file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dagdi-;h4htm or #dagdi-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dagdi_/pg#dagdi-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dagd i_/dagdi-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/practicalg ra99#jjwall ,,practical ,,gra9+ ,) ,description ( ,colors ,employ$ & ,tools ,us$ ,illu/rat$ by ,=ty-,sev5 ,color$ ,plates ,repres5t+ ! ,v>i\s ,woods ,us$ 9 ,int]ior ,f9i%+ by ,,william ,e4 ,,wall ,gra9] to ! ,trade4 ,philadelphia3 ,h\se ,pa9t+ & ,decorat+ ,publi%+ ,co4 ,eighte5-,n9ety-,"o4 ,ent]$ accord+ to act ( ,congress 9 ! ye> #ahij by ,! ,h\se ,pa9t+ & ,decorat+ ,publi%+ ,co4 9 ! (fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,all ,rights ,res]v$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,gr\ndworks = gra9+2 gra9+ comp>$ ) pla9 pa9t$ "w2 remov+ old pa9t2 mix+ gr\nd colors #e ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! gra9+ color2 imitat+ simple woods2 gra9+ color = light oak2 mix+ gra9+ color2 apply+ ! color2 repres5t+ *amps or lights ( oak #i ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,qu>t]$ oak2 ov]gra9+2 he>t ( oak2 use ( ! *eck roll] #ac ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,gra9+ oak 9 di/emp]2 ! light ve9s 9 oak2 gra9+ a%2 putt+ 9 he>t "w2 ov]-gra9+ a%2 a% 9 di/emp]2 mat*+ :ite a% #af ,,*apt] ,v4 ,hung>ian a%2 burl a% 9 wat] color & 9 oil #ai ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,*e/nut2 colors = gra9+ *e/nut2 wip+ ! he>ts & bl5d+2 *e/nut 9 wat] color2 bird's-eye maple2 putt+ 9 lights & %ades2 putt+ 9 ! eyes2 curly or rock maple2 silv] maple #ba ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,sat9wood2 gr\ndwork = sat9wood2 putt+ 9 ! mottl+ #bf ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,poll>d oak2 *]ry2 *]ry 9 di/emp]2 glue size = di/emp] b9d] #bg ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,black walnut 9 oil2 black walnut 9 di/emp] #ca ,,*apt] ,x4 ,fr5* walnut burl 9 di/emp] #cb ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,mahogany2 ,honduras fea!r$ mahogany2 /ippl+ 9 mahogany2 fea!r$ mahogany #ce ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,rosewood2 ! use ( ! bamboo bru%2 imitat+ rosewood 9 wat] color2 cypress wood #cg ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,h>d p9e2 :ite wood #dj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,v>ni%+ ov] gra9$ "w2 crack+ ( v>ni% on inside "w #db ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,gra9+ consid]$ z a f9e art2 gra9+ sometimes condemn$2 ! arti/ic m]it ( gra9+ #df ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! tools us$ by gra9]s2 combs2 ov]gra9]s2 badg] bl5d]s2 ca/ellat$ ov]gra9]s2 mottl]s2 cutt]s2 /ippl]s2 *eck roll]2 fresco bri/le l9]s #dh ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,pat5t gra9+ ma*9es2 pat5t roll] process2 ! ,mason pad2 objections to ma*9e gra9+2 /5cil plates2 gransorbian transf] process2 transf] pap] #ed ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,! imitation ( c>v$ "w1 m\ld+s1 etc4 #ei ,,li/ ,,( ,,color$ ,,illu/rations4 #a4 ,gr\nds = ,gra9+ ,hung>ian ,a%1 ,maple1 ,light ,a% & ,light ,oak4 #b4 ,gr\nds = ,gra9+ ,*e/nut1 ,d>k or ,poll>d ,oak1 ,black or ,fr5* ,walnut1 ,/a9$ ,*]ry1 ,mahogany & ,rosewood4 #c4 ,pla9 or ,wa9scot ,oak1 ,light4 #d4 ,flak$ ,oak1 ,light4 #e4 ,flak$ ,oak1 ,light4 #f4 ,he>t ,gr[? ,oak1 ,light4 #g4 ,he>t ,gr[? ,oak1 ,p5cill$4 #h4 ,flak$ ,oak1 ,light1 ,%ad$4 #i4 ,he>t ( ,oak1 ,*eck$ & ,%ad$4 #aj4 ,flak$ ,oak1 ,light ,%ad$4 #aa4 ,flak$ or ,qu>t]$ ,d>k ,oak1 ,%ad$4 #ab4 ,he>t ( ,light ,a%1 ,wip$ ,out4 #ac4 ,he>t ( ,light ,a% ,wip$ ,out & ,%ad$4 #ad4 ,he>t ( ,a%1 ,d>k1 ,p5cill$4 #ae4 ,hung>ian ,a%1 ,wip$ ,out & ,p5cill$4 #af4 ,burl ,a% 9 ,wat] ,colors4 #ag4 ,d>k ,a%1 ,p5cill$ & ,comb$4 #ah4 ,hung>ian ,a%1 ,wip$ ,out4 #ai4 ,bird's-,eye ,maple1 ,ov]gra9$4 #bj4 ,*e/nut4 #ba4 ,bird's-,eye ,maple1 ,mottl$ ,ready = ! ,eyes4 #bb4 ,bird's-,eye ,maple ) ! ,eyes4 #bc4 ,*e/nut4 #bd4 ,sat9wood ,mottl$4 #be4 ,sat9wood ,mottl$ & ,ov]gra9$4 #bf4 ,curly ,maple ,mottl$ to ,ov]gra94 #bg4 ,curly ,maple ,ov]gra9$4 #bh4 ,poll>d ,oak4 #bi4 ,poll>d ,oak4 #cj4 ,*]ry ,mottl$ 9 ,oil be=e be+ ,ov]gra9$4 #ca4 ,*]ry ,mottl$ & ,p5cill$ 9 ,oil4 #cb4 ,*]ry ,mottl$ & ,p5cill$ 9 ,oil4 #cc4 ,*]ry ,mottl$ & ,p5cill$ 9 ,oil z ,f9i%$4 #cd4 ,*]ry ,wip$ ,out & ,p5cill$ 9 ,oil4 #ce4 ,walnut ,/ipple4 #cf4 ,black ,walnut ,p5cill$4 #cg4 ,walnut ,wip$ ,out & ,p5cill$4 #ch4 ,curly ,walnut4 #ci4 ,fr5* ,walnut ,burl4 #dj4 ,mahogany ,/raight4 #da4 ,mahogany ,mottl$4 #db4 ,mahogany ,fea!r$4 #dc4 ,rosewood z ,outl9$ to ,ov]gra94 #dd4 ,rosewood z ,f9i%$4 #de4 ,cypress 9 ,oil4 #df4 ,h>d ,p9e4 #dg4 ,:itewood 9 ,oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,maple ,,or ,,sat9 ,,wood4 ,,light ,,a%4 ,,light ,,oak4 ,,hung>ian ,,a%4 ,,gr\nds ,,= ,,gra9+4--,,9 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,article ,,by ,,wm4 ,e4 ,,wall ,,practical ,,gra9+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,gr\nd-,,works ,,= ,,gra9+ ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 :ile n claim+ to be any?+ new or />tl+1 w p]haps be ( int]e/ to ^? :o seek to improve !mselves 9 ! mod]n /yle ( imitat+ ! gra9 ( wood4 ,! ideas set =? 9 ^! pages are f\nd$ on ! obs]vation & e-day exp]i5ce ( a gra9] to ! trade :o does n claim to be ! be/ 9 ! _w1 b :o (f]s 8 sugge/ions = ! good ( ! craft4 ,gra9+ is (t5 ov]look$ 9 ! rage = /a9$ :ite wood or olive gre5s 9 int]ior "w1 b x w always f9d favor ) ^? :o h exp]i5c$ its we>+ qualities z comp>$ ) pla9 pa9t$ "w2 = %\ld ! v>ni% be ( good quality & n crack1 ! "w1 if prop]ly done1 w /& = ye>s & w n fade 9 ! mann] t pa9t does1 & :]e ! "w is prop]ly done on new wood x _c be *ipp$ (f unless ! wood is tak5 (f ) x4 ,x c be sc\r$ (f1 b w n come (f o!rwise4 ,:]e gra9+ is done ov] old pa9t or ov] "w t has be5 previ\sly gra9$ ! case is diff]5t1 z1 if knock$ or bruis$1 x w *ip (f to ! coat b5ea?1 & :]e ! "w has =m]ly be5 :ite ! effect is v bad & is h>d to rem$y2 b if c>e is tak5 :5 gr\nd+ ! "w1 x may to a great ext5t be prev5t$4 ,9 prep>+ old "w = gra9+ "o ( ! fir/ ?+s requisite is to h ! surface made z smoo? z possible2 ?is may be done ) s&-pap] or--:at is bett]--lump pumice /one4 ,9 case ! gra9+ is done ov] old pa9t t has crack$ ! be/ ?+ to d is to remove ! old v>ni% or pa9t by ! application ( a /rong solution ( wa%+ soda or a weak solution ( pota%4 ,"s pa9t]s use spirits ( ammonia or burn (f ) a burn+-lamp4 ,aft] ?or\ghly s(t5+ or remov+ ! old pa9t or v>ni% ) ei!r soda or pota%1 ! "w %\ld be wa%$ (f ) a weak solution ( v9eg> 7ab\t a p9t ( v9eg> to a pailful ( wat]71 9 ord] to remove all traces ( ! alkali & prev5t its future action on ! pa9t4 ,"s pa9t]s ?9k t ?is is too mu* tr\ble & ass]t t !y _c get paid = do+ "w 9 ?is way1 b 9 ! end x w prove to be ! be/ way1 z x w greatly add to ! appe>ance & durability ( any job s to prep>e x4 ,9 any case ! "w %\ld be ?or\ghly s&-pap]$ & made z smoo? z possible be=e receiv+ ! fir/ coat2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 is = old "w4 ,! gr\nd-color %\ld be ?9n$ ) ab\t half spirits ( turp5t9e & half oil1 ) ! addition ( suffici5t dri] = old "w1 & oil1 ) an extra quantity ( dri]1 = fir/ coat on new "w1 us+ "s spirits = ! second & ?ird coats4 ,! writ] has f\nd by exp]i5ce t on ! *eape/ jobs 7( two-coat "w7 :]e ! wood is sappy & ! "w has be5 r5d]$ r\gh by ! pa9t] us+ a l>ge quantity ( dri] 9 8 prim+ coat1 a mu* bett] surface is made to gra9 ov] by ?is me?od4 ,x w n spot or look cl\dy :5 rubb$ 9 to gra91 z two-coat "w (t5 does on new wood4 ,a little elb[-grease & s&-pap] betwe5 coats make a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! looks ( a job :5 f9i%$1 & ! gr\nd-"w %\ld always be lightly s&-pap]$ be=e x is rubb$ 9 by ! gra9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/nut4 ,,d>k ,,or ,,poll>d ,,oak4 ,,black ,,or ,,fr5* ,,walnut4 ,,/a9$ ,,*]ry4 ,,mahogany4 ,,rosewood4 ,,gr\nds ,,= ,,gra9+4--,,9 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,article ,,by ,,wm4 ,e4 ,,wall ,9 mix+ ! gr\nd-color = gra9+ nev] use dry colors :]e x c be avoid$1 z ! "w w be m or less gritty1 & !re is really no sav+ 9 _! use4 ,a p\nd ( color gr\nd 9 oil w g mu* fur!r ?an "o ( dry color1 is m easily appli$ & is mu* bett] to gra9 ov]4 ,( c\rse mu* dep5ds on ! purity ( ! colors employ$1 & ! pa9t] w f9d t ! be/ colors are none too good = 8 use1 z !y g fur!r & "w bett] ?an d ! *eap] grades4 ,x is a good plan always to /ra9 ! color be=e ?9n+1 :e!r ! colors us$ be dry or gr\nd4 ,! =ego+ may seem sup]flu\s to ! good workman1 z he himself has probably f\nd out m ?an ?is2 b x may put "s beg9n] on ! "r track1 & none ( u are exp]t en\gh to miss le>n+ a po9t if we c4 ,,mix+ ,,( ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,colors4 ,! gr\nd-"w = oak is made by add+ yell[ o*re to lead till ! color is deep en\gh4 ,9 mat*+ ! real wood a little raw umb] w help to br+ x to ! desir$ color1 b is bett] )\t ! umb] = light "w4 ,9 mat*+ v light oak *rome yell[ may be sub/itut$ = o*re4 ,= d>k oak use ! same colors z = light & add ,v5etian r$ & burnt umb]2 ! same color w d = poll>d oak4 ,= gre5 oak 7 la furniture7 d ! same z = ord9>y "w1 & :5 gra9$ %ade x ov] ) a ?9 wa% ( *rome gre5 or add a little black to ! gr\nd color4 ,= a% use ! same color z = light oak1 b d n get x q s yell[2 a little raw umb] w c\nt]act ?is4 ,a little *rome yell[ may be add$ = ,hung>ian a%4 ,= *e/nut use a simil> color to t = a%1 b deep] & ) a little r$4 ,= maple ! gr\nd-"w %\ld be v light4 ,to an ord9>y pot two-?irds full ( lead well brok5 up add ab\t a teaspoonful ( *rome yell[ & ab\t half t am\nt ( burnt si5na2 "s gra9]s pref] a v little ,v5etian r$ in/ead ( ! burnt si5na4 ,9 mat*+ ! wood get ! gr\nd-"w z ne> ! lighte/ color on ! wood z possible1 & y _c g a/ray4 ,= sat9-wood ! gr\nd-"w is simil> to maple1 b deep] 9 color4 ,= burl a% use ! same color z = a%1 or slightly deep]4 ,! gr\nd-"w = *]ry is probably mix$ diff]5tly by e pa9t]--at lea/1 t is my exp]i5ce--& x is h>d "w to make any workman believe t 8 is n ! "r way4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! popul> idea ( :at *]ry color is1 v>ies greatly4 ,9 ! majority ( cases :at has be5 call$ ! color ( ! fruit is want$1 s we mu/ make ! gr\nd-"w to suit ! dem&4 ,*]ry 9 its natural color is b little d>k] ?an a%1 & ! gr\nd-"w may be made 9 ! same way or by add+ raw si5na to ! lead in/ead ( yell[ o*re & umb]4 ,! *]ry t gra9]s h to mat* is (t5 f9i%$ by furniture-mak]s1 & is z d>k z mahogany2 9 su* cases ! gr\nd-"w mu/ be made ) yell[ o*re = ! basis ( ! color & d>k5$ by ,v5etian r$4 ,x w want little if any lead = ! d>k] k9ds ( /a9$ *]ry1 b w /& "s = ! light] %ades4 ,9 prim+ new "w add consid]able lead = fir/ coat1 z x gives m body4 ,?ree ?9 coats are none too _m = new "w1 & !y %\ld be appli$ )\t leav+ bru%-m>ks4 ,!re is no?+ m aggravat+ to ! gra9] ?an to f9d t a job is full ( /reaks ( ?ick pa9t1 z x is almo/ impossible to d a good job on su* a gr\nd-"w4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks apply to prim+ coats on new wood = gra9+ any k9d ( wood4 ,! gr\nd-"w = walnut is made by tak+ yell[ o*re = ! base ( ! color & add+ a small quantity ( ,v5etian r$ & a little burnt umb]2 = v light "w a little lead may be add$4 ,! same gr\nd w d = ,fr5* walnut4 ,= mahogany ! gr\nd-"w is made ( yell[ o*re1 ,v5etian r$ & r$ lead4 ,= rosewood *rome yell[1 r$ lead & a small quantity ( ,v5etian r$4 ,! =ego+ are ab\t all ! woods t a gra9] 9 ,new ,engl& is call$ ^u to imitate2 & if ,i mi/ake n1 x is s else:]e4 ,( c\rse all pa9t]s or gra9]s may n agree ) me 9 us+ ! colors nam$ = prep>+ ! gr\nd-"w1 b good "w c be done on su* gr\nds4 ,"o ?+ ,i wi% to say is1 ,nev] use ,indian r$ 9 a gr\nd-color1 z x is n transp>5t & makes ! "w look muddy4 ,9 gr\nd+ "w = *]ry or walnut1 :]e ! old pa9t is n remov$1 x is well to add "s r$ lead to ! color1 :i* %\ld be frequ5tly /irr$1 or ! r$ lead w deposit on ! bottom ( ! pot4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,gra9+ ,,color4 ,9 mix+ ! gra9+-color = any wood j z mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s among gra9]s z to ! prop] way ( mix+ ! color z !re is among pa9t]s z to ! prop] way ( mix+ ! gr\nd-color1 & al?\gh diff]5t gra9]s h _! own me?od ( prep>+ & mix+ _! gra9+-color1 & (t5 use diff]5t mat]ials & colors1 /ill1 good workm5 w (t5 obta9 ! same effects1 b by a diff]5t process4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is impossible to lay d[n any ca/-iron rule = ! mat]ials to be us$ 9 ! repres5tation ( any wood or = ! prop] way to imitate any wood4 ,9 imitat+ ! color ( c]ta9 woods ! colors us$ are q simple1 :ile = o!r woods consid]able pa9s mu/ be tak5 & a numb] ( colors us$ if ! color ( ! wood is to be mat*$4 ,i ?9k ! mo/ common fault ( gra9+ is t ! color is made d>k] ?an x %\ld be2 /ill1 ! gra9] is n always to blame = ?is1 z su* a fault _c be laid to 8 *>ge if ! pa9t]s insi/ on keep+ ! gr\nd-color itself z d>k z or d>k] ?an ! "w %\ld be :5 gra9$4 ,_m a "t 9 ! exp]i5ce ( gra9]s is ?is ! case1 & ,i h on m ?an "o occasion mix$ a prop] gr\nd-color to mat* wood aft] be+ call$ ^u by "s alleg$ pa9t] 7:o ?\ght ! gr\nd-color he _h put on 0 correct7 to gra9 ! job1 b 9 mo/ cases x is said1 ,d ! be/ y c ) x & let x g1 z ! folks want to move 91 or1 ,i want to get my money1 etc41 & s gra9]s d ! job if ! color is n too f> (f f :at x %\ld be4 ,let u suppose t we are go+ to gra9 a job ( light oak 9 oil4 ,fir/ lightly s&-pap] ! gr\nd-"w ) a piece ( f9e or an old piece ( s&-pap]1 & du/ (f4 ,! gr\nd-color %\ld be q h>d1 & n tacky1 be=e ! gra9+-color is appli$1 & two or ?ree days is none too long a "t to /& be=e be+ gra9$4 ,:]e a good job is to be done & f9i%$ at "o impression1 z we might call x1 ! mann] ( work+ c be rev]s$--t is1 ! "w c be %ad$ or ov]-gra9$1 z x 71 on ! gr\nd-color 9 di/emp] be=e be+ rubb$ 9 oil4 ,! *eck roll] c be us$ to good advantage1 & ! panels & /iles ( doors /reak$ or mottl$4 ,! di/emp] color mu/ n be dilut$ ) mu* wat]1 or x w rub (f :5 ! oil-color is be+ appli$ ov] x4 ,?is way ( work+ is an advantage 9 mat*+ /a9$ oak1 z all t rema9s to be done aft] x is gra9$ is to /a9 x to ! desir$ dep? or color4 ,on ord9>y "w ?is %ad+ is done on ! gra9+-color :5 dry4 ,! colors necess>y = gra9+ oak w be raw si5na & burnt umb]1 ) a v little black to be add$ 9 case x is ne$$4 ,x is impossible to specify ! exact am\nt ( ea* color to be us$1 & ! judgm5t ( ! workman mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 all cases4 ,! ord9>y way is to mix ab\t two-?irds raw si5na & "o-?ird burnt umb]1 add+ ! black if necessity %\ld require to mat* wood4 ,d n get ! color too yell[1 b r on ! gray %ade1 z t is mo/ frequ5tly ! color ( ! wood4 ,! color %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ 9 a clean pot1 &1 if 9 oil1 ?9n$ ) ! foll[+ mixture1 or suffici5t ( x to br+ ! color to ! desir$ %ade3 ,half a gallon ( spirits ( turp5t9e2 two & a half p9ts ( l9se$ oil 7boil$ is to be pref]r$72 half a p9t japan dri]4 ,x is bett] n to use too mu* dri]1 &1 z ! dry+ qualities ( ea* mak]'s japans1 etc41 v>y greatly1 ! workman's judgm5t mu/ guide him z to ! exact am\nt to be us$4 ,x is a matt] ( d\bt z to :at is ! be/ article ) :i* to ?ick5 ! color )\t alt]+ ! %ade2 a little bolt$ :it+ is v good4 ,"s gra9]s pref] melt$ beeswax or soap dissolv$ 9 hot wat] & add$ to ! color :ile hot1 or ev5 cold wat] /irr$ into ! color4 ,z a rule1 ! less ( ^! add$ to ! color1 ! bett]4 ,aft] ?9n+ to ! desir$ consi/5cy1 a good bru% is ! next requisite = apply+ ! color4 ,d n use /ubby bru%es1 z 9 s do+ y lose m "t ?an y ga9 by mak+ !m la/ long]4 ,by g5]al cons5t ! flat bru% has sup]s$$ ! r\nd bru% 9 ! ea/]n /ates ( ,am]ica = gra9]s' use1 z x requires no b9d+ & is a mu* bett] bl5d]1 :5 us$ z su*1 ?an any r\nd bru%1 & x is m quickly brok5 9 = use4 ,x is bett] to use a m$ium size r ?an "o too l>ge2 "o ab\t ?ree & a half in*es across ! butt w be f\nd ! mo/ s]viceable4 ,an oval or a flat sa% tool & a ,no4 #b flat fresco bri/le l9]1 to be us$ z a fit* tool 9 putt+ 9 he>ts1 etc41 w be all ! bru%es requir$4 ,a set ( /eel combs1 or ev5 two1 a co>se & a f9e /eel comb & "o or two ( good rubb]1 are all ! tools t are requir$4 ,! rubb] combs %\ld be co>se & f9e--t is1 ! spaces betwe5 ! tee? ( ! f9e rubb] comb %\ld measure f "o-sixte5? to "o-eigh? ( an in* & ! co>se "o f "o-eigh? to "o-qu>t] ( an in*4 ,sometimes a rubb] comb ) ! tee? cut graduat$ looks well introduc$ among ! o!r "w4 ,:]e ! "w is to be %ad$ or ov]-gra9$ x is bett] to cov] ! tee? ( ! rubb] combs ) a ?9 cotton rag be=e us+1 tak+ a clean place on ! rag = e "t ! comb is us$1 b on *eap "w ?is may be omitt$4 ,:5 a piece ( "w is rubb$ 91 if x is desir$ to repres5t *amps1 or lights ( oak--bett] kn[n z qu>t]$ oak--! rubb] combs are fir/ us$ & c>efully drawn ?r\gh ! color--n necess>ily 9 a /raight l9e--& ! co>se or f9]1 or bo? ! /eel combs1 are drawn lightly ov] ! track ( ! rubb] comb2 ! "w is !n bl5d$ l5g?wise ) ! flat bru%1 :i* has previ\sly be5 rubb$ out clean1 & ! *amps or ve9s are put 9 across ! gra9s previ\sly made by ! rubb] & /eel combs4 ,! o!r implem5ts necess>y are a piece ( s(t rag & ! ?umb-nail4 ,_m sub/itutes h be5 inv5t$ = ! ?umb-nail1 b x is z yet unsurpass$ = ?is p>ticul> purpose1 z x is m s5sitive ?an are ! bone or horn sub/itutes sometimes us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #c4 ,,pla9 ,,or ,,wa9scot ,,oak1 ,,light4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #d4 ,,flak$ ,,oak1 ,,light4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,qu>t]$ ,,oak4 ,9 imitat+ qu>t]$ oak1 or any o!r wood1 x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t x is ! wood t we wi% to imitate1 & n somebody's idea ( :at x %\ld be--= if we copy o!rs1 we become1 z ,byron says1 deg5]ate copyi/s ( copies--& ! be/ ?+ t any beg9n] c d is to procure pieces ( ! real wood1 /udy ! v>i\s *anges ( gra9 & get ! g5]al "* ( ! gra9s ( ea* wood impress$ ^u 8 m9d1 !n endeavor to reproduce !m 9 8 "w2 = ! "w w be judg$ by its g5]al appe>ance1 & n by ! looks ( any p>ticul> piece ( "w4 ,aft] ! *amps or ve9s are wip$ out ) ! rag1 ! spaces ( comb$ "w betwe5 ! *amps mu/ be s(t5$ by a piece ( rag fold$ ?ree or f\r times & drawn ov] ! comb$ spaces & t[>d ! edges ( ! "w previ\sly wip$ out ) ! rag4 ,! edges ( ! *amps may fir/ be %>p5$ up by draw+ ! second jo9t ( ! =ef+] aga9/ !m4 ,a f9e comb is !n wav$ ov] ! spaces ( op5 "w & ! :ole panel bl5d$ lightly crosswise ) ! flat bru%4 ,qu>t]$ oak c be imitat$ by comb+ ! same z has be5 describ$1 & lett+ ! "w dry be=e tak+ out ! *amps4 ,:5 ! "w is dry1 mix a weak solution ( wa%+ soda1 & add a little dry umb] to %[ :]e y t\* ! "w1 put on ! *amps ) a fit* tool1 let x /& a few m9utes to s(t5 ! color1 & !n rub (f ) a s(t rag1 & x w be f\nd t ! gra9+-color is tak5 (f to ! gr\nd-"w1 giv+ ! same effect z if wip$ out :ile ! color 0 wet1 only t ! "w looks clean]4 ,"w done 9 ?is way %\ld be ov]-gra9$4 ,! *amps may also be put 9 9 d>k color ov] ! dry comb$ "w1 & left s1 z "s ve9s ( oak appe> d>k 9 c]ta9 lights4 ,^! d>k ve9s may be imitat$ by comb+ ! "w ! same z if go+ to use ! rag to wipe out4 ,d n bl5d1 b put 9 ! ve9s ) a small fit* tool or fresco l9] dipp$ 9 "s color f ! bottom ( y\r pot--n too d>k--& imm$iately bl5d "o way1 lift+ ! edge ( ! color2 aft] practice x w be f\nd t a v good imitation ( d>k *amps or ve9s is ! result4 ,he>t-"w may be done 9 ! same mann]1 b ! comb+ %\ld be done ) a /eel comb1 ! color = putt+ 9 ! gra9s be+ b little d>k] ?an t ) :i* ! "w is rubb$ 94 ,x is sometimes necess>y to g ov] ! :ole ) a f9e /eel comb4 ,an occasional d>k piece introduc$ among wip$ "w t5ds to relieve ! sam5ess & looks m l ! h>dwoods2 x also gives a bett] opportunity 7:]e a job is n to be ov]gra9$7 to make di/9ct mitres & jo9ts4 ,?is is v important & %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,be sure & h all jo9ts cleanly cut1 z no?+ s mu* (f5ds ! eye z wavy or crook$ jo9ts4 ,x is always bett] to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! long /iles ( a door & ! adjo9+ cross rails4 ,a common fault ( ! amateur gra9] is 8 inability to make clean-cut divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #e4 ,,flak$ ,,oak1 ,,light4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #f4 ,,he>t ,,gr[? ,,oak1 ,,light4 ,! he>t ( oak--or1 z x is sometimes call$1 sla% oak--is usually done 9 ! wet color1 & is n comb$ previ\s to be+ wip$ out ) a rag4 ,! outl9e ( ! "w is fir/ wip$ out & ! inn] edges are s(t5$ ) ! rag4 ,! edges ( ! "w t[>d ! side ( ! panel %\ld be fill$ out ei!r by h& or ) a small rubb] or lea!r comb cov]$ ) a ?9 piece ( rag1 be+ c>eful to foll[ close to ! la/ l9e done by h&4 ,?is is an op]ation :i* if n c>efully done w spoil ! appe>ance ( any job4 ,:5 ! panel or piece ( "w is gra9$1 a co>se /eel comb may judici\sly be us$1 draw+ x lightly ov] ! he>t-"w & s(t5+ ! :ole l5g?wise ) ! dry bru% & t[>d all knotty places or turns 9 ! wood4 ,9 case ! "w is to be ov]gra9$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to s(t5 ! edges too mu*1 z x w pres5t too sunk5 an appe>ance4 ,! pla9 gra9s are made ) ! comb2 & if ?is "p ( ! "w is prop]ly done1 ! effect is bett] ?an if x 7 full ( /rong gra9s4 ,:5 ! "w is to be ov]gra9$ 7& good "w _c be done )\t71 x may be ov]gra9$ :5 dry1 9 ei!r oil or wat] color4 ,if 9 oil 7z we f9i% mo/ outside doors1 etc41 9 ?is vic9ity in/ead ( v>ni%+ !m71 ! same color may be us$ z = gra9+1 or ) ! addition ( a little m oil & dri]1 & d>k5$ ) umb] if necess>y4 ,! *eck roll] may fir/ be us$ 9 wat] color1 ! "w hav+ previ\sly be5 damp5$1 &1 :5 ! *ecks are dry1 ! :ole gone ov] 9 oil4 ,or ! *ecks may be put 9 9 oil color aft] fir/ ov]gra9+ 9 wat] color2 ?is w necessitate oil+ or v>ni%+ :5 dry4 ,! *eck roll] is us$ to good advantage on he>ts ( oak1 & ! "w %\ld !n be lightly bl5d$ l5g?wise4 ,9 %ad+ ! *amps ! bru% may be drawn ?r\gh ! %ad+-color1 leav+ ! "w /reak$2 !n wipe (f :]e ! color cov]s ! *amps too deep4 ,a simil> effect is obta9$ by us+ a m$ium f9e comb cov]$ ) a rag1 ! color be+ tak5 (f 9 ?is way2 ?is is = oil color4 ,! bl5d] drawn ?r\gh wat] color1 or a common oak ov]gra9]1 gives ! same effect = wat] color4 ,x is bett] to g all ov] ! "w ) a ?9 coat ( color1 z x looks raw )\t1 & %ad+ x 9 ?is way gives ! dep? t is o!rwise unobta9able4 ,%ad[s are put 9 ar\nd kn>ly places1 & t\*es add$ :]e ne$$1 & ! job is f9i%$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,gra9+ ,,oak4 ,oak may be ov]gra9$ by us+ a v ?9 coat+ ( asphaltum = ! %ad+ color2 ?9 ) oil & spirits4 ,oak may be gra9$ 9 di/emp]--t is1 us+ be] or alcohol = a vehicle ) ! color1 in/ead ( oil4 ,good "w c be done 9 ?is way1 b n s quickly z 9 oil4 ,a little sug> add$ to ! be] makes x dry sl[] & "w bett] ?an )\t x4 ,if a tablespoonful ( alcohol be add$ to a p9t ( be]1 ! "w c be comb$ :ile wet almo/ z well z if 9 oil4 ,fir/ damp5 ! gr\nd ) a sponge wrung out 9 clean wat]1 & !n rub on ! color ! same z 9 oil2 comb :ile wet 7or use an ov]gra9] :5 dry7 & bl5d lightly ) a badg] bl5d]2 !n wipe out ! ve9s or *amps ) a wet rag be=e ! color dries1 or aft]w>d1 z desir$4 ,a simil> effect = light ve9s is obta9$ by us+ ! fit* tool to put on ! ve9s or *amps & lift+ (f ! color ) ! bl5d]1 ?us leav+ ! *amps light4 ,= d>k ve9s ! "w is put on ) a fit* & left z put on4 ,! he>t-"w may be done 9 ! same mann]1 bo? = light & = d>k pieces1 b x _c be done s successfully z if done 9 oil4 ,( all ! woods we h to imitate1 ,i ?9k oak is ! mo/ difficult1 h5ce ,i h tri$ to expla9 ! diff]5t ways 9 ord9>y use ( imitat+ x2 & 9 clos+ ,i w\ld say1 ,d n ov]do y\r "w4 ,mo/ gra9]s put 9 m "w--t is1 %[y gra9s--?an w\ld appe> 9 ! natural wood unless x 7 all select$4 ,& rememb] t a nice piece ( comb$ "w is j z good a repres5tation ( oak z ! majority ( ! he>t-"w (t5 se54 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #g4 ,,he>t ,,gr[? ,,oak1 ,,p5cill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #h4 ,,flak$ ,,oak1 ,,light1 ,,%ad$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #i4 ,,he>t ,,( ,,oak1 ,,*eck$ ,,& ,,%ad$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aj4 ,,flak$ ,,oak1 ,,light1 ,,%ad$4 ,,a%4 ,9 gra9+ a% 9 oil ! colors necess>y w be raw umb] & raw si5na & a little ,v&yke br[n or black4 ,mix ! color mu* ! same z = oak1 & ! same tools c be us$4 ,aft] ! color is rubb$ 9 comb ! places int5d$ to be pla91 & ) ! fit* tool or sa% tool add l9es1 /reaks1 etc41 if desir$1 us+ "s color d>k5$ ) ,v&yke br[n or black1 & bl5d lightly l5g?wise ) ! dry bru%4 ,! he>t-"w or gr[? is repres5t$ by wip+ out ! color ) a s(t rag1 ! same way z = ! he>t ( oak1 b 9 a% ! he>ts are less complicat$1 & ! po9ts ( ! gr[? w be f\nd to run m regul>1 & g5]ally ) a r\nd+ edge in/ead ( be+ s]rat$1 z are ! majority ( oak-gr[?s4 ,! he>ts ( a% are also m n>r[ 9 proportion to ! wid? ( ! bo>d ?an are ^? ( oak1 & _! imitation is mu* less difficult4 ,lightly /ipple all wip$-out he>ts ) ! dry bru%4 ,i ?9k a% is "o ( ! easie/ ( woods to imitate1 z oak is "o ( ! mo/ difficult4 ,a v good imitation ( a d>k piece ( he>t-"w may be done ) a small fit* tool :5 ! color is p>tially set4 ,sometimes ! "w is outl9$ r\ghly by lightly wip+ (f "s ( ! color ) a fold$ rag & describ+ ! g5]al direction ( ! gra9 to be foll[$ by ! fit*4 ,! "w is !n put 9 ) ! fit* tool1 & ! edge ( ! color s put 9 is lift$ ) ! bl5d]1 %[+ "o edge light1 & if c>efully done1 x looks well4 ,! fit* tool is also employ$ to bright5 ! effects ( ! wip$-out he>ts & to bl5d slightly4 ,:]e bo? means are us$--t is1 ! fit* tool & ! rag--9 do+ he>ts ( a%1 ! "w pres5ts a v woody appe>ance1 & looks mu* bett]1 if c>efully done1 ?an ei!r me?od ( do+ he>t-"w does )\t ! o!r4 ,a% is greatly improv$ by be+ ov]gra9$1 b a great _m ( ! d>k /reaks c be put 9 :ile ! color is wet4 ,all[ance c be made :5 x is int5d$ to ov]gra9 ! "w1 & ! d>k places c be done m successfully :5 ! color is dry by ov]gra9+4 ,! same color us$ to gra9 ! "w w d = ov]gra9+ x1 or by add+ a little black & ?9n+ ) spirits ( turp5t9e & japan = inside "w1 & japan & oil = outside "w :]e x is n to be v>ni%$4 ,a% may be gra9$ 9 di/emp] by us+ /ale be] or v9eg> = ?9n]s & ! colors dry or gr\nd 9 di/emp]4 ,! effect ( comb+ may be obta9$ by us+ an ov]gra9]4 ,:]e he>ts are to be introduc$1 ! "w %\ld be lightly /ippl$ ) a badg] bl5d]2 & :5 dry1 ! wet rag or sponge may be us$ to wipe out ! color prep>atory to putt+ 9 ! he>ts ) ! fit* tool2 ?is makes a fair job1 & is ! way foll[$ by _m 9 repres5t+ a%4 ,! "w looks fully z well1 & ,i ?9k clean]1 if ! he>ts are put 9 on ! /ippl+ )\t us+ a rag or sponge2 d n /ipple ! "w too heavily4 ,9 mat*+ ,we/]n a% a little blue sometimes helps to c\nt]act ! r$ness ( ! umb]1 & w be f\nd to mat* ! dull-gray %ade (t5 se5 bett] ?an black1 b a% is ( s _m v>ieties & colors z to all[ ! use ( a wide range ( colors4 ,9 mat*+ a% ! fill+ ( wood has to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! fill+ us$ by ! av]age pa9t] is (t5 any?+ b :at x %\ld be1 & ! beauty ( _m an a% door has be5 de/roy$ by ! mis]able attempts at fill+ (t5 p]petrat$ by "s ignorant pa9t]4 ,?is is applicable also to o!r woods2 b p>ticul>ly to a%4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aa4 ,,flak$ ,,or ,,qu>t]$ ,,d>k ,,oak1 ,,%ad$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ab4 ,,he>t ,,( ,,light ,,a%1 ,,wip$ ,,out4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ac4 ,,he>t ,,( ,,light ,,a%1 ,,wip$ ,,out1 ,,%ad$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ad4 ,,he>t ,,( ,,a%1 ,,d>k1 ,,p5cill$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,hung>ian ,,a%4 ,?is wood may be imitat$ 9 oil or wat] color1 b ! imitation is commonly done 9 oil4 ,! colors us$ are raw si5na & raw & burnt umb]2 a little burnt si5na may be add$ to ! %ad+ color4 ,9 oil color ! outl9e ( ! "w is wip$ out ) a s(t cotton rag & s(t5$ lightly1 or ev5 /ippl$ ) ! dry bru%1 & aft] ! color is ne>ly dry ! l9es betwe5 ^? wip$ out ) ! rag are gone ov] ) ! fit* tool1 ! color be+ d>k5$ ) umb]4 ,! idea is to br+ ! wip$ "w into %>p] relief4 ,:5 dry1 ! %ad[s may be put 9 by us+ ei!r oil or wat] color & bl5d+ s(tly4 ,a little ,v&yke br[n w deep5 ! color1 or ?9 asphaltum may be us$ 9 %ad+ or ov]gra9+4 ,:]e circum/ances require ! "w to be f9i%$ )\t ov]gra9+1 ! "w may be mottl$ or %ad$ 9 wat] color on ! gr\nd-"w be=e ! oil color is appli$1 & 9 t case ! "w mu/ be put 9 to suit ! %ad[s & ! lights t appe> ?r\gh ! oil color4 ,hung>ian a% v>ies f v bold to v f9e gra9s1 & ! f9] v>ieties may successfully be done 9 oil color1 us+ ! fit* tool to put 9 ! gra9s & wip+ out simply ! lights & ! %ad[s ) ! rag4 ,! "w looks bett] :5 lightly /ippl$ 9 wat] color ) ! bl5d]4 ,9 do+ ! "w :olly 9 wat] colors1 ! lights & ! %ad[s are fir/ put 91 & aft] ^! are dry ! gra9s are introduc$ ) ! small fit* tool1 lift+ ! edge ( ! color lightly ) ! bl5d]4 ,an a% door ) ! panels done 9 ,hung>ian a% make a v neat job if nicely p]=m$4 ,,burl ,,a%4 ,burl a%1 or root ( a%1 is (t5 us$ 9 panels1 & c be imitat$ 9 ei!r oil color or wat] color1 b wat] color w be f\nd ! be/4 ,! colors us$ are raw si5na1 burnt umb] & ,v&yke br[n2 a sponge ) r small holes is requisite = use 9 repres5t+ ! m9ute clu/]s ( knots4 ,aft] ! "w is rubb$ 91 ! sponge 7:i* has previ\sly be5 fac$ squ>e on "o side7 is dipp$ 9 "s ( ! d>k] color & lightly press$ aga9/ ! "w4 ,x is bett] to use ! color a little d>k] ?an t ) :i* ! "w has be5 rubb$ 91 & to put x :]e y wi% ! d>k] portions ( ! wood to appe>4 ,aft] ?is is dry g ov] ! :ole panel ) ! sponge & "s ( ! d>ke/ color1 lightly press+ ! sponge aga9/ ! "w :]ev] y desire ! knots to appe>4 ,a little gr[? is sometimes put 9 by ! use ( ! fit* tool1 & t5ds to relieve ! sam5ess ( ! "w2 x mu/ be done c>efully & on a small scale4 ,:5 ! "w is dry1 c>efully pass ! h& ov] x & remove ! sup]flu\s color :i* adh]es1 & ! job is !n ready to be v>ni%$4 ,x is sometimes %ad$ aft] hav+ "o coat ( v>ni%1 9 :i* case x is necess>y to rev>ni% x2 x w require little or no /ippl+4 ,9 imitat+ ?is wood 9 oil color1 ! "w is fir/ rubb$ 9 & b little color is put on--m]ely en\gh to cov] ! gr\nd-"w ) a v ?9 coat2 a sponge may !n be us$ to apply ! d>k] color4 ,! sponge %\ld fir/ be ?or\ghly wet 9 clean wat] & wrung out dry be=e ! oil color is appli$ by x4 ,h "s ( ! d>k color 9 a %all[ vessel & use ! sponge z direct$ 9 wat] color1 dipp+ ! fac$ side ( ! sponge 9 ! color & repres5t+ ! clu/]s ( knots 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 dry1 x may be ov]gra9$ or n1 accord+ to ! %ade desir$ or to ! wood to be mat*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ae4 ,,hung>ian ,,a%1 ,,wip$ ,,out ,,& ,,p5cill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #af4 ,,burl ,,a%1 ,,9 ,,wat] ,,color4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ag4 ,,d>k ,,a%1 ,,p5cill$ ,,& ,,comb$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ah4 ,,hung>ian ,,a%1 ,,wip$ ,,out4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,*e/nut4 ,?is wood is n frequ5tly us$ z an int]ior f9i%1 b sixte5 ye>s ago x 0 almo/ ! only h>dwood us$ = int]ior f9i% 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates2 & any gra9] :o succe$$ 9 mat*+ x 0 consid]$ v skilful4 ,x is a highly-por\s wood1 & on t acc\nt is undesirable1 z1 if n entirely protect$ f ! *anges 9 temp]ature by be+ ?or\ghly fill$1 x w w>p or swell2 & ,i h se5 doors concave or convex z mu* z ?ree in*es 9 a two foot eight in* door4 ,x also turns v d>k ) age1 & its he>ts or prom95t gra9s are v co>se4 ,i h se5 specim5s :i* measur$ eighte5 in*es f po9t to po9t at ! he>t4 ,! colors us$ are raw si5na1 burnt umb]1 ,v&yke br[n & a little burnt si5na4 ,!re is "s resemblance to a% 9 ! f9] gr[? ( *e/nut1 b its g5]al *>act]i/ics are m angul>--t is1 ! he>ts run m to po9ts ?an ^? ( a%--& 9 mo/ ( ! he>ts a fa9t outl9e appe>s betwe5 ! po9ts4 ,! comb+ also is mu* co>s] ?an t meant = a%4 ,*e/nut c be done 9 ei!r oil or wat] color4 ,i ?9k x c be done be/ 9 oil1 us+ ! rag to wipe out ! color & comb+ 9 ! edges ( ! he>ts ) a rubb] comb cov]$ ) a ?9 piece ( rag4 ,?is comb %\ld n be ov] two in*es 9 wid?1 & ! tee? %\ld be ab\t five to ! in*4 ,:5 ! he>ts are wip$ out & lightly-bl5d$1 ! f9e outl9e may be put 9 betwe5 ! po9ts 9 ! he>ts by us+ a %>p-po9t$ /ick or ! r\nd corn] ( a /eel comb4 ,! "w1 :5 dry1 may be lightly /ippl$ 9 di/emp]1 or a ?9 glaze ( color )\t /ippl+ may be appli$ to br+ ! "w to ! desir$ dep? ( color2 ?is %ad+-color may be mix$ 9 oil or wat] color4 ,9 imitat+ ?is wood 9 wat] color ! "w %\ld fir/ be /ippl$ 9 v f9e & all[$ to dry2 !n put 9 ! gr[?s ) ! small fit* tool1 & use ! ov]gra9] = ! same purpose z t = :i* ! comb is us$ 9 oil color to foll[ ! edges ( ! he>ts1 & to produce ! comb$ "w2 a pip$ bri/le ov]-gra9] w be f\nd useful = ?is purpose4 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,maple4 ,to my m9d1 ?is is ! mo/ beautiful ( our native woods1 & x is a %ame t x is (t5 cut d[n = firewood2 h[ev]1 x seems to be gr[+ 9 favor among ! furniture-mak]s1 & is f> m g5]ally us$ 9 ! int]ior ( horse-c>s & railway-c>s ?an x 0 t5 ye>s ago4 ,! colors us$ 9 repres5t+ maple are raw si5na1 raw umb]1 a little ,v&yke br[n or ivory black & a little burnt si5na1 to be add$ to ! color :5 ov]-gra9+ or putt+ 9 ! p5cil-"w & ! eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ai4 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,maple1 ,,ov]gra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bj4 ,,*e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ba4 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,maple1 ,,mottl$1 ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,eyes4 ,?is wood is almo/ inv>iably imitat$ 9 wat] color1 z oil is too sl[ 9 dry+ to be us$ ) any success4 ,/ale be] is ! be/ vehicle ) :i* to apply ! color4 ,! implem5ts ne$$ are a good sponge1 a piece ( s(t cotton rag or *amois lea!r1 a bru% to apply ! color1 a l>ge & a small mottl] or cut tool1 a badg] bl5d]1 an ov]gra9] & fit* tool1 & a camel's-hair p5cil4 ,fir/ damp5 ! gr\nd-"w ov] ) ! sponge1 :i* has be5 wrung out ( clean wat]1 or ( be] & wat]2 !n rub 9 ! color1 do+ a panel or a small piece at a "t1 & :ile wet wipe out ! high lights & put 9 ! %ad[s ) ! sponge or ! mottl] or ! backs ( ! f+]s1 or draw ! color up into small bun*es or clu/]s ) ! bl5d] or mottl] & bl5d lightly crosswise4 ,:5 ! lights & ! %ad[s are dry1 ! eyes are put 94 ,by obs]v+ ! real wood x w be f\nd t ! eyes inv>iably appe> 9 ! d>k] portions ( ! gra91 & t ! %ad[s seem to slope away f !m4 ,v (t5 ! %ad[s all slant "o way & ! eyes 9 ! same way2 ?is mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 imitat+ maple4 ,d n h all ! eyes & all ! %ad[s slant+ ! same way 9 diff]5t panels1 z is (t5 se5 9 ! int]ior ( c>s1 b rev]se ! /yle1 br++ ! opposite panels to balance ) ea* o!r4 ,! be/ mann] ( imitat+ ! eyes is a matt] ( d\bt among practical workm54 ,! amateur gra9] w tell y t he c put !m 9 by /rik+ ! ends ( 8 f+]s aga9/ ! color :ile wet2 ?is is ! way ! wood is mo/ frequ5tly misrepres5t$1 & su* "w looks feeble comp>$ ) t done by ei!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 ,aft] ! lights & %ad[s are dry take "s ( ! d>k color f ! bottom ( y\r pot & add to x a little burnt si5na2 ! color %\ld be put 9 a %all[ vessel1 su* z a sauc]4 ,?9 ! color1 s t x works freely2 !n take a m$ium siz$ camel's-hair p5cil :i* has be5 dock$ by cutt+ (f ! hair ab\t "o-qu>t] ( an in* f ! quill ) a %>p knife1 leav+ ! ends ( ! hair p]fectly squ>e4 ,!n burn out ! c5tre ( ! bru% ) a r$-hot wire1 leav+ ! hair r\nd ! circumf]5ce ) :i* to repres5t ! eyes4 ,! p5cil is !n dipp$ 9 ! d>k] color1 & ! eyes are put 9 :]e desir$4 ,ano!r way is to cut a piece f a block ( s(t rubb]1 make a hole ?r\gh x & ) a %>p knife trim ! edges ( ! rubb] till x c be us$ to take up ! d>k color4 ,make ! eyes 9 ! same mann] z ) ! p5cil bru%4 ,! eyes c be put 9 ) a small p5cil by describ+ circles1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to h !m ( uni=m size1 or ne>ly s4 ,ano!r--& probably ! be/--way is to take a ?9 piece ( *amois lea!r or a s(t piece ( cotton rag & wet x 9 ! gra9+-color2 !n take a piece ( wood f\r or five in*es long & n ov] half an in* ?ick2 :ittle x r\nd & tap] x to a po9t at "o end2 !n wrap ! rag or ! lea!r ar\nd ! /ick1 keep+ a fold$ edge at ! %>p end ( ! /ick2 & :5 ! clo? or lea!r has made "o circuit ar\nd ! /ick at ! %>p end1 w9d x f>!r up ! /ick1 s t only "o circle ( ! fold$ rag or lea!r is at ! %>p end ( ! /ick4 ,"s ( ! ?ick color may !n be plac$ 9 ab\t ! middle ( ! rag1 & by keep+ ! rag or ! lea!r well wet above ! ?ick color & squeez+ ! rag z (t5 z necess>y1 s t ! color desc5ds t[>d ! po9t ( ! /ick1 ! eyes may be rapidly & accurately put 9 by /rik+ ! end ( ! fold$ rag or lea!r aga9/ ! "w2 & a pair ( panels may easily be done by once fill+ ! rag ) color4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage ( mak+ any siz$ eye1 f ! l>ge/ to ! smalle/1 by simply alt]+ ! ?ickness ( ! folds2 or ! eyes may be made 9 any %ape desir$1 f a circle to an oval4 ,aft] ! eyes are put 9 ! "w is ov]-gra9$1 ! color mo/ly be+ burnt si5na4 ,! he>t gra9s are put 9 ) a camel's-hair p5cil4 ,"s gra9]s use a crayon p5cil = ?is purpose1 :i* %\ld be soak$ 9 be] or v9eg> & us$ moi/2 ! v>i\s ov]-gra9]s are also us$ 9 putt+ 9 ! he>t gra9s4 ,! eyes %\ld always be notic$--t is1 ! ov]-gra9] %\ld describe "s "p ( a circle 9 pass+ ! eyes1 s z to h !m 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al features ( ! wood4 ,all wat]-color "w %\ld be lightly gone ov] :5 dry ) ! h&1 to remove any r\ghness 9 ! gra9+-color4 ,"s gra9]s pref] to t\* up ! high lights ar\nd ! eyes ) "s ( ! gr\nd color aft] ! gra9+ is dry1 b x mu/ be done v c>efully or x %[s badly4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bb4 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,maple ,,) ,,! ,,eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bc4 ,,*e/nut4 ,,curly ,,or ,,rock ,,maple4 ,?is wood some:at resembles bird's-eye maple1 & is (t5 us$ 9 ! same piece ( furniture4 ,x diff]s f bird's-eye 9 hav+ b few1 if any1 eyes 9 x1 & is mo/ly mottl$ & ov]-gra9$4 ,a five-in* mottl] t w cov] ! /iles ( an ord9>y door is a v necess>y tool1 z "o t is n wide en\gh necessitates go+ ov] ! "w twice1 & !n x w n look s well z if done ) a bru% ( suffici5t wid? to cov] ! :ole /ile4 ,! colors us$ = bird's-eye maple w answ] = ?is wood1 b ! g5]al tone is d>k]4 ,,silv] ,,maple4 ,?is wood is repres5t$ by us+ ivory black = ! gra9+-color2 ! gr\ndwork %\ld be almo/ :ite4 ,! "w is mo/ly mottl$ & v lightly ov]-gra9$4 ,eyes are sometimes put 91 & ! effect ( ! "w is v %[y :5 c>efully done4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,sat9wood4 ,?is is a v delicate wood1 ( ! maple family2 x probably d]ives its "n f its resemblance to folds ( sat94 ,x is seldom repres5t$ 9 ,am]ica1 b is frequ5tly imitat$ 9 ,engl&1 be+ us$ 9 connection ) maple 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal rooms1 su* z draw+-rooms1 p>lors1 etc4 ,! panels ( ! room are done z sat9wood1 ! /iles z maple1 & sometimes ! m\ld+s z a d>k] wood1 su* z d>k oak1 walnut or rosewood4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bd4 ,,sat9wood ,,mottl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #be4 ,,sat9wood ,,mottl$ ,,& ,,ov]gra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bf4 ,,curly ,,maple ,,mottl$ ,,to ,,ov]gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bg4 ,,curly ,,maple ,,ov]gra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bh4 ,,poll>d ,,oak4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bi4 ,,poll>d ,,oak4 ,! same gr\ndwork & ! same gra9+-colors may be us$ z 9 repres5t+ maple1 b a little ivory black may be add$4 ,! tools are simil>1 b a piece ( bucksk9 or *amois lea!r is sub/itut$ = ! bri/le mottl]s us$ = maple4 ,a roll ( oil-putty is sometimes us$ to take (f ! color 9 mak+ ! high lights2 ! putty %\ld be roll$ along ! panel l5g?wise ( ! gra91 & !n ! panel bl5d$ crosswise4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! gra9+-color light1 z ! effect is lo/ if ! color be too d>k4 ,! lights are q prom95t1 & x requires no little skill successfully to imitate !m4 ,:5 ! mottl+ or lights & %ad[s are dry1 !y may be v lightly ov]-gra9$ ) a f9e bri/le ov]gra9]1 ! bri/les be+ sep>at$ by a comb & ! color us$ v ?94 ,! ov]-gra9+ %\ld n be bl5d$1 z x w look too prom95t & spoil ! effect ( ! lights & ! %ad[s4 ,a piece ( s(t cotton rag w answ] ! same purpose z ! bucksk9 or *amois lea!r4 ,:5 us+ ei!r ( !m ) ! int5tion ( mak+ ! mottl$ effect ( ! wood1 fir/ wet !m 9 clean wat] or 9 be] & wr+ !m out ne>ly dry2 !n1 aft] ! color is rubb$ on ! "w1 roll !m ov] !m ov] ! surface z direct$4 ,! result w be t ! lea!r or ! rag w take (f ! pat*es ( ! wet gra9+-color4 ,!n bl5d s(tly1 & :5 dry ov]gra94 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,poll>d ,,oak4 ,?is wood is a great favorite ) ,briti% gra9]s1 & is (t5 spl5didly imitat$ by !m4 ,! wood itself is f old gn>l$ trees or /umps & has a v>iety ( gra9 almo/ equal to ,fr5* walnut4 ,x may be repres5t$ 9 ei!r oil or wat] color1 or may be done p>tially 9 bo? di/emp] & oil1 :i* ,i ?9k is ! bett] way2 ! be/ job ,i h ev] se5 0 execut$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is fir/ done 9 oil2 ! colors necess>y are raw & burnt si5na1 burnt umb]1 ,v&yke br[n1 & sometimes a little ivory black or ultram>9e blue4 ,! wood v>ies f pieces comp>atively free f knots to o!rs almo/ fill$ ) !m1 l ! root ( walnut1 etc4 ,! gra9s are fir/ done 9 oil1 ! knots1 etc41 be+ some:at subdu$2 & :5 ?is is dry1 ! :ole is gone ov] 9 wat] color & left 9 ! color x is int5d$ to h x rema94 ,! knots & %ad[s are t\*$ up1 etc4 ,aft] ! wat] color is dry ! f9e *amps may be put 9 by us+ a slice ( raw potato 9 ! same mann] z t 9 :i* ! ?umb-nail is us$ on l>g] "w4 ,a camel's-hair p5cil is ne$$ prop]ly to f9i% ! "w4 ,a great deal ( "t may be sp5t 9 repres5t+ ?is wood1 & yet b few may succe$ 9 fai?fully imitat+ x4 ,s9ce ! fa%ion has *ang$ 9 ,bo/on & its vic9ity f walnut & *]ry front-doors to oak doors1 we beg9 to see panels ( poll>d oak2 sometimes :ole doors are v5e]$ ) x1 & ! effect is sup]b4 ,,*]ry4 ,?is wood is naturally b little d>k] ?an a%1 yet ! popul> idea ( :at its hue %\ld be is ( a color ne>ly z d>k z t ( mahogany4 ,*]ry is frequ5tly misrepres5t$ by /a9+ :itewood or p9e ) burnt si5na1 etc41 b1 x be+ impossible to conceal ! gra9 ( ! :itewood or ! p9e1 ! deception is easily discov]able by any "o at all famili> ) ! gra9s ( diff]5t woods4 ,= ?is reason a mu* bett] imitation c be obta9$ by gra9+ to imitate *]ry 7or any o!r wood71 r ?an by /a9+1 z ! gra9]1 if compet5t1 c repres5t bo? ! color & ! gra9 ( ! desir$ wood4 ,*]ry may be imitat$ 9 ei!r oil color or wat] color1 & an excell5t job c be done ei!r way4 ,my pref]5ce is = oil color4 ,! natural wood may be mat*$ by employ+ raw & burnt si5na & raw umb]1 b ! /a9$ *]ry requires ! use ( burnt si5na1 burnt umb] & ,v&yke br[n = ! v d>k ve9s1 also1 9 "s cases1 crimson lake1 to be us$ z a glaz+ or %ad+-color4 ,! tools ne$$ = oil color are ! flat bru%1 combs1 fit* tool or fresco-l9]1 sa% tool & a pip$ bri/le ov]gra9]4 ,:5 a piece ( "w is rubb$ 91 x may lightly be /ippl$ ) ! dry bru% 7or ! /ippl+ may fir/ be done 9 di/emp] be=e ! oil color is appli$74 ,x may be mottl$ by wip+ (f ! color ) a rag1 or by apply+ a little color ) ! sa% tool & lift+ ! color ) ! flat bru%4 ,! gr[? may !n be put 9 ) ! fit* tool1 ! flat bru% be+ us$ z a bl5d]4 ,! gr[?s are put 9 across ! mottl$ "w previ\sly done4 ,! gr[?s or he>ts c also be wip$ out ) ! rag 9 ! same mann] z 9 imitat+ a%1 & ! fit* us$ to int]l9e ! po9ts ( ! he>ts2 b ! gr[? ( *]ry is seldom z bold z t ( a%1 &1 to my m9d1 x c be/ be imitat$ by ! use ( ! fit* tool4 ,:]e ! he>ts h be5 wip$ out ) ! rag !y %\ld always be gone ov] ) ! fit* tool & bl5d$1 z ! effect is decid$ly bett] ?an if !y are left )\t p5cill+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cj4 ,,*]ry ,,mottl$ ,,9 ,,oil ,,be=e ,,be+ ,,ov]gra9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ca4 ,,*]ry ,,mottl$ ,,& ,,p5cill$ ,,9 ,,oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cb4 ,,*]ry ,,mottl$ ,,& ,,p5cill$ ,,9 ,,oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cc4 ,,*]ry ,,mottl$ ,,& ,,p5cill$ ,,9 ,,oil ,,z ,,f9i%$4 ,"s gra9]s pref] to imitate *]ry :olly 9 di/emp]1 9 :i* case ! tools us$ are mu* ! same z ^? = oil1 sub/itut+ ! badg] bl5d] = ! flat bru% 9 f9i%+ ! "w4 ,fir/ damp5 ! "w ) a sponge & rub 9 ! color ) a flat bru%2 ! mottl$ p>ts may be done light1 ) ! sponge1 or d>k by us+ ! mottl] or ! sa% tool4 ,! he>ts are put 9 ) ! fit* aft] ! mottl+ is dry1 ! ov]gra9] be+ us$ 9 same mann] z t 9 :i* ! combs are us$ 9 oil color4 ,! be/ vehicle = ! di/emp] color is /ale be]2 x may be dilut$ ) "o-half wat]1 & 9 cold wea!r a little alcohol may be add$4 ,! "w may be %ad$ or ov]gra9$ :5 dry1 :e!r ! gra9+ has be5 done 9 oil or 9 di/emp]4 ,if done 9 oil1 ! %ad+ color may be appli$ 9 ei!r oil or di/emp]2 b if ! "w has be5 gra9$ 9 di/emp]1 ! %ad+ color 7if appli$ imm$iately to ! "w be=e v>ni%+7 mu/ be 9 oil4 ,9 "s cases ! di/emp] color is v>ni%$ be=e be+ ov]gra9$2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 necessitates rev>ni%+4 ,! gra9s ( *]ry are app>5tly simple1 b !y w /& a l>ge am\nt ( /udy1 & good "w is seldom done )\t tak+ pa9s to repres5t ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ?is at pres5t fa%ionable wood4 ,sometimes glue size is us$ 9 ! color = a di/emp] b9d]1 b1 be+ ( animal matt]1 x is seldom us$ by gra9]s4 ,) ! addition ( alcohol en\gh to make x smell /rong1 x passes = :ite %ellac among "s *eap pa9t]s1 & is us$ = fir/ coats or /a9 "w4 ,x w be f\nd t ! mottl+s ( *]ry inv>iably run across ! gra91 & ?is is ! *ief reason t /a9$ :itewood makes su* a poor imitation1 ! rev]se be+ ! rule = :itewood4 ,"o ?+ ,i wi% to impress ^u beg9n]s3 t is to keep ! color z ne>ly z possible l t ( ! natural wood1 & to cat] z little z possible to ! prevail+ fa%ion ( mak+ ! color ( *]ry z d>k z t ( mahogany4 ,if p want a mahogany color1 try & induce !m to h also a mahogany gra94 ,i "k t frequ5tly "s article ( furniture made ( /a9$ *]ry has to be mat*$ 9 color 9 gra9+ a room1 & 9 su* cases !re is no res\rce b to imitate x4 ,i once w5t to gra9 a *amb] 9 imitation ( *]ry1 & ! lady ( ! h\se reque/$ me to obs]ve ! color ( h] mahogany *amb]-set1 :i* color %e desir$ to h on ! woodwork ( ! room4 ,i f\nd ! mahogany to be *]ry & :itewood /a9$ v deep1 & s in=m$ h]4 ,x 0 a p]fectly new set1 & _h be5 sold to h] = mahogany by a respectable firm4 ,i %\ld judge x to be wor? "o hundr$ doll>s1 s !re is evid5tly *eat+ 9 all trades b ours4 ,! pip$ ov]gra9] = use 9 oil color w be f\nd an excell5t help1 bo? = cont9u+ ! l9es ( ! p5cill$ "w1 & = do+ ! /raight or mottl$ comb+ s (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! natural wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cd4 ,,*]ry ,,wip$ ,,out ,,& ,,p5cill$ ,,9 ,,oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ce4 ,,walnut ,,/ipple4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cf4 ,,black ,,walnut ,,p5cill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cg4 ,,walnut ,,wip$ ,,out ,,& ,,p5cill$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,black ,,walnut4 ,?is wood 0 v fa%ionable z an int]ior f9i% n v long ago1 b its place is n[ l>gely occupi$ by *]ry1 mahogany & oak1 & ,i ?9k ! *ange is = ! bett]2 = unless a room is well light$1 ! effect ( ! deep color ( walnut is r sombre & ! gra9s h less light & %ade & less v>iety ?an ^? ( oak or *]ry4 ,x c be imitat$ 9 ei!r oil or di/emp]4 ,! same tools are us$ z = a%4 ,! pip$ bri/le ov]gra9] is an excell5t help = bo? oil & wat] color4 ,! gra9+ color is compos$ mo/ly ( burnt umb]1 ,v&yke br[n be+ add$ = ! d>k] portions ( ! "w4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! be/ way to imitate walnut is fir/ to /ipple x ) a ?9 mixture ( ,v&yke br[n 9 di/emp]1 us+ no?+ b be] = ?9n]4 ,:5 ?is is dry1 rub 9 ! oil color & wipe out ! he>ts ) ! rag 9 ! same way z = oak & a%4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to add mu* wat] to ! /ippl+ color1 or ! /ippl+ w be wip$ (f :5 ! rag is us$ ov] x4 ,:5 ! he>ts h be5 wip$ out1 ! fit* tool may be us$ to %>p5 up ! edges ( ! gr[?s & ! :ole lightly bl5d$ ) ! dry flat bru%4 ,! he>ts c also be put 9 by us+ ! fit* tool1 or by mottl+ or wip+ (f ! color slightly ) ! rag & !n us+ ! fit* tool z direct$1 ! edges ( ! color be+ slightly lift$ ) ! dry flat bru%4 ,"s gra9]s pref] to use wat] color r ?an oil1 & d _! "w :olly 9 di/emp]4 ,! same kit ( tools is us$ z = *]ry 9 di/emp]--viz41 sponge1 flat bru%1 sa% tool1 fit* tool1 bl5d] & ov]gra9]1 ei!r pip$ or pla94 ,fir/ /ipple 9 ! "w slightly d>k] ?an if x 7 to be gone ov] 9 oil1 & !n put 9 ! gra9s ) a fit* tool & ! ov]gra9]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 bl5d+ ! he>ts aft] p5cill+1 or ! gra9+-color w lift (f & %[ ! gr\nd-color4 ,oil color is sometimes us$ to p5cil 9 ! he>ts1 z x w n lift ! /ippl+1 no matt] h[ mu* x is bl5d$4 ,a camel's-hair p5cil is sometimes us$ to f9i% ! po9ts ( ! he>ts4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h all ! mitres & jo9ts cleanly cut1 & slightly to v>y ! color ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! "w1 s z to avoid sam5ess4 ,! "w may be %ad$ or ov]gra9$ aft] x is dry1 b x is g5]ally f9i%$ at once4 ,= a quick job1 done :olly 9 oil1 rub 9 ! "w r dry & /ipple ) ! flat bru%2 !n put 9 ! he>ts ) ! fit* tool & bl5d4 ,use ! bri/le pip$ ov]gra9] = portions ( ! "w4 ,by us+ ! f9] /eel combs cov]$ ) cotton rag & /ippl+ ! "w1 :5 comb$1 ) ! dry bru%1 a v fair imitation is obta9$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fr5* ,,walnut ,,burl4 ,?is v>iety ( walnut comes f ,france1 al?\gh fair burls come f ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! alleg$ ,fr5* walnut is m]ely ! root ( ! ,am]ican walnut1 b ! be/ specim5s ( burl come f ,france & h n z yet be5 gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! f9e/ burl is cut f ! excresc5ces or bun*es :i* appe> on ! trunk ( ! tree1 & is q exp5sive4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly us$ = small panels on furniture1 & is n g5]ally us$ = h\se-"w4 ,gun/ocks are sometimes made f x1 & su* are v beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ch4 ,,curly ,,walnut4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ci4 ,,fr5* ,,walnut ,,burl4 ,fr5* walnut is probably imitat$ 9 a diff]5t mann] 9 e ,/ate 9 ! ,union2 h5ce ! mann] h]e9 describ$ may appe> :olly wrong to "s gra9]s4 ,b if we succe$ 9 mat*+ ! wood1 ! mann] ( do+ ! "w is seldom call$ 9 "q4 ,!re are sev]al pat5t processes = imitat+ ?is wood1 exclusive ( ! transf] roll]4 ,i 0 in=m$ "s ye>s ago by an ag5t :o possess$ ! secret ( ! be/ way 9 :i* to gra9 ,fr5* walnut t aft] two lessons 9 8 process anybody c\ld p]fectly mat* ! wood2 he did n succe$ 9 sell+ me ! great 787 secret4 ,yet !re are processes o!r ?an ! ones "h giv5 :i* = c]ta9 k9ds ( "w are excell5t1 b !y are seldom us$ by gra9]s to ! trade4 ,9 ,engl& ! burl is seldom imitat$1 ,engli% imitations be+ mo/ly conf9$ to ! curly or wavy portions ( ! gra94 ,fr5* walnut may be repres5t$ 9 ei!r oil or di/emp] by be+ p>tially done 9 oil & f9i%$ 9 di/emp]1 or vice v]s4 ,! tools are ! same z ^? us$ = black walnut1 z are also ! colors--burnt umb] & ,v&yke br[n4 ,= ! v light portions a little burnt si5na may be add$ to ! color4 ,:5 ! "w is to be done 9 oil1 rub 9 ! color r dry1 & ) ! sa% tool dipp$ 9 "s d>k color cov] su* portions ( ! "w z y wi% to appe> d>k2 !n take a piece ( s(t cotton rag & remove ! color :]e ! light places are to appe>1 & "w up ! d>k places ) ! rag until ! desir$ effect is obta9$2 !n bl5d lightly ) ! dry bru%1 & ) ! fit* tool add l9es & curves1 or knots if desir$1 con/antly keep+ ! gra9 ( ! wood 9 m9d & /riv+ to repres5t x4 ,bl5d lightly ) ! dry bru% & /ipple ! light places ) ! flat bru% 7or ! /ippl+ may be done 9 di/emp] on ! gr\nd-"w be=e ! oil color is appli$74 ,:5 ! oil color is dry1 ! "w may be %ad$ or ov]gra9$ 9 ei!r oil or wat] color4 ,! o!r me?od 9 ord9>y use among gra9]s is to d ! "w :olly 9 di/emp]1 & = "w t is n too complicat$ ?is me?od is und\bt$ly ! be/4 ,! mode ( proc$ure is mu* ! same z = oil color1 us+ ! sponge to make ! light] p>ts1 & d>k5+ ! "w ) ! sa% tool1 mak+ ! settl$ places prep>atory to ov]gra9+4 ,if done 9 ?is mann]1 ! "w w be gone ov] two or ?ree times 9 an h\r1 :i* is q an advantage1 z1 if ! "w is fir/ done 9 oil1 x mu/ be all[$ "t to dry be=e be+ %ad$2 b = intricate "w ! gra9 may be done equally well 9 oil color if x is ov]gra9$ :5 dry4 ,?is wood is n ( suffici5t size to be us$ on l>ge surfaces )\t be+ jo9t$2 h5ce x is n 9 good ta/e to imitate x on a v l>ge scale4 ,its use is m prop]ly conf9$ to small panels & to int]ior r ?an to ext]ior "w4 ,x is a v r>e occurr5ce to f9d a specim5 ( ! real wood expos$ to ! wea!r z1 be+ b a ?9 v5e]1 x w\ld be quickly affect$ by ! extreme *anges ( temp]ature to :i* x w\ld be subject$4 ,9 conclusion1 ! only way to become exp]t 9 imitat+ ,fr5* walnut is to /rive to copy ! gra9s ( ! real wood2 & no wood is m (t5 misrepres5t$ ?an is ,fr5* walnut4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dj4 ,,mahogany ,,/raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #da4 ,,mahogany ,,mottl$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,mahogany4 ,?is wood 0 a great favorite ) ! gra9]s ( ! la/ g5]ation1 & x is at pres5t com+ back to old-"t popul>ity4 ,! old ,honduras fea!r$ mahogany is r>ely se5 except 9 old furniture1 & ?is k9d ( gra9+ is seldom call$ = n[adays4 ,! mod]n mahogany is m /raight-gra9$1 & is g5]ally mu* light] 9 color1 b ! furniture manufactur]s d n hesitate to /a9 ! wood to any dep? ( color1 & ?us !y set ! patt]n :i* ! gra9] mu/ foll[ z reg>ds ! color4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 bo? oil & wat] color1 or by be+ p>tly done bo? ways1 z 9 ! case ( walnut4 ,! colors us$ are burnt si5na1 burnt umb] & ,v&yke br[n1 ) crimson lake = ov]gra9+ on p>ticul>ly bright "w4 ,! tools us$ are ! same z ^? = walnut4 ,no bett] way to imitate x w be f\nd ?an fir/ to /ipple x ) a ?9 wa% ( ,v&yke br[n 9 be]1 mu* ! same z = walnut1 b us+ ! flat side ( ! /ippl] or bl5d] m ?an ! tip1 z ! pores ( ! wood are g5]ally long] ?an ^? ( walnut4 ,aft] ! /ippl+ is dry rub 9 ! oil color1 :i* is compos$ ( ab\t ?ree-f\r?s burnt si5na to "o-f\r? burnt umb]1 or a little ,v&yke br[n may be add$ to ! color4 ,! d>k ve9s are put 9 ) ! sa% tool dipp$ 9 a little cle> ,v&yke br[n1 :i* %\ld be mix$ 9 a sep>ate vessel & ?9n$ mo/ly ) dri]s1 z ,v&yke br[n is a v sl[ dri]4 ,! "w is !n gone ov] ) a s(t cotton rag1 & ! color is remov$ :]e ! light] gra9s are to appe>2 ! rag is also us$ to s(t5 ! edges ( ! d>k] /reaks & to bl5d !m into ! light] gra9s4 ,! lights & %ad[s are made1 & ! :ole is !n lightly bl5d$ crosswise4 ,! bri/le ov]gra9] ( ! fit* tool is us$ to put 9 ! f9] gra9s1 or ?is may be done :5 ! oil color is dry4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* ! mod]n /raight mahogany is mo/ frequ5tly imitat$1 b x c :olly be done 9 wat] color1 us+ ! sponge = ! same purpose z ! rag is us$ 9 oil4 ,! fea!r mahogany is be/ repres5t$ 9 wat] color4 ,! c5tre ( ! fea!r is d>k5$ ) ,v&yke br[n1 & ! mottl] or sponge is us$ to make ! d>k] curves :i* radiate f ! c5tre ( ! fea!r2 !n ) a ?9 piece ( /ick or a piece ( c>dbo>d make ! bright blaze m>ks t are usually se5 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! fea!r4 ,a small mottl] or cut tool may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! m>k+s radiate f ! c5tre outw>d 9 a curv$ l9e & across ! d>k] ve9s2 all[ ?is to dry1 & !n lightly ov]gra9 to br+ out ! effect1 t\*+ up ! p>ts t are to appe> v d>k4 ,aft] ?is is dry ! h& %\ld lightly be pass$ ov] ! "w to remove any surplus color1 z "o coat ( v>ni% sometimes fails to lay out on wat]-color "w :]e ! gra9+-color has freely be5 us$4 ,?is applies to walnut & rosewood 9 di/emp] z well z to mahogany4 ,! wood is sometimes repres5t$ 9 oil )\t fir/ /ippl+1 b x nev] looks s well4 ,( c\rse ! /ippl+ may be done aft] ! "w is dry1 b x makes a bett] appe>ance if done be=e ! rubb+ ) oil4 ,if x is desir$ to ov]gra91 ! "w1 if done 9 oil1 %\ld be %ad$ 9 di/emp]1 & vice v]s4 ,= dep? & brightness1 add crimson lake ) a little ,v&yke br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #db4 ,,mahogany ,,fea!r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dc4 ,,rosewood ,,z ,,outl9$ ,,to ,,ov]gra94 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,rosewood4 ,?is wood is seldom imitat$ 9 ?is c\ntry except on piano-legs & caskets or c(f9s1 & !n x is done 9 /a9 on ! wood )\t fir/ be+ pa9t$4 ,:itewood is giv5 two coats ( logwood /a91 & aft] t is dry ! gra9s are put 9 ) a bamboo bru%1 :i* is made by beat+ ! pulp out ( ! ends ( %ort /rips ( bamboo1 leav+ ! h>d] portions ( ! wood1 :i* act z bri/les = apply+ ! gra9+-color4 ,f\r or five /rips ( bamboo an in* or m wide are fa/5$ toge!r ) wire1 s t _! edges int]lock at ! po9t ( ! bru%2 ! bru% is !n dipp$ 9 ! gra9+ color1 :i* consi/s ( iron-fil+s dissolv$ 9 v9eg>4 ,! surplus color is %ak5 out ( ! bru%1 & ! gra9s are put 9 9 ! same mann] z t 9 :i* an ov]gra9] is us$ 9 wat]-color4 ,! d>k] ve9s are add$ ) a sponge aft] ! f9] gra9s are put 91 & ! "w aft] be+ gra9$ is g5]ally fill$ ) rose-p9k4 ,?is process c be us$ only on new surfaces1 & is ( little value to ! gra9] to ! trade4 ,! ord9>y way ( imitat+ rosewood is to d x 9 wat] color1 al?\gh x may be done 9 oil4 ,i pref] to d x 9 di/emp]1 z ! "w c m quickly be f9i%$ 9 ?is way4 ,! colors us$ are ,v&yke br[n1 ivory black & rose p9k4 ,! basis ( ! color is ,v&yke br[n & a little black add$ to x4 ,! ivory black & ! rose p9k are mix$ sep>ately1 & appli$ to ! "w z desir$ :ile ! color is wet1 c>efully bl5d+ :]e necess>y4 ,! rose-p9k is fir/ /reak$ ?r\gh ! color & bl5d$2 !n ! sponge is us$ to remove ! color & make ! light] %ades4 ,! black ve9s are !n put 91 & aft] ! :ole is dry ! ov]gra9] & ! fit* tool are us$ to put 9 ! f9e gra9s4 ,la/ ( all1 ! edges ( ! d>k ve9s are %>p5$ ) ! fit* tool1 us+ ?9 black = ?is purpose2 ?is f9al application ( black may be done 9 oil4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to take too mu* black1 or ! effect w be too sombre4 ,! natural wood is almo/ inv>iably d>k5$ by be+ /a9$ z we see x on pianos1 & its beauties are obscur$ by s do+4 ,:5 ! wat] color is f9i%$ & dry1 ! h& %\ld be lightly pass$ across ! "w to remove any surplus color t may n ?or\ghly adh]e1 z1 if n remov$1 x works up into ! v>ni%1 or ! v>ni% /rikes 9 :]e ! gra9+-color is ?ick2 & = ?is reason two coats ( v>ni% are bett] ?an "o coat on any d>k wood t has be5 done :olly 9 wat] color4 ,9 op]at+ entirely ) oil ! tools are mu* ! same z ^? us$ = wat] color2 ! bri/le pip$ ov]gra9] is be/ = oil color4 ,! "w is done 9 mu* ! same mann] z ) wat] color1 us+ ! rag :]e ! color is to be light5$1 ) a little m spirits ( turp5t9e & japan 9 ! color ?an ord9>ily4 ,! gra9s ( rosewood are n easily copi$4 ,! wood exhibits a v>iety ( gra9 second only to oak1 & ,i ?9k t1 aft] oak1 x is ! mo/ difficult wood to imitate1 z to d x ju/ice requires ! free treatm5t :i* c be giv5 only by a tra9$ h& & a correct eye4 ,! av]age ve9s are free & graceful )\t be+ set or con/ra9$1 & ! gra9s are con/antly int]lock+ & bran*+ (f f ! ma9 he>ts4 ,,cypress-,,wood has b rec5tly appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry z an int]ior f9i%4 ,x is a v s(t & por\s wood1 & is a good k9d to keep out ( a h\se1 ow+ to its liability to %r9k & swell1 b occasionally we f9d rooms f9i%$ ) x1 ) ! exception ( ! doors1 :i* ! gra9] is call$ ^u to mat*4 ,i am in=m$ t cypress trees h to be girdl$ 9 ! spr+ & kill$1 s t !y conta9 b little sap :5 cut 9 ! fall1 z1 if cut gre51 !y w\ld s9k 9 ! wat] be=e !y c\ld be float$ to ! mill4 ,?is %[s h[ ill suit$ ?is wood is = an int]ior f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dd4 ,,rosewood ,,z ,,f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #de4 ,,cypress ,,9 ,,oil4 ,! gra9 ( cypress some:at resembles t ( h>d p9e1 b is broad] 9 ! he>t & f9]-gra9$2 x also pres5ts m contra/ betwe5 ! light & d>k portions ( ! gr[?4 ,! gr\nd is slightly d>k] & m yell[ ?an t us$ = oak4 ,! gra9+-color is made ( raw & burnt si5na & burnt umb]1 & is mix$ 9 oil4 ,:5 ! color is rubb$ 91 ! he>ts are wip$ out 9 ! usual mann]4 ,a rubb] comb c be us$ to make portions ( ! he>t by occasionally us+ x 9 ! f9] portions ( ! wip$-out he>ts1 tak+ c>e t ! l9es made by ! comb closely foll[ ^? made by h&1 & t !y are equally di/9ct1 or ! places :]e ! comb has be5 us$ c readily be di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! "w1 & !y look v bad4 ,!re is b little use = ! fit* tool 9 mat*+ cypress2 ! comb+ is mo/ly f9e & r /raight4 ,! /eel combs %\ld nev] be us$ ov] ! l9es made by ! rubb] comb4 ,! "w may be %ad$ ) "s ( ! gra9+-color to :i* "s black has be5 add$1 & ! :ole ?9n$ ) spirits4 ,x ne$s b a v ?9 glaze1 & is ord9>ily f9i%$ )\t %ad+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,h>d ,,p9e4 ,?is wood is seldom imitat$1 &1 al?\gh its gra9s are simple1 !y _c be mat*$ )\t tak+ pa9s4 ,! gra9 ( h>d p9e is 9 "s respects diff]5t f t ( any o!r wood2 ! gr[?s are g5]ally q n>r[1 & are n complicat$1 )\t hav+ _m knots1 & are decid$ly /raight1 z is also ! comb$ "w4 ,! gr\ndwork is mu* ! same z t = oak1 be+ slightly m yell[4 ,! gra9+-color--:i* is mix$ 9 oil--is compos$ ( raw & burnt si5na1 & a little burnt umb] is add$4 ,! gra9s are put 9 by fir/ us+ ! rag to wipe out ! he>ts & !n p5cill+ 9 ! gra91 or = ! light] p>ts ( ! gra9 ! p5cill+ may be omitt$4 ,! comb+ is done ) mod]ately f9e combs4 ,nev] g ov] ! same place twice1 z ! gra9s ( p9e are always /raight & nev] int]lock1 l ^? ( oak4 ,! "w %\ld lightly be bl5d$ l5g?wise4 ,! color us$ to p5cil 9 ! gr[?s %\ld be d>k] ?an t ) :i* ! "w is rubb$ 91 & ! bl5d+ %\ld always be done t[>d ! outside edge ( ! gra94 ,:5 ! "w is dry x may lightly be %ad$ to give x dep?1 or slightly mottl$4 ,"s pieces ( h>d p9e are pr(usely mottl$1 & ,i h se5 specim5s t _h ! appe>ance ( f9e ,hung>ian a%4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #df4 ,,h>d ,,p9e4 ,,:itewood4 ,x is seldom necess>y to imitate :itewood1 z ! orig9al is s *eap1 & because !re is z mu* difficulty 9 mat*+ ! color ( ! wood z t ( ! gra9s4 ,! gr\nd-color is ab\t ! same z t = light a%1 & ! gra9+-color c be mix$ ) raw si5na & raw umb]1 add+ black or blue2 or yell[ o*re c be us$ = ! basis ( ! color1 add+ raw umb] & a little black = ! d>k /reaks4 ,! "w is !n put 9 ) a fit* tool & bl5d$ s(tly1 or a piece ( po9t$ wood l a p5cil may be us$1 ! po9t be+ cov]$ ) a ?9 cotton rag1 & ! he>t gra9s put 9 ) ?is1 tak+ c>e to h ! gra9s subdu$ & n appe>+ prom95t4 ,! gra9s ( :itewood g5]ally appe> sunk52 !y are simply outl9$1 & n s(t5$ ) ! rag4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dg4 ,,:itewood ,,9 ,,oil4 ,:itewood sometimes assumes a bli/]$ appe>ance peculi> to itself & some:at l ! gra9 ( ,hung>ian a%4 ,?is k9d ( :itewood is v difficult to imitate1 z ! high lights are s /rong & brilliant z to require t\*+ up ) ! gr\nd-color aft] ! "w is dry4 ,?is k9d is seldom imitat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,v>ni%+ ,,ov] ,,gra9$ ,,"w4 ,:5 a job ( gra9+ is f9i%$2 if x is deem$ necess>y to v>ni% x1 ! "q arises1 ,:at k9d ( v>ni% %all be us$8 & ?is is a subject on :i* widely diff]5t op9ions prevail4 ,almo/ e ma/] pa9t] has 8 favorite k9d ( v>ni% & is sl[ to accept any?+ contr>y to 8 own idea ( :at %\ld be us$2 & "r "h ,i w say t if y h some?+ t1 l ! joke ( ! cl[n 9 ! circus1 has )/ood ! te/ ( "t1 d n look f>!r1 b hold fa/ to t :i* is good4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( v>ni%es & f9i%es made especially = application to expos$ "w1 outside doors1 etc41 b my exp]i5ce ) _m ( !m has be5 any?+ b satisfactory4 ,!re may be "s p>ticul> k9d ( v>ni% t w /& exposure 9 ?is climate )\t crack+ or turn+ :ite1 b ,i h nev] se5 any su*4 ,i w\ld l to f9d "s article t w )/& ! *anges ( temp]ature to :i* x w\ld be subject$ 9 ! ,new ,engl& climate--say "o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & ?irty degrees annually--& ,i d n expect ev] to f9d any su*1 z1 :5 ! v>ni% has be5 appli$ to expos$ "w & ! gum has become ?or\ghly h>d5$1 crack+ w ( necessity ensue1 = ! reason t heat causes ! expansion ( ! mat]ial to :i* ! v>ni% is appli$1 &1 ! v>ni% be+ ?or\ghly h>d5$1 s t x _c exp&1 x mu/ crack 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( nature t heat exp&s4 ,crack+ may result f inability to contract aft] hav+ exp&$ f heat4 ,?is is all[+ = no int]nal complications 9 ! v>ni%1 & :at is writt5 above :olly applies to v>ni% t is expos$ to ! wea!r1 & is bas$ on :at seems to be practical exp]i5ce4 ,i am liv+ 9 a h\se t is gra9$ 9 oil on ! outside2 ! clapbo>ds & trimm+s on ! s\?we/ side 7 *os5 = te/+ ! v>ni%4 ,to prev5t any misund]/&+1 ,i w /ate ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w 0 done4 ,! clapbo>ds are ,no4 #a spruce1 ! trimm+s are p9e & cypress4 ,! c>p5try "w 0 done 9 ,july1 #ahhf1 & /ood ?ree days be=e be+ prim$4 ,! prim+ color 0 mix$ z foll[s3--,"o hundr$ p\nds ( :ite lead1 to :i* 7 add$ ab\t tw5ty-five p\nds ( yell[ o*re1 a small quantity ( japan dri]1 & ?9n$ ) be/ raw l9se$ oil4 ,aft] be+ prim$ = two weeks1 ! "w 0 gr\nd$1 us+ ! prim+ color t 0 left1 ) en\gh lead add$ to make a gr\ndwork = oak4 ,! trimm+s are done 9 *]ry4 ,! "w 0 n gra9$ until ,octob]1 #ahhf1 & nei!r wax nor any?+ else 0 us$ = megilp4 ,! v>ni%es 7 ne>ly all appli$ on ! t5? day aft] ! "w 0 gra9$2 ! day 0 w>m & bright1 & ea* v>ni% 0 put on j z x came f ! factory1 )\t ?9n]s ( any k9d4 ,ea* 0 p\r$ into a clean vessel & a new bru% 0 us$1 s z to give ea* k9d ( v>ni% an ev5 *ance2 & ! result is bel[ /at$4 ,sev5te5 k9ds ( v>ni%es1 h>dwood f9i%es1 sp> composition1 etc41 7 appli$ z /at$1 & ! result 0 highly disa/r\s1 z1 ) two exceptions1 !y all crack$ 9 less ?an twelve mon?s4 ,! two exceptions 71 fir/1 a mixture ( l9se$ oil two p>ts to japan dri] "o "p2 second1 a prep>ation said to conta9 n9ety p] c5t4 ( l9se$ oil4 ,?is is ! only ?+ on ! side ( ! h\se to-day 7,febru>y #bi1 #ahhh7 t has any gloss2 all ! o!rs except ! oil & ! dri] are 9 v>i\s /ages ( imitation ( alligator sk91 or !y h crack$ s m9utely z :olly to de/roy ! gloss4 ,"s ( ! h>dwood f9i%es crack$ 9 tw5ty-eight days aft] be+ appli$1 & _! mak]s claim$ t !y c\ld be us$ on outside "w )\t dang] ( crack+4 ,! longe/ "t t any v>ni% /ood )\t crack+ 0 slightly ov] elev5 mon?s1 & t k9d co/ five doll>s p] gallon1 & 0 sold = we>+ body v>ni%4,a ,i h "s ( ^! v>ni%es & f9i%es appli$ to inside "w1 & at pres5t !y %[ no signs ( crack+1 b ,i am afraid t x w be only a "q ( "t :5 !y too w crack4 ,= int]ior "w ,i am 9 favor ( us+ %ellac ov] gra9$ "w 9 pref]5ce to v>ni%1 & ,i h %ellac appli$ to ! doors ( my rooms1 ! cas+s1 etc41 be+ f9i%$ ) fir/-quality v>ni%2 s t ,i w h an opportunity ( obs]v+ _! respective m]its & durability4 ,%ellac f9i% is less gl>+ ?an v>ni%1 & has ! advantage ( dry+ quickly2 s t x escapes ! du/ :i* is inv>iably pres5t 9 new build+s4 ,x c be rubb$ d[n1 if necess>y1 9 ! same mann] z h>dwood1 & :]e gra9+ is done to mat* wood f9i%$ 9 %ellac x makes ! "w look uni=m4 ,i h yet to see a job ( new "w t has crack$ aft] be+ %ellack$ if prop]ly gr\nd$4 ,!re are "s ( ! old-fa%ion$ v>ni%es t /& )\t crack+ on inside "w4 ,"o case ,i rememb] :]e an (fice _h be5 gra9$ & v>ni%$ :5 ! factory 0 built1 &1 s f> z kn[n1 _h be5 rev>ni%$ b once = ?irty-two ye>s aft]w>d4 ,!re 0 no sign ( cracks 9 ! v>ni%1 & ^? p :o pr(ess t ! cause ( crack+ is due to wax 9 ! gra9+ color w\ld be surpris$ to see t ! gra9+ color 9 ?is case appe>$ to conta9 pl5ty ( wax4 ,v>ni% may /& = a long "t on inside "w )\t crack+2 b ! rev]se is ! rule 9 my exp]i5ce2 = v>ni% t has be5 b\ght f ! factory expressly = inside "w1 & = :i* a good price has be5 paid1 has crack$ 9 less ?an six mon?s aft] be+ appli$1 & ?is 0 on new wood2 s t !re 0 app>5tly no?+ to ha/5 its e>ly decay4 ,"s sev5 ye>s ago ,i v>ni%$ a table-top :i* _h be5 gra9$4 ,i *ose :at a ma/] c>riage pa9t] call$ "o ( ! be/ makes ( rubb+ v>ni%1 & appli$ ?ree coats to ! table1 rubb+ x on ! ?ird day aft] ea* coat4 ,x look$ nicely :5 f9i%$1 b 9 less ?an f\r mon?s x _h crack$4 ,! cracks f9ally became s deep t !y 7 fac$ up ) putty2 & ?is 0 a solid walnut table-top :i* _h be5 ?or\ghly plan$ (f & %ellack$ be=e be+ pa9t$ & gra9$4 ,?is is b "o ( _m in/ances :i* h l$ me altoge!r to disc>d v>ni% = any "w ,i wi% to pres]ve2 & :]e int]ior "w is n too mu* expos$ to we> ,i pref] to leave x z gra9$ 9 oil or to %ellac x1 & = ext]ior "w to give x an occasional coat ( oil & dri] r ?an to v>ni% x4 ,i h n m5tion$ ! names ( ! mak]s ( ! v>ni%es1 b !y 7 "s ( ! repres5tative mak]s ( ! c\ntry1 & mo/ ( ! labels expressly /at$ t ! cont5ts ( ! packages w\ld n crack1 bli/] or turn :ite4 ,i hope t ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs has be5 m favorable ?an has m9e1 b we mu/ speak ( ?+s z we f9d !m4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,a3 ,octob]1 #ahij4--,! prep>ation conta9+ #ij p] c5t4 l9se$ oil crack$ badly 9 f\rte5 mon?s3 ! oil & dry] crack$ soon aft]1 due1 ,i presume1 to gum 9 ! japan4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,gra9+ ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,f9e ,,art4 ,gra9+--t is pa9t+ 9 imitation ( wood or ( m>ble--is g5]ally look$ ^u z a bus9ess bran* ( ! h\se-pa9t+ :i* any compet5t pa9t] is1 or %\ld be1 able to d1 b 9 reality we f9d t only ab\t f\r or five m5 9 ea* l>ge city d all ! be/ "w 9 ?is l9e1 & make a bus9ess ( x1 do+ no?+ else--gra9+ = ! trade1 z x is call$4 ,"o gra9] w d ! "w ( tw5ty or m pa9t-%ops1 & if he is a fir/-class workman1 he w e>n m ?an d\ble ! wages ( an ord9>y pa9t]1 & w f9d employm5t all ! ye> r\nd4 ,n[1 any l>ge city c boa/ ( tw5ty to ?irty arti/s--l&scape1 m>9e1 portrait1 etc4--^: "w is prais$ & is accept$ at art-gall]ies1 & 9 "s cases br+s enorm\s prices at sales2 b :y is x t _! "w is laud$ to ! skies2 :5 at be/ x is b an imitation ( nature1 & :5 an equally good imitation 9 ano!r =m is 7z a rule7 condemn$ by ar*itects & critics z unwor?y a place 9 arti/ic resid5ces or 9 ! m prom95t rooms ( su* h\ses8 ,any p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce c at a glance discov] t an oil pa9t+ is a m]e copy or repres5tation ( nature1 b ! gra9 ( wood or ( m>ble c be s closely imitat$ t x is impossible ev5 = an exp]t to detect at a glance t x is c\nt]feit1 & a close exam9ation sometimes fails to reveal :e!r x is g5u9e or n4 ,"s p ?9k t successfully to imitate ! color & ! gra9 ( any wood or any m>ble is z mu* ( an art z is ! repres5tation ( a l&scape1 =1 :ile !re are doz5s ( arti/s :o c fai?fully reproduce a l&scape on canvas1 !re are few :o c make a p9e door look l ! oak or *]ry jamb & cas+ t surr\nd x1 z fir/-class gra9]s (t5 h to d1 & d s well t n "o p]son 9 a ?\s& c\ld tell ! real wood f ! imitation4 ,& n only is ! wood imitat$ by su* m51 b m\ld+s1 cornices1 panels1 etc41 are s fai?fully repres5t$ z to pass = su* except on close inspection4 ,x is said t 9 ord] to become an arti/ "o mu/ be born ) c]ta9 qualifications or he w fail to be successful3 ?is is equally true 9 ! case ( ! gra9]2 & "s p ?9k t 9 ord] to become a fir/-class gra9] m gifts are requir$ at bir? ?an if ! p]son 7 de/9$ to become an arti/1 z ! arti/ g5]ally has be=e him models or ! orig9al ( 8 picture1 :ile ! gra9] is suppos$ to imitate :atev] k9d ( wood or m>ble is call$ =--9 mo/ cases1 )\t any ( ! orig9al be=e him & do+ ! "w f recollection ( ! gra9 ( ! p>ticul> wood or m>ble he is imitat+4 ,:ile x is v true t ! av]age imitation ( wood or m>ble is poorly done1 /ill ! :ole bus9ess %\ld n be condemn$1 & any l>ge city c furni% illu/rations ( ! fact t gra9+ is s well done z to deceive work]s 9 wood2 & !y ought to be compet5t judges4 ,! idea ( repres5t+ wood by pa9t+ is z old z any bran* ( ! bus9ess1 &1 ?\gh excell5t "w has be5 done 9 days gone by1 ! ef=ts ( ! =emo/ gra9]s ( ! pres5t "t w favorably comp>e ) ^? ( any age1 z1 ) new inv5tions to aid !m1 !y h tak5 rapid /rides t[>d p]fection4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,tools ,,us$ ,,by ,,gra9]s4 ,/eel combs 7,fig4 #a7 are f\r or five in*es wide1 ) tee? ( ?ree regul> sizes--c\rse1 m$ium & f9e4 ,!y may be us$ = all woods :]e ! gra9 is /rongly m>k$1 :e!r ! "w is done 9 oil or 9 di/emp]2 !re is also a f\r-in* /eel comb ) tee? graduat$ f co>se to f9e 7,fig4 #b7 t is (t5 useful2 a few "o- or two-in* /eel combs are h&y = use on m\ld+s or on odd corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,lea!r combs 7,fig4 #c7 c be pur*as$ f mo/ ( ! l>ge deal]s 9 pa9t]s' mat]ials1 b !y are inf]ior to combs cut f ! be/ %eet rubb]4 ,9 mak+ ! latt] *oose a piece ( rubb] measur+ ab\t two by f\r in*es & n ov] a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,cut ! tee? on ea* ( ! f\r in* sides1 mak+ ^? on "o side co>se & ^? on ! o!r side f9e1 ?us y h two combs 9 "o1 & by turn+ ov] ! comb diff]5t l9es c be made2 d n cut ! not*es ( ! comb too deep1 & leave consid]able space = ! face ( ! tee?4 ,a rubb] comb c be (t5 us$1 especially on r\gh "w1 )\t cov]+ ! tee? ) a rag1 z be+ s(t x con=ms to ! inequalities ( ! surface1 & leaves a m di/9ct patt]n ?an does a lea!r comb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,9 repres5t+ ! gra9 ( oak1 ! tracks ( ! /eel comb %\ld cross or int]lock s z to make a s]ies ( disconnect$ l9es simil> to ! pores ( ! wood2 = a% & o!r /raight-gra9$ woods1 ! gra9s %\ld nev] int]lock b appe> clean & %>p 9 regul> ord] f ! side ( ! he>ts to ! edges ( ! bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,! pip$ bri/le or fit* hair ov]gra9] 7,fig4 #d7 may be us$ 9 oil or 9 di/emp] = repres5t+ a%1 walnut1 *]ry1 mahogany1 etc42 = maple x may be us$ z an ov]gra9]4 ,= ov]gra9+ any wood 9 di/emp] !re is no bett] tool ?an ! pla9 bri/le ov]gra9] 7,fig4 #e7 ! bri/les be+ sep>at$ into clu/]s ) a bone comb aft] *>g+ ! bru% ) color4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,! badg] bl5d] 7,fig4 #f7 is us$ = all gra9+ done 9 di/emp] & is sometimes us$ = oil "w1 a simil> bru% made ( bri/les is sometimes us$ = m>bl+4 ,! flat bri/le bru% us$ = apply+ ! gra9+ color is ! only bl5d] necess>y = oil "w4 ,! ca/ellat$ or knott$ ov]gra9] 7,figs4 #g1 #h & #i7 is us$ = gra9+ 9 di/emp] "w1 :i* has previ\sly be5 gra9$ 9 oil4 ,! pla9 ov]gra9] 7,figs4 #aj1 #aa & #ab7 may be us$ = %ad+ 9 di/emp] or = gra9+ maple4 ,mottl]s or cutt]s made ( bri/les 7,figs4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag7 are = use = di/emp] color 9 gra9+ maple1 mahogany1 etc4 ,! angul> cutt] 7,fig4 #ag7 is us$ = tak+ out ! high lights 9 mahogany4 ,! wav$ mottl] 7,fig4 #ah7 is us$ = repres5t+ maple1 mahogany or sat9wood 9 di/emp]4 ,camel's-hair mottl]s or cutt]s 7,figs4 #ai & #bj7 are us$ = v f9e "w on maple1 etc41 b ! bri/le bru%es answ] all practical purposes4 ,! s]rat$ mottl] or m>bl] 7,fig4 #ba7 is us$ = maple or sat9wood 9 di/emp] or = m>bl+4 ,= apply+ di/emp] color a t9 b\nd bri/le gra9+ bru% 7,fig4 #bb7 is excell5t1 x %\ld be ab\t #a_/b an in* ?ick4 ,! bri/le /ippl] 7,fig4 #bc7 is us$ = walnut or = mahogany 9 di/emp]4 ,! fit* or sable pip$ ov]gra9] 7,fig4 #bd7 is us$ 9 di/emp] = maple1 sat9wood or o!r delicate "w4 ,! *eck roll] is us$ = putt+ 9 ! pores ( oak & ! d>k /reaks or l9es 9 ! he>ts1 & is us$ to be/ advantage 9 di/emp]4 ,a well *>g$ mottl] supplies ! color4 ,! mottl] is laid aga9/ ! edges ( ! :eels1 & by revolv+ ! roll] ! color is transf]r$ to ! "w4 ,a gu>d ( t9 may be sold]$ to ! mottl] s t x fits ! h&le ( ! roll]1 be+ held 9 place by ! ?umb4 ,"o or two flat fresco bri/le l9]s 7,figs4 #be & #bf7 ,no4 #a & #b = putt+ 9 he>ts1 ve9s1 etc41 & "o or two t9 b\nd sa% tools complete ! li/ ( all tools necess>y = use1 & any wood t gr[s may be repres5t$ by us+ ! tools m5tion$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,pat5t ,,gra9+ ,,ma*9es4 ,v>i\s devices o!r ?an ^? usually employ$--bru%es1 combs1 etc4--h be5 inv5t$ = repres5t+ ! gra9s ( wood1 & "s ( ^! ma*9es are excell5t1 & are s con/ruct$ t by prop]ly us+ !m a v good imitation ( wood may be obta9$4 ,! majority ( !m1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 inv5t$ = ! express purpose ( be+ sold to gullible pa9t]s4 ,! "w done by su* ma*9es be>s b little resemblance to ! gra9 ( any wood1 & ! only m]it !y possess is _! boa/$ ease ( manipulation4 ,x w\ld seem t ! majority ( ! pat5t pads1 roll]s1 etc41 n[ 9 use 7 design$ by p]sons totally unfamili> ) ! v>i\s woods :i* !y claim _! ma*9es c repres5t2 !y be> ! same relation to good h&work z ! s*oolboy's draw+ ( a h\se be>s to t ( an ar*itect4 ,! quality ( ! "w seems to be immat]ial if x c rapidly be execut$2 & if !re are pl5ty ( knots 9 ! patt]n1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce :at wood x is suppos$ to repres5t1 s long z x pleases ! eye ( ! pa9t]1 & he w (t5 pur*ase at an exorbitant price t :i* is practically useless = ord9>y h\sework4 ,i h be=e me a circul> conta9+ "s photographic illu/rations ( ! "w done by a pat5t roll] process2 & if any wood ev] grew t be>s a resemblance to ! illu/rations1 ,i am ignorant ( its "n4 ,anil9e colors are ! means employ$ to repres5t ! gra9s1 & ! process is design$ to obviate ! necessity ( fir/ pa9t+ ! "w1 z ! color is directly appli$ by ! roll]1 )\t ! wood be+ prep>$ 9 any way4 ,x is claim$ t any %ad[s or gra9s exi/+ 9 ! wood w only add to ! beauty ( ! f9i%$ "w4 ,?is w be news to ! intellig5t workman4 ,! circul> says no?+ ab\t h[ to use ! roll]s on pa9t$ "w1 s ,i presume x is wor?less except = new "w1 & ne>ly s = t2 = ! pa9t] :o attempts to repres5t wood 9 ! mann] describ$ w f9d t 9 ! end x co/s z mu* z ?\gh he _h employ$ a skilful workman2 & :5 ! job is f9i%$1 he w h b a poor imitation ( wood4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! olde/ ma*9e = repres5t+ ! gra9+ ( wood is ! ,mason pad1 :i* consi/s ( a convex pad ) h&les at ei!r end4 ,! face ( ! pad is made ( a rubb] composition1 on :i* are engrav$ ! gra9s1 ! pad be+ ab\t two feet 9 l5g?4 ,! gra9+-color is appli$ to ! "w1 & :ile wet ! pad is press$ aga9/ x1 ?us remov+ suffici5t color to %[ ! gra94 ,?is process is n[ seldom us$2 ! composition ( :i* ! face ( ! pad is made h>d5s 9 cold wea!r & 9 hot wea!r x is incl9$ to run toge!r1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid defac+ ! pad4 ,! objection common to all roll] processes or ma*9es is t !y d ! same "w ov] & ov] aga91 :i* is contr>y to :at we f9d 9 nature1 z ! gra9s are always diff]5t f "o ano!r1 s t x w\ld require an endless v>iety ( patt]ns to d su* "w z is done by any fir/-class gra9]4 ,ano!r me?od = ! rapid imitation ( wood is f\nd 9 /5cil-plates1 :i* consi/ ( ?9 %eets ( brass s con/ruct$ t :5 laid aga9/ ! panel to be gra9$ !y leave no m>k until a clo? is pass$ ov] ! plate1 :5 ! gra9+-color expos$ by ! /5cil is rubb$ (f1 ?us mak+ ! gra9s4 ,?is sort ( "w looks mu* bett] ?an t done by any ( ! pads or roll]s1 b is op5 to ! same objection--viz41 repetition4 ,ano!r process is op]at$ by hav+ rolls ) lea!r or composition surface1 ) ! gra9s cut !reon2 aft] ! gra9+-color has be5 appli$ to ! "w1 ! roll]s are pass$ ov] x1 ?us remov+ ! color :]ev] ! roll] t\*es4 ,z a rule1 ! "w done by ?is process is n v di/9ct1 nor is x p>ticul>ly clean4 ,v l>ge roll]s h to be us$ 9 ord] to gra9 a panel f\r feet long1 z ! "w w seldom jo9 )\t %[+ ! jo9ts2 & :ile a door 0 be+ gra9$ 9 ?is mann] 7) jo9ts 9 ! panels71 a skilful workman c\ld d "o by h& & 9 a mu* bett] mann]4 ,! be/ "w t ,i h ev] se51 n done by h&1 0 by means ( a composition roll] ) a smoo? surface2 x c be us$ only = ! imitation ( por\s woods1 z *e/nut1 a% & walnut1 & is useless = oak1 *]ry or any ( ! close-gra9$ woods4 ,! "w c fir/ be /ippl$ 9 di/emp]1 & :5 dry rubb$ 9 lightly 9 oil2 or ! roll] c be appli$ directly to ! /ippl$ "w or to ! gr\ndwork1 & aft]w>ds /ippl$ if necess>y4 ,x is requisite to procure sev]al pieces ( ! wood to be imitat$1 smoo!d c>efully ) ! pores op52 !n directly apply ! gra9+-color & ) ! composition roll] g ov] ! wood1 tak+ ! color f ! pores & apply+ x directly to ! "w by transf]4 ,if c>efully done1 y h an exact duplicate ( ! gra9 ( ! real wood1 & no man c d bett] "w ?an ?is2 b1 9 ord] to gra9 a room or a h\se 9 ?is mann]1 x is necess>y to h a great v>iety ( pieces ( por\s wood1 & to use ea* piece only = imitat+ ! wood ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! gransorbian is ano!r transf] process1 by :i* ! gra9s are produc$ z foll[s3 ,! gra9+-color is appli$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & heavy absorptive pap] on :i* ! gra9 ( ! wood to be imitat$ is impress$ is laid aga9/ ! wet color2 a roll] ) a smoo? surface is pass$ ov] ! pap]1 us+ consid]able =ce1 s t ! color is absorb$ into ! pap] :]ev] x is press$ aga9/ ! "w by ! roll]4 ,! pap] c be us$ sev]al times be=e x becomes useless ?r\gh becom+ saturat$ ) color1 b1 be+ *eap1 x is an inexp5sive mann] ( do+ fair to good "w4 ,all dep5ds on ! man :o makes ! patt]ns1 z1 if !y are n true to nature1 ! effect is v bad1 & "s ( ! samples t ,i h se5 are v poor imitations ( ! gra9 ( any wood4 ,i %\ld judge t ! pap] is produc$ by apply+ ! pulp to a block ( wood on :i* ! patt]n to be produc$ is engrav$1 us+ consid]able pressure to =ce ! pulp into ! c>v$ "w4 ,! pla9 "w is done ) combs 9 ! usual mann]4 ,ano!r transf] process is ! transf] pap]4 ,! gra9 is pr9t$ on pap] simil> to ! be/ wall-pap]1 & is transf]r$ to ! gr\ndwork by pressure aft] fir/ wett+ ! back ( ! pap] & all[+ "t = ! wat] ?or\ghly to s(t5 ! pr9t$ color4 ,! surface ( ! gr\ndwork mu/ fir/ be damp$ 9 ord] to receive ! moi/ color f ! pap]4 ,two or ?ree impressions may be obta9$ f ea* wett+ ( ! pap]4 ,"s ( ! "w done by ?is process is excell5t1 & approa*es v ne> ! "w done by ! smoo? transf] roll]1 b ! majority ( ! pap] is pr9t$ f blocks or cyl9d]s1 design$ n by nature1 b by man1 & are unwor?y ( comp>ison ) ^? pr9t$ f nature4 ,!re are v>i\s processes o!r ?an h&work1 b ! above are ! pr9cipal me?ods employ$4 ,! fir/-class gra9] has no?+ to fe> f any ( ! =ego+ processes1 = :ile "s 7 be+ us$ ! "w c\ld be done 9 ! old way1 & equally well1 provid$ ! workm5 7 at all skilful4 ,i h nev] se5 any "w t c excel f9e h&work1 z !re is m grace & v>iety 9 su* "w ?an !re is 9 any done by any o!r me?ods4 ,:5 ! s]vices ( a gra9] _c be obta9$1 ma*9e processes may answ] = ord9>y "w or = small "w1 su* z ice-*e/s1 pails1 etc41 b ! *ief objection ,i h to !m is t !y claim too mu*1 & ! av]age pa9t] :o buys ! process is deceiv$1 because he is told t any wood c be imitat$ by ?is or t ma*9e1 :5 su* is n ! case4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,imitations ,,( ,,c>v$ ,,"w1 ,,m\ld+s1 ,,etc41 ,,by ,,gra9+4 ,9 imitat+ c>v$ "w1 m\ld+s1 etc4 9 gra9+ color1 m ?an ord9>y ability is requir$ 9 ord] to succe$ 9 deceiv+ p2 & ?is k9d ( "w %\ld n be attempt$ unless !re is ample "t = its prop] execution1 nor %\ld its use be contemplat$ = too expos$ positions1 z if n ?or\ghly done x is an eyesore to ! intellig5t behold]1 b if done 9 a recess$ doorway or o!r suitable place1 inside or outside1 x enhances ! value ( ! "w if x agrees ) ! g5]al /yle ( ! ar*itecture or ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,m\ld+s or rais$ panels are (t5 imitat$ on front doors :]e ! real article w\ld nev] be plac$ by an intellig5t c>p5t]1 ow+ to ! %ape ( ! door2 h5ce x w\ld be display+ poor judgm5t to place ! imitation :]e ! real article ought to f9d no place4 ,x is wond]ful h[ a ?or\gh gra9] c trans=m a pla/]$ wall into "o app>5tly %ea!d or wa9scot$1 & ,i h se5 doors s p]fectly imitat$ t p]sons w\ld grasp at ! knob 9 attempt+ to op5 a door t 0 gra9$ on a pla/]$ wall4 ,imitations ( c>v$ figures1 scrolls & game-birds are favor$ by "s workm51 & are v effective if well done2 z a rule su* "w %\ld be se5 9 a subdu$ light to r5d] ! deception m complete4 ,illu/ration ,,index4 ,a4 ,alcohol1 use (1 9 di/emp]1 #cj4 ,ammonia1 spirits (1 = remov+ old pa9t1 #f4 ,angul> cutt]1 #ej1 #ec4 ,anil9e colors us$ 9 gra9+1 #ed4 ,a%1 burl1 #bj4 burl1 gr\nd colors =1 #h4 gra9+1 #ag4 gr\nd colors =1 #g4 ,hung>ian1 #ai4 ,hung>ian1 gr\nd colors =1 #g4 ,we/]n1 to mat*1 #ah4 ,asphaltum = %ad+ color ( oak1 #af4 ,b4 ,badg] bl5d]1 #di1 #eb4 ,bamboo bru%1 use (1 9 gra9+ rosewood1 #cg4 ,be/ colors %\ld be us$ = gra9+1 #g4 ,bird's-eye maple1 #bb4 maple 9 wat] color1 #bb4 ,black walnut1 #ca4 ,bl5d+ gr\ndwork1 #ab4 qu>t]$ oak1 #ac4 ,bli/]$ appe>ance ( :itewood1 #da4 ,bri/le gra9+ bru%1 #ea1 #ec4 l9]s1 fresco1 #eb1 #ec4 mottl]s or cutt]s1 #ej1 #ec4 /ippl]1 #ec4 ,bru%1 bamboo1 use (1 9 gra9+ rosewood1 #cg4 %\ld n be /ubby1 #aa4 ,burl a%1 #bj4 a%1 gr\nd colors =1 #h4 a% 9 oil color1 #bj4 ,burn+ (f pa9t1 #f4 ,c4 ,camel's-hair mottl] or cutt]1 #ej1 #ec4 ,ca/ellat$ or knott$ ov]gra9]1 #di1 #ej1 #eb4 ,*amps1 to put 91 #ab4 ,*amps1 %ad+1 #ae4 ,*eap jobs1 #f4 ,*eck roll]1 #ae1 #ec4 ,*]ry1 #bh4 gr\nd "w =1 #h4 9 oil color1 pref]5ce =1 #bh4 natural wood1 to mat*1 #h4 ,*e/nut1 #ba4 clean cut divisions 9 gra9+1 #ad4 cle>ly cut jo9ts 9 gra9+1 #ad4 gra9+ 9 wat] colors1 #bb4 gr\nd colors =1 #g4 resemblance to a%1 #ba4 ,coats1 :i* to be avoid$1 #h4 ?9 pref]able1 #h4 ,color = gra9+1 #i4 = gra9+ burl a%1 #bj4 ( wood1 to imitate1 #i4 prep>ation ( 9 gra9+ oak1 #aj4 /ra9+ be=e ?9n+1 #g4 to mix1 #aa4 usually d>k1 #aj4 ,combs1 lea!r1 #dh1 #di4 rubb]1 #ab4 /eel1 #dh4 ,composition roll]1 gra9+ by1 #ef4 ,copyi/s ( copies1 #ac4 ,cov]+ tee? ( gra9+ combs1 #ab4 ,crack+ ( v>ni%1 #db4 ,curly1 or rock maple1 #be4 ,cutt]1 angul>1 #ej1 #ec4 ,cutt]s or mottl]s #ej1 #ec4 ,cypress wood1 #ch4 ,d4 ,d>k oak1 #g4 gr\nd color =1 #g4 ve9s 9 rosewood1 #cg4 ve9s 9 mahogany1 #ce4 ve9s 9 qu>t]$ oak1 #ab4 ,deg5]ate copyi/s ( copies1 #ac4 ,di/emp]1 gra9+ a% 91 #ah4 gra9+ oak 91 #af4 ,divisions %\ld be clean cut 9 gra9+1 #ad4 ,dock$ p5cil 9 bird's eye maple1 #bc4 ,dri]s 9 gra9+ color1 #aa4 ,dry colors %\ld nev] be us$ = gr\nds1 #g4 ,e4 ,edges ( panel1 h[ f9i%$1 #ad4 ,exp]i5ce 9 v>ni% crack+1 #dc4 ,eyes & %ad[s 9 bird's eye maple1 #bc4 9 bird's eye maple1 h[ to acc5tuate1 #bd4 ,f4 ,fea!r$ mahogany1 #cf4 ,f9e art1 gra9+ consid]$ z a1 #df4 *amps 9 poll>d oak1 to put 91 #bh4 ,fit* hair ov]gra9]1 #di1 #ea4 or pip$ ov]gra9]1 #ea1 #ec4 tool1 use ( 9 gra9+ a%1 #ag4 tool1 use ( 9 gra9+ cypress1 #ci4 ,flat bru% us$ 9 gra9+ 9 pref]5ce to r\nd1 #aa4 fresco bri/le l9]s1 #eb1 #ec4 ,fr5* walnut1 burl1 #cb4 walnut burl1 gra9+ 9 di/emp]1 #cc1 #cd4 walnut burl1 pieces %\ld be small1 #cd4 ,fr5* walnut1 gr\nd "w =1 #h4 ,fresco bri/le l9]s1 #eb1 #ec4 ,g4 ,glue size = di/emp] b9d]1 #cj4 ,graduat$ tee? 9 gra9+ combs1 #ab4 ,gra9]s' combs1 #aa4 tools1 #dh4 ,gra9+ a%1 #ag4 a% 9 di/emp]1 #ah4 by pat5t roll]1 #ed4 by /5cil plates1 #ee4 by transf] pap]1 #eg4 c be sc\r$ (f1 #e4 _c be *ipp$1 #e4 *e/nut1 #ba4 color1 #i4 color1 to mix1 #i4 consid]$ z a f9e art1 #df4 cypress1 #ci4 = ! trade1 #df4 light oak 9 oil1 #aj4 oak1 #g1 #af4 ov] old pa9t1 #e4 ov] old "w1 prep>ation =1 #f4 w n fade1 #e4 ,gransorbian transf] gra9+ process1 #ef4 ,gra9$ "w1 v>ni%+ ov]1 #db4 ,gr\nd color1 #f4 color1 ,indian r$ %\ld nev] be us$1 = #i4 = burl a%1 #h4 = *e/nut1 #g4 = cypress gra9+1 #ci4 = sat9 wood1 #h4 colors ( a%1 #g4 ,gr[? ( a%1 he>t1 #ag4 ( *]ry1 #bi4 ,gr[? = :ite wood1 #da4 ,gr\nd "w = *]ry1 #h4 = ,fr5* walnut1 #h4 = gra9+1 #e4 = mahogany1 #h4 = oak1 #g4 = rosewood1 #i4 = sat9 wood1 #bf4 = walnut1 #h4 :5 old pa9t is n remov$1 #i4 ,h4 ,he>t gra9s 9 bird's eye maple1 #bd4 gr[? ( a%1 #ag4 ( oak1 #ad4 "w 9 qu>t]$ oak1 #ad4 ,he>ts1 imitat+ 9 black walnut1 #cb4 ,h>d p9e1 #dj4 ,h>d wood v>ni%es1 #dc4 ,high lights 9 :itewood1 #da4 ,honduras fea!r$ mahogany1 #ce4 ,hung>ian a%1 #ai4 gr\nd colors =1 #g4 ,i4 ,imitation ( c>v$ "w1 m\ld+s1 etc41 #eh4 ,m4 ,mahogany1 #ce4 gr\nd "w =1 #h4 ,maple bird's eye1 #bb4 gr\nd colors =1 #g4 ,m>bl] or mottl]1 ! s]rat$1 #ej1 #ec4 ,mason pad1 #ee4 ,mat*+ /a9$ oak1 #ah4 ,mitres & jo9ts 9 gra9+1 #ad4 ,mix+ color1 #aa4 gra9+ color1 #i4 gr\nd colors1 #g4 ,mod]n panels & /yles ( doors1 #eh4 ,mottl]1 ! wav$1 #ej1 #ec4 ,mottl]s or cutt]s1 #ej1 #ec4 camel's hair1 #ej1 #ec4 ,o4 ,oak1 d>k1 #g4 gra9+1 #af4 gra9+1 all colors =1 #g4 gra9+ 9 di/emp]1 #af4 gr\ndwork =1 #g4 he>t (1 #ad4 light1 #g4 light 9 oil1 to gra91 #aj4 poll>d1 #bg4 qu>t]$1 #ac4 sla%$1 #ad4 to gra91 #aj4 ,objection to roll] process ( gra9+1 #ee4 ,old pa9t1 gra9+ ov]1 #e4 ,old v>ni%1 to remove1 #f4 ,ov]gra9]1 ca/ellat$ or knott$1 #di1 #ej1 #eb4 = sat9wood1 #bf4 ,ov]gra9+ oak1 #ae4 ,ov]gra9]1 pla91 #ea1 #ec4 pla9 bri/le1 #di1 #ej1 #eb4 pip$ bri/le1 #di1 #ea4 ,p4 ,pa9t1 to remove1 #f4 ,panel edges1 h[ f9i%$1 #ad4 ,panels & /yles ( doors1 #eh4 ,panels 9 sat9wood1 #bf4 ,pla9 bri/le ov]gra9]1 #di1 #eb4 ov]gra9]1 #ej1 #ec4 ,pat5t roll] process ( gra9+1 #ed4 ,prep>+ old "w = gra9+1 #f4 ,pip$ bri/le ov]gra9]1 #di1 #ea4 bri/le ov]gra9]1 use (1 9 gra9+ black walnut1 #ca4 ,pip$ ov]gra9]1 #ec4 ov]gra9]1 use (1 #cj4 ,poll>d oak1 #bg4 ,prim+ coats1 #h4 p>tly 9 di/emp] & oil1 #bg4 ,proportions ( colors 9 gra9+ color1 #aj4 ,r4 ,remov+ old pa9t1 #f4 old v>ni%1 #f4 ,rock or curly maple1 #be4 ,roll]1 ! *eck1 #ec4 ,root ( a%1 #bj4 ,rosewood1 #cg4 gr\ndwork =1 #i4 9 wat] color1 #cg4 ,r\nd bru% n us$ 9 gra9+1 #aa4 ,rubb] combs1 #ab4 combs ) graduat$ tee?1 #ab4 ,rubb+ 9 gra9+1 #ab4 v>ni%1 exp]im5ts )1 #de4 ,s4 ,sable pip$ ov]gra9]1 #ec4 ,s&pap]+1 #f4 ,sat9 wood1 #bf4 ,second coat "w1 #f4 ,s]rat$ mottl] or m>bl]1 #ea1 #ec4 ,%ad[s ar\nd kn>l$ places1 #ae4 ,%ades 9 burl a%1 #bj4 ,%ad+ *amps1 #ae4 color ( oak1 #af4 ,silv] maple1 #be4 ,sla%$ oak1 #ad4 ,smoo? surface = gra9+1 #f4 ,solution = t\*+ qu>t]$ oak "w1 #ac4 ,solution to remove v>ni% or pa9t1 #f4 ,sp> composition1 etc41 #dc4 ,spirits ( ammonia = remov+ old pa9t1 #f4 ,/a9$ *]ry1 to mat*1 #h4 oak1 to mat*1 #aj4 :ite oak 9 pref]5ce to gra9+1 #e4 wood1 gr\nd colors =1 #h4 ,/eel combs1 #aa4 combs1 7,illu/rat$7 #dh4 comb1 use (1 9 qu>t]$ oak1 #ad4 ,/5cil plates1 gra9+ by1 #ee4 ,/ippl+ = gra9+ 9 mahogany1 #cf4 = ,hung>ian a%1 #ai4 9 di/emp] = black walnut1 #ca4 ,/ra9+ colors be=e ?9n+1 #g4 ,/ubby bru% %\ld n be us$1 #aa4 ,sub/itutes = ?umb nail 9 gra9+1 #ab4 ,t4 ,! angul> cutt]1 #ej1 #ec4 *eck roll]1 #ec4 fit* or sable pip$ ov]gra9]1 #ea1 #ec4 gra9+ color1 #i4 mason pad1 #ee4 pat5t gra9+ ma*9es1 #ed4 s]rat$ mottl] or m>bl]1 #ea1 #ec4 /ubborn bri/le1 #ea1 #ec4 wav$ mottl]1 #ej1 #ec4 ,?ick coats %\ld be avoid$1 #h4 ,?9n+ gra9+ color1 #aa4 ,tools = putt+ bird's eyes 9 maple1 #bd4 = use 9 gra9+ *]ry1 #bi4 us$ by gra9]s1 #dh4 ,tools1 use 9 gra9+ mahogany1 #cf4 use 9 gra9+ rosewood1 #ch4 ,t\*+ qu>t]$ oak ) solution1 #ac4 ,transf] gra9+1 #ef4 pap]1 gra9+ by1 #eg4 ,?umb nail1 sub/itutes =1 9 gra9+1 #ab4 ,v4 ,v>ni% = expos$ "w1 #db4 9 gra9+1 #e4 ,v>ni%+ ov] gra9$ "w1 #db4 ,ve9s1 d>k1 9 qu>t]$ oak1 #ac4 9 oak1 #af4 ,v9eg>1 use 9 remov+ old pa9t1 #f4 ,w4 ,walnut1 black1 #ca4 ,fr5*1 burl1 #cb4 ,fr5*1 gr\ndwork =1 #h4 gr\ndwork =1 #h4 ,wat] colors1 use (1 9 gra9+ black walnut1 #ca4 ,wav$ mottl]1 !1 #ej1 #ec4 ,we/]n a%1 mat*+1 #ah4 ,:ite wood1 #dj4 wood1 bli/]$ appe>ance1 #da4 ,woods1 color (1 to imitate1 #i4 ,,index ,,to ,,color$ ,,plates4 ,a4 ,a%1 burl1 9 wat] color1 #af4 d>k1 p5cil$ & comb$1 #ag4 ,hung>ian1 gr\nd =1 #a4 ,hung>ian1 wip$ out1 #ah4 light1 gr\nd =1 #ac4 light1 he>t (1 wip$ out & %ad$1 #ac4 light1 wip$ out1 #ab4 ,b4 ,bird's eye maple ov]gra9$1 #ai4 ready = ! eyes1 #ba4 ) ! eyes1 #bb4 ,black or ,fr5* walnut1 gr\nd =1 #b4 walnut p5cil$1 #cf4 ,burl a% 9 wat] color1 #af4 walnut1 ,fr5*1 #ci4 ,c4 ,*]ry mottl$ 9 oil1 #cj4 mottl$ & p5cil$ 9 oil1 #ca4 mottl$ & p5cil$ 9 oil z f9i%$1 #cc4 /a9$1 gr\nd =1 #b4 wip$ out & p5cil$ 9 oil1 #cd4 ,*e/nut1 #bj4 gr\nd =1 #b4 ,curly maple ov]gra9$1 #bg4 mottl$ to ov]gra91 #bf4 ,curly walnut1 #ch4 ,cypress 9 oil1 #de4 ,d4 ,d>k a% p5cil$ & comb$1 #ag4 he>t ( a% p5cil$1 #ad4 or poll>d oak1 gr\nd =1 #b4 ,f4 ,fea!r$ mahogany1 #db4 ,f9i%$ *]ry1 mottl$ & p5cil$1 #cc4 rosewood1 #dd4 ,flak$ oak1 light1 #d4 oak light1 %ad$1 #h1 #aj4 oak light1 gr\nd =1 #c4 or qu>t]$ d>k oak1 %ad$1 #aa4 ,fr5* walnut burl1 #ci4 ,g4 ,gr\nds = gra9+1 #a1 #b4 ,h4 ,h>d p9e1 #df4 ,he>t gr[? oak1 light1 #f4 gr[? oak p5cil$1 #g4 ( a%1 d>k1 p5cil$1 #ad4 ( oak *eck$ & %ad$1 #i4 ( light a% wip$ out1 #ab4 wip$ out & %ad$1 #ac4 ,hung>ian a%1 gr\nd =1 #a4 wip$ out1 #ah4 wip$ out & p5cil$1 #ae4 ,l4 ,light a%1 gr\nd =1 #a4 a% he>t (1 wip$ out1 #ab4 a% he>t (1 wip$ out & %ad$1 #ac4 flak$ oak1 #e4 gra9$ or wa9scot$ oak1 #d4 he>t gr[? oak1 #f4 oak1 gr\nd =1 #aa4 %ad$ flak$ oak1 #h1 #aj4 ,m4 ,mahogany1 fea!r$1 #db4 gr\nd =1 #b4 mottl$1 #da4 /raight1 #dj4 ,maple1 bird's-eye1 mottl$ ready = ! eyes1 #ba4 bird's-eye1 ov]gra9$1 #ai4 bird's-eye1 ) ! eyes1 #bb4 ,mottl$ & p5cil$ *]ry 9 oil1 #ca1 #cb4 & p5cil$ *]ry 9 oil z f9i%$1 #cc4 bird's-eye maple ready = ! eyes1 #ba4 ,mottl$ *]ry1 #cj4 curly maple to ov]gra91 #bf4 mahogany1 #da4 ,m\ld+s1 imitation ( sat9wood1 #bd4 ,o4 ,oak1 d>k or poll>d1 gr\nd =1 #b4 flak$ or qu>t]$1 #aa4 he>t gr[?1 p5cill$1 #g4 he>t (1 *eck$ & %ad$1 #i4 light1 flak$1 #d1 #e4 light1 flak$1 %ad$1 #aj4 light1 gr\nd =1 #a4 light1 he>t gr[?1 #f4 flak$1 light1 %ad$1 #h4 ,ov]gra9$ & mottl$ sat9wood1 #be4 bird's-eye maple1 #ai4 curly maple1 #bg4 ,p4 ,p5cil$ & comb$ d>k a%1 #ag4 & wip$ out ,hung>ian a%1 #ae4 & wip$ out walnut1 #cg4 black walnut1 #cf4 d>k he>t ( a%1 #ad4 ,p5cil$ he>t gr[?1 #g4 ,p9e1 h>d1 #df4 ,pla9 or wa9scot$ oak1 light1 #c4 ,poll>d oak1 #bh1 #bi4 oak1 gr\nd =1 #b4 ,q4 ,qu>t]$ d>k oak %ad$1 #aa4 ,r4 ,rosewood z f9i%$1 #dd4 ,rosewood z outl9$ to ov]gra91 #dc4 gr\nd =1 #b4 ,s4 ,sat9wood1 mottl$1 #bd4 mottl$ & ov]gra9$1 #be4 ,/a9$ *]ry1 gr\nd =1 #b4 ,/ippl$ walnut1 #ce4 ,/raight mahogany1 #da4 ,w4 ,wa9scot$ or pla9 oak1 light1 #c4 ,walnut1 black or ,fr5*1 gr\nd =1 #b4 curly1 #ch4 ,fr5*1 burl1 #ci4 /ippl$1 #ce4 wip$ out & p5cill$1 #cg4 ,wat] colors1 burl a% 91 #af4 ,:ite wood 9 oil1 #dg4 ,wip$ out & p5cill$ ,hung>ian a%1 #ae4 out & p5cill$ walnut1 #cg4 out & %ad$ he>t ( light a%1 #ac4 out *]ry p5cill$ 9 oil1 #cd4 out he>t ( light a%1 #ab4 out ,hung>ian a%1 #ah4 ,,*icago ,,v>ni% ,,co4 ,illu/ration ,(f]s to ! ,trade at reasonable prices ! und]m5tion$ ,v>ni%es :i* h e>n$ = !mselves a high reputation = ,durability1 ,uni=mity & ,beauty ( ,f9i%4 ,,durable ,,oak = pa9t$ or gra9$ surfaces4 ,,inside ,,oak = same use1 b *eap]4 ,,%ipoleum = natural woods1 ?or\ghly wat]-pro(4 ,,supremis ,,floor ,,f9i%1 unequall$ 9 its l9e4 ,,cry/alite ,,f9i%1 a v pale poli%+ v>ni%4 ,,hyp]ion ,,f9i%1 a pale rubb+ v>ni%4 ,,ar*itectural ,,coa*1 an excell5t article ( m$ium price4 ,illu/ration ,,ivory ,,enamelite = :ite int]iors2 c be rubb$4 ,,oil ,,f9i%1 h>d1 light extra light ,all ( ^! are made ( h>d gums1 & conta9 no ros9 or acids4 ,,*icago1 ,,bo/on1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,e/abli%$ #ahfe4 ,g4 ,b4 ,,sibley',s ,pat5t ,bru% ,b9d] is wor?y ( ! att5tion ( e practical pa9t]2 x be+ ! only p]fect b9d] ev] made & "o ( ! be/ improvem5ts 9 ! pa9t]s' outfit4 ,!y are durable & easily adju/$4 ,circul>s & ,price ,li/ furni%$ on application to ,g4 ,b4 ,,sibley1 ,manufactur]1 ,b5n+ton1 ,vt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*icago ,,wood ,,f9i%+ ,,co4 ,manufactur]s ( ,,wood ,,fill]s #bei & #bfa ,,el/on ,,ave41 ,,*icago4 ,,correspond5ce ,,solicit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gra9+ ,l>ge/ ,assortm5t ,9 ,patt]ns ( ne>ly all woods4 ,,transf] ,,gra9+ ,,pap] ,p]fectly ,natural1 ,copies #d times1 ,quick & ,*eap4 ,,rolls1 #bj #bf'1 #dj;c4 ,,%eets1 #bj #f'1 #ab;c4 ,po/age1 #c;c4 p] roll4 #c samples1 #aj #ah #e;c4 #bj mail$ #be;c4 ,excell5t = /udy4 ,to ,gra9]s #aj %eets mail$ = #a4jj ,,fresco ,,/5cils1 ,,m$allions ,,bronzes1 ,,crayons1 ,,etc4 ,,/5cil ,,co4 ( ,n4 ,y41 #bae ,e4 #ei? ,/4 ,,new ,,york4 ,,gra9+ ,illu/ration ,william ,e4 ,wall ,,gra9]1 #ad ,,morgan ,,/reet1 ,,som]ville1 ,,mass4 ,give ?ree days notice ( "w if possible4 ,ord]s by mail promptly att5d$ to ,som]ville1 ,septemb] #ah1 #ahij ,messrs ,h>rison ,bro's ,co4 ,i desire to place myself on record z ?or\ghly favor+ ! colors put up by y = ,gra9]s use4 ,aft] eight ye>s exp]i5ce ) y\r colors1 ,i f9d !m always uni=m 9 %ade1 ?or\ghly gr\nd1 & ( great /r5g?4 ,:ile 9 ,philadelphia la/ mon? ,i visit$ ! factory1 & 0 p>ticul>ly impress$ ) ! me?od employ$ to keep ! color uni=m 9 tone & /r5g?1 by bl5d+ ! diff]5t v>ieties :i* occur 9 ! crude mat]ial1 & keep+ up to ! high /&>d ( purity ( color adopt$ by y4 ,y\rs ,respectfully1 ,william ,e4 ,wall ,pa9t+ & ,decorat+ ,is a ,mon?ly ,magaz9e ,devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ,gra9]s1 ,sign-1 ,fresco-1 & ,c>riage-,pa9t]s1 & treat+ also ( wall-pap] & decoration4 ,! subscription price is #a4jj p] annum1 payable 9 advance2 s+le copies #aj c5ts4 ,9 ea* numb] w be f\nd "o or m ,,color$ ,,plates repres5t+ su* subjects z gra9+ panels1 signs1 sugge/ions = int]ior decoration1 color comb9ations = ext]ior "w1 etc4 ,practical articles ( int]e/ to pa9t]s by "s ( ! be/ writ]s 9 ! c\ntry are a con/ant feature1 & ! m9or dep>tm5ts are replete ) in=mation writt5 = ! express purpose ( n only int]e/+ ! practical man & ( tea*+ ! beg9n]1 b prov+ ( use & int]e/ to all 9 ! frat]nity4 ,sample ,copies may be _h ,free ( ,*>ge on ,application4 ,,address ,,h\se ,,pa9t+ ,,decorat+ ,,publi%+ ,,co41 #aacj ,,s\? #ce?4 ,,/reet1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,illu/rations 7 mov$ to p>agraph breaks4 ,m9or corrections 7 made 9 punctuation4 ,! foll[+ *anges 7 made3 ,page #bj3 ,*ang$ repres5tly to repres5t+4 ,orig3 = use 9 repres5tly ! m9ute clu/]s ( knots4 ,page #bb3 ,*ang$ ov]ga9] to ov]gra9]4 ,orig3 fit* tool1 & use ! ov]ga9] ,page #cd3 ,*ang$ /ipp+ to /ippl+4 ,orig3 ! /ipp+ may be done 9 di/emp] on ! gr\nd-"w ,index page iii3 ,*ang$ ,cyress wood to ,cypress wood4 ,index pages x & xiii3 ,*ang$ ,curley walnut to ,curly walnut4 ,index page xi3 ,*ang$ ,mapel to ,maple4 ,correct$ numb]s on ,li/ ( ,color$ ,illu/rations3 ,swit*$ #c & #d1 #e & #f1 #dj & #da1 #db & #dc4 ,correct$ ^! & o!r numb]s 9 ,index & ,index to ,color$ ,plates to ref]5ce ! correct pages & plates1 z f> z c\ld be det]m9$4 ,all o!r inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al publication4