,illustration3 ,cover                   
,the ,new ,christianity                 
or                        ,the ,religion
 of the ,new ,age                       
,by                          ,salem     
,goldworth ,bland                       
,,mcclelland  ,,stewart                 
,,publishers 33 ,,toronto               
,,copyright1 ,,canada1 #aibj            
,,by ,,mcclelland  ,,stewart1 ,,limited1
 ,,toronto                              
,,printed ,,in ,,canada                 
,,to ,,the ,,canadian ,,soldiers1       
,,spearhead ,,of ,,the                  
,,army ,,of ,,liberty ,,in ,,france1    
,,spearhead ,,of ,,the                  
,,army ,,of ,,brotherhood ,,in ,,canada 
,,preface   ,this little book is only a 
sketch4  ,some suggestions of the kind  
that is too exclusively regarded as     
practical1 ,i hope1 may be found in it4 
,on the whole1 its aim is1 as from ,mt4 
,nebo1 to give a vision of the ,promised
 ,land4  ,it does not attempt to        
minutely describe the roads leading     

thither4  ,but then1 probably1 it is not
 given to any one as yet to map out very
 precisely the journey before us1 for we
 have not passed this way heretofore4   
,it is my hope that these ideas which   
have gradually grown clear to me may    
help to increase the number of those who
 are willing fearlessly and resolutely  
to set out to find a way that may1 after
 all1 not prove so hard to find as it   
has sometimes seemed4  ,the possible    
reproach of idealism is one to which    
,christianity itself lies too open to be
 feared4  ,i have tried to write        
impersonally4  ,may ,i1 then1 here      
gratify myself by confessing how dear to
 me and how strong is the faith that my 
convictions and my hopes are shared by  
multitudes of my fellow-,canadians8  ,i 
have lived in many parts of ,canada4 ,i 
have tried to understand the ,canadian  
temper4 ,canada1 ,i believe1 has not yet
 found herself4  ,the strain of the war 
has revealed her                        
weaknesses1--thoughtlessness1           

irresponsibility1 divisive prejudice1   
worst of all1 selfishness1 sometimes in 
the extreme4 ,but it has revealed1 too1 
high devotion1 quiet1 unostentatious    
self-sacrifice1 rare energy and         
resourcefulness4  ,there is in every    
nation a ,jekyll and a ,hyde1 but not in
 every nation to-day is the struggle    
between the two so keen or the          
possibilities of its settlement so      
dramatic4  ,the turn that our church    
life1 our business life1 our public     
life1 may take in the next few          
years--which1 indeed1 ,i think1 it is   
already taking--may be decisive and     
glorious4  ,canada has the faults of    
youth but also its energy1 its courage1 
and its idealism4 ,i believe it is      
possible that she may be the first to   
find the new social order and the new   
,christianity1 and so become a          
pathfinder for the nations4  ,this      
preface would be incomplete if ,i did   
not express my great indebtedness to my 
friends1 ,professor ,w4 ,g4 ,smith of   

the ,university of ,toronto1 who gave me
 valuable criticisms and suggestions1   
and ,miss ,ruth ,e4 ,spence1 ,b4,a41 who
 kindly assisted me in reading the      
proofs4   ,,salem ,,goldworth ,,bland4  
,toronto1    ,march1 #aibj4             
,,table ,,of ,,contents   ,,introduction
  ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,new ,,social       
,,order    ,,chap4 #a4  ,,the ,,overflow
 ,,of ,,democracy    ,,chap4 #b4  ,,the 
,,overflow ,,of ,,brotherhood  ,,part   
,,ii4 ,,the ,,new ,,christianity        
,,chap4 #a4  ,a ,,labor ,,christianity  
,,chap4 #b4  ,,an ,,american            
,,christianity    ,,chap4 #c4  ,,the    
,,great ,,christianity  ,,conclusion    
,,introduction                          
,,the ,,world-,,welter                  
,,introduction   ,the ,western nations  
to-day are like storm-tossed sailors    
who1 after a desperate voyage1 have     
reached land only to find it heaving    
with earthquakes4  ,in almost every     
country involved in the great struggle1 
the war without has been succeeded by a 

war within4  ,of this turmoil1          
industrial or political as it may be1   
two things can be said4  ,one is1 that  
no ,western people is likely to escape  
it1 and certainly not the peoples of    
this ,continent4 ,the other is1 that    
even in its most confused and explosive 
forms it is a divine movement4          
,mistaken1 sordid1 violent1 even cruel  
forms it may assume4  ,strange agencies 
it may utilize4 ,none the less no       
student of history1 no one1 at least1   
who has any faith in the divine         
government of the world1 can doubt that 
these great sweeping movements owe their
 power and prevalence to the good in    
them1 not to the evil that is always    
mingled1 to us at least1 so perplexingly
 and distressingly with the good4  ,if  
this be so1 no clearer duty can press   
upon all who wish to fight for ,god and 
not against ,him than to try to discern 
the good factors that are at work and   
the direction in which they are moving4 
,this duty is the more urgent since no  

one can tell when the clamor and the    
dust may make it very hard to discern   
either4  ,in ,canada1 particularly1 is  
this duty of careful analysis especially
 pressing4  ,in no ,western country1    
probably1 has there been less experience
 of internal turmoil1 less anticipation 
of it1 or less preparedness against it4 
,the attitude of ,canada to life        
hitherto might almost be described as   
the attitude of a healthy1              
well-cared-for boy of fifteen1 full of  
energy1 full of ambition1 with plenty of
 fight in him but still more good       
nature1 whose only problems are the     
problems of the campus and of pocket    
money4  ,and yet it is conceivable that 
in no ,western country may the turmoil  
of the next few years take a more acute 
form than in ,canada4  ,the youthfulness
 of the ,dominion1 the recency and      
frailty of the ties that bind the       
scattered provinces1 the deep divisions 
of race and language and religion which 
criss-cross ,canada in every direction1 

the high percentage of the new          
,canadians that have come1 and recently1
 from the countries with which ,canada  
has been at war1 the large numbers of   
men who have now returned from overseas 
and who for different reasons1 some of  
them unpreventable1 are naturally and   
inevitably finding it difficult to      
discover their places in the tasks of   
peace--these conditions bring it about  
that ,canada is not only not            
safeguarded1 but is peculiarly full of  
inflammable material4  ,it is true that 
,canada in population is only one of the
 small nations1 but it would seem as if 
none of the greater nations1 since      
ramshackle ,austria-,hungary fell to    
pieces1 faces so severe an internal     
strain4  ,but1 after all1 nations never 
find their soul except through hard     
tasks4 ,god educates peoples as ,he     
educates individuals1 by putting them in
 tight places4  ,this little book is    
written in the faith that the task of   
finding the right solution of ,canadian 

national problems is so high and hard   
that only the deepest and truest soul of
 the ,canadian people can achieve it1   
but1 also1 in the faith that ,canadians1
 by the blessing of ,god1 will be found 
equal to the task2 and the chief purpose
 of what follows will be to show what   
are the good and beneficial elements in 
the turmoil1 and how1 with the least of 
strife and confusion1 all who have other
 than selfish aims may co-operate in the
 divine movement4  ,there can be little 
fruitful constructive effort without    
hope1 and1 perhaps1 we shall find1 when 
we try to analyze the situation1 that it
 has even more of hope in it than       
menace4  ,the aim of the following      
discussion is1 as the title suggests1   
twofold3  ,first1 to show that in the   
unrest and confusion of the civilized   
nations two principles1 above all       
others1 are at work2 that these two     
principles are both of them right beyond
 question2 and that the disturbance and 
alarm so widely felt are both due to the

 fact that these principles are finding 
their way into regions from which they  
have hitherto been largely excluded--to 
show1 in short1 that the whole commotion
 of the world1 in the last analysis1 is 
chiefly due to the overflow of the two  
great ,christian principles of democracy
 and brotherhood4  ,second1 to point out
 the only kind of ,christianity which is
 adequate to meet the situation1 or in  
other words1 to describe the            
,christianity which1 we may hope1 is    
taking form4                            
,,part ,i4                              
,,the ,,new ,,social ,,order            
,,chapter ,i4                           
,,the ,,overflow ,,of ,,democracy   ,the
 history of the last nine hundred years 
in one1 at least1 of its most vital     
aspects is the history of the           
development of democracy4 ,perhaps in no
 other way can one so accurately discuss
 and estimate the progress achieved     
through this almost millennial period   
than in noting the successive conquests 

made by that great principle4  ,the     
first conquest was in the field of      
education4  ,modern democracy began with
 the rise of universities in the        
eleventh and twelfth centuries4         
,education had been the monopoly of the 
clergy1 not1 indeed1 through any such   
design on the part of the clergy1 but   
through the ignorance of the ,northern  
races which had overrun ,southern       
,europe and almost extinguished its     
culture1 and through the unsettled and  
harassed condition of ,europe which had 
delayed the growth of a new culture4    
,it was only the clergy who felt that   
education was necessary4  ,it is one of 
the many inestimable services that the  
monasteries have rendered the modern    
world1 that they preserved from         
destruction some of the precious flotsam
 and jetsam of that ,greco-,roman       
literature which had for the most part  
been submerged1 and that in these quiet 
retreats there grew up the schools which
 were to lay the foundations of yet     

nobler literatures4  ,eventually1 when a
 measure of peace came at last to the   
lands so long in distress and turmoil1  
the irrepressible impulses of the human 
soul for knowledge asserted themselves4 
,the youth of ,europe1 eager to know1   
flocked in increasing numbers to the    
teachers who began to be famous1 and the
 university took its rise4  ,education  
placed in the hands of the people the   
key to other doors4  ,as a natural      
consequence1 democracy found its way    
into the jealously guarded realm of     
religion4  ,after innumerable abortive1 
but glorious and not wasted1 struggles  
for the right of the individual to find 
his own religion and dispense with      
ecclesiastical guides and directors1    
,northern ,europe established the       
principle of democracy in religion in   
the great revolt known as the           
,protestant ,reformation4  ,that        
uprising was a very complex movement4   
,many motives mingled in it1 but of     
these the desire for a purer faith was1 

probably1 on the whole not so           
influential as the democratic passion   
for intellectual and religious freedom4 
,concurrent with the overflow of        
democracy into the realm of religion was
 its overflow into politics4  ,the      
evolution of political democracy is the 
distinctive glory of ,england4 ,it is   
her contribution to world civilization  
as that of the ,hebrew was monotheism1  
that of the ,greek culture1 and that of 
the ,roman organization and law4  ,the  
barons1 primarily in their own interest1
 wrested the ,great ,charter from a     
,king who more recklessly and           
oppressively than his predecessors      
played the despot4  ,in the provision of
 ,magna ,charta that the ,king should   
levy no more taxes without consent of   
the taxed was found the necessity of the
 coming together1 first of the barons   
and the spiritual lords1 later of the   
knights of the shire1 and finally of the
 burghers of the towns--separate        
assemblies which soon coalesced and by  

their unification formed the ,english   
,parliament4  ,english constitutional   
history from the reign of ,henry ,,iii4 
to the ,revolution of #afhh is the      
history of the gradual supersession of  
the crown by ,parliament1 and of the    
ascendancy of the elective ,house of    
,commons over the hereditary ,house of  
,peers4  ,the eighteenth century        
witnessed the development of ,cabinet   
government2 the nineteenth completed the
 great fabric of political democracy in 
those ,franchise ,acts which admitted to
 participation in the government--  ,in 
#ahcb1 the propertied classes of the    
manufacturing towns2  ,in #ahfg1 the    
artisan2  ,in #ahhd1 the farm labourers2
  ,in #aiah1 the women4  ,with these    
must be mentioned the ,act of #aiaa     
which constitutionally and decisively   
established the ascendancy of the       
popular ,house over the ,peers4         
,england broke the trail which all other
 peoples that have accepted democracy   
have followed4  ,the mobile and logical 

intelligence of ,france1 slower through 
historical conditions to snap the feudal
 bonds1 when it was at last aroused1 at 
one bound outstripped ,england4  ,not   
content to limit1 it swept away both    
monarchy and the ,house of ,peers4 ,a   
still more striking illustration of how 
the last may be first may yet be yielded
 by that great half-,european1          
half-,asiatic people1 so long1          
apparently1 impenetrable to democracy1  
but now in the obscure throes of a      
revolution which despite its initial    
disorders and excesses1 may1 it is      
perhaps possible to hope1 give to       
,russia the high honour of being the    
first nation to achieve the last        
conquest of democracy--its triumph in   
the economic realm4  ,for it would seem 
impossible to doubt that that final     
triumph of democracy can be long        
delayed4  ,autocracy and aristocracy    
overthrown in politics cannot stand in  
economics4  ,he who will trace a river  
like the ,mississippi from its source1  

and find it growing in hundreds of miles
 from a stream that may be waded to a   
great river a mile in width and a       
hundred feet in depth1 does not need to 
actually follow the river to its mouth  
to be assured that it must reach the    
sea4  ,such a river cannot be diverted  
or dammed4  ,obstructions will only     
serve to make its current more violent4 
,this1 then1 would seem to be clear1    
that by an action as cosmic and         
irresistible as the movement of a great 
river1 democracy is invading the        
industrial world4  ,the time has passed 
for all temporary and makeshift         
expedients4  ,a kindly spirit in the    
employer1 improved hygienic conditions1 
rest rooms1 better pay and shorter      
hours1 will not secure equilibrium1     
though the spirit of good-will they tend
 to evoke may make further struggle less
 bitter4  ,profit-sharing furnishes no  
permanent resting place4  ,it is merely 
a camping place on the journey4  ,in the
 papers of ,feb4 #ab1 #aiai1 appeared a 

significant despatch from ,london of the
 same date1 describing the acute labor  
situation4  ,the labor situation reaches
 a crisis to-day in conferences between 
the government and three great unions1  
representing nearly #a1ejj1jjj workers1 
the result of whose demands is awaited  
with keen interest by the entire labor  
world4  ,the unions are the ,miners'    
,federation of ,great ,britain1         
membership #hjj1jjj2 ,national ,union of
 ,railway-men1 membership #djj1jjj2 and 
the ,national ,transport ,workers'      
,federation1 membership #bej1jjj4  ,the 
unions are acting together1 and it is   
believed they have agreed on joint      
action if dissatisfied with the result  
of the conferences4  ,the railwaymen's  
demands include a #dh-;hour week and    
control of railways by representatives  
of the managements and workers4 ,this   
latter clause is considered a step      
toward nationalization1 but an          
alternative has been prepared in the    
form of a commission of labor delegates 

and boards of directors4  ,william      
,adamson1 leader of the ,labor party in 
the ,house of ,commons1 speaking on the 
industrial situation1 said that it was  
almost as menacing and dangerous as the 
war itself4 ,he said that the principal 
,labor amendment to the reply to the    
address from the throne would relate to 
the causes of industrial unrest4  ',i   
hope1' he continued1 'that no attempts  
will be made to disappoint the          
legitimate expectations of the working  
people4  ,all sections of the people    
should understand that we have reached  
the stage when we have laid the cards   
upon the table and when the working     
classes will refuse longer to be treated
 as cogs in a machine or for mere       
profit-making purposes4'  ,in short1    
nothing will now satisfy the workers but
 a share in the control4  ,the most     
hopeful scheme of harmony would seem to 
be some such arrangement as the ,whitley
 scheme which has been officially       
endorsed by the ,british ,government4   

,the essential features of the ,whitley 
scheme are the organization of all the  
workers in any industrial area1 the     
organization of all the employers1 the  
creation of joint committees            
representative of both groups to fix    
wages and determine conditions of labor4
 ,and this is not the end but the       
beginning4  ,the end1 at least of this  
phase of industrial evolution1 would    
appear to promise to be the             
disappearance of the capitalistic       
control of industry4  ,so far as        
industries are not owned and managed by 
the community1 they will be owned and   
managed by the workers that carry them  
on4  ,the revolution will be            
accomplished when the men of inventive  
and organizing and directive ability    
recognize that their place is with the  
workers and not with the owners4        
,capitalistic control must pass away4   
,it has1 no doubt1 played a necessary   
and useful part in the social evolution4
  ,it has shown courage and enterprise4 

,but it has been1 on the whole1         
rapacious and heartless1 and its sense  
of moral responsibility has been often  
rudimentary4  ,when the managers on whom
 it depends desert to the side of the   
workers1 it will be patent how little   
capacity or service is in capitalism1   
and how little it deserved the immense  
gains it wrung from exploited labor and 
skill4  ,the process may be harder and  
slower than even the most sober-minded  
would estimate1 or it may be much easier
 and quicker2 but the process has begun1
 and there can be but one end4          
,feudalistic industry must follow       
feudalistic land holding4  ,feudalistic 
landlordism went because the feudal     
lords were enormously overpaid in       
proportion to their services4 ,when     
organizing and directive ability breaks 
the artificial bond that has associated 
it with capital1 it will be seen how    
slight is the service capital has       
rendered and how enormously it has been 
overpaid4  ,management is1 of course1   

entitled to its wages1 and under present
 conditions those wages must be         
relatively high1 for managing ability is
 not abundant4  ,what might be called   
the wages of capital have been unjustly 
high and are destined to fall until no  
man can afford to be a mere capitalist4 
,to gain a livelihood he will be obliged
 to develop some productive function4   
,so long as industry must be maintained 
on a capitalistic basis1 those          
furnishing the capital are entitled to a
 fair return on their investment1 but   
the fashion of this capitalistic age    
passeth away4  ,the control of money and
 credit is destined to gradually become 
a function of government4  ,a check must
 be placed on the fatal fashion money   
has of breeding money4 ,wages of labor1 
wages of invention1 wages of            
superintendence1 are just2 profits of   
capital must grow less and less to the  
vanishing point4 ,the bitter conflict   
between capital and labor over the      
division of the profits will never be   

settled4  ,it probably never can be     
settled4  ,it will cease to be4         
,capital will cease to be a factor2 only
 labor in the broadly inclusive sense of
 the term will remain4  ,the onward     
march of democracy1 then1 cannot be     
staid4  ,it ought not4 ,democracy is    
nothing but the social expression of the
 fundamental ,christian doctrine of the 
worth of the human soul4  ,democracies  
had found their way into human life     
before the revelation of the worth of   
the human soul in the redemptive work of
 ,jesus ,christ1 but at their best1 as  
in ancient ,greece1 they were           
restricted4  ,even that most glorious of
 all non-,christian democracies and1 in 
some respects1 most glorious as yet of  
all democracies non-,christian and      
,christian1 the democracy of ,athens1   
rested on a slave basis and excluded the
 man not possessing ,athenian           
citizenship4  ,but it was at least a    
noble anticipation1 a sublime1 if       
inconsistent1 partial1 and evanescent   

reaching-out after the democracy which  
,christianity can never be content till 
it has achieved1 a democracy of         
religion1 of culture1 of politics1 and  
of industry4  ,the inherent dignity of  
every human soul must be recognized in  
every sphere of life4  ,heirs of ,god1  
joint-heirs with ,christ--how is it     
possible to reconcile such august titles
 with servitude or subjection8  ,a share
 in the control of church1 community1   
industry is the ,divine right of every  
normal man and woman4                   
,,chapter ,,ii4                         
,,the ,,overflow ,,of ,,brotherhood     
,the ,church of ,jesus ,christ should   
not be alarmed at the inundating        
progress of democracy4  ,she1 of all    
institutions1 should not oppose it4 ,it 
is her child4  ,but even democracy1 with
 its majestic vindication of the worth  
and dignity of the humblest and         
least-endowed human soul1 is not so     
distinctively and gloriously the        
offspring of ,christianity as is the    

principle of brotherhood4 ,the movement 
towards brotherhood1 the great          
master-passion of our day1 is just the  
overflow of ,christianity from the      
conventionally religious into the       
economic realm4  ,one might rest the    
divine claim of ,christianity on this   
irrepressible impulse to overflow4  ,the
 ancient heathen faiths1 with a few     
possible exceptions1 did not seek to    
overflow4 ,they asked only a strictly   
delimited area1 definite times1 definite
 places1 definite gifts1 definite       
ceremonial1 observances and regulations4
 ,outside that circumscribed area1 life 
might go on as it would4  ,even some    
forms of ,christianity have shown little
 disposition to overflow4  ,there has   
long been and still is a type of        
,christianity which fixes its eye on    
heaven and abandons earth4  ,it is      
indifferent and acquiescent in regard to
 the affairs of this life1 with no surge
 of passion for their purification and  
ennoblement4  ,this attitude has found  

expression in a hymn of ,john ,wesley's 
which was once sung in its entirety but 
which1 where it still lingers in our    
present collections1 survives in a      
repeatedly and severely abridged form4  
,how happy is the pilgrim's lot6        
,how free from every anxious thought1   
,from worldly hope and fear6            
,confined to neither court nor cell1    
,his soul disdains on earth to dwell1   
,he only sojourns here4      ,his       
happiness in part is mine1     ,already 
saved from self-design1       ,from     
every creature-love2     ,blest with the
 scorn of finite good1     ,my soul is  
lightened of its load1       ,and seeks 
the things above4      ,the things      
eternal ,i pursue1     ,a happiness     
beyond the view       ,of those that    
basely pant     ,for things by nature   
felt and seen2     ,their honors1 wealth
 and pleasures mean       ,i neither    
have nor want4      ,i have no babes to 
hold me here1     ,but children more    
securely near       ,for mine ,i humbly 

claim2     ,better than daughters or    
than sons1     ,temples divine1 of      
living stones       ,inscribed with     
,jesus' name4      ,no foot of land do  
,i possess1     ,no cottage in this     
wilderness1       ,a poor1 wayfaring    
man2     ,i lodge awhile in tents below1
     ,or gladly wander to and fro       
,till ,i my ,canaan gain4      ,nothing 
on earth ,i call my own3     ,a stranger
 to the world unknown1       ,i all     
their goods despise2     ,i trample on  
their whole delight1     ,and seek a    
country out of sight1       ,a country  
in the skies4      ,there is my house   
and portion fair1     ,my treasure and  
my heart are there1       ,and my       
abiding home2     ,for me the elder     
brethren stay1     ,and angels beckon me
 away1       ,and ,jesus bids me come4  
,i come1--thy servant1 ,lord1 replies-- 
,i come to meet ,thee in the skies1     
,and claim my heavenly rest6     ,now   
let the pilgrims' journey end1     ,now1
 ,o my ,saviour1 ,brother1 ,friend1     

,receive me to thy breast4   ,as        
expressed in this hymn and still more in
 that spiritual classic1 the ,de        
,contemptu ,mundi of ,bernard of ,cluny1
 such a piety is not without its pathos 
and beauty and lofty idealism1 but it is
 not ,christianity4  ,it is only the    
pale bloodless spectre of ,christianity4
  ,christianity is a torrent4  ,it is a 
fire4 ,it is a passion for brotherhood1 
a raging hatred of everything which     
denies or forbids brotherhood4  ,it was 
a brotherhood at the first4 ,twisted1   
bent1 repressed for nearly twice a      
thousand years1 it will be a brotherhood
 at the last4  ,does ,christianity mean 
,socialism8  ,it means infinitely more  
than ,socialism4  ,it means ,socialism  
plus a deeper1 diviner brotherhood than 
even ,socialism seeks4  ,it abhors      
inequality4  ,it always has abhorred    
inequality4  ,it seems almost           
inexplicable that the censors in these  
days of panicky attempts at suppression 
of incendiary ideas have not put under  

the ban such words as these3  ,my soul  
doth magnify the ,lord1  ,and my spirit 
hath rejoiced in ,god my ,saviour4      
99      99      99      99      99  ,he 
hath showed strength with his arm3  ,he 
hath scattered the proud in the         
imagination of their heart4  ,he hath   
put down princes from their thrones1 and
 hath exalted them of low degree4  ,the 
hungry ,he hath filled with good things3
  ,and the rich ,he hath sent empty     
away4--,luke #a3df-ec4  or these3  ,let 
the brother of low degree rejoice in    
that he is exalted2  ,but the rich in   
that he is made low2 because1 as the    
flower of the grass he shall pass away4 
,for the sun is no sooner risen with a  
burning heat but it withereth the grass1
 and the flower thereof falleth1 and the
 grace of the fashion of it perisheth3  
so also shall the rich man fade away in 
his ways4--,james #a3i-ll4  ,nothing is 
hid1 was the word of ,jesus1 that shall 
not be made manifest1 nor anything      
secret that shall not be known and come 

to light4  ,many things have been hidden
 in that extraordinary amalgam that we  
call historical ,christianity4  ,st4    
,paul hid in it his peculiar            
idiosyncratic contempt of marriage and  
lack of reverence for women1 and these  
elements worked out in the millennial   
denial of woman's rights and the        
abnormalities and tragedies of          
asceticism4  ,st4 ,paul1 again1 and the 
unknown authors of the letter to the    
,hebrews and the fourth ,gospel hid in  
primitive ,christianity the ,greek      
passion for metaphysics1 and there      
emerged that perverse exaltation of     
dogma and orthodoxy which has1 more than
 any other thing1 withered the heart of 
the ,church1 smothered its fresh        
spontaneous life1 kindled the infernal  
fires of heresy-trials and autos-da-fe4 
,but ,jesus hid something in historic   
,christianity1 too1 something deeper1   
diviner1 mightier than any foreign      
ingredients added by other hands4       
,those commingling elements the         

,christianity of ,jesus probably had to 
take up1 test1 and eventually reject4   
,the only way1 perhaps1 in which the    
real meaning of ,christianity could be  
discovered by men was in contrast with  
the innumerable and heterogeneous       
adulterations of it4  ,we come to truth1
 it has been profoundly said1 by the    
exhaustion of error4  ,humanity cannot  
apparently be sure of the right road    
till it knows all the wrong roads as    
well4  ,so it would certainly have      
seemed to be with historic              
,christianity4  ,but deepest and most   
vital of all the elements that have     
found their way into historic           
,christianity is what ,christ hid       
there1--the equality of brotherhood4    
,that hidden element1 too1 must find its
 way to the light4 ,early repressed1    
driven in1 well nigh smothered1 it has1 
nevertheless1 never been extinguished1  
for it is the secret force1 the most    
deeply vital essence of ,christianity4  
,as ,bernard ,shaw has said1 it is not  

true that ,christianity has been tried  
and found wanting2 it has been found    
difficult and has never been tried4     
,but in the profound words of           
,martineau1 ,in the history of systems  
an inexorable logic rids them of their  
halfness and hesitancies and drives them
 straight to their appointed goal4  ,not
 always by a straight road but by a sure
 one4  ,nothing is more certain than    
that the human intellect must refuse    
eventually to acquiesce in that strange1
 illogical1 and inconsistent jumble we  
call our ,christian civilization4       
,something drives it irresistibly to    
consistency4  ,the ,christianity of     
,jesus means nothing if it does not mean
 brotherhood4 ,brotherhood means nothing
 if it does not mean a passion for      
equality4  ,the story is told that when 
the ,duke of ,wellington1 who1 like so  
many other great soldiers of other times
 and of our own1 was a devout man1 was  
kneeling to receive the ,communion in   
the village ,church near his estate1 a  

humble neighbour found himself1 to his  
consternation1 kneeling close beside the
 great ,duke4  ,he was rising at once to
 move away when the ,duke put out his   
hand and detained him1 saying1 ,we are  
all equal here4  ,it was a fine spirit  
that the ,duke showed for the time and  
in a country such as ,england was then4 
,but it holds in it explosives of which 
probably the ,duke did not dream4       
,equal at the table of their ,common    
,lord6  ,then equal everywhere6         
,equality everywhere or equality        
nowhere6  ,the soul of every man who has
 seen the divine beauty of equality must
 forever war against all limitations and
 impairments of it4  ,even human logic  
can not permanently tolerate such a     
fundamental incompatibility and         
irrationality as religious equality and 
social inequality sleeping in the same  
bed4  ,religious equality has already   
worked itself out in political equality4
  ,even in aristocratic ,england the    
last vestige of political inequality has

 disappeared4  ,the accepted formula is 
now--one man1 one vote4  ,it may be a   
harder problem to work out1 but economic
 equality will be worked out to the same
 conclusion--one man1 one share of all  
the conditions of human dignity and well
 being4  ,the keen satire of ,charles   
,kingsley in ,alton ,locke will not     
always be justified4  ,faix1 an' ain't  
we all brothers8 asked ,kelly4  ,ay1 and
 no1 said ,sandy1 with an expression    
which would have been a smile1 but for  
its depths of bitter earnestness2       
brethren in ,christ1 my laddie4  ,an'   
ain't that all over the same8  ,ask the 
preachers4  ,gin they meant brothers1   
they'd say brothers1 be sure2 but       
because they don't mean brothers at a'1 
they say brethren--ye'll mind1          
brethren--to soun' antiquate1 an'       
professional1 an' perfunctory-like1 for 
fear it should be ower real1 an'        
practical1 an' startling1 an' a' that2  
and then jist limit it down wi' a 'in   
,christ1' for fear o' owre wide         

applications1 and a' that4  ,but        
,for a' that1 and a' that1     ,it's    
comin' yet1 for a' that1     ,when man  
an' man1 the warld owre1     ,shall     
brothers be1 for a' that--  ,an' na     
brithren any mair at a'6  ,social       
inequality between human beings can     
never be a permanent relation4          
,ordinarily between normal human beings 
it is a hateful and demoralizing        
relation4  ,it is twice cursed4  ,it    
curses him who is down and him who is   
up4  ,it powerfully tends to make the   
one who is down and knows he is down1   
subservient1 a truckler1 a fawner4  ,if 
a man is wise enough and strong enough  
to withstand the influence1 the         
probability is that the very effort at  
resistance1 unless he is very wise and  
very strong1 will develop an unlovely   
and ungracious spirit of defiance1      
sometimes of hostility4  ,in any case1  
human nature generally sours under it4  
,it is1 perhaps1 even worse in its      
effects on the one who is up4  ,at the  

best he becomes condescending1 affable1 
gracious1 patronizing--intolerable      
attitudes every one4  ,at the worst he  
becomes arrogant and insolent4  ,always 
he tends to become suspicious and       
cynical4 ,he learns to distrust the     
forced respectfulness and obligingness  
everywhere shown to himself1 and so     
comes to distrust courtesy and good-will
 in general4  ,h4 ,g4 ,wells in his ,the
 ,future in ,america inserts a picture  
of one of the most impressive of these  
very rich ,americans4  ,my friend beheld
 him1 gross and heavy1 seated in an easy
 chair in the centre of his private car1
 among men who stared and came and went4
  ,he clutched a long cigar with a great
 clumsy hand4  ,he turned on you a      
queer1 coarse1 disconcerting bottle nose
 with a little hard1 blue1 wary1 hostile
 eye that watched out from the roots of 
it4  ,he said nothing4  ,he attempted no
 civility1 he looked pride and          
insults--you ceased to respect          
yourself4444  ',it was ,roman1' my      

friend said4  ',there has been nothing  
like it since the days of that republic4
  ,no living king would dare to do it4  
,and these other ,americans6 ,these     
people walked up to him and talked to   
him--they tried to flatter him and get  
him to listen to projects4  ,abjectly4  
,and you knew1 he grunted4  ,he didn't  
talk back4 ,it was beneath him4  ,he    
just grunted at them6  ,just as clear as
 the incompatibility of ,christianity   
with social inequality is its           
incompatibility with business           
competition4  ,competition for a        
livelihood1 competition for bread and   
butter1 is the denial of brotherhood4   
,it is the antithesis of the ,golden    
,rule4 ,it is not the doing unto other  
men as we would that they should do to  
us4  ,it is obedience to ,david ,harum's
 parody of the ,golden ,rule1 ,do unto  
the other fellow as he wants to do to   
you1 and do it fust4  ,the essential    
condition of competition is that always 
there shall be at least two men after   

the one contract1 two men after the one 
job1 two men after the custom1 the      
patronage1 the clientele only sufficient
 for one4  ,as a consequence1 wherever  
competition exists1 the success of one  
man always involves the failure of      
another4  ,the man who gets the position
 knows that another man is suffering4   
,the merchant who captures the trade    
knows that another must fail4  ,the rule
 for success1 as given by a highly      
successful business man of ,america1    
was1 ,so conduct your business that your
 competitor will have to shut up shop4  
,the method is essentially disorderly   
and wasteful4  ,worse than that1 it is  
inhuman4  ,it is difficult1 indeed1 to  
imagine how a more inhuman method of    
business could be devised short of      
methods which no man who had not ceased 
to be human would tolerate4 ,inhuman and
 dehumanizing4  ,how deeply dehumanizing
 is seen in the effort of ,christian men
 to justify it--the supreme illustration
 in our day of the morally blinding     

power of the accustomed1 the familiar1  
and1 above all1 the profitable1 which   
has made ,christian men defenders of    
competition1 of war1 of the drink       
traffic1 of the opium traffic1 and of   
slavery4  ,business competition to-day  
is1 conceivably1 as great an evil as    
ever intemperance was4  ,its working is 
more subtle1 more wide-spread1 more     
deeply destructive4  ,it hardens men4   
,it dries up their natural and almost   
inextinguishable kindliness4  ,it       
demoralizes them4  ,it almost compels   
them to resort to crooked methods4  ,it 
subjects them to temptations sometimes  
virtually irresistible4 ,it presents    
them with the alternatives of failure   
and starvation for themselves and their 
loved ones or the doing of something1   
not right indeed1 but which plenty of   
others do and which seems imperative4   
,the honorable man has to compete with  
the dishonorable4  ,the ,hydrostatic    
,paradox of controversy1 the ,autocrat  
of the ,breakfast ,table has told us1   

lies in this1 that as water in two      
connected tubes1 however different their
 calibre1 stands at the same level in   
both1 so if a wise man and a fool engage
 in controversy1 they tend to equality4 
,the more demoralizing ,hydrostatic     
,paradox of business competition is its 
deadly tendency to bring the honorable  
man down to the level of the            
dishonorable4  ,it is not always        
demoralizing4  ,there are men strong    
enough to maintain their integrity1 even
 sometimes at great risk4  ,but the     
strain of it1 the feverishness of it1   
the narrowing influences of it1 still   
fewer men escape4  ,under the shade and 
fallen needles of the pine forest1 no   
other vegetation can grow4 ,under the   
absorption1 the exhaustion1 of the      
fierce business competition of ,america1
 little else than business shrewdness1  
business insight1 business knowledge can
 grow4  ,a thousand seeds of culture1   
art1 music1 philanthrophy1 religion1    
human fellowship1 home happiness die    

permanently or fail to germinate at all 
in the ,american business man4  ,the    
struggle1 like a remorseless machine1   
seizes him as a young man and works its 
way with him till it flings him off at  
the other end of the process1 a failure 
with a dreary old age of dependence and 
uncertainty1 or a successful man broken 
in health at fifty1 to spend the rest of
 his days in search of health1 or with  
the leisure and the means to develop the
 old tastes but the tastes themselves   
atrophied by long and enforced neglect4 
,in the name of the brotherhood of      
,christianity1 in the name of the       
richness and variety of the human soul1 
the ,church must declare a truceless war
 upon this sterilizing and dehumanizing 
competition and upon the source of it1  
an economic order based on              
profit-seeking4  ,with profits not      
merely as an inducement but as the      
absolutely essential condition1 the sine
 qua non not merely of success but of a 
livelihood1 competition1 even desperate 

competition1 is inevitable4  ,there is  
not usually the direct personal clash1  
the bloody or deadly combat1 though     
these may be1 but it is a life and death
 struggle none the less4  ,in business  
competition1 men are fighting with      
halters around their necks4 ,they are   
fighting as wolves fight who know that  
the beaten one will be devoured by the  
pack4  ,how unfair and how futile under 
such conditions to heap reproaches upon 
the men who make what are called        
excessive profits6  ,the risks are      
great4  ,should not a man make provision
 for them when he can8  ,when1 too1 a   
man is immersed from boyhood in an      
atmosphere of profit-seeking1 when in   
the talk around the meal-table and the  
conversation of his father with other   
men he gathers that profits are the     
measure of success1 when in business he 
finds the whole energy and ingenuity and
 influence of men concentrated on       
profits1 and men largely estimated by   
the amount of their profits1 what       

capacity will be left after twenty years
 of such a life to distinguish between  
legitimate and excessive profits8  ,a   
profit-seeking system will always breed 
profiteers4  ,it cannot be cleansed or  
sweetened or ennobled4  ,there is only  
one way to ,christianize it1 and that   
is1 to abolish it4  ,that is1 it may    
well be believed1 the distinctive task  
of the age that is now beginning1 as the
 abolition of the liquor-traffic was of 
the age that is closing1 and the        
abolition of slavery of a still earlier 
age4  ,this whole present industrial and
 commercial world1 ingenious1 mighty1   
majestic1 barbaric1 disorderly1 brutal1 
must be lifted from its basis of        
selfish1 competitive profit-seeking and 
placed squarely on a basis of           
co-operative production for human needs4
  ,how this tremendous transformation   
will be eventually accomplished1        
probably no one of this generation can  
foresee4  ,all we can see is some       
initial steps4  ,a hint1 it may be1 is  

given in the well-recognized tendency of
 competing industries to escape         
competition by specialization4  ,thus   
they become co-operative4  ,the same    
tendency to co-operative specialization 
is at work among professional men4      
,medical men specialize ever more       
narrowly4 ,lawyers elect to become      
authorities in a very narrow field4     
,another principle of transformation may
 be found in the union of competing     
businesses under government regulation  
as to prices4 ,such combinations1 while 
often disadvantageous to the public     
unless governmentally regulated1 at     
least attest the increasing recoil from 
competition4  ,the main line of         
development1 however1 it seems          
altogether probable1 will be the        
extension of public ownership1          
municipal1 state or provincial1 and     
national4  ,there is no diviner movement
 at work in the modern world4  ,it is   
emancipating1 educative1 redemptive1    
regenerating4  ,whatever says ,i and    

mine1 says one of the wisest and most   
,christ-like of ,medieval ,mystics1 is  
,anti-,christ4  ,the converse is equally
 true4 ,whatever says we and ours is    
,christian4  ,public ownership1 more    
extensively and powerfully than any     
other human agency1 teaches men to say  
we and ours4 ,it teaches them to think  
socially4  ,to discredit and attack the 
principle of public ownership is to     
discredit and attack ,christianity4  ,it
 would seem to be the special sin       
against the ,holy ,ghost of our age4    
,he who doubts the practicability of    
public ownership is really doubting     
human nature and ,christianity and ,god4
  ,what we are facing to-day is the     
issue between learning to do things     
together and a struggle between         
competing individuals1 competing        
classes1 and competing nations1 so      
frantic and ferocious that in it our    
civilization may go down4  ,in these two
 chapters there has been the effort to  
set forth two at least of the dominating

 principles of the new social order4    
,they are both embodied in a significant
 report adopted by the ,general         
,conference of the ,methodist ,church of
 ,canada1 ,october1 #aiah1 in the city  
of ,hamilton1 ,ontario4  ,this report   
presented by a ,committee on the ,church
 in ,relation to ,war and ,patriotism   
was adopted1 after a long and deeply    
earnest debate1 in a reduced but still  
large ,conference1 with but four        
dissentient votes4  ,it has awakened    
unusual interest as perhaps the boldest 
and most outspoken deliverance on the   
social question which any great         
,christian body up to that time had     
made4                                   
,,report ,,no4 #c                       
,,ii4  ,,church ,,leadership ,,in ,,the 
,,nation  ,your ,committee has had its  
attention directed to the work of the   
,church in the problems of              
reconstruction by some pregnant passages
 in the address of the ,general         
,superintendent1 and by a ,memorial from

 the ,alberta ,conference4  ,even before
 the war it was widely foreseen that    
great social changes were imminent in   
the western world4  ,this gigantic      
convulsion has precipitated the nations 
into the melting pot4  ,such an era     
summons the prophetic gifts of the      
,church1 first1 to the task of          
interpretation--to discern amid the     
turmoil and confusion the hand of ,god1 
and secondly1 to the task of            
inspiration--to breathe into the hearts 
of men the faith1 the courage1 the      
patience1 the brotherliness1 by which   
alone the happy harbor can be won4  ,and
 no ,church is under a deeper obligation
 to assist in this two-fold task than   
our own4  ,methodism was born in a      
revolt against sin and social           
extravagancies and corruption4  ,it was 
content with no aim lower than 'to      
spread scriptural holiness through the  
land4' ,insisting on personal           
regeneration and all the implications   
therein1 it transformed the face of     

,england and saved that land from the   
excesses of a ,french revolution4 ,to it
 the ideal of the ,christian life was   
simply love made perfect4  ,without     
seeking at this time to commit the      
,church to a definite programme of      
economic policy1 we would present for   
the consideration of our people the     
following statement which reflects our  
point of view3  #a4  ,the present       
economic system stands revealed as one  
of the roots of the war4  ,the insane   
pride of ,germany1 her passion for      
world-domination found an occasion in   
the demand for colonies as markets and  
sources of raw materials--the imperative
 need of competing groups of industries 
carried on for profits4  #b4  ,the war  
has made more clearly manifest the moral
 perils inherent in the system of       
production for profits4  ,condemnation  
of special individuals seems often      
unjust and always futile4  ,the system1 
rather than the individual1 calls for   
change4  #c4  ,the war is the coronation

 of democracy4  ,no profounder          
interpretation of the issue has been    
made than the great phrase of ,president
 ,wilson's1 that the ,allies are        
fighting to 'make the world safe for    
democracy4'  ,it is clearly impossible  
for the champions of democracy to set   
limits to its recognition4  ,the last   
century democratized politics2 the      
twentieth century has found that        
political democracy means little without
 economic democracy4  ,the democratic   
control of industry is just and         
inevitable4  #d4  ,under the shock and  
strain of this tremendous struggle1     
accepted commercial and industrial      
methods based on individualism and      
competition have gone down like mud     
walls in a flood4  ,national            
organization1 national control1         
extraordinary approximations to national
 equality1 have been found essential to 
efficiency4  ,despite the derangements  
and the sorrow of the war1 the          
,motherland has raised large masses of  

her people from the edge of starvation  
to a higher plane of physical well-being
 and1 in consequence1 was never so      
healthy1 never so brotherly1 nor ever   
actuated by so high a purpose1 or       
possessed by such exaltation of spirit  
as to-day--and the secret is that all   
are fighting or working1 and all are    
sacrificing4  ,it is not conceivable    
that1 when ,germany ceases to be a      
menace1 these dearly bought discoveries 
will be forgotten4  ,relapse would mean 
recurrence1 the renewal of the agony4   
,the conclusion seems irresistible4     
,the war is a sterner teacher than      
,jesus and uses far other methods1 but  
it teaches the same lesson4 ,the social 
development which it has so unexpectedly
 accelerated has the same goal as       
,christianity4  ,that common goal is a  
nation of comrade workers1 such as now  
at the trenches fights so gloriously--a 
nation of comrade fighters4  ,with the  
earthquake shocks of the war thundering 
so tremendous a re-affirmation to the   

principles of ,jesus1 it would be the   
most inexcusable dereliction of duty on 
the part of the ,church not to re-state 
her programme in modern terms and       
re-define her divinely-appointed goal4  
,the triumph of democracy1 the demand of
 the educated workers for human         
conditions of life1 the deep            
condemnation this war has passed on the 
competitive struggle1 the revelation of 
the superior efficiency of national     
organization and co-operation1 combine  
with the unfulfilled1 the often         
forgotten1 but the undying ethics of    
,jesus1 to demand nothing less than a   
transference of the whole economic life 
from a basis of competition and profits 
to one of co-operation and service4  ,we
 recognize the magnificent effort of    
many great employers to make their      
industrial organization a means of      
uplift and betterment to all who        
participate1 but the human spirit       
instinctively resents even the most     
benevolent forms of government while    

self-government is denied4 ,the noblest 
humanitarian aims of employers1 too1 are
 often thwarted by the very conditions  
under which their business must be      
carried on4  ,that another system is    
practicable is shown by the recent      
statement of the ,british ,prime        
,minister1 that every industry save one 
in ,britain has been made to serve the  
national interest by the elimination of 
the incentive of private profit4  ,that 
the present organization1 based on      
production and service for profits1 can 
be superseded by a system of production 
and service for human needs1 is no      
longer a dream4  ,we1 therefore1 look to
 our national government--and the factor
 is a vital one--to enlist in the       
service of the nation those great       
leaders and corporations which have     
shown magnificent capacity in the       
organizing of life and resources for the
 profit of shareholders4 ,surely the    
same capacity can find nobler and more  
deeply satisfying activity in the       

service of the whole people rather than 
in the service of any particular group4 
,the ,british ,government ,commission   
has outlined a policy which1 while      
accepting as a present fact the         
separation of capital and labor1        
definitely denies the right of sole     
control to the former and1 insisting on 
the full organization of workers and    
employers1 vests the government of every
 industry in a joint board of employers 
and workers1 which board shall determine
 the working conditions of that         
industry4  ,this policy has been        
officially adopted by the ,british      
,government1 and nothing less can be    
regarded as tolerable even now in       
,canada4  ,but we do not believe this   
separation of labor and capital can be  
permanent4  ,its transcendence1 whether 
through co-operation or public          
ownership1 seems to be the only         
constructive and radical reform4  ,this 
is the policy set forth by the great    
,labor organizations and must not be    

rejected because it presupposes1 as     
,jesus did1 that the normal human spirit
 will respond more readily to the call  
to service than to the lure of private  
gain4  ,the acceptance of this report1  
it cannot be too clearly recognized1    
commits this ,church1 as far as this    
representative body can commit it1 to   
nothing less than a complete social     
reconstruction4  ,when it shall be fully
 accomplished1 and through what measures
 and processes1 depend on the thinking  
and the good-will of men and1 above all1
 on the guiding hand of ,god4  ,but we  
think it is clear that nothing less than
 the goal we have outlined will satisfy 
the aroused moral consciousness of      
,canada or retain for the ,churches any 
leadership in the testing period that is
 upon them4  ,and in such an heroic task
 as this1 our citizen armies will find  
it possible to preserve1 under the      
conditions of peace1 the high idealism  
with which they have fought for         
democracy in ,france4  ,recognizing the 

greatness and complexity of the task    
before the ,christian people of ,canada1
 and the imperative necessity of united 
action by the ,churches1 we recommend   
that the suggestion of the memorial from
 the ,alberta ,conference be adopted1   
and that this ,general ,conference      
invite the other ,churches of ,canada to
 a ,national ,convention for the        
consideration of the problems of        
reconstruction4  ,further1 in order that
 our ,church may give the most          
intelligent support to the movement1 we 
recommend that our ,ministers and people
 should acquaint themselves with such   
important documents as the ,report of   
the ,united ,states ,commission on      
,industrial ,relations1 the             
,inter-,allied ,labor ,party's          
,memorandum on ,war ,aims1 the ,british 
,labor ,party's ,programme of the new   
social order1 and the ,british          
,governmental ,commission ,reports on   
,industrial ,relations4  ,your          
,committee outlines this programme in   

the profound conviction that it can be  
carried out only by men quickened and   
inspired by the spirit of ,christ1 and  
that for that ,divine ,spirit1 working  
in the hearts of men1 nothing that is   
good is too high or too hard4           
,,part ,,ii4                            
,,the ,,new ,,christianity              
,,chapter ,i4                           
,a ,,labor ,,christianity   ,a new      
social order is not more imperatively   
demanded than a new ,christianity4      
,nothing less than this will suffice1   
nor will anything less be brought into  
being1 in this crisis of transition4    
,for while there are unchanging elements
 in ,christianity1 there are1 it is     
equally certain1 aspects that are       
constantly changing4  ,the devotion to  
the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 which is the  
central and determinative principle of  
,christianity1 is the least variable    
element2 the institutions and dogmas by 
which that devotion is expressed and    
seeks to act upon the world1 are the    

most variable4  ,institutional          
,christianity is even more variable than
 dogmatic ,christianity4  ,it has varied
 greatly1 is still changing1 and its    
history shows that it is subject to the 
same influences as fashion the changing 
social order4  ,this illuminating       
principle helps us to understand the    
past and to forecast the future of the  
,church4  ,during the last twelve       
hundred years or more1 the ,christian   
,church and the social order in ,western
 lands have developed on parallel lines4
 ,each has passed through two great     
phases and is now entering on a third4  
,i4  ,the aristocratic or feudalistic   
phase1 ,a4,d4 #gjj-aejj4  ,the three    
centuries 7roughly reckoning7 from1 let 
us say1 ,a4,d4 #djj to ,a4,d4 #gjj were1
 probably1 the darkest in the history of
 civilization--darker even than the     
struggle of the last five years4 ,they  
were the centuries of a struggle not so 
colossal in its apparatus of            
destruction1 but seeming1 even more than

 this struggle in its darkest hours1 to 
threaten the extinction of civilization4
  ,the ,northern barbarians that had    
been pressing against the defences of   
the ,roman ,empire1 as the yellow tides 
of the ,north ,sea against the dykes of 
,holland1 from the time of the inroads  
of the ,cimbri and ,teutons in the last 
decade of the second century before     
,christ1 at last found entrance ,a4,d4  
#cgh when the ,visigoths1 who had been  
permitted to cross the ,danube to find  
an asylum from the ,huns1 defeated the  
,roman armies and slew the ,emperor in  
the great battle of ,adrianople4  ,from 
that year1 with varying intervals of    
quiet1 armies1 or rather hordes1 of men 
from the inexhaustible forests of       
,germany and ,scandinavia1 from the     
steppes of ,russia and ,central ,asia1  
swept over lands for centuries          
accustomed to peace and weakened by     
bureaucratic despotism1 inequitable and 
crippling systems of taxation1 and1 most
 debilitating of all1 the essentially   

demoralizing influence of slavery4 ,the 
mighty legions that had so long kept the
 frontiers inviolate vanished like a    
dream4  ,the superb ,roman roads and    
bridges fell into ruins4  ,fertile      
fields relapsed into wilderness4 ,towns 
decayed4  ,laws were forgotten4         
,cultivated languages with great        
literatures were replaced by barbarous  
jargons4  ,it was as when a country-side
 is devoured by a flood1 and trees are  
uprooted1 houses and barns dissolved or 
swept away4  ,only one institution of   
the old ,greco-,roman world withstood   
the waves1 uprose above the yeasty flood
 in indestructible sovereignty--the     
,roman ,catholic ,church4  ,out of the  
welter of overrunning barbarism--no law1
 no government1 no protection except by 
superior force--the feudal system arose4
 ,the deep instinct for order and peace 
asserted itself4  ,the strong man found 
a following4 ,his tribe or clan1 if he  
were a chieftain1 his neighborhood1 in  
any case1 gave him service and          

maintenance1 and he on his part gave the
 fullest measure of protection he was   
able to furnish4  ,he became the feudal 
lord of a district4  ,through those     
stormy centuries that followed1 when the
 savage people fought each other1 and   
western ,europe as it slowly struggled  
into order again was assailed by the    
,viking pirates on the ,north and ,west1
 by ,hun-like ,magyars on the ,east1 and
 by the ,saracens on the ,south1 the    
feudal system was the only method by    
which over large areas any measure of   
security could be achieved4  ,the strong
 man with his fighting force lived in   
his castle1 and huddled under its walls 
lived the tillers of the soil1 whom he  
at once in varying ratio protected and  
oppressed4  ,some kind of relationship  
established itself among these feudal   
lords4 ,one who by conquest or marriage 
had secured possession of specially     
large territories might out of these    
allot subordinate holdings to faithful  
followers1 or by the same methods       

establish an overlordship over other    
lords4  ,eventually the deep and        
irrepressible instinct for unity and    
order lifted one of these families to   
the kingship of a group of feudal       
districts4  ,the feudal system was a    
varying system1 the theory of which was 
never fully carried out1 a system that  
had different origins in different      
countries and underwent different       
developments4 ,the chief characteristic 
of it1 as far as this reference to it is
 concerned1 was its aristocratic        
character4  ,those men only counted who 
had enough land to support themselves   
and a body of fighting men4  ,whatever  
authority there was lay in their hands4 
,the men who tilled the soil and        
practised the rude handicrafts of the   
age and carried on such beginnings of   
commerce as were possible1 could find   
such imperfect security as there was    
only in accepting the despotic rule of  
one of these lords1 knight or baron or  
count or duke as it might be1 or more   

happily for them1 in some respects1 a   
bishop or monastery abbot4 ,all         
sovereignty was in the mailed hands of  
these men or in those of the king1 who  
in most of the countries slowly but     
surely established his control over his 
turbulent and recalcitrant feudatories4 
,it was the lowest form of order1 the   
smallest degree of security1 that       
feudalism provided4 ,legalized anarchy  
it has been happily called4 ,but the    
measure of order and security it secured
 was probably all that was possible     
under such conditions1 conditions under 
which an aristocratic system was the    
best system and1 probably1 the only and 
the inevitable one4 ,whatever judgment  
one may pass on the inadequacy and      
unserviceableness of aristocratic and   
monarchical forms of ,government to-day1
 it ought never to be forgotten that we 
owe the beginnings of modern            
civilization to aristocracy1 and its    
farther development to that outgrowth of
 aristocracy1 monarchical government4   

,democracy in such a stage of           
civilization would have meant nothing   
but anarchy4  ,as under such semi-savage
 conditions no other kind of social     
organization could possibly arise than  
an aristocratic1 so no other kind of    
ecclesiastical organization could meet  
the religious needs than an             
aristocratic4  ,a democratically        
organized church could not have         
fulfilled the mission of the ,church1   
could not1 indeed1 have existed4 ,with  
great hordes of half-savage people      
precipitating themselves upon the       
,empire and almost extinguishing the    
ancient civilization1 the only kind of  
,church that could grapple with the     
problem--the most formidable and        
appalling that civilization and         
,christianity ever had to face--was a   
,church organized on thoroughly         
aristocratic principles4  ,such a       
,church had been providentially prepared
 in the ,roman ,empire before its       
downfall4  ,it has been already remarked

 that the one institution of the old    
shattered and submerged ,greco-,roman   
civilization which survived the         
barbarian deluge was the ,roman         
,catholic ,church4  ,we owe that        
,church1 which has laid mankind to the  
end of time under unforgettable         
obligations1 to the conditions which    
surrounded primitive ,christianity and  
to the organizing1 governing genius of  
the ,latin mind4  ,primitive            
,christianity1 the devotion to the      
supreme ,jew1 ,jesus ,christ1 we owe to 
the ,hebrew mind4  ,transplanted among  
the ,greeks1 the simple1 ethical1       
comparatively untheological and         
unorganized faith developed its latent  
philosophical implications4  ,the       
,greeks gave it a creed4 ,transplanted  
simultaneously among the ,latins1 it was
 given an organization by that race     
whose superb and unexampled genius for  
government had made it mistress of all  
the countries around the ,mediterranean4
  ,the turmoil of erratic speculation   

within the infant churches with their   
motley converts gathered in from all    
kinds of religious and philosophic      
cults1 and the ferocious persecutions   
from time to time launched at the       
helpless followers of the ,christ1 with 
their terrific temptations to apostasy  
or dangerous compromise1 developed an   
aristocrat form of government4  ,war and
 danger always call for the strong      
command4 ,christianity1 threatened by   
erratic thinking and divisive           
controversy within and by deadliest     
attacks on the constancy of its people  
from without1 found its salvation1 as   
far as human agency was concerned1 in   
the episcopacy1 in large powers         
intrusted to the man who in the judgment
 of the individual ,church was the      
wisest and ablest leader4  ,the rule of 
the bishop was as natural and inevitable
 under such conditions as the rule of   
the captain on the ship at sea1 the rule
 of the commanding officer in a fighting
 unit1 the authority of the man         

recognized as leader in an unorganized  
group of farmers fighting a prairie     
fire4  ,it is not wonderful that the    
bishops came to be regarded with        
veneration and their office as essential
 to the ,christian ,church4  ,the       
episcopal office has earned the regard  
which it has enjoyed4  ,the more fully  
one understands the historical          
conditions under which the belief in the
 indispensableness of episcopal         
organization grew up1 the more          
reasonable one finds such a belief even 
if one is unable to admit its validity4 
,the same ,roman genius for government  
which gave the principle of episcopacy  
its great place in the ,church gave the 
,church also the papacy1 and by a       
development as natural and1 probably1 as
 inevitable4 ,the same necessity in     
troublous and dangerous times for large 
powers of command being held by the     
ablest man in the individual            
congregation or1 later1 in the group of 
,churches which came to be known as the 

diocese1 developed the over-bishop1 or  
archbishop1 or metropolitan1 or         
patriarch1 as over-bishops were         
variously known1 and over these again   
the supreme bishop1 the bishop of       
bishops1 the bishop of the great        
capital1 ,rome1 who came at last to     
monopolize the title of ,papa1 or ,pope1
 which originally had been given to     
every bishop4  ,the ,papacy corresponds 
to the united command of the allied     
armies on the western front1 which so   
swiftly and irresistibly transformed the
 war in that decisive area1 and which   
will make illustrious till the ,great   
,war is forgotten the names of the great
 war-minister1 ,lloyd ,george1 who so   
wisely and magnanimously brought it     
about1 and the great general1 ,marshal  
,foch1 who so magnificently justified   
it4  ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church is   
the sublimest achievement of the        
organizing powers of mankind1 and the   
unifying element in it1 the capstone of 
that mighty structure1 the key stone of 

the arch1 is the ,papacy4  ,the ,roman  
,catholic ,church1 or1 as it might      
appropriately be designated1 the ,papal 
,church1 is a greater construction than 
even the ,roman ,empire1 of which it is 
the spiritual counterpart--vaster1 more 
enduring1 more firmly-knit1 and         
infinitely more beneficent4  ,the ,pope 
corresponded to the ,emperor2 the       
bishops1 to the provincial governors2   
the invincible legions which carried the
 ,roman eagles into the swamps of       
,germany and the mountains of           
,caledonia1 were surpassed in their     
daring and the tenacity of their        
conquests by their spiritual            
counterpart1 the missionary monks4  ,it 
was this organization which had been    
providentially prepared for the anarchic
 and desolating period of the barbarian 
invasions1 as ,noah's ark for the       
,deluge1 and not only as a shelter for  
the precious salvage of the submerged   
,greco-,roman civilization1 but as a    
spiritual army which should conquer the 

conquerors1 and on the debris of the    
greatest landslide of history fashion   
new gardens and habitations4  ,latin    
,christianity1 then1 represents a       
distinctively aristocratic type of      
,christianity1 the priest dominating the
 congregation and not controlled by     
them1 the bishop dominating the priest1 
the ,pope at the summit responsible to  
none but ,god4  ,such fashioning that   
great ,church had received at the hands 
of men wise to give the ,church such    
organization as the conditions demanded4
  ,it was this ,church which the        
barbarian onset could neither shatter   
nor overpower4  ,it was this ,church    
which met the barbarians with a force   
and a sovereignty beyond their own4  ,it
 asserted its moral and intellectual    
superiority4  ,it overawed the men who1 
with the passions of men1 had often the 
heart and still oftener the brain of the
 child4  ,it put these turbulent        
warriors to school and struck to their  
hearts the fear of ,god and of the devil

 and of the ,church4  ,no ,church but an
 aristocratic one could have dominated  
such a situation4 ,the very qualities   
which the modern man most resents in the
 ,roman ,catholic ,church--its          
authority1 its dogmatism1 its spiritual 
powers of intimidation--were the        
qualities which enabled it to evangelize
 the vast heathen and barbarian masses4 
,as in the state so in the ,church1 the 
centuries from the fall of the ,roman   
,empire to the ,protestant ,reformation 
were centuries which called1 though1 it 
must be recognized1 with lessening      
emphasis and with sporadic but          
multiplying exceptions1 for the         
aristocratic principle4  ,feudalism and 
,roman ,catholicism were the only       
possible systems4  ,,ii4  ,the bourgeois
 or plutocratic or capitalistic phase1  
,a4,d4 #aejj-aiad4  ,gradually1 however1
 there arose in the aristocratically    
organized middle age a new power4  ,this
 was the trading and manufacturing      
classes4  ,as soon as the feudal        

nobility gave any measure of security1  
and much more extensively when kings    
grew strong enough to stretch the royal 
power over their turbulent feudatories1 
the irrepressible trading instinct      
asserted itself4  ,english wool found   
its way to ,flanders1 ,french wine to   
,england1 the silks and spices and gems 
of the ,east to ,europe4 ,busy and      
wealthy cities sprang up in districts   
favorable for manufacture and along the 
great trade routes between ,east and    
,west4 ,kings1 eager to assert their    
sovereignty over the anarchic barons1   
allied themselves with this new burgher 
class1 which was on its part glad to    
support a power that promised it        
deliverance from such very imperfect and
 costly protectors as the feudal lords  
had shown themselves to be4  ,the       
,crusades1 especially1 stimulated trade 
and in the nearly two centuries 7,a4,d4 
#ajif-abgj7 during which the crusading  
spirit was active1 the most notable     
feature of the social evolution of      

,europe was the rise of the towns4  ,the
 rise of the towns meant the liberation 
of the people4  ,no buildings in ,europe
 have more sacred associations than the 
old city halls of the medieval cities of
 the ,low ,countries1 ,france1 and      
,germany4  ,they were the birth place of
 modern freedom4  ,trade loves freedom  
and abhors all restrictions except such 
as are sometimes short-sightedly imposed
 by itself4  ,the towns1 wearied of the 
exactions of their castellated tyrants1 
won their freedom by purchase or by     
fighting1 or co-operated with the king  
in reducing the barons to some measure  
of good behavior4  ,during the last five
 hundred years1 and especially since the
 ,industrial ,revolution effected by the
 use of machinery1 the merchant and     
manufacturing classes have been steadily
 climbing into power4  ,they have       
superseded or absorbed the pre-existing 
aristocracy4  ,the old families have    
died out or been transformed by a       
profitable and strengthening admixture  

of rich plebeians4  ,the bulk of even   
such an imposing aristocracy as that of 
,britain is composed of creations of the
 last two or three generations1 and     
these so largely from the ranks of      
wealthy brewers that there is truth as  
well as wit in the saying that the      
,british peerage is the ,british        
beerage4  ,the sale of titles at the    
price of large contributions to         
political funds is admitted and         
defended4 ,even in ,great ,britain1 with
 its impressive array of ancient names1 
aristrocracy has been largely converted 
into plutocracy4  ,in a constitutionally
 democratic nation like the ,united     
,states there is no other aristocracy4  
,now1 if ,church and ,state undergo a   
parallel development and re-act in the  
same way to conditions governing them   
both alike1 what we might expect to find
 would be that1 with the growing        
ascendancy in the social structure of   
the trading and manufacturing class 7or 
to use a single term1 though            

unfortunately one with a flavor of      
resentment about it1 bourgeoisie71 there
 would be a parallel ascendancy of the  
same class in the ,church4  ,this is    
exactly what we do find4  ,the          
aristocratic form of ,christianity1     
which fitted into the feudalistic age1  
which was called for by the social      
conditions of that age1 which was1      
indeed1 probably1 the only kind of      
,christianity that could have existed in
 that age1 did not suit the             
freedom-loving1 self-reliant1           
self-asserting1 ambitious burghers4     
,they resented the control which the    
clergy exercised over them1 alike when  
it was well-meant and when it was       
selfish and tyrannical4 ,especially they
 resented the enormous sums which were  
extracted from them by the fees and     
taxes of priests1 bishops1 and the      
,papal ,court at ,rome4 ,they resented1 
too1 the ,church's prohibition of       
interest4  ,this condemnation1 based on 
the ,mosaic prohibition of interest1 had

 not been found so unfair or vexatious  
prior to the sixteenth century when     
money was borrowed mainly for           
unproductive consumption1 as for        
example1 for war and for extravagance4  
,now when1 in the great commercial      
development of that century1 money was  
being borrowed for business with the    
prospect1 almost the certainty1 of      
profit1 and interest became merely the  
sharing of profits1 the ,church's       
refusal of absolution to those guilty of
 taking interest was a serious factor in
 the growing hostility between the      
cities and the ,church4  ,the ,church1  
moreover1 favoured sumptuary laws1--the 
minute regulation of purchases and      
prices4  ,as this well-meant legislation
 tended to restrict trade1 it was       
disliked by the traders4  ,the immense  
capital locked up in vast ecclesiastical
 buildings and estates was naturally1   
also1 the object of envy4  ,clerical    
immunities from municipal taxation1 and 
episcopal jurisdiction over otherwise   

free towns added to the general         
irritation4  ,it might possibly have    
been foreseen that1 sooner or later1 a  
revolt would come and a new sort of     
,church would take form4  ,that revolt  
came under ,luther4  ,many motives      
conspired in it4  ,with ,luther himself 
and many of his followers the motive was
 a genuinely religious one4  ,it was a  
revolt against the legalistic           
interpretation of ,christianity and     
against the moral failure of the ,roman 
,catholic ,church4 ,but with the mass of
 the city people1 who were the main     
support of ,luther1 the motive was      
mainly a passion for freedom and only   
subordinately and sporadically a passion
 for a purer faith or a holier life4    
,in the new ,church that was fashioned  
in varying forms in the northern races  
where the revolt was most general and   
thorough-going1 one feature naturally   
predominated--the ascendancy of the     
bourgeoisie4  ,that ,church1 or rather  
group of ,churches which by seeming     

accident1 but1 perhaps1 by that deeper  
philosophy which moves even through the 
seeming accidents of history1 came to be
 known as the protesting or ,protestant 
,church1 was the ,church which suited a 
predominately middle class society as   
,roman ,catholicism suited a feudal     
society4  ,protestantism1 in a word1 is 
bourgeois ,christianity4  ,it is the    
,christianity of the middle1 or trading1
 classes4  ,it was born where these     
classes were strongest--in ,germany1    
,holland1 ,switzerland1 ,england1       
,france4  ,it has exalted the middle    
classes and the middle classes have     
exalted it4  ,it has been with them in  
their struggle and has shared their     
triumph4  ,it sanctions their ethical   
standards1 falls in with their tastes1  
emphasizes their virtues1 is indulgent  
toward their faults1 condemns their     
aversions4    ,the 'true inwardness' of 
the change of which the ,protestant     
,reformation represented the ideological
 side1 meant the transformation of      

society from a basis mainly corporative 
and co-operative to one individualistic 
in its essential character4  ,the whole 
polity of the middle ages1 industrial1  
social1 political1 ecclesiastical1 was  
based on the principle of the group or  
the community--ranging in hierarchical  
order from the trade-guild to the       
town-corporation2 from the town         
corporation through the feudal orders to
 the imperial throne itself2 from the   
single monastery to the order as a      
whole2 and from the order as a whole to 
the complete hierarchy of the ,church as
 represented by the papal chair4  ,the  
principle of this social organization   
was now breaking down4  ,the modern and 
bourgeois conception of the autonomy of 
the individual in all spheres of life   
was beginning to affirm                 
itself4--,belfort ,bax3 ,the ,peasants' 
,war1 p4 #ai4   ,it would almost seem   
that it was a consciousness of its      
specific class limitations which led the
 new movement promptly and decisively to

 turn away from the claims of the lowest
 class1 though the distinct refusal of  
,german ,protestantism to champion the  
cause of the oppressed peasants in #aebd
 may be credited to the imperfect       
sympathies of ,luther and his jealousy  
for the reputation of the new movement4 
,luther was a peasant's son1 but his    
attitude to other peasants was one      
almost of contempt1 mingled later with  
fear4    ,the wise man saith3 food1 a   
burden1 and a rod for the ass2 to a     
peasant belongs oat straw4  ,they hear  
not the word and are mad2 then must they
 hear the rod and the gun and they get  
their due4  ,let us pray for them that  
they obey2 otherwise there need be no   
pity for them4  ,let only the bullets   
whistle around them4  ,otherwise they   
are a hundred fold more evil4--,letter  
to ,ruehel4  ,de ,wette4  ,vol4 ,,ii41  
p4 #fai4   ,luther's glorification of   
the liberty of a ,christian man1 his    
stirring appeals to the ,german nobility
 to shake off the rapacious tyranny of  

,rome found response in other hearts    
than those he was addressing4  ,his     
impassioned words1 like hot coals       
kindling a fire whereever they fell1    
helped to bring to a head the discomfort
 which had been growing among the       
peasants4  ,this was due1 in part1 to   
the increased cost of living1 a fifty   
per cent4 advance1 it has been          
estimated1 from #adjj to #adae1 for     
which the increased output of silver    
from the mines in the ,tyrol and        
elsewhere was chiefly responsible4  ,but
 the chief cause was the increased      
exactions of the ,german princes1       
sustained in their oppressive claims by 
the growing recognition of the ,roman   
law1 which found no place for the       
peasants except as slaves4  ,eventually1
 in #aebd the peasants drew up twelve   
demands which they submitted to ,luther 
with an appeal for his support4 ,luther 
found the demands mainly just and urged 
the princes to make concessions1 but    
strongly condemned any effort1 in case  

the reforms were not granted1 to secure 
them by violence4  ,the demands were    
refused and the peasants rose4  ,they   
were successful at the outset1 as most  
of the professional soldiers of the     
princes were in ,italy with the         
,emperor1 ,charles ,v41 then at war with
 the ,pope4  ,on their return1 these    
trained forces scattered the            
undisciplined bodies of peasants1       
already demoralized by wine and plunder 
and lack of leadership4  ,the princes   
took a ferocious revenge4  ,it is       
estimated that from one hundred to one  
hundred and fifty thousand peasants were
 slaughtered2 many more were blinded and
 maimed4  ,luther1 angered and terrified
 by the uprising1 had urged the princes 
on to the slaughter in words that are an
 ineffaceable blot on his memory4       
,first1 they the peasants have sworn to 
their true and gracious 6 rulers to be  
submissive and obedient1 in accord with 
,god's command 7,matt4 #bb3ba71 ',render
 unto ,caesar the things that are       

,caesar's1' and 7,rom4 #ac3a71 ',let    
every soul be subject to the higher     
powers4'  ,but since they have          
deliberately and with outrage abandoned 
obedience1 and in addition have opposed 
their lords1 they have thereby forfeited
 body and soul1 as perfidious1 perjured1
 mendacious1 disobedient rascals and    
villains are wont to do4  ,later1       
,luther approved and justified the      
revolt of the ,protestant princes       
against the ,emperor to whom they had   
sworn obedience--so early had           
,protestantism one standard for the     
lowly and another for the high4         
99      99      99      99      99  ,it 
is right and lawful to slay at the first
 opportunity a rebellious person1 known 
as such1 already under ,god and the     
,emperor's ban4 ,luther himself was     
certainly under the latter ban and1 in  
the judgment of ,roman ,catholics1 under
 the former4  ,for of a public rebel1   
every man is both judge and executioner4
  ,therefore1 whosoever can should      

smite1 strangle1 and stab1 secretly or  
publicly1 and should remember that there
 is nothing more poisonous1 pernicious1 
and devilish than a rebellious man much 
more devilish in ,luther's judgment than
 an oppressive prince6  ,just as when   
one must slay a mad dog2 fight him not  
and he will fight you1 and a whole      
country with you4                       
99      99      99      99      99  ,if 
the civil government thinks proper to   
smite and punish those peasants without 
previous consideration of right or      
fairness1 ,i do not condemn such action1
 though it is not in harmony with the   
,gospel1 for it has good right to do    
this4                       99      99  
99      99      99  ,therefore let him a
 prince or lord not sleep1 nor shew     
mercy and compassion4  ,nay1 this is the
 time of sword and wrath1 not the time  
of mercy4                       99      
99      99      99      99  ,such       
wonderful times are these that a prince 
can more easily win heaven by shedding  

blood than others with prayers4  ,he    
even makes the extraordinary statement1 
,in #aebe the elector ,john of ,saxony  
asked me whether he should grant the    
peasants their twelve articles4  ,i told
 him1 not one1 7,michelet1 p4           
#ddh7--revealing a callousness which can
 only be characterized as brutal4       
,the ,lutheran ,reformation1 from its   
inception in #aeag down to the          
,peasants' war of #aebe1 at once        
absorbed1 and was absorbed by1 all the  
revolutionary elements of the time4  ,up
 to the last-mentioned date it gathered 
revolutionary force year by year4  ,but 
this was the turning-point4  ,with the  
crushing of the ,peasants' revolt and   
the decisively anti-popular attitude    
taken up by ,luther1 the religious      
movement associated with him ceased any 
longer to have a revolutionary          
character4  ,it henceforth became       
definitely subservient to the new       
interests of the wealthy and privileged 
classes1 and as such completely severed 

itself from the more extreme popular    
reforming sects4--,bax2 ,peasants' ,war1
 pp4 #bh1 #bi4   ,luther completed the  
severance of the new faith from the     
proletariat when he deliberately handed 
over his new ,church to the control of  
the princes4  ,in his complete distrust 
of the common people1 it seemed to him  
that there was no other authority that  
could replace that of the bishops4  ,so1
 despite the remonstrances of           
,melanchthon1 a more oppressive tyranny 
was imposed on the ,lutheran ,church in 
,germany than had been exercised by the 
bishops1 and the foundation was laid for
 that estrangement of the proletariat   
from the ,church which has had such     
fatal results on both proletariat and   
,church in our time4  ,on ,luther rests 
the responsibility of converting the    
,german ,church into a branch of an     
autocratic government1 as such          
distrusted and detested by the laborer  
in the country and the worker in the    
town1 and of thus bringing about a      

condition of things which has earned for
 ,protestant ,prussia the reproach of   
being the least religious country of    
,europe4  ,protestantism1 then1 by its  
very origin is ,christianity shaped to  
suit the trading and manufacturing      
class4  ,now1 what are the              
characteristics of members of this      
class8  ,they are keenly but1 in        
general1 superficially intelligent1     
alert1 watchful1 ambitious1 pushful1    
courageous1 energetic1 industrious1     
self-reliant1 independent1              
freedom-loving1 intensely               
individualistic4 ,they are honorable    
according to the standards of their     
class1 often generous when the business 
struggle is not involved1 but in the    
struggle itself they tend1 almost of    
necessity1 to become hard and selfish4  
,their great aim has been to get on1 to 
make money1 to rise to as high a social 
position as possible1 amid the vast     
opportunities of modern business to win 
and retain great power4  ,protestantism 

fits a people of such characteristics   
like a glove4  ,it exalts the rich man4 
,it consults him and honors him1 puts   
him forward on every possible occasion1 
suitable or scarcely suitable4  ,knowing
 his sensitiveness1 it deals with him   
tactfully and deferentially4  ,it       
emphasizes the virtues conducive to     
business success1--industry1 thrift1    
sobriety1 self-control1 honesty1 at     
least as far as the law commands or as  
far as dishonesty would be plainly      
imprudent4  ,it disapproves the sins    
that hinder success or impair           
respectability1--such as indolence1     
profanity1 intemperance1 licentiousness1
 and all overt transgressions of the    
law4  ,what would be the sensations of  
an audience to which a millionaire      
manufacturer or broker or promoter was  
unfolding the secret of his success1 if 
he were to say1 ,i owe my success and   
any distinction ,i have been able to    
achieve to my honest effort to carry out
 the ,sermon on the ,mount6  ,for good  

and for evil1 at the outset doubtless   
more for good than for evil1 now more   
for evil than for good1 ,protestantism  
is intensely individualistic4           
,christianity has its individualistic   
aspect4 ,protestantism has emphasized   
this4  ,christianity has also its social
 aspect4 ,protestantism has largely     
ignored this4  ,above all1              
,protestantism has lacked humility and  
pity4  ,naturally so4 ,they are the two 
virtues least called for in the business
 struggle1 the two virtues1 indeed1 most
 liable to prove embarrassing4  ,here is
 where1 probably1 ,protestantism most   
sharply differs from ,primitive         
,christianity and from the ,christianity
 which was in the mind of ,jesus4       
,protestantism is a fighting faith4  ,it
 trains men to be self-reliant and hard4
  ,fair play is its substitute for      
brotherliness1 and it often finds it    
difficult to get as high as that4  ,the 
divine note of love is faint4           
,protestantism has never caught the     

passion for brotherhood4  ,so it is not 
strange that1 where the reviving spirit 
of brotherhood1 which is the divinest   
movement in modern life1 is strongest1  
there is the least drawing to           
,protestantism4  ,it is in the          
proletariat to-day that the sense of    
brotherhood is keenest4  ,it is the     
proletariat which is the increasing     
despair of the ,protestant ,churches4   
,perhaps it is not too bold a           
generalization that1 on this ,continent 
at least1--it does not seem so widely   
true in ,england--the working man who is
 most interested in the ,church is least
 interested in labor organizations4  ,he
 is the ambitious1 individualistic      
workingman who is bent on emerging from 
his class4  ,he is least                
class-conscious4  ,he hopes to become   
affiliated with the master class4  ,the 
workingman who is most class-conscious1 
whose heart is set on the betterment of 
his class1 is usually very slightly     
affiliated with the ,church1 if at all1 

and that affiliation is due1 generally1 
to the appeal the ,church and ,sunday   
,school make to his wife and children4  
,very frequently his attitude to the    
,church is one1 not of indifference1 but
 of resentment and distrust4  ,he feels1
 though perhaps subconsciously1 that the
 prevailing temper of the ,church is one
 of self-advancement4 ,the leading men  
in the ,church are mostly those who have
 been most successful in strenuous      
self-advancement4  ,any man whose heart 
has been stirred with the passion for   
the common good is liable to be         
disappointed in seeking in the ,church  
for the encouragement and sympathy that 
he craves4  ,neither the ,protestant nor
 the ,roman ,catholic ,churches can     
claim to have inspired the ,labor       
movement4  ,at best it can only be said 
that1 when the movement had struggled   
through the early days of conflict and  
persecution1 the ,churches reached out  
hesitatingly and half-heartedly a hand  
of fellowship in a spirit1 partly of    

genuine desire to make amends for past  
dereliction1 partly of condescension1   
and partly of fear4  ,but during the    
severity of ,labor's early struggle1    
,protestantism1 except in isolated and  
unofficial representatives1 gave no     
assistance1 not even its blessing1 to   
what was the most profoundly ,christian 
movement of the nineteenth century4     
,when it did not frankly sympathize with
 the masters in their difficulties with 
their unreasonable and discontented     
employees1 it maintained a cautious     
neutrality4  ,the first step to right   
relations between the ,churches and     
,labor would be a frank confession that 
they failed to give ,labor their help   
when ,labor deserved and needed it most4
  ,but perhaps this sympathetic attitude
 to ,labor was too much to expect of a  
form of ,christianity which had such an 
origin and such associations as         
,protestantism4  ,like the form of      
,christianity which it largely displaced
 in the freedom-loving northern races of

 ,europe and ,america1 it has rendered  
great services4  ,like that again1 it   
was1 perhaps1 the only sort of          
,christianity possible under the        
conditions under which it took its form4
  ,it has helped to train an energetic1 
daring1 self-reliant1 and relatively    
honorable people4  ,it has been the     
,christianity of a bourgeois epoch1 and 
with the passing of that epoch it1 too1 
will pass away or undergo a profound    
metamorphosis4 ,it is a very different  
sort of ,christianity that will meet the
 religious needs of the new epoch that  
the world is entering4      ,,iii4 ,the 
,labor phase1 ,a4,d4 #aiad--  ,we have  
seen how the trading and manufacturing  
towns pushed their way up during the    
later period of the medieval age and    
eventually overthrew aristocracy in     
state and ,church1 substituting a social
 and political order and a ,church      
dominated by the business class4        
,similarly1 since the middle of the last
 century1 a new force has been pushing  

up in the bourgeois regime1 destined1 it
 now seems clear1 to effect a similar   
transformation4  ,this is organized     
,labor4  ,the most significant feature  
in the social development of the last   
hundred years has been the patient1     
persistent1 oft-defeated1 yet           
insuppressible struggle of the          
proletariat of the western world for    
human rights4  ,the dead weight of the  
bygone ages was upon it4  ,when had the 
men and the women who did the rough and 
necessary work of the world1 smoothed   
the highways1 dug the drains1 built the 
houses and the bridges1 carried the     
burdens over the mountains and across   
the seas1 tilled the fields and cared   
for the herds and the flocks--when had  
they been other than the despised1      
ill-paid1 ill-housed servants of the    
classes who through their fighting-power
 or their money-power could command the 
services of the toilers8 ,what right had
 they to overturn the ancient order1 an 
order which history recognized and the  

,church was willing to consecrate8      
,against the established order1 against 
religious sanctions1 against the        
combined authority of wealth and rank1  
against the legislative and military    
powers of governments1 the workers had  
to carry on their new1 uncharted1 and   
desperate struggle unaided and alone4   
,the ,universities from their academic  
heights looked down on it with calm     
scientific interest4  ,if any feeling   
was stirred1 it was oftener contempt    
than pity4  ,even the ,church of ,christ
 was1 with a few illustrious exceptions1
 unfriendly or timidly neutral4         
,nevertheless1 in spite of calamitous   
setbacks1 the movement made way against 
the public opinion of the dominant      
classes1 against hostile legislation1   
against anarchic injunctions1 against   
police and soldiers1 and to-day ,labor  
is the mightiest organized force in the 
world4  ,it is enthroned despotically in
 ,petrograd and ,moscow above the       
shattered ruins of the most imposing    

monarchy of the modern world4  ,it is   
the strongest element in that welter of 
confusion and uncertainty to which the  
most powerful and compactly organized   
nation of modern times has been reduced 
by its insane ambition1 the indignation 
of mankind1 and the justice of ,god4    
,labor is the uncrowned king of ,great  
,britain4  ,wisely led1 there seems no  
reasonable aim it cannot realize4  ,in  
the ,united ,states in the ,summer of   
#aiaf1 in a straight issue between      
,labor and one of the most powerful     
capitalistic groups1 the ,president and 
,congress of the ,united ,states wisely 
and justly capitulated to ,labor4  ,the 
futility of trying to smash the ,labor  
unions or to arrest the progress of the 
,labor movement is now sufficiently     
clear4  ,as well try to smash a forty   
mile wide ,alaskan glacier or arrest its
 onward march to the sea4  ,old         
precedents have lost their authority1   
old calculations and presuppositions    
fail or mislead4 ,it is a new age the   

world is entering4 ,as the determining  
factor in the social structure of       
,europe from #hjj ,a4,d4 to #aejj was   
feudalism1 and from ,a4,d4 #aejj to     
#aijj capitalism1 so from #aijj onwards 
to the dawn1 it may be1 of still vaster 
changes as yet undescried1 the dominant 
factor will be organized ,labor4  ,if   
,labor1 then1 is to be the dominating   
factor in the age just opening1 it      
becomes a question of deepest interest  
to discover the principles of the ,labor
 movement4  ,a full answer to this      
question would be lengthy and might have
 elements of uncertainty1 but the       
essential outstanding principles of the 
,labor movement are neither doubtful nor
 difficult to determine4  ,they are     
three3  #a4  ,every man and every woman 
a worker4  ,the ,labor movement has no  
place except for workers4  ,its         
essential demand is that every man and  
woman shall1 during the normal working  
years1 make a just contribution to the  
welfare of the social organism4 ,it is  

determined that there shall be no place 
in society for idlers or exploiters4    
,it is the deadly enemy of parasitism in
 all its ,protean forms4  #b4  ,the     
right of every worker to a living wage4 
,this is nothing other than the         
assertion1 in the only form that makes  
it more than iridescent froth1 of the   
great ,christian principle of the worth 
of the soul4  ,it is a very modest and  
restricted assertion of that great      
principle1 but it is a more substantial 
and significant assertion than has been 
made anywhere else4  ,the ,christian    
doctrine of the infinite worth of the   
human soul becomes claptrap where this  
principle is not admitted4  #c4  ,union4
  ,the ,labor movement is based on the  
solidarity of the workers4  ,it abhors  
competition4 ,it represents the triumph 
of the we-consciousness over the        
,i-consciousness4  ,it organizes in     
unions4  ,there have been few things in 
history that had more of the morally    
sublime in them than the way in which   

the individual has been called upon by  
the ,labor movement to risk1 not his    
comfort merely or his advancement1 but  
his livelihood1 in defence of some one  
whom he would never know but with whom  
he was linked in the sacred cause of    
,labor4  ,and these principles of the   
,labor movement are at the same time the
 characteristics of the corresponding   
,christianity of the new age4  ,for1 as 
we found an aristocratic type of        
,christianity in the aristocratic       
medieval period1 the social conditions  
demanding the aristocratic organization 
in ,church and ,state and permitting no 
other1 and as1 in the age which         
succeeded the feudal1 a freedom-loving1 
competitive1 individualistic class      
imposed its character on the social and 
the ecclesiastical organization1 so     
institutional ,christianity will undergo
 a third transformation and1 in a       
society dominated by ,labor             
organizations1 will become democratic   
and brotherly4  ,protestantism must pass

 away4  ,it is too rootedly             
individualistic1 too sectarian1 to be   
the prevailing religion of a            
collectivist age4  ,it is passing away  
before our eyes4  ,everywhere it reveals
 the marks of decay or of               
transformation4 ,it must change or die4 
,not to ,protestantism1 not to ,roman   
,catholicism1 belongs the age now       
dawning1 but to a new ,christianity     
which will1 indeed1 have affinities with
 them both but still more deeply with   
the ,christianity of ,jesus4  ,this     
,christianity1 indeed1 is already here4 
,like its ,master when ,he came1 it is  
in the world and the world knows it not4
  ,it is still immature1 undeveloped1   
unconscious even of its own nature and  
destiny4 ,it will receive large and     
valuable contributions from both the    
great historic forms of ,christianity1  
not improbably from the ,eastern1 or    
,greek ,christianity1 as well4  ,but in 
promise and potency the coming          
,christianity is more fully and truly   

here in the ,labor movement than in any 
of the great historic organizations4    
,perhaps a more accurate statement would
 be1 that the ,labor movement needs less
 radical change than the great ,church  
organizations to become the fitting and 
efficient ,christianity for the new age4
  ,it needs1 in the main1 but two great 
changes4  #a4  ,it must broaden4  ,it   
must open its doors1 as the ,british and
 ,canadian ,labor ,parties are now      
doing1 to include all kinds of          
productive work1 of hand or brain4 ,it  
must make room for all who contribute to
 the feeding1 clothing1 housing1        
educating1 delighting of the children of
 men4  ,it must include the inventor1   
the research scientist1 the manager1 as 
well as the manual worker2 the men who  
grow things or who distribute them as   
well as those who make them2 the        
professional class1 who1 on their part1 
must cease to regard themselves as other
 than men and women of labor4  ,labor   
must become1 in short1 the category to  

which all belong who really earn their  
living and do not seek to make more than
 they earn4  #b4  ,labor must recognize 
the ,christianness of its own           
principles4  ,i do not say ,labor must  
become ,christian4 ,it is profoundly and
 vitally ,christian in its insistence on
 the right of the humblest man or woman 
to human conditions of life1 in its     
corresponding denial of the right of any
 human being to live on the labor of    
others without rendering his own        
equivalent of service1 in its devotion  
to the fundamental ,christian principle 
of brotherhood4  ,the ,draft ,report on 
,reconstruction1 for example1 prepared  
near the close of #aiag for the ,labor  
party of ,britain1 is not only the      
ablest and most comprehensive programme 
of social reconstruction so far drawn   
up1 but in its aims and methods and     
spirit it is profoundly ,christian1 a   
thousand times more ,christian than the 
ordinary ecclesiastical pronouncement1  
though the name of ,christ does not     

occur in it4  ,the need is not so much  
that ,labor become ,christian1 as that  
it become clearly conscious that it is  
,christian and can realize itself and   
win its triumph only on ,christian      
lines4  ,it is not strange1 after all1  
that among working men should arise the 
,church which is to give the truest     
interpretation of ,christianity4 ,the   
,lord ,jesus was ,himself a working man 
and brought up in a working man's home2 
,his chief friends and chosen apostles  
were mostly working men4 ,how can ,he be
 fully understood except through a      
working man's consciousness8  ,the high1
 the served1 the rich1 the mere         
scholars1 as such1 are not fitted to    
understand ,christianity4  ,individuals 
of exceptional character and insight may
 escape the limitations of their        
environment and education1 but in any   
large community interpretation the      
working man's consciousness would seem  
to be essential4  ,and1 on any large    
scale1 ,christianity has never found    

such an expression as the ,labor        
movement promises to give it--so        
essentially and predominately democratic
 and brotherly4  ,labor and             
,christianity1 then1 are bound up       
together4  ,together they stand or fall4
  ,they come into their kingdom together
 or not at all4 ,it is the supreme      
mission of the prophetic spirit at this 
fateful hour to interpret ,labor to     
itself1 that it may not in this hour of 
consummation miss the path4  ,to turn   
away from ,christianity now would be for
 ,labor to turn away from the throne4   
,but it will not4 ,mankind is in the    
grasp of divine currents too strong to  
be resisted4                            
,,chapter ,,ii4                         
,,an ,,american ,,christianity   ,it    
will help us1 perhaps1 to understand    
still more clearly the religious        
revolution which is going on to-day     
concurrently with the social revolution 
if we survey the evolution of           
,christianity from another              

standpoint1--the racial4 ,in the        
preceding chapter the effort has been to
 show that ,christianity in its         
organization and even in its spirit has 
been profoundly affected by its social  
environment and has changed as that has 
changed4  ,the most superficial study of
 the history of ,christianity reveals1  
moreover1 that ,christianity has been1  
also1 deeply affected by the            
characteristics of each race among which
 it has made its home4  #a4  ,jewish    
,christianity4  ,the earliest form of   
,christianity was that which sprang up  
in ,jerusalem immediately after the     
,resurrection and the ingathering at    
,pentecost4  ,it was the ,christianity  
of the apostles and of the first        
disciples4 ,perhaps it might be called a
 ,christianized ,judaism rather than a  
,jewish ,christianity1 for it was the   
old ,judaism unchanged except by the    
acceptance of ,jesus of ,nazareth as the
 fulfilment of the national hope4 ,the  
apostles remained good ,jews1 even      

stricter than before in their discharge 
of the duties of the old faith1 and     
commanding through their strictness the 
respect of the ,jews1 ,james the brother
 of ,jesus1 in particular1 being held in
 high esteem for his devoutness4  ,the  
chief characteristic of ,jewish         
,christianity1 it might almost be said1 
was its lack of almost all the features 
which have since been counted essential 
to a ,church4  ,the ancient ,jew1 as has
 often been noted1 markedly resembled   
the modern ,englishman in many things1  
notably in an indifference to           
theological or philosophical speculation
 and in a strong sense of the value of  
the ethical and practical4  ,these      
earliest ,jewish ,christians1           
accordingly1 did not seek to analyze and
 systematize their faith4  ,they did not
 seek to draw out its philosophical     
implications4  ,they were interested in 
the construction neither of a creed nor 
of a theological system4  ,they were    
content to hold their faith in ,jesus as

 a vital loyalty and a great hope4      
,jesus was to them the long desired     
,messiah who would redeem ,israel and   
establish the ,kingdom of ,god upon the 
earth4  ,that glorious consummation     
would take place when ,he returned1 as  
they confidently expected ,he would1 in 
the immediate future4  ,meanwhile1 the  
door into the ,kingdom of ,god stood    
open to all ,jews who would accept      
,jesus as the ,christ1 and to such      
,gentiles as were willing to receive    
circumcision and identify themselves    
with ,israel4  ,overshadowed with the   
imminence of the ,parousia1 this ,jewish
 ,church of the first years had no      
interest in a reflective interpretation 
of its faith or in the elaboration of   
its organization4  ,the apostles        
preached2 alms were distributed to those
 of the disciples who were in need4  ,no
 programme was drawn up for the future2 
no propaganda among the ,gentiles was   
even dreamed of4  ,the whole attitude   
was one of almost passive expectancy    

that clung to the ancient capital1 the  
holy city1 where the long-expected ,hope
 of ,israel would shortly1 descending   
from the heavens1 establish ,his throne4
  ,jewish ,christianity had only the    
rudiments of a creed1 only the simplest 
organization1 and the most unelaborated 
and democratic form of worship4 ,it was 
a seed with the germinating impulse     
unawakened1 a bark launched and rigged  
but that had no thought of venturing out
 of the harbour4  ,this simple1         
undeveloped1 undogmatic1 unorganized1   
and ,judaistic character of primitive   
,jewish ,christianity is strikingly     
displayed in the early chapters of the  
book of the ,acts and in the ,epistle of
 ,james1 which on most1 at any rate1 of 
the different hypotheses as to date and 
authorship is1 at least1 a witness to   
early ,jewish ,christianity4    ,a later
 form of ,jewish ,christianity1 the     
obscure ,ebionitism of the second       
century1 does not fall within the limits
 of this sketch4  ,it was1 probably1 not

 so much a development of ,christianity 
as a perversion of it4   #b4  ,greek    
,christianity4  ,but the expansive      
forces residing in this undeveloped     
,christianity could not long remain     
inactive4  ,an important element in the 
population of ,jerusalem in the time of 
our ,lord was the ,hellenist4  ,this    
name was applied to the ,jews who for   
various reasons1 mainly for trade1 had  
made their home in the commercial cities
 of the ,levant4  ,here they had learned
 to speak the prevailing language of the
 countries around the ,eastern          
,mediterranean1 ,greek1 and had been1 to
 a varying extent1 intellectually       
broadened and quickened by contact with 
the ,greek world4  ,large numbers of    
them returned to ,jerusalem for         
educational purposes or to gratify their
 devout feelings1 but they were regarded
 by the ,palestinean ,jews with         
something approaching contempt for their
 willingness to live away from the      
sacred soil of ,palestine4  ,it was in  

the ,hellenist mind1 thus stimulated and
 developed by the ,greek spirit1 that   
the first development of ,christianity  
occurred4  ,to the ,hellenist ,stephen1 
the first thinker1 the first            
controversialist1 and the first martyr  
of ,christianity1 belongs the honor of  
first discovering the universal         
principle of ,christianity1 and his     
interpretation of ,christianity brought 
about his own death and kindled a       
persecution which scattered the         
,christians of ,jerusalem up and down   
the ,syrian coast of the ,mediterranean4
  ,to some of these fugitive ,hellenist 
,christians1 partakers of the thought of
 the martyred ,stephen1 belongs the not 
less lofty honor of being the first to  
overleap the jealously guarded barriers 
of ,judaism and to open the door of     
,christianity to the ,gentiles4  ,they  
therefore that were scattered abroad    
upon the persecution that arose about   
,stephen travelled as far as ,phoenicia 
and ,cyprus and ,antioch1 speaking the  

word to none save only to ,jews4  ,but  
there were some of them1 men of ,cyprus 
and ,cyrene and therefore ,hellenists   
who1 when they were come to ,antioch1   
spake unto the ,greeks also1 preaching  
the ,lord ,jesus4  ,acts #aa3ai-bj4  ,it
 is to be noted that it was1 probably1  
this influx of ,greeks into the ,church 
hitherto composed only of ,jews which   
made necessary a new name applicable to 
the composite body1 and so it came about
 that the disciples were called         
,christians first at ,antioch4  ,a      
,church1 in part ,jewish but1 probably1 
in still larger part ,gentile1 thus     
sprang up in ,antioch1 which became the 
mother city of ,gentile1 or world-wide1 
,christianity4  ,from this centre the   
greatest of all ,hellenist ,jews1 ,saul 
of ,tarsus1 fired by that very          
universalism which had at first aroused 
the hatred of his bitter ,jewish        
particularism1 carried ,christianity    
westward through ,asia ,minor1 ,greece1 
,italy and1 possibly1 even to ,spain4   

,thus transplanted from the deeply and  
exclusively religious and ethical       
,hebrew mind to the predominantly       
speculative mind of the ,greek1         
,christianity began to undergo an       
immediate transformation4  ,the ,greek  
mind1 probably never equalled for its   
curiosity1 its acuteness1 its subtlety1 
could never be content to ask1 what8    
,it must also ask1 why1 and how8 ,to it 
we owe science1 philosophy1 all our     
ordered thinking4 ,christianity1 as a   
mere affection felt for ,jesus ,christ  
or purely as a code of conduct1 could   
not satisfy the ,greek mind4 ,the ,greek
 mind1 at first contemptuous of it as a 
mere vulgar superstition1 fascinated at 
length by its rational monotheism1 its  
lofty ethics1 and1 above all by the     
charm of its central figure1 flung      
itself with ardor on the task of        
adapting this naive and untutored but   
fascinating religion to its own tastes  
and habits of thought4  ,a place was    
found for the ,jewish ,messiah in the   

philosophical world of the ,greeks as   
the ,logos1 or ,reason1 of ,god1 a      
familiar philosophical conception4      
,plato and ,zeno were made ,his         
forerunners4  ,the principles of ,his   
teaching were dissected out of the      
traditions of ,his ministry and         
organized into a coherent body of       
doctrine4  ,the acutest minds of ,greek 
,christianity disengaged the great      
problems which were involved in the     
worship paid to ,christ and1 after      
centuries of speculation and of strife  
7not always intellectual only71 achieved
 those great solutions which1 whether in
 every respect permanently satisfactory 
or not1 must forever be recognized as   
among the sublimest constructions of the
 philosophic intellect1--the creeds of  
,nicaea and ,chalcedon4  ,for good and  
for ill the simple1 almost creedless    
,christianity of the ,sermon on the     
,mount and of the ,epistle of ,james had
 become through ,paul1 the author of the
 ,fourth ,gospel1 the still more        

mysterious author of the ,epistle to the
 ,hebrews1 and countless ,greek         
dialecticians and theologians1 the      
elaborately and authoritatively dogmatic
 system which has1 almost till to-day1  
treated unorthodox opinion as the       
deadliest of sins4  ,the undue emphasis 
on the intellectual element in          
,christianity1 the tyrannical control of
 human thought we to-day must deplore1  
but he who repudiates ,greek            
,christianity must also deny that       
,christianity had any mission to the    
,greek mind1 and that men have any right
 to think out their religious beliefs   
and adjust them to the rest of their    
thinking4  #c4  ,latin ,christianity4   
,latin ,christianity cannot altogether  
be classed as a later stage than ,greek 
,christianity4 ,it was to a large extent
 a concurrent development4 ,as far as   
its theological features were concerned1
 it was little more than the uncritical 
acceptance of dogmas worked out by the  
,greeks4  ,but1 eventually1 the         

distinctive gifts of the ,latin race    
asserted themselves and those races     
which had built up the ,roman ,empire1  
or as subjects of it had become embued  
with its spirit1 applied their          
organizing genius to the ,christian     
,church and moulded the ,church of the  
,west into a replica of the ,empire1 and
 in such closely-knit fashion that1 when
 under its own inherent weaknesses and  
through the irruption of the northern   
barbarians1 that mightiest of all       
organizations of antiquity collapsed1   
the ,church that came eventually and    
fittingly to know itself as ,roman took 
its place and proved itself an even     
mightier organization1 subduing restless
 and fierce peoples on which ,imperial  
,rome had never been able to impose her 
yoke4  ,the ,latin mind1 then1 with its 
reverence for order and law1 its genius 
for government1 its detestation of      
lawless individualism1 discerned the    
possibilities of the ,christian ,church 
as an organization1 and out of the      

simple piety of ,jesus and the reasoned 
theology of the ,greeks fashioned the   
mightiest instrument of discipline and  
order the world has ever seen4  ,here1  
again1 there may be a protest4  ,this   
,latinization1 or imperialization1 of   
,christianity may be indignantly termed 
a perversion rather than a development4 
,this only need be said in reply1 that  
it would be difficult for anyone who has
 studied1 without prejudice1 the period 
between the overthrow of the ,western   
,empire and the ,protestant ,reformation
 to deny the providential character of  
,latin ,christianity4 ,no other form of 
,christianity has as yet rendered so    
great a service to the race4  ,it is    
questionable whether any other form of  
,christianity1 even if it had been in   
existence1 could at that stage have     
rendered so great a service4  ,it was   
precisely those features in the attitude
 of the ,roman ,catholic ,church towards
 her people which are most uncongenial  
to the ,protestant temper which were the

 disciplinary agencies needed by the    
lawless1 seething ,europe of the ,dark  
,ages to qualify it for the personal    
liberty the vindication of which has    
been the faith and service of           
,protestantism4  #d4  ,teutonic         
,christianity4  ,the ,greek mind moulded
 ,christianity into a reasoned and      
systematized theology2 the ,latin1 into 
an organization closely knit and        
marvellously efficient for the end to   
which ,latin ,christianity was largely  
and1 perhaps1 inevitably content to     
aim1--external control4 ,now1 at least1 
we can see how inevitable it was that a 
third development of ,christianity      
should take place after it had been     
transplanted among the ,teutonic        
peoples4  ,that development was slower  
in taking place than either the ,greek  
or ,latin forms4  ,those northern races 
which1 until their conversion to        
,christianity1 had stood almost         
completely outside the circle of ancient
 civilization1 coming under the spell of

 a powerful religion and a civilization1
 even in its decay1 majestic1 were      
brought so thoroughly under the yoke    
that for centuries they were content to 
be ruled by a spiritual imperialism     
enthroned at ,rome4  ,but that authority
 never ceased to be regarded by the     
northern races as a foreign one4 ,the   
,teutonic peoples whose home lay outside
 the limits of the old ,roman ,empire   
were never ,latinized in spirit4  ,when 
they attained intellectual maturity and 
sought the free development of their own
 nature1 they shook off the authority of
 ,rome and brought to light those free  
and individualistic and spiritual germs 
in ,christianity which1 hitherto1 in the
 luxuriant and stately growth of        
,greco-,roman ,catholicism had remained 
almost dormant4  ,the ,protestant       
,reformation1 as has been noted1 was a  
complex movement4 ,it involved many     
factors4  ,but fundamentally it was the 
outcome of the determination1 not always
 clearly conscious1 of the ,teutonic    

peoples to discover a ,christianity     
which should be consonant with that     
passion for freedom and that high sense 
of personal dignity which from the      
beginning had characterized the men of  
the ,teutonic stock4  ,it is an         
interesting illustration of this that   
the movement of reform1 or1 rather1 of  
revolt1 which swept like a prairie fire 
over all ,teutonic ,europe that had     
never been permanently subdued by the   
,empire1 flickered and died as soon as  
it crossed what had been the boundary of
 the old ,empire1 and that that boundary
 is still the dividing line between     
those countries of ,western ,europe     
which are preponderatingly ,protestant  
and those which are preponderatingly    
,roman ,catholic4  ,the ,roman ,church  
held only what the ,roman ,empire had   
won4  ,only where the old ,teutonic love
 of liberty had been subdued by         
centuries of the masterful and1 on the  
whole1 beneficent rule of old ,rome did 
it cease to feel the spiritual rule of  

the new ,rome alien and irksome4        
,another illustration of how essentially
 ,teutonic is the spirit of             
,protestantism is in the slight         
influence ,protestantism has had on the 
,celtic peoples islanded in the         
,teutonic populations4  ,celtic         
,brittany is the most fervidly ,catholic
 part of ,france to-day4  ,celtic       
,ireland remains solidly and deeply     
,catholic4 ,celtic ,scotland1 despite   
overwhelming ,protestant influences1 is 
still largely ,catholic4 ,celtic ,wales 
has become wholly ,protestant1 but it   
has seized and developed the least      
prominent and least ,protestant of all  
the elements embraced in                
,protestantism1--the emotional and the  
mystical4  ,the rule of ,rome under the 
,emperors and under the ,popes had been 
the rule of the machine--a superb       
machine1 ingeniously contrived for what 
were conceived as the best ends1 and    
operated with indomitable pertinacity   
and boundless devotion1 but still a     

machine2 and ,protestant1 or ,teutonic1 
,christianity1 in the last analysis1 was
 the overthrow of the machine4  ,to the 
,teutonic race belongs the honor of     
being the first on a racial scale to    
establish a religion without ceremonial 
or a priesthood or any privileged class 
whatever4 ,hebrew prophetism with its   
magnificent protest against ritual1 and 
its culmination in the democratic       
simplicity of ,jesus1 now for the first 
time found recognition on a national    
scale4  ,teutonic ,christianity is the  
exaltation of the individual4  ,it was  
born of individualism and glorifies     
individualism4  ,it affirms the right   
and duty of individual judgment1 the    
supremacy of the individual conscience1 
the privilege of the individual access  
to ,god4  ,it finds the authority and   
proof of the ,christian religion in its 
consonance with1 and its satisfaction   
of1 the capacities and needs of the     
individual soul4  ,the distance between 
the spirit of ,latin and that of        

,teutonic ,christianity1 and1 also1 it  
should be noted1 the distance between   
the twelfth century and the sixteenth   
may be seen in the two appeals of       
,abelard and ,luther4 ,peter ,abelard1 a
 great and pathetic and only a little   
less than a heroic figure1 was a        
,protestant1 and in the best sense of   
the term1 a free thinker1 three hundred 
years before the ,renaissance and four  
hundred years before ,luther4  ,accused 
of heresy by the saintly but censorious 
and bigoted ,bernard1 and brought to    
trial before a tribunal carefully packed
 by his relentless and unscrupulous     
adversary1 ,abelard1 despairing of a    
fair hearing1 refused to defend himself 
and appealed to the ,pope4  ,another    
monk charged with heresy four hundred   
years later1 inferior to ,abelard in    
clearness and energy of thought but of  
more heroic moral fibre1 before the most
 august assemblage ,europe could gather1
 closed his defence with the undying    
words1 ,it is not safe for a man to do  

aught against his conscience4 ,here ,i  
stand4 ,i can do no other4  ,god help   
me1 ,amen4  ,abelard appeals to the     
,pope1 ,luther to his conscience4  ,that
 is the supreme contrast between ,latin 
and ,teutonic ,christianity4    #e4     
,american ,christianity4  ,since the    
revolt of the ,teutonic peoples1 the    
most remarkable phenomenon of ,christian
 history has been the growth of a branch
 of ,teutonic ,christianity under the   
novel political and social conditions of
 the new world4  ,this has been a       
transplantation of ,christianity quite  
as significant as any of its            
transplantations in the past1 and the   
new soil has produced just as           
unmistakably new a growth4  ,doubtless  
none of the great phases of             
,christianity in the past knew          
themselves to be new4 ,neither ,greek   
nor ,latin ,christianity was conscious  
of any departure from primitive         
,christianity4  ,indeed1 to this day1 in
 their conception of the history of the 

,church1 they persist in impressing     
their own type on that primitive and    
undeveloped type4  ,teutonic            
,christianity took centuries to come to 
clear consciousness of itself and of its
 irreconcilability with ,latin          
,christianity4  ,it is not wonderful1   
therefore1 that hitherto1 as far as ,i  
am aware1 ,american ,christianity has   
been1 if at all1 very dimly and         
imperfectly conscious of the difference 
between its spirit and that of the      
,teutonic ,christianity of the old      
world4  ,american ,christianity has not 
yet arrived4 ,it is only on the way4    
,it has not yet found itself4  ,it is   
not yet conscious of its own            
individuality1 not yet self-reliant1    
independent4 ,it is a youth1 but a youth
 rapidly approaching manhood4  ,perhaps 
the characteristics that are unfolding  
themselves can be most clearly brought  
out by an attempt to show wherein it    
resembles1 and wherein it differs from1 
each of the four great phases of        

,christianity which have just been under
 consideration4  a4  ,american          
,christianity compared with ,jewish4    
,compared with ,jewish ,christianity1   
,american ,christianity resembles the   
latter in its simplicity of creed1 its  
emphasis on the practical and ethical1  
and 7to a distinct and growing degree7  
in its brotherliness and democratic     
equality4  ,but its creedal simplicity  
is not the same as that of the primitive
 ,jewish ,church4  ,that ,church was    
wise in the brevity and simplicity of   
its creed1 but it did not know its own  
wisdom4 ,american ,christianity is wise 
and knows its wisdom4  ,it will not1    
like the ,jewish ,church1 allow itself  
to be seduced into interminable         
theological controversies and into the  
superstition of orthodoxy4  ,seventeen  
hundred years of bitter wrangling and   
bloody conflict and cruel persecutions  
have taught it something4  ,it has a    
short and a simple creed1 not because it
 knows so little1 but because it knows  

so much4  ,it differs1 again1 in its    
extensive and manifold organization1 in 
the variety and elaborateness of its    
forms of worship1 and1 most markedly of 
all1 in its attitude toward the present 
life4  ,primitive ,jewish ,christianity 
had no interest in the present social   
order4  ,intoxicated with apocalyptic   
visions1 it stood on tiptoe awaiting    
with outstretched arms the return of the
 ,saviour and the overthrow of this     
whole order by supernatural power4  ,its
 primary interest was eschatological4   
,its deepest feeling was expressed by   
,st4 ,paul when he relegated all social 
relations and arrangements to the region
 of unimportance4  ,but this1 ,i say1   
brethren1 the time has been cut short1  
that henceforth both those that have    
wives may be as though they had none2   
and those that weep1 as though they wept
 not2 and those that rejoice1 as though 
they rejoiced not2 and those that buy1  
as though they possessed not2 and those 
that use the world1 as not using it to  

the full3 for the fashion of this world 
is passing away4  ,cor4 #g3bi-ca4  ,in  
this respect ,american ,christianity is 
at the opposite pole4  ,it does not look
 for the end of the world4  ,it has     
largely ceased to believe in such a     
future and1 where it still professes the
 apocalyptic faith1 for the most part1  
it allows that faith little or no       
influence in actual life4  ,american    
,christianity believes in the           
progressive and aggressive amelioration 
of things4  ,it believes in this life   
and its glorious possibilities4  ,it is 
bent on attaining them as no other sort 
of ,christianity ever was before4 ,it is
 steeped in optimism4  ,it believes that
 the leaven of ,christianity possesses  
the power to leaven all the relations   
and institutions of civilization4  ,it  
believes that the fulfilment of our     
,lord's prayer1 that ,god's ,kingdom may
 come and ,his will be done on earth as 
it is in heaven1 rests with the ,church4
  ,its real and1 to an ever-increasing  

extent1 its conscious and avowed faith  
is expressed by ,dr4 ,henry ,burton in  
the fine hymn3      ,there's a light    
upon the mountains and the day is at the
 spring1     ,when our eyes shall see   
the beauty and the glory of the ,king3  
,weary was our heart with waiting1 and  
the night-watch seemed so               
long1     ,but ,his triumph-day is      
breaking and we hail it with a song4    
,in the fading of the starlight we may  
see the coming morn2     ,and the lights
 of men are paling in the splendours of 
the dawn3     ,for the eastern skies are
 glowing as with light of hidden fire1  
,and the hearts of men are stirring with
 the throbs of deep             desire4 
,he is breaking down the barriers1 ,he  
is casting up the way2     ,he is       
calling for ,his angels to build up the 
gates of day3     ,but ,his angels here 
are human1 not the shining hosts above2 
,for the drum-beats of ,his army are the
 heart-beats of our love4   b4          
,american ,christianity compared with   

,greek4  ,of all the great historic     
forms of ,christianity1 it is the ,greek
 from which ,american ,christianity     
might seem1 at first sight1 farthest    
removed4  ,the punctilious orthodoxy of 
the former1 its bitter doctrinal polemic
 are utterly abhorrent to ,american     
,christianity4  ,american ,christianity 
is more and more indifferent to         
theological agreement1 more and more    
tolerant of wide doctrinal differences4 
,and it has little interest in the great
 historic creeds4  ,yet it is not so far
 away from the ,greek spirit after all4 
,it is inquisitive and speculative and  
as interested as the ,gnostics in great 
sweeping theories of the universe4      
,america is of all ,christendom1 past   
and present1 the most tolerant country1 
yet it is1 at the same time1 a hotbed of
 religious speculation1 even of         
religious vagaries4  ,but1 at last1     
there has been born a kind of           
,christianity which can think and let   
think1 which is interested in thinking1 

but does not believe that opinions      
determine a man's character here or his 
destiny beyond4  ,it should not be      
overlooked in comparing ,greek and      
,american ,christianity that ,american  
,christianity in its most thoughtful    
form would have felt a great sympathy   
with the bold and free and comprehensive
 thought of the great ,alexandrians1    
,clement and ,origen4 ,it is the later  
and narrower and bigoted ,greek         
,christianity1 which fittingly chose for
 itself the designation1 the ,orthodox  
,church1 that ,i have been contrasting  
with ,american ,christianity4  c4       
,american ,christianity compared with   
,latin4  ,the comparison of ,american   
and ,latin ,christianity is much more   
complex4  ,no two kinds of ,christianity
 could well be more sharply opposed than
 these two in regard to the exalted     
claims of the clergy in the ,latin      
,church4  ,american ,christianity is    
deeply and intensely democratic4        
,sacerdotalism in any form it           

instinctively rejects4  ,the very idea  
of priest is passing out of its thought4
 ,the preacher it can appreciate4 ,the  
competent ecclesiastical manager has its
 respect4 ,the religious leader and     
pastor it can thoroughly understand and 
cordially recognize where genuine4  ,but
 that any class of men should occupy a  
mediating position between ,god and man 
or possess a monopoly of any spiritual  
gifts is foreign to the ,american       
consciousness4  ,kings and priests unto 
,god and the ,father4  ,those who are   
taught from childhood that they are     
kings are quite as conscious that they  
are also priests4  ,the essential       
democracy of primitive ,christianity has
 never established itself in any land   
before4 ,this is the gift--and a great  
one--of ,american democracy to the      
,church4  ,what has been said of        
sacerdotalism holds true1 to a still    
greater degree1 of that thin1 shadowy   
form of sacerdotalism1 clericalism4 ,the
 way in which the garb and badges of    

clericalism are disappearing in ,america
 is symbolical of the disappearance of  
the idea4  ,latin ,christianity1 as we  
have seen1 on account of the conditions 
of its origin and early history         
intensely autocratic1 has always given a
 very humble place to the laity4        
,obedience and money were all that was  
required of them4 ,the ,high ,church    
theory1 indeed1 of the ,roman ,catholic 
,church and of the so-called ,high      
,church section of the ,church of       
,england is not a ,high ,church theory  
at all4  ,it is a ,high ,clerical       
theory4  ,the ,church has been virtually
 identified with the clergy4  ,against  
the over-weening claims of ,boniface    
,,viii41 ,philip of ,france protested   
that ,holy ,church1 the spouse of       
,christ1 is made up not of clergy only  
but of laymen4  ,but that is not the    
working theory of ,latin ,christianity4 
,a quaint medieval preacher suppressed  
what he thought was an undue            
bumptiousness on the part of his people 

by a sermon from the text ,job #a3ad1   
,the oxen were plowing and the asses    
feeding beside them1 which1 he showed   
his too forward hearers1 clearly        
indicated the functions of the clergy1  
who were typified by the oxen1 while the
 duty of the laymen was set forth by the
 feeding asses4  ,luther's flight to the
 monastery when he became alarmed about 
his salvation was partly prompted by a  
picture which made a profound impression
 on him as a boy and haunted him for    
years4  ,it was an altar-piece in a     
,church1 the picture of a ship in which 
was no layman1 not even a ,king or a    
,prince2 in it were the ,pope with his  
,cardinals and ,bishops1 and the ,holy  
,ghost hovered over them1 directing     
their course1 while priests and monks   
managed the oars and the sails1 and thus
 they went sailing heavenwards4  ,the   
laymen were swimming in the water beside
 the ship2 some were drowning1 others   
were holding on by ropes which the monks
 and priests cast out to them to aid    

them4  ,no layman was in the ship and no
 priest was in the water4  7,cambridge  
,mod4 ,hist4 ,,ii41 #aji-aaj47          
,american ,christianity is bent on an   
ever larger place for the laity in the  
,church and an ever-growing activity4   
,the ,y4,m4,c4,a4 and ,y4,w4,c4,a41 the 
,young ,people's ,society of ,christian 
,endeavor and the ,epworth ,league1 the 
,laymen's ,missionary ,movement1 the    
,men and ,religion ,movement1 all       
illustrate the increasingly practical   
and lay aspect of ,american             
,christianity4  ,the ,papacy1 too1 is   
another feature of ,latin ,christianity 
peculiarly out of harmony with          
characteristic ,american thought4  ,the 
remoteness of the ,united ,states from  
the cradle of that institution1 the     
hostility with which ,washington        
inspired the young republic in regard to
 entangling alliances with ,european    
nations1 its intensely ,american and    
democratic consciousness1 all conspire  
to make the idea of a foreign ruler     

uncongenial to the ,american mind4  ,the
 national consciousness of the ,united  
,states is as exacting as religion4     
,its first commandment is1 ,thou shalt  
have no other country and no other ruler
 than the ,united ,states4  ,the        
authority of the ,pope in the ,united   
,states is maintained by being carefully
 withheld from all danger of challenge4 
,the ,american ,catholic is not         
conscious of any restraint in the tie   
that binds him to ,rome because the rope
 is always paid out as freely as his    
movements require4  ,again1 it would    
seem that the ,roman ,catholic          
exaltation of the contemplative life    
over the active can never be accepted by
 ,american ,christianity4  ,there are no
 ,catholics to whom the monastic life   
makes so faint an appeal as the         
,catholics of the ,united ,states4      
,perhaps a stronger admixture of the    
spirit of ,mary might be beneficial1 but
 ,american ,christianity is emphatically
 a child of ,martha4  ,on the other     

hand1 however1 there is much in ,latin  
,christianity that appeals strongly to  
the ,american4  ,his extraordinary      
genius for organization1 in which he    
probably surpasses even the modern      
,german whose great organizing          
capabilities have less of individual    
initiative1 and the ancient ,roman with 
whom1 again1 it was the characteristic  
of a class rather than of a people1     
dispose him to appreciate the great     
organizing skill that has always been   
shown by the ,roman ,catholic ,church4  
,further1 the catholicity of that       
,church1 its wonderful power to         
assimilate and build up within itself   
all races and languages and classes1    
cannot but appeal to a people engaged in
 solving a parallel problem4  ,modern   
,american ,christianity1 moreover1 is   
more and more unsectarian1 even         
anti-sectarian4  ,it does not glory in  
division and isolation4  ,there is in it
 a growing passion for unity1 a growing 
yearning for a strong1 commanding1      

national type of ,christianity that is  
much more akin to the imperialism of the
 great ,popes1 like ,gregory ,,vii4 and 
,innocent ,,iii41 than to the           
parochialism and sectarianism that have 
generally and naturally been associated 
with ,protestantism4 ,american          
,christianity is fast losing all        
interest in denominationalism4  ,all    
this is bringing it nearer to the temper
 of ,latin ,christianity4  d4  ,american
 ,christianity compared with ,teutonic4 
,it may seem absurd to try to compare   
,protestantism and ,american            
,christianity1 since the ,american      
,christianity that is here being        
discussed is mainly the ,protestantism  
of ,america4  ,but it is not exclusively
 the ,protestantism of ,america4  ,the  
,roman ,catholicism of the ,united      
,states shows1 though less markedly1 the
 same traits4  ,and within the          
,protestant ,churches of ,america       
another kind of ,christianity is growing
 up as the butterfly develops within the

 chrysalis4  ,and1 moreover1 it is not  
wholly within the organized             
,protestantism of ,america that the new 
,christianity is developing4  ,there is 
an unknown but vast amount of the new   
,american ,christianity outside the     
organized ,churches of ,america4  ,a    
part of this was once in the organized  
,churches but has lost interest in their
 spirit and aims4  ,a part of it has    
never been attracted by the organized   
,churches4 ,another great--probably the 
greatest--element in the coming         
,american ,christianity is the ,labor   
movement which1 as it has been          
suggested1 needs only to be broadened   
and more consciously spiritualized to be
 identical with the coming true and     
indigenous ,church of ,america4  ,it is1
 indeed1 a grave question whether the   
coming ,american ,christianity will     
gradually capture and transform the     
present ,churches or whether1 as in the 
,protestant ,reformation1 the new wine  
will have to be poured into new bottles1

 and a new ,church arise distinct from1 
and even in conflict with1 the present  
,churches4  ,one thing1 at least1 is    
clear4  ,protestantism in its present   
form will not survive4  ,the very name  
is inadequate4  ,it is not              
self-explanatory4  ,it can only be      
understood by reference to another and  
earlier ,church4  ,it is negative4  ,it 
has no positive or vital content4  ,it  
carries with it the unhappiness and     
partialness of division4  ,it is        
essentially and incurably sectarian4    
,the more extensive and comprehensive   
the body becomes1 the less intelligible 
becomes the name4  ,if ,protestantism   
should become really catholic1 that is1 
universal1 the name would become a      
complete misnomer4  ,american           
,christianity1 so far as it still calls 
itself ,protestant1 only continues to   
bear the name through unthinking habit4 
,as soon as it reflects upon the name1  
it must disown it4 ,american            
,christianity is too essentially        

catholic and comprehensive1 too little  
concerned with the past1 too impatient  
of the old outworn disputes1 to be      
content with a name that must always    
convey a flavor of division and         
controversy4  ,protestantism1 sectarian 
in its nature as in its name1 is        
inadequate to express the genius of     
,american ,christianity4  ,the          
dominating principle of ,protestantism  
has been individualism1 and the dominant
 note of ,american ,christianity is     
fraternity4  ,america is the chosen home
 of fraternal societies4  ,it is        
,rudyard ,kipling1 ,i think1 who has    
said that of the famous revolutionary   
motto1 ,liberty1 ,equality1 ,fraternity1
 the ,frenchman cares only for equality1
 the ,englishman is resolute for liberty
 and despises both equality and         
fraternity1 while the ,american who     
knows neither liberty nor equality will 
forgive a man for anything if only he is
 a good fellow4  ,the ,american loves a 
good mixer4  ,a shrewd ,french observer 

nearly twenty years ago in ,la ,religion
 dans la ,societe aux ,etats-,unis      
caught the spirit of this nascent       
,american ,christianity4  ,he found it1 
first1 a social religion1 and1 as such1 
concerning itself more with society than
 with individuals2 secondly1 a positive 
religion1 in its interest in what is    
human rather than in what is            
supernatural4 ,it stands chiefly1 he    
thought1 for the idea of morality4  ,it 
encourages a strong recognition of the  
fact that good people1 without          
professing the same faith1 are governed 
by the same rules of conduct1 and that1 
if dogma divides1 morality unites4  ,the
 ,americans1 he said1 make fraternity1  
the actual form of which is social      
solidarity1 the essence of              
,christianity4  ,the moral unity for    
which they strive under the name of     
,christian unity is only the            
co-operation of all for the increased   
establishment of fraternity and         
solidarity4  ,high above sects whose    

diversity seems a matter of indifference
 to them1 they organize a religion which
 pervades society throughout its length 
and breadth1 and tends towards being    
only a social spirit touched by the     
evangelical feeling4                    
99      99      99      99      99      
,this moral unity is indeed a religious 
unity and a ,christian unity2 this      
positivism is a ,christian positivism4  
,american humanism has received from    
,christianity all the traditional1      
sentimental1 and poetical elements which
 distinguish a religion from a          
philosophy4 ,american positivism is only
 a ,christianity which has evolved4444  
,the ,american religion may be called a 
,christian positivism or a positive     
,christianity4  ,it has received from   
the past the traditional and the        
evangelical spirit4  ,traditional1 it   
preserves the names and the forms of the
 ,churches even when it changes their   
customs2 it develops them from the      
interior4  ,evangelical1 it keeps the   

figure of ,jesus ,christ before all1    
even when it does not recognize his     
divinity4                       99      
99      99      99      99  ,therefore  
it is not ,protestantism4444 ,the title 
of ,christianity is the only one broad  
enough to designate it2 yet this must be
 taken in its evangelical sense4444     
,the ,american religion is living and   
fruitful because it is national4  ,to   
discern a distinct ,american            
,christianity in #aijb showed much more 
insight than its recognition indicates  
to-day4  ,american ,christianity has    
developed greatly since then and is now 
developing still more rapidly under the 
forcing conditions of the war and the   
great reconstruction4  ,the work of     
reconstruction will not have been       
carried very far before the incongruity 
of this new type of ,christianity with  
the hard1 individualistic1 militant     
spirit of ,teutonic ,christianity will  
become apparent to all4  ,when ,american
 ,christianity comes to full and clear  

self-consciousness1 when it1 so to      
speak1 finds itself1 it will be found to
 have a very simple and brief and       
intelligible creed4 ,not a shallow      
creed1 however1 but a deep and vital    
one4  ,it will put1 probably1 no other  
question to candidates for membership   
than the ,apostolic ,church put1 ,dost  
thou believe in the ,lord ,jesus        
,christ8  ,its emphasis will be where   
,jesus placed it1 not on opinions1 but  
on spirit1 the spirit of brotherhood4   
,democratic it will1 therefore1 be as   
well1 for democracy is bound up with    
brotherhood4  ,finally1 with a little   
creed it will have a big programme4  ,it
 will live to establish the ,kingdom of 
,god on the earth4  ,its helpful1       
healing1 redeeming1 ,christ-like        
activities will be infinite in the      
,christian and in the heathen lands4    
,and as pre-eminently practical1        
clericalism will die out of it4         
,preachers1 teachers1 missionaries there
 will be1 but the gulf that has divided 

these from the laity will be closed4    
,sacerdotalism1 even in its most        
attenuated and vestigial forms1 will    
disappear4  ,throughout this chapter1 it
 is1 perhaps1 hardly necessary to add1  
the word1 ,american1 is used in its     
proper continental sense4  ,by ,american
 ,christianity is meant the new and     
distinct type of ,christianity which is 
developing in the ,protestant churches  
of the ,united ,states and ,canada and  
also1 though less markedly1 in the      
,roman ,catholic4  ,politically distinct
 as these countries are likely to       
remain1 socially and religiously they   
cannot escape the influences of         
neighborhood4  ,in some respects1 as has
 been noted1 the ,united ,states1 on    
account of its republican constitution1 
its political rupture with the old      
world1 and its more strongly developed  
self-consciousness1 has been more       
favorable than ,canada to the growth of 
that new form of ,christianity1 yet     
signs are not wanting1 especially in    

that western section in which the coming
 ,canada seems to be most clearly       
discernible1 that the younger and       
smaller and so1 perhaps1 the more mobile
 country may outstrip her older and     
greater neighbor in the formation1 out  
of1 at least1 the ,protestant           
denominations1 of a national            
,christianity1 simple1 yet free and     
varied1 practical1 democratic1          
brotherly1 in a word1 truly catholic4   
,institutions which have outlived their 
usefulness usually retain an appearance 
of strength until the hour of collapse4 
,denominationalism in ,canada is still a
 stately tree1 but the heart is dust4   
,,chapter ,,iii4                        
,,the ,,great ,,christianity   ,but     
,american ,christianity is not final    
,christianity1 nor even the highest and 
richest form of ,christianity in sight1 
unless it blossom into a yet richer and 
more varied loveliness than it at       
present gives promise of4  ,of all      
actual forms of ,christianity it seems  

to have the fairest promise1 but it will
 probably prove to be only a tributary1 
though a great one1 of a still mightier 
river4  ,is it possible for us at this  
stage to discern at least the outline of
 the ,great ,christianity that is to be8
  ,certainly1 every great historic form 
of ,christianity has been tried by      
history and found wanting4  ,as much of 
primitive ,jewish ,christianity as      
refused to merge in the large ,catholic 
,christianity of the ,greco-,roman world
 dried up into an unfruitful1 bigoted1  
and eccentric heresy and perished4      
,greek ,christianity emphasized doctrine
 and tore itself by doctrinal disputes  
into a shattered1 helpless welter of    
vituperative sects1 powerless to spread 
the ,gospel1 powerless to withstand the 
,mohammedan1--the shame and tragedy of  
,christian history4  ,latin             
,christianity emphasized the            
organization and became the enemy of    
freedom and progress which1 with few    
exceptions1 every ,roman ,catholic      

people has had to fight and dethrone to 
escape intellectual and moral decay and 
death4  ,teutonic ,christianity has     
emphasized freedom and the rights of the
 individual4  ,like ,islam1 it has been 
a fighting faith4  ,and judgment has    
fallen on it in its loss of unity1 its  
bitter and wasteful sectarian wrangles1 
and the ferocious strife between labor  
and capital1 the outcome of which may be
 one of the great tragedies of history4 
,it is1 perhaps1 scarcely necessary to  
remark that ,protestantism is here being
 compared1 not with ,roman ,catholicism1
 but with ideal ,christianity4  ,roman  
,catholicism1 too1 has been a fighting  
faith1 and in the appalling century and 
a half of religious wars that set in    
with the ,protestant ,reformation it was
 the older faith that first resorted to 
force4 ,transcriber's note3 there was no
 reference to this footnote in the      
source book4   ,protestantism has taught
 her people to fight for their rights   
and now is helpless before the selfish  

conflict of her own children that have  
learned too well her spirit4  ,in the   
great industrial conflict now reaching  
its height1 one may safely prophesy     
,protestantism will perish--or be       
transformed4  ,she has taught her       
children to think2 she has taught them  
to cherish freedom2 she has not taught  
them to love4  ,since by far the most of
 any readers this little book may be    
fortunate enough to find will be        
,protestant1 it may be fitting and      
useful to point out more specifically   
the defects of ,protestantism than the  
defects of other forms of ,christianity 
among whose adherents1 probably1 the    
writer can scarcely hope to find many   
readers4  ,the ,protestant ,reformation1
 so far as it was not a struggle for    
liberty1 national and intellectual and  
religious1 was a doctrinal reformation4 
,there was not much more of the spirit  
of ,jesus1 ,his gentleness1 meekness1   
love1 on one side than on the other4    
,erasmus understood ,christianity on the

 whole better than ,luther4 ,sir ,thomas
 ,more was more ,christian than ,john   
,calvin4  ,the ,protestant ,reformation 
was in its successful forms marked by   
little sympathy with the poor and the   
oppressed4  ,it declined to recognize   
any duties to the serf except that of   
giving him the ,gospel4  ,luther washed 
his hands of the peasants and calmly    
abandoned them to the savage vengeance  
of the princes when they refused to be  
satisfied with the liberty of ,gospel   
preaching4  ,protestantism has been1    
except in a few despised sects1         
militant1 dogmatic1 self-reliant1 in a  
word1 masculine4  ,the gentler feminine 
characteristics of ,christianity it has 
very slightly recognized4  ,when we     
think of the genius of ,protestantism1  
we think of a humble monk1 in the       
majesty of a conscientious conviction   
defying the two most powerful rulers of 
,europe1 the ,pope and the ,emperor2 we 
think of the indomitable sea-beggars of 
,holland and the heroic defence of      

,leyden2 of the white-plumed ,henry of  
,navarre and the battles of the ,league2
 of the splendidly audacious execution  
of ,charles ,i41 of ,jenny ,geddes'     
stool1 the solemn ,league and ,covenant 
and the bloody field of ,drumclog2 of   
the soldiers of ,gustavus ,adolphus1 the
 ,lion of the ,north1 singing ,luther's 
great hymn1 ,ein'feste ,burg ist unser  
,gott1 as they moved on to the glorious 
but dear-bought victory of ,luetzen2 we 
think of the massacre of ,drogheda and  
the undying defence of ,derry2 and of   
that typical ,protestant and superb     
fighter1 the rugged1 dour1 and          
unconquerable ,ulster man whose         
unrelenting opposition and deep-rooted  
passion for domination have been so     
great an obstacle to ,irish peace and   
the unity of the ,english-speaking      
world4 ,protestantism has had a great   
and a beneficent and a heroic history1  
but it has reproduced only imperfectly  
the ,christianity of ,jesus4  ,meekness 
and long-suffering were outstanding     

characteristics of ,jesus and of ,his   
early followers2 they have rarely been  
outstanding characteristics of          
,protestantism4  ,perhaps ,protestantism
 has been of necessity a man of war from
 its youth4  ,yet primitive             
,christianity encountered fiercer       
persecution and did not take the sword4 
,protestantism did not suffer long      
before she grasped the sword4  ,she has1
 on the whole1 followed ,christ's       
precepts of non-resistance never when   
she had a fighting chance4  ,primitive  
,christianity by patience and love      
conquered and ,christianized the ,roman 
,empire in three hundred years4         
,protestantism in more than three       
hundred years has gained not a foot     
beyond the territory won in the first   
rush of evangelical enthusiasm1 and has 
lost territories she at first held4  ,it
 is the demonstration of the futility of
 a fighting ,christianity4  ,nowhere has
 the interaction of the two religions   
been associated with more fighting than 

in ,ireland1 and nowhere has            
,protestantism as an evangelical        
missionary force been more of a failure4
  ,gentleness1 patience1 humility have  
not been the strong points of           
,protestantism4  ,she has been proud1   
vigorous1 masterful1 impatient of       
control1 and to her have been given the 
kingdoms of the world4  ,but not to her 
has been given the ,kingdom ,jesus      
promised to the meek4  ,in short1 in    
,protestantism there is much of         
,christianity but there is also much    
simply of the old ,teutonic spirit4     
,protestantism is not pure or primitive 
or ultimate ,christianity4  ,it is      
,teutonic ,christianity1 no more fitted 
to prevail than ,greek or ,latin        
,christianity4  ,it is the faith of the 
fighter1 the wrestler1 the              
individualist4  ,perhaps no community   
calling itself ,christian suggests so   
remotely the tender name ,jesus gave    
,his disciples1 my sheep4  ,who1 looking
 on a prosperous ,protestant            

congregation in town or country1 with   
shrewdness1 vigilance1 self-reliance    
written on almost every face1 would     
think of saying1 ,fear not1 little      
flock8  ,freedom is what ,protestantism 
has demanded and fought for1 freedom to 
think for herself and take her own      
course and fight her own battles1 every 
kind of freedom but one1 the only       
freedom that need not be fought for1    
that can never be fought for1--freedom  
to love and to serve4  ,protestantism in
 its original form is passing away2 it  
has run its course2 its day is nearing  
its close4  ,where it has not caught the
 vision of the new and the ,great       
,christianity1 its churches are being   
deserted1 its preachers are being seized
 with stammering lips and despondent    
heart1  ,its spirit cannot solve the    
problems of the new age4  ,it must      
become meek and lowly in heart4  ,it    
must learn to love4 ,rich man and poor  
man must stand in its churches as they  
stand in the sight of ,god4 ,like       

medieval ,christianity1 it calls for a  
new ,reformation--not a new creed but a 
new heart1 the heart of a little child1 
humble1 self-distrustful1 not quick to  
resent1 or even to see a slight1 eager  
to love1 delighting to serve4    ,these 
words are written with reverent         
recognition of the innumerable forms of 
ministry to the bodies and souls of men 
that are being carried on by devoted men
 and women in the ,protestant ,churches1
 but1 also1 with the full conviction    
that these are slight and partial       
compared with the outburst of devotion  
and service which will be aroused when  
the vision of the new ,christianity     
seizes great masses of men and women as 
the passion for freedom seized ,germany 
in the years #aeag to #aebd or ,france  
in #aghi4  ,never were the young men and
 women of ,protestant lands so ready for
 a great task1 but that task must be    
broadly ,christian and broadly human4   
,it must be a spiritual task but of a   
spirituality interwoven inextricably    

with politics1 business1 and sport4     
,luther cannot help us here with his    
callousness to the wrongs and miseries  
of the peasants1 nor ,knox with his     
harshness and his militancy1 nor ,calvin
 with his hatred of those whom he       
thought ,god's enemies1 nor the         
,puritans nor the ,covenanters with     
their bigotry and their blow for blow   
and curse for curse4  ,another deep lack
 is in ,protestantism4  ,in ,isaiah's   
vision of the seraphim above the throne 
of ,god1 each one had six wings2 with   
twain he covered his face1 and with     
twain he covered his feet1 and with     
twain he did fly4  ,two wings for       
service and four for worship6 ,a ,roman 
,catholic1 meeting a friend who had     
become a ,protestant1 asked him how he  
liked his new faith4  ,i like it well1  
answered the other1 but one thing ,i    
miss1 and that is the spirit of         
adoration4  ,how strange to us in ,roman
 ,catholic pictures are the faces of the
 saints upturned in adoration to the    

,mother and the holy ,child6            
,protestantism does not produce faces   
like those4  ,shrewd1 intelligent1      
alert1 at best reliable1 frank1 kindly1 
they often are2 humble1 not often2      
reverent1 adoring1 still more rarely4   
,yet ,goethe has said1 ,the highest     
thing in life is the thrill of awe4     
,and ,carlyle1 too1 ,thought without    
reverence is barren and poisonous4      
,protestantism tends to be shallow1 with
 the thinness and hardness and tinniness
 of mere intellectualism4  ,it needs to 
tap great fountains of tenderness1      
humility1 adoration1 to be deepened1    
mellowed1 enriched4  ,of the two ultra  
types of worship--the bright church1    
comfortable with plush cushions and     
glittering with brass work1 where the   
people sit with wide-open eyes and      
curiously watch the preacher while he   
prays1 and where the preacher with      
conscious cleverness clears up all the  
mysteries of life and coloratura        
quartettes display their technique 7an  

ultra type1 confessedly1 and not common1
 but actual71 and the dim church with   
the drooping ,christ on the cross and   
pictured saints gazing in adoration and 
the congregation on their knees before  
the divine ,presence in the ,sacrament1 
one may be a convinced ,protestant and  
yet believe the latter form of worship  
the more fruitful of the two4  ,american
 ,protestantism needs new inspiration4  
,so far as the past can yield this1 it  
would seem that it should look          
particularly to three great leaders and 
saints--,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 ,st4  
,john of ,england 7to use ,w4 ,t4       
,stead's deserved designation of ,john  
,wesley71 and ,general ,booth4  ,perhaps
 the most winsome and ,christ-like      
figure that ,roman ,catholicism         
presents1 the loveliest flower in her   
rich garden of sainthood1 is the        
poverty-loving1 utterly lowly and       
loving1 care-free and joyous ,francis of
 ,assisi1 and perhaps1 too1 it may be   
said that no ,christian character better

 deserves the study of ,protestants4    
,st4 ,francis is not an ideal figure2 he
 lacks the balance and sanity of ,jesus4
  ,yet1 perhaps1 of all who have        
passionately set themselves to reproduce
 the life of ,jesus1 ,st4 ,francis in   
his utter humility1 his complete        
unworldliness1 and his overflowing      
tenderness can best bring home to       
,protestantism its hardness and         
shrewdness1 its worldly-wisdom and its  
self-complacency4  ,what a far-distant  
world is the world of the man who       
renounced all possessions1 went about to
 preach and serve in coarsest1 meagrest 
garb1 who despised money and loved      
poverty1 whose sympathies went out to   
birds and fishes1 to ,brother ,fire and 
,sister ,water1 who could captivate     
robbers and even1 it was believed1 wild 
creatures of the woods1 and at whose    
coming the ,umbrian cities rang their   
bells and poured out with branches and  
flags to greet the mean little man with 
the shabby grey gown and the rapt1 pale1

 worn face4  ,let it be granted         
,protestant countries are more wealthy  
than ,roman ,catholic1 more progressive1
 more successful in trade and           
manufacture1 ,st4 ,francis gives us a   
glimpse into the simplicity and         
childlikeness1 humility and romance1    
that may sometimes find a ,roman        
,catholic atmosphere more genial than a 
,protestant4  ,associated with the      
,franciscan order of tonsured monks and 
cloistered nuns1 there grew up a great  
society of men and women taking a middle
 path between the world and the         
cloister--plainer in dress1 abstaining  
from the dance and the theatre1         
eschewing all quarrels1 praying and     
fasting more regularly1 practising a    
more systematic beneficence than        
ordinary ,christians4  ,and it is       
noteworthy that1 in #ahhb on the seven  
hundredth anniversary of the birth of   
,francis1 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 in an      
encyclical declared that the institution
 of these ,franciscan ,tertiaries was   

alone fitted to save humanity from the  
social and political dangers which      
threatened it4  ,wesley and ,francis are
 not far removed4 ,the ,saint of        
,epworth was almost as ardent a devotee 
of poverty as the ,saint of ,assisi4    
,if he did not absolutely strip himself1
 he gave away immensely more4  ,he1 too1
 had a passion for the souls of men1 all
 of ,st4 ,francis' pity for the poor1   
and he won a wealth of reverence and    
love4  ,he was a far wiser man1 living  
in a more rational age4  ,but he was not
 only extraordinarily competent4 ,he    
knew1 too1 his own competence4  ,there  
is a wildflower grace of the childlike  
in ,st4 ,francis that we miss in the far
 more intelligent and commanding figure 
of ,wesley4  ,primitive ,methodism had  
much of the enthusiasm and devotion and 
joyousness of the ,franciscan           
brotherhood4  ,francis' friars and      
,wesley's helpers had a common          
unworldliness1 joyousness1 and passion  
for the souls of men4  ,but even as the 

,franciscan movement diverged from the  
ideals of ,st4 ,francis1 so ,methodism  
soon developed on lines of its own4 ,it 
has preserved much of the evangelical   
fervor and the practical helpfulness of 
its original inspiration4  ,considered  
in its direct and indirect effects1 its 
union of evangelicalism1 mysticism1 and 
practical kindliness1 there has been no 
other ,christian movement which has     
combined such a measure of purity with  
such vastness of influence4  ,in genuine
 ,christian influence it has surpassed  
even the ,reformation4 ,modern          
,christianity 7and there is a           
distinguishable modern ,christianity7 is
 of all forms that ,christianity has    
assumed the nearest to the ,christianity
 of ,jesus1 and in its fashioning the   
,methodist ,revival has been the chief  
agency4  ,yet ,methodism has not        
realized the ideals of its human        
founder4  ,it did not perpetuate his    
unworldliness4  ,it failed1 as ,r4 ,w4  
,dale pointed out1 to the great loss of 

,christendom1 to develop the ethical    
implications of his great doctrine of   
perfect love4  ,it cherished his memory 
and his organization1 but it refused to 
inherit his dread and hatred of riches4 
,its very thrift and industry and       
morality have been its undoing4  ,it    
became1 in great measure1 like          
,protestantism in general1 a bourgeois  
religion1 eminently suited for people   
who want to get on in the world4  ,its  
chief abhorrence has never been of      
social inequality and injustice but of  
the wasteful frivolities and vices1     
dancing1 card-playing1 theatre-going1   
and1 pre-eminently1 intemperance4 ,the  
,report already cited shows1 however1 a 
new spirit at work in the ,methodism of 
,canada1 a spirit in which ,wesley would
 rejoice1 and it is not in ,canadian    
,methodism only that it is at work4  ,a 
still closer resemblance obtains between
 the ,franciscan order and the          
,salvation ,army than between the former
 and ,methodism4  ,no two movements1    

perhaps1 so widely apart in time and    
methods are so closely akin4 ,poverty1  
humility1 obedience1 love are the       
dominant features of them both4         
,francis is a more winsome figure than  
,general ,booth but incomparably less   
intelligent and efficient4  ,francis    
awakened a great religious revival but  
probably wrought little improvement on  
the face of ,europe--on its ferocity1   
chronic warfare1 sensuality1 oppression 
of the poor4  ,the ,salvation ,army has 
redeemed countless victims of poverty   
and vice4  ,it has probably proved      
itself the most effective agency in all 
history for the salvation of the down   
and out4  ,the ,order and the ,army have
 the same limitations4  #a4  ,both are  
too exclusively inward and              
individualistic4  ,they do not deal     
adequately with conditions and causes1  
the ,franciscan movement not at all1 the
 ,salvation ,army very timidly4  ,the   
weakest element in the latter is its    
willingness to accept gifts from even   

those who have made their wealth out of 
the degradation of men and women1 and   
its seeming reluctance to engage in any 
drastic social reforms which might dry  
up such bounty4  ,it is content with    
ambulance work1 and even the most       
devoted and heroic ambulance work will  
never stop the war4  #b4  ,both1 too1   
are sectional2 fitted only for the few1 
the enthusiasts4 ,each has cared for the
 saint2 neither has made provision for  
the ordinary man4  ,christian           
perfection1 in the thought of ,francis  
and of ,general ,booth1 is for the man  
who withdraws from the ordinary work of 
the world1 turns away from its culture1 
crucifies a thousand human instincts1   
breaks all the strings of the human lute
 but one4  ,both movements organized by 
these great saints are eccentric1       
abnormal4 ,neither is workable on a     
catholic1 or universal1 scale4 ,both    
sectionalize the holy life4  ,what is   
needed to-day is another leader1 a      
leader for the ordinary man4 ,the       

ordinary man is neither saint nor       
fanatic1 neither preacher nor monk2 he  
would be bored to death if he had to    
sing or pray or meditate all day2 his   
joy is in building bridges and planning 
railways and ripping up the matted      
prairie sod with gasoline engines2 he   
likes his wife and children and does not
 feel called upon to become a missionary
 to ,china or ,central ,africa4  ,the   
need is for the leader who can show this
 ordinary man how to bring the truest   
love and the deepest piety into the     
ordinary1 commonplace1 work-a-day life1 
revealing the glory of ,god1 not alone  
as gilding the cold snows of ,alpine    
peaks or bathing the distant desert with
 unearthly beauty1 but transfiguring the
 city street1 the cozy home1 the quiet  
fields where lovers walk at even4       
,francis1 ,wesley1 ,booth--the time has 
come for each section of the ,christian 
,church to remember that all things are 
hers3 whether ,paul or ,apollos or      
,cephas4  ,we ,protestants may think the

 ,roman ,catholic ,church less likely to
 appropriate our saints than we theirs4 
,this judgment of ours may be right or  
wrong1 but we have no right to pass it  
until we ourselves have recognized the  
limitations of ,protestantism and set   
ourselves heartily to appropriate the   
great elements of the ,christian life   
that are the distinctive glories of     
,latin ,christianity4 ,protestantism1   
too1 has its own peculiar glories4      
,neither great division of ,christendom 
is adequate to meet the religious needs 
of to-day4  ,the hour has struck for the
 great ,christianity4  ,the future      
belongs neither to ,roman ,catholicism  
nor to ,protestantism4 ,roman           
,catholicism is too aristocratic and    
distrustful of freedom4  ,the modern man
 will no more go back to medieval       
,christianity than to medieval          
feudalism4  ,there is a drift from      
,protestantism to-day1 but the drift    
from ,roman ,catholicism has been far   
greater4  ,to fulfil its destiny1 ,roman

 ,catholicism must accept freedom of    
thought2 magnificently democratic as it 
has been from the beginning in some     
respects--the chair of ,st4 ,peter being
 accessible to the humblest peasant's   
son--it must accept a deeper and wider  
democracy4  ,protestantism1 on the other
 hand1 must become heart-broken over its
 divisions1 religious and social4  ,it  
must become more brotherly1 more lowly1 
more worshipful1 in a word1 more        
childlike4  ,it is unthinkable that     
either of these great forms of          
,christianity will pass away4  ,they    
will change4  ,they are already         
changing1 and each1 as it changes1 moves
 toward the other4  ,thought and life   
move through conflict to unity4         
,thesis--antithesis--synthesis--that is 
the great law4  ,the great and1 perhaps1
 inevitable stage of antithesis that has
 divided ,christendom for four centuries
 is drawing to a close4 ,latin          
,christianity needed ,protestantism4    
,it was the ,protestant ,reformation    

that inspired the counter-reformation4  
,roman ,catholicism owes to ,luther and 
,calvin a purer faith and a new lease of
 life4  ,to-day the noblest and most    
energetic types of ,roman ,catholicism  
are found in ,protestant lands1 and the 
service of ,protestantism to ,roman     
,catholicism is not yet finished4  ,just
 as certainly1 ,protestantism needs     
,roman ,catholicism4  ,some exposition  
of this has already been attempted4  ,it
 is hard to see how any one who believes
 ,roman ,catholicism to be a tissue of  
errors can account for its extraordinary
 tenacity of life4  ,why should ,god    
preserve it unless because its mission  
is not yet accomplished8  ,far apart and
 deeply antagonistic these two great    
forms of ,christianity may seem1 but1   
after all1 it is an inescapable law on  
this earth that two people who try to   
get as far away from each other as      
possible must meet at last2 and hatred  
is nearer love than is indifference4    
,human nature wearies of antagonism1 and

 the longer it lasts the warmer the     
welcome for its passing4  ,like         
denominationalism1 this four hundred    
year old antagonism seems a mighty tree 
but1 like denominationalism1 it is      
hollow within4 ,some day the great winds
 of ,god will arise1 and when they begin
 to blow1 this tree1 too1 will fall4    
,the thirteenth century was one of the  
great centuries of ,christian history4  
,in it feudalism reached its height1 and
 chivalry its fullest flower4  ,in it   
,gothic architecture and medieval       
philosophy reared their noblest         
monuments4 ,it was the century of the   
greatest of medieval1 or1 perhaps1 of   
distinctively ,christian1 poets1 ,dante1
 the greatest of ,christian theologians1
 ,aquinas1 the greatest of ,popes1      
,innocent ,,iii41 the two most winsome  
of saints1 ,st4 ,francis and ,st4 ,louis
 of ,france4  ,in all its greatness1 the
 thirteenth century is distinctively    
,roman ,catholic4  ,the nineteenth      
century1 also1 is another of the less   

than half a dozen of the greatest of    
,christian centuries1 and it is         
distinctively a ,protestant century4    
,its great achievements in geographical 
and astronomical discovery1 scientific  
investigation1 increase of human comfort
 and wealth1 and above all its          
unparalleled extension of liberty--bear 
all of them the ,protestant stamp4      
,these two centuries have thus          
established beyond dispute the right of 
those two great historic forms of       
,christianity to the lasting reverence  
and gratitude of mankind4  ,roman       
,catholicism has cherished the divine   
principle of unity4  ,at great cost it  
has preserved unity4  ,it has not been  
equally careful of the divine principle 
of liberty4  ,protestantism has         
gloriously fought and suffered and died 
for liberty4 ,it has never highly valued
 unity4  ,it has even gloried in        
division4  ,but unity is a diviner thing
 than even liberty4  ,liberty is        
precious only as the indispensable      

condition and pre-requisite of true     
unity4  ,it is a lovely and thrilling   
hope that the twentieth century may     
prove to be the century of the ,great   
,christianity1 the ,christianity which  
will extinguish neither ,latin nor      
,teutonic ,christianity but comprehend  
and blend them1 the simple1 yet free and
 varied1 democratic1 passionate         
,christianity of all who love the ,lord 
,jesus ,christ and seek ,his ,kingdom on
 the earth1 the ,christianity which was 
the first and will be the last4  ,this1 
at least1 can be said1 that the         
unparalleled problems of social and     
political reconstruction facing the     
world to-day can be rightly solved only 
by a great religious devotion1 and it is
 difficult to see how that devotion can 
be secured except by a unification of   
the great ,churches of ,christendom and 
their common baptism into the spirit of 
primitive ,christianity4  ,and let no   
one say the ,great ,christianity is only
 a beautiful dream4  ,already1 in that  

forever holy strip of land where towns  
were reduced to heaps of dust and trees 
to splintered trunks1 where earth was   
gashed and torn as men never gashed and 
tore the kindly bosom of mother earth   
before1 and where beautiful human bodies
 were mutilated and destroyed with a    
fury unknown in history1 there the      
,great ,christianity has disclosed      
itself4  ,there at the mouth of hell    
unfolded the sweetest flowers that ever 
bloomed on earth4  ,there in the        
brotherhood of the trenches became      
visible the ,great ,christianity4 ,there
 ,anglicans1 ,baptists1                 
,congregationalists1 ,methodists1       
,presbyterians1 ,salvationists1 and     
every other kind of ,protestants1 aye1  
and ,roman ,catholics1 kneeled together 
to commemorate the suffering and love of
 their ,common ,redeemer1 the           
,soldier-,king4  ,father1 wrote a       
,manitoba boy to his father from the    
trenches1 in the spring of #aiag1 we    
have a religion here but1 father1 it is 

not the same as yours4  ,you don't like 
the ,catholics or the ,church of        
,england1 but1 father1 we love everybody
 here4  ,we are all one4  ,and1 father1 
the boy went on1 when we come back1 our 
religion is going to blow yours         
sky-high4  ,a prophecy not as yet       
fulfilled but not1 perhaps1 beyond      
fulfillment4 ,certain it is that our    
soldier boys will never crowd into our  
churches as they crowded to the colors  
till those churches are the home of a   
,christianity that has the breadth and  
the brotherliness and something1 at     
least1 of the heroism of the            
,christianity of the trenches4  ,but    
something more must be said about the   
,great ,christianity4  ,it may be that  
,latin ,christianity and ,teutonic      
combined do not represent the full      
splendor and power of ,christianity1 and
 that the drastic social changes which  
must be carried out in the next quarter 
of a century1 or even in a briefer      
period1 call for the re-inforcement of  

another race and another sort of        
,christianity4  ,the distinctive ,greek 
,christianity of the first five or six  
centuries made its contribution and     
passed away with the vanishing of the   
original and pure ,hellenic race4  ,but 
there is a ,greek ,christianity which   
has found a new lease of life and a new 
home in that race which has largely     
replaced the ,greek in his own home and 
has diffused itself over most of eastern
 ,europe1 the ,slavonic4  ,there is a   
great ,christianity which is still      
called ,greek1 but which is rather      
,slavonic ,christianity1 and which might
 more narrowly and specifically be      
called ,russian ,christianity1 after    
that people who constitute the largest  
section of ,greek ,christianity and     
promise to be the most influential4  ,it
 may well be that the ,great            
,christianity which the world so        
desperately needs will be neither ,latin
 nor ,teutonic ,christianity nor both in
 combination1 but a blend of ,latin and 

,teutonic and ,american and ,russian    
,christianity1 and it does not seem     
unlikely that the contribution of the   
last of the four may be the most        
precious and vital of them all4         
,perhaps in the part ,russia is destined
 to play in the next fifty years will be
 found the most striking example in all 
history of how it is ,god's way to      
choose the foolish things of the world  
that ,he may put to shame them that are 
wise2 and the weak things of the world  
that ,he may put to shame the things    
that are strong2 and the base things of 
the world and the things that are       
despised that ,he may bring to nought   
the things that are4  ,the ,slav has    
been the ,cinderella of the ,european   
sisterhood4  ,perhaps we might say1 the 
ugly duckling4  ,from a military point  
of view he has been no match for the    
,teuton4  ,in the long struggle of the  
last thousand years between the ,teuton 
and the ,slav1 the ,teuton has nearly   
always showed himself the stronger4 ,for

 centuries he has ruled over the ,slav4 
,in the industrial arts1 in all that    
pertains to the utilization of natural  
resources for the material well-being of
 men1 in agriculture and mining and     
manufacturing and trading1 the ,slav has
 been immeasurably more backward4       
,mastered and oppressed by the ,teuton  
on the ,west1 subjugated for centuries  
by the ,tartar on the ,east1 the ,slav  
has remained until yesterday a people   
forgotten and despised1 shrouded in     
poverty1 ignorance1 mystery4  ,and now  
out of that twilight he has stepped1    
ignorant1 fanatical1 and in his         
ignorance or superstition capable of    
ferocity1 yet essentially the most      
child-like1 the most religious1 the most
 brotherly1 the most idealistic of      
,european peoples4  ,what other people  
call their country1 what the ,russian   
calls his--holy ,russia8  ,the peoples  
of the ,west1 especially the ,teutonic  
or the ,anglo-,saxon1 are weak where    
they are strong4  ,it is their          

practicalness that has given them their 
high place2 it is their practicalness   
which keeps them from the highest4  ,it 
is hard for them to believe in a ,holy  
,city4  ,if they do believe in it1 they 
do not care to seek it till they are    
sure of a practicable road4  ,but the   
,slav instinctively believes in a ,holy 
,city1 and only needs to be told where  
it is to be found to set out forthwith  
over rivers1 bogs1 and rugged mountain  
ranges4  ,and it is just these things   
the ,western world needs in this        
crisis--the spirit of the little child1 
the spirit of brotherhood1 the sense of 
the pre-eminence of religion1 the       
idealism that will risk everything for a
 dream4  ,the first movements of the    
awakened ,russian may be unsteady4  ,his
 new found freedom may act on him with  
intoxicating1 almost deranging power4   
,but they know little of the real       
,russian soul who dread the liberation  
of that long-prisoned soul and its free 
play on the ,western world4  ,in the    

material ground-work of our             
civilization1 its farming1 its mining1  
its building of steamships1 of          
railroads1 of modern cities1 the        
,teutonic races have taken the lead4    
,they have builded the house4  ,now1 it 
may be1 when the finer problems arise of
 living in the home in harmony and      
helpfulness and in a high and holy      
spirit1 it is the ,slav who1 in his     
turn1 will take the lead4  ,the ,greek1 
the ,italian1 the ,frank1 the ,spaniard1
 the ,anglo-,saxon have successively    
held the premier place4  ,the day of the
 ,slav may now be dawning4  ,nor yet is 
our forecast of the ,great ,christianity
 complete4  ,it may be that there awaits
 us1 though in a more distant future1 a 
still more striking illustration of how 
,god chooses for honor the despised     
things of the world4  ,of all races the 
most despised1 the most oppressed1 has  
been the ,african1 and that not for     
generations or centuries but for        
millenniums4 ,europe1 ,asia1 and        

,america have all made ,africa their    
servant4  ,the dark ,continent stands   
pre-eminent in suffering and in service4
  ,but it is in suffering and in service
 that ,he1 too1 the ,coming ,king1 has  
been pre-eminent4  ,one reason why      
,africa has been the hunting ground of  
the slaver from immemorial times is     
because in the ,african nature          
immemorially and inextinguishably is the
 readiness to serve4  ,all other races  
love to rule2 some of them1 like the    
,latin and the ,teutonic1 have been     
intensely proud1 greedy of power1 and   
averse from service4 ,the ,african race 
is the one race which has by nature the 
spirit of ,him who came not to be       
ministered unto but to minister4  ,the  
,african race1 too1 is of all races the 
most child-like1 the most care-free1 the
 one most ready to delight in simple    
things and the things of to-day4  ,the  
white races1 in comparison1 are old1    
vigilant1 suspicious1 anxious1          
care-worn4 ,there is no question which1 

in these respects1 is nearest the ideal 
of ,jesus4  ,the greedy1 ambitious      
spirit of the ,western nations1 never   
contented1 their delight in to-day      
always poisoned by the fear or the      
fascination of to-morrow1 is far from   
the spirit of ,jesus4  ,it may be that  
the white man will yet have to sit at   
the feet of the black1 and that1 when   
,christ is glorified1 it will be that   
race that has1 beyond all other races1  
trodden ,christ's path of suffering and 
service which1 beyond all others1 will  
be glorified with ,him4  ,the re-action 
of the uncounted millions of ,asia on   
,christianity--the contributions of the 
ancient and deeply experienced brown and
 yellow races to that religion in which 
alone they can find their fullest       
development--is another fascinating     
subject for enquiry and speculation2 but
 these influences1 potent and           
inescapable as they promise to be1 fall 
outside the limits of the period        
considered by this book4                

,,conclusion   ,the task before ,western
 civilization to-day1 it is probable1 is
 the greatest civilization has ever     
faced4  ,it is a complete reconstruction
 that is demanded4  ,it must be         
accomplished with speed4  ,all the      
,western nations are involved4  ,there  
have been other reconstructions as      
drastic1 but either they have been      
permitted a much longer period of       
development1 or they have been confined 
to much smaller areas4  ,the struggle   
will not be over religious opinions1 or 
political theories1 though both are     
involved4  ,it will be over what touch  
men ordinarily much more deeply1 their  
livelihood and their profits1 and the   
war has seemed to show that men will    
sacrifice their lives more readily than 
their profits4  ,it will be a struggle  
no class can escape4  ,the readjustments
 would be difficult enough in themselves
 if men engaged in them in the calmest  
and kindliest spirit4  ,but many who    
will be foremost in the task of         

reconstruction bring to the problems the
 bitterness and distrust engendered by  
centuries of cruel wrong4  ,nothing but 
,christianity can carry the ,western    
peoples through this unparallelled      
crisis4  ,but it must be ,christianity  
in its purity and its fulness1 not a    
,christianity wasting its energy on     
doctrinal controversy1 broken by        
denominational divisions1 or absorbed in
 taking care of its machinery4  ,it     
must1 in short1 be a ,christianity      
neither intellectualized nor            
sectarianized nor institutionalized4    
,it must be a ,christianity1 born as at 
the first in the hearts of the common   
people1 simple1 democratic1 brotherly2  
like a tree1 its top in the sky but its 
roots deep in common earth2 treating    
institutions1 even the most venerable1  
as the mere temporary contrivances that 
they are2 with the faith of ,jesus in   
the human heart and in the ultimate     
triumph of love1 and a willingness1 like
 ,his1 to find a throne in a cross4     

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