,the most delightful ones 7the ,golden ,cannon1 and the ,bell7 we found in the main street of the ,north ,italian mountain town of ,borgo ,san ,dalmazzo4 ,the 8,white ,horse0 78cavallo bianco07 was a little off the main street4 ,the form of these was probably influenced by the proximity of ,switzerland--a country very rich in beautiful signs4 ,seume1 who had the finest opportunity for studying taverns and signs in his walking tour from ,leipzig to ,syracuse1 often mentions the name of his inn2 as1 for instance1 8,hell0 in ,imola1 or the 8,elephant0 in ,catania4 ,but there was only one ,italian town in which the signs impressed him3 that was ,lodi4 8,the people of ,lodi10 he writes1 8must be very imaginative if one can judge them from their signs4 ,one of them1 over a shoemaker's shop1 represents a ,genius taking a man's measure--a motif which reminds one of ,pompeii40 ,our excellent guide1 who has an eye for everything picturesque1 does not seem to have met much of interest from ,verona to ,capri4 ,an exception was the 8,osteria del ,penello10 in ,florence1 on the ,piazza ,san ,martino1 a tavern established about the year #aejj by ,albertinelli1 the friend of ,raphael4 ,on the sign over the door was the jolly curly head of the founder1 who1 when the envy of his colleagues poisoned the work of his brush1 here established a tavern4 ,an inscription read3 8,once ,i painted flesh and blood1 and earned only contempt2 now ,i give flesh and blood1 and all men praise my good wine40 ,barth also mentions1 by the way1 the characteristic wall-paintings of ,italy that rest on the old ,roman tradition and yet serve as tavern signs1 like the 8,three ,madonnas0 of the ,porta ,pincia in ,rome3 8,a portal decorated with three pictures of the ,mother of ,god leads into the green garden court40 ,lest the thought of a religious painting serving as a tavern sign should shock any of our readers1 we hasten to turn to the study of religious hospitality and its emblems4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,ecclesiastical ,,hospitality ,,and ,,its ,,signs ,illustration3 ,lamm ,erlenbach1 ,wrttemberg ,,chapter ,,iii ,,ecclesiastical ,,hospitality ,,and ,,its ,,signs 8,use hospitality one to another without grudging40 ,i ,peter ,,iv1 #i4 ,rome was to conquer the northern ,germanic world once more1 not with the sword as had been the case in the olden days of a pagan ,rome1 but with the cross and its exponent1 the monk4 ,the northward surging wave of ,roman ,csarism had been followed by the tidal wave1 southward-roaring1 of ,germanic barbarians4 ,the orderly life of one vast empire gave way to the restlessness and insecurity of the period of migration and a shattered empire4 ,not individuals but whole peoples go a-traveling with household goods and wife and children1 whole towns and countries become their inns1 the standard of the conquerors are their tavern signs4 ,then again flowing northward1 progressing by insensible stages1 comes the silent throng of monastic brotherhoods1 the ,benedictines in the van1 who bring forth various orders from their midst1 the ,cistercians among others1 who dig and reclaim the soil with their spades and later1 as builders1 dedicate it to their ,god1 unknown and now revealed1 with high-soaring monuments of worship4 ,undaunted by solitude1 fearless of the wildness of desolate regions1 they enter the forest primeval to clear it and establish quiet homesteads for themselves and their worship2 their doors are open to all those who pass their way4 ,for had not ,st4 ,benedict1 mindful of repeated apostolic admonitions to the bishops1 included hospitality in the rules of his order8 ,therefore ere long there lacked not in any convent certain rooms given over to the comfort of the wayfarer1 be it a 8hospitium10 a 8hospitale10 or a 8receptaculum40 ,witness the ,hospice of the ,great ,st4 ,bernard in the ,alps of the ,vallais1 named after the pious founder of that earliest of ,occidental orders1 part of the convent erected in the ninth century by the bishops of ,lausanne1 while the shelter on ,mont ,cenis is said to date back to a past equally remote4 ,beginning with the year #ajjj1 convents likewise erect inns in the villages1 outside of their immediate domains1 leasing these against rental1 while in the towns pilgrim inns1 poor men's taverns1 and 8,seelhuser0 are endowed for the free housing of pilgrims and wayfarers1 evolving later into town inns4 ,to the pilgrim1 then1 who wended his way to the tombs of saints1 and1 in the crusade times1 to the holiest of graves in ,jerusalem1 medival hospitality is mainly devoted4 ,the crusaders were agents of especial power in the development of hospitality1 since on his lengthy journey the pilgrim stood in need1 not only of food and shelter1 but also of convoy along roads perilous everywhere4 ,the ,knights of ,st4 ,john set themselves these two tasks1 to care for the pilgrims and escort them in safety1 which is implied by their name 8fratres hospitales ,s4 ,johannis40 ,in the rule of their order 7ca4 #aaah7 the foremost duty of lay as well as clerical brothers was to serve the poor1 8our lords40 ,with like intent of safeguarding pilgrims the ,order of ,knights ,templars was instituted in #aaai1 especially for the care of ,german pilgrims4 ,we may venture to assume from their name1 8,order of the ,german ,house of our dear ,lady in ,jerusalem10 that a homelike ,madonna picture adorned their hospitable house as a pious welcome4 ,shakespeare has inimitably described the warlike duties of these orders1 duties which went hand in hand with kindly care and hospitality1 in the first part of 8,henry ,,iv03-- 8,to chase these pagans1 in those holy fields ,over whose acres walk'd those blessed feet ,which1 fourteen hundred years ago1 were nailed ,for our advantage1 on the bitter cross40 ,these knightly orders1 whose hospitable roofs originally sheltered the pious pilgrims bound for ,jerusalem1 also opened in welcome the gates of their proud houses at home1 which still adorn more than one old ,german town4 ,when ,luther was summoned to ,worms by the ,emperor1 in #aeba1 he stayed with the ,knights of ,st4 ,john4 ,here in this noble inn he exclaimed to his friends1 after the ordeal1 with upraised arms1 and face shining with joy3 8,i am through1 ,i am through40 ,like an enduring rock he had stood his ground and had expressed his unalterable will to be a free ,christian in those famous words3 8,hier stehe ich1 ich kann nicht anders1 ,gott helfe mir6 ,amen40 ,in like manner ,luther had accepted ecclesiastical hospitality on his journey ,romeward1 as a young monk1 notably on the part of the ,order of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,from the pages of that ,baedeker of the fifteenth century1 the 8,mirabilia ,romae10 we can realize how thoroughly a pilgrimage to ,rome was viewed in those days as a pious journey to hallowed places1 relics and tombs of the saints4 ,the work referred to appeared first as a block-book1 with pictures and text both printed from the same wood block4 ,the youthful monk may well have carried such an early copy of the 8,mirabilia0 in his cowl when he entered the holy precincts of the ,eternal ,city1 which revealed itself to his great disillusionment as an ungodly spot and the seat of ,anti-,christ4 ,occasionally we also see the great reformer descending at a lay tavern1 such as the famous inn of the ,high ,lily in ,erfurt1 which subsequently saw within its walls great warriors like ,maurice of ,saxony and ,gustavus ,adolphus4 ,to this day there is in ,england a hospital founded by the ,knights of ,st4 ,john1 in which every wayfarer can obtain bread and ale upon request4 ,this is the 8,hospital of ,st4 ,cross without the walls of ,winchester10 as it is called in a document in the ,british ,museum2 ceded by the ,knights ,hospitallers of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem to ,richard ,toclive1 ,bishop of ,winchester1 in #aahe1 the bishop raising the number of poor there entertained from #aac to #bac1 of whom #bjj were to be fed and #ac fed and clothed4 ,emerson once made a pilgrimage to the hospital1 claimed and received the victuals1 and triumphantly quoted the incident as a proof of the majestic stabilities of ,english institutions4 ,in his wake numberless ,americans yearly wend their way to the ,hospital of the ,holy ,cross1 and to the beautiful ,minster of ,winchester embedded in verdure4 ,there they lodge either at the 8,george10 or1 more cozily yet1 in the ancient 8,god begot ,house0 of a type found1 perhaps1 in ,england only4 ,another ,american no less renowned1 ,mark ,twain1 the 8,new ,pilgrim10 as he styled himself1 has felt on his own physical self the blessings of clerical hospitality in ,palestine1 the land of ecclesiastic foundations1 which he celebrates as follows in his 8,innocents ,abroad03 8,i have been educated to enmity toward all that is ,catholic1 and sometimes1 in consequence of this1 ,i find it much easier to discover ,catholic faults than ,catholic merits4 ,but there is one thing ,i feel no disposition to overlook1 and no disposition to forget3 and that is1 the honest gratitude ,i and all pilgrims owe to the ,convent ,fathers in ,palestine4 ,their doors are always open1 and there is always a welcome for any worthy man who comes1 whether he comes in rags or clad in purple4444 ,a pilgrim without money1 whether he be a ,protestant or a ,catholic1 can travel the length and breadth of ,palestine1 and in the midst of her desert wastes find wholesome food and a clean bed every night1 in these buildings4444 ,our party1 pilgrims and all1 will always be ready and always willing to touch glasses and drink health1 prosperity1 and long life to the ,convent ,fathers in ,palestine40 ,we may well believe that private individuals then as now bid for the patronage of pilgrims4 ,shakespeare tells us of a case in point1 in his 8,all's ,well that ,ends ,well0 7,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 ,v74 ,helena appears in ,florence in search of her husband gone to the wars1 8clad in the dress of a pilgrim10 and inquires where the palmers lodge4 ,a kindly widow tells her 8at the ,franciscans here near the port02 but knows how to win the fair pilgrim by her words3-- 8,i will conduct you where you shall be lodged ,the rather1 for1 ,i think1 ,i know your hostess ,as ample as myself40 ,if1 on the other hand1 we consider how pilgrims made their long journey more toilsome yet1 as related by ,helena herself1-- 8,barefoot plod ,i the cold ground upon ,with sainted vow my faults to have amended10-- we shall appreciate how gratefully the proffer of the good widow must have been accepted4 ,the hospitality of the monks was not always lavish2 on the contrary1 it proved scant and poor1 as ,germany's greatest troubadour1 ,walter von der ,vogelweide1 to his sorrow experienced4 ,once he turned aside more than four miles from his road in order to visit the far-famed convent of ,tegernsee4 ,the learned monks1 whose library forms to-day one of the treasures of the ,state ,library in ,munich1 may have been too deeply engrossed in the transcription of a classic author1 or in elaborate miniature paintings2 at any rate1 they did not realize what noble guest sat at their board and brought him--not the choice vintage which the thirsty poet expected but simply water3-- 8,ich schalt sie nicht1 doch genade ,gott uns beiden1 ,ich nahm das ,wasser1 also nasser ,musst ich von des ,mnches ,tische scheiden40 ,if guests were thus given cause for complaints of their treatment by the convents1 the monks on their side had no less ground for occasional displeasure at the abuse of their hospitality4 ,carlyle cites an instance of this kind in 8,past and ,present02 the excellent abbot1 ,simon of ,edmundsbury1 had forbidden tournaments within his domain4 ,in spite of this prohibition twenty-four young nobles arranged a knightly joust under his very nose1 so to speak4 ,not content with that1 they rode gayly to the convent at its conclusion and demanded supper and a night's lodging4 8,here is modesty10 says ,carlyle4 8,our ,lord ,abbot1 being instructed of it1 orders the ,gates to be closed2 the whole party shut in4 ,the morrow was the vigil of the ,apostles ,peter and ,paul2 no out-gate on the morrow4 ,giving their promise not to depart without permission1 those four-and-twenty young bloods dieted all that day with the ,lord ,abbot waiting for trial on the morrow40 ,and now ,carlyle cites his own source the 8,jocelini ,chronica03 ,but 8after dinner0--mark it1 posterity6--8the ,lord ,abbot retiring into his ,talamus1 they all started up1 and began carolling and singing2 sending into the ,town for wine2 drinking and afterwards howling 7ululantes72--totally depriving the ,abbot and ,convent of their afternoon's nap2 doing all this in derision of the ,lord ,abbot1 and spending in such fashion the whole day till evening1 nor would they desist at the ,lord ,abbot's order6 ,night coming on1 they broke the bolts of the ,town-,gates1 and went off by violence60 ,not only had convents to suffer from such exuberant guests2 oftener far they were burdened by those who forgot to depart and continue their journey4 ,the abbot1 ,herboldus ,gutegotus of ,murrhardt1 the convent whose romantic church still ranks among the finest ecclesiastical monuments in ,germany1 used to tell such forgetful guests the following little story3 8,do you know why our ,lord remained but three days in his tomb8--,because during that time he was making a friendly visit to the patriarchs and prophets in ,paradise4 ,so in order not to cause them inconvenience he took timely leave and resurrected upon the third day40 ,evidently the refined abbot knew how to veil politely the old ,germanic directness which finds such clear expression in the 8,edda03 8,go on betimes1 loiter not as a guest ever in our abode2 ,he1 though loved1 becomes burdensome1 who warms himself too long at hospitable fires40 ,in wild and inhospitable countries1 the convents long remained1 even till recent times1 the only shelters for travelers4 ,hence1 when ,henry ,,viii of ,england began to confiscate monastic property on a grand scale1 a significant revolt for their reinstallment flamed up in the north of ,england1--the so-called 8,pilgrimage of ,grace0 of the year #aecf1 which was suppressed with deplorable sternness4 ,the convents were very popular in those parts because the monks had been the only physicians and their doors were always open to all wayfarers4 ,chaucer shows us in his 8,canterbury ,tales0 that monks could be pleasant guests as well as good hosts1 for there we read in regard to the friar3 8,he knew well the tavernes in every town02 and 8,what should he studie and make himself wood80 ,having thus pictured to ourselves the clerical hospitality of the ,middle ,ages1 we shall not wonder that1 in outward signs for the designation of the houses as inns1 religious subjects and their pictorial presentation were adopted4 ,among the saints particularly revered by the pious pilgrims ,st4 ,christopher stands foremost1 since he had himself experienced so perilous a journey4 ,in many medival pictures we see him leaning on his massive staff1 carrying the ,christ child across a river4 ,the 8,golden ,legend0 tells us that he was nearly drowned1 so heavy was the burden of this child4 8,had ,i carried the whole world10 he says1 when finally reaching the shore1 8my burden could have been no heavier02 whereupon the child of whose identity he was not yet aware3 8for a sign that you have carried on your shoulders not only the world but the ,creator1 thrust this staff into the ground near your hut1 and behold1 it will blossom and bear fruit40 ,hence the partiality for huge pictures of ,st4 ,christopher1 visible afar1 such as we find occasionally to this day in and upon certain churches2 for instance1 the spacious mural paintings in the church of ,st4 ,alexander at ,marbach1 the birthplace of ,schiller1 close to the tracks on which the modern traveler thunders past2 or the gigantic sculpture on the south side of the cathedral in ,amiens1 or the large fresco in the minster at ,erfurt4 ,they give us a conception of similar presentations on ,poor ,men's ,inns and ecclesiastical hospices4 ,the belief in the efficacious protection by the saint1 especially from sudden death1 is expressed in the ,french medival saying3 8,qui verra ,saint ,christophe le matin1 rira le soir40 ,the tenacity of this belief among the people is well instanced by the fact that the jewelers of so worldly a city as ,nice sell to owners of automobiles little silver plaques1 with the picture of the saint and the inscription1 8,regarde ,st4 ,christophe et puis va-t-en rassur40 ,let us hope1 in the interest of the rest of mankind1 that these motorists do not feel too reassured in consequence4 ,american readers might be interested to hear that in their own country a guest-house of ,st4 ,christopher gives refuge to the modern fraternity of tramps1 charitably called the 8,brother ,christophers0 by the ,friars of the ,atonement1 who founded this house at ,gray ,moor1 near the beautiful residential district of ,garrison1 in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,another saint1 deservedly in great favor1 is ,st4 ,george1 who slew the dragon1 a knightly patron who smooths the traveler's path and makes it safe by brushing aside all its threatening dangers4 ,two of the finest hostelries still existing are named after him3 the 8,ritter0 in ,heidelberg1 and the 8,george10 more ancient yet by a century1 in the time-hallowed town of ,glastonbury4 ,two miracles have drawn pilgrims to the latter place since olden times1 the 8,holy ,thornbush10 which had blossomed forth from the staff of ,joseph of ,arimathea and bloomed every ,christmas1 and the 8,holy ,well10 in the garden of the cloister school1 now deserted1 whose waters were to heal the bodily ailments of the pious pilgrims4 ,the throng of wayfarers to the convent1 whose gigantic abbot's kitchen is eloquent of hospitality on a large scale1 made the establishment of a pilgrim's inn outside the walls imperative4 ,first they erected the 8,abbot's ,inn10 and when this proved insufficient--at the end of the fifteenth century--the elegant ,gothic structure was erected1 which bears to this day the ensign 8,pilgrim's ,inn10 but is popularly known as 8,the ,george10 from a likeness of the saint which once adorned the handsome bracket so happily wedded to the architecture of the house4 ,the tourist undaunted by fearsome reminiscences may ask to be given the choice apartment there1 the so-called 8abbot's chamber10 where ,henry ,,viii rested on the day when he ordered the last abbot hung on the town gate4 ,the fine four-poster1 it is true1 has been sold to a fancier of antiquities and replaced by a new canopied bed1 but despite this the room retains its medival appearance4 ,about a hundred years later1 the delightful ,renaissance structure1 8,zum ,ritter10 was erected in ,heidelberg4 ,originally the house of a wealthy ,frenchman1 it was subsequently changed into a hostelry and took its name from the knight on the peak of the gable4 ,doubtless no one has ever sung the praise of this noble building more worthily than ,victor ,hugo1 who visited ,heidelberg in #ahch1 and passed by the house of ,st4 ,george every morning1 as he said1 8pour faire djeuner mon esprit40 ,jokingly he observes that the ,latin inscription 7,psalm #abg1 ,i7 has protected the inn better than the little iron plate of the insurance firm4 ,as a matter of fact neither the great conflagration of #afce1 during the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 nor the fires started under ,mlac and ,marchal de ,lorges1 in #afhi and #afic1 could harm this inn1 while 8all the other houses built without the ,lord were burnt to the ground40 ,in ,england the good knight ,st4 ,george was an especial favorite2 even in the middle of the last century there were in ,london alone no less than sixty-six hostelries of that name4 ,truly1 the pious meaning of old associated with the sign had long been forgotten by hosts and guests alike1 so that as early as the seventeenth century these mocking lines were penned3-- 8,to save a mayd ,st4 ,george the ,dragon slew-- ,a pretty tale1 if all is told be true4 ,most say there are no dragons1 and 'tis said ,there was no ,george2 pray ,god there was a mayd40 ,the pictures of the 8valiant knight's0 mount were often so dubious that a connoisseur of horses like ,field ,marshal ,moltke1 writing from ,ksen1 ,thuringia1 construed it as the picture of a mad dog4 ,on the other hand1 we have such charming conceptions of ,st4 ,george as the sign here shown1 from the hamlet of ,degerloch1 delightfully situated on the heights overlooking ,stuttgart1 a notable artistic achievement in wrought iron1 interesting1 moreover1 for the associations of merry chase linked with the saint in the mind of the country folk4 ,illustration3 ,degerloch ,among other saints frequently chosen for tavern signs1 ,st4 ,martin must be mentioned4 ,at times he appears in like manner as does ,st4 ,christopher2 for instance1 on the large reliefs decorating the faade of the minster in ,basle3 a friend of the needy1 dividing his cloak with his sword1 to share it with them2 thus the pious saint lives on in the minds of the people4 ,at the season of the new wine1 the #bast of ,november1 the ,church commemorates his name3 8,a la saint ,martin1 faut goter le vin10 is the ,french saying4 ,at the sign of ,st4 ,dominic too1 whose meaning of religious hospitality had been utterly perverted in the course of time1 stanch topers used to congregate for joyous orgies4 ,proudly they called themselves 8,dominican02 and 8,bons ivrognes et grands fumeurs ,qui ne cessent jamais de boire0 is their interpretation of such strange affiliation1 in a song of the seventeenth century4 ,st4 ,urban has likewise figured on many a tavern sign4 ,once upon a time he took refuge from his pursuers behind a grapevine1 and for that reason he has become a patron saint of vintners and tavern hosts4 8,alas10 exclaims the refined ,erasmus of ,rotterdam1 8mine host is not always as #8urbane' as he should be to justify this patronage40 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,good ,,woman ,there is one sign whose religious origin is not self-evident1 namely1 the 8,femme sans tte40 ,yet the figure has its origin1 no doubt1 in medival representations of saints after decapitation1 sometimes shown with the head in the hands4 ,whoever has perused the illustrated 8,lives of the ,saints0 with their many horrible mutilations of the martyrs depicted in woodcuts1 must have realized that their moral influence on the popular imagination cannot have been of a beneficial nature4 ,even great artists did not hesitate to celebrate such awful scenes with the power of their genius4 ,among the drawings of ,drer we see the executioner with his great sword ready to behead ,st4 ,catherine4 ,nothing so disgusted ,goethe in his ,italian journey as all the painted atrocities perpetrated on the martyrs4 ,the most peculiar example of this form of art is probably that in the ,tower of ,london4 ,it is a set of horse armor presented1 apparently without malice1 by ,emperor ,maximilian to ,henry ,,viii of ,england1 embellished with the most gruesome scenes of martyrdom4 ,in the ,tower1 where so much innocent blood has flowed1 one feels doubly repulsed by such excrescences of so-called religious art3 one is even tempted to accept the popular conception of these beheaded saints as comforting symbols of forgetfulness4 ,in fact1 the oil merchants chose the 8woman without head0 as their sign1 as one of the foolish virgins of the parable who had neglected to provide themselves in good time with the necessary oil3 a warning example to delaying1 unwilling customers4 ,a coarser interpretation of the figure styles it as the 8silent woman10 or as the 8good woman10 who can no longer do mischief with her tongue4 ,moreover1 one finds this most gallant of signs--which should be unmentionable in these days of woman's emancipation--not only in outspoken ,holland1 with the words3 8,goede vrouw een mannen plaag0 but also in ,italy2 in ,turin1 for instance1 styled as 8,la buona moglie40 ,the most polite people on earth--,i do not mean the ,chinese1 but the ,french--have named a street in ,paris the 8,rue de la ,femme sans ,tte0 after a tavern of like appellation4 ,young ,gavarni stayed awhile in the 8,auberge de la ,femme sans ,tte0 in ,bayonne1 as the ,goncourts tell us1 and waxed eloquent about the dainty charms of the 8vierge du cabaret10 the tavern-keeper's daughter4 ,ben ,jonson1 who loved to discuss with ,shakespeare in the ,siren ,club and to 8anatomize the times deformity10 may have been stimulated to write his comedy 8,the ,silent ,woman0 by the tavern sign of that name4 ,in ,jonson's play1 a ,mr4 ,morose1 an original old fellow1 who holds all noise in detestation1 weds a young lady1 whose barely audible voice and scant replies have charmed him4 ,when after the ceremony she reveals herself a loquacious scold and he gives vent to his disappointment1 she replies with these endearing words3 8,why1 did you think you had married a statue1 or a motion only8 one of the ,french puppets1 with the eyes turned with a wire8 or some innocent out of the hospital that would stand with her hands thus1 and a plaise mouth1 and look upon you80 ,but to comfort the feminists we should speak of a host truly gallant1 who had a great white sign made1 with the inscription below1 8,the ,good ,man40 ,to the universal inquiry1 8,where is the good man8 ,i can't see him10 he made answer1 8,well1 you see that is why ,i have left the blank space2 if only ,i could find him40 ,since there is a saint for every day of the calendar1 we must not be astonished to find names among those adopted for tavern signs which to us bear no relation to sanctity2 such as ,st4 ,fiacre over a drivers' bar1 which seems rather the invention of some wag4 ,we must needs realize that all these religious signs have their origin in a time when popular imagination was mainly filled with the happenings of the ,bible and the legends of the saints2 when religion had not yet grown to be a ,sunday occupation of a couple of hours1 but was most intimately interwoven with the life of every day4 ,hence we find among subjects for signs not the saints only1 whose human errors and sufferings have riveted a bond between them and the common people1 but also the ,deity itself4 8,la ,trinit0 was one of the latter in medival ,france1 as evidenced by this passage in the song of a pilgrim3-- 8,de la alay plus oultre encore ,en un logis d'antiquit ,qui se nomme la ,trinit40 ,other pilgrim taverns styled themselves 8,a l'image du ,christ40 ,we also meet with such inscriptions as 8,l',humanit de ,jesus ,christ1 notre sauveur divin02 the birth of ,christ as a child1 as in the charming old ,swiss sign 8,hie zum ,christkindli02 the ,madonna and scenes of her life like the 8,annunciation10 called ,salutation in ,england4 ,these and many other signs1 such as 8,purgatory10 8,hell10 and 8,paradise10 which have been revived in modern ,paris on fantastic cabarets1 meet our eyes on tavern signs4 ,an old enumeration of ,london bars of the seventeenth century begins with the words3-- 8,there has been great sale and utterance of wine ,besides beer and ale1 and ipocras fine ,in every country region and nation ,chefely at ,billingsgate1 at the ,salutation44440 ,and when the author tires of mentioning them all by name1 he concludes with3-- 8,and many like places that make noses red40 ,finally1 we must turn to those signs1 not religious at first sight1 which may well have their origin in attributes of the saints4 ,thus1 we meet in ,swiss towns1 which have ,st4 ,gall as their local patron1 with the sign of the 8,bear02 8,crown0 and 8,star0 are the symbols of the three magi who followed the star to the lowly tavern in ,bethlehem2 the 8,wheel0 reminds us of the martyrdom of ,st4 ,catherine2 the 8,stag0 may be a reminder of the legend of ,st4 ,hubert2 while the 8,bell10 once used by ,st4 ,anthony to drive away the demons by its sound1 was fastened on the neck of animals to preserve them from epidemic diseases4 ,we often see the bell1 in old woodcuts1 fastened round the neck of the little pig which accompanies the saint4 ,the bell assumed a very worldly meaning1 when it called the tipplers to their merry gatherings1 which called forth in ,england the patriotic rhyme3-- 8,let the ,king ,live ,long6 ,dong ,ding ,ding ,dong60 ,the ,tower of ,st4 ,barbara grew into an independent tavern sign1 which1 misunderstood1 occasionally changed into a cage4 ,even the platter on which rested the head of the ,baptist is deformed into the 8,plat d'argent0 over a tavern door4 ,hogarth does not refrain from introducing a sign in his engraving 8,noon10 of #agch1 showing the ,baptist's head on a charger1 with the cynical inscription 8,good ,eating40 ,whether such coarsenesses were actually perpetrated1 even under the lax rgime of ,charles ,,ii in ,england1 when frivolity reigned after the fall of ,cromwell1 it is hard to decide4 ,possibly they may be set down as brutal outcroppings of the satirist's truth-deforming brain4 ,the fact is1 that even in the sixteenth century the abuse of religious subjects for the most disreputable resorts roused the indignation of serious1 thinking men4 ,thus a certain ,artus ,dsir indignantly laments1 in a rhymed broadside1 that the tavern-keepers dare place over houses where the great hell devil himself is lodged the images of ,god and the saints to advertise their vine3-- 8,de dieu les ,sainctz sont leur crieurs de vin ,tant au citez que villes et villages1 ,et vous mettront dessus les grands passages ,au lieux d'horreur et d'immondicit ,des susditz sainctz les dvotes images ,en prophanant leur prciosit40 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,secular ,,hospitality3 ,,knightly ,,and ,,popular ,,signs ,illustration3 ,adler ,leonberg1 ,wrttemberg ,,chapter ,,iv ,,secular ,,hospitality3 ,,knightly ,,and ,,popular ,,signs 8,in bibliis ich selten las viel lieber in dem ,kruge sass40 ,,ringwaldt1 #aehb4 ,the heavy castle gates in medival times were gladly opened to the minstrels who came to charm with their art the banquets of the noble lords and ladies--troubadours and minstrels1 the ancestors of that vast and still thriving fraternity of poets whose blood runs too quickly through their veins to keep them content in the quiet monotony of a home4 ,with the sailing clouds1 with the migrating birds1 and the rising sun they wander through woods and fields 8to be like their mother the wandering world40 ,with ,walt ,whitman they love the open road and hate the confinement of the stuffy room3-- 8,afoot and light-hearted1 ,i take the open road1 ,healthy1 free1 the world before me1 ,the long brown path before me1 leading wherever ,i choose40 ,never do they feel happier than when the long1 long road lies before them1 which now seems to dip down into the green sea of the forests and now to climb straight into the bright blue heaven4 ,jean ,richepin1 himself a 8chemineau10 now well settled as an honorable member of the ,french ,academy1 has sung the open road's praise4 ,all poets feel deeply the words of ,kleist1 8,life is a journey40 ,and how bitter the journey often was in the days of the minstrels1 how glad they were when the dark forests and unsafe roads lay behind them and the big hearth-fire of the castle hall brightened face and soul6 ,gratefully they praised the noble lord for his hospitable reception and his kindly welcome4 ,thus ,walter von der ,vogelweide1 ,germany's greatest minstrel3-- 8,nun ich drei ,hfe weiss1 wo ,ehrenmnner hausen1 ,fehlt mir es nicht an ,wein1 kann meine ,pfanne sausen444 ,mir ist nicht not1 dass ich nach ,herberg fernumher noch streiche40 ,impoverished knights may have occasionally hung out an iron helmet over the castle door as a sign that they were willing to receive and to entertain paying guests3 certainly a more honorable method of gaining one's livelihood than to plunder the passing merchant or even one's own peasants1 as was the noble fashion at the end of medival times4 ,but it is more likely that such poor noblemen would first think of using their city houses for such commercial purposes and not their lonely and uninviting fortified castles4 ,here on one of their city houses1 where they used to lodge in time of markets or city festivities1 the first iron helmet perhaps appeared as a knightly sign4 ,certain it is that we find inns of such name in ,france as well as in ,germany1 the most famous one in ,rothenburg on the ,tauber1 the best preserved medival city in existence1 infinitely more charming than the much-talked-about ,carcassonne1 reconstructed by ,viollet-le-,duc with such cold correctness4 ,here in the quaint hall of the 8,eisenhut10 under the glittering arms of knights dead and gone1 we will rest awhile and gladden our heart with the golden ,tauber wine4 ,let the comfort-seeker go to the modern prosaic hotel outside the city wall6 ,the iron helmet is not the only martial tavern sign4 ,other names sounded equally well to the soldier's ear3 in ,france 8,le ,haubert0 7iron shirt71 for instance1 that might remind us of the old ,english inn1 8,the ,tabard10 in which ,chaucer gathered his joyous pilgrims for happy meals and amusing conversations2 the sword1 ,st4 ,peter's attribute1 was used as tavern sign in his holy city ,rome in the sixteenth century 78alla spada072 the cannon was very popular as 8canone d'oro0 in northern ,italy2 and many others4 ,like chicks under the wings of the hen1 the little huts of the villagers cluster around the protecting mountain castle of the knightly lord4 ,most naturally the village innkeeper1 therefore1 chooses his master's escutcheon as a tavern sign4 ,and the landlord in the town feels equally honored when noble guests leave him1 as parting presents1 their coats of arms neatly painted on the panels or the windows of the dining-room as ,montaigne informs us3 8,les ,alemans sont fort amoureux d'armoiries2 car en tous les logis1 il en est une miliasse que les passans jantilshomes du pas y laissent par les parois1 et toutes leurs vitres en sont fournies40 ,although a philosopher ,montaigne himself was vain enough to follow the pretty custom1 and occasionally to dedicate his escutcheon to the innkeeper as a sign of his satisfaction2 so in 8,the ,angel0 at ,plombires1 already a popular resort even in his day1 and in ,augsburg at 8,the ,linde10 situated near the palace of the rich ,fuggers4 ,like a good housekeeper1 who daily writes his expenses down1 he tells us that the painter1 who did his work very well1 received 8deux escus0 or two dollars1 the carpenter 8vint solds0 or a whole quarter1 for the screen on which the escutcheon was painted and which was placed before the big green stove4 ,the painting of heraldic designs goes back to the time of the crusaders and soon became the principal source of income of the painters4 ,in the ,netherlands1 which grew to be such a wonderful hotbed of art1 the sign-painters were called 8,schilderer10 for that same reason1 a name which clings to them to the present day4 ,whoever has traveled in ,england knows that the same custom of the nobility1 to give coats of arms to the landlords1 prevailed there too4 8,mol's ,coffee ,house0 in ,exeter1 close to the beautiful cathedral1 is a good example4 ,here ,sir ,walter ,raleigh used to sit in the paneled room on the second floor1 drink a cup of the beverage then quite rare1 and chat with his friends4 ,all along the walls the escutcheons of the noble visitors of days gone by decorate the quaint old room and every modern visitor admires them duly1 especially that of the valiant but unhappy seafarer4 ,to come back to the heraldic tavern signs1 we find everywhere in ,german lands1 where once the imperial ,house of ,hapsburg ruled1 their coat of arms1 the double eagle1 and in the domains of the ,house of ,savoy and the ,dukes of ,lorraine1 the cross4 ,in ,france the escutcheon of the ,bourbons1 the fleur de lys1 hangs over the tavern door1 and in ,england the white horse of the royal ,house of ,hanover4 ,long before the ,georges1 the white horse was a popular symbol in ,england4 ,the giant horse1 roughly hewn in the chalk of the 8,white ,horse ,hill10 near ,faringdon1 still reminds us of ,alfred the ,great's victory over the ,danes at ,ashdown in #hga4 ,in our days the noble white horse has been degraded into an advertisement for ,scotch whiskey--,o qu mutatio rerum6 ,the heraldic meaning of the signs was just as quickly forgotten as was the pious significance of the religious signs4 ,only a few notable animals1 such as lions1 unicorns1 and the like interested the tavern habitus4 ,illustration3 ,zum ,rssle ,bozen ,more important than the hospitality under the protection of knights and sovereigns was the hospitality extended to the traveler behind big city walls4 ,the city government provided not only lodgings for the poor pilgrims1 tramps1 and jobless people1 but not infrequently offered hospitality likewise to the merchant who came to display his wares in the open vaults of the city hall4 ,in the famous 8,rathskeller0 every business transaction was duly celebrated by buyer and seller2 the brotherly act of drinking a glass of wine together seemed to be the essential finishing-touch which clinched the business4 ,these old cellars are still a great attraction of the town in many ,german places1 such as ,bremen1 ,lbeck1 or ,heilbronn1 for instance1 and all travelers are glad to refresh themselves in their quiet vaults4 ,a hospitality of more intricate character was given by the guilds1 in their houses1 to all the members of the trade or craft4 ,most naturally they choose as signs symbols of the special work of each guild4 ,the fisher and boatmen loved to see a fish1 an anchor1 or a ship over their tavern door2 but they did not claim these signs as a special privilege1 every 8compleat angler10 to use ,izaak ,walton's expression1 as well as every incomplete one1 could hang a fish out over his porch or on his house corner even if he did not keep a tavern4 ,the house where ,dr4 ,faustus treated his comrades in such miraculous way was called 8,zum ,anker0 and belonged to a nobleman in ,erfurt if we believe the oldest popular reports of the event4 ,goethe transferred the scene to ,auerbach's ,keller in ,leipzig1 which was familiar to him from his happy student-days4 ,old sea-captains and blue-jackets cannot resist the temptations of 8,the ,anchor0 even if the signboard does not invite them so charmingly as the one of 8,the ,three ,jolly ,sailors0 in ,castleford3-- 8,coil up your ropes and anchor here ,till better weather does appear40 ,the shoemakers most naturally decorated their guild-house with a beautiful big boot1 a word closely related to the old ,french 8botte10 a large drinking cup1 and its diminutive 8bouteille10 the origin of the ,english 8bottle40 ,the butchers seldom show the cruel axe1 far oftener the poetical lamb1 their oldest sign being the ,pascal lamb holding the little flag of the resurrection4 ,a patriotic ,english landlord in the neighborhood of ,bath changed the flag into a ,union ,jack1 forgetting all about the religious meaning of the sign as it still appears in a ,french relief 8,l',agneau ,pascal0 in ,caen1 ,rue de ,bayeux4 ,the tavern 8,zum guldin ,schooffe0 in ,strassburg1 8la vieille ville allemande0 as ,victor ,hugo called the city quite frankly1 is perhaps the oldest sign of this group4 ,it dates back to the year #acaa at least4 ,another butcher sign is the ox or bull1 most popular1 of course1 in the land of ,john ,bull1 where the bull appears in the most surprising combinations as 8,bull and ,bell10 8,bull and ,magpie10 8,bull and ,stirrup10 and the like4 ,the tavern signs of the bakers1 8,the ,crown10 8,the ,sun10 or 8,the ,star10 lead us back to old pagan times in which the cakes offered as sacrifice to the gods were shaped in the same curious forms which we observe to-day in our various breakfast rolls4 ,christian legends of the holy three kings and the star that stood over the stable in ,bethlehem effaced these pagan souvenirs4 ,on the day of ,epiphany especially beautiful crowns were baked2 in ,france the bakers still follow the old tradition and offer such a crown to each of their customers as a present1 not without hiding a tiny porcelain shoe in the dough4 ,the happy finder of this shoe becomes the king of the company4 ,dutch masters have represented the merry family scene of the ,epiphany dinner1 none perhaps so convincingly as ,jordaens in the famous picture1 8,the ,king ,drinks10 in the great gallery of the ,louvre4 8,the ,star0 has always been one of the most popular signs1 its gentle glow seemed to promise the traveler on the dark road a friendly resting-place after the long1 weary day4 ,sometimes the modern owner of such a venerable old star-inn promises even more and advertises his place1 in slangy rhyme1 as the landlord of 8,the ,star0 in ,york4 8,here at the sign of ,ye ,old ,starre ,you may sup and smoke at your ease ,tip-,top cigars1 port above par1 ,a ,host ever ready to please40 ,beside 8,the ,star0 and 8,the ,golden ,sun10 where you drink 8the best beer under the sun10 we find 8,the ,moon10 especially 8,the ,half-,moon10 as great favorites of the people4 ,the naval victory of #aega at ,lepanto1 where the united ,christian fleet destroyed ,the ,turk1--in those days not a sick man1 but rather a robust and aggressive one1--is perhaps the cause of the popularity of the half-moon4 ,the ,virgin ,mary1 to whom the pious sailors ascribed the victory1 was often represented as standing on a half-moon1 because she was 8the woman clothed with the sun1 and the moon under her feet1 and upon her head a crown of twelve stars0 whom the poet of the ,revelation had seen in his immortal dreams4 ,crowned with her diadem of stars she was dear to the seamen1 the 8stella maris10 to whom they lifted their anguished soul in prayer3 8,ave ,maria1 navigantium stella1 quos ad portum tranquillum vocata conducis40 ,as 8light of the world0 she was praised in the old 8dialogus consolatorius0 where the sinner humbly begs her3-- 8,festina miseris misereri1 virgo beata6 ,virgo ,maria pia splendens orbisque lucerna ,per tua presidia nos duc ad regna beata60 ,but it is not the half-moon1 lying horizontally as a silver bowl in the ,christian presentation of the heavenly queen1 which we find on the tavern sign1 but always the standing crescent of the ,turkish flag1 and we are glad of it4 ,if we study the life in these half-moon taverns at the hand of ,teniers' pictures and etchings1 we find very little that is ,christian and worthy of the sacred symbol of the ,revelation4 ,still more popular than the stars of heaven is the animal world on the tavern sign4 ,the ark of ,noah itself and all it contained1 every creeping and flying thing1 was welcome over the tavern door in those days when men and beast1 often living under the same roof1 as in the divine inn of ,bethlehem1 were nearer to each other than they are now4 ,nothing less than a tavern zology could give a complete enumeration1 which we prefer to avoid4 ,we will choose only a few which were especially dear to the people4 ,first of all1 naturally1 the house companions1--the cat1 8,le ,chat qui dort0 which found a quiet resting-place for her old days in the ,muse ,carnavalet in ,paris2 the dog1 popular in sport-loving ,england2 the ox and the donkey1 even an elegant mule we find in the 8,auberge de la ,mule0 at ,avignon1 praised by ,abraham ,glnitz1 the ,baedeker of the seventeenth century1 as a 8logement lgant et agrable40 ,we have already met the cock in ,rome of old1 on the ,forum1 in ,holland we see him occasionally as a cavalier in high boots4 ,the dove1 the symbol of the ,holy ,ghost1 decorates the 8,gasthuser zum ,geiste0 one of which stood in the old ,strassburg and saw the remarkable interview between the young ,goethe and the poet ,herder4 ,finally the stork1 the true sign of ,german 8,gemtlichkeit02 the one in ,basel was honored by the visit of ,victor ,hugo3 8,je me suis log la ,cigogne1 et de la fentre o je vous cris1 je vois dans une petite place deux jolies fontaines cte cte1 l'une du quinzime sicle1 l'autre du seizime40 ,to the ,philistine the strange animals of foreign distant lands had a greater attraction still4 ,in every modern 8zoo0 you will always find a larger public before the monkey house than before the cage of the lion or even the elephant1 whose dignity and wisdom find fewer admirers than does the foolishness of the apes4 ,early in the ,middle ,ages we find this most curious of strange animals on the tavern signs4 8,l',ostel des ,singes10 sometimes called 8,the ,green ,monkeys10 in ,senlis1 ,france1 is first mentioned in the year #acei4 ,our 8,affenwagen0 is a ,swiss sign1 artfully carved in wood1 and dates from the ,renaissance times1 as does the inn 8,zum ,rohraff0 in ,strassburg1 often referred to in the sermons of ,geiler von ,kaisersberg4 ,when the first dromedary made its appearance in ,germany1 a circular containing a primitive woodcut invited old and young to see 8the curious animal called ,romdarius40 ,fifty miles it could run in one day in the sand sea--i4e41 desert--the text said1 and in summer it could live three months without drinking 8ohne sauffen40 ,this last-mentioned quality seemed to predestine the animal to a temperance sign1 but fortunately the description added1 8when it drinks it drinks much at one time10 and so the tavern-keepers did not hesitate to adopt it as a tavern sign4 ,as an example we might quote the inn 8,zum ,kameeltier0 in ,strassburg4 ,somewhat later1 in the first half of the seventeenth century1 8,the ,crocodile0 appears over the tavern door in ,antwerp1 and this reminds us of the stuffed animals in the pharmacy described by ,shakespeare in 8,romeo and ,juliet03-- 8,and in his needy shop a tortoise hung1 ,an alligator stuff'd1 and other skins ,of ill-shap'd fishes40 ,the zebra seems to have been known quite early if we are allowed to take 8,the ,striped ,donkey0 as such4 ,in the inn 8,l',ane ray0 at ,rheims1 the father of ,joan of ,arc is reported to have lodged when he came to see the coronation in #adbi4 ,one of the last comers of the curious and rare animals was the giraffe2 it appeared in ,paris for the first time in #ahbg1 and was immediately adopted as a tavern sign by a host in tampes1 near the capital4 ,the 8enseigne0 represented 8le dit animal conduit par un ,bdouin40 ,but the most curious animals of creation did not suffice4 ,the imagination of the people created others still more strange and the landlords put these fabulous beasts on their signs too3 the unicorn1 the dragon1 the siren4 8,the ,siren0 tavern in ,lyons at the time of the ,renaissance was evidently a very attractive place which the traveler found very hard to leave again1 because1 as a contemporary tells us1 8il s'y trouve des ,sirnes40 ,in later days1 when the popular stories were forgotten1 the sirens were changed to 8,six ,reines10 the six queens4 ,in another chapter we shall see how ,keats in his poem1 ,the ,mermaid1 has celebrated one of these old ,siren taverns4 ,how deeply rooted in the old days was this belief in 8,mrwonder0 or ill-shaped fishes and malformations of the human figure will appear at a glance in ,schedel's 8,welt ,chronik0 printed by ,koberger in ,nuremberg in #adic1 where we see them in strange woodcuts before us3 the man with ears hanging to the ground and other misshaped creatures4 ,the same source of popular imagination created 8,le ,gant10 the sign 8,zu den ,slaraffen0 in ,strassburg1 #adce1 and the sign of 8,the ,little and the ,great ,sleeper0 that during three centuries1 from #adjj to #agje1 invited the citizens of the ,alsatian capital to cross its hospitable threshold4 ,a charming picture1 8,the ,sleeping ,giant of the ,woods0 by ,lukas ,kranach1 in ,dresden's famous ,gallery1 will help us to imagine how the big sleeper probably looked4 ,is it the famous 8,wild ,man0 or 8,le ,grand ,hercule0 who sleeps here in the shadow of the forest8 ,one thing is sure1 he has been drinking deeply and is dead asleep2 nothing can wake him up1 not even this little army of dwarfs around him who attack him with lances and arrows1 nay1 even try to saw into his strong limbs4 ,since the days of the 8,roman du ,renard10 the first version of which dates back to the eleventh century1 to the days of ,goethe's 8,reineke ,fuchs10 shrewd master ,fox was a favorite of the people4 ,in old miniatures we encounter him as a monk1 his pointed nose buried in a prayer-book4 ,his exploits most naturally form good themes for the tavern sign4 ,dancing before a hen to seduce the foolish creature by his graceful charms1 he was represented on an old ,french sign in ,le ,mans3 8,renard dansant devant une poule40 ,preaching to ducks1 8,wo der ,fuchs den ,enten predigt0 is the name of a ,strassburg tavern1 which dates only from #ahdh4 ,his shrewdness before the royal tribunal of the lion was well known2 ,montaigne1 therefore1 warns the tavern-keepers who desire the patronage of advocates against painting him on the signboard3 8qui veut avoir la clientle des procureurs ne doit point mettre renard sur son enseigne40 ,other animals appealed more to the culinary instincts of the passer-by1 among them the swan1 8l'oiseau de bon augure10 which we do not like to see turned into roasts4 ,but in ,chaucer's times it was evidently considered a fine dish1 since he lets the monk in his 8,canterbury ,tales0 say3 8,a fat swan loved he best of any rost40 ,a picture by ,david ,teniers in ,the ,hague1 called 8,the ,kitchen10 shows how the bird was served in his natural glory1 a crown of flowers on his proud head4 ,this custom to serve fowl in full plumage is proved by ,montaigne's description of a dinner in ,rome3 8,on y servit force volaille rtie1 revtue de sa plume naturelle comme vifve 444 oiseaus vifs 7enplums7 en paste40 ,to this group belongs the peacock1 in the old days the official roast for marriage feasts4 ,its picture on the signboard promised large accommodations for people who wanted to celebrate marriages in true style4 8,le ,paon blanc0 in ,paris1 ,rue de la ,mortelleric1 now a rather shady region1 was once a noble inn4 ,shortly after his marriage1 ,rembrandt painted the famous picture in ,dresden1 where he represents himself1 a glass of champagne in hand1 happily holding his beloved ,saskia on his knees4 ,the richly decorated table in the background still carries the peacock of the marriage feast4 ,of 8,the ,pheasant0 in ,worms1 before the days of gas and electricity1 ,victor ,hugo has given us this amusing picture3 8,j'tais install dans l'auberge du ,faisan1 qui1 je dois le dire1 avait le meilleur aspect du monde4 ,je mangeais un excellent souper dans une salle meuble d'une longue table et de deux hommes occups deux pipes4 ,malheureusement la salle manger tait peu claire1 ce qui m'attrista4 ,en y entrant on n'aperevait qu'une chandelle dans un nuage4 ,les deux hommes dgageaient plus de fume que dix hros40 ,sometimes a living bird served originally as a sign4 ,the parrot of the pharmacy1 8,au ,perroquet ,vert10 in ,lyons1 was a real bird1 which had learned even some ,latin phrases1 as 8ora pro nobis10 from the passing processions1 and naturally attracted many people by its wisdom4 ,he belonged to the living signs to which ,balzac refers in 8,les scnes de la vie prive03 8,les animaux en cage dont l'adresse merveillait les passants40 ,sometimes the cage itself was adopted as a tavern sign and in ,lyons a street was named 8,rue de la ,cage0 for a public-house of this name4 ,a charming little ,french rhyme from the beginning of the seventeenth century introduces us to such a cage-tavern3-- 8,mademoiselle ,louizon ,demeurant cher ,alizon ,justement au cinquime tage ,prs du cabaret de la ,cage40 ,not only bird-cages and their musical or scholarly inhabitants1 but any remarkable object that happened to stand before the tavern was readily interpreted by the people as a sign4 ,in the little ,english town of ,grantham1 where we had already the opportunity of admiring the noble 8,angel ,inn10 we saw in a tree before a modest tavern a beehive with this inscription on a board beneath it3-- 8,stop1 traveller1 this wondrous sign explore1 ,and say when thou hast viewed it o'er and o'er1 ,grantham now two rarities are thine1 ,a lofty steeple and a living sign40 ,to tell the truth1 the lofty tower of ,st4 ,wulfram seemed to us the only remarkable 8rarity0 of the two1 the more so as the church was beautifully decorated for ,thanksgiving ,day with flowers and the fruits of the field1 not to mention its unique little library with the chained old books4 ,we may infer the great popularity of signs by the ceremonious way in which they were changed when a guild removed to other quarters4 ,the sign was carried in solemn procession to the new inn and hung up with blasts of trumpets4 ,the ,swabian poet ,mrike has tried to express the melancholy emotions of the old landlord when he sees the sign changed and finds it hard to recognize his old inn3-- 8,where is the golden lamb of yore ,so dear to my old guests8 ,i see a cock with reddish breast ,pecked it away from the door40 ,an ,english author even tells us about the burial of a sign1 which1 he says1 was not an unusual affair in ,cumberland4 ,we give the story in his own words3 8,it is a function always observed when an inn in the neighborhood of ,lady ,carlisle's estate at ,naworth has lost its license4 ,the inn sign is solemnly removed1 and in the dead of night is committed to the grave1 in the presence of the old customers of the inn4 ,as a rule it is #8watered' with tears in the shape of a bottle of whiskey1 and the burial sentence runs as follows3-- 8#8,ashes to ashes1 dust to dust1 ,if ,lady ,carlisle won't have you ,the ,devil must4'0 ,but we shall not end our chapter with this story of rather doubtful taste4 ,if we review the wealth of popular signs1 which we have in no way exhausted1 we may well say that everything on earth may be adopted by the people as a sign1 from the cradle in which we dream our first dreams to the cross that some day will stand over our 8last inn0 as a pious and scholarly man has called our grave4 ,in the beautiful churchyard that enfolds in its greenery ,england's oldest existing church1 ,st4 ,martin in ,canterbury1 we read on the tombstone of ,dean ,alford the simple words3 8,deversorium ,viatoris ,hierosolymam ,proficiscentis10 last inn of a pilgrim to the heavenly ,jerusalem4 ,illustration3 ,,eagle,,and,,child,,in,,london ,,chapter ,v ,,traveling ,,with ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,montaigne ,illustration3 ,krone ,leonberg1 ,wrttemberg ,,chapter ,v ,,traveling ,,with ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,montaigne 8,let us to the ,tiger all to dinner60 ,comedy of ,errors4 ,little ,william1 already in the days when he went 8with his satchel and shining morning face creeping like a snail unwillingly to school10 had ample leisure and opportunity to gaze admiringly at the many signs which adorned the narrow streets of the quiet little town on the ,avon4 ,the memory of them still lives in some of the ,stratford hotels4 ,the landlady of the 8,golden ,lion10 for instance1 remarks on her bill3 8,known as ,ye ,peacocke ,inn in ,shakespeare's time #afac40 ,even the 8,red ,horse10 to-day extremely modern and uninteresting-looking1 goes back to these old days4 ,in ,washington ,irving's time the place probably looked more quaint and cozy1 if we may believe his praise of the old inn in his 8,sketch-,book03 8,to a homeless man1 there is a momentary feeling of something like independence and territorial consequence1 when1 after a weary day's travel1 he kicks off his boots1 thrusts his feet into slippers1 and stretches himself before an inn fire40 ,this picture gallery of the street signs was still more magnificent in ,london1 where even the theaters had their signs out1 as 8,the ,globe10 8,red ,bull10 8,a ,curtain10 8,a ,fortune10 8,cross ,keys10 8,the ,phenix10 8,the ,rose10 8,the ,cockpit10 and we may be sure that they made quite an impression on the lively mind of the young actor4 ,the word 8sign0 occurs frequently in his vocabulary4 ,inclined to see below the surface1 he does not seem to trust the glittering of the sign1 as the words of ,iago indicate3-- 8,i must show out a flag and sign of love1 ,which is indeed but sign40 ,the signs of his birthplace were probably rather poor-looking things1 since he uses the word in his early drama1 8,titus ,andronicus10 contemptuously3-- 8,ye sanguine1 shallow-hearted boys6 ,ye white-lim'd walls6 ye ale-house painted signs60 ,the sign of the 8,falcon0 was not yet hung out on the old house of ,scholar's ,lane and ,chapel ,street in those years of #aega to #aegh1 when little ,shakespeare went to the ,grammar ,school1 in which the traveler to this day may see the chair of the pedagogue who first introduced him to the secrets of literature4 ,but the circle of life led him back to the same narrow street1 and opposite the stately building1 which now is the 8,falcon10 ,shakespeare died4 ,the mortuary house has disappeared and the ground has been transformed into a garden4 ,here we are infinitely nearer to the poet's soul than in the tiny birth-chamber disfigured by a huge bust1 where the guide drowns all our thoughts in a flood of empty words4 ,here in this garden the genius of the poet seemed to reveal himself most charmingly4 ,where once the house stood in which he died we found a little child peacefully sleeping--all alone1 unguarded1 but the gentle rose of youth blooming on his cheeks--under the perfumed shadow of flowers2 a symbol of eternal life conquering death4 ,illustration3 ,,the,,falcon ,,in,,chester ,if we enter the 8,falcon10 ,shakespeare's words greet us from the wall3 8,good wine is a good familiar creature if it be well used1 exclaim no more against it40 ,the gentle invitation of the blinking sign to enter and to share joy and sorrow with friendly comrades1 ,shakespeare himself has often followed4 ,a ,french critic1 ,mzires1 went so far as to call him 8un habitu de la taverne10 politely adding that 8he never lost his self-control and never contended himself with the light joys of the flying hour40 ,the 8,red ,lion0 in ,henley-on-the-,thames once owned a window pane--recently by mistake packed in the trunk of a confused traveler--into which ,shenstone scratched the much-quoted words3-- 8,whoe'er has traveled life's dull round1 ,where'er his stages may have been1 ,may sigh to think he still has found ,the warmest welcome at an inn40 ,they are of true ,shakespearean spirit and remind us of ,speed's words in the 8,two ,gentlemen of ,verona0 7,,ii1 v73-- 8,i'll to the alehouse with you presently1 where1 for one shot of five pence1 thou shalt have five thousand welcomes40 ,it would seem hardly necessary further to urge such an enthusiastic lover of the tavern1 but ,launce thought differently4 ,launce4 ,if thou wilt go with me to the alehouse1 so2 if not1 thou art an ,hebrew1 a ,jew1 and not worth the name of a ,christian4 ,speed4 ,why8 ,launce4 ,because thou hast not so much charity in thee as to go to the ale with a ,christian4 ,we are not surprised to hear the final question1 8,wilt thou go80 promptly answered1 8,at thy service40 ,most of the tavern names ,shakespeare mentions are true products of the ,renaissance times when classical studies were extremely popular4 8,the ,centaur10 8,the ,phenix10 8,the ,pomegranate10--an ornament we find so often in the brocades of the sixteenth century1--all are signs of his own time1 simply transplanted from ,london he knew so well to ,genoa or ,ephesus1 places he had never put his eye on4 8,the ,pegasus10 by the man in the street called 8,the ,flying ,horse10 decorated still in the year #afia the house of a jeweler and banker in ,lombard ,street4 ,in passing1 we may remark that all the signs which to-day surprise the traveler in this busy street are more or less happy reproductions of the old signs1 hung out there by the great banking firms for ,king ,edward's coronation4 ,in our wanderings through ,england we occasionally cross the path ,shakespeare went with his company of actors4 ,the court in the 8,george ,inn0 in ,salisbury1 to-day transformed into a pleasant little garden1 was once the scene where the 8,strolling ,players0 of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries used to give their performances1 and here ,shakespeare himself acted when he visited ,salisbury4 ,a police ordinance allowed only in the 8,george0 theatrical amusements1 and demanded that all plays should be ended by seven o'clock in the evening4 ,this ,george ,hotel was first mentioned in #adja as 8,georgysyn40 ,oliver ,cromwell slept here ,october #ag1 #afde1 on his way to the army4 ,the old beams which carry the ceiling of the parlor1 and which a shrewd landlord has discovered in other rooms and freed from the hiding plaster1 are the delight of ,american travelers1 who refuse to sleep in rooms without beams4 ,in the days of ,pepys it was an elegant hostelry4 ,in his 8,diary10 in which he praises ,salisbury as 8a very brave place10 he puts down the following remarks3 8,come to the ,george ,inn where lay in a silk bed1 and very good diet40 ,less pleased he was with the bill1 which he thought 8so exorbitant that ,i was mad and resolved to truble the mistress about it and get something for the poor2 and came away in that humour40 ,the result of his protest was not great4 ,after paying #b #es4 #f;d4 for the night he gains just two shillings for the poor 7one for 8an old woman in the street074 ,similar privileges for theatrical performances had the 8,red ,lion0 in ,boston1 the little ,english mother of her big ,american daughter1 and the 8,mayde's ,hede0 in ,norwich4 ,the closed space of these old innyards1 with its staircases leading to the surrounding gallery1 was thoroughly fitted for the theatrical representations1 and it is quite possible that this gallery of the innyard influenced the architecture of the later theaters4 ,few of these innyards have survived1 unfortunately1 but we have still a wonderful example in the charming court of the so-called 8,new ,inn0 in ,gloucester4 ,it was new in the fifteenth century4 ,how enchanting a ,shakespeare play would be in the frame of its verdure6 ,in the ,first ,part of 8,henry ,,iv10 the poet himself has introduced us into such an innyard4 ,it is very early morning and everything still dark4 ,carters come to look after their goods and to harness their horses1 exchanging remarks in plain language3 8,i think this be the most villanous house in all ,london road for fleas02 or1 8,god's body6 the turkeys in my pannier are quite starved4 ,what1 ostler6 ,a plague on thee6 hast thou never an eye in thy head80--a master scene of realistic observation in the style ,lessing and ,goethe admired so much1 and ,voltaire hated so that he proclaimed3 8,shakespeare was a remarkable genius1 but he had no taste1 since for two hundred years he has spoiled the taste of the ,english nation40 ,how important the spacious enclosure of the innyard was for the farmers coming to town with their loaded wagons is shown by the fact that still to-day many a hotel in ,germany is simply called 8,hof0 7court7 or 8,gasthof02 as1 for example3 8,koelner ,hof10 8,rheinischer ,hof10 8,habsburger ,hof10 even 8,kaiserhof10 sumptuous modern structures1 perhaps1 which have only a narrow lighting shaft in the center of the building and nothing of the large and airy courtyards of the good old times4 ,many of the tavern names ,shakespeare mentions in his plays we know from other sources as signs that actually decorated the streets of ,london4 8,leopard0 and 8,tiger0 were infrequent1 but we hear of a 8,leopard ,tavern0 in ,chancery ,lane1 which still existed in #affe4 ,the popular pronunciation was 8lubber10 and in this form we find the beast quoted in 8,henry ,,iv0 7,part ,,ii1 ,,ii1 i71 where it is said of ,falstaff3 8,he is indited to dinner to the ,lubber's-head in ,lumbert street1 to ,master ,smooth's the silk-man40 ,such curious distortions of strange words are nothing uncommon in popular language2 we have only to remember how the old ,yankee farmers used to call the panther by the gentle name 8painter40 ,another of ,falstaff's favorite resorts was 8,the ,half-,moon10 likewise mentioned in 8,henry ,,iv0 7,part ,i1 ,,ii1 iv71 where he used to consume countless 8pints of bastard0 and of dark ,spanish wine4 8,the ,tiger0 referred to in the 8,comedy of ,errors0 7,,iii1 i7 was1 too1 an actual sign of the times1 as we hear of a 8,golden ,tiger0 in ,pilgrim ,street1 ,newcastle4 ,on the other hand1 the name of the 8,porcupine10 which occurs in the same play1 is probably invented as a characteristic sign for a place of ill-fame4 ,the most renowned of all the ,falstaff inns is doubtless 8,the ,garter10 his real home1 so vividly described in the 8,merry ,wives of ,windsor03 8,there's his chamber1 his house1 his castle1 his standing-bed and truckle-bed2 'tis painted about with the story of the ,prodigal1 fresh and new40 ,these few words give us an exact picture how a sleeping-room in an inn looked in his time4 ,the truckle-bed1 it seems1 was put under the standing bed and was used by the servant1 if we interpret rightly the old rhyme on a 8servile tutor03-- 8,he lieth in the truckle-bed1 ,while his young master lieth o'er his head40 ,even the wall paintings1 as ,shakespeare describes them1 are not invention4 ,in the sixteenth century people loved to paint the story of the lost son on the walls of the tavern room1 just as in the fifteenth century they pinned up little primitive woodcuts representing ,st4 ,christopher4 ,later we shall see a painter of talent like ,hogarth not despise the decoration of taverns as below his genius and embellish with works of his brush the 8,elephant ,tavern0 in ,fenchurch ,street1 where he stayed for a time4 ,the name 8,garter ,inn10 pronounced 8de ,jarterre0 by ,doctor ,caius1 is historical1 too4 ,later1 in the times of ,charles ,i1 who added the star to the insignia of the order founded by ,edward ,,iii in #acej1 the 8,star and ,garter0 appeared4 ,a true ,renaissance sign we find again in the 8,sagittary10 cursorily mentioned in 8,othello0 7,i1 i74 ,the archer1 the ninth sign of the ,zodiac1 was very familiar to the people from the old calendar woodcuts4 ,italian prints1 as the beautifully illustrated 8,fasciculus medicin0 7,venice1 #aejj71 represent him in classical fashion as an elegant centaur1 very unlike the little philistine with round belly1 such as he appears in the earlier 8teutsch kalender0 of ,ulm1 #adih4 ,the common people did not call him 8,sagittarius10 but 8bowman0 7,schtze74 ,there is good historical evidence of a 8,bowman ,tavern0 in ,drury ,lane1 ,london4 ,it is natural that ,shakespeare1 a true son of the ,renaissance1 should call him with the classical name1 just as the first ,german composer of operas changed his good ,german name 8,schtze0 to the more pretentious form of 8,sagittarius40 ,in these 8,bowman ,taverns0 the guilds of the archers used to come together2 as1 for instance1 in the 8,hotel de l',arquebuse0 in ,geneva1 where the ,swiss archers had their joyous reunions after they had finished their outdoor sport to shoot the 8papegex0 7the parrot74 ,here the king of the archers who had done the master shot 8sans reproche0 and 8sans tricherie0 7without cheating71 was celebrated in poetical speeches1 according to the customs of the times3-- 8,je boy vous1 votre amye1 ,et toute la compaignie60 ,illustration3 ,,the,,old,,blue,,boar,,in,,lincoln ,the most famous of all ,shakespearean tavern signs is perhaps the 8,boar's ,head40 ,washington ,irving has told us in his research1 8the boar's head tavern1 ,eastcheap0 about his investigations on this important matter4 8,i sought1 in vain1 for the ancient abode of ,dame ,quickly4 ,the only relic of it is a boar's head1 carved in relief in stone1 which formerly served as a sign2 but at present ,irving's #8,sketch-,book' dates from #ahbj is built into the parting line of two houses1 which stand on the site of the renowned tavern40 ,to-day the relief1 blackened by age and curiously looking like ,japanese lacquer-work1 belongs to the treasures of the ,guildhall ,museum in ,london4 ,the place where the old tavern stood is marked by the statue of ,william ,,iv1 opposite the ,monument ,station of the subway4 ,merry souvenirs of good old ,england are suggested by the boar's head1 which used to be served on ,christmas ,day decorated with rosemary and greeted from the company with the half-,latin song3-- 8,caput apri defero ,reddens laudes ,domino1 ,the boar's head in hand bring ,i1 ,with garlands gay and rosemary2 ,i pray you all synge merrily1 ,qui estis in convivio40 ,it will be a great disappointment to our readers when we have to confess that the unlucky fellows called literary critics have found out that the stage-direction1 8,eastcheap4 ,a room in the ,boar's ,head ,tavern10 is not ,shakespeare's own remark1 since we do not find it in the early editions of 8,henry ,,iv40 ,still more so when they hear that the relief in ,guildhall bears the date #affh and has been chiseled1 therefore1 fifty-two years after the poet's death4 ,a little consolation we find in the not improbable supposition that it is a copy in stone from the original wooden sign4 ,did not the famous fire1 which raged from ,pudding ,lane to ,pye ,corner in the year #afff1 destroy nearly all the ,shakespearean ,london1 with its old-fashioned frame houses8 ,for greater security the new buildings were erected in stone and the old house emblems and carved tavern signs reappeared1 too1 in more substantial form4 ,the ,guildhall ,museum furnishes quite a number of examples3 8,the ,anchor0 of #affi1 8,the ,bell0 of #affh1 8,the ,spread ,eagle0 of #affi1 and others4 ,and now let us follow ,heinrich ,heine on his voyage to ,italy and hear from him how in his days the noble palace of the ,capulets1 ,julia's paternal home in ,verona1 was debased to a common tavern4 ,near the ,piazza dell ,erbe 8stands a house which the people identify with the old palace of the ,capulets on account of a cap 7in ,italian #8cappello'7 sculptured above the inner archway4 ,it is now a dirty bar for carters and coachmen2 a red iron hat1 full of holes1 hangs out as a tavern sign40 ,to-day this disgraceful sign has disappeared and a marble slab consecrates the popular myth as historical fact4 ,this was then the house where ,romeo for the first time saw his lady love3-- ,romeo4 ,what lady's that which doth enrich the hand ,of yonder knight8 ,servant4 ,i know not1 sir4 ,romeo4 ,o1 she doth teach the torches to burn bright6 ,her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night ,like a rich jewel in an ,ethiop's ear2 ,beauty too rich for use1 for earth too dear6 ,shakespeare's geographical knowledge seems to have been very limited4 ,if he could have gone1 as the citizen of ,stratford to-day1 to the ,carnegie library1 how many shocking errors he had avoided6 ,here he could have learned that ,bohemia has no seacoast1 that ,florence is not a port1 and that the forest of ,arden neither hides lions nor contains palms4 ,but would this knowledge have increased his poetical feeling and his power of representation8 ,hardly4 ,the northern land with its 8sniping winds10 how well it is characterized2 how simple and true to life his description of the mild climate of ,sicily1 crowned with temples1 in the 8,winter's ,tale0 7,,iii1 i73-- 8,the climate's delicate1 the air most sweet1 ,fertile the isle2 temple much surpassing ,the common praise it bears40 ,it was not yet the fashion to flee the winter and try to find eternal spring in the ,south4 ,every season is welcome to the poet who loves the peculiar charm of each one1 as he says in 8,love's ,labor's ,lost0 7,i1 i73-- 8,at ,christmas ,i no more desire a rose ,than wish a snow in ,may's new-fangled shows1 ,but like of each thing that in season grows40 ,he probably never traveled far1 but how intensely does he feel the curious sensations of all travelers1 the weariness and yet the eagerness to see the new sights6 ,how perfectly modern sound in the 8,comedy of ,errors0 7,i1 i7 the words3-- 8,go bear it to the ,centaur1 where we host1 ,and stay there1 ,dromio1 till ,i come to thee4 ,within this hour it will be dinner time1 ,till that1 ,i'll view the manners of the town1 ,peruse the traders1 gaze upon the buildings ,and then return and sleep within mine inn1 ,for with long travel ,i am stiff and weary40 ,he possessed1 like ,schiller1 who never saw ,switzerland1 and yet wrote 8,tell10 the wonderful gift of filling the lack of distinct knowledge with the poetical power of imagination1 or1 as he calls it himself1 8to make imaginary puissance0 and 8to piece out our imperfections with our thought40 ,no doubt certain things1 details of local civilization1 cannot be imagined4 ,one has to go and study them4 ,we will therefore1 to gain a fuller understanding of the hospitality of the sixteenth century1 follow a contemporary of ,shakespeare in his travels1 ,montaigne1 a clear-sighted observer1 who as grand seigneur had the good fortune to make extended voyages in ,france1 ,southern ,germany1 and ,italy4 ,although himself rather a spoiled gentleman1 he generally is full of praise for the comforts and elegance of the inns1 especially in the south of ,germany4 ,only once he had to complain about the 8libert et fiert ,almanesque10 and this happened at ,constance in the 8,eagle40 ,the elegance of the ,renaissance hostelries was indeed surprising and has hardly been surpassed in our days of luxurious traveling4 ,not only most of the beds were covered with silk1 as in the 8,crown0 at ,chalons1 for instance1--8la pluspart des lits et couvertes sont de soie10--but sometimes the table silver was richly and artistically decorated1 as in the 8,bear0 at ,kempten 7,bavaria73 8,on nous y servit de grands tasses d'arjant de plus de sortes 7qui n'out usage que d'ornemant1 fort laboures et semes d'armoiries de divers ,seigneurs71 qu'il ne s'en tient en guire de bones maisons40 ,in many places still the wooden plates and cups were used1 sometimes covered with silver2 tin plates1 which appear at the end of the fifteenth century1 seem to impress ,montaigne as a novelty4 ,he notes at least expressly that in the 8,rose0 at ,innsbruck he was served in 8assiettes d'tain40 ,in the same very good 8logis0 he admired the beautiful laces which decorated the bed-linen--the pride of the ,german ,hausfrau to the present day4 ,the sheets had1 he said1 8quatre doigt de riche ouvrage de passement blanc1 comme en la pluspart des autres villes d',allemaigne40 ,other things1 on the contrary1 which one finds to-day in the most modest lodging-house--as1 a stairway carpet--seem to him very strange and a great novelty1 although he used to stop only in first-class houses4 ,the inn 8,zur ,linde0 in ,augsburg--8a l'enseigne d'un arbre nom #8linde' au pais0--possessed this novel luxury1 and ,montaigne describes it in this detailed manner3 8,le premier apprt trange et qui montre leur propert1 ce fut de trouver notre arrive le degrs de la vis 7spiral stairway7 de notre logis tout couvert de linges1 pardessus lesquels il nous falloit marcher1 pour ne salir les marches de leur vis qu'on venait de laver40 ,the linden tree was very popular in ,germany as a tavern sign2 under the shadow and in the sweet perfume of the village ,linde1 old and young loved to gather to dance and sing4 ,how cozy the inn room looked at times we may see from his description of the 8,crown0 in ,lindau4 ,a great bird cage 8 loger grand nombre d'oiseaus0 was connected with the woodwork of the comfortable bench that used to surround the big stove4 ,a look at ,drer's engraving1 8,the ,dream10 will help our phantasy to see and feel more clearly the 8,gemtlichkeit0 of such a stove-corner4 ,leaning back in soft cushions1 a philistine in dressing-gown is peacefully dozing1 while a beautiful young woman standing at his side seems to reveal a part of his dream4 ,the most luxurious hotel ,montaigne ever stopped at was one in ,rome1 nobly called 8,au ,vase d',or40 8,as in the palace of kings10 the furniture was covered with silk and golden brocades4 ,but he did not feel at home in his royal room1 constantly fearing to injure the costly things1 and to get a great bill against him for damages4 ,so he decided to move to more modest quarters1 not without dictating to his secretary3 8,m4 de ,montaigne estima que cette magnificence estoit non-sulement inutile1 mais encore pnible pour la conservation de ces meubles1 chaque lict estant du pris de quatre ou cinq ans escus40 ,most of the ,italian inns of his time stood in curious contrast to this royal sumptuosity4 ,often the windows were mere holes in the walls1 simply closed with wooden shutters1 which darkened the room completely if one needed to be protected against sun1 wind1 or rain4 ,such was the case of the 8,crown0 in ,siena3 8,nous lojames la ,couronne1 asss bien1 mais toujours sans vitres et sans chassis4 ,ces fentres grandes et toute ouvertes1 sauf un grand contrevent de bois1 qui vous chasse le jour1 si vous en voulez chasser le soleil ou le vent2 ce qu'il trouvoit bien plus insupportable et irremdiable que la faute des rideaux d',allemaigne40 ,this lack of curtains in ,german hostelries was still1 two hundred and fifty years later1 for ,victor ,hugo a reason to complain about the 8indigence des rideaux40 ,a real miserable time ,monsieur de ,montaigne had in ,florence in the 8hostellerie de l'ange10 where certain little creatures drive him out of bed and force him to sleep on the table3 8,j'etois forc la nuit de dormir sur la table de la salle ou je faisais mettre des matelas et des draps 444 pour viter les punaises dont tous les lits sont fort infects40 ,a similar experience he has in ,san ,lorenzo1 near ,viterbo1 the charming little town of countless fountains4 ,but we must take leave of our noble traveling companion and visit the painters' studios of the time to see if we cannot find in their work pictures of the taverns and signs we have heard so much about4 ,illustration3 ,,the,,rowing,,barge,,wallingford ,,chapter ,,vi ,,tavern ,,signs ,,in ,,art--,,especially ,,in ,,pictures ,,by ,,the ,,dutch ,,masters ,illustration3 ,the ,trumpeter before a ,tavern ,from a ,painting by ,du ,jardin in ,amsterdam ,,chapter ,,vi ,,tavern ,,signs ,,in ,,art--,,especially ,,in ,,pictures ,,by ,,the ,,dutch ,,masters 8,als de vien es in der man dan is de wiesheid in de kan40 ,carlyle once complained that the artists preferred to paint 8,corregiosities10 creations of their own fancy1 instead of representing the historic events of their own times4 ,only the ,dutch painters of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 in so far as they keep clear of the ,italian influence1 may justly be called true historical painters1 certainly with greater reason than the school of historical painting in the nineteenth century1 which tried to reconstruct events of epochs long past with the antiquarian help of old armor1 swords1 costumes1 and the like4 ,we will find1 therefore1 in the works of the ,dutch masters the truest historical documents for our modest sphere of investigation4 ,while ,greek art reflected1 as in a pure mirror1 the harmony of worldly and religious life in ,hellas1 the medival art essentially served religious ideas1 but in giving them a visible form used the worldly elements of contemporary costume and architecture4 ,great artists like ,giotto1 whose merits the proud words on his tombstone characterize1 8,ille ego sum per quem pinctura extincta revixit10 proved themselves the best historians1 because they possessed1 besides deep religious concentration1 the gift of true observation1 thus introducing in their works valuable information about the life of their own time4 ,not until the dawn of the ,renaissance had freed the worldly spirit from ecclesiastical shackles did men imbued with a deep-rooted love of their country1 like the ,venetian ,vittore ,carpaccio1 or the ,florentine ,benozzo ,gozzoli1 give us true pictures of home life4 ,out of the solemn walls of churches and cloisters they lead us into the animated and picturesque life of the streets1 which were not1 as some authors try to make us believe1 above all the scene of wild and unbridled passions1 but which we might compare with arteries filled with the red and healthy blood of social life4 ,in his frescoes from the life of ,st4 ,augustine in ,san ,gimignano1 ,benozzo shows us how parents present their little boy to the 8magistro grammatice0 in the street in front of the open schoolroom4 ,little ,augustine1 crossing his arms over his breast in an attitude of deference1 looks rather inquisitively at his future master1 while in the parents' faces we read the earnest hope that the son will make 8ultra modum0 great progress1 and never deserve such shameful public punishment as we see administered to the little good-for-nothing on the right side of the picture4 ,but we do not observe a schoolmaster sign hung out1 such as have come down to us from the ,german sixteenth century4 ,the ,italian painter still delights1 above all1 in the architectural beauty of his native city4 ,in the same way ,carpaccio shows us the piazzas and canals of his beloved ,venice in the splendor of processions1 solemn receptions of foreign ambassadors1 and the like1 decorated with flags and ,oriental carpets4 ,the humble inn of the people does not yet attract the eye of the artist1 who delights in the elegance of palaces and the grandeur of public buildings4 ,the early artists of the ,netherlands1 too1 represent the street1 not filled with the noisy1 everyday life of the people1 but as a quiet stage1 on which the holy procession of saints solemnly move1 as in ,memling's picture of ,st4 ,ursula's arrival in ,rome4 ,in quiet1 elegant rooms the noble donors kneel before the holy virgin1 saints unite in a 8santa conversazione10 far from the world4 ,here and there only a window looks out on a tiny landscape1 with rivers and bridges1 roads1 and fortified towns on distant hills1 beyond which our 8,wanderlust0 draws us4 ,this little section of nature slowly grows larger1 the narrow limitations of architecture fall2 crowned only with the glorious light of heaven1 ,mary sits in the open green fields1 which give good pasture to the tired donkey4 ,thus ,jan van ,scorel has painted the holy family in a charming picture of the collection ,rath in ,pest4 ,out of pious seclusion the way leads into free nature1 to meadows and brooks1 to clattering mills1 and finally1 for a rest after the long walk1 to the peasant's inn4 ,even earlier1 before the ,dutch painters1 a pupil of ,drer1 ,hans ,sebald ,beham1 one of the 8godless painters of ,nuremberg10 who were exiled from their native town on account of socialistic tendencies1 has taken us along this road4 ,in one of his larger engravings he pictures the different stages of a rustic wedding1 and for the first time shows us the signboard1 hanging on a long stick1 from a dormer window of the tavern4 ,we might date the painted sign from the invention of oil painting on wooden panels by the brothers ,van ,eyck1 an art which was introduced in ,italy through ,antonello da ,messina as late as #adgc4 ,the signs of earlier date we have to imagine as either sculptures1 closely united with the architecture of the house1 or as mural paintings such as we still see to-day in ,stein-on-the-,rhine1 for instance1 on the house 8,zum ,ochsen40 ,master ,drer himself once hung out the little tablet with his famous monogram as a tavern sign over the fantastic ruin1 in which he places the birth of ,christ in his beautiful engraving of the year #aejd1 proud to have prepared such a cozy inn for ,our ,lady and her ,god-given ,child4 ,but the whole wealth of signs1 from the natural simple form of the speaking sign to the most elaborate examples of signs painted or artfully wrought in iron1 reveals itself to us later in the realistic pictures of the ,dutch painters4 ,the earliest representation of a speaking sign1 where the merchandise itself is still hung out1 ,i have seen in a woodcut illustrating a book printed in ,augsburg in #aecf3 8,hie hebt an das ,concilium zu ,constanz40 ,it is a baker's sign3 large 8brezels0 on a wooden stick1 a primitive precursor of the artful baker's sign we observe in ,jan ,steen's charming picture 8,the baker ,arent ,oostwaard0 in the ,rijks ,museum at ,amsterdam4 ,in more modern times the real merchandise is sometimes supplanted by an imitation of the different loafs in wood and neatly painted in natural colors1 such as we see in an amusing sign from ,borgo ,san ,dalmazzo1 a picturesque mountain town near ,cuneo in northern ,italy4 ,a similar evolution may be noted in other trade signs3 first the real boots1 and later a copy in wood1 painted red if possible2 first the big pitcher and the shining tin tankard decorated with fresh foliage1 later the imitation in a wreath of iron leaves4 ,everywhere in the tavern and kermess scenes painted by ,dutch masters1 we see real pitchers and tankards hanging over the doors as speaking signs inviting the peasants to enter and partake of a refreshing drink4 ,in northern ,germany the 8,krug0 7pitcher7 was so popular as a sign that the landlord was called after it1 8,krger10 to this day a widely spread family name4 ,illustration3 ,panetteria ,borgo ,san ,dalmazzo ,unfortunately the ,dutch artists loved the interior of the tavern still better than its faade1 otherwise we should find still more of the old signs in their pictures4 ,jan ,steen1 a genius in the art of living as well as in the art of painting1 was a brewer's son and occasionally he played the landlord himself1 in #afed1 in the tavern 8,zur ,schlange10 and in #afef 8,in der ,roskam10 both in ,delft4 ,in his latter days1 when he had returned to his birthplace1 ,leyden1 where he once was enrolled as a student of the university1 he obtained a license from the city fathers 8de neringh van openbare herbergh40 ,who could deny sthetic influence to tavern rooms bedecked with genuine ,steens8 ,other artists like ,brouwer paid their tavern debts in pictures1 and thus created an artistic atmosphere in which young artists like ,steen himself felt most naturally at ease4 ,in a picture in ,brussels1 8,the ,assembly of the ,rhetoricians10 the president of a debating society reads the prize poem to the peasantry assembled outside a tavern1 the speaking sign of which1 pitcher and tankard1 is hanging out on a large oaken branch4 ,more frequent than this bush is the wreath--known to us already as a sign in antiquity--surrounding the jolly pitcher as we see it in ,du ,jardin's sunny picture 8,the ,trumpeter before a ,tavern10 in ,amsterdam4 ,david ,teniers gives the preference to the half moon and rarely omits to place a pitcher above the signboard4 ,sometimes he decorates his moon tavern with the escutcheon of ,austria and the imperial eagle2 for instance1 in a picture in ,vienna4 ,in his great painting in the ,louvre we see a mail-stage-driver's horn1 a kind of hunting-horn1 although the master1 who died in #afij1 did not live to see the mail-coach introduced4 ,illustration3 ,the ,half-,moon from a painting by ,teniers in ,london ,in the representations1 then so popular1 of corporations assembled at festive meals1 we sometimes remark in the background1 through an open window1 the stately guild-houses crowned with their signs2 the little lamb with the flag1 for instance1 in ,bartholomus van der ,helst's superb banquet of the city guard in the ,rijks ,museum at ,amsterdam4 ,but perhaps no other artist has given us a more vivid impression of the beauty of the street with its various glittering signs than the brothers ,berkheyden in the picture of which we reproduce a section in our ,frontispiece4 ,the street itself has been the painter's real object1 the play of light and shade on its various architectural features fascinates him more than the people passing through it1 who once acted the principal rle and are now treated as mere accessories valuable for accenting the perspective of the picture4 ,gerrit ,berkheyden has painted the same market-place of ,harlem again in his sunny picture of #afgd in the ,london ,national ,gallery1 but this time the street1 gayly decorated with signs1 is more distant and lost in shadow4 ,fifty years later ,hogarth gave us a picture of ,london streets and their fantastic signs1 but not in the ,dutch spirit of nave truthfulness4 ,there is hardly an engraving among his numerous productions representing a street scene1 without a tavern sign4 ,all forms are represented1 the detached signpost characteristic of ,england1 such as the 8,adam and ,eve0 sign on the large engraving 8,the ,march to ,finchley10 or the sign of 8,the ,sun0 hung out on a bracket in his engraving of 8,the ,day10 dated #agch2 again1 a painted board1 fastened against the wall1 as we see it over the door of the ,bell ,tavern1 in one of his earliest prints dated #agca in the cycle 8,a ,harlot's ,progress40 ,in the same plate we notice over another tavern door a large chessboard1 familiar to us from the old ,roman taverns4 ,usually this cubistic pattern decorates the signpost standing in front of the alehouse1 as seen in our design of the sign-painter from the engraving 8,the ,day40 ,hogarth's sarcastic mind was inclined anyway to distort life's pictures like a comic mirror1 and it will be difficult to determine how much further he has caricatured the actual signs he saw in the streets of ,london which1 themselves1 were very often the creations of a cartoonist4 ,most of his signs seem true copies from life2 others1 like the barber sign in the engraving 8,the ,night10 or the above-mentioned 8,good ,eating10 ,i am inclined to think exaggerations or fanciful inventions1 although1 to be sure1 the carved frame around the gruesome pitcher of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist's head shows a distinct historic style1 somewhat plainer and of more recent date than the richly carved ,renaissance frame of the ,adam and ,eve signboard4 ,while to ,hogarth the sign seemed to be an excellent medium wherewith to increase the bitterness of his satire1 the ,german romantic artists of the nineteenth century1 ,moritz von ,schwind and ,spitzweg1 loved to introduce it in their pictures as a fairy element4 ,the golden pattern of a star sign is woven into the soft lines of their compositions3 8,the ,farewell10 by ,spitzweg1 and the famous 8,wedding ,journey10 by ,schwind1 in the ,schack ,gallery at ,munich4 ,a friendly star is twinkling over both the lovers who part with tears1 and those who are starting upon their journey in the dewy morning of life4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,artists ,,as ,,sign-,,painters ,illustration3 ,a ,sign-,painter from an ,engraving by ,hogarth ,,chapter ,,vii ,,artists ,,as ,,sign-,,painters 8,ou il n'y a pas d'glise je regarde les enseignes40 ,,victor ,,hugo4 ,good old ,diderot1 who to-day sits so peacefully in his armchair of bronze on the ,boulevard ,saint-,germain and observes with philosophical calm the restless stream of ,parisian life passing him by day and night1 was once a severe critic4 ,we might call him the father of critics1 since he reviewed the first ,french ,art ,exhibition arranged in the ,salon carr of the ,louvre4 ,from this salon the modern ,french ,expositions in ,paris derive their name1 although they have grown into bewildering labyrinths of art and have long ago lost the intimacy and elegance inherent in a salon4 ,when ,diderot intended to hurt the feelings of an exhibiting artist1 he used to call him a 8peintre d'enseigne10 and he was cruel enough to use this term rather frequently with those painters 8qui ne se servent de la brosse que pour salir la toile40 ,in the famous encyclopdia which1 together with d',alembert1 he edited in #aggi1 and which brought them the honorary title of 8,encyclopdistes10 he gives two definitions of the ,french word for sign1 8enseigne03 first1 a flag2 and second1 condescendingly1 8petit tableau pendu une boutique40 ,as we see1 the great critic did not appreciate sign-painters and their works very highly2 and in this respect he only shared the general opinion of the public1 which liked to poke fun at these 8artistes en plein vent40 ,charlet1 who usually celebrates in his lithographs the soldiers of the great ,napoleon1 is the author of an amusing cartoon on our poor sign-painters4 8,j'aime la couleur0 is the title of the spirituel design which leaves us in doubt which color the sign-artist really prefers--the red on his large palette or the red of the wine in the glass he is holding4 ,in similar vein ,hogarth represents him as a poor devil in rags and as a conceited fellow evidently very proud of his mediocre work4 ,like his ,french colleague he loves a drink in this cold1 windy business of his2 at least the round bottle hanging on the frame of the signboard contains to our mind1 not varnish1 but something in the ,scotch whiskey line4 ,to the 8,muse de la rue0 his immortal works were dedicated1 said a malicious ,frenchman2 but after all1 was this really so degrading at a time when excellent artists did not hesitate to exhibit their work in the open street8 ,monsieur ,georges ,cain1 the director of the ,carnavalet ,museum1 who knows all the 8,coins de ,paris0 so well and with whom it is so entertaining to promenade 8 travers ,paris10 tells us that in the days before the ,revolution the young artists who were not yet members of the official academies used to show their paintings on the ,place ,dauphine1 once situated behind the ,palais de ,justice4 ,if ,jupiter ,pluvius did not interfere1 the exhibition was arranged on the day of the 8petite ,fte-,dieu40 ,great linen sheets were pinned over the shop-windows and formed the background for paintings of such eminent artists as ,oudry1 ,boucher1 ,nattier1 or ,chardin1 works of art which to-day are considered treasures of the ,louvre1 as 8,la ,raie10 exhibited by ,chardin for the first time in #agbh in this museum of the street4 8,quel joli spectacle10 says ,cain in his 8,coins de ,paris10 8devaient offrir la place ,dauphine1 les faades roses des deux maisons d'angle et le vieux ,pont-,neuf--dcor exquis1 pittoresque et charmeur--encombrs d'amateurs1 de badauds1 de critiques1 de belles dames1 d'artistes1 d'aimables modles en claire toilette1 se pressant affairs1 babillards1 enthousiastes1 joyeux1 par une douce matine de mai1 devant les toiles fraches closes des ,petits ,exposants de la ,place ,dauphine60 ,our respect for the 8artistes en plein vent0 can but increase1 when we hear that three famous painters have begun their career with the composition of a sign3 ,holbein1 ,prud'hon1 and ,chardin4 ,all kinds of tavern anecdotes are in circulation regarding ,holbein1 who was rather a gay bird in his youth4 ,according to one of them he once got so tired of painting the decoration of a tavern room that he concluded to deceive the landlord1 watching eagerly his work1 by counterfeiting himself standing on a scaffold before the wall busily engaged in his work4 ,thus he was able to skip out and have a good time in another tavern1 while the good landlord1 every time he looked through the door1 was pleased to see him ever diligently working4 ,one of ,holbein's earliest works was a sign for a pedagogue representing a schoolroom2 this is still preserved in the ,museum at ,basle4 ,who would have thought that ,prud'hon--the artist who dwelled in romantic dreams1 and whose wonderful creation of ,psyche1 borne away by loving wind-gods1 lives on1 a pleasant fancy in our minds--had begun his artistic career by painting a sign for a hatter in his native town8 ,this1 we suppose1 was the first and last time that he painted such an unpoetical thing as a hat4 ,like ,holbein he was just fourteen years old at the time when he produced this picture1 which likewise has come down to us2 at least it still existed when the cole des ,beaux-,arts in ,paris arranged a ,prud'hon ,exhibition in #ahgd4 ,the third great artist who gained his first success by means of a sign was ,chardin4 ,a friend of his father1 a surgeon1 who did not disdain to play the barber as a side issue had given him the order4 ,it was not unusual for doctors to hang out a pretty sign2 if they were poetically inclined1 they ventured a little rhyme on it1 as shown by this ,dutch example3-- 8,den ,chirurgijn ,vermindert de pijn ,door ,gods ,genade40 ,for this respect the barber and hair-dressing artists showed no less talent1 as this ,french verse will sufficiently prove3-- 8,la ,nature donne barbe et cheveux ,et moi1 je les coupe tous les deux40 ,well1 our 8chirurgien-barbier0 followed the general custom of his time and ordered a sign4 ,naturally he expected ,chardin to paint on it all his knives1 his trepan1 and other instruments of torture1 and was not a little surprised to find something very different4 ,the proportions of the signboard1 which was very long1 twelve feet long by three feet high1 had suggested to the young artist an animated composition which he styled 8les suites d'un duel dans la rue0 and for which all the members of his family had been obliged to pose as models4 ,only one part of the picture1 where the wounded was carried to a surgeon's office1 referred to the business of his father's friend4 ,fearing1 therefore1 a possible objection on his part1 the artist took the precaution to fasten the sign in the night to the doctor's house1 who was awakened in the morning by a big crowd assembled before it1 evidently admiring the chef d'uvre4 ,unfortunately this early work of ,chardin's no longer exists4 ,his paintings1 so much more serious and solid than the frivolities of ,boucher and ,lancret1 the idols of the public of his time1 have only recently1 in our democratic times1 received fully the appreciation they deserve4 ,but the most famous of signs painted by a great artist is without doubt the one which ,watteau1 in #agbj1 shortly before his death1 made for the art dealer ,gersaint1 in three days1 8to limber up his stiff old fingers40 ,it is one of the most beautiful things ,watteau ever produced and is now in the possession of the ,german ,kaiser4 ,french critics1 however1 think that it was executed by a pupil1 from the original sketch of the master1 which has been found and which shows more 8loose qualities10 to use an artist's term4 ,however that may be1 the picture that ,frederic the ,great purchased through his art agent in ,paris is a beauty4 ,a good friend of ,watteau's1 a ,monsieur de ,julienne1 the first possessor of the sign1 and owner of another painted by ,watteau for ,gersaint's art shop1 entitled 8,vertumnus and ,pomona10 was very proud of this new possession1 as we might judge from the fact that he asked the engraver ,aveline to engrave it with this inscription3-- 8,watteau1 dans cette enseigne la fleur de ses ans ,des ,mastres de son art imite la manire2 ,leurs caractres diffrens1 ,leurs touches et leur got composent la matire ,de ces esquisses lgans40 ,these words refer to a picture gallery in ,gersaint's shop which ,watteau carefully reproduces in the sign1 but which to our modern eyes is less fascinating than the elegant customers1 ladies and gentlemen1 and the amusing eagerness and enthusiasm of these aristocratic connoisseurs4 ,another sign by ,watteau1 the loss of which we have to deplore1 was the property of a 8marchande de modes40 ,no doubt it tempted many a 8,parisienne0 to buy rather more of the charming ,watteau costumes than were strictly necessary4 ,a modern ,french artist who sometimes has been honored with the name 8,watteau ,montmartrois10 the illustrator ,willette1 has produced in our days the sign for the famous cabaret1 the 8,chat ,noir0 prototype of all cabarets in ,france and elsewhere4 ,two other signs by his master-hand1 8 l'image de ,notre ,dame0 and 8 ,bonaparte10 may still be seen in ,paris on the ,quai ,voltaire and on the corner of the ,rue ,bonaparte and the ,rue de l',abbaie4 ,other great ,french artists have painted signs occasionally3 ,greuze did the 8,enseigne du ,huron0 for a tobacco merchant--which may remind us of the wooden ,indian1 guarding similar ,american shops in the old days2 ,carle ,vernet and his son ,horace ,vernet2 ,gricault1 the great sportsman1 whose career as an artist was cut short by a violent fall from a horse1 is the author of the 8,cheval blanc10 which once adorned a tavern in the neighborhood of ,paris2 ,gavarni1 the great lithographer1 painted a sign1 8,aux deux ,pierrots10 and drew it later on stone2 ,carolus ,duran's 8enseigne brosse vigoureusement sur une plaque lgrement courbe0 was first exhibited in the ,salon de la ,socit ,nationale before it was placed over the door of a fencing-school2 and many others4 ,among the ,french sculptors ,jean ,goujon1 perhaps the greatest of them1 the creator of the ,fontaine des ,innocents in ,paris and its charmingly graceful figures1 is mentioned as the author of a sign1 8,la chaste ,suzanne10 which once embellished a house in the ,rue aux ,fves4 ,to-day a plaster cast has been substituted for the original1 bought by an art collector4 ,in the old streets of ,paris we may still discover here and there sculptured signs of artistic charm1 such as 8,la ,fontaine de ,jouvence0 in the ,rue de ,four ,saint-,germain1 #fg1 and the fine relief of the 8,soleil d'or0 in the ,rue ,saint-,sauveur4 ,the little ,bacchus riding so gayly on a cask1 who once decorated the 8,cabaret du ,lapin blanc10 spends to-day a rather dull existence1 together with other retired colleagues of his1 in the ,muse ,carnavalet4 ,our little 8,rmouleur10 from the ,rue des ,nonains d',hyres1 who does not fail to amply moisten his grindstone1 is not only a suggestive symbol1 but in his dainty rococo dress a very amusing piece of sculpture4 ,we cannot end our chat on signs by ,french artists without mentioning the name of ,victor ,hugo1 to whom we owe so much information about the wealth of signs that still existed at his time in ,france and the countries bordering on the ,rhine4 ,he was himself a clever draughtsman and occasionally sketched 8des dessins aux enseignes enchevtres10 reminiscences of the real signs he used to admire on his wanderings4 ,the following quotation may show how great was his love for signs3 8 ,rhinfelden1 les exubrantes enseignes d'auberge m'ont occup comme des cathdrales2 et j'ai l'esprit fait ainsi1 qu' de certains moments un tang de village1 clair comme un miroir d'acier1 entour de chaumires et travers par une flotille de canards me rgale autant que le lac de ,genve40 ,illustration3 ,enseigne du ,rmouleur,paris ,among the great ,dutch masters ,paulus ,potter1 ,albert ,cuyp1 and ,wouwerman are cited as occasional sign-painters4 ,even ,potter's famous 8,jonge ,stier0 in ,the ,hague is claimed as a butcher's sign4 ,it would perhaps seem like doing too much honor to the art of sign-painting if we numbered this remarkable work of the twenty-two-year-old artist among them4 ,and what beautiful white horses1 bathed in mellow sunlight1 ,cuyp may have painted for the 8,rssle0 taverns6 ,another ,dutch artist1 ,laurens van der ,vinne 7#afbi-agjb71 is even called the ,raphael among sign-painters4 ,we do not know much about his work1 but ,i am afraid he did not take this title as a compliment4 ,to find ,rembrandt's great name in connection with our art seems stranger still1 but there is a tradition that copies of his pictures--we may think of his good ,samaritan arriving with the wounded man before an inn--were used as signs4 ,as we shall see later1 his own portrait was occasionally hung out by a patriotic and art-loving landlord over the tavern door4 ,among ,english artists ,hogarth1 whom we already know as a keen observer of ,london signs1 deserves the first place4 ,he is supposed to be the author of a sign1 not very gallant to the fair sex1 called 8,a man loaded with mischief40 ,it represents a wife-ridden man4 ,all kinds of delicate allusions hidden in the background of the composition seem to hint at the sad fact that this impudent woman on his back holding a glass of gin gets sometimes 8drunk as a sow40 ,i doubt if ,hogarth engraved this plate himself2 it is signed 8,sorrow0 as the engraver and 8,experience0 as the designer4 ,it would do little honor either to ,hogarth the man or the artist4 ,all satirical art has this great deficiency1 that it is hard for the public to judge whether the satire means to combat seriously the vices and errors of men or whether the smile of the satirist is not a smile of complacency4 ,but such doubts must not detain us from visiting with good humor an exhibition of signs1 the spiritual promoter of which ,hogarth seems to have been4 ,at any rate1 he contributed quite a few of his own works under the transparent pseudonym 8,hagarty40 ,bonnell ,thornton1 who1 after a brilliant journalistic career as editor of 8,the ,connoisseur10 8,the ,st4 ,james's ,chronicle10 and other publications1 received the greatest honor accorded to ,englishmen1 a final abode in ,westminster ,abbey1 was the originator of this curious exhibition4 ,hogarth was at least on the 8hanging committee40 ,the fact that the gates of the ,signboard ,exhibition were opened in the spring of #agfb1 at the same time as the official ,exhibition of the ,society for the ,encouragement of ,arts1 provoked the anger of the 8,brother ,artists0 and was the signal for a perfect storm among the newspapers4 ,furious articles stigmatized the enterprise as 8the most impudent and pickpocket ,abuse that ,i ever knew offered to the ,publick40 8,the best entertainment it can afford is that of standing in the street1 and observing with how much shame in their ,faces ,people come out of the ,house4 ,pity it will be1 if all who are employed in the carrying on this ,cheat1 are not seized and sent to serve the ,king40 ,in those days1 8to serve the ,king0 was evidently a severe punishment4 ,the sign-painters in their turn hurried to protest their innocence and to refute 8the most malicious suggestion that their ,exhibition is designed as a ,ridicule on the ,exhibition of the ,society for the ,encouragement of ,arts4 ,they are not in the least prompted by any mean ,jealousie to depreciate the ,merits of their ,brother ,artists1 444 their sole ,view is to convince ,foreigners1 as well as their own blinded ,countrymen1 that however inferior this ,nation may be unjustly deemed in other ,branches of the ,polite ,arts1 the ,palm of ,sign-,painting must be universally ceded to ,us1 the ,dutch themselves not excepted40 ,the committee even reprinted the articles and letters abusive of the ,exhibition1 8thanking the critics for so successfully advertising their efforts40 ,no doubt1 this exposition was a rare treat4 ,not only were all the painted signs 8worse executed than any that are to be seen in the meanest streets1 and the carved ,figures10 as one of the curious who visited the show tells us1 8the very worst of ,signpost ,work1 but several ,tobacco ,rolls1 ,sugar ,loaves1 ,hats1 ,wigs1 ,stockings and ,gloves1 and even a ,westphalian ,ham hung round the room40 8,the ,cream of the whole ,jest10 or1 as the ,french would say1 the 8clou de l'exposition10 were two boards behind blue curtains with the warning inscription3 8,ladies and gentlemen are requested not to finger them1 as blue curtains are hung over in purpose to preserve them40 ,since it was the custom in those days to hide pictures of too indelicate a nature in this fashion1 the ladies1 of course1 did not dare to gratify their curiosity4 ,but lascivious gentlemen who did not hesitate to lift the curtains found only the mocking words3 8,ha6 ,ha6 ,ha60 and 8,he6 ,he6 ,he60 ,the amusing catalogue of this extraordinary ,exhibition has been published in full in the ,appendix of ,larwood and ,hotten's 8,history of ,signboards40 ,it mentions many of our old acquaintances like 8,the ,salutation1 or ,french and ,english manners02 others are new to us1 as 8,the ,barking ,dogs10 8a landscape at moonlight1 the moon somewhat eclipsed by an accident40 ,the peruke-maker's sign1 8,absalom hanging10 is again an old friend of ours4 ,but the rhyme underneath-- 8,if ,absalom had not worn his own hair ,absalom had not been hanging there0-- seems to us not quite equal in poetical value to the following we read somewhere else3-- 8,oh ,absalom6 oh ,absalom6 ,oh ,absalom6 my son1 ,if thou hadst worn a periwig ,thou hadst not been undone40 ,some of ,hagarty's contributions have moralizing titles--as1 8,the ,spirit of ,contradiction10 representing two brewers with a barrel of beer1 pulling different ways--which do not amuse us any more to-day4 8,the ,logger-,heads10 or1 8,we are ,three0 7add3 fools71 is an old sign to which ,shakespeare alludes in his 8,twelfth ,night0 7,,ii1 iii71 where the ,fool comes between ,sir ,toby ,belch and ,sir ,andrew ,aguecheek1 and1 taking each by the hand1 says3 8,how now1 my ,hearts1 did you never see the picture of ,we ,three80 ,in country taverns sometimes two asses were painted on the wall1 with the inscription3 8,we three asses40 ,the newcomer used to spell these words with great seriousness1 to the delight of the old customers4 ,another sign by ,hagarty1 8,death and the ,doctor10 evidently goes back to the popular scenes of the 8,dance of ,death0 and reminds us of other gruesome signs1 the above-mentioned ,french signs1 8,la ,mort qui trompe10 8,la ,fte de ,mort0 in ,lyon and 8,la ,cave des ,morts0 in ,geneva4 ,this physician's sign probably resembled the rude woodcuts of the first printed editions of the 8,dance of ,death0 from the fifteenth century3 the doctor very unwilling to follow his colleague1 8the sure ,physician10 as ,shakespeare has called ,death4 ,some such picture was in the poet's mind when he wrote the words in 8,cymbeline10 ,v1 v3-- 8,by medicine life may be prolong'd1 yet death ,will seize the doctor too40 ,this exhibition of ,signboards inspired by ,hogarth was the first and most amusing of its kind4 ,more than one hundred years later an 8,exposition ,nationale des ,enseignes parlantes artistiques0 was arranged in ,brussels with one hundred and forty-one different signs1 and in #aijb the ,prefet de la ,seine organized in the ,city ,hall of ,paris a great 8,concours d',enseignes40 ,both represent serious and idealistic efforts to improve the artistic side of trade-signs1 and by this means to ennoble the picture of the street so often disfigured by vulgar advertisements4 ,well-known artists1 as the sculptors ,derv and ,moreau-,vauthier1 the painters ,willette1 ,bellery-,desfontaines1 ,flix ,rgamey1 and the popular collaborator of 8,le ,rire10 ,albert ,guilleaume1 contributed to this exhibition and thus stimulated their colleagues to work for the ,museum of the ,street4 ,henri ,dtaille1 the famous painter of battle scenes and pupil of ,meissonier1 was the spiritual author of the competition4 ,in a letter to ,grand-,carteret1 the writer of a great1 luxurious publication on the signs of ,lyon1 he had expressed the hope to educate and refine the artistic instinct of the masses through this medium of noble signs3 8,l'enseigne amusera la foule3 rien n'empche mme qu'elle soit instructive tout en restant une trs pure uvre d'art40 ,he ends his letter with the following lines that give credit to his good heart and his sympathy for the common people3 8,que les enseignes les plus belles les plus artistiques aillent surtout dans les quartiers pauvres1 populeux et privs1 de toute manifestation d'art40 ,if we reflect that indeed the posters often are the only touches of brightness in the gray monotony of the poor quarters1 we will heartily join ,dtaille in the wish that these posters might be pure and noble creations of art4 ,certain ,german posters1 lithographed by such artists as ,cissarz1 seem to approach this ideal4 ,the recent ,german ,war-,poster1 8,gedenket ,eurer ,dichter und ,denker10 may find an honorable mention in this connection4 ,in ,england the advice ,dtaille gave to the artists 8 reprendre la tradition0 has never been entirely forgotten1 and even to the present day well-known artists have not disdained to paint signs occasionally4 ,but before we enter the amiable society of contemporary artists we will show due honor to the great master ,grinling ,gibbons1 who1 so to speak1 is an honorary member of the ,sign-,makers' ,guild4 ,to no visitor of ,london is the name of this sculptor unfamiliar4 ,his master-hand carved the choir stalls in ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral and many elaborate wood-sculptures in royal castles4 ,one of his works is the famous golden cock in 8,ye ,olde ,cock ,tavern0 in ,fleet ,street4 ,when the old house was torn down to make room for a branch office of the ,bank of ,england1 the noble bird was obliged to move across the street1 where he now occupies the seat of honor in a large and rather dull room4 ,i am sure he would prefer to roost in the little paneled room1 up another flight1 where ,tennyson wrote the poem that made the creature immortal4 ,illustration3 ,,the,,goat,,in,,kensington ,among the living ,english artists who painted signs we may mention ,nicholson and ,pryde1 both experts in the art of the poster4 ,our illustration 8,the ,goat10 which hangs out on ,high ,street1 ,no4 #c1 in ,london1 is attributed to them1 but even the greatest admirer of ,nicholson's woodcuts will not find it worth while to pay a visit to this unattractive ale-house4 ,there is more charm in 8,the ,rowing ,barge10 a signed work of ,g4 ,d4 ,leslie1 member of the ,royal ,academy1 in ,wallingford on the ,thames1 where we found it in the neighborhood of the old ,norman ,church of ,st4 ,leonhard4 ,it took even two ,academicians1 ,leslie and ,l4 ,e4 ,hodgson1 to produce the 8,george and ,dragon0 sign in ,wargrave1 a fascinating little place buried amidst the greenery of giant trees4 ,the damp climate has effaced and darkened the sign considerably2 the owner of the inn has therefore taken it in and placed it on the garden side of the house1 under the protection of a balcony4 ,wargrave has a few other remarkable signs1 such as the one of the 8,bull ,inn10 which seems to be inspired by the beautiful picture of young ,potter4 ,but not the least beautiful among signs are the works of unknown artists4 ,all the admirable signs in forged iron1 from the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth1 in southern ,germany1 belong to this group4 ,benno ,rttenauer1 to whom we are indebted in many ways1 has praised these pure works of art in an article on 8,swabian ,tavern ,signs03 8,they are a joy to the eye and caress it as the melody of a folk-song caresses the ear40 ,from what invisible sources springs their beauty8 we ask1 just as we do before the great1 miraculous flowers of ,gothic cathedrals rising mysteriously from the plain cornfields of northern ,france4 ,simple artisans were their inventors and creators1 men who dared to let their own ideas grow in the free play of glowing1 flexible iron1 not yet disturbed by pattern-books and school wisdom4 ,more beautiful still than these are the eternal signs with which ,mother ,nature1 the only real teacher of all true artists1 invites the weary pilgrim to rest3 the moon1 the gentle shining stars1 and the blossoming trees under whose perfumed branches we sleep so sweetly4 ,this is the oldest inn2 the ,germans call it 8,bei ,mutter ,grn10 and the ,french speak similarly of 8loger l'enseigne de la lune02 8coucher l'enseigne de la belle toile40 ,nobody has sung the charms of this natural inn more sweetly than the ,swabian poet ,uhland in his song1 8,bei einem ,wirte wundermild10 which we beg permission to quote in ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat's happy translation3-- 8,a kind and gentle host was he ,with whom ,i stayed but now2 ,his sign a golden apple was ,that dangled from a bough4 8,yea6 't was a goodly apple-tree ,with whom ,i late did rest2 ,with pleasant food and juices fresh ,my parching mouth he blest4 8,there entered in his house so green ,full many a light-winged guest2 ,they gaily frisked and feasted well ,and blithely sang their best4 8,i found a couch for sweet repose ,of yielding verdure made2 ,the host himself1 he o'er me spread ,his cool and grateful shade4 8,then asked ,i what ,i had to pay1 ,whereat his head he shook2 ,o blest be he for evermore ,from root to topmost nook60 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,sign ,,in ,,poetry ,illustration3 ,zum ,goldnen ,hirsch ,leonberg1 ,wrttemberg ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,sign ,,in ,,poetry 8,er ging nicht in den ,krug1 ,er wohnte gar darinnen40 ,,joachim ,,rachel4 ,like a prophetic star the sign seems to stand over the birth-house of many a poet4 ,or shall we not agree with ,chateaubriand who saw in the eagle on the house in ,bread ,street1 ,london1 where ,milton was born1 an 8augure et symbole08 ,and is it not a curious coincidence that the greatest ,french comedy-writer was born 8 l'enseigne du ,pavillon des ,cinges dans la ,rue des tuves ,saint-,honor0 in ,paris8 ,one of the most ingenious reconstructions of ,robida 7the architect of ,vieux ,paris1 never to be forgotten by any visitor of the ,parisian ,world's ,fair of #aijj7 was this birthplace of ,molire's that took its name from the mighty corner-beam1 covered with carved monkeys4 ,truly1 ,milton had hoped less from the eagle on his father's house than from the gentle star of ,venus under which he was born4 ,in his family ,bible1 one of the many autograph treasures of the ,british ,museum1 he has registered his birth with his own hand3 8,john ,milton was born the #ith of ,december1 #afjh1 die ,veneris1 half an hour after #f in the morning40 ,it availed him little to be born on the day of ,venus1 and the promise given to the 8children of ,venus0 by an old ,german calendar of #adhi1 8,they shall sing joyfully and free from care10 was not fulfilled in his life4 ,his marriage was an unhappy one4 ,taine said of him3 8,ni les circonstances ni la nature l'avaient fait pour le bonheur40 ,but the eagle on the house of his childhood proved to be a true symbol of his great future1 for like an eagle he soared to the highest heights of poetical creation4 ,schiller was born in ,marbach in the neighboring house to the 8,golden ,lion10 whose landlord his grandfather had been4 ,considering that all houses in earlier times were distinguished by such symbols1 even the most pious could not help being born under a sign4 ,calvin1 the ,french ,puritan1 was even born in an inn1 the 8grasse htellerie des ,quatre ,nations0 at ,noyen in ,picardy4 ,on the other hand1 merry souls seem to have preferred saints as patrons of their birthplace1 for ,gavarni1 the ingenious cartoonist1 came into the world at ,paris 8 l'enseigne de ,sainte ,opportune1 ,rue des ,vieilles ,haudriettes40 ,sometimes ,fate seems to mock the highflying ambitions of a great poet1 by changing the house of his birth into a common public-house1 as happened in the case of ,chateaubriand1 8the gentilhomme n0 and his birthplace in the ,rue des ,juifs at ,saint-,malo4 ,on the other hand1 ,rabelais's birthplace in ,chinon1 which became a tavern after his death1 should have been one from the first hour of his life2 for his was like the 8trange nativit0 of his hero ,gargantua3 8,soubdain qu'il fut n1 ne cria comme les aultres enfans3 #8,mies1 mies'2 mais haulte voix s'escrioit3 #8 boire1 boire1 boire6' comme invitant tout le monde boire40 ,a little poem tells us the story how his study was transformed into a wine-cellar for merry revelers3-- 8,l chacun dit sa chansonette ,l le plus sage est le plus fou 99 99 99 99 99 ,la cave s'y trouve place ,o fut jadis le cabinet1 ,on n'y porte plus sa pense ,qu'aux douceurs d'un vin frais et net40 ,the oldest poetical tradition of tavern signs we find1 perhaps1 in the songs of ,villon1 who sometimes has been called the ,paul ,verlaine of the fifteenth century1 on account of his similar vicissitudes in life4 ,a child of the people1 he is not ashamed of his low origin3-- 8,sur les tumbeaux de mes ancestres ,les mes desquels ,dieu embrasse1 ,on n'y voyt couronnes ne sceptres40 ,living the life of the common people1 he mingles freely with them1 and in his wordly poems many a tavern adventure is told with zest4 ,as a roaming scholar he wanders from place to place and1 having rarely a penny in his purse1 he acquires easily the art of dining without paying3-- 8,c'est bien tromp1 qui rien ne paye1 ,et qui peut vivre d'advantaige1 ,sans dbourser or ne monnoye ,en usant de joyeux langaige40 ,and although he arrives at the tavern door riding shank's mare1 poor devil that he is1-- 8,il va pied1 par faulte d'asne10-- he is rich in fascinating stories to win the landlord's favors and to secure ample credit4 ,full of self-assurance1 he demands always the best of everything1 8boire ypocras jour et nuycte0 7day and night to sip ,hypokras71 one of ,falstaff's various favorite drinks4 ,curious sign-names ,villon mentions2 as1 the tin plate1-- 8le cas advint an ,plat d'estain10-- or1 the golden mortar 78le mortier d'or071 and even 8the pestle40 ,the mortar was really a chemist's sign4 ,to-day1 even1 we may see1 in a little ,french provincial town over the door of a druggist1 a bear diligently braying some wholesome herb1 in a mortar1 an 8,ours qui pile40 8,or advint1 environ midy1 ,qu'il estoit de faim estourdy2 ,s'en vint une hostellerie ,rue de la ,mortellerie1 ,o pend l'enseigne du ,pestel bon logis et bon hostel2 ,demandant s'en a que repaistre4 ,ouy vraiment1 ce dist le maistre1 ,ne soyez de rien en soucy ,car vous serez trs bien servy1 ,de pain1 de vin et de viande40 ,the animal kingdom is represented by the mule1 8la ,mulle10 an inn frequented by ,rabelais1 too1 the red donkey 78un asne rouge071 and the white horse that1 like all the painted horses1 had the bad habit of never moving 78le cheval blanc qui ne bouge074 ,we have seen above that the 8,white ,horse0 was popular in ,italy1 too1 although an old ,italian proverb pretends that it is just as capricious as a beautiful woman and a source of continual annoyances3-- 8,chi h cavallo bianco e belle moglie ,non mai senza doglie40 ,the most famous of all the cabarets immortalized by ,villon is 8le trou de la ,pomme de ,pin10 as he usually calls it4 ,in the 8,repues ,franches10 from which we quoted the story of the ,hotel du ,pestel we read3-- 8,et vint la ,pomme de ,pin 99 99 99 99 99 ,demandant s'ils avoient du bon vin1 ,et qu'on luy emplist du plus fin ,mais qu'il fust blanc et amoureux40 ,we see that our poet-tramp hated adulteraters of wine 78les taverniers qui brouillent nostre vin07 not less sincerely than his old ,roman colleague ,horace4 ,in his older days he regretted the dissipation of his youth1 sadly reflecting upon what a comfortable age he could have now if 444 8,j'eusse maison et couche molle6 ,mais quoy8 je fuyoye l'escolle1 ,comme faict le mauvays enfant4444 ,en escrivant cette parole ,a peu que le cueur ne me fend40 ,the tavern of the 8,pomme de ,pin0 stood near the ,madeleine ,church--not the famous one we all know1 but an old building in the 8cit10 ,rue de la ,lanterne1 which was pulled down in the time of the ,revolution4 ,rabelais loved the place and praised this pineapple higher than the golden apple that young ,paris once gave to ,venus1 thus creating endless troubles among men and gods3-- 8,la ,pomme de ,pin qui vaut mieux ,que celle d'or1 dont fut trouble ,toute la divine assemble40 ,sainte-,beuve has called this tavern1 connected with so many proud names in ,french literature1 8la vritable taverne littraire1 le vrai cabaret classique10 a title which to-day is deserved by the 8,cabaret du ,chat ,noir10 the creation of such gifted artists as ,henri ,rivire1 ,willette1 and1 last but not least1 ,steinlen1 the painter of its sign4 ,next in literary celebrity stands 8,la ,croix de ,lorraine10 where ,molire used to relax from his strenuous life as poet and actor and get merry over the blinking glass1 8assez pour vers le soir tre en goguettes40 ,among the guests ponderous ,boileau sometimes appeared1 although he seems to have taken his admonition in the 8,art potique10 8connaissez la ville10 rather seriously and to have made quite extensive studies of the ,parisian public-houses4 ,we find him in the 8,diable10 who had his quarters in those days very near the ,sainte ,chapelle1 and in 8,la ,tte ,noire10 a counterpart of 8,the ,golden ,head0 in ,malines where ,drer lodged on his journey through the ,netherlands4 ,it would be amusing to count how many immortal works have been created over a tavern table4 ,have we not heard that in our days ,mascagni wrote the incomparable overture to his 8,cavalleria ,rusticana0 on the little marble table of a modern caf8 ,racine is supposed to have written his 8,plaideurs0 on the tavern table of the 8,mouton ,blanc0 in ,paris1 and this happy circumstance seems to have affected his style very agreeably and to have made the play easier for a modern reader than the solemn dramas which are so difficult to enjoy if one does not happen to be a ,frenchman4 ,how attractive a place this 8,mouton ,blanc0 was we might imagine from the little rhyme3-- 8,ah6 que n'ai-je pour spulture ,les ,deux ,torches ou le ,mouton60 ,what gifted fathers earned through tavern creations the prodigal sons sometimes lost again in gambling4 ,louis ,racine spent the little fortune his father had left him in the 8,epe de bois10 the same place where the comedy-writer ,marivaux once gambled away his paternal heritage1 regaining it soon1 to be sure1 by new and charming productions4 ,it is mostly the stimulating company of comrades and fellow-artists1 the freedom from petty household cares1 that draws the poet to a quiet tavern corner2 but sometimes1 too1 a charming landlady is the attractive force which may become so irresistible as to bind him forever in marriage bonds4 ,maybe1 too1 the tavern-bill was growing so hopelessly big that the poor dreamer saw no other solution4 ,this was the reason why ,la ,serre married the landlady of the 8,trois ponts d'or10 it being understood that 8contrat de mariage valait quittance alors entre cabaretire et pote10 as ,michel-,fournier expresses the matter4 ,the tender relationship between the landlady and the poet-guest has given birth to numerous songs1 from which we select the famous ,german ,lied by ,rudolf ,baumbach3 8,angethan hat mir's dein ,wein ,deiner uglein heller ,schein ,lindenwirtin1 du junge60 and the not less charming poem of ,molire's successor1 ,dancourt1 composed in honor of the landlady of the 8,cabaret du petit pre noire03-- 8,si tu veux sans suite et sans bruit ,noyer tous tes ennuis et boire ta matresse1 ,viens1 je sais un rduit ,inaccessible la tristesse ,l nous serons servis de la main d'une htesse ,plus belle que l'astre qui luit1 ,et mlant au bon vin quelque peu de tendresse1 ,contents du jour1 nous attendrons la nuit40 ,the classical literary tavern of ,england was without doubt 8,the ,mermaid ,tavern10 once situated in ,bread ,street not far from ,milton's birthplace4 ,here the famous club1 founded by ,ben ,jonson1 in #afjc1 assembled1 among them the immortal ,shakespeare4 ,the fascination of this mermaid was still in the nineteenth century so great as to inspire ,keats with his charming 8,lines on the ,mermaid ,tavern10 which we feel inclined to quote in full from ,anning ,bell's illustrated edition1 where it stands under a graceful reconstruction of the sign3-- 8,souls of ,poets dead and gone1 ,what ,elysium have ye known1 ,happy field or mossy cavern1 ,choicer than the ,mermaid ,tavern8 ,have ye tippled drink more fine ,than mine host's ,canary wine8 ,or are fruits of ,paradise ,sweeter than those dainty pies ,of venison8 ,o generous food6 ,drest as though bold ,robin ,hood ,would1 with his maid ,marian1 ,sup and browse from horn and can4 8,i have heard that on a day ,mine host's sign-board flew away ,nobody knew whither1 till ,an astrologer's old quill ,to a sheepskin gave the story1 ,said he saw you in your glory1 ,underneath a new-old sign ,sipping beverage divine1 ,and pledging with contented smack ,the ,mermaid in the ,zodiak4 8,souls of ,poets dead and gone1 ,what ,elysium have ye known1 ,happy fields or mossy cavern1 ,choicer than the ,mermaid ,tavern80 ,truly a capricious wind has carried away the old ,mermaid sign into far and unknown regions1 and to-day the scholars are disputing where really the famous house stood4 ,two other taverns1 less roughly handled by ,father ,time1 may claim to be next in literary rank3 8,the ,cheshire ,cheese0 and 8,the ,cock10 both in ,fleet ,street4 8,ye olde ,cheshire ,cheese10 or simply 8,the ,cheese10 is not easy to find because it really stands on a narrow side-lane1 the ,wine ,office ,court4 ,it has the great advantage of having preserved unchanged the character of a seventeenth-century tavern4 ,although venerable1 it is not the original building1 which was destroyed1 together with many other public-houses in the great fire of #afff4 ,pious souls saw in the fact that the conflagration started in ,pudding ,lane and ended at ,pie ,corner an evident proof that the fire was sent from ,heaven as punishment for 8the sin of gluttony40 ,shakespeare is said to have turned in not unfrequently at the old house of the 8,cheshire ,cheese0 on his way to the ,blackfriars' ,theatre in the ,playhouse ,yard1 ,ludgate ,hill1 where he was director for a time1 or coming back for a twilight drink after the performance1 which in those times closed as early as five o'clock4 ,in spite of the warning fire of #afff the sin of gluttony is still readily committed in the 8,cheshire ,cheese10 whose specialty1 a meat pudding1--containing not only roast beef1 kidneys1 and oysters1 but sky-larks too6--might even be called a sin against the holy ghost of poetry4 ,once immersed in this pudding the divine singers are silent forever without the consolation of the children's book3-- 8,and when the pie was opened ,the birds began to sing40 ,some of these lark puddings are even shipped to ,yankeeland1 which sends every year countless pilgrims to the 8,cheshire ,cheese40 ,if possible1 the ,american father of a family will take the seat of ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson1 the famous lexicographer1 lean his head against the old paneling1 which clearly shows the marks of the greasy wigs of the ,doctor and his friend ,oliver ,goldsmith1 and look at chick and child with an ,olympian air1 as if he wanted to say3 8,i am ,sir ,oracle1 and when ,i ope my mouth let no dog bark40 ,among the guests and visitors at this 8house of antique ease0 we find many famous names beside ,johnson and the author of the 8,vicar of ,wakefield10 who dwelt in the neighboring house1 ,no4 #f1 ,wine ,office ,court2 men like ,swift1 ,addison1 ,sheridan1 ,pope1 even ,voltaire1 who must have felt rather out of place in this atmosphere of beefsteak and ale4 ,among modern poets ,thackeray and ,dickens are foremost1--,dickens who has studied so intimately the taverns and inns of his country4 ,under the spell of these souls of poets dead and gone1 writers of the present generation love to gather here in literary clubs1 such as the ,johnson ,club1 which has adopted as its device the ,doctor's classical definition of the word 8club03 8,an assembly of good fellows meeting under certain conditions40 ,johnson1 who spent almost all his life in taverns1 favored not only 8,the ,cheese0 with his presence1 but others1 too1 as 8,the ,mitre10 in whose dark coffee-room ,hawthorne once dined4 ,this old house has entirely vanished from the ground1 just as the still older inn 8,the ,devil0--who1 following his old custom of settling near a church1 had established himself opposite ,st4 ,dunstan's4 ,thus we no longer 8go to ,the ,devil10 but if we have some serious business on hand we may step into 8,child's ,bank10 which stands exactly on his former spot4 ,how important a rle the waiters played in these old taverns we may realize from the fact that the portraits of two former head waiters decorate the walls of 8,the ,cheshire ,cheese40 ,tennyson has celebrated another of these dignitaries in a long poem written in the ,cock ,tavern1 beginning in this classical fashion3-- 8,o plump head-waiter at ,the ,cock1 ,to which ,i most resort1 ,how goes the time8 ',t is five o'clock4 ,go fetch a pint of port2 ,but let it not be such as that ,you set before chance-comers1 ,but such whose father-grape grew fat ,on ,lusitanian summers40 ,dreaming over his glass of wine the poet sees in a sudden vision the prototype of the cock who once brought the head-waiter as a round country boy to the city1 to the great bewilderment of his church-tower colleagues who witnessed his audacious flight3-- 8,his brothers of the weather stood ,stock-still for sheer amazement40 ,the description of this legendary cock1 inspired evidently by the beautiful work of ,gibbon's master-hand1 still to be seen in the modern ,cock ,tavern in ,fleet ,street1 might well be called classical1 and shall not be withheld from our readers3-- 8,the ,cock was of a larger egg ,than modern poultry drop1 ,stept forward on a firmer leg1 ,and cramm'd a plumper crop1 ,upon an ampler dunghill trod1 ,crow'd lustier late and early1 ,sipt wine from silver1 praising ,god1 ,and raked in golden barley40 ,everybody who knows and loves the ,swabian poet ,mrike1 the music for whose songs1 composed by ,hugo ,wolff1 have become the property of the international brotherhood of music-lovers1 will think of his 8,old ,church-,tower ,cock10 strangely similar in feeling to ,tennyson's poem of 8,the ,cock0 and his brothers of the weather4 ,we are not surprised to find that the poets of the land of ,wanderlust give special attention to taverns and signs4 ,besides ,mrike1 and ,uhland1 whose 8,inn0 we quoted above1 ,johann ,peter ,hebel1 a son of the ,black ,forest1 has always shown a special predilection for the sign and its wonders4 ,in an untranslatable poem1 8,on the death of a tippler10 he celebrates his man as a diligent astronomer who never tires looking for shining 8,stars10 a brave knight always ready to hunt up 8,bears0 and 8,lions10 a pious ,christian willing to do penitence at the 8,cross10 a man who frequented the best society1 including 8,the ,three ,kings10 his most intimate friends4 ,germany may boast1 too1 of a classical literary tavern1 the 8,bratwurstglckle0 in ,nuremberg1 built directly against the walls of a church1 the ,gothic ,moritz-,kapelle4 ,among its famous guests were the ,mastersinger1 ,hans ,sachs1 and ,drer1 ,germany's greatest artist4 ,like a house out of a fairy tale it stands before us2 we are only surprised that no fence of sausages surrounds it and that its door and window shutters are ordinary wood and not gingerbread6 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,political ,,signs ,illustration3 ,the ,king of ,wrttemberg ,stuttgart ,,chapter ,,ix ,,political ,,signs 8,au-dessus de ma tte1 ,charles ,quint1 ,joseph ,,ii ou ,napolon pendus une vieillie potence en fer et faisant enseigne1 grands empereurs qui ne sont plus bons qu' achalander une auberge40 ,,victor ,,hugo1 ,le ,rhin4 ,at the first glance our peaceful sign seems to have nothing to do with politics whatsoever1 except perhaps in so far as under its symbol the ,philistines assemble1 not only to drink and be merry1 but1 as a side-issue1 to solve the world's problems4 ,the contrast of human strife and battle outside1 somewhere in distant lands1 with the undisturbed comfort of the tap-room has been for ages one of the chief fascinations of the tavern1 and none has described this selfish attitude of the ,philistine more graphically than ,goethe in the conversation of the two citizens in his 8,faust03-- 8,on ,sundays1 holidays1 there's naught ,i take delight in1 ,like gossiping of war1 and war's array4 ,when down in ,turkey1 far away1 ,the foreign people are a-fighting4 ,one at the window sits1 with glass and friends1 ,and sees all sorts of ships go down the river gliding3 ,and blesses then1 as home he wends ,at night1 our times of peace abiding40 ,this opinion the other citizen1 who reminds us curiously of certain modern neutrals1 approves with the following words3-- 8,yes1 ,neighbor6 that's my notion too3 ,why1 let them break their heads1 let loose their passions1 ,and mix things madly through and through1 ,so1 here1 we keep our good old fashions60 ,this seems about all the political wisdom the tavern sign has to suggest2 but if we investigate more closely the varying forms and continual changes of the sign we shall discover in its evolution nothing less than a little history of civilization in pictures4 ,every great event in the world's history finds its echo in some transformation of the sign1 that proves itself a sensitive indicator for the popular valuation of leading men and important occurrences4 ,in the eagle-names of the ,roman signs we seem to hear the conquering wings of the ,roman eagles soaring over the world1 and on the ,cymbrian shield over the cocktavern on the ,forum we read the pride of the victorious ,roman soldier4 ,in our chapter on 8,heraldic ,signs0 we recognized the relationship between the landlords and the ruling powers4 ,the swinging sign of a 8crown0 means the rule of kings1 and thankful subjects who enjoy the peace secured by their monarch and the comfort of settling down in 8,the ,crown0 to a blessed meal4 ,it means good times1 efficient landlords and easy food-supply1 if you get such an excellent and abundant dinner as ,heine was offered on his wanderings through the ,harz by the tavern-keeper of 8,the ,crown0 in ,klausthal3 8,my repast consisted of spring-green parsley-soup1 violet-blue cabbage1 a pile of roast veal which resembled ,chimborazo in miniature and a sort of smoked herrings1 called ,bckings from their inventor ,william ,bcking1 who died in #addg1 and who1 on account of the invention1 was so greatly honored by ,charles ,v that the great monarch in #aeef made a journey from ,middleburg to ,bievlied in ,zealand for the express purpose of visiting the grave of the great fishdrier4 ,how exquisitely such dishes taste when we are familiar with their historical associations60 ,illustration3 ,degerloch ,and do not the kings themselves appear on the sign8 ,the 8,three ,kings0 were originally the 8,wise ,men0 from the ,east4 ,how the ,catholic ,church came to represent them as kings we read in ,fischart's quaint old ,german of his amusing 8,bienenkorb0 of #aehj3 8,und das sie weiter auss den treien ,weisen aus ,morgenland trei ,knig gemacht hat und den eynen so ,bechschwarz als eynen ,moren1 ist aus den ,weissagungen ,salomonis oder ,davids gefischet1 die da sagen1 dass die ,knig aus ,morenland ,christum anzubeten kommen werden40 ,the ,east1 the land of the morn1 was thus confused with the land of the ,moors which we should rather seek to the south of ,bethlehem4 ,on 8,three ,kings' ,day10 of course1 the taverns of this name were scenes of special merriment1 the good ,catholics joyfully shouting1 8,the ,king drinks40 8,the three gentlemen10 as ,carlyle calls them disrespectfully1 are buried in the ,cologne ,cathedral1 but their memory is honored still by many a visitor of a 8,three ,kings0 tavern in good ,rhenish wine which our forefathers called the theological wine4 ,we find the sign of the famous travelers from distant lands especially on the great roads of commerce leading from ,italy over the ,alps1 so in ,augsburg and ,basle4 ,originally a royalist symbol of the landlord's loyalty to monarchy1 of his eagerness to serve crowned guests if fortune should lead them his way1 it was changed in the times of the ,revolution to the democratic 8,three ,moors10 and the first landlord who is said to have deprived his three kings of their crowns was the landlord in ,basle4 ,maybe time helped him to make this change1 slowly wearing away the gilded glitter of the crowns and darkening the kings to black-a-moors4 ,to-day the famous house in ,augsburg1 where ,charles ,v once lodged as guest of the rich banker ,fugger for more than a year1 is called 8,three ,moors40 ,the traveler still may see the big fireplace in which the generous merchant burned all the imperial promissory notes4 ,but whatever the explanation of this 8,three ,moors'0 sign may be1 there can be no doubt that the ,revolution had a noticeable influence on signs in general4 ,the inn 8,zum ,rosenkrantz0 in ,strassburg was called after #agij 8,a la couronne civile10 to please the rationalistic worshipers of the 8,supreme ,being10 and countless king-signs were sold as old iron4 ,sbastien ,mercier1 in his 8,tableau de ,paris10 has given a merciless report of this great catastrophe which swept away so many of the signs which we have learned to respect and to love3 8,chez les marchands de ferrailles du quai de la ,mgisserie1 sont des magazins de vieilles enseignes1 propre dcorer l'entre de tous les cabarets et tabagies des faubourgs et de la banlieu de ,paris4 ,l tous les rois de la terre dorment ensemble3 ,louis ,,xvi et ,georges ,,iii se baisent fraternellement2 le roi de ,prusse couche avec l'impratrice de ,russie1 l'empereur est de niveau avec les lecteurs2 l enfin la tiare et le turban se confonde4 ,un cabaretier arrive1 remue avec le pied toutes ces ttes couronnes1 les examine1 prend au hasard la figure du roi de ,pologne1 l'emporte et crit dessous3 ,au grand vainqueur4 ,un autre gargotier demande une impratrice2 il veut que sa gorge soit boursoufle1 et le peintre1 sortant de la taverne voisine1 fait prsent d'une gorge rebondie toutes les princesses d',europe4 ,le mme peintre coiffe d'une couronne de laurier une tte de ,louis ,,xv lui te sa perruque et sa bourse1 et voil1 un ,csar4--,toutes ces figures royales ont d'tranges physionomies et font ternellement la moue la populace qui les regarde4 ,aucun de ces souverains ne sourit au peuple1 mme en peinture2 ils out tous l'air hagard ou burlesque1 des yeux raills1 un nez de travers1 une bouche norme44440 ,we see those were bad days for kings1 even for painted ones4 ,if the landlord had ,jacobin blood in his veins he would not content himself with such harmless changes as removing the painted crowns4 ,he would call his tavern no longer 8,le ,roi ,maure10 but forthwith 8,le ,roi ,mort10 and on the sign the picture of the dead king ,louis ,,xvi would testify to his stanch republicanism4 ,or he would choose as sign-hero ,brutus the famous regicide4 ,dickens has introduced us to such a tavern1 8,the good ,republican ,brutus10 in the 8,tale of ,two ,cities10 and his picture of the place1 although in a book of fiction1 shows clearly the colors of historical truth3 8,it had a quieter look than any other place of the same description they had passed1 and though red with patriotic caps was not so red as the rest40 ,the guests were a rather suspicious-looking crowd4 ,one workman with bare breast and arms reads aloud the latest terrible news to the rest who listen attentively4 ,all are armed1 some have laid their weapons aside to be resumed1 if needed4 ,in the classical chapter 8,the ,wine-,shop10 where he describes the hopeless misery of the poor people crowded together in the narrow streets of the ,st4 ,antoine quarter1 he sees even in the merchants' signs symbols of misery or threats of future atrocities3 8,the trade-signs 7and they were almost as many as the shops7 were all grim illustrations of ,want4 ,the butcher and the porkman painted up1 only the leanest scraps of meat1 the baker the coarsest of meager loaves4 ,the people rudely pictured as drinking in the wine-shops croaked over their scanty measures of thin wine and beer4444 ,nothing was represented in a flourishing condition1 save tools and weapons2 but the cutler's knives and axes were sharp and bright1 the smith's hammers were heavy1 and the gunmaker's stock was murderous40 ,it was in a tavern in ,varennes that the fate of ,louis ,,xvi was sealed4 ,here the fugitive king was arrested and forced to go back to ,paris to pay with his blood the debt of sins which his ancestors had accumulated4 8,forty-eight years after the royal coach was stopped in this town10 says ,victor ,hugo1 8,i saw hanging from an old iron bracket the picture of ,louis ,philippe with the inscription3 #8,au grand ,monarque4'0 ,nowhere do we observe quicker changes than in governments and tavern signs1 remarks the ,german tramp-poet ,seume2 and ,victor ,hugo indulges in similar reflections1 passing in review the signs of the last one hundred years from ,louis ,,xv to ,bonaparte and ,charles ,x3 8,louis ,,xvi s'est peut-tre arrt au ,grand ,monarque1 et s'est vu l peint en enseigne1 roi en peinture lui-mme4--,pauvre #8,grand ,monarque8'0 he exclaims in pathetic pity4 ,this supposition of ,hugo's1 however1 is not correct1 as we learn from ,carlyle1 who1 scrutinizing with the prophetic vision of a poet the darkness of the past1 possessed at the same time the exactness and sincerity of a true historian and who has given us1 based on a personal visit to the locality1 the following description of the nocturnal scene3 8,the village of ,varennes lies dark and slumberous1 a most unlevel ,village of inverse saddle-shape1 as men write4 ,it sleeps2 the rushing of the ,river ,aire singing lullaby to it4 ,nevertheless from the ,golden ,arm1 ,bras d'or ,tavern across that sloping ,marketplace1 there still comes shine of social light44440 ,even the ,american ,revolution left its traces on the tavern signs of the ,yankeeland4 ,the old ,baptist pastor and ,professor of ,theology1 ,galusha ,anderson1 who has given us1 in his charming book1 8,when ,neighbors were ,neighbors10 in his simple way a kind of social history of the early ,united ,states1 mentions signs that he saw in his youth 8where the ,english red-coats were represented flying before our revolutionary forefathers40 ,and ,washington ,irving has given us1 in his 8,rip ,van ,winkle10 a classical example of the political changes the signboard had to undergo4 ,when this curious dreamer and unhappy husband1 after many years of mysterious absence1 came back to his native village1 nothing perhaps surprised him so much as to find on the old tavern the strange words1 8,the ,union ,hotel1 by ,jonathan ,doolittle10 and to see even the good old sign strangely altered3 8,he recognised on the sign1 however1 the ruby face of ,king ,george1 under which he had smoked so many a peaceful pipe2 but even this was singularly metamorphosed4 ,the red coat was changed for one of blue and buff1 a sword was held instead of a sceptre1 the head was decorated with a cocked hat1 and underneath was painted in large characters1 ,general ,washington40 ,thus he received from the signboard the necessary instruction on the great changes that had taken place during his absence1 how his country had developed from an ,english ,colony to a free ,republic4 ,there are still a few signs in existence that might give us an idea how such old ,american signs probably looked4 ,we refer especially to the 8,governor ,hancock0 sign in the old ,boston ,state ,house and a couple of amusing signs in the little historical museum at ,lexington4 ,in its long political career the sign was not spared the humiliation of being used as gallows4 ,one of the first victims of the ,french ,revolution was ,foulon4 ,he was charged with making the people eat grass2 and now a raging mob forced into his dead mouth the food he had proposed for others4 ,according to tradition this old sinner was hanged to a lantern on the corner of the ,place de la ,grve and the ,rue de la ,vannerie4 ,but this is contradicted by such an old ,parisian as ,victorien ,sardou1 who says that ,foulon was hanged to a sign which1 as he remembers well from his childhood days1 was still to be seen1 under ,louis ,philippe1 although nobody really seemed to give attention to it in those days of ,romanticism4 ,another gruesome story we are told by ,macaulay1 how under ,james ,,ii1 after the defeat of the unhappy ,duke of ,monmouth1 the partisans of the pretender were suspended from a signpost before a tavern in ,taunton by order of a certain ,colonel ,percy ,kirke4 8,they were not suffered even to take leave of their nearest relations4 ,the signpost of the ,white ,hart ,inn served for a gallows4 ,it is said that the work of death went on in sight of the windows where the officers of the ,tangier regiment were carousing1 and that at every health a wretch was turned off4 ,when the legs of the dying men quivered in the last agony1 the colonel ordered the drums to strike up4 ,he would give the rebels1 he said1 music to their dancing4 ,the tradition runs that one of the captives was not even allowed the indulgence of a speedy death4 ,twice he was suspended from the signpost1 and twice cut down4 ,twice he was asked if he repented of his treason1 and twice he replied that if the deed were to do again1 he would do it4 ,then he was tied up for the last time40 ,the ,chief ,justice and ,lord ,chancellor ,jeffreys1 who continued the work of persecution against the partisans of the ,duke of ,monmouth1--the man whose ,bloody ,assizes will not be easily forgotten in ,england1--once nearly paid with his life the foolish desire to climb up on a signpost in a happy hour of complete intoxication4 ,after a wild orgy in company with the ,lord ,treasurer1 he and his companion decided to undress until they were 8almost stark naked0 and to drink the king's health from the airy height of a signpost4 ,jeffreys took a severe cold and alarmed not a little the king1 who feared the irreparable loss of such a valuable servant4 ,after the uncanny stories of the signpost's function as a gallows1 we find a certain comfort in hearing that the sign occasionally offered a refuge to persecuted political offenders4 ,in the days of the ,corsican1 the partisans of the ,bourbons1 called by the beautiful name of 8,chouans10 were happy to find such a refuge1 8une cache fameuse10 behind the big sign of the perfumer ,caron4 ,the persecuted ,chouan had only to step out through a window and to close the blinds behind him and he was perfectly safe against the detectives of ,fouch1 the chief of the police4 ,if the fugitive1 however1 made a blunder and stepped by mistake into the barber shop of ,m4 ,teissier1 he was undone2 because this was the man who had the honor of shaving the ,csarean face of ,napoleon4 ,before the ,french ,revolution another great event in the world's history had produced considerable changes on the signboard--the ,reformation4 ,we have already noticed how the new ideas and motives of the ,renaissance influenced1 not only the sculptured frame of the sign1 but created new forms1 such as the ,dolphin1 the ,siren1 the ,pegasus1 the ,sagittary1 ,fortuna1 ,apollo1 ,phnix1 ,minerva1 ,hercules1 ,castor and ,pollux1 ,bacchus1 all favorite themes of this classical period4 ,the discovery of ,america at the same time brought the 8,wild ,man0 into great popularity1 and the newly introduced tobacco1 8the filthy weed10 caused the creation of countless ,indian and ,huron signs1 8black-a-moors and other dusky foreigners40 ,the ,reformation itself had a more negative effect on the sign4 ,it tried to eliminate or to change the old saint signs4 ,cromwell in ,england declaimed against ,catholic-sounding tavern names4 8,st4 ,catherine and ,wheel0 was changed to 8,cat and ,wheel10 and degenerated further into 8,cat and ,fiddle10 a sign still popular in ,england and celebrated in the famous children's rhyme3-- 8,heigh diddle diddle1 ,the cat and the fiddle40 ,on some signs the fiddling cat inspires with its music a cow to jump in ecstasy over a grinning moon4 ,thus we see everywhere the old religious motives and symbols turned into ridicule and blasphemy4 ,this process began at the end of the ,middle ,ages1 as the study of miniatures and of cathedral sculptures will amply prove4 ,we cannot be surprised1 therefore1 to find such anti-papal signs as 8,le cochon mitr0 in ,compigne4 ,the medival illuminators and sculptors loved to 8hommifier0 the swine and to attack under this disguise hypocritical and voluptuous priests4 ,in the 8,doctrinal rurale0 of ,pierre ,michault of #adhf 7in the ,national ,library at ,paris71 we see a fat monk in the pedagogue's chair1 representing 8concupiscence10 and evidently making such shocking remarks that his girl pupils put their fingers in their ears1 while in the delicate framework of the miniature a preaching swine reveals the real character of this strange teacher4 ,the touching scene of the 8,salutatio10 which inspired the artists of the ,renaissance with such noble creations as ,donatello's marble relief in ,florence1 is degraded now to a ridiculous bowing and scraping between a lady and her partner or between two stylish gentlemen4 ,the fanatical ,puritans who thundered even against the harmless ,christmas customs1 so dear to the people1 of course took offense at the use of the cross for a sign and in #afdc forced the landlord of the 8,golden ,cross10 in the ,strand1 ,london1 to take his 8superstitious and idolatrous0 sign down4 ,it is a curious irony of fate that ,cromwell1 who to the present day is made responsible for nearly all destructions in ,english cathedrals and who probably was an enemy1 not only of ,catholic but of all signs1 was himself made an object of the signboard4 ,in ,england more than anywhere else the sign stands for heroes and hero-worship4 ,peter the ,great and his visit to ,london were remembered in 8,the ,czar's ,head02 ,english admirals and great generals like ,wellington and the ,prussian ,king ,frederic1 8the great ,protestant hero10 all receive 8signboard-honors40 ,london possessed still in #ahha thirty-seven 8,duke of ,wellington0 taverns4 ,no less patriotic are the ,dutch sign-painters1 who love to picture their own celebrities ,rembrandt1 ,ruysdael1 or ,erasmus of ,rotterdam and the beloved ,princes of ,orange4 ,one of them1 the future ,king ,william ,,iii of ,england1 we find even as a boy on a signboard with the inimitable ,dutch inscription3-- 8,god laat hem worden groot ,bewaar hem voor de doot ,dat ,kleine ,manje40 ,but other 8merkwaardige ,personen10 great men of other nations1 too1 receive their share of this popular homage3 ,frederic the ,great1 ,schiller1 ,gustavus ,adolphus1 and even old ,cicero4 ,sometimes the popularity of a hero passes quickly4 ,the ,english ,admiral ,vernon had hardly received signboard honors when he had to yield his place to ,frederic1 the 8,glorious ,protestant ,hero10 as he was called after the battle of ,rossbach4 ,as a rule1 a few changes in the costume of the portrait were considered sufficient by the landlord1 who rarely indulged in the luxury of an entirely new picture for the new hero4 ,to the ,english statesman1 ,horace ,walpole1 these rapid changes on the signboard suggested the following melancholy remarks3 8,i pondered these things in my breast and said to myself1 #8,surely all glory is but as a sign6'0 ,the ,french people were more loyal to their ,bonaparte signs1 long after the beloved emperor had been dethroned4 ,for a long time the 8napolonisme cabaretier0 refused to capitulate1 says ,carteret4 ,in the country even serious fights were sometimes caused by the signs of the ,imperialists1 who ten years after ,waterloo showed still the famous words1 8,la garde meurt et ne se rend pas10 or represented the meeting of ,napoleon and ,frederic with the inscription1 8,le soleil luit pour tous les hros40 ,a tavern-keeper near ,cannes1 where ,napoleon landed on his return from ,elba1 to reconquer ,france1 honored the memory of the great man who rested in his inn with the words3-- 8,chez moi c'est repos ,napolon1 ,venez boire et clbrer son nom60 ,on the other hand1 we find the men who delivered their country from the yoke of the ,corsican equally honored in signs2 the tavern in which these great men had rested were for a long time held sacred by the people4 8,in ,innsbruck1 in the #8,golden ,eagle1'0 we read in ,heine's 8,reisebilder10 8where ,andreas ,hofer had lodged1 and where every corner is still filled with his portraits and mementoes1 ,i asked the landlord1 if he knew anything of the #8,sandwirth4' ,then the old gentleman boiled over with eloquence44440 ,to our great astonishment1 we find even the idea of an invasion on old ,english tavern signs4 ,we know well this fear of invasion is nothing new with our cousins4 8,down the northeast wind the sea-thieves were always coming4 ,england should always beware of the northeast wind4 ,it blows her no good10--that is the lesson the ,english school-children already learn in such books as ,c4 ,r4 ,l4 ,fletcher's 8,history of ,england0 7,oxford1 #aiaa71 to which ,rudyard ,kipling has contributed most passionate songs of patriotism4 ,as early as #agec the ,english had the black suspicion that ,frederic the ,great might land fifteen thousand of his ,spartan ,prussian soldiers on their coast1 as if he just then had nothing else to do4 ,carlyle has refuted these suspicions as ridiculous3 8,king ,friedrich distinguished himself by the grand human virtue of keeping well at home--of always minding his own affairs40 ,in these days of the ,entente ,cordiale and its result the ,world-,war1 the south wind1 blowing from ,france1 is entirely forgotten1 but nevertheless it is just there that the most serious preparations for an invasion of ,england have been made repeatedly4 ,in the year #agef the cry resounded3 8,if ,france land on us1 we are undone02 and in #agei ,admiral ,conflans actually attempted to execute the idea with eighteen thousand men1 but the enterprise failed completely1 8not on the shores of ,britain1 but of ,brittany40 ,under ,napoleon the danger increased1 but after ,nelson's victory of ,trafalgar1 ,napoleon had to abandon his maritime plans4 ,the regained feeling of security was manifested in many caricatures mocking ,napoleon1 among which we have to reckon the sign 8,old ,bonaparte40 ,using the familiar motive of 8,the ass in the bandbox10 the sign-painter represents the ,french ,emperor riding on a donkey and sailing in a bandbox over the ,channel to fight 8,perfidious ,albion40 ,in this connection we ask permission to tell the story of another donkey-sign4 ,joseph ,,ii1 ,emperor of the old ,german ,empire1 whom we might call the 8traveling ,kaiser0 of the eighteenth century1 loved to put up at simple inns2 even when he was invited by ,frederic the ,great1 at their first interview in ,neisse1 to lodge in the castle1 he preferred the liberty of having his ease at 8,the ,three ,kings40 ,once1 in ,maestricht1 he stopped at a hotel called 8,the ,gray ,donkey10 and gave the landlord as proof of his complete satisfaction the privilege to call his house hereafter 8,kaiser ,joseph0 and to paint on his sign the equestrian portrait of his noble guest4 ,but the ,dutch customers did not recognize their old tavern under such a glorious name1 and the landlord was finally obliged to put under the imperial picture the odd words3 8,the ,real ,gray ,donkey40 ,duke ,charles of ,wrttemberg1 who knew this fancy of the ,emperor1 once pleased him enormously by hanging a big sign1 8,hotel de l',empereur10 out over the portal of his castle in ,stuttgart1 himself receiving the imperial visitor in the humble costume of an obedient landlord4 ,more serious political events are equally reflected in the history of the sign4 ,when ,richard ,,iii lost throne and life at ,bosworth in #adhe1 the ,black ,bears1 the heraldic animals of his royal escutcheon1 disappeared from the tavern sign and were replaced by the ,blue ,bear of the ,count of ,oxford4 ,it was even a dangerous thing in those days to play with the seemingly harmless sign4 ,a landlord of a ,crown inn1 who once said jokingly that he intended to make his son the heir of the crown1 was accused of high treason and had to suffer death in #adfg4 ,another sign1 still popular in ,england1 8,the ,royal ,oak10 came into vogue after the restoration of ,charles ,,ii1 because it reminded the good people of the oak in which the persecuted king had found a shelter against his enemies4 ,when ,charles ,i's proud head fell1 a day after his execution1 8,the ,crown0 of the poet tavern-keeper ,taylor1 who possessed the courage of his conviction1 appeared veiled in black4 ,the sign in mourning occurs again1 but this time for a very frivolous reason4 ,in #agcf the tavern-keepers1 disgusted with the 8,new ,act against spirituous liquors10 covered their signs with 8deep mourning0 as symbol of protest4 ,that this law had not been too severe is evidenced by ,hogarth's engraving 8,gin ,lane10 published fifteen years later1 where we read over a tavern the disgusting announcement3 8,here gentlemen and others can get drunk for a penny1 dead drunk for twopence40 ,macaulay has pointed out the great importance of public-houses as political meeting-grounds4 ,party congresses of the ,liberals were held in the early day in 8,the ,rose10 but in general the ,whigs preferred places that had a punchbowl on their sign1 punch being at the end of the seventeenth century not only a very popular beverage1 but decidedly a 8,whig drink10 while the ,tories drank mostly--noblesse oblige--wine or champagne4 ,we find the punchbowl either alone or in more or less logical combinations1 as 8,ship and ,punchbowl10 8,parrot and ,punchbowl10 8,half-,moon and ,punchbowl10 and the like4 ,an old ,american sign1 8,the ,federal ,punch10 is evidently a revised edition of the ,whig sign of the mother country4 ,the business of imbibing the party drink was not forgotten in these political meetings4 ,in fact1 the ,tories attended to it one time so thoroughly in their ,apollo ,tavern in ,fleet ,street that they were unable to execute their own decision to go 8in a body0 to ,king ,william to present him an address of thanks4 8,they were induced to forego their intention2 and not without cause3 for a great crowd of squires after a revel1 at which doubtless neither ,october nor claret had been spared1 might have caused some inconvenience in the present chamber40 ,finally they decided to send as their representative an elderly country gentleman who was1 for a wonder1 still sober4 ,beside these respectable meeting-places of the two great parties there were 8treason taverns10 suspicious ale-houses1 where plotters and hired murderers1 not without the encouragement of the exiled king ,james ,,ii1 forged their black plans against the life of ,william1 the ,prince of ,orange4 ,one of these places had the fitting name 8,the ,dog0 in ,drury ,lane1 8a tavern which was frequented by lawless and desperate men40 ,illustration3 ,,the,,dog,,and,,pot#aif;,,blackfriars,, road,,in,,london ,we will end our enumeration of politically important taverns with the 8,cadran ,bleu0 in ,paris1 where the ,marseillais were greeted by the ,parisians after they had completed their long journey across the whole of ,france1 singing for the first time the famous song of the ,revolution3 8,marchez1 abattez le tyran40 8,patriot clasps dusty patriot to his bosom1 there is footwashing and reflection3 dinner of twelve hundred covers at the ,blue ,dial1 ,cadran ,bleu40 ,to the present day the right to assemble freely in the tavern1 8this temple of true liberty10 is suspiciously guarded by all parties4 ,to the present day the tavern serves all kinds of political and social clubs and sometimes even burial societies similar to those of which ,washington ,irving has told us such amusing stories1 as 8,the ,swan and ,horseshoe0 and 8,cock and ,crown10 once flourishing in the heart of ,london1 in ,little ,britain4 ,,chapter ,x ,,traveling ,,with ,,goethe ,,and ,,frederic ,,the ,,great ,illustration3 ,zur ,post ,bietigheim1 ,wrttemberg ,,chapter ,x ,,traveling ,,with ,,goethe ,,and ,,frederic ,,the ,,great 8,ici toute libert1 ,monsieur1 comme si nous tions au cabaret40 ,,frederic ,,the ,,great4 ,there is a surprising parallelism between the fathers of these two greatest men of the eighteenth century4 ,these fathers1 whom narrow-minded critics usually call pedants1 transmitted to their sons the great gift of 8life's serious conduct40 ,rarely has the old ,councillor ,goethe found so much just appreciation as ,carlyle has shown for ,frederic ,william ,i4 ,the character of both the sons constitutes a happy combination of this serious paternal heritage and the joyful element of sanguine optimism4 ,both1 although they owe perhaps most to their fathers1 feel themselves drawn to the softer natures of their mothers1 who hardly ever refused them any wish4 ,and most of us prefer to share with them the love of their charming mothers1 ,frau ,rath and ,sophie ,dorothea1--because it is always more agreeable to be loved than to be educated1--and reserve for the fathers at best a cool esteem4 ,travel for pleasure or sport was unknown to the old ,spartan ,king of ,prussia1 as indeed it was to his greater son1 who did not even appreciate the sport of hunting4 ,when they traveled it was for the inspection of the administration of their country or to review their troops4 ,old ,frederic ,william1 in his great simplicity1 preferred even to pass the night in airy barns than to sleep in stuffy rooms4 8,dinner-table to be spread always in some airy place1 garden-house1 tent1 big clean barn1--,majesty likes air1 of all things2--will sleep too1 in a clean barn or garden-house3 better anything than being stifled1 thinks his ,majesty40 ,we never hear that he stopped at inns1 and ,frederic1 too1 we meet only rarely in taverns1 once in ,braunschweig in ,korn's ,hotel1 where he was received one night in the ,freemasons' lodge very secretly because his severe papa despised such childish fooleries utterly4 ,occasionally1 perhaps1 while in ,potsdam he visits inns like 8,the ,three ,crowns10 where one could find better food1 he says1 than at the table of his ,mecklenburg cousins in their castle ,mirow4 ,in the first year of his reign1 when he traveled incognito to ,french ,alsace1 he had very distressing experiences in different taverns4 ,in a letter to ,voltaire he describes in ,french verses the various accidents of this trip3-- 8,avec de coursiers efflanqus ,en ligne droite issus de ,rosinante1 ,et des paysans en postillons masqus1 ,butors de race impertinente1 ,notre carosse en cent lieux accroch1 ,nous allions gravement1 d'une allure indolente1 ,gravitant contre les rochers40 ,traveling all day in the worst of weathers1 as if the last day of judgment had come1 and in the evening to get a poor meal in a miserable tavern--and a large bill3-- 8,car des htes intresss ,de la faim nous voyant presss1 ,d'une faon plus que frugale ,dans une chaumire infernale ,en nous empoisonnant1 nous volaient nos cus4 ,o sicle diffrent des temps de ,lucullus60 ,the landlord of the 8,post0 in ,kehl demands passes from ,frederic and his companions1 and ,frederic fabricates them himself with his ,prussian seal4 ,again in ,strassburg they present the same passes to the custom officials1 not without adding a gold coin3-- 8,l'or1 plus dieu que ,mars et l',amour1 ,le mme or sut nous introduire1 ,le soir1 dans les murs de ,strassbourg40 ,here they stop at 8,the ,raven10 where ,frederic immediately began to study the ,french people4 ,his judgment is not very flattering1 although he communicates it to his ,french friend3-- 8,non1 des vils ,franais vous n'tes pas du nombre1 ,vous pensez1 ils ne pensent point40 ,in the evening he invites even ,french officers to dine with him and the following morning goes to a military review4 ,here one of his own soldiers1 a ,prussian deserter1 8un malheureux pendard10 recognizes him2 he quickly hurries back to 8,the ,raven10 pays his bill1 and leaves ,strassburg1 never to see it again4 ,like the old king1 ,frederic preferred to stop in rectories when traveling through the ,prussian lands1 but sometimes was prevented from doing so by his very faithful but very independent coachman ,pfund4 ,if the pastor had forgotten to give this important person his due tip on the last visit1 ,pfund would surely cut him on future occasions1 and force his old master to go on to the next town1 where he was sure to find a host of better manners4 ,this sin of omission was rarely committed by pastors who received the honor of a royal visit1 because they could very well afford to humor old ,pfund a little1 when they themselves received from the otherwise economical king the handsome 8royalty0 of fifty dollars for a dinner and one hundred dollars for dinner and a night's lodging4 ,general von der ,marwitz has told us the story of how ,pfund once opposed the king1 who was tired and wanted to stop in the rectory of ,dolgelin1 by saying the sun was not yet down and they could well reach the next town1 and how the old king patiently submitted to the will of his ,automedon4 ,but there is a limit even to the patience of old kings1 and on one occasion1 when ,pfund went too far in his rudeness1 ,frederic rebelled1 and1 to teach his coachman morals1 ordered him forthwith to cart manure and fagots with a team of donkeys4 ,after a year the king happened to meet him1 busily engaged in his new and modest occupation1 and kindly inquired3 8,how d'ye do80 ,the coachman's classic answer ,august ,kopisch has celebrated in a song which we venture to translate3-- 8#8,well1 if ,i can drive1' says ,pound1 ,on his box quite firm and round1 #8,i do not care ,how ,i fare1 ,if with horses or with asses1 carting ,fagots or ,his ,majesty the ,king4' 8,then old ,frederic1 taking snuff1 ,looked at ,pound and told the rough3 #8,well1 if you don't care ,how you really fare1 ,if with horses or with asses1 logs or kings you cart1 ,quick unload1 drive ,,me again1 and take a start6'0 ,goethe's father1 although himself the son of a landlord1 disliked inns and public-houses very keenly1 as we read in ,goethe's autobiography1 8,dichtung und ,wahrheit03 8,this feeling had rooted itself firmly in him on his travels through ,italy1 ,france1 and ,germany4 ,although he seldom spoke in images1 and only called them to his aid when he was very cheerful1 yet he used often to repeat that he always fancied he saw a great cobweb spun across the gate of an inn1 so ingeniously that the insects could indeed fly in but that even the privileged wasps could not fly out again unplucked4 ,it seemed to him something horrible1 that one should be obliged to pay immoderately for renouncing one's habits and all that was dear to one in life and living after the manner of publicans and waiters4 ,he praised the hospitality of the olden time1 and reluctantly as he otherwise endured even anything unusual in the house1 he yet practiced hospitality44440 ,this excessive aversion to all inns the great son inherited from his father1 although he admitted it was a weakness4 ,we are therefore not surprised to see the student ,goethe1 when he for the first time traveled full of longing to ,dresden in the yellow coach1 lodge in the modest quarters of a philosophical cobbler1 whose home seemed to him as romantic and picturesque as an old ,dutch painting4 ,perhaps it was the memory of this interior that inspired ,goethe later1 when he was called 8,doktor ,wolf0 by his proud mother1 to arrange in 8,the ,star0 at ,weimar1 in honor of the ,duchess ,anna ,amalie1 a 8festivity in clair-obscure0 with the distinct purpose of creating a ,rembrandt scene4 ,but before we wander in the far world with the student and doctor1 let us take a stroll through the ,frankfurt of his childhood and admire the many signs that still decorated1 not inns alone1 but also1 houses of private citizens4 ,the 8,goldene ,wage10 situated on the ,domplatz and built in #afbe1 as well as the 8,grosse ,engel10 opposite the ,rmer1 are still standing1 and are filled to-day with the treasures of art-loving antiquarians4 ,recollections of his childhood passed through ,goethe's mind when he described in 8,hermann und ,dorothea0 the pharmacy 8,zum ,engel10 near the 8,golden ,lion0 on the market-place1 and the old bachelor chemist who was too stingy to regild his angel-sign3-- 8,who now-a-days can afford to pay for the numerous workmen8 ,lately ,i thought to have new-gilt the figure which stands as my shop-sign1 ,the ,archangel ,michael with horrible dragon around his feet writhing3 ,but as they are ,i have left them all dingy1 for fear of the charges40 ,the father of some boy friends of ,goethe's1 a ,herr von ,senckenberg1 8lived at the corner of ,hare ,street1 which took its name from a sign on the house that represented one hare at least if not three hares40 ,von ,senckenberg's three sons were consequently called the 8three hares10 which nickname they could not shake off for a long while4 ,illustration3 ,,avx ,,trois ,,lapins ,it was in the 8,golden ,lion0 at ,frankfurt that ,voltaire was arrested and interned on his word of honor until his luggage containing the stolen 8uvre de ,posies0 of ,frederic the ,great should arrive4 ,in these poems the king had ridiculed several crowned heads1 and it was of the utmost importance for him to get them back before the revengeful ,frenchman could make use of them against him4 ,but for some reason or other the trunks did not arrive1 and ,voltaire1 losing patience and 8without warning anybody1 privately revoked said word of honor0 and tried to escape1 an attempt that failed and ended in a tragic-comic fashion4 ,father ,goethe1 who loved to tell this story to his children as a warning example never to seek the favors of princes1 does not agree here with ,carlyle in the name of the tavern1 but says it was 8,the ,rose0 in which 8this extraordinary poet and writer was held as a prisoner for a considerable time40 ,when the fugitive was brought back1 the landlord of the tavern refused to take him in again1 and the 8,bock0 became for the rest of the time his involuntary lodging-place4 ,in spite of this bad example and his father's distinct warnings1 ,goethe in #aggh accepted the invitation of the ,duke of ,weimar to the 8,rmische ,kaiser0 in ,frankfurt1 where he was 8joyfully and graciously0 received1 and where definite arrangements were made for his removal to ,weimar4 ,after the death of ,goethe's father1 ,mutter ,aja sold the old homestead on the ,hirschgraben and took a flat in the 8,goldenen ,brunnen0 on the ,rossmarket1 where the golden fountain of her good humor continued to flow for all her friends1 but where she no longer had such facilities for entertaining guests as in the roomy house of old4 ,when1 therefore1 her daughter-in-law and her grandson1 the 8liebe ,augst10 came to visit her1 she ordered rooms for them in 8,the ,swan40 ,her apartment in the 8,golden ,fountain0 we know from her own lively description in a letter to her son1 who visited her here several times before her death in #ahjh4 ,let us now accompany the student ,goethe to ,strassburg and pay a visit to the inn 8,zum ,geist10 where his friendship with ,herder1 so important for his future development1 was formed4 8,i visited ,herder morning and evening1 ,i even remained whole days with him 444 and daily learned to appreciate his beautiful and great qualities1 his extensive knowledge1 and his profound views40 ,in ,leipzig1 the next university where ,goethe studied1 he lived in a house1 between the old and the new market1 which was called after its sign 8,die ,feuerkugel40 ,one of the first calls he made was to the literary dictator ,gottsched1 who 8lived very respectably in the first story of the #8,golden ,bear1' where the elder ,breitkopf1 on account of the great advantage which ,gottsched's writings had brought to the trade1 had assured him a lodging for life40 ,this ,bernhard ,christoph ,breitkopf was the inventor of music printing and the founder of the famous publishing firm of to-day4 ,his house1 the 8,golden ,bear10 number #aa ,universittsstrasse1 is to-day the home of the ,royal ,saxon ,institute for universal history and the history of civilization1 founded by the distinguished historian ,lamprecht4 ,in ,goethe's day ,breitkopf's son built a great new house opposite the 8,golden ,bear0 which was called 8,zum ,silbernen ,bren40 ,a very popular sign in those days1 in ,germany1 and especially in the neighborhood of ,frankfurt1 was the pentacle4 ,goethe calls it simply the beer-sign in his autobiography1 where he tells us a charming story based on an ingenious and humorous interpretation of the two triangles which compose the sign4 ,while still living as a young lawyer in ,mutter ,aja's house1 he entertained two distinguished visitors1 the famous ,lavater and the educational reformer ,basedow4 ,to amuse them he arranged carriage drives in the pleasant country around his native town4 ,we see the young fire-brand sitting between these two dignified men3-- 8,the prophets sat on either side1 ,the world-child sat between them40 ,on one of these excursions ,basedow had offended the pious and sweet-tempered ,lavater by his cynical remarks about the ,trinity and so spoiled the pleasant atmosphere of good comradeship4 ,goethe punished him in the following humorous manner4 8,the weather was warm and the tobacco smoke had perhaps contributed to the dryness of ,basedow's palate2 he was dying for a glass of beer4 ,seeing a tavern at a distance on the road he eagerly ordered the coachman to stop there40 ,but ,goethe urged him to go on without seeming to mind the furious protest of the thirsty ,basedow1 whom he simply calmed with the words3 8,father1 be quiet1 you ought to thank me6 ,luckily you didn't see the beer-sign6 ,it was two triangles put together across each other4 ,now1 you commonly get mad about one triangle1 and if you had set your eye on two we should have had to put you in a strait-jacket40 ,on his first journey to ,switzerland1 in company with the ,stollbergs1 he stayed at the hotel 8,zum ,schwert10 which is still standing4 8,the view of the lake of ,zrich which we enjoyed from the ,gate of the ,sword is still before me40 ,on the ,rigi they lodged in the 8,ochsen10 and here from the window of his room1 he sketched one ,sunday morning the chapel of the 8,madonna in the ,snow40 ,in the evening they sat before the tavern door1 under the sign1 and enjoyed the music of the gurgling fountain and a substantial meal consisting of baked fish1 eggs1 and 8sufficient0 wine4 ,on his second trip to ,switzerland in #aggi-hj we meet him1 together with his noble friend the ,duke of ,weimar1 in 8,the ,eagle0 at ,constance1 where ,montaigne had lodged more than two hundred years before4 ,we could mention many other hospitable thresholds which the great genius crossed3 8,the ,red ,cock0 in ,nuremberg1 now an elegant building that reminds us little of the ancient low house with its large gate2 or the 8,hotel ,victoria0 in ,venice1 whose owner recalls to the modern traveler ,goethe's visit in a proud memorial tablet4 8,i lodged well in the #8,knigin von ,england1' not far from the market-place1 the greatest advantage of the inn40 ,but if he could find private quarters he preferred them to public-houses2 so in ,rome1 where he was very glad to be received in the home of the painter ,tischbein4 ,there is sufficient evidence that ,goethe took an artistic interest in signs1 since he invented one himself for his puppet play 8,hanswurst's ,hochzeit10 where we read the bewitching rhyme3-- 8,the wedding-feast is at the house ,of mine host of the ,golden ,louse40 ,in 8,truth and ,poetry0 he has given us the scheme of the play1 which was never really executed4 ,like a born stage manager1 he proposed a kind of turning stage3 8,the tavern with its glittering insignia was placed so that all its four sides could be presented to view by being turned upon a peg40 ,this patent idea of a turning inn showing its golden sign and its door open to travelers from the four quarters of the globe1 might please the modern landlord too1 even if he did not care exactly for the super-sign of a 8,golden ,louse10 8magnified by the solar-microscope60 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,english ,,sign ,,and ,,its ,,peculiarities ,illustration3 ,lamb and ,flag ,east ,bath1 ,england ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,english ,,sign ,,and ,,its ,,peculiarities 8,freedom ,i love1 and form ,i hate ,and choose my lodgings at an inn40 ,,william ,,shenstone4 ,we cannot resist the temptation to quote as an introduction the ipsissima verba of ,england's classical historian ,macaulay on the evolution of public hospitality in his country4 ,most naturally the evolution of the sign runs parallel to the evolution of the tavern1 and in a time of flourishing inns we may expect to find highly developed tavern signs4 8,from a very early period10 says ,macaulay1 in a chapter on the social condition of ,england in #afhe1 8the inns of ,england had been renowned4 ,our first great poet had described the excellent accommodation which they afforded to the pilgrims of the fourteenth century4 ,nine and twenty persons1 with their horses1 found room in the wide chambers and stables of the ,tabard in ,southwark4 ,the food was of the best1 and the wines such as drew the company on to drink largely4 ,two hundred years later1 under the reign of ,elizabeth1 ,william ,harrison gave a lively description of the plenty and comfort of the great hostelries4 ,the continent of ,europe1 he said1 could show nothing like them4 ,there were some in which two or three hundred people could without difficulty be lodged and fed4 ,the bedding1 the tapestry above all1 the abundance of clean and fine linen was a matter of wonder4 ,valuable plate was often set on the tables4 ,nay1 there were signs which had cost thirty or forty pounds4 ,in the seventeenth century ,england abounded with excellent inns of every rank4 ,the travelers sometimes1 in a small village1 lighted on a public-house such as ,walton has described1 where the brick floor was swept clean1 where the walls were stuck round with ballads1 where the sheets smelled of lavender1 and where a blazing fire1 a cup of good ale1 and a dish of trout fresh from the neighboring brook1 were to be procured at small charge4 ,at the larger houses of entertainment were to be found beds hung with silk1 choice cookery1 and claret equal to the best which was drunk in ,london40 ,a sign that costs one hundred and fifty to two hundred dollars would be1 even in our days of high-paid labor1 a thing worth looking at4 ,in the times of the ,renaissance it certainly was a work of excellent craftsmanship1 sculptured in wood and richly gilded4 ,on an extensive tour through ,england which brought us to the charming western fishing-village of ,clovelly1 with its 8,new ,inn0 and the more romantic 8,red ,lion0 down by the little harbor1 and to ,chester1 in the north1 founded by the ,romans1 we were disappointed to find so few old signs of artistic value4 ,we found very few carved in wood like 8,the ,blue ,boar0 in ,lincoln or 8,the ,swan0 in ,wells1 from whose windows the beautiful western faade of the cathedral1 unusually rich in sculptures1 is seen through the green veil of huge old trees4 ,this swan sign shows certain characteristics of the period of the ,first ,empire1 and surely does not date back beyond #ahjj4 ,also the famous 8,four ,swans0 in the little town of ,waltham ,cross1 north of ,london1 perhaps the only existing example of an old ,english custom to construct the sign like a triumphant arch across the street1 are not so old as the tavern1 which a bold inscription dates in the year #abfj4 ,how could a sign delicately carved in wood resist the inclemency of the weather1 when the stone sculptures of the cathedrals1--as in ,exeter1 for instance1 or in ,salisbury1--although leaning against the protecting walls of these gigantic structures1 suffered so much8 ,to please the lovers of antiquity some owners of old houses put the most arbitrary dates of their foundation on the neatly-painted fronts4 ,in the street in ,chester that leads down to 8,the ,bear and ,billet10 one of ,england's oldest frame houses1 we saw the date #ajjf painted on a faade1 evidently built in ,renaissance times4 ,other burghers and house-owners who have more respect for exact historic truth1 see1 of course1 in such misleading inscriptions an unfair competition4 ,illustration3 ,,the,,swan,,in,,wells ,illustration3 ,ye ,olde ,four ,swansin ,waltham ,cross,england#abfj ,signs wrought in iron seem to have been rare in ,england1 the art of forging being less developed there than in the south of ,germany4 ,curiously enough the ,south-,kensington ,museum in ,london1 an enormous storehouse of old works of arts and crafts1 contains not a single ,english sign1 but a very beautifully forged iron sign from ,germany1 dated #afce1--;a baker's sign1 as the great crown and the heraldic lions reveal to us4 ,a friendly assistant at the ,museum showed us another ,german sign dating from the end of the seventeenth century1 charmingly carved and gilded1 representing the workshop of a shoemaker4 ,these two were the only signs that the ,museum possessed4 ,the old ,london signs have all found a very dismal refuge in the dimly lighted cellar of the ,guild ,hall4 ,some of them are stone sculptures of considerable size like the giant sign 8,bull and ,mouth40 ,here too we find certain technical curiosities1 as1 8,the ,dolphin0 of #agcj painted on copper1 and more unusual still1 8,the ,cock and ,bottle10 a neat and dainty design composed of blue-and-white ,dutch tiles4 ,the foggy and damp climate has often injured not only the carved woodwork of the signboard1 but still more the painting on it4 ,the beam on which it hangs might be very old2 the painting itself is always of recent date even if the artist1 following an old tradition1 sometimes produces quaint effects4 ,as an example of how quickly the work of the sign-painter darkens beyond recognition1 we may cite 8,the ,falstaff0 in ,canterbury4 ,it was not a year since the landlady had hung out this picture of the blustering knight in a bold fencing-pose that we saw it last1 and it was already very difficult to distinguish the details of the composition2 while another painting--the immediate predecessor of the sign in the street--which the friendly ,dame showed us on the staircase was as black and bare as a slate4 ,sometimes the frames of the pictures are carved and allow us to guess the date of their origin2 but1 as a rule1 the perfectly plain signboard hangs out on a strong beam4 ,a typical example is 8,the ,falcon0 in ,stratford-on-,avon4 ,the higher the artistic value of the painting on the signboards was1 the more we have to regret that so much art was wasted on such a perishable production4 ,in the eighteenth century the coach-painters1 whose craftsmanship on old equipages1 sledges1 and sedan-chairs we still admire in many a museum1 used to produce most elegant signs and received for their work astonishingly high prices4 ,shaken by winds1 whipped by rainstorms1 their beauty was soon gone4 ,nowhere have we found them either in collections or in the light of the street4 ,only in literary tradition does there still live a part of the charm of all these burned and weather-killed things of beauty4 ,but one device we discovered in ,england to restore the old forms1 namely1 the so-called club signs4 ,just as the printer's marks often reproduce en miniature the sign of the publisher1 so the club signs give a reduced picture of the old tavern signs1 especially of those that were cut as silhouettes in metal plates4 ,the very first printers of the fifteenth century loved to introduce into their books these little designs symbolizing their names4 ,peter ,drach in ,speyer used two little shields1 one containing a winged dragon and the other1 as a friendly compensation1 a ,christmas tree and two stars4 ,johannes ,sensenschmied1 a proud 8civis ,nurembergensis10 had two crossed scythes 7,sensen7 in his escutcheon4 ,these same designs appear later on the front page of a volume1 neatly engraved on copper1 often reproducing the sign of the bookshop to which one had to go if one wanted to buy this particular book4 ,a ,parisian publisher adopted 8,la ,samaritaine10 which to-day has become the name of a great department store4 ,mr4 ,lonard ,plaignard1 of ,lyon1 called his shop 8,au grand ,hercule10 and put the ,greek hero on the front page of his books with the inscription3 8,virtus non territa monstris40 ,just as these little engravings may give us an idea of the old publishers' signs1 so we may gain from the club signs some suggestions as to how the old signboards looked4 ,on ,whitsunday the club members used to fasten these small brass imitations of their beloved tavern sign to poles and carry them in solemn procession through the astonished town4 ,at the end of the club walking1 it is whispered1 many were unable to hold the poles as straight as they wished4 ,the museum of the quiet little town of ,taunton possesses a remarkable series of such club signs4 ,it has become quite a fad in ,england to collect these little polished brass figures1 since the public has got tired of the warming-pan craze4 ,morris dancers sometimes joined in the club processions1 among them the green or wild man1 ,robin ,hood1 famous in song and story2 they amused the crowd with such charming airs as as-- 8#8,o1 my ,billy1 my constant ,billy1 ,when shall ,i see my ,billy again8' #8,when the fishes fly over the mountain1 ,then you'll see your ,billy again4'0 ,illustration3 ,,salutation ,,inn ,,in ,,mangotsfield ,our design of two gentlemen saluting each other politely is such a club sign1 reproducing in miniature the sign of the 8,salutation ,inn0 in ,mangotsfield1 and representing the last link in the chain of salutation signs1 which began with the old religious scene of ,mary saluted by the angel4 ,price ,collier1 in his book 8,england and the ,english10 has dedicated a whole chapter to ,english sport1 on which the nation spends every year #bbc1hhh1gbe1 more than the cost of her entire military machine1 navy and army together4 ,on fox hunting alone she spends #dc1gij1jjj4 ,this love of sport is an old ,english trait1 shared by both sexes4 ,one of the first books printed in ,england was a book on sport1 8,the ,bokys of ,haukyng and ,huntyng10 supposed to be written by a lady1 ,juliana ,berners1 the prioress of the nunnery of ,sopwell1 and published for the first time in the new black art in #adhf4 ,a schoolmaster of the abbey school of ,st4 ,albans had arranged the edition1 and it is therefore sometimes quoted as 8,the ,book of ,st4 ,albans40 ,no wonder1 then1 that such a popular subject was readily chosen by the sign painters1 and that they love to picture the hunted animals1 the white hart and the fox1 and not less often the faithful companions of the hunter1 dog and horse1 hawk and falcon4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,pack-,,horse ,,in ,,chippenham ,a great rle is played by the horse1 not only as the heraldic animal in the coat of arms of the ,saxons and of the ,house of ,hanover1 but the real beast1 from the good old pack-horse to the lithe-limbed racer4 ,in the early ,middle ,ages1 when the roads were so bad that it was impossible for heavy wagons to travel on them1 the pack-horse was the only medium for the transportation of goods1 post-packages1 and mail4 ,those were hard days for impatient lovers1 who would have preferred to send their billets-doux in ,shakespearean fashion1 8making the wind my post-horse40 ,sometimes the horse's burden1 the wool-pack--the wool business being the chief trade in ,england in the twelfth century--appears on the signboard4 ,in fact1 in the time of ,ben ,jonson 8,the ,woolpack0 was one of the leading hostelries of ,london4 ,another sign is the race-horse1 celebrated by ,shakespeare in such lines as3-- 8,and ,i have horse will follow where the game ,makes way1 and run like swallows o'er the plain40 from 8,titus ,andronicus0 7,,ii1 ii71 or those other lines in 8,pericles0 7,,ii1 i73-- 8,upon a courser1 whose delightful steps ,shall make the gazer joy to see him tread40 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,viii1 a tavern called 8,the ,running ,horses0 existed in ,leatherhead1 a place not exactly fitted for noble hunters1 since a contemporary poet complains about the beer being served there 8in rather disgusting conditions40 ,not infrequently we find more or less happy portraits of famous race-horses1 such as 8,the ,flying ,dutchman0 and 8,bee's ,wing02 sometimes even a hound was honored in this way1 guarding the entrance of a tavern as his famous ,roman colleague1 pictured in mosaic1 did in the days of antiquity4 8,the ,blue ,cap0 in ,sandiway 7,cheshire7 was such a sign4 ,in ,chaucer's time it was a popular fashion to decorate the horses with little bells1 as we may infer from the ,abbot's ,tale3-- 8,when he rode men his bridle hear1 ,gingling in a whistling wind as clere1 ,and eke as loud as doth a chapel bell40 ,curiously enough1 these bells1 sometimes of silver and gold1 are designated in old manuscripts by the ,italian word campane1 as if this custom had been adopted by the ,english gentry from ,italy4 ,the 8gentyll horse0 of the ,duke of ,northumberland1 the old documents would tell us1 was decorated with 8campane of silver and gylt40 ,most naturally such valuable bells were very welcome as prizes in the sporting world2 in ,chester1 for instance1 the great prize of the annual race on ,st4 ,george's ,day consisted of a beautiful golden bell richly adorned with the royal escutcheon4 ,but independent of this custom the bell has always been very popular in ,england4 ,the great ,german musician ,hndel has even called it the national musical instrument1 because nowhere else1 perhaps1 do the people delight so much in the chimes of their churches4 ,we find it1 therefore1 everywhere on the tavern sign1 sometimes in absurd combinations like 8,bell and ,candlestick0 or 8,bell and ,lion02 very prettily in connection with a wild man1 8,bell ,savage10 which is changed under gallant ,french influence into 8,belle ,sauvage10 or even 8,la ,belle ,sauvage40 8,cock and ,bell0 points again to a popular sport1 the cock-fight4 ,like the little slant-eyed ,japanese1 the small boys of ,old ,england loved to watch this exciting game2 on ,lent-,tuesday special cock-fights were arranged for them1 and the happy little owner of the victorious animal was presented with a tiny silver bell to wear on his cap4 ,no wonder that 8,the ,fighting ,cocks0 themselves appear on the signboard4 ,we find them on taverns in ,italy1 too1 where the popularity of this sport goes back to the ,roman days4 ,the ,bluebeard ,king ,henry ,,viii issued an order prohibiting all cock-fights among his subjects1 all the while establishing for himself a cockpit in ,white ,hall as a royal prerogative4 ,in the days of ,queen ,victoria the rather cruel sport was definitely abolished4 ,another not less cruel sport still lives in the tavern sign 8,dog and ,duck40 ,the birds were put into a small pond and chased by dogs4 ,watching the frightened creatures dive to escape their pursuers constituted the chief joy of the performance4 ,we may still hear the wild cries of the spectators urging on the dogs1 when we read the old rhyme3-- 8,ho1 ho1 to ,islington2 enough6 ,fetch ,job my son1 and our dog ,ruffe6 ,for there in ,pond1 through mire and muck1 ,we'll cry3 hay ,duck1 there ,ruffe1 hay ,duck60 ,an old stone sign of such a 8,dog and ,duck0 tavern1 dated #afag1 can still be seen in ,london outside of the ,bethlehem ,hospital in ,st4 ,george's ,field4 ,the popular name of this lunatic asylum is ,bedlam--favorite word of ,carlyle to designate confusion and chaos4 ,here in ,south ,london special arenas were built for the spectacle of bear-baiting1 and it is no chance that as early as in the time of ,richard ,,iii the most popular tavern of this quarter was called 8,the ,bear40 ,it stood near ,london ,bridge1 and was frequented especially by aristocratic revelers4 ,in these scenes of rough amusements for the people the muse of ,shakespeare introduced the gentle dramatic arts4 ,here his 8,henry ,v0 was introduced for the first time1 perhaps1 with its solemn chorus3 8,can this cockpit hold the vasty fields of ,france80 ,still more than these artificial and butchery sports of the citizen1 the real joys of the hunter found their echo in the productions of the sign-painters4 ,there is hardly an ,english town without a 8,white ,hart ,inn40 ,since the days of ,alexander the ,great1 who once caught a beautiful white hart and decorated his slender neck with a golden ring1 since ,charlemagne and ,henry the ,lion1 the white hart has been a special favorite of the hunter1 whose joys no poet perhaps has sung so charmingly as ,shakespeare in these lines of 8,titus ,andronicus0 7,,ii1 ii and iii73-- 8,the hunt is up1 the morn is bright and grey1 ,the fields are fragrant1 and the woods are green3 ,uncouple here 99 99 99 99 99 ,the birds chaunt melody on every bush2 ,the snake lies rolled in the cheerful sun2 ,the green leaves quiver with the cooling wind1 ,and make a chequer'd shadow on the ground3 ,under their sweet shade1 ,aaron1 let us sit1 ,and--whilst the babbling echo mocks the hounds1 ,replying shrilly to the well-tun'd horns1 ,as if a double hunt were heard at once once-- ,let us sit down44440 ,another group of signs celebrates ,master ,reynard4 ,we see him harassed by dogs and riders on the sign 8,fox and ,hounds0 in ,barley 7,hertfordshire74 ,we miss only the sportive ladies who dip their kerchiefs of lace in the poor devil's blood to show that they1 too1 were in at the finish4 ,this sign1 by the way1 was used long centuries ago1 since we hear of a 8,fox and ,hounds ,inn0 in ,putney that claims to be over three hundred years old4 ,the ,german ,nimrod took no less pleasure than his ,english cousin in seeing a hunter's sign on the tavern door1 as is amply proved by the many golden harts1 flying in great bounds1 or our ,george sign from ,degerloch1 daintily wrought in iron4 ,the ,german poets1 too1 sang many a song celebrating the adventures of the chase4 ,illustration3 ,,zum ,,hirshen ,,winnenden ,not so often do we find on the ,continent the so-called 8punning sign10 which might well be called an ,english specialty1 since ,england's greatest poet used to indulge a great deal in punning1--8mistaking the word0 as he calls it4 ,in a dialogue full of quibbles in the 8,two ,gentlemen of ,verona0 he admits himself that it is a weakness to yield to it3-- 8,speed4 ,how now1 ,signior ,launce8 ,what news with your mastership8 8,launce4 ,with my master's ship8 ,why1 it is at sea4 8,speed4 ,well1 your old vice still3 mistake the word4 ,what news then in your paper8 8,launce4 ,the blackest news that ever thou heard'st4 8,speed4 ,why1 man1 how black8 8,launce4 ,why1 as black as ink40 ,and thus he goes on against his better judgment and 8the old vice0 triumphs1 not only here1 but in nearly all his plays4 ,following the illustrious example of the great poet the ,english landlord puts all kinds of puns and puzzles on his signs1 and the private citizen of simple birth and aristocratic ambitions created for himself the most ridiculous escutcheons by childish plays upon his own name4 ,thus1 ,mr4 ,haton would put a hat and a tun in his coat of arms and ,mr4 ,luton a lute and a tun without giving a thought to etymology4 ,likewise the landlord's name would account for such curious signs as 8,hand and ,cock10 which was simply the punning sign of a certain ,john ,hancock in ,whitefriars4 ,diligent authors like ,frederic ,naab--who1 together with ,thormanby1 made a special study of sign puzzles--are indefatigable in searching out the deep meaning of all these tavern sign absurdities4 8,the ,pig and ,whistle0 alone has been explained in twelve different ways4 ,we mentioned above how 8,the ,cat and ,fiddle0 was a mutilation of the old religious sign of 8,catherine and ,wheel40 ,in similar fashion the noble-sounding 8,bacchanals0 were degraded to a common 8,bag of ,nails40 ,topers and tipplers1 whose forte was certainly not orthography1 loved to confuse 8bear0 and 8beer10 words that might very well sound alike when pronounced by beery voices4 ,a certain ,thomas ,dawson in ,leeds1 who evidently sold a rather heavy beer1 warned his customers on his sign3 8,beware of ye ,beare40 ,lovers of cards invented the amusing distortion of 8,pique and ,carreau0 into 8,the ,pig and ,carrot40 ,the popular political sign of 8,the ,four ,alls10 representing a ,king 78,i rule all071 a ,priest 78,i pray for all071 a ,soldier 78,i fight for all071 and ,john ,bull as farmer 78,i pay for all071 was changed into 8,four ,awls10 a sign which presented infinitely less difficulties to a painter of few resources4 ,sometimes the ,devil is added as fifth figure saying1 8,i take all40 ,cromwell's soldiers once took offense at the sign of a tavern where they were obliged to put up for the night4 ,they took it down and in its place wrote over the door the words1 8,god encompasses us40 ,the next day1 when they were gone1 the landlord had the brilliant idea to change the pious words to the punning sign1 8,goat and compasses40 ,maybe1 too1 the compasses were a commercial trade-mark1 as we see them still to-day on boxes and casks4 ,very popular was the joking sign1 8,the ,labor in ,vain10 representing a woman occupied in the hopeless task of washing a colored boy3-- 8,you may wash and scrub him from morning till night1 ,your labor's in vain1 black will never come white40 ,this particular sign was imported from ,france1 where the calembour sign flourished4 ,some even say that the punning sign became popular in ,england only 8after ,edward ye #c had conquered ,france40 ,the ,french have two interpretations of the 8,labor in ,vain03 one corresponds with the ,english version2 the other1 8,au temps perdu10 represents a schoolmaster teaching an ass4 ,as counterpart we find 8,le temps gagn10 a peasant carrying his donkey4 ,the ,french calembours were decidedly less reverential than the ,english punning signs4 ,neither religion nor good morals are sacred to the ,gallic wag1 who is allowed to say anything if he understands how to turn it gracefully4 8,le ,signe de la croix0 is depicted by a swan 7cygne7 and a cross1 and even the tragic scene of ,jesus taken prisoner in the ,garden of ,gethsemane--le juste pris--is turned into the shameless words1 8,au juste prix10 to advertise the cheapness of drinks and victuals4 ,more innocent is the distortion of the 8,lion d'or0 into the undeniable truth1 8,au lit on dort10 or the inscription on a white-horse sign3 8,ici on loge pied et cheval40 ,the temptation to use such calembours no trader could resist4 ,a corset-maker praised his goods thus3 8,je soutiens les faibles1 je comprime les forts1 je ramne les gars40 ,we shall see in the following chapter how such pointed jokes and blasphemies roused the righteous indignation of the honorable and pious citizens and increased the enemies of the sign1 who finally gave it the coup de grce4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,enemies ,,of ,,the ,,sign ,,and ,,its ,,end ,illustration3 ,cavallo ,bianco1 ,borgo ,san ,dalmazzo1 ,italy ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,enemies ,,of ,,the ,,sign ,,and ,,its ,,end 8,ne songez pas mme rformer les enseignes d'une ville60 ,in medival times the signs were not only charming or pious decorations of the snug narrow streets1 but they were also very useful and practical guides for the wayfarer through the labyrinth of crooked lanes4 ,even the uneducated understood their pictorial language like illustrations in a book which give even to a child a certain clue to its meaning4 ,for this very reason the learned ,sebastian ,brant decorated his edition of ,virgil of #aebb with elaborate pictures1--expolitissimis figuris atque imaginibus nuper per ,sebastianum ,brant superadditis1--firmly hoping that now even the unlearned would easily understand the beauties of his beloved author3 8,nec minus indoctus perlegere illa potest40 ,while the learned men in general continued to despise pictures in their editions of the classics1 the first popular books tried through their wood-cuts to speak to the fancy of the common people and thus win their applause4 ,just as these pictures in the old books1 so the signs in the streets spoke to the indoctus4 ,therefore1 if somebody wished to send a letter to his banker in ,fleet ,street1 ,london1 he needed only to tell his messenger that it was at the 8,three ,squirrels10 and he was sure that even the greatest numskull could find it4 ,unfortunately the owners of this old banking-house have withdrawn the sign1 so it took me quite a while before ,i found it safely hung up on a modern iron arm in the office of ,messrs4 ,barclay ,co41 ,no4 #ai1 ,fleet ,street4 ,the characteristic interpretation of the sign1 given to me by the banker himself1 was3 8,may you never want a nut to crack40 ,illustration3 ,,three,,squirrels,,london ,in the old times the streets were not yet numbered1 as ,macaulay tells us1 not even at the end of the seventeenth century4 8,there would indeed have been little advantage in numbering them2 for of the coachmen1 chairmen1 porters1 and errand-boys of ,london1 a very small proportion could read4444 ,the shops were therefore distinguished by painted signs1 which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets4 ,the walk from ,charing ,cross to ,whitechapel lay through an endless succession of ,saracens' ,heads1 ,royal ,oaks1 ,blue ,bears1 and ,golden ,lambs1 which disappeared when they were no longer required for the direction of the common people40 ,as a useful guide to find one's way the sign was expressly recognized by the state authorities2 so in a privilege granted by ,charles ,i to the inhabitants of ,london to hang out signs 8for the better finding out such citizens' dwellings1 shops1 arts1 or occupations40 ,for the landlords1 it was even made obligatory so as to facilitate the police in determining if the laws concerning the liquor trade were properly observed4 ,an ,act of ,parliament in the reign of ,henry ,,vi forced the brewers to hang out signs and an ordinance of ,louis ,,xiv for ,paris distinctly demands3 8,pour donner connotre les lieux o se vendent les vins en dtail et si les rglements y sont observez1 nul ne pourra tenir taverne en cette dite ville et faubourgs sans mettre enseigne et bouchon40 ,similar regulations we find in ,switzerland2 as1 for instance1 in ,maienfeld where the city fathers punished every one who kept tavern without an 8open sign40 ,through such restrictions they hoped to stop the competition of the simple burgher1 8the temporary landlord10 who tried to sell the surplus product of his own vineyard1 and thus to secure the patronage of all thirsty souls for the legal 8,schildwirt10 the landlord with a sign1 even if he lived only from the 8bouchon0 or cork and could not accommodate guests overnight4 ,illustration3 ,,zur ,,glocke ,,winnenden ,if they had not a sign out1 how could the watchman1 after the night-bell--sometimes called 8,lumpenglocke0 in ,germany--had sounded1 investigate properly if the tavern-keepers really stopped to furnish the guests with new wine8 ,and was it not the duty of the city fathers to look after the morals of their subjects and to teach them the wisdom of the ,german saying3-- 8,er hat nicht wol getrunken1 der sich bertrinket4 ,wie ziemet das biderbem ,mann1 daz ihm die ,zunge hinket80 ,so the sign was in many ways a useful institution topographically1 politically1 and morally4 ,its merits are not yet exhausted3 it was a good weather prophet1 too4 ,when the old iron things began to moan and to squeak1 storm and rain surely were not far1 as an ,english rhyme whimsically says3-- 8,but when the swinging signs your ears offend ,with creaking noise1 then rainy floods impend40 ,how was it possible1 then1 that such an institution as our amiable sign1 approved and furthered by the ,state1 such a popular1 often artistically charming creation1 could have enemies8 ,the first reason1 as we have seen in our chapter on 8,religious ,signs10 was that pious signs were used by impious innkeepers or that religious themes were represented in a manner insulting to all religious feeling4 ,no wonder1 if a ,french landlord called his tavern 8,au sermon10 and illustrated the word 8sermon0 by a deer 7cerf7 and a mountain 7mont71 that the really pious citizen protested and exclaimed indignantly3 8,ne devrait-on pas condamner une grosse amende un misrable cabaretier qui met son enseigne un cerf et un mont pour faire une ridicule quivoque sermon8 ,ce qui autorise des ivrognes dire qu'ils vont tous les jours au sermon ou qu'ils en viennent40 ,surely the really pious signs subsisted beside their frivolous brothers1 as the ,english doctor-sign of #afbc1 beautifully carved and gilded and now a treasure of a collector1 proves by its inscription3 8,altissimus creavit de terra medicynam et vir prudens non abhorrebit illam40 ,curiously enough1 the schoolmaster souls took offense at the sign's absurd combinations1 its lack of 8sound literature and good sense10 its impossible orthography and ridiculous mottoes1 which1 by the way1 were added only later to the pictures4 ,all this was extremely shocking to these people and many of them thought it a noble life-task to reform the signs4 ,one of these reformers developed his programme in one of the oldest ,english periodicals1 8,the ,spectator10 in an ,april number of the year #agaj1 fully aware of attempting an herculean labor4 ,combinations1 such as 8,fox and ,goose10 he deigns to admit2 but what sense1 asks he1 in logical indignation1 8is in such absurdities as #8,fox and the ,seven ,stars1' or worse still1 in the #8,three ,nuns and a ,hare'80 ,molire1 in 8,les ,fcheux10 has ridiculed these sign reformers1 a species not unknown in ,paris either1 in the person of ,monsieur ,caritids1 who humbly solicited ,louis ,,xiv to invest him with the position of a ,general ,sign ,controller4 ,his petition reads1 in ,molire's inimitable ,french1 as follows3-- ,sire3 ,votre trs-humble1 trs-obissant1 trs-fidle et trs savant sujet et serviteur ,caritids1 ,franais de nation1 ,grec de profession1 ayant considr les grands et notables abus qui se commettent aux inscriptions des enseignes des maisons boutiques1 cabarets1 jeux de boule et autres lieux de votre bonne ville de ,paris1 en ce que certains ignorants1 compositeurs des dites inscriptions1 renversent1 par une barbare1 pernicieuse et dtestable orthographe1 toute sorte de sens et de raison1 sans aucun regard d'etymologie1 analogie1 nergie ni allgorie quelconque au grand scandale de la rpublique des lettres et de la nation ,franaise1 qui se dcrie et dshonore1 par les dits abus et fautes grossires1 envers les trangers1 et notamment envers les ,allemands1 curieux lecteurs et inspecteurs des dites inscriptions 444 supplie humblement ,votre ,majest de crer1 pour le bien de son tat et la gloire de son empire une charge de contrleur1 intendant-correcteur1 rviseur et restaurateur gnral des dites inscriptions et d'icelle honorer le suppliant4444 ,illustration3 ,,zum ,,schl,,ssel ,,bozen4 ,in all impartiality we have to admit that really the sign lost by and by its usefulness as a street-guide1 since the trades and crafts occupying a house changed often1 while the old signs1 especially those which formed a part of its architecture1 remained unchanged1 thus producing the most ridiculous contradictions against which the above-mentioned reformer of 8,the ,spectator0 protested not without reason1 saying3 8,a cook should not live at #8,the ,boot' nor a shoemaker at #8,the ,roasted ,pig4'0 ,but the most ruthless enemy of the sign became the police itself1 who once protected it4 ,as early as the year #adai we find an ,english police regulation1 threatening with a fine of forty pence--in those days quite a sum--8that no one in future should have a stake bearing either his sign or leaves1 extending or lying over the ,king's highway1 of greater length than seven feet at most40 ,as every innkeeper tried to outdo the other by the size and the magnificence of his sign1 one arrived finally at absurdly great constructions which really hampered the traffic3 as in ,england1 where we find wrought-iron signs which1 like arches of triumph1 reached from one side of the street to the other4 ,a precious old book1 8,a ,vademecum for ,malt-,worms0 7,british ,museum71 in a quaint woodcut1 8,the ,dog in ,shoreditch10 gives us a picture of such a sign monument4 ,to the artist's eyes they were charming things1 combining happily great lanterns with the sign into a harmony which we so often find lacking in modern days1 where beautiful old signs through the addition of ugly modern lamps lose all their artistic charm of yore4 ,illustration3 ,,the,,dog,,in,,shoreditch ,mercier's 8,tableau de ,paris0 tells us of ridiculously great signs3 spurs as large as a wheel1 gloves big enough to house a three-year-old babe1 and the like4 ,in old ,germany1 too1 the sight of the giant signs1 as ,victor ,hugo describes them from ,frankfurt-on-the-,main1 must have been fantastic enough4 8,under the titanic weight of these sign monuments caryatides are bowed down in all positions of rage1 pain1 and fatigue40 ,some of them carry an impudent bronze negro in a gilded tin mantle2 others an enormous ,roman emperor--a monolith of twenty feet in height--8dans toute la pompe du costume de ,louis ,,xiv avec sa grande perruque1 son ample manteau1 son fauteuil1 son estrade1 sa crdence o est sa couronne1 son dais a pentes dcoupes et vastes draperies40 ,especially objectionable to the police in ,london were those signs that reached far out over the street and1 shaken by the wind1 constituted a real danger to the passer-by4 ,so the fall of such a huge inn sign in ,fleet ,street1 ,london1 in #agah1 caused the death of two ladies1 a court jeweler1 and a cobbler4 ,similar dangers threatening an innocent public were vividly set forth in a ,parisian police ordinance in #agfa1 in an amusing bureaucratic ,french3 8,les enseignes saillantes faisaient paratre les rues plus troites et dans les rues commerantes elles nuisaient considrablement aux vues des premiers tages1 et mme a la clart des laternes1 en occasionnant des ombres prjudiciables la suret publique2 elles formaient un pril perpetuellement imminent sur la tte des passants1 tant par l'inattention des propritaires et des locataires sur la vtust des enseignes ou des potences1 qui en ont souvent abattu plusieurs et caus les accidents les plus funestes40 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,queen,,in ,,exeter ,if the police had contented itself in eliminating the offensive or really dangerous signs1 nobody could have blamed it4 ,unfortunately it was much more aggressive1 especially in ,france1 the paradise of the 8ronds de cuir10 and attempted to cut down every individual or artistic invention on the part of the signmakers4 ,we are1 therefore1 not surprised to find so little in modern ,france that could remind us of the old abundance4 ,the officials of the ,revolution proved themselves just as narrow-minded as those of royal times4 ,both1 animated by the bureaucratic instinct to confine everything to narrow rules1 tried to suppress all individual poetical invention that once was the charm of the sign4 ,a royal edict of #agfc prescribes a very uninteresting design as a binding model for all signs1 giving at the same time the exact measurements of the same and warning the public not to dare to make any changes on the 8dessein cy-dessus marqu40 ,it was a poor consolation for the owners of beautiful old signs that the same edict granted them the great privilege of giving their art-treasures in account as old iron--8quinze deniers la livre0--when paying the bill for the new sign patented by the ,state4 ,still more radically acted the men of the ,revolution1 who sincerely hated the signs1 with their crowns and heraldry1 as abominable 8marques du despotisme40 ,they made short work1 and simply ordered3 8,toutes les enseignes qui portent des signes de royalisme1 fodalit et de superstition seront renouveles et remplaces par des signes rpublicains3 les enseignes ne seront plus saillantes mais simplement peintes sur les murs des maisons40 ,another danger for the sign resulted from the attempt to number the houses of which we hear1 perhaps for the first time in ,france1 as early as #aeab4 ,this first attempt failed1 but in the enlightened eighteenth century the new and certainly more reasonable method of distinguishing a house from its neighbor decidedly gained ground4 ,in #ahje it was made obligatory by the ,parisian police4 ,a similar development we observe in ,england4 ,nobody will deny the practical progress and no business man would like to return to the old times when an ,english bookseller1 for instance1 had to give the address of his shop in the following way3 8,over against the ,royal ,exchange at the ,sugar ,loaf next ,temple ,bar40 ,in ,germany1 where the centralization in large capitals made slower progress and a multitude of small social and political centers kept their own1 the rational institution of numbering the houses1 so necessary in great cities like ,paris or ,london1 was not accepted so quickly4 ,in #ahjb ,dresden1 for instance1 had not even on the street corners signs indicating their names2 8an institution that facilitates topography and topography facilitates business10 remarks a judicious contemporary4 ,here in ,germany the cold number did not conquer so easily over the poetical warmth of the dear old sign4 ,in the quiet1 imperial towns of the south the artistic sign of the ,rococo period and the ,empire style1 unpersecuted and unmolested1 keep their place in the sun up to the present day in spite of some ill-advised landlords who thought it necessary to hide the humble oxen or lamb in the garret and call their house by some new pretentious ,french name like 8,hotel de l',europe0 or the like4 ,illustration3 ,stuttgart ,in our own enlightened times of general school education1 nobody needs any more the sign as a guide through even the most modest town4 ,everywhere the number has taken its place for this purpose and we regret to admit for the history of the sign too the truth of ,darwin's words3 8,progress in history means the decline of phantasy and the advance of thought40 ,,envoy ,,and ,,the ,,moral8 ,illustration3 ,sonne ,neckarsulm1 ,wrttemberg ,,envoy ,,and ,,the ,,moral8 8,i am here in a strange land and have perhaps the seat of honor at table in this inn2 but the man down there on the end has just as good a right here and there as ,i1 since we are both here only guests40 ,,martin ,,luther3 ,sermons4 ,jubilate1 #aedb4 ,it is not very much the fashion in these modern days to ask for the moral meaning of things1 but we are old-fashioned enough to hold with those who believe that things have not only a soul1 but that they give us a lesson too in revealing their soul to us1 8la leon des choses10 as the ,french1 whom we are inclined to call condescendingly the immoral ,french1 call it4 ,old ,frederic the ,great in his famous interview with the poet ,gellert in ,leipzig1 after hearing from him one of his fables 8,the ,painter of ,athens10 did not fail to ask the all-important question3 8,and the ,moral80 ,many a reader who has followed us but hesitatingly into regions that seemed to him at the beginning of doubtful moral value1 will be perhaps surprised to see us conclude our investigations with this same question4 ,but ,i am sure we will do it with good profit1 since in doing so we shall have the chance to hear many a sermon of ,doctor ,martinus ,luther1 whose moral force we children of the twentieth century would love to dig out of his writings if its gold did not seem to us so hopelessly buried under the sand of antiquated dogmatical quarrels4 ,the tavern sign has its moral lesson for all concerned1 guests and landlords alike4 ,from its modest and unknown creators the modern artist too may receive many a valuable inspiration4 ,when the poet ,seume1 in ,december1 #ahja1 started from ,grimma in ,saxony on his long pilgrimage to ,syracuse1 his way seems to have led him soon to a knightly ,george1 who fights the dragon in all ,christian lands1 over many a tavern door for centuries and whom ,shakespeare celebrated in the verses3-- 8,st4 ,george that swindg'ed the ,dragon1 and e'er since ,sits on his horseback at mine hostess' door40 ,looking at the great green beast our romantic pilgrim prayed3 8,may heaven grant me honest1 friendly landlords and polite guardians at the city gates from ,leipzig to ,syracuse60 ,in those old days when the gate was dangerously near the tower and its dungeon1 it was indeed of the highest importance to find polite officials at the city gates2 just as we might sometimes pray to-day for polite customs officials1 the successors of the old grumpy watchmen who guarded the city entrance and wrote the newcomer's name in their big books4 ,still more important1 too1 is it for the modern traveler to find friendly landlords4 ,they seem as in the old days a gift from heaven1 for which we must pray and which we cannot buy4 ,truly many travelers seem to think a full purse buys everything1 but they forget the old truth which ,charles ,wagner1 in his book 8,la vie simple10 has expressed rightly in the following sentence3 8,le travail d'un homme n'est pas une marchandise au mme titre qu'un sac de bl ou un quintal de charbon4 ,il entre dans ce travail des lments qu'on ne peut valuer en monnaie40 ,and just these fine elements in the work of a landlord and his servants which we cannot weigh or pay for make the simplest inn so homelike and cozy4 ,a good landlord does not need to fear even ,death1 who seems to seize only the dishonest one1 if we believe the author of a 8,dance of ,death0 from the fifteenth century in the ,stuttgarter ,hofbibliothek4 ,in a few forceful lines the old artist traces the figure of the bad landlord sitting behind his counter and trying to win the good favors of the uncanny musician ,death1 by offering him a great stein of beer and humbly confessing3 8,against ,god and against law ,i sought to win earthly goods1 taking money unjustly from knights and peasants as a robber does4 ,oh1 if ,i only should not die now1 ,i could hope to improve and to win grace40 ,many a landlord would gladly follow the example of ,abraham if only his guests would try to learn a little from the angels4 ,but how often come to him such wild fellows who claim every good thing he has in cellar and kitchen1 and when it comes to pay take ,french leave4 ,it is well known that1 as the old ,bible saying goes1 the sun is shining over good and bad1 over just and unjust1 but ,luther thought he does not do it gladly4 ,perhaps the ,doctor1 who knew so many roads from his own experience1 even thought of the golden tavern sun when he said3 8,the sun would prefer that all the bad fellows should get not a single little gleam from him and it is a great grief and cross to him that he must shine over them1 wherefore he sighs and moans40 ,illustration3 ,,zur ,,sonne ,,winnenden ,nobody has admonished us so heartily as ,doctor ,martinus to hold ourselves as pious guests in this inn of ,life1 to live honestly and decently in it as it becomes a guest4 8,if you wish to be a guest1 be peaceful and behave yourself as a ,christian2 otherwise they will soon show you the way to the tower40 ,it is characteristic for ,luther to remind the unruly guest of the tower1 i4e41 the prison4 ,in other connections too he readily refers to ,master ,john the ,hangman who is to his mind a very useful1 nay1 even charitable man4 ,since we did not hesitate to threaten the landlord with the ghastly musician of the 8,dance of ,death10 it will seem only fair to remind the guests of the tower1 which in the old days was used as prison for the peace-breakers4 ,luther1 like all good ,germans1 was not a prohibitionist2 he recognized 8a drink in honor10 8einen ,trunk in ,ehren10 but he was a fierce enemy of all 8drunkards and loafers0 who lie in taverns ,sunday and week-day and pour the beer down their throats as cows gulp water1 saying3 8,what do ,i care about ,god1 what do ,i care about death8 ,you miserable hog1 you shall get what you are striving for1 you shall die too and be swallowed up by the mouth of ,hell40 ,to every decent landlord such guests are a curse4 ,to chase them from his threshold the owner of the 8,george and ,dragon0 in ,great ,budworth 7,cheshire7 invented the fine rhyme which should stand over every tavern door3-- 8,as ,st4 ,george in armed array ,did the fiery dragon slay1 ,so may'st thou1 with might no less1 ,slay that dragon drunkenness40 ,a decent behavior surely1 but no melancholy teetotalism1 such is ,luther's standpoint4 8,those have not been of the devil who drank a little more as their thirst required and became joyful40--8,it is not the fault of the eating and drinking1 that some people degrade themselves to swine40 ,just as dancing in itself is no sin3 8,why not admit an honorable dance at a marriage feast8 ,go and dance6 ,the little children dance too without sin2 do the same and be like a child whose soul is not injured by dancing40 ,the whole world appears to ,luther like an inn in a strange town1 in which the pilgrim lies4 ,in his nightly dreams he does not think of becoming a citizen or a major of this town1 his thoughts wander away through the gate to the far city where his home is4 ,to the pretentious traveler his description of 8,christ's ,inn10 which reminds us of our ,swiss sign1 8,hie zum ,christkindli10 might serve as a little lesson in modesty4 ,thus he speaks about it in a ,christmas sermon3 8,look1 how the two parents in a strange land in a strange city search in vain for good and hospitable friends4 ,even in the inns was no room1 since the city at that time was so crowded4 ,in a cow-stable they had to go and make the best of it as poor poor people6 ,there was no couch1 no linnen1 no cushions1 no feather-beds2 on a bundle of straw they made their bed as close neighbours of the good cattle4 ,there in a hard winter-night the noble blessed fruit was born1 the dear child ,jesus40 ,and in another ,christmas sermon he says3 8,if you look at it with cow's or swine's eyes it was a miserable birth 444 but if you open your spiritual eyes you will see countless thousands of angels1 filling the heaven with their song and honouring not only the child but the manger too in which it lies40 ,everything depends finally upon the way we look at it1 if with cows' eyes or with spiritual eyes4 ,only these will enable us to see in the poorest inn the angel of hospitality covering us at night with gentle wings4 ,till finally ,mother ,earth shall cover us softly in our last quiet 8,deversorium0 in which we have at least the hangman's comfort3 8,you shall be called to no more payments1 fear no more tavern bills which are often the sadness of parting as the procuring of mirth40 ,but we must not end without delivering a little sermon to the signs1 too1 that still glitter in the warm sunshine4 ,to them1 cocks1 deer1 bears1 oxen1 and horses1 a church-tower cock1 celebrated by the humorous clergyman poet ,mricke of ,schwabenland1 gives this solemn warning3-- 8,you poor old iron things1 ,why should you be so vain8 ,who knows how many springs ,you will up there remain80 ,bibliography #a4 ,petit dictionnaire critique et anecdotique des enseignes de ,paris par un batteur de pav #ahbf1 in ,balzac's uvres compltes1 tome ,,xxi4 #ahgi4 #b4 ,e4 ,,de ,,queri,,re4 ,recherches historiques sur les enseignes1 in the ,magazin pittoresque1 #ahej-fj4 #c4 ,,blavignac4 ,histoire des enseignes d'htelleries1 d'auberges et de cabarets4 ,genve1 #ahgi4 #d4 ,l4 ,,reutter4 ,les enseignes d'auberges du canton de ,neuchtel1 avec notices par ,a4 ,bachelin4 #ahhf4 ,neuchtel4 #e4 ,,michel-,,fournier4 ,histoire des ,htelleries4 ,paris1 #ahea4 #f4 ,,john ,,grand-,,carteret4 ,l'enseigne1 son histoire1 sa philosophie1 ses particularits ,lyon4 ,grenoble1 #aijb4 #g4 ,journal du ,voyage de ,,michel ,,de ,,montaigne en ,italie par la ,suisse et l',allemagne en #aehj et #aeha4 ,rome1 #agge4 #h4 ,,tristan ,,lecl,,re4 ,les ,enseignes1 in the ,revue ,universelle1 #aije4 #i4 ,p4 ,,fromageot4 ,les ,htelleries1 cafs et cabarets de l'ancien ,versailles4 #aijg4 #aj4 ,,emile ,,chatelain4 ,notes sur quelques tavernes frquentes par l'universit de ,paris au ,,xiv et ,,xv sicles4 ,paris1 #ahih4 #aa4 ,e4 ,l4 ,,chambois4 ,le ,vieux ,mans1 les ,htelleries et leurs enseignes4 ,le ,mans4 #aijd4 #ab4 ,,jacob ,,larwood and ,,john ,,camden ,,hotten4 ,the ,history of ,signboards4 ,first edition4 ,london1 #ahff4 #ac4 ,,charles ,,hindley4 ,tavern ,anecdotes and ,sayings4 ,london1 #ahha4 #ad4 ,,geo4 ,t4 ,,burrows4 ,some ,old ,english ,inns4 ,new ,york4 ,frederick ,a4 ,stokes ,co4 #ae4 ,,geo4 ,t4 ,,burrows4 ,old ,inns of ,england1 in the ,estate ,magazine1 ,may1 #aije4 #af4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,ditchfield4 ,english ,villages4 #ag4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,ditchfield4 ,the ,charm of the ,english ,village4 #ah4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,dawber4 ,old ,english ,signs in ,the ,art ,journal1 #ahig4 #ai4 ,t4 ,b4 ,,cooper4 ,the ,old ,inns and ,inn ,signs of ,york4 #ahig4 #bj4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,hilton ,,price4 ,the ,signs of ,old ,lombard ,street4 ,illustrations by ,james ,west4 ,london4 ,field and ,tuer4 #ba4 ,,wilfred ,,mark ,,webb4 ,signs that ,survive1 in the ,english ,illustrated ,magazine4 ,september1 #aijj4 #bb4 ,,julian ,,king ,,colford4 ,the ,romance of the ,signs of ,old ,london1 in the ,magazine of ,commerce4 ,july-,december1 #aijc4 #bc4 ,f4 ,,cornman4 ,some ,old ,london ,shop ,signs4 #c series1 #ahia-id1 printed only in #cj to #dj copies 7,guildhall-,library3 ,gal4 ,m4 #a4 #e4 #d74 #bd4 ,a ,,guide ,,for ,,malt ,,worms1 a second of a ,vademecum for ,malt ,worms or a ,guide to ,good-,fellows4 ,london4 ,illustrated with proper cuts4 7,british ,museum3 ,c-#ci-;b4 #ai47 #be4 ,de ,uithangteekens in verband met ,geschiedenis in ,volksleven beschouwd door ,mr4 ,i4 ,,van ,,lennep en ,i4 ,,ter ,,gouw4 ,first edition1 #ahfh4 ,new edition1 ,leiden1 #ahhh4 #bf4 ,,overbeck4 ,pompeii4 #bg4 ,h4 ,,jordan4 ber rmische ,aushngeschilder1 in the ,archologische ,zeitung1 #ahgb4 #bh4 ,,homeyer4 ,deutsche ,haus-und ,hofmarken4 #bi4 ,,friedrich ,,haas4 ,entwickelung der ,posten vom ,altertum bis zur ,neuzeit4 ,berlin1 #ahie4 #cj4 ,,benno ,r,,ttenauer4 ,schwbische ,wirtshauschilder1 in ,die ,rheinlande1 ,november1 #aijc4 #ca4 ,,leo ,,von ,,noort4 ,deutsche ,wirtshauschilder4 ,woche1 ,june1 #aiji4 #cb4 ,a4 ,,bruder4 ,die ,wirtshuser des ,mittelalters4 ,innsbruck1 #ahhe4 #cc4 ,,th4 ,,von ,,liebenau4 ,gasthofswesen in der ,schweiz4 #ahia4 #cd4 ,,hans ,,barth1 ,osteria4 ,kulturgeschichtlicher ,fhrer4 durch ,italiens ,schenken4 ,verlag ,julius ,hoffmann4 ,stuttgart4 #ce4 ,,fritz ,,endell4 ,wirtshauschilder4 ber ,land und ,meer1 #aiaj4 7#ci47 #cf4 ,,charles ,,fegdal4 ,les vieilles enseignes de ,paris4 #c4 dition4 ,paris1 #aiad4 #cg4 ,,douard ,,fournier4 ,histoire des enseignes de ,paris1 #ahhd4 #ch4 ,,stephen ,,jenkins4 ,the ,old ,boston ,post ,road4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 #ci4 ,,weitenkampf4 ,lo1 ,the ,wooden ,indian4 7,the art of making cigar-shop signs4 ,sculptors in wood who began by making the figureheads of ships47 ,new ,york ,times1 ,august #c1 #ahij4 #dj4 ,,weitenkampf4 ,some ,signs and ,others4 ,new ,york ,times1 ,july #c1 #ahib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c'est bien disn1 quand on s'chappe ,sans dbourser pas un denier1 ,et dire adieu au tavernier ,en torchant son nez dans sa nappe4 ,,fran,,ois ,,villon4 ,index ,abbot's inn1 #fb4 ,absalom1 #aei4 ,adam and ,eve1 #e1 #g1 #ach4 ,ad maurum1 #ch4 ,ad ,mercurium et ,apollinem1 #ci4 ,admiral ,vernon1 #bjg4 ,ad rotam1 #cg 7illus474 ,affenwagen1 #ia 7illus474 ,a l'enseigne de la belle toile1 #afe4 ,a l'enseigne de la lune1 #afe4 ,a l'enseigne du pavillon des singes1 #afi4 ,a l'image du ,christ1 #ga4 ,a l'image de ,notre ,dame1 #aea4 ,alla spada1 #hj4 ,a man loaded with mischief1 #aee4 ,american signs1 #aea1 #aii f41 #bac4 ,anchor1 #hd1 #he1 #aag4 ne ray1 l'1 #ib4 ,angel1 #g1 #aa 7illus471 #ab ff41 #ha1 #abd4 ,annunciation1 #ab4 ,apollo1 #ch1 #bjc1 #bac4 ,ark of ,noah1 #hi4 ,asne rouge1 #agc4 ,ass in the bandbox1 #baj4 ,auberge de la mule1 #hi4 ,auerbach's ,keller1 #he4 ,au grand monarque1 #ahi4 ,au grand vainqueur1 #aie4 ,au juste prix1 #beg4 ,au lit on dort1 #beg4 ,au paradis des dames1 #g4 ,au perroquet vert1 #ig4 ,au sermon1 #bff4 ,au temps perdu1 #bef4 ,au vase d'or1 #abc4 ,aux deux ,pierrots1 #aea4 ,aux trois lapins1 #bbg 7illus474 ,axe1 #he4 ,bacchus1 #aeb1 #bjc4 ,bag of nails1 #bee4 ,bakers' signs1 #hf1 #acd1 #ace 7illus471 #bda4 ,barking dogs1 #aeh4 ,bear1 #cf1 #dd1 #gb1 #abj1 #ahe1 #baa1 #bea4 ,bear and ,billet1 #bdj4 ,beehive1 #ih4 ,bee's ,wing1 #bdh4 ,bell1 #gc1 #aag1 #ach1 #bdg f4 ,bell and candlestick1 #bdi4 ,bell and lion1 #bdi4 ,belle sauvage1 #bdi4 ,blue bear1 #bfc4 ,blue boar1 #aae 7illus471 #bci4 ,blue cap1 #bdh4 ,boar's head1 #aae f4 ,bock1 #bbh4 ,bonaparte1 #aea1 #bjg f41 #baj4 ,boot1 #he1 #bfi4 ,bowman tavern1 #aad4 ,bras d'or1 #aii4 ,bratwurstglckle1 #ahe4 ,brutus1 #aif4 ,bull1 #hf1 #afd4 ,bull and bell1 #hf4 ,bull and magpie1 #hf4 ,bull and mouth1 #bda4 ,bull and stirrup1 #hf4 ,buona moglie1 la1 #fi4 ,butcher sign 7illus471 #aig4 ,cabaret du petit pre noire1 #agh4 ,cadran bleu1 #bad4 ,cage1 #gc1 #ig4 ,camel1 #dd4 ,canone d'oro1 #hj4 ,capello1 #aag4 ,castor and ,pollux1 #bjc4 ,cat and fiddle1 #bjd1 #bee4 ,cat and wheel1 #bjd4 ,cavallo bianco1 #de1 #agd4 ,cave des morts1 la1 #afj4 ,centaur1 #ajg1 #aai4 ,chaste ,suzanne1 la1 #aeb4 ,chat noir1 #aej1 #age4 ,chat 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