,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,frontispiece4 ,,comets ,,& ,,meteors3 ,,_! ,,ph5om5a ,,9 ,,all ,,ages2 ,,_! ,,mutual ,,relations2 ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,_! ,,orig94 ,,by ,,daniel ,,kirkwood1 ,,ll4,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ma!matics ,,9 ,,indiana ,,univ]sity1 ,,& ,,au?or ,,( ,,meteoric ,,a/ronomy4 ,illu/ration ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co4 #ahgc4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgc1 by ,,daniel ,,kirkwood1 ,,ll4,d41 ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton4 ,,preface4 ,! orig9 ( meteoric a/ronomy1 z a sci5ce1 dates f ! memorable />-%[] ( #ahcc4 ,soon aft] t brilliant display x 0 f\nd t simil> ph5om5a _h be5 witness$1 at ne>ly regul> int]vals1 9 =m] times4 ,?is discov]y l$ at once to ano!r no less important1 viz43 t ! nebul\s masses f :i* su* %[]s are d]iv$ revolve ab\t ! sun 9 pa?s int]sect+ ! e>?'s orbit4 ,! !ory t ^! meteor-cl\ds are b ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( dis9tegrat$ comets 0 ann\nc$ by sev]al a/ronom]s 9 #ahfg3--;a !ory confirm$ 9 a rem>kable mann] by ! %[] ( meteors f ! dbris ( ,biela's comet on ! #bg? ( ,novemb]1 #ahgb4 ,to gratify ! int]e/ awak5$ 9 ! public m9d by ! discov]ies "h nam$1 is ! ma9 design ( ! foll[+ "w4 ,among ! subjects consid]$ are1 comet>y a/ronomy2 a]olites1 ) ! ph5om5a att5d+ _! fall2 ! mo/ brilliant />-%[]s ( all ages2 & ! orig9 ( comets1 a]olites1 & fall+ />s4 ,x may be prop] to rem>k t ! language us$ by ! writ] 9 a volume#a publi%$ sev]al ye>s s9ce1 & n[ ne>ly out ( pr9t1 has be5 occasionally adopt$ 9 ! foll[+ treatise4 ,,bloom+ton1 ,,indiana1 ,april1 #ahgc4 #a ,meteoric ,a/ronomy4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,preface #c ,,*apt] ,i4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,comets #ac ,,comets ,,visible ,,9 ,,! ,,day-,,"t #ae ,,p]iodic ,,comets #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,elem5ts ,,indicate ,,p]iodicity1 ,,b ,,^: ,,returns ,,h ,,n ,,be5 ,,recogniz$ #ca ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,rem>kable ,,comets #ci ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,position ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,comet>y ,,orbits #dc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,dis9tegration ,,( ,,comets #di ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,meteoric ,,/ones #eg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,%oot+-,,/>s--,,meteors ,,( ,,novemb] #ad #fi ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,o!r ,,meteoric ,,/reams #hb ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,comets ,,& ,,meteors #id ,i4 ,,comets4 ,,comets ,,& ,,meteors4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,a descriptive treatise on ,,comets & ,,meteors may prop]ly be prec$$ by a brief g5]al view ( ! planet>y sy/em to :i* ^! bodies are relat$1 & by :i* _! motions1 9 direction & ext5t1 are l>gely influ5c$4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em consi/s ( ! sun1 toge!r ) ! planets1 comets1 & meteors :i* revolve ar\nd x z ! c5tre ( _! motions4 ,! sun is ! great controll+ orb ( ?is sy/em1 & ! s\rce ( light & heat to its v>i\s memb]s4 ,its magnitude is "o million ?ree hundr$ ?\s& times great] ?an t ( ! e>?1 & x conta9s m ?an sev5 hundr$ times z mu* matt] z all ! planets put toge!r4 ,m]cury is ! ne>e/ planet to ! sun2 its mean di/ance be+ ab\t #ce1djj1jjj miles4 ,its diamet] is #cjjj miles1 & x completes its orbital revolution 9 #hh days4 ,v5us1 ! next memb] ( ! sy/em1 is sometimes our morn+ & sometimes our ev5+ />4 ,its magnitude is almo/ exactly ! same z t ( ! e>?4 ,x revolves r\nd ! sun 9 #bbe days4 ,! e>? is ! ?ird planet f ! sun 9 ! ord] ( di/ance2 ! radius ( its orbit be+ ab\t #ib1jjj1jjj miles4 ,x is att5d$ by "o satellite1--! moon1--! diamet] ( :i* is #bafj miles4 ,m>s is ! fir/ planet ext]ior to ! e>?'s orbit4 ,x is consid]ably small] ?an ! e>?1 & has no satellite4 ,x revolves r\nd ! sun 9 #fhg days4 ,! ,a/]oids4--,s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury a rem>kable zone ( telescopic planets has be5 discov]$ imm$iately ext]ior to ! orbit ( ,m>s4 ,^! bodies are extremely small2 "s ( !m probably conta9+ less matt] ?an ! l>ge/ m\nta9s on ! e>?'s surface4 #aca memb]s ( ! gr\p are kn[n at pres5t1 & ! numb] is annually increas+4 ,jupit]1 ! fir/ planet ext]ior to ! a/]oids1 is ne>ly #ejj1jjj1jjj miles f ! sun1 & revolves r\nd x 9 a little less ?an #ab ye>s4 ,?is planet is #hf1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 & conta9s m ?an twice z mu* matt] z all ! o!r planets1 prim>y & second>y1 put toge!r4 ,jupit] is att5d$ by f\r moons or satellites4 ,saturn is ! six? ( ! pr9cipal planets 9 ! ord] ( di/ance4 ,its orbit is ab\t #djj1jjj1jjj miles beyond t ( ,jupit]4 ,?is planet is att5d$ by eight satellites1 & is surr\nd$ by ?ree broad flat r+s4 ,saturn is #gc1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 & its mass or quantity ( matt] is m ?an t ( all ! o!r planets except ,jupit]4 ,uranus is at d\ble ! di/ance ( ,saturn1 or n9ete5 times t ( ! e>?4 ,its diamet] is ab\t #cd1jjj miles1 & its p]iod ( revolution #hd ye>s4 ,x is att5d$ by at lea/ f\r satellites4 ,neptune is ! mo/ remote kn[n memb] ( ! sy/em2 its di/ance be+ #b1hjj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,x is some:at l>g] ?an ,uranus2 has c]ta9ly "o satellite1 & probably sev]al m4 ,its p]iod is ab\t #afe ye>s4 ,a cannon-ball fly+ outw>d f ! sun at ! uni=m velocity ( #ejj miles p] h\r w\ld n rea* ! orbit ( ,neptune 9 less ?an #fci ye>s4 ,^! planets all move r\nd ! sun 9 ! same direction1--f we/ to ea/4 ,_! motions are ne>ly circul>1 & also ne>ly 9 ! same plane4 ,_! orbits1 except t ( ,neptune1 are repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece4 ,x is prop] to rem>k1 h[ev]1 t all repres5tations ( ! sol> sy/em by maps & planet>iums mu/ give an exce$+ly errone\s view ei!r ( ! magnitudes or di/ances ( its v>i\s memb]s4 ,if ! e>?1 = in/ance1 be d5ot$ by a ball half an in* 9 diamet]1 ! diamet] ( ! sun1 accord+ to ! same scale 7#af1jjj miles to ! in*71 w be betwe5 f\r & five feet2 t ( ! e>?'s orbit1 ab\t #ajjj feet2 :ile t ( ,neptune's orbit w be ne>ly six miles4 ,to give an accurate repres5tation ( ! sol> sy/em at a s+le view is !re=e pla9ly impracticable4 ,,! ,,zodiacal ,,light4--,?is t]m 0 fir/ appli$ by ,dom9ic ,cass9i1 9 #afhc1 to a fa9t nebul\s aurora1 some:at resembl+ ! milky way1 app>5tly ( a conical or l5ticul> =m1 hav+ its base t[>d ! sun & its axis ne>ly 9 ! direction ( ! ecliptic4 ,! mo/ favorable "t = obs]v+ x is :5 its axis is mo/ ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! horizon4 ,?is1 9 our latitudes1 occurs 9 ,m>*1 = ! ev5+1 & 9 ,octob]1 = ! morn+4 ,! angul> di/ance ( its v]tex f ! sun is frequ5tly sev5ty or eighty degrees1 :ile sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely 7except )9 ! tropics71 x exce$s ev5 "o hundr$ degrees4 ,x 0 notic$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #af? c5tury by ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,! fir/ accurate description ( ! ph5om5on 0 giv51 h[ev]1 by ,cass9i4 ,?is a/ronom] suppos$ ! appe>ance to be produc$ by ! bl5d$ light ( innum]able bodies too small to be sep>ately obs]v$1--a !ory /ill v g5]ally accept$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! zodiacal light is probably a sw>m ( inf9itesimal planets2 ! great] "p ( ! clu/] be+ int]ior to ,m]cury's orbit4 ,! di/ances betwe5 ! diff]5t memb]s ( our planet>y sy/em1 va/ z !y may seem1 s9k into insignificance :5 comp>$ ) ! int]vals :i* sep>ate u f ! s-call$ fix$ />s4 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 ! ne>e/ ( ^? tw9kl+ lum9>ies1 is #gjjj times m di/ant ?an ,neptune f ! sun4 ,ev5 light itself1 :i* moves #ahe1jjj miles 9 a second1 is m ?an ?ree ye>s 9 trav]s+ ! mighty int]val4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,comets4 ,! t]m comet--:i* signifies lit]ally a hairy />--may be appli$ to all bodies t revolve ab\t ! sun 9 v ecc5tric orbits4 ,! sudd5 appe>ance1 va/ dim5sions1 & extraord9>y aspect ( ^! cele/ial w&]]s1 toge!r ) _! rapid & cont9ually v>y+ motions1 h nev] fail$ to excite ! att5tion & wond] ( all obs]v]s4 ,nor is x surpris+ t 9 =m] times1 :5 ! nature ( _! orbits 0 :olly unkn[n1 !y %\ld h be5 look$ ^u z om5s ( imp5d+ evil1 or mess5g]s ( an angry ,deity4 ,ev5 n[1 al?\gh mod]n sci5ce has r$uc$ _! motions to ! doma9 ( law1 det]m9$ approximately _! orbits1 & assign$ 9 a numb] ( in/ances _! p]iods1 ! int]e/ awak5$ by _! appe>ance is 9 "s respects /ill unabat$4 ,! special po9ts ( dissimil>ity betwe5 planets & comets are ! foll[+3--,! =m] are d5se1 &1 s f> z we "k1 solid bodies2 ! latt] are _m ?\s& times r>] ?an ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,! planets all move f we/ to ea/2 _m comets revolve 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! planet>y orbits are b slightly incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 ^? ( comets may h any incl9ation :atev]4 ,! planets are obs]v$ 9 all p>ts ( _! orbits2 comets1 only 9 ^? p>ts ne>e/ ! sun4 ,! l>g] comets are att5d$ by a tail1 or tra9 ( v>y+ dim5sions1 ext5d+ g5]ally 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! sun4 ,! m cond5s$ "p1 f :i* ! tail proce$s1 is call$ ! nucleus2 & ! nebul\s envelope imm$iately surr\nd+ ! nucleus is sometimes t]m$ ! coma4 ,^! diff]5t p>ts are se5 9 ,fig4 #b1 :i* repres5ts ! great comet ( #ahaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,! ,,great ,,comet ,,( #ahaa4 ,z5o1 ,democritus1 & o!r ,greek philosoph]s held t comets 7 produc$ by ! collection ( sev]al />s into clu/]s4 ,ari/otle taught t !y 7 =m$ by exhalations1 :i*1 ris+ f ! e>?'s surface1 ignit$ 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is hypo!sis1 ?r\gh ! great influ5ce ( its au?or1 0 g5]ally receiv$ = almo/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,ju/] views1 h[ev]1 7 ent]ta9$ by ! celebrat$ ,s5eca1 :o ma9ta9$ t comets ought to be rank$ among ! p]man5t works ( nature1 & t _! disappe>ance 0 n an ext9ction1 b simply a pass+ beyond ! rea* ( our vision4 ,! obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe fir/ e/abli%$ ! fact t comets move ?r\gh ! planet>y spaces f> beyond ! limits ( our atmosph]e4 ,! illu/ri\s ,dane1 h[ev]1 suppos$ !m to move 9 circul> orbits4 ,kepl]1 on ! o!r h&1 0 no less 9 error 9 consid]+ _! pa?s to be rectil9e>4 ,james ,b]n\lli suppos$ comets to be ! satellites ( a v remote planet1 invisible on acc\nt ( its great di/ance1--su* satellites be+ se5 only 9 ! p>ts ( _! orbits ne>e/ ! e>?4 ,/ill m extravagant 0 ! hypo!sis ( ,desc>tes1 :o held t !y 7 orig9ally fix$ />s1 :i*1 hav+ gradually lo/ _! light1 c\ld no long] reta9 _! positions1 b 7 involv$ 9 ! vortices ( ! neighbor+ />s1 :5 su* z 7 ?us br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( ! sun's illum9at+ p[] aga9 became visible4 ,comets visible 9 ! daytime4 ,comets ( extraord9>y brilliancy h sometimes be5 se5 dur+ ! daytime4 ,at lea/ ?irte5 au!ntic in/ances ( ?is ph5om5on h be5 record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! fir/ 0 ! comet :i* appe>$ ab\t ! ye> #dc ,b4,c41 j aft] ! assass9ation ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,! ,romans call$ x ! ,julium ,sidus1 & reg>d$ x z a cele/ial *>iot s5t to convey ! s\l ( ,cs> to ! skies4 ,x 0 se5 two or ?ree h\rs be=e sunset1 & cont9u$ visible = eight successive days4 ,! great comet ( #aajf1 describ$ z an object ( t]rific spl5dor1 0 se5 simultane\sly ) ! sun1 & 9 close proximity to x4 ,dr4 ,halley suppos$ ?is & ! ,julian comet to h be5 previ\s visits ( ! great comet ( #afhj4 ,9 ! ye> #adjb two comets appe>$1--"o ab\t ! middle ( ,febru>y1 ! o!r 9 ,june1--bo? ( :i* 7 visible :ile ! sun 0 above ! horizon4 ,"o 0 ( su* magnitude & brilliancy t ! nucleus & ev5 ! tail c\ld be se5 at midday4 ,! comet ( #adgb1 "o ( ! mo/ spl5did record$ 9 hi/ory1 0 visible 9 full daylight1 :5 ne>e/ ! e>?1 on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y4 ,?is comet1 accord+ to ,laugi]1 moves v ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 its incl9ation be+ less ?an two degrees4 ,its lea/ di/ance f our globe 0 only #c1cjj1jjj miles4 ,! comet ( #aecb1 suppos$ by "s to be id5tical ) t ( #affa1 0 also visible 9 full sun%9e4 ,! app>5t magnitude ( its nucleus 0 ?ree times great] ?an t ( ,jupit]4 ,! comet ( #aegg 0 se5 ) ! nak$ eye by ,ty*o ,brahe be=e sunset4 ,x 0 by obs]vations on ?is body t ,ari/otle's doctr9e 9 reg>d to ! orig91 nature1 & di/ance ( comets 0 prov$ to be errone\s4 ,x 0 simultane\sly obs]v$ by ,ty*o at ,orani5b]g1 & ,?addeus ,hagecius at ,prague2 ! po9ts ( obs]vation be+ m ?an #djj miles ap>t1 & ne>ly on ! same m]idian4 ,! comet 0 f\nd to h no s5sible diurnal p>allax2 9 o!r words1 its app>5t place 9 ! heav5s 0 ! same to ea* obs]v]1 :i* c\ld n h be5 ! case _h ! comet be5 less di/ant ?an ! moon4 ,! comet :i* pass$ its p]ihelion on ! #h? ( ,novemb]1 #afah1 0 di/9ctly se5 by ,m>silius :5 ! sun 0 above ! horizon4 ,! great comet ( #agdd 0 se5 )\t ! aid ( a glass at "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1--only five h\rs aft] its p]ihelion passage4 ,! diamet] ( ?is body 0 ne>ly equal to t ( ,jupit]4 ,x _h six tails1 ! greate/ l5g? ( :i* 0 ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj miles1 or ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! tails 7 z d>k z ! re/ ( ! heav5s1 :ile ! tails !mselves 7 bord]$ ) a lum9\s edg+ ( great beauty4 ,! great comet ( #ahdc 0 di/9ctly visible to ! nak$ eye1 at noon1 on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y4 ,x appe>$ z a brilliant body1 )9 less ?an two degrees f ! sun4 ,?is comet pass$ its p]ihelion on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y1 at :i* "t its di/ance f ! sun's surface 0 only ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! moon's di/ance f ! e>?4 ,?is is ! ne>e/ approa* to ! sun ev] made by any kn[n comet4 ,! velocity ( ! body 9 p]ihelion 0 ab\t #a1bhj1jjj miles an h\r1 or ne>ly n9ete5 times t ( ! e>? 9 its orbit4 ,! app>5t l5g? ( its tail 0 sixty-five degrees1 & its true l5g? #aej1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! fir/ comet ( #ahdg1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,h9d1 0 also se5 ne> ! sun on ! day ( its p]ihelion passage4 ,t discov]$ by ,kl9k]fues on ! #aj? ( ,june1 #ahec1 & :i* pass$ its p]ihelion on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 0 se5 at ,olmutz 9 ! daytime1 ,augu/ #ca1 :5 only twelve degrees f ! sun4 ,aft] pass+ its p]ihelion1 x 0 aga9 obs]v$1 at noon1 on ! #b;d1 #c;d1 & #d? ( ,septemb]4 ,f9ally1 ! great comet ( #ahfa 0 se5 be=e sunset1 on ,monday ev5+1 ,july #a1 by ,rev4 ,h5ry ,w4 ,ballant9e1 ( ,bloom+ton1 ,indiana4 ,x 0 aga9 detect$ on ! foll[+ ev5+ j z ! sun 0 9 ! horizon4 ,besides ! ?irte5 comets :i* we h enum]at$1 at lea/ f\r o!rs h be5 se5 9 ! daytime2 all1 h[ev]1 "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,s5eca relates t dur+ a great sol> eclipse1 #fc ye>s be=e our era1 a l>ge comet 0 obs]v$ n f> f ! sun4 ,philo/orgius says t on ! #ai? ( ,july1 ,a4,d4 #dah1 :5 ! sun 0 eclips$ & />s 7 visible1 a great comet1 9 ! =m ( a cone1 0 discov]$ ne> t lum9>y1 & 0 aft]w>ds obs]v$ dur+ ! nights4#b ,! comet :i* pass$ its p]ihelion on ! #ah? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbf1 0 obs]v$ by bo? ,gamb>t & ,flaug]gues to transit ! sol> disk1--! lea/ di/ance ( ! nucleus f ! sun's surface be+ ab\t #b1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! second comet ( #ahai & ! comet ( #ahbc are bo? kn[n 9 l mann] to h pass$ betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! transits 7 n obs]v$4 #b ,h9d4 ,a few comet>y orbits are hyp]bolas1 m ellipses1 & a /ill great] numb] p>abolas4 ,comets mov+ 9 ellipses rema9 p]man5tly )9 ! limits ( sol> influ5ce4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 visit our sy/em b once1 & !n pass (f to w&] indef9itely 9 ! sid]eal spaces4 ,comets ( kn[n p]iodicity4 ,i4 ,halley's ,comet4 ,z comets are subject to great *anges ( appe>ance1 "o c nev] be id5tifi$ by any description ( its magnitude1 brilliancy1 etc41 at ! "t ( a previ\s return4 ,?is c be done only by a comp>ison ( orbits4 ,if1 = example1 we f9d ! elem5ts ( an orbit v ne>ly correspond+ 9 e p>ticul> ) ^? ( a =m] comet1 !re is a degree ( probability1 am\nt+ almo/ to c]ta9ty1 t ! two are id5tical4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 8 ,pr9cipia1 publi%$ %ortly aft] ! appe>ance ( ! comet ( #afhb1 expla9$ h[ ! p]iods ( ^? my/]i\s visitors might ?us be asc]ta9$1 ?us direct+ ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s to ! subject4 ,dr4 ,halley soon aft] und]took a ?or\gh discussion ( all ! record$ comet>y obs]vations )9 8 rea*4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations he discov]$ t ! pa? ( ! comet obs]v$ by ,kepl] 9 #afjg co9cid$ almo/ exactly ) t ( ! "o :i* pass$ its p]ihelion 9 #afhb4 ,h5ce he conclud$ t !y 7 ! same4 ,he f\nd also t ! comet ( #aeca1 ^: c\rse _h be5 p>ticul>ly obs]v$ by ,apian1 mov$ 9 ! same pa?4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! consecutive appe>ances be+ ne>ly #gf ye>s1 ,halley ann\nc$ ?is z ! "t ( ! comet's revolution1 & boldly pr$ict$ its return 9 #ageh or #agei4 ,! law ( univ]sal gravitation _h at ?is "t j be5 discov]$ & ann\nc$4 ,b al?\gh its application to ! det]m9ation ( planet>y & comet>y p]turbations _h n be5 develop$1 ,halley 0 well aw>e t ! attractive influ5ce ( ,jupit] & ,saturn might accel]ate or ret>d ! motion ( ! comet1 s z to produce a consid]able v>iation 9 its p]iod4 ,dur+ ! int]val f #afhb to #agei1 ! application ( ! high] ma!matics to problems 9 physical a/ronomy _h be5 /udi$ ) em95t success4 ,! di/urb+ effect ( ! two l>ge planets1 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 0 comput$ ) almo/ incr$ible labor by ,clairaut1 ,lal&e1 & ,madame ,lepaute4 ,! result z ann\nc$ by ,clairaut to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,novemb]1 #ageh1 0 t ! p]iod mu/ be #fah days long] ?an t imm$iately prec$+1 & t ! comet accord+ly w\ld pass its p]ihelion ab\t ! #ac? ( ,april1 #agei4 ,x 0 /at$1 h[ev]1 t1 be+ press$ = want ( "t1 !y _h neglect$ c]ta9 quantities :i* might some:at affect ! result4 ,! comet1 9 fact1 pass$ its p]ihelion 9 ,m>*1 )9 less ?an a mon? ( ! pr$ict$ "t4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! attraction ( ! e>? 0 n tak5 into ! acc\nt1 & t ,uranus1 ^: influ5ce mu/ h be5 s5sible1 _h n !n be5 discov]$1 ?is mu/ c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z a rem>kable approximation4 ,b dur+ ! next int]val ( #gf ye>s ! !ory ( planet>y p]turbations _h be5 m p]fectly develop$4 ,! masses ( ,jupit] & ,saturn _h be5 det]m9$ ) great] accuracy1 & ,uranus _h be5 add$ to ! kn[n memb]s ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,a ne>] approximation to ! exact "t ( ! comet's p]ihelion passage 9 #ahce 0 !re=e to be expect$4 ,prizes 7 (f]$ by two ( ! le>n$ societies ( ,europe--! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,tur91 & ! ,fr5* ,in/itute--= ! mo/ p]fect discussion ( its motions4 ,t ( ! =m] 0 aw>d$ to ,damoiseau1--t ( ! latt] to ,pontec\lant4 ,! times assign$ by ^! di/+ui%$ ma!maticians = ! comet's p]ihelion passage 7 v ne>ly ! same1 & diff]$ b a few days f ! true "t4 ,_h ! pres5t receiv$ mass ( ,jupit] be5 us$ 9 ! calculations1 ,pontec\lant1 x is believ$1 w\ld n h be5 9 error z mu* z #bd h\rs4 ,x may be prop] to rem>k t1 dur+ ! entire p]iod f #agei to #ahce1 ! position ( ,neptune 0 su* t x c\ld produce no consid]able effect on ! motion ( ! comet4 ,?is int]e/+ object w aga9 return ab\t #aiaa4 ,! visit ( #aeca 0 ! e>lie/ t ,halley succe$$ 9 det]m9+ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,pet] ,apian1 by :om x 0 at t "t obs]v$1 0 ! fir/ ,european to asc]ta9 ! fact t1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! tails ( comets are turn$ f ! sun4#c ,to confirm ?is discov]y1 he c>efully foll[$ ! body 9 its progress ?r\gh ! con/ellations4 ,by means ( 8 record$ obs]vations ,halley 0 enabl$ to id5tify ?is comet ) t ( #afjg & #afhb4 ,! great comet ( #adef he conjectur$ to be ! same1 f ! date ( its appe>ance4 ,p+r subsequ5tly confirm$ ?is suspicion by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! few tru/wor?y records t c\ld be collect$ f ! writ]s ( t p]iod4 #c ,! ,*9ese1 h[ev]1 z appe>s f ,biot's rese>*es1 _h obs]v$ ! same fact #gjj ye>s e>li]4 ,see ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 vol4 iv4 7,bohn's ed471 p4 #edd4 ,f ! e>li] descriptions ( ?is comet we inf] t its brilliancy is gradually dim9i%+4 ,9 #adef its tail1 :i* 0 slightly curv$ l a sword or sabre1 ext5d$ two-?irds ( ! di/ance f ! horizon to ! z5i?4 ,! appe>ance ( su* an object1 9 a grossly sup]/iti\s age1 excit$ ?r\gh\t ,europe ! utmo/ con/]nation4 ,! ,moslems _h j tak5 ,con/ant9ople1 & 7 ?reat5+ to advance we/w>d into ,europe4 ,pope ,calixtus ,,iii41 reg>d+ ! comet z conf$]ate ) ! ,turk1 ord]$ pray]s to be (f]$ ?ree times a day = deliv]ance f bo?4 ,! al>m1 h[ev]1 0 ( %ort duration4 ,)9 t5 days ( its appe>ance ! comet rea*$ its p]ihelion4 ,rec$+ f ! sun1 ! sword-l =m began to dim9i% 9 brilliancy & ext5t2 & f9ally1 to ! great relief ( ,europe1 x entirely disappe>$4 ,! p]ihelion passage ( #adef 01 until rec5tly1 ! e>lie/ kn[n4 ,x 0 %[n by ,laugi]1 h[ev]1 9 #ahdc1 t among ! notices ( comets extract$ by ,edw>d ,biot f ! ,*9ese records1 7 obs]vations ( a body 9 #acgh1 :i* 0 und\bt$ly ! comet ( ,halley4 ,fur!r rese>*es among ^! annals enabl$ ! same a/ronom] to recognize two anci5t returns1 "o 9 #gfj1 ! o!r 9 #dea4 ,/ill m rec5tly ! di/+ui%$ ,engli% a/ronom]1 ,mr4 ,h9d1 has trac$ back ! returns to ! ye> #aa ,b4,c4 ,he rem>ks1 h[ev]1 t previ\s to t epo*1 ! ,*9ese descriptions ( comets are too vague to aid u 9 trac+ any m anci5t appe>ances1 & t ,european writ]s ( ^! remote times r5d] u no assi/ance4 ,let u n[ inquire :e!r ! comet _h probably made any =m] approa* to ! sun 9 an orbit ne>ly id5tical ) ! pres5t4 ,x is well kn[n t ! mod]n p]iod ( ?is body is consid]ably less ?an ! anci5t4 ,?us1 ! mean p]iod s9ce ,a4,d4 #adef has be5 #ge4hh ye>s2 :ile f #aa ,b4,c4 to #adef ,a4,d4 x 0 #gg4bg ye>s4 ,9 det]m9+ ! approximate dates ( =m] returns1 ! anci5t p]iod %\ld evid5tly be employ$4 ,n[1 x is a rem>kable fact t ( m ?an #gj comets1#d or objects suppos$ to be comets1 ^: appe>ance 0 record$ dur+ ! six c5turies imm$iately prec$+ ! ye> #aa ,b4,c41 b "o--t ( #aff ,b4,c4--0 obs]v$ at a date correspond+ ne>ly to t ( a =m] return ( ,halley's comet4 ,( ?is object x is m]ely record$ t a tor* 0 se5 9 ! heav5s4 ,:e!r ?is 0 a comet or "s o!r ph5om5on1 x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,b z ! comet ( ,halley 0 m brilliant 9 anci5t ?an 9 mod]n times1 x seems highly improbable t sev5 consecutive returns ( s conspicu\s an object %\ld h be5 unrecord$1 especially z twelve comets p] c5tury#e 7 obs]v$ dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! p]ihelion passage ( #aa ,b4,c4 0 9 fact ! fir/ ev] made by ! comet1 or at lea/ ! fir/ 9 an orbit ne>ly ! same z ! pres5t4 #d ,see ! ,catalogues ( ,*amb]s & ,williams4 #e ,! av]age numb]4 ,! motion ( ,halley's comet is retrograde4 ,! po9t ( its ne>e/ approa* to ! sun is situat$ )9 ! orbit ( ,v5us4 ,its greate/ di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! sy/em is ne>ly twice t ( ,uranus1 or #cf times t ( ! e>?4 ,! comet is1 consequ5tly1 subject to great *anges ( temp]ature4 ,:5 ne>e/ ! sun its light & heat are almo/ f\r times great] ?an ! e>?'s2 :5 mo/ remote1 !y are #abjj times less4 ,9 ! =m] position1 ! sun w\ld appe> mu* l>g] ?an to u2 9 ! latt]1 8 app>5t diamet] w\ld n greatly exce$ t ( ,jupit]1 z view$ f ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conjecture :at ! consequ5ces might be1 7 our planet transport$ to ei!r ( ^! extremes ( ! comet>y pa?4 ,9 ! p]ihelion1 ! wat]s ( ! ocean w\ld und\bt$ly be r$uc$ to a /ate ( vapor2 9 ! aphelion1 !y w\ld be solidifi$ by congelation4 ,,ii4 ,encke's ,comet4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t all comets h _! aphelia f> beyond ! limits ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,9 #ahah1 h[ev]1 a small comet 0 discov]$ by ,pons1 ! orbit ( :i* 0 subsequ5tly f\nd to be :olly int]ior to t ( ,jupit]4 ,its elem5ts 7 pres5t$ by ,b\v>d1 9 #ahai1 to ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude at ,p>is4 ,! =m & position ( ! orbit 7 imm$iately f\nd to correspond ) ^? ( a comet obs]v$ by sev]al a/ronom]s 9 #ahje4 ,! diff]5t appe>ances 7 consequ5tly reg>d$ z returns ( ! same body4 ,its elliptic orbit 0 calculat$ by ,encke1 :o f\nd its p]iod to be only ab\t ?ree ye>s & f\r mon?s4 ,its p]ihelion is )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury2 its aphelion1 betwe5 ! a/]oids & ! orbit ( ,jupit]4 ,encke's comet is invisible to ! nak$ eye1 except 9 v favorable circum/ances2 x has no tail2 its motion1 l t ( ! planets1 is f we/ to ea/2 & its orbit is incl9$ ab\t #ac to ! ecliptic4 ,a comp>ison ( ! successive p]iods ( ?is int]e/+ object has l$ to ! discov]y t its "t ( revolution is gradually dim9i%+2 a fact reg>d$ by ,encke & o!r a/ronom]s z indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( an e!real m$ium4 ,,iii4 ,biela's ,comet4 ,! discov]y ( ,encke's comet ( %ort p]iod 0 foll[$1 9 #ahbf1 by t ( ano!r1 ^: revolution is complet$ 9 ab\t six ye>s & eight mon?s4 ,x 0 obs]v$ on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y1 by ,m4 ,biela1 an ,au/rian (fic]2 accord+ly x has s9ce be5 kn[n z ,biela's comet4 ,on comput+ its elem5ts & comp>+ !m ) ^? ( =m] comets1 x 0 f\nd to h be5 obs]v$ 9 #aggb & #ahje4 ,damoiseau hav+ calculat$ ! dim5sions ( ! comet's elliptic pa? & ! "t ( its return1 ann\nc$ z ! result ( 8 computations ! rem>kable fact t ! orbits ( ! e>? & comet int]sect ea* o!r1 & t ! comet w\ld cross ! e>?'s pa? on ! #bi? ( ,octob]1 #ahcb4 ,?is produc$ no little al>m among ! un$ucat$1 especially 9 ,france4 ,ev5 "s j\rnali/s are said to h pr$ict$ ! de/ruction ( our globe by a collision ) ! comet4 ,:5 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 pass$ ! po9t ( int]section at ! pr$ict$ "t1 ! e>? 0 at a di/ance ( #ej1jjj1jjj miles4 ,at ! return ( #ahde-f1 ,biela's comet exhibit$ a mo/ rem>kable appe>ance4 ,in/ead ( a s+le comet1 x appe>$ z two di/9ct bodies mov+ toge!r side by side1 at a di/ance f ea* o!r some:at less ?an t ( ! moon f ! e>?4 ,a/ronom]s1 anxi\s to det]m9e :e!r ! comet>y fragm5ts _h cont9u$ sep>ate dur+ an entire revolution1 await$ ! next return ) no ord9>y int]e/4 ,! two bodies appe>$ at ! pr$ict$ "t 7,septemb]1 #aheb72 _! di/ance ap>t hav+ increas$ to #a1bej1jjj miles4 ,9 #ahei ! comet1 on acc\nt ( its proximity to ! sun1 entirely escap$ detection4 ,at ! return 9 #ahfe-f ! position ( ! object 0 q favorable = obs]vation1 yet ! se>* ( a/ronom]s 0 aga9 unsuccessful4 ,9 #ahgb ! body escap$ detection bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,"o fragm5t 0 se51 h[ev]1 at ,madras1 ,india1 on ! morn+s ( ! #b;d & #c;d ( ,decemb]1--sev]al weeks aft] its p]ihelion passage4 ,! comet's non-appe>ance 9 #ahff & its greatly dim9i%$ magnitude 9 #ahgb leave no room to d\bt its progressive dissolution4 ,?is subject w aga9 be ref]r$ to 9 discuss+ ! ph5om5a ( meteoric %[]s4 ,,iv4 ,faye's ,comet4 ,on ! #bb;d ( ,novemb]1 #ahdc1 ,m4 ,faye1 ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 discov]$ a comet1 :i* 0 %[n by ,dr4 ,golds*midt to revolve 9 an elliptic orbit1 ! p]ihelion ( :i* is ext]ior to ! orbit ( ,m>s1 & ! aphelion imm$iately beyond t ( ,jupit]4 ,! ecc5tricity is1 !re=e1 less ?an t ( any o!r comet previ\sly discov]$4 ,its p]iod is ab\t #g ye>s & #e mon?s4 ,x is possible t a comet mov+ 9 a p>abola or hyp]bola1 ) ! sun 9 ! focus1 may be ?r[n into an elliptic orbit by ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ,jupit] or "o ( ! o!r l>ge planets4 ,! celebrat$ ,lev]ri] und]took to det]m9e :e!r ! comet ( ,faye _h 9 ?is mann] be5 rec5tly fix$ z a p]man5t memb] ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,he f\nd t x c\ld n h be5 s introduc$ s9ce #agdg1 &1 consequ5tly1 t x mu/ h complet$ at lea/ ?irte5 revolutions be=e its discov]y4 ,?is comet has be5 obs]v$ at ea* return f #ahdc to ! pres5t "t4 ,v4 ,de ,vico's ,comet4 ,on ! #bb;d ( ,augu/1 #ahdd1 ,de ,vico1 ( ,rome1 discov]$ a comet ^: orbit is includ$ betwe5 ^? ( ! e>? & ,jupit]4 ,its p]iod is #aiif days1 or ab\t #e-a_/b ye>s4 ,?is body1 f "s cause1--p]haps a gradual dissolution1--has n be5 obs]v$ at any subsequ5t return4 ,,vi4 ,brors5's ,comet4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y1 #ahdf1 ,mr4 ,brors51 ( ,kiel1 discov]$ a fa9t comet1 ! mean di/ance & p]iod ( :i* are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ,de ,vico's4 ,?is comet 0 n obs]v$ dur+ ! p]ihelion passage ( #ahea1 on acc\nt ( its unfavorable position ) respect to ! sun4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 subsequ5tly detect$4 ,,vii4 ,d',arre/'s ,comet4 ,dr4 ,d',arre/ discov]$ a comet on ! #bg? ( ,june1 #ahea1 :i* 0 soon f\nd to move 9 an elliptic orbit1 ) a p]iod ( ab\t #f-a_/b ye>s4 ,x entirely escap$ obs]vation1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 dur+ its p]ihelion passage 9 #aheg4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,its invisibility 9 #ahfd 0 due to its unfavorable position4 ,at its return 9 #ahgj1 x 0 fir/ se5 on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 by ,dr4 ,w9necke1 ( ,c>lsruhe4 ,,viii4 ,tuttle's ,comet4 ,a fa9t telescopic comet 0 discov]$ at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,h>v>d ,college1 on ! ev5+ ( ,janu>y #d1 #aheh1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,tuttle4 ,! same body 0 indep5d5tly f\nd "o week lat] by ,dr4 ,bruhns1 ( ,b]l94 ,f obs]vations made at ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*igan1 its elem5ts 7 soon comput$ by diff]5t a/ronom]s2 ! result 9 ea* case co9cid+ s closely ) ! elem5ts ( ! second comet ( #agij1 z to place its id5tity :olly beyond d\bt4 ,its p]iod is ne>ly #ac ye>s & #h mon?s4 ,x _h return$1 !re=e1 )\t detection1 9 ! ye>s #ahjc1 #ahag1 #ahca1 & #ahdd4 ,on its approa* to p]ihelion 9 #ahga1 x 0 fir/ detect$ by ,m4 ,borelly1 ( ,m>seilles4 ,,ix4 ,w9necke's ,comet4 ,! second comet ( #aheh 0 discov]$ on ! #h? ( ,m>*1 by ,dr4 ,w9necke1 ( ,bonn4 ,?is prov$ to be id5tical ) ! ?ird comet ( #ahai1 ^: p]iod 0 comput$ by ,encke to be ab\t #e-a_/b ye>s4 ,x _h !re=e return$ unp]ceiv$ no less ?an six times betwe5 #ahai & #aheh4 ,at its return 9 #ahfc x aga9 escap$ detection4 ,! p]ihelion passage ( #ahfi 0 made on ! #cj? ( ,june4 ,! comet 0 se5 z e>ly z ,april #ac1 &1 aft] pass+ ! sun1 z late z ,octob] #aa4 ,s*nfeld /ates t 9 "p ( ,april & ,may x appe>$ to h n "o1 b sev]al1 c5tres ( cond5sation1 & ,vogel says t1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 x _h a mu* great] resemblance to a />-clu/] ?an to a nebula4 ,?is ph5om5on1 x may be rem>k$1 bore a /rik+ resemblance to ! appe>ances obs]v$ 9 ! comets ( #chi1 #afah1 & #affa4 ,x4 ,tempel's ,comet4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 ,m4 ,tempel1 ( ,m>seilles1 discov]$ a small comet1 :i* cont9u$ visible f\r weeks1 pass+ its p]ihelion ,janu>y #aa1 #ahff4 ,dr4 ,oppolz]1 ( ,vi5na1 aft] a c>eful det]m9ation ( its elem5ts1 ann\nc$ ! int]e/+ fact t its orbit v ne>ly int]sects ^? ( ! e>? & ,uranus2 ! p]ihelion be+ situat$ imm$iately )9 ! =m]1 & ! aphelion a %ort di/ance ext]ior to ! latt]4 ,! p]iod1 accord+ to ! same a/ronom]1 is #cc ye>s & #fe days4 ,! id5tity ( ?is comet ) t ( #acff 0 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,newton soon aft] its appe>ance1--a sugge/ion :i* subsequ5t rese>* has /rongly corroborat$4 ,x is also highly probable t ! comet obs]v$ 9 ,*9a1 ,septemb] #bi1 #aacc1 0 a =m] return ( ! same body4 ,9 #acff x 0 conspicu\s to ! nak$ eye1 :ile 9 #ahff x 0 :olly invisible )\t a telescope1--a fact indicative ( its gradual dissolution4 ,! connection ( ?is comet ) ! meteors ( ,novemb] #ad w be else:]e consid]$4 ,,xi4 ,! ,second ,comet ( #ahfg4 ,ano!r comet ( %ort p]iod 0 discov]$ by ,m4 ,tempel on ! #c;d ( ,april1 #ahfg4 ,its orbit is ! lea/ ecc5tric ( all kn[n comets3 ! p]ihelion be+ ext]ior to ! orbit ( ,m>s2 ! aphelion int]ior to t ( ,jupit]4 ,its motion is direct1 & x completes a revolution 9 #e ye>s & #h mon?s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,elem5ts ,,indicate ,,p]iodicity1 ,,b ,,^: ,,returns ,,h ,,n ,,be5 ,,recognis$4 ,i4 ,! ,gr\p ^: p]iods are ne>ly equal to t ( ,uranus4 ,s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury five comets h be5 discov]$1 :i* =m1 ) ,halley's1 an int]e/+ & rem>kable gr\p4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 detect$ by ,pons1 on ! #bj? ( ,july1 #ahab2 ! second by ,olb]s1 on ! #f? ( ,m>*1 #ahae2 ! ?ird by ,de ,vico1 on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y1 #ahdf2 ! f\r? by ,brors51 on ! #bj? ( ,july1 #ahdg2 & ! la/ by ,we/phal1 on ! #bg? ( ,june1 #aheb4 ,! p]iods ( ^! bodies are all ne>ly equal1 rang+ f #fh to #gf ye>s2 _! ecc5tricities are n greatly diff]5t2 ! motions ( all1 except t ( ,halley's1 are direct2 & ! di/ances ( _! aphelia are some:at great] ?an ,neptune's di/ance f ! sun4 ,( ?is gr\p1 ! comets ( #ahab & #ahdf seem wor?y ( special notice4 ,! =m] became visible to ! nak$ eye %ortly aft] its discov]y1 & ea* cont9u$ visible ab\t t5 weeks4 ,_! elem5ts are z foll[s3 ,p]ihelion ,passage4 #ahab1 ,sept4 #ahdf1 ,m>4 #ae;d4 #g;h4 #e;d4 #ab;h4 ,long4 ( ,p]ih'n4 #ib #ea #ij #ca ,long4 ( ,a4 ,node4 #bec #cc #gg #cg ,incl4 #gc #eg #he #f ,p]i'n ,di/4 #j4ggga #j4ffcg ,ecc5tricity4 #j4idded #j4ifbbd ,p]iod4 #gj4fhy #gc4gae ,direction4 ,d ,d ,comput]4 ,encke4 ,peirce4 ,! wond]ful simil>ity ( ^! elem5ts1 except 9 ! longitude ( ! asc5d+ node1 is at once app>5t4 ,x w also be notic$ t ! longitude ( ! desc5d+ node ( ! latt] is v ne>ly co9cid5t ) t ( ! asc5d+ node ( ! =m]4 ,^! rem>kable co9cid5ces are pres5t$ to ! eye 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 :]e ! dott$ ellipse repres5ts ! orbit ( ! comet ( #ahab1 & ! cont9u\s curve t ( ! comet ( #ahdf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,x is inf9itely improbable t ^! co9cid5ces %\ld be accid5tal2 !y po9t und\bt$ly to a common orig9 ( ! two bodies4 ,accord+ to ! !ory n[ g5]ally accept$1 comets ent] ! sol> sy/em ab extra1 move 9 p>abolas or hyp]bolas ar\nd ! sun1 &1 if undi/urb$ by ! planets1 pass (f beyond ! limits ( ! sun's attraction1 to be se5 no m4 ,if 9 _! motion1 h[ev]1 !y approa* v ne> any ( ! l>g] planets1 _! direction is *ang$ by planet>y p]turbation1--_! orbits be+ sometimes trans=m$ into ellipses4 ,! new orbits ( su* bodies w\ld pass v ne>ly ?r\gh ! po9ts at :i* _! greate/ p]turbation occurr$2 & accord+ly we f9d t ! aphelia ( a l>ge proportion ( ! p]iodic comets are ne> ! orbits ( ! major planets4 ,i admit1 says ,m4 ,hoek1 t ! orbits ( comets are by nature p>abolas or hyp]bolas1 & t 9 ! cases :5 elliptical orbits are met )1 ^! are occasion$ by planet>y attractions1 or d]ive _! "* f ! unc]ta9ty ( our obs]vations4 ,to all[ ! contr>y w\ld be to admit "s comets z p]man5t memb]s ( our planet>y sy/em1 to :i* !y ought to h belong$ s9ce its orig91 & s to ass]t ! simultane\s bir? ( t sy/em & ( ^! comets4 ,z = me1 ,i attribute to ^! a primitive w&]+ "*4 ,travel+ ?r\gh space1 !y move f "o /> to ano!r 9 ord] to leave x aga91 provid$ !y d n meet any ob/acle t may =ce !m to rema9 9 its vic9ity4 ,su* an ob/acle 0 ,jupit]1 9 ! neighborhood ( our sun1 = ! comets ( ,lexell & ,brors51 & probably = ! great] "p ( p]iodical comets2 ! o!r "p ( :i* may be indebt$ = _! elliptical orbits to ! attractions ( ,saturn & ! rema9+ planets4 ,g5]ally1 !n1 comets come to u f "s /> or o!r4 ,! attraction ( our sun modifies _! orbit1 z _h be5 done already by ea* /> ?r\gh ^: sph]e ( attraction !y _h pass$4 ,we c put ! "q if !y come z s+le bodies or unit$ 9 sy/ems4 ,! conclusion ( ?is a/ronom]'s int]e/+ discussion is t-- ,!re are sy/ems ( comets 9 space t are brok5 up by ! attraction ( our sun1 & ^: memb]s atta91 z isolat$ bodies1 ! vic9ity ( ! e>? dur+ a c\rse ( sev]al ye>s4#f #f ,mon?ly ,notices ( ! ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 vol4 xxv41 p4 #bdc4 ,9 ! rese>*es "h ref]r$ to1 x is %[n by ,pr(essor ,hoek t ! comets ( #ahfj ,,iii41 #ahfc ,i41 & #ahfc ,,iv4 =m$ a gr\p 9 space previ\s to _! entrance into our sy/em4 ,! same fact has also be5 demon/rat$ 9 reg>d to o!r comets :i* ne$ n "h be specifi$4 ,n[1 ! comets ( #ahab & #ahdf ,,iv4 h _! aphelia ne> ! orbit ( ,neptune1 & h5ce ! orig9al p>abolas 9 :i* !y mov$ 7 probably trans=m$ into ellipses by ! p]turbations ( t planet4 ,be=e ent]+ ! sol> doma91 !y 7 d\btless memb]s ( a comet>y sy/em4 ,pass+ ,neptune ne> ! same "t1 & at "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 _! diff]5t relative positions ) reg>d to ! di/urb+ body may acc\nt = ! slight diff]5ces 9 ! elem5ts ( _! orbits4 ,comets ( ! ,jovian ,gr\p4 ,besides ! eight comets enum]at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ^: aphelia are 9 ! vic9ity ( ,jupit]'s orbit1 five o!rs h be5 obs]v$ :i* belong app>5tly to ! same clu/]4 ,^! are ! comets ( #aehe1 #agdc ,i41 #agff ,,ii41 #aghc1 & #ahai ,,iv4 ,! fact t ^! comets h n be5 re-obs]v$ on _! successive returns ?r\gh p]ihelion may be expla9$ ei!r by ! difficulty ( obs]v+ !m1 ow+ to _! unfavorable positions1 & to ! circum/ances ( obs]v]s n expect+ _! reappe>ance1 _! p]iodic "* n be+ !n suspect$1 or because !y may h be5 ?r[n by ! di/urb+ action ( ! l>g] planets into orbits su* z to keep !m cont9ually out ( ! range ( view ( t]re/rial obs]v]s4#g #g ,dr4 ,l>dn]4 ,lexell's comet ( #aggj is ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance kn[n ( ! *ange produc$ 9 ! orbits ( ^! bodies by planet>y attraction4 ,?is comet pass$ s ne> ,jupit] 9 #aggi t ! attraction ( ! latt] 0 #bjj times great] ?an t ( ! sun4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! comet1 ^: mean di/ance correspond$ to a p]iod ( #e-a_/b ye>s1 0 ?r[n into an orbit s entirely diff]5t t x has nev] s9ce be5 visible4 ,,pet]s' ,,comet4 ,a telescopic comet 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,pet]s on ! #bf? ( ,june1 #ahdf1 :i* cont9u$ to be obs]v$ till ! #ba/ ( ,july4 ,its p]iod1 accord+ to ! discov]]1 is ab\t #ac ye>s1 & its aphelion1 l t ( ,tuttle's comet1 is 9 ! vic9ity ( ,saturn's orbit4 ,x 0 expect$ to return 9 #ahei1 & aga9 9 #ahgb1 b ea* "t escap$ detection1 ow+ probably to ! fact t its position 0 unfavorable = obs]vation4 ,,/ephan',s ,,comet 7#ahfg ,i474 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahfg1 ,m4 ,/ephan1 ( ,m>seilles1 discov]$ a new comet1 ! elem5ts ( :i*1 aft] two mon?s' obs]vations1 7 comput$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,se>le1 ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! p]ihelion ( ?is body is ne> ! orbit ( ,m>s2 its aphelion ne> t ( ,uranus1--! lea/ di/ance ( ! orbits be+ ab\t #b1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! pres5t =m ( ! comet>y pa? is d\btless due to ! di/urb+ action ( ,uranus4 ,! comet completes its revolution 9 #cc4fb ye>s2 consequ5tly 7z has be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,h9d7 five ( its p]iods are almo/ exactly equal to two p]iods ( ,uranus4 ,! next approximate appulse ( ! two bodies w occur 9 #aihe1 :5 ! =m ( ! comet's orbit may be s5sibly modifi$4 ,,elliptic ,,comets ,,^: ,,aphelia ,,are ,,at ,a ,,mu* ,,great] ,,di/ance ,,?an ,,neptune',s ,,orbit4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ajig1 a comet 0 se5 bo? 9 ,europe & ,*9a1 :i* 0 not$ = ! fact ( its hav+ two di/9ct tails1 mak+ ) ea* o!r an angle ( ab\t #dj4 ,f a discussion ( ! ,*9ese obs]vations 7:i* ext5d$ ?r\gh a long] p]iod ?an ! ,european71 ,laugi] conclud$ t ?is body is id5tical ) ! ?ird comet ( #ahdj1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,galle on ! #f? ( ,m>*4 ,if1 !re=e1 x has made no int]m$iate return )\t be+ obs]v$1 x mu/ h a p]iod ( ab\t #gdc ye>s4 ,x is also highly probable1 f ! simil>ity ( elem5ts1 t ! comet :i* pass$ its p]ihelion on ! #e? ( ,june1 #ahde1 0 a reappe>ance ( ! comet ( #aeif1--! p]iod ( revolution be+ #bdi ye>s4 ,! elem5ts ( ! great comet ( #ahdc are some:at unc]ta94 ,!re is a probability1 h[ev]1 ( ! id5tity ( ?is body ) ! comet ( #affh4 ,?is w\ld make ! p]iod #age ye>s4 ,! ?ird comet ( #ahfb is especially int]e/+ f its connection ) ! ,augu/ meteors4 ,its p]iod1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,oppolz]1 is #aba-a_/b ye>s4 ,,! ,,great ,,comet ,,( #aheh 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 discov]$ on ! #b;d ( ,june1 by ,donati1 ( ,flor5ce1 & fir/ became visible to ! nak$ eye ab\t ! la/ ( ,augu/4 ,! comet atta9$ its greate/ brilliancy ab\t ! #aj? ( ,octob]1 :5 its di/ance f ! e>? 0 #ej1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! l5g? ( its tail some:at exce$$ ?is di/ance4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! comet _h be5 at t "t directly betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 ! latt] mu/ h be5 envelop$ = a numb] ( h\rs 9 ! cometic matt]4 ,! obs]vations ( ?is comet dur+ a p]iod ( five mon?s enabl$ a/ronom]s to det]m9e ! elem5ts ( its orbit )9 small limits ( error4 ,x completes a revolution1 accord+ to ,newcomb1 9 #ahed ye>s1 9 an orbit some:at m ecc5tric ?an t ( ,halley's comet4 ,x w n return be=e ! #ch? c5tury1 & w only rea* its aphelion ab\t ! ye> #bhjj4 ,its motion p] second :5 ne>e/ ! sun is #cf miles2 :5 mo/ remote1 only #bcd y>ds4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,rem>kable ,,comets4 ,x rema9s to describe "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable comets ( :i* we h any record1 b ( :i* we h no means ( det]m9+ ) c]ta9ty :e!r !y move 9 ellipses1 p>abolas1 or hyp]bolas4 ,9 ! ye> #dff ,b4,c41 a l>ge comet appe>$ simultane\sly ) ! fam\s fall ( meteoric /ones ne> gospotamos4 ,! =m] 0 suppos$ by ! anci5ts to h _h "s ag5cy 9 produc+ ! latt] ph5om5on4 ,ano!r ( extraord9>y magnitude appe>$ 9 ! ye> #cgc ,b4,c4 ,?is comet 0 s bright z to ?r[ %ad[s1 & its tail ext5d$ "o-?ird ( ! di/ance f ! horizon to ! z5i?4 ,! ye>s #aef1 #acf1 #acj1 & #dh1 be=e our era1 7 also signaliz$ by ! appe>ance ( v l>ge comets4 ,! app>5t magnitude ( ! fir/ ( ^! is said to h equal$ t ( ! sun itself2 :ile its light 0 suffici5t to dim9i% s5sibly ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,! second is said to h fill$ a f\r? "p ( ! cele/ial hemisph]e4 ,! comet ( #acj ,b4,c41 sometimes call$ ! comet ( ,mi?ridates1 because ( its appe>ance ab\t ! "t ( 8 bir?1 is said to h rival$ ! sun 9 spl5dor4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #agh a l>ge comet 0 visible dur+ a p]iod ( ne>ly ?ree mon?s4 ,its nucleus _h a rem>kably r$ or fi]y appe>ance1 & ! greate/ l5g? ( its tail exce$$ #fj4 ,! mo/ brilliant comets ( ! six? c5tury 7 probably ^? ( #eca & #ehb4 ,! tra9 ( ! latt]1 z se5 9 ! we/ soon aft] sunset1 pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a di/ant conflagration4 ,great comets appe>$ 9 ! ye>s #ige1 #abfd1 & #aeef4 ,( ^!1 ! comet ( #abfd _h ! greate/ app>5t magnitude4 ,x 0 fir/ se5 e>ly 9 ,july1 & atta9$ its greate/ brilliancy 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/1 :5 its tail 0 #ajj 9 l5g?4 ,x disappe>$ on ! #c;d ( ,octob]1 ab\t ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,pope ,urban ,,iv41 ( :i* ev5t ! comet1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is co9cid5ce1 0 consid]$ ! precursor4 ,^! comets1 on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( _! elem5ts1 7 believ$ by _m a/ronom]s to be ! same1 & to h a p]iod ( ab\t #cjj ye>s4 ,9 ! case ( id5tity1 h[ev]1 ano!r reappe>ance %\ld h occurr$ soon aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,z no su* return 0 obs]v$1 we may conclude t ! comets 7 n ! same1 & t _! p]iods are :olly unkn[n4 ,! comet discov]$ on ! #aj? ( ,novemb]1 #afah1 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 mod]n times2 its tail hav+ atta9$ ! extraord9>y l5g? ( #ajd4 ,! comet ( #afeb1 s c>efully obs]v$ by ,hevelius1 almo/ equal$ ! moon 9 app>5t magnitude4 ,x %one1 h[ev]1 ) a lurid1 dismal light4 ,! tail ( ! comet ( #afhj 0 #ij 9 l5g?4 ,?is body is also rem>kable = its ne> approa* to ! sun2 its lea/ di/ance f ! sol> surface hav+ be5 only #adg1jjj miles4 ,x w always be especially memorable1 h[ev]1 = hav+ furni%$ ,newton ! data by means ( :i* he fir/ %[$ t comets 9 _! orbital motions are gov]n$ by ! same pr9ciple t regulates ! planet>y revolutions4 ,( all ! comets :i* appe>$ dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 t :i* pass$ its p]ihelion on ! #g? ( ,octob]1 #agfi1 _h ! greate/ app>5t magnitude4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,messi] on ! #h? ( ,augu/1 & cont9u$ to be obs]v$ till ! #a/ ( ,decemb]4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,septemb] ! l5g? ( its tail 0 #ig4 ,! comet discov]$ on ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahaa1 is 9 "s respects ! mo/ rem>kable on record4 ,x 0 obs]v$ dur+ a p]iod ( #af mon?s & #bb days1--! longe/ p]iod ( visibility kn[n4 ,on acc\nt ( its situation ) respect to ! e>?1 ! app>5t l5g? ( its tail 0 mu* less ?an t ( "s o!r comets2 its true l5g?1 h[ev]1 0 at "o "t #abj1jjj1jjj miles2 & ,sir ,william ,h]s*el f\nd t on ! #ab? ( ,octob] ! greate/ circul> section ( ! tail 0 #ae1jjj1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,! same a/ronom] f\nd ! diamet] ( ! head ( ! comet to be #abg1jjj miles1 & t ( ! envelope at lea/ #fdc1jjj4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 ! l5g? ( a comet-tra9 increases v rapidly z ! body approa*es ! sun4 ,b ! p]ihelion di/ance ( ! comet ( #ahaa 0 consid]ably great] ?an ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun2 :ile its ne>e/ approa* to ! e>? 0 #aaj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,its true magnitude1 !re=e1 has probably n be5 surpass$ by any o!r obs]v$2 & _h its p]ihelion be5 v ne> ! sun1 x mu/ h exhibit$ an appe>ance ( t]rific gr&eur4 ,?is comet has an elliptic orbit1 & its p]iod1 accord+ to ,argel&]1 is #cjfe ye>s4 ,! great comet ( #ahfa 0 discov]$ on ! #ac? ( ,may1 by ,mr4 ,john ,tebbut1 ,jr41 ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z 9 ,europe1 x 0 fir/ g5]ally obs]v$ on ! ev5+ ( ,june #cj1--ai days aft] its p]ihelion passage4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o obs]v$ x 9 ,k5t1 ,engl&1 rem>ks t x f> exce$$ 9 brilliancy any comets he _h ev] se51 n except+ ^? ( #ahaa & #aheh4 ,accord+ to ,fa!r ,sec*i1 ( ! ,collegio ,romano1 ! l5g? ( its tail 0 #aah4 ,?is1 ) a s+le exception1#h is ! greate/ on record4 ,! comput$ orbit is elliptical2 ! p]iod1 #dai ye>s4 #h ,! tail ( ! fir/ comet ( #ahfe 7obs]v$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e7 atta9$ ! unprec$5t$ l5g? ( #aej4--,m4 ,n4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 vol4 xxv41 p4 #bbj4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,position ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,comet>y ,,orbits4 ,! cosmical masses f :i* comets are d]iv$ seem to trav]se 9 great numb]s ! int]/ell> spaces4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! sun's progressive motion1 ^! nebul\s bodies are sometimes drawn t[>d ! c5tre ( our sy/em4 ,if1 9 ?is approa*1 !y are n di/urb$ by any ( ! l>ge planets1 !y aga9 rec$e 9 p>abolas or hyp]bolas4 ,:51 h[ev]1 z mu/ sometimes be ! case1 !y pass ne> ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 or ,neptune1 _! orbits may be trans=m$ into elongat$ ellipses4 ,! p]iodicity ( _m comets may ?us be acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] x is propos$ to consid] ! probable consequ5ces ( ! sun's motion ?r\gh regions ( space 9 :i* comet>y matt] is widely diffus$2 to comp>e our !oretical d$uctions ) obs]v$ ph5om5a2 & ?us ref] to _! physical cause a v>iety ( facts :i* h hi!rto receiv$ no satisfactory explanation4#i #i ,?is *apt] is ! sub/ance ( a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,novemb] #ai1 #ahfi4 #a4 ,z comets1 at lea/ 9 _m in/ances1 owe _! p]iodicity to ! di/urb+ action ( ! major planets1 & z ?is planet>y influ5ce is sometimes suffici5t1 especially 9 ! case ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 to *ange ! direction ( comet>y motion1 ! great majority ( p]iodic comets %\ld move 9 ! same direction ) ! planets4 ,n[1 ( ! comets kn[n to be elliptical1 #gj p] c5t4 h direct motion4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 !ory & obs]vation are 9 /rik+ h>mony4 #b4 ,:5 ! relative positions ( a comet & ! di/urb+ planet are su* z to give ! trans=m$ orbit ( ! =m] a small p]ihelion di/ance1 ! comet mu/ return to ! po9t at :i* x receiv$ its greate/ p]turbation2 9 o!r words1 to ! orbit ( ! planet4 ,! aphelia ( ! comets ( %ort p]iod ought !re=e to be f\nd1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! orbits ( ! major planets4 ,?is1 z already %[n 9 ,*apt]s ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 is /rik+ly ! case4 ,! actual di/ances ( ^! aphelia1 h[ev]1 z comp>$ ) ! respective di/ances ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 are pres5t$ at "o view 9 ! foll[+ tables3 ,i4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,aphelion ,,di/ances ,,are ,,ne>ly ,,equal ,,to #e4bj1 ,,! ,,radius ,,( ,,jupit]',s ,,orbit4 ,comets4 ,aph4 ,di/4 #a4 ,encke's #d4ji #b4 #ahai ,,iv #d4ha #c4 ,de ,vico's #e4jb #d4 ,pigott's 7#aghc7 #e4bh #e4 #ahfg ,,ii #e4bi #f4 #agdc ,i #e4cb #g4 #agff ,,ii #e4dg #h4 #ahai ,,iii #e4ee #i4 ,brors5's #e4fd #aj4 ,d',arre/'s #e4ge #aa4 ,faye's #e4ic #ab4 ,bicla's #f4ai ,,ii4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,aphelion ,,di/ances ,,are ,,ne>ly ,,equal ,,to #i4ed1 ,,! ,,radius ,,( ,,saturn',s ,,orbit4 ,comets4 ,aph4 ,di/4 #a4 ,pet]s' 7#ahdf ,,vi47 #i4de #b4 ,tuttle's 7#aheh ,i47 #aj4db ,,iii4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,aphelion ,,di/ances ,,are ,,ne>ly ,,equal ,,to #ai4ah1 ,,! ,,radius ,,( ,,uranus',s ,,orbit4 ,comets4 ,aph4 ,di/4 #a4 #ahfg ,i #ai4bh #b4 ,novemb] meteors #ai4fe #c4 #ahff ,i #ai4ib ,,iv4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,aphelion ,,di/ances ,,are ,,ne>ly ,,equal ,,to #cj4jd1 ,,! ,,radius ,,( ,,neptune',s ,,orbit4 ,comets4 ,aph4 ,di/4 #a4 ,we/phal's 7#aheb ,,iv47 #ca4ig #b4 ,pons' 7#ahab7 #cc4da #c4 ,olb]s' 7#ahae7 #cd4je #d4 ,de ,vico's 7#ahdf ,,iv47 #cd4ce #e4 ,brors5's 7#ahdg ,v47 #ce4jg #f4 ,halley's#aj #ce4cg #aj ,halley's comet 9 aphelio is too remote f ! plane ( ! ecliptic to be mu* di/urb$ by ,neptune4 ,has ! orig9al position ( ! orbit be5 *ang$ by ,jupit]'s influ5ce8 ,! co9cid5ces "h po9t$ out 7"s ( :i* h be5 notic$ by o!rs7 appe>1 !n1 to be necess>y consequ5ces ( ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em ?r\gh spaces occupi$ by meteoric nebul4 ,h5ce ! obs]v$ facts receive an obvi\s explanation4 ,9 reg>d to comets ( long p]iod we h only to rem>k t1 = any?+ we "k to ! contr>y1 !re may be causes ( p]turbation f> ext]ior to ! orbit ( ,neptune4 #c4 ,f :at we obs]ve 9 reg>d to ! l>g] bodies ( ! univ]se--a clu/]+ t5d5cy be+ ev]y:]e app>5t1--x seems highly improbable t cometic matt] %\ld be uni=mly di/ribut$ 9 ! sid]eal spaces4 ,we w\ld expect1 on ! contr>y1 to f9d x collect$ 9 gr\ps or clu/]s4 ,?is view is also 9 rem>kable h>mony ) ! facts ( obs]vation4 ,9 #aej ye>s1 f #afjj to #agej1 #af comets 7 visible to ! nak$ eye2 ( :i* #h appe>$ 9 ! #be ye>s f #affd to #afhi4 ,aga91 dur+ #fj ye>s1 f #agej to #ahaj1 only #e comets 7 visible to ! nak$ eye1 :ile 9 ! next #ej ye>s !re 7 d\ble t numb]4 ,! probable cause ( su* v>iations is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,z ! sun 9 its progressive motion approa*es a comet>y gr\p1 ! latt] is drawn t[>d ! c5tre ( our sy/em2 ! ne>] memb]s ) great] velocity ?an ! m remote4 ,^? ( ! same clu/] w\ld ent] ! sol> doma9 at p]iods n v di/ant f ea* o!r2 ! =ms ( _! orbits dep5d+ ^u _! orig9al relative positions ) ref]5ce to ! sun's c\rse1 & also on planet>y p]turbations4 ,x is evid5t also t ! passage ( ! sol> sy/em ?r\gh a region ( space comp>atively de/itute ( cometic clu/]s w\ld be indicat$ by a correspond+ paucity ( comets4 #d4 ,! l9e ( apsides ( a l>ge proportion ( comets w be approximately co9cid5t ) ! sol> orbit4 ,! po9t t[>ds :i* ! sun is mov+ is 9 longitude ab\t #bfj4 ,! quadrants bisect$ by ?is po9t & t directly opposite ext5d f #bae to #cje1 & f #ce to #abe4 ,! numb] ( comet>y p]ihelia f\nd 9 ^! quadrants up to ,july1 #ahfh 7p]iodic comets be+ c\nt$ b once7 0 #aei1 or #fb p] c5t42 9 ! o!r two quadrants1 #ih1 or #ch p] c5t4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! p]ihelia to cr[d toge!r 9 two opposite regions has be5 notic$ by diff]5t writ]s4 #e4 ,comets ^: positions be=e ent]+ our sy/em 7 v remote f ! sol> orbit mu/ h ov]tak5 ! sun 9 its progressive motion2 h5ce _! p]ihelia mu/ fall1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! po9t t[>ds :i* ! sun is mov+2 & !y mu/ 9 g5]al h v small p]ihelion di/ances4 ,n[1 :at are ! obs]v$ facts 9 reg>d to ! longitudes ( ! p]ihelia ( ! comets :i* h approa*$ )9 ! lea/ di/ance ( ! sun's surface8 ,b ?ree h _h a p]ihelion di/ance less ?an #j4ja4 ,all ^!1 x w be se5 by ! foll[+ table1 h _! p]ihelia 9 close proximity to ! po9t ref]r$ to3 ,i4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,p]ihelion ,,di/ances ,,are ,,less ,,?an #j4ja4 ,p]ihelion ,passage4 ,p]4 ,di/4 ,long4 ( ,p]4 #a4 #affh1 ,feb4 #bh;d4 #ac;h4 #j4jjdg #bgg #b #b4 #afhj1 ,dec4 #ag #bc #j4jjfb #bfb #di #c4 #ahdc1 ,feb4 #bg #i #j4jjee #bgh #ci ,9 ,table ,,ii4 all b ! la/ h _! p]ihelia 9 ! same quadrant4 ,,ii4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,p]ihelion ,,di/ances ,,are ,,great] ,,?an #j4ja ,,& ,,less ,,?an #j4je4 ,p]ihelion ,passage4 ,p]4 ,di/4 ,long4 ( ,p]4 #a4 #afhi1 ,nov #bi;d4 #d;h4 #j4jahi #bfi #da #b4 #ahaf1 ,m>* #a #h #j4jdhe #bfg #ce #c4 #ahbf1 ,nov #ah #i #j4jbfh #cae #ca #d4 #ahdg1 ,m>* #cj #f #j4jdbe #bgf #b #e4 #ahfe1 ,jan #ad #g #j4jbfj4 #ada #ae ,! p]ihelion ( ! fir/ comet 9 ,table ,,iii4 is remote f ! direction ( ! sun's motion2 t ( ! second is di/ant b #ad1 & ( ! ?ird #ba4 ,,iii4 ,,comets ,,^: ,,p]ihelion ,,di/ances ,,are ,,great] ,,?an #j4je ,,& ,,less ,,?an #j4a4 ,p]ihelion ,passage4 ,p]4 ,di/4 ,long4 ( ,p]4 #a4 #aeic1 ,july #ah;d4 #ac;h4 #j4jhia #agf #ai #b4 #aghj1 ,sept4 #cj #bb #j4jifc #bdf #ce #c4 #ahba1 ,m>* #ba #ab #j4jiah #bci #bi ,) great] p]ihelion di/ances ! t5d5cy ( ! p]ihelia to cr[d toge!r r\nd ! po9t indicat$ is less di/9ctly m>k$4 #f4 ,few comets ( small p]ihelion di/ance %\ld h _! p]ihelia 9 ! vic9ity ( longitude #hj1 ! po9t opposite t t[>ds :i* ! sun is mov+4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 by exam9+ a table ( comet>y elem5ts1 t ) a p]ihelion di/ance less ?an #j4a !re is n a s+le p]ihelion betwe5 #ce & #abe2 betwe5 #j4a & #j4b b #c2 & betwe5 #j4b & #j4c only #a4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,dis9tegration ,,( ,,comets4 ,! fact t 9 sev]al in/ances meteoric /reams move 9 orbits id5tical ) ^? ( c]ta9 comets 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( ,signor ,s*iap>elli4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 ( an intimate relation%ip betwe5 comets & meteors 0 advocat$ by ! writ] z long s9ce z #ahfa1aa--sev]al ye>s previ\s to ! publication ( ,s*iap>elli's memoirs4 ,9 ! essay "h ref]r$ to x 0 ma9ta9$-- #aa ,danville ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahfa4 #a4 ,t meteors & meteoric r+s are ! dbris ( anci5t b n[ dis9tegrat$ comets ^: matt] has become di/ribut$ ar\nd _! orbits4 #b4 ,t ! sep>ation ( ,biela's comet z x approa*$ ! sun 9 ,decemb]1 #ahde1 0 b "o 9 a s]ies ( simil> processes :i* w\ld probably cont9ue until ! individual fragm5ts w\ld become invisible4 #c4 ,t c]ta9 lum9\s meteors h ent]$ ! sol> sy/em f ! int]/ell> spaces4#ab #ab ,o!rs1 x 0 suppos$1 might h orig9at$ )9 ! sy/em1--a view :i* ! writ] has n :olly ab&on$4 #d4 ,t ! orbits ( "s meteors & p]iodic comets h be5 trans=m$ into ellipses by planet>y p]turbation2 & #e4 ,t num]\s facts--"s obs]v$ 9 anci5t & "s 9 mod]n times--h be5 decid$ly indicative ( comet>y dis9tegration4 ,:at 0 ?us propos$ z !ory has be5 s9ce confirm$ z und\bt$ facts4 ,:5 ! hypo!sis 0 orig9ally advanc$1 ! data requir$ = its ma!matical demon/ration 7 entirely want+4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 by :i* x 0 su/a9$ 0 suffici5t to give x a high degree ( probability4 ,! exi/5ce ( a divell5t =ce by :i* comets ne> _! p]ihelia h be5 sep>at$ into p>ts is cle>ly %[n by ! foll[+ facts4 ,:e!r ?is =ce1 z sugge/$ by ,s*iap>elli1 is simply ! unequal attraction ( ! sun on diff]5t p>ts ( ! nebul\s mass1 or :e!r1 9 accordance ) ! views ( o!r a/ronom]s1 x is to be reg>d$ z a cosmical =ce ( repulsion1 is a "q left = future discussion4 ,,hi/orical ,,facts4 #a4 ,s5eca in=ms u t ,ephoras1 a ,greek writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ _h record$ ! s+ul> fact ( a comet's sep>ation into two di/9ct p>ts4#ac ,?is /atem5t 0 deem$ incr$ible by ! ,roman philosoph]1 inasmu* z ! occurr5ce 0 !n )\t a p>allel4 ,m rec5t obs]vations ( simil> ph5om5a leave no room to "q ! hi/orian's v]acity4 #ac ,qu/4 ,nat41 lib4 vii41 cap4 xvi4 #b4 ,! head ( ! great comet ( ,a4,d4 #chi1 accord+ to ! writ]s ( t p]iod1 0 compos$ ( sev]al small />s4 7,h9d's ,comets1 p4 #ajc47 #c4 ,on ,june #bg1 ,a4,d4 #daf1 two comets appe>$ 9 ! con/ellation ,h]cules1 & pursu$ ne>ly ! same app>5t pa?4 ,probably at a =m] epo* ! pair _h con/itut$ a s+le comet4#ad #ad ,*amb]s' ,descr4 ,a/r41 p4 #cgd4 #d4 ,on ,augu/ #d1 #hac1 a comet 0 se5 :i* resembl$ two moons jo9$ toge!r4 ,!y subsequ5tly sep>at$1 ! fragm5ts assum+ diff]5t =ms4#ae #ae ,ibid41 p4 #chc4 #e4 ,! ,*9ese annals record ! appe>ance ( ?ree comets--"o l>ge & two small] ones--at ! same "t1 9 ! ye> #hif ( our era4 ,!y travel$ toge!r = ?ree days4 ,! little ones disappe>$ fir/1 & !n ! l>ge "o4#af ,! bodies 7 probably fragm5ts ( a l>ge comet :i*1 on approa*+ ! sun1 _h be5 sep>at$ into p>ts a %ort "t previ\s to ! date ( _! discov]y4 #af ,ibid41 p4 #chh4 #f4 ,! ?ird comet ( #afah4--,! great comet ( #afah exhibit$ decid$ symptoms ( dis9tegration4 ,:5 fir/ obs]v$ 7on ,novemb] #cj71 its appe>ance 0 t ( a lucid & ne>ly sph]ical mass4 ,on ! eigh? day ! process ( division 0 di/9ctly notic$1 & on ! #bj? ( ,decemb] x resembl$ a clu/] ( small />s4#ag #ag ,hevelius1 ,cometographia1 p4 #cda4 ,see also ,grant's ,hi/4 ( ,phys4 ,a/r41 p4 #cjb4 #g4 ,! comet ( #affa4--,! elem5ts ( ! comets ( #aecb & #affa h a rem>kable resemblance1 & previ\s to ! ye> #agij a/ronom]s reg>d$ ! bodies z id5tical4 ,! simil>ity ( ! elem5ts is se5 at a glance 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,comet ( #aecb4 ,comet ( #affa4 ,longitude ( p]ihelion #aaa #dh #aae #af ,longitude ( asc5d+ node #hg #bc #ha #ed ,incl9ation #cb #cf #cc #a ,p]ihelion di/ance #j4eaib #j4ddbg ,motion ,direct4 ,direct4 ,! elem5ts ( ! =m] are by ,olb]s2 ^? ( ! latt] by ,me*a94 ,! return ( ! comet ab\t #agij1 ?\gh g5]ally expect$1 0 look$ = 9 va94 ,z a possible explanation ( ?is fact1 x is int]e/+ to recur to an almo/ =gott5 /atem5t ( ,hevelius4 ,?is a/ronom] obs]v$ 9 ! comet ( #affa an app>5t break+ up ( ! body into sep>ate fragm5ts4#ah ,! case may be analog\s to t ( ,biela's comet4 #ah ,cometographia1 p4 #dag4 #h4 ,! id5tity ( ! comets ( #ahff & #acff1 fir/ sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,newton1 is n[ unque/ion$4 ,! exi/5ce !n ( a meteoric sw>m1 mov+ 9 ! same track1 is n ! only evid5ce ( ! orig9al comet's p>tial dissolution4 ,! comet ( #ahff 0 invisible to ! nak$ eye2 t ( #acff1 se5 "u ne>ly simil> circum/ances1 0 a conspicu\s object4 ,! /atem5t ( ! ,*9ese hi/orian t x appe>$ ne>ly z l>ge z a t[ measure1#ai ?\gh some:at indef9ite1 c]ta9ly ju/ifies ! conclusion t its magnitude has greatly dim9i%$ dur+ ! la/ #ejj ye>s4 ,! meteors mov+ 9 ! same orbit are d\btless ! products ( ?is gradual sep>ation4 #ai ,williams' ,*9ese ,obs]vations ( ,comets1 p4 #gc4 #i4 ,! rep>tition ( ,biela's comet 9 #ahde1 z well z ! non-appe>ance ( ! two fragm5ts 9 #ahfe & #ahgb1bj 7 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]4 #bj ,"o ( ! p>ts 0 se5 at ,madras1 ,india1 on ! morn+s ( ,decemb] #b & #c1 #ahgb4 ,! comet ( ,halley1 if we may cr$it ! descriptions giv5 by anci5t writ]s1 has be5 decreas+ 9 brilliancy f age to age4 ,! same is true 9 reg>d to sev]al o!rs believ$ to be p]iodic4 ,! comet ( ,a4,d4 #ajig _h a tail #ej long4 ,at its return1 9 ,m>*1 #ahdj1 ! l5g? ( its tail 0 only #e4 ,! ?ird comet ( #agij & ! fir/ ( #ahbe are suppos$1 f ! simil>ity ( _! elem5ts1 to be id5tical4 ,ea* p]ihelion passage occurr$ 9 ,may1 yet ! tail at ! =m] appe>ance 0 #d 9 l5g?1 at ! latt] b #b-a_/b4 ,o!r in/ances might be specifi$ ( ?is app>5t gradual dissolution4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 extremely improbable t ! p>ticles driv5 (f f comets 9 _! approa* to ! sun1 =m+ tails ext5d+ millions ( miles f ! pr9cipal mass1 %\ld aga9 be collect$ ar\nd ! same nuclei4 ,! fact1 !n1 t meteors move 9 ! same orbits ) comets is b a consequ5ce ( t disruptive process s cle>ly indicat$ by ! ph5om5a describ$4 ,9 ?is view ( ! subject1 comets--ev5 su* z move 9 elliptic orbits--are n to be reg>d$ z p]man5t memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,_! dbris becomes gradually scatt]$ ar\nd ! orbit4 ,"s p>ts ( ! nebul\s r+ w be m di/urb$ ?an o!rs by planet>y p]turbation4 ,portions ( su* /reams z ne>ly int]sect ! e>?'s pa? sometimes p5etrate ! atmosph]e4 ,_! rapid motion r5d]s !m lum9\s4 ,if v m9ute1 !y are burnt up or dissipat$ )\t leav+ any solid deposit2 we !n h ! ph5om5a ( %oot+-/>s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 z is sometimes ! case1 !y conta9 a consid]able quantity ( solid matt]1 !y rea* ! e>?'s surface z meteoric /ones4 ,,ii4 ,,meteors4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,meteoric ,,/ones4 ,al?\gh num]\s in/ances ( ! fall ( a]olites _h be5 record$1 "s ( !m app>5tly well au!nticat$1 ! occurr5ce long appe>$ too m>vel\s & improbable to ga9 cr$5ce ) sci5tific m54 ,su* a %[] ( rocky fragm5ts occurr$1 h[ev]1 on ! #bf? ( ,april1 #ahjc1 at ,l',aigle1 9 ,france1 z =ev] to dissipate all d\bt on ! subject4 ,simil> displays s9ce t "t h be5 frequ5tly witness$2--inde$ sc>cely a ye> passes )\t ! fall ( meteoric /ones 9 "s "p ( ! e>?1 ei!r s+ly or 9 clu/]s4 ,x w\ld n comport ) ! design ( ! pres5t treatise to give an ext5d$ li/ ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt1 h[ev]1 includes ! mo/ important in/ances 9 :i* ! fall ( meteoric /ones has be5 actually obs]v$3 7#a47 #adgh ,b4,c4--,accord+ to ! celebrat$ ,p>ian *ronicle1 an a]olite1 or ?und]-/one1 z x 0 call$1 fell 9 ! isl& ( ,crete1 ab\t #adgh ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! mo/ anci5t /one-fall on record4 ,meteoric masses h be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 ! fall ( :i* probably occurr$ at an epo* /ill m anci5t4 7#b47 #abjj ,b4,c4--,a numb] ( /ones1 :i* 7 anci5tly pres]v$ 9 ,or*om5os1 a t[n ( ,boeotia1 7 said to h fall5 f heav5 ab\t twelve c5turies be=e our era4 7#c47 #aafh ,b4,c4--,a mass ( iron1 z we le>n f ! ,p>ian *ronicle1 0 se5 to desc5d ^u ,m\nt ,ida1 9 ,crete4 7#d47 #fed ,b4,c4--,accord+ to ,livy1 a numb] ( meteoric /ones fell on ! ,alban ,hill1 ne> ,rome1 ab\t ! ye> #fed ,b4,c4 7#e47 #faf ,b4,c41 ,janu>y #ad4--;,x is relat$ 9 ! ,*9ese annals t on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y1 #faf ,b4,c41 a meteoric /one-fall broke sev]al *>iots & kill$ t5 m54 7#f47 #dff ,b4,c4--,a mass ( rock1 describ$ z ( ! size ( two mill/ones1 fell at gospotamos1 9 ,?race4 ,an attempt to r$iscov] ?is meteoric mass1 s celebrat$ 9 antiquity1 0 rec5tly made1 b )\t success4 ,not)/&+ ?is failure1 ,humboldt express$ ! hope t1 z su* a body w\ld be difficult to de/roy1 x may yet be f\nd1 s9ce ! region 9 :i* x fell is n[ become s easy ( access to ,european travel]s4 7#g47 #dfe ,b4,c4--,! fam\s /one call$ ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 & :i* is describ$ or allud$ to by _m anci5t writ]s1 0 said to h fall5 f ! skies4 ,! poet ,p9d> 0 seat$ on a hill at ! "t ( its desc5t1 & ! meteorite /ruck ! e>? ne> 8 feet4 ,! /one1 z x fell1 0 encircl$ by fire4 ,x is said to h be5 ( mod]ate dim5sions1 ( a black hue1 ( an irregul>1 angul> %ape1 & ( a metallic aspect4 ,an oracle _h pr$ict$ t ! ,romans w\ld cont9ue to increase 9 prosp]ity if !y 7 put 9 possession ( ?is preci\s deposit2 & ,publius ,scipio ,nasico 0 accord+ly deput$ to ,attalus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus1 to obta9 & receive ! sacr$ idol1 ^: wor%ip 0 in/itut$ at ,rome #bjd ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4--,ed9burgh ,encyclop$ia4 7#h47 ,a4,d4 #iba4--;,an imm5se a]olite fell into ! riv] 7a bran* ( ! ,tib]7 at ,n>ni1 9 ,italy4 ,x project$ ?ree or f\r feet above ! surface ( ! wat]4 7#i47 #adib1 ,novemb] #g4--;,an a]olite1 weigh+ #bgf p\nds1 fell at ,ensi%eim1 9 ,alsace1 p5etrat+ ! e>? to ! dep? ( ?ree feet4 ,?is /one1 or ! great] "p ( x1 may /ill be se5 at ,ensi%eim4 7#aj47 #aeaa1 ,septemb] #ad4--;,at noon an almo/ total d>k5+ ( ! heav5s occurr$ at ,crema4 ,dur+ ?is midnight gloom1 says a writ] ( t p]iod1 unhe>d-( ?und]s1 m+l$ ) awful lightn+s1 res\nd$ ?r\gh ! heav5s4444 ,on ! pla9 ( ,crema1 :]e nev] be=e 0 se5 a /one ! size ( an egg1 !re fell pieces ( rock ( enorm\s dim5sions & ( imm5se weight4 ,x is said t t5 ( ^! 7 f\nd1 weigh+ #ajj p\nds ea*4 ,a monk 0 /ruck dead at ,crema by "o ( ^! rocky fragm5ts4 ,?is t]rific display is said to h la/$ two h\rs1 & #abjj a]olites 7 subsequ5tly f\nd4 7#aa47 #afcg1 ,novemb] #bi4--;,a /one1 weigh+ #ed p\nds1 fell on ,m\nt ,vaison1 9 ,prov5ce4 7#ab47 #afej1 ,m>* #cj4--;,a ,franciscan monk 0 kill$ at ,milan by ! fall ( a meteoric /one4 7#ac47 #afgd4--,two ,sw$i% sailors 7 kill$ on %ipbo>d by ! fall ( an a]olite4 7#ad47 #agea1 ,may #bf4--,two meteoric masses1 consi/+ almo/ :olly ( iron1 fell ne> ,agram1 ! capital ( ,croatia4 ,! l>g] fragm5t1 :i* weighs #gb p\nds1 is n[ 9 ,vi5na4 7#ae47 #agij1 ,july #bd4--;,betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock at night a v l>ge meteor 0 se5 ne> ,bordeaux1 ,france4 ,ov] ,b>botan a l\d explosion 0 he>d1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a %[] ( meteoric /ones ( v>i\s magnitudes4 7#af47 #agid1 ,july4--,a fall ( ab\t a doz5 a]olites occurr$ at ,si5na1 ,tuscany4 7#ag47 #agie1 ,decemb] #ac4--;,a l>ge meteoric /one fell ne> ,wold ,cottage1 9 ,york%ire1 ,engl&4 ,sev]al p]sons he>d ! report ( an explosion 9 ! air1 foll[$ by a hiss+ s\nd2 & aft]w>d felt a %ock1 z if a heavy body _h fall5 to ! gr\nd at a little di/ance f !m4 ,"o ( ^!1 a pl[man1 saw a huge /one fall+ t[>d ! e>?1 eight or n9e y>ds f ! place :]e he /ood4 ,x ?rew up ! m\ld on e side2 & aft] p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! soil1 lodg$ "s in*es deep 9 solid *alk-rock4 ,^u be+ rais$1 ! /one 0 f\nd to weigh #ef p\nds4 ,x fell 9 ! aft]noon ( a mild1 b hazy day1 dur+ :i* !re 0 no ?und] or lightn+2 & ! noise ( ! explosion 0 he>d ?r\gh a consid]able di/rict4--,miln]'s ,gall]y ( ,nature1 p4 #acd4 7#ah47 #agif1 ,febru>y #ai4--;,a /one ( #aj p\nds' weight fell 9 ,portugal4 7#ai47 #ahjc1 ,april #bf4--,?is rem>kable %[] 0 ref]r$ to on a previ\s page4 ,at #a o'clock ,p4,m41 ! heav5s be+ almo/ cl\dless1 a trem5d\s noise1 l t ( ?und]1 0 he>d1 & at ! same "t an imm5se fire-ball 0 se5 mov+ ) great rapidity ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a viol5t explosion1 :i* la/$ sev]al m9utes1 & :i* 0 he>d n only at ,l',aigle1 b 9 e direction ar\nd x to ! di/ance ( #gj miles4 ,imm$iately aft]1 a great numb] ( meteoric /ones fell to ! e>?1 g5]ally p5etrat+ to "s di/ance b5ea? ! surface4 ,ne>ly #cjjj ( ^! fragm5ts 7 f\nd & collect$1 ! l>ge/ weigh+ ab\t #ag p\nds4 ,! occurr5ce v naturally excit$ great att5tion4 ,m4 ,biot1 "u ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t1 repair$ to ! place1 collect$ ! v>i\s facts 9 reg>d to ! ph5om5on1 took ! te/imony ( witnesses1 etc41 & f9ally embrac$ ! results ( 8 inve/igations 9 an elaborate memoir4 7#bj47 #ahjg1 ,decemb] #ad4--;,a l>ge meteor explod$ ov] ,we/on1 ,connecticut4 ,! height1 direction1 velocity & magnitude ( ?is body 7 discuss$ by ,dr4 ,b[dit* 9 a memoir communicat$ to ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 9 #ahae4 ,! appe>ance ( ! meteor occurr$ ab\t #f;h4 #aem4 ,a4,m41--j aft] daybreak4 ,its app>5t diamet] 0 half t ( ! full moon2 its "t ( flight1 ab\t #cj seconds4 ,)9 less ?an a m9ute f ! "t ( its disappe>ance ?ree di/9ct reports1 l ^? ( artill]y1 7 he>d ov] an area sev]al miles 9 diamet]4 ,ea* explosion 0 foll[$ by ! fall ( meteoric /ones4 ,unlike mo/ a]olites1 ^! bodies :5 fir/ f\nd 7 s s(t z to be easily pulv]iz$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,on exposure to ! air1 h[ev]1 !y gradually h>d5$4 ,! weight ( ! l>ge/ fragm5t 0 #ce p\nds4 7#ba47 #ahei1 ,novemb] #ae4--;,betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock 9 ! morn+ an extraord9>y meteor 0 se5 9 sev]al ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ,virg9ia4 ,! app>5t diamet] ( ! head 0 ne>ly equal to t ( ! sun1 & x _h a tra91 not)/&+ ! bright sun%9e1 sev]al degrees 9 l5g?4 ,its disappe>ance on ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic 0 foll[$ by a s]ies ( ! mo/ t]rific explosions4 ,x is believ$ to h desc5d$ into ! wat]1 probably into ,delaw>e ,bay4 ,a highly int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is meteor1 by ,pr(essor ,loomis1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts = ,janu>y1 #ahfj4 7#bb47 #ahfj1 ,may #a4--;,ab\t #bj m9utes be=e #a o'clock1 ,p4,m41 a %[] ( meteoric /ones fell 9 ! s\?we/ corn] ( ,gu]nsey c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,full acc\nts ( ! ph5om5a are giv5 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,july1 #ahfj1 & ,janu>y & ,july1 #ahfa1 by ,pr(essors ,e4 ,b4 ,&rews1 ,e4 ,w4 ,evans1 ,j4 ,l4 ,smi?1 & ,d4 ,w4 ,johnson4 ,f ^! int]e/+ pap]s we le>n t ! c\rse ( ! meteor 0 ab\t #dj we/ ( nor?4 ,its visible track 0 ov] ,wa%+ton & ,noble c\nties1 & ! prolongation ( its projection1 on ! e>?'s surface1 passes directly ?r\gh ,new ,concord1 9 ! s\!a/ corn] ( ,musk+um c\nty4 ,! meteor :5 fir/ se5 0 ab\t #dj miles f ! e>?'s surface4 ,! sky1 at ! "t1 0 = ! mo/ "p cov]$ ) cl\ds ov] nor?we/]n ,ohio1 s t if any portion ( ! meteoric mass cont9u$ on its c\rse x 0 invisible4 ,! velocity ( ! meteor1 9 relation to ! e>?'s surface1 0 f ?ree to f\r miles p] second2 & h5ce its absolute velocity 9 ! sol> sy/em mu/ h be5 some:at great] ?an t ( ! e>?4 ,at ,new ,concord1#ba ,musk+um c\nty1 :]e ! meteoric /ones fell1 & 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 !re 7 _m di/9ct & l\d reports he>d4 ,at ,new ,concord !re 0 fir/ he>d 9 ! sky1 a little s\!a/ ( ! z5i?1 a l\d detonation1 :i* 0 comp>$ to t ( a cannon fir$ at ! di/ance ( half a mile4 ,aft] an int]val ( t5 seconds1 ano!r simil> report4 ,aft] two or ?ree seconds ano!r1 & s on ) dim9i%+ int]vals4 ,tw5ty-?ree di/9ct detonations 7 he>d1 aft] :i* ! s\nds became bl5d$ toge!r & 7 comp>$ to ! rattl+ fire ( an awkw>d squad ( soldi]s1 & by o!rs to ! ro> ( a railway tra94 ,^! s\nds1 ) _! rev]b]ations1 are ?\ght to h cont9u$ = two m9utes4 ,! la/ s\nds seem$ to come f a po9t 9 ! s\!a/ #de bel[ ! z5i?4 ,! result ( ?is cannonad+ 0 ! fall+ ( a l>ge numb] ( /ony meteorites ^u an area ( ab\t #aj miles long by #c wide4 ,! sky 0 cl\dy1 b "s ( ! /ones 7 se5 fir/ z 'black specks'1 !n z 'black birds'1 & f9ally fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,a few 7 pick$ up )9 #bj or #cj m9utes4 ,! w>me/ 0 no w>m] ?an if x _h la9 on ! gr\nd expos$ to ! sun's rays4 ,!y p5etrat$ ! e>? f two to ?ree feet4 ,! l>ge/ /one1 :i* weigh$ #ajc p\nds1 /ruck ! e>? at ! foot ( a l>ge oak-tree1 &1 aft] cutt+ (f two roots1 "o five in*es 9 diamet]1 & graz+ a ?ird root1 x desc5d$ two feet t5 in*es into h>d clay4 ,?is /one 0 f\nd re/+ "u a root t 0 n cut (f4 ,?is w\ld seem+ly imply t x ent]$ ! e>? obliquely4 #ba ,new ,concord is close to ! ,gu]nsey c\nty l9e4 ,ne>ly all ! /ones fell 9 ,gu]nsey4 ,ov] ?irty ( ! /ones :i* fell 7 discov]$1 :ile d\btless _m1 especially ( ! small]1 be+ deeply buri$ b5ea? ! soil1 entirely escap$ obs]vation4 ,! weight ( ! l>ge/ t5 0 #dah p\nds4 7#bc47 #ahfj1 ,july #ad4--;,ab\t #b o'clock ,p4,m4 on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahfj1 a %[] ( a]olites fell at ,dhurmsala1 9 ,india4 ,! fall 0 att5d$ by a trem5d\s detonation1 :i* greatly t]rifi$ ! inhabitants ( ! di/rict4 ,! natives1 suppos+ ! /ones to h be5 ?r[n by "s ( _! deities f ! summit ( ! ,himalayas1 c>ri$ (f _m fragm5ts to be kept z objects ( religi\s v5]ation4 ,"l ,cann+ & ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,saund]s succe$$1 h[ev]1 9 obta9+ num]\s specim5s1 :i* !y =w>d$ to ! ,briti% ,museum & sev]al ,european cab9ets4 ,!y are e>?y a]olites1 ( a specific gravity some:at great] ?an t ( granite4 7#bd47 #ahfd1 ,may #ad4--;,e>ly 9 ! ev5+ a v l>ge & brilliant meteor 0 se5 9 ,france1 f ,p>is to ! ,spani% bord]4 ,at ,montauban & 9 ! vic9ity l\d explosions 7 he>d1 :i* 7 foll[$ by %[]s ( meteoric /ones ne> ! villages ( ,orgueil & ,nohic4 ,! pr9cipal facts 9 reg>d to ! meteor are ! foll[+3 ,elevation :5 fir/ se51 ov] #ee miles at ! "t ( its explosion #bj ,incl9ation ( its pa? to ! horizon #bj or #be ,velocity p] second1 ab\t #bj miles1 or equal to t ( ! e>?'s orbital motion4 ,?is example1 says ,pr(essor ,newton1 af=ds ! /ronge/ pro( t ! detonat+ & /one-produc+ meteors are ph5om5a n ess5tially unlike4 7#be47 #ahfh1 ,janu>y #cj4--;,x is obvi\sly a matt] ( mu* importance t ! composition & g5]al *>act]i/ics ( a]olites1 toge!r ) ! ph5om5a att5d+ _! fall1 %\ld be c>efully not$2 z su* facts h a direct be>+ on ! !ory ( _! orig94 ,9 ?is reg>d ! memoirs ( ,pr(essors ,j4 ,g4 ,galle1 ( ,breslau1 & ,g4 vom ,ra?1 ( ,bonn1 on a meteoric fall :i* occurr$ at ,pultusk1 ,pol&1 on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahfh1 h m ?an ord9>y int]e/4 ,^! memoirs e/abli% ! fact t ! a]olites ( ! ,pultusk %[] ent]$ our atmosph]e z a sw>m or clu/] ( di/9ct meteoric masses4 ,x is %[n1 moreov]1 by ,dr4 ,galle t ?is meteor-gr\p _h a prop] motion :5 x ent]$ ! sol> sy/em ( at lea/ f #d-a_/b to #g miles p] second4 ,! =ego+ li/ conta9s b a small proportion ( ! meteoric /ones ^: fall has be5 actually obs]v$4 ,b1 besides ^!1 o!r masses h be5 f\nd s closely simil> 9 /ructure to a]olites ^: desc5t has be5 witness$1 z to leave no d\bt 9 reg>d to _! orig94 ,"o ( ^! is a mass ( iron & nickel1 weigh+ #afhj p\nds1 f\nd by ! travel] ,pallas1 9 #agdi1 at ,abakansk1 9 ,sib]ia4 ,?is imm5se a]olite may be se5 9 ! ,imp]ial ,museum at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,on ! pla9 ( ,otumpa1 9 ,bu5os ,ayres1 is a meteoric mass #g-a_/b feet 9 l5g?1 p>tly buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,its e/imat$ weight is ab\t #af tons4 ,a specim5 ( ?is /one1 weigh+ #adjj p\nds1 has be5 remov$ & deposit$ 9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a simil> block1 ( meteoric orig91 weigh+ m ?an six tons1 0 discov]$ "s ye>s s9ce 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bahia1 9 ,brazil4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4 #a4 ,a ,committee on ,lum9\s ,meteors 0 appo9t$ sev]al ye>s s9ce by ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is committee1 consi/+ at pres5t ( ,james ,glai%]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,rob]t ,p4 ,greg1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,alex&] ,s4 ,h]s*el1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 & ,*>les ,brooke1 ,f4,r4,s41 report f ye> to ye> n only _! own obs]vations on a]olites1 fire-balls1 & fall+ />s1 b also su* facts be>+ ^u ! subject z c be d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,an analysis ( ^! reports ju/ifies ! conclusion t meteoric /one-falls1 l />-%[]s1 occur ) great] frequ5cy ?an usual on or ab\t p>ticul> days4 ,^! epo*s1 e/abli%$ ) m or less c]ta9ty1 are ! foll[+3 7a47 ,janu>y #d?4 7b47 #af?4 7c47 #bi?4 7d47 ,febru>y #aj?4 7e47 #ae?--#ah?4 7f47 ,m>* #f?4 7g47 #ab?4 7h47 ,april #a/4 7i47 #aj?--#ad?4 7j47 ,may #h?--#i?4 7k47 #ac?--#ad?4 7l47 #ag?--#ai?4 7m47 ,june #c;d4 7n47 #i?4 7o47 #ab?4 7p47 #af?4 7q47 ,july #c;d--#d?4 7r47 #ad?--#ag?4 7s47 ,augu/ #e?--#g?4 7t47 #aa?4 7u47 ,septemb] #d?--#aj?4 7v47 ,octob] #ac?4 7w47 ,novemb] #e?4 7x47 #ab?--#ac?4 7y47 #bg?--#cj?4 7z47 ,decemb] #e?4 7z47 #h?--#ad?4 7z47 #bg?4 #b4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t no new elem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 meteoric /ones4 ,humboldt1 9 8 ,cosmos1 call$ att5tion to ?is int]e/+ fact4 ,i w\ld ask1 he rem>ks1 :y ! elem5t>y sub/ances t compose "o gr\p ( cosmical bodies1 or "o planet>y sy/em1 may n 9 a great measure be id5tical8 ,:y %\ld we n adopt ?is view1 s9ce we may conjecture t ^? planet>y bodies1 l all ! l>g] or small] agglom]at$ masses revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 h be5 ?r[n (f f ! once f> m exp&$ sol> atmosph]e1 & h be5 =m$ f vapor\s r+s describ+ _! orbits r\nd ! c5tral body8 #c4 ,b :ile a]olites conta9 no elem5ts b su* z are f\nd 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 ! mann] 9 :i* ^! elem5ts are comb9$ & arrang$ is s peculi> t a skillful m9]alogi/ w readily di/+ui% !m f t]re/rial sub/ances4 #d4 ,( ! eighte5 or n9ete5 elem5ts hi!rto obs]v$ 9 meteoric /ones1 iron is f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,! specific gravities v>y f #a4id to #g4ija3 ! =m] be+ t ( ! /one ( ,alais2 ! latt] t ( ! meteorite ( ,wayne c\nty1 ,ohio1 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,l4 ,smi? 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,novemb]1 #ahfd1 p4 #che4 #e4 ,! av]age numb] ( a]olitic falls 9 a ye> 0 e/imat$ by ,s*reib]s at #gjj4 ,b>on ,rei*5ba*1 h[ev]1 aft] a discussion ( ! data at h&1 makes ! numb] mu* l>g]4 ,he reg>ds ! probable annual av]age = ! entire surface ( ! e>? z n less ?an #dejj4 ,?is w\ld give twelve daily falls4 ,!y are ( e v>iety z to magnitude1 f a weight ( less ?an a s+le ounce to ov] fifte5 tons4 ,! b>on ev5 suspects ! meteoric orig9 ( l>ge masses ( dol]ite :i* all =m] geologi/s _h consid]$ native to our planet4 #f4 ,an analysis ( any ext5sive table ( meteorites & fire-balls proves t a great] numb] ( a]olitic falls h be5 obs]v$ dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 :5 ! e>? is ne> its aphelion1 ?an 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 :5 ne> its p]ihelion4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! rev]se is true 9 reg>d to bolides1 or fire-balls4 ,^! facts are susceptible ( an obvi\s explanation4 ,! fall ( meteoric /ones w\ld be m likely to escape obs]vation by night ?an by day1 on acc\nt ( ! relatively small numb] ( obs]v]s4 ,b ! days are %orte/ :5 ! e>? is 9 p]ihelion1 & longe/ :5 9 aphelion2 ! ratio ( _! l5g?s be+ ne>ly equal to t ( ! correspond+ numb]s ( a]olitic falls4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\s t fire-balls1 unless v l>ge1 w\ld n be visible dur+ ! day4 ,! obs]v$ numb] w !re=e be greate/ :5 ! nights are longe/2 t is1 :5 ! e>? is ne> its p]ihelion4 ,?is1 x w be f\nd1 is precisely 9 accordance ) obs]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,%oot+-,,/>s4--,,meteors ,,( ,,novemb] #ad4 ,al?\gh %oot+-/>s h d\btless be5 obs]v$ 9 all ages ( ! _w1 x is only )9 ! la/ half c5tury t !y h attract$ ! special att5tion ( sci5tific m54 ,a few ef=ts _h be5 made to det]m9e ! height ( su* meteors1 b ! fir/ g5]al int]e/ 9 ! subject 0 excit$ by ! brilliant meteoric display ( ,novemb] #ac1 #ahcc4 ,?is %[] ( fire c nev] be =gott5 by ^? :o witness$ x4 ,! meteors 7 obs]v$ f ! ,we/ ,indies to ,briti% ,am]ica1 & f #fj to #ajj we/ longitude f ,gre5wi*4 ,z e>ly z #aj o'clock on ! ev5+ ( ! #ab? %oot+-/>s 7 obs]v$ ) unusual frequ5cy2 _! motions be+ g5]ally we/w>d4 ,soon aft] midnight _! numb]s became s extraord9>y z to attract ! att5tion ( all :o happ5$ to be 9 ! op5 air4 ,! meteors1 h[ev]1 became m & m num]\s till #d1 or half pa/ #d1 o'clock2 & ! fall did n entirely cease till t5 m9utes be=e sunrise4 ,f #b to #f o'clock ! numb]s 7 s great z to defy all ef=ts at c\nt+ !m2 :ile _! brilliancy 0 su* t p]sons sleep+ 9 rooms ) uncurta9$ w9d[s 7 ar\s$ by _! light4 ,! meteors v>i$ 9 app>5t magnitude f ! smalle/ visible po9ts to fire-balls equal+ ! moon 9 diamet]4 ,occasionally "o ( ! l>g] class w\ld sep>ate into sev]al p>ts1 & 9 "s in/ances a lum9\s tra9 rema9$ visible = ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,no s\nd :atev] accompani$ ! display4 ,x 0 notic$ by _m obs]v]s t all ! meteors div]g$ f a po9t ne> ! /> ,gamma ,leonis2 9 o!r words1 _! pa?s if trac$ backw>d w\ld int]sect ea* o!r at a p>ticul> locality 9 ! con/ellation ,leo4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! inhabitants 7 completely t]ror-/rick5 by ! magnific5ce ( ! display4 ,9 ! aft]noon ( ! day on :i* ! %[] occurr$ ! writ] met ) an illit]ate f>m] :o1 aft] describ+ ! ph5om5a z witness$ by himself1 rem>k$ t ! />s cont9u$ to fall till none 7 left1 & add$1 ,i am anxi\s to see h[ ! heav5s w appe> ?is ev5+2 ,i believe we %all see no m />s4 ,a g5tleman ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a describ$ ! effect on ! negroes ( 8 plantation z foll[s3--,i 0 sudd5ly awak5$ by ! mo/ di/ress+ cries t ev] fell on my e>s4 ,%rieks ( horror & cries = m]cy ,i c\ld he> f mo/ ( ! negroes ( ! ?ree plantations1 am\nt+ 9 all to ab\t #fjj or #hjj4 ,:ile e>ne/ly li/5+ = ! cause ,i he>d a fa9t voice ne> ! door1 call+ my "n4 ,i arose1 &1 tak+ my sword1 /ood at ! door4 ,at ?is mom5t ,i he>d ! same voice /ill besee*+ me to arise1 & say+1 ',o my ,god1 ! _w is on fire6' ,i !n op5$ ! door1 & x is difficult to say :i* excit$ me ! mo/1--! awfulness ( ! sc5e1 or ! di/ress$ cries ( ! negroes4 ,upw>ds ( a hundr$ lay pro/rate on ! gr\nd1--"s spee*less1 & "s ) ! bitt]e/ cries1 b ) _! h&s rais$1 implor+ ,god to save ! _w & !m4 ,! sc5e 0 truly awful2 = nev] did ra9 fall mu* ?ick] ?an ! meteors fell t[>ds ! e>?2 ea/1 we/1 nor?1 & s\?1 x 0 ! same4 ,at ! "t ( ?is wond]ful meteoric display ,capta9 ,hammond1 ( ! %ip ,re/itution1 _h j arriv$ at ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e he obs]v$ ! ph5om5on f midnight till daylight4 ,he recollect$ ) a/oni%m5t t precisely "o ye> be=e1 viz41 on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahcb1 he _h obs]v$ a simil> appe>ance 7al?\gh ! meteors 7 less num]\s7 at ,mo*a1 9 ,arabia4 ,x 0 f\nd1 moreov]1 z a fur!r & mo/ rem>kable co9cid5ce1 t an extraord9>y fall ( meteors _h be5 witness$ on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #agii4 ,?is 0 se5 & describ$ by ,&rew ,ellicott1 ,esq41 :o 0 !n at sea ne> ,cape ,florida4 ,x 0 also obs]v$ by ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 9 ,cumana1 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b>on ,humboldt's description ( ! %[] is z foll[s3--,f half aft] two1 ! mo/ extraord9>y lum9\s meteors 7 se5 t[>d ! ea/4 ,?\s&s ( bolides & fall+ />s succe$$ ea* o!r dur+ f\r h\rs4 ,!y fill$ a space 9 ! sky ext5d+ f ! true ea/ #cj t[>d ! nor? & s\?4 ,9 an amplitude ( #fj ! meteors 7 se5 to rise above ! horizon at ,e4,n4,e4 & at ,e41 describe arcs m or less ext5d$1 & fall t[>d ! s\?1 aft] hav+ foll[$ ! direction ( ! m]idian4 ,"s ( !m atta9$ a height ( #dj1 & all exce$$ #be or #cj4 ,mr4 ,bonpl& relates1 t f ! beg9n+ ( ! ph5om5on !re 0 n a space 9 ! firmam5t equal 9 ext5t to ?ree diamet]s ( ! moon1 t 0 n fill$ at e in/ant ) bolides & fall+ />s4 ,! ,guaiqu]ies 9 ! ,indian suburb came out & ass]t$ t ! firework _h begun at "o o'clock4 ,! ph5om5on ceas$ by degrees aft] f\r o'clock1 & ! bolides & fall+ />s became less frequ5t2 b we /ill di/+ui%$ "s t[>d ! nor!a/ a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] sunrise4 ,?is wond]ful correspond5ce ( dates excit$ a v lively int]e/ ?r\gh\t ! sci5tific _w4 ,x 0 inf]r$ t a recurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on might be expect$1 & accord+ly arrangem5ts 7 made = sy/ematic obs]vations on ! #ab?1 #ac?1 & #ad? ( ,novemb]4 ,! p]iodicity ( ! %[] 0 ?us1 9 a v %ort "t1 plac$ :olly beyond "q4 ,! facts 9 reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( ,novemb] #ac1 #ahcc1 7 collect$ & discuss$ by ,olm/$1 ,tw9+1 & o!r a/ronom]s4 ,! inquiry1 h[ev]1 v naturally arose :e!r any trace ( ! same meteoric gr\p c\ld be f\nd 9 anci5t times4 ,to det]m9e ?is "q _m old hi/orical records 7 ransack$ by ! indefatigable sci5ti/1 ,edw>d ,c4 ,h]rick1 9 our own c\ntry1 & by ,arago1 ,quetelet1 & o!rs1 9 ,europe4 ,^! exam9ations l$ to ! discov]y ( t5 und\bt$ returns ( ! ,novemb] %[] previ\s to t ( #agii4 ,! descriptions ( ^! =m] meteoric falls are giv5 by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,newton 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 = ,may1 #ahfd4 ,!y occurr$ 9 ! ye>s #ijb1 #ica1 #icd1 #ajjb1 #aaja1 #abjb1 #acff1 #aecc1 #afjb1 & #afih4 ,hi/orians repres5t ! meteors ( ,a4,d4 #ijb z innum]able1 & z mov+ l ra9 9 all directions4 ,! exhibition ( #abjb 0 sc>cely less magnific5t4 ,on ! la/ day ( ,muh>rem1 says a writ] ( t p]iod1 />s %ot hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! heav5s1 ea/w>d & we/w>d1 & flew aga9/ "o ano!r l a scatt]+ sw>m ( locu/s1 to ! "r & left2 ?is ph5om5on la/$ until daybreak2 p 7 ?r[n into con/]nation1 & cri$ to ,god ! ,mo/ ,high ) confus$ clamor4 ,! %[] ( #acff is ?us describ$ 9 a ,portuguese *ronicle1 quot$ by ,humboldt3 ,9 ! ye> #acff1 tw5ty-two days ( ! mon? ( ,octob] be+ pa/1 ?ree mon?s be=e ! dea? ( ! k+1 ,don ,p$ro 7( ,portugal71 !re 0 9 ! heav5s a movem5t ( />s su* z m5 nev] be=e saw or he>d (4 ,at midnight1 & = "s "t aft]1 all ! />s mov$ f ! ea/ to ! we/2 & aft] be+ collect$ toge!r1 !y began to move1 "s 9 "o direction & o!rs 9 ano!r4 ,& aft]w>d !y fell f ! sky 9 su* numb]s1 & s ?ickly toge!r1 t z !y desc5d$ l[ 9 ! air !y seem$ l>ge & fi]y1 & ! sky & ! air seem$ to be 9 flames1 & ev5 ! e>? appe>$ z if ready to take fire4 ,t portion ( ! sky :]e !re 7 no />s seem$ to be divid$ into _m p>ts1 & ?is la/$ = a long "t4 ,! ,%[]s ( #ahff-i4 ,! fact t all great displays ( ! ,novemb] meteors h tak5 place at int]vals ( #cc or #cd ye>s1 or "s multiple ( t p]iod1 _h l$ to a g5]al expectation ( a brilliant %[] 9 #ahff4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ! public curiosity 0 mu* disappo9t$4#bb ,! numb]s se5 7 great] ?an on ord9>y nights1 b n su* z w\ld h attract$ any special att5tion4 ,! greate/ numb] record$ at any "o /ation 0 se5 at ,new ,hav5 by ,pr(essor ,newton4 ,on ! night ( ! #ab? #fid 7 c\nt$ 9 five h\rs & tw5ty m9utes1 & on ! foll[+ night1 #hha 9 five h\rs4 ,a m brilliant display 01 h[ev]1 witness$ 9 ,europe4 ,meteors began to appe> 9 unusual frequ5cy ab\t #aa o'clock on ! night ( ! #ac?1 & _! numb]s cont9u$ to increase ) great rapidity = m ?an two h\rs2 ! maximum be+ rea*$ a little aft] #a o'clock4 ,a writ] 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&1 ?us describes ! ph5om5on z obs]v$ at t city3--,/&+ on ! ,calton ,hill1 & look+ we/w>d1--) ! obs]vatory %utt+ out ! lights ( ,pr9ces ,/reet1--x 0 easy = ! eye to delude ! imag9ation into fancy+ "s di/ant enemy bomb>d+ ,ed9burgh ,ca/le f long range2 & ! occasional cessation ( ! %[] = a few seconds1 only to break out aga9 ) m num]\s & m brilliant drops ( fire1 s]v$ to c\nt5ance ?is fancy4 ,aga91 turn+ ea/w>d1 x 0 possible n[ & !n to cat* brok5 glimpses ( ! tra9 ( "o ( ! meteors ?r\gh ! grim d>k pill>s ( t ru9 ( mo/ successful manufacture1 ! ,national ,monum5t2 & 9 fact f no po9t 9 or out ( ! city 0 x possible to wat* ! /range ra9 ( />s1 p]vad+ z x did all po9ts ( ! heav5s1 )\t pleas$ int]e/ & a k9dl+ ( ! imag9ation1 & (t5 a t\* ( deep] feel+ t bord]$ on awe4 ,at ,london ab\t #a o'clock a s+le obs]v] c\nt$ #bjj 9 two m9utes4 ,! :ole numb] se5 at ,gre5wi* 0 #hdhe4 ,! %[] 0 also obs]v$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries on ! cont95t4 #bb ,! fir/ indication ( ! approa*+ %[] 0 ! appe>ance ( meteors 9 unusual numb]s at ,malta1 on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 #ahfd4 ,9 #ahfe1 z obs]v$ at ,gre5wi* & o!r /ations1 !y 7 /ill m num]\s4 ,9 #ahfg ! display 0 g5]ally obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f ! able & int]e/+ reports ( ,commodore ,s&s & ,pr(essors ,newcomb1 ,h>kness1 & ,ea/man1 we d]ive ! foll[+ facts 9 reg>d to ! %[] z se5 at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c43 ,comm5cem5t #a;h4 #jm4 ,a4,m4 ,nov4 #ad4 ,maximum #d #bj ,end #e #j ,numb] ( meteors p] h\r at maximum #cjjj ,mean height on fir/ appe>ance #ge miles4 on disappe>ance #ee ,position ( radiant1 ,r4 ,a4 #aea1 ,decl4 #bb-a_/b4 ,! %[] ( #ahfh 0 9 "s respects q rem>kable1 ?\gh ! numb] ( meteors 0 less ?an 9 #ahff or #ahfg4 ,at ,new ,hav5 ! fall comm5c$ ab\t midnight1 & f #b o'clock till daybreak ov] #ejjj meteors 7 c\nt$4 ,! "t ( maximum c\ld n be accurately det]m9$1 z no decrease 9 ! numb]s 0 obs]vable till dawn4 ,! display 0 also witness$ 9 ,engl& & 9 ,cape ,colony1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! times ( maxima 9 ^! c\ntries diff]$ s mat]ially z to indicate a decid$ /ratification ( ! meteoric /ream4 ,! entire dep?1 moreov]1 :]e cross$ by ! e>? 9 #ahfh1 0 mu* great] ?an at ! "p trav]s$ ei!r 9 #ahff or #ahfg4 ,9 #ahfi ! %[] 0 obs]v$ at ,port ,sad1 ,l[] ,egypt1 by ,g4 ,l4 ,tupman1 ,esq42 9 ,florida1 ,u4 ,s41 by ,comm&] ,william ,gibson1 ,u4,s4,n42 & at ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,cali=nia1 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,davidson & ,mrs4 ,e4 ,davidson4 ,! fir/ obs]v$ #aab meteors 9 #a;h4 #edm41 f #b;h4 #cjm4 to #d;h4 #bdm41 ,alex&ria mean "t2 ! numb]s dur+ ?is int]val be+ ne>ly equal1 ?\gh slightly decreas+4 ,?r\gh\t ! morn+ 7,novemb] #ad7 ! sky 0 only p>tly cle>4 ,! two obs]v]s at ,santa ,b>b>a saw #eef 9 #b;h4 #bem41 end+ at #c;h4 #dcm4 ,a4,m4 ,9 ,florida also ! display 0 q brilliant1 ?\gh inf]ior to t ( #ahfh4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! morn+ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 cl\dy4 ,no consid]able numb] ( ! meteors ( ?is /ream has be5 obs]v$ 9 any "p ( ! _w s9ce #ahfi4 ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a4 ,s9ce ! memorable display ( ,novemb] #ac1 #ahcc1 ! ph5om5a ( %oot+-/>s h be5 obs]v$ & discuss$ ) a v lively int]e/4 ,among ! fir/ labor]s 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( rese>* ! names ( ,olm/$1 ,h]rick1 & ,tw9+ mu/ ev] hold a conspicu\s place4 ,! fact t ! position ( ! radiant po9t did n *ange ) ! e>?'s rotation at once plac$ ! cosmical orig9 ( ! meteors :olly beyond "q4 ,! !ory ( a r+ ( nebul\s matt] revolv+ r\nd ! sun 9 an elliptic orbit--a !ory some:at diff]5t f t propos$ by ,olm/$--0 f\nd to af=d a simple & satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,?is hypo!sis ( an ecc5tric /ream ( meteors int]sect+ ! e>?'s orbit 0 adopt$ by ,humboldt1 ,arago1 & o!rs1 %ortly aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! meteoric %[] ( #ahcc4 ,a few ye>s previ\s to ! display ( #ahff x 0 %[n by ,pr(essor ,newton1 ( ,yale ,college1 t ! di/ribution ( meteoric matt] ar\nd ! r+ or orbit is f> f uni=m2 t ! motion is retrograde2 t ! node ( ! orbit has an annual =w>d motion ( #ajb4f ) respect to ! equ9ox1 or ( #eb4d ) respect to ! fix$ />s2 t ! p]iodic "t mu/ be limit$ to five accurately det]m9$ p]iods1 viz43 #ahj4je days1 #ahe4ed days1 #ced4fb days1 #cgf4e days1 or #cc4be ye>s2 & t ! incl9ation ( ! orbit to ! ecliptic is ab\t #ag4 ,pr(essor ,newton1 = reasons assign$1 reg>d$ ! ?ird p]iod nam$ z ! mo/ probable4 ,he rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t by comput+ ! secul> motion ( ! node = ea* p]iodic "t1 & comp>+ ! result ) ! kn[n precession1 x 0 possible to det]m9e :i* ( ! five p]iods is ! correct "o4 ,= ! application ( ?is crucial te/1--a problem ( m ?an ord9>y int]e/1--we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,adams1 ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,by an elegant analysis x 0 fir/ %[n t = ei!r ( ! fir/ f\r p]iods designat$ by ,pr(essor ,newton1 ! annual motion ( ! node1 result+ f planet>y p]turbation1 w\ld be consid]ably less ?an "o half ( ! obs]v$ motion4 ,x only rema9$1 !re=e1 to exam9e :e!r ! p]iod ( #cc-a_/d ye>s w\ld give a motion ( ! node correspond+ ) obs]vation4 ,pr(essor ,adams f\nd t 9 ?is "t ! longitude ( ! node is increas$ #bj by ! action ( ,jupit]1 #g by ! action ( ,saturn1 & #a by t ( ,uranus4 ,! effect ( ! o!r planets is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,! calculat$ motion 9 #cc-a_/d ye>s is !re=e #bh4 ,! obs]v$ motion 9 ! same "t1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,newton1 z previ\sly /at$1 is #bi4 ,?is rem>kable accordance 0 at once accept$ by a/ronom]s z satisfactory evid5ce t ! p]iod is ab\t #cc4be ye>s4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! p]iodic "t1 ! mean di/ance1 or semi-axis major1 is f\nd by ,kepl]'s ?ird law to be #aj4cd4 ,! aphelion is consequ5tly situat$ at a comp>atively %ort di/ance beyond ! orbit ( ,uranus4 ,! orbit is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,x 0 /at$ at ! close ( ,*apt] ,,vi4 t %oot+-/>s are ! dissev]$ fragm5ts ( cometic matt]1 :i*1 p5etrat+ our atmosph]e1 are r5d]$ lum9\s by ! resi/ance s enc\nt]$4 ,! discov]y t comets & meteors are actually mov+ 9 ! same orbits 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,signor ,s*iap>elli 9 #ahfg4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! orbits ( ,tempel's comet#bc z comput$ by ,dr4 ,oppolz]1 & ! meteors ( ,novemb] #ad z det]m9$ by ,s*iap>elli1 is too close to be reg>d$ z m]ely accid5tal4 ,^! elem5ts are z foll[s3 ,nov4 ,meteors4 ,tempel's ,comet4 ,p]ihelion passage ,nov4 #aj4jib1 #ahff4 ,jan4 #aa4afj1 #ahff4 ,passage ( desc5d+ node ,nov4 #ac4egf1 ,longitude ( p]ihelion #ef #bf #fj #bh ,longitude ( asc5d+ node #bca #bh #bca #bf ,incl9ation #ag #dd #ag #ah ,p]ihelion di/ance #j4ihgc #j4igfe ,ecc5tricity #j4ijdf #j4ijed ,semi-major axis #aj4cdjj #aj4cbdj ,p]iodic "t #cc4bejj y4 #cc4agfj y4 ,motion ,retrograde4 ,retrograde4 #bc ,see page #cj4 ,! fact is ?us obvi\s t ! meteors ( ,novemb] #ad are ! products ( ! comet's gradual dissolution4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! comets ( #acff & #ahff are probably id5tical4 ,! int]val indicates a p]iod ( #cc4bhc ye>s--great] by #ci days ?an t f\nd by ,oppolz]4 ,) ?is value ( ! p]iodic "t & ! kn[n secul> v>iation ( ! node x is f\nd t ! comet & ,uranus 7 9 close proximity ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #edg ,b4,c4 ,x is !re=e n improbable t ! =m] 0 !n ?r[n into its pres5t orbit by ! attraction ( ! latt]4 ,! celebrat$ ,lev]ri] designat$ ! ye> #abf ( our era z ! probable epo* ( ! comet's entrance into our sy/em4 ,?is date1 h[ev]1 is incompatible ) ! p]iod "h adopt$4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 moreov]1 z be>+ on ?is "q1 t ! ext5sion ( ! clu/] 9 ! t5? c5tury1 z indicat$ by ! %[]s ( #ijb1 #ica1 & #icd1 0 too great to h be5 effect$ 9 s %ort a p]iod z #hjj ye>s4 ,) ! p]iod ( #cc4bhc ye>s x is easy to f9d t ! comet w make a ne> approa* to ! e>? ab\t ! #af? or #ag? ( ,novemb]1 #aife1 & to ,uranus 9 #aihc4 ,at "o ( ^! epo*s ! comet>y orbit w probably und]go consid]able trans=mation4 ,we h se5 t ! comet ( #ahff1 & also ! meteoroids foll[+ 9 its pa?1 h _! p]ihelion at ! orbit ( ! e>?1 & _! aphelion at ! orbit ( ,uranus4 ,bo? planets1 !re=e1 at ea* enc\nt] ) ! curr5t n only appropriate a portion ( ! meteoric matt]1 b entirely *ange ! orbits ( _m meteoroids4 ,9 reg>d to ! deva/ation produc$ by ! e>? 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! clu/]1 x is suffici5t to /ate t1 accord+ to ,weiss1 ! meteor orbits result+ f ! di/urbance w h all possible p]iods f #ba mon?s to #cij ye>s4 ,x may be reg>d$1 !re=e1 z evid5ce ( ! rec5t#bd introduction ( ?is meteor-/ream into ! sol> sy/em t ! comet ( #ahff1 :i* con/itutes a "p ( ! clu/]1 has n be5 deflect$ f ! meteoric orbit by ei!r ! e>? or ,uranus4 #bd ,rec5t 9 comp>ison ) ! orig9 ( ! ,augu/ meteors1 :i* con/itute a cont9u\s r+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,o!r ,,meteoric ,,/reams4 ,! ,meteors ( ,augu/ #g-aa4--,mus*5broek1 9 8 ,introduction to ,natural ,philosophy1 publi%$ 9 #agfb1 /at$ z ! result ( 8 own obs]vations t %oot+-/>s are m abundant 9 ,augu/ ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ye>4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t a maximum occurs on ! #i? or #aj? ( ! mon? 0 fir/ %[n by ,quetelet 9 #ahce4 ,s9ce t "t ! %[] has be5 regul>ly obs]v$ bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2 ! numb] ( meteors at ! maximum sometimes am\nt+ to #afj p] h\r4 ,_! tracks :5 produc$ backw>d int]sect ea* o!r at a p>ticul> po9t 9 ! con/ellation ,p]seus4 ,( ! #cae meteoric displays giv5 9 ,quetelet's catalogue1 #fc belong to ! ,augu/ epo*4 ,_! dates up to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury are z foll[s3 #a4 ,a4,d4 #haa1 ,july #be?4 #b4 #hbj1 #be?-#cj?4 #c4 #hbd1 #bf?-#bh?4 #d4 #hcj1 #bf?4 #e4 #hcc1 #bg?4 #f4 #hce1 #bf?4 #g4 #hda1 #be?-#cj?4 #h4 #ibd1 #bg?-#cj?4 #i4 #ibe1 #bg?-#cj?4 #aj4 #ibf1 #bg?-#cj?4 #aa4 #icc1 #be?-#cj?4 #ab4 #abdc1 ,aug4 #b;d4 #ac4 #adea1 #g?4 #ad4 #agji1 #h?4 #ae4 #aggi1 #i?-#aj?4 #af4 #agha1 #h?4 #ag4 #aghd1 #f?-#i?4 #ah4 #aghi1 #aj?4 #ai4 #agih1 #i?4 #bj4 #agii1 #i?-#aj?4 #ba4 #ahjj1 #aj?4 ,z ! e>? is ab\t five days 9 cross+ ! r+1 its bread? 9 "s p>ts _c be less ?an #h1jjj1jjj miles4 ,9 #ahff ,pr(essor ,s*iap>elli1 on comput+ ! orbit ( ?is meteoric /ream1 notic$ ! rem>kable agreem5t ( its elem5ts ) ^? ( ,swift's or ,tuttle's comet#be 7#ahfb1 ,,iii471 z comput$ by ,dr4 ,oppolz]4 ,^! co9cid5ces are exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,meteors ( ,comet ,,iii4 ,augu/ #aj4 ( #ahfb4 ,longitude ( p]ihelion #cdc #ch #cdd #da ,asc5d+ node #ach #af #acg #bg ,incl9ation #fc #c #ff #be ,p]ihelion di/ance #j4ifdc #j4ifbf4 ,p]iod #aje ye>s 787 #aba4e ye>s4 ,motion ,retrograde4 ,retrograde4 #be ,mr4 ,swift1 ( ,m>a?on1 ,n4 ,y41 _h two or ?ree days priority 9 ! discov]y ( ?is comet1 b un=tunately delay$ 8 ann\ncem5t ( ! fact4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! ?ird comet ( #ahfb is a "p ( ! meteoric /ream ^: orbit is cross$ by ! e>? on ! #aj? ( ,augu/4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t meteor-zones af=d int]e/+ indications 9 reg>d to _! relative age1 ! magnitude & composition ( _! corpuscles1 etc4 ,?us1 if we comp>e ! /reams ( ,augu/ #aj & ,novemb] #ad1 we %all f9d t ! =m] probably ent]$ our sy/em at a comp>atively remote epo*4 ,we h se5 t at ea* return to p]ihelion ! meteoric clu/] is ext5d$ ov] a great] arc ( its orbit4 ,n[1 ,tuttle's comet & ! ,augu/ meteors und\bt$ly con/itut$ a s+le gr\p previ\s to _! ent]+ ! sol> doma94 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 f ! annual return ( ! %[] dur+ ! la/ #ij ye>s1 t ! r+ is at pres5t ne>ly if n q cont9u\s4 ,t ! meteoric mass _h complet$ _m revolutions be=e ! n9? c5tury ( our era is manife/ f ! frequ5t %[]s obs]v$ betwe5 ! ye>s #haa & #hda4 ,at ! same "t1 ! long int]val ( #hc ye>s betwe5 ! la/ obs]v$ display 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & ! fir/ 9 ! t5?1 seems to indicate ! exi/5ce ( a wide *asm 9 ! r+ no m ?an a ?\s& ye>s s9ce4 ,nei!r ! p]iod ( ! meteors nor t ( ! comet c yet be reg>d$ z accurately asc]ta9$4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 9 all probability1 exce$s ! =m] by sev]al ye>s4 ,n[1 at ea* passage ( ! e>? ?r\gh ! elliptic /ream1 ^? meteoroids ne>e/ ! di/urb+ body mu/ be ?r[n into orbits diff]+ m or less f t ( ! primitive gr\p4 ,9 l mann] ! ne> approa* ( ! comet to ! e>? at an anci5t epo* may acc\nt = ! l5g!n+ ( its p]iodic "t4 ,! ,meteors ( ,novemb] #bg4 ,pr(essor ,s*iap>elli's brilliant discov]y ( ! relation betwe5 comets & meteors may n[ be rank$ ) ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( a/ronomy4 ,8 hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( meteoric /reams has n be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,comets & meteors1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 are d]iv$ f cosmical cl\ds exi/+ 9 great numb]s 9 /ell> space4 ,^! nebul1 9 consequ5ce ( _! own motion or t ( ! sun1 are drawn t[>ds ! c5tre ( our sy/em4 ,by ! unequal influ5ce ( ! sun's attraction on diff]5t p>ts1 su* cl\ds are trans=m$ into curr5ts ( great l5g? be=e rea*+ ! limits ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,%oot+-/>s1 fire-balls1 a]olites1 & comets be+ all ( ! same nature1 diff]+ m]ely 9 size1 sometimes fall t[>ds ! sun z p>ts ( ! same curr5t4 ,! views ( ,dr4 ,weiss1 ( ,vi5na1 diff] f ^? ( ,s*iap>elli1 9 t he reg>ds comets z ! orig9al bodies by ^: dis9tegration meteor-/reams are gradually =m$4#bf ,cosmical cl\ds1 he rem>ks1 und\bt$ly appe> 9 ! univ]se1 b only ( su* d5sity t 9 mo/ cases !y possess suffici5t coh]5ce to )/& ! de/ructive op]ation ( ! sun's attraction1 n only up to ! b\nd>ies ( our sol> sy/em1 b ev5 )9 x4 ,su* cosmical cl\ds w always appe> to u z comets :5 !y pass ne> en\gh to ! e>? to become visible4 ,approa*+ ! sun1 ! comet und]goes great physical *anges1 :i* f9ally affect ! /ability ( its /ructure3 x c no long] hold toge!r3 p>ts ( x take indep5d5t orbits ar\nd ! sun1 hav+ great resemblance to ! orbit ( ! p>5t comet4 ,) p]iodical comets1 ?is process is repeat$ at ea* successive approa* to ! sun4 ,gradually ! products ( dis9tegration are di/ribut$ along ! comet's orbit1 & if ! e>?'s orbit cuts ?is1 ! ph5om5on ( %oot+-/>s is produc$4 #bf ,a/r4 ,na*41 ,nos4 #agaj1 #agaa4 ,= a full] /atem5t ( ,s*iap>elli's !ory1 see ,silliman's ,j\rnal = ,may1 #ahfg4 ,^! views ( ! di/+ui%$ a/ronom] ( ,vi5na are confirm$ by ! />-%[] ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb4 ,t ! orbits ( ! e>? & ,biela's comet int]sect at ! po9t pass$ by ! =m] ab\t ! la/ ( ,novemb]1 & t 9 #ahde ! comet sep>at$ into two visible p>ts1 has be5 /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! comet's non-appe>ance 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 & 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgb1 0 reg>d$ by a/ronom]s z presumptive evid5ce ( its progressive dissolution4 ,a meteoric %[]1 result+ f ! e>?'s collision ) ! comet>y dbris1 0 accord+ly expect$ ab\t ! #bg? ( ,novemb]4 ,! fir/ indication ( ! approa*+ display appe>$ on ! ev5+ ( ,novemb] #bd1 :5 meteors 9 unusual numb]s 7 obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,newton1 at ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut4 ,on ,w$nesday ev5+1 ! #bg?1 f ! close ( twilight till #h o'clock1 a decid$ %[] ( %oot+-/>s 0 notic$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ,gre5ca/le1 ,indiana1 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,t+ley c\nt$ #aaj meteors 9 #dj m9utes1 & at ,pr9ceton1 9 ! same ,/ate1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,eckley ,hunt] c\nt$ #gj 9 #hj m9utes4 ,! numb]s se5 at ,new ,hav5 7 consid]ably great]4 ,! fact t ! display comm5c$ be=e daylight _h entirely clos$ seem$ to indicate t only ! t]m9ation ( ! %[] _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,accord+ly ! display 0 soon f\nd to h be5 witness$ f #fj ,e4 to #ij ,w4 ( ,gre5wi*1 or ?r\gh #aej ( longitude4 ,9 ,engl& ! fir/ bolide ( ! sw>m 0 se5 by ,m4 ,m4 ,br9kley1 at #c o'clock1 ,p4,m41 9 full daylight4 ,! meteors 7 mo/ num]\s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,italy4 ,at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,breslau1 accord+ to ,m4 ,faye1 #cjjj 7 se5 f #f;h4 #cjm4 to #g;h4 #ejm4 ,dr4 ,heis report$ t at ,mn/] #bejj p] h\r 7 c\nt$ by two obs]v]s4 ,at ,naples1 ,signor ,gasp>is obs]v$ two meteors p] second4 ,at ,tur91 ,m4 ,d5za1 ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory1 report$ #cc1djj 9 #f;h4 #cjm42 _m ( v>i\s & delicate colors1 & foll[$ by long & brilliant tra9s4 ,at "s po9ts ! numb]s 7 s great t an accurate enum]ation 0 :olly impossible4 ,9 %ort1 ! display 0 decid$ly ! mo/ brilliant t has occurr$ s9ce t ( ,novemb] #ac1 #ahcc4 ,b "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ circum/ances 9 connection ) ! ph5om5a ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb1 rema9 to be detail$4 ,a/ronom]s )\t exception reg>d$ ! display z due to ! e>?'s passage ?r\gh ! dbris foll[+ 9 ! pa? ( ,biela's comet4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view ,dr4 ,kl9k]fues1 ( ,gott+51 conclud$ t ! comet itself1 or r its l>ge/ portion1 ought to be f\nd 9 ! region ( ! heav5s ne>ly opposite to t f :i* ! meteoroids appe>$ to radiate4#bg ,z ?is po9t 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e c\ld n be obs]v$ 9 ,europe1 he conceiv$ ! happy idea ( detect+ ! fugitive by means ( ! electric telegraph4 ,! foll[+ 0 accord+ly dispat*$ to ,mr4 ,pogson1 ,director ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,obs]vatory at ,madras1 9 ,s\!rn ,india3 ,biela t\*$ e>? on #bg?2 se>* ne> ,!ta ,c5tauri4 ,! fir/ two morn+s aft] ! receipt ( ?is dispat* 7 cl\dy at ,madras4 ,on ! ?ird1 h[ev]1 ! comet>y fragm5t 0 f\nd1 & its motion accurately measur$4 ,! obs]v] describ$ x z circul> & r bright1 ) no traces ( a tail4 ,b "o fragm5t c\ld be detect$4 ,on ! next morn+1 ,decemb] #c1 ! comet 0 aga9 obs]v$4 ,its diamet] _h s5sibly increas$2 x _h a bright nucleus1 & /ill pres5t$ a circul> aspect4 ,a fa9t tail 0 also notic$1 equal 9 l5g? to "o-f\r? ( ! moon's app>5t diamet]4 ,! foll[+ morn+s be+ aga9 cl\dy1 no fur!r obs]vations c\ld be obta9$4 ,?is comet>y mass w be 9 close proximity to ! e>? ab\t ! la/ ( ,novemb]1 #ahib4 ,ano!r brilliant meteoric %[] may !re=e be expect$ at t epo*4 #bg ,! radiant ( ! ,biela meteors is ne> ,gamma ,&rom$4 ,! ,meteors ( ,april #bj4 ,meteoric %[]s h occurr$ ab\t ! #bj? ( ,april 9 ! foll[+ ye>s3 ,b4,c4 #fhg #ae ,a4,d4 #ehb #ajic #ajid #ajie #ajif #aabb #aabc #ahjc ,! probability t ^! meteors are d]iv$ f a r+ :i* int]sects ! e>?'s orbit1 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,arago 9 #ahcf4 ,a comp>ison ( dates l$ ,h]rick to designate #bg ye>s z ! probable p]iod ( ! clu/]4 ,9 ! ,a/ronomis*e ,na*ri*t51 ,no4 #afcb1 ,dr4 ,weiss call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! orbit ( ! fir/ comet ( #ahfa v ne>ly int]sects t ( ! e>?1 9 longitude #baj--! po9t pass$ by ! latt] at ! epo* ( ! ,april meteoric %[]4 ,a relation betwe5 ! meteors & ! comet1 indicat+ an approximate equality ( p]iods1 0 ?us sugge/$ z probable4 ,b ! comet1 accord+ to ,oppolz]1 does n complete a revolution 9 less ?an #dae ye>s4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! meteoric p]iod is ne>ly ! same1 ! kn[n dates ( />-%[]s indicate a diffusion ( meteoroids ar\nd "o half ( ! orbit previ\s to ! display ( ! ye> #ae ,b4,c4 ,no subsequ5t p]turbation1 !n1 ( a p>ticul> "p c\ld s5sibly effect ! g5]al orbit ( ! /ream4 ,! infrequ5cy ( ! display r5d]s1 !re=e1 ! hypo!sis ( a long p]iod extremely improbable4 ,! entire int]val betwe5 #fhg ,b4,c4 & ,a4,d4 #ahjc is #bdij ye>s1 or #ib p]iods ( #bg4jfeb ye>s2 & ! kn[n dates are all satisfi$ by ! foll[+ s*eme3 ,b4,c4 #fhg to ,b4,c4 #ae 44 #fgb ye>s #be p]iods ( #bf4hhjj y4 ea*4 #ae to ,a4,d4 #ehb 44 #eig #bb #bg4acfc ,a4,d4 #ehb to #ajie 44 #eac #ai #bg4jjjj #ajie to #aabb 44 #bg #a #bg4jjjj #aabb to #ahjc 44 #fha #be #bg4bdjj ,) a p]iod ( #bg ye>s1 ! p]ihelion be+ int]ior to ! e>?'s orbit1 ! aphelion di/ance ( ! meteors w\ld be v ne>ly equal to ! di/ance ( ,uranus4 ,! next %[]1 if ! assum$ p]iod be correct1 ought to occur ab\t #ahhd4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ne> ! "t ( ! la/ 7hypo!tical7 return ,mr4 ,du ,*aillu witness$ ! meteors ( ?is epo*1 9 consid]able numb]s1 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,! ,meteors ( ,decemb] #ab4 ,meteoric %[]s h occurr$ ab\t ! #ab? ( ,decemb] 9 ! foll[+ ye>s3 #a4 ,a4,d4 #ija4 ,! :ole hemisph]e 0 fill$ ) ^? meteors call$ fall+-/>s f midnight till morn+1 to ! great surprise ( ! behold]s 9 ,egypt4 #b4 ,9 #icj a rem>kable %[] ( fall+ />s 0 obs]v$ 9 ,*9a4 #c4 ,extraord9>y meteoric ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ at ,zuri* at ! same epo* 9 #aega4 #d4 ,on ! night ( ! #aa? & #ab? ( ,decemb]1 #ahcc1 a great numb] ( %oot+-/>s 7 se5 at ,p>ma4 ,at ! maximum z _m z t5 7 visible at ! same "t4 #e4 7,d\btful47 #ahfa1 #ahfb1 & #ahfc4 ,maximum probably 9 #ahfb4 ,! meteors at ?is return 7 f> f be+ comp>able 9 numb]s ) ! anci5t displays4 ,! %[]1 h[ev]1 0 di/9ctly obs]v$4 ,r4 ,p4 ,greg1 ,esq41 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 says ! p]iod ( ,decemb] #ab1 #ahfb1 0 exce$+ly well def9$4 ,^! dates indicate a p]iod ( ab\t #bi-a_/h ye>s4 ,?us3 #ija to #icj #a p]iod ( #bi4jjj ye>s4 #icj to #aega #bb p]iods ( #bi4acf #aega to #ahcc #i p]iods ( #bi4aaa #ahcc to #ahfb #a p]iod ( #bi4jjj ,meteors ( ,octob] #af-bj4 ,meteoric %[]s 7 obs]v$ f ! #af? to ! #bj? ( ,octob] 9 ! ye>s #bhh1 #adcf1 #adci1 #agdc1 & #agih4 ,^! dates r5d] x some:at probable t ! p]iod is ab\t #bg-a_/b ye>s4 ,?us3 ,a4,d4 #bhh to #adci #db p]iods ( #bg4dje ye>s ea*4 #adci to #agdc #aa #bg4fcf #agdc to #agih #b #bg4ejj ,if ^! p]iods are correct1 x is a rem>kable co9cid5ce t ! aphelion di/ances ( ! meteoric r+s ( ,april #bj1 ,octob] #ah1 ,novemb] #ad1 & ,decemb] #ab1 z well z ^? ( ! comets #ahff ,i41 & #ahfg ,i41 are all ne>ly equal to ! mean di/ance ( ,uranus4 ,! ,meteors ( ,april #cj1 ,may #a4 ,pr(essor ,s*iap>elli1 9 8 li/ ( meteoric %[]s ^: radiant po9ts are d]iv$ f obs]vations made 9 ,italy dur+ ! ye>s #ahfh1 #ahfi1 & #ahgj1 describes "o z occurr+ on ,april #cj & ,may #a2 ! radiant be+ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,! same %[] has also be5 recogniz$ by ,r4 ,p4 ,greg1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&4 ,?is meteor-/ream1 x is n[ propos$ to %[1 is probably d]iv$ f "o mu* m conspicu\s 9 anci5t times4 ,9 ,quetelet's ,physique du ,globe we f9d meteoric displays ( ! foll[+ dates4 ,9 ea* case ! correspond+ day = #ahgj is also giv51#bh 9 ord] to exhibit ! close agreem5t ( ! epo*s3 #a4 ,a4,d4 #dja1 ,april #i?2 correspond+ to ,april #bi?1 = #ahgj4 #b4 #ech1 #f?2 ,april #be?1 #c4 #hci1 #ag?2 ,may #a/1 #d4 #ibg1 #ag?2 ,april #cj?1 #e4 #icd1 #ah?2 ,may #a/1 #f4 #ajji1 #af?2 ,april #bh?1 #bh ,mak+ prop] all[ance = ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,! epo*s ( #ibg & #icd sugge/ z probable ! %ort p]iod ( #g ye>s4 ,x is f\nd accord+ly t ! entire int]val ( #fjh ye>s--f #dja to #ajji--;is equal to #hi mean p]iods ( #f4hcae ye>s ea*4 ,) ?is approximate value ! six dates are all repres5t$ z foll[s3 ,f ,a4,d4 #dja to ,a4,d4 #ech1 #bj p]iods ( #f4he ye>s4 #ech to #hci1 #dd #f4hd #hci to #ibg1 #ac #f4gg #ibg to #icd1 #a #g4jj #icd to #ajji1 #aa #f4hb ,?is p]iod ne>ly corresponds to ^? ( sev]al comets ^: aphelion di/ances are some:at great] ?an ! mean di/ance ( ,jupit]4 ,s long z ! clu/] occupi$ b a small arc ( ! orbit ! displays w\ld evid5tly be sep>at$ by consid]able int]vals4 ,! comp>ative paucity ( meteors 9 mod]n times may be expla9$ by ! fact t ! r+ has be5 subject to frequ5t p]turbations by ,jupit]4 ,gr\ps 9 :i* ! ,meteoroids are sp>sely scatt]$4 ,by ! labors ( ,heis1 ,greg1 ,h]s*el1 ,s*iap>elli1 & o!rs1 ! radiants ( m ?an fifty sp>sely /rewn meteor-sy/ems h be5 det]m9$4 ,( ^! ! foll[+1 :i* are well def9$1 seem wor?y ( special /udy3 ,,date4 ,,position ,,( ,,radiant4 ,r4 ,a4 ,n4 ,decl4 ,janu>y #a-d #bcd #ea ,janu>y #ah #bcb #cf ,april #be #adb #ec ,! orbits & p]iods1 except 9 ! few cases previ\sly consid]$1 are entirely unkn[n4 ,"s ( ! obs]v$ clu/]s are probably ! dbris ( anci5t comets ^: aphelia 7 9 ! vic9ity ( ,jupit]'s orbit4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,comets ,,& ,,meteors4 ,! fact t comets & meteors1 or at lea/ a l>ge proportion ( su* bodies1 h ent]$ ! sol> sy/em f /ell> space1 is n[ admitt$ by all a/ronom]s4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ! orig9 & nature ( ^! cosmical cl\ds /ill rema9s undecid$4 ,! !ory t !y consi/ ( matt] expell$ ) great velocity f ! fix$ />s appe>s to h>monize ! greate/ numb] ( facts1 & is accord+ly entitl$ to respectful consid]ation4 ,! evid5ce by :i* x is su/a9$ may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! obs]vations ( ,zolln]1 ,respighi1 & o!rs1 h indicat$ ! op]ation ( /up5d\s eruptive =ces b5ea? ! sol> surface4 ,! rose-color$ prom95ces1 :i* ,janss5 & ,locky] h %[n to be masses ( inc&esc5t hydrog51 are reg>d$ by ,pr(essor ,respighi z ph5om5a ( eruption4 ,!y are ! seat ( movem5ts ( :i* no t]re/rial ph5om5on c af=d any idea2 masses ( matt]1 ! volume ( :i* is _m hundr$ times great] ?an t ( ! e>?1 completely *ang+ _! position & =m 9 ! space ( a few m9utes4 ,! nature ( ?is eruptive =ce is n und]/ood4 ,we may assume1 h[ev]1 t x 0 9 active op]ation long be=e ! sun _h contract$ to its pres5t dim5sions4 #b4 ,) an initial velocity ( projection equal to #chj miles p] second1 ! matt] ?r[n (f f ! sun w\ld be c>ri$ beyond ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em1 nev] to return4 ,) velocities some:at less1 x w\ld be transport$ to di/ances correspond+ to ^? ( ! aphelia ( ! p]iodic comets4 #c4 ,on ! #g? ( ,septemb]1 #ahga1 ,pr(essor ,"y1 ( ,d>tm\? ,college1#bi witness$ an extraord9>y explosion on ! sun's surface4 ,! obs]v]1 ) 8 telescope1 foll[$ ! expell$ matt] to an elevation ( ov] #bjj1jjj miles4 ,! mean velocity betwe5 ! altitudes ( #ajj1jjj & #bjj1jjj miles 0 #aff miles p] second4 ,?is rate ( motion 9 vacuo w\ld indicate an initial velocity ( ab\t #bfj miles p] second4 ,b ! sun is surr\nd$ by an ext5sive atmosph]e1 ^: resi/ance mu/ h greatly ret>d$ ! velocity ( ! outru% be=e rea*+ ! height ( #ajj1jjj miles4 ,! orig9al velocity ( ^! hydrog5 cl\ds 0 !re=e suffici5t1 9 all probability1 to h c>ri$ !m1 if unresi/$1 beyond ! sol> doma94 ,solid or d5se matt] propell$ ) equal =ce w\ld d\btless h be5 driv5 (f nev] to return4#cj #bi ,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,*emi/ry1 ,novemb]1 #ahga4 #cj ,see ,mr4 ,proctor's int]e/+ discussion ( ?is subject 9 ! ,mon?ly ,notices ( ! ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xxxii4 #d4 ,?is eruptive =ce1 :atev] be its nature1 is probably common to ! sun & ! s-call$ fix$ />s4 ,if s1 ! disp]s$ fragm5ts ( eject$ matt] ought to be f\nd 9 ! spaces int]v5+ betwe5 sid]eal sy/ems4 ,accord+ly1 ! ph5om5a ( comets & meteors h demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( su* matt]1 widely diffus$1 9 ! portions ( space ?r\gh :i* ! sol> sy/em is mov+4 #e4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,sorby ! microscopic /ructure ( ! a]olites he has exam9$ po9ts evid5tly to ! fact t !y h be5 at "o "t 9 a /ate ( fusion f int5se heat1--a fact 9 /rik+ h>mony ) ?is !ory ( _! orig94 #f4 ,! velocity ) :i* "s meteoric bodies h ent]$ ! atmosph]e has be5 great] ?an t :i* w\ld h be5 acquir$ by simply fall+ t[>d ! sun f any di/ance1 h[ev] great4 ,on ! !ory ( _! sid]eal orig91 ?is excess ( velocity has be5 dep5d5t on ! primitive =ce ( expulsion4 ,! %[] ( a]olites :i* fell at ,pultusk1 ,pol&1 on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahfh1ca is n only a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! fact "h /at$1 b also ( ano!r :i* may be acc\nt$ = by ! same !ory1 viz43 t meteoric bodies sometimes ent] ! sol> sy/em 9 gr\ps or clu/]s4 #ca ,see ,*apt] ,,vii4 #g4 ,a /rik+ argum5t 9 favor ( ?is !ory may be d]iv$ f ! rese>*es ( ! late ,pr(essor ,graham1 consid]$ 9 connection ) ^? ( ,dr4 ,hugg9s & o!r em95t spectroscopi/s4 ,pr(essor ,graham f\nd l>ge quantities ( hydrog5 conf9$ 9 ! pores or cavities ( c]ta9 meteoric masses4 ,n[1 ! spectroscope has %[n t ! sun's rose-color$ prom95ces consi/ ( imm5se volumes ( inc&esc5t hydrog52 t ! same elem5t exi/s 9 great abundance 9 _m ( ! fix$ />s1 & ev5 9 c]ta9 nebul2 & t ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 ^: sudd5 outbur/ 9 #ahff s a/oni%$ ! sci5tific _w1 af=d$ decid$ indications ( its pres5ce4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,?is ,,volume4 ,,meteoric ,,a/ronomy3 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,%oot+ ,,/>s1 ,,fire ,,balls1 ,,& ,,a]olites4 ,,by ,,daniel ,,kirkwood1 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo4 ,extra ,clo?4 #a4ej4 ,= sale by ,booksell]s g5]ally1 or w be s5t by mail1 po/paid1 on receipt ( ! price by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #gae & #gag ,m>ket ,/41 ,philadelphia4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,obvi\s errors 9 spell+ & punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & mov$ f ! page end to ! end ( ! p>agraph4 ,images h be5 mov$ f ! middle ( a p>agraph to ! close/ p>agraph break4