,illu/ration3 ,cov] ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,pale/9e ,,9 ,,! ,,second ,,mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,9 ! ,light ( ,ar*ology & ! ,inscriptions ,by ,,/anley ,a4 ,,cook1 ,m4,a4 ,,ex-,,fell[1 ,,& ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,hebrew ,,& ,,syriac1 ,,gonville ,,& ,,caius ,,college1 ,,cambridge2 ,,au?or ,,( ',a ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,! ,,aramaic ,,inscriptions1' ',,! ,,laws ,,( ,,moses ,,& ,,! ,,code ,,( ,,hammurabi1' ',,critical ,,notes ,,on ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,hi/ory1' ,,etc4 ,,london ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,co ,,ltd #aijh v ,,preface ,! foll[+ pages deal ) ! religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! latt] half ( ! ,second ,mill5nium1 ,b4,c4 ,!y t\* ^u ! problem ( ! rise & developm5t ( ,israelite religion2 a problem1 h[ev]1 :i* does n lie )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t sket* 7pp4 #d1 #aad sq474 ,! ,am>na tablets1 ,egyptian records1 & ! results ( rec5t excavation =m ! f\ndation1 & ! available mat]ial has be5 int]pret$ 9 ! light ( comp>ative religion4 ,! aim has be5 to furni% a fairly self-conta9$ description ( ! g5]al religi\s conditions f ext]nal or non-biblical s\rces1 & ?is me?od has be5 adopt$ p>tly on acc\nt ( ! conflict+ op9ions :i* prevail among ^? :o h inve/igat$ ! !ology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 its relation to mod]n rese>*4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to pres5t ! evid5ce accurately & fairly2 al?\gh lack ( space has prev5t$ discussion ( ! m int]e/+ features ( ! old ,pale/9ian religion & ( ! v>i\s second>y problems :i* arose f "t to "t4 vi ,"s difficulty has be5 caus$ by ! abs5ce ( any m or less compreh5sive treatm5t ( ! subject2 al?\gh1 f ! li/ ( au?orities at ! end x w be se5 t ! mo/ important s\rces h only q rec5tly become g5]ally accessible4 ,^!1 & ! few additional bibliographical ref]5ces giv5 9 ! footnotes are f> f indicat+ ! great indebt$ness ( ! pres5t writ] to ! works ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s & ( ^? :o h dealt ) comp>ative religion4 ,special ackn[l$gem5ts are due to ,mr4 ,f4 ,ll4 ,griffi?1 ,m4,a41 ,read] 9 ,egyptology1 ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d2 to ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 ,m4,a41 ,lectur] 9 ,assyriology1 ,que5's ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,k+'s ,college1 ,london2 & to ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,macali/]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,director ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund's excavations at ,gez]4 ,^! g5tlem5 enhanc$ _! k9dness by read+ an e>ly pro(1 & by contribut+ valuable sugge/ions & criticisms4 ,b ! responsibility = all errors ( /atem5t & op9ion re/s ) ! pres5t writ]4 ,,/anley ,a4 ,,cook4 ,july #aijh4 vii ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,introductory3 ,! ,subject--,me?od--,survey ( ,p]iod & ,s\rces--,! ,l& & ,p1 4 4 4 #a-ab ,,ii4 ,,sacr$ ,,sites3 ,! ,sanctu>y ( ,gez]--,o!r ,sacr$ ,places--,_! ,p]si/5ce--,! ,mod]n ,places ( ,cult1 4 4 4 #ac-bc ,,iii4 ,,sacr$ ,,objects3 ,trees--,/ones--,images & ,symbols1 4 4 4 #bd-cb ,,iv4 ,,sacr$ ,,rites ,,& ,,practices3 ,g5]al ,inf]5ces--,disposal ( ! ,dead--,j>-burial--,human ,sacrifice--,f\ndation ,sacrifice--,importance ( ,sacrifice--,brok5 ,(f]+s--',holy' & ',unclean'--,sacr$ ,animals1 4 4 4 #cc-di ,v4 ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,spirits3 ,awe--,*>ms--,oracles--,repres5tatives ( ,sup]natural ,p[]s--,! ,dead--,animism--,! ,div9ity ( ,k+s--,recognis$ ,gods1 4 4 4 #ej-fe viii ,,vi4 ,,! ,,gods3 ,_! ,vicissitudes--,_! ,repres5tative ,"*--,9 ,political ,treaties & ,cov5ants--,! ,influ5ce ( ,egypt--,treatm5t ( ,ali5 ,gods1 4 4 4 #ff-hb ,,vii4 ,,! ,,pan!on3 ,asiatic ,deities 9 ,egypt--,sutekh--,baal--,re%eph-- ,kade%--,ana?--,a/>te--,a%irta ,sun-deity--7,%ama%7--,moon-god 7,s97 --,addu 7,hadad7--,dagon--,nebo--,n9ib --,%alem--,gad--',righte\sness'--,n]gal --,melek--,yahweh 7,jehovah71 4 4 4 #hc-ig ,,viii4 ,,contempor>y ,,?\ght3 ,miscellane\s ,ideas--,! ,und]ly+ ,id5tity ( ,?\ght--,influ5ce ( ,babylonia--,conclusion1 4 4 4 #ih-aae ,,pr9cipal ,,s\rces ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,ref]5ce1 4 4 4 #aaf ,,*ronological ,,table1 4 4 4 #aah ,,index1 4 4 4 #aai #a ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,pale/9e ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,! ,subject4--,by ! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e is meant t ( ! ,semitic l& ^u :i* 0 plant$ ! e?ical mono!ism ( ,judaism4 ,! subject is nei!r ! gr[? ( ,old ,te/am5t !ology1 nor ! religi\s environm5t ( ! ,israelite tea*]s3 x anticipates by sev]al c5turies ! fir/ ( ! great prophets ^: writ+s h surviv$1 & x takes its /& 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c41 & m especially 9 its latt] half4 ,x deals ) ! int]nal & ext]nal religi\s features :i* 7 capable ( be+ %ap$ into ! =ms ) :i* e "o is famili>1 & our ,pale/9e is t ( ! ,patri>*s1 ( ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 & ! ,judges1 an old l& :i* mod]n rese>* has plac$ 9 a new light4 ,successive discov]ies ( contempor>y #b hi/orical & ar*ological mat]ial h made x impossible to ignore ei!r ! geographical position ( ,pale/9e1 :i* exposes x to ! influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+ seats ( culture1 or its political hi/ory1 :i* has con/antly be5 controll$ by ext]nal circum/ances4 ,al?\gh ,pale/9e reappe>s z only a small fraction ( ! area dom9at$ by ! anci5t empires ( ,egypt & ,we/]n ,asia1 ! uniqu5ess ( its exp]i5ces c be m vividly realis$4 ,if x is f\nd to %>e _m =ms ( religi\s belief & cu/om ) its neighb\rs1 "o is bett] able to sev] ! features :i* 7 by no means ! exclusive possession ( ,israel f ^? :i* 7 due to specific influ5ces %ap+ !m to def9ite ends1 & ! importance ( ! little l& 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity c !reby be m truly & p]man5tly e/imat$4 ,me?od4--,al?\gh ,pale/9e 0 ! l& ( ,judaism & ( ,*ri/ianity1 & has subsequ5tly be5 controll$ by ,mohamm$anism1 x has pres]v$ common relat$ elem5ts ( belief1 :i* h =m$1 z x 71 "p ( ! unconsci\s inh]itance ( successive g5]ations4 ,!y h n be5 ou/$ by ^? positive religions :i* trac$ _! orig9 to delib]ate & epo*-mak+ #c innovators1 & !y survive to-day z preci\s relics = ! /udy ( ! pa/4 ,inde$1 ! comp>ative me?od1 :i* inve/igates po9ts ( resemblance & diff]5ce among widely-sev]$ peoples1 c avail itself 9 our case ( ,ori5tal cons]vatism1 & may range ov] a s+le b rem>kably ext5sive field4 ,f ! ar*ology & inscriptions ( ,anci5t ,babylonia to ,punic ,c>?age1 f ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! writ+s ( ,rabb9ical ,judaism1 f classical1 ,syrian1 & ,arabian au?ors to ! obs]vations ( m$ieval & mod]n travell]s1 "o may accumulate a /ore ( evid5ce :i* is mutually illu/rative or supplem5t>y4 ,b x w\ld be incorrect to assume t e mod]n belief or rite 9 ,pale/9e1 = example1 necess>ily repres5ts ! old religion3 !re h be5 rev]sion & retrogression2 "s old practices h disappe>$1 o!rs h be5 modifi$ or h receiv$ a new int]pretation4 ,?is w>n+ is necess>y1 because "o mu/ be able to trace ! pa?s trav]s$ by ! sev]al rites & beliefs :i* h be5 arre/$1 be=e ! religion ( any age c be plac$ 9 its prop] hi/orical p]spective4 ,un=tunately ! s\rces d n p]mit u to d ?is = our p]iod4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 x is true1 cov]s ?is p]iod1 & its writ]s frequ5tly #d condemn ! wor%ip :i* !y reg>d z contr>y to t ( _! national ,god4 ,b ! ,old ,te/am5t br+s ) x _m s]i\s problems1 &1 = sev]al reasons1 x is pref]able to approa* ! subject f ext]nal & contempor>y evid5ce4 ,al?\gh its incomplet5ess has naturally re/rict$ our treatm5t1 ! aim has be5 to describe1 9 z self-conta9$ a =m z possible1 ! g5]al religi\s conditions to :i* ?is evid5ce po9ts1 & to indicate r m incid5tally its be>+ ^u ! num]\s que/ions :i* are outside ! scope ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,survey ( ,p]iod & ,s\rces4--,_m diff]5t elem5ts mu/ h coalesc$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9ian culture f ! days ( ! e>ly palaeoli?ic & neoli?ic inhabitants4 ,x is ) no rudim5t>y p t we are conc]n$1 b ) "o acqua9t$ ) bronze & expos$ to ! surr\nd+ civilisations4 ,! ,fir/ ,babylonian ,dyna/y1 n to asc5d fur!r1 br+s ) x evid5ce = relations betwe5 ,babylonia & ! ,m$it]ranean coa/-l&s1 & int]c\rse betwe5 ,egypt & ,pale/9e dates f be=e ! invasion ( ! ,hyksos4#a ,) ! expulsion ( #e ^! invad]s 7ab\t #aehj ,b4,c471 ! mon>*s ( ,egypt ent] ^u _! great campaigns 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 & ,pale/9e comes be=e u 9 ! cle> light ( hi/ory4 ,! ,egyptian records ( ! ,eighte5? to ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies furni% valuable in=mation on ! hi/ory ( our p]iod4 ,babylonia & ,assyria lie 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ! rival p>ties are ! k+dom ( ! ,nile & ! non-,semitic peoples ( ,nor? ,syria & ,asia ,m9or 7',hittites'7 ^: influ5ce c probably be trac$ z f> s\? z ,j]usalem4 ,"u ,?utmose ,,iii4 7fifte5? c5tury7 ,egypt became ! que5 ( ! kn[n _w & ! meet+-place ( its trade & culture4 ,b ! nor!rn peoples only await$ _! opportunity1 & fre% campaigns 7 necess>y be=e ,am5hotep ,,iii4 7ab\t #adjj ,b4,c47 aga9 secur$ ! supremacy ( ,egypt4 ,8 successor1 ! ideali/ ,am5hotep ,,iv4 7or ,ikhnaton71 is r5[n$ = 8 tempor>y religi\s re=m1 &1 at a "t :5 ,egypt's k+ 0 almo/ univ]sally recognis$1 he e/abli%$ 9 ,egypt :at 0 practically a univ]sal god4 ,mean:ile1 amid int]nal confusion 9 ,egypt1 ,hittites press$ d[nw>ds f ,asia ,m9or1 s]i\sly weak5+ ! e>li] ,hittite k+dom ( ,mitanni 7,nor? ,syria & ,mesopotamia74 ,! cunei=m tablets discov]$ 9 #ahhg #f at ,el-,am>na 9 ,middle ,egypt conta9 a portion ( ! diplomatic correspond5ce betwe5 ,we/]n ,asia 7f ,babylonia to ,cyprus7 & ! two ,am5hoteps1 & a few tablets 9 ! same script & ( ab\t ! same age h s9ce be5 une>!d at ,la*i% & ,taana*4 ,x is at ?is age t we meet ) ! re/less ,khabiri1 a "n :i* sugge/s a connection ) t ( ! ',hebrews4' ,! progress ( ?is lat] ,hittite invasion _c be cle>ly trac$2 at all ev5ts1 ,sety ,i4 7,se?os1 ab\t #acbj ,b4,c47 0 oblig$ to recomm5ce ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b recov]$ little m ?an ,pale/9e4 ,ramses ,,ii41 aft] mu* fight+1 0 able to conclude a treaty ) ! ,hittites 7ab\t #abij71 ! ,egyptian v]sion ( :i* is n[ be+ supplem5t$ by ! ,hittite records ( ! proce$+s4 ,nev]!less1 8 successor1 ,m]neptah1 claims conque/s ext5d+ f ,gez] to ! ,hittites1 & among ^? :o 'salaam$' 7lit4 said 'peace'7 he includes ! p 7or tribe7 ,israel4 #a ,= approximate dates1 see ! ,*ronological ,table4 ,! active int]c\rse ) ! ,aegean ,isles dur+ ?is age c be trac$ f ,asia ,m9or to ,egypt 7notably at ,el-,am>na71 & movem5ts 9 ! ,levant _h accompani$ ! pressure s\?w>ds f ,asia ,m9or 9 ! "t ( ! ,am5hoteps4 ,a simil> comb9ation 0 defeat$ by #g ,ramses ,,iii4 7ab\t #abjj72 among its con/itu5ts ! ,phili/9es may d\btless be recognis$4 ,b ,egypt1 n[ 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y1 0 fa/ los+ its old /r5g?1 & ! int]nal hi/ory ( ,pale/9e is f> f cle>4 ,ap>t f ! sudd5 ext5sion ( ! ,assyrian empire to ! ,m$it]ranean "u ,tigla?-piles] ,i4 7ab\t #aajj ,b4,c471 no "o great p[]1 s f> z is kn[n1 c\ld claim supremacy ov] ! we/2 & our p]iod comes to an end at a "t :5 ,pale/9e1 accord+ to ! ,israelite hi/orians1 0 lay+ ! f\ndation ( its indep5d5t mon>*y4 ,pale/9e has always be5 op5 to ! roam+ tribes f ,arabia & ! ,syrian des]t1 tribes *>act]i/ically oppos$ to ! invet]ate practices ( settl$ agricultural life4 ,arabia1 h[ev]1 possess$ seats ( culture1 ?\gh _! be>+ ^u our p]iod _c yet be safely e/imat$4 ,b a temple ) an old-e/abli%$ & contempor>y cult1 half ,egyptian & half ,semitic1 has be5 recov]$ by ,pr(essor ,petrie at ,s]abit el-,khadem 9 ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula1 & ! ar*ological evid5ce frequ5tly illu/rates ! results ( ! excavations 9 ,pale/9e4 ,excavations h be5 und]tak5 at ,tell el-,hesy 7,la*i%71 at v>i\s sites 9 ! l[l&s ( ,judah 7includ+ ,tell es-,sfy1 p]haps ,ga?71 at #h ,gez]1 ,taana*1 & ,tell el-,mutesellim 7,megiddo71 &1 )9 ! la/ few mon?s1 at ,j]i*o4 ,mu* ( ! evid5ce c be r\ghly dat$1 & =tunately ! age already illum9at$ by ! ,am>na tablets c be recognis$4 ,its culture associates x ) ,nor? ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 & reveals signs ( int]c\rse ) ! ,aegean ,isles2 b1 z a :ole1 x is ! result ( a gradual developm5t1 :i* ext5ds )\t abrupt gaps to ! "t ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y & beyond4 ,*ronological divid+-l9es _c yet be drawn1 & consequ5tly ! ar*ological evid5ce :i* illu/rates ! ',am>na' age is n *>act]i/ic ( t age alone4 ,! ,l& & ,p4--,= practical purposes a di/9ction betwe5 ,pale/9e & ,syria is unnecess>y1 ap>t f ! political results ( _! contiguity to ,egypt & ,asia ,m9or respectively4 ,egypt at ! height ( its p[] 0 a va/ empire ( unprec$5t$ weal? & spl5d\r1 & ! import$ works ( art or ! descriptions ( ! spoils ( w> speak eloqu5tly ( ! /age :i* mat]ial culture _h rea*$ ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,asia4 ,ev5 ! small t[n%ips ( ,pale/9e & ,syria--! av]age city 0 a small =tifi$ site surr\nd$ by dwell+s1 #i sometimes ) an out] wall--c\ld furni% ri* booty ( suits ( arm\r1 elegant furniture1 & articles ( gold & silv]4 ,! pott]y %[s "s little ta/e1 music 0 enjoy$1 & a great tunnel hewn out ( ! rock at ,gez] is pro( ( ent]prise & skill4 ,! agricultural weal? ( ! l& 0 fam\s4 ,?utmose ,,iii4 f\nd gra9 'm pl5tiful ?an ! s& ( ! %ore'2 & an e>li] & m peaceful visitor to ,n4 ,syria1 ,s9uhe 7ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c471 speaks ( ! w9e m pl5tiful ?an wat]1 copi\s honey1 abundance ( oil1 all k9ds ( fruits1 c]eals1 & numb]less cattle4 ,s9uhe 0 welcom$ by a %eikh :o gave him 8 elde/ daught] & all[$ him to *oose a l&$ possession4 ,life 0 simpl] & less civilis$ ?an 9 ,egypt1 b n )\t excitem5t4 ,he l$ ! tribesm5 to w>1 raid+ pa/ures & wells1 captur+ ! cattle1 ravag+ ! ho/ile di/ricts4 ,inde$1 'lions & ,asiatics' 7 ! famili> t]ror ( ,egyptian travell]s1 & ! turbul5ce ( ! petty *iefta9s1 ^: intrigues & rivalries swell ! ,am>na lett]s1 made any comb9$ action among !mselves exceptional & transitory4 ,we ga!r f ^! lett]s t =eign envoys 7 provid$ ) passports or cr$5tials address$ to ! ',k+s ( ,canaan1' to ensure _! spe$y & safe passage #aj z !y trav]s$ ! areas ( ! diff]5t local au?orities4 ,su* royal commission]s are already met ) 9 ! "t ( ,s9uhe4 ,egyptian monum5ts depict ! p ) a /rongly m>k$ ,semitic physiognomy1 & t physical resemblance to ! mod]n native :i* ! discov]y ( skeletons has s9ce endors$4 ,we c m>k _! d>k olive complexion2 ! m5 ) po9t$ be>ds & ) ?ick bu%y hair1 :i* is sometimes ano9t$1 & ! wom5 ) tresses wav+ loosely ov] _! %\ld]s4 ,! sl5d] maid5s 7 admir$ & s\ght aft] by ! ,egyptians1 & lat] 79 ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y7 we f9d ! m5 9 reque/ z g>d5]s & artisans1 & "s ev5 hold high positions 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ,egypt4 ,! script & language ( ,babylonia 7 /ill 9 use 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 al?\gh ! supremacy ( t l& belong$ to ! pa/2 !y 7 us$ 9 correspond5ce betwe5 ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt1 also among ! ,hittites1 & ev5 betwe5 ! *iefta9s ( ,pale/9e4 ,ap>t f ! tablets f\nd at ,la*i% & ,taana*1 sev]al 7 une>!d at ,j]i*o1 un9scrib$ & ready = use4 ,b ! native language 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria 0 "o :i* /&s 9 ! close/ relation to ! classical ,hebrew ( ! #aa ,old ,te/am5t1 & x diff]$ only dialectically f ! ,moabite inscription ( ,me%a 7ab\t #hej ,b4,c471 ! some:at lat] ,hama?ite record ( ,b5-hadad's defeat1 & ! ,pho5ician inscriptions4 ,! g5]al /ock ( ideas1 too1 0 :olly 9 accord ) ,semitic1 or r1 ,ori5tal ?\ght1 & ! p naturally %>$ ! p>adoxical *>act]i/ics ( ! old ,ori5tal _w3--a simplicity & n>r[ness ( ?\ght1 int5sity1 fanaticism1 & ev5 f]ocity4#b ,to ^! mu/ be add$ a ke5 imag9ation1 necess>ily quick5$ by ! wond]ful v>iety ( ,pale/9ian sc5]y1 :i* ranges f rugg$ & =bidd+ des]ts to en*ant+ valleys & =e/s4 ,! life ( ! p dep5d$ ^u ! soil & ! agricultural weal?1 & ^! dep5d$ ^u a climate ( m>k$ contra/s1 :i* is f\nd 9 "s p>ts 7e4g4 ! l[] ,jordan valley7 to be productive ( physical & moral en]vation4 ,9 a ^w1 ! l& is "o ^: religion _c be und]/ood )\t an att5tive reg>d to ^? factors :i* 7 unalt]able1 & to ^? specific ext]nal influ5ces :i* 7 focuss$ ^u x 9 ! entire c\rse ( ! ,second #ab ,mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,we t\* ! l& at a p>ticul> p]iod 9 ! c\rse ( its v l5g?y hi/ory2 x is n ! beg9n+s ( its religion1 b ! /age x _h rea*$1 :i* conc]ns u4 #b ,see ,?4 ,nldeke1 ,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory 7,london1 #ahib71 *ap4 i41 ',"s ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,semitic ,race4' #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sacr$ ,,sites ,! ,sanctu>y ( ,gez]4--,( ! excavations 9 ,pale/9e none h be5 s prolific or s fully describ$ z ^? und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,macali/] on behalf ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund at ,gez]4 ,?is anci5t site lies ab\t eighte5 miles ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,j]usalem1 &1 betwe5 its two knolls1 on a comm&+ position1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ :i* ,pale/9e c (f]1 7 f\nd ! rema9s ( a sanctu>y ^: hi/ory mu/ h ext5d$ ov] sev]al c5turies4 ,gez] itself has ?r[n ! /ronge/ light ^u ! religion ( ! l&1 & a brief description ( its n[ fam\s 'high-place' w =m a conv5i5t introduction to ! cult & ritual ( ! p]iod4 ,look+ ea/w>ds we face eight r\gh monoli?s1 :i* /ret* 9 a slightly concave l9e1 ab\t #ge feet 9 l5g?1 f nor? to s\?4 ,!y are erect$ ^u a plat=m ( /ones ab\t #ad #h feet wide2 !y v>y f #e- ft4 to #aj ft4 9 height1 & h uni=mly a fair] surface on ! we/]n 7front7 ?an on ! ea/]n side4 ,numb] #a1 on ! extreme "r1 is ! l>ge/ 7#aj ft4 #b 94 high1 & #d ft4 #g 94 by #b ft4 #f 9474 ,next 7,no4 #b71 /&s ! smalle/ 7#e ft4 #e 94 high1 #a ft4 #b 94 by #a ft4 #i 9471 ^: po9t$ top ) poli%$ spots on ! surface speaks ( ! rev]5t ano9t+1 /rok+ & kiss+ :i* holy /ones /ill enjoy at ! pres5t day4 ,no4 #g1 ! la/ b "o on our extreme left1 is ( a lime/one f\nd ar\nd ,j]usalem & 9 o!r di/ricts1 b n 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gez]4 ,"u :at circum/ances ?is /one 0 br\ght hi!r c only be conjectur$ 7see p4 #hj74 ,! pill> 7#g ft4 #c 94 high1 #b ft4 #aj 94 by #a ft4 #c 947 be>s ^u its front surface a peculi> curv$ groove2 ,no4 #a1 too1 has a groove across ! top1 & f\r 9 all h holl[s or cup-m>ks ^u _! surfaces4 ,nos4 #d & #h are m c>efully %ap$ ?an ! re/1 & ! latt] /&s 9 a circul> socket1 & is flank$ on ei!r side by ! /umps ( two brok5 pill>s4 ,yet ano!r /one lay fall5 to ! s\? ( ,no4 #a1 & !re is "s reason to suppose t ?is & ! unique ,no4 #b belong$ to ! e>lie/ /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sanctu>y4 ,9 front ( ,nos4 #e #ae & #f is a squ>e /one block 7#f ft4 #a 94 by #e ft4 by #b ft4 #f 9471 ) a cavity 7#b ft4 #aj 94 by #a ft4 #aa 94 by #a ft4 #d 9472 a curv$ groove runs along ! front 7! we/]n side7 ( ! rim4 ,x is disput$ :e!r ?is /one held "s idol1 /ele1 or pill>2 or :e!r x 0 a tr\gh = ritual ablutions simil> to ^? :i* ,pr(essor ,petrie recognis$ at ,s]abit el-,khadem1 or :e!r1 aga91 x 0 a sacrificial block ^u :i* ! victim 0 sla94 ,9 ! area beh9d 7ea/ (7 ^! monoli?s are entrances lead+ to two l>ge und]gr\nd cav]ns :i* appe> to h be5 us$ orig9ally = habitation2 _! maximum diamet]s are ab\t #dj ft4 & #bh ft41 & !y ext5d ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! alignm5t4 ,! cav]ns 7 connect$ by a passage1 s %ort t any s\nd 9 "o c\ld be di/9ctly he>d 9 ! o!r1 s small & crook$1 t x is easy to imag9e to :at use ^! my/]i\s *amb]s c\ld be put4 ,9 ! l>g] cave a j> conta9+ ! skeleton ( an infant re/$ ^u a /one1 & close by 7 ! rema9s ( an adult4 ,fur!r beh9d ! pill>s 0 f\nd a bell-%ap$ pit conta9+ num]\s animal & human bones4 ,9 a circul> /ructure 9 front ( pill>s ,nos4 #g & #h1 ! bronze model ( a cobra lay amid #af pot%]ds & o!r debris4 ,a little di/ance to ! s\? 9 a bank ( e>? 7 emb$d$ sev]al brok5 human skulls1 c[-tee?1 etc42 ! heads _h evid5tly be5 sev]$ be=e burial1 & !re 0 no trace ( ! bodies4 ,bel[ ! :ole area1 be=e & m p>ticul>ly beh9d ! pill>s1 sev]al infants 7 f\nd buri$ head-d[nw>ds 9 l>ge j>s2 !y 7 mo/ly new-born1 & two1 z also two old] *ildr51 bore m>ks ( fire4 ,f9ally1 ?r\gh\t ! debris t _h accumulat$ ^u ! floor ( ! sanctu>y 7 innum]able objects typical ( nature-wor%ip1 repres5tations 9 l[ relief ( ! nude "m-goddess ( ,we/]n ,asia1 & male emblems r\ghly made ( lime/one1 pott]y1 bone1 & o!r mat]ial4 ,o!r ,sacr$ ,places4--,sc>cely fifty y>ds to ! s\? ( ^! pill>s 0 a rock-surface ab\t n9ety feet by eighty1 cov]$ ) ov] eighty ( ! s+ul> cup-m>ks or holl[s :i* we h already obs]v$4 ,"o little gr\p surr\nd$ by small /&+-/ones 0 connect$ by a dra9 :i* l$ to a subt]ranean cave4 ,"h1 too1 0 ano!r almo/ conceal$ *amb]1 & ! discov]y ( a numb] ( bones ( ! sw9e 7an animal seldom f\nd else:]e 9 ,gez]7 gave #ag weight to ! sugge/ion t my/]i\s rites 7 practis$4 ,al?\gh ! monoli?s ( ,gez] d n appe> to h lo/ _! sacr$ "* until p]haps ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 !y 7 n ! only place ( cult 9 ! city4 ,above1 on ! ea/]n hill1 7 ! rema9s ( an elaborate build+ measur+ ab\t #ajj ft4 by #hj ft44 ,its purpose 0 %[n by ! num]\s religi\s emblems f\nd )9 its prec9cts4 ,9 two circul> /ructures 7 ! brok5 fragm5ts ( ! bones ( %eep & goats--devoid ( any signs ( cook+ or burn+4 ,j>s conta9+ infants _h be5 plac$ at ! corn]s ( "s ( ! *amb]s2 & bel[ an angle ( a c\rty>d close by1 a pit und]nea? ! corn]-/one disclos$ bones & pot%]ds1 ! latt] be>+ ^u !m ! skull ( a "y girl4 ,at ! nor?-ea/ edge ( ! plateau ( ,tell es-,sfy ! excavations br\ght to light a build+ ) monoli?s2 9 ! debris at _! feet 7 ! bones ( camels1 %eep & c[s4 ,at ! ea/ end ( ! hill ( ,megiddo1 ,dr4 ,s*uma*] f\nd pill>s ) cup-m>ks enclos$ 9 a small build+ ab\t #cj ft4 by #ae ft42 a block ( /one app>5tly s]v$ z ! sacrificial alt>4 ,besides sev]al amulets & small idols1 at "o ( ! #ah corn]s 7 j>s conta9+ ! skeletons ( new-born infants4 ,! /ructure belong$ to a great s]ies ( build+s ab\t #bcj ft4 long & #adg ft4 broad4 ,at ! same site also 0 discov]$ a b>e rock ) holl[s2 x 0 approa*$ by a /ep1 & an entrance l$ to a subt]ranean abode conta9+ human & o!r bones4 ,at ,taana*1 ,dr4 ,sell9 f\nd a simil> place ( sacrifice ) cavities & *annel2 ! rock-alt> _h a /ep on ! ea/]n side1 & close by 7 a numb] ( fl9t-knives1 j>s ) infants 7rang+ up to two ye>s ( age71 & ! rema9s ( an adult4 ,cont9u$ excavation w no d\bt ?r[ full] light ^u ! old sacr$ places1 _! v>y+ types1 & _! developm5t2 ev5 ! rec5t discov]y ( a small pott]y model ( ! faade ( a %r9e is sugge/ive4 ,x repres5ts an op5 =e-c\rt & a door-way on ei!r side ( :i* is a figure seat$ ) its h&s ^u its knees4 ,! figure we>s :at seems to be a high-peak$ cap2 x is presumably human1 b ! nose is curi\sly r\nd$1 & "o recalls ! qua9t gu>dians ( ! temple-front f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,_! ,p]si/5ce4--,:e!r ! *oice ( a #ai sacr$ place 0 influ5c$ by *ance1 by "s peculi> natural *>act]i/ic1 or by ! impressiv5ess ( ! locality1 no?+ is m /rik+ ?an its p]si/5ce4 ,religi\s practice is always cons]vative1 & once a place has acquir$ a reputation = sanctity1 x w reta9 its fame ?r\gh\t political & ev5 religi\s vicissitudes4 ,! hi/ory ( ,gez]1 = example1 goes back to ! neoli?ic age1 b ! religi\s developm5t1 to judge f ! ar*ological evid5ce1 is unbrok51 & al?\gh !re came a "t :5 ! city pass$ out ( hi/ory1 ,pale/9e /ill has its sacr$ /ones & rock-alt>s1 build+s & tombs1 caves & grottoes1 ^: religi\s hi/ory mu/ ext5d ov] untold ages4 ,at bo? ,gez] & ,tell es-,sfy a sacr$ tomb actually /&s ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd q close to ! site ( ! old holy places4 ,at ,s]abit ! caves ) _! porticoes _h evolv$ by ! addition ( *amb]s1 etc41 into a complicat$ s]ies sacr$ to ! repres5tative goddess ( ! di/rict & to ! god ( ! ,egyptian m9]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! cult cont9u$ = at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,petra sev]al app>5t 'high-places' h be5 f\nd4 ,!y are p]*$ conspicu\sly to cat* ! rays ( ! morn+ #bj sun or 9 view ( a holy %r9e2 & ! f9e/ ( !m is approa*$ by two great pill>s1 #ba to #bb feet high4 ,al?\gh z a :ole !y may be ascrib$ to #cjj ,b4,c4-#ajj ,a4,d41 _! alt>s1 bas9s1 c\rts1 etc41 probably p]mit u to und]/& ! m imp]fect rema9s ( sanctu>ies else:]e4#a ,b indep5d5tly ( ^!1 f ,s9ai to ,nor? ,syria an impos+ am\nt ( evid5ce survives 9 v>y+ =ms = ! hi/ory ( ! sacr$ sites ( antiquity4 ,9 ! rock-alt>s ( ! mod]n l& ) cup-m>ks & occasionally ) /eps1 ) ! %r9e ( "s holy sa9t & an equally holy tree1 sometimes also ) a my/]i\s cave1 we may see liv+ examples ( ! m undevelop$ sanctu>ies4 ,= a result ( cont9u$ evolution1 on ! o!r h&1 p]haps no?+ c\ld be m impressive ?an ! ,sakhra ( ! ,holy ,temple at ,j]usalem1 :]e1 amid ! associations ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( hi/ory1 ! b>e rock1 ) holl[s1 cavities1 *annels1 & subt]ranean cave1 pres]ves ! primitive features )\t any ess5tial *ange4#b #a ,g4 ,dalman1 ,petra und se9e ,fel%eiligtm] 7,leipzig1 #aijh74 #b ,r4 ,kittel1 ,/udi5 zur ,hebris*5 ,ar*ologie und ,religionsges*i*te 7,leipzig1 #aijh71 *ap4 i4 ,*ap4 ii4 illu/rates primitive rock-alt>s ( ,pale/9e & _! developm5t4 ,! ,mod]n ,places ( ,cult4--,not)/&+ #ba ! religi\s & political vicissitudes ( ,pale/9e1 ! old c5tres ( cult h nev] lo/ ! v5]ation ( ! p1 & _! position 9 mod]n popul> belief & ritual af=ds _m a sugge/ive h9t = _! hi/ory 9 ! pa/4 ,al?\gh ,mohamm$anism all[s few sacr$ localities1 ! actual curr5t practice1 9 ,pale/9e z 9 ,asia ,m9or1 atta*es conceptions ( great sanctity to a va/ numb] ( places4 ,! %r9es & sacr$ build+s dott$ "h & !re ^u elevat$ sites =m a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! mod]n l&1 & !re is abundant te/imony t !y are ! recipi5ts ( respect & awe f> m real ?an t enjoy$ by ! m (ficial or or?odox religion4 ,al?\gh !y are (t5 plac$ "u ! protection ( ,islam by be+ kn[n z ! tombs ( sa9ts1 prophets1 & holy %eikhs1 ?is is m]ely a disguise2 & al?\gh x is insi/$ t ! holy occupants are only m$iators1 !y are ! c5tre ( antique rites & ideas :i* or?odox ,mohamm$anism rejects4 ,_! p[] is (t5 rat$ above t ( ,allah himself4 ,oa?s by ,allah are freely tak5 & z freely brok51 ^? at ! local %r9es r>ely 7if ev]7 fail2 ! co>se & pa9ful fre$om ( language1 ev5 9 connection ) ,allah1 becomes re/ra9$ :5 ! natives visit _! holy place4 #bb ,! religi\s life ( ! peasants is b\nd up ) ! %r9es & sa9ts4 ,!re !y appeal = (fspr+1 heal+1 & good h>ve/s2 !re !y d$icate ! fir/-fruits1 fir/l+s1 & _! *ildr51 & 9 _! neighb\rhood !y pref] to be buri$4 ,no /rang] may intrude he$lessly )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts1 & "o may see ! wor%ipp] ent] b>efoot$ pray+ = p]mission z he c>efully /eps ov] ! ?re%old4 ,! sa9t by sup]natural means is able to protect ev]y?+ deposit$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! tomb1 :i* c ?us s]ve z a /ore or treasure-h\se4 ,he is supreme ov] a local area2 he is ready ev5 to fight = 8 foll[]s aga9/ ! foe2 = all practical purposes he is virtually ! god ( ! di/rict4 ,"s ( ! %r9es are sacr$ to a woman :o passes = ! si/] or ! daught] ( a sa9t at ! same or a neighb\r+ locality4 ,ev5 ! dog has be5 kn[n to h a %r9e 9 8 hon\r1 & ! animal ent]s into ,pale/9ian folk-lore 9 a mann] :i* ?is unclean bea/ ( ,mohamm$anism h>dly seems to des]ve4 ,z a rule ! p w avoid call+ ! occupant ( ! %r9e by "n1 & "s circumlocution>y epi!t is pref]r$3 ! fam\s %eikh1 fa!r ( ! lion1 ra9-giv]1 dw>f1 full-moon1 or 79 case ( #bc females7 ! lady ( *ild-bir?1 ! =tunate1 & ! l4 ,! %r9es are ! c5tres ( /ory & leg5d :i* relate _! orig91 legitimise _! p]si/5ce1 or illu/rate _! p[]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages ! "n ( ! sa9t :o once *ose to reveal himself !re has v>i$1 & ! leg5ds ( e>li] figures h be5 transf]r$ & adju/$ to names m acceptable to or?odoxy4 ,"s ( ! figures h gr[n 9 importance & h ?us ext5d$ _! sph]e ( influ5ce1 & z diff]5ce ( sect is f\nd to be no h9drance to a common recognition ( ! p[] ( ! sa9t1 ! m fam\s %r9es h be5 accept$ by wor%ipp]s outside ! orig9al circle4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 too1 isolat$ figures h ga9$ supremacy1 & h sup]s$$ e>li] di/9ct au?orities1 ) ! result t ! same "n w be f\nd "u a numb] ( locally div]g+ types4 ,mo/ conspicu\s ( all are ,/4 ,george & ! ev]-y\?ful prophet ,elijah1 :o h inh]it$ num]\s sacr$ places & _! cults1 9 ! same mann] z ,/4 ,george has become ! successor ( ,apollo 9 ! ,greek isles4 ,simil>ly ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 9 h] turn1 has frequ5tly tak5 ! place =m]ly held by ! female deities ( antiquity4 #bd ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,sacr$ ,,objects ,! mod]n holy places1 "u ! c>e ( "s m9i/]1 d]vi%1 or prie/ly family1 are ! sc5es ( p]iodic visits1 liturgical unctions1 processions1 ! fe/al display ( lights1 etc41 & al?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( _! l5g?y hi/ory !re h be5 c]ta9 modifications1 x is to !m t "o mu/ look = ! p]si/+ religion :i* und]lay ! old] (ficial cults4 ,! rocks ) cup-m>ks & *annels1 ! gloomy caves & grottoes1 ! m\nta9 summits1 ! spr+s or f\nta9s :i* /ill receive ! (f]+s ( wor%ipp]s1 ! holy trees1 ! sacr$ sacrificial /ones--^! =m ! fundam5tal sub/ructure ( ! l&'s religion1 & :atev] be ! true orig9 ( _! sanctity1 !y cont9ue to be visit$ :5 sup]human aid is requir$4 ,trees4--,x is n ! %r9es alone :i* are sacr$ on ! gr\nd t "s sa9t _h once #be reveal$ 8 pres5ce !re2 !re are trees 7! t]eb9?1 & m especially ! oak7 :i* are inviolable because spirits h made !m _! abode1 or :i* owe _! sup]natural qualities to "s holy be+ :o is curr5tly suppos$ to h recl9$ b5ea? !m4 ,su* trees are virtually c5tres ( wor%ip4 ,inc5se is burn$ to !m1 & !y receive sacrifices & (f]+s2 !y are load$ ) food1 gifts1 & 7on special occasions7 ) lamps4 ,!y give oracles1 & ! sick sleep b5ea? _! %ade1 confid5t t a sup]natural mess5g] w prescribe = _! ailm5ts4 ,!y are deck$ ) rags1 :i* ?us acquire wond]ful prop]ties2 & ! wor%ipp] :o leaves a %r$ z a pl$ge ( atta*m5t or1 x may be1 to transf] a malady1 w take away a rag :i* may s]ve z a *>m4 ,sacr$ trees 7 well kn[n to e>ly writ]s1 & accord+ to ! ,talmud !re 7 "s b5ea? :i* prie/s sat b did n eat ( _! fruit1 rema9s ( hea!n sacrifice might be f\nd !re1 & ! ,jew :o sat or pass$ 9 its %ade became c]emonially impure4 ,x is unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to multiply examples ( a feature to :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t also atte/s2 popul> belief has univ]sally associat$ religi\s & sup]/iti\s ideas ) ^? b5efic5t objects :i* appe> #bf to be z mu* imbu$ ) motion1 animation1 & feel+ z man himself4 ,! sacr$ tree t5ds to become conv5tionalis$ & is replac$ by ! trunk or po/4 ,z ! home ( a p[]ful influ5ce !re is an incl9ation to symbolise x1 & to id5tify x ) ! sup]natural be+1 ) ! deity itself4 ,! developm5t ( ! image 7n necess>ily female7 f an aniconic wood5 po/ c be illu/rat$ by ! pill>s repres5tative ( ,osiris1 by ! head ( ,ha?or ( ,byblos 7p4 #ge sq47 ^u a pill> 9 ,egypt 7,n9ete5? ,dyna/y71 & by ! votive tablets at ,s]abit be>+ ! head ( ,ha?or m\nt$ ^u a pole1 :i* /&s ^u a base1 or is flank$ by a tree on ei!r side4 ,"s tree-l po/ is evid5tly int5d$ by ! a%rah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a common object at ! 'high-places' dur+ ! mon>*y4 ,9 ?is case1 ! relation betwe5 ! tree & deity is absolute1 & we %all meet ) a goddess ( ?is "n 7see bel[1 p4 #hg74 ,/ones4--,! inanimate /one is p>tly commemorative1 p>tly repres5tative4 ,9 ,pale/9e we see x m>k$ ) ! curi\s holl[s :i*1 :5 f\nd ^u ! b>e rock1 s]v$1 amid a v>iety ( purposes1 = libations & = ! blood #bg ( ! sacrifices4 ,! erect pill> appe>s to be second>y1 b dates1 at lea/ 9 ,s]abit1 f be=e our p]iod4 ,! holl[s ^u su* /ones are equally adapt$ = (f]+s1 al?\gh1 :5 !y are lat]al1 x is probable t !y 7 sme>$ or ano9t$ l ! door-po/s ( a mod]n %r9e4 ,^! holes are also transf]r$ to slabs or are replac$ by vessels1 :ile ! /one itself is n m]ely '! place ( sacrificial slaught]' 7! lit]al mean+ ( 'alt>' 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t71 b embodies ! p[] ^: influ5ce is invok$4 ,x is practically a feti%1 ! tangible abode ( ! recipi5t ( v5]ation4 ,at ,s]abit ,pr(essor ,petrie discov]$ be=e a /ele a flat alt>-/one :i* bore cavities 7,twelf? ,dyna/y71 & ev5 9 ,abyss9ia at ,aksum h be5 obs]v$ great monoli?s1 at ^: base /ood /one blocks ) vessels & *annels4 ,simil> comb9ations h be5 f\nd at ,c>?age4 ,?r\gh\t1 nei!r ! /one nor ! significance atta*$ to x rema9s ! same4 ,! sacr$ /one may lose its value & be sup]s$$1 & x by no means foll[s t ! numb] ( pill>s implies an equal numb] ( 9-dwell+ be+s4 ,:ile ! /one develops along "o l9e z an object ( cult & becomes an alt>1 x takes o!r =ms :51 by an easy confusion ( s5tim5t1 #bh x comes to repres5t a deity 7( ei!r sex74 ,x is !n %ap$ or ornam5t$ to depict ! conceptions atta*$ to ! holy occupant1 & :5 ?is deity is an?ropomorphic1 ! pill> becomes a rude image1 & f9ally ! god 9 human =m4 ,x is n[ clo!d & deck$ ) ornam5ts4 ,?us1 "o f9ds ! groove along ! top or ! bifurcation sugge/ive ( e>ly /eps t[>ds ! repres5tation ( ! horns ( an animal2 or1 z among ! pill>s at ,gez]1 "o p]ceives two 7,nos4 #d & #h7 :i* assume "s resemblance to a simulacrum ,priapi4 ,! gr[+ weal? ( cult1 ! influ5ce ( novel ideas1 & ! trans=mation ( ! attributes ( a deity make ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! objects ( cult extremely intricate4 ,at ! same place & "t !y may be f\nd 9 v>y+ /ages ( developm5t1 & if ! int]pretation ( ! sev]al features z !y appeal$ to wor%ipp]s is (t5 obscure to u1 ! speculations ( ! contempor>y writ]s _c always be accept$ )\t c>eful inquiry4 ,images & ,symbols4--,?utmose ,,iii4 relates t he c>ri$ (f f ,megiddo & ! ,lebanon a silv] /atue 9 beat5 "w2 also "s object words are lo/ ) a head ( gold1 #bi ! /aff hav+ human faces1 & a royal image ( ebony wr\ght ) gold1 ! head ( :i* 0 adorn$ ) lapis lazuli4 ,al?\gh no sacr$ /atues ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e h z yet come to light--if !y escap$ ! zeal ( lat] iconocla/s--x w\ld seem t !y 7 ( no mean workman%ip1 & x may be inf]r$ t !y did n diff] radically f ! gods & goddesses ^: outw>d appe>ance c be obs]v$ on ! monum5ts ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,?is inf]5ce is support$ by ! repeat$ discov]y1 9 c\rse ( excavation1 ( repres5tations ( a goddess :o 0 evid5tly ! embodim5t ( life & f]tility4 ,a few figur9es & num]\s small ',a/>te-plaques1' ) m\lds = _! manufacture1 prove ! preval5ce ( a "m-goddess & patroness ( nature1 ess5tially id5tical ) t famili> 9 ! old ,ori5tal religions4 ,! plaques1 :i* are ab\t #f to #g in*es 9 l5g?1 (f] a l>ge v>iety ( types f ! co>se/ exagg]ation ( sexuality to highly conv5tionalis$ =ms4 ,! goddess is g5]ally nude1 b a bronze figur9e f ,taana* gives h] a conical head-dress & a ?9 robe rea*+ d[n to h] ankles4 ,! *>act]i/ic type at ?is city1 h[ev]1 depicts a /riat$ cr[n1 r+s on neck & feet1 & is #cj g5]ally sugge/ive ( ,babylonian influ5ce4 ,o!rwise1 :5 depict$ ) bracelets1 necklace & lotus-fl[]s1 %e resembles ! ,egyptian ,ha?or2 inde$ %e is (t5 m>k$ ) ! ,egyptian uraeus4 ,a specim5 f ,tell es-,sfy curi\sly comb9es an ,egyptianis$ =m ( ! goddess ) typical ,babylonian five- & six-ray$ />s4 ,yet a f\r? v>iety ) huge & disfigur+ e>r+s f9ds its p>allels 9 ,nor? ,syria & ,cyprus4 ,! occurr5ce & comb9ation ( elem5ts ( diff]5t orig9 are in/ructive = ! culture & religion ( ,pale/9e4 ,?is f\r? type has sometimes a bird-l head1 :i* recalls a curi\s example f ,la*i% ) l>ge e>s & hook$ nose or beak4 ,a small bronze image ( ! goddess1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,gez]1 among brok5 lamps & pott]y )9 ! area ( ! pill>s1 gives h] horns :i* coil d[nw>ds l ^? ( a ram4 ,x is ?r\gh su* developm5t & modification t ! horns ( ! great goddess c\ld come to be reg>d$ z ! repres5tation ( a cresc5t moon :5 philosophical speculation busi$ itself ) ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! traces ( animal attributes take ano!r =m 9 v>i\s rude & almo/ %apeless objects ( bronze :i* h be5 int]pret$1 ?anks to a m reali/ic #ca specim5 f ! ,judan ,tell ,zak>iya1 z models ( an amphibi\s creature ) human head & ! tail ( a fi%4 ,"h x is natural to see ! fam\s ,d]ceto or ,at>gatis1 well kn[n lat] z a deity ( ! ,a/>te type1 &1 z an illu/ration ( ! evolution ( symbols1 x may be add$ t a spl5did ,c>?ag9ian s>cophagus ( a prie/ess repres5ts a woman ( /range beauty ) ! l[] "p ( ! body s drap$ z to give x a close resemblance to a fi%'s tail4#a #a ,mabel ,moore1 ,c>?age ( ! ,pho5icians 9 ! ,light ( ,mod]n ,excavation 7,london1 #aije71 p4 #adf sq4 & frontispiece4 ,! manifold repres5tations ( ! ,pale/9ian 'good goddess' ext5d ov] a l5g?y p]iod1 & v>y 9 ta/e & nuance f ! crude/ ( specim5s to v]itable arti/ic products ( ! ,seleucid age4 ,!y indicate t ! fundam5tal religi\s conceptions agre$ ) ^? ( ,we/]n ,asia z a :ole1 & x may be assum$ t ! conclusions :i* c be drawn f ! figur9es & plaques ( ?is deity w\ld apply1 mutatis mut&is1 to o!rs4 ,among o!r objects :i* h>dly belong to public cult1 b 7 probably = h\sehold or private use1 may be notic$ ! small idols2 e4g4 "o f ,megiddo 9 ! clumsy 'sn[-man' #cb te*nique1 ano!r f ,j]i*o ) ! head ( a bull4 ,num]\s small phalli h also be5 une>!d4 ,"s are r\ghly c>v$ 9 human %ape1 o!rs approximate ! =m ( a fi%4 ,!y d n necess>ily belong to ! cult ( any male deity1 b ! true significance ( ^! & o!r small emblems is (t5 unc]ta94 ,z ) ! _m small models ( ! heads ( bull1 c[1 or s]p5t1 or ! two small conical /ones f ! temple at ,s]abit1 ea* ) a groove along ! base1 x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% ! feti%es & symbols1 :i* involve ideas ( "s relation%ip ) a sup]natural be+1 f ! *>ms1 amulets1 & talismans1 :]e9 o!r religi\s ideas are involv$4 ,! possibility t "s ( ! objects are really toys _c be exclud$4 #cc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sacr$ ,,rites ,,& ,,practices ,g5]al ,inf]5ces4--,t ! old places ( cult _h _! duly orda9$ (ficials may be tak5 = grant$2 ev5 ! smalle/ ( !m1 l ^? ( to-day1 mu/ h _h appo9t$ att5dants4 ,! ,am>na lett]s m5tion ! weal?y temple ( ,byblos ) ! h&maid5s ( ! goddess ( ! city1 & 9 ,m]neptah's reign we he> ( a man ( ,gaza :o is describ$ z a s]vant ( ,baal4 ,we may be sure1 also1 t ! rites & fe/ivals 7 simil> to ^? usually preval5t among agricultural peoples4 ,! nature-wor%ip ( ! age c be realis$ f a survey ( ! old cults ( ,we/]n ,asia1 & f ! d5unciations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* prove ! p]si/5ce ( old] lic5ti\s rites4 ,popul> religion (t5 cont9ues to tol]ate practices :i* social life condemns1 & ! f]tility ( crops1 cattle1 & ( man himself1 0 co-ord9at$ #cd by an uncontrollable use ( analogy 9 :i* ! example 0 set by ! 'sacr$' m5 & wom5 ( ! sanctu>ies 7kde%2 ,deut4 xxiii4 #ag1 ,r4,v4 m>g474 ,sympa!tic magic--! imitation ( ! cause to produce a desir$ effect--und]lay a v>iety ( rites among a p ^: life dep5d$ ^u ! gifts ( ! soil1 ^: religion 0 a way ( life4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are re/rict$ *iefly to "s miscellane\s evid5ce :i* ! excavations sugge/4 ,! ,disposal ( ! ,dead4--,inc9]ation or cremation _h be5 orig9ally practis$ by a p physically di/9ct f t among :om inhumation prevail$4 ,! latt] innovation has be5 ascrib$ to ! invad+ ,semites4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ,c>?age1 cremation is f\nd to re-ent]1 presumably ?r\gh =eign influ5ce2 b ! two practices co-exi/1 ev5 9 ! same family1 & x is probable t !re1 at all ev5ts1 cremation 0 only foll[$ 9 special circum/ances4 ,a l>ge burial-cave at ,gez] ) a ?ick lay] ( burnt a% proves ! l5g?y duration ( ! e>li] cu/om4 ,! same cave 0 aft]w>ds utilis$ by ^? :o inhum$ _! dead1 & !nce=? !re is little evolution 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,pale/9ian burial4 ,no p>ticul> #ce ori5tation pr$om9ates2 ! dead are plac$ ^u a lay] ( /ones1 or )9 ci/s1 or 9 pits 9 ! floor ( ! cav]ns4 ,bo? ! contract$ or squatt+ & ! out/ret*$ attitude occur4 ,f ! /ory ( ,s9uhe 7p4 #i71 x w\ld seem t burial 9 a %eep-sk9 0 also cu/om>y4 ,! ne$s ( ! dead are suppli$ by vessels ( food1 :i* occasionally %[ traces ( burn+2 dr9k 0 m important1 & ! l>ge j>s sometimes conta9 small cups = ! conv5i5ce ( ! ?ir/y s\l4 ,9 ! case ( a jug ) two mammill>y projections "o is rem9d$ ( a type usually associat$ at ,c>?age ) ! burial ( infants4 ,a v>iety ( miscellane\s objects provid$ = o!r ne$s3 weapons1 jewels1 o/ri* eggs1 seals1 sc>abs1 amulets1 small figures 9 human or animal =m1 etc4 ,especially *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] tombs are ! abundant deposits ( lamps4 ,! abode ( ! dead be+ "o ( ! c5tres ( ! religion ( ! liv+1 ! tomb always possesses sanctity4 ,! int]nal arrangem5ts1 ) plat=ms or hewn b5*es1 w (t5 sugge/ "s burial-ritual4 ,! cup-m>ks1 :i* frequ5tly appe> ne> or ev5 9 ! tomb itself1 l ^? /ill to be se5 ^u ,pale/9ian dolm5s1 c\ld s]ve = sacrifices or libations1 #cf or to collect ! refre%+ ra9 = ! s\l ( ! deceas$4 ,or1 aga91 lat] usage w sugge/ t !y 7 plant$ ) fl[]s :i*1 l ! ',g>d5s ( ,adonis1' symbolis$ ! my/]ies ( dea? & revival4 ,(t51 ! dead are buri$ b5ea? ! /reets 7if ! n>r[ w9d+s des]ve t "n71 or )9 ! h\ses1 "u circum/ances :i* preclude ! f\ndation-sacrifices to be notic$ pres5tly4 ,?is feature is sc>cely accid5tal2 x is well kn[n else:]e1 & 0 probably int5d$ to keep ! _s ( ! dead ne> its =m] abode1 ov] :i* x c\ld cont9ue to ex]cise a b5evol5t influ5ce4 ,j> ,burial4--,x is sometimes difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 an ord9>y burial & "s sacrificial c]emony4 ,! burial ( new-born or v "y infants 9 j>s1 9 or ne> "s sacr$ locality 7p4 #af sq471 po9ts v /rongly to ! sacrifice ( ! fir/-born to :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t be>s witness 7,micah vi4 #g74 ,b :]e ! circum/ances make ?is view less probable1 ! special treatm5t ( ^? :o di$ 9 e>ly infancy ne$s consid]ation4 ,9 inhumation & ! return ( ! dead to ! gr\nd we are 9 ! mid/ ( ideas associat$ #cg ) '"m-e>?1' ! begett] ( all ?+s4 ,! burial 9 a contract$ or squatt+ position might naturally repres5t ! usual cr\*$ po/ure ( ! individual z he sat 9 life-"t among 8 fell[s2 x might also po9t to a belief 9 ! re-bir? ( ! s\l ( ! dead4 ,! j>-burials1 :]e ! infant is ins]t$ head d[nw>ds1 are m sugge/ive ( ! latt]1 & evid5ce f ,africa & ,asia %[s t provision is sometimes made = ! re-bir? ( /ill-born or v "y babes on ! conviction t at "s future occasion !y w ent] aga9 into a "m's womb4 ,! num]\s emblems ( nature-wor%ip & ! "m-goddess1 especially at ,gez]1 raise ! presumption t ! deities ( ! place 7 p[]s ( f]tility & g5]ation2 &1 j z ! %r9es ( sa9ts to-day are visit$ by w\ld-be mo!rs :o hope = (fspr+1 x is n improbable t 9 old5 times ^? :o _h be5 prematurely cut (f f ! liv+ 7 int]r$ 9 sacr$ sites v5]at$ by ! wom54 ,?is view1 :i* has be5 propos$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 w n apply ( c\rse to ^? j>-burials :]e human-sacrifice is cle>ly recognisable4#a #a ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 pp4 #gg sq41 #hb sq44 #ch ,human ,sacrifice4--,a gruesome discov]y 0 made 9 a ci/]n at ,gez] :]e1 toge!r ) a numb] ( adult skeletons1 lay ! upp] half ( a "y girl ab\t sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,ne> ! m\? 7 ! decapitat$ heads ( two girls4 ,9 ano!r case at ,gez] 7describ$ z a 'f\ndation deposit'7 ! upp] half ( ! skeleton ( a y\? _h be5 plac$ ) two adults4 ,p]haps we %\ld "h include ! cases :]e only a few bones ( ! deceas$ 7 pres]v$1 e4g4 9 "o tomb ! skull & c]ta9 o!r bones 7 miss+4 ,vessels1 also1 7 f\nd conta9+ only "o or two human bones3 ! patella ( an adult1 ! calv>ia ( a skull2 b 9 ! majority ( in/ances !y belong$ to infants4 ,p>tial burial ( ?is "* has be5 expla9$ on ! !ory ( cannibalism2 ?is practice1 (t5 bas$ on ! idea ( absorb+ ! attributes ( ! deceas$1 has left scatt]$ traces among ! ,semites4 ,b ! dismemb]m5t ( ! dead 7kn[n at ,susa1 ,egypt1 & common to _m savage races7 admits ( o!r explanations1 :e!r1 = example1 we obs]ve ! use ( bones z amulets 7p4 #ea sq471 or recall ! /ory ( ! sev]$ ,osiris4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 x may be suspect$ t a sacrifice = magical purposes und]lies an aetiological #ci leg5d4#b ,! bank ( skulls s\? ( ! monoli?s ( ,gez] 7p4 #af7 may p]haps recall ! m\nd 7or pill>87 ( heads :i* c]ta9 ,assyrian k+s erect$ 9 front ( ! cities !y conqu]$ 7e4g4 ,a%ur-nasir-pal ,i474 ,su* a de$1 l _! holocau/ ( *ildr5 aft] a victory1 0 no unmean+ f]ocity2 religion ent]$ pr(\ndly into anci5t life1 & e w> 0 a 'holy w>4' ,! horrid rites 9 hon\r ( ! gods :o f\ght = _! foll[]s are to be trac$ 9 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ev5 z late z #cjg ,b4,c4 ! ,c>?ag9ians aft] _! defeat ( ,aga?ocles slew ! *oice/ prison]s 'be=e ! alt> 9 front ( ! holy t5t4' #b ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 etc41 pp4 #bgc sq41 #cba1 & especially #cca sqq4 ,"h "o may p]haps ref] to ! tradition t ! prophet ,isaiah 0 sawn 9 half1 hidd5 z he 0 9 a tree 7comp4 also ,ep4 ,hebrews1 xi4 #cg74 ,! widespread cu/om ( ,f\ndation ,sacrifice survives 9 ,pale/9e :5 popul> op9ion requires t blood %all be %$ at ! inauguration ( e important build+1 at ! break+-up ( unoccupi$ l&1 or at ! op5+ ( a new well4 ,?us1 a %eep 0 sacrific$ at ! build+ ( a jetty = ! l&+ ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or at ,haifa 9 #ahih4 ,! rite is a propitiation to ! num5 ( ! place4 #dj ,mohamm$ 9 8 day tri$ to prohibit su* sacrifices to ! j9n1 b ! invet]ate s5tim5t is summ$ up 9 ! words ( a mod]n native3 'e h\se mu/ h its dea?1 ei!r man1 woman1 *ild1 or animal4' ,! animal-victim is recognis$ z a sub/itute1 & vulg> sup]/ition /ill associates ) ! f\ndation ( build+s "s vague dang] to human life--if n its loss4 ,traditions ( human sacrifice are record$ by m$ival & old] writ]s1 & excavation has disclos$ au!ntic examples4 ,at ,gez] ! skeleton ( an adult female _h be5 plac$ "u ! corn] ( a h\se1 & ! bones ( infants 7 (t5 f\nd 9 or "u ! walls ( h\ses d[n to ! lat] ,israelite p]iod4 ,at ,megiddo1 a "y girl ( ab\t fifte5 0 laid across a f\ndation-/one1 & a victim at ! foot ( a t[] 9 ,taana* 0 a *ild sc>cely 9 its te5s4 ,a j> ) ! rema9s ( a new-born infant re/$ ^u a plat=m 9 ! ,gez] crematorium1 & ! evid5ce all[$ ! inf]5ce t x 0 a d$icatory sacrifice :5 ! cave 0 tak5 ov] & us$ = inhumation4 ,infants buri$ 9 j>s 7 f\nd1 toge!r ) b[ls & lamps1 "u ! f\ndations 9 ,gez] z late z ! latt] "p ( ! ,israelite mon>*y1 al?\gh a modification _h already be5 #da introduc$ 9 ! simple deposits ( lamps & b[ls1 usually at ! corn]s ( h\ses or *amb]s or "u ! jambs ( doors4 ,if ! b[ls repres5t ! sacrificial (f]+s1 ! significance ( ! lamps is unc]ta94 ,! victim 9 ! rite _h n be5 burn$1 b probably buri$ alive1 & x may be conjectur$ t ! id5tification ( life & light 7famili> f ! ,old ,te/am5t7 und]lies ! symbolical lamp4 ,! mod]n ,pale/9ian cu/om ( hang+ lights 9 %r9es1 etc41 9 cases ( sickness possibly involves ! same association ( ideas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lamps f\nd 9 tombs naturally recall ! widespread cu/om ( light+ ! s\l on its d>k j\rney1 or ( k9dl+ a lamp 9 ! home to enable x to retrace its /eps on ! anniv]s>y4 ,^! purely burial lamps are v well kn[n 7e4g4 9 ,c>?age71 & !y survive 9 ,pale/9e to ! ,*ri/ian age1 :5 !y are inscrib$ ) su* di/9ctive mottoes z ',*ri/ is my light1' or '! light ( ,*ri/ %9es = all4' ,! ,importance ( ,sacrifice makes itself felt at e sacr$ site f ! enorm\s quantities ( burnt a% be=e ! caves ( ,s]abit to ! simil> accumulations ^u ! summit ( ,m\nt ,h]mon4 ,! wor%ipp] believes t ! rite #db br+s him into contact ) ! p[]s :o are to be n\ri%$1 invok$1 or recomp5s$4 ,its preval5ce vividly indicates man's dep5d5ce ^u !m ?r\gh\t ! seasons ( ! ye> & on ! great occasions ( life3 bir?1 circumcision 7already practis$ 9 our p]iod71 m>riage & dea?4 ,und]ly+ ! sacrifice is ! pr(\nd significance ( blood4 ,x is ! seat ( exi/5ce2 x has pot5t virtues :e!r = protection1 expiation1 or purification2 & ! utmo/ c>e is tak5 to dispose ( x accord+ to e/abli%$ usage4 ,! fat1 too1 has no less its liv+ qualities1 & s9ce ! olde/ ungu5ts 7 animal fats--mod]n usage is (t5 cont5t ) butt]--x is probable t ano9t+ orig9ally _h a deep] mean+ ?an w\ld at fir/ appe>4 ,wanton blood%$ call$ = v5geance1 & :5 a ,babylonian k+ dem&$ t ,ikhnaton %\ld slay ! ,canaanites :o _h kill$ 8 m]*ants1 & ?us 'br+ back _! blood' & prev5t retaliation1 ! invet]ate blood-rev5ge ( primitive social life f9ds an e>ly illu/ration4 ,b z a sacrifice1 ! slaught] ( human victims1 ?\gh p]haps n regul>1 0 at lea/ n exceptional1 & ! frightful blood%$ :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t atte/s emphasises ! difficulties :i* confront$ ^? tea*]s #dc ( ,israel :o w\ld disassociate _! national ,god f an invet]ate practice 7,ezek4 xvi4 #bj sq41 xx4 #ca74 ,= a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! diffusion & p]si/5ce ( human sacrifice we may ref] to ,c>?age :]e ! di/ress caus$ by ,aga?ocles 9 #caj ,b4,c4 0 attribut$ to ! wra? ( ! god to :om ! ri* _h be5 (f]+ pur*as$ *ildr5 in/ead ( _! own4 ,b !re is a g5]al t5d5cy 9 religion to s(t5 crude rites1 save :5 a p>ticul>ly efficaci\s (f]+ is felt necess>y 9 ! mid/ ( "s grave crisis1 & ( ! *anges 9 t backgr\nd ( cult :i* has surviv$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9e1 ! sub/itution ( ! animal = ! human victim is ! mo/ significant4 ,yet1 z we h se51 ! idea ( human sacrifice has n entirely disappe>$ 7p4 #dj74 ,! animal is /ill recognis$ z a 'ransom1' & 9 ! pres5t rite ( t "n loss ( human life is av]t$ by ! sacrifice ( "s animal1 & x is expla9$ t ! sacrifice w combat & ov]come ! cause ( ! imp5d+ dang]4 ,x w\ld be only logical1 !re=e1 to proce$ on ! assumption t ! great] ! dang] ! m p[]ful & efficaci\s mu/ be ! sacrifice4 ,curr5t beliefs ?us #dd af=d sugge/ive h9ts = e>li] usage1 & :5 we le>n t to-day a natural dea? f9ds consolation 9 ! ?\ght t x may h be5 ! ransom = ano!r1 we meet ) an idea t c\ld be put into practice3 x is no great /ep to ! c]emonies 7obs]v$ 9 ,africa7 :i* give effect to ! conviction t a man's life may be prolong$ or 8 old age recup]at$ by ! actual sacrifice ( ano!r human be+4 ,x is ess5tially ! same idea :5 ,egyptian k+s1 l ,am5hotep ,,ii4 & ,ramses ,,ii4 slew ! prison]s ( w> t !y !mselves or _! "n 'might live = ev]4' 7,on ! "n1 see bel[1 p4 #fj47 ,sacrificial rites 7 nev] irrational1 h[ev] difficult x may be to p]ceive _! object1 & f a survey ( comp>ative cu/om "o c sometimes picture ! sc5es by :i* !y 7 accompani$4 ,x is only by su* means t "o c conjecturally expla9 ! discov]y ne> ! temple-area at ,gez] ( animal bones1 slic$1 hack$1 & brok5 into fragm5ts1 ) no signs ( hav+ be5 cook$4 ,"o is tempt$ to ref] to a rite practis$ by ! ,arabs ( ! ,s9aitic des]t t[>ds ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! old ascete1 ,nilus1 describes a solemn procession ( *ant+ wor%ipp]s #de :o move ar\nd an alt> ( rude /ones ^u :i* is b\nd a camel4 ,! bea/ is /abb$1 & ! lead] dr9ks ( ! gu%+ blood4 ,at once ! assembly hack ! victim to pieces1 dev\r+ x raw until ! :ole is consum$--! entire c]emony beg9s ) ! rise ( ! morn+ /> 79 ^: hon\r x 0 p]=m$7 & ends ) ! ris+ sun4 ,0 "s rite ( ?is k9d practis$ 9 ,pale/9e8 ,x mu/ be a matt] = conjecture2 ! lea/ t c be said is t ! sc5e is n too b>b>ic = our l& & p]iod4 ,brok5 ,(f]+s1 e4g4 figur9es1 models1 & o!r articles1 :5 f\nd deposit$ 9 tombs1 h be5 expla9$ 9 ! light ( comp>ative cu/om z de/roy$ or 'kill$' to ! end t _! 's\l' may accompany t ( ! deceas$4 ,b o!r ideas are evid5tly involv$ :5 ! area ( ! sanctu>y at ,s]abit prov$ to be cov]$ ) a mass ( pott]y1 plaques1 bracelets1 w&s1 si/ra1 etc41 s fragm5t>y t no s+le specim5 c\ld be piec$ toge!r4 ,at ,gez]1 also1 al?\gh ! plaques ( ! goddess 7 fairly t\gh1 all _h be5 brok51 & app>5tly ) int5tion4 ,we may comp>e ! mod]n cu/om ( break+ pott]y 9 fulfilm5t ( a #df v[1 an int]e/+ illu/ration ( :i* 0 furni%$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,curtiss f ,bludan on ! road f ,zeb$any to ,damascus4 ,at a spot1 famili>ly kn[n z ! '"m ( pieces1' is a rock-plat=m ) cave1 %r9e1 sacr$ grove & h]$it>y m9i/]s4 ,hi!r come ! wom5 to break a j> :5 !y h ga9$ _! "o wi%1 & x is s+ul> to obs]ve t ! traditions :i* are atta*$ to ! cu/om include ! belief t a girl1 ! patroness ( ! %r9e1 lies buri$ !re4 ,! lik5ess to ! sugge/$ rites at ,gez] w be notic$ 7p4 #cg74 ,b ! /ories d n elucidate ! peculi> treatm5t ( ! (f]+s1 & ! usage f9ds its mo/ probable explanation 9 ! p]suasion t ?+s once d$icat$ or put to a sacr$ use are 'holy1' & _c be us$ = ord9>y purposes4 ,we t\* ^u a fundam5tal in/itution embody+ a s]ies ( app>5tly p>adoxical ideas--! univ]sal 'tabu4' ',holy' & ',unclean4'--,! t]ms ,holy or ,sacr$ 7comp4 ! ,lat9 sac]7 are n to be und]/ood 9 ! e?ical or moral s5se4 ,a holy ?+ is "o :i* has be5 set aside1 d$icat$1 or re/rict$2 x is *>g$ ) sup]natural influ5ce :i* is contagi\s2 ev]y?+ #dg t comes 9 contact ) x also becomes holy4 ,9 "s cases x is provid$ t ?is inconv5i5t sanctity may be purg$2 9 o!rs1 ! ?+ has to be de/roy$4 ,:5 ! ,talmud says t a ,canonical ,book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 'defiles' ! h&1 x means t ! v sanctity ( ! book dem&s t ! h& %\ld be c]emonially purifi$ or cleans$ be=e t\*+ any?+ else4 ',holy & unclean ?+s1' to quote ,rob]tson ,smi?1 'h ?is 9 common1 t 9 bo? cases c]ta9 re/rictions lie on m5's use ( & contact ) !m1 & t ! brea* ( ^! re/rictions involves sup]natural dang]s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two appe>s1 n 9 _! relation to man's ord9>y life1 b 9 _! relation to ! gods4 ,holy ?+s are n free to man1 because !y p]ta9 to ! gods2 uncleanness is %unn$1 accord+ to ! view tak5 9 ! high] ,semitic religions1 because x is hateful to ! god1 & !re=e n to be tol]at$4' ,sacr$ ,animals1 9 ! light ( ! above1 are ^? associat$ ) cults :i* might be reg>d$ z illegitimate4 ,an example is af=d$ by ! pig :i* ent]s into ! rites & my?s ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,n9ib1 & ,osiris4 ,9 a cav]n s\? ( ! monoli?s ( ,gez] a numb] ( #dh pig-bones lay und]nea? a %aft :i* l$ to ! cup-m>k$ surface above 7p4 #af72 ! circum/ances recall ! ,!smophoria1 ! caves & vaults 9 ! ,greek area connect$ ) ,demet] & ,pros]p9e1 & ! use ( ! pig 9 my/ic rites ( *?onic & agricultural deities4 ,9 ,pale/9e & ,syria ! animal 0 us$ 9 c]ta9 exceptional sacrifices :i* 7 recognis$ z idolatr\s 7,isaiah lxv4 #d2 lxvi4 #ag71 & x 0 an op5 "q :e!r x 0 really pollut$ or holy4 ,if1 z ! excavations sugge/1 ! sacrifice ( ! sw9e dates f ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,gez]1 ) :om x 0 also a dome/ic animal1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! p]si/5ce ( its "* z a prop] sacrificial animal f pre-,semitic times by ! side ( ! app>5tly contradictory belief t x 0 also unclean4 ,! camel bones at ,tell es-,sfy1 also1 are ( int]e/ s9ce ,rob]tson ,smi? has %[n t ! animal 7:i* became 'unclean' to ! ,israelites71 ?\gh us$ by ! ,arabs = food & sacrifice1 0 associat$ ) ideas ( sanctity1 & its fle% 0 =bidd5 to conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! model ( a bronze cobra f\nd 9 a temple-enclosure 7p4 #ae7 might be conjecturally expla9$1 b x w suffice to rememb] t #di s]p5ts 7 & /ill are connect$ ) spirits bo? b5evol5t & malevol5t4 ,! recurr5ce ( models ( ! animal-_w1 ! num]\s repres5tations ^u seals ( de]1 gazelles1 etc4 7animals connect$ ) ,a/>te71 or ! pr$ilection = ! lion ^u objects discov]$ at ,megiddo ne$ n h any specific mean+ = ! religi\s ideas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! animal-l attributes :i* appe> ^u "s plaques ( ! "m-goddess are sc>cely mean+less4 ,!re is no gr\nd = ! assumption t ,pale/9e 0 )\t ! animal-deities & ! deities ) special sacr$ animals1 :i* h left _! traces 9 ! surr\nd+ l&s1 & x w\ld be mislead+ to suppose t ! my?s & leg5ds :i* h gr[n up ar\nd ^! features acc\nt = _! orig94 ,! conviction t man 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! gods 7:o are !re=e an?ropomorphic7 implies c]ta9 conceptions ( _! nature1 ! developm5t ( :i* belongs to ! hi/ory ( religion1 & 9 turn+ next to ! _s-_w ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e x is necess>y t we %\ld be prep>$ to appreciate a m5tal outlook pr(\ndly diff]5t f our own4 #ej ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,spirits ,awe4--,a fundam5tal s5se ( awe 0 felt 9 ! pres5ce ( any?+ unusual or contr>y to exp]i5ce1 & man's in/9ctive philosophy %ap$ 8 ideas f ! sugge/ions ( daily life1 acc\nt+ = all cases ( causation by assimilat+ !m to ! int5tional acts ( volunt>y ag5ts l himself4 ,!re 0 no d\bt ( ! exi/5ce & influ5ce ( surr\nd+ unse5 p[]s2 !y mu/ be cajol$1 appeas$1 brib$ & rew>d$4 ,"s 7 inevitably malevol5t2 ) o!rs man c\ld ent] into relations :i* 7 mutually b5eficial4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day !re is no cle> di/9ction betwe5 :at we %\ld call ! natural & ! sup]natural2 a demon or a sa9t c appe> 9 human or animal =m2 & ! m>vel or miracle is t :i* happ5s to lie outside ! intellectual horizon ( ! individual4 ,! mod]n ph5om5a c be trac$ back ?r\gh #ea e>ly s\rces & appe> n[ 9 gross] & n[ 9 m elevat$ =ms2 ev5 ! pres5ce ( any advanc$ mat]ial culture1 or ( m spiritual conceptions ( ! ,godhead does n annihilate t l[] sup]naturalism :i* fl\ri%es uncontroll$ among m rudim5t>y races4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to suppose t ! religion ( our p]iod 0 m free f imprecision ?an t ( m progressive peoples3 ! :ole r\t9e ( life br\ght ! individual into con/ant contact ) unse5 ag5cies1 & ! _w ( spirits involv$ a m$ley ( beliefs1 m emb>rass+ to ! mod]n inquir] :o seeks to sy/ematise !m1 ?an to ! ,ori5tal m9d :i* has always be5 able & will+ to accept ! incr$ible & ! contradictory4 ,man's relations ) ! spirits :om he %uns or seeks are illu/rat$ 9 magical practices2 e4g4 incantation1 symbolic magic 7p4 #cd74 ,*>ms1 on ! o!r h&1 possess a magical virtue :i* is effective )\t int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! possessor4 ,_m little objects ( ?is "* h be5 une>!d3 p5dants ( r$ coral 7/ill a prophylactic aga9/ ! evil eye71 beads 7/ill suppos$ to possess curative prop]ties71 small articles cut out ( bone #eb 7especially ! heads ( human femora1 sawn (f & p]=at$74 ,"h may be includ$ ! occasional jewels 7e4g4 a silv] p5dant cresc5t7--amulets & ornam5ts 7 closely associat$1 & ! latt] cont9ue to convey ideas :i* c\ld be reg>d$ z idolatr\s 7comp>e ,g54 xxxv4 #d74 ,! repres5tations ( ,egyptian gods & ! ',horus-eyes' %\ld also be m5tion$ "h4 ',eyes' are /ill on sale 9 ! ,ea/1 !y are expect$ to be on ! wat* = evil influ5ces4 ,b ! anxiety to av]t evil & to procure fav\r ne$ n involve an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! means employ$1 & "s ( ! objects 7:5 n orig9ally possess$ by ,egyptian settl]s7 may h z mu* be>+ ^u ! "q ( ,egyptian influ5ce ^u ! religion ( ,pale/9e z ! use ( =eign 7,pho5ician87 =mul 9 ,egyptian magical texts4 ,oracles are obta9$ at ^? places :]e sup]natural be+s h manife/$ !mselves1 or f _! symbols or _! human repres5tatives4 ,9 ! /one enclosures at ,s]abit ,pr(essor ,petrie w\ld recognise ! sacr$ places visit$ by ^? :o work$ ! m9es & hop$ = useful dreams4 ,! value atta*$ to visions ( ! night ne$s no tell+1 & :5 ! #ec ,egyptian k+ ,m]neptah saw 9 8 sleep ! god ,ptah (f]+ him ! sword ( victory1 or :5 ! god ,a%ur direct$ ! ,lydian ,gyges to 'lay hold ( ! feet' ( ,a%urbanipal 7i4e4 place himself "u 8 protection71 we p]ceive among relatively advanc$ societies important factors 9 ! gr[? ( all religions4 ,div9e advice & help c\ld be grant$ by ! /atues ( ! gods3 a cunei=m tablet f ,taana* ref]s to an om5 giv5 by ! f+] ( ! goddess ,a%irat1 & ! writ] asks = ! sign & its int]pretation4 ,z 9 ! 'nodd+' ( ! gods 9 ,egyptian records ! modus op]&i mu/ n be too closely exam9$4 ,"s ( ! old cav]ns ( ,pale/9e 7 c]ta9ly us$ = magical or religi\s purposes1 & :5 we f9d !m connect$ by small & curv$ passages1 x is n improbable t !y 7 ! sc5es ( oracles1 !ophanies1 & ! l 7p4 #ae sq474 ,z ,mr4 ,macali/] has obs]v$1 apropos ( su* cav]ns 9 ! l[l&s ( ,judah & at ,gez]1 my/]i\s responses & wond]s c\ld be easily contriv$1 & w\ld be z conv9c+ to ! ignorant z ! ,miracle ( ! ,holy ,fire is to ! mod]n ,russian pilgrim 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem4 ,! association ( caves & o!r hidd5 resorts ) ! #ed wor%ip ( deities & oracles is well-kn[n 9 o!r fields 7e4g4 ,greece74 ,susa also _h a god ( oracles :o dwelt 9 secret retreats1 & o!r deities ^: remote haunts 7 burn$ by ,a%urbanipal :5 he c>ri$ !m (f4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! sup]natural p[]s include prophets1 prie/s1 & ev5 k+s2 !y are also ! possessors ( sup]natural qualities1 ! "o involv$ ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ! mod]n ,pale/9ian majnn 7'possess$ by ! j9n'7 & fakir1 & ! prophet ( old--contemptu\sly call$ 'madman'--! diff]5ce is "o ( degree4 ,! fr5zi$ utt]] is capable ( incalculable good or h>m1 & (t5 enjoys a respect out ( all keep+ ) 8 m]its4 ,8 v sanctity places him 9 a class by himself1 & he is all[$ a lic5ce :i* w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 o!rs4 ,an e>ly example ( inspiration appe>s 9 ! /ory ( ,w5amon ( ,egypt :o visit$ ,zak>baal ( ,byblos1 probably 9 ! reign ( ,ramses ,,xii4 7ab\t #aajj ,b4,c474 ,al?\gh ! envoy _h ) him ! /atue ( ! great ,egyptian god ,amon1 = n9ete5 days he receiv$ scant c\rtesy & 0 unable to obta9 ! desir$ int]view4 ,at l5g?1 z ! k+ 0 sacrific+ to 8 gods1 "o ( 8 noble y\?s #ee 0 seiz$ ) ec/asy :i* la/$ ! :ole night1 & 9 ?is /ate he dem&$ t '! mess5g] ( ,amon' be summon$ 7= ! sequel see bel[1 p4 #gd sq474 ,prophecy1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] has %[n1 by means ( num]\s examples1 is 'a ph5om5on ( almo/ _w-wide occurr5ce1' & x is important to rememb] t ! relations betwe5 man & ! _s-_w are n to be e/imat$ 9 ! light ( mod]n preconceptions4 ,!re 7 or?odox & unor?odox relations1 legitimate & illegitimate communion1 true & false repres5tatives ( ! sup]natural p[]s2 di/9ctions 7 ma9ta9$ al?\gh ! evid5ce is (t5 insuffici5t = u to appreciate old] /&po9ts4 ,broadly speak+1 x may be affirm$ t ! te/ lay 9 ! communal aspect ( religion 7:e!r ( clan1 tribe1 or p7 :i* 0 oppos$ to practices :i* 7 private or indep5d5t ( ! (ficial cult4 ,! dead1 9 _! turn1 dep>t into ! my/]i\s unse5 :i* looms s l>gely 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! liv+1 & burial & m\rn+ rites are %ap$ by _m diff]5t pr9ciples dep5d+ ^u !ories ( ! nature ( spirits1 affection = ! dead1 ! safety ( 8 s\l1 fe> ( malignant influ5ces1 etc4 ,b ! #ef int]pretation ( ! religi\s rites :i* att5d$ e crisis 9 life becomes unusually difficult :5 ! community suff] a loss1 & p]haps no o!r /udy /&s s mu* 9 ne$ ( c>eful 'comp>ative' treatm5t4 ,un=tunately ,pale/9e has furni%$ no fun]>y texts1 & little direct evid5ce2 ! dead 'g to _! fate1' ! k+ ( ,mitanni fa/s on ! day he he>s ( ! dea? ( ,am5hotep ,,iii41 & ,zak>baal ( ,byblos (f]s to %[ ,w5amon ! tomb :]e ! memb]s ( a =m] embassy sleep 7lit4 lie1 or pass ! night74 ,a p accu/om$ to ! annual dea? & revival ( nature might easily =mulate !ories ( ! survival ( ! dead1 & c>e is accord+ly tak5 to provide = ! ne$s ( ! deceas$ 7p4 #ce74 ,b ! same ?\ghts are n necess>ily symbolis$ by ! same rites4 ,?us1 cremation1 ! e>li] cu/om1 may h be5 int5d$ to sev] ! s\l f ! body1 to de/roy ! haunt+ _s1 or to prev5t contam9ation & contagion4 ,h[ev]1 ! subsequ5t use ( ! ,gez] crematorium by ^? :o practis$ inhumation involv$ a cont9uity ( ?\ght1 albeit ) "s adaptation & adju/m5t1 s9ce id5tical conceptions ( dea? & ! dead sc>cely encircl$ ! two di/9ct cu/oms4 ,?is is in/ructive = ! gr[? ( #eg complex ideas1 & ! subsequ5t prohibition 9 ,pale/9e ( c]ta9 m\rn+ rites may f9d a probable explanation 9 _! association ) cults :i* 7 reg>d$ z illegitimate4 ,! attitude ( ! liv+ t[>ds ! dead raises ! problem ( ance/or-wor%ip & ! relation betwe5 deifi$ ance/ors & gods4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( contempor>y evid5ce f ,anci5t ,pale/9e1 we may notice ! inscription ( ,k+ ,panammu ( ,nor? ,syria 7eigh? c5tury71 :]e he ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to 8 gods1 especially ,hadad1 to ^: hon\r he erects a colossal /atue ( ! deity4 ,! text invokes ! god's bless+ ^u ! successor to ! ?rone1 provid$ t ! latt] :5 he sacrifices makes m5tion ( ,panammu's s\l ) ,hadad or prays t ,panammu's s\l may eat & dr9k ) ! god4 ,%\ld ^! duties be neglect$1 ,hadad is bes\ght n to accept ! sacrifices1 to refuse 8 reque/s2 & sleeplessness & o!r tr\bles are call$ d[n ^u ! unfilial desc5dant4 ,x appe>s f ?is1 !re=e1 t :ile ! dead relies ^u ! att5tions ( ! liv+1 & x 0 necess>y t 8 "n %\ld be kept fre%2 ! dead c\ld only ex]t an indirect influ5ce1 & ! s\l or vital pr9ciple1 ap>t f ! body1 c\ld be #eh reg>d$ z pot5t only ?r\gh its companion%ip ) ! deity4 ,?is may be supplem5t$ f ,egypt 9 ! acc\nt ( ! relations betwe5 ,ramses ,,ii4 & 8 dead fa!r1 ,sety ,i4 ,! latt] is rem9d$ ( ! b5efits :i* 8 son _h conf]r$ ^u him1 8 /atue1 & 8 ka or vital =ce4 ,^! he may /ill cont9ue to enjoy1 &1 s9ce he n[ has ! companion%ip ( ! gods1 ,ramses besee*es him to influ5ce !m to grant him a long reign4 ,! deceas$ k+ ackn[l$ges ! bread & wat] :i* _h be5 regul>ly (f]$ to him2 & relates t he has become a god m beautiful ?an be=e2 he n[ m+les ) ! great gods1 & he decl>es t he has successfully int]c$$ on 8 son's behalf4 ,! dead reli$ ^u 8 desc5dants & ^u ! b5evol5ce ( future g5]ations1 & ,egyptian k+s 7at lea/7 hop$ to p>take ( ! food (f]$ to ! recognis$ deities4 ,religi\s & o!r works 7 und]tak5 t ! '"n' might 'live4' ,promises & ?reats 7 freely made to ensure due att5tion1 & 7 usually respect$ by ! liv+2 b ! frequ5t acts ( desecration w\ld indicate t fe> ( ! dead 0 n necess>ily a pr$om9at+ or la/+ feel+1 at all ev5ts outside a man's #ei own family4 ,! above-m5tion$ ,panammu & ,ramses are some:at exceptional cases s9ce individuals1 di/+ui%$ by rank1 sanctity1 or ev5 m ord9>y qualifications1 readily acquire di/+ui%$ positions 9 aft]-life4 ,moreov]1 ,ramses1 at all ev5ts1 0 already a god1 9 8 life-"t1 9 accordance ) ,egyptian belief1 & all ^? :o _h _h ! advantage ( be+ repres5tatives ( ! sup]natural p[]s sc>cely lo/ ?is relative sup]iority4 ,! protection af=d$ by fam\s tombs & ! virtues ( ! du/ tak5 f su* sacr$ spots are recognis$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! v5]at$ %r9es regul>ly f\nd _! ju/ification 9 ! traditions :i* encircl$ ! illu/ri\s occupant3 to violate !m 0 n m]ely an insult1 x /ruck a bl[ at "o ( ! c5tres ( cult & prosp]ity4 ,un=tunately = ! problem1 by ! side ( ! t5d5cy to elevate an illu/ri\s ance/or mu/ be plac$ ! v human & invet]ate weakness ( trac+ = oneself a noble ance/ry4 ,l ! claim ( ! mod]n ,pale/9ian peasant to be desc5d$ f ! alleg$ occupant ( ! local %r9e :i* he v5]ates1 e app>5t case ( ance/or-wor%ip /&s 9 ne$ ( a critical exam9ation4 ,z 9 mo/ problems ( religion1 ambiguity ( t]m9ology 7viz4 'wor%ip'7 #fj is responsible = mu* confusion4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !re w\ld be a natural incl9ation = e individual to reg>d 8 dead ance/or 9 ! _s-_w z m p[]ful & influ5tial ?an himself4 ,if ?is 7 s ev5 :5 !re 7 recognis$ gods1 x is obvi\s t all[ance mu/ be made = ! crucial /ages1 be=e ! deities ga9$ t recognition1 & aft] !y _h lo/ x4 ,space prev5ts any adequate ref]5ce to ! "p :i* animism has held 9 ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9ian religion2 )\t a recognition ( ?is fundam5tal factor 9 all religions mu* ( our evid5ce w\ld be un9telligible4#a ,:5 we take ! ideas :i* are associat$ ) ! "n1 we f9d t x has magical p[]s1 its use enli/s or conf]s protection or possession2 x is ! nature or ess5ce ( ! ?+ :i* be>s x--inde$1 almo/ id5tical ) x 7comp4 ,is4 xxx4 #bg74 ,h5ce ! mean+ ( names is always in/ructive4 ,! supposition t ! *ild :o be>s an animal-"n w acquire some?+ ( ! quality ( ! animal 9 "q 7:atev] be ! orig9al #fa motive7 pres]ves m ?an metaphor1 & indicates a /age :5 man saw little diff]5ce betwe5 animals & himself4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day x is /ill believ$ t ! s\l ( an ance/or c reappe> 9 an animal 7comp4 p4 #ej74 ,9 l mann]1 ! p]sonal names ( our p]iod :i* d5ote k9%ip ) a deity po9t to a belief 9 a physical relation%ip z natural z ! conviction ( ! mod]n native :5 he ref]s to ,allah 9 t]ms :i* imply t man is 9 e detail ! lit]al image ( ! ,almighty4 ,a diff]5ce betwe5 human & sup]human is sc>cely recognis$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! wom5 ( ! l& cont9ue to visit ! holy sites to obta9 (fspr+1 & x is freely ackn[l$g$ t welis & spirits ( ! dead c be physical fa!rs4 ,?is abs5ce ( any cle> divid+-l9e betwe5 natural & sup]natural is invet]ate4 ,! ,egyptian ,ph>aoh ( old 0 bo? a god & ! son ( a god1 & a record is pres]v$ ( ! visit ( ! god ,amon to que5 ,ahmose 9 ! =m ( h] husb&4 ,! halo ( div9ity 0 p]haps n s di/9ct z 9 e>li] times1 b 9 _! k+ ! p /ill saw ! e>?ly lik5ess ( ! deity4 #a ,x mu/ suffice to ref] to works deal+ ) primitive religion1 see ,e4 ,clodd1 ,animism1 ! ,se$ ( ,religion 7,london1 #aije71 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,magic & ,feti%ism 7#aijf71 9 ?is s]ies4 ,! ,div9ity ( k+s 0 a fundam5tal belief #fb :i* reveals itself 9 a v>iety ( =ms ?r\gh ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt4 ,! inscriptions ( ,gudea1 ! code ( ,khammurabi1 ! ,assyrian records & ! praises ( ! ,ph>aohs reflect conceptions :i* are mat]ialis$ n[ 9 ! insignia ( ! k+s1 & n[ 9 _! co/ume & toilet4 ,9 a ,babylonian my? ! royal ornam5ts lay be=e ! supreme god await+ ! mon>*2 9 ,egypt ! k+ is ! god's ka1 8 fir/-born2 *os51 creat$ & cr[n$ by ! div9e fa!r4 ,! k+s /ood 9 ! close/ relation%ip to ! gods2 !y 7 n only ! heads ( ! /ate1 !y 7 also 79 e>ly ,assyria7 prie/-k+s1 & 9 ,egypt !oretically all (f]+s = ! liv+ & ! dead 7 made by ! ,ph>aoh4 ,all ?is 0 nei!r m]e empty =mality nor an isolat$ ecc5tricity4 ,x is q 9 accordance ) ! p[]s commonly ascrib$ to div9e repres5tatives1 t ! control ( ! ra9 & /orm is held to dep5d ^u ! influ5ce ( ,ramses ,,ii4 ) ! wea!r-god4 ,x is equally intelligible 7f an?ropological evid5ce7 :5 ! same k+ caus$ ! gods to take up _! abode 9 ! images :i* _h be5 prep>$ = !m6 ,khammurabi c\ld decl>e t he c>ri$ 9 8 bosom ! p ( ,sum] & ,akkad1 & #fc ! ,ph>aoh c\ld call himself ! husb& ( ,egypt1 :ile ,egypt 0 '! only daught] ( ,re 7! sun-god7 ^: son sits ^u ! ?rone4' ,n only 0 he ! inc>nation & ! son ( ! deity 7or ( all ! recognis$ deities71 b he 0 ! cause ( ! l&'s fruitfulness1 prosp]ity1 & protection4 ,! ,ph>aoh1 '! god ( all p' 7z he is once call$71 receiv$ ! adoration ( 8 subjects1 & "o c\ld sometimes believe t he 0 m ess5tially a deity ?an ! gods !mselves1 7 x n t ! subord9ate gods always ma9ta9$ _! hold ^u ! p locally4 ,) all all[ance = ! diff]5ce betwe5 conv5tional & practical religion1 ! fundam5tal relations betwe5 l&1 p1 rul] & ! deity p]si/$ 9 _m relat$ ?\gh v>y+ =ms1 :i* are extremely int]e/+ 9 any consid]ation ( ! social *anges at ! rise ( a mon>*y & aft] its d[nfall4 ,?is digression is necess>y1 because1 al?\gh ! practical work+ ( su* beliefs z ^! may p]plex u1 ! fact rema9s t !y 7 %>$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! petty rul]s 9 ! ,am>na lett]s ?or\ghly recognise ! div9e nature ( ! k+ :o 0 a god & _h ! god = 8 fa!r 7see p4 #gh sq474 ,lat]1 :5 ,pale/9e _h its #fd own k+1 ! ',"l's ano9t$' 0 almo/ z ! deity himself 7,ex4 xxii4 #bh1 cp4 #b ,sam4 xiv4 #ag72 k+ & cult 7 "o 7,hos4 iii4 #d71 & ! k+'s dea? c\ld be reg>d$ z ! ext9ction ( ! nation's lamp 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 #ag74 ,n to m5tion o!r details1 ! ,messianic ideals ( ! div9ely-begott5 son & ( ! rul] ^: orig9 0 ( a=etime pres]ve ! invet]ate belief 9 ! div9e ance/ry ( rul]s1 an hon\r :i* 9 o!r l&s cont9u$ to be conf]r$ ^u r ?an claim$ by !m4 ,recognis$ gods4--,x is v important to f9d t ! repres5tatives or possessors ( div9e p[]s are ! wor%ipp]s ( _! deity 9 life & 8 inf]iors 9 dea?4 ,! recognis$ gods h _! def9ite circles ( cli5ts1 & if _! human repres5tatives are subsequ5tly wor%ipp$ or ev5 deifi$1 ?is is a n unnatural developm5t1 especially z ! (ficial deities are apt to be at ! m]cy ( political & religi\s *anges4 ,! old] gods c be degrad$ & s9k to ! rank ( demons 7f new] /&-po9ts71 b ! petty deities & ! l[] sup]natural be+s are z little influ5c$ by ext]nal vicissitudes z ! l[] ranks ( humanity ) :om !y always /& 9 clos] relation%ip4 #fe ,_! p]si/5ce 9 popul> belief is z typical z ! desc5t ( ! m augu/ be+s1 al?\gh ev5 ! latt] are und]/ood to reta9 an influ5ce :i* ^? ( m rec5t introduction h n yet acquir$ or are unable to ex]t4 ,:ile ! g5]al fundam5tal conceptions rema9 virtually un*ang$1 !y are %ap$ by ! social & political in/itutions1 = religi\s & political life =m$ "p ( ! same social organism4 #ff ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,gods ,_! vicissitudes4--,! deities 7 n orig9ally p]sonifications ( any "o p[] ( nature2 l ! secul> heads ( small local gr\ps !y 7 ! supreme patrons ( _! little circle4 ,!y 7 usually nameless1 b 7 kn[n by an epi!t1 or 7 /yl$ 'god' 7el7 or '"l1 own]' 7baal71 ) ! correspond+ fem99e =m4 ,ea* might be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( its locality4 ,! 'god' ( ,sidon 0 o!rwise ! ',baal' ( ,sidon1 ! 'goddess' ( ,byblos 0 kn[n z ! ',baala?' ( ! city2 ! ,baal ( ,tyre 0 call$ ,melk>t1 i4e4 simply 'k+ ( ! city'2 ! prop]-"n ( ! ,baal ( ,h>ran 0 ,s9 7! moon-god72 ! ,baal ( ,heav51 accord+ to ,philo ( ,byblos1 0 ! ,sun4 ,:5 ,baal & ,el 7 us$ z g5]ic t]ms1 _! application 0 p]fectly intelligible locally2 & :5 !y occur 9 =ty or m place-names1 & num]\s old p]sonal names #fg 9 ,pale/9e1 x is unnecess>y to suppose t !y repres5t two di/9ct & def9ite deities4 ,f ! old ,pale/9ian names we le>n t ! deity is high1 great & good2 he op5s1 builds1 heals1 s[s1 ga!rs2 he rememb]s1 ha/5s1 helps1 protects1 blesses1 etc4#a ,su* conceptions w\ld be g5]ally true ( all2 ! p[] ( ea* 0 n unlimit$1 b x ext5d$ to all t man usually desir$4 #a ,ap>t f names ^: mean+ is unc]ta9 7e4g4 ,jacob-el1 ,god supplants871 ! li/ c\ld be easily enl>g$2 a numb] ( names ( we/]n 7z oppos$ to ! usual ,babylonian7 type c be glean$ f ! records ( ! ,fir/ ,babylonian ,dyna/y4 ,f ! g5]al resemblance subsi/+ betwe5 ! di/9ct local gods x 0 possible to reg>d !m z s _m =ms ( a s+le god2 & :5 gr\ps comb9$ & individual gods 7 fus$1 multiplicity ( types ensu$4 ,! /atus ( a local tutel>y 0 affect$ :5 comm]cial int]c\rse wid5$ ! horizon ( bo? ! travell] & ! native2 & 9 ! gr[? ( political p[] & ! rise ( a k+%ip ! conceptions ent]ta9$ ( ! deity's attributes & p[]s 7 elevat$4 ,?r\gh ! ext5sion ( au?ority ! way lay op5 to gr\ps ( gods :o c\ld n be fus$1 & equally to ! sup]iority ( "o national patron deity ov] ! re/4 #fh ,political or o!r *anges l$ to ! promotion ( ?is or ! o!r god1 & prom95t or specialis$ deities 9 sup]s$+ o!rs acquir$ fre% attributes1 ?\gh local div]g5cies 7 aga9 necess>ily reta9$4 ,?is does n complete ! vicissitudes ( ! gods or ! intricacies caus$ by assimilation or id5tification4 ,a popul> epi!t or appellative c\ld appe> by ! side ( ! prop] deity z a new creation1 or ! deity 0 sub-divid$ on cosmical & a/ral !ories4 ,! female deity 7^: "n may be )\t ! usual di/+ui%+ m>k ( g5d]7 c\ld ev5 *ange h] sex2 ! specific "n c\ld also become employ$ z a common t]m = any deity1 & ! plural 'gods' c\ld be appli$ to a s+le be+ z a collective repres5tation ( ! *>act]i/ics x embodi$4 ,amid ! intricate c>e]s ( ! great names1 ! local deities ob/9ately surviv$ 9 popul> religi\s life4 ,!y h f\nd _! p>allel 9 ! welis or patrons1 sa9ts & holy %eikhs ( ! mod]n %r9es 7see pp4 #ba sqq474 ,! mod]n analogy is in/ructive 9 _m po9ts ( detail1 p>ticul>ly :5 we obs]ve ! vicissitudes :i* ! occupants ( ! %r9es h exp]i5c$4 ,x is natural to ask = ! anci5t c\nt]p>ts ( ! ,allah1 ! supreme god 9 ! #fi (ficial religion1 :o1 z we h said1 is vague & remote 9 ! practical religi\s life ( ! peasant ( to-day4 ,a s]ies ( well-def9$ hi/orical ev5ts made him pre-em95t ov] all o!r gods & goddesses & e/abli%$ ,mohamm$anism2 int]nal & ext]nal causes %ap$ ! v>y+ conceptions ( 8 nature1 & gave bir? to num]\s sects4 ,all ! ,ori5tal religions h ?is tw(old aspect3 ! hi/orical circum/ances :i* affect$ ! vicissitudes ( ! deities1 & ! m subtle factors :i* h influ5c$ =ms ( belief4 ,b we h no direct in=mation ^u ! rise ( ! g5]al conditions 9 ,pale/9e dur+ our p]iod1 & su* problems z ! orig9 ( ! t]m ,el ',god' 7common to all ! ,semitic peoples7 belong to ! pre-hi/oric ages4 ,_! repres5tative "*4--,:5 ! gods reign l feudal pr9ces ov] _! pr9cipalities _! sph]e is limit$ & o!r di/ricts or k+doms belong to o!r gods4 ,resid5ce 9 an ali5 l& br\ght "o "u ! influ5ce ( ali5 gods1 ^: reality 0 n d5i$1 ?\gh _! p[] c\ld be v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,at ,s]abit1 = example1 ! ,egyptians _h comb9$ ! wor%ip ( _! god ,sopdu ) t ( ! #gj local 'lady ( turquoise1' :om !y id5tifi$ ) _! ,ha?or1 & ! caves & temples ( bo? /ood side by side4 ,! ,egyptian inscriptions !re ref] to '! gods & goddesses ( ?is l&1' & an (fic]1 probably ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 enc\rages a cult :i* 0 l>gely utilit>ian3 ',(f] ye to ! mi/ress ( heav51 appease ye ,ha?or2 if ye d x1 x w be pr(itable to y2 if ye increase to h]1 x %all be well among y4' ,"s c5turies lat]1 we read t ,ramses ,,iii41 desir\s ( ! preci\s treasures1 s5t clo!s & ri* pres5ts to 8 '"m' ,ha?or1 'lady ( ! turquoise4' ,! relation%ip betwe5 c\ntries & _! respective national gods 7cp4 ,judges xi4 #bd7 is frequ5tly illu/rat$4 ,:5 ,tu%ratta1 k+ ( ,mitanni1 writes to ,am5hotep ,,iii41 he ascribes a victory to ! wea!r-god ,te%ub 7if t 0 ! native "n71 & tru/s t 8 "l ,te%ub w nev] p]mit him to be angry ) 8 'bro!r' ! k+ ( ,egypt4 ,simil>ly1 he prays t ! sun-god 7,%ama%7 & ! goddess ,i%t> may g be=e 8 daught] & make h] 9 accord ) ! k+'s he>t4#b ,on #ga ! o!r h&1 x is '! gods1' or ,te%ub & ,amon 7( ,egypt71#c :o w make ! pres5t alliance a la/+ "o1 & 8 gods & ^? ( 8 'bro!r1' or ,i%t>1 'lady ( ladies1' & ,amon :o w gu>d ! damsel on ! j\rney & give h] fav\r ) ! k+4 #b ,9 ! names 9 *apt]s vi4 & vii41 ! m famili> ,a/>te is employ$ = ,a%t>t 7,old ,te/am5t1 ,a%tore?74 ,:]e cunei=m evid5ce is us$ ! ,babylonian =m 7e4g4 ,%ama%1 ,i%t>7 is usually reta9$4 #c ,amon1 ! pr$om9ant god ( ,egypt1 ow$ 8 rise f an obscure local deity ( ,!bes to ! political gr[? ( ! city4 ,he 0 !n assimilat$ to ,re 7! sol>-orb7 ( ,heliopolis4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! reign ( ,am5hotep ,,iii4 ,tu%ratta despat*$ to ,egypt1 ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh 'lady ( l&s1 lady ( heav51' 9 pursuance to h] oracle 'to ! l& t ,i love ,i w g4' ,%e 0 d\btless s5t to ex]cise h] p[]s 9 ,egypt1 & ,tu%ratta expresses ! hope t ! k+ may rev]e h] t5fold m ?an on ! occasion ( a previ\s visit4 ,he also invokes a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s & great joy = 8 'bro!r' & himself4 ,!re is a p>allel to ?is 9 ! late popul> /ory :]e ,ramses ,,ii4 s5t "o ( ! images ( ,khonsu 7moon-god & god ( heal+7 to cure a ,hittite pr9cess1 ! si/] ( 8 que51 ( an evil _s4 ,! god accompani$ by a prie/ 0 receiv$ ) all rev]5ce1 ! demon 0 expell$ & all[$ to dep>t 9 peace to ! place he desir$1 & a great fea/ 0 celebrat$4 ,inde$1 ! #gb ,hittite *ief kept ! useful god ) him = ne>ly f\r ye>s1 :51 fright5$ by a vision ( ! god fly+ upw>ds t[>ds ,egypt1 he re/or$ x to its rightful soil4 ,! v human limitations ( ! deities r5d] x necess>y t "s repres5tation or emblem %\ld be employ$ :5 _! help is requir$4 ,9 political ,treaties & ,cov5ants ! repres5tative gods ( ! respective c\ntries are invok$ z witnesses1 & _! curses are expect$ to fall ^u ! default]4 ,x 0 g5]ally felt t curses z well z bless+s _h a v real pot5cy1 & ! ?rill+ d5unciations at ! end ( ,khammurabi's ,code ( ,laws & contempor>y examples f ,egypt ?reat5 desolation1 hung]1 ?ir/1 flam+ fire1 & ! av5g+ pursuit ( ! gods4 ,political treaties are in/ructive = ! light !y ?r[ ^u ! rul+ p[]s4 ,9 ,es>haddon's treaty ) ,baal1 k+ ( ,tyre 7#fgg-f ,b4,c471 ! gods ( ! latt] are ,baal-%am5 7,baal ( heav571 two o!r specifi$ ,baals1 ,melk>t ( ,tyre1 ,e%mun & ! goddess ,a/>te4 ,lat]1 9 ,hannibal's cov5ant ) ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ! ,c>?ag9ian gods are enum]at$ 9 two triads1 !n foll[ ! gods :o took "p 9 w>1 & f9ally1 sun1 moon1 e>?1 #gc riv]s1 h>b\rs 787 & /reams4 ,b ! mo/ illum9at+ example is ! ,egyptian v]sion ( ! treaty 7ab\t #abij71 betwe5 ,ramses ,,ii4 & ! ,kheta 7,hittites71 ! two great rival influ5ces ov] ! int]v5+ l&s4 ,"h ! repres5tative heads ( ,egypt & ! ,kheta are respectively ! sun-god ,re & ,sutekh 7i4e4 ,set1 ! ,egyptian equival5t ( a wea!r- or /orm-god ^: native "n c only be conjectur$74 ,=m]ly1 we le>n1 '! god prev5t$ ho/ilities' betwe5 ! two l&s by treaty1 & ?is new pact is made = 're-e/abli%+ ! relations :i* ,re made & ,sutekh made = ! l& ( ,egypt ) ! l& ( ,kheta' to prev5t future w>f>e4 ,! ?\s& gods male & female bo? ( ! ,kheta & ( ,egypt are call$ to witness4 ,^? ( ! =m] are p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 !y comprise ! sun-god "l ( heav51 ! sun-god ( ! city ( ,ern5 7also call$ '"l ( e l&'71 ,sutekh "l ( heav51 ,sutekh ( ,kheta1 ,sutekh ( ! city ( ,ern51 & ! ,sutekh ( v>i\s specifi$ cities1 ,an!ret 7probably ,a/>te7 ( ! l& ( ,kheta1 n9e gods & goddesses ( c]ta9 nam$ cities4 ,next come '! que5 ( heav52 gods1 lords ( swe>+2 ! mi/ress ( ! soil1 ! mi/ress ( swe>+1 ,te%k]1 ! mi/ress ( ! #gd m\nta9s1 & ! riv]s ( ! l& ( ,kheta1' &1 f9ally1 ! gods ( a ,nor? ,syrian ally ( ,kheta4 ,on ! ,egyptian side are ,amon1 ! sun-god1 ,sutekh 7"h an ,egyptian deity1 see p4 #hc71 ! male & female gods ( ! m\nta9s & ! riv]s ( ,egypt1 ( ! heav5s1 ! soil1 ! great sea1 ! w9d & ! /orms4 ,! treaty also bore a repres5tation ( ! k+ ( ! ,kheta & 8 que5 embrac$ respectively by ,sutekh ! rul] ( ! heav5s1 & a goddess ^: "n is lo/4 ,to ! gods ( ,pale/9e !re is no ref]5ce2 ,pale/9e did n enjoy political indep5d5ce4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,egypt4--,our late/ s\rce is ! ,egyptian acc\nt ( ! visit ( ,w5amon to ,byblos to procure c$>-wood f ,lebanon = ! sacr$-b>ge ( ,amon-,re1 ,k+ ( ,gods 7ab\t #aajj74 ,! human mess5g] took ) him ! div9e mess5g] 9 ! %ape ( a /atue ( ',amon-(-!-,way1' reput$ to conf] life & heal?2 a sacr$ image ^u :i* no common eye might gaze4 ,:5 at l5g? ,zak>baal grant$ an int]view 7see p4 #ed71 he 0 incl9$ to ignore ! political supremacy ( ,egypt1 al?\gh he appe>s to all[ t ,amon _h civilis$ ,egypt & !nce all l&s1 & t #ge artisan%ip & tea*+ _h come f ,egypt to 8 place ( abode4 ,w5amon1 = 8 "p1 %[$ t =m] k+s n only sold c$>s to ,egypt1 b sp5t _! lives sacrific+ to ,amon4 ,ev5 ! evid5ce ( '! j\rnal ( 8 fa!rs' did n remove ! k+'s reluctance4 ,b ! envoy urg$ ! claim ( ,amon to be "l & possessor ( ! sea & ( ,lebanon1 & solemnly w>n$ ,zak>baal3 'wi% n = ?yself a ?+ belong+ to ,amon-,re1 yea ! lion loves 8 own4' ,ultimately ! k+ s5t ! wood1 & he commemorat$ 8 ob$i5ce to ,amon-,re by an inscription :i* 0 likely to be pr(\ndly b5eficial4 ,=1 z ! envoy obs]v$1 %\ld ,byblos be visit$ by ,egyptians :o 7 able to read ! /ele ) 8 "n 7! all-ess5tial adjunct71 he w\ld 'receive wat] 9 ! ,we/ 7! _w ( ! dead :]e ! sun-god desc5d$ nightly7 l ! gods :o are "h' 7presumably at ,byblos74 ,al?\gh ! n>rative is writt5 f an ,egyptian /&po9t1 ! conviction :i* is ascrib$ to ,zak>baal f9ds a p>allel 9 ! famili> /ory ( ! j\rney ( ,osiris1 ! f\nd] ( ,egyptian civilisation1 f ! ,delta to ,byblos4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,hyksos p]iod ,egyptian wom5 nam$ !mselves aft] ! ,baala? ( ,byblos #gf :om !y id5tifi$ ) ,ha?or & evid5tly reg>d$ z an appropriate patroness4#d ,! connection betwe5 ,egypt & ! port ( ,lebanon may h be5 exceptionally close1 b !re 7 ,egyptian settlem5ts at ,gez]1 ,megiddo1 & ! nor? at an equally e>ly age4 ,"u ! conqu]ors ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 ! daught]s ( ! small tribut>ies 7 tak5 into ! royal h>em1 & ! sons 7 remov$ z ho/ages & safely gu>d$ 9 ,egypt4 ,"s ( ! latt] settl$ d[n1 o!rs 7 appo9t$ 9 due c\rse to ! ?rones ( _! fa!rs1 aft] hav+ receiv$ ! necess>y ano9t+-oil f ! great k+4 ,"o ( ! latt] recalls 9 ! ,am>na lett]s h[ he _h s]v$ ! k+ 9 ,egypt & _h /ood at ! royal gate1 & f ! grave-/one ( a ,pale/9ian soldi] at ,el-,am>na we may see h[ settlem5t ^u ,egyptian soil _h l$ to ! acceptance ( ,egyptian ideas ( ! o!r _w4 #d ,a4 ,erman1 ,zeits*rift fur ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e1 xlii4 p4 #aji4 ,mean:ile ,pale/9e & ,syria 7 "u ! direction ( ,egyptian au?orities1 to ^: pres5ce ! ,am>na lett]s frequ5tly allude1 & "o ( ! writ]s qua9tly lik5s ! solicitude ( a c]ta9 (ficial on 8 behalf to t ( a #gg "m or a fa!r4 ,:]e !re 7 ,egyptians or :]e pr9ces _h be5 9 ,egypt1 "s trace ( ! national religion may be expect$1 & x is probable t e milit>y g>rison possess$ "s k9d ( sanctu>y4 ,moreov]1 ,?utmose ,,iii4 _h d$icat$ ?ree cities 9 ! ,lebanon di/rict to ,amon2 lat]1 ,egyptian gods 'dwelt' 9 ! nor? at ,tunip4 ,a /ele1 a few miles s\? ( ,tell ',a%t>ah 7cp4 ! "n ,i%t>7 9 ,ba%an repres5ts ,sety ,i4 (f]+ a libation to ,amon1 & ! pure ,egyptian workman%ip po9ts to a /rong =eign influ5ce 9 ! locality4 ,ramses ,,ii4 set up a /atue ( 8 maje/y 9 ,tunip1 & a city 9 ,s\? ,lebanon 0 call$ aft] 8 "n4 ,/ill desc5d+1 we read t cities 7 set ap>t = ,amon-,re 9 ! reign ( ,ramses ,,iii41 & ?is k+ built 9 ,canaan 'a my/]i\s h\se l ! horizon ( heav5s :i* is 9 ! sky' 7i4e4 ! abode ( ! sun-god71 ) a great /atue ( ',amon-(-,ramses-rul]-(-,heliopolis1' to :i* ! natives br\ght tribute1 '= x 0 div9e4' ,else:]e1 ,ramses ,,iii4 ass]ts t he built /rongholds 9 ,asia 9 hon\r ( ,amon1 tax+ !m ye> by ye> to br+ _! (f]+s to ! ka ( ! '"l ( gods4' ,accord+ly1 d[n to ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury ! cult ( ,amon foll[$ ! ext5sion ( ,egyptian #gh supremacy1 & al?\gh ! subsequ5t political hi/ory is obscure1 ! /ory ( ,w5amon w\ld indicate t "s sixty or sev5ty ye>s lat] ! pre/ige ( ! god's "n 0 n entirely lo/4 ,w5amon's claim corresponds to ! explicit recognition 79 ! ,am>na lett]s7 t ! l& belong$ to ,egypt's gods2 x 0 ! natural coroll>y ( political ext5sion4 ,l ,zak>baal & 8 ance/ors1 all ! tribut>y pr9ces 7 expect$ to ackn[l$ge ! suz]a9ty ( ,egypt's k+ & 8 deity4 ,to refra9 f sacrific+ to ! conqu]or's gods 0 "o ( ! signs ( op5 revolt1 z we "k f ,assyria & ,babylonia4 ,! k+ id5tifi$ himself ) ! sun1 l ! contempor>y ,hittite k+ ,subbiluliu9a & o!r mon>*s1 f ,khammurabi '! ,sun ( ,babylonia' :o 'caus$ light to g =? ov] ! l&s ( ,sum] & ,akkad' to ! ,assyrian ,%almanes] ,,ii4 ,al?\gh ! result is confus+1 ! subord9ate *iefs ( ,pale/9e & ,syria 7 accu/om$ to ! ?\ght4 ,!y address ! k+ z _! gods1 _! ,sun1 ! son ( ! ,sun :om ! ,sun loves1 ! ,sun 9 heav51 ! ,sun ( ! l&s1 or ! ev]la/+ ,sun4 ,?is deifi$ ,sun or ,%ama% 7to reta9 ! ,babylonian =m7 answ]s to ! ,egyptian ,re or ,amon4 ,s ,abimilki 7,abimele*7 ( ,tyre writes1 #gi ',my "l is ! ,sun :i* goes up ov] ! l&s daily accord+ to ! decision ( ! ,sun 7,%ama%7 8 graci\s fa!r4' ,& aga91 ',i h said to ! ,sun1 ! fa!r ( ! k+1 my "l1 :5 %all ,i see ! face ( ! k+1 my "l8' ,ano!r writ] ascribes 8 victory to ! k+'s gods & ,sun :i* w5t be=e 8 face4 ,! *ief ( ,megiddo1 9 a lett] int]e/+ = its glosses 9 ! native language1 ann\nces 8 int5tions %\ld ! k+'s gods assi/ him1 & o!r writ]s invoke ! god or gods ( ! k+ & ackn[l$ge ! might ( ,%ama%4 ,nev]!less1 ! id5tification ( ! ,egyptian & ! ,asiatic sun-god w\ld n1 & probably did n1 prev5t !m f be+ reg>d$ z two deities1 & a private tablet at ,taana* n only recognises ! god ,amon & ! wea!r-god ,addu1 b ev5 appe>s to add ,%ama%4 ,x is natural to suppose f ! id5tification ( ! k+1 ! sun1 & ! national sun-god ,amon 7or ,%ama%7 t _m app>5tly ord9>y rites _h a deep] significance1 :e!r x 0 ! ano9t+ ( a vassal or ! fa/+ = a dead mon>* 7p4 #ef74 ,! cu/om ( (f]+ sacrifices on behalf ( k+s is well atte/$1 & x is possible t ! position ( div9e k+s ?r[s light ^u ! fact t #hj ! k+ ( ,cyprus has to expla9 8 failure to s5d a repres5tative to ,egypt :5 ,am5hotep 0 celebrat+ a sacrificial fea/4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,ali5 ,gods dep5ds l>gely ^u political relations 7cp4 pp4 #fi sqq474 ,new settl]s might add ! e/abli%$ deities ( ! soil to _! own4 ,a conqu]or might recognise ! deities ( ! di/rict to :i* he laid claim4 ,! gods ( a defeat$ l& 7 n inv>iably depos$1 al?\gh ! ,assyrian k+s w\ld sometimes de/roy !m or pres5t !m to _! own deities4 ,me%a k+ ( ,moab 7ab\t #hej ,b4,c47 records t he br\ght be=e 8 god c]ta9 captur$ objects ( cult1 & x is possible t ! pill> at ,gez] :i* is n ( local orig9 _h a hi/ory ( ?is k9d 7p4 #ad74 ,! ,phili/9es 7 dismay$ at ! 'mighty gods' :i* ! ,hebrews1 9 accordance ) a famili> cu/om1 took ) !m into battle1 &1 on ano!r occasion1 _! own gods1 left beh9d 9 _! flight1 7 c>ri$ away by ,david 7#a ,sam4 iv4 #h1 #b ,sam4 v4 #ba74 ,! m]e capture ( ! gods 0 sometimes en\gh to lead to ov]tures = peace4 ,b an ,assyrian k+ w\ld ev5 repair ! dilapidat$ captive deities1 & hav+ inscrib$ ^u !m ! 'might' ( 8 god & #ha ! 'writ+ ( 8 "n' w\ld re/ore !m to a tru/$ vassal4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! petty rul]s enjoy$ consid]able fre$om provid$ !y paid _! tribute1 & support$ _! suz]a94 ,we d n le>n t ,egypt s\ght to amalgamate subdu$ peoples & make ( !m '"o folk' 7lit4 m\?71 z 0 claim$ by ,tigla?-,piles] ,i4 & o!r ,assyrian k+s4 ,nor d we f9d t ! ,egyptian k+ s5t skill$ emiss>ies to tea* 7z ,s>gon ,,ii4 says7 '! fe> ( ,god & ! k+1' al?\gh1 if ! ref]5ce be m]ely to ! promulgation ( ! (ficial cult1 ?is 0 probably ! *ief results also ( ,egypt's supremacy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,syrian pr9ce :o _h recaptur$ 8 ,sun-god f ! ,hittites bes\ght ,am5hotep ,,iii4 7:om he addresses z ',son ( ,%ama%'7 to put 8 "n ^u x z 8 fa!rs _h done 9 ! pa/4 ,! text is some:at obscure1 b ! recognition ( ! ,asiatic ,%ama% is cle>1 & intelligible on ! id5tification ( ,%ama% & ,amon-,re4 ,s1 also1 :5 ! k+ ( ,byblos ass]ts t '! gods1 ,%ama%1 & ! ,baala?' ( ! city _h br\ght ab\t ! k+'s accession1 we h to rememb] t ! goddess _h long be=e be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,egyptian ,ha?or4 ,at a lat] date1 a /ele f\nd nor? ( ,tell ',a%t>ah depicts ,ramses ,,ii4 #hb pay+ homage to a deity ^: cr[n1 horn1 & ,semitic title prove him 7or h]7 to be a native deity :om ! k+ evid5tly respect$4#e ,respect = ali5 gods ceases :5 !y are f\nd to be p[]less2 b ,egypt 0 con/antly tr\bl$ by h] w>like ,asiatics1 & s f> f _! gods be+ ignor$ or reject$1 !y ent]$ ,egypt & f\nd an extremely hospitable reception 7see ,*apt] vii74 ,asiatic conqu]ors 9 ,egypt appe> to h be5 less tol]ant4 ,! ,hyksos rul$ '9 ignorance ( ,re1' & _! god 7,sutekh7 0 plant$ 9 ! l&2 &1 lat]1 dur+ ! brief p]iod ( an>*y :5 a ,pale/9ian or ,syrian *ief held ,egypt until 8 ov]?r[ by ,setnakht1 ! up/>ts 'made ! gods l m5 & no (f]+s 7 pres5t$ 9 ! temples4' ,we may assume !n t ! religion ( our l& rema9$ practically un*ang$ dur+ ,egyptian supremacy except 9 s f> z ?is involv$ ! (ficial recognition ( ! ,egyptian national god & 8 repres5tative ^u ! ?rone4 #e ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 ,pal/9a-,v]e9s1 xiv4 p4 #adb1 xv4 p4 #bje4 ,! /ele1 kn[n z ! '/one ( ,job1' has ent]$ into ! wor%ip ( a ,moslem place ( pray]1 & is appropriately connect$ ) a /ory ( ! patri>*1 _m traditions ( :om are curr5t 9 ?is "p ( ,hauran4 #hc ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,pan!on ,until ! necess>y evid5ce comes to light x is sc>cely possible to d m ?an collect a few notes ^u "s ( ! gods & goddesses ( our p]iod4 ,! mo/ important s\rces are f ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 & ,egypt2 b "s additional in=mation c be glean$ f ,pale/9ian names1 all[ance be+ made = ! fact t a p]sonal "n comp\nd$ ) t ( a deity is n en\gh to prove t ! be>] 0 its wor%ipp]4 ,asiatic ,deities 9 ,egypt date f be=e ! age ( ! ,hyksos invasion1 z c be ga!r$ f ! hi/ory ( ! mix$ cult at ,s]abit & f ! introduction ( ,baala? ( ,byblos 7p4 #ge74 ,apophis1 a ,hyksos k+1 has left an alt> d$icat$ to 8 'fa!r ,sutekh1' :o _h set all l&s "u 8 feet1 & aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,hyksos1 ?is =eign deity1 #hd ,egyptianis$ z ,set 7or ,sutekh71 became firmly e/abli%$4 ,bo? ,,sutekh & ,,baal 7 reg>d$ z ess5tially gods ( battle1 & ! latt] (t5 occurs 9 descriptions ( ! pr[ess ( ! ,ph>aohs ( ! ,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies4 ,?us1 ! k+ is l ,baal 9 ! l&s1 mighty 9 /r5g?1 f>-rea*+ 9 c\rage1 /rong-horn$2 he is l ,sutekh great 9 might4 ,he is ! equal ( ,baal1 '8 real son = ev]1' & he is z ,baal 9 8 h\r 7i4e4 ( manife/ation74 ,:5 he appe>s ^u ! battlefield l ,baal1 8 flame consumes ! foe1 & ,amon-,re ann\nces to ,ramses ,,iii41 ',i ov]?r[ = !e e l&1 :5 !y see ?y maje/y 9 /r5g?1 l my son1 ,baal 9 8 wra?4' ,baal is 9 8 limbs2 8 ro>+ is l ,baal 9 heav51 & 8 enemies fall d[n 9 fe> ( him l ,baal4 ,baal 0 virtually id5tical ) ,sutekh :o is repres5t$ z a =eign god & is sometimes horn$ 7e4g4 at ,s]abit74 ,a curi\s sc>ab %[s a w+$ ,sutekh ) horn$ cap & long /ream] /&+ ^u a lion4 ,ano!r =eign] is ,,re%eph1 "l ( heav51 "l ( et]nity1 or gov]nor ( ! gods2 he is ! w>rior1 ! god ( fire & lightn+ 7subsequ5tly id5tifi$ ) ,apollo74 ,valiant ,egyptian (fic]s are lik5$ to him4 ,he appe>s on #he ! ,egyptian monum5ts ) ,semitic pr(ile1 & conical hat 7or o!rwise a fillet7 f :i* projects ! head ( a gazelle2 he holds a lance & %ield 9 ! left h&1 & 9 8 "r a club4 ,accord+ to a magical text 8 consort 0 '-t-m1 a deity :o seems to be comb9$ ) ,%ama% 9 an old ,nor? ,pale/9ian place-"n1 & may recur 9 ! famili> ,ob$ 7s]vant (7 -,edom4 ,9 ,egypt ,re%eph also =m$ a triad ) ,m9 7! old h>ve/-deity & god ( reproduction7 & ! goddess ,,kade% 7'holy'74 ,! la/1 ^: "n sugge/s ! sacr$ lic5ti\s rites ( ,asiatic cults 7p4 #cc sq471 is call$ lady ( heav51 mi/ress ( ! gods1 ! eye ( ,re1 etc4 ,%e 0 assimilat$ to ,ha?or1 & /&s nude ^u a lion ) lotus fl[]s 9 h] "r h& & a s]p5t 9 h] left2 h] head fram$ ) heavy tresses ( hair is sometimes surm\nt$ by ! sun-disk betwe5 two horns4 ,among =eign w>-goddesses ,egypt _h ,,ana?1 well kn[n f ,pale/9ian place-names4 ,h] prie/hood at ,!bes is m5tion$ "u ,?utmose ,,iii41 & ! fav\rite daught] ( ,ramses ,,ii4 0 nam$ 'daught] ( ,ana?4' ,! deity is repres5t$ sitt+ clo!d ^u a ?rone ) lance & %ield 9 ! "r h& & battle-axe 9 ! left2 or hold+ in/ead ! papyrus sceptre & #hf ! emblem ( life %e /&s erect clad 9 a pan!r-sk92 h] fea!r$ cr[n sometimes has a pair ( horns at ! base4 ,%e is call$ lady ( heav51 or ( ! _w1 daught] ( ! sun1 "m1 etc41 & is (t5 pair$ ) ,a/>te4 ,,a/>te f\nd a place 9 sev]al ,egyptian temples4 ,we also he> ( h] prophets1 & a fragm5t>y my? app>5tly describes h[1 z daught] ( ,ptah1 %e ent]$ ! pan!on ( ,memphis4 ,"h1 z we le>n f ano!r text1 ,egyptian & =eign deities met toge!r1 & among ! latt] is a ,baala? ,saphun 7,b4 ( ! ,nor?871 ^: male c\nt]p>t appe>s 9 ,baal-,zephon ne> ! ,r$ ,sea 7,ex4 xiv4 #b7 & ! equival5t ,baal-,sapun1 "o ( ! gods ( k+ ,baal 7see p4 #gb74 ,! ,egyptians depict ,a/>te ) ! head ( a lioness1 driv+ h] quadriga ov] ! foe2 & z goddess ( w> %e is 'mi/ress ( horses & lady ( *>iots4' ,b t bo? ,ana? & ,a/>te 7 also dissolute goddesses is recognis$ 9 a text :i* ascribes _! creation to ,set4 ,! preval5ce ( ! cult ( ! goddess ( love & w> 9 ,pale/9e is well kn[n f ! ref]5ces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to ,a%tore? 7an int5tional p]v]sion to sugge/ b%e? '%ame'71 f ! place-names1 & f ! plaques :i* #hg indicate num]\s m9or local types 7p4 #bi74 ,9 ! ,am>na tablets ,a/>te 7or r ! ,babylonian ,i%t>7 coalesces ) ,,a%irta :o is sometimes writt5 9 ! plural 7,a%rati74 ,l ! place-names ,ana?o? 7! ,ana?s7 & ,a%t>o? 7! ,a/>tes71 ! diff]5t conceptions ( ! goddess 9 all h] local =ms seem to be comb9$ 9 "o t]m4 ,a%irta appe>s to h be5 ess5tially ! goddess ( ! we/4 ,9 a text ( ! ,fir/ ,babylonian ,dyna/y %e is pair$ ) ,ramman z 'bride ( ! k+ ( heav51 lady ( exub]ance 7or vig\r7 & spl5d\r'2 lat]1 %e is call$ ! consort ( ! '"l ( ! m\nta91' an appellative correspond+ to ! ,baal ( ,lebanon4 ,9 old ,arabia %e 0 ! wife ( ! moon-god1 & ! mascul9e =m ,a%ir1 on cunei=m ,cappadocian tablets ( our p]iod1 seems to be no o!r ?an ! great god ,a%ur himself4 ,h] "n _c be sev]$ f ! ,a%rah1 b x is n cle> :e!r x 0 transf]r$ to or d]iv$ f ! object ( cult 7see p4 #bf74 ,! intricacy ( ! hi/ory ( ! div9e-names w be und]/ood :5 ! ,assyrian equival5t ( ,be? 7h\se (7 -,el becomes ! "n ( a deity1 or :5 ! plural ( ,i%t> is us$ ( goddesses 9 g5]al1 or :5 ,re%eph 7above7 9 ,hebrew d5otes a sp>k1 #hh flame1 or fire-bolt4 ,b ! c>e] ( ! goddess ( love & w> is ev5 m complicat$4 ,! phonetic equival5t ( ,i%t> 9 old ,arabia 0 a god 7s p]haps also 9 ,moab1 n9? c5tury71 & ,i%t> h]self appe>s 9 ,assyria ) a be>d & is lik5$ to ! god ,a%ur1 ?us f9d+ a lat] p>allel 9 ! be>d$ ,aphrodite 7,a/>te1 ,v5us7 ( ,cyprus4 ,! sex ( ! sun-deity ,,%ama% is equally confus+1 =1 al?\gh he 0 "l ( heav5 7p4 #gc71 & k+s ( ,egypt & ! ,hittites id5tifi$ !mselves ) him1 ! deity 0 female 9 old ,arabia1 among e>li] ,hittite gr\ps1 & probably once1 also1 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria4#a ,place-names comp\nd$ ) ,%eme% atte/ ! preval5ce ( ! deity1 & ar\nd ! di/rict ( ,gez] lie ,be?-,%eme% & ! /ories ( ,samson 7sun7 :]e9 sol> elem5ts h be5 recognis$4 ,among pa/oral & agricultural peoples1 h[ev]1 ! moon is m important4 ,to ! prom95ce ( new-moon fe/ivals & ! probable connection betwe5 ! lun> body & ! "n ,j]i*o we mu/ add ! moon-god ,,s91 9 ,s9ai & ! des]t ( ,s9 #hi 9 ! s\? ( ,pale/9e1 & 9 ! nor? at ,h>ran1 :]e 8 wor%ip surviv$ to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,at ,hama?1 9 ,n4 ,syria1 ab\t #hjj ,b4,c41 ,%ama% & ! moon-god f9d a place by ! side ( ! supreme ',baal ( heav54' ,lat]1 at ,n]ab ne> ,aleppo ! moon-god is associat$ ) 8 wife ,n-k-l 7,n9-gal '! great lady'71 ,%ama%1 & ,nusku 7fire-god1 mess5g] ( ,bel74 ,specific ,assyrian influ5ce might be expect$ at ?is date1 b ! consort's "n appe>s 9 an ,egyptian magical text1 n lat] ?an ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y1 z ! wife ( '! high god' 7"h1 ! ,sun874#b #a ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 ,mitteilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft 7,b]l91 #aijg71 ,no4 #ce1 p4 #ec2 id41 ,am>na ,tablets1 ,no4 #bjh1 #a4 #bb 7,knudtzon1 ,no4 #cbc74 #b ,a4 ,h4 ,g>d9]1 ,zeit4 f4 ,aeg4 ,spr41 xliii4 p4 #ig4 ,q z prom95t z ! sun 0 ! wea!r-god1 god ( /orm1 lightn+ & ?und]4 ,kn[n z ,te%ub 7p4 #gj71 ,hadad1 ,ramman 7comp4 ! ,biblical ,rimmon71 ,adad1 ,dad1 ,bir1 etc41 ! =m ,,addu1 :i* 0 recognis$ z ! god's ',amorite' designation1 is adopt$ "h 9 pref]5ce to ! m famili> ,araman ,,hadad4 ,?is is support$ by ! spell+ ( ! "n ( ,rib-,addi1 k+ ( ,byblos4 ,! int]*ange ( ,baal & ,addu 9 c]ta9 names 9 ! ,am>na lett]s %[s t ,addu c\ld naturally be call$ ,baal1 & to ! ,egyptians he 0 app>5tly ! ,baal4 ,! importance ( #ij ! wea!r-god 9 ! religion ( agricultural & pa/oral peoples may be illu/rat$ f "o ( ,khammurabi's curses3 ',may ,adad1 "l ( abundance1 reg5t ( heav5 & e>?1 my help]1 deprive him 7i4e4 ! disob$i5t7 ( ! ra9 f heav5 & ! wat]-floods f ! spr+s2 may he br+ 8 l& to de/ruction ?r\gh want & hung]2 may he break loose furi\sly ov] 8 city & turn 8 l& into ! heap left by a /orm4' ,! gifts ( ,addu pres]v$ m5 f de>? & />vation2 a too pl5te\s supply br\ght flood & ru94 ,?us ! god _h a tw(old aspect1 & 8 ?und] 9 ! heav5s1 8 fi]y d>ts1 9 fact ! de/ructive side ( 8 "* made him an appropriate w>-god4 ,?is aspect ( ! nature-deity 0 especially cultivat$ by w>like peoples4 ,babylonian & ,hittite sculptures depict ! god br&i%+ a hamm] ) 8 "r h&1 :ile ! left holds up a triad ( lightn+-fla%es or ?und]-bolts4 ,on an inscription f ,nor? ,syria 7eigh? c5tury7 ,hadad has horns1 & ) ?is agrees ! association ( ! bull ) ! god4 ,l all pr$om9ant gods he includes a v>iety ( attributes1 & we may conjecture t ! small heads ( bulls une>!d by ! excavations are connect$ ) 8 wor%ip 7p4 #cb74 #ia ,! inscription 9 "q 7see also p4 #eg7 places ,hadad at ! head ( a small pan!on ) ,el1 ,re%eph1 ,r-k-b--el 7/e$1 *>iot1 or *>iote] ( ,el7 & ,%ama%4 ,9 ! ,am>na lett]s "o writ] calls ! k+ ( ,egypt 8 ,addu1 & ,abimele* ( ,tyre1 :o lik5s him to bo? ,%ama% & ,addu1 addresses him z 'he :o gives 8 ?und] 9 ! heav5s l ,addu4' ,toge!r ) ?is comb9ation x is to be notic$ t :ile ,khammurabi '! ,sun ( ,babylonia' calls himself ! mighty bull :o gores ! enemy1 old ,egyptian sc5es actually repres5t '! /rong bull' break+ d[n =tresses ) its horns or expell+ ! inhabitants4 ,! ,ph>aoh 0 symbolis$ by ! bull1 & ev5 ! ,egyptian sun-god is /yl$ '! bull ( ! gods4' ,! animal is d\btless typical ( g5]ative =ce & ( /r5g?1 :ile ! union ( ! attributes ( ,%ama% & ,addu are intelligible s9ce to ! sun & wea!r man ow$ ! necess>ies ( life4 ,x is notewor?y t ! two deities are prom95t 9 ! ,hittite treaty1 :]e ea* is call$ '"l ( heav5' 7p4 #gc71 &1 z e>ly z ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,assyrian comp\nd-"n ,%am%i-,adad indicates t !y c\ld be easily comb9$4 ,! "n is borne by two k+s2 "o a 'prie/-k+' #ib ( ! god ,a%ur1 ! o!r a son ( ,i%me-,dagan 7',d4 he>s'74 ,dagan 7,,dagon7 has left 8 traces 9 place-names & 9 ! rul]1 ',dagan is /rong' 7,am>na lett]s74 ,! deity seems to h be5 ( ,assyrian or ,mesopotamian r ?an ( ,babylonian orig94 ,x is possible t he 0 a corn-god4 ,! ,babylonian ,,nebo1 ! 'tea*]1' c only be recov]$ f place-names 9 ,judah & ,moab4 ,,n9ib 7native =m is unc]ta971 bo? sun- & w>-god1 appe>s 9 ! ,am>na lett]s 9 two place-names 7"o 9 ! vic9ity ( ,j]usalem71 & 9 ! p]sonal-"n ',s]vant ( ,n9ib4' ,! sw9e 0 sacr$ to ,n9ib1 z also to ,tammuz & ! ,pho5ician ,adonis2 b nei!r ( ! latt] c be trac$ 9 our p]iod4 ,,%alem1 9 ,j]u-salem 7,uru-salim 9 ! ,am>na lett]s71 has be5 id5tifi$ 7on ! analogy ( ,j]u-el7 ) a god :o is kn[n lat] 9 ,pho5icia1 ,assyria1 & ,nor? ,arabia1 & :o is p]haps comb9$ ) ,re%eph on an ,egyptian /ele ( our p]iod4 ,he 0 p]haps id5tifi$ ) ,n9ib4 ,! antiquity ( ,,gad1 ! deity ( =tune1 c be assum$ f place-names4 ,9 a disguis$ =m ! goddess1 ',=tune' 0 ! gu>dian-deity ( ! cities 9 ! ,greek age1 & allusion is made 9 ! ,talmud to ! c\* #ic res]v$ = ! 'luck ( ! h\se4' ,a deifi$ ',righte\sness' 7s$ek7 has be5 inf]r$ f a "n 9 ! ,am>na age2 x w\ld f9d a p>allel 9 ',"r' & ',integrity' ! sons ( ! ,assyrian god ,%am a%1 & bo? ',integrity' & ',righte\sness' f9d a place 9 ! ,pho5ician cosmogony :i*1 9 spite ( its late dress1 pres]ves _m old features :i* recur 9 ,hebrew my?s4 ,! ,babylonian ,,n]gal1 god ( w>1 burn+ heat & pe/il5ce1 & rul] ( ,hades1 ! deity ) :om 0 id5tifi$ ,saturn 7& also ,m>s71 %\ld f9d a place 9 ! pan!on4 ,a seal f ,taana* describes its own] z 's]vant ( ,n]gal' 7p4 #aaj71 & ! k+ ( ,cyprus reports to ,egypt ! desolation caus$ by ! god's h&4 ,ev5 z late z ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 we he> ( a ,pho5ician :o 0 8 high-prie/4 ,z a sol> fire-god he _h 9 ! we/ ! "n ,%>rab or ,%>raph ) :i* ! famili> ,s]aph may be id5tifi$4 ,! god ,el ( lat] ,pho5ician my? 7! ,greek ,kronos2 ,saturn7 0 depict$ ) six-w+s l ! ,s]aphim4 ,he 0 ! god to :om *ildr5 7 sacrific$1 :5ce ! /ory t he _h set ! example by kill+ 8 own4 ,if infants _h be5 sla9 to ,%>rab 9 ,pale/9e1 ?is w\ld be 9 h>mony ) ,n]gal's "*1 & x may #id be notic$ t ,nusku1 :o is sometimes associat$ ) ,n]gal1 0 symbolis$ by a lamp 7cp4 above1 p4 #da74 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! grim rites belong to ,mole* 7prop]ly ,melek71 b !re are indep5d5t reasons = ! view t ! latt] 0 ! prop]-"n ( ! ,pho5ician ,el4#c ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! "n ,,melek1 al?\gh really an appellative 7'k+'71 passes ov] into a true prop]-"n2 b x is n cle> :e!r ?is is ! case 9 our p]iod :]e we meet ) ! p]sonal names 's]vant ( ,melek' 7or1 ! k+71 ',el is ,melek1' etc4 #c ,m4-,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,rel4 ,smitiques1 p4 #ajg sq4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r !re is ext]nal evid5ce = ! "n ,,yahweh 7,jehovah71 ! national ,god ( ! ,israelites4 ,unambigu\s examples outside ,pale/9e appe> 9 ,nor? ,syria 9 ! eigh? c5tury 9 ! =m ,yau 7,yahu71 :i* 9 "o "n int]*anges ) ,el4 ,cunei=m evid5ce = ! "n 9 ! ,fir/ ,babylonian ,dyna/y has be5 adduc$1 & 9 ! abbreviat$ ,ya x possibly occurs 9 'h\se ( ,ya1' a ,pale/9ian t[n tak5 by ,?utmose ,,iii4 ,fur!r1 9 ,akhi-yami 7or1 yawi71 ! au?or ( a cunei=m tablet f ,taana*1 an id5tification ) ,akhiyah 7! ,biblical ,ahijah7 is n improbable1 al?\gh o!r explanations are possible4 ,:ile #ie o!r writ]s salute ,i%t> 7or ,a/>te7-,wa%ur1 ! gov]nor ( ,taana*1 )3 ,may ,addu1 or may ! gods pres]ve ?y life1 ,ahijah 787 invokes '! "l ( ! gods4' ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 lett] he asks :e!r !re is /ill lam5tation = ! lo/ cities or h !y be5 recov]$1 & cont9ues3 '!re is ov] my head "s "o 7:o is7 ov] ! cities2 see1 n[1 :e!r he w d good ) !e2 fur!r1 if he %[s ang]1 !y w be conf\nd$1 & ! victory w be mighty4' ,x is n cle> :e!r ^! words ref] to ! div9e ,ph>aoh or to a deity1 ! supreme god :om he invokes4 ,if ! latt] view be correct1 x is difficult to decide :e!r ! ref]5ce be to ! ,sun-god1 patronis$ by ! rul+ p[]s 7:e!r ,egyptian or ,hittite71 or ! great ,addu :o w\ld be q 9 keep+ ) ! allusions to w> & victory4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 w\ld recognise a ,provid5ce1 or1 f _! int]pretation ( ! writ]'s "n1 ,yahweh himself4 ,b a s+le tablet has little evid5tial value & we c m]ely m5tion ! possibilities4 ,! prec$+ p>agraphs t\* only ! fr+e ( an important subject--! ,pale/9ian pan!on 9 & aft] ! ,am>na age4 ,egyptian supremacy involv$ ! recognition ( ,amon-,re1 b x is difficult to det]m9e to :at ext5t ?is deity #if diff]$ f ! ,pale/9ian ,%ama%4 ,excavations illu/rate ! result ( int]c\rse1 especially 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! l&1 b ! num]\s *>act]i/ic sc>abs1 & ! repres5tations ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,ptah1 ,sebek1 ,anubis1 & ! ev]-popul> ,bes 7) m\lds71 ne$ h no significance = ! gods ( ,pale/9e4 ,!y may n always be specifically ,egyptian2 ,bes1 = example1 appe>s to be ( non-,egyptian ance/ry4 ,fur!r1 a numb] ( ! names 9 ! ,am>na lett]s are nei!r ,egyptian nor ,semitic1 b ( nor!rn orig91 & ! "n ( ! k+ ( ,j]usalem1 's]vant ( ,khiba1' introduces a goddess ( ! e>li] ',hittite' peoples ^: influ5ce ^u ,pale/9e is to be inf]r$ ^u o!r gr\nds4#d #d ,h4 ,w9ckl] 7,mit!il41 ,no4 #ce71 p4 #dh4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,babylonia & ,assyria num]\s deities ( v>y+ rank 7 v5]at$ by ! p4 ,bes1 himself1 9 spite ( 8 subord9ate position 9 ! pan!on 0 a fav\rite among all ,egyptians outside ! m elevat$ classes4 ,! popul> be+s1 l ! popul> religi\s ideas1 are n to be f\nd 9 royal inscriptions or temple-hymns4 ,! /ate & ! prie/hood (t5 refus$ to recognise !m1 b !y are to be f\nd n r>ely among ! #ig p]sonal names ( ord9>y individuals4 ,?is probably holds true also ( ,pale/9e1 & consequ5tly we mu/ n suppose t ! influ5ce ( =eign]s ^u ! popul> cults ( ! l& is to be ignor$ or t ! m hon\rable names :i* we h be5 notic+ 7 ! sole claimants to ! wor%ip ( ! peasantry4#e #e ,comp4 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 i4 p4 #afd sq42 ,h4 ,p4 ,smi?1 ',!ophor\s ,prop] ,names 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1' 9 ,o4 ,t4 & ,semitic ,/udies 9 memory ( ,william ,ra9ey ,h>p]1 i4 pp4 #ce-fd 7,*icago1 #aijh74 #ih ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,contempor>y ,,?\ght--,,conclusion ,miscellane\s ,ideas4--,al?\gh ! native lit]ature ( our p]iod consi/s almo/ entirely ( ! begg+-lett]s & reports 9 ! ,am>na ,tablets1 yet ev5 f ! language address$ to ! human repres5tative ( ! ,sun-,god1 we may ga9 "s idea ( ! intellectual environm5t1 "s h9ts1 x may be1 sugge/ive ( ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! age4#a ,! ,egyptian mon>* is address$ n only z k+ ( l&s1 k+ ( battle b z a god 7pp4 #fc1 #gh74 ,8 comm&s are z p[]ful z ! ,sun 7,%ama%7 9 ,heav52 he is l ! ,sun :i* rises ov] ! l&s e day1 &1 z = ! ris+ ( ! ,sun 9 ,heav51 s ! writ]s await ! words :i* come f 8 m\?4 ,!y keep ! k+'s comm& day & night & ackn[l$ge t ! k+ w curse #ii ! man :o does n s]ve him4 ,he :o he>k5s n to ! ^w ( ! k+1 8 "l1 8 city & h\se g to ru91 & 8 "n w n be 9 ! l& = ev]2 b 7says ! writ]1 ! k+ ( ,tyre7 ! s]vant :o he>k5s to 8 "l1 8 city & h\se fl\ri%1 & 8 "n is unto et]nity1 '= ?\ art ! ,sun :i* rises ov] me & ! wall ( bronze :i* is lift$ up = me4' #a ,x ne$ h>dly be rem>k$ t ! p>agraphs classify+ ! m int]e/+ ideas 9 ! lett]s f ,pale/9e & ,syria h be5 made z lit]al z possible4 ,! vassals d obeisance sev5 & sev5 times2 !y pro/rate !mselves ^u brea/ & back4 7,bo? attitudes are illu/rat$ 9 ! r lat] tomb ( ,h>mheb47 ,!y call !mselves ! ?rone on :i* ! k+ sits1 8 foot/ool1 ! du/ ( 8 feet & ( ! soles ( 8 s&als4 ,!y are ! gr\nd ^u :i* he treads1 ! dirt ov] :i* he walks2 8 yoke is ^u _! neck & !y be> x4 ',:e!r we m\nt up to heav5 or desc5d to e>?1 our head is /ill 9 y\r h&1' writes "o1 & he makes ! foll[+ /rik+ ackn[l$gem5t3 ',i look "h & ,i look !re & !re is no light1 b ,i look to my "l ! k+ & !re is light2 & ?\gh a brick move away f "u its cop+1 ,i w n move away f "u ! feet ( my "l4' ,^! phrases1 :i* 7 evid5tly popul>1 are us$ by two #ajj o!r writ]s4 ,a vassal ?us decl>es 8 fidelity3 ',i h n s9n$ 9 aught aga9/ ! k+ my "l1 ,i h n s9n$2 may ! "l my k+ "k 8 evil-do]s4' ,ano!r seeks ! way to 8 "l1 & f 8 "l des]ts n4 ,a confid5t vassal prays ! k+ n to take any?+ to he>t2 let n ?y he>t be pa9$1 he writes4 ,"o writ] asks if he is a dog t he %\ld n obey ! royal comm&s1 & a second emphasises 8 rem>ks by a repetition ( ! oa? 'z ! k+1 my "l1 live?4' ,! k+ ( ,byblos1 :o calls 8 city ! k+'s fai?ful h&maid1 compla9s ( a de$ aga9/ 8 city :i* _h n be5 done s9ce et]nity2 ! dogs 7i4e4 8 adv]s>ies7 act aft] _! he>ts & cause ! k+'s cities to g up 9 smoke4 ,! fields are l a wife )\t a husb& ?r\gh lack ( su/5ance4 ,he himself is caught l a bird 9 a cage4 ,aga91 he is old & /rick5 ) disease2 ! gods ( ,byblos are enrag$1 & ! illness is v sev]e1 b1 he cont9ues1 ',i h op5$ 7confess$7 my s9s to ! gods4' ,he decl>es t s9ce ! day he receiv$ fav\r f ! k+ 8 he>t _h n *ang$1 8 face is 7fix$7 to s]ve him2 if ! k+'s he>t is = 8 city 7or1 else:]e1 if x is on 8 he>t7 let him s5d help4 #aja ,! vassals write t !y /ret* out _! h& to ! k+'s feet1 or pray t ! k+ may ext5d 8 h& unto !m4 ,! citiz5s ( ,tunip ass]t3 '?y city weeps & its te>s fl[2 !re is no seiz+ ( ! h& 7help7 = u4' ,! rul] ( ,beirut tru/s t ! royal troops may %att] ! heads ( ! k+'s enemies1 :ile 8 s]vant's eyes gaze 7i4e4 ) pleasure7 ^u ! k+'s life4 ,! eld]s ( a city entreat3 ',may ! k+ our "l he>k5 to ! words ( 8 true s]vants1 & give a pres5t to 8 s]vants1 :ile our enemies look on & eat ! du/2 let n ! k+'s brea? dep>t f u4' ,! k+ is ! brea? ( 8 vassals' lives2 !y rejoice :5 x rea*es !m1 = )\t x !y _c live4 ,! ?\ght 0 a common "o1 & 9 an ,egyptian text ! defeat$ ,hittites are repres5t$ z say+ to ,ramses ,,ii4 '9 prais+ ! ,good ,god 7i4e4 ! k+7 ,give to u ! brea? t ?\ give/1 lo1 we are "u ?y s&als4' ,equally int]e/+ are ! words ( ! pr9ce ( ,sidon on ! receipt ( tid+s f ! k+1 'my he>t rejoic$1 my head 0 uplift$ & my eyes %one4' ,f9ally1 ! k+ ( ,j]usalem 9 8 lett]s to 8 god1 8 ,sun1 prote/s t "o has sl&]$ him 7lit4 eat5 ! pieces74 ,:ile o!r writ]s #ajb disclaim guilt or s9 7khitu71 i4e4 rebellion1 he ass]ts t he has be5 loyal 7saduk7 9 8 deal+s4 ,he ackn[l$ges t nei!r 8 fa!r nor 8 "m appo9t$ him 9 8 place1 ! k+'s /rong arm has set him up 9 8 fa!r's h\se1 he has 'put 8 "n ^u ,j]usalem = ev]1' !re=e he _c ab&on its t]ritory4 ,inde$1 8 recognition ( ,ph>aoh's supremacy is unique1 & 9 "o ( 8 communications to ! k+ 8 ,sun1 aft] ! usual obeisance 7'at ! feet ( my "l1 sev5 times & sev5 times ,i fall'71 he decl>es t 8 "l 'has put 8 "n ^u ! ,ea/ & ^u ! ,we/4' ,! ,und]ly+ ,id5tity ( ,?\ght ?r\gh\t ! old ,ori5tal _w %[s itself alike 9 ,egyptian texts & 9 ,hittite tablets f ,boghaz-keui4 ,! lit]ature ( ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 & (t51 too1 ( ,egypt s frequ5tly has analogies & p>allels 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t we may assume t simil> po9ts ( contact w\ld be f\nd1 _h we "s ( ! religi\s writ+s ( ! ,pale/9e ( our p]iod4 ,?\gh we d n "k h[ ! ,pale/9ian address$ 8 gods1 ! evid5ce :e!r direct or indirect p>tially enables u to fill ! gap4 ,ev5 ! simplicity & pov]ty ( ,ori5tal pa/oral life h nev] #ajc be5 accompani$ by a correspond+ inf]iority ( expression or de>? ( religi\s reflection4 ,an unbias$ exam9ation ( ! ext]nal religi\s lit]ature %[s ! position :i* ! deities held 9 ! ?\ghts ( _! gr\ps ( wor%ipp]s4 ,religion 0 q "p ( life1 & ! same fundam5tal conceptions und]lay ! manifold social-religi\s sy/ems :e!r tribal or mon>*ical4 ,to _! head ea* gr\p look$ = all ! gifts ( nature & also = protection & succ\r2 him !y 7 loyally prep>$ to su/a91 & !y expect$ a correspond+ loyalty on 8 "p4 ,a topical example ( ! id5tity ( ?\ght is furni%$ by a hymn ( ! mono!i/ ,ikhnaton 9 hon\r ( ,aton4 ,! deities are l>gely :at circum/ances make !m2 ! ext5sion ( ,egypt's empire ext5d$ ! supremacy ( ! national-god1 ! situation enc\rag$ ! conception ( a _w-god4 ,n[1 ?is dome/icat$ & some:at weak mon>*1 hold+ himself alo( f politics1 endeav\r$ to f\nd a cult ( ! sun-disc :i* 0 *>act]i/ically devoid ( ! usual association ( ! sun ) ! de/ructive aspect ( ! /orm- or wea!r-god4 ,l o!r individual fai?s1 x 0 /amp$ ) a pr(\nd _s ( humanity4 ,ikhnaton's deity #ajd 0 ! sole god1 beside :om !re 0 no o!r2 ! beg9n+ ( life1 ! creator ( '! c\ntries ( ,syria1 ,nubia1 ! l& ( ,egypt'2 ! mak] ( all mank9d div]se 9 spee*1 & ( all t is ^u ! e>? & on high4 ,x 0 a despotic & ill-tim$ mono!ism4 ,x introduc$ a cult :i* 0 too f> f ord9>y wor%ip1 "o :i* ?reat5$ to ov]?r[ ! old-e/abli%$ deities4 ,:at 0 probably m important 0 ! fact t ! deity _h n ! =ceful & dom9at+ attributes ( ! old sun-god4 ,he 0 n a god ( w>1 &1 f ! curr5t /&po9t1 w\ld be ( no avail 9 ! political /orms :i* 7 beat+ ^u ! ,egyptian empire 9 ,asia4 ,b ?is rem>kable attempt at a re=m claims att5tion especially because ! cult 0 z little ^u traditional & specifically ,egyptian l9es z 0 ! idea ( ! b5efic5t life-giv+ sun ^: rays 7 n conf9$ to ,egypt alone4 ,z ,pr(essor ,brea/$ has obs]v$1 ! hymn is especially int]e/+ = its simil>ity 9 ?\ght & sequ5ce ) ! late ,psalm civ4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t any ef=t 0 made to spread ,ikhnaton's cult ov] ! ,egyptian dom9ions 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 & ! possibility ( ,asiatic influ5ce ^u ! %ap+ ( ! cult _c be altoge!r exclud$4 ,we quote a #aje few l9es f ,pr(essor ,brea/$'s translation to illu/rate ,ikhnaton's conceptions ( ! sun-god1 ^: wor%ip 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 :o1 inde$1 0 reg>d$ !re n m]ely z an illum9ator b z a supreme & righte\s judge1 ! god ( tru? & ju/ice4 ',:5 ?\ rise/ 9 ! ea/]n horizon ( heav51 ,?\ fille/ e l& ) ?y beauty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ?\ sette/ 9 ! we/]n horizon ( heav51 ,! _w is 9 d>kness l ! dead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bright is ! e>? :5 ?\ rise/ 9 ! horizon1 ,:5 ?\ %9e/ z ,aton by day4 ,! d>kness is bani%$1 :5 ?\ s5de/ =? ?y rays4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ manifold are all ?y works1 ,!y are hidd5 f be=e u1 ,o ?\ sole god1 ^: p[]s no o!r possesse?1 ,?\ did/ create ! e>? accord+ to ?y desire1 ,:ile ?\ wa/ alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! _w is 9 ?y h&1 ,ev5 z ?\ ha/ made !m4 ,:5 ?\ ha/ ris51 !y live4 ,:5 ?\ sette/1 !y die4 ,= ?\ art duration1 beyond ?y m]e limbs1 ,by !e man live?1 ,& _! eyes look ^u ?y beauty1 ,until ?\ sette/4'#b #b ,see fur!r ! appreciative acc\nt ( ! re=m by ,j4 ,h4 ,brea/$1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 pp4 #cee-cgh4 #ajf ,! ,influ5ce ( ,babylonia4--,! fact t ,pale/9e us$ ! script & language ( ,babylonia sugge/s t x %>$ o!r features ( its culture4 ,among ! ,am>na ,tablets 7 ,babylonian my?ological texts :i* _h be5 c>efully /udi$ or us$ = read+-ex]cises 9 ,egypt4 ,"o1 ! my? ( ,ere%-ki-gal & ,n]gal1 n>rat+ ! desc5t ( ! latt] into ,hades1 recalls ! /ory ( ,p]sephone4 ,ano!r1 ! my? ( ,adapa1 tells h[ ! h]o :o refus$ ! food & wat] ( life 9 heav5 0 d5i$ ! gift ( immortality4 ,x is inconceivable t ,pale/9ian speculation did n turn to ! my/]ies ( life & dea?1 or t a p %\ld ackn[l$ge ,n]gal--or any o!r deity--)\t "s =mal beliefs4 ,may we assume1 !re=e1 t ,pale/9ian ?\ght 0 pre-em95tly ,babylonian8 ,! "q is z important = our p]iod z = ! ,old ,te/am5t1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( texts :]e) to in/itute a comp>ison1 we conclude ) a brief acc\nt ( ! be>+ ( ! available evid5ce ^u ! problem4 ,! =mulat$ beliefs1 ! !ology1 & ! my?ology :i* all races possess to "s degree or o!r h gr[n up f t primitive philosophy ( man :i* seeks to expla9 all t he saw ab\t him4 ,! old "q3 #ajg ',:at mean ye by ?is s]vice8' 7,exod4 xii4 #bf7 is typical ( ! inquiry :i* ritual 7& inde$ all o!r7 acts inv>iably dem&2 ! dang] lies 9 our assum+ t ! pr(f]$ explanations necess>ily describe _! orig91 & 9 confus+ ! ess5tial elem5ts ) ^? :i* are accid5tal & second>y4 ,! excavations at ,gez] sugge/ an illu/ration4 ,:at rites 7 practis$ 9 its caves or 9 ! great tunnel :i* leads to ! subt]ranean spr+ _c be ass]t$1 b !re is a liv+ tradition t ! wat]s ( ! flood bur/ =? 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,simil> flood-/ories c be localis$ else:]e4 ,9 ,hi]apolis wat] 0 p\r$ into a *asm bel[ ! sanctu>y twice a ye>1 & accord+ to ! ,pseudo-,lucian x 0 "h t ! wat]s ( ,deucalion's flood 7 absorb$--h5ce ! rite6 ,b ,melito reports t wat] 0 empti$ into a well 9 ! city 9 ord] to subdue a subt]ranean demon--evid5tly "s e>li] *?onic deity4 ,simil> wat]-rites 7 kn[n 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria z a 'desc5t' or ,y]d1 & x may be presum$ t an e*o ( ! t]m survives 9 ',a9 ,y]deh at ! foot ( ,gez]4 ,we d n rea* ! root ( ! matt]1 b we c notice ! div]se explanations ( ! same rite 7:i* probably orig9at$ 9 a *>m #ajh to procure ra971 ! ubiquity ( c]ta9 traditions1 _! p]si/5ce1 & ! ease ) :i* !y adju/ !mselves4 ,fur!r1 x is in/ructive to obs]ve h[ ! rite has be5 %ap$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles & has be5 dress$ 9 accordance ) specific religi\s beliefs 7cp4 ,ze*4 xiv4 #af sq474 ,"s ar*ological details may next be summ>is$4 ,an alt> at ,taana*1 ) protub]ances sugge/ive ( horns1 bore 9 bold relief w+$ animals ) human faces1 lions1 a tree ) a goat on ei!r side1 & a small human figure clut*+ a s]p5t4 ,?\gh x may belong to ! eigh? or sev5? c5tury1 simil> sc5es recur ^u seals & o!r objects ( all dates4 ,animals 7especially ( ! de] or gazelle k9d7 are common1 ei!r alone or 9 conjunction ) trees or m54 ,man-head$ bulls ) w+s1 sph9xes1 & sc5es ( combat also appe>4 ,! ubiquit\s my? ( ! dragon-slay] f9ds a p>allel 9 ! ,egyptian sc5e ( a =eign god 7,sutekh7 pi]c+ ! s]p5t ) 8 spe>1 or 9 ! lat] gr&iose repres5tations ( ! /urdy boy at ,petra :o grips ! dragon4#c ,"o #aji seal %[s a sev5-bran*$ tree grasp$ by two m5 ) ! sun & moon on "o side & two /ags on ! o!r4 ,9 a second1 a human figure /&s be=e a k9d ( pill> :i* is surm\nt$ by an eight-ray$ />4 ,a ?ird _h be5 impress$ ^u a tablet f ,gez] :i* bore n9ete5 di/9ct objects1 includ+ sun1 moon1 />1 s]p5t1 fi%1 crab1 animals1 etc4 ,"s ( ! signs 7 at once recognis$ z zodiacal1 & less elaborate specim5s f ,gez] & ,megiddo furni% p>allels4 ,b inscrib$ ,babylonian b\nd>y-/ones ( our p]iod be> analog\s symbols2 !y are ! emblems ( ! deities ^: p[]s are ?us invok$ by ! inscription %\ld ! l&-m>k be damag$ or remov$4 ,! m gods1 ! m p[]ful ! *>m4 #c ,! =m] is giv5 by ,f4 ,l4 ,griffi?1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology1 xvi4 p4 #hg1 ! latt] by ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,alte ,te/41 etc41 p4 #def sqq41 fig4 #aea4 ,su* objects ) all _! ,babylonian associations may 9 c]ta9 cases h be5 import$ or copi$ f =eign orig9als2 ! sc5es c\ld h be5 absolutely mean+less or ev5 subject to a new int]pretation4 ,b x is z difficult to treat e app>5tly =eign object z contr>y to ,pale/9ian ideas1 z x is to det]m9e h[ sacrificial & o!r sc5es w\ld o!rwise h be5 depict$4 ,religion f\nd its expression 9 art2 art 0 ! ally ( idolatry1 & ! lat] uncompromis+ attitude ( ,judaism t[>ds #aaj display ( arti/ic mean+ implies t ! curr5t symbolism1 etc41 reflect$ intelligible religi\s conceptions4 ,b x does n foll[ t ^! conceptions 7 ev]y:]e id5tical4 ,aga91 :5 a scimit> f a tomb at ,gez] resembles t :i* a prie/ holds 9 a sacrificial sc5e ^u a ,gez] seal1 we may suppose t ! seal repres5ts a famili> ,pale/9ian c]emony4 ,b ! same type ( weapon is f\nd 9 ,assyria & ,egypt 9 ! age ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1 & x is !re=e impossible to treat x or ! sc5e z di/9ctively ,pale/9ian4 ,! ubiquity ( ! dragon-conflict1 too1 w>ns u t ! same und]ly+ motive w pres5t itself 9 a great v>iety ( ext]nal %apes1 & x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! idea ( ! slay] z a *ild actually po9ts away f ,babylonia4 ,features :i* f9d _! only p>allel 9 ! accumulation ( ,babylonian evid5ce are n inevitably ( ,babylonian orig94 ,our l& 0 expos$ to div]se influ5ces1 an illu/ration ( :i* is af=d$ by c]ta9 seals ) cunei=m *>act]s4 ,! own] ( "o is /yl$ a s]vant ( ,n]gal 7see p4 #ic72 x be>s ,egyptian symbols 7^? ( life & beauty71 & a sc5e ( adoration1 p>tly ,egyptian & p>tly ,babylonian 9 treatm5t4 ,x has be5 ascrib$ to ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y ( ,babylon4 ,lat] #aaa come ! seals ( ! ,sidonian ,addumu 'belov$ ( ! gods 787' & 8 son2 on "o is an ,egyptianis$ repres5tation ( ,set1 ,horus1 & ,re%eph4 ,yet ano!r comb9es two conv5tional sc5es1 ! prie/ lead+ a wor%ipp] be=e a deity 7,babylonian71 a k+ slay+ a kneel+ enemy 7,egyptian74#d ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* fusion ! problem becomes m complex4 ,if1 9 ! ,greek age1 x is f\nd t ,adonis & ,osiris or ,a/>te ( ,byblos & ,isis resembl$ ea* o!r s closely t x 0 sometimes difficult to det]m9e :i* deity 0 be+ celebrat$1 ! relation betwe5 ! ,baala? ( ,byblos & ,ha?or1 or betwe5 ,%ama% & ,amon-,re c\ld h be5 equally emb>rass+ 9 our p]iod4 ,9 fact1 z ,pale/9e cont9ues to be br\ght into l9e ) o!r l&s ! task ( det]m9+ specific ext]nal influ5ces becomes m intricate4 #d ,see 7a71 ,sell91 ,tell ,ta'annek1 fig4 #bb1 pp4 #bg sq41 #aje 7,v9c5t1 ,canaan1 fig4 #aag1 p4 #agj sq472 7b7 ,w9ckl]1 ,altori5t4 ,=s*ung51 iii4 p4 #agg sq42 & 7c7 ,e4 ,j4 ,pil*]1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*41 xxiii4 p4 #cfb4 ,f9ally1 :atev] 0 ! true effect ( ! e>ly ,babylonian supremacy1 bo? ,pale/9e & ,syria1 :5 n controll$ by ,egypt1 7 influ5c$ by ! nor!rn p[] ( ,mitanni & by ! ,hittites :o pres]ve di/9ctive features #aab ( _! own4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,sayce mo/ ( ! seals we h be5 notic+ are ,syrian modifications ( ! ,babylonian type1 & '! m /rictly ar*ological evid5ce ( ,babylonian influ5ce ^u ,canaan is extraord9>ily scanty4'#e ,x is obvi\s t "o mu/ all[ = ! direct influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! religi\s conditions f a qu>t] ( :i* v little is kn[n z yet4 ,! fact t ,babylonian 0 us$ 9 ,pale/9e & among ! ,hittite peoples cle>ly does n all[ sweep+ inf]5ces4 ,inde$1 s f> f ! script or language hav+ be5 impos$ f )\t1 ! p ( ,mitanni app>5tly borr[$ ! cunei=m script & adapt$ x to _! own language2 :ile1 9 ! ,am>na ,tablets1 ! native tongue ( ,pale/9e & ,syria has left a di/9ct impress ^u ! ,babylonian4#f ,?is individuality repeats itself 9 ,pale/9ian pott]y1 :i* has nei!r orig9ality ( concept nor f]tility ( res\rce4 ,b x has vig\r & vitality1 & has n develop$ into ! sup]ior art ) :i* x came into contact4 ,9 g5]al ! ar*ological evid5ce %[s v #aac cle>ly t ,pale/9e 0 n absorb$ by ,babylonian culture1 /ill less by t ( ,egypt4#g #e ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,ar*ology ( ! ,cunei=m ,inscriptions 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #aea sq4 #f ,= ,mitanni1 see ,sayce1 op4 cit41 p4 #afg2 & = ! dialect ( ! ,am>na lett]s1 ,zimm]n1 ,keil9s*r4 u4 d4 ,alte ,te/41 p4 #fea4 #g ,cp4 ,v9c5t1 op4 cit41 p4 #cda 7also p4 #dci & note #a74 ,conclusion4--,rec5t rese>* gives u a glimpse ( ! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e :i* becomes m di/9ct z x is f\nd to be 9 g5]al h>mony ) ,ori5tal religions4 ,! picture1 z we see x1 is nei!r ,egyptian nor ,babylonian1 & if ! latt] col\rs x1 ?is 0 inevitable1 p>tly ?r\gh ! /ill obscure relations "u ! ,fir/ ,babylonian ,dyna/y1 p>tly 7?\gh indirectly7 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! nor!rn peoples1 & aga9 p>tly because bo? 7z oppos$ to ,egypt7 are ,semitic4 ,! picture1 nev]!less1 has di/9ctive traits ( its own4 ,by ! side ( sacr$ places ( cult & rites (t5 cruel & gross appe> ^? indications ( l(ti] elem5ts :i* prove t we h no m]e in*oate nature-wor%ip4 ,?is co-exi/5ce ne$ cause no surprise4 ,! in/itutions :i* comb9e to make civilisation d n necess>ily move at ! same rate or 9 p>allel l9es1 ei!r ) ea* o!r or ) ! progress ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,a v>iety ( /ages ( developm5t--su* z c be obs]v$ 9 a s+le prov9ce ( mod]n ,india--c\ld h be5 easily f\nd amid #aad conflict+ political gr\ps1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( =eign m]c5>ies or settl]s4 ,"o may also assume t !n1 z n[1 !re 7 ! usual contra/s betwe5 ! expos$ sea-ports & ! small inl& t[n%ips1 betwe5 ! ari/ocracy & ! peasantry1 betwe5 ! settl$ agriculturi/s & ! roam+ sons ( ! des]t4 ,! fundam5tal religi\s conceptions h f "t to "t be5 elevat$ & ennobl$ by enlight5$ m9ds2 b :at ,european culture 0 unable to *ange 9 ! age ( ,greek & ,roman supremacy1 influ5ces ( ,ori5tal orig9 c\ld n expel4 ,(ficial cults1 iconocla/ic re=ms1 new positive religions h left ! backgr\nd sub/antially unalt]$1 & ! old canvas /ill %[s ?r\gh ! coat+s x has receiv$4 ,our evid5ce has tak5 u d[n ?r\gh ! age ( ,egyptian supremacy1 :i* c be trac$ to ! "t ( ,ramses ,,iii41 if n to ! days ( ,w5amon & ,zak>baal 7#aajj ,b4,c474 ,) ! decay ( ,egypt we rea* ! close ( a p]iod :i* corresponds broadly to t :]e9 ,israelite hi/ory has plac$ ! ,patri>*s1 ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 & ! ,judges4 ,! picture :i* ! ext]nal s\rces furni% 0 n effac$ at a /roke4 ,b ! trans=mation f ,egypt's suz]a9ty to an indep5d5t ,israelite mon>*y1 #aae f ! poly!ism ( ! ,am>na age to ! recognition ( a s+le ,god does n belong to ^! pages4 ,! rise ( ,yahweh z ! national ,god1 & ! developm5t ( conceptions reg>d+ 8 nature mu/ be s\ght 9 ! native ,israelite records !mselves1 & 9 su* ext]nal evid5ce z ! future may produce4 ,our task is f9i%$ :5 we po9t out t ! ext]nal 7ar*ological7 evid5ce does n reveal t hiatus :i* w\ld h ensu$ _h !re be5 a dislocation ( e>li] conditions by invad+ ,israelite tribes2 e>li] =ms are simply develop$1 ! evolution is a progressive "o4#h #h ,cp4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,macali/]1 ',excavation ( ,gez]1' ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5ts1 #aijd1 p4 #abc2 #aijg1 p4 #bjc2 ,sell91 op4 cit41 p4 #ajb2 id41 ,d] ,ertrag d] ,ausgrabung5 9 ,ori5t fr die ,erk5ntnis d] ,entwicklung d] ,religion ,israels 7,leipzig1 #aije71 pp4 #cc1 #cf sq41 #ci sq41 see1 9 g5]al1 ,v9c5t1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ai sq41 #adg sqq41 #aii-bjd1 #bbe1 #cde1 #ceb sq41 #dfc sq41 & ,s4 ,a4 ,cook1 ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review1 #aijh1 pp4 #cbe sq4 #aaf ,,pr9cipal ,,s\rces ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,= ! ,excavations3 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,macali/]1 ',reports on ! ,excavation ( ,gez]1' 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5ts ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund 7,octob] #aijb-,octob] #aije2 ,july #aijg-;,july #aijh72 id41 ,bible ,side-lights f ! ,m\nd ( ,gez] 7,london1 #aijf1 num]\s illu/rations72 ,ern/ ,sell91 ',tell ,ta'annek1' 9 ! ,d5ks*rift5 ( ! ,vi5na ,academy 7#aijd-e72 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,rese>*es 9 ,s9ai 7,london1 #aijf72 ,hugues ,v9c5t1 ,canaan d'aprs l',exploration ,rec5te 7,p>is1 #aijg2 a valuable acc\nt1 f ! ar*ological /&po9t1 ( ! results ( excavation conta9$ 9 ! above works & else:]e72 ,g4 ,s*uma*]1 ,tell el-,mutesellim 7,leipzig1 #aijh71 vol4 i41 text & plates4 ,evid5ce f ,babylonian or ,assyrian ,texts3 ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 ,! ,tell-el-,am>na ,tablets 7,london1 #ahif72 new edition by ,j4 ,a4 ,knudtzon1 ,die ,el-,am>na-,tafeln 7,leipzig1 #aijg-h2 ,p>ts i4-x472 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t 7,b]l91 #aijc2 pp4 #cde-fdc72 ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,das ,alte ,te/am5t im ,li*te des ,alt5 ,ori5ts 7,leipzig1 #aijf72 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,die ,religion ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s 7,giess51 #aije--74 ,egyptian ,s\rces3 ,w4 ,m4 ,mll]1 ,asi5 und ,europa na* ,alt-gyptis*5 ,d5kml]n 7,leipzig1 #ahic72 #aag ,j4 ,h4 ,brea/$1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt 7,london1 #aijf72 id41 ,anci5t ,records ( ,egypt3 ,hi/orical ,docum5ts 7#aijf-g72 ,zeits*rift fur ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e1 etc4 etc4 ,( g5]al works1 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,semites3 ! ,fundam5tal ,in/itutions 7,london1 #ahid71 is naturally indisp5sable4 ,important1 also1 are ,g4 ,a4 ,b>ton1 ,a ,sket* ( ,semitic ,orig9s1 ,social & ,religi\s 7,new ,york1 #aijb72 ,m>ie-,joseph ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques 7,p>is1 #aije72 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris3 ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,ori5tal ,religion 7,london1 #aijg74 ,= ,mod]n ,semitic ,religion !re is a l>ge mass ( scatt]$ evid5ce2 ! mo/ illum9at+ works are ^? ( ,c4 ,m4 ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta 7,cambridge1 #ahhh72 ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day 7,london1 #aijb72 ,a4 ,jauss51 ,c\tumes des ,arabes au ,pays de ,moab 7,p>is1 #aijh74 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod may be consult$ ! works ( ,g4 ,masp]o 7,hi/oire ,anci5ne2 ,p>is1 #aijd1 etc471 or ! popul> acc\nt1 ) typical illu/rations1 by ,g4 ,cormack1 ,hi/ory ( ,pale/9e 9 ,e>ly ,times 7=?com+74 ,= ^? unacqua9t$ ) mod]n comp>ative /udy 9 ! field ( religion1 "o ( ! mo/ s]viceable introductory books is ,j4 ,a4 ,maccullo*'s ,comp>ative ,!ology 7,*ur*man's ,libr>y1 ,london1 #aijb74 #aah ,,*ronological ,,table ,! foll[+ dates are bas$ ^u ! late/ rese>*es1 b are to be reg>d$ z provisional4 ,"s ,biblical dates are add$ = comp>ison1 ^? m>k$ ) an a/]isk foll[ ! m>g9 ( ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion4 ,,fir/ ,,babylonian ,,dyna/y 7! ',khammurabi age'7 betwe5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjfj-ahjj ,b4,c4 ,,twelf? ,,egyptian ,,dyna/y1 began ab\t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjjj4 ,abram ent]s ,canaan 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aiba994 ,desc5t ( ,jacob into ,egypt 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agjf994 ,hyksos invasion ( ,egypt1 ab\t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afhj4 ,,eighte5? ,,egyptian ,,dyna/y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aehj-acej4 ,?utmose ,,iii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aejj4 ,exodus ( ,israel 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adia994 ,invasion ( ,pale/9e 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adea994 ,am5hotep ,,iii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adaa4 ,am5hotep ,,iv4 7,ikhnaton7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acge4 ,,n9ete5? ,,egyptian ,,dyna/y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acej-abjj4 ,sety ,i4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acbj4 ,ramses ,,ii4 78 ,ph>aoh ( ! oppression1 ,exod4 i4 #aa7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acaj4 ,m]neptah 78 ,ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus2 defeats ,israel 9 ,pale/9e7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abdd4 ,,tw5tie? ,,egyptian ,,dyna/y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abjj-ajij4 ,ramses ,,iii4 7fir/ m5tion ( ,phili/9es7 4 4 4 4 4 #abjj-aafi4 ,ramses ,,xii4 78 age ( ,eli7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaah4 ,tigla?-piles] ,i41 ab\t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aajj4 ,saul1 ,k+ ( ,israel 78 #ajbe7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajie994 ,david1 ,k+ ( ,judah 78 #ajaj7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajef994 ,solomon1 ab\t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #igj4 #aai ,,index ,,addu1 wea!r-god1 #gi1 #hi sq41 #ie4 ,adonis1 #cf1 #dg1 #ib1 #aaa4 ,aegean isles1 #f1 #h4 ,agriculture1 #g1 #i sq41 #aa1 #cc sq41 #hh1 #ij4 ,allah1 #ba1 #fa1 #fh4 ,alt>1 #ah sqq41 #bg1 #ci1 #ajh4 ,am>na tablets1 #f #h1 #aj1 #cc1 #fc1 #gf1 #gh1 #ib1 #if1 #ih sqq41 #ajf1 #aab1 etc4 ,am5hotep ,,ii41 #dd4 ,am5hotep ,,iii41 #e sq41 #ef1 #gj sq41 #ha1 #aah4 ,am5hotep ,,iv4 ,see ,ikhnaton4 ,amon1 ! god1 #ed sq41 #fa1 #ga1 #gd sqq41 #gg sq41 #ha1 #ie1 #aaa4 ,see ,re4 ,amulets1 #ag1 #cb1 #ce1 #ch1 #ea sq4 ,ana?1 goddess1 #he4 ,ance/or-wor%ip1 #eg sqq4 ,animals1 #bb1 #cj sq41 #cisq41 #dc sqq41 #dg sqq41 #ej1 #fa1 #he1 #ajh sq4 ,animism1 #fj4 ,ano9t+1 #ad1 #bg1 #db1 #fd1 #gf1 #gi4 ,anubis1 #if4 ,an?ropomorphism1 #bh1 #di4 ,apollo1 #bc1 #hd4 ,arabia1 #g1 #hg sq41 #ib4 ,ar*ology1 #b1 #g sq41 etc4 ,arts1 #h sq41 #aab sq4 ,a%rah1 #bf1 #hg4 ,a%irat1 ,a%irta1 goddess1 #ec1 #hg4 ,tell ',a%t>ah1 #gg1 #ha4 ,a%ur1 ! god1 #ec1 #hg sq41 #ib4 ,assyria1 #e1 #g1 #ci1 #fb1 #gh1 #hg sqq41 #ib1 #ajb4 ,a/>te1 #bi sq41 #de1 #di1 #gj1 #gc1 #hf sq4 ,at>gatis1 #ca4 ,aton1 #ajc sqq4 ,,baal 7title '"l'71 #ff sq4 ,see ,heav54 ,baal 7prop] "n71 #cc1 #hd1 #hi4 ,baala? 7title 'lady'71 #ff1 #hf4 ,see ,byblos4 ,baal-,zephon1 #hf4 ,babylonia1 #d sq41 #aj1 #cj1 #fb1 #gj1 #hg1 #ij sqq41 #id1 #ajb1 #ajf sqq41 #aaj sqq41 #aah4 ,bes1 #if4 ,blood-rev5ge1 #db4 ,bludan 7ne> ,damascus71 #df4 ,brok5 (f]+s1 #de sq4 ,bull1 #cb1 #ij sq4 ,burial1 #ae1 #ag sq41 #cf sq41 #dj4 ,see ,dead4 ,byblos1 #ff1 #gd sq41 #hc1 #ajj4 ,see ,zak>baal4 ,,camel1 #ag1 #de1 #dh4 ,cannibalism1 #ch4 ,c>?age1 #c1 #bg1 #ca1 #cd sq41 #ci1 #da1 #dc1 #gb4 ,caves1 #ae sq41 #ai sq41 #bd1 #cd1 #ch1 #da1 #df1 #ec1 #ajg4 ,*>ms1 #cb1 #ch1 #ea sq41 #ajg1 #aji4 ,cobra1 model (1 #ae1 #dh4 ,cremation1 #cd1 #dj1 #ef4 ,cup-m>ks1 #ad1 #af1 #bj1 #bf1 #ce sq4 ,curse1 #gb1 #ij1 #ih4 ,,dagon1 #ib4 ,dead1 disposal (1 #bb1 #cd sqq42 9 religion1 #ee sqq41 #eh sqq41 #ge4 ,demons1 #ej sq41 #fd1 #ga4 ,d]ceto1 #ca4 ,dog1 #bb1 #ajj4 ,dreams1 #be1 #eb sq4 ,,egypt1 hi/orical sket*1 #d sqq42 influ5ce ( national cult1 #gd sqq41 #ie sqq42 receiv$ ,asiatic gods1 #hc sqq41 etc4 ,el 7title 'god'71 #ff sq41 #fi4 ,el 7prop] "n71 #ia1 #ic sq4 ,emblems1 #cb1 #gb1 #aji4 ,,feti%1 #bg1 #cb4 ,fi%1 #ca sq41 #aji4 ,f\ndation sacrifice1 #ci sq41 #dc4 ,,gad 7! god71 #ib4 ,gaza1 #cc4 ,gez]1 #f1 #h sq41 #ac sqq41 #ag1 #ai1 #bh1 #cj1 #cd1 #cg sqq41 #dd sqq41 #gf1 #hj1 #hh1 #ajg1 #aji sq4 ,gods4 ,see *aps4 vi4 & vii42 gods & animals1 #dg sqq42 demons & spirits1 #ej1 #fd2 k9%ip ) m51 #fa sqq42 _! human repres5tatives1 #ed sq41 #eg1 #ei1 #fb sqq42 _! vicissitudes1 #ff sqq42 subord9ate gods1 #fh1 #fi sq41 #if sq42 national gods1 #fd sq41 #fg sqq42 "l or k+ ( gods1 #gd1 #gg1 #hd1 #ie4 ,see ,sa9ts4 ,gudea1 #fb4 ,,hadad1 #eg1 #hi sq4 ,see ,addu4 ,ha?or1 #bf1 #cj1 #gj1 #gf1 #ha1 #he1 #aaa4 ,heav51 k+ or "l ( 7title71 #ff1 #gb sqq41 #hd1 #hg sqq41 #ia2 lady or mi/ress (1 #gj sq41 #gc1 #he sq4 ,hittites1 #e sq41 #ga1 #gc sq41 #gh1 #ha1 #hh1 #ij sq41 #if1 #aja sq41 #aaa sq4 ,holy1 sacr$1 #cd1 #df sqq41 #he4 ,horus1 #aaa4 ,horus-eyes1 #eb4 ,human sacrifices1 #ch sqq41 #db sq4 ,hyksos invasion1 #d sq41 #hb sq41 #aah4 ,,idols1 #ag1 #bf1 #bh sq41 #ca sq41 #di1 #ec sq41 #ga sq41 #gg4 ,ikhhaton1 #e1 #db1 #ajc sqq41 #aah4 ,infant burial or sacrifice1 #ae sqq41 #cf sqq41 #ic sq4 ,i%t>1 #gj sq41 #hg sq41 #ie4 ,isis1 #if1 #aaa4 ,israel1 ,israelite religion1 #a sqq41 #f1 #h1 #aj sq41 #ag1 #cc sq41 #cf1 #ci sqq41 #db sq41 #dg sq41 #fd1 #hj1 #hf1 #hh1 #id1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajh sq41 #aad sq4 ,,jehovah4 ,see ,yahweh4 ,j]i*o1 #h1 #aj1 #cb1 #hh4 ,j]usalem1 #e1 #ad1 #bj1 #ec1 #ib1 #if1 #aja sq4 ,j9n 7demon1 q4v471 #dj1 #ed4 ,kd% 7'holy'71 #cd1 #he4 ,khammurabi1 #fb1 #gb1 #gh1 #ij sq41 #aah4 ,khiba1 #if4 ,khonsu1 #ga4 ,k+s1 div9ity (1 #ei1 #fa sqq41 #gh sq41 #ih2 _! brea? or _s1 #aja4 ,k9%ip ) sup]natural be+s1 #fj sq41 #fb sq41 #hc sq4 ,,la*i%1 #g1 #cj4 ,lamps1 #be1 #ce1 #dj sq41 #id4 ,lebanon1 #bh1 #gg1 #hg4 ,leg5ds1 #bc1 #di4 ,see ,my?s4 ,lion1 #di1 #hd4 ,loyalty 7s-d-k71 #ajb sq4 ,,magic1 #cd1 #ch1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee4 ,megiddo1 #h1 #ag1 #bh1 #ca1 #dj1 #di1 #gf1 #gi1 #aji4 ,melek 7k+71 #id4 ,m]neptah1 #f1 #cc1 #ec1 #aah4 ,me%a1 k+ ( ,moab1 #aa1 #hj4 ,messianic ideals1 #fd4 ,mitanni1 #e1 #gj1 #aaa sq4 ,mohamm$anism1 #ba sq41 #dj1 #fh sq4 ,see ,pale/9e4 ,mole*1 #id4 ,mono!i/ic t5d5cies1 #e1 #bc1 #fg sqq41 #gb sq41 #ha1 #ie sq41 #ajc sq4 ,moon god1 #hh sq4 ,murd]1 #db4 ,my?s1 #di1 #fb1 #hf1 #ajf sqq41 #aaj sq4 ,,"n1 #dd1 #eg sq41 #fj1 #ha1 #ii1 #ajb4 ,nebo1 #ib4 ,n]gal1 #ic1 #ajf1 #aaj4 ,n9-gal1 #hi4 ,n9ib1 #dg1 #ib4 ,nusku1 #hi1 #id4 ,,oa?1 #ba1 #ajj4 ,oracles1 #be1 #eb sq4 ,ori5tal ?\ght1 #aa1 #ajb1 #aac4 ,ornam5ts1 #eb4 ,osiris1 #bf1 #ch1 #dg1 #ge1 #if4 ,,pale/9e1 hi/ory1 #d sqq42 l& & p1 #h sqq42 mod]n religion1 #ba sqq41 #be1 #cg1 #ci sqq41 #dc sq41 #df1 #ej1 #ec1 #ei1 #fh sq42 its gods1 *aps4 vi4 sq42 ?\ght1 #ih sqq42 *ronology1 #aah4 ,petra1 #ai sq42 #ajh4 ,phili/9es1 #g1 #hj4 ,see ,dagon4 ,pho5ician gods1 #gb1 #ib sq4 ,pill>s1 #ac sqq41 #bf sq41 #aji4 ,politics & religion1 #fd sq41 #fg sq41 #gb1 #gh1 #hj4 ,prophets1 #ed sq41 #hf4 ,ptah1 #ec1 #if4 ,,ram1 #cj4 ,ramman1 #hg1 #hi4 ,ramses ,,ii41 #f1 #dd1 #eh1 #fb1 #ga1 #gc1 #gg1 #ha1 #he1 #aja1 #aah4 ,ramses ,,iii41 #g1 #gj1 #gg1 #aad1 #aah4 ',ransom1' !1 #dc sq4 ,re1 #fc1 #ga1 #gc4 ,see ,amon4 ,re%eph1 #hd sq41 #hg1 #ib1 #aaa4 ,,sacrifice1 #ae sqq41 #bb1 #be1 #bg1 #cf1 #ch sqq41 #da sqq41 #gi4 es-,sfy1 #g1 #ag1 #ai1 #cj4 ,sa9ts 7welis1 etc41 9 mod]n ,pale/9e72 virtually local gods1 #ba sqq41 #bd sq42 _! vicissitudes1 #bc2 resemble ^? ( ! gods1 #fg sq42 appe> 9 animal =m1 #bb1 #ej2 physical fa!rs1 #ei1 #fa4 ,see ,gods1 ,tombs4 ,samson1 #hh4 ,sanctu>ies1 #ac sqq41 #gg2 _! p]si/5ce1 #ai sqq42 9 mod]n religion1 #ba sqq41 #bd1 #cg4 ,seals1 #ic1 #ajh sqq4 ,sebek1 #if4 ,s]abit el-khadem 7,s9aitic p59sula71 #g1 #ae1 #ai1 #bf sq41 #cb1 #da1 #de1 #eb1 #fi1 #hd4 ,s]aph1 #ic4 ,s]p5ts1 #ae1 #cb1 #dh1 #ajh4 ,set4 ,see ,sutekh4 ,sety ,i41 #f1 #eh1 #gg1 #aah4 ,%alem1 #ib4 ,%ama%1 sun 7-deity71 #gj sq41 #gh sqq41 #hh sqq41 #ic1 #ie sq41 #ih1 #aaa4 ,see ,sun4 ,%am%i-,adad1 #ia4 ,s91 #ee1 #ajj1 #ajb4 ,s9 7! god71 #ff1 #hh sq4 ,s9uhe1 #i1 #ce4 ,s\l1 !1 #cg1 #da1 #de1 #eg4 ,spirits1 #ej sqq4 ,/ones1 #ac sqq41 #bf sq41 #cb4 ,sun-god4 ,see ,amon1 ,k+1 ,re1 ,%ama%4 ,susa 79 ,elam71 #ch1 #ed4 ,sutekh 7,set71 title & prop]-"n 7cp4 ,baal1 ,el71 #gc sq41 #hb1 #hd1 #ajh1 #aaa4 ,sw9e1 #af1 #dh1 #ib4 ,symbols4 ,see ,emblems4 ,,taana*1 #h1 #ah1 #bi1 #dj1 #ec1 #ic sq41 #ajh4 ,te%ub1 #gj sq41 #hi4 ,?\ght1 ,ori5tal1 #aa1 #ajb sqq4 ,?utmose ,,iii41 #e1 #i1 #bh1 #gg1 #he1 #id1 #aah4 ,tigla?-piles] ,i41 #g1 #ha1 #aah4 ,tombs1 #ai1 #ba sqq41 #ce sqq41 #df1 #ei4 ,trees1 #be sq4 ,tu%ratta 7,k+ ( ,mitanni71 #ef1 #gj sq4 ,,unclean1 #dg sq4 ,,v[s1 #df4 ,,w>1 #bb1 #ci1 #gb1 #hj1 #hb1 #hd sqq41 #ij1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajd4 ,wat]-rites1 #ajg sq4 ,weli 7patron74 ,see ,sa9t4 ,w5amon4 ,see ,zak>baal4 ,,yahweh1 #id sq4 ,see ,israel4 ,,zak>baal1 #ed1 #ef1 #gd sq41 #gh1 #aad4 ,tell ,zak>iya1 #ca4 ,pr9t$ by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able1 ,pr9t]s to ,8 ,maje/y at ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press ,,religions3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n4 ,,animism4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,clodd1 ,au?or ( ,! ,/ory ( ,creation4 ,,pan!ism4 ,by ,,james ,,allanson ,,picton1 ,au?or ( ,! ,religion ( ! ,univ]se4 ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,anci5t ,,*9a4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,giles1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,greece4 ,by ,,jane ,,h>rison1 ,lectur] at ,newnham ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,au?or ( ,prolegom5a to ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion4 ,,islam4 ,by ,,sy$ ,,ame] ,,ali1 ,m4,a41 ,c4,i4,e41 late ( ,h4,m4's ,high ,c\rt ( ,judicature 9 ,b5gal1 ,au?or ( ,! ,_s ( ,islam & ,! ,e?ics ( ,islam4 ,,magic ,,& ,,feti%ism4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,haddon1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,lectur] on ,e?nology at ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egypt4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria4 ,by ,,!ophilus ,g4 ,,p9*es1 late ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,buddhism4 #b vols4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,rhys ,,davids1 ,,ll4,d41 late ,secret>y ( ,! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,,h9duism4 ,by ,dr4 ,l4 ,d4 ,,b>nett1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ori5tal ,pr9t$ ,books & ,,mss41 ,briti% ,museum4 ,,sc&9avian ,,religion4 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,craigie1 ,jo9t ,editor ( ! ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y4 ,,celtic ,,religion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,anwyl1 ,pr(essor ( ,wel% at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ab]y/wy?4 ,,! ,,my?ology ,,( ,,anci5t ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&4 ,by ,,*>les ,,squire1 ,au?or ( ,! ,my?ology ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,,judaism4 ,by ,,israel ,,abrahams1 ,lectur] 9 ,talmudic ,lit]ature 9 ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 ,au?or ( ,jewi% ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,%9to4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,a/on1 ,c4,m4,g4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,mexico ,,& ,,p]u4 ,by ,,lewis ,,sp5ce1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,ja/r[4 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,plus signs 77 d5ote bold$ *>act]s4 ,und]scores 77 d5ote italics4 ,page numb]s are %[n 9 curly braces1 e4g4 #d4 ,footnote numb]s are %[n 9 squ>e brackets1 e4g4 #d4