,illu/ration3 ,,*af+ ,,di%4 ,,copp] ,,"w ,a ,text ,book = ,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts ,,9 ,,! ,manual ,arts ,,fully ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,augu/us ,f4 ,,rose ,provid5ce ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool & ,rhode ,isl& ,s*ool ( ,design ,,! ,,davis ,,press ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts #aijf ,copyright$1 #aijf ,by ,augu/us ,f4 ,rose ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,*apt] ,i4--,introduction1 ,equipm5t1 ,mat]ials #aa ,*apt] ,,ii4--,problems1 ,escut*eons & ,h+e ,tail #bc ,*apt] ,,iii4--,draw] & ,door ,pull & ,h+e #cj ,*apt] ,,iv4--,f+] ,plates1 ,pad ,corn]s1 ,box ,corn]s1 ,/amp ,box & ,mat* ,box #de ,*apt] ,v4--,sconce1 ,picture ,frame1 ,sold]+1 ,rep\sse or ,emboss+ #fc ,*apt] ,,vi4--,rais$ ,=ms #gg ,*apt] ,,vii4--,porr+]1 ,trays or ,plates #hh ,*apt] ,,viii4--,ink ,pot1 ,seal+ ,wax ,set & ,wat* ,fobs #id ,*apt] ,,ix4--,spoons1 ,sug> ,tongs & ,tea ,scoops1 ,rivets1 ,draw+ ,wire & ,tub+1 ,poli%+1 ,/amp+ ,"w1 ,color+ #aje ,*apt] ,x4--,enamel+ #aad ,,preface4 ,9 ?is book ! subject ( ,copp] ,"w1 z x may be introduc$ into ! public s*ools1 is treat$ to ! ext5t ( specify+ an equipm5t & sugge/+ "s ( ! possibilities ( a c\rse4 ,n only w !re be f\nd an abundance ( illu/rative mat]ial on ?is subject1 consi/+ ( draw+s & photographs ( v>i\s objects execut$ by upp] gramm> & high s*ool pupils1 b also a detail$ description ( ! processes necess>y = ! execution ( _m ( ! designs4 ,x is n expect$ t ! problems z giv5 w be slavi%ly copi$1 b r t !y w make cle> ! me?ods & processes t may be appli$ 9 ! work+ out ( simil> problems4 ,x is hop$ t ?is volume w be especially helpful to tea*]s 9 ! ,manual ,arts :o are try+ to introduce ,metal ,"w into ! regul> s*ool c\rse4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,*>les ,j4 ,m>t9 & ,antonio ,cir9o1 = valuable assi/ance 9 mak+ "s ( ! illu/rations4 ,,augu/us ,f4 ,,rose4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,page #a4 ,anvils #ae #b4 ,hamm]s #ag #c4 ,%e>s & ,ply]s #ah #d4 ,escut*eons #bd #e4 ,escut*eons4 ,photograph #be #f4 ,escut*eons #bg #g4 ,escut*eons #bh #h4 ,escut*eons #bi #i4 ,draw] & ,door ,pulls #ca #aj4 ,draw] & ,door ,pulls #cb #aa4 ,draw] & ,door ,pulls #cc #ab4 ,draw] & ,door ,pulls4 ,photograph #cd #ac4 ,h+es #dj #ad4 ,h+es #da #ae4 ,h+es #db #af4 ,h+es #dc #ag4 ,h+es #dd #ah4 ,f+] ,plates #df #ai4 ,f+] ,plates4 ,photographs #dg #bj4 ,pad ,corn]s #di #ba4 ,box ,corn]s #ea #bb4 ,box ,corn]s #eb #bc4 ,/amp ,boxes #ed #bd4 ,/amp ,boxes #ef #be4 ,/amp ,boxes4 ,cov] ,designs #eg #bf4 ,/amp ,boxes4 ,photograph #ei #bg4 ,mat* ,boxes #fa #bh4 ,mat* ,boxes4 ,cov] ,designs #fb #bi4 ,sconce ,a #fd #bi;a4 ,sconce ,a4 ,patt]n #fe #cj4 ,desk ,set4 ,photograph #ff #ca4 ,sconce ,b #fh #cb4 ,picture ,frame #gj #cc4 ,picture ,frame ,designs #gb #cd4 ,rais$ ,=ms #gh #ce4 ,rais$ ,=ms4 ,photograph #ha #cf4 ,pit*]s #hc #cg4 ,tea ,set #hf #ch4 ,pupils at ,"w4 ,photograph #hg #ci4 ,porr+] #hi #dj4 ,porr+] ,h&les #ij #da4 ,porr+]4 ,photograph #ib #db4 ,ink ,pot #ie #dc4 ,ink ,pot4 ,photograph #if #dd4 ,ink ,pot #ih #de4 ,seal+ ,wax ,set #ajj #df4 ,wat* ,fobs #ajb #dg4 ,wat* ,fobs4 ,photograph #ajc #dh4 ,spoons #ajf #di4 ,sug> ,tongs & ,tea ,scoops #ajg #ej4 ,rivets #aji ,,figures4 ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,anneal+ ,tray #ac #b4 ,sawdu/ ,box #ad #c4 ,saw ,frame #af #d4 ,s& ,bag or ,engrav]'s ,pad #af #e4 ,*as+ ,tools #ai #f4 ,engrav+ ,tools #ai #g4 ,dapp+ ,tools & ,die #bj #h4 ,saw+ #bc #h;a4 ,saw+4 ,photograph #bf #i4 ,draw ,pulls #cj #aj4 ,draw ,pulls #cj #aa4 ,draw ,pulls #cj #ab4 ,draw ,pulls #ce #ac4 ,draw ,pulls #ce #ad4 ,draw ,pulls #ce #ae;a4 ,draw ,pulls #cf #ae;b4 ,draw ,pulls #cf #ae;c1 d1 ,draw ,pulls #cf #ae;e4 ,draw ,pulls #cf #af;a4 ,draw ,pulls #cg #af;b4 ,draw ,pulls #cg #af;c4 ,draw ,pulls #cg #af;d4 ,draw ,pulls #cg #af;e4 ,draw ,pulls #cg #ah4 ,/amp ,box #ec #ai4 ,/amp ,box #ee #bj4 ,/amp ,box #ee #ba4 ,*as+4 ,photograph #gf #bb4 ,*as+ ,hamm] #gf #bc4 ,hamm]+4 ,photograph #gi #bd4 ,rais$ ,b[l1 ,fir/ /ep #gi #be4 ,surface ,plate4 ,photograph #hb #bf4 ,sn>l+ ,iron #hd #bg4 ,sn>l+ ,iron 9 use4 ,photograph #he #bh4 ,sold]+ ,porr+] #hh #bi4 ,dapp+ ,tools 9 use #id #cj4 ,draw+ ,tub+ #aaj #ca4 ,draw+ ,tub+ #aaj #cb4 ,draw+ ,wire4 ,photograph #aaa #cc4 ,/amp #aab #cd4 ,engrav+4 ,photograph #aae #ce4 ,engrav+ #aag ,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s _m exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,manual ,tra9+ ,c\rses & mu* "t has be5 sp5t 9 discuss+ ( :at l9es ( "w !y %\ld consi/4 ,wood & iron 7 ! fir/ mat]ials us$ & are yet indisp5sable1 b exp]i5ce has l$ ^? :o are develop+ ?is "w to believe t !re are o!r mat]ials z well adapt$ to ,manual ,tra9+ "w 9 all its v>i\s =ms4 ,clay1 us$ n only = model+ b = c]amic "w z well1 lea!r1 brass & copp] are mat]ials t h also be5 put to ! te/ & f\nd satisfactory 9 _m ways4 ,9 anci5t times copp] 0 kn[n z a useful metal1 & d[n ?r\gh ! ages x n only held its own b increas$ 9 usefulness4 ,among its valuable prop]ties may be m5tion$ t\ghness & ductility2 its t\ghness enables x to be beat5 into ?9 /rong %eets1 :ile its ductility enables x to be drawn out into f9e wire4 ,copp] readily =ms important alloys1 su* z brass f copp] & z9c4 ,"w 9 %eet copp] & brass has be5 introduc$ into ! public s*ool c\rse ) gratify+ results4 ,x has prov$ itself to be a valuable dep>ture f o!r bran*es ( ,manual ,tra9+ "w & gives promise ( be+ p]man5t4 ,%eet1 copp] & brass (f] possibilities = v>i\s k9ds ( treatm5t1 ei!r 9 ! flat "w :i* includes saw pi]c+1 emboss+ & enamel+1 or 9 ! rais$ "w4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t ?is "w t appeals to pupils & holds _! int]e/4 ,! nature ( ! mat]ial1 h>d en\gh to (f] "s resi/ance & yet pliable en\gh to all[ its be+ wr\ght into _m =ms1 ! durability ( ! object :5 complet$1 & ! v>iety ( colors t may be obta9$1 especially ) copp]1 all t5d to make ! subject n only int]e/+ b fasc9at+4 ,all ex]cises 9 %eet metal %\ld be ( "s real value to ! pupil2 no "t %\ld be sp5t on "w done simply = practice1 b ! v>i\s /eps %\ld be le>n$ 9 ! mak+ ( useful objects ( arti/ic wor?4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r "w1 x seems be/ to give ea* memb] ( ! class ! same "w = a :ile until he has become acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t tools & le>n$ ! limitations ( ! mat]ial4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ea* pupil may be all[$ to "w out 8 own designs4 ,9 ?is ! educational value is v greatly increas$4 ,! pupil conceives ! idea & makes sev]al sket*es ( x1 c>ry+ x ?r\gh repeat$ *anges until x is br\ght to ! p]fect$ design appropriate 9 e way to ! idea4 ,"s may n be =tunate en\gh to get a full equipm5t s t all ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( metal "w may be done1 b su* may be able to make a beg9n+ by do+ light "w 9 saw pi]c+1 :i* requires a v limit$ equipm5t4 ,,equipm5t4 ,! equipm5t necess>y = a />t 9 ,copp] "w ne$ co/ b little if ! tea*] is some:at +5i\s1 = ! patt]ns ( ! v>i\s anvils may be made by him2 f ^! patt]ns ! ca/+s c be made at any f\ndry = ?ree or f\r c5ts p] p\nd4 ,x is bett] to beg9 ) a few anvils & tools & to add "o or two at a "t z ! ne$ is felt = a m v>i$ supply4 ,if ! "w c be done 9 a room already fitt$ ) b5*es & vises1 x w r$uce ! fir/ co/ consid]ably4 ,any home-made b5* w d if a regulation "o is n to be _h4 ,"o t has giv5 satisfaction 0 made ( #b #d /udd+ ) plank tops 9 l5g?s ( #ab feet1 giv+ space = f\r vises at ea* b5*4 ,a swivel vise t may be turn$ at any angle w be f\nd satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4 ,an anneal+ tray made ( a piece ( %eet iron 9 ! %ape ( a box ab\t #ah squ>e & #c deep1 ) ! corn]s lapp$ & rivet$ & fill$ ) slag1 answ]s v well1 b "o simil> to ! illu/ration1 ,figure #a1 is bett]4 ,9 ?is ! top is circul> & rot>y1 :i* is an advantage4 ,a pair ( light long nose-tongs are ne$$ to h&le ! "w4 ,any ord9>y foot bell[s & bl[-pipe w d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,anvils ,a box1 ,figure #b1 l>ge en\gh to hold two #b-;gallon /one j>s & ab\t half a bu%el ( sawdu/1 is ne$$4 ,"o ( ! j>s is = wat] 9 :i* ! object is cool$ aft] be+ anneal$2 ! o!r is = pickle :i* is us$ to clean ! "w4 ,! sawdu/ is us$ to dry ! object aft] x has be5 dipp$ 9 ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4 ,s& bag or engrav]s pad4 ,plate #a illu/rates =ms ( anvils t h be5 f\nd mo/ useful4 ,plate #b %[s a v>iety ( hamm]s ne$$4 ,plate #c %e>s & ply]s4 ,! foll[+ tools are also necess>y3 ,cutt+ %e>s--/raight & curv$4 ,/eel squ>e #ab4 ,jewel]'s saw frame4 ,figure #c4 ,pi]c+ saws4 ,brea/ drill & assortm5t ( drills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,hamm]s ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,%e>s ,,& ,,ply]s ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4 ,*as+ tools & pun*es = emboss+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f4 ,engrav+ tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4 ,compasses4 ,calip]s4 ,surface gauge4 ,surface plate4 ,assortm5t ( files4 ,s& bag or engrav]'s pad4 ,figure #d4 ,pit* block4 ,a set ( *as+ tools & pun*es4 ,figure #e4 ,a set ( engrav+ tools4 ,figure #f4 ,a set ( dapp+ tools & dapp+ die4 ,figure #g4 ,ply]s--flat nose1 r\nd nose1 & po9t$4 ,clo? & felt buffs4 ,borax slate4 ,two #d-;gallon /one crocks4 ,mort> & pe/le 7,porcela947 ,m\? bl[-pipe4 ,b5* p9s4 ,,mat]ials4 ,copp] is ! mat]ial be/ suit$ = ! "w outl9$ 9 ?is book1 al?\gh ! processes z describ$ may be appli$ to brass or silv]4 ,brass may be us$ successfully 9 ! flat "w1 b = rais$ "w copp] is ! be/ mat]ial = ! beg9n]4 ,copp] is obta9able 9 diff]5t ?icknesses & 9 v>i\s grades b ! be/ grade %\ld be us$4 ,= mo/ ( ! "w f #ah to #bd gauge is us$1 :ile metal f #ab to #ah gauge is us$ occasionally4 ,copp] wire is us$ 9 sev]al sizes = mak+ rivets4 ,no4 #bb & #bh iron wire is indisp5sable = b9d+ :5 sold]+4 ,easy runn+ silv] sold] may be made by ! us]1 b z a small piece w sold] _m jo9ts1 & z x is n practical to make x 9 small quantities1 x is bett] to buy x ready made z desir$4 ,p[d]$ or lump borax is us$ z a flux 9 sold]+4 ,*>coal or asbe/os blocks are us$ :5 sold]+ small "w4 ,cut-quick & r\ge are us$ = poli%+4 ,nitric & sulphuric acids are us$ to clean "w4 ,,pickle4 ,pickle is a trade "n giv5 to solutions us$ 9 clean+ "w4 ,diff]5t proportions ( acids are us$ accord+ to ! "w to be clean$4 ,= copp] & silv] a dilute ba? ( sulphuric acid is us$ ( #a "p acid to #ae p>ts ( wat]4 ,! solution may be us$ cold b :5 us$ hot x becomes mu* m effective4 ,:5 us$ hot a copp] di% is necess>y4 ,! object be+ plac$ 9 ! di% ) en\gh pickle to cov] x1 x is !n plac$ ov] a gas plate & all[$ to come to boil+ heat4 ,! pickle is !n p\r$ (f & ! object r9s$ 9 clean wat]4 ,a dilute solution ( nitric acid is us$ = brass4 ,,gauge4 ,gauge1 z ref]r$ to 9 ?is book1 is a t]m us$ to d5ote ! ?ickness ( %eet metal4 ,! ,/&>d ,wire ,gauge is divid$ 9 gauge numb]s f #e to #cf2 & is us$ = measur+ ! ?ickness ( wire & %eet metal4 ,x is usually a plate ( /eel hav+ r\nd its edge a s]ies ( not*es ( /&>d op5+s4 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,problems4 ,,escut*eons4 ,escut*eons may be made ( any metal2 b copp]1 brass1 & iron are mo/ us$4 ,! size & %ape ( ! escut*eon are det]m9$ by ! size ( ! lock & ! space at our disposal4 ,! outl9e may be circul>1 squ>e or rectangul>1 or x may be modifi$ some:at1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep x 9 h>mony ) its surr\nd+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,escut*eons ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,fir/ make a c>eful draw+ ( ! design4 ,take a piece ( metal a little l>g] ?an ! draw+ calls =1 & ( ! desir$ gauge1 f #ab to #bj gauge is all "r = su* an ex]cise4 ,! design is !n transf]r$ to ! metal by ! use ( c>bon pap]1 or a trac+ is made on rice pap] f ! draw+ & pa/$ on ! metal4 ,!n take a metal saw 7,no4 #b or #c7 & saw ab\t ! design ,figure #h1 #h;,a4 ,to saw ! key hole1 a hole mu/ be drill$ ?r\gh :i* ! saw c be plac$ to foll[ ! l9e4 ,be=e drill+ use a c5t] pun*1 mak+ a slight depression z a />t = ! drill4 ,aft] ! saw+ is complet$1 a file is us$ to true up ! outl9e & to smoo? ! edges4 ,! holes = ! nails are next drill$4 ,aft] us+ a little em]y pap] ab\t ! edges1 x is ready to f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h ,a4 ,! metal1 z x comes f ! roll+ mill1 is p]fectly smoo?4 ,if1 9 ?is piece ( "w1 x is desir$ to make ! surface a little m int]e/+1 x may be done by tak+ any hamm] ) a smoo? dom$ face & go+ ov] ! surface4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld be done be=e saw+4 ,z ! hamm]+ /ret*es ! metal some:at1 if x is left till aft] ! saw+ is done1 x means m fil+ to get ! design into %ape4 ,= a beg9n+ ?is ex]cise has prov$ v satisfactory1 z x gives ! pupil an acqua9tance ) ! metal & uses b a small piece ( mat]ial4 ,,h+e ,,tails4 ,^! plates repres5t sugge/ive designs = h+es & may be giv5 among fir/ ex]cises 9 saw+2 :5 s us$1 !y %\ld be treat$ l ! escut*eon already describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,h+e ,,tails ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,h+e ,,tails ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,,h+e ,,tails ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,draw] ,,& ,,door ,,pulls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4 ,pulls g5]ally consi/ ( two p>ts1 ! h&le & ! plate to :i* ! h&le is fa/5$4 ,"s pulls are /ation>y z 9 ,figures #i1 #aj1 :ile 9 o!rs ! h&le sw+s f ei!r "o or two po9ts1 ,figures #aa1 #ab1 #ac4 ,9 ?is case ! h&le may be made by tak+ a rod z great 9 diamet] z ! ?icke/ "p ( ! h&le1 & ei!r draw+ x out by hamm]+ or fil+ x d[n to ! requir$ tap]4 ,aft] x is tap]$ to ! requir$ size z at ,figure #ad1 x is !n b5t into %ape accord+ to ! design4 ,if ! h&le is to sw+ f "o or two po9ts1 x %\ld be fa/5$ by any "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,,draw ,,pulls ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,,draw ,,pulls ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,draw ,,pulls ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad4 ,me?od #a4 ,if x is possible to h ! h&le support g ?r\gh ! draw] or door1 ! support may be made f a piece ( squ>e rod ( ! l5g? desir$1 a hole be+ drill$ ?r\gh "o end1 ! size ne$$1 z at ,figure #ae1 ,a4 ,a %\ld] is !n made by fil+ ! rod d[n to ! size ( ! hole 9 ! plate4 ,9 mak+ ! %\ld] ! rema9d] ( ! rod :i* is to g ?r\gh ! draw] front may be left squ>e or fil$ r\nd2 z ! hole is r\nd t is drill$ to receive x1 ?is la/ is ! bett] way4 ,x is also easi] to fa/5 x on ! inside ( ! draw] :5 x is made 9 ?is way1 = x may be simply head$ up z 9 mak+ a rivet1 ,figure #ae ,b1 or a ?read may be cut & a nut us$1 ,figure #ae ,c1 ,d4 ,! latt] me?od is bett] :]e taps & dies are at h&4 ,:5 x is fa/5$ by rivet+1 a circul> or squ>e piece ( metal call$ a wa%]1 ,figure #ae ,e1 a little l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! bolt1 ) a hole ! size ( ! bolt1 is plac$ next to ! draw] front on ! inside2 ?is makes ! rivet+ m secure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae4 ,me?od #b4 ,ano!r me?od = fa/5+ ?is /yle ( a h&le is to cut a slot ?r\gh ! plate ab\t #a_/af in* wide & l5g? call$ = by ! design1 ,figure #af ,a4 ,!n take a /rip ( copp] 9 l5g? #g times ! diamet] ( ! h&le end & z wide z ! slot 9 ! plate is long1 ,figure #af ,b4 ,?is is !n b5t circul> a little l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! end ( h&le z at ,figure #af ,c1 & plac$ 9 ! slot z at ,figure #af ,d1 & cl9*$ on ! back ( ! plate z at ,figure #af ,e4 ,! plate is 9 ?is case fa/5$ to ! draw] or door by nail+ or rivet+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #af4 ,me?od #c4 ,:5 x is desirable to make ! plate & h&le support all 9 "o piece1 x may be done 9 any "o ( ?ree ways4 ,fir/4 ,by all[+ en\gh metal 9 ! c5t] ( ! plate to =m ! h&le support z at ,figure #ab4 ,second4 ,by all[+ metal at ! top ( ! plate to b5d ov] h&le z at ,figure #aa4 ,?ird4 ,by all[+ metal at ! sides to be turn$ up at "r angles to ! plate to =m ! support z at ,figure #ac4 ,9 ?is case holes are drill$ 9 ! side pieces & a rivet is put ?r\gh f "o side to ! o!r to hold ! h&le4 ,= ?is "o ! h&le mu/ be ei!r b5t ar\nd ! rivet or drill$ to receive ! rivet4 ,9 all ?ree ( ^! cases ! plate is fa/5$ to ! door or draw] by nail+ or rivet+4 ,,h+es4 ,plate #ac1 ,v>i\s outl9es ( ! same h+e4 ,plate #ad1 ,h+es ( same outl9e ) int]ior v>iations4 ,plates #ae1 #af1 #ag1 ,butt & ,/rap ,h+es4 ,9 a h+e1 ! jo9t is ! important feature4 ,! size ( ! h+e1 ! /r5g? requir$1 & ! decoration mu/ also receive att5tion4 ,aft] ^! h be5 det]m9$1 a draw+ %\ld be made giv+ a developm5t ( ! jo9t4 ,:atev] ! size ( ! h+e1 ! foll[+ pr9ciple 9 reg>d to ! jo9t mu/ be kept 9 m9d4 ,!re mu/ be alt]nat+ projections left on ! inn] ends ( ea* leaf ( ! h+e to fit into "o ano!r s t ! p9 may pass ?r\gh !m & all[ ! h+e to sw+4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ^! projections is det]m9$ by ! size ( ! h+e4 ,9 h+es ( any consid]able size1 ! projections are left atta*$ to ! h+e prop]2 9 all[+ = !m !re w be an ev5 numb] on "o leaf & an odd numb] on ! o!r4 ,to obta9 ! /r5g? desir$1 ! wid? ( ! projections on "o leaf %\ld equal ! wid? ( ! projections on ! o!r leaf4 ,?is applies to any numb] ( projections4 ,_! l5g? %\ld be det]m9$ by ! diamet] ( ! jo9t1 ?ree times ! diamet] is ! approximate l5g?4 ,9 mak+ small h+es ! projections may be b5t into position by ! use ( ! r\nd nose ply]s4 ,9 l>g] "w ! projection is fa/5$ 9 ! vise & beg9n+ at ! end is b5t ar\nd ! p9 a little at a "t us+ ! raw-hide mallet to "w x into %ape4 ,= small jo9ts or h+es1 su* z w\ld be us$ on a mat* box1 /amp box1 bon-bon box1 or ink pot1 ! jo9t %\ld be made ( small tub+ z describ$ on page #ajj4 ,?is tub+ is saw$ into ! requir$ l5g?s & sold]$ to ! leaves to be h+$4 ,! p>ts to receive ! jo9t are sometimes fil$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,h+es ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,,h+es ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,h+es ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,,h+es ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,h+es ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,f+] ,,plates4 ,! f+] plate us$ on ! edge ( a door to receive ! we> ( ! h& s]ves z an excell5t ex]cise 9 saw+ & fil+4 ,! design is transf]r$ to ! metal by use ( c>bon pap]4 ,! saw+ is done z 9 ! escut*eon4 ,! surface may be left smoo? or x may be gone ov] ) a hamm] hav+ a face some:at r\nd$4 ,if ! design calls = any rep\sse "w1 x is done z describ$ on page #fd4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,f+] ,,plate ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,pad ,,corn]s4 ,desk pad corn]s :ile n difficult to make1 are v useful z well z ornam5tal4 ,! design may be c>ri$ out 9 any "o ( ?ree ways3 pi]c$1 emboss$ or enamel$4 ,9 mak+ ! patt]n = ! pad corn]1 an all[ance mu/ be made = ! ?ickness ( ! pad1 z at ,a1 & also = laps z at ,b1 t are to g "u ! pad to hold ! corn]s 9 place4 ,! corn] may be rivet$ to ! pad at ! back or ! laps may be b5t 9 su* a way z to clamp !m to ! pad1 & p]mit ( _! removal at any "t4 ,:5 ! design has be5 pi]c$ or emboss$1 ! laps c be b5t ov] a piece ( metal equal 9 ?ickness to t ( ! pad4 ,if ! design is to be c>ri$ out 9 enamel1 all b5d+ mu/ be done be=e enamel+ z any expansion or contraction ( ! metal w crack ! enamel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 ,,pad ,,corn]s ,,box ,,corn]s4 ,box corn]s s]ve prim>ily to protect ! corn]s ( ! box & to increase its /r5g?1 b !y c be s made t !y give "* to ! box4 ,! corn] %\ld be design$ to suit ! p>ticul> box or *e/ to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,! me?od ( mak+ a box corn] is slightly diff]5t f ^? previ\sly describ$4 ,aft] ! design has be5 drawn1 a patt]n made f x 9 heavy pap] w be f\nd helpful1 = ?is patt]n may be us$ to m>k out ! design on ! metal4 ,9 ?is way irregul>ities 9 ! design are less likely to occur ?an :5 ! design is transf]r$ ) ! c>bon pap] directly to ! metal4 ,! decoration may be pi]c$ or emboss$1 accord+ to "o's *oice4 ,aft] ! saw+ or emboss+ has be5 done1 x %\ld be fil$ c>efully & smoo!d up ) f9e em]y clo? to d away ) crude & %>p edges4 ,! holes = ! rivets are !n drill$ & ! burr t is made by drill+ is remov$ ) a l>g] drill4 ,! two edges1 ,a ,a4 ,plate #ba1 t are to come toge!r :5 9 place on ! box %\ld be bevel$ a little s t !y w =m a bett] corn]4 ,aft] ?is is done1 ! sides are b5t d[n ov] a block ( wood or metal plac$ 9 ! vise4 ,a ra:ide hamm] %\ld be us$ to avoid m>ks on ! face ( ! corn]4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r "w1 if x is desir$ t ! metal h a hamm]$ surface1 ! effect mu/ be giv5 be=e ! design is cut out4 ,suitable rivets are next made z describ$ on page #ih & illu/rat$ on page #ii4 ,aft] be+ color$ or poli%$ ! corn] is ready to be appli$ to ! box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba4 ,,box ,,corn]s ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb4 ,,box ,,corn]s ,,/amp ,,boxes4 ,/amp boxes may be made 9 v>i\s ways1 ?ree ( :i* are describ$ bel[3 ,box ,no4 #a & #b1 ,plate #bc4 ,on a piece ( #bj gauge metal1 lay out or draw ! patt]n z %[n on ! plate2 fir/ ) p5cil1 !n ) a scrat* awl to insure p]man5cy1 go+ ov] ! l9es lightly on ! metal4 ,by ! use ( a saw frame & a ,no4 #c saw ! corn]s ( ! squ>e are cut out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ah4 ,! edges t =m ! corn]s are next fil$ up1 keep+ all edges /raight & at "r angles2 aft] ?is1 ! edges are bevel$ a little1 =m+ a mitre :i*1 :5 sold]$1 makes a bett] jo9t ?an o!rwise4 ,! sides are next b5t up ov] an iron block plac$ 9 ! vise z at ,figure #ah4 ,! corn]s %\ld be br\ght well toge!r1 us+ a ra:ide hamm]1 ,no4 #a1 ,plate #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc4 ,,/amp ,,box ,a piece ( iron wire ab\t ,no4 #bd is !n plac$ ar\nd ! box & twi/$ tight en\gh to hold ! corn]s 9 place :ile be+ sold]$1 ,figure #ai4 ,borax & sold] are next appli$ & ! sold]+ done z describ$ on page #fc4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 all ( ! corn]s %\ld be prep>$ at ! same "t = sold]+4 ,if b "o corn] is prep>$ & sold]$1 ! heat necess>y = sold]+ causes ! copp] oxides to come to ! surface at ! o!r corn]s :i* mu/ be remov$ be=e !y c be sold]$4 ,?is is rem$i$ by coat+ ) borax & plac+ ! sold] at all corn]s be=e apply+ any heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bj4 ,aft] ! sold]+ is done ! box is pickl$4 ,surplus sold] is next remov$ by fil+4 ,! box is aga9 plac$ ov] ! iron block :i* is held 9 ! vise2 ! corn]s & bottom edges are squ>$ up1 us+ ! r\nd end ( hamm] %[n at ,no4 #b1 ,plate #b1 & ! top is fil$ (f level4 ,?is completes ! body "p ( ! box4 ,! cov] is made 9 ! same way z ! box4 ,mu* c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! patt]n c>efully & accurately drawn s t :5 ! cov] is f9i%$ x w fit closely to ! body4 ,! design1 if !re is any1 :e!r x is emboss$ or enamell$1 mu/ be c>ri$ out be=e cutt+ x to size4 ,box ,no4 #b1 al?\gh ( diff]5t proportion1 is made 9 ! same way z ,no4 #a4 ,box ,no4 #c1 ,plate #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd4 ,,/amp ,,box ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be4 ,,/amp ,,box ,,cov] ,,designs ,take a /rip ( metal z wide z ! requir$ dep? ( ! box & z long z ! sum ( ! f\r sides4 ,! l5g? ( ea* side is measur$ (f on ?is /rip & a l9e scrat*$ at "r angles to ! edge4 ,! /rip is !n plac$ ov] a block ( metal &1 ) a ra:ide hamm] b5t at "r angles at scrat*$ l9es1 mak+ ?ree corn]s1 leav+ ! ends to meet at ! f\r? corn] :]e !y are to be sold]$4 ,^! ends %\ld be mit]$ z 9 ,box #a1 be=e sold]+4 ,aft] ! corn] has be5 sold]$ & ! box pickl$1 x is aga9 plac$ ov] a block & tru$ up squ>e4 ,hav+ decid$ :i* is to be ! top & :i* ! bottom ( ! box1 file ! bottom edges level & at "r angles to ! sides4 ,a piece ( metal is !n cut = ! bottom l>ge en\gh to all[ ab\t #a_/af to project on all f\r sides4 ,x is !n prep>$ = sold]+ & b\nd toge!r ) iron wire1 ,figure #bj4 ,! sold] %\ld be cut 9 small pieces & plac$ ab\t ! inside edges4 ,9 sold]+ ! bottom1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to unsold] ! corn]4 ,?is may be avoid$ by keep+ ! flame away f ! sold]$ corn] until ! re/ ( ! sold] has run1 apply+ x to ! corn] at ! la/ & only = a fraction ( a m9ute4 ,aft] ! sold]+1 ! box is pickl$ & ! edges ( ! bottom fil$ squ>e4 ,! #a_/af t 0 all[$ to project may be fil$ flu% ) ! sides ( ! box or left to project a little4 ,! cov] is made by tak+ a /rip ( metal ab\t #c_/af wide & long en\gh to fit ar\nd ! inside ( ! box4 ,! l5g? ( ! sides 7inside measurem5t7 is laid out & !n b5t ov] a block z previ\sly describ$4 ,! corn] is sold]$ & ! upp] edges are fil$ (f level & sold]$ to a piece ( metal1 =m+ ! top4 ,?is /rip on ! inside keeps ! cov] 9 place4 ,if ! design on ! cov] is to be c>ri$ out 9 enamel x %\ld be done aft] ! cov] is complet$4 ,if ! design is to be emboss$1 x %\ld be done be=e ! /rip :i* holds ! cov] 9 place is sold]$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf4 ,box ,no4 #d1 ,plate #bd4 ,! body ( ?is box may be made l ei!r ,no4 #a or ,no4 #c4 ,an addition is %[n on ?is "o :i* all[s ! /amp to be tak5 f ! box m easily4 ,a /rip ( #bj gauge metal #a_/af wide is sold]$ on ! inside next to ! top edge ext5d+ f "o end to ! o!r z %[n 9 ! section at ,d4 ,ano!r piece ( ! same gauge metal is cut1 9 l5g? equal to ! inside l5g? ( ! box & ab\t #a_/d wid] ?an ! box4 ,?is is plac$ inside ! box & sprung into place z %[n at ,c 9 ! section4 ,?is device may be appli$ to ei!r ( ! o!r boxes4 ,! cov] ( ?is box is made ( b "o piece & h+$ ) a /rap h+e1 :i* also =ms ! cov] decoration4 ,to give ! surface ( ! metal ( ?is box a bold hamm]$ surface adds mu* to its attractiv5ess4 ,,mat* ,,box4 ,! ,mat* ,box may be made 9 ! same way z ! ,/amp ,box ) ! exception ( ! cov]4 ,x seems bett] to h ! cov] ( ! mat* box h+$4 ,! h+e may be made s z to =m a "p ( ! decoration ( ! cov] by mak+ x a /rap h+e z %[n at ,plates #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,! h+e may also be made ( tub+ & ext5d across ! back ( ! box4 ,?is me?od leaves ! cov] to be decorat$ 9 "s o!r way1 ei!r by emboss+ or by enamel+ or by bo?4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg4 ,,mat* ,,box ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh4 ,,mat* ,,box ,,cov] ,,designs ,*apt] ,v4 ,,sconce ,a4 ,! patt]n = ?is sconce z %[n at ,plate #bi;,a is transf]r$ to ! metal :i* is !n cut out4 ,! "p :i* s]ves z a reflector is rais$ by plac+ ! metal face d[n on a s& bag1 or on pit* & ) ! pe9 end ( a *as]'s hamm] or ) a po9t$ horn hamm]1 driv+ ! c5t] d[n to ! requir$ dep?4 ,if ! face is some:at irregul>1 x c be tru$ up by plac+ x on a block ( wood & go+ ov] x ) a ra:ide hamm]4 ,! %elf on :i* ! c&le socket re/s is =m$ by b5d+ ! l[] "p ( ! sconce at "r angles z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,! projections at #b1 #c1 #d1 ,plate #bi;,a1 :5 b5t into %ape z %[n on ,plate #bi =m ! supports = ! c&le socket4 ,! projection at #e ,plate #bi;,a :5 b5t into %ape s]ves z a bracket to support ! %elf4 ,! c&le socket is made f a /rip ( metal b5t into cyl9drical %ape ) ! ends rivet$ toge!r4 ,:5 ! socket has be5 rivet$ & holes drill$ z indicat$1 ! sconce is f9i%$ accord+ to ta/e & m\nt$ on a back ( wood /a9$ to h>monize ) ! color ( ! metal4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi4 ,,sconce ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi ,a4 ,,sconce ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj4 ,,sconce ,b4 ,a rectangul> piece ( metal is cut out ab\t #a_/b in* l>g] on all sides ?an ! design calls = & giv5 a hamm]$ surface ) ! pe9 end ( a l>ge hamm]4 ,aft] ! design has be5 transf]r$ to ! back ( ! metal1 x is !n plac$ on pit* face d[n1 & ) a suitable tool ! l9es are sunk at ,a & ,b1 ,plate #ca1 ab\t #a_/af1 z %[n 9 ! section at ,c4 ,x is !n remov$ f ! pit* &1 aft] clean+1 is put ov] a s& bag face up1 & ) a ra:ide hamm]1 ! "p t is to s]ve z a reflector is concav$ a little4 ,! c&le socket is made l ! patt]n z %[n at ,d4 ,x is b5t cyl9drical 9 %ape & ! ends are rivet$ toge!r1 !n ! laps on ei!r side are b5t ne>ly at "r angles & s]ve to hold ! socket 9 place4 ,! cup is made f a circul> piece ( metal hamm]$ into a slightly conical %ape1 ,e4 ,a rod ! l5g? requir$ is b5t at "r angles ) a %\ld] left at ea* end4 ,! bracket is made next l ! patt]n ,f & b5t into %ape z at ,g4 ,:5 all ! p>ts are f9i%$1 !y are put toge!r4 ,place ! rod 9 a vise ) ! %ort end up4 ,! cup is put ov] ! p9 at ,h1 & also ! socket1 s t ! p9 passes ?r\gh ! holes 9 bo? laps4 ,! p9 is !n head$ up1 hold+ all securely 9 place4 ,! bracket is next rivet$ to ! back at ,k1 ?r\gh :i* ! rod is put1 ! p9 pass+ ?r\gh ! back is head$ up at ,l4 ,aft] f9i%+1 ! sconce may be m\nt$ on a wood back4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca4 ,,sconce ,b4 ,,picture ,,frame4 ,?is object is made z foll[s3 ,take a piece ( metal q a little l>g] ?an ! outl9e ( ! frame t is to be made4 ,draw on ?is piece ( metal ! outl9e ( ! frame & also ! ext5sions :i* are fold$ back to give ! ?ickness necess>y = ! reception ( ! picture1 glass1 & back1 z %[n at ,b4 ,h ! side opposite to t on :i* ! draw+ is done free f scrat*es z x is to s]ve lat] z ! front4 ,any decoration t is us$ mu/ be ( ! simple/ sort4 ,?is decoration may be pi]c$ or 9 rep\sse4 ,! frame "h illu/rat$ & ! plate ( designs 7 int5d$ = rep\sse z m satisfactory results h be5 obta9$ by ?is process4 ,aft] ! design = ! decoration ( ! front ( ! frame has be5 transf]r$ to ! same side ( ! metal z ! outl9e1 x mu/ be prep>$ = ! rep\sse process4 ,?is is done by plac+ x on a pit* pot4 ,! pit* is s(t5$ en\gh s t ! metal w /ick to x4 ,aft] plac+ ! metal on ! pit*1 "w a little ( ! pit* ov] ! edges z ?is w hold x m securely4 ,x is !n all[$ to cool or h>d5 be=e work+4 ,) a suitable tool & hamm]1 aft] ! pit* is h>d1 foll[ ! l9es :i* make up ! design or decorative "p ( ! frame4 ,! l9es %\ld be gone ov] lightly1 sl[ly1 & c>efully at fir/ until ! design is fairly well />t$2 !n !y may be gone ov] aga91 s9k+ !m a little deep] ea* "t until !y h be5 c>ri$ deep en\gh to give ! design ! requir$ relief on ! face ( ! frame4 ,= ?is "p ( ! "w ! tool %\ld n be us$ z a pun*1 driv+ ! metal d[n 9 "o place & !n mov+ x to ano!r & s on1 b x %\ld be kept mov+ all ! "t & %\ld at ! same "t receive a repeat$ numb] ( light bl[s f ! hamm]4 ,by s do+ ! face ( ! "w w be smoo?1 o!rwise ea* bl[ f ! hamm] w %[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb4 ,,picture ,,frame ,if !re is d\bt z to ! dep? to :i* ! l9es %\ld be c>ri$1 ! "w may be tak5 (f ! pit* occasionally1 s t ! face may be se54 ,x is n an easy ?+ to r$uce relief 9 ?is "w1 !re=e x is bett] to g c>efully work+ x up sl[ly4 ,aft] ! rep\sse "p ( ! frame is done1 clean x ) k]os5e & pickle4 ,! corn]s may !n be cut out z at ,b1 fil$ up squ>e1 & bevel$ z 9 ! box4 ,! sides are !n b5t back ov] a block ( wood or metal1 br++ ! corn]s well toge!r4 ,!y are !n sold]$4 ,a metal saw is us$ to make ! op5+1 ,a1 ! edges ( :i* are !n fil$ up squ>e4 ,! back = ?is frame is made 9 ! same way z ! front except t x is left p]fectly pla94 ,?is %\ld be made to fit inside ( ! frame tight en\gh s t no fa/5+ w be ne$$ to hold x 9 place4 ,a frame ( ?is size & k9d may be made to hang or to /&4 ,if x is to hang1 a small r+ may be made & fa/5$ to ! back z %[n at ,c4 ,if x is to /&1 a support ( "s k9d su* z is %[n at ,d is ne$$4 ,?is is made ( ! same ?ickness metal z ! frame & may be made 9 _m outl9es4 ,?is support may be made /ation>y by rivet+ x to ! back1 or h+$1 :i* is mu* bett]1 z is %[n at ,e & ,f4 ,! h+e is made by tak+ a piece ( ab\t #a_/h tub+ & cutt+ ?ree pieces1 mak+ "o ( ! pieces equal 9 wid? to ! o!r two & hav+ ! ?ree equal 9 wid? to ! top ( ! support4 ,! two %ort pieces are sold]$ to ! back & ! long piece to ! support4 ,a piece ( wire equal 9 diamet] to ! hole 9 ! tube is !n cut & put 9 place :i* h+es ! back & support toge!r4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ! tub+ us$ = ! above is describ$ on page #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cc4 ,,picture ,,frame ,,designs ,,sold]+4 ,a piece ( silv] sold]1 a slate slab su* z is ord9>ily us$ = gr9d+ ink1 p[d]$ or lump borax1 & a s(t hair bru% ( "s sort are all t is necess>y = ! process ( sold]+ 9 addition to :at we already h4 ,! pieces ( metal t are to be sold]$ mu/ be absolutely free f all =eign matt]4 ,to insure ?is ! jo9t is scrap$ bright ) "s %>pe-edg$ tool4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! f+]s away f ! jo9t z any moi/ure or greasy sub/ance w prev5t ! sold] f runn+4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ only by be+ extremely c>eful z to cleanl9ess ?r\gh\t ! process4 ,be+ sure t ! slab is p]fectly clean1 a little wat] is put 9 x & ! lump ( borax is gr\nd ar\nd until ! wat] becomes l ?9 cream4 ,if p[d]$ borax is us$ a block ( wood w answ] z a pe/le to gr9d ! borax to ! "r consi/5cy4 ,! sold] may be obta9$ any gauge1 b ab\t #bj answ]s = mo/ purposes4 ,aft] cutt+ ! sold] into pieces ab\t #a_/af ( an in* long & ab\t ! same wid?1 drop !m into ! borax t has be5 gr\nd to give !m a coat+ ( borax & to remove any grease t may h adh]$ to !m4 ,coat ! surfaces t are to be sold]$ ) ! borax be+ c>eful to get no m borax ab\t ?an is necess>y4 ,put ! p>ts toge!r & b9d !m ) ,no4 #bd iron wire1 n too tightly4 ,! pieces ( sold] are !n lift$ ) ! bru% us$ = ! borax or ) a pair ( tweez]s & plac$ next to ! edge t is to be sold]$1 ab\t "o in* ap>t4 ,! object is !n plac$ on ! anneal+ tray1 :i* answ]s = sold]+ z well1 & ) ! bl[-pipe x is heat$1 v sl[ly at fir/ until ! wat] has evaporat$ & ! borax cry/alliz$ & dissolv$1 ! flame may !n be appli$ m directly & ! object br\ght to a sold]+ heat4 ,if ! heat is appli$ too quickly1 x w ?r[ (f ! sold]2 & if heat$ hott] ?an necess>y x is liable to melt or burn ! p>ts be+ sold]$1 s ! process dem&s ! close/ att5tion f ! />t4 ,! object is !n pickl$1 wa%$ 9 cle> wat] & dri$ 9 ! sawdu/4 ,if ! above directions are c>efully foll[$ good results may be expect$4 ,,rep\sse ,,or ,,emboss+4 ,rep\sse or emboss+ involves practically ! same pr9ciple z model+ 9 clay or wax1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t metal is us$ z ! mat]ial & t diff]5t tools are employ$4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 clay or wax "w1 x is desirable to br+ c]ta9 p>ts ( a design into relief2 to d ?is ) metal ! "w mu/ be plac$ on a sub/ance :i* w give "s resi/ance & yet all[ ea* bl[ ( ! hamm] or tool to make an impression4 ,! sub/ance commonly us$ = ?is purpose has ! foll[+ composition1 9 ! proportions giv53 ,black pit* #a lb4 ,tall[ #c teaspoonfuls4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is #a_/b cup4 ,! pit* is put 9 "s k9d ( di% 7agate is good71 plac$ ov] a gas plate1 & melt$4 ,! tall[ is !n add$ & ! pla/] spr9kl$ & /irr$ 91 ! :ole be+ well mix$4 ,x is !n p\r$ into ! pit* pot1 or :atev] x is to be us$ 94 ,:5 us$ 9 hot wea!r m pla/] mu/ be us$4 ,a pot1 hemisph]ical 9 %ape1 ,figure #ba1 made ( ca/ iron ab\t #a_/b in* ?ick is g5]ally us$4 ,?is1 :5 plac$ on a *as]'s pad or r+1 ,figure #ba1 may be turn$ at any angle1 & is f\nd to be a great conv5i5ce4 ,an ord9>y #g #ab bak+ pan ( iron s]ves ! purpose1 or a box may be made ( wood1 b ( c\rse ?is is n s durable4 ,aft] all[+ ! composition to cool p>tly1 yet :ile s(t en\gh to /ick1 ! piece ( "w t is to be emboss$ is plac$ on x1 ! "r side next to ! pit*4 ,x is !n all[$ to cool /ill m2 :5 q h>d or :5 x is difficult to make an impression on x ) ! ?umb nail1 x is ready to "w on4 ,! design is next drawn or transf]r$ to ! metal by ! use ( c>bon pap] & !n scrat*$ on ) a scrat* awl to make ! draw+ m p]man5t1 z 9 go+ ov] ! piece ( "w ! p5cil or c>bon l9es are easily eras$4 ,! tools necess>y = ?is "w may be made z ne$$ accord+ to ea* individual design4 ,!re are a few g5]al ones t are always f\nd useful1 su* z ^? %[n at ,figure #e4 ,figure #bb %[s a hamm] g5]ally us$ = ?is "w4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bb4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,rais$ ,,=ms4 ,! fir/ ex]cise 9 rais+ %\ld be a =m q simple 9 outl9e1 ,plate #cd ,a4 ,a draw+ or blue pr9t %\ld be us$ %[+ ! %ape & dim5sions & ?is %\ld be work$ to z closely z possible4 ,next select a piece ( copp] suitable 9 ?ickness = an object ( ?is size1 9 ?is case #bj gauge4 ,! metal = rais+ mu/ be circul> 9 %ape & ! diamet] ( ! piece ne$$ = ?is b[l det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,take a piece ( /r+1 place x on ! draw+ or blue pr9t1 />t+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! base1 & foll[ ! curve z indicat$ at ,a1 on ,plate #cd4 ,?is w give ! radius ne$$ = describ+ ! circle1 :i* is #e-a_/b4 ,! circle is !n cut out ) ! %e>s1 aft] :i* ano!r circle is describ$ on ! metal = ! base4 ,all l9es made on ! metal %\ld be made q lightly4 ,z a rule ! copp] comes f ! roll+ mill some:at h>d5$ s ! next ?+ to d is to s(t5 x by a process call$ anneal+4 ,place ^u ! anneal+ tray1 ,figure #a1 ! circul> piece ( metal already cut1 & apply ! flame f ! bl[-pipe ^u x until x becomes r$ hot4 ,x is ei!r all[$ to cool (f gradually or dipp$ 9 cold wat] & !n dri$ 9 ! sawdu/4 ,select an anvil ! %ape ( :i* con=ms some:at to ! outl9e ( ! b[l & also to ! curve ( ! base4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to use sev]al anvils to complete an object1 b a little exp]i5ce w help to decide :i* %\ld be us$ fir/4 ,! ,no4 #a anvil on ,plate #a seems to be ab\t :at is ne$$ = ?is p>ticul> piece ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cd4 ,,rais$ ,,=ms ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bd4 ,! anvil is plac$ 9 ! vise & ! metal held 9 ! left h& aga9/ ! anvil s t ! end ( ! anvil comes directly "u ! circle :i* repres5ts ! base1 z %[n at ,figure #bc4 ,) a rais+ hamm]1 ,no4 #c on ,plate #b1 beg9 hamm]+ ) light bl[s at fir/1 foll[+ ! circle closely ! fir/ "t ar\nd until ! base is well />t$4 ,?is op]ation is cont9u$ at ea* turn /rik+ a little above ! previ\s bl[s until ! top is rea*$ :5 x w take ! %ape z %[n at ,figure #bd4 ,sometimes a horn or box-wood mallet is us$ to />t a piece ( "w4 ,z ! hamm]+ h>d5s ! metal x is necess>y to anneal x ea* "t aft] go+ ov] ! surface4 ,aft] ?is is done1 we proce$ z at fir/ until ! requir$ =m is obta9$ z call$ = by ! draw+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to /ret* ! metal any m ?an c be help$ z ! m x is /ret*$ ! ?9n] x becomes4 ,! surface & outl9e ( ! b[l left by ! rais+ hamm] is q irregul> & ne$s to be tru$ up by a process call$ plani%+2 = ?is a ,no4 #b or #d hamm]1 ,plate #b1 ) a poli%$ face & some:at broad] ?an ! rais+ hamm] is us$4 ,by go+ ov] ! surface ) ?is hamm] all irregul>ities are remov$ leav+ a ref9$ curve & a f9i%$ surface4 ,if ! bottom gets a little out ( %ape dur+ ! op]ation ( rais+1 x c be easily br\ght back aga9 by us+ a ,no4 #b /ake1 ,plate #a1 & a ,no4 #e hamm]1 ,plate #b4 ,dur+ ! rais+ process ! top edge has also become v irregul> & mu/ n[ be trimm$ (f level4 ,place ! b[l on "s level surface 7a surface plate w give ! be/ results7 & ) ! po9t 9 ! surface gauge describe a l9e ab\t ! top mak+ x ! desir$ height1 ,figure #be4 ,a small pair ( %e>s is !n us$ to trim (f ! top to ! l9e1 aft] :i* a file is us$ to f9i% ! edge1 leav+ x p]fectly smoo?4 ,a piece ( f9e em]y clo? may be us$ at ! la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( rais+ z "h describ$ applies to =ms ( all sorts ) few v>iations4 ,:]e a =m is to be rais$ ) ! top edge turn$ 9 z at ,b1 ,plate #cd1 an anvil simil> to ! outl9e mu/ be us$4 ,9 rais+ a =m l ,c1 ,plate #cd1 ! sides are c>ri$ up z %[n by ! dott$ l9es & !n ! =m is rev]s$ & ! neck "p drawn 94 ,a deep =m is rais$ m quickly if1 at ! />t1 ! metal is plac$ on a cr9kl+ block & ! edge cr9kl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #be4 ,9 all rais$ "w aft] "o becomes acqua9t$ ) ! mat]ial1 x w be f\nd t ! metal c be =c$ 9 any direction1 giv+ ?ickness at ! bottom1 at ! sides1 or at ! rim1 z is necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf4 ,,pit*]s ,aft] rais+ a =m l ,c1 ,plate #cd1 x may be desir$ to increase ! diamet] a little at o-o1 :]e an anvil _c be us$2 or1 if ! =m is satisfactory x may be necess>y to raise c]ta9 p>ts ( x to c>ry out ! decoration call$ = by ! design4 ,?is is done by ! use ( ! sn>l+-iron1 made z illu/rat$ at ,figure #bf1 :i* %[s ! g5]al outl9e only1 z ! ends v>y 9 =m accord+ to ! "w !y are to d4 ,"o arm ( ! iron is held 9 ! vise z at ,figure #bg4 ,! =m is !n plac$ ov] ! end & held ) ! left h& :ile1 ) a hamm] 9 ! "r h&1 ! iron is /ruck q ne> ! end 9 ! vise :i* causes ! o!r end to reb\nd4 ,?is s]ves ! same purpose z a direct bl[ f a hamm]1 except t x works mu* m sl[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bf4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bg4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,porr+]4 ,! mak+ ( a porr+] s]ves z a v int]e/+ ex]cise2 & x is s simple 9 =m t x c be rais$ aft] v little exp]i5ce4 ,a suitable h&le mu/ also be design$1 saw$ out & sold]$ to ! body4 ,aft] ! b[l has be5 rais$ into %ape accord+ to ! design1 ! top is cut & fil$ (f level4 ,:5 ! h&le has be5 saw$ out & ! edges tru$ up1 x is fitt$ to ! b[l "p4 ,m>k on ! edge ( ! b[l ! place :]e ! h&le is to be fitt$ & fit x at t place4 ,! edge ( ! b[l :]e ! h&le is to be sold]$ %\ld be fil$ or scrap$ bright be=e ! sold]+ process is begun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bh4 ,inv]t b[l & h&le & lay !m ^u a level block ( *>coal1 z %[n at ,figure #bh4 ,f\r or five wire nails or pieces ( iron wire =c$ into ! *>coal keep ! h&le & b[l toge!r4 ,! borax is appli$ & suffici5t sold] to make a good jo9t4 ,use no m sold] ?an is necess>y1 z x w h to be remov$ by fil+ & ! less fil+ t is done ab\t su* a jo9t ! bett] ! "w w be4 ,aft] ! ex]cise has cool$1 x may be pickl$1 wa%$ & dri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ci4 ,,porr+] ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dj4 ,,porr+] ,,h&les ,:ile ! heat is be+ appli$ = sold]+1 ! b[l is at ! same "t anneal$ & becomes s s(t t x is easily b5t out ( %ape4 ,! b[l ( c\rse mu/ be h>d5$ aga92 ?is is done by plac+ x on an anvil t con=ms to ! outl9e ( ! b[l & hamm]$ lightly ov] ! surface4 ,! h&le is also treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,any necess>y fil+ or f9i%+ is n[ done & ! porr+] is ready to be poli%$4 ,if we *oose1 ! h&le may be rivet$ on1 or x may be made ( ! same piece z ! b[l by all[+ en\gh metal :]e ! h&le is to be1 to be b5t back :5 ! b[l is rais$ into %ape4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da4 ,,trays ,,or ,,plates4 ,trays or plates may be made by work+ ! b[l "p ov] an anvil or by driv+ x into a s& bag until ! requir$ dep? is obta9$1 or a =m may be turn$ out ( a block ( wood & ! metal driv5 into x4 ,aft] ! b[l "p has be5 %ap$ x may be plac$ on ! pit* block & ! outl9e tru$ up ) a *as+ tool4 ,! edge ( ! tray or plate may be decorat$ ei!r by pi]c+1 emboss+1 et*+1 or enamel+4 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,ink ,,pot4 ,?is ex]cise is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,a =m is fir/ rais$ l ! l[] "p ( ! pot inv]t$1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a b[l s f>4 ,a hole ) a diamet] a little less ?an ! diamet] ( ! ink well is !n saw$ ) a pi]c+ saw 9 ! bottom ( ?is b[l1 z at ,a4 ,aft] ?is a circul> piece ( metal is cut equal 9 diamet] to ! top ( ?is b[l plus #a_/d ( an in*1 & sold]$ on ,g4 ,by mak+ ?is piece #a_/d in* great] ?an ! diamet] ( ! b[l1 ! sold]+ process becomes mu* easi]4 ,aft] ! sold]+ is f9i%$1 ! project+ edges may be fil$ (f to ! edge ( ! b[l4 ,! b[l is !n inv]t$ s t x re/s on its greate/ diamet] ,h1 & x becomes an ink pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bi4 ,dapp+ tools 9 use4 ,! cov]1 ,j1 is made by tak+ a circul> piece ( metal & rais+ ! sides 9 ! same way z 9 ! b[l except t ! design calls = ! sides at "r angles to ! base4 ,! curve is obta9$ by plac+ x on a s& bag & driv+ x out f ! inside to ! requir$ height4 ,f a /rip ( copp] #bj gauge & #c_/af in* wide1 ,c1 make a r+1 ,d1 equal 9 diamet] to ! inside ( ! cov]4 ,sold] ! ends ( ! r+ toge!r &1 aft] %ap+ x ov] a circul> /ake1 fit & sold] x to ! base1 z %[n 9 ! section at ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #db4 ,,ink ,,pot ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dc4 ,?is keeps ! cov] 9 place4 ,! knob1 ,k1 on ! cov] is made ( two hemisph]es1 ,l1 by use ( ! dapp+ block & tools1 ,figures #g & #bi4 ,! two pieces are sold]$ toge!r1 fil$ or f9i%$ ab\t ! jo9t1 & sold]$ to ! cov]1 ,f4 ,aft] dipp+ ! diff]5t p>ts 9 ! pickle1 !n wa%+ !m 9 clean wat]1 & do+ a little fil+ "h & !re ab\t ! jo9ts to remove surplus sold]1 ! ink pot is ready = f9i%+4 ,?is may be done by poli%+1 bronz+1 or oxidiz+4 ,! ink well prop] %\ld be made s t x may be remov$4 ,x %\ld be ( glass or "s o!r mat]ial easily cleans$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dd4 ,,ink ,,pot ,,seal+ ,,wax ,,set4 ,,! ,,wax ,,pot4 ,! wax pot is rais$ into %ape z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi on rais$ =ms4 ,in/ead ( cutt+ ! top (f level1 a nose is =m$ z %[n at ,a1 ,plate #de1 :i* w p\r well4 ,a h&le is design$1 saw$ out1 & rivet$ on at ! position indicat$ at ,b4 ,,! ,,lamp4 ,! body ( ! lamp is made by rais+ a b[l to con=m ) ! design2 aft] cutt+ a hole 9 ! bottom x is inv]t$1 ,c1 & ! bottom is sold]$ on at ,d4 ,a %all[ cup is rais$1 ,e1 a hole cut 9 ! bottom to all[ = ! lamp prop]1 & sold]$ to ! body4 ,legs z %[n at ,f1 & held toge!r by a /rip1 ,h1 are rivet$ to ! side ( ! body at ,g2 on ^! ! wax pot re/s4 ,! lamp prop] or alcohol well1 :i* is fill$ ) asbe/os1 is rais$ ) ! edges turn$ out1 z at ,n1 :i* hold x 9 place z %[n 9 ! section at ,j4 ,! "p at ,k s]ves z a burn] & is plac$ loosely 9 ! cup1 ,e1 all[+ its removal at any "t4 ,,seal4 ,a monogram1 lett] or design ( "s sort mu/ fir/ be decid$ on4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ! design is transf]r$ & scrat*$ on a piece ( #bb or #bd gauge copp]4 ,if ! design has a "r & wrong to x1 ! rev]se %\ld be transf]r$ to ! metal s t1 :5 /amp$1 ! "r side w appe>4 ,! copp] is !n plac$ on ! pit* & :5 cool en\gh to "w ^u1 ! l9es are foll[$ ) a *as+ tool1 s9k+ !m to ! requir$ dep?4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid %>p edges or any und]cutt+1 if ! seal is to free itself easily f ! wax4 ,a h&le = ! seal may be made ( wood z %[n on ! plate2 ! seal is cut & atta*$ z %[n at ,section on ,l4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #de4 ,,seal+ ,,wax ,,set ,,wat* ,,fob4 ,!re are _m ways ( mak+ wat* fobs4 ,a v simple "o is made z foll[s3 ,fir/ make a draw+ ( ! fob ) "s suitable p5dant z at ,a1 ,plate #df4 ,! p5dant design is next transf]r$ to a piece ( #ab gauge copp]1 !n saw$ out & fil$ into %ape4 ,?is mu/ be done ) p]haps m c>e ?an on l>g] "w z x is to be m closely scrut9iz$4 ,! p>ts ( ! fob mu/ be made to con=m ) ! wid? ( ! ribbon t is to be us$4 ,a b> mu/ be made = ! top1 wide en\gh = ! ribbon to be pass$ ?r\gh & fa/5$4 ,?is b> is made by cutt+ a slot 9 a piece ( metal ( ! same gauge z ! p5dant1 or by b5d+ a piece ( wire ar\nd a piece ( metal ab\t #a_/af ( an in* ?ick & ! wid? ( ! ribbon1 mak+ ! ends meet 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! long sides4 ,if m ?an "o ( ^! pieces is ne$$1 ! wire is w\nd ar\nd ! metal z _m times z !re are pieces requir$ & saw$ ap>t4 ,! ends are !n b5t to come 9 l9e ) ea* o!r & sold]$4 ,! piece is aga9 plac$ ov] ! metal &1 ) a ra:ide hamm]1 work$ into %ape4 ,! l9ks t connect ! b> & ! swivel are made z all l9ks are made4 ,take a piece ( iron or /eel wire ! size requir$ & also a piece ( copp]2 place "o end ( ! /eel wire & "o end ( ! copp] wire 9 a vise s t ! /eel wire /&s v]tical4 ,!n w9d ! copp] wire ar\nd ! /eel wire spirally ) z _m turns z !re are l9ks requir$4 ,n[ take x out ( ! vise & slip x (f ! /eel wire1 :i* leaves x 9 ! %ape ( a spr+4 ,hold x ) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h& &1 re/+ x aga9/ ! b5* p91 saw ! l9ks (f ) a f9e saw "o at a "t until !re are z _m z ne$$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #df4 ,,wat* ,,fobs ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dg4 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ^! l9ks is sold]$ to ! b> t holds ! ribbon & "o to ! top ( ! p5dant2 ! o!rs are l9k$ toge!r to =m ! %ort *a9 at ! top4 ,to connect ! p5dant to ! ribbon1 two l>g] l9ks are ne$$ :i* are made 9 ! same way z ! small ones4 ,all ! l9ks may be sold]$ or n4 ,! l9ks t are sold]$ to ! b> & to ! p5dant %\ld be fil$ flat a little to make ! po9t ( contact great]4 ,?is insures a m secure jo9t4 ,:5 sold]+ su* small pieces ! *>coal block is indisp5sable1 = depressions are easily made 9 x :]e necess>y4 ,! p>ts are plac$ on ! block 9 position & a small m\? bl[-pipe is us$2 ) ?is ! flame c be m delicately appli$4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! diff]5t p>ts are complet$1 !y are pickl$1 r9s$1 dri$1 & poli%$1 & !n put toge!r ) ! ribbon4 ,fobs are sometimes made entirely ( metal z ,b1 ,plate #df4 ,9 ?is slots are saw$ 9 ?ree or m b>s ( metal :i* are l9k$ toge!r ) l9ks made f ! same ?ickness metal z ! b>s4 ,! p5dant & ! swivel are also connect$ ) ! same k9d ( l9ks4 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,spoons1 ,,sug> ,,tongs ,,& ,,tea ,,scoops4 ,^! ex]cises are easily c>ri$ out aft] a little exp]i5ce4 ,no /eps are tak5 t h n already be5 describ$1 except 9 ! case ( =m+ ! b[l ( ! spoon4 ,?is is done by tak+ a piece ( lead & mak+ a depression 9 x ! size & %ape ( ! b[l requir$4 ,a piece ( h>d wood is %ap$ on ! end gra9 to fit ! depression made 9 ! lead4 ,! metal is plac$ ov] ! depression & ! wood %ape plac$ on top ( ! metal2 x is !n driv5 into ! =m by us+ a hamm]4 ,?is w give ! g5]al %ape ( ! b[l :i* may be tru$ up lat] by saw+ & fil+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dh4 ,,spoons ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #di4 ,,sug> ,,tongs ,,& ,,tea ,,scoops ,,rivets4 ,! mak+ ( rivets is q important z x is impossible to f9d 9 ! m>ket ! v>iety 9 size & %ape ( head t ea* piece ( "w dem&s4 ,:]e rivets ) a wire #a_/h or less are ne$$1 !y may be made z foll[s3 ,take a piece ( iron or /eel ,a1 ,plate #ej1 ?ick] ?an ! desir$ l5g? ( ! rivet & drill a hole ?r\gh x hav+ its diamet] a little great] ?an ! wire ( ! rivet4 ,take a piece ( copp] wire ( ! requir$ diamet] & ab\t #a_/h long] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! iron4 ,place ! wire 9 ! hole & ! iron on "s smoo? metal surface1 ,b4 ,) a hamm] make a burr ( ! wire t projects above ! iron4 ,!n rev]se ! iron & drive out ! rivets4 ,?is gives :at is %[n at ,d4 ,! rivet is !n cut (f ! requir$ l5g?1 plac$ 9 position & head$ up4 ,! head may be made conical1 ,i1 hemisph]ical1 ,j1 pyramidal1 ,k1 or squ>e1 ,l1 9 %ape4 ,x may be head$ up simply ) ! hamm]1 or ) a rivet head]1 ,m4 ,:5 necess>y1 ! process may be rev]s$ & ! head made fir/2 b :5 made 9 ?is way1 a rivet block is ne$$ to re/ ! head 9 :ile mak+ ! burr4 ,! rivet may be made m ( a decorative feature by saw+ out ( %eet metal "s suitable design z %[n at ,p1 ,q1 ,r4 ,drill a hole 9 ! c5t] ! size ( ! rivet & !n use any ord9>y rivet head4 ,nails may be made by ! same process1 head$ & po9t$ z at ,s & ,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ej4 ,,rivets ,,to ,,draw ,,wire ,,& ,,small ,,tub+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ca4 ,cut a piece ( copp] ! l5g? requir$1 hav+ ! wid? ab\t ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! tube t is to be made4 ,! edges mu/ fir/ be made p>allel by fil+4 ,9 a block ( maple or "s h>d wood1 ) a wood file1 make a groove z %[n at ,figure #cj4 ,place ! /rip ( metal ov] ! groove &1 ) a some:at po9t$ hamm]1 drive ! metal into x until x takes ! %ape ( a ,v4 ,figure #ca ,a4 ,!n place x on ! flat "p ( ! block & /rike on ! edges ) ! hamm]1 turn+ !m 9 until !y meet1 z at ,b & ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cb4 ,a draw plate is !n plac$ 9 ! vise1 ,figure #cb4 ,aft] po9t+ ! tube a little1 ! end is plac$ 9 "o ( ! l>g] holes & drawn ?r\gh4 ,?is w br+ x some:at into %ape4 ,repeat ?is op]ation by draw+ ! tube ?r\gh ! hole ! next small] 9 size & s on till ! tube is ( ! diamet] requir$4 ,wire may be drawn 9 ! same way4 ,rectangul>1 triangul> & squ>e drawplates may be obta9$ z well z circul> ones4 ,,poli%+4 ,to poli% "w1 a clo? or felt buff is plac$ on a la! or a poli%+ head4 ,) a little cut-quick & r\ge objects may be bright5$ by hold+ !m aga9/ ! :eel4 ,,/amp+ ,,"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/amp ,,figure #cc4 ,! m>k+ ( "w s t x w be kn[n to :om x belongs & do+ x 9 a neat & workmanlike mann] is sometimes a problem4 ,us+ a gumm$ label ) ! "n writt5 on x has be5 tri$1 b ! labels frequ5tly come (f4 ,! "n has be5 scrat*$ ) a %>p-po9t$ tool1 b x is n an easy ?+ to d & c]ta9ly does n look well4 ,! way describ$ bel[ h[ev] has prov$ v satisfactory4 ,h ea* pupil design a little trade m>k ( 8 own1 & "w x out on ! end ( a piece ( tool /eel1 #a_/h in* or #c_/af in* squ>e1 r\nd or hexagonal4 ,?is c be done by a little fil+1 p]haps ! use ( a drill if ! design %\ld call = x1 & a little em]y pap] to take (f all %>p edges4 ,?is s]ves z a /amp ) :i* he may m>k all ( 8 "w4 ,! in/ructor has a book ) ! names ( ! pupils1 & aft] ea* "n he may /amp ?is m>k & !reby regi/] x s t he may tell at any "t to :om "w belongs4 ,figure #cc %[s a /amp & a few suitable designs4 ,,color+4 ,! mo/ satisfactory color t c be giv5 copp] is a bronze :i* comes naturally if left to come 9 contact ) v>y+ atmosph]es4 ,if ! object has a good poli%$ surface 9 ! fir/ place ! color seems to become ri*] z "t goes on4 ,a color t is satisfactory 9 _m cases is obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,place 9 a porcela9 di% & br+ to a boil+ heat1 liv] ( sulphur1 #a oz41 & wat]1 #a qt4 ,dip ! object to be color$ 9 ?is solution :ile hot & !n r9se 9 clean wat]4 ,?is gives ! object a v d>k color4 ,take a little p[d]$ pumice /one on a piece ( clo? & rub ov] ! surface lightly br++ ! copp] color to ! surface :]e desir$4 ,a gre5i% color is giv5 copp] by submitt+ ! object to ! fumes ( spirits ( ammonia4 ,beautiful colors are obta9$ by heat+ ! object to diff]5t degrees1 ov] a gas plate1 b ^! results are n p]man5t4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,enamel+4 ,enamel may be appli$ to metal objects & add a great deal to _! value & attractiv5ess if us$ sp>+ly4 ,! enamels mo/ us$ are transp>5t & opaque2 ! transp>5t reflects ! color ( ! metal add+ a great deal ( life to ! "w1 ! opaque gives color on ! surface only4 ,! process1 z describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 t\*es b ! elem5t>y /ages ( ! art t are )9 ! possibilities ( high s*ool "w & possibly ! upp] gramm> grades4 ,enamel may be appli$ by any ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 ,fir/3 ,by cov]+ ! entire surface ( ! object ) enamel4 ,second3 ,by us+ a flat wire :i* is b5t into sections ! %ape ( ! design & sold]$ to ! object2 ! wire =ms p>titions to receive ! enamel4 ,?ird3 ,by cutt+ away ! design by ! use ( engrav+ tools1 mak+ *annels ab\t #a_/cb ( an in* deep to receive ! enamel4 ,f\r?3 ,by us+ a *as+ tool ei!r f ! front or f ! back ( ! "w1 =m+ rais$ or sunk5 p>titions to receive ! enamel4 ,! fir/ & second me?ods are difficult ones1 requir+ a great deal ( exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ metal & enamel to obta9 satisfactory results4 ,! ?ird & f\r? me?ods are comp>atively simple & are )9 ! possibilities ( ^? = :om ?is book is int5d$4 ,9 ! ?ird me?od ! design is fir/ transf]r$ to ! object by ! use ( c>bon pap] & !n made m p]man5t ) a scrat*]4 ,! design is cut out ) ! engrav+ tools1 ,figures #f1 #cd & #ce1 ab\t #a_/cb ( an in* deep4 ,all edges %\ld be kept z smoo? z possible & ! *annels %\ld be uni=m 9 dep?4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 hold+1 if ! "w is small1 x may be fa/5$ to a little pit* or wax spread on a block1 or x may be plac$ on ! pit* block z describ$ "u emboss+ on page #fd4 ,! h&le ( ! tool is held 9 ! palm ( ! h&1 & ! ?umb1 plac$ )9 an in* ( ! po9t1 s]ves z a guide :ile cutt+1 ,figures #cd & #ce4 ,by wriggl+ ! tool a little f "o side to ! o!r1 great] progress is possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cd4 ,9 ! f\r? me?od ! design is transf]r$ to ei!r side ( ! object4 ,aft] plac+ x on a pit* block1 depressions may be made f ! face or l9es rais$ f ! "u side4 ,aft] ! p>titions h be5 =m$1 ! object mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ & bright5$ by dipp+ 9 a ba? ( nitric acid4 ,aft] dipp+1 :i* %\ld be done quickly on acc\nt ( ! rapid action ( ! acid on ! metal1 x %\ld be r9s$ ?or\ghly 9 clean wat]4 ,?is process removes all dirt & leaves ! metal bright4 ,aft] ?is clean+1 ! f+]s %\ld n t\* any "p ( ! object t is to receive ! enamel4 ,to prep>e ! enamel = application x mu/ be gr\nd4 ,fir/ break x into small pieces ) a hamm]4 ,to keep x f fly+ ab\t1 x is well to roll x up 9 a piece ( heavy wrapp+ pap]4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a porcela9 mort> &1 ) a little wat] & a pe/le1 x is gr\nd ab\t z f9e z f9e s&4 ,! wat] is p\r$ (f & ! enamel r9s$ sev]al times 9 clean wat] until ! milky sub/ance disappe>s4 ,unsatisfactory results (t5 come f lack ( c>e 9 wa%+ ! enamel4 ,aft] wa%+ x is remov$ f ! mort> to a small sauc] by ! use ( a palette knife4 ,:ile /ill wet1 :i* all[s its be+ spread m easily1 ! enamel is appli$ to ! object ) a s(t hair bru%4 ,all ( ! enamel+ sugge/$ 9 ?is book may be done ) an ord9>y bl[-pipe or a ,buns5 burn]1 b m satisfactory results are obta9$ ) a kiln4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ce4 ,to apply ! process to a def9ite piece ( "w1 ! /eps necess>y 9 enamel+ ! ,/amp ,box cov] on ,plate #bd1 ,no4 #c1 w be tak5 up4 ,x w be assum$ t ! box is made1 ready = ! application ( ! design z %[n on ! plate4 ,! design is fir/ transf]r$ to ! cov] & !n cut away4 ,x is clean$ ) k]os5e & dipp$ 9 nitric acid z be=e expla9$4 ,aft] be+ ?or\ghly wa%$1 x is ready = ! enamel4 ,9 apply+ ! enamel c>e mu/ be tak5 n to get p>ticles outside ( ! *annels4 ,aft] ! moi/ure has evaporat$ & ! enamel has be5 fir$ x settles consid]ably s t ?is mu/ be all[$ = by r\nd+ x above ! surface4 ,aft] ! enamel has be5 appli$1 ! /rip t is sold]$ to ! "u side ( ! cov] mu/ be protect$ f ! heat be=e fir+1 z ! temp]ature requir$ = fus+ ! enamel is sev]al times great] ?an t requir$ = sold]+4 ,! sold]+ is protect$ by plac+ a pa/e made ( yell[ o*re & wat] ab\t ! sold]$ jo9t bo? inside & outside ( ! /rip4 ,! m ( ?is clay we bank ab\t ! jo9t ! m protection !re is4 ,:5 ! above has be5 done1 ! object mu/ be left 9 "s w>m place until ! moi/ure f bo? ! enamel & ! clay is ?or\ghly evaporat$4 ,x is !n ready = fir+4 ,if ! bl[-pipe or ! ,buns5 burn] is us$1 take a tripod & place a piece ( heavy iron nett+ ov] ! top & place ! object on top ( ! nett+4 ,! flame %\ld always be appli$ to ! "u side4 ,wat* ! enamel z ! fir+ goes on & :5 x settles & glazes ! heat %\ld be )drawn4 ,! object %\ld be all[$ to cool v sl[ly4 ,hurry+ at ?is po9t only increases *ances = accid5ts4 ,if1 :5 cool1 x is f\nd t ! *annels 9 places are n full ( enamel1 ! object is aga9 clean$ 9 ! nitric acid1 m enamel appli$1 & fir$ z at fir/4 ,! cov] is n[ ready to f9i%4 ,! enamel may be /on$ d[n level ) ! top ) an em]y /one1 or x may be left j z x comes f ! fire 9 ! fir/ place4 ,if /on$ d[n1 x is necess>y to fire x aga9 j en\gh to give x a glaz$ surface4 ,! directions z giv5 apply to ei!r transp>5t or opaque enamel2 b1 9 addition to ! above1 :5 transp>5t enamel is us$1 ! surface to be enamel$ mu/ fir/ receive a coat+ ( flux to reta9 ! transp>5cy4 ,! flux is treat$ & appli$ j ! same z ! enamel already describ$4 ,! upp] half ( ,plate #bf %[s boxes treat$ ) enamel4