,note3 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive_/,american ,libraries4 ,see http3_/_/archive4org_/details_/howtocata logueli#jjwheaiala ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,gesperrt1 or widely spaced1 letters occur in the tables of catalog entries and are enclosed by tilde characters 7example3 ,le ,breton74 ,in this e-book1 the gesperrt text is also in small capitals4 ,backward-facing ,c is indicated by ,c4 ,the examples of chronograms contain combinations of small and regular capital letters4 ,the small capitals have been changed to lower case1 while the regular capitals remain in upper case4 ,greek letters appearing in the original have been transliterated and are indicated by ,greek3 4 ,three of the ,greek numerals do not have corresponding letters4 ,the words stigma 7for #f71 qoppa 7for #ij71 and sampi 7for #ijj71 enclosed in 1 have been used for these4 ,the table in the original does not include upper case characters for stigma and sampi4 ,the numerical accents are indicated by ' for the upper and 1 for the lower4 ,decoration ,the ,book-,lover's ,library4 ,edited by ,henry ,b4 ,wheatley1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,how ,,to ,,catalogue ,a ,,library by ,henry ,b4 ,wheatley1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,author of ,how to ,form a ,library1 ,the ,dedication of ,books1 etc41 etc4 ,decoration ,london ,elliot ,stock1 #fb ,paternoster ,row #ahhi ,,preface4 ,those who are interested in library work are constantly asked where a statement of the first principles of cataloguing may be found1 and the question is one which it is not easy to answer4 ,most of the rules which have been printed are intended for large public libraries1 and are necessarily laid down on a scale which unfits them for use in the making of a small catalogue4 ,i have divided out the subject on a plan which ,i hope will commend itself to my readers1 and1 after discussing the most notable codes1 ,i have concluded with a selection of such rules as ,i trust will be found useful by those who are employed in making catalogues of ordinary libraries4 ,here ,i must express the hope that my readers will excuse the frequent use of the personal pronoun4 ,if the use of ,i could have been avoided1 ,i would gladly have avoided it2 but as the main point of the book is the discussion of principles and theories1 it seemed to me that such value as the book may possess would be entirely destroyed if ,i did not give my own opinions1 founded upon a somewhat long experience4 ,in dealing with a subject such as this1 ,i cannot hope to convince all my readers1 but ,i trust that those who disagree with my arguments will be willing to allow them some force4 ,the compilation has been attended with constant feelings of regret in my own mind1 for almost every page has brought up before me the memory of two men with whom ,i have at different times discussed most of the points here raised1--two men alike in their unselfish devotion to the cause of ,bibliography4 ,mr4 ,henry ,bradshaw's work was more widely known1 but ,mr4 ,benjamin ,r4 ,wheatley's labours were scarcely less valued in the smaller circle where they were known1 and both brought to bear upon a most difficult subject the whole force of their thoroughly practical minds4 ,i have learned much from both1 and ,i have felt a constant wish to consult them during the preparation of these pages4 ,all those who prepared the ,british ,museum rules are gone from us2 but happily cataloguers can still boast of ,mr4 ,cutter of ,boston1 one of the foremost of our craft4 ,mr4 ,cutter has prepared a most remarkable code of rules1 and has not only laid down the law1 but has also fearlessly given the reasons for his faith1 and these reasons form a body of sound opinion4 ,may he long live to do honour to ,bibliography1 a cause which knows no nationality4 ,h4 ,b4 ,w4 ,october1 #ahhi4 ,,contents4 ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,what is a ,catalogue8--,vulgar ,errors--,a ,good ,cataloguer attempts to put himself in the ,seeker's ,place--,judicious ,shortening of ,titles--,difference between ,cataloguing and ,bibliography-making--,a ,universal ,catalogue--,printing of the ,british ,museum ,catalogue--,different ,classes of ,catalogues--,classified and ,alphabetical--,catalogue ,raisonn--,index ,catalogues--,mr4 ,bradshaw's ,view--,need of ,care--,no ,jumping to ,conclusions--,different ,styles of ,catalogues--,purton ,cooper's ,sale ,catalogues #a ,,ii4 ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,rules4 ,british ,museum ,foremost in the ,race--,printed ,catalogues of the ,museum--,panizzi's ,fight--,evidence before the ,royal ,commission--,payne ,collier's ,defeat--,the ,museum ,rules-- ,jewett's ,rules--,cambridge ,university ,library ,rules--,library ,association ,rules adopted by ,bodley's ,librarian--,cutter's ,rules for a ,dictionary ,catalogue--,triumph of the ,museum #be ,,iii4 ,,print versus ,,manuscript4 ,panizzi's ,objection to ,print--,parry in ,favour of ,print-- ,the ,british ,museum again ,foremost in the ,race1 this time in ,printing1 thanks to ,mr4 ,bond--,mr4 ,cutter on the ,advantages and ,disadvantages of ,printing--,how to keep a ,printed ,catalogue up to ,date--,card ,catalogues--,stereotyping--,henry ,stevens's ,photo-,bibliography--,co-operative ,cataloguing #di ,,iv4 ,,how ,,to ,,treat ,a ,,title-,,page4 ,author3 ,cutter's ,definition of an ,author--,compound ,names-- ,prefixes--,imaginary ,authors--,the ,name by which a ,man is generally known to be preferred to that by which he is not known--,official ,names--,names of ,peers--,personal ,names-- ,sovereigns1 ,saints1 and ,friars--,oriental ,names--,contraction for ,christian ,names--,distinction between ,christian and ,surnames--,treatment of ,changed ,names--,married ,authoresses-- ,greek and ,roman ,authors--,difficulties in deciding as to the ,author of a ,book--,corporate ,authorship--,academical ,dissertation4 ,headings other than ,author ,headings3 ,trials--,catalogues-- ,bible--,liturgies--,voyages--,anonymous and ,pseudonymous ,works-- ,evidence before the ,commission of #ahdg-di--;,arrangement under ,initials1 under ,pseudonyms4 ,the ,title3 ,shortening of ,titles-- ,indication of ,editions--,addition to ,title-,pages4 ,place of ,publication3 ,date--,use of ,chronograms--,greek ,dates4 ,size-,notation3 ,difficulties--,attempted ,solution of these ,difficulties4 ,collation #gd ,v4 ,,references ,,and ,,subject ,,index4 ,references and ,cross-,references--,press-,marks to ,references-- ,mode of ,referencing--,subject ,index advocated by ,panizzi #ahj ,,vi4 ,,arrangement4 ,use of the ,english ,alphabet--,i and ,j--,u and ,v--,order-- ,arrangement of ,titles under an ,author's ,name--,transactions of ,societies--,pamphlets not to be divided from ,books-- ,journals and ,magazines #aih ,,vii4 ,,something ,,about ,,mss4 ,the ,british ,museum ,collections--,arrangement of an ,ordinary ,collection--,the ,museum ,catalogues--,catalogues of ,manuscripts more ,readable than ,catalogues of ,printed ,books #bbh ,,viii4 ,,rules ,,for ,a ,,small ,,library4 ,headings3 ,author 7#a-aa7--,non-,author 7#ab-ai7--,the ,title 7#bj1 #ba7--,place of ,publication 7#bb7--;,date 7#bc1 #bd7-- ,size-,notation 7#be7--;,collation 7#bf7--;,abstract of ,contents 7#bg7--,references 7#bh-ca7--;,arrangement 7#cb-de7-- ,manipulation 7#eb7 #bce ,,appendix4 ,,list ,,of ,,latin ,,names ,,of ,,places #bdg ,,index #bee ,decoration ,,how ,,to ,,catalogue ,a ,,library4 ,decoration ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,before we can answer the question implied in the title of this little book1 it will be necessary for author and reader to agree as to what a catalogue really is4 ,the word catalogue is used to mean a list or enumeration of men or things4 ,thus we have a catalogue of students1 but in actual use we differentiate the two words1 and a list 7a mere list7 is understood to mean a common inventory1 often in no particular order 7although we can have alphabetical or classified lists72 while a catalogue implies something fuller and something disposed in a certain order4 ,what the limit of that something fuller and what that certain order as applied to a catalogue of books really are1 it will be for us now to consider4 ,it was formerly very much the fashion for those who knew little of the subject to speak as if nothing was easier than to make a catalogue4 ,all you had to do was to have a sheet of paper and the book to be catalogued before you1 and then to transfer the title to the paper4 ,no previous knowledge was necessary4 ,but those who were better acquainted with the difficulties that beset even the cataloguer1 realized that ,sheridan's joke about easy writing being damned hard reading was applicable to the work produced under these circumstances4 ,since the discussion on the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 and the consequent attention to the first principles of bibliography1 these ignorant views are not so generally held1 but still many erroneous opinions are abroad4 ,one of these is that the clerical portion of the work of cataloguing or indexing is derogatory to a superior person1 and therefore that he should have an inferior person to help him4 ,the superior person dictates1 and the inferior person copies down2 and the result in practice is that endless blunders are produced1 which might have been saved if one person had done the work4 ,another vulgar error is that cataloguers form a guild1 with secrets which they wish to keep from the public4 ,this is a grievous mistake4 ,the main object of the good cataloguer should be to make the consultation of his work easy4 ,he knows the difficulties1 and knows that rules must be made to overcome these difficulties2 but he does not care to multiply these rules more than is absolutely necessary4 ,the good cataloguer will try to put himself into the place of the intelligent consulter--that is1 the person who brings ordinary intelligence to bear upon the catalogue1 but has not1 necessarily1 any technical knowledge4 ,some persons seem to think that everything is to be brought down to the comprehension of the fool2 but if by doing this we make it more difficult for the intelligent person1 the action is surely not politic4 ,the consulter of a catalogue might at least take the trouble to understand the plan upon which it is compiled before using it4 ,formerly it was too much the practice to make catalogue entries very short1 and to leave out important particulars mentioned on the title-page2 but now the opposite extreme of writing out the whole title1 however long1 is more common4 ,it should be remembered that in the judicious compression of a title-page the art of the cataloguer is brought into play1 for any one can copy out the whole of a long title4 ,i cannot help thinking that this latter extreme is caused by some misunderstanding of the relative conditions necessary for the production of bibliographies and catalogues4 ,of course catalogues form a section of the class ,bibliography2 but we understand also by the word bibliography a collection of titles of books on a special subject1 or belonging to a particular literature4 ,the uses of a bibliography1 either of a national literature or of a subject such as ,history1 are to find out what books have been written1 either by a particular author or on a particular subject2 to find whether a certain point is dealt with in a certain book2 or1 it may be1 to see whether a book you possess is the right edition1 or whether it is wanting in some particular4 ,for these purposes it is most important to have full titles1 and collations with necessary additional information given in the form of notes4 ,very often the particulars included in the bibliography will be sufficient in themselves to save the consulter from the necessity of searching for the book4 ,the uses of a catalogue are something quite different4 ,this is in the same house as the books it describes1 and is merely a help to the finding of those books4 ,it would be absurd to copy out long titles in a catalogue and be at the cost of printing them when the title itself in the book can be in our hands in a couple of minutes4 ,sufficient information only is required to help us to find the right book and the right edition4 ,how far this should be given will be discussed in a later chapter4 ,it is necessary for us1 however1 to remember that when the catalogue is printed and away from the library it becomes to some extent a bibliography1 and therefore when a library contains rare or unique books it is usual1 for love of the cause1 to describe these fully1 as if the catalogue was a bibliography4 ,this is the more necessary because we are so deficient in good bibliographies4 ,the ideal state1 from which we are still far off1 would be a complete and full bibliography of all literature1 and then cataloguers could be less full in their descriptions1 and reference might be made to the bibliography for further particulars4 ,it is a standing disgrace to the country that we have no complete bibliography of ,english authors1 much less of ,english literature generally4 ,it has long been the dream of the bibliographer that a universal catalogue might be obtained by the amalgamation of the catalogues of several collections4 ,thus it was the intention of ,gerard ,langbaine1 ,provost of ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 and ,keeper of the ,university ,archives1 to have made a classified catalogue of the ,bodleian ,library1 and to incorporate with it all the books not in the ,bodleian but in other ,oxford libraries1 public and private1 so as to show at a glance all the books that existed in ,oxford4 ,he died1 however1 on ,february #ajth1 #afeg-eh1 without having carried his design into execution4 ,dr4 ,garnett1 in his valuable paper on ,the ,printing of the ,british ,museum ,catalogue 7,transactions1 ,fourth and ,fifth ,meetings of the ,library ,association of the ,united ,kingdom1 #ahhd1 pp4 #abj-bh71 gave words to his aspiration that the completion of the ,museum ,catalogue in print may coincide with the completion of the present century1 and he continued that no better memorial of the nineteenth century could be produced than a register of almost all the really valuable literature of all former centuries4 ,this is very true2 but ,i think that catalogues can only form the groundwork for bibliographies1 and are not sufficiently satisfactory to supersede them4 ,moreover1 each country should produce its own national bibliography4 ,mr4 ,cutter divides libraries into 7#a7 those for study1 and 7#b7 those for reading2 and this division must always be kept in view4 ,we shall chiefly consider the first division1 although it will not be right altogether to pass over the latter4 ,libraries for reading have been rightly considered in the light of educational institutions2 and the various points connected with the information to be given to readers1 as to what they should read1 and how they should read1 perhaps belong more properly to ,education than to ,bibliography4 ,as to the order in which the catalogue should be disposed we have considerable choice1 and ,mr4 ,cutter has given in the ,united ,states ,special ,report 7pp4 #efa-fg7 a most elaborate classification of the different species of catalogues1 but the main divisions are the classified and the alphabetical4 ,years ago the classified was considered the ideal2 but when this ideal was brought down to practice it usually failed1 and the result was almost useless4 ,the late ,professor ,de ,morgan made the following pertinent remarks on this point3-- ,a classed catalogue is supposed to be useful to those who want to know what has been written on a particular subject4 ,now1 in the first place1 who are the persons who look at a book list with any such view8 ,not beginners in a wide field of research4 ,did any one in his senses ever go to a library to learn geometry1 for instance1 and take the subject in a classed catalogue1 and fall to work upon some author because he was therein set down8 ,this attempt to feed the mind la carte would certainly end in an indigestion1 if1 which is rather to be hoped1 it did not begin in a surfeit4#a ,again3-- ,any one who is willing to trust the maker of a catalogue1 however highly qualified1 with the power of settling what books he can want in reference to a given subject1 is either a person who consults only the most celebrated works1 and has nothing to do with research1 or one who is willing to take completeness upon trust1 and to content himself with blaming another person if he do not reach it4#b ,it is a common mistake to speak of a classified catalogue as a ,catalogue ,raisonn4 ,a ,catalogue ,raisonn is a catalogue with bibliographical details and notes1 in which the merits or demerits of the books are discussed4 ,therefore a ,catalogue ,raisonn can be alphabetical as well as classified4 ,an alphabetical catalogue can be either one of authors1 or of subjects1 or what the ,americans have styled the ,dictionary ,catalogue4 ,a catalogue of authors will contain the description of anonymous books under headings in the same alphabet1 and it may either have an index of subjects1 or subject cross-references included in the general alphabet4 ,but as the rules to be considered later on relate chiefly to the catalogue of authors1 it is not necessary to say more on this point here4 ,again1 ,de ,morgan has made some excellent remarks on the catalogue of authors3-- ,an alphabetical catalogue has this great advantage1 that all the works of the same author come together4 ,those who have had to hunt up old subjects know very well that of all lots which it is useful to find in one place1 the works of one given author are those which occur most frequently4 ,again1 those who go to a library to read upon a given subject generally know what authors they want2 and an alphabetical catalogue settles the question whether the library does or does not contain the required work of the author wanted4 ,we believe that of those who go into a place where books are collected1 whether to read1 buy1 borrow1 7or even steal71 nineteen out of twenty know what author they want2 and to them an alphabetical catalogue is all-sufficient4#c ,mr4 ,cutter has written the history of the ,dictionary ,catalogue in the ,united ,states ,special ,report 7pp4 #ecc-ci71 and he traces it back in ,america to about the year #ahae4 ,mr4 ,crestadoro1 in his pamphlet1 ,the ,art of ,making ,catalogues of ,libraries1 #ahef1 recommended an inventorial catalogue of unabridged titles arranged in no order1 but numbered1 and an alphabetical index to the numbers of this inventory4 ,the index thus formed was somewhat similar to the ,dictionary ,catalogue 7,united ,states ,special ,report1 p4 #ece74 ,mr4 ,bradshaw held very strongly the view that an alphabetical catalogue was an index1 and that a full shelf catalogue was the real catalogue2 and few things he enjoyed more than to read through a list of the books as they stood on the shelves4#d ,in a letter to me1 dated ,september #ith1 #ahgi1 he wrote3-- ,it is a cardinal point with me that an alphabetical catalogue of a library is really an index1 or should be so1 to any other kind of catalogue you choose to make2 while if you once lose sight of this fact you are quite sure to cumber the catalogue up with bibliographical details which are entirely out of place4 ,scientific cataloguing is of modern invention1 and to the ,british ,museum it is that we owe the origination of a code of rules--rules which form the groundwork of all modern cataloguing4 ,good catalogues were made before rules were enunciated1 but this is accounted for by the fact that bibliographers1 like poets1 are more often born than made4 ,carefulness must be one of the chief characteristics of the cataloguer1 for he will frequently find himself beset with difficulties4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,poole1 the author of that most useful work the ,index to ,periodical ,literature1 states this very forcibly when he writes3-- ,the inexperienced librarian will find the cataloguing of his books the most difficult part of his undertaking1 even after he has made a diligent theoretical study of the subject4 ,he will find after he has made considerable progress that much of his work is useless1 and scarcely any of it correct4#e ,the cataloguer must not jump to conclusions upon insufficient authority1 or1 as some persons have proposed1 take a short list from the books and amplify the titles from bibliographies4 ,such a course will lead to endless blunders1 and create confusion like that described by ,professor ,de ,morgan3-- ,lalande1 in his ,bibliographie ,astronomique1 wrote from his own knowledge the title of the second edition of the work of ,regiomontanus on ,triangles1 ,basle1 folio1 #aefa4 ,he knew that the first edition was published about thirty years before1 and so he set it down with the same title-page as the second1 including the announcement of the table of ,sines1 ,basle1 #aecf4 ,now1 as it happened1 it was published at ,nuremberg in #aecc1 and there was no table of ,sines in it4 ,the consequence is that ,apian and ,copernicus are deprived of their respective credits1 as being very early 7the former the earliest7 publishers of ,sines to a decimal radius4 ,no one can know how far an incorrect description of a book may produce historical falsehood2 but there are few writers who have the courage to say exactly how much they know1 and how much they presume4#f ,before concluding this ,introduction it may be well to say something about a few catalogues that have been issued in the different styles4 ,one of the best classified catalogues ever published in ,england is that of the ,london ,institution1 which was first printed in #ahce1 and completed in #aheb4g ,this has indexes of subjects1 and of authors and books4 ,the catalogue is very useful as a bibliography2 and as the library was well selected1 the reading of its pages is very instructive2 but what shows the general uselessness of a classified catalogue for the work of a library is that in actual practice an alphabetical finding index has been in more constant use than the fuller catalogue4 ,of an alphabetical catalogue of subjects an example may be found in that of the ,library of the ,board of ,trade1 which was published in #ahff4 ,here the authors are relegated to an index1 and all the titles are arranged under the main subject4 ,this may be convenient under some circumstances1 but it is not satisfactory for general use4 ,the idea of the scheme was due to the late ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,bucknall1 then librarian to the ,board of ,trade2 but the catalogue itself was made by the author of this book4 ,the system adopted was to use the subject-word of the title as a heading2 but an exception was made in the case of foreign words which were translated4 ,for instance1 there is a heading of ,wool4 ,under this first come all the ,english works2 then the ,french works under sub-headings of ,laine1 ,laines1 and ,lainire2 then ,german under ,schafwollhandel and ,wollmarkt4 ,from these foreign words in the alphabet there are references to ,,wool4 ,there is1 however1 no more classification than is absolutely necessary2 and it may be said that if all the books had been anonymous the scheme would have been an admirable one4 ,the ,dictionary ,catalogue mostly flourishes in ,america2 but a very satisfactory specimen of the class was prepared by ,mr4 ,d4 ,o',donovan1 ,parliamentary ,librarian1 ,queensland4 ,it is entitled1 ,analytical and ,classified ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,parliament of ,queensland 7,brisbane3 #ahhc4 #dto74 ,the books are entered under author and subject with full cross-references1 and all the entries are arranged in one alphabet4 ,there are abstracts of the contents of certain of the books1 and references to articles in reviews4 ,in the preface ,mr4 ,o',donovan writes3-- ,i have made a catalogue of authors1 and index of titles1 and an index of subjects1 a partial index of forms1 and having thrown the whole together into an alphabetical series1 the work may be referred to as an ordinary dictionary4 ,of the usefulness of the ,dictionary ,catalogue there cannot be two opinions1 but the chief objection is that it is a waste of labour to do for many libraries what if done once in the form of a bibliography would serve for all4 ,a most important example of this class of catalogue is the ,index-,catalogue of the ,library of the ,surgeon-,general's ,office1 ,united ,states ,army1 of which nine large volumes have been issued4 ,this owes its existence to ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,billings1 and the publication was commenced in #ahhj4 ,an enthusiastic friend is inclined to describe it as the best of published catalogues4 ,authors' catalogues are the most common1 and it would be invidious to point out any one in particular for special commendation4 ,it is rather curious that the ,united ,states1 which is now to the fore in all questions of bibliography1 should have produced in former times many singularly bad catalogues4 ,there is one classified catalogue which may be mentioned as a typical specimen of bad work4 ,there is an index of authors1 with such vague references that in some cases you have to turn over as many as seventy pages to find the book to which you are referred4#h ,the oddities of catalogue-making would form a prolific subject1 and we cannot enter into it at the end of this chapter2 but space may be found for two odd catalogues which owe their origin to the ,secretary of the old ,record ,commission4 ,the sale catalogue of portions of ,mr4 ,charles ,purton ,cooper's library#i is a literary curiosity4 ,it contains two hundred and fourteen pages1 but only one hundred and eighteen of these are devoted to the catalogue of books for sale1 and the remaining pages are filled with appendixes which contain many amusing notes4 ,the first appendix consists of a ,catalogue of ,books mostly in ,english1 ,scottish1 ,irish1 and ,welsh ,history and ,biography now at ,autun1 which will be included in the sale of further portions of ,mr4 ,purton ,cooper's ,library unless previously disposed of by private agreement4 ,on page #aei is this note to a catalogue of a collection of grammars and dictionaries now at ,louvain3 ,my passion for languages 7a very unwise one7 ceased many years ago4 ,mr4 ,cooper notes on page #afg1 in relation to some books of miscellaneous antiquities now at ,brussels1 that the most expensive of the following works are presents from ,foreign ,sovereigns1 ,universities1 ,cities1 and ,towns1 principally in the period #ahca-ahdj4 ,to the catalogue of miscellaneous books on page #ahb is appended this queer autobiographical note3 ,these books1 formerly kept in the house in ,new ,boswell ,court1 so long used by me as chambers 7#ahaf-ahej71 and from whence all my correspondence as ,secretary of ,records was dated 7#ahca-ahch71 are now in chests waiting some place of deposit4 ,what will be their destination ,i know not4 ,grove ,end ,road is let4 ,denton ,court 7near ,canterbury1 my new residence7 has undergone such changes in the hands of its last literary owner 7the late ,sir ,egerton ,brydges7 that it will hardly afford convenient space for a schoolboy's collection4 ,mr4 ,cooper goes on to say3 ,indifferent as ,i am become to the mere possession of books1 still the selection was a task with which 7having no check but my own will7 ,i dared not trust myself4 ,the notes to this list are very comical4 ,this book was given to him by a duke1 that by a regius professor1 another was bought at ,fontainebleau1 and still another of a soldier in an ,english regiment1 badly wounded at the disastrous assault upon ,bergen-op-,zoom1 and then in hospital at ,breda4 ,an edition of ,aristophanes was bought at ,frankfort for nine shillings1 and ,lord ,harrowby 7then ,lord ,sandon1 fresh from ,oxford7 observed that so cheap a purchase must be a piece of luck rarely occurring4 ,an ,edinburgh edition of ,livy cost ,mr4 ,cooper five shillings in #ahaj1 and1 he adds1 not a bad bargain1 considering the purchaser had not attained his seventeenth year4 ,one of the notes said to be copied from a ,french book of prayers 7#aghi71 is interesting2 but its substance would be said to be incredible if we did not know of the rampant villainy of the times4 ,in the summer of #agid 7it was somewhat late in the day7 two travellers stopped at a chateau in a southeastern department of ,france1 one of them having a slight acquaintance with the owner of the chateau1 who had the misfortune to belong to the ancient noblesse of the country4 ,both were invited to partake of the family dinner4 ,a dinner which in those circumstances might be considered sumptuous was served up2 and the conversation1 as generally happens on such occasions1 became more than usually gay4 ,when1 however1 the dessert was placed on the table1 the conversation was suddenly interrupted by one of the travellers taking from his pocket a paper constituting himself and his companion ,commissioners of the ,convention1 and authorizing them to seize the chateau and its contents1 and forthwith to guillotine the 'aristocrat1' its proprietor4 ,the reading of this paper was immediately followed by an intimation that a guillotine with the usual assistants had during dinner arrived in the courtyard of the chateau4 ,the repast was discontinued for a few minutes1 whilst the two guests hurried their host to the courtyard of his chateau and saw him guillotined2 it was then resumed4 ,this curious catalogue has at the end a folding coloured plate of ,mr4 ,cooper's library at ,grove ,end ,road1 with this note3 ,the view of the library is here introduced for the purpose of mentioning that ,mr4 ,cooper wishes to dispose1 by private agreement1 of eight mahogany book-cases of the kind there represented4 ,in #ahef a sale catalogue of a further portion of ,mr4 ,cooper's library was issued4#aj ,it consisted of a hundred and fifty-one pages1 only thirty-four of which are occupied by the list of books for sale by auction4 ,the rest of the pages are filled with lists of books to be disposed of at some future time in some other manner1 but there are not notes of the same amusing character as in the former catalogue4 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #a ,dublin ,review1 ,october #ahdf1 p4 #g4 #b ,dublin ,review1 ,october #ahdf1 p4 #ab4 #c ,dublin ,review1 ,october #ahdf1 p4 #f4 #d ,i remember very vividly a pleasant day spent in the ,pepysian ,library with ,mr4 ,bradshaw1 under the kindly guardianship of ,professor ,newton4 ,mr4 ,bradshaw was specially delighted with ,pepys's own ,,ms4 catalogues4 #e ,on the ,organization and ,management of ,public ,libraries 7,united ,states ,special ,report1 p4 #dij74 #f ,dublin ,review1 ,october #ahdf1 p4 #bj4 #g ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,london ,institution1 ,systematically ,classified4 ,london3 #ahce-eb4 #d vols41 royal #hvo4 #h ,catalogue of the ,library of ,congress in the ,capitol of the ,united ,states of ,america3 ,washington1 #ahdj4 #hvo4 ,the third entry in the ,index is ,abdy1 and the reference xxix4 #bae4 i42 xxix4 applies to the class1 which is ,geography2 the title is to be found in section v41 ,america2 so that actually seventy pages of the catalogue have to be glanced through before the work of ,abdy can be found4 #i ,bibliotheca ,cooperiana4 ,catalogue of ,portions of the ,extensive and ,valuable ,library of ,charles ,purton ,cooper1 ,esq41 ,q4,c4444 ,these portions will1 by ,mr4 ,cooper's direction1 be sold by auction by ,messrs4 ,s4 ,leigh ,sotheby and ,john ,wilkinson 444 on ,monday1 ,april #aith #aheb1 and seven following days4 #aj ,catalogue of a ,further ,portion of the ,library of ,charles ,purton ,cooper1 ,esq41 ,q4,c4 444 ,this further portion1 deposited with ,messrs4 ,sotheby and ,wilkinson in the summer of #aheb1 will1 by ,mr4 ,cooper's direction1 be sold by them by auction in the spring of the ensuing year4 ,december #ahef4 ,decoration ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,rules4 ,to ,sir ,anthony ,panizzi we owe rules for the making of catalogues3 perhaps it would be more proper to say the codification of rules1 for sound rules must have been in the mind of the compilers of good catalogues before his time4 ,when one person makes a catalogue1 he usually acts upon principles which are known to himself1 although he may not have committed them to writing4 ,when several assistants are employed to make a catalogue1 it is positively necessary that the compiler in chief1 who will be responsible for the whole work1 should give directions to his assistants1 so that they may all work on the same plan4 ,the famous code of ninety-one rules which was given to the world in #ahda 7,catalogue of ,printed ,books in the ,british ,museum1 vol4 i41 ,letter ,a7 had for its foundation a small number of rules originally devised by ,mr4 ,baber#aa 7the predecessor of ,mr4 ,panizzi as ,keeper of the ,printed ,books74 ,mr4 ,panizzi was appointed ,assistant ,librarian in the ,british ,museum in ,april #ahca1 and in #ahcg he succeeded ,mr4 ,baber as ,keeper4 ,as a new general catalogue was now required1 a committee was formed to frame rules for its compilation4 ,this committee consisted of ,panizzi1 ,thomas ,watts1 ,j4 ,winter ,jones1 ,edward ,edwards1 and ,john ,h4 ,parry 7afterwards ,serjeant ,parry74 ,the plan adopted was for each of these gentlemen separately to prepare rules for the purpose1 according to his own views4 ,these were afterwards discussed collectively1 and when any difference arose1 it was settled by vote4 ,when these rules were complete1 they were presented to the trustees by ,panizzi on ,march #ahth1 #ahci1 with the following memorandum3-- ,mr4 ,panizzi has the honour to lay before the trustees the rules1 which1 under all circumstances1 he proposes as advisable to be followed in the compilation of the ,alphabetical ,catalogue1 accompanied by a number of illustrations4 ,although he is well aware that such rules must necessarily be affected by the haste with which they have been compiled1 he ventures to hope they will be sufficiently intelligible to the trustees1 and enable them1 even in their present imperfect state1 to judge of the principles that ,mr4 ,panizzi should wish to see observed4 ,he is fully aware that many cases may arise unprovided for1 and that some of these rules and principles may be liable to objections1 which may not perhaps appear in other plans1 seemingly preferable2 but he trusts that what seems objectionable may1 on mature reflection1 be found in fact less so4 ,he cannot1 at present1 do more than entreat the trustees to take into their patient and minute consideration every single part1 as well as the whole of the plan proposed1 and then decide as they may think fit1 bearing in mind that1 although these rules may1 if strictly followed1 occasionally lead to what may appear absurd1 the same objection1 to a perhaps greater extent1 may be urged against any other plan1 and far greater evils result from a deviation from a principle than from its inflexible application4 ,the rules were sanctioned by the trustees ,july #acth1 #ahci1 and printed in #ahda4 ,in the note prefixed to the volume of the catalogue then printed ,panizzi wrote3-- ,the application of the rules was left by the trustees to the discretion of the editor1 subject to the condition that a catalogue of the printed books in the library up to the close of the year #ahch be completed within the year #ahdd4 ,panizzi very properly disapproved of the publication piecemeal of the catalogue before it was completed1 and eventually he obtained his own way1 with the result that the printing was discontinued1 and a manuscript catalogue was gradually built up4 ,in the note just referred to he proceeds3-- ,with a view to the fulfilment of this undertaking1 it was deemed indispensable that a catalogue should be put to press as soon as any portion of the manuscript could be prepared2 consequently the early volumes must present omissions and inaccuracies1 which it is hoped will diminish in number as the work proceeds4 ,according to ,mr4 ,fagan 7,life of ,sir ,a4 ,panizzi1 vol4 i41 p4 #bei71 the wasteful publication of the volume containing letter ,a was due to a blunder in the secretary's department4 ,apparently the order of the trustees was to have the catalogue ready for the press by ,december #ahdd1 instead of which it was intimated to ,panizzi that the catalogue was to be printed by that time4 ,both ,panizzi#ab and ,parry#ac pointed out in their evidence before the ,commission 7#ahdh-di7 how wasteful a process it was to catalogue the library by letters instead of cataloguing every book on a shelf at one time4 ,there cannot be two opinions among experienced bibliographers of the absurdity of making a catalogue in such a piecemeal manner1 and yet this is a plan of proceeding which the inexperienced in cataloguing are frequently found to recommend4 ,mr4 ,parry said3 ,not only the printing of letter ,a first do ,i look upon to be an entire waste1 both of time and money--a waste just as much as if the time were thrown away1 and just as if the money had been actually thrown away--but the plan of taking those titles from this large body of titles and sending for the books is a serious waste of time4444 ,in my opinion1 volume ,a1 the volume that is now printed1 must be cancelled1 if ever the whole catalogue is printed4 ,the reason of that would be1 that an immense mass of titles1 in the further cataloguing of the succeeding portions of the alphabet1 would arise to be catalogued under the letter ,a1 which nobody would have anticipated until the whole library was catalogued4 ,the ,commission coincided with ,mr4 ,panizzi's view1 and incorporated their opinion on this point in the report4 ,the consequence was that ,panizzi was allowed to proceed on his own plan1 with the result that1 in the first place1 a large number of volumes of manuscript titles supplementary to the old general catalogue were produced1 and subsequently an entirely new catalogue1 superseding the old one4 ,the history of the catalogues of the ,british ,museum ,library is a curious and interesting one4 ,a catalogue prepared by ,dr4 ,maty1 the ,rev4 ,s4 ,harper1 and the ,rev4 ,s4 ,ayscough was published in #aghg 7#b vols41 folio74 ,this was soon superseded2 and in #ahjf ,sir ,henry ,ellis and the ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,baber 7then ,keeper and ,assistant ,keeper respectively of the ,printed ,books71 carrying out the instructions of the trustees1 commenced the compilation of a new catalogue1 which was published in #ahac-ai 7#g vols4 in #h parts1 #hvo74 ,ellis was answerable for the letters ,a to ,f1 with ,p1 ,q1 and ,r2 and ,baber for the remainder of the alphabet4 ,now that we have an excellent catalogue of the library1 which we owe to the exertions of ,panizzi1 we are too apt to forget the services of ,ellis and ,baber as compilers of the very valuable old catalogue4 ,panizzi took delight in finding faults in this catalogue1 and one of the blunders which he pointed out was the entry of a ,french translation of one of ,jeremy ,bentham's works1 in which the author's name1 having been translated in the title-page of the book into ,french1 was transferred in the same form--,bentham 7,jrme7--into the catalogue4#ad ,doubtless there are many bibliographical mistakes2 but it is an excellent practical catalogue1 and does the greatest credit to the compilers4 ,even now1 although the print is almost lost in the mass of manuscript1 and the volumes are nearly worn out1 the copy in the ,reading ,room may still be used with advantage when a book cannot be found in the more elaborate new catalogue4 ,in #ahdg the ,royal ,commission1 already alluded to1 was appointed to inquire into the constitution and government of the ,british ,museum1 and the report of the ,commission1 with minutes of evidence1 was published in #ahej4 ,this report appeared in a large folio volume of eight hundred and twenty-three pages1 which is still full of interest from a bibliographical point of view4 ,the ,commissioners considered arrangements connected with the management which have since been changed1 and therefore are of little interest now2 but the evidence chiefly related to the new rules for the catalogue1 and resolved itself into an arraignment of ,mr4 ,panizzi's plans1 with ,panizzi's reply to the arraignment at the end of the evidence4 ,the report shows how unsatisfactory were the relations between the officers of departments1 and how strong was the antagonism to ,panizzi's rules and arrangements among literary men4 ,many authors whom one would have expected to know something of the art of cataloguing showed the most amazing ignorance1 and a love for careless work that makes us extremely glad that their cause was defeated4 ,some witnesses exhibited a dislike to the rules merely because they were rules4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cochrane1 then ,librarian of the ,london ,library1 in answer to the question1 ,have you read the ninety-one rules8 said1 ,i read some of them1 and it appeared to me that they were more calculated to perplex and to mystify than to answer any useful purpose2 and again1 when asked1 ,do you object to rules in any compilation of catalogues8 he said1 ,yes1 very much 7p4 #dfj74 ,further on in his evidence he said1 ,i think that in bibliography1 as well as in geography1 it is always advisable to keep as much to uniformity of system as possible 7p4 #dfd74 ,but he did not make it clear how uniformity was to be obtained without rules4 ,the greatest grievance which readers seem to have had is one which we can scarcely realize at the present day4 ,mr4 ,panizzi ruled that whoever wanted a book should look it out in the catalogue1 and copy the title on a slip with the press-mark before he could receive it4 ,mr4 ,carlyle refused to look out in the catalogue for a pamphlet which he knew to be in a particular collection4 ,his account of the matter is as follows3-- ,i had occasion at one time to consult a good many of the pamphlets respecting the ,civil ,war period of the history of ,england4 ,i supposed those pamphlets to be standing in their own room1 on shelves contiguous to each other4 ,i marked on the paper1 ',king's ,pamphlets1' such and such a number1 giving a description undeniably pointing to the volume2 and the servant to whom ,i gave this paper at first said that he could not serve me with the volume1 and that ,i must find it out in the catalogue and state the press-mark1 and all the other formalities4 ,being a little provoked with that state of things1 ,i declared that ,i would not seek for the book in that form2 that ,i could get no good out of these ,pamphlets1 on such terms2 that ,i must give them up rather1 and go my ways1 and try to make the grievance known in some proper quarter 7p4 #bhj74 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,gray expressed the opinion that the feeling against this rule respecting the press-mark was very general 7p4 #dia74 ,it is necessary to bear in mind that the old system was1 that you merely wrote the title of the book you wanted without the necessity of looking for it in the catalogue4 ,if you wanted a particular edition of it1 then you looked in the catalogue for the particular title or date1 and the book was brought to you if it could be found 7#gfhd1 p4 #dia74 ,although many of the witnesses showed a lamentable ignorance of the principles of sound bibliography1 others proved themselves quite capable of setting right the ignorant4 ,the ,right ,hon4 ,j4 ,w4 ,croker1 when asked1 ,are you of opinion that the labour and difficulties in the management and cataloguing of a library increase merely in the same proportion with its extent8 made this very true observation1 ,i think the difficulties would increase1 ,i may say geometrically rather than arithmetically 7#hgcd1 p4 #egj74 ,mr4 ,john ,bruce considered it a fault in the new catalogue that the titles were too full 7pp4 #dag-ah72 but ,prof4 ,a4 ,de ,morgan pointed out very clearly the many dangers of short titles 7p4 #dbg74 ,mr4 ,croker strongly advocated the use of long titles4 ,he said3 ,there will of course be a few remarkable instances of great prolixity of title-page1 which really are worth preserving as curiosities1 if for nothing else4 ,but generally speaking there is nothing that is quite safe and satisfactory to a person who goes to look for a book1 but a full title2 ,i will add1 a most important consideration in a library like this1 which people come to consult2 it has happened to me twice1 ,i think1 within the last ten days to find it unnecessary to send for a book that ,i intended to apply for1 by finding an ample title-page1 which showed me that ,i should not find there what ,i wanted 7#hgji1 p4 #efg74 ,dr4 ,gray in his pamphlet 7,letter to the ,earl of ,ellesmere1 #ahdi7 makes this extraordinary statement3 ,the works with authors' names1 or with false names1 should be arranged alphabetically1 according to the names of the authors1 taking care that the names used should be those that are on the title-pages2 and1 if an author have changed his or her name1 that the work published under the different names should be in different places in the alphabet 7p4 #e74 ,mr4 ,parry gave much sensible evidence1 and this point was submitted to him4 ,the question of the chairman 7,earl of ,ellesmere7 was1 ,have you heard it proposed that each book should be catalogued under the form of name appearing on the title1 without any regard to uniformity1 and without regard to the different forms of name adopted by an author1 or arising from the different languages in which works by the same author may be printed8 ,mr4 ,parry's answer was as follows3 ,i have never heard that suggested1 except by ,mr4 ,gray4 ,i have read it in ,mr4 ,gray's pamphlet2 and ,i have heard it from ,mr4 ,gray when he was an assistant4444 ,i certainly do not wish to be offensive to ,mr4 ,gray1 for ,i have the pleasure of his acquaintance1 but ,i think the thing perfectly absurd4 ,i might be permitted to say1 that the noble lord in the chair has published under two or three names2 and that ,i should prefer to see all his lordship's works under one heading1 and not scattered in three different places in the ,catalogue under the name of ,gower1 of ,egerton1 and of ,ellesmere4444 ,i remember ,mr4 ,gray used occasionally to come and talk about the ,catalogue1 but it always seemed to me that he had never given any consideration to the subject4 ,it is by no means an easy thing to make a catalogue2 a person to make it1 must have a very large and special knowledge of books and of languages 7#gcch1 p4 #dgj74 ,the witness whose evidence was the most unfortunate for himself was ,mr4 ,payne ,collier4 ,he committed himself by submitting some titles which he had made in illustration of his views4 ,there were twenty-five titles1 which had been made in the course of an hour4 ,these were handed to ,mr4 ,winter ,jones1 who reported upon them very fully1 with the following result3-- ,these twenty-five titles contain almost every possible error which can be committed in cataloguing books1 and are open to almost every possible objection which can be brought against concise titles4 ,the faults may be classed as follows3--#ast4 ,incorrect or insufficient description1 calculated to mislead as to the nature or condition of the work specified4 #bnd4 ,omission of the names of editors1 whereby we lose a most necessary guide in selecting among different editions of the same work4 #crd4 ,omission of the ,christian names of authors1 causing great confusion between the works of different authors who have the same surname--a confusion increasing in proportion to the extent of the catalogue4 #dth4 ,omission of the names of annotators4 #eth4 ,omission of the names of translators4 #fth4 ,omission of the number of the edition1 thus rejecting a most important and direct evidence of the value of a work4 #gth4 ,adopting the name of the editor as a heading1 when the name of the author appears in the title-page4 #hth4 ,adopting the name of the translator as a heading1 when the name of the author appears on the title-page4 #ith4 ,adopting as a heading the title or name of the author merely as it appears on the title-page--a practice which would distribute the works of the ,bishop of ,london under ,blomfield1 ,chester1 and ,london2 and those of ,lord ,ellesmere under ,gower1 ,egerton1 and ,ellesmere4 #ajth4 ,using ,english or some other language instead of the language of the title-page4 #aath4 ,cataloguing anonymous works1 or works published under initials1 under the name of the supposed author4 ,where this practice is adopted1 the books so catalogued can be found only by those who possess the same information as the cataloguer1 and uniformity of system is impossible1 unless the cataloguer know the author of every work published anonymously or under initials4#ae #abth4 ,errors in grammar4 #acth4 ,errors in descriptions of the size of the book4 ,we have here faults of thirteen different kinds in twenty-five titles1 and the number of these faults amount to more than two in each title4444 ,when we see such a result as is shown above1 from an experiment made by a gentleman of education1 accustomed to research and acquainted with books generally1 upon only twenty-five works1 taken from his own library1 and of the most easy description1 we may form some idea of what a catalogue would be1 drawn up1 in the same manner1 by ten persons1 of about six hundred thousand works1 embracing every branch of human learning1 and presenting difficulties of every possible description4 ,the average number of faults being more than two to a title1 the total is something startling--about one million three hundred thousand faults for the six hundred thousand works2 that is1 supposing the proportion to continue the same4 ,then follows a searching examination of each individual title1 with the result that any claims to be considered a correct cataloguer which ,mr4 ,collier may have been supposed to have were entirely annihilated4 ,the ,report of the ,commissioners enters very fully into the various points raised by the evidence before them1 with the result that it was considered advisable that ,mr4 ,panizzi should be given his own way1 and that the new catalogue should be completed in manuscript4 ,the ,british ,museum ,rules are1 as already stated1 printed in the ,catalogue of ,printed ,books 7,letter ,a1 #ahda71 and in ,henry ,stevens's ,catalogue of the ,american ,books in the ,library of the ,british ,museum at ,christmas1 #ahef4 ,they are given in ,mr4 ,thomas ,nichols's ,handbook for ,readers at the ,british ,museum 7#ahfi71 under the various subjects in alphabetical order1 with a series of useful illustrations4 ,some slight modifications of the rules have been made since the printing of the catalogue has been in hand1 and a capital rsum of the rules1 under the title of ,explanation of the ,system of the ,catalogue1 is on sale at the ,museum for the small sum of one penny4 ,the strife which was caused by the publication of the rules was gradually quelled1 and the ,british ,museum code was acknowledged in most places as a model4 ,professor ,charles ,coffin ,jewett published at ,washington in #ahec a very careful work on this subject4 ,his pamphlet is entitled1 ,smithsonian ,report on the ,construction of ,catalogues of ,libraries1 and their ,publication by means of ,separate ,stereotyped ,titles1 with ,rules and ,examples4 ,by ,charles ,c4 ,jewett1 ,librarian of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,mr4 ,jewett makes an observation with which all who have considered the subject with attention must agree4 ,he writes3-- ,liability to error and to confusion is 444 so great and so continual1 that it is impossible to labour successfully without a rigid adherence to rules4 ,although such rules be not formally enunciated1 they must exist in the mind of the cataloguer and guide him1 or the result of his labours will be mortifying and unprofitable4 ,with respect to his own rules he writes3-- ,the ,rules which follow are founded upon those adopted for the compilation of the ,catalogue of the ,british ,museum4 ,some of them are verbatim the same2 others conform more to rules advocated by ,mr4 ,panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the ,trustees of the ,museum4 ,the rules are classified as follows3--pp4 #a-de1 ,titles2 pp4 #de-ef1 ,headings2 pp4 #eg-ei1 ,cross-references2 pp4 #ei-fb1 ,arrangement2 pp4 #fb1 #fc1 ,maps1 ,engravings1 ,music2 p4 #fd1 ,exceptional ,cases4 ,the number of rules is not so large as those of the ,british ,museum1 and rule #ci stands thus3 ,cases not herein provided for1 and exceptional cases requiring a departure from any of the preceding rules1 are to be decided on by the ,superintendent4 ,jewett's rules1 with some alterations1 were adopted and printed by the ,boston ,public ,library4 ,the ,rules to be ,observed in ,forming the ,alphabetical ,catalogue of ,printed ,books in the ,university ,library1 ,cambridge1 were drawn up after the authorities had decided to print the catalogue slips of all additions to the library1 and also gradually to build up a new catalogue by printing the titles of the books already in the library as they were re-catalogued4 ,these rules were1 to a great extent1 founded upon those of the ,british ,museum4 ,in the year #ahgi1 ,mr4 ,bradshaw1 ,librarian1 in conjunction with ,messrs4 ,e4 ,magnusson and ,h4 ,t4 ,francis1 ,assistant ,librarians1 made some alterations in the rules1 and as thus altered they now stand1 numbering forty-nine4 ,the rules of the ,library ,association of the ,united ,kingdom may be considered as somewhat academical1 because they were not made for any particular library4 ,they have gained1 however1 in importance in that they were adopted by ,mr4 ,edward ,b4 ,nicholson1 ,bodley's ,librarian1 for the ,catalogue of the ,bodleian ,library4 ,these rules were originally formed for the purpose of making a foundation for a ,catalogue of ,english ,literature1 as proposed by the late ,mr4 ,cornelius ,walford4 ,this catalogue1 however1 gradually receded into the background1 and the rules were adapted to the purposes of a general library catalogue4 ,the rules have been modified at successive annual meetings of the ,association4 ,although ,mr4 ,nicholson adopted the ,library ,association ,rules in the first instance1 he printed in #ahhb a set of ,compendious ,cataloguing ,rules for the ,author-,catalogue of the ,bodleian ,library1 which has since been added to1 and the number of rules is now sixty4 ,we have1 in conclusion1 to take note of by far the most important code of rules after that of the ,british ,museum4 ,i allude of course to the remarkable second part of the ,special ,report on ,public ,libraries in the ,united ,states 7#ahgf71 which consists of ,rules for a ,printed ,dictionary ,catalogue1 by ,charles ,a4 ,cutter4 ,this work stands alone in the literature of our subject4 ,not only are the rules set out1 but the reasons for the rules are given4 ,this is usually considered as a dangerous proceeding1 and it requires a man with the clear-headedness and mastery of his subject for which ,mr4 ,cutter is distinguished to carry out such a scheme with success4 ,i am not prepared to agree altogether with the principle of the ,dictionary ,catalogue1 or with all the reasons for the rules--in fact1 some of them are highly stimulating1 and prove strong incentives to argument2 but it would be difficult to find anywhere in so small a space so many sound bibliographical principles elucidated4 ,it is now nearly fifty years since the ,british ,museum ,rules were published1 and at the present time we can scarcely understand the antagonistic feeling with which these rules were then received4 ,we can now see how much we are indebted to them4 ,to their influence we largely owe the education of the librarian in the true art of cataloguing1 and the improved public opinion on the subject2 and to them we owe the noble ,catalogue of the ,british ,museum1 which is a remarkable monument of great knowledge and great labour combined4 ,we are therefore bound to do honour to the memory of ,panizzi1 who planned the work and endued with his spirit the many distinguished men who have followed him and completed his work4 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #aa ,report of the ,commissioners on the ,constitution and ,government of the ,british ,museum1 #ahej1 p4 #af4 #ab ,see ,questions #dbjg1 #dbab1 pp4 #bed-ee4 #ac ,see ,question #gbbc1 p4 #dfi4 #ad ,fagan's ,life of ,sir ,a4 ,panizzi1 vol4 i41 pp4 #adc-dd4 ,mr4 ,fagan writes ,jrme1 but it is really ,jrme in the catalogue4 #ae ,this is the most extraordinary reason ever given4 ,if it were accepted as valid it would settle the question1 for under no circumstances could the authors of all anonymous works be discovered4 ,decoration ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,print ,v4 ,,manuscript4 ,there has been much discussion on the relative advantages of ,print and ,manuscript4 ,panizzi's objection to print was a sound one1 as he considered that no titles should be printed until the catalogue of the whole library was completed4 ,when this time came the objection was no longer valid1 and arrangements were made in due course for printing the catalogue by instalments4 ,before this was decided upon there were some who insisted upon the actual superiority of manuscript over print2 but this was really absurd1 because1 if the extra cost of printing can be defrayed1 there must be great advantage in the clearness and legibility of print1 as well as in the saving of space caused by its use4 ,mr4 ,parry1 with his strong common sense1 advocated1 in #ahdi1 the use of the printing-press4 ,he said in his evidence3 ,i think the ,catalogue ought to be printed2 not merely for the purposes of the library1 and of reference out of the library1 but also because ,i think the ,catalogue of this library is a work that ought to be in every public institution where men of letters resort1 either here1 on the ,continent1 in ,america1 or in any other part of the civilized world2 still1 it ought not to be printed until the whole of the books are catalogued up to a certain time4 ,i say 'up to a certain time' because the whole of the books never can be catalogued in a library where there are constant accessions4 ,but a limit may be fixed1 and when that limit is reached and the whole of the books within that limit are catalogued ,i would then print the ,catalogue1 and not before4 ,i have said before that the volume of letter ,a must be cancelled2 that is inevitable4 ,nobody after this ,catalogue is completed1 no librarian1 no man of the most ordinary literary acquirements1 would presume to print the ,catalogue without cancelling this volume3 that arises from the circumstance that1 as the cataloguing goes on1 thousands of works will turn up as necessary to be inserted in letter ,a4#af ,mr4 ,parry added1 that in ordering this partial printing the trustees gave way to pressure from without1 which he defined very justly as a sort of ignorant impatience for a catalogue by persons who do not really understand what a catalogue is or what a catalogue should be4 ,dr4 ,garnett read a very interesting paper on ,the ,printing of the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 before the ,library ,association1 at the ,cambridge meeting1 in #ahhb1 in which he tells how the present system of printing came about4 ,mr4 ,rye1 when ,keeper of the ,printed ,books1 strongly urged the adoption of print2 but ,dr4 ,garnett adds1 ,other views1 however1 prevailed for the time2 and when1 in ,october #ahge1 the subject was again brought forward by the ,treasury it fell to my lot to treat it from a new point of view1 suggested by my observations in my capacity as superintendent of the reading-room4 ,i saw that1 waiving the question as to the advantage or disadvantage of print in the abstract1 it would soon be necessary to resort to it for the sake of economy of space4 ,there were by this time two thousand volumes of manuscript catalogue in the reading-room1 exclusive of the catalogues of maps and music4 ,there would be three thousand by the time that the incorporation of the general and supplementary catalogues was complete4 ,hundreds of these volumes in the earlier letters of the alphabet were already swollen with entries1 and required to be broken up and divided into three4 ,sooner or later every volume would have undergone this process4 ,by that time there would be nine thousand volumes of manuscript catalogue1 three times as many as the reading-room could contain1 or the public conveniently consult4 ,the only remedy was to put a check upon the growth of the catalogue by printing all new entries for the future1 and to mature meanwhile a plan for converting the entire catalogue into a printed one4 ,i prepared a memorandum embodying these ideas1 and entered into the subject more fully1 when1 in ,january #ahgh1 it was again brought forward by the ,treasury4 ,these views1 however1 did not find acceptance at the time4444 ,the question was thus left for ,mr4 ,bond1 who became ,principal ,librarian in the following ,august4 ,as ,keeper of the ,manuscripts1 ,mr4 ,bond's attention had never been officially drawn to the catalogue of printed books1 but as a man of letters1 he had formed an opinion respecting it2 and ,i am able to state that he came to the principal librarianship as determined to bestow the boon of print upon the ,catalogue and the public1 as to effect the other great reforms that have signalized his administration4#ag ,dr4 ,garnett1 near the end of his paper1 said1 ,my aspiration is that the completion of the ,museum ,catalogue in print may coincide with the completion of the present century2 and ,i believe he still holds the opinion that this is possible and probable4 ,mr4 ,cutter enters very fully into this question of ,printed or ,manuscript8 in his elaborate article on ,library ,catalogues in the ,united ,states ,report on ,public ,libraries1 #ahgf 7pp4 #eeb-ef74 ,the advantages of a printed catalogue he states under five heads3 7#a7 that it is in less danger of partial or total destruction than a manuscript volume or drawers of cards2 7#b7 that it can be consulted out of the library2 7#c7 that it can be consulted in other libraries2 7#d7 that it is easier to read than the best manuscript volume1 and very much easier to consult4 ,a card presents to the eye only one title at a time1 whereas a printed catalogue generally has all an author's works on a single page4 ,time and patience are lost in turning over cards1 and it is not easy either to find the particular title that is wanted or to compare different titles and make a selection2 7#e7 that several persons can consult it at once4 ,the disadvantages are stated by ,mr4 ,cutter under three heads3 7#a7 that it is costly2 7#b7 that a mistake once made is made for ever1 whereas in a card catalogue a mistake in name or in classification or in copying the title can be corrected at any time2 7#c7 it is out of date before it is published4 ,as it cannot contain the newest books1 the very ones most sought for1 fresh supplements are continually needed1 each of which causes an additional loss of time and patience to consulters4 ,the average man will not look in over four places for a book2 a few1 very persevering or driven by a great need1 will go as far as five or six4 ,it becomes necessary therefore1 if the catalogue is to be of any use1 to print consolidated supplements every five years1 and that is expensive4 ,of the advantages the main one is ,no4 #d1 and of the disadvantages the only one of any importance is1 it seems to me1 ,no4 #a4 ,as to disadvantage ,no4 #b1 it is more apparent than real4 ,a mistake in print will of course remain for ever in the copies of the catalogue outside the library1 but it can easily be corrected in the library copy either in manuscript or by reprinting the single title in which the mistake occurs4 ,the card catalogue cannot be used outside the library1 and the catalogue in the library can be as easily corrected whether it be printed and pasted down on pages or arranged on cards4 ,the two are equal in this respect4 ,disadvantage #c is the stock objection4 ,but what does it really come to8 ,he who consults the catalogue of a library away from that library knows that a given book is there if he finds it in the catalogue2 but if it is not in the catalogue1 he does not give up hope1 but either visits the library or sends to know if the book he requires is in4 ,he is no worse off in this case than if there had been no printed catalogue2 and in the former case he is much better off4 ,the library copy of the catalogue can be kept up as well in print as it can be in manuscript1 and here at all events there will only be one alphabet4 ,it will therefore be a question for the consulter alone whether it is better worth his while to consult several supplements than to go straight to the library4 ,for the purposes of the library1 it is quite unnecessary to reprint or consolidate your supplements1 because your library copy of the catalogue will always be kept up to date4 ,if the library is a lending one1 the subscribers will probably insist upon having new catalogues1 as the supplements become too numerous2 but this is only an additional instance of the advantages of a printed catalogue4 ,a printed catalogue should never be added to in manuscript1 as this causes the greatest confusion2 and1 moreover1 it is not necessary4 ,it is quite possible to keep up a catalogue in print for many years2 and even when worn out1 if the printed sheets have been kept1 a working catalogue can be made up afresh without printing again4 ,the plan adopted by my brother1 the late ,mr4 ,b4 ,r4 ,wheatley1 is so simple1 that it seems scarcely necessary to enlarge upon its merits2 but as it has not been generally adopted1 ,i may perhaps explain it here with advantage4 ,it will be seen by the specimen on page #ei1 that each page of the library copy of the catalogue is divided in two4 ,on the left-hand side is pasted down the catalogue as it exists at the time1 and the right-hand side is left for additions4 ,these additions may be printed as annual supplements1 or they may be printed from time to time at short intervals on galley slips on one side only1 without being made into pages4 ,this can be done as suits the best convenience of all concerned2 and it is just as easy to have the titles printed frequently as to have them copied for insertion in the library copy of the catalogue4 ,the ruled columns are for the press-marks1 and these are arranged on the outside of each column for purposes of symmetry4 ,it is not advantageous1 as a rule1 to print the press-marks in the catalogue1 although this is done in the case of the ,british ,museum4 ,there are two advantages in having two columns of type on one page4 ,one is that there is a saving of space1 and the other is that it is easier to keep the alphabet in perfect register if it becomes necessary to insert a page4 ,however well arranged a library copy of a catalogue may be1 it will probably become congested in some places before the whole catalogue requires readjustment4 ,now suppose each page contains only one column of print1 and the left-hand page is left for additions4 ,when both pages are full1 and it is necessary to insert a leaf for fresh additions1 it is clear that the correct order of the alphabet will be thrown out4 ,but if there are two columns on each page1 then the additional leaf will introduce no confusion2 for the recto of the additional leaf will range with the verso of the old leaf1 and the verso of the additional leaf with the recto of the next leaf in the book4 ,the only difference will be that you will have to run your eye along four columns instead of two4#ah ,case4,shelf4 ,case4,shelf4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,b #a ,le ,breton ,n #e 7,anna ,letitia74 ,memoir of ,mrs4 ,barbauld1 with ,letters and ,notices of her ,family4 ,sm4 #hvo1 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,b #b ----,correspondence of ,dr4 ,channing and ,lucy ,aikin 7#ahbf-ahdb74 ,sm4 #hvo1 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,liddell 7,henry ,geo471 and ,robert ,,scott4 ,a ,lexicon1 abridged from ,liddell and ,scott's ,greek-,english ,lexicon2 #adth edition4 ,sm4 square #hvo1 ,oxford1 #ahga4 ,g #d ,mc,nicoll 7,david ,h474 ,dictionary of ,natural ,history ,terms1 with their derivations1 including the various orders1 genera1 and species4 ,sm4 #hvo1 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,the advantage of this plan is that the library catalogue can be actually kept up for any length of time without any reprinting4 ,when the catalogue is filled up1 and there is no room for any additions1 the whole may be pasted down afresh as in the first instance1 always presuming that copies of the catalogue and its supplements have been retained4 ,sometimes the pasting down of the print is delegated to the binder2 but it should be done either by the librarian himself1 or at all events under his eye1 for much judgment and knowledge are required for the proper leaving of spaces where the additions are likely to be the thickest4 ,another advantage of this plan is that a practically new library catalogue may be made up from old printed catalogues4 ,some five-and-twenty years ago1 the ,athenum ,club possessed a worn-out catalogue of its library4 ,supplements were printed1 and ,i laid down in one alphabet a catalogue of the whole1 which has lasted to the present time1 although ,i believe it is pretty well worn out now4 ,there were certain difficulties to be overcome1 for the catalogue and its supplements were not made on the same system4 ,card catalogues have been strongly advocated by some1 and they present many advantages if used while the catalogue is growing in completeness2 but for use when the catalogue is completed they cannot compete in convenience with the plan just described4 ,it takes much longer to look through a series of cards representing the works of a given author than it does to run the eye down a page of titles4#ai ,professor ,otis ,robinson1 in his article on ,college ,library ,administration 7,united ,states ,report on ,public ,libraries1 p4 #eab71 writes thus on the adoption of card catalogues in the ,united ,states3-- ,in some of the largest libraries of the country the card system has been exclusively adopted4 ,several of them have no intention of printing any more catalogues in book form4 ,in others cards are adopted for current accessions1 with the expectation of printing supplements from them from time to time4 ,i think the tendency of the smaller libraries is to adopt the former plan1 keeping a manuscript card catalogue of books as they are added1 without a thought of printing4 ,this system of cataloguing has not taken hold of the ,english mind1 although it has been adopted at the ,bodleian ,library by ,mr4 ,nicholson1 and at the ,guildhall ,library4 ,the growth of this fashion appears to me as something almost incomprehensible1 and one can only ask why such a primitive mode of arrangement should be preferred to a book catalogue4 ,i can scarcely imagine anything more maddening than a frequent reference to cards in a drawer2 and my objection is not theoretical1 but formed on a long course of fingering slips or cards4 ,if the arrangement of the catalogue is constantly being altered1 it may be convenient to have cards2 but when a proper system has been settled at the beginning1 this cannot be necessary4 ,when additions only have to be considered1 these can be inserted into the book catalogue1 so that the catalogue may last for many years4 ,the use of a duplicate set of titles on cards for use in arrangement1 which can be arranged and rearranged as often as required1 is quite another matter4 ,this plan is adopted at the ,bodleian4 ,varieties of type help the eye to choose out what it requires1 and there is much saving of time in consulting a good printed catalogue instead of a good manuscript one4 ,this is not a matter of opinion merely1 but can be proved at once by consulting the printed volumes of the ,british ,museum ,catalogue against the volumes still in manuscript4 ,before the details of printing are finally settled it is well to pay particular attention to the typographical arrangement1 as a catalogue will be all the more useful as it is well set out4 ,a very ingenious scheme for the stereotyping of catalogue titles was published by ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jewett1 ,librarian of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 in #ahej4bj ,the mode of carrying out the plan is explained as follows3-- #a4 ,the ,smithsonian ,institution to publish rules for the preparation of catalogues4 #b4 ,to request other institutions intending to publish catalogues of their books to prepare them according to these rules1 with a view to their being stereotyped under the direction of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 #c4 ,the ,smithsonian ,institution to pay the whole extra expense of stereotyping1 or such part thereof as may be agreed on4 #d4 ,the stereotyped titles to remain the property of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 #e4 ,every library uniting in this plan to have the right of using all the titles in the possession of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 as often as desired for the printing of its own catalogue by the ,institution2 paying only the expense of making up the pages1 of the press work1 and of distributing the titles to their proper places4 #f4 ,the ,smithsonian ,institution to publish as soon as possible1 and at stated intervals1 general catalogues of all libraries coming into this system4 ,it is not necessary here to explain how the stereotyped slips were to be manufactured1 as the explanation will be found in the original paper4 ,a scheme of an allied character was propounded by the late ,mr4 ,henry ,stevens1 who read a very interesting and amusing paper before the ,conference of ,librarians in #ahgg on ,photo-,bibliography2 or1 ,a ,central ,bibliographical ,clearing ,house 7,transactions1 pp4 #gj-ha74 ,mr4 ,stevens wrote3-- ,my notion is that every book1 big and little1 that is published1 like every child1 big and little1 that is born1 should be registered1 without inquiry into its merits or character4444 ,i ask the attention of this ,conference of ,librarians to a word on the necessity of cataloguing every book printed2 the importance of printed card catalogues of old1 rare1 beautiful1 and costly books1 and how to make them on a co-operative or universal system1 which1 for lack of a better term1 ,i shall for the present call 'photo-bibliography4' ,for carrying out this project a ,central ,bibliographical ,bureau or ,clearing ,house for ,librarians is suggested4 ,the author goes on to say3-- ,from the days of ,hipparchus to the present time1 the stars have been catalogued2 and to-day every bird1 beast1 fish1 shell1 insect1 and living thing1 yea every tree1 shrub1 flower1 rock1 and gem1 as they become known are scientifically1 systematically1 and intelligently named1 described1 and catalogued4 ,in all these departments of human knowledge there is a well-ascertained and generally acknowledged system1 which is dignified as a science4 ,but no such system of registering books has ever been attempted4 ,the cure for this negligence is then suggested3-- ,this isolation and waste of vain repetition1 it is believed1 is wholly unnecessary4 ,there is no royal road1 it has been said1 to knowledge4 ,he who would attain the goal must learn to labour and to wait1 for knowledge is locked up mainly in books1 appropriately termed works4 ,there is1 however1 a short cut with a pass-key in universal or co-operative bibliography1 a simple system of arrangement by which may be economized the labours of hundreds who are cataloguing over and over the same books4 ,mr4 ,stevens's special contribution to this great object was the use of reduced photographs of the title-pages of rare and curious books4 ,the adoption of this plan would help on vastly the study of bibliography4 ,the strong feeling as to the waste of time occupied in the constant repetition going on in cataloguing the same book in different libraries crops up again and again1 and surely we shall in the end be able to elaborate some scheme which will meet such a universally felt want4 ,professor ,robinson was one of the earliest to protest against this waste1 and his attention was called to it when inspecting various card catalogues4 ,he found similar cards being repeatedly reproduced1 and he suggested that by some system of cooperation this waste of labour might be reduced 7,united ,states ,report on ,public ,libraries1 pp4 #eab-ad74 ,two practical suggestions have been made4 ,one is that every publisher should place in each copy of each book issued by him a catalogue slip made upon a proper system which has been settled by competent authorities1 so that there may be a satisfactory uniformity2 and the other that each government should catalogue every work published in its country4 ,the former plan is scarcely likely to be undertaken systematically by all publishers1 but the latter one might be carried out in connection with the ratification of copyright privileges4 ,every publication should be registered1 and a copy submitted at the registration office4 ,a part of the business of this office should be to issue periodically proper catalogue slips of every work registered1 on a settled plan that had been well thought out by experts4 ,the authorities of ,stationers' ,hall ought long ago to have been instructed to issue lists of all the books registered there2 and if they were not prepared to undertake the duties indicated by the new ,registration ,law1 the office might possibly be transferred to the ,british ,museum with advantage4 ,if ,england initiated such a scheme1 other nations would probably follow its lead4 ,at present the ,catalogue of the ,british ,museum1 as now published1 to some extent fulfils the required conditions2 but much that is published in ,great ,britain even escapes through the meshes of the ,museum's widespread net4 ,however much printed catalogues may be superior to manuscript ones1 the latter must always be used in a large number of cases1 especially for private libraries2 and therefore it may be well to say a few words here respecting the preparation and keeping up of a manuscript catalogue4 ,there are two ways of making and keeping up a new catalogue4 ,the one is that adopted at the ,british ,museum1 which was suggested simultaneously by the ,right ,hon4 ,j4 ,wilson ,croker1 and by ,mr4 ,roy1 one of the ,assistant ,librarians in the ,printed ,book ,department4 ,the catalogue slips are lightly pasted down into guarded volumes1 the ends being left unpasted1 so that the slips can easily be detached with the help of a paper-knife if it be needful at any time to change their position4 ,the other plan is to copy out fairly the titles on one side of sheets of paper1 proper spaces being left1 as well as the whole of the opposite page for additions4 ,these sheets are afterwards bound into a volume or volumes4 ,the former plan is the best for a large and a constantly increasing catalogue2 but the latter plan is more satisfactory for an ordinary private library1 as it forms a more shapable and better-looking volume4 ,from experience it may be said that a catalogue of this kind1 in which proper spaces have been left1 will last for many years2 and should it become congested in any one portion1 it is quite easy to rewrite those pages on a larger scale1 and have the volume rebound4 ,case4,shelf4 ,size4,date4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #aj ,b ,,haydn 7,joseph74 ,haydn's #hvo#ahgh ,dictionary of ,dates and ,universal ,information1 relating to all ages and nations2 #afth edition1 containing the ,history of the ,world to the autumn of #ahgh1 by ,benjamin ,vincent4 ,london4 ,a specimen of how paper should be ruled for a manuscript catalogue made on the latter plan is given on page #gb4 ,the columns at the right-hand side of the paper1 for size and date1 add to the clearness of the catalogue1 as well as making the page look neater4 ,the most useful size is about #a ft4 #e in4 high by #aa-a_/b in4 wide--the size of ,whatman's best drawing paper1 which can be used with advantage4 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #af ,it must be thoroughly understood that this catalogue of letter ,a is in itself an excellent piece of work4 ,its shortcomings are entirely due to incompleteness caused by premature printing4 #ag ,transactions of the ,fourth and ,fifth ,annual ,meetings of the ,library ,association1 #ahhd1 pp4 #abb-bc4 ,in the discussion which followed the reading of this paper1 ,i ventured to speak of the ,british ,museum having been converted to the advantages of printing4 ,mr4 ,bullen in his speech said3 ,there were those in the ,museum1 ,mr4 ,garnett and himself among them1 who1 long before the present time1 advocated printed1 in contradistinction to manuscript1 catalogues4 ,as a manuscript catalogue was one of the greatest advantages to a library1 so a printed catalogue must of course be of a hundred times greater advantage 7p4 #bjg74 #ah ,i find that the merits of this plan are not so self-evident as ,i thought1 for my friend1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bailey1 ,librarian of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 who has had experience of a double columned catalogue1 prefers a single column with the verso of each page left for additions4 ,i allow that there may be advantages in the latter1 but as an octavo page of print is very narrow it is wasteful of space to have only one column4 ,where it is no disadvantage to have a catalogue in several volumes1 this question of space need not be considered4 #ai ,mr4 ,cutter gives some useful information respecting card catalogues and the drawers used for keeping the cards1 in his article on ,library ,catalogues 7,united ,states ,report on ,public ,libraries1 pp4 #eee-fj74 #bj ,a ,plan for ,stereotyping ,catalogues by ,separate ,titles1 and for forming a ,general ,stereotyped ,catalogue of ,public ,libraries in the ,united ,states4 ,proceedings of the ,fourth ,meeting of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 held at ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,august #ahej 7#hvo1 ,washington1 #ahea74 ,decoration ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,how ,,to ,,treat ,a ,,title-,,page4 ,in this chapter we shall discuss the various points that arise in connection with the transference of the title of a book to the catalogue slip1 and for convenience we shall treat the subject under the following main divisions3 #a4 ,author2 #b4 ,headings other than ,author ,headings2 #c4 ,the ,title2 #d4 ,place of ,publication2 #e4 ,date2 #f4 ,size ,notation2 #g4 ,collation4 ,before dealing with these points it is necessary to give the cataloguer a warning not to take his title from the outer wrapper4 ,the title-page only must be used1 but in cases where there is no title-page1 and it becomes necessary to copy from the wrapper1 this must be clearly stated4 ,wrappers and title-pages of the same book often differ1 and a neglect of the above rule has sometimes caused a confusion in bibliographies by the conversion of one book into two4 ,,author4 ,with the title-page of the book to be catalogued before us1 our first care is to find the author's name4 ,if there is no author's name1 we must put the book aside for consideration later on4 ,first of all1 therefore1 it is necessary to answer the question1 ,what is an author8 ,mr4 ,cutter's definition is as follows3 ,author1 in the narrower sense1 is the person who writes a book2 in a wider sense1 it may be applied to him who is the cause of the book's existence1 by putting together the writings of several authors 7usually called the editor1 more properly to be called the collector74 ,bodies of men 7societies1 cities1 legislative bodies1 countries7 are to be considered the authors of their memoirs1 transactions1 journals1 debates1 reports1 etc4 ,this is a fair definition1 about which there can be no dispute1 down to the word collector2 but the latter portion requires much consideration1 and we shall have to deal with it further on4 ,first let us consider some of the questions which arise respecting the person who writes the book4 ,if we suppose his names to be ,john ,smith1 we have the matter in its simplest form for a small catalogue1 and we write at the head of a slip of paper--,,smith 7,,john74 ,but in the case of a large library1 the very simplicity causes a difficulty4 ,there are so many different ,john ,smiths1 that it becomes necessary to find out some means of distinguishing them4 ,at the ,british ,museum explanatory designations1 such as ,schoolmaster1 ,bibliographer1 etc41 are added2 but this point belongs more properly to arrangement1 which will be discussed in the sixth chapter of this book4 ,all authors' names1 however1 are not so simple as those of ,john ,smith1 and one of the greatest difficulties is connected with compound names4 ,a few years ago the rule respecting these compound names might have been stated quite simply1 thus3 ,in foreign names take the first as the catch-word1 and in ,english names take the last4 ,but lately a large number of persons have taken a fancy to bring into prominence their second ,christian name1 when it is obtained from a surname1 and1 adding a hyphen1 insist on being called ,clarkson-,smith1 ,sholto-,brown1 or ,tredegar-,jones4 ,now here is a great difficulty which the cataloguer has to face4 ,take the case of ,john ,clarkson ,smith4 ,his family name may be ,clarkson1 and the ,smith added as a necessary consequence of obtaining a certain property1 in which case he properly comes under ,c2 but he may just as likely be a ,smith1 who1 having been named ,clarkson at his christening1 thinks it advantageous to bring that name into prominence1 so as to distinguish himself from the other ,smiths4 ,probably1 to still further carry on the process1 he will name all his children ,clarkson1 so that in the end it will become practically a compound surname4 ,the cataloguer1 therefore1 needs to know much personal and family history before he can decide correctly4 ,if we decide in all cases to take the first of the names hyphened together1 we shall still meet with difficulties1 for many persons1 knowing the origin of the ,clarkson1 will insist on calling our friend ,smith4 ,on this point the ,british ,museum rule is3-- ,foreign compound surnames to be entered under the initial of the first of them4 ,in compound ,dutch and ,english surnames1 the last name to be preferred1 if no entry of a work by the same person occur in the ,catalogue under the first name only4 ,cutter rules as follows3-- #af4 ,put compound names3 a4 ,if ,english1 under the last part of the name1 when the first has not been used alone by the author4 ,this rule requires no investigation and secures uniformity2 but1 like all rules1 it sometimes leads to entries under headings where nobody would look for them4 ,refer4 b4 ,if foreign1 under the first part4 ,both such compound names as ,,gentil-,,bernard1 and such as ,,gentil ,,de ,,chavagnac4 ,there are various exceptions1 as ,f,,nelon1 not ,,salignac ,,de ,,lamothe ,f,,nelon2 ,,voltaire1 not ,,arouet ,,de ,,voltaire4 ,moreover1 it is not always easy to determine what is a compound surname in ,french4 ,a convenient rule would be to follow the authority of ,hoefer 7,biog ,gen47 and ,qurard in such cases1 if they always agreed1--unfortunately they often differ4 ,references are necessary whichever way one decides each case4 ,the ,library ,association rule is3-- #cb4 ,english compound surnames are to be entered under the last part of the name2 foreign ones under the first part1 cross-references being given in all instances4 ,the ,cambridge rule is as follows3-- #d4 ,english compound surnames to be entered under the last part of the compound1 unless when joined by a hyphen4 #i4 ,foreign compound names to be under the first part of the compound4 ,it will be seen that1 although all the lawgivers are agreed upon the general principle1 they do not entirely settle the difficulty which has been raised above4 ,probably it will be best for the cataloguer to settle each individual case on its own merits1 and to be generous in the use of cross-references4 ,it is dangerous to be guided by hyphens1 because they have become absurdly common1 and many persons seem to be ignorant of the true meaning of the hyphen4 ,one sometimes even sees an ordinary ,christian name joined to the surname by a hyphen1 as ,john-,smith4 ,prefixes present a great difficulty to the cataloguer1 and here again a different rule has to be adopted for foreign names to that which governs ,english names4 ,the broad rule is that in foreign names the article should be retained1 and the preposition rejected2 and the reason for this is that the article is permanent1 while the preposition is not4 ,a prefix which is translated into the relative term in a foreign language cannot be considered as a fixed portion of the name4 ,thus ,alexander von ,humboldt translated his name into ,alexander de ,humboldt when away from his native country4 ,for the same reason prefixes are retained in ,english names4 ,they have no meaning in themselves1 and cannot be translated4 ,there is a difficulty in the case of certain cosmopolitan ,jews who use the ,de before their names4 ,this is so with the ,rothschilds1 who style themselves ,de ,rothschilds2 but when a ,british peerage was conferred on the head of the house the ,de went4 ,under these circumstances we must consider the ,de as a foreign prefix1 and reject it4 ,there is probably no point in cataloguing which presents so many difficulties to the inexperienced as this one connected with prefixes1 and yet it is one upon which the lawgivers are far from being so clear as they ought to be4 ,mr4 ,cutter's rule is the fullest1 and that of the ,library ,association the vaguest4 ,mr4 ,cutter writes as follows3-- #ag4 ,put surnames preceded by prefixes3 a4 ,in ,french1 under the prefix when it is or contains an article1 ,les1 ,la1 ,l'1 ,du1 ,des2 under the word following when the prefix is a preposition1 ,de1 ,d'4 b4 ,in ,english1 under the prefix1 as ,de ,quincey1 ,van ,buren1 with references when necessary4 c4 ,in all other languages1 under the name following the prefix1 as ,gama1 ,vasco de1 with references whenever the name has been commonly used in ,english with the prefix1 as ,del ,rio1 ,vandyck1 ,van ,ess4 ,this is all the ,library ,association have to say3-- #ca4 ,english and ,french surnames beginning with a prefix 7except the ,french ,de and ,d'7 are to be recorded under the prefix2 in other languages1 under the word following4 ,the ,british ,museum rule stands thus3-- #ab4 ,foreign names1 excepting ,french1 preceded by a preposition and article1 or by both1 to be entered under the name immediately following4 ,french names preceded by a preposition only1 to follow the same rule3 those preceded by an article1 or by a preposition and an article1 to be entered under the initial letter of the article4 ,english surnames1 of foreign origin1 to be entered under their initial1 even if originally belonging to a preposition4 ,the ,cambridge rules are as follows3-- #h4 ,german and ,dutch names1 preceded by a preposition or an article1 or both1 to be catalogued under the name1 and not under the preposition or article4 #i4 ,french1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,portuguese names1 preceded by a preposition only1 to be catalogued under the name2 those preceded by an article1 or by a preposition and an article forming one word1 to be catalogued under the article or combined preposition and article4 ,the point was fully considered by the ,index ,society2 and as the rule laid down by the ,council is full and clear1 ,i venture to give it here in addition to those above4 #e4 ,proper names of foreigners to be alphabetically arranged under the prefixes ,dal4 as ,dal ,sie4 ,del4 ,del ,rio4 ,della4 ,della ,casa4 ,des4 ,des ,cloiseaux4 ,du4 ,du ,bois4 ,la4 ,la ,condamine4 ,le4 ,le ,sage4 but not under the prefixes ,d'4 as ,abbadie not ,d',abbadie4 ,da4 ,silva ,da ,silva4 ,de4 ,la ,place ,de ,la ,place4 ,von4 ,humboldt ,von ,humboldt4 ,van4 ,beneden ,van ,beneden4 ,van der4 ,hoeven ,van der ,hoeven4 ,it is an acknowledged principle that when the prefix is a preposition it is to be rejected1 but when an article it is to be retained4 ,when1 however1 as in the case of the ,french ,du1 ,des1 the two are joined1 it is necessary to retain the preposition4 ,this also applies to the case of the ,italian ,della1 which is often rejected by cataloguers4 ,english names are1 however1 to be arranged under the prefixes ,de1 ,dela1 ,van1 etc41 as ,de ,quincey1 ,delabeche1 ,van ,mildert1 because these prefixes are meaningless in ,english and form an integral part of the name4 ,we must be careful not to invent an author by misreading a title1 as was done by the cataloguer who entered the ,relatio felicis agonis of certain martyrs as the work of one ,felix ,ago4#ba ,this is by no means an unnecessary caution1 for several imaginary authors have found their way into biographical dictionaries by the blundering of title-readers4 ,the ,british ,museum rule by which ,voltaire is entered under ,arouet and ,molire under ,poquelin has been so often criticised that ,i scarcely like to refer to it here2 but as these are very striking examples of an irritating rule1 ,i feel bound to allude to them4 ,mr4 ,jewett1 in forming his rules1 felt bound to place ,arouet le jeune and ,poquelin under the only names by which they are known1 viz41 ,voltaire and ,molire2 and to cover his departure from rules he was following1 he made this note3 ,the family name of an individual is to be considered that which he has or adopts for himself and his descendants rather than that which he received from his ancestors--his family name1 not his father's4 ,this1 to a great extent1 covers the case2 for we are bound to take for our catalogue the name by which an author decides to be known1 and by which he always is known4 ,it is not for us to rake up his family history4 ,panizzi1 however1 specially answered the objection made to his treatment of ,voltaire4 ,he said that ,lelong1 in his ,bibliotheque ,historique de la ,france1 while ,voltaire was alive1 entered him under ,arouet2 and in answer to the question1 ,mr4 ,tomlinson states that the family name of ,voltaire was ,arouet1 a name which the writer himself never used1 and by which he was scarcely known8 ,panizzi added1 ,the first thing that occurred in his life was1 that he was sent to prison as ,arouet1 as the supposed writer of certain satirical verses against the ,regent2 and if you look at the index to the best edition of ,st4 ,simon1 you will not find ,voltaire at all4 ,you will find ,m4 ,arouet4 ,we put it under ,arouet1 but there is a cross-reference from ,voltaire4 ,i believe ,mr4 ,milnes pointed out the advantage of this1 because1 he said1 the greatest harm that can arise is1 that if you look under ',voltaire' you find that you are sent to ',arouet1' but if we are not consistent we mislead every one 7p4 #fge74 ,this is an answer1 but ,i do not think it will be accepted as a satisfactory one4 ,the reference could as easily be made the other way1 and no one would be misled4 ,references should be from the little known to the better known1 and not the reverse way4 ,we may pay too high a price for consistency in cataloguing4 ,by the rule that an author should be placed under the name by which he is best known1 ,melanchthon will be under that name and not under ,schwartzerde1 ,oecolampadius not under ,hausschein1 ,xylander not under ,holzmann1 ,regiomontanus not under ,mller4 ,the tersest reason ,i know for this rule is that of ,professor ,de ,morgan3 ,as the butchers' bills of these eminent men are lost1 and their writings only remain1 it is best to designate them by the name which they bear on the latter rather than on the former4 ,we shall sometimes come upon a title in which the author appears as the ,bishop of ,carlisle1 or the ,dean of ,chichester2 and before making the heading for our catalogue slip we shall have to look in a book of dignities1 or almanac1 or directory to find out the surname of the bishop or the dean4 ,these titles can no more be treated as names than could the ,mayor or ,recorder of ,brighton be registered under the name of that place4 ,this rule is clear1 and one that is universally adopted2 but in another case1 which is supposed to be similar1 the lawgivers have1 ,i think1 gone very wrong4 ,it has become general to place peers under their family names instead of under their titles4 ,this rule is in direct opposition to the clear principle of placing an author under the name by which he is best known1 and under which he is most likely to be sought for4 ,the majority of peers are known only by their titles1 and therefore if they are placed under their family names they are placed under the worst possible heading4 ,readers of history know that the great ,duke of ,marlborough began to make a figure as ,colonel ,churchill1 but most persons know him only as ,marlborough1 and when they wish to find whether a certain catalogue contains his ,despatches1 they do not wish either to be referred to ,churchill or to have to look for his family name in a peerage4 ,the titles of noblemen and the names of the sees of bishops have really little in common4 ,the title is practically the man's name1 and he has no other for use2 but a bishop never loses his name4 ,the ,british ,museum rules1 and those of the ,cambridge ,university ,library1 direct that noblemen shall be placed under their family names4 ,at ,cambridge there is the further rule that1 in the case of dukes of the blood royal who have no surname1 the title is to be taken as the leading word4 ,the necessity for this exception condemns the original rule4 ,the ,library ,association and ,bodleian rules adopt the common-sense plan of entering noblemen under their titles2 and ,mr4 ,cutter gives some excellent reasons for doing this1 although he cannot make up his mind to run counter to a supposed well-established rule4 ,mr4 ,cutter writes3-- ,,stanhope1 ,philip ,dormer1 #dth ,earl of ,chesterfield4444 ,this is the ,british ,museum rule and ,mr4 ,jewett's4 ,mr4 ,perkins prefers entry under titles for ,british noblemen also1 in which ,i should agree with him if the opposite practice were not so well established4 ,the reasons for entry under the title are that ,british noblemen are always spoken of1 always sign by their titles only1 and seldom put the family name upon the title-pages of their books1 so that ninety-nine in a hundred readers must look under the title first4 ,the reasons against it are that the founders of noble families are often as well known--sometimes even better--by their family name as by their titles 7as ,charles ,jenkinson1 afterwards ,lord ,liverpool2 ,sir ,robert ,walpole1 afterwards ,earl of ,orford72 that the same man bears different titles in different parts of his life 7thus ,p4 ,stanhope published his ,history of ,england from the ,peace of ,utrecht as ,lord ,mahon1 and his ,reign of ,queen ,anne as ,earl ,stanhope72 that it separates members of the same family 7,lord ,chancellor ,eldon would be under ,eldon1 and his father and all his brothers and sisters under the family name1 ,scott71 and brings together members of different families 7thus the earldom of ,bath has been held by members of the families of ,shaunde1 ,bourchier1 ,granville1 and ,pulteney1 and the family name of the present ,marquis of ,bath is ,thynne71 which last argument would be more to the point in planning a family history4 ,the same objections apply to the entry of ,french noblemen under their titles1 about which there can be no hesitation4 ,the strongest argument in favour of the ,museum rule is that it is well established1 and that it is desirable that there should be some uniform rule4 ,sovereigns1 saints1 and friars are to be registered under their ,christian names4 ,upon this point all the authorities are agreed4 ,the ,british ,museum rule is3-- ,,iv4 ,the works of sovereigns1 or of princes of sovereign houses1 to be entered under their ,christian or first name1 in their ,english form4 ,,vi4 ,works of friars1 who1 by the constitution of their order1 drop their surname1 to be entered under the ,christian name2 the name of the family1 if ascertained1 to be added in brackets4 ,the same to be done for persons canonized as well as for those known under their first name only1 to which1 for the sake of distinction1 they add that of their native place or profession or rank4 ,the ,cambridge rule #ab is the same as the ,british ,museum rule ,,vi41 but worded a little differently4 ,the ,library ,association rule appears in a highly condensed form1 thus3-- #bh4 ,all persons generally known by a forename are to be so entered1 the ,english form being used in the case of sovereigns1 popes1 ruling princes1 oriental writers1 friars1 and persons canonized4 ,as usual1 ,mr4 ,cutter is more explicit4 ,his rule is as follows3-- #ac4 ,put under the ,christian or first name3 a4 ,sovereigns or princes of sovereign houses4 ,use the ,english form of the name4 ,the direction1 ,use the ,english form of the name1 was a concession to ignorance4 ,when it was given1 that form was almost alone employed in ,english books4 ,since then the tone of literature has changed2 the desire for local colouring has led to the use of foreign forms1 and we have become familiarized with ,louis1 ,henri1 ,marguerite1 ,carlos1 ,karl1 ,wilhelm1 ,gustaf4 ,if the present tendency continues1 we shall be able to treat princes' names like any other foreign names2 perhaps the next generation of cataloguers will no more tolerate the headings ,william1 ,emperor of ,germany1 ,lewis ,,xiv41 than they will tolerate ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,pliny4 ,the change1 to be sure1 would give rise to some difficult questions of nationality1 but it would diminish the number of the titles now accumulated under the more common royal names4 b4 ,persons canonized4 ,ex4 ,,thomas ,becket1 ,saint4 c4 ,friars1 who1 by the constitution of their order1 drop their surname4 ,add the name of the family in parentheses1 and refer from it4 ,ex4 ,paolino da ,s4 ,bartolomeo ,j4 ,p4 ,wesdin4 d4 ,persons known under their first name only1 whether or not they add that of their native place or profession or rank4 ,ex4 ,,paulus ,diaconus1 ,,thomas ,heisterbacensis4 ,here are1 ,i think1 two points which are open to question4 ,doubtless it is far better to use the correct forms of foreign ,christian names than the ,english forms1 and when the initial is the same there can be no objection2 but it is not satisfactory to separate the same name over different letters of the alphabet4 ,it must be remembered that the name in a catalogue is a heading taken out of its proper place on the title-page1 for the sake of convenience1 and therefore there is no impropriety or show of ignorance if these headings are in ,english4 ,as to the practice with respect to the names of saints1 ,i think the rule is a good one2 but there must be some exceptions1 and ,mr4 ,cutter's example ,i should treat as an exception4 ,thomas ,becket1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 is known to most men as ,becket1 and under that name they would look for him4 ,the mere fact that the ,roman ,catholic ,church chose to canonize him does not seem to be a sufficient reason for putting him under the heading of ,thomas 7,st471 where no one but an ecclesiastic would think of looking for him4 ,these rules go on to deal with ,oriental authors1 who are to be placed under their first names4 ,this rule is1 perhaps1 the safest1 if we know nothing of ,oriental names2 but it will often need to be departed from1 and ,mr4 ,cutter's suggestion is therefore a good one4 ,he writes3 ,graesse's ,lehrbuch einer allgemeinen ,literrgeschichte is a convenient guide in this matter2 he prints that part of the name by which ,arabic writers are commonly known in a heavier type than the rest4 ,this is not a subject which is likely to trouble the general cataloguer much1 and in the case of a multitude of ,oriental works special information must be sought4 ,something must now be said about ,christian names4 ,these should not be contracted1 but written in full1 unless a special system of contraction is adopted4 ,mr4 ,cutter suggested in the ,american ,library ,journal that the most common ,christian names should be represented by an initial with a colon after it2 thus1 ,hart1 ,g3 ,h31 would read ,hart1 ,george ,henry2 but ,hart1 ,g4 ,h41 would be read as usual1 and ,g4 ,h4 might stand for any names4 ,mr4 ,cutter contributed a list of the abbreviations of ,christian names which he adopted to the ,american ,library ,journal 7vol4 i41 p4 #dje74 ,there is a great difficulty connected with the arrangement of ,christian names in large catalogues1 such as that of the ,british ,museum1 which must be overcome by means of cross-references4 ,suppose a certain work which you require is written by one ,charles ,raphael ,smith4 ,you are pretty sure to have the name given as ,raphael ,smith1 and in consequence you will seek for the name in the secondary alphabet ,r1 while it will really be found under ,c1 and to this position you probably have no clue4 ,sometimes cataloguers take a great deal of pains to discover a ,christian name that an author has persistently dropped1 but this in general only gives everyone unnecessary trouble4 ,in foreign titles it is not always easy to distinguish between ,christian and surnames4 ,for instance1 there are a large number of surnames in ,spanish which are formed from ,christian names in the same way as ,richards is formed from ,richard4 ,thus ,fernando is a ,christian name1 but ,fernandez or ,fernandes is a surname4 ,again1 in ,hungarian and some other languages1 the surname is placed first1 and is followed by the ,christian name4 ,the surname is1 in fact1 made into an adjective1 as if we spoke of the ,smithian ,john instead of ,john ,smith4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a difficulty arises when authors change their name1 for it is necessary to bring all the works by an author under one heading1 and the question must be settled whether the first or the last name is to be chosen4 ,the ,british ,museum rule is3-- ,,xi4 ,works of authors who change their name1 or add to it a second1 after having begun to publish under the first1 to be entered under the first name1 noticing any alteration which may have subsequently taken place4 ,this is a very inconvenient rule1 as it frequently causes an author to be placed under his least known name4 ,for instance1 in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue the works of ,sir ,francis ,palgrave are entered under ,cohen1 a name which not one in ten thousand persons knows to have been the original name of the historian4 ,the reverse plan is therefore more generally adopted4 ,thus the ,cambridge rule is3-- #g4 ,persons who change their names1 or add a second name or a title1 to be catalogued under the final form 7being a surname7 which their name assumes1 the previous entries being gathered under this heading by means of written entries on the slip4 ,and ,cutter writes3-- #ae4 ,put the works of authors who change their name under the latest form1 provided the new name be legally and permanently adopted4 ,intimately connected with this change of name by authors is the case of authoresses who are married after they have commenced to write4 ,here the most convenient plan is to adopt the husband's name1 except in those cases where the authoress elects to continue her maiden name4 ,in this1 as in many other cases1 it is not advisable to go behind the writer's own statement in the title-page4 ,if the author is consistent in using one name on all his or her works1 there is no need to seek out a name which he or she does not use4 ,the cataloguer's difficulty arises when different names are used at different periods of life2 and1 as his main duty is to bring all the works of an author under one heading1 he must decide which of the different names he is to choose as a heading4 ,mr4 ,cutter's rule is3-- ,married women1 using the surname of the last husband1 or if divorced1 the name then assumed4 ,refer4 ,i should be inclined to make an exception in the case of those wives who continue writing1 and are known in literature1 only under their maiden names 7as ,miss ,,freer1 or ,fanny ,,lewald71 were we sure of dealing with them only as authors1 but they may be subjects2 we may have lives of them1 for instance1 which ought to be entered under their present names4 ,the ,library ,association rule is rather ambiguous3-- #bi4 ,married women and other persons who have changed their names to be put under the name best known1 with a cross-reference from the last authorized name4 ,the case of married women is carried by the ,british ,museum rule respecting change of name which is quoted above1 with the inconvenient result that ,mrs4 ,centlivre1 the playwright1 who is only known by that name1 appears in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue under the name ,carroll4 99 99 99 99 99 ,having dealt with some of the difficulties of modern names1 we will pass on to consider some of the points connected with classical names4 ,there is little difficulty connected with ,greek authors1 as they usually had but one name2 but as a mixture of alphabets cannot be tolerated in the headings of catalogues1 we must use the ,latin form of these names1 as ,herodotus1 not ,greek3 rodotus4 ,in this case1 besides the inconvenience of different alphabets1 we should have the author known to us all as ,herodotus under the letter ,e1 if we adopted the original form4 ,there is more to be said with respect to the names of ,roman authors4 ,mr4 ,cutter's rule is3-- #ah4 ,put names of ,latin authors under that part of the name chosen in ,smith's ,dictionary of ,greek and ,roman ,biography1 unless there is some good reason for not doing so4 ,this rule is very good as far as it goes1 but a general rule may be laid down which will save the cataloguer from the need of consulting ,smith1 except in very difficult cases4 ,most ,latin authors have three names--the prenomen1 which answers to our ,christian name2 the nomen1 or family name2 and the agnomen4 ,in the case of ,quintus ,horatius ,flaccus1 ,quintus is the prenomen1 ,horatius the nomen by which the author is and ought to be known1 and ,flaccus is the agnomen4 ,but in the case of ,cicero we have incorrectly taken to call him by his agnomen1 although our ancestors correctly called him by his nomen1 ,tully4 ,the same thing may be said of ,csar1 whose family name was ,julius4 ,but we must be content to follow custom in these cases4 ,besides the agnomen some men had a cognomen1 or strictly personal name1 and some had two prenomens2 so that it is not safe to take the middle of three names as the nomen for certain4 ,in some cases the prenomens of authors have been lost1 and others have come down to us without agnomens4 99 99 99 99 99 ,having dealt with the chief difficulties connected with the arrangement of the name of an author when there is no doubt about who the author is1 we must now pass on to those cases where there is some difficulty in deciding as to the authorship of a book4 ,many titles are purposely misleading4 ,thus a letter addressed to some celebrated person is made to appear as if it were written by that person4 ,a well-known county history in six volumes1 quarto1 is constantly quoted as the work of one who never wrote it1 on account of the misleading character of the title-page4 ,this book is entitled1 ,collections for the ,history of ,hampshire4 ,by ,d4 ,y4 ,with ,original ,domesday of the ,county1 and an ,accurate ,english ,translation4444 ,by ,richard ,warner4444 ,the second volume contains the ,domesday1 and this alone is edited by ,warner4 ,in his ,literary ,recollections 7#ahcj71 the ,rev4 ,r4 ,warner remarks on this4 ,he writes3 ,a circumstance somewhat singular arose out of the publication of ,hampshire1 extracted from ,domesday ,book1 as the volume formed the foundation of one of the most barefaced piracies ever committed on the literary property of an unfortunate author 7vol4 ii41 p4 #bfg74 ,mr4 ,cutter's remark1 already referred to1 that he who is the cause of a book's existence should be treated as the author1 is a perfectly just one4 ,thus we are in the habit of using the word editor rather loosely4 ,according to the work done by the so-called editor1 we shall arrange the book under his name or not4 ,if a man takes a book which already exists and edits it with notes1 he establishes no right to have its title placed under his name4 ,for instance1 if the original book has an author1 it goes under his name2 or if it is anonymous1 it is treated by the rule that governs anonymous books4 ,to adopt any other system would be to distribute various editions of the same book under different headings4 ,on the other hand1 if a man collects together various pieces1 and forms an entirely new and substantive work1 he should be treated as the author1 because without his initiative the book would have no existence4 ,hakluyt's ,principal ,navigations of the ,english ,navigators1 ,purchas's ,pilgrimes and ,pilgrimages1 and ,pinkerton's ,collection of ,voyages and ,travels1 are special cases about which no one would doubt2 but the cataloguer will come upon cases where he may have some difficulty in deciding4 ,mr4 ,cutter enters very fully into the points relating to corporate authors1 some of which are of considerable difficulty4 ,first among corporate authors are societies and institutions who publish proceedings2 but these will be treated in the sixth chapter1 under the heading of ,transactions4 ,there are1 however1 many other publications of corporate bodies which do not come under this heading1 such as ,acts1 ,laws1 ,resolutions1 ,reports1 etc4 ,it is scarcely worth while to discuss this point very fully here1 as this class of book is only to be found in the largest libraries1 where the rules are settled4 ,moreover1 they will sometimes require to be treated differently1 according to the class of library in which they are included4 ,according to the rules of the ,cambridge ,university ,library1 they are arranged under the general 7or superior7 heading of ,official ,publications4 ,academical dissertations frequently offer considerable difficulties to the cataloguer1 and as the recognized authorities are not so clear in their rules upon this subject as they might be1 ,i venture here to introduce the substance of a paper which my brother1 the late ,mr4 ,b4 ,r4 ,wheatley1 read before the ,library ,association in #ahha3-- ,,on ,,the ,,question ,,of ,,authorship ,,in ,,academical ,,dissertations4 ,in the title-taking of these dissertations the difficulty is not in their subjects1 which are sometimes confined even to a single word1 but it is in the choice of their authors' names3 whether the prses1 the respondent1 the proponent or defendant is to be chosen4 ,it may perhaps be thought that ,i am fighting with a shadow1 but when it is considered that the seventh of the ,rules for ,cataloguing printed by the ,british ,museum1 copied afterwards into ,cutter's ,rules1 and since1 ,i find1 adopted by the ,library ,association1 is that ,the ,respondent or ,defendant of a ,thesis is the ,author1 except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of the ,prses1 and that nevertheless in some special catalogues1 such as ,pritzel's ,thesaurus1 ,haller's ,bibliothec1 etc41 and in the catalogues of the ,linnan and some other ,societies' libraries1 the rule has been generally adopted that the prses is the author1 or at least that he takes that position from the dissertations being entered under his name--and that in a large number of collections of these dissertations1 this latter rule has been frequently favoured--it will be allowed that this shadow puts on a substantial appearance1 and has sufficient reality in it to bear a practical discussion4 ,in placing before you some examples from title-pages1 in illustration of the question1 ,i must apologize for taking them entirely from works connected with ,medicine and its allied sciences1 as being the class more immediately ready to my hand for reference4 ,before entering on the bibliographical part of our subject1 you will allow me to quote1 from ,watts' ,on the ,improvement of the ,mind1 a short summary of the method of scholastic disputation3 ,the tutor appoints a question in some of the sciences to be debated amongst his students2 one of them undertakes to affirm or to deny the question and to defend his assertion or negation1 and to answer all objections against it2 he is called the respondent1 and the rest of the students in the same class or who pursue the same science are the opponents1 who are appointed to dispute or raise objections against the proposition affirmed or denied4 ,it is the business of the respondent to write a thesis in ,latin1 or short discourse on the question proposed1 and he either affirms or denies the question according to the opinion of the tutor1 which is supposed to be the truth1 and he reads it at the beginning of the dispute4 ,the opponent1 or opponents in succession1 make objections in the form of a syllogism1 the proposition in which is in reply argued against and denied by the respondent4 ,during this time the tutor sits in the chair as ,president or ,moderator to see that the rules of disputation and decency be observed on both sides4 ,his work is also to illustrate and explain the answer or distinction of the respondent where it is obscure1 to strengthen it where it is weak1 and to correct it where it is false1 and when the respondent is pinched with a strong objection1 and is at a loss for an answer1 the ,moderator assists him and suggests some answer to the objection of the opponent1 in defence of the question1 according to his own opinion or sentiment4 ,the latter part of the above quotation seems to be the only ground for attributing an authorship to the prses1 viz41 that he has had so great a hand in correcting and moulding the form and argument of the essay as to be entitled to the appellation4 ,i cannot understand the thesis being attributed to the prses on any other supposition1 but if that supposition be correct1 and the prses did give the candidate the information on which his dissertation is compiled1 and the candidate had merely the superficial reality of the position as a defender of the statements given in his thesis1 would not that circumstance be purely a literary question and a matter for a statement by foot-note8 while1 as the candidate for honours brings the thesis forward as his own1 he must bibliographically be considered its author4 ,the questions also arise3 is the published thesis the original thesis prepared for disputation1 or is it in its printed form a combination of that thesis with such corrections and emendations as have been elicited in the discussion8 ,is it like a paper contributed to our societies1 in which the ipsissima verba of the author are retained if the paper is thought generally worthy of publication1 in despite of some of its statements having been contravened in the discussion8 ,is it like a drafted ,bill for ,parliament1 or as amended in committee or by a rival committee1 with the chairman's notes of addition and correction8 ,might not the authorship1 if conceded to the prses on these grounds1 be given also to a schoolmaster who suggested some of the principal points of the themes for his pupils on which they were to gain honour and distinction2 or to a drawing-master1 who ,in years gone by1 when we were lads at school1 put some last brilliant touches to our dull1 spiritless attempts at imitation2 rendering our pencillings liable1 in their improved condition1 to be declared by some cynical critic1 much to our dissatisfaction1 more our master's than our own8 ,in the ,dissertationes ,inaugurales of the ,edinburgh1 ,leipzig1 ,goettingen1 ,berlin1 ,paris1 and other universities1 there is little or no difficulty1 where the author1 ,a4 ,b4 eruditorum examini subjicit1 ex auctoritate ,rectoris vel ,prfecti1 as1 if we take1 for instance1 the case of the ,edinburgh ,dissertations1 no one could suppose the hundreds of dissertations submitted for examination by aspirants for academic honours could all be attributed1 either to the learned ,prfects ,drs4 ,wishart or ,wm4 ,robertson of the last century1 or to ,dr4 ,georgius ,baird of the first quarter of the present2 and one of the difficulties connected with the question is1 how far the usual prses in thesis with a respondent1 is or is not in almost the same relative position as the rector of the above dissertations1 and in fact whether the hundred and one different forms and variations of words on title-pages used in the various cases of rector and candidate for honours1 prses and proponent1 prses and defendant1 defendant alone1 prses and respondent1 respondent alone1 etc41 are not all slightly varying representations of much the same condition of things1 modified perhaps by some variety of usages1 as in ,sweden1 for instance1 which may have been more favourable to the claims of the prses than in other countries2 a condition1 however1 which is a veritable ,proteus in its many changes of shape4 ,presidents1 we allow to be absolute in their decisions1 but in the case of these dissertations they are in an ablative absolute position1 and therefore1 ,i suggest1 should1 with few exceptions1 be removed from the status of author1 which belongs grammatically as well as bibliographically to the proponent1 defendant1 or respondent1 who in the nominative case dominates the entire construction of the title-page4 ,the ,british ,museum rule1 as adopted by ,mr4 ,cutter in his ,rules for a ,dictionary ,catalogue and by our ,association since1 viz41 ,consider the ,respondent or ,defendant of a ,thesis as its ,author except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of the ,prses1 does not comprehend cases where both the words respondent and defendant occur together4 ,the respondent is the author when words like auctor respondens are attached to his name1 or when the prses is the only other name mentioned on the title1 but not when there is a proponent or defendant1 as in the following out of many instances ,i could produce3-- ,de ,mangano3 ,dissertatio quam publice defendere studebit ,g4 ,forchhammer1 respondente ,tho4 ,g4 ,repp2 ,hafni1 #ahbj1 #dto4 ,dissertatio ,medica quam auspiciis ,rectoris ,friderici ,hassi ,landgravii defendet ,p4 ,j4 ,borellus1 respondente ,h4 ,g4 ,sibeckero4 ,i should like1 therefore1 to have added to that rule1 the ,defendant or ,respondent is the ,author when either occurs separately on the title-page1 but when together1 the ,defendant must be so considered4 ,in ,cutter's rules for cross-referencing1 he considers that one should be made from the prses to the respondent or defendant of a thesis1 which ,i cannot but consider supererogatory2 the contrary one1 from respondent to prses1 where the prses can be proved to be the author1 has more reason in its favour4 ,this latter case is1 however1 of comparatively rare occurrence1 the following being examples of those few cases in which the authorship must be given to him3-- ,dissertatio quam sistit prses ,g4 ,f4 ,francus de ,frankenau1 respondente ,daniel ,wagnero2 ,hafni1 #agjd1 the dedication being also signed by ,francus4 ,de ,humoribus disputatio1 authore ac prside ,d4 ,c4 ,lucio et respondente ,m4 ,rotmundo1 ,ingolstadii1 #aehh4 ,in what way1 favourable or unfavourable to the prses-author hypothesis1 shall we take such titles as-- ,deo triuno prside ex decreto gratiosi ,med4 ,ordinis4 ,quam deo ter optimo maximo ,prside ex auctoritate ,d4 ,rectoris exam4 subjicit ,j4 ,g4 ,w4 ,quam prside summo numine ex auctoritate ,d4 ,rectoris subjicit ,j4 ,g4 ,w4 ,when the prses is the author he is usually called author1 defendant1 or proponent1 never respondent1 but the opposing respondent is sometimes a participating author4 ,the following case is one of our difficulties1 and shows the necessity of looking further than the title3-- ,dissertatio de ,hmorrhoidibus1 prses ,geo4 ,francus1 respondens ,j4 ,g4 ,carisius1 ,heidelb4 #afgb4 ,the dedication to this is signed by ,francus1 with this remark1 ,dissertationem ,medicam primitias nempe meas offerre debui1 proving him to be the author4 ,and in numerous cases where the names of a prses and respondent occur on the title without the word author being attached to either1 the preface or dedication is signed sometimes by one and sometimes by the other1 and the authorship must be attributed accordingly4 ,but with regard to those ,disputations in which only the names of prses and respondent occur on the title1 we must recollect that the antithesis is not always between them1 but between the opponents1 whether mentioned or not1 and the author who responds to their strictures1 the prses being only the arbiter between them4 ,the principal cause of our troubles in these matters is not1 however1 to be found so much in the separate dissertations in their original publication1 as in the collected editions of them by ,haller and others4 ,in these collections the name of the prses is constantly given as author of the thesis in the heading lines of the text1 even when the title1 in agreement with its original publication1 attaches the word auctor to the name of the defendant or respondent2 are we in these cases to suppose that these heading lines have really been left to the caprice of the printer1 who has adopted the name of the prses as occurring first on the title1 on the principle of first come first served8 ,in ,haller's ,collection of ,disputationes ,chirurgic contrarieties constantly occur1 the exact sameness of construction in the titles being followed sometimes by the name of the prses and sometimes by that of the defendant1 on the heading lines of the text2 as1 for instance1 in one where1 though the fly-title mentions ,orth as the respondens auctor1 the dissertation is in the heading placed under the name of ,salzmann1 the prses4 ,other instances of this difficulty occur in ,gruner's ,delectus ,dissertationum ,medicarum ,jenensium1 in which a large number are attributed to the prses ,baldinger1 in a title-construction which mentions the names of the proponents as authors4 ,in ,haller's ,disputationes ad ,morborum historiam1 the regular titles are omitted1 and the two names1 sometimes prses and respondent1 sometimes respondent and opponent1 or defendant and respondent1 are given coupled by an et as the authors of the dissertation1 the first name1 however1 gaining the honour of the heading line4 ,i give one or two instances exhibiting the confusion involved in the question4 ,j4 ,v4 ,scheid et ,marci ,mappi ,disputatio de duobus ossiculis in cerebro humano mulieris1 #afhg4 ,scheid's name appears as the author in the heading line1 but on turning to the original edition ,i find pro disputatione proposita1 prside ,j4 ,v4 ,scheid1 respondente ,marco ,mappo1 and in the dedication signed by ,mappus it is stated by him to be his first specimen of his medical studies4 ,in another instance of the same kind1 ,joh4 ,saltzmann et ,e4 ,c4 ,honold de ,verme naribus excusso1 the heading line has ,saltzmann as the author1 while in the original edition the dedication to the magistracy of his native town is signed by ,honold1 as dedicating to them primitias hasce academicas1 and at the end are several letters and sets of congratulatory verses on his performance4 ,how in a bibliographical sense can ,scheid or ,saltzmann be the authors of these theses8 ,the information they may have contributed as teachers does not constitute them authors4 ,cases of the same kind occur in ,richteri ,opuscula ,medica1 studio ,j4 ,c4 ,g4 ,ackermann1 #aghj2 in ,trilleri ,opuscula1 and in ,j4 ,g4 ,roedereri ,opuscula ,medica1 in which latter are included dissertations which are said to be tot ab illo fact1 which yet on their titles have quam publico eruditorum examini submittit--,dietz1 ,winiker1 ,hirschfeld1 ,stein1 ,schael1 ,chden1 ,zeis1 and some with the word auctor prefixed to the proponent1 and without the name of ,roederer on the title at all1 which yet are said in the table of contents to be illo non plane auctore sed suasore et moderatore enat4 ,there is a series of thirteen ,disputationes de recta ratione ,purgandi1 a ,melchiore ,sebizio1 #afba1 which are printed as by ,sebizius1 but in each of the disputations the dedication is signed by the respondent1 and the respondents speak of the theses as the firstfruits of their studies4 ,there are1 indeed1 so many of these dissertations in which the construction of the title is the same whether a prses is mentioned or not1 and with the word auctor sometimes following the name of the defendant1 sometimes that of the respondent1 that there can be little doubt that one of the latter must be considered the author1 in all cases where auctor does not follow the name of the prses4 ,when a collection of theses or dissertations is published under the name of a prses as his opera1 such as in the case of ,sebizius1 ,richter1 ,roederer1 and others1 it is merely in a secondary sense from his having contributed opinions and corrections to them2 and may there not also1 in this publication of sets of theses under the name of the prses as his works1 be some little display of bibliopolic art1 as insuring a better sale if the name of an important professor of the place be attached to them than with those of yet obscure students bringing forth their first displays of knowledge before the academic world8 ,and though ,i feel great objections to their being considered as authors bibliographically speaking1 yet with regard to ,linnus1 ,thunberg1 and some other ,swedish authors1 they really seem to have had so very much to do with the composition of the theses1 at the disputations on which they sat as presidents1 that ,i feel great difficulty in comprehending them in the previous category4 ,from these collections of dissertations it seems impossible to form any bibliographical conclusions as a basis for certainty of arrangement1 but ,i will add from the previous statements a few suggestions which may tend towards that end3-- ,that the proponent is always the author of a dissertation4 ,that the defendant is always the author of a dissertation when it occurs with another name as respondent4 ,that the term defendant is1 when alone1 synonymous with respondent4 ,that when the respondent's name occurs with a prses only1 the respondent is the author except words are attached to the president's name affirming him to be the proponent1 defendant1 or author1 or there is evidence in the preface or dedication that he claims the authorship4 ,that the respondent when he is the author is frequently described as auctor respondens4 ,that the opponent is never the author of a thesis4 ,that dissertatio1 disputatio1 thesis1 etc41 are generally used synonymously1 the same construction of words as to the authorship following each4 ,and that when a collection of theses or dissertations is published under the name of a prses as his opera it is merely in a secondary literary sense1 viz41 his having contributed opinions and corrections to the theses1 or as being their editor4 ,that the adoption of an asterisk in catalogues to denote an academical dissertation or thesis relieves us of the necessity of repeating a large amount of redundant wording to each title4 ,it has been used successfully in the library of the ,royal ,medical and ,chirurgical ,society1 and by ,dr4 ,billings in his most valuable ,index-,catalogue of the ,library of the ,surgeon-,general's ,office1 ,united ,states4 ,,headings ,,other ,,than ,,author ,,headings4 ,reports of trials are frequently difficult to catalogue1 and some persons who are anxious to find an author for a book have considered the reporter as such4 ,this ,i consider a hopeless mistake1 for the name of the reporter is little likely to be retained in the memory of the searcher1 who is sure to remember the subject of the trial4 ,mr4 ,cutter's remark upon this point is very just4 ,he says3 ,it may be doubted 444 whether a stenographic reporter is entitled to be considered an author any more than a type-setter4 ,the ,british ,museum rule is as follows3-- ,,xxxvii4 ,reports of civil actions to be catalogued under the name of that party to the suit which stands first upon the title-page4 ,in criminal proceedings the name of the defendant to be adopted as a heading4 ,trials relating to any vessel to be entered under the name of such vessel4 ,mr4 ,cutter adopts this rule1 but he simplifies the wording4 ,his rule is3-- #dh4 ,trials may be entered only under the name of the defendant in a criminal suit and the plaintiff in a civil suit1 and trials relating to vessels under the name of the vessel4 ,the treatment of catalogues in a catalogue has given rise to a considerable amount of difference of opinion4 ,the ,british ,museum rules on this subject appear to meet the difficulties clearly and well4 ,,lxxxv4 ,anonymous catalogues1 whether bearing the title 'catalogue' or any other intended to convey the same meaning1 to be entered under the head ',catalogues1' subdivided as follows3-- #ast4 ,catalogues of public establishments 7including those of societies1 although not strictly speaking public74 #bnd4 ,catalogues of private collections1 drawn up either for sale or otherwise4 #crd4 ,catalogues of collections not for sale1 the possessors of which are not known4 #dth4 ,general as well as special catalogues of objects without any reference to their possessor4 #eth4 ,dealers' catalogues4 #fth4 ,sale catalogues not included in any of the preceding sections4 ,in the foregoing rule the word anonymous would1 ,i think1 be better omitted4 ,it seems absurd to omit under the heading such catalogues as may happen to have the name of the compiler on the title-page4 ,he is in no proper sense the author4 ,of course there are some books in which the word catalogue is used that should come under the names of the authors4 ,this rule applies only to catalogues of particular collections1 and not to such books as ,catalogue of ,works of ,velasquez in the ,galleries of ,europe1 which should be placed under the name of its compiler1 who is as much its author as he is of ,the ,life of ,velasquez4 ,the ,cambridge rule is as follows3-- ,catalogues of all descriptions to be entered under the superior heading ,,catalogue1 to be followed1 in the case of all other articles than books1 by the word or phrase 7used in the title7 which expresses what they are1 printed in italics4 ,the word ,,catalogue standing alone1 to be used for catalogues of books1 whether of private libraries1 booksellers1 or auctions4 ,in the case of institutions1 the name of the town and institution to be subjoined in italics to the word 'catalogue' in the superior heading4 ,in the title which follows the superior heading1 preference to be given to the owner rather than the compiler1 in choosing a leading word for the entry4 ,the ,library ,association rule is3-- ,catalogues are to be entered under the name of the institution1 or owner of the collection1 with a cross-reference from the compiler4 ,mr4 ,cutter is opposed to the plan adopted in the above rules4 ,he says3-- #h4 ,booksellers and auctioneers are to be considered as the authors of their catalogues unless the contrary is expressly asserted4 ,entering these only under the form-heading ,,catalogues belongs to the dark ages of cataloguing4 ,put the catalogue of a library under the library's name4 ,i cannot understand why a system of arranging catalogues under a general heading1 where they are most likely to be sought for1 should be stigmatized as belonging to the dark ages4 ,it is impossible to imagine a worse heading for an auction catalogue than the name of the auctioneer4 ,his name is seldom quoted1 and more often forgotten4 ,by this rule1 unless a special exception is introduced1 the ,heber ,catalogue would be separated under the names of ,evans1 ,sotheby1 and ,wheatley4 ,it is necessary to bear in mind that catalogues are not really books1 and to make them follow rules adapted for true books is only confusing1 and leads to no useful end4 ,one great advantage of bringing them under the heading of ,catalogues is that they can be tabulated and the titles condensed4 ,it becomes needless to repeat such formul as to be sold by auction1 or forming the stock of1 etc4 ,the title of a true book is an individual entity1 the outcome of an author's mind2 but this is not the case with a catalogue4 ,its title1 like that of a journal or publication of a society1 is formed upon a system4 ,it will be seen that the ,cambridge rule improves upon that of the ,british ,museum in respect to arrangement4 ,by the latter1 catalogues of books1 coins1 estates1 and botanical specimens are mixed up together4 ,these should each be arranged separately4 ,concordances are usually placed under the headings of the works to which they relate4 ,the compiler of a concordance must not1 however1 be overlooked1 and it is necessary to make a reference to his name4 ,in some instances1 such as ,cruden's ,concordance1 the user of the catalogue is more likely to look under ,cruden than under ,bible4 ,all the best authorities group together under the heading of ,bible the ,old and ,new ,testaments and their separate parts4 ,also commentaries1 etc4 ,another important heading is that of ,liturgies1 which is likely to be extensive in a large public library4 ,it requires the special arrangement of an expert1 but the ,british ,museum and the ,cambridge ,university rules deal with this subject4 ,there is some difficulty in choosing the proper heading for certain reports of voyages4 ,sometimes these are written by an author whose name occurs on the title-page4 ,in these instances the book is naturally catalogued under its author's name1 and it is only necessary to make a reference under the name of the vessel4 ,but there is another class of voyages more elaborate in their arrangement1 which either are anonymous or have many authors4 ,there is usually an account of the voyage1 and then a series of volumes devoted to zoology1 botany1 etc4 ,sometimes these voyages are catalogued under the name of the commander as ,dumont d',urville for ,voyage autour du ,monde de la ,corvette l',astrolabe2 but it is in every way more convenient to use the name of the vessel as a heading1 and bring all the different divisions under it1 as ,astrolabe1 ,challenger1 etc4 ,,anonymous ,,and ,,pseudonymous ,,works4 ,we now come to consider the large question of the treatment of anonymous books4 ,i read a paper on this subject at the ,conference of ,librarians1 and ,i venture to transfer to these pages the substance of that paper with some further remarks4 ,before entering into the discussion ,i wish to protest against the use of the term anonym1 which appears to me to be formed upon a false analogy4 ,it may be a convenient word1 but it is incorrect4 ,a pseudonym is an entity--a false name under cover of which an author chooses to write2 but an anonymous book has a title from which an important something is omitted1 viz41 the author's name4 ,you cannot express a negation such as this by a distinctive term like anonym4 ,i am sorry to see that the term has found a place in the ,philological ,society's ,new ,english ,dictionary 7,murray71 although it is stated to be of rare occurrence in this sense4 ,in dealing with the titles of anonymous books1 it is necessary1 in the first place1 to agree upon the definition of an anonymous book4 ,barbier1 who published the first edition of his useful ,dictionnaire des ,ouvrages ,anonymes et ,pseudonymes in #ahjf1 gives the following3 ,on appelle ouvrage anonyme celui sur le frontispice duquel l'auteur n'est pas nomm4 ,mr4 ,cutter gives the same definition1 and adds3 ,strictly1 a book is not anonymous if the author's name appears anywhere in it1 but it is safest to treat it as anonymous if the author's name does not appear in the title4 ,the ,bodleian rule 7#af7 also is3--,if the name of a writer occur in a work1 but not on the title-page1 the work is also to be regarded for the purpose of headings as anonymous1 except in the case of works without separate title-page4 ,barbier1 however1 in the second edition of his book 7#ahbb71 was forced by the vastness of his materials to adopt a more rigid rule4 ,the best definition of an anonymous work would probably take something of this form3 ,a book printed without the author's name1 either in the title or in the preliminary matter4 ,according to the ,british ,museum rule1 a book which has been published without the author's name always remains anonymous1 even after the author is well known and the book has been republished with the name on the title-page4 ,by this means you have the same book in two places4 ,for instance1 the anonymous editions of ,waverley are catalogued under ,waverley1 and the others under ,scott4 ,but for cataloguing purposes a book surely ceases to be anonymous when the author's name is known4 ,we ought never to lose sight of the main object of a catalogue1 which is to help the consulter1 and not to present him with a series of bibliographical riddles4 ,if we settle that all anonymous works shall be entered under the authors' names when known1 the question has still to be answered1 ,what is to be done with those which remain unknown8 ,some cataloguers have objected to the insertion of subject-headings in the same alphabet with authors' names1 and in the old catalogue of the ,royal ,society ,library the plan was adopted of placing all anonymous titles under the useless heading of ,anonymous4 ,the ,british ,museum rule #ch directs that in the case of all anonymous books not arranged under proper names according to previous rules1 the first substantive in the title 7or if there be no substantive1 the first word7 shall be selected as the heading4 ,a substantive adjectively used1 to be taken in conjunction with its following substantive as forming one word1 and the same to be done with respect to adjectives incorporated with their following substantive4 ,the great objection to this rule is that an important word in a title may throw very little light upon the subject of the book4 ,mr4 ,cutter's rule is3 ,make a first-word entry for all anonymous works except anonymous biographies1 which are to be entered under the name of the subject of the life4 ,when this rule is applied1 the majority of books will be placed under headings for which no one is likely to seek1 so that many cross-references will be necessary4 ,for instance1 ,a ,true and ,exact ,account of the ,scarlet ,gowns is entered under ,true1 which we may safely say would be the last word looked for4 ,it is these redundant words of a title-page that are pretty sure to escape the memory4 ,all the rules that ,i have seen relating to anonymous books appear to me to be based upon a fundamental confusion of the essential differences between a catalogue and a bibliography4 ,when ,barbier compiled his valuable work1 he adopted the simple plan of arranging each title under the first word not an article1 which works admirably1 because the consulter has the book whose author he seeks in his hand4 ,in the case of a catalogue it is quite different1 for the consulter has not the book before him1 and wishes to find it from the leading idea of the title1 which is probably all he remembers4 ,the rule ,i would propose is1 to take as a heading the word which best explains the objects of the author1 in whatever part of the title it may be4 ,the objection that may be raised to this is that it is not rigid enough2 but the cataloguer should be allowed a certain latitude1 and it is well that the maker of the catalogue should try to place himself in the position of the user of it in these cases4#bb ,the ,bodleian rule 7#af7 is good3--,under the first striking word or words of the titles of anonymous works with a second heading or cross reference1 when advisable under or from any other noticeable word or catch-title4 ,the evidence before the ,commission of #ahdg-di contains much opinion about the treatment of anonymous works in the ,catalogue of the ,british ,museum4 ,the general feeling of the witnesses was adverse to the system1 but ,sir ,anthony ,panizzi argued strongly in favour of his plan4 ,the plan actually adopted was not to ,panizzi's taste1 and doubtless the changes which were introduced caused some confusion4 ,the ,commissioners reported on this subject as follows3-- ,to another instance in which ,mr4 ,panizzi's opinion was overruled by that of the ,trustees he attributes much avoidable delay and expense2 we allude to the #ccrd and seven following rules1 which govern the process of cataloguing anonymous works4 ,it will appear from the evidence1 that some of our principal witnesses are at issue on questions involved in the consideration of this subject4 ,it seems clear enough that no one rule can be adopted which will not lead to instances apparently anomalous and absurd4 ,such authorities1 however1 as ,mr4 ,maitland and ,professor ,de ,morgan1 are nevertheless of opinion1 that some one rule should be devised and strictly observed1 while ,mr4 ,collier and others are of opinion that free scope may be left to the discretion of the parties employed4 ,mr4 ,panizzi having to deal with an immense mass of works under this head1 advocates the adoption and the rigid observance of a rule by which the main entries of all such works should find their places in the ,catalogue in alphabetical order1 under the first word of the title not an article or preposition4 ,to certain decisions of the ,trustees which have compelled him to depart from this rule1 he attributes many defects in the work already executed1 and1 above all1 much of that delay so loudly complained of in its progress4 ,panizzi's arguments quite converted the ,commissioners1 and they added to their statement of the case these words3 ,we recommend for the future that ,mr4 ,panizzi should be released from an observance of these rules1 and directed to proceed1 with regard to anonymous works1 upon such system as under present circumstances may appear to him best calculated to reconcile the acceleration of the work with its satisfactory execution4 ,mr4 ,parry in his evidence made some remarks on this subject4 ,he said3--,if ,mr4 ,panizzi's plan1 with respect to anonymous works1 had been adopted1 it would have given great facility to the compilation of the ,catalogue2 his plan was the plan of ,audiffredi1 in the ,catalogue of the ,casanate ,library at ,rome1 and the plan followed by ,barbier in his ,dictionnaire des ,anonymes2#bc that plan was taking the first word1 not an article or preposition1 or1 as it might be modified1 the first substantive1 for the heading of the title4 ,i am quite aware that the plan seems almost absurd upon the face of it4 ,for example1 supposing there was such a title as this1 ,the ,lame ,duck2 or1 ,a ,rumour from the ,stock ,exchange1 why1 that would come under ',lame' or ',duck1' according to that plan2 but if that plan be taken in conjunction with an index of matters1 whilst it would materially facilitate the formation of a catalogue1 it would cease to be objectionable4 ,i believe one of the great hindrances being anonymous works1--there have been more difficulties and more labour about anonymous works than about any other portion of the ,catalogue1--the plan suggested by ,mr4 ,panizzi originally1 and which he would have adopted1 but which the trustees objected to1 taken in conjunction with the index of matters at the end1 is by no means an absurd plan 7p4 #dfi74 ,sir ,frederick ,madden1 when under examination1 said3 ,the first point in the statement ,i wish to make is with reference to the cataloguing of anonymous works2 that the plan adopted is founded altogether upon a mistaken notion1 so much so that ,i should say in nine cases out of ten the books cannot be found4 ,i cannot understand upon what principle it is that a book is to be entered by the first substantive or the first word rather than the last4 ,it seems to me that the principle is entirely fallacious4 ,i entirely agree with ,sir ,f4 ,madden1 and ,i can speak from bitter experience of the great difficulty there is in finding anonymous books in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue4 ,lord ,mahon 7afterwards ,earl ,stanhope71 one of the trustees1 dealt with this matter very satisfactorily in his examination4 ,he said3-- ,i will take the heading ',account' as ,i find it in the ,catalogue of the ,letter ,a1 printed in #ahda4 ,under that heading ,i find seventeen entries of different books1 and ,i am of opinion with respect to all the seventeen that the heading ',account' is one of the least convenient under which they could stand4 ,the entries are such as these3-- ,an ,account of ,several ,workhouses for ,employing and ,maintaining the ,poor4 ,london1 #agbe4 #d4 ,an ,account of the ,constitution and ,security of the ,general ,bank of ,credit4 ,london1 #afhc4 #d4 ,an ,exact ,account of ,two ,real ,dreams which happened to the ,same ,person4 ,london1 #agbe4 #h4 ,an ,impartial ,account of the ,prophets1 in a ,letter to a ,friend4 ,edinburgh4 #d4 ,an ,account of the ,proceedings in ,order to the ,discovery of the ,longitude4 ,london1 #agfe4 #d4 ,it seems to me1 that these works could be entered far more conveniently under the headings respectively of ',workhouses1' ',banks1' ',dreams1' ',prophets1' and ',longitude4' ,now1 to take only the last case1 the book upon the longitude1 it should be considered that probably a reader would only be directed to that book through one of two channels4 ,in the first place1 he might desire1 by means of the ,catalogue1 to have an opportunity of examining all the publications that have appeared on the subject of the longitude2 and if he do not find these publications collected under the heading ',longitude1' in what a labyrinth of perquisitions must he become involved6#bd ,or1 secondly1 he may have seen the book in question referred to by some other writer on science4 ,but in such a case the reference is seldom given at full length2 it is far more commonly comprised in some such words as the following3 ',the proceedings to discover the longitude up to #agfc are well described in an anonymous tract published in the same year2' or1 ',an essay1 without the author's name1 published in #agfc1 gives a good summary of the proceedings so far towards the discovery of the longitude2' or again1 ',for these facts1 see the ,proceedings towards the ,discovery of the ,longitude 7,london1 #agfc74' ,now with such a reference1 if the book in question had been entered under ',longitude1' it would be found readily and at once2 but if not1 how is the inquirer to know that he should seek it under ',account' rather than under ',essay1' ',treatise1' ',dissertation1' ',remarks1' ',observations1' ',letter1' ',history1' ',narrative1' ',statement1' or any other similar heading8 7p4 #hab74 ,mr4 ,c4 ,tomlinson referred in his evidence to the effects of rule ,,xxxiv41 by which the name of a country is adopted as a heading4 ,he instanced the anonymous work 7known1 however1 to have been written by ,john ,holland7 entitled1 ,the ,history and ,description of ,fossil ,fuel2 the ,collieries and ,coal ,trade of ,great ,britain4 ,he says3 ,this book has occasioned me a great deal of search4 ,i looked under the head of ',coal1' ,i looked under ',collieries1' and ,i looked under ',fuel1' and it is not to be found under any of those titles1 but it is found under ',great ,britain and ,ireland' 7p4 #cje74 ,mr4 ,panizzi alludes to this in his reply to criticisms4 ,he says that under his own rule it would appear under ,history1 but under the system of taking the main subject it properly comes under ,great ,britain 7p4 #fgg74 ,mr4 ,john ,bruce objected to ,l',art de ,vrifier les ,dates1 ,the ,art of ,cookery1 and ,the ,art of ,love all coming under the heading of ,art1 and here ,i should agree with him2 but when he proceeded to suggest that a book entitled1 ,is it ,well with ,you8 should be entered under ,well because that is the emphatic word 7p4 #dbc71 ,i think he is wrong4 ,this is a distinctive title similar to the title of a novel1 and likely to be completely quoted and to remain on the memory1 and therefore the book should be entered under ,is4 ,i hope enough has been said to show that the system adopted by ,mr4 ,panizzi1 however clear and logical1 is not a convenient one for the person who wishes to discover the title of an anonymous book in the catalogue4 ,there seem to have been two reasons for adopting this system3 first1 that it was simple2 and1 secondly1 that the other plan of putting a title under a subject-heading was confusing classification with alphabetization4 ,lord ,wrottesley put this point as a question3 ,any other system of cataloguing anonymous works than the system which you recommend does in point of fact confound two different things1 a classed catalogue and an alphabetical catalogue8 ,to which ,mr4 ,panizzi answered1 ,yes4 ,with respect to the first reason1 ,i allow that the rule is simple1 and can be rigidly followed by a staff of cataloguers1 but a catalogue is not made for the convenience of the cataloguer4 ,it is intended for the convenience of the consulter2 and if the titles are placed under headings for which the consulter is not likely to look1 the system signally fails in this respect4 ,with respect to the second reason1 ,i do not see that the only alternative to the use of the first substantive or first important word is classification4 ,and1 further1 referring to the work on fossil fuel lately alluded to1 is it not as much a classification to make the heading ,great ,britain as to make it ,coal or ,fuel8 ,the great object should be1 not to classify1 but to choose as a heading the word which is likely to remain in the memory1 instead of one which is as likely to escape it4 ,to give an instance of what ,i mean4 ,suppose we had to catalogue a publication issued during the course of the ,crimean ,war1 entitled1 ,whom shall we ,hang8 ,this ,i should put under ,w1 and not under the ,crimean ,war1 because the whole of this sentence is likely to remain in the memory4 ,again1 in a foreign title1 ,i should take the prominent word as it stands on the title1 and not translate it4 ,it is the title of the book that we have to deal with1 and not the subject of it4 ,in cataloguing a library1 ,i think the only safe way is to keep all the anonymous titles together to the last1 and then make headings for them at the same time and upon one system4 ,errors are likely to occur if the heading is finally made when the book is first catalogued1 and such errors have crept into the ,british ,museum1 as maybe seen from the following extracts3-- ,champions1 ,seven ,champions of ,christendom4 ,see ,seven ,champions4 ,seven ,champions of ,christendom4 ,see ,christendom4 ,christendom1 ,seven ,champions of4 ,see ,seven ,champions of4 ,i have not noticed that much remark has been made on rule ,,xxxii41 by which works published under initials are to be entered under the last of them2 but ,i think it is one of the most successful modes of hiding away titles under a heading least likely to be remembered4 ,when titles are quoted pretty fully and accurately1 it is seldom that the initials on a title are quoted2 and if these initials are only at the end of the preface1 they are never likely to be remembered4 ,thus by placing the title in the catalogue under the initials 7in whatever order they may be taken71 it is buried entirely out of sight1 and is practically useless4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,biber remarked upon this point in his evidence4 ,he said3 ,the remarks which ,i made about letter ,a were merely made incidentally1 because1 having noticed the difficulty of finding books which were catalogued under initials1 ,i wished to satisfy myself as to what arrangement there was 7p4 #egg74 ,i presume that this arrangement under initials has been found inconvenient at the ,british ,museum1 because in the useful ,explanation of the ,system of the ,catalogue ,i find a note as to special cross-references1 which are to be made to works under initials from whatever heading the work would have been entered under1 but for the initials4 ,we are informed1 however1 that at present this has not been fully carried out4 ,another point connected with this class of books is one of particular difficulty4 ,i refer to the treatment of pseudonyms1 which are dealt with in rules ,,xli41 ,,xlii41 and ,,xliii43-- ,,xli4 ,in the case of pseudonymous publications1 the book to be catalogued under the author's feigned name2 and his real name1 if discovered1 to be inserted in brackets1 immediately after the feigned name1 preceded by the letters 'i4e4' ,,xlii4 ,assumed names1 or names used to designate an office1 profession1 party1 or qualification of the writer1 to be treated as real names4 ,academical names to follow the same rule4 ,the works of an author not assuming any name1 but describing himself by a circumlocution1 to be considered anonymous4 ,,xliii4 ,works falsely attributed in their title to a particular person1 to be treated as pseudonymous4 ,there is much to be said for this arrangement under pseudonyms1 but there is also much to be said against it4 ,in the first place1 an author may1 and often does1 take in the course of his literary life several pseudonyms1 which are merely adopted for a temporary purpose1 and thus the works of the same author will be spread about in several parts of the alphabet4 ,there does not appear to be any particular advantage in separating ,sir ,walter ,scott's works under such headings as ,jedediah ,cleishbotham and ,malachi ,malagrowther4 ,sometimes1 also1 these pseudonyms are so unlike real names that they are passed by unquoted1 and the same difficulty occurs as in the case of initials4 ,when1 however1 an author takes a name under which he always writes1 and by which he is always known1 it seems scarcely worth while to put the author's works under a practically unknown name1 instead of under a well-known one4 ,this1 however1 does not often occur in the case of an author1 although it frequently does in the case of an authoress4 ,for instance1 ,george ,eliot has written her name in literature1 and is always known by that name1 so that to place her works under ,evans or ,lewes or ,crosse is to change the known for the unknown4 ,in a lesser degree this is the case with the novelist known as ,sarah ,tytler1 whose real name is ,henrietta ,keddie4 ,probably not one in a thousand of her readers knows this fact4 ,mr4 ,cutter makes some very pertinent remarks upon this point4 ,his note to his rule #e1 ,enter pseudonymous works under the author's real name1 when it is known1 with a reference from the pseudonym1 is as follows3-- ,one is strongly tempted to deviate from this rule in the case of writers like ,george ,eliot and ,george ,sand1 ,gavarni and ,grandville1 who appear in literature only under their pseudonyms4 ,it would apparently be much more convenient to enter their works under the name by which they are known1 and under which everybody but a professed cataloguer would assuredly look first4 ,for an author-catalogue this might be the best plan1 but in a dictionary catalogue we have to deal with such people not merely as writers of books1 but as subjects of biographies or parties in trials1 and in such cases it seems proper to use their legal names4 ,besides1 if one attempts to exempt a few noted writers from the rule given above1 where is the line to be drawn8 ,no definite principle of exception can be laid down which will guide either the cataloguer or the reader2 and probably the confusion would in the end produce greater inconvenience than the present rule4 ,moreover the entries made by using the pseudonym as a heading would often have to be altered4 ,for a long time it would have been proper to enter the works of ,dickens under ,boz2 the ,dutch annual bibliography uniformly use ,boz-,dickens as a heading4 ,no one would think of looking under ,boz now4 ,mark ,twain is in a transition state4 ,the public mind is divided between ,twain and ,clemens4 ,the tendency is always towards the use of the real name2 and that tendency will be much helped in the reading public if the real name is always preferred in catalogues4 ,some pseudonyms persistently adopted by authors have come to be considered as the only names1 as ,voltaire1 and the translation ,melanchthon4 ,perhaps ,george ,sand and ,george ,eliot will in time be adjudged to belong to the same company4 ,it would be well if cataloguers could appoint some permanent committee with authority to decide this and similar points as from time to time they occur4 ,if the ,french bibliographer had borne in mind the ,british ,museum rule1 that the works of an author not assuming any name1 but describing himself by a circumlocution are to be considered anonymous1 he would not have made this amusing entry in his catalogue3 ,herself1 ,memoirs of a ,young ,lady by4 ,the ,cambridge rules were largely founded upon those of the ,british ,museum1 and many anomalies crept into the catalogue on account of the difficulties caused by the rules relating to anonymous works2 but a few years before the lamented death of ,mr4 ,henry ,bradshaw#be these rules were considerably altered by him1 and ,i think the statement in rules #bh and #bi as they now stand is by far the most satisfactory of any ,i know of3-- #bh4 ,anonymous works which refer to neither person nor place1 and to which none of the foregoing rules can be applied1 to be catalogued under the name of the subject 7whether a single word or a composite phrase7 which is prominently referred to on the title-page2 the primary consideration being1 under what heading the book will be most easily found4 ,when there is no special subject mentioned1 and the title is a catch-title 7as in the case of most novels and many pamphlets71 the first word not an article to stand at the head in capitals1 but not to be separated off from the title as a heading4 ,when the indication on the title is insufficient1 the heading understood to be taken1 but all classification to be avoided1 the words of the title being exclusively used as far as possible4 ,works to be catalogued under general headings only where such are unavoidable4 ,in the case of foreign titles the heading to follow the same rule1 and to be in the language of the title instead of being translated4 #bi4 ,when the author of a pseudonymous or anonymous work is ascertained and acknowledged after the title has been printed1 the name to be added within a bracket at the end of the title2 and the various titles of works thenceforward assigned to such author to be gathered under his name by means of written entries on the slips4 ,cross-references to be printed from the pseudonymous or anonymous heading to the author's name4 ,these remarks upon the cataloguing of anonymous works may appear to some to have run to an inordinate length1 but the great importance of the subject will1 ,i hope1 be accepted by the reader as some excuse4 ,i quite agree with the late ,serjeant ,parry when he said1 during his examination before the ,british ,museum ,commission1 that it is comparatively easy to catalogue when the author's name appears on the title1 but nothing is more difficult than cataloguing anonymous works4 ,,the ,,title4 ,having dealt with the subject of headings1 we may now pass on to consider the treatment of the title itself4 ,there has been much discussion on this subject3 one party has been in favour of short titles1 and another of long titles4 ,much has been said in favour of single-line catalogues1 and these often form very useful keys to a library2 but they are perhaps more properly designated alphabetical lists than catalogues4#bf ,on the other side the advocates of full titles1 in carrying out their views1 while adding to the size of their catalogues1 frequently do not add to their utility4 ,here1 as in many other things1 the medium is the safest way4 ,the least important works have usually the longest titles1 and it is surely useless to copy the whole title of some trumpery pamphlet1 when it may occupy ten or a dozen lines of print4 ,here the art of the cataloguer comes into play1 by which he is enabled to choose what is important and reject the redundant4 ,with respect to standard works by classical authors1 it is well to give the whole title 7and these titles will seldom be found to be long74 ,the classical author will most probably have weighed the words of his title with care1 and left little that is redundant4 ,when a title is contracted1 it is well to insert dots to show that something has been left out1 and if any words are added they must be placed between square brackets4 ,it is also necessary to bear in mind the fact that a long title may be perfectly clear in the book itself1 on account of the varied size of the type used4 ,the cataloguer1 however1 has not these facilities of arrangement at his disposal1 and in consequence it becomes difficult for the consulter to distinguish the important parts of the title from the unimportant4 ,the following are three titles of books which are not long1 and which could not be curtailed without disadvantage3-- #a4 ,pike 7,luke ,owen74 ,a ,history of ,crime in ,england1 illustrating the ,changes of the ,laws in the ,progress of ,civilization4 ,written from the ,public ,records and other ,contemporary ,evidence4 ,london1 #ahgc4 #b vols41 #hvo4 #b4 ,hunter 7,joseph74 ,new ,illustrations of the ,life1 ,studies1 and ,writings of ,shakespeare2 ,supplementary to all the ,editions4 ,london1 #ahde4 #b vols41 #hvo4 #c4 ,rickman 7,thomas74 ,an ,attempt to ,discriminate the ,styles of ,architecture in ,england1 from the ,conquest to the ,reformation1 with a ,sketch of the ,grecian and ,roman ,orders2 ,seventh ,edition1 with ,considerable ,additions1 ,chiefly ,historical1 by ,john ,henry ,parker4 ,oxford1 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,now1 we may take the instance of a long title1 which needs curtailment3-- ,the ,english ,expositor ,improv'd3 ,being a ,complete ,dictionary1 teaching ,the ,interpretation of the most ,difficult ,words1 which are commonly made use of in our ,english ,tongue4 ,first set forth by ,j4 ,b41 ,doctor of ,physick4 ,and now carefully ,revised1 ,corrected1 and abundantly ,augmented1 with a new and very large ,addition of very useful and significant ,words4 ,by ,r4 ,browne1 ,author of the ,english ,school ,reform'd4 ,there is also an ,index of ,common ,words 7alphabetically set7 to direct the ,reader or others more ,learned1 and of the same signification with them4 ,and likewise a short ,nomenclator of the most celebrated ,persons among the ,ancients2 with ,variety of ,memorable ,things3 ,collected out of the best of ,history1 ,poetry1 ,philosophy1 and ,geography4 ,the ,twelfth ,edition4 ,london3 ,printed for ,w4 ,churchill1 at the ,black ,swan in ,pater-noster-,row4 #agai4 ,where may be had the above-mention'd ,spelling-,book1 ,entituled1 ,the ,english ,school ,reform'd3 ,being a method very exact and easy both for the ,teacher and ,learner4 ,this long title may be reduced into the following form3-- #d4 ,bullokar 7,john74 ,the ,english ,expositor ,improv'd3 ,being a ,complete ,dictionary1 teaching the ,interpretation of the most ,difficult ,words1 which are commonly made use of in our ,english ,tongue4444 ,revised1 ,corrected1 and 444 ,augmented 444 by ,r4 ,browne1 444 with an ,index of ,common ,words 444 and 444 a short ,nomenclator of the most ,celebrated ,persons among the ,ancients1 with ,variety of ,memorable ,things4444 #abth ,edition4 ,london1 #agai4 #abmo4 ,it may be said that all these titles are in ,english1 and present few difficulties4 ,i therefore add a ,latin title1 prepared by my brother1 the late ,mr4 ,b4 ,r4 ,wheatley4 ,the full title is as follows3-- ,speculum ,polytechnum ,mathematicum novum1 tribus visionibus illustre quarum extat ,una ,fundamentalis ,aliquot ,numerorum ,danielis et ,apocalypseos natur et proprietatis ,consignatio ,altera1 usus ,hactenus incognitus ,instrumenti ,danielis ,speccelii1 ad altitudinum1 profunditatum1 longitudinum1 latitudinumque dimensiones1 nec non ,planimetricas delineationes accommodatio4 ,postrema brevis ac luculenta sexies ,acuminati ,proportionum ,circini quibus fructuose iste adhibeatur enarratio ,in ,omnium ,mathesin ,adamantium ,emolumentum prius ,germanic ditum ,authore ,joanne ,faulhabero ,arithmetico et ,logista ,ulmensi ingeniosissimo ,posterius vero ne tanto ali nationes defraudentur bono1 ,latine conversum per ,joannem ,remmelinum ,ph4 et ,med4 ,doctorem ,impressum ,ulm1 typis ,joannis ,mederi ,m4,,dc4,,xii4 ,this long title may be reduced into the following catalogue form3-- ,faulhaber 7,joannes74 ,speculum ,polytechnum ,mathematicum novum tribus visionibus 444 una3444 ,numerorum ,danielis et ,apocalypseos natur 444 consignatio2 altera3 usus4444 ,instrumenti ,danielis ,speccelii1 ad altitudinum etc4 dimensiones 444 accommodatio2 postrema3444 sexies ,acuminati ,proportionum ,circini 444 enarratio2 444 prius ,germanic ditum1444 ,latine conversum per ,joannem ,remmelinum4444 ,ulm1 #afab4 #dto4 ,sometimes it is advisable to repeat the author's name in its proper place on the title either in full or with initials4 ,this is the case with ,dilke's ,papers of a ,critic1 which should appear in the catalogue as follows3-- #f4 ,dilke 7,charles ,wentworth74 ,the ,papers of a ,critic4 ,selected from the ,writings of the late ,c4 ,w4 ,d41 with a ,biographical ,sketch by his ,grandson1 ,sir ,charles ,wentworth ,dilke1 ,bart41 ,m4,p4 ,london1 #ahge4 #b vols41 #hvo4 ,mr4 ,jewett1 in his rules1 directs that the position of the author's name on the title-page should be indicated4 ,for scarce and curious books it is under some circumstances useful to mark the position of the lines on a title-page thus3-- #g4 ,bacon 7,francis7 ,viscount ,st4 ,alban4 ,the ,essayes or ,counsels ,civill and ,morall of ,francis ,lo4 ,verulam ,viscount ,st4 ,alban newly written ,london ,printed by ,john ,haviland for ,hanna ,barret #afbe #dto4 ,this is clearly not necessary in the case of common modern books4 ,it is very important that all indication of edition or editor 7as in ,no4 #c7 should be made clear on the catalogue slip2 and if this information is not given on the title-page1 but can be obtained elsewhere1 it should be added to the catalogue slip1 but between square brackets4 ,many books have two title-pages1 an engraved one and a printed one1 and these frequently differ in the wording4 ,in these cases the printed title-page is the one to be followed4 ,sometimes a second title-page will occur in the middle of a book1 and the cataloguer must be careful not to make two books out of one4 ,when the contents of this second title-page are noted on the first title-page1 it is not necessary to refer to it specially1 unless a collation is given4 ,if1 however1 this second title-page contain additional matter1 it should be catalogued and added on the slip1 but within parentheses1 thus 771 to show that it is added1 and that it is not made up by the cataloguer1 which would be understood if it were placed between square brackets1 thus 4 ,sometimes a title-page not only gives no real indication of the contents of a book1 but is positively misleading4 ,in such a case the cataloguer will do well to give some indication of the true contents1 either in a note or as an addition to the title within brackets4 ,both ,mr4 ,cutter and ,professor ,otis ,robinson refer1 in the ,special ,report on ,public ,libraries in the ,united ,states1 to the difficulties caused by these misleading titles4 ,professor ,robinson gives some amusing instances of modern clap-trap titles which may well be added to ,disraeli's ,curiosities of ,literature4 ,mr4 ,parker writes a series of biographical sketches1 and calls it ,morning ,stars of the ,new ,world4 ,somebody prepares seven religious essays1 binds them up in a book1 and calls it ,seven ,stormy ,sundays4444 ,an editor1 at intervals of business1 indulges his true poetic taste for the pleasure of his friends1 or the entertainment of an occasional audience4 ,then his book appears1 entitled1 not ,miscellaneous ,poems1 but ,asleep in the ,sanctum1 by ,a4 ,a4 ,hopkins4 ,sometimes1 not satisfied with one enigma1 another is added4 ,here we have ,the ,great ,iron ,wheel2 or1 ,republicanism ,backwards and ,christianity ,reversed1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,graves4 ,in cataloguing books it is very important to turn carefully over the leaves to see that a second book1 which may have been bound up in the volume1 is not overlooked4 ,it was a frequent practice at one time to bind up thin books with thicker ones1 to save the expense of binding2 and very frequently these thin additions are overlooked altogether1 and never catalogued4 ,,place ,,of ,,publication4 ,when we have finished with the title proper1 we come to consider the imprint1 the date1 and the size4 ,these are most commonly arranged thus1 volumes1 size1 place1 date2 and this is the best order if this information is tabulated2 but when it remains as a part of the title1 it is better to place the volumes and size at the end1 because this is added information not found in the title-page4 ,the name of the place of publication#bg should be given exactly as it occurs on the title-page1 and in old and rare books the name of the printer or publisher may be added with advantage2 not necessarily full as it appears there1 but shortened and placed between parentheses4 ,sometimes several places are named on a title-page1 but in these cases it is not necessary to notice more than the first4 ,,dates4 ,the dates1 which usually occur in ,roman numerals on the title-pages of books1 should be printed in the catalogue with ,arabic numerals1 except in case of very rare books1 where it is thought expedient to copy the original title-page exactly4 ,every one knows the numerical power of the letters1 and that ,m stands for #a1jjj1 ,d #ejj1 ,c #ajj1 ,l #ej1 ,x #aj1 ,v1 ,u1 #e1 ,i #a2 but the old printers were fond of playing tricks with the letters1 and they allowed themselves much latitude in the practice of reducing the numerical power of one letter by placing another before it4 ,we are used to this in ,,iv and ,,ix2 but the following dates1 copied from books1 show how varied were the arrangements formerly made use of3-- ,,miid4 #adih1 ,,mid4 #adii1 ,,mcdxcix4 #adii1 ,,mdxxcv4 #aehe1 ,,mdic4 #aeii1 ,,mdcviv4 #afji1 ,,miidcc4 #afih4 ,in one book ,,mvicxxi4 was made to stand for #afba2 but in this case the printer must have lacked a ,d1 and replaced it by ,,vi4 ,in old books the ,m's and the ,d's are frequently built up thus1 ,,ci,c1 ,i,c4 ,the date is one of the most important portions of a title1 and the cataloguer must seek for it until he finds it4 ,sometimes it is to be found at the end of the preface or dedication1 and sometimes it is on the title-page as a chronogram4 ,mr4 ,james ,hilton for years has searched over ,europe for chronograms1 and he has been highly successful in his search1 as is evidenced by his two handsome volumes1 ,chronograms1 #e1jjj and more in ,number 7#ahhb71 and ,chronograms ,continued and ,concluded 7#ahhe74 ,the following specimens are from ,mr4 ,hilton's books3-- ,anagrammata regia in honorem maximi mansuetissimi regis ,caroli conscripta4 ,imprint3-- ,lon,d,in,i reg,io pr,i,v,i,leg,io e,xarat,v,m #afbf4 ,on the last page is3-- e,xtant ,ista ,in ,d,ib,vs g,v,l,ie,l,m,i stansb,ie #afbf ,a curious little book 7a chronographic imitation of ,thomas ,kempis7 is filled with chronograms1 and contains two on the title-page3-- ,de sp,ir,ita,l,i ,i,m,itat,ione ,chr,ist,i #afeh a,d,mon,it,iones sa,cr et ,vt,i,les #afeh p,i,is ,in ,l,v,ce,m ,dat #afeh4 a ,r4,p4 ,antonio ,vanden ,stock ,societatis ,jesu4 ,rurmund apud ,gasparem du ,pree4 ,on the frontispiece is another chronogram3-- chr,isto a,dhrens non a,mb,v,lat ,in tenebr,is4 ,mr4 ,hilton has succeeded in finding several additions to the small store of chronograms in ,english1 and has produced some new ones4 ,on the back of the title-page of the first book is this inscription3-- ,an e,x,ce,l,lent ne,v,v book of ,chronogra,ms gathere,d together no,v,v set forth by ,i4 h,i,lton1 ,f4,s4,a4 #ahhb4 ,on the second book3-- ,another q,v,ite ne,v,v book of r,ight e,x,ce,l,lent chronogra,ms ,iss,ve,d by ,i4 h,i,lton1 ,f4,s4,a4 #ahhe4 ,more difficult than chronograms are ,greek dates1 because each letter in ,greek has a numerical value1 and the numbers do not follow in an uninterrupted series1 because certain additional figures are introduced4 ,it is therefore often necessary in cataloguing ,greek books to refer to a table such as the following3-- ,greek3 ,a a' #a ,greek3 ,i i' #aj ,greek3 ,r r' #ajj ,greek3 ,b b' #b ,greek3 ,k k' #bj ,greek3 ,s s' #bjj ,greek3 ,g g' #c ,greek3 ,l l' #cj ,greek3 ,t t' #cjj ,greek3 ,d d' #d ,greek3 ,m m' #dj ,greek3 ,u u' #djj ,greek3 ,e e' #e ,greek3 ,n n' #ej ,greek3 ,ph ph' #ejj stigma' #f ,greek3 ,x x' #fj ,greek3 ,ch ch' #fjj ,greek3 ,z z' #g ,greek3 ,o o' #gj ,greek3 ,ps ps' #gjj ,greek3 ' #h ,greek3 ,p p' #hj ,greek3 ' #hjj ,greek3 ,th th' #i ,qoppa qoppa' #ij sampi #ijj ,it will be noticed that the top letters of each series spell ,greek3 air1 which can be borne in mind4 ,the irregularities in the series are final stigma' for six1 and the invented letters1 for #ij and #ijj4 ,the same series of letters1 with the accent beneath instead of above1 are used for thousands1 as-- ,greek3 a' #a ,greek3 i' #aj ,greek3 r' #ajj ,greek3 a1 #a1jjj ,greek3 i1 #aj1jjj ,greek3 r1 #ajj1jjj ,there is considerable difficulty in dating books published in ,france between ,september #agib1 when the ,french ,revolutionary ,calendar was introduced1 and ,december #ahje1 when the ,gregorian mode of calculation was restored by ,napoleon1 because the ,revolutionary year began with the autumn4 ,it is impossible therefore1 as the months are not usually given in the imprints of books1 to tell whether a book dated an4 #a was published in #agib or #agic4 ,it is usual1 however1 to reckon from #agib1 and to count an4 #h1 for instance1 as #ahjj1 by which means an approximate date is obtained4 ,,size-,,notation4 ,when we come to the last piece of description on our catalogue slip1 we experience considerable difficulty in certain cases4 ,the statement of the case of size-notation1 which has caused so much discussion1 and given rise to so many schemes1 is so well put by the late ,mr4 ,winter ,jones1 in his inaugural address at the ,conference of ,librarians held in ,london1 ,october #ahgg1 that ,i shall transfer it to these pages3-- ,one of these points is the designation of the sizes of books4 ,as regards modern books1 the folding of the sheets of paper is generally received as the guide1 but it is not a guide which speaks to the eye4 ,some duodecimos may be larger than some octavos1 and some octavos may be larger than some folios1 to say nothing of the uncertainty of the quartos4 ,when we come to ancient books the matter is still worse4 ,the early printers did not use large sheets of paper and fold them twice or more to form quartos1 octavos1 etc41 but merely folded their paper once1 thus making what is now understood by the terms folios or quartos1 according to the size of the sheet of paper4 ,three or more of these sheets were laid one within another1 and formed gatherings or quires1 each sheet after the first in each gathering being called an inlay4#bh ,this printing by gatherings was adopted for the convenience of binding4 ,the consequence of this practice would be that the printer would either print one page at a time or two1 but no more4 ,if two1 he would have to divide the matter to be printed into portions sufficient for eight1 twelve1 sixteen1 or twenty pages1 according to the number of inlays in each gathering1 and then print1 say the first and twelfth1 then the second and the eleventh1 and so on2 and the result of this practice is occasionally seen in an inequality in the length of the pages1 particularly in the centre inlay1 which would be printed last1 and would therefore have either too much or too little matter if the calculation of the quantity necessary for each page had not been exact4 ,it has been suggested that the difficulty might be met by adopting the size of the printed page as the guide1 but such a guide would certainly be fallacious4 ,it would not indicate the size of the volume2 it would not allow for the many cases of 'oceans of margins and rivers of text2' it would not speak to the eye without opening the book4 ,the better plan would appear to be to adopt1 to a certain extent1 the system used by bookbinders4 ,as they regulate their charges according to the size of the millboard required for binding their book1 their scale is independent of the folding of the printed sheet4 ,it contains twenty-nine divisions or designations of different sizes1 of which twenty-six represent modifications of the five sizes of folio1 #dto1 #hvo1 #abmo1 and #ahmo1 a striking proof of the uncertainty of the sizes supposed to be indicated by these five terms4 ,i speak1 of course1 of the measure used by ,english bookbinders4 ,it would certainly be advisable that some rule should be laid down1 which might apply to all countries1 by which the general sizes of books might be designated1 and minute subdivisions be avoided4 ,why should we designate sizes by paper marks1 and talk of pot quartos and foolscap octavos8 ,the pot and the foolscap are things of the past4 ,it would surely be better to adopt some such rule as the following3 ,to designate as #abmo all books not exceeding seven inches in height2 as #hvo all those above seven and not exceeding ten inches in height2 as #dto those above ten and not exceeding twelve inches in height2 and as folio all above twelve inches4 ,the folios might be further described1 according to the fact1 as large or super1 in order to avoid the various subdivisions of crown1 copy1 demy1 medium1 royal1 imperial1 elephant1 and columbier folio4 ,at the ,exhibition of ,library ,appliances in connection with the ,london ,conference1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,weaklin submitted seven diagrams of eighty-two sizes given to books1 from imperial #dto to demy #dhmo1 and the matter had already been under special consideration in the ,united ,states4 ,mr4 ,jewett suggested that after the description #hvo1 #dto1 etc41 the exact height and width in inches and tenths of inches should be added between brackets4 ,he measured print2 but1 as pointed out by ,mr4 ,winter ,jones in the above quotation1 this measurement overlooks one of the most important points in respect to the character and value of a book1 viz41 the size of the margin4 ,when the late ,sir ,william ,stirling ,maxwell wished to adopt ,mr4 ,jewett's suggestion1 ,i recommended that the width and height of the actual page should be measured1 and this was done in ,an ,essay towards a ,collection of ,books relating to ,proverbs1 ,emblems1 ,apophthegms1 ,epitaphs1 and ,ana1 being a ,catalogue of those at ,keir 7#ahfj71 which ,i edited for him4 ,this system of measurement is not needed in a small library1 where the ordinary nomenclature is sufficient4 ,the real difficulty underlying the whole subject was pointed out by ,mr4 ,bradshaw in his paper at the ,cambridge ,meeting of the ,library ,association1 ,a ,word on ,size ,notation as distinguished from ,form ,notation4 ,he there states two facts often overlooked3 7#a7 ,that the terms folio1 quarto1 octavo1 etc41 represent strictly not size-notation1 but form-notation2 and 7#b7 ,that the modern methods of making paper and of printing books combine to render any accurate application of form-notation to such books not so much difficult as impossible4 ,the logical conclusion from these two facts is1 of course1 that the form-notation expressed by the terms folio1 quarto1 octavo1 etc41 should be given up in the case of modern books1 to which it is wholly inapplicable2 and that a size-notation which does represent an undoubted fact1 should be adopted in its place4 ,this logical conclusion was seen1 accepted1 and acted upon at ,cambridge in the year #ahed2 and ,i confess that it is difficult to resist the conviction that this principle must sooner or later be accepted by others1 though there will no doubt be differences of opinion as to the most advisable form of notation to adopt4 ,a librarian cannot afford to be eccentric in this matter2 whatever method is adopted1 it must be adopted by all the great libraries1 and it must commend itself to the general reader4 ,now ,i feel sure that ,i shall not be taxed with dogmatism or with any predilection for some crotchet of my own devising1 if ,i say that the complicated and artificial systems recommended by the ,committee and others1 are such as cannot possibly become familiar1 even if they become intelligible1 to the general run of readers4 ,in the old ,cambridge size-notation of ,london #ahef1 #h #e meaning eight inches high by five inches across1 the second number denoting the breadth very soon fell out of use1 except in writing1 and for years we always spoke of books as eights1 sevens1 sixes1 etc41 meaning that they were eight1 seven1 or six inches high4 ,to this passage is added the following note3-- ,the practice in use with us has been to measure the height of the book from the top to the bottom of the page1 disregarding the cover4 ,we compute inches as we compute a man's age2 a book is eight inches until it is nine inches1 only1 seeing that bound books are so often cut not quite square1 anything short of the number used in the size-notation by the eighth of an inch or less1 we call by that number for ordinary purposes4 ,i have said above that in our ,general ,library ,catalogue we have reverted to the common form-notation1 #hvo1 #abmo1 etc41 but pure size-notation is still retained in other departments1 while in ,trinity ,college ,library it has never been given up since it was first adopted in #ahef or thereabouts4 ,the committee referred to by ,mr4 ,bradshaw was the ,size-,notation ,committee of the ,library ,association1 of which my brother1 the late ,mr4 ,b4 ,r4 ,wheatley1 was a member4 ,he took great interest in this subject1 and drew up a scale of sizes which might be marked upon an ordinary two-foot rule4 ,he was anxious that a system should be adopted based on the well-known terms hitherto employed of folio1 #dto1 #hvo1 #abmo1 etc41 and their qualifying varieties of imperial1 royal1 etc41 with an approximate height and width in inches affixed to each size4 ,i think that ,mr4 ,bradshaw's argument is convincing against making any arbitrary rule of this kind1 and affixing a definite size to every variety of form-designation4 ,but at the same time we must remember that the form-notation has very largely been used for a size-notation1 and that bibliographers alone cannot make this change1 because publishers1 booksellers1 and bookbinders all use the notation as well as cataloguers4 ,after all ,i cannot help thinking that the difficulty has been very greatly exaggerated4 ,folio and quarto are almost entirely used as terms of form-notation1 and they are usually found sufficient except in the case of atlas or elephant folios1 which seem to require some distinguishing designation4 ,nowadays a large number of library books are in what is called demy octavo4 ,this ,i would distinguish as octavo1 and all below that size ,i would call small octavos1 and all above large octavos4 ,very few modern books are styled duodecimos2 therefore that form will not give the cataloguer much trouble4 ,it is clearly useless for the latter to distinguish books by such meaningless terms as foolscap octavo1 post octavo1 etc41 like the publisher4 ,of course there is the difference in size between old and new books4 ,the ordinary octavo of the old books is a smaller size than the modern octavo1 but this will be settled by the date1 and among the old books there will be no difficulty in finding duodecimos4 ,mr4 ,nicholson has entered very fully into this question of size-notation in his ,bodleian ,rules1 where he gives two tables as guides for correct description4 ,rule #eg is3 ,the size of a book printed on water-marked paper is to be described in accordance with ,table ,i41 on unwater-marked paper with ,table ,,ii4 ,,collation4 ,in most catalogues the note of the size will finish the entry1 but it is a very useful addition when the number of pages of all books in single volumes is given4 ,sometimes the pages of the book itself only are noted without reference to the preliminary matter1 and sometimes the ,roman numerals are added on to the ,arabic numerals and given as one total2 but this latter practice is not to be commended4 ,the best plan is to set down the pages thus--pp4 xv1 #dba 7some put this pp4 xv #dba1 but the plus sign is not necessary72 or if the preliminary matter is not paged1 thus--half-title1 title1 five preliminary leaves1 pp4 #dfg4 ,in the case of very rare and valuable works1 a full collation becomes necessary1 and such collation should be drawn up according to the plan accepted among bibliographers1 which can be seen in the standard bibliographies of early printed books1 and such a model bibliography as ,upcott's ,bibliographical ,account of the ,principal ,works relating to ,english ,topography 7#c vols41 #hvo1 #ahah74 ,even when it is not thought necessary to give a collation1 it will be well to notice if a book contains a portrait1 or plates4 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #ba ,quarterly ,review1 vol4 lxxii41 p4 #h4 #bb ,on the ,alphabetical ,arrangement of the ,titles of ,anonymous ,books 7,transactions and ,proceedings of the ,conference of ,librarians1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ig-i74 #bc ,referring to my remarks on the use of the word anonym1 ,i may point out that this is not the correct title of ,barbier's work4 ,he used ,anonymes as an adjective 7ouvrages anonymes71 and not as a substantive4 #bd ,this point weakens ,lord ,mahon's arguments1 because the same objection would apply to all the books with authors' names4 #be ,i had the privilege of talking over these rules with ,mr4 ,bradshaw for many consecutive days1 when ,i inspected the ,university ,library in #ahgh4 #bf ,for useful notes on short titles and booksellers' catalogues1 ,mr4 ,charles ,f4 ,blackburn's amusing ,hints on ,catalogue ,titles and on ,index ,entries 7#ahhd7 may be consulted4 #bg ,the names of places as they appear in a ,latin form are frequently much disguised4 ,a list of some of the most common of these names will be found in the ,appendix4 #bh ,it was this practice which confused a correspondent of the ,athenum1 who published his discovery that the first folio of ,shakespeare was not a folio at all4 ,decoration ,,chapter ,v4 ,,references ,,and ,,subject ,,index4 ,i suppose it may be conceded that in the abstract the most useful kind of catalogue is that which contains the titles and subject references in one alphabet2 but in the particular case of a large library this system is not so convenient1 because the subject references unnecessarily swell the size of the catalogue1 and by their frequency confuse the title entries4 ,for instance1 it is something appalling to conjecture what would be the size of the ,british ,museum ,catalogue if subject references were included in the general alphabet4 ,in the case of a large library it will be more convenient to have an index of subjects forming a separate alphabet by itself1 and this cannot be made until the catalogue of authors is completed4 ,taking a somewhat arbitrary limit1 it may be said that in libraries containing more than ten thousand volumes it will be found more useful to have a distinct index of subjects1 while in catalogues of libraries below that number it will generally be advisable to include the subject references with the titles in one general alphabet4 ,if all the subject references are reserved for an index1 there will still remain a large number of references in the general alphabet which are required for the proper use of the catalogue2 and here it may be well to say something as to the nomenclature of references4 ,mr4 ,cutter1 in the valuable series of definitions prefixed to his ,rules for a ,dictionary ,catalogue1 has the following3-- ,reference1 partial registry of a book 7omitting the imprint7 under author1 title1 subject1 or kind1 referring to a more full entry under some other heading2 occasionally used to denote merely entries without imprints1 in which the reference is implied4 ,the distinction of entry and reference is almost without meaning for ,short1 as a title-a-liner saves nothing by referring unless there are several references4 ,analytical reference1 or simply an analytical registry of some part of a book or of some work contained in a collection1 referring to the heading under which the book or collection is entered4 ,cross reference1 reference from one subject to another4 ,heading reference1 from one form of a heading to another4 ,first-word reference1 catch-word reference1 subject-word reference1 same as first-word entry1 omitting the imprint and referring4 ,these definitions are important1 and it would be well if the distinction here made as to what a cross-reference really is were borne in mind4 ,it has become the practice among bibliographers to describe all references as cross-references4 ,this is the case in the ,british ,museum rules3-- ,,lv4 ,cross-references to be divided into three classes1 from name to name1 from name to work1 and from work to work4 ,those of the first class to contain merely the name1 title1 or office of the person referred to as entered2 those of the second1 so much of the title referred to besides as1 together with the size and date1 may give the means of at once identifying1 under its heading1 the book referred to2 those of the third class to contain moreover so much of the title referred from1 as may be necessary to ascertain the object of the reference4 ,the public often cause a still further confusion in words1 for they cry out for the shelf-marks to be placed to references4 ,if this be done1 they no longer remain references1 but become double entries4 ,there are many disadvantages in this plan of putting press-marks to references1 but it is adopted at the ,british ,museum1 and it certainly is annoying to have to run from one end of a many-volumed catalogue to another4 ,in ,mr4 ,nichols's ,handbook for ,readers it is said 7p4 #db7 that a work is never entered at full length more than once and it is only from the main entry that the book-ticket must be made out4 ,but if the press-marks are added to the references1 one would imagine that they are intended to be used1 and it is scarcely to be expected that any one will take the trouble to refer to another place when he has sufficient information under his eyes4 ,catalogue work is different from index work1 where the entries may be duplicated without inconvenience2 but in the case of books1 if all the references have press-marks1 there is considerable danger of confusion whenever the position of a book is changed4 ,the main entries will be corrected1 but some of the references will almost certainly be overlooked4 ,if the books are never moved1 there is no great harm in putting press-marks to the references4 ,it must1 ,i think1 be conceded that when the references are so long as they often are in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 and as seems to be contemplated by ,mr4 ,cutter's remark quoted above1 they are really duplicate or subsidiary entries rather than references4 ,there is no real necessity to copy any part of the titles in the great majority of references4 ,take1 for instance1 the following two modes of referring from the subject of a biography to the authors3-- ,shakespeare3 ---- and his ,contemporaries4 ,nares4 #ahbb4 #dto4 #bgcdb ---- and his ,times4 ,drake4 #ahag4 #b vols4 #dto4 #gbab ---- ,biography4 ,de ,quincey4 vol4 xv4 #hvo4 #ahjh ---- ---- ,knight4 #ahdb4 #hvo4 #acbif ---- ,biographical ,memoir4 #ahbe4 #hvo4 #babid ---- ,history of4 ,fullom4 #ahfd4 #hvo4 #bidib ---- ,illustrations of his ,life4 ,halliwell4 #ahgd4 #dto4 #dghea ---- ,life4 ,chalmers4 ,german trans4 ,leipzig4 #hvo4 #cebgj ---- ---- ,halliwell4 #ahdh4 #hvo4 #ajdcj ---- ---- ,skottowe4 #ahbd4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bafgc ,these entries are taken from a large heading1 and do not come together as they do here4 ,by following the wording of the title in this way you do not get a true index4 ,for instance1 under this same main heading of ,shakespeare we have in different parts of the sub-alphabet3-- ,illustrated4 ,lennox4 #agec-d4 #c vols4 #abmo4 #achfa ,life4 ,skottowe4 #ahbd4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bafgc ,plots4 ,simrock4 #ahej4 #hvo4 #bafag ,all these books are on the plots1 and should come together4 ,at present anyone looking at the entry would suppose that there was only one book on the plots of the plays in the library4 ,another way of making the references may be set out thus3-- ,shakespeare3 ,life3 ,chalmers1 ,de ,quincey1 ,fullom 7#ahfd71 ,halliwell 7#ahdh71 ,knight 7#ahdb71 ,skottowe 7#ahbd74 ---- ,s4 and his ,contemporaries3 ,nares 7#ahbb74 ---- ,s4 and his ,times3 ,drake 7#ahag74 ,plots of his ,plays3 ,lennox 7#agec71 ,simrock 7#ahej71 ,skottowe 7#ahbd74 ,not only does the second plan take up less space1 but it is also the more convenient1 as giving the required information in the clearest manner4 ,all references should be in ,english1#bi and the subject of the book should be used for the reference rather than the often periphrastic form of the title4 ,thus1 in making a subject reference for the following book3-- ,mudie 7,robert74 ,the ,feathered ,tribes of the ,british ,islands4 #ahcd4 #b vols4 --the reference must be from ,birds or ,ornithology1 as it will be useless to refer from ,feathered ,tribes4 ,no reference should be made to a title which does not indicate the information sought for4 ,thus1 if a work contains an account of some subject which is not specified on the title1 this must not be referred to unless a note is added to the title to show that the book does contain this information4 ,sometimes one reference will be sufficient for a group of titles4 ,thus1 in referring from one form of an author's name to another1 it is not necessary to repeat the titles under that author's name even in the shortest manner4 ,it is not well in subject references included in an alphabetical catalogue or in an alphabetical index of subjects to classify at all4 ,thus ,gold should be under ,g1 and ,silver under ,s2 and at the end of the heading of ,metals or ,metallurgy such cross-references as these can be added3 ,see also ,gold1 ,silver4 ,it is not easy to calculate the average number of references to a given number of chief entries4 ,if we exclude subject references1 it may be roughly put at about a third4 ,if subject references are included1 it will be about two to one1 or twice as many references as titles4 ,many titles will only require one reference1 but others will help to turn the balance1--as1 for instance1 the following1 which will require ten references3-- ,the ,life of ,haydn1 in a ,series of ,letters written at ,vienna originally written in ,italian by ,g4 ,carpani1 followed by the ,life of ,mozart by ,a4 ,h4 ,f4 von ,slichtegroll1 with ,observations on ,metastasio1 and on the ,present ,state of ,music in ,france and ,italy4 ,translated from the ,french of ,l4 ,a4 ,c4 ,bombet1 with ,notes by the ,author of the ,sacred ,melodies ,w4 ,gardiner4 ,london1 #ahag4 #hvo4 ,in the first place1 ,bombet is a pseudonym for ,henri ,beyle2 therefore1 according to the rule adopted in the catalogue1 there must be a different reference4 ,if the title is placed under ,beyle1 then there must be a reference from ,bombet2 and if under the pseudonym1 there must be a reference from ,beyle4 ,there must be references from ,haydn1 ,mozart1 and ,metastasio1 from ,slichtegroll1 ,carpani1 and ,gardiner1 from ,music1 and possibly from ,france and ,italy4 ,the specimen page here given will show how a subject index may be incorporated in one alphabet with an author's catalogue3-- ,case4 ,shelf4 ,size4 ,date4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,ii #b ,,shuttleworth 7,philip ,n474 ,the ,consistency of the whole scheme of ,revelation with itself and with ,human ,reason4 ,london4 #ab #ahcb ,,ll #c -- ,paraphrastic ,translation of the ,apostolical ,epistles1 with ,notes4 ,london4 #h #ahdj ,,siberia ,travels3 ,dobell 7#ahcj7 ,,sicily ,travels1 etc43 ,brydone 7#agij71 ,hoare 7#ahai71 ,swinburne 7#aghc71 ,smyth 7#ahbd7 -- ,volcanoes of3 ,hamilton 7#aggb7 -- ,vestiges of ,ancient ,manners3 ,blunt 7#ahbc7 ,,sidmouth 7,viscount7 ,life3 ,pellew 7#ahdg7 ,it will be noticed that in the case of references the word see is omitted4 ,if the names to be referred to1 which follow a colon1 are printed in italic1 or1 in the case of a manuscript catalogue1 are underscored with red ink1 they will be clearly distinguishable without the word see1 and a wearisome repetition will be avoided4 ,in the case of cross-references at the end to some other heading see also1 it will be more convenient to use the word than to omit it4 ,panizzi was an advocate for a ,subject ,index1 or ,index of ,matters1 as he called it1#cj but he did not venture to recommend such a work officially to the trustees4#ca ,he was fully examined on this subject before the ,commission in #ahdi1 and he referred to a memorandum which he had submitted to the ,council of the ,royal ,society when employed upon their catalogue4 ,he there writes3-- ,a catalogue of a library is intended principally to give an accurate inventory of the books which it comprises2 and is in general consulted either to ascertain whether a particular book is in the collection1 or to find what works it contains on a given subject4 ,to obtain these ends1 classed catalogues have been compiled1 in which the works are systematically arranged according to their subjects4 ,many distinguished individuals in different countries have drawn up catalogues of this description1 but no two of them have agreed on the same plan of classification2 and even those who have confessedly followed the system of another person have fancied it necessary to depart in some particulars from their model4444 ,those who want either to consult a book1 of which they only know the subject1 or to find what books on a particular subject are in the library1 can obtain this information 7as far as it can be collected from a title-page1 which is all that can be expected in a catalogue7 more easily from an index of matters to an alphabetical catalogue than by any other means4 ,here also nothing is left to discretion as far as concerns order4 ,entries1 being short cross-references1 are in a great measure avoided2 and repetitions1 far from being inconvenient1 will save the time and trouble of looking in more places than one in order to find what is wanted4444 ,the plan which is proposed was adopted by ,dr4 ,watt in his ,bibliotheca ,britannica1 the usefulness of which work must be acknowledged by every one conversant with bibliography4 ,that it would not be so useful had any systematical arrangement been followed seems undeniable4 ,the vast plan of the ,bibliotheca ,britannica1 however1 did not allow its author to give1 either to the titles of the books or to the index1 that extent which ought to be given to both in the ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,royal ,society 7,minutes of ,evidence1 p4 #gjd74 ,although here ,panizzi makes the sound remark that the information to be expected in a catalogue is that which is found in the title-page1 he had previously expressed a considerably more comprehensive opinion4 ,he wrote3-- ,the catalogue of a library like that of the ,royal ,society should be as complete as possible2 that is1 it should give all the information requisite concerning any book which may be the object of inquiry4 ,whether a work be printed separately1 or in a collection--whether it extend to the greater part of a folio volume1 or occupy only part of a single leaf--no distinction should be made2 the title of each should be separately entered4 ,hence every one of the ,memoirs or papers in the acts of academies2 every one of the articles in scientific journals or collections1 whatever they may be1 should have its separate place in the catalogue4 ,thus1 for instance1 all the letters in ,hanschius' ,collection should be entered in their proper places under the writers' names4 ,it is only by carrying this principle to the ,,fullest extent that a catalogue can be called ,,complete1 and a library1 more particularly of books relating to science1 made as useful as it is capable of being4 ,this1 however1 would make a great difference in the expense1 and take considerable time4 ,a little consideration will show that such an extensive principle of action could not be practically carried out1 and we may well ask whether it would be advisable to adopt such a plan even if it could be carried out4 ,we regret the waste of labour spent in cataloguing the same book over and over again1 but how much greater would be the waste of labour and money if the managers of every library which contained the ,philosophical ,magazine thought it necessary to include the whole contents of that periodical in its catalogue6 ,the labour of cataloguing these series is the work of bibliographers1 and such valuable books of reference as the ,royal ,society ,catalogue of ,scientific ,papers and ,poole's ,index of ,periodical ,literature are suitable for all libraries4 ,to return to the mode of carrying out a subject index1 it may be again remarked that it is not necessary to follow the titles textually1 and if the titles are so followed there can be no advantage in making the references longer than in ,watt's ,bibliotheca4 ,in primary entries the titles must be accurately followed1 but in references it is often much more convenient to dispense with the wording chosen by the author4 ,two books with totally different titles are often identical in subject1 and the indexer saves the time of the consulter by realizing this fact and acting upon it4 ,i think that any one who compares the system adopted in the indexes to the ,catalogues of the ,library of the ,athenum ,club and of the ,london ,library with that of1 say1 the ,catalogue of the ,manchester ,free ,library1 #ahha1 will at once see how much more readily the former can be used4 ,mr4 ,parry1 in his answer #gcea 7,minutes1 p4 #dgj71 advocates the plan of having a separate index of subjects1 and in spite of all that has been said in favour of dictionary catalogues1 ,i hold that this is the simplest and most useful for students2 although for popular libraries there is much to be said in favour of dictionary catalogues4 ,one of the most elaborate indexes ,i know is that by my brother1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,r4 ,wheatley1 for the ,catalogue of the ,royal ,medical and ,chirurgical ,society4 ,by this plan he who knows what he wants finds it without being confused by1 to him1 useless references1 while he who does not know can consult the index4 ,in an index the headings will of course be in alphabet1 and the sub-headings may be so also2 but often some system of classification will be better4 ,no hard-and-fast rule can be made for all cases4 ,but it is usually better to bring the subjects of the books together1 regardless of the wording of the title4 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #bi ,always use the word see in preference to vide4 #cj ,this expression is often used1 although it can scarcely be considered as ,english4 #ca ,see his answer to question #ihib1 ,minutes of ,evidence1 ,commission #ahdi4 ,decoration ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,arrangement4 ,rule ,,ii4 of the ,british ,museum is3 ,titles to be arranged alphabetically1 according to the ,english alphabet only 7whatever be the order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have been entered in its original language72 and this rule has been generally followed4 ,mr4 ,cutter 7rule #afi7 adds to this1 ,treat ,i and ,j1 ,u and ,v1 as separate letters2 and every consulter of the ,british ,museum ,catalogue must wish that this rule was adopted there1 for anything so confusing as this unnecessary mixing of the letters ,i and ,j and ,u and ,v it is scarcely possible to imagine4 ,mr4 ,cutter goes on3 ij1 at least in the olden ,dutch names1 should be arranged as y2 do not put ,spanish names beginning with ,ch1 ,ll1 1 after all other names beginning with ,c1 ,l1 and ,n1 as is done by the ,spanish ,academy4 ,the ,museum rule 7,,xiii47 is3 ,german names in which the letters 1 1 or occur1 to be spelt with the diphthong 1 oe1 and ue respectively4 ,mr4 ,cutter follows this1 and adds to it 7rule #be73-- ,in ,danish names1 if the type is not to be had1 use its older equivalent aa2 in a manuscript catalogue the modern orthography should be employed4 ,whatever is chosen should be uniformly used1 however the names may appear in the books4 ,the diphthong should not be written ae1 nor should be written oe2 1 not oe1 should be used for 4 ,in ,hungarian names write 1 1 with the diresis 7not oe1 ue71 and arrange like the ,english o1 u4 ,the ,swedish names1 1 1 1 should be so written 7not ae1 oe71 and arranged as the ,english a1 o4 ,the ,cambridge rule 7#aj7 is as follows3 ,german and ,scandinavian names1 in which the forms 1 1 1 1 occur1 to be treated1 for the purpose of alphabetical sequence1 as if spelt with ae1 oe1 and ao respectively4 ,in ,german names 1 1 1 to be printed ae1 oe1 ue4 ,the ,library ,association rule 7#dd7 is3 ,the ,german 1 1 1 are to be arranged as if written out in full ae1 oe1 ue4 ,the first part of the ,cambridge rule and the whole of that of the ,library ,association is likely to lead to confusion4 ,the only safe way to deal with these letters is either to spell them out1 or to arrange them as if they were ,english letters4 ,the ,english alphabet must be pre-eminent in an ,english catalogue4 ,the rule that ,m'1 ,mc1 ,st41 etc41 should be arranged as if spelt ,mac1 ,saint1 etc41 stands on a different basis from the above1 and the reason is1 as stated by ,mr4 ,cutter 7rule #agc71 because they are so pronounced4 ,when we see ,st41 we at once say ,saint1 and therefore look under ,sa4 ,the ,index ,society rule enters fully into this point1 and explains what is a difficulty to some3 #f4 ,proper names with the prefix ,st41 as ,st4 ,albans1 ,st4 ,john1 to be arranged in the alphabet as if written in full1 ,saint4 ,when the word ,saint represents a ceremonial title1 as in the case of ,st4 ,alban1 ,st4 ,giles1 and ,st4 ,augustine1 these names to be arranged under the letters ,a and ,g respectively2 but the places ,st4 ,albans1 ,st4 ,giles1 and ,st4 ,augustine will be found under the prefix ,saint4 ,the prefixes ,m' and ,mc to be arranged as if written in full1 ,mac4 ,when several titles follow one heading1 it is necessary to use a dash in place of repeating the heading1 and there are one or two points worthy of attention in respect to this dash4 ,the ,library ,association rule is3 #ce4 ,the heading is not to be repeated2 a single indent or dash indicates the omission of the preceding heading or title4 ,the ,index ,society rule is rather fuller3 #ag4 ,a dash1 instead of an indentation1 to be used as a mark of repetition4 ,the dash to be kept for entries exactly similar1 and the word to be repeated when the second differs in any way from the first4 ,the proper name to be repeated when that of a different person4 ,in the case of joint authors the ,christian names or initials of the first1 whose surname is arranged in the alphabet1 to be in parentheses1 but the ,christian names of the second to be in the natural order1 as ,smith 7,john7 and ,alexander ,brown1 not ,smith 7,john7 and ,brown 7,alexander74 ,the reason for the last direction is that the ,christian name is only brought back in order to make the alphabetical position of the surname clear2 and as this is not necessary in respect to the second person1 the names should remain in their natural order4 ,dashes should be of a uniform length1 and that length should not be too great4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose that the dash is to be the length of the line which is not repeated4 ,if it is necessary to mark the repetition of a portion of the title as well as the author1 this should be indicated by another dash1 and not by the elongation of the former one2 thus3-- ,milton 7,john71 ,works in ,verse and ,prose1 ,printed from the ,original ,editions1 with ,life by the ,rev4 ,john ,mitford4 #h vols4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahea4 ---- ,poetical ,works1 with ,notes1 ,life1 etc41 by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,j4 ,todd4 #f vols4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahja4 ---- ---- ---- ,second ,edition4 #g vols4 royal #hvo4 ,london1 #ahji4 ---- ---- with ,notes1 edited by ,sir ,egerton ,brydges4 #f vols4 small #hvo4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,all the dashes except the first1 which represents the author's name1 can be got rid of by using the words the same or another edition1 etc4 ,in the alphabetization of a catalogue the prefixes in personal names1 even when printed separately1 are to be treated as if they were joined2 thus3-- ,de ,montfort4 ,de ,quincey4 ,demophilus4 ,des ,barres4 ,de ,morgan4 ,du ,chaillu4 ,demosthenes4 ,in the case of compound words a different plan1 however1 is to be adopted4 ,each word is to be treated as separate1 and arranged accordingly4 ,the ,index ,society rule is as follows3 #d4 ,headings consisting of two or more distinct words are not to be treated as integral portions of one word2 thus the arrangement should be3-- ,grave1 ,john ,grave at ,kherson ,grave at ,kherson ,grave1 ,john ,grave of ,hope not ,gravelot ,grave ,thoughts ,grave of ,hope ,gravelot ,gravesend ,gravesend ,grave ,thoughts ,mr4 ,cutter enters very fully into this point of arrangement in his rules4 ,it is a very frequent mistake to overlook the fact that the ,christian name placed after a surname is merely there for the sake of convenience1 and to make it take its place with the words that follow in their natural position4 ,for instance1 in the above examples ,john ,grave stands at the head1 because ,grave is the only portion that can be considered in the alphabet4 ,if1 however1 there was a ,charles or a ,henry ,grave1 they would take their position above ,john ,grave1 because their ,christian names are all in the same category4 ,the order in which the entries under an author's name should be arranged is dealt with in the ,british ,museum rules ,,lxix4 to ,,lxxvii41 but it is not necessary to quote all these in this place4 ,the ,library ,association rules put the matter very succinctly3-- #ch4 ,the works of an author are to be arranged in the following order3-- a4 ,collected works4 b4 ,partial collections4 c4 ,individual works in alphabetical order of titles1 under the first word not an article or a preposition having the meaning of 'concerning4' ,translations are to follow the originals in alphabetical order of languages4 ,the ,cambridge ,rule is as follows3-- #ch4 ,the works of an author to be entered in the following order3-- 7#a7 ,collected works in the original language4 7#b7 ,translations of collected works4 7#c7 ,collections of two or more works4 7#d7 ,separate works4 7#e7 ,entire portions of a separate work to follow that work4 7#f7 ,selections or collected fragments4 ,this question of arrangement is distinctly one which may be modified according to the special needs of a particular library4 ,it only becomes a question of importance in a very large library1 because in a small library the number of entries under one author are not often very numerous4 ,i should take exception to the arrangement of separate works in alphabetical order1 because in the case of titles other than those of plays1 poems1 novels1 etc4 7which have arbitrary titles71 there is little that is suitable for such arrangement1 and it is practically no order at all4 ,i should prefer the chronological order as the most useful for reference4 ,in the case of those authors whose works are voluminous1 some system of classification of the separate works is needed4 ,thus ,milton's prose works should be arranged separately from his poems4 ,it is also a question whether translations should not be kept together at the end4 ,abstracts of the contents of collected editions of an author's works greatly add to the convenience of a catalogue4 ,it is almost a necessity in a lending library1 as by this means you can send for the particular volume you require4 ,the adoption of the plan at the ,british ,museum would save a reader from sending for a whole set of books when he only wants one volume4 ,mr4 ,parry1 in his evidence before the ,commission1 alludes to this point4 ,he said3 ,i remember there was one rule as to collected works1 that each separate work in the collection was to be expressed upon the title that we wrote1 and afterwards printed separately under the collected heading in the catalogue2 that was abandoned1 ,i remember1 and ,i certainly thought it was an important abandonment3 it was the abandonment1 as it seemed to me1 of a useful principle2 but it was abandoned1 ,i believe1 for the purpose of expediting the catalogue2 and in all respects we endeavoured as much as possible to shorten our labour consistently with accuracy 7p4 #dfg74 ,mr4 ,cutter deals with this point in his rule #aig3 ,arrange contents either in the order of the volumes or alphabetically by the titles of the articles4 ,after giving an example1 he adds3 ,it is evident how much more compendious the second method is4 ,but there is no reason why an alphabetical 'contents' should not be run into a single paragraph4 ,the titles of novels and plays contained in any collection ought to be entered in the main alphabet2 it is difficult then to see the advantage of an alphabetical arrangement of the same titles under the collection4 ,many other collections are composed of works for which alphabetical order is no gain1 because the words of their titles are not mnemonic words1 and it is not worth while to take the trouble of arranging them2 but there are others composed of both classes in which such order may be convenient4 ,we have been considering the arrangement of the titles of ordinary books1 but here it will be necessary to go back somewhat1 and ask what we have to catalogue4 ,we may have printed books1 newspapers1 manuscripts 7including autographs71 prints and drawings1 and maps4 ,newspapers may be included with printed books1 but the rest must1 without doubt1 be kept distinct4 ,when these different classes are small1 they can with advantage be catalogued separately at the end of the general catalogue2 but when any or all of them are large1 they must be treated as distinct subjects1 and catalogued according to special rules which cannot be given here4 ,what is a printed book8 ,some have made a distinction between tracts 7or pamphlets7 and books2 but any definition of the former1 intended to distinguish them from the latter1 which has been attempted has always failed to satisfy the bibliographer4 ,it is only necessary to imagine the confusion that would be caused in the library of the ,british ,museum if the titles were thus sorted to see the futility of any such distinction4 ,the only excuse for a separate catalogue of pamphlets is in the case of those libraries which possess a large number of ephemeral pamphlets1 bound up in a long series1 and kept distinct4 ,here1 as the pamphlets are only occasionally required1 it may be found unadvisable to fill the general catalogue with uninteresting entries4 ,it may be supposed that the last remark1 as recognizing the existence of a pamphlet1 is contradictory to that which goes before1 but it is not really so4 ,there is no doubt of the existence of a something which is undoubtedly a pamphlet1 but there is no rule by which some other small book can be distinguished as a pamphlet or not4 ,the special characteristic of a pamphlet does not entirely consist in the number of pages1 for books in which the most momentous discoveries have been announced have been made up of few leaves1 and it does not entirely consist in the importance or otherwise of the subject4 ,there is one class of pamphlets which gives the cataloguer much trouble1 viz41 ,extracts from ,journals and ,transactions4 ,if these are catalogued without any indication that they are excerpts1 readers of the catalogue are misled into the belief in the existence of separate books which were never issued4 ,at the same time the catalogue is unnecessarily enlarged if the full particulars as to the title of the journal from which the pamphlet has been extracted are given4 ,if there are many of these titles it will be well to adopt some sign1 such as a dagger1 at the beginning of the title to indicate the character of the pamphlet4 ,when we have decided to arrange in one general alphabet the titles of ordinary books1 both those whose authors are known and those which are anonymous1 we are still left with a large number of books which are different in character from ordinary books4 ,we then have to decide how to deal with journals and transactions1 ephemerides1 observations1 reports1 etc4 ,these classes of works are generally kept distinct1 but are included in the general alphabet as academies or transactions1 periodical publications or journals4 ,in the case of comparatively small private libraries1 there is no need for the separation at all1 as these seldom contain many journals or transactions2 but if it be advisable to make the distinction1 ,i think the balance of advantage is on the side of keeping the class outside the alphabet1 chiefly for the reason that inner alphabets are confusing and disadvantageous4 ,there are two main reasons in favour of the separation of serials1 periodicals1 or whatever other name we may give the class4 ,the theoretical reason is1 that they are not like other books1 and that the rules for one will not apply to the other4 ,it is agreed1 on all hands1 that ,,mss4 should be separated from printed books1 and yet a ,,ms4 is often more like a printed book than a journal is like a distinct treatise4 ,i mean that in the one case the difference is merely one of production1--print or writing1--and in the other it is a structural difference of the mode of composition4 ,the practical reason is1 that you eliminate the chief disturbing elements of a catalogue4 ,the catalogue of ordinary books1 if well made in the first instance1 requires little alteration1 and needs only additions2 but the catalogue of serials1 by the very nature of its contents1 wants continued change4 ,some librarians who have followed the ,british ,museum rules continue the terms adopted there of ,academies and ,periodical ,publications2 but ,i think the headings ,transactions and ,journals are in every way preferable4 ,the word ,academy is entirely foreign to our habits1 and most of those academies which exist here are institutions quite distinct from societies which publish transactions4 ,almost the only exception to this rule is the ,royal ,irish ,academy4 ,even abroad1 societies are more numerous than academies4#cb ,with respect to the heading ,periodical ,publications1 it may be said that transactions would logically come as properly under it as journals and magazines1 because all are published periodically4 ,this subject of the arrangement of periodicals has not been treated of so exhaustively as it deserves4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bailey communicated a paper on ,some ,points to be ,considered in ,preparing ,catalogues of ,transactions and ,periodicals to the ,library ,association of the ,united ,kingdom in ,february #ahhj1cc in which he affirms that so little agreement is there among cataloguers1 that the three most recent catalogues of scientific transactions and periodicals then published were arranged on different plans4 ,the three catalogues referred to were 7#a7 ,catalogue of ,scientific ,serials1 #afcc-ahgf1 by ,s4 ,h4 ,scudder1 ,cambridge1 ,u4,s41 #ahgi2 7#b7 ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,royal ,medical and ,chirurgical ,society1 ,london1 #ahgi2 7#c7 ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,museum of ,practical ,geology and ,geological ,survey1 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,at the ,cambridge ,meeting of the ,library ,association1 #ahhb1 ,i communicated a paper entitled ,thoughts on the ,cataloguing of ,journals and ,transactions4 ,in this paper ,i discussed some of the open questions respecting their arrangement1 and these points ,i may recapitulate here4 ,mr4 ,bailey is in favour of ,mr4 ,scudder's union of journals and transactions in one catalogue1 but he is not so satisfied that the plan of arranging these under the names of the places of publication adopted by that bibliographer is the best4 ,the two chief questions which arise1 after we have settled the point that these serials shall be kept distinct from the general alphabet1 are these3-- 7#a7 ,shall journals and transactions be treated as one and the same class1 or shall they be arranged in separate alphabets8 7#b7 ,if journals and transactions are kept distinct1 how shall they be arranged8 ,i4 ,mr4 ,scudder1 as already mentioned1 treats journals and transactions as one and the same class1 and arranges both together1 according to a combined geographical and alphabetical system4 ,this is1 ,i think1 an inconvenient arrangement for a catalogue1 for the following reason3 ,transactions are nearly always known by the names of the places where they are issued1 but journals are not known by the name of the place of publication4 ,for instance1 suppose a reader comes to the librarian for the ,jahrbuch of the ,physikalischer ,verein1 the librarian would naturally ask1 ,which one of these societies8 and the reader might answer ,frankfort2 but if the ,canadian ,journal were required it is probable that neither reader nor librarian would remember whether it were published at ,toronto or at ,montreal4 ,the society of its very nature has a local habitation1 while the journal has a name1 but is not necessarily associated with the place where it is published4 ,it therefore follows that if the titles of the two kinds of periodicals are arranged on different systems1 it will be better to keep them distinct than to unite them in one alphabet4 ,in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue the two classes are kept distinct1 but both are arranged under the names of places1 so that they might quite as well have been united in one alphabet4 ,the reason for separation entirely depends1 it seems to me1 upon the difference of arrangement adopted for each4 ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,cutter's rules on this question of arrangement may be considered best under the respective headings of ,transactions and ,journals4 ,transactions4 ,mr4 ,cutter says 7rule #dj73-- ,societies are authors of their journals1 memoirs1 proceedings1 transactions1 publications4444 ,the chief practices in regard to societies have been to enter them 7#a4 ,british ,museum7 under a special heading--,academies--with a geographical arrangement2 7#b4 ,boston ,public ,library1 printed catalogue7 under the name of the place where they have their headquarters2 7#c4 ,harvard ,college ,library and ,boston ,public ,library1 present system7 under the name of the place1 if it enters into the legal name of the society1 otherwise under the first word of that name not an article2 7#d4 ,boston ,athenum7 ,english societies under the first word of the society's name not an article2 foreign societies under the name of the place4 ,both #c4 and #d4 put under the place all purely local societies1 those whose membership or objects are confined to the place4 ,the first does not deserve a moment's consideration2 such a heading is out of place in an author-catalogue1 and the geographical arrangement only serves to complicate matters1 and render it more difficult to find any particular academy4 ,the second is utterly unsuited to ,american and ,english societies4 ,the third practice is simple2 but it is difficult to see the advantage of the exception which it makes to its general rule of entry under the society's name2 the exception does not help the cataloguer1 for it is just as hard to determine whether the place enters into the legal name as to ascertain the name2 it does not help the reader1 for he has no means of knowing whether the place is part of the legal name or not4 ,the fourth is simple and intelligible2 it is usually easy for both cataloguer and reader to determine whether a society is ,english or foreign4444 ,fifth ,plan1 ,rule #a4 ,enter academies1 associations1 institutes1 universities1 libraries1 galleries1 museums1 colleges1 and all similar bodies1 both ,english and foreign1 according to their corporate name1 neglecting an initial article when there is one4 ,exception #a4 ,enter the royal academies of ,berlin1 ,gttingen1 ,leipzig1 ,lisbon1 ,madrid1 ,munich1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,vienna1 etc41 and the ',institut' of ,paris under those cities4 ,an exception is an evil2 this one is adopted because the academies are usually known by the name of the cities1 and are hardly ever referred to by the name ,knigliches1 ,real1 etc4 ,i cannot agree with ,mr4 ,cutter's remarks in the above extracts4 ,after a pretty extensive experience of the cataloguing of transactions1 ,i have found plan ,no4 #b far and away the most convenient for reference2 it has its own peculiar difficulties1 but these are really much fewer than in any of the other plans1 and ,i entirely fail to see why it should be stigmatized as utterly unsuited to ,american and ,english societies4 ,no doubt a large number of societies come under the heading of ,london1 but most large towns in the country have their societies1 and the societies of ,dublin1 ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow1 ,liverpool1 and ,manchester all find their proper places in the alphabet4 ,the fourth plan may be simple1 but it is far from logical1 and some good reason is required for the adoption of separate rules for ,english and foreign societies4 ,exception #a is surely unnecessary1 for the publications of the ,socit ,mtorologique de ,france have just as much right to appear under ,paris as the publications of the ,institut 7which1 by the way1 is the ,institut of ,france1 not of ,paris74 ,the difficulties of this first word 7not an article7 arrangement are numerous4 ,for instance1 all the ,french societies will be under ,socit1 and a large number of the ,english societies under ,royal4 ,then1 again1 how many ,german and ,swiss towns have a ,naturforschende ,gesellschaft--the confusion of which is obviated by arranging them under the names of the towns4 ,this is one reason2 but another is1 that many of these societies have double titles1 with the designation of the society in different languages4 ,for instance1 the ,neue ,denkschriften of the ,allgemeine ,schweizerische ,gesellschaft fr die gesammten ,naturwissenschaften1 at ,zrich1 is also styled ,nouveaux ,mmoires de la ,socit ,helvtique des ,sciences ,naturelles2 and this at once confuses the society with ,schweizerische ,naturforschende ,gesellschaft1 which is also named ,allgemeine ,schweizerische ,gesellschaft and ,socit ,helvtique des ,sciences ,naturelles4 ,several of the ,scandinavian societies have a ,latin as well as a native name4 ,thus the ,kongl4 ,vetenskaps ,societet1 of ,upsala1 is also called ,regia ,societas ,scientiarum ,upsaliensis1 and its publications are known as ,acta and ,nota ,acta4 ,again1 the publications of the ,kongelige ,norske ,videnskabers ,selskab1 of ,trondhjem1 have been in ,german as well as in ,danish1 and in the former language the style of the society has taken the two forms of ,drontheimische ,gesellschaft and of ,knigl4 ,norwegische ,gesellschaft4 ,again1 ,bohemian societies have both a ,german and a ,bohemian title1 and the cataloguer must choose which he will take4 ,it cannot be said that by arranging the societies under the names of the places where they meet all difficulties are overcome1 but it may safely be said that they are found with much greater ease by the consulter of the catalogue1 than if they were spread about in the alphabet under the first words of their titles 7not an article71 and this1 ,i think1 is the greatest advantage that can be claimed for any cataloguing scheme4 ,another good reason for placing the societies under their place of meeting is that their transactions are most commonly referred to as the ,paris ,mmoires1 the ,berlin ,abhandlungen1 or the ,copenhagen ,skrifter2 and therefore it is most objectionable that the reader who knows what he wants should have1 before consulting the catalogue1 to seek for the exact wording of the society's name4 ,the ,london ,mathematical ,society would come under ,london by ,cutter's rule1 although it is always spoken of as the ,mathematical ,society simply2 while some of the publications of the ,meteorological ,society would be arranged under ,b 7,british ,meteorological ,society7 and others under ,m 7,meteorological ,society74 ,those who have little to do with transactions can scarcely guess the confusion that occurs in catalogues when the references are not arranged upon a sound system4 ,there are two very serious objections to the geographical arrangement of the places where societies are seated rather than the alphabetical4 ,one is1 that you have to think what country the place is in before looking for it2 and the other1 that the boundaries of ,europe are constantly being altered4 ,if every society is placed under the name of the town where it holds its meetings1 and the towns are arranged in one general alphabet1 we have an arrangement that is simplicity itself4 ,it is of paramount importance to place all the publications of a society under one heading1 even when the place of meeting may have been changed2 and in such a case as this the only safe plan is to arrange all under the name of the last place of meeting1 with cross-references from the other places4 ,a good instance of this is the well-known set of transactions which is almost invariably quoted as the ,nova ,acta4 ,the ,kaiserliche ,leopoldino-,carolinische ,deutsche ,akademie der ,naturforscher published their ,acta at ,nuremberg between #agcj and #aged1 and their ,nova ,acta at the same place between #ageg and #agia4 ,the ,nova ,acta has subsequently been published at ,erlangen1 ,breslau1 and ,bonn1 and the present seat of the academy is at ,dresden4 ,there is of course a difficulty in the case of peripatetic societies both national 7such as the ,british ,association7 and international 7such as the ,congress of ,prehistoric ,archology72 but these societies have usually permanent headquarters1 and these may be treated as the headings4 ,no mention has been made of what we rather vaguely style ,publishing ,societies1 because these require special rules4 ,they should be catalogued with a general entry under the division of ,transactions1 but the separate books published by each society must be catalogued in the general catalogue4 ,journals4 ,mr4 ,cutter's rule1 ,no4 #ed 7,rules for a ,dictionary ,catalogue1 p4 #ec71 is as follows3 ,periodicals are to be treated as anonymous1 and entered under the first word4 ,ex4 ,popular ,science ,monthly1 ,littell's ,living ,age4 ,when a periodical changes its title1 the whole may be catalogued under the original title1 with an explanatory note there1 and a reference from the new title to the old2 or each part may be catalogued under its own title1 with references3 ',for a continuation see 2' ',for ten previous volumes see 4' ,make a reference from the name of the editor when the periodical is commonly called by his name1 as is the case with ,silliman's ,journal of ,science4444 ,i agree1 generally1 with this rule1 but ,i think that we must arrange somehow that the whole of a journal should appear in one place in the catalogue1 however much the title may have been changed4 ,thus the title of the well-known ,philosophical ,magazine has undergone many changes1 but all should appear under the heading of ,philosophical ,magazine ,the first series is known as ,tilloch's ,philosophical ,magazine1 and the current series as the ,london1 ,edinburgh1 and ,dublin ,philosophical ,magazine and ,journal4 ,although the rule should be to place the titles under the first word not an article1 some judgment must be displayed4 ,thus the ,new ,monthly ,magazine should be placed under ,new1 because it was a rival and not a continuation of the ,monthly ,magazine2 but the ,neue ,notizen of ,froriep must come under ,notizen1 of which it is a second series4 ,as a rule1 it is objectionable to place journals under their editors' names1 because editors are continually changing4 ,for instance1 the famous ,german scientific journal 7,annalen der ,physik7 which was for so many years associated with the name of ,poggendorff no longer bears the name of that distinguished man4 ,after his death his name entirely disappeared from the title-page4 ,something must also be said respecting astronomical and meteorological observations1 reports of various institutions1 surveys1 etc4 ,these are not strictly transactions2 but the same principle which makes it expedient to take transactions out of the general alphabet applies to these books4 ,observations are sometimes catalogued under the name of the observer2 but this is a bad practice1 because the observer changes1 and it is only the observatory which is permanent1 and this should be arranged under the place where the observatory is situated1 as ,greenwich1 ,paris1 etc4 ,the treatment of reports is a more difficult matter1 and here again judgment must be called into play4 ,a particular report on a special subject must be treated as a book2 but the series of reports of commissions1 or the annual reports of an institution as serials1 may well be brought under a separate division4 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #cb ,was it not ,christopher ,north's ,shepherd who said1 ,open a school and call it an academy8 #cc ,monthly ,notices1 ,no4 #b4 ,decoration ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,something ,,about ,,mss4 ,very little need be said here about the cataloguing of manuscripts1 because it is a distinct art from the cataloguing of printed books2 but most libraries contain a few manuscripts1 and therefore it is needful to say something4 ,what a large collection of ,,mss4 really is1 is partly answered by ,mr4 ,maunde ,thompson1 late ,keeper of the ,,mss41 and now ,principal ,librarian1 ,british ,museum1 in an interesting paper1 ,on the ,arrangement and ,preservation of ,manuscripts1 read before the ,library ,association in #ahhf4 ,mr4 ,thompson writes3-- ,while in foreign countries it is the custom to subdivide and deposit in different custodies the several classes of ,,mss4 after their kind1 in ,england the ,museum is the only national institution where ,,mss4 of all descriptions are purchased for the public use4 ,in the ,department of ,,mss41 accordingly1 may be found every kind of ,,ms41 from papyri dating back to the second century before ,christ down to the correspondence of our own day on which the ink is scarcely dry4 ,papyri1 ancient and medival ,,mss4 of all periods and in all languages from the fifth to the fifteenth century and later1 illuminated ,,mss41 literary works of all periods1 state papers and literary and private correspondence1 charters and rolls1 seals1 casts of seals1 and bull--all these are brought together under the custody of the keepers4#cd ,now very few of these rare objects will be found in ordinary libraries4 ,the manuscripts to be found there will probably be literary works1 historical and literary correspondence1 and perhaps some deeds or family documents4 ,if the manuscripts consist only of a few unprinted literary works or original manuscripts afterwards printed1 these may well be included in the general catalogue of printed books4 ,when there are autograph letters and miscellaneous ,,mss41 these must be kept separate4 ,the cataloguer must then consult the best catalogues of collections of manuscripts1 and choose the plan best suited to his particular purpose4 ,a collection of autograph letters will best be catalogued under the names of the writers1 arranged in alphabetical order2 while a series of historical documents will often be more conveniently arranged in chronological order4 ,the usual mode of cataloguing adopted is to register the contents of the particular collection of manuscripts in the order which it stands1 and then to make a full index4 ,the result of this plan is the production of a series of volumes of great interest to the reader4 ,many a pleasant and instructive hour may be spent in the turning over of the pages of such catalogues as that of the ,harleian ,collection1 or of the various volumes which contain the descriptions of the additional manuscripts in the ,british ,museum4 ,there is1 however1 a great want of a general catalogue or general index to the vast collections of the ,british ,museum4 ,the production of such a work would cause so large an expenditure of labour that perhaps we can scarcely expect it to be produced2 but ,i venture to think that something might be done to bring the very miscellaneous collection of catalogues into some more uniform system than it is at present4 ,the subject index which can be referred to in the ,,ms4 room is a work of the greatest value1 and he who turns over a few pages of a few of the volumes of which this subject catalogue consists will obtain a more vivid idea of the exceeding richness of the ,,ms4 ,department of the ,british ,museum than by any other means4 ,this classified catalogue we owe to ,mr4 ,bond1 formerly ,keeper of the ,,mss41 and late ,principal ,librarian1 and every scholar must feel deep gratitude to him for this great gift of knowledge4 ,if this were printed1 it would form a work of immense value2 but probably before this could be done it would be necessary to re-catalogue on one system a large number of the entries4 ,with the present catalogues at the ,reading ,room table1 when a certain known manuscript is required1 the searcher goes at once to the special catalogue1 and he has little or no difficulty4 ,if he wants to find a manuscript upon a particular subject1 he can look at the subject catalogue2 but if he wants to find all the manuscripts of a given book1 he will have to look up the separate indexes of the different collections4 ,this will be a long and tedious undertaking1 and the searcher will usually need the assistance of the gentlemen of the ,department--assistance which is always freely and courteously rendered4 ,catalogues of certain classes of manuscripts have been produced which are of monumental value2 but ,i think a great desideratum is a catalogue of all the distinct works in the ,manuscript ,department1 with information respecting the printing of such as have been printed4 ,possibly such a work1 by which can be found the ,,ms4 copies of the works of our great authors1--and1 for the matter of that1 of our small ones too1--is being prepared4 ,it will be a work of great labour1 and if the ,department prepare it1 the learning of the country will be placed under a lasting obligation4 ,we may look forward to a time when a national bibliography of our literature shall be produced1 in which manuscripts will be registered as well as printed books4 ,one great characteristic of manuscripts is the permanence of their reference numbers4 ,printed books are moved and change their shelf-marks1 but the number of a manuscript is always the same4 ,sometimes the manuscript is known by the name of the collection with its number1 and sometimes the reference is to a former shelf-mark2 but if originally a shelf-mark1 it is continued as a part of the manuscript1 however much the original position in the library may have been changed4 ,catalogues of manuscripts are more distinctly literary works than are catalogues of printed books4 ,thus ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,warner's ,catalogue of the ,manuscripts and ,muniments of ,alleyn's ,college of ,god's ,gift at ,dulwich 7#ahha7 forms an indispensable portion of any ,shakespearian or dramatic library4 ,the various catalogues of manuscripts in the ,bodleian ,library1 and the ,catalogue of the ,cambridge ,university ,manuscripts1#ce are additions to general literature of a very high character4 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #cd ,library ,chronicle1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #cc-i4 #ce ,catalogue of the ,manuscripts ,preserved in the ,library of the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,edited for the ,syndics of the ,university ,press1 vol4 i41 #ahef2 vol4 ii41 #aheg2 vol4 iii41 #aheh2 vol4 iv41 #ahfa2 vol4 v41 #ahfg4 ,index by ,h4 ,r4 ,luard1 #ahfg4 #hvo4 ,decoration ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,rules ,,for ,a ,,small ,,library4#cf ,,headings4 ,,author4--#a4 ,all books to be entered under their authors' surnames2 when there are two or more authors1 the first is to be taken as the leading name4 #ge #b4 ,foreign compound names to be arranged under the first name4 ,english compound names under the last1 except in those cases where the first is known to be a true surname4 #gf #c4 ,proper names of foreigners to be alphabetically arranged under the prefixes ,dal1 ,del1 ,della1 ,des1 ,du1 ,le1 ,la2 but not under the prefixes ,d'1 ,da1 ,de1 ,von1 ,van1 ,van der4 ,english names to be arranged under the prefixes ,de1 ,de la1 ,van1 ,mac1 ,o'1 etc4 #hj #d4 ,peers to be arranged under their titles1 and not under their family names1 except in such cases as that of ,horace ,walpole1 where a man is seldom known by his title4 ,bishops1 deans1 etc41 to be sought under their family names4 #hg #e4 ,sovereigns1 saints1 and friars to be registered under their ,christian names4 #ia #f4 ,latin authors to be registered under their nomens1 except in those cases where the agnomen has been popularly adopted4 #aja #g4 ,oriental names to be registered in accordance with the system adopted by a recognized authority on the subject4 #ie #h4 ,when an author has changed his name1 he is to be registered by the last one adopted4 #ig #i4 ,married women to be registered under their married name1 except in those cases where they have only written under their maiden name4 #ih #aj4 ,when an author has adopted several pseudonyms at various times1 all are to be brought together under the author's true name4 ,when an author has consistently used one pseudonym1 and is solely known by that name1 he can be registered under it1 with a reference from his true name4 #adf #aa4 ,christian names of authors are to follow their surnames1 within parentheses1 and are always to be written in full4 #ie ,non-,author ,headings4 #ab4 ,trials to be entered under the name of the defendant in a criminal suit1 and of the plaintiff in a civil suit4 ,trials relating to vessels to be entered under the name of the vessel4 #abb #ac4 ,catalogues to be arranged under the heading of ,catalogues1 and subdivided under the sub-headings of the objects catalogued4 #abc #ad4 ,records of voyages not entirely written by one author to be brought under the name of the vessel4 #abg #ae4 ,all anonymous books whose authors are certainly known are to be registered under those authors' names4 #acj #af4 ,when an author is unknown1 and the initials only are given on the title-page of a book1 or at the end of the preface1 dedication1 or other preliminary matter1 the book is to be considered as anonymous1 and treated in accordance with the following rules respecting anonymous works4 #ade #ag4 ,anonymous works relating to a person or a place to be registered under the name of that person or place4 #aca #ah4 ,anonymous works with a catch-title1 such as the title of a novel1 to be registered under the first word of that title4 #aca #ai4 ,other anonymous works to be registered under the name of the subject which is prominently referred to on the title-page1 and in the language of the title-page4 ,an adjective is frequently to be preferred to a substantive as a heading4 ,for instance1 when it contains the point of the compound1 as ,alimentary ,canal1 ,english ,history1 etc4 #aca ,,the ,,title4 #bj4 ,the title of a book when not long is to be taken in its entirety4 ,when long curtailment must be undertaken with care1 and dots should be inserted where words have been omitted4 #acc #ba4 ,information respecting the edition and the editor1 and any additional matter1 should be included in the catalogue slip4 #afj ,,place ,,of ,,publication4 #bb4 ,the place of publication must always be given1 and if it be not found on the title-page1 it must be added between brackets whenever known4 ,the name always to be given as it appears on the title-page4 ,sometimes the place of printing1 when different from that of publication1 is added1 but this is only necessary in rare cases4 #afc ,,date4 #bc4 ,dates are always to be given in a catalogue in ,arabic numerals4 ,it is important that the date should be discovered when it does not occur on the title-page4 ,the date may sometimes occur as a chronogram1 which should not be overlooked4 #afd #bd4 ,greek dates require special attention4 ,for a table of these see ,chapter ,,iv41 p4 #afg4 ,,size-,,notation4 #be4 ,in books published before the use of machine-made papers1 the size of books is to be distinguished by the signatures and the fold of the water-mark of the hand-made paper4 ,in modern books demy octavo is to be considered as the standard of an octavo4 ,all above that size to be styled large octavo1 and all below small octavo4 ,quartos and folios to be so designated1 except in those cases where they are either specially large or specially small1 when they should respectively be described as large quarto or small folio4 #afh ,,collation4 #bf4 ,in the case of rare books a collation should be added to the title slip2 but all books1 when only in one volume1 should have the number of their pages added4 #agh ,,abstracts ,,of ,,contents4 #bg4 ,when the contents of a set of works are very varied1 a short abstract of the contents of each volume may be added with advantage4 ,when the contents are of a similar character1 like a collection of plays1 it will be more convenient to throw the titles into alphabetical order1 and add the number of the volume to each entry4 #bjf ,,references4 #bh4 ,all references should be in ,english1 and the subject of a book must be referenced1 even if it is not clearly expressed on the title-page4 #ahg #bi4 ,when a book contains something which is not mentioned on the title-page1 it must be added either between brackets or in a note1 and then a reference can be made to it2 but no reference must be made to a title which does not contain the information required4 #ahg #cj4 ,references in an alphabetical catalogue should not be classified4 ,thus ,gold should be under ,g1 and ,silver under ,s1 instead of being grouped under ,metals4 ,cross-references may be given from ,metals to ,gold and ,silver4 #ahh #ca4 ,it is not necessary to follow the exact wording of a title in the reference but it will be often more convenient for the cataloguer to make a heading which may include several references4 #ahg ,,arrangement4 #cb4 ,before arranging the entries of a catalogue it will be necessary to decide whether all the books are to be included in one alphabet2 and if not1 what are to be excluded4 #bji #cc4 ,pamphlets or tracts should not be catalogued separately from the other books1 except in very special cases4 #baj #cd4 ,if a library contains many magazines or journals1 transactions of societies1 or astronomical and other observations1 it will be well to keep these distinct from the general catalogue2 but if they are few1 they can be included in the general alphabet4 #baa #ce4 ,transactions of societies should be arranged under the name of the place where the society holds its meetings1 and these names should be arranged in alphabetical order4 #bai #cf4 ,when a society has shifted its place of meeting1 all its publications should be entered under the name of the existing place1 with references from the names of the previous places of meeting4 #bbc #cg4 ,journals should be arranged in alphabetical order under the first word of the title not an article4 #bbe #ch4 ,journals not to be placed under the editors' names4 #bbf #ci4 ,astronomical and meteorological observations should be kept distinct from transactions of societies1 but they may be arranged in the same way under the names of the places where the observatories are situated4 #bbf ,alphabet4 #dj4 ,the arrangement to be according to the order of the ,english alphabet4 ,i and ,j1 ,u and ,v1 to be treated as separate letters4 #aih #da4 ,in ,german names 1 1 to be treated as if written a1 o1 u4 ,if it be desired to arrange them as ae1 oe1 ue1 they must be so written4 #aii #db4 ,the prefixes ,mr41 ,mc1 ,st41 etc41 should be arranged as if spelt ,mister1 ,mac1 ,saint1 etc4 #bjj #dc4 ,when the word ,saint represents a ceremonial title1 as in the case of ,st4 ,alban1 ,st4 ,giles1 and ,st4 ,augustine1 these names are to be arranged under the letters ,a and ,g respectively2 but the places ,st4 ,albans1 ,st4 ,giles1 and ,st4 ,augustines should be found under the prefix ,saint4 #bja #dd4 ,prefixes in proper names1 even when printed separately1 are to be treated as if they were joined4 ,thus ,de ,morgan will come before ,demosthenes1 and ,de ,quincey after ,demosthenes4 #bje #de4 ,headings consisting of two or more distinct words are not to be treated as integral portions of one word4 #bje ,order of ,sub-,entries4 #df4 ,the works of an author should be arranged in the following order3-- a4 ,collected works4 b4 ,partial collections4 c4 ,separate works in chronological order1 except in the case of plays or novels1 which may be in alphabetical order4 d4 ,translations in the same order as that adopted for the original works4 #bje ,,manipulation4 #dg4 ,slips of paper or thick cards should be used for writing the titles upon4 ,a convenient size is that of a page of note paper used lengthways4 ,the shelf-mark can be placed at the top of the right-hand corner4 ,the author's name or heading should be written on a line by itself at the left-hand side1 about an inch from the top of the paper4 #dh4 ,the references may be written upon similar slips1 so as to range with the titles4 #di4 ,various directions as to sorting have been given1 but the worker will soon find out for himself the most convenient mode4 ,the arrangement should be made in regular sequence4 ,thus the slips must be sorted into first letters1 then into second letters1 and so on4 #ej4 ,when the slips are sorted1 it will be necessary to place them in boxes or drawers for safety4 #ea4 ,if the slips are sent to the printer1 they must be numbered2 but when there are a large number1 it is not necessary to put the full number on each slip4 ,it will be sufficient to number up to one hundred1 and then begin again1 marking down each additional hundred4 ,the alphabetical order of the slips will check the numbering4 #eb4 ,when a catalogue is printed1 lines of repetition must be used if the author's name or other heading is the same in several entries4 ,this line should not be too long1 as it is a mistake to vary its length to denote the length of that which is repeated4 #bja #ec4 ,the usual form for the library copy of a catalogue is folio4 ,if the catalogue is in manuscript1 the left-hand page should in all cases be left vacant for additions1 and the entries on the right-hand page should not be too closely written1 as it is difficult to tell how many additions may be required before the catalogue is worn out4 ,in the case of a printed catalogue1 two pages of print can be pasted on one page1 and here the right-hand column should be left blank for additions4 ,decoration ,,footnote3 #cf ,the number at the end of each rule refers to the page of this book where the reason for the particular rule is more fully discussed4 ,decoration ,,appendix4 ,,list ,,of ,,latin ,,names ,,of ,,places4 ,the cataloguer will often find it difficult to tell where a book was printed in those cases where the name of the place is given in its ,latin form4 ,although books have been compiled to give this information1 they are not always at hand1 and a list of the ,latin names of some of the most important places where books have been printed will probably be found useful4 ,the same place has often several ,latin forms1 as will be seen by this list3-- ,aberdonia1 ,aberdeen4 ,abredea1 ,aberdeen4 ,abredonia1 ,aberdeen4 ,amsteloedamum1 ,amstelodamum1 or ,amstelredamum1 ,amsterdam4 ,andegavum1 ,angers4 ,andoverpa1 ,antwerp4 ,andreapolis1 ,st4 ,andrews4 ,antverpia1 ,antwerp4 ,ardmacha1 ,armagh4 ,argentina1 ,argentoratum1 ,strasburg4 ,athen ,raurac1 ,basel4 ,augusta ,taurinorum1 ,turin4 ,augusta ,trebocorum1 ,strasburg4 ,augusta ,trevirorum1 ,treves4 ,augusta ,vindelicorum1 ,augsburg4 ,aurelia1 ,aureliacum1 ,orleans4 ,aurelia ,allobrogum1 ,geneva4 ,bamberga1 ,babenberga1 ,bamberg4 ,barchino1 ,barcino1 or ,barxino1 ,barcelona4 ,basilea1 ,basel4 ,bathonia1 ,bath4 ,berolinum1 ,berlin4 ,bipontium1 ,zweibrcken4 ,bisuntia1 or ,bisuntium1 ,besanon4 ,bononia1 ,bologna4 ,brixia1 ,breschia4 ,brug1 ,bruges4 ,bruxell1 ,bruxelles4 ,burdigala1 ,bordeaux4 ,burgi1 ,burgos4 ,buscum ,ducis1 ,bois le ,duc1 or ,hertogenbosch4 ,cadomum1 ,caen4 ,csar ,augusta1 ,saragossa4 ,csarodunum ,turonum1 ,tours4 ,cameracum1 ,cambray4 ,cantabrigia1 ,cambridge4 ,casurgis1 ,prague4 ,cluniacum1 ,cluni4 ,coburgum1 ,coburg4 ,codania1 ,copenhagen4 ,colonia ,agrippina1 ,c4 ,claudia1 ,c4 ,ubiorum or ,colonia simply1 ,cologne4 ,colonia ,allobrogum1 ,geneva4 ,colonia ,julia ,romana1 ,seville4 ,colonia ,munatiana1 ,basel4 ,complutum1 ,alcala de ,henares1 famous as the place of printing of the ,polyglott ,bible of ,cardinal ,ximenes1 called the ,complutensian ,bible4 ,confluentes1 ,coblentz4 ,cracovia1 ,cracow4 ,curia ,rhetorum1 ,coire4 ,dantiscum1 ,dantzig4 ,daventria1 ,deventer1 in ,holland4 ,derbia1 ,derby4 ,dordracum1 ,dordrecht1 or ,dort4 ,dresda1 ,dresden4 ,duacum1 ,douay4 ,dublinum1 ,dublin4 ,durocorturum1 ,rheims4 ,eboracum1 ,york4 ,edinburgum1 ,edinburgh4 ,erfordia1 ,erphordia1 or ,erfurtum1 ,erfurt4 ,etona1 ,eton4 ,exonia1 ,exeter4 ,florentia1 ,florence4 ,forum ,livii1 ,forli4 ,francofurtum ad ,moenum1 ,francofortium1 ,francphordia1 ,frankfort-on-the-,maine4 ,francofurtum ad ,oderam1 or ,francophordia cis ,oderam1 or ,francofurtum ,marchionum1 ,frankfort-on-the-,oder4 ,freiberga ,hermundurorum1 ,freiberg1 ,saxony4 ,friburgum ,brisgovi1 ,freiburg im ,breisgau4 ,friburgum ,helvetiorum1 ,fribourg1 ,switzerland4 ,ganabum1 ,orleans4 ,gandavum1 ,gand1 or ,ghent4 ,gedanum1 ,dantzig4 ,genua1 ,genoa4 ,gippesvicum1 ,ipswich4 ,glascua1 ,glasgow4 ,granata1 ,granada4 ,gratianopolis1 ,grenoble4 ,gravionarium1 ,bamberg4 ,hafnia1 ,copenhagen4 ,haga ,comitum1 ,the ,hague4 ,hala ,saxonum1 ,hala ,hermundurorum1 ,hala ,soraborum1 or ,hala ,magdeburgica1 ,halle1 in ,saxony4 ,hamburgum1 or ,hammona1 ,hamburg4 ,harlemum1 ,haarlem4 ,heidelberga1 ,heidelberg4 ,helenopolis1 ,frankfort-on-the-,maine4 ,herbipolis1 ,wrzburg4 ,hispalis1 ,seville4 ,holmia1 ,stockholm4 ,insul1 ,lisle4 ,juliomagum1 ,angers4 ,koburgum1 ,coburg4 ,leida1 ,leyden4 ,leodicum ,eburonum1 ,liege4 ,leodium1 ,liege4 ,lipsia1 ,leipzig4 ,londinum1 ,londinium1 ,london4 ,lovanium1 ,louvain4 ,lugdunum1 ,lyons4 ,lugdunum ,batavorum1 ,leyden4 ,lutetia ,parisiorum1 ,paris4 ,madritum1 or ,matritum1 ,madrid4 ,mediolanum1 ,milan4 ,moguntia1 ,mentz1 or ,mayence4 ,monachium1 ,munich4 ,mons ,regius1 ,knigsberg4 ,moscua1 ,moscow4 ,mutina1 ,modena4 ,neapolis1 ,naples4 ,neocomum1 ,neuchatel4 ,norimberga1 ,nuremberg4 ,oenipons1 ,innsbruck4 ,olyssipo1 ,lisbon4 ,oxonia1 or ,oxonium1 ,oxford4 ,panormum1 ,palermo4 ,papia1 ,pavia4 ,parisii1 ,paris4 ,patavium1 ,padua4 ,pons ,oeni1 ,innsbruck4 ,portus ,lusitani1 ,oporto4 ,praga1 ,prague4 ,regiomontum1 ,knigsberg4 ,remi1 or ,rhemi1 ,rheims4 ,rhedones1 ,rennes4 ,rhodopolis1 ,rostock4 ,roma1 ,rome4 ,rostochium1 ,rostock4 ,rothomagum1 ,rouen4 ,s4 ,albani1 ,st4 ,albans4 ,sanctandrois1 ,st4 ,andrews4 ,sylva ,ducis1 or ,sylva ,ducalis1 ,bois le ,duc1 or ,hertogenbosch4 ,tarvisium1 ,treviso4 ,taurinum1 ,turin4 ,therm ,antonin1 ,baden-,baden4 ,ticinum1 ,pavia4 ,tigurum1 ,zrich4 ,toletum1 ,toledo4 ,trajectum ad ,mosam1 or ,trajectum superius1 ,maestricht4 ,trajectum ad ,rhenum1 or ,trajectum inferius1 ,utrecht4 ,trajectum ad ,viadrum1 ,frankfort-on-the-,oder4 ,trec1 or ,tricasses1 ,troyes4 ,tridentum1 ,trent4 ,treviri1 ,treves4 ,tubinga1 ,tubingen4 ,turones1 ,tours4 ,ubii1 ,cologne4 ,ultrajectum1 ,utrecht4 ,ulyssipo1 ,lisbon4 ,urbs vetus1 ,orvieto4 ,vallisoletum1 ,valladolid4 ,veneti1 ,venice4 ,vesontio1 ,besanon4 ,vicentia1 ,vicenza4 ,vienna ,austri1 ,vienna4 ,vienna in ,delphinatu1 ,vienne1 ,france4 ,vigornia1 ,worcester4 ,vindobona1 ,vienna4 ,vratislavia1 ,breslau4 ,westmonasterium1 ,westminster4 ,wirceburgum1 ,wurzburg4 ,these names have mostly been taken from ,dr4 ,cotton's valuable lists3-- ,a ,typographical ,gazetteer1 attempted by the ,rev4 ,henry ,cotton1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,the ,second ,edition4 ,oxford1 #ahca4 #hvo4 ,at page #ccb is an index of disguised1 falsified1 or fictitious places4 ,at page #ccf1 a list of the names of certain academies1 etc41 which sometimes are found on the titles of books 7particularly on academical dissertations71 without further specification of the place to which they belong4 ,a ,typographical ,gazetteer1 attempted by the ,rev4 ,henry ,cotton1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,second ,series4 ,oxford1 #ahff4 #hvo4 ,at page #cce is a revised list of fictitious places4 ,decoration ,decoration ,,index4 ,abstracts of contents1 #bjf4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bdj4 ,academical dissertations1 authorship of1 #aje4 ,academies not a good heading1 #bac4 ,alphabet1 order of ,english1 #aih4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bdc4 ,anonym an objectionable term1 #abi1 #acf 7note74 ,anonymous and pseudonymous books1 #abh-ec4 ----,definition of an anonymous work1 #abi4 ----,headings for1 #acj1 #adc4 ----,bodleian rule1 #acd4 ----,british ,museum rule1 #acj4 ----,cambridge rule1 #aej4 ----,cutter's rule1 #acb4 ----,proposed rules1 #acc1 #bcg4 ----,headings to be made on one system1 #add4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcg4 ,arabic numerals to be used for dates in cataloguing1 #afd4 ,arrangement1 #aih-bbg4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bdb4 ,asterisk1 use of1 to denote academical dissertation1 #aba4 ,athenum ,club ,catalogue1 #fa4 ,author of a book1 #ge4 ----,not to be invented by misreading the title1 #hd4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bce4 ,authors to be placed under the name they are best known by1 #he4 ,baber's 7,rev4 ,h4 ,h47 rules1 #bf4 ,bailey 7,j4 ,b471 his objection to double-columned pasted-down catalogue1 #fj 7note74 ----,on the preparation of catalogues of ,transactions and periodicals1 #bac4 ,barbier's definition of an anonymous work1 #abi-cj4 ,becket 7,thomas 7 or ,st4 ,thomas1 #id4 ,bentham 7,jeremy71 his name printed ,jrme in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #cb4 ,biber 7,rev4 ,dr47 on use of initials as a heading1 #ade4 ,bibliographies v4 ,catalogues1 #d4 ,bibliography1 uses of a1 #e4 ,bibliotheca ,cooperiana1 #ai4 ,billings 7,j4 ,s471 ,index ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,surgeon-,general's ,office1 #ah4 ,bishops and deans to be arranged under their family names1 #hg4 ,blackburn's ,hints on ,catalogue ,titles noticed1 #aec 7note74 ,board of ,trade ,catalogue1 #af4 ,bodleian ,library1 rules1 #df4 ----,card catalogues at1 #fc4 ,bodleian ,library1 ,catalogues of ,,mss41 #bcc4 ,bond 7,mr471 bestower of the boon of a printed catalogue for the ,british ,museum1 #ec4 ,bradshaw 7,h471 his views as to the index to a catalogue1 #ab4 ----,on size-notation1 #agc4 ----,rule for anonymous works1 #aea4 ,british ,museum1 ,report of the ,commissioners on the ,constitution and ,government of the1 quoted #bf1 #cb4 ----,rules1 #be2 their triumph1 #dh4 ----,printing of first volume of ,catalogue in #ahda1 #bh1 #di-ea4 ---- ----,owing to a blunder1 #bi4 ----,various printed catalogues1 #ca4 ----,catalogues of ,,mss41 #bcj4 ----,classified catalogue of ,,mss41 #bca4 ,bruce 7,john7 on the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #cf4 ----,on the cataloguing of anonymous works1 #ada4 ,bullen 7,g47 in favour of printing the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #ec 7note74 ,calendar1 ,french ,revolutionary1 #afh4 ,cambridge ,libraries1 treatment of size-notation in1 #agd4 ----,university ,library rules1 #de4 ---- ----,catalogue of ,,mss41 #bcd4 ,card catalogues1 their spread in ,america1 #fb4 ,cards1 use of1 for variety of classification1 #fd4 ,carlyle 7,thomas71 his objection to the ,british ,museum regulations1 #cd4 ,catalogue1 uses of a1 #e4 ----,what it is1 #a4 ----,to make one not an easy task1 #b4 ----,dangers of division of labour1 #b4 ----,medium between too short and too long1 #d4 ----,to be made direct from the books themselves1 #ad4 ----,how to keep one in print for years1 #eg4 ,catalogue1 ,alphabetical1 the most useful1 #aj4 ---- ----of subjects1 #ae4 ----,card1 its spread in ,america1 #fb4 ----,classed1 nearly useless1 #i1 #aa4 ----,dictionary1 rules for1 #dg4 ----,raisonn1 what it is1 #aj4 ----,universal1 widespread desire for one1 #f4 ,cataloguer always to think of the wants of the consulter1 #c4 ,catalogues1 treatment of1 #abc4 ---- ----,british ,museum rule1 #abc4 ---- ----,cambridge rule1 #abd4 ---- ----,cutter's rule1 #abe4 ---- ----,library ,association rule1 #abe4 ----,not true books1 #abf4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcg4 ,catalogues v4 ,bibliographies1 #d4 ----,manuscript1 for small private libraries1 #ga4 ,cataloguing1 ignorance of the art of1 #cc4 ----,scientific1 a modern invention1 #ac4 ,christian names1 not to be contracted1 #ie4 ----,mr4 ,cutter's plan of contraction1 #ie4 ----,alphabetical order of1 #if4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcg4 ,christian names1 foreign1 turned into surnames1 #if4 ,chronograms on titles1 #afe4 ,cochrane 7,j4 ,g47 before the ,british ,museum ,commission1 #cc4 ----,his opinion on rules1 #cd4 ,collation1 #agh-gi4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bdj4 ,collier 7,j4 ,payne71 his unfortunate catalogue titles1 #ci4 ,compound names1 treatment of1 #gf4 ----,british ,museum rule1 #gh4 ----,cambridge rule1 #gi4 ----,cutter's rule1 #gh4 ----,library ,association rule1 #gi4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bce4 ,concordances1 treatment of1 #abg4 ,contents1 abstracts of1 need of1 #bjf4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bdj4 ,cooper's 7,charles ,purton7 sale catalogues1 #ai4 ,co-operative cataloguing1 #fi4 ,cotton's ,typographical ,gazetteer1 #bed4 ,crestadoro 7,mr47 proposes index to an inventorial catalogue1 #aa4 ,croker 7,rt4 ,hon4 ,j4 ,w47 on the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #cf4 ----,plan for pasting down ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #ga4 ,cross-references1 #ahb4 ,cutter 7,mr47 on card catalogues1 #fb 7note74 ----,on the advantages and disadvantages of printed or manuscript catalogues1 #ed4 ----,on the history of the ,dictionary ,catalogue1 #aa4 ----,classification of libraries1 #h4 ----,definition of an anonymous work1 #acj4 ----,definition of an author1 #ge4 ----,definition of references1 #aha4 ----,rules for the cataloguing of ,journals1 #bbd4 ----,rules for the cataloguing of ,transactions1 #bag4 ----,rules for a dictionary catalogue1 #dg4 ----,rules for pseudonyms1 #adh4 ,dash as a sign of repetition1 #bja4 ----,index ,society rule1 #bja4 ----,library ,association rule1 #bja4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bdf4 ,dates1 #afd-fh4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bci4 ,de ,morgan 7,a47 on the blunders of bibliographers1 #ad4 ----,on the uselessness of a classed catalogue1 #i4 ,dictionary ,catalogue1 history of1 #aa1 #ag4 ----,rules for1 #dg4 ,dissertations1 academical1 authorship of1 #aje4 ,dublin ,review1 quoted #i-aa1 #ad4 ,edition and editor always to be inserted on catalogue slip1 #afj4 ,editor of a book1 #ge1 #ajc4 ,edwards 7,edward7 one of ,committee for ,british ,museum ,rules1 #bf4 ,ellis and ,baber's ,catalogue of the ,british ,museum1 #ca4 ,fagan's ,life of ,panizzi1 quoted #bi4 ,french ,revolutionary ,calendar1 #afh4 ,friars under their ,christian names1 #ia4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcf4 ,garnett 7,dr47 on the printing of the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #g1 #ea4 ,geology1 ,museum of ,practical1 catalogue of periodicals in the library1 #bad4 ,governments to supply catalogue slips1 #fi4 ,gray 7,dr4 ,j4 ,e47 on the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #ce1 #cg4 ,greek and ,roman names1 #ajj4 ,greek numerals1 table of1 #afg4 ,gruner's ,delectus ,dissertationum ,medicorum ,jenensium1 #aaf4 ,guildhall ,library1 card catalogue at1 #fc4 ,haller's ,collections of ,dissertations1 #aae4 ,hampshire 7,history of71 wrongly attributed to ,r4 ,warner1 #ajb4 ,headings1 author1 rules for a small library1 #bce4 ----,other than author headings1 #abb4 ---- ----,rules for a small library1 #beg4 ,hilton's works on chronograms1 #afe4 ,index of subjects1 #aia4 ----to catalogue of ,athenum library1 #aif4 ---- ----of ,london library1 #aif4 ,initials of authors as a heading1 #ade4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcg4 ,jewett 7,c4 ,c471 his rules for the ,smithsonian ,institution1 #dd4 ---- ,his scheme for stereotyping catalogue titles1 #fe4 ----,suggestion for size-notation1 #agb4 ,jones 7,j4 ,winter71 one of ,committee for ,british ,museum ,rules1 #bf4 ----,his report on ,payne ,collier's catalogue titles1 #ci4 ----,on size-notation1 #afi4 ,journals1 cataloguing of1 #bbd4 ----,extracts from1 #baj4 ----and ,transactions1 whether they shall be catalogued separately or together1 #bae4 ,langbaine 7,gerard71 his projected general catalogue1 #f4 ,latin names of places1 #bdg-ed4 ,library ,association ,rules1 #df4 ,list v4 ,catalogue1 #a4 ,liturgies1 treatment of1 #abg4 ,london ,institution ,catalogue1 #ae4 ,madden 7,sir ,frederick7 on the cataloguing of anonymous works1 #acg4 ,manchester ,free ,library ,catalogue ,index1 #aif4 ,manipulation rules for a small library1 #bde4 ,manuscript catalogues for small private libraries1 #gj4 ,manuscripts1 ,something ,about1 #bbh-cd4 ,married women1 their change of name1 #ii4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcf4 ,married women1 ,british ,museum rule1 #ajj4 ----,cutter's rule1 #ii4 ----,library ,association rule1 #ii4 ,medical and ,chirurgical ,society1 ,catalogue of ,periodicals in the ,library1 #bad4 ----,index to ,catalogue of ,library1 #aif4 ,name1 change of1 #ig4 ----,british ,museum rule1 #ig4 ----,cambridge rule1 #ih4 ----,cutter's rule1 #ih4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcf4 ,observations1 astronomical and meteorological1 cataloguing of1 #bbf4 ,o',donovan's 7,d47 ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,parliament of ,queensland1 #ag4 ,official publications1 #aje4 ,order of sub-entries1 rules for a small library1 #bdd4 ,oriental names1 treatment of1 #ie4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcf4 ,oxford libraries1 ,langbaine's projected catalogue of1 #f4 ,panizzi 7,sir ,anthony71 his code of rules1 #be4 ----,objection to print1 #di4 ----,on a complete index of a library catalogue1 #aia4 ----,views as to the cataloguing of anonymous works1 #acd4 ---- ----convert the ,commissioners1 #ace4 ,parry 7,john ,h471 one of ,committee for ,british ,museum ,rules1 #bf4 ----in favour of print1 #di4 ----,on the cataloguing of anonymous works1 #acf1 #aeb4 ----,on ,dr4 ,gray's suggestions for the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #ch4 ----,on an index of subjects1 #aif4 ,pasting down a catalogue to be done by the librarian1 #fa4 ,peers to be arranged under their titles1 #hh4 ----,bodleian rule1 #hi4 ----,british ,museum rules1 #hi4 ----,cambridge rules1 #hi4 ----,cutter's rule1 #hi4 ----,library ,association rule1 #hi4 ----,rules for small library1 #bcf4 ,periodical ,publications not a proper heading for journals alone1 #bac4 ,periodicals1 treatment of1 #baa4 ,photo-bibliography1 ,henry ,stevens's scheme1 #ff4 ,place of publication1 #afc-fd4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bci4 ,places1 ,latin names of1 #bdg-ed4 ,poole 7,w4 ,f47 on the difficulties of cataloguing1 #ac4 ,prses treated as the author of an academical dissertation1 #ajf1 #ajh4 ,prefixes1 treatment of1 #hj4 ----,british ,museum rule1 #hb4 ----,cambridge rules1 #hc4 ----,cutter's rule1 #ha4 ----,index ,society rule1 #hc4 ,prefixes1 ,library ,association rule1 #hb4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bce4 ,print v4 ,manuscript1 #di1 #gc4 ,pseudonyms1 cataloguing under1 #adg4 ----,rules for small library1 #bcf4 ,publishers to supply catalogue slips of their books1 #fi4 ,queensland1 ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,parliament of1 #ag4 ,references--,british ,museum rules1 #ahb4 ----,press-marks to1 #ahc4 ----,different mode of referencing1 #ahd4 ----,to be in ,english1 #ahg4 ----,the title not necessarily to be copied1 #ahg4 ----,not to be classified1 #ahh4 ----,the word see can be omitted1 #aia4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bda4 ----and subject index1 #ahj-ig4 ---- ,variety of1 #aha4 ,registration office for books1 #gj4 ,respondent as the author of an academical dissertation1 #ajf4 ,richteri ,opuscula ,medica1 #aah4 ,robinson 7,otis7 on card catalogues1 #fb4 ----,on co-operative cataloguing1 #fi4 ----,on misleading titles1 #afb4 ,roedereri 7,j4 ,g47 ,opuscula ,medica1 #aah4 ,roman and ,greek names1 #ajj4 ,roy's 7,mr47 plan for pasting down ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #ga4 ,rules1 battle of the1 #be-dh4 ----for a small library1 #bce-df4 ----,good catalogues made before they were enunciated1 #ac4 ,rye 7,w4 ,b47 in favour of printing the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 #ea4 ,saints under their ,christian names1 #ia4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcf4 ,scott's 7,sir ,walter7 pseudonyms1 #adg4 ,scudder's catalogue of scientific serials1 #bad-ae4 ,serials1 treatment of1 #baa4 ,size-notation1 #afh-gh4 ----,measurements1 #agb4 ----,cambridge system1 #agc4 ----,bodleian plan1 #agg4 ----,committee of the ,library ,association on1 #agf4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bdj4 ,smithsonian ,institution scheme for stereotyping catalogue titles1 #fe4 ,sovereigns1 saints1 and friars to be registered under their ,christian names1 #ia4 ----,british ,museum rule1 #ia4 ----,cambridge rule1 #ib4 ----,cutter's rule1 #ib4 ----,library ,association rule1 #ib4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcf4 ,stanhope 7,earl7 on the cataloguing of anonymous works1 #ach4 ,stereotyping catalogue titles1 ,jewett's scheme1 #fe4 ,stevens 7,henry71 his scheme of photo-bibliography1 #ff4 ,stevens 7,henry71 ,catalogue of the ,american books in the ,british ,museum1 #dc4 ,stirling-,maxwell 7,sir ,william71 his adoption of ,jewett's suggestion for size-notation1 #agb4 ,surgeon-,general's ,office1 ,united ,states army1 ,index ,catalogue of the ,library of1 #ah4 ,thompson's 7,mr4 ,maunde7 paper on the arrangement and preservation of manuscripts1 #bbh4 ,title1 treatment of the1 short or long1 #aec-fc4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bch4 ,title-page1 how to treat a1 #gd4 ----of rare books1 reduced photographs of1 #fh4 ----,second1 #afa4 ,titles1 misleading1 #ajb1 #afa4 ,tomlinson 7,c47 on the cataloguing of anonymous works1 #ada4 ,tracts not to be distinguished from books1 #bji4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bdb4 ,transactions1 cataloguing of1 #bag4 ----,extracts from1 #baj4 ----,treatment of1 #ajd4 ----and ,journals1 whether they should be catalogued separately or together1 #bae4 ,translations1 position of1 in list of author's works1 #bjf4 ,trials1 reports of1 #abb4 ----,british ,museum rule1 #abb4 ----,cutter's rule1 #abb4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcg4 ,trilleri ,opuscula1 #aah4 ,type1 varieties of1 in a catalogue1 #fd4 ,voltaire or ,arouet1 the disputed question of arrangement1 #he4 ,voyages1 reports of1 #abg4 ----under the name of the vessel1 #abh4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcg4 ,warner's ,catalogue of ,dulwich ,,mss41 #bcc4 ,watt's ,bibliotheca ,britannica1 #aic4 ,watts 7,thomas71 one of ,committee for ,british ,museum ,rules1 #bf4 ,wheatley's 7,b4 ,r47 paper on the authorship of ,academical dissertations1 #aje4 ----,plan for keeping a catalogue in print for years1 #eg4 ----,views on size-notation1 #agf4 ,women1 married1 their change of name1 #ih4 ----,rules for a small library1 #bcf4 ,wrapper1 catalogue title not to be taken from1 #gd4 ,wrottesley 7,lord7 on the cataloguing of anonymous works1 #adb4 ,decoration 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,punctuation and spelling were made consistent where obvious1 as noted below4 ,where there is not an obvious choice and unless noted1 the forms found in the original have been retained4 ,changes made in text3 ,page xii3 em-dash added --,manipulation 7#eb7 ,page #hd3 acknowleged to acknowledged an acknowledged principle ,page #he3 ,moliere to ,molire viz41 ,voltaire and ,molire2 ,page #ajf3 ,the saurus to ,thesaurus ,pritzel's ,thesaurus1 ,hallers ,page #aci3 #h' to #h ,london1 #agbe4 #h4 ,page #adj3 double quote to single quote following3 ',the proceedings ,page #aeg3 ,spceulum to ,speculum ,speculum ,polytechnum ,mathematicum444 ,page #aeg3 full stop to ellipsis ,corrected1 and 444 ,augmented ,page #aff3 added opening quote before ,de ,de sp,ir,ita,l,i ,page #afg3 added equal sign following i' and i' i' #aj and i' #aj1jjj ,page #agb3 added comma following demy copy1 demy1 medium ,page #agb3 added comma following royal royal1 imperial1 elephant1 ,page #aij3 antient to ancient ,vestiges of ,ancient ,manners ,page #bjd3 added after ,thoughts ,grave ,thoughts ,page #bbj3 ,deukschiften to ,denkschriften ,neue ,denkschriften ,page #bba3 gesamurten to gesammten ,gesellschaft fr die gesammten ,naturwissenschaften ,page #bba3 ,konigl4 to ,knigl4 ,knigl4 ,norweigche ,gesellschaft4 ,page #bca3 o to of vivid idea of the exceeding ,page #bdd3 #bje to #bjc at end of rule #dd ,page #bdd3 #bje to #bjd at end of rule #de ,page #bed3 ,wurzburg to ,wrzburg ,wirceburgum1 ,wrzburg4 ,page #bef3 ,jrme to ,jrme his name printed ,jrme ,page #bfb3 ,smithsonia to ,smithsonian the ,smithsonian ,institution1 #dd4 ,page #bfg3 army to ,army ,united ,states ,army1