,transcrib]'s notes3 ,text p9t$ 9 italics 9 ! orig9al "w has be5 transcrib$ z text1 bold text z text4 ,text pr9t$ 9 small capitals 9 ! orig9al "w has be5 transcrib$ 9 ,,all-,,capitals4 ,sup]script texts are transcrib$ z text4 ,m ,transcrib]'s notes h be5 add$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,& ,,electricity4 ,! #gj1jjj ,horse-,p[] ,/ation ( ! ,metropolitan ,/reet ,railway1 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,inv5tion ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,by ,,edw>d ,w4 ,,byrn1 ,a4,m4 8 1 40 7,give me :]e to /&1 & ,i'll move ! e>?47 --,ar*im$es4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york #aijj ,,copyright$1 #aijj1 ,,by ,,munn ,,co4 ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,/ation]',s ,,hall ,,london1 ,,engl& ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica by ,! ,manufactur]s' & ,publi%]s' ,pr9t+ ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,preface4 ,= a "w ( su* scope z ?is1 ! fir/ ^w ( ! au?or %\ld be an apology = :at is d\btless ! too ambiti\s ef=t ( a s+le writ]4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury 9 ! high tide ( ! arts & sci5ces1 an ard5t int]e/ 9 all ?+s t make = sci5tific progress1 & ! aid & enc\ragem5t ( _m fri5ds 9 & ab\t ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 furni% ! explanation4 ,! "w _c claim ! au?ority ( a text-book1 ! fullness ( a hi/ory1 nor ! exactness ( a te*nical treatise4 ,x is simply a cursory view ( ! c5tury 9 ! field ( inv5tion1 int5d$ to pres5t ! broad] bird's-eye view ( progress a*iev$4 ,9 sub/antiation ( ! ma9 facts reliance has be5 plac$ *iefly ^u pat5ts1 :i* = hi/oric developm5t are believ$ to be ! be/ ( all au?orities1 because !y c>ry ! responsibility ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t z to dates1 & ! atte/$ signature & oa? ( ! inv5tor z to subject matt]4 ,_m difficulties & emb>rassm5ts h be5 enc\nt]$ 9 ! "w4 ,! fe> ( ext5d+ x into a too bulky volume has exclud$ treatm5t ( _m subjects :i* ! au?or recognizes z important1 & issues 9 dispute z to ! claims ( inv5tors h also pres5t$ !mselves 9 p]plex+ conflict4 ,a discussion ( ! latt] has be5 avoid$ z f> z possible1 ! p>am\nt object be+ to d ju/ice to all ! wor?y work]s 9 ?is field1 ) favor to none1 & only express+ su* conclusions z seem to be ju/ifi$ by au!nticat$ facts & ! imp>tial v]dict ( reason 9 ! cle>+ atmosph]e ( "t4 ,= s9s ( omission a lack ( space af=ds a reasonable excuse1 & = ^? ( commission ! great scope ( ! "w is plead$ 9 ext5uation4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! volume may f9d an accept$ place 9 ! lit]ature ( ! day1 z pres5t+ 9 compact =m "s compreh5sive & coh]5t idea ( ! great ?+s 9 inv5tion :i* ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury has add$ to ! _w's weal? ( ideas & mat]ial res\rces4 ,9 ackn[l$g+ ! _m obligations to fri5ds :o h aid$ me 9 ! "w1 my ?anks are due fir/ to ! ,editors ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican = aid r5d]$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! "w2 also to c\rte\s (ficials 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts1 & to _m progressive manufactur]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,e4 ,w4 ,b4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,octob]1 #aijj4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,p]spective ,,view4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,*ronology ,,( ,,lead+ ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,! ,voltaic ,pile4 ,daniell's ,batt]y4 ,use ( ,conduct+ ,wire by ,web]4 ,/e9heil ,employs ,e>? z ,return ,circuit4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry's ,electro- ,magnet1 & ,fir/ ,telegraphic ,exp]im5t4 ,pr(4 ,morse's ,telegraphic ,code & ,regi/]4 ,fir/ ,l9e ,betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,ba9's ,*emical ,telegraph4 ,g9tl's ,duplex ,telegraph4 ,edison's ,quadruplex4 ,h\se's ,pr9t+ ,telegraph4 ,fac ,simile ,telegraphs4 ,*ann+ & ,f>m] ,fire ,al>m4 ,telegraph+ by ,induction4 ,wireless ,telegraphy by ,m>coni4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,cable4 ,difficulties ( ,lay+4 ,congratulatory ,messages ,betwe5 ,que5 ,victoria & ,presid5t ,bu*anan4 ,! ,siphon ,record]4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,dynamo ,,& ,,its ,,applications4 ,obs]vations ( ,f>aday & ,h5ry4 ,magneto-,electric ,ma*9es ( ,pixii1 & ( ,saxton4 ,hjor?'s ,dynamo ( #ahee4 ,wilde's ,ma*9e ( #ahff4 ,siem5s' ( #ahfg4 ,gramme's ( #ahgj4 ,tesla's ,polyphase ,curr5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,electric ,,motor4 ,b>l['s ,spur ,:eel4 ,dal ,negro's ,electric ,p5dulum4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry's ,electric ,motor4 ,jacobi's ,electric ,boat4 ,dav5port's ,motor4 ,! ,neff ,motor4 ,dr4 ,page's ,electric ,locomotive4 ,dr4 ,siem5s' ,fir/ ,electric ,railway at ,b]l91 #ahgi4 ,fir/ ,electric ,railway 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 betwe5 ,baltimore & ,hampd51 #ahhe4 ,?ird ,rail ,sy/em4 ,/ati/ics4 ,electric ,railways1 & ,g5]al ,electric ,company4 ,di/ribution ,electric ,curr5t 9 ,pr9cipal ,cities4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,electric ,,light4 ,voltaic ,arc by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy4 ,! ,jablo*k(f ,c&le4 ,pat5ts ( ,bru%1 ,we/on1 & ,o!rs4 ,se>* ,lights4 ,grove's ,fir/ ,inc&esc5t ,lamp4 ,/>r-,k+ ,lamp4 ,moses ,f>m] ,lights ,fir/ ,dwell+ ) ,electric ,lamps4 ,sawy]-,man ,lamp4 ,edison's ,inc&esc5t ,lamp4 ,edison's ,?ree-,wire ,sy/em ( ,circuits4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,telephone4 ,prelim9>y ,sugge/ions & ,exp]im5ts ( ,b\rseul1 ,reis1 & ,drawbaugh4 ,fir/ ,speak+ ,telephone by ,pr(4 ,bell4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,reis' & ,bell's ,telephones4 ,! ,blake ,transmitt]4 ,b]l9]'s ,v>iation ( ,resi/ance & ,electric ,undulations1 by ,v>iation ( ,pressure4 ,edison's ,c>bon ,microphone4 ,! ,telephone ,ex*ange4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,electricity1 ,,miscellane\s4 ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,batt]ies ( ,plant1 ,faure & ,bru%4 ,electric ,weld+4 ,direct ,g5]ation ( ,electricity by ,combu/ion4 ,electric ,boats4 ,electro-,plat+4 ,edison's ,electric ,p54 ,electricity 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,electric ,caut]y4 ,electric ,musical ,in/rum5ts4 ,electric ,bla/+4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,h]o's ,eng9e1 & ,o!r ,e>ly ,/eam ,eng9es4 ,watt's ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,! ,cut-,(f4 ,giff>d ,injector4 ,b\rdon's ,/eam ,gauge4 ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]s1 ,smoke ,consum]s1 etc4 ,rot>y ,eng9es4 ,/eam ,hamm]4 ,/eam ,fire ,eng9e4 ,comp\nd ,eng9es4 ,s*lick & ,taylor ,sy/ems ( ,balanc+ ,mom5tum ( ,mov+ ,p>ts4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,railway4 ,trevi?ick's ,/eam ,c>riage4 ,bl5k9sop's ,locomotive4 ,h$ley's 8,puff+ ,billy40 ,/eph5son's ,locomotive4 ,! ,l9k ,motion4 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway1 #ahbe4 ,hackwor?'s 8,royal ,george40 ,! 8,/\rbridge ,lion0 & 8,john ,bull40 ,baldw9's ,locomotives4 ,we/+h\se ,air ,brakes4 ,janney ,c> ,c\pl+4 ,! ,woodruff ,sleep+ ,c>4 ,railway ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,e>ly ,exp]im5ts4 ,sym+ton's ,boat4 ,col4 ,john ,/ev5s' ,screw ,propell]4 ,robt4 ,fulton & ! 8,cl]mont40 ,fir/ ,trip to ,sea by ,/ev5s' 8,phnix40 8,savannah10 ! ,fir/ ,/eam ,vessel to ,cross ! ,ocean4 ,ericsson's ,screw ,propell]4 ,! 8,great ,ea/]n40 ,! ,:ale ,back ,/eam]s4 ,ocean ,greyh\nds4 ,! 8,oceanic10 l>ge/ ,/eam%ip 9 ! ,_w4 ,! 8,turb9ia40 ,fulton's 8,demologos10 ,fir/ ,w> ,vessel4 ,! ,turret ,monitor4 ,mod]n ,battle%ips & ,torp$o ,boats4 ,holl& ,subm>9e ,boat4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,pr9t+4 ,e>ly ,pr9t+ ,press4 ,ni*olson's ,rot>y ,press4 ,! ,columbian & ,wa%+ton ,presses4 ,knig's ,rot>y ,/eam ,press4 ,! ,hoe ,type ,revolv+ ,ma*9e4 ,color ,pr9t+4 ,/]eotyp+4 ,pap] ,mak+4 ,wood ,pulp4 ,! ,l9otype4 ,plate ,pr9t+4 ,li?ography4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,typewrit]4 ,old ,engli% ,typewrit] ( #agad4 ,! ,burt ,typewrit] ( #ahbi4 ,prog9's ,fr5* ,ma*9e ( #ahcc4 ,?urb]'s ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e ( #ahdc4 ,! ,bea* ,typewrit]4 ,! ,%oles ,typewrit]1 ! ,fir/ ( ! ,mod]n ,=m1 ,comm]cially ,develop$ into ! ,rem+ton4 ,! ,caligraph1 ,smi?- ,premi]1 & ,o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,embroid]y ,ma*9e ! ,=]unn] ( ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,sew+ ,ma*9e ( ,?omas ,sa9t4 ,! ,?imonni] ,wood5 ,ma*9e4 ,gre5\gh's ,d\ble-,po9t$ ,ne$le4 ,bean's ,/ation>y ,ne$le4 ,! ,h[e ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,ba*eld]'s ,cont9u\s ,fe$4 ,improvem5ts ( ,s+]4 ,wilson's ,rot>y ,hook1 & ,f\r-,motion ,fe$4 ,! ,mc,kay ,%oe ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,button ,hole ,ma*9es4 ,c>pet ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,reap]4 ,e>ly ,engli% ,ma*9es4 ,ma*9e ( ,patrick ,bell4 ,! ,hussey ,reap]4 ,mc,cormick's ,reap] & ,its ,great ,success4 ,rivalry ,betwe5 ! ,two ,am]ican ,reap]s4 ,self ,rak]s4 ,automatic ,b9d]s4 ,comb9$ ,/eam ,reap] & ,?re%+ ,ma*9e4 ,great ,:eat ,fields ( ! ,we/4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,vulcaniz$ ,,rubb]4 ,e>ly ,use ( ,ca\t*\c by ! ,indians4 ,collection ( ! ,gum4 ,e>ly ,exp]im5ts ,failures4 ,goodye>'s ,p]si/5t ,exp]im5ts4 ,na?aniel ,hayw>d's ,application ( ,sulphur to ! ,gum4 ,goodye>'s ,process ( ,vulcanization4 ,introduction ( 8 ,process into ,europe4 ,trials & ,imprisonm5t = ,debt4 ,rubb] ,%oe ,indu/ry4 ,great ,ext5t & ,v>iety ( ,applications4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,its ,evolution z a ,sci5ce4 ,! ,coal ,t> ,products4 ,f]m5t+ & ,brew+4 ,glucose1 ,gun ,cotton1 & ,nitro-,glyc]9e4 ,electro-,*emi/ry4 ,f]tiliz]s & ,comm]cial ,products4 ,new ,elem5ts ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,food ,,& ,,dr9k4 ,! ,nature ( ,food4 ,! ,roll] ,mill4 ,! ,middl+s ,purifi]4 ,cul9>y ,ut5sils4 ,bread ,ma*9]y4 ,dairy ,appliances4 ,c5trifugal ,milk ,skimm]4 ,! ,cann+ ,indu/ry4 ,/]ilization4 ,but*]+ & ,dress+ ,meats4 ,oleom>g>9e4 ,manufacture ( ,sug>4 ,! ,vacuum ,pan4 ,c5trifugal ,filt]4 ,mod]n ,dietetics & ,pat5t$ ,foods4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,surg]y ,,& ,,sanitation4 ,discov]y ( ,circulation ( ! ,blood by ,h>vey4 ,vacc9ation by ,j5n]4 ,use ( ,an/hetics ! ,great ,/ep ( ,m$ical ,progress ( ! ,c5tury4 ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,in/rum5ts4 ,s*ools ( ,m$ic9e4 ,d5ti/ry4 ,artificial ,limbs4 ,dige/ion4 ,bact]iology1 & ,disease ,g]ms4 ,antiseptic ,surg]y4 ,h\se ,sanitation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,bicycle ,,& ,,automobile4 ,! ,drais9e1 #ahaf4 ,mi*aux's ,bicycle1 #ahee4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t to ,lallem5t & ,c>rol1 #ahff4 ,transition f 8,v]tical ,=k0 & 8,/>0 to ,mod]n 8,safety40 ,pneumatic ,tire4 ,automobile ! ,prototype ( ! ,locomotive4 ,trevi?ick's ,/eam ,road ,c>riage1 #ahja4 ,! ,locomobile ( ,to-day4 ,gas ,eng9e ,automobiles ( ,p9kus1 #ahci2 ,seld51 #ahgi2 ,duryea1 ,w9ton1 & ,o!rs4 ,electric ,automobiles a ,developm5t ( ,electric ,locomotives z ,e>ly z #ahcf4 ,gr\nelle's ,electric ,automobile ( #aheb4 ,! ,columbia1 ,woods1 & ,rik] ,electric ,c>riages4 ,/ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,phonograph4 ,inv5tion ( ,phonograph by ,edison4 ,scott's ,phonautograph4 ,improvem5ts ( ,bell & ,ta9t]4 ,! ,graphophone4 ,libr>y ( ,wax ,cyl9d]s4 ,b]l9]'s ,gramophone4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,optics4 ,e>ly ,telescopes4 ,! ,lick ,telescope4 ,! ,gr&e ,lunette4 ,! ,/]eo- ,b9ocul> ,field ,glass4 ,! ,microscope4 ,! ,spectroscope4 ,pol>ization ( ,light4 ,kaleidoscope4 ,/]eoscope4 ,range ,f9d]4 ,k9etoscope1 & ,mov+ ,pictures4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,photography4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,w$gewood & ,davy4 ,nipce's ,heliography4 ,dagu]re & ! ,dagu]reotype4 ,fox ,talbot ,makes ,fir/ ,pro(s f ,negatives4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ,introduces ,glass ,plates4 ,! ,collodion ,process4 ,silv] & ,c>bon ,pr9ts4 ,ambrotypes4 ,emulsions4 ,dry ,plates4 ,! ,kodak ,cam]a4 ,! ,plat9otype4 ,photography 9 ,colors4 ,panorama ,cam]as4 ,photo-engrav+ & ,photo-li?ography4 ,half ,tone ,pr9t+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,ro5tg5 ,,or ,x-,,rays4 ,geissl] ,tubes4 ,vacuum ,tubes ( ,crookes1 ,hittorf1 & ,l5>d4 ,! ,ca?ode ,ray4 ,ro5tg5's ,great ,discov]y 9 #ahie4 ,x-,ray ,app>atus4 ,salvioni's ,cryptoscope4 ,edison's ,fluoroscope4 ,! ,fluoromet]4 ,sun- burn f ,x-,rays4 ,uses ( ,x-,rays4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,gas ,,light+4 ,e>ly ,use ( ,natural ,gas4 ,coal ,gas ,introduc$ by ,murdo*4 ,w9sor ,organizes ,fir/ ,gas ,company 9 #ahjd4 ,melville 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,lights ,beav]-,tail ,ligh?\se ) ,gas 9 #ahag4 ,l[e's ,process ( ,mak+ ,wat] ,gas4 ,acetyl5e ,gas4 ,c>burett$ ,air4 ,p9ts* ,gas4 ,gas ,met]4 ,otto ,gas ,eng9e4 ,! ,welsba* ,burn]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4 ,great ,bridges1 ,pneumatic ,caissons1 ,tunnels4 ,! ,bea* ,tunnel ,%ield4 ,suez ,canal4 ,dr$ges4 ,! ,lidg]wood ,cable ,ways4 ,canal ,locks4 ,artesian ,wells4 ,compress$-,air ,rock ,drills4 ,bla/+4 ,mississippi ,jetties4 ,iron & ,/eel ,build+s4 ,eiffel ,t[]4 ,wa%+ton's ,monum5t4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,capitol4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,woodwork+4 ,e>ly ,ma*9es ( ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am4 ,evolution ( ! ,saw4 ,circul> ,saw4 ,hamm]+ to ,t5sion4 ,/eam ,fe$ = ,saw ,mill ,c>riage4 ,qu>t] ,saw+4 ,! ,b& ,saw4 ,plan+ ,ma*9es4 ,! ,woodwor? ,plan]4 ,! ,woodbury ,yield+ ,pressure ,b>4 ,! ,univ]sal ,woodwork]4 ,! ,blan*>d ,la!4 ,mortis+ ,ma*9es4 ,special ,woodwork+ ,ma*9es4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,metal ,,work+4 ,e>ly ,iron ,furnace4 ,op]ations ( ,"l ,dudley1 ,abraham ,d>by1 & ,h5ry ,cort4 ,neilson's ,hot ,bla/4 ,great ,bla/ ,furnaces ( ,mod]n ,times4 ,! ,puddl+ ,furnace4 ,bessem] ,/eel & ! ,conv]t]4 ,op5 ,he>? ,/eel4 ,reg5]ative ,furnace4 ,siem5s-,m>t9 ,process4 ,=g+ ,armor ,plate4 ,mak+ ,horse ,%oes4 ,screws & ,special ,ma*9es4 ,electric ,weld+1 ,anneal+ & ,temp]+4 ,coat+ ) ,metal4 ,metal ,f\nd+4 ,b>b$ ,wire ,ma*9es4 ,mak+ ,nails1 ,p9s1 etc4 ,mak+ ,%ot4 ,alloys4 ,mak+ ,alum9um1 & ,metallurgy ( ,r>] ,metals4 ,! ,cyanide ,process4 ,electric ,conc5trator4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,fire ,,arms ,,& ,,explosives4 ,! ,cannon1 ! ,mo/ ,anci5t ( ,fire ,arms4 ,muzzle & ,bree* ,load]s ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,! ,arm/rong ,gun4 ,! ,rodman1 ,dahlgr51 & ,p>rott ,guns4 ,bree*-,load+ ,ordnance4 ,rapid ,fire ,bree*-,load+ ,rifles4 ,disappe>+ ,gun4 ,gatl+ ,gun4 ,dynamite ,gun4 ,! ,colt1 & ,smi? ,wesson ,revolv]s4 ,g]man ,automatic ,pi/ol4 ,bree*-,load+ ,small ,arms4 ,magaz9e ,guns4 ,! ,lee1 ,krag-,jorg5s51 & ,maus] ,rifles4 ,hamm]less ,guns4 ,reb\nd+ ,locks4 ,gun ,cotton4 ,nitro ,glyc]9e1 & ,smokeless ,p[d]4 ,m9es & ,torp$oes4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,textiles4 ,sp9n+ & ,weav+ an ,anci5t ,art4 ,h>greaves' ,sp9n+ ,j5ny4 ,arkwright's ,roll-,draw+ ,sp9n+ ,ma*9e4 ,crompton's ,mule ,sp9n]4 ,! ,cotton ,g94 ,r+ ,sp9n+4 ,! ,rabbe? ,sp9dle4 ,john ,kay's ,fly+ ,%uttle & ,robt4 ,kay's ,drop ,box4 ,c>twright's ,p[] ,loom4 ,! ,jacqu>d ,loom4 ,crompton's ,fancy ,loom4 ,bigel['s ,c>pet ,looms4 ,lyall ,positive ,motion ,loom4 ,knitt+ ,ma*9es4 ,clo? ,press+ ,ma*9]y4 ,artificial ,silk4 ,m]c]iz$ ,clo?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,ice ,,ma*9es4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4 ,freez+ ,mixtures4 ,p]k9s' ,ice ,ma*9e1 #ahcd4 ,pictet's ,app>atus4 ,c>r's ,ammonia ,absorption ,process4 ,direct ,compression1 & ,c ,sy/em4 ,! ,hold5 ,ice ,ma*9e4 ,skat+ ,r9ks4 ,w9dhaus5's ,app>atus = ,cool+ & ,v5tilat+ ,%ips4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,liquid ,,air4 ,liquefaction ( ,gases by ,nor?more--#ahje1 ,f>aday--#ahbc1 ,bussy--#ahbd1 ,?ilori]--#ahcd1 & o!rs4 ,liquefaction ( ,oxyg51 ,nitrog5 & ,air1 by ,pictet & ,cailletet 9 #ahgg4 ,self-,int5sification ( ,cold by ,siem5s 9 #aheg1 & ,w9dhaus5 9 #ahgj4 ,op]ations ( ,dew>1 ,wroblewski1 & ,olszewski4 ,self-,int5sify+ ,processes ( ,solvay1 ,tripl]1 ,l9d1 ,hampson1 & ,o/]gr5 & ,b]g]4 ,liquid ,air ,exp]im5ts & ,uses4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,m9or ,,inv5tions1 ,,& ,pat5ts ( ,pr9cipal ,c\ntries ( ! ,_w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,epilogue4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,p]spective ,,view4 ,/&+ on ! ?re%old ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 & look+ back a hundr$ ye>s1 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury pres5ts 9 ! field ( inv5tion a magnific5t museum ( ?\ghts cry/alliz$ & made immortal1 n z passive gems ( nature1 b z pot5t1 active1 useful ag5cies ( man4 ,! philosophical m9d is ev] accu/om$ to reg>d all /ages ( gr[? z proce$+ by sl[ & uni=m processes ( evolution1 b 9 ! field ( inv5tion ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury has be5 unique4 ,x has be5 some?+ m ?an a m]ely normal gr[? or natural developm5t4 ,x has be5 a gigantic tidal wave ( human +5uity & res\rce1 s /up5d\s 9 its magnitude1 s complex 9 its div]sity1 s pr(\nd 9 its ?\ght1 s fruitful 9 its weal?1 s b5efic5t 9 its results1 t ! m9d is /ra9$ & emb>rass$ 9 its ef=t to exp& to a full appreciation ( x4 ,inde$1 ! p]iod seems a gr& climax ( discov]y1 r ?an an increm5t ( gr[?4 ,x has be5 a spl5did1 brilliant campaign ( bra9s & en]gy1 ris+ to ! highe/ a*ievem5t amid ! mo/ f]tile res\rces1 & conduct$ by ! /ronge/ & be/ equipm5t ( mod]n ?\ght & mod]n /r5g?4 ,! great works ( ! anci5ts are 9 ! ma9 m]e monum5ts ( ! pati5t manual labor ( myriads ( work]s1 & c only rank ) ! build+s ( ! diatom & coral insect4 ,n s ) mod]n a*ievem5t4 ,! la/ c5tury has be5 peculi>ly an age ( ideas & cons]vation ( en]gy1 mat]ializ$ 9 practical embodim5t z labor-sav+ inv5tions1 (t5 ! product ( a s+le m9d1 & p>tak+ ( ! sacr$ quality ( creation4 ,! old ^w ( creation is1 t ,god brea!d into ! clay ! brea? ( life4 ,9 ! new _w ( inv5tion m9d has brea!d into matt]1 & a new & exp&+ creation unfolds itself4 ,! speculative philosophy ( ! pa/ is b a too empty consolation = %ort-liv$1 busy man1 &1 see+ ) ! eye ( sci5ce ! possibilities ( matt]1 he has t\*$ x ) ! div9e brea? ( ?\ght & made a new _w4 ,:5 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury regi/]$ its adv5t 9 hi/ory1 ! _w ( inv5tion 0 a babe /ill 9 its swaddl+ clo!s1 b1 ) a consci\sness ( com+ p[]1 0 beg9n+ to /ret* its /rong "y arms into ! trem5d\s en]gy ( its life4 ,james ,watt _h inv5t$ ! /eam eng9e4 ,eli ,:itney _h giv5 u ! cotton g94 ,john ,gut5b]g _h made 8 pr9t+ type4 ,frankl9 _h set up 8 press4 ,! telescope _h sugge/$ ! possibilities ( e!real space1 ! compass 0 already ! m>9]'s be/ fri5d1 & gunp[d] _h giv5 pro( ( its deadly ag5cy1 b inv5tive g5ius 0 /ill grop+ by ! light ( a tall[ c&le4 ,ev5 up to ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury s /rong a hold _h sup]/ition on ! human m9d1 t inv5tions 7 almo/ synonym\s ) ! black arts1 & ! /ruggl+ g5ius _h n only to cont5d ) ! natural laws & ! ?\s& & "o expect$ difficulties t h$ge ! pa? ( ! inv5tor1 b _h also to ov]come ! f> great] ob/acles ( ignorant fe> & bigot$ prejudice4 ,a labor-sav+ ma*9e 0 look$ ^u askance z ! enemy ( ! work+ man1 & _m an e>ne/ inv5tor1 aft] ye>s ( ardu\s ?\ght & pa9/ak+ labor1 saw 8 *]i%$ model brok5 up & 8 hopes =ev] bla/$ by ! animosity ( 8 fell[ m54 ,b ) ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury a new era has dawn$4 ,! legitimate results ( inv5tions h be5 realiz$ 9 l>g] incomes1 %ort] h\rs ( labor1 & lives s mu* ri*] 9 heal?1 com=t1 happ9ess1 & usefulness1 t to-day ! inv5tor is a b5efactor :om ! _w delights to honor4 ,s cr[d$ is ! busy life ( mod]n civilization ) ! evid5ces ( 8 "w1 t x is impossible to op5 "o's eyes )\t see+ x on e h&1 wov5 into ! v fabric ( daily exi/5ce4 ,x is easy to lose sight ( ! wond]ful :5 once famili> ) x1 & we usually fail to give ! full measure ( positive appreciation to ! great ?+s ( ?is great age4 ,!y bur/ ^u our vision at fir/ l fla%+ meteors2 we m>vel at !m = a little :ile1 & !n we accept !m z facts1 :i* soon become s commonplace & s fus$ into ! common life z to be only notic$ by _! omission4 ,to appreciate !m let u briefly contra/ ! conditions ( to-day ) ^? ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,?is is no easy task1 = ! comp>ison n only involves ! exp]i5ces ( two g5]ations1 b x is l ! juxtaposition ( a /> ) ! noonday sun1 ^: sup]ior brilliancy oblit]ates ! less] light4 ,b rev]se ! :eels ( progress1 & let u make a quick run ( "o hundr$ ye>s into ! pa/1 & :at are our exp]i5ces8 ,be=e we get to our de/9ation we f9d ! :eels !mselves beg9n+ to ?ump & jolt1 & ! passage becomes m difficult1 m uncom=table1 & s mu* sl[]4 ,we are no long] glid+ along 9 a luxuri\s palace c> beh9d a magnific5t locomotive1 travel+ on /eel rails1 at sixty miles an h\r1 b we f9d ourselves ne>+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 9 a rickety1 rumbl+1 du/y /age-coa*4 ,pause6 & consid] ! *ange = a mom5t 9 "s ( its broad] aspects4 ,fir/1 let u exam9e ! pres5t m closely1 = ! av]age busy man1 nev] look+ beh9d him = comp>isons1 does n fully appreciate or e/imate at its real value ! age 9 :i* he lives4 ,!re are to-day 7/ati/ics ( #ahih71 #dde1jfd miles ( railway tracks 9 ! _w4 ,?is w\ld build sev5te5 diff]5t railway tracks1 ( two rails ea*1 ar\nd ! entire _w1 or w\ld girdle "m e>? ) ?irty-f\r belts ( /eel4 ,if ext5d$ 9 /raight l9es1 x w\ld build a track ( two rails to ! moon1 & m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& miles beyond x4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has ne>ly half ( ! entire mileage ( ! _w1 & gets along ) #cf1gdf locomotives1 ne>ly z _m pass5g] coa*es1 & m ?an a million & a qu>t] ( freight c>s1 :i* latt]1 if c\pl$ toge!r1 w\ld make ne>ly ?ree cont9u\s tra9s rea*+ across ! ,am]ican cont95t f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! movem5t ( pass5g] tra9s is equival5t to dispat*+ ?irty-sev5 tra9s p] day ar\nd ! _w1 & ! freight tra9 movem5t is 9 l mann] equal to dispat*+ fifty-?ree tra9s a day ar\nd ! _w4 ,add to ?is ! railway bus9ess controll$ by o!r c\ntries1 & "o gets "s idea ( h[ f> ! /age-coa* has be5 left beh9d4 ,to-day we eat supp] 9 "o city1 & breakfa/ 9 ano!r s _m hundr$s ( miles ea/ or we/ z to be compell$ to set our wat*es to ! new m]idian ( longitude 9 ord] to keep our engagem5t4 ,b railroads & /eam-c>s con/itute only "o ( ! /irr+ elem5ts ( mod]n civilization4 ,z we make ! backw>d run ( "o hundr$ ye>s we h pass$ by _m mile/ones ( progress4 ,let u see if we c c\nt "s ( !m z !y disappe> beh9d u4 ,we quickly lose ! telephone1 phonograph & graphophone4 ,we no long] see ! cable-c>s or electric railways4 ,! electric lights h gone out4 ,! telegraph disappe>s4 ,! sew+ ma*9e1 reap]1 & ?re%] h pass$ away1 & s also h all india-rubb] goods4 ,we no long] see any photographs1 photo-engrav+s1 photoli?ographs1 or snap-%ot cam]as4 ,! wond]ful octuple web p]fect+ pr9t+ press2 pr9t+1 pa/+1 cutt+1 fold+1 & c\nt+ newspap]s at ! rate ( #if1jjj p] h\r1 or #a1fjj p] m9ute1 %r9ks at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury into an insignificant prototype4 ,we lose all plan+ & wood-work+ ma*9]y1 & ) x ! endless v>iety ( sa%es1 doors1 bl9ds1 & furniture 9 unlimit$ v>iety4 ,!re are no gas-eng9es1 no pass5g] elevators1 no asphalt pavem5t1 no /eam fire eng9e1 no triple-expansion /eam eng9e1 no ,giff>d injector1 no celluloid articles1 no b>b$ wire f5ces1 no "t-locks = safes1 no self-b9d+ h>ve/]s1 no oil nor gas wells1 no ice ma*9es nor cold /orage4 ,we lose air eng9es1 /em-w9d+ wat*es1 ca%-regi/]s & ca%-c>ri]s1 ! great susp5sion bridges1 & tunnels1 ! ,suez ,canal1 iron frame build+s1 monitors & heavy ironclads1 revolv]s1 torp$oes1 magaz9e guns & ,gatl+ guns1 l9otype ma*9es1 all practical typewrit]s1 all pa/euriz+1 k ( microbes or disease g]ms1 & sanit>y plumb+1 wat]-gas1 soda wat] f\nta9s1 air brakes1 coal-t> dyes & m$ic9es1 nitro-glyc]9e1 dynamite & guncotton1 dynamo electric ma*9es1 alum9um w>e1 electric locomotives1 ,bessem] /eel ) its wond]ful developm5ts1 ocean cables1 enamel$ iron w>e1 ,welsba* gas burn]s1 electric /orage batt]ies1 ! cig>ette ma*9e1 hydraulic dr$ges1 ! roll] mills1 middl+s purifi]s & pat5t-process fl\r1 t9 c ma*9es1 c> c\pl+s1 compress$ air drills1 sleep+ c>s1 ! dynamite gun1 ! ,mc,kay %oe ma*9e1 ! circul> knitt+ ma*9e1 ! ,jacqu>d loom1 wood pulp = pap]1 fire al>ms1 ! use ( an/hetics 9 surg]y1 oleom>g>9e1 /reet sweep]s1 ,artesian wells1 friction mat*es1 /eam hamm]s1 electro-plat+1 nail ma*9es1 false tee?1 artificial limbs & eyes1 ! spectroscope1 ! ,k9etoscope or mov+ pictures1 acetyl5e gas1 ,x-ray app>atus1 horseless c>riages1 &--b1 en\gh6 ! read] exclaims1 & inde$ x is n pleasant to contemplate ! loss4 ,! negative conditions ( t p]iod ext5d into su* an appall+ void t we /op %ort1 %r9k+ f ! ?\ght ( :at x w\ld mean to mod]n civilization to elim9ate f its life ^! pot5t factors ( its exi/5ce4 ,return+ to ! ri*ness & fullness ( ! pres5t life1 we %all fir/ note *ronologically ! mile/ones & f+] bo>ds :i* m>k ?is great tramway ( progress1 & aft]w>d consid] sep>ately ! m important factors ( progress4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,*ronology ,,( ,,lead+ ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 #ahjj--,volta's ,*emical ,batt]y = produc+ ,electricity4 ,l\is ,rob]t's ,ma*9e = ,mak+ ,cont9u\s ,webs ( ,pap]4 #ahja--,trevi?ick's ,/eam ,coa* 7fir/ automobile74 ,brunel's ,mortis+ ,ma*9e4 ,jacqu>d's ,patt]n ,loom4 ,fir/ ,fire ,pro( ,safe by ,ri*>d ,scott4 ,columbium discov]$ by ,hat*ett4 #ahjb--,trevi?ick & ,vivian's ,briti% pat5t = ,runn+ ,coa*es by ,/eam4 ,*>lotte ,dundas 7,/eamboat7 t[$ canal ,boats on ! ,clyde4 ,tantalum discov]$ by ,ekeb]g4 ,fir/ ,photographic ,exp]im5ts by ,w$gewood & ,davy4 ,bramah's ,plan+ ,ma*9e4 #ahjc--;,c>pue's ,exp]im5ts on ,!rapeutic ,application ( ,electricity4 ,iridium & ,osmium discov]$ by ,t5ant1 & ,c]ium by ,b]zelius4 ,wm4 ,horrocks applies ,/eam to ! ,loom4 #ahjd--,rhodium & ,palladium discov]$ by ,wolla/on4 ,fir/ ,/eam ,railway & ,locomotive by ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick4 ,capt4 ,john ,/ev5s applies tw9 ,screw ,propell]s 9 ,/eam ,navigation4 ,w9sor takes ,briti% pat5t = ,illum9at+ ,gas1 lights ,lyceum ,!atre1 & organizes ,fir/ ,gas ,company4 ,lucas' process mak+ ,malleable ,iron ,ca/+s4 #ahje--,life ,pres]v] inv5t$ by ,john ,edw>ds ( ,london4 ,electro-plat+ inv5t$ by ,brugnatelli4 #ahjf--;,je&eau's ,knitt+ ,ma*9e4 #ahjg--;,fir/ practical ,/eamboat betwe5 ,new ,york & ,albany 7,fulton's ,cl]mont74 ,discov]y ( ,potassium1 ,sodium & ,boron by ,davy4 ,=sy?'s ,p]cussion ,lock = ,guns4 #ahjh--;,b>ium1 ,/rontium1 & ,calcium discov]$ by ,davy4 ,pol>ization ( ,light f ,reflection by ,malus4 ,voltaic arc discov]$ by ,davy4 #ahji--,somm]+'s ,multi-wire ,telegraphy4 #ahaj--,sy/em ( ,homopa?y organiz$ by ,hahnemann4 #ahaa--;,discov]y ( ,metal ,iod9e by ,m4 ,c\rtois4 ,bl5k9sop's ,locomotive4 ,color$ ,pol>ization ( ,light by ,arago4 ,?ornton & ,hall's ,bree* ,load+ ,musket4 #ahab--,london ! ,fir/ ,city light$ by ,gas4 ,ritt]'s ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,s*ill+ proposes use ( ,electricity to bl[ up m9es4 ,zamboni's ,dry ,pile 7prototype ( dry batt]y74 #ahac--;,h[>d's ,briti% pat5t = ,vacuum ,pan = ref9+ sug>4 ,h$ley's ,locomotive 8,puff+ ,billy40 ,introduction ( ,/]eotyp+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,david ,bruce4 #ahad--,london ,times pr9t$ by ,knig's rot>y /eam press4 ,/eph5son's ,fir/ ,locomotive4 ,demologos built by ,fulton 7! fir/ /eam w> vessel74 ,heliography by ,nipce4 ,discov]y ( ,cyanog5 by ,gay ,lussac4 ,! ,kaleidoscope inv5t$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 #ahae--,safety ,lamp by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy4 ,seidlitz ,p[d]s inv5t$4 ,gas ,met] by ,clegg4 #ahaf--,! 8,drais9e0 ,bicycle4 ,circul> ,knitt+ ,ma*9e by ,brunel4 #ahag--;,discov]y ( ,sel5ium by ,b]zelius1 ,cadmium by ,/romey]1 & ,li?ium by ,arfv$son4 ,hunt's ,p9 ,ma*9e4 #ahah--;,brunel's pat5t ,subt]ranean & ,subm>9e tunnels4 ,electro-,magnetism discov]$ by ,o]/$ ( ,cop5hag54 #ahai--;,am]ican ,/eam] ,savannah f ,new ,york fir/ to cross ,atlantic4 ,la5nec discov]s ,auscultation & inv5ts ,/e?oscope4 ,blan*>d's ,la! = turn+ ,irregul> ,=ms4 #ahbj--;,electro-,magnetic ,multipli] by ,s*weigg]4 ,discov]ies 9 ,electro-magnetism by ,amp]e & ,arago4 ,bohn5b]g's ,electroscope4 ,discov]y ( ,qu99e by ,pelleti] & ,cav5t\4 ,malam's ,gas ,met]4 #ahba--;,f>aday conv]ts ,electric ,curr5t into ,me*anical ,motion4 #ahbb--;,babbage ,calculation ,eng9e4 #ahbc--,liquefaction & ,solidification ( ,gases by ,f>aday1 & f\ndation ( ammonia absorption ice ma*9e laid by him4 ,seebeck discov]s ,!rmo-electricity4 ,silicon discov]$ by ,b]zelius4 #ahbd--;,discov]y ( metal ,zirconium by ,b]zelius4 ,wright's ,p9 ,ma*9e4 #ahbe--;,fir/ ,pass5g] ,railway 9 ! _w op5$ betwe5 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton4 ,/urgeon inv5ts prototype ( ,electro ,magnet4 ,beaumont's discov]ies 9 ,dige/ion 7,alexis ,san ,m>t9 #ahbe-cb74 #ahbf--;,discov]y ( ,brom9e by ,m4 ,bal>d4 ,b>l['s ,electrical ,spur ,:eel4 ,fir/ ,railroad 9 ,unit$ ,/ates built ne> ,qu9cy1 ,mass4 #ahbg--;,alum9um r$uc$ by ,wohl]4 ,ohm's ,law ( ,electrical ,resi/ance4 ,hackwor?'s ,improvem5ts 9 ,locomotive4 ,friction ,mat*es by ,john ,walk]4 #ahbh--,neilson's ,hot ,bla/ = ,smelt+ ,iron4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry inv5ts ! ,spool ,electro ,magnet4 ,tubul> ,locomotive ,boil] by ,segu94 ,fir/ ,artificial production ( organic comp\nds 7urea7 by ,wohl]4 ,?orium discov]$ by ,b]zelius4 ,yttrium & ,gluc9um discov]$ by ,wohl]4 ,nicol's prism = ,pol>iz$ ,light4 ,woodwor?'s wood plan]4 ,sp9n+ ,r+ inv5t$ by ,john ,?orp4 #ahbi--;,becqu]el's ,d\ble ,fluid ,galvanic ,batt]y4 ,george ,/eph5son's ,locomotive1 8,rocket10 takes prizes ( ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,importation ( 8,/\rbridge ,lion10 ! fir/ locomotive to run 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dagu]reotype inv5t$4 ,discov]y ( ,magnesium by ,bussey4 #ahcj--,vanadium discov]$ by ,sef/roem4 ,abbe ,dal ,negro's ,electrically op]at$ p5dulum4 ,ericsson's ,/eam ,fire ,eng9e4 #ahca--;,f>aday discov]s ,magnetic ,induction4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry telegraphs signals4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry inv5ts 8 ,electric ,motor4 ,locomotive 8,john ,bull0 put 9 s]vice on ,camd5 & ,amboy ,r4 ,r4 ,*lor(orm discov]$ by ,gu?rie4 ,mc,cormick fir/ exp]im5ts ) ,reap]4 #ahcb--,pr(essor ,morse conceives ! idea ( ,electric ,telegraph4 ,fir/ ,magneto-,electric ,ma*9es by ,saxton 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,pixii 9 ,france4 ,/urgeon's ,rot>y ,electric ,motor4 ,baldw9's fir/ locomotive1 8,old ,ironsides10 built4 ,l9k ,motion = ,locomotive ,eng9e inv5t$ by ,james4 ,*loral-hydrate discov]$ by ,liebig4 #ahcc--,/eam ,:i/le adopt$ by ,/eph5son4 ,hussey's ,reap] pat5t$4 #ahcd--;,jacobi's ,rot>y ,electric ,motor4 ,h5ry ,bessem] electro-plates lead ca/+s ) copp]4 ,f>aday demon/rates relation ( *emical & electrical =ce4 ,mc,cormick ,reap] pat5t$4 ,c>bolic ,acid discov]$ by ,runge4 ,p]k9s' ,ice ,ma*9e4 #ahce--;,=bes proves ! abs5ce ( heat 9 ,moonlight4 ,burd5's horse %oe ,ma*9e4 #ahcf--,! ,daniell ,con/ant ,batt]y inv5t$4 ,acetyl5e ,gas produc$ by ,edmond ,davy4 ,colt's ,revolv]4 #ahcg--;,cooke & ,:eat/one's ,briti% pat5t = ,electric telegraph4 ,/e9heil discov]$ feasibility ( us+ ! e>? = return section ( electric circuit4 ,dav5port's ,electric ,motor4 ,sp5c]'s exp]im5ts 9 electrotyp+4 ,galvaniz$ ,iron inv5t$ by ,craufurd4 #ahch--,pr(essor ,morse's ,fr5* pat5t = ,telegraph4 ,jacobi's ,galvano-pla/ic process = mak+ ,electrotype ,pr9t+ ,plates4 ,reflect+ ,/]eoscope by ,:eat/one4 ,dry ,gas ,met] by ,defries4 #ahci--,wreck ( ,royal ,george bl[n up by ,electro ,bla/+4 ,jacobi builds fir/ ,electrically propell$ ,boat4 ,fox ,talbot makes ,photo ,pr9ts f ,negatives4 ,pr(essors ,drap] & ,morse make fir/ ,photographic ,portraits4 ,mungo ,ponton applies ,bi*romate ( ,pota% 9 ,photography4 ,goodye> discov]s process ( ,vulcaniz+ ,rubb]4 ,lan?anum & ,didymium discov]$ by ,mos&]4 ,babbit ,metal inv5t$4 #ahdj--,pr(essor ,morse's ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t = ,electric ,telegraph4 ,pr(essor ,grove makes fir/ ,inc&esc5t ,electric ,lamp4 ,cele/ial ,photography by ,pr(essor ,drap]4 #ahda--;,artesian well bor$ at ,gr5elle1 ,p>is4 ,sickel's ,/eam ,cut-(f4 ,talbotype ,photos4 ,m4 ,trig] inv5ts ,pneumatic ,caissons4 #ahdb--;,fir/ production ( ,illum9at+ ,gas f wat] 7wat] gas7 by ,m4 ,selligue4 ,robt4 ,davidson builds ,electric ,locomotive4 ,nasmy? pat5ts ,/eam ,hamm]4 #ahdc--;,j\le's demon/ration z to ! ,nature ( ,=ce4 ,erbium & ,t]bium discov]$ by ,mos&]4 ,! ,?ames ,tunnel ,op5$4 #ahdd--;,fir/ ,telegraphic ,message s5t by ,morse f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore4 ,application ,nitr\s ,oxide ,gas z an ,an/hetic by ,dr4 ,wells4 #ahde--,ru!nium discov]$ by ,klaws4 ,! ,/>r-,k+ ,inc&esc5t ,electric ,lamp4 ,! ,hoe ,type ,revolv+ ,ma*9e4 #ahdf--;,h\se's ,pr9t+ ,telegraph4 ,h[e's ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,suez ,canal ,/>t$ 7f\rte5 ye>s build+74 ,crusell ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh inv5ts ,electric ,caut]y4 ,use ( ,e!r z ,an/hetic by ,dr4 ,morton4 ,artificial ,legs4 ,discov]y ( ,planet ,neptune4 ,sloan pat5ts ,gimlet ,po9t$ ,screw4 ,gun ,cotton discov]$ by ,s*nbe94 #ahdg--;,*lor(orm introduc$ by ,dr4 ,simpson4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e discov]$ by ,sobr]o4 ,"t-,locks inv5t$ by ,savage4 #ahdh--;,discov]y ( ,satellites ( ,saturn by ,lassell4 ,ba9's ,*emical ,telegraph4 ,bakewell's ,fac-,simile ,telegraph4 #ahdi--;,b\rdon's ,pressure ,gauge4 ,l5ticul> ,/]eoscope by ,brew/]4 ,hibb]t's ,lat* ,ne$le = ,knitt+ ,ma*9e4 ,corliss ,eng9e4 #ahej--;,fir/ ,subm>9e ,cable--,dov] to ,calais4 ,collodion ,process 9 ,photography4 ,m]c]iz+ ,clo?4 ,am]ican ,ma*9e-made ,wat*es4 #ahea--;,dr4 ,page's ,electric ,locomotive4 ,! ,ruhmkorff ,coil4 ,scott ,ar*]'s ,collodion ,process 9 ,photography4 ,seym\r's ,self-,rak] = ,h>ve/]s4 ,helmholtz inv5ts ,op?almoscope4 ,mayn>d ,bree* ,load+ ,rifle4 #aheb--;,*ann+ & ,f>m] ,fire ,al>m ,telegraph4 ,fox ,talbot fir/ uses reticulat$ scre5 = ,half ,tone ,pr9t+4 #ahec--;,g9tl's ,duplex ,telegraph inv5t$4 ,electric ,lamps devis$ by ,f\cault & ,duboscq4 ,watt & ,burgess ,soda ,process = ,mak+ ,wood ,pulp4 #ahed--,wilson's ,f\r ,motion ,fe$ = ,sew+ ,ma*9es4 ,melhui% inv5ts ! ,photographic ,roll ,films4 ,h]mann's ,diamond ,drill4 ,smi? & ,wesson ,magaz9e ,fire>m 7,f\ndation ( ! ,w9*e/]74 #ahee--;,bessem] ,process ( ,mak+ ,/eel4 ,hjor? inv5ts ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9e4 ,ericsson's ,air ,eng9e4 ,niag>a ,susp5sion ,bridge4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,taup5ot inv5ts ,dry ,plate ,photography4 ,! ,mi*aux ,bicycle4 #ahef--;,hughes ,pr9t+ ,telegraph4 ,alliance ,magneto ,electric ,ma*9e4 ,woodruff ,sleep+ ,c>4 ,fir/ comm]cial ,anil9e ,dyes by ,p]k9s4 ,siem5s ,reg5]ative ,furnace4 #aheg--,rogues' ,gall]y e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,introduction ( ,iron ,floor ,beams 9 build+ ,coop] ,in/itute4 ,siem5s describes pr9ciple ( ,self ,int5sification ( ,cold 7n[ us$ 9 ice & liquid air ma*9es74 #aheh--,phelps ,pr9t+ ,telegraph inv5t$4 ,fir/ ,atlantic ,cable ,laid4 ,pap] pulp f ,wood by ,voelt]4 ,fir/ use ( ,electric ,light 9 ,light ,h\se at ,s\? ,=el&4 ,giff>d ,/eam ,injector4 ,g>dn] pat5ts fir/ ,und]gr\nd ,cable ,c> ,sy/em4 #ahei--;,discov]y ,coal ,oil 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,moses ,g4 ,f>m] subdivides ,electric ,curr5t ?r\gh a numb] ( ,electric ,lamps1 & lights fir/ dwell+ by ,electricity4 ,great ,ea/]n laun*$4 ,osborne p]fects mod]n process ( ,photoli?ography4 ,pr(essors ,kir*h(f & ,buns5 map ,sol> ,spectrum1 & e/abli% ,spectrum ,analysis4 #ahfj--,rubidium & ,caesium discov]$ by ,buns54 ,ga/on ,plant's ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,reis' ,crude ,telephone4 ,?allium discov]$ by ,crookes1 & ,indium by ,rei* & ,ri*t]4 ,sp5c] & ,h5ry ,magaz9e ,rifles4 ,c>r's ,ammonia ,absorption ,ice ,ma*9e4 #ahfa--,mc,kay ,%oe ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,calcium ,c>bide produc$ by ,wohl]4 ,col4 ,gre5 inv5ts ,drive ,well4 ,otis ,pass5g] ,elevator4 ,fir/ ,b>b$ ,wire ,f5ce4 #ahfb--;,ericsson's ,iron ,clad ,turret ,monitor4 ,emulsions & improvem5ts 9 ,dry ,plate ,photography by ,russell & ,sayce4 ,! ,gatl+ ,gun4 ,timby's ,revolv+ ,turret4 #ahfc--,s*ultz :ite gunp[d]4 #ahfd--,nobel's ,explosive ,gelat9e4 ,rubb] ,d5tal ,plates4 ,cab9 ,john 7,wa%+ton ,aqu$uct7 ,bridge f9i%$ 7longe/ masonry span 9 ! _w74 #ahfe--,l\is ,pa/eur's "w 9 ,bact]iology begun4 ,m>t9's ,process ( mak+ ,/eel4 #ahff--,wilde's ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9e4 ,burleigh's ,compress$ ,air ,rock ,drill4 ,:itehead ,torp$o4 #ahfg--,siem5s' ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9e4 ,dynamite ,inv5t$4 ,tilghman's ,sulphite ,process = mak+ ,wood ,pulp4 #ahfh--;,brickill's ,wat] ,heat] = ,/eam ,fire ,eng9es4 ,moncrieff's ,disappe>+ ,gun ,c>riage4 ,oleom>g>9e inv5t$ by ,mege4 ,%oles ,typewrit]4 #ahfi--,suez ,canal ,op5$4 ,pacific ,railway ,complet$4 ,fir/ ,we/+h\se ,air-,brakes4 #ahgj--,! ,gramme ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9e4 ,w9dhaus5 ,refrig]at+ ,ma*9es4 ,beleagu]$ ,p>is communicates ) out] _w ?r\gh ,micro-,photographs4 ,hail]'s ,reb\nd+ ,gun ,lock4 ,dittm>'s ,gunp[d]4 #ahga--;,hoe's ,web ,p]fect+ ,press set up 9 ,(fice ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,! ,locke ,gra9 ,b9d]4 ,bridge ,"w 9 ,d5ti/ry4 ,m\nt ,c5is ,tunnel op5$ = traffic4 ,phosphorus ,bronze4 ,+]soll ,compress$ ,air ,rock ,drill4 #ahgb--,/e>ns p]fects ,duplex ,telegraph4 ,we/+h\se ,improv$ automatic ,air ,brake4 ,lyall ,positive ,motion ,loom4 #ahgc--;,janney ,automatic ,c> ,c\pl]4 ,oleom>g>9e pat5t$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates by ,mege4 #ahgd--;,edison's ,quadruplex ,telegraph4 ,gorham's ,tw9e ,b9d] = ,h>ve/]s4 ,b>b$ ,wire ,ma*9es4 ,/4 ,l\is ,bridge f9i%$4 #ahge--,l[e's pat5t = ,wat] ,gas 7illum9at+ gas made f wat]74 ,roll] ,mills & ,middl+s ,purifi] = mak+ fl\r4 ,gallium discov]$ by ,boisbaudran4 ,pictet ,ice ,ma*9e4 ,gamgee's ,skat+ ,r9ks4 ,fir/ ,ca% ,c>ri] = ,/ores4 #ahgf--;,alex&] ,graham ,bell's ,speak+ ,telephone4 ,hydraulic ,dr$ges4 ,cig>ette ,ma*9]y4 ,photograph+ by ,electric ,light by ,v&] ,weyde4 ,edison's ,electric ,p54 ,/eam ,fe$ = ,saw ,mill ,c>riages4 ,introduction ( ,cable ,c>s by ,hallidie4 #ahgg--,phonograph inv5t$ by ,edison4 ,otto ,gas ,eng9e4 ,jablo*k(f ,electric ,c&le4 ,sawy]-,man ,electric ,lamp4 ,b]l9]'s ,telephone ,transmitt] ( v>iable resi/ance 7pat4 ,nov4 #ag1 '#ia74 ,edison's ,c>bon ,microphone 7pat4 ,may #c1 '#ib74 ,discov]y ( ,satellites ( ,m>s by ,pr(essor ,asaph ,hall1 & its s-call$ ,canals by ,s*iap>elli4 ,liquefaction ( ,oxyg51 ,nitrog5 & ,air by ,pictet & ,cailletet4 #ahgh--;,developm5t ( ,rem+ton ,typewrit]4 ,edison inv5ts ,c>bon ,filam5t = ,inc&esc5t ,electric ,lamp4 ,gelat9o-,bromide ,emulsions 9 ,photography4 ,ytt]bium discov]$ by ,m>ignac4 ,birk5head ,yield+ ,sp9n+ ,sp9dle ,be>+4 ,gessn] ,clo? ,press4 #ahgi--;,dr4 ,siem5s' ,electric ,railway at ,b]l94 ,mississippi ,jetties complet$ by ,capt4 ,eads4 ,sam>ium discov]$ by ,boisbaudran1 ,sc&ium by ,nilson1 & ,?ulium by ,cleve4 ,! ,lee ,magaz9e ,rifle4 #ahhj--;,faure's ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,eb]? & ,ko* discov] ,bacillus ( ,typhoid ,fev]1 & ,/]nb]g ! ,bacillus ( ,pneumonia4 ,edison's ,magnetic ,ore ,conc5trator4 ,gre5]'s ,hamm]less ,gun4 ,rabbe? ,sp9n+ ,sp9dle pat5t$4 #ahha--,telegraph+ by ,induction by ,wm4 ,w4 ,smi?4 ,blake ,telephone ,transmitt]4 ,reece ,button ,hole ,ma*9e4 ,rack-a-rock 7explosive7 pat5t$4 #ahhb--;,bacillus ( ,tub]culosis id5tifi$ by ,ko*1 & ,bacillus ( ,hydrophobia by ,pa/eur4 ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel op5$ = traffic4 #ahhc--;,brooklyn ,susp5sion ,bridge ,complet$4 #ahhd--;,antipyr5e4 ,m]g5?al]'s fir/ ,l9otype ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e inv5t$4 ,bacillus ( ,*ol]a id5tifi$ by ,ko*1 ,bacillus ( ,diph!ria by ,loeffl]1 & ,bacillus ( ,lockjaw by ,nicolai]4 #ahhe--;,c[les' ,process ( ,manufactur+ ,alum9um4 ,fir/ ,electric ,railway 9 ,am]ica in/all$ betwe5 ,baltimore & ,hampd54 ,neodymium & ,praseodymium discov]$ by ,welsba*4 ,welsba* ,gas ,burn] inv5t$4 ,bl[+ up ( ,flood ,rock1 ,new ,york ,h>bor4 8,bellite0 produc$ by ,lamm1 & 8,mel9ite0 by ,turp94 #ahhf--;,graphophone inv5t$4 ,electric ,weld+ by ,elihu ,?omson4 ,gadol9um discov]$ by ,m>ignac1 & ,g]manium by ,w9kl]4 #ahhg--,mc,arthur & ,=re/'s ,cyanide ,process ( ,obta9+ ,gold4 ,tesla's ,sy/em ( ,polyphase ,curr5ts4 #ahhh--;,electrocution ( ,crim9als adopt$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,h>vey's ,process ( ,anneal+ ,armor ,plate4 ,de ,laval's ,rot>y ,/eam ,turb9e4 8,kodak0 ,snap-,%ot ,cam]a4 ,lick ,telescope4 ,de ,*>donnet's ,process ( ,mak+ ,artificial ,silk4 #ahhi--,nickel ,/eel4 ,hall's ,process ( ,mak+ ,alum9um4 ,dudley ,dynamite ,gun4 8,cordite0 7,smokeless ,p[d]7 produc$ by ,abel & ,dew>4 #ahij--,m]g5?al]'s ,improv$ ,l9otype ,ma*9e4 ,photography 9 ,colors4 ,! ,great ,=? ,bridge f9i%$4 ,krag-,jorg5s5 ,magaz9e ,rifle4 #ahia--,p>sons' ,rot>y ,/eam ,turb9e4 ,! ,nor?rup ,loom4 #ahib--,! explosive 8,indurite0 inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,munroe4 #ahic--;,a*eson's process = mak+ ,c>borundum4 ,! ,y]kes ,telescope4 ,edison's ,k9etoscope4 ,production ( ,calcium ,c>bide 9 ,electric ,furnace by ,willson4 #ahid--;,discov]y ( elem5t ,argon by ,"l ,rayleigh & ,pr(essor ,ramsey4 ,?orite produc$ by ,bawd54 #ahie--,x-,rays discov]$ & appli$ by ,ro5tg54 ,acetyl5e ,gas f ,calcium ,c>bide by ,willson4 ,krupp ,armor ,plate4 ,l9d's ,liquid air app>atus4 #ahif--,m>coni's ,sy/em ( ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,buff+ton-,crozi] ,disappe>+ ,gun4 #ahig--,s*lick's ,sy/em ( ,balanc+ ,m>9e ,eng9es4 ,discov]y ( ,krypton by ,ramsey & ,trav]s4 #ahih--;,horry & ,bradley's process ( mak+ ,calcium ,c>bide4 ,discov]y ( ,neon & ,met>gon by ,ramsey & ,trav]s2 ,coronium by ,nas9i2 ,x5on by ,ramsey2 ,monium by ,crookes1 & ,e!rion by ,bru%4 ,m]c]iz+ ,clo? "u t5sion to r5d] x ,silky4 #ahii--,m>coni ,telegraphs )\t wire across ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,oceanic laun*$1 ! l>ge/ /eam] ev] built4 #aijj--,! ,gr&e ,lunette ,telescope ( ,p>is ,exposition4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,,! ,,voltaic ,,pile--,,daniell',s ,,batt]y--,,use ,,( ,,conduct+ ,,wire ,,by ,,web]--,,/e9heil ,,employs ,,e>? ,,z ,,return ,,circuit--,,pr(4 ,,h5ry',s ,,electro ,,magnet1 ,,& ,,fir/ ,,telegraphic ,,exp]im5t--,,pr(4 ,,morse',s ,,telegraphic ,,code ,,& ,,regi/]--,,fir/ ,,l9e ,,betwe5 ,,wa%+ton ,,& ,,baltimore--,,ba9',s ,,*emical ,,telegraph--,,g9tl',s ,,duplex ,,telegraph--,,edison',s ,,quadruplex--,,h\se',s ,,pr9t+ ,,telegraph--,,fac ,,simile ,,telegraphs--,,*ann+ ,,& ,,f>m] ,,fire ,,al>m--,,telegraph+ ,,by ,,induction--,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,by ,,m>coni--,,/ati/ics4 ,9 ! ef=t to l5g!n out ! limit$ span ( life into a great] record ( results1 "t becomes an object ( economy4 ,to save "t is to live long1 & ?is 9 a pre-em95t degree is accompli%$ by ! telegraph4 ,( all ! inv5tions :i* man has call$ into exi/5ce to aid him 9 ! fulfillm5t ( 8 de/9y1 none s closely resembles man himself 9 8 dual quality ( body & s\l z ! telegraph4 ,x too has a body & s\l4 ,we see ! wire & ! electro-magnet1 b n ! vital pr9ciple :i* animates x4 ,)\t its subtile1 pulsat+1 intangible _s1 x is b dead matt]4 ,b vitaliz$ ) its immortal s\l x assumes ! quality ( animat$ exi/5ce1 & ?r\gh its ag5cy ?\ght is ext5d$ beyond ! limitations ( "t & space1 & fla%es ?r\gh air & sea ar\nd ! _w4 ,its mov+ pr9ciple fl[s m sil5tly ?an a summ]'s zephyr1 & yet x rises at times to an angry & deadly cra% 9 ! lightn+ /roke4 ,at once p[]ful & elusive1 x rema9$ = ,pr(essor ,morse to capture ?is wild /e$1 &1 tam+ x1 place x 9 ! p]man5t s]vice ( man4 ,on ,may #bd1 #ahdd1 !re w5t ov] ! wires betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore ! fir/ message--8,:at ha? ,god wr\ght80 ,?is 0 bo? pray] & praise1 & no m l(ty recognition ( ! div9e p[] & b5efic5ce c\ld h be5 made4 ,x 0 inde$ ! "w ( ,god made manife/ 9 ! h&s ( ,8 *ildr54 ,popul> e/imation has always cr$it$ ,pr(4 ,morse ) ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph1 b to ascribe to him all ! praise w\ld d great inju/ice to _m o!r wor?y work]s 9 ?is field1 "s ( :om are reg>d$ by ! be/ judges to be entitl$ to equal praise4 ,! practical telegraph z orig9ally us$ is resolvable into f\r ess5tial elem5ts1 viz41 ! batt]y1 ! conduct+ wire1 ! electro-magnet1 & ! receiv+ & transmitt+ in/rum5ts4 ,! developm5t ( ! batt]y began ) ,galvani 9 #agij1 & ,volta 9 #ahjj4 ,galvani discov]$ t a frog's legs w\ld exhibit viol5t muscul> contraction :5 its expos$ n]ves 7 t\*$ ) "o metal & its muscles 7 t\*$ ) ano!r metal1 ! two metals be+ connect$4 ,! effect 0 due to an electric curr5t g5]at$ & act+ ) contractile effect on ! muscles ( ! frog's legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,f ?is ph5om5on1 ! *emical action ( acids ^u metals & ! production ( an electric curr5t 7 obs]v$1 & ! voltaic pile 0 inv5t$4 ,?is consi/$ ( alt]nate discs ( copp] & z9c1 sep>at$ by lay]s ( clo? /eep$ 9 an acidulat$ solution4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,volta4 ,f ?is grew ! ,daniell batt]y1 inv5t$ 9 #ahcf by ,pr(4 ,daniell ( ,london1 quickly foll[$ by ^? ( ,grove1 ,smee1 & o!rs4 ,^! batt]ies 7 m con/ant or uni=m 9 ! production ( electricity1 7 free f odors1 & did n require frequ5t clean+1 z did ! plates ( ! voltaic pile1 :i* 7 important results = telegraphic purposes4 ,! ,daniell batt]y 9 its orig9al =m employ$ an acidulat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp] 9 a copp] cell conta9+ a por\s cup1 & a cyl9d] ( amalgamat$ z9c 9 ! por\s cup & surr\nd$ by a weak acid solution4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 :i* %[s a slightly modifi$ =m1 a cruci=m rod ( z9c )9 a por\s cup is surr\nd$ by a copp] cell1 ! :ole be+ enclos$ )9 a glass j>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,daniell',s ,,batt]y4 ,! second elem5t ( ! telegraph--! conduct+ wire--0 sc>cely an inv5tion 9 itself1 & ! fact t electricity w\ld act at a di/ance ?r\gh a metal conductor _h be5 obs]v$ _m ye>s be=e ! ,morse telegraph 0 inv5t$4 ,9 #ahbc1 h[ev]1 ,web] discov]$ t a copp] wire :i* he _h c>ri$ ov] ! h\ses & *ur* /eeples ( ,gtt+5 f ! obs]vatory to ! cab9et ( ,natural ,philosophy1 requir$ no special insulation4 ,?is 0 an important obs]vation 9 ! practical con/ruction ( telegraph l9es4 ,"o ( ev5 great] importance1 h[ev]1 0 t ( ,pr(4 ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 :o1 9 #ahcg1 made ! discov]y ( ! practicability ( us+ ! e>? z "o-half1 or ! return section1 ( ! electric conductor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,pr(4 ,,h5ry',s ,,int5sity ,,magnet4 ,! ?ird elem5t ( ! telegraph is ! electro-magnet4 ,?is1 & its arrangem5t z a relay 9 a local circuit1 0 a mo/ important inv5tion1 & contribut$ q z mu* to ! success ( ! telegraph z did ! inv5tions ( ,pr(4 ,morse4 ,x may be well to say t an electro-magnet is a magnet :i* attracts an iron armature :5 an electric curr5t is s5t ?r\gh its coil ( wire1 & loses its attractive =ce :5 ! circuit is cut (f1 !reby r5d]+ x possible to produce me*anical effects at a di/ance ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( electrical impulses only4 ,= ! electro-magnet ! _w is *iefly indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry1 =m]ly ( ,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j41 b lat] ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,9 #ahbh he inv5t$ ! en]getic mod]n =m ( electro-magnet ) silk cov]$ wire w\nd 9 a s]ies ( cross$ lay]s to =m a helix ( multiple lay]s ar\nd a c5tral s(t iron core1 & 9 #ahca succe$$ 9 mak+ practical ! production ( me*anical effects at a di/ance1 by ! tapp+ ( a bell by a rod deflect$ by "o ( 8 electro-magnets4 ,?is exp]im5t may be consid]$ ! pione] /ep ( ! telegraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,h5ry4 ,,/urgeon4 ,great z 0 ! "w ( ,pr(4 ,h5ry1 he mu/ %>e ! honors ) a numb] ( prior inv5tors :o made ! electro-magnet possible4 ,electro-magnetism1 ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ! electro-magnet1 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahai by ,pr(4 ,o]/$1 ( ,cop5hag54 ,9 #ahbj ,s*weigg] add$ ! multipli]4 ,arago 9 ! same ye> discov]$ t a /eel rod 0 magnetiz$ :5 plac$ across a wire c>ry+ an electric curr5t1 & t iron fil+s adh]$ to a wire c>ry+ a voltaic curr5t & dropp$ (f :5 ! curr5t 0 brok54 ,m4 ,amp]e sub/itut$ a helix = ! /raight wire1 & ,/urgeon1 ( ,engl&1 9 #ahbe made ! real prototype ( ! electro-magnet by w9d+ a piece ( b>e copp] wire 9 a s+le coil ar\nd a v>ni%$ & insulat$ iron core ( a horse %oe =m1 b ! p[]ful & effective electro-magnet ( ,pr(4 ,h5ry is to-day an ess5tial "p ( ! telegraph1 is 9 univ]sal use1 & is ! f\ndation ( ! entire electrical art4 ,x is un=tunate t ,pr(4 ,h5ry did n p]petuate ! records ( 8 inv5tions 9 pat5ts1 to :i* he 0 oppos$1 = !re is good reason to believe t he 0 also ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! important arrangem5t ( ! electro-magnet z a relay 9 local circuit1 & o!r features1 :i* h be5 claim$ by o!r p>ties ^u m endur+ evid5ce1 b p]haps ) less "r ( priority4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,morse',s ,,fir/ ,,model ,,p5dulum ,,in/rum5t4 ,! f\r? & great f9al addition to ! telegraph :i* cr[n$ x ) success 0 ! ,morse regi/] & alphabetical code1 ! inv5tion ( ,pr(4 ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ( ,massa*usetts4 ,pr(4 ,morse's inv5tion 0 made 9 #ahcb1 :ile on bo>d %ip return+ f ,europe4 ,he set up an exp]im5tal l9e 9 #ahce1 & got 8 ,fr5* pat5t ,octob] #cj1 #ahch1 & 8 fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,june #bj1 #ahdj1 ,no4 #afdg4 ,9 #ahdd ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress appropriat$ #cj1jjj to build a l9e f ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton1 & on ,may #bd1 #ahdd1 ! notable message1 8,:at ,ha? ,god wr\ght80 w5t ov] ! wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,! ,,morse ,,code4 ,morse's fir/ model1 8 p5dulum in/rum5t ( #ahcg1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,a p5dulum c>ry+ a p5cil 0 9 con/ant contact ) a /rip ( pap] drawn b5ea? ! p5cil4 ,z long z inactive ! p5cil made a /raight l9e4 ,! p5dulum c>ri$ also an armature1 & an electro-magnet 0 plac$ ne> ! armature4 ,a curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ! magnet w\ld draw ! p5dulum to "o side4 ,on be+ releas$ ! p5dulum w\ld return1 & 9 ?is way zigzag m>k+s1 z %[n at #d & #e1 w\ld be produc$ on ! /rip ( pap]1 :i* =m$ ! alphabet4 ,a diff]5t alphabet1 kn[n z ! ,morse ,code1 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ by ,morse1 & 9 #ahdd ! receiv+ regi/] %[n at ,fig4 #g 0 adopt$1 :i* f9ally assum$ ! =m %[n at ,fig4 #h4 ,! alphabet consi/$ simply ( an arrangem5t ( dots & da%es 9 v>y+ sequ5ce4 ,! regi/] is an app>atus op]at$ by ! comb9$ effects ( a clock me*anism & electro-magnet4 ,"u a roll1 see ,fig4 #h1 a ribbon ( pap] is drawn by ! clockwork4 ,a lev] hav+ an armature on "o end arrang$ ov] ! poles ( an electro-magnet1 c>ries on ! o!r end a po9t or /ylus4 ,:5 an electric impulse is s5t ov] ! l9e ! electro-magnet attracts ! armature1 & ! /ylus on ! o!r end ( ! lev] is br\ght into contact ) ! pap] /rip1 & makes an ind5t$ impression4 ,a %ort impulse gives a dot1 & a long impulse holds ! /ylus aga9/ ! pap] long en\gh to all[ ! clock me*anism to pull ! pap] "u ! /ylus & make a da%4 ,by ! manipulation ( a key = clos+ ! electric circuit ! %ort or long impulse may be s5t1 at ! pleasure ( ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,morse ,,receiv]4 ,?is con/itut$ ! complet$ inv5tion ( ! telegraph1 & on comp>+ ! "w ( ,pr(s4 ,h5ry & ,morse1 x is only fair to say t ,pr(4 ,h5ry's contribution to ! telegraph is /ill 9 active use1 :ile ! ,morse regi/] has be5 practically ab&on$1 z no exp]t telegraph] requires ! visible evid5ce ( ! code1 b all rely n[ entirely ^u ! s\nd click ( ! electro-magnet plac$ 9 ! local circuit & kn[n z a s\nd]1 ! v>y+ "t l5g?s ( gaps betwe5 ! clicks s]v+ e purpose ( rapid & intellig5t communication4 ,! inv5tion ( ! telegraph has be5 claim$ = ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 & also = ,cooke & ,:eat/one1 9 ,engl&1 b few w d5y t x is to ,pr(4 ,morse's indefatigable en]gy & inv5tive skill1 ) ! prelim9>y "w ( ,pr(4 ,h5ry1 t ! _w to-day owes its great gift ( ! electric telegraph1 & ) ?is gift ! _w's great n]v\s =ces h be5 br\ght into an intimate & s5sitive sympa?y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,p]fect$ ,,morse ,,regi/]4 ,:5ev] an inv5tion receives ! adv]tisem5t ( public approval & comm]cial exploitation1 ! developm5t ( t inv5tion along v>i\s l9es foll[s rapidly1 & s :5 practical telegraphic communication 0 solv$ by ,h5ry1 ,morse1 & o!rs1 fur!r advances 9 v>i\s directions 7 made4 ,ef=ts to increase ! rapidity 9 s5d+ messages soon grew into practical success1 & 9 #ahdh ,ba9's ,*emical ,telegraph 0 br\ght out4 7,u4 ,s4 ,pats4 ,no4 #e1ieg1 ,dec4 #e1 #ahdh1 & ,no4 #f1cbh1 ,april #ag1 #ahdi47 ,?is employ$ p]=at$ /rips ( pap] to effect automatic transmission by contact made ?r\gh ! p]=ations 9 place ( ! key1 :ile a *emically prep>$ pap] at ! opposite end ( ! l9e 0 discolor$ by ! electric impulses to =m ! record4 ,?is 0 ! pione] ( ! automatic sy/em :i* by lat] improvem5ts is able to s5d ov] a ?\s& words a m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,h\se ,,pr9t+ ,,telegraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,/ock ,,brok]',s 8,,tick]10 ,,) ,,glass ,,cov] ,,remov$4 ,9 l9e ) o!r ef=ts to increase ! capacity ( ! wires1 ! duplex telegraph 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,william ,g9tl1 ( ,au/ria1 9 #ahec1 & 0 aft]w>ds improv$ by ,c>l ,fris*51 ( ,hanov]1 & by ,joseph ,b4 ,/e>ns1 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass1 :o 9 #ahgb p]fect$ ! duplex 7,u4 ,s4 ,pats4 ,no4 #abf1hdg1 ,may #ad1 #ahgb1 & ,no4 #acb1icc1 ,nov4 #ab1 #ahgb74 ,?is sy/em d\bles ! capacity ( ! telegraphic wire1 & its pr9ciple ( action p]mits messages s5t f ! home /ation to ! di/ant /ation to h no effect on ! home /ation1 b full effect on ! di/ant /ation1 s t ! op]ators at ! opposite ends ( ! l9e may bo? telegraph ov] ! same wire1 at ! same "t1 9 opposite directions4 ,?is sy/em has be5 fur!r enl>g$ by ! quadruplex sy/em ( ,edison1 :i* 0 br\ght out 9 #ahgd 7& subsequ5tly develop$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #bji1bda1 ,oct4 #bb1 #ahgh74 ,?is enabl$ f\r messages to be s5t ov] ! same wire at ! same "t1 & is said to h increas$ ! value ( ! ,we/]n ,union wires #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahdf ,royal ,c4 ,h\se inv5t$ ! pr9t+ telegraph1 :i* pr9t$ ! message automatically on a /rip ( pap]1 some?+ aft] ! mann] ( ! typewrit] 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #d1dfd1 ,april #ah1 #ahdf74 ,! +5i\s me*anism involv$ 9 ?is 0 some:at complicat$1 b its results 9 pr9t+ ! message pla9ly 7 v satisfactory4 ,?is 0 ! prototype ( ! famili> 8tick]0 ( ! /ock brok]'s (fice1 se5 9 ,figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,9 #ahef ! ,hughes pr9t+ telegraph 0 br\ght out 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #ad1iag1 ,may #bj1 #ahef71 & 9 #aheh ,g4 ,m4 ,phelps comb9$ ! valuable features ( ! ,hughes & ,h\se sy/ems 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #bf1jjc1 ,nov4 #a1 #ahei74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,receiv+ ,,message ,,on ,,/ock ,,brok]',s 8,,tick]40 ,fac ,simile telegraphs con/itute ano!r1 al?\gh less important bran* ( ! art4 ,^! accompli%$ ! /rik+ result ( reproduc+ ! message at ! end ( ! l9e 9 ! exact h&writ+ ( ! s5d]1 & n only writ+1 b exact reproductions ( all outl9es1 su* z maps1 pictures1 & s =?1 may be s5t4 ,! fac simile telegraph orig9at$ ) ,f4 ,c4 ,bakewell1 ( ,engl&1 9 #ahdh 7,br4 ,pat4 ,no4 #ab1ceb1 ( #ahdh74 ,! ,dial ,telegraph is /ill ano!r modification ( ! telegraph4 ,9 ?is ! lett]s are arrang$ 9 a circul> s]ies1 & a light ne$le or po9t]1 conc5trically pivot$1 is c>ri$ back & =? ov] ! lett]s1 & is made to successively po9t to ! desir$ lett]s4 ,among o!r useful applications ( ! telegraph is ! fire al>m sy/em4 ,9 #aheb ,*ann+ & ,f>m]1 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass41 devis$ a sy/em ( telegraphic fire al>ms1 :i* 0 adopt$ 9 ! city ( ,bo/on 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #ag1cee1 ,may #ai1 #aheg71 & :i* 9 v>y+ modifications has spread ?r\gh all ! cities ( ! _w1 introduc+ t mo/ important elem5t ( "t economy 9 ! ext+ui%m5t ( fires4 ,hundr$s ( cities & millions ( doll>s h be5 ?us sav$ f de/ruction4 ,simil> applications ( local al>ms 9 great numb]s h be5 ext5d$ into v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( life1 su* z ,di/rict ,mess5g] ,s]vice1 ,burgl> ,al>ms1 ,railroad-,signal ,sy/ems1 ,hotel-,annunciators1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,telegraph+ ,,by ,,induction4 ,= furni%+ curr5t = telegraphic purposes ! dynamo1 & especially ! /orage batt]y1 h 9 late ye>s f\nd useful application4 ,9 fact1 9 ! lead+ telegraph (fices ! /orage batt]y has practically sup]s$$ ! old voltaic cells4 ,telegraph+ by induction1 i4 e41 )\t ! me*anical connection ( a conduct+ wire1 is ano!r ( ! developm5ts ( telegraphy 9 rec5t ye>s1 & f9ds application to telegraph+ to mov+ railway tra9s4 ,:5 an electric curr5t fl[s ov] a telegraph l9e1 objects along its l5g? are *>g$ at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! curr5t impulse ) a second>y *>ge1 :i* fl[s to ! e>? if connection is af=d$4 ,x is ! dis*>ge ( ?is second>y curr5t f ! metal c> ro( to ! gr\nd :i*1 on ! mov+ tra91 is made ! means ( telegraph+ )\t any me*anical connection ) ! telegraph l9es along ! track4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is second>y circuit occurs only at ! mak+ & break+ ( ! telegraphic impulse1 ! l5g? ( ! impulse af=ds no means ( diff]5tiation into an alphabet1 & s a rapid s]ies ( impulses1 caus$ by ! vibrator ( an induction coil1 is made to produce buzz+ tones ( v>i\s duration repres5t+ ! alphabet1 & ^! tones are receiv$ ^u a telephone in/ead ( a ,morse regi/]4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ab1a illu/rates ! op]ation4 #a ,f 8,electricity 9 ,daily ,life10 by c\rtesy ( ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,to receive messages on a c>1 electric impulses on ! telegraph wire ,w1 s5t f ! vibrator ( an induction coil1 cause induc$ curr5ts z foll[s3 ,c> ro( ,r1 wire a1 key ,k1 telephone b c1 c> :eel & e>?4 ,9 s5d+ messages closure ( key ,k works induction coil ,i ,c1 & vibrator ,v1 ?r\gh batt]y ,b1 & prim>y circuit d1 c1 f1 g1 & ! second>y circuit a1 h1 i1 *>ges ! c> ro( & influ5ces by induction ! telegraph wire ,w & ! telephone at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,9 #ahha ,william ,w4 ,smi? propos$ ! plan ( communicat+ betwe5 mov+ c>s & a /ation>y wire by induction 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #bdg1abg1 ,sept4 #ac1 #ahha74 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison1 ,l4 ,j4 ,phelps1 & o!rs h fur!r improv$ ! means = c>ry+ x out4 ,9 #ahhh ! pr9ciple 0 successfully employ$ on #bjj miles ( ! ,lehigh ,valley ,railroad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,wireless ,,telegraphy1 ,,int]national ,,ya*t ,,races1 ,,octob]1 #ahii4 ,wireless ,telegraphy1 or telegraph+ )\t any wires at all1 f "o po9t to ano!r po9t ?r\gh space1 is ! mo/ mod]n & />tl+ developm5t 9 telegraphy4 ,to ! av]age m9d ?is is highly sugge/ive ( sci5tific imposition1 s intangible & unkn[n are ! physical =ces by :i* x is r5d]$ possible1 & yet ?is is "o ( ! late a*ievem5ts ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,_m sci5ti/s h contribut$ data on ?is subject1 b ! pr9ciples & !ories h only begun to cry/allize into an art dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! la/ decade ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,he9ri* ,h]tz1 ! ,g]man sci5ti/1 0 p]haps ! real pione] 9 ?is l9e 9 8 /udies & obs]vations ( ! nature ( ! electric undulations :i* h tak5 8 "n1 & are kn[n z 8,h]tzian0 waves1 rays1 or oscillations4 ,tesla 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,branly & ,ducretet 9 ,france1 ,righi 9 ,italy1 ! ,russian savant1 ,pop(f1 & ,pr(essor ,lodge1 ( ,engl&1 h all made contributions to ?is art4 ,x w aid ! und]/&+ to say1 9 a prelim9>y way1 t electric undulations are g5]at$ & emitt$ f a plate or conductor a hundr$ feet or m high 9 ! air1 are !nce transmitt$ ?r\gh space to a remote po9t1 :i* may be _m miles away1 & !re influ5c+ a simil> plate high 9 ! air give1 ?r\gh a special =m ( receiv+ device kn[n z a 8coh]]10 a telegraphic record4 ,! 8coh]]10 inv5t$ by ,branly 9 #ahia1 is a glass tube conta9+ metal fil+s betwe5 two circuit t]m9als4 ,! electric waves cause ^! fil+s to coh]e1 & s v>y ! resi/ance to ! passage ( ! curr5t z to give a basis = trans=mation into a record4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahii1 ,signor ,guglielmo ,m>coni1 an ,italian /ud5t1 !n resid+ 9 ,engl&1 successfully communicat$ betwe5 ,s\? ,=el&1 ,c\nty ( ,k5t1 & ,b\logne-sur-m]1 9 ,france1 a di/ance ( ?irty-two miles across ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,signor ,m>coni us$ ! v]tical conductors & ! ,h]tz-oscillation pr9ciple1 & 8 sy/em is describ$ 9 8 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t4 ,no4 #ehf1aic1 ,july #ac1 #ahig4 ,8 pat5t compreh5ds _m claims1 a lead+ feature ( :i* is ! means = automatically %ak+ ! 8coh]]0 to break up ! cohesion ( ! metal fil+s z embodi$ 9 8 fir/ claim1 z foll[s3 8,9 a receiv] = electrical oscillations1 ! comb9ation ( an imp]fect electrical contact1 a circuit ?r\gh ! contact1 & means actuat$ by ! circuit = %ak+ ! contact40 ,! ,m>coni sy/em ( wireless telegraphy 0 practically employ$ ) useful effect ,april #bh1 #ahii1 on ! 8,goodw9 ,s&s0 light-%ip to telegraph = assi/ance :5 9 collision twelve miles f l& & 9 dang] ( s9k+4 ,x 0 also us$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahii1 on bo>d ! 8,gr&e ,du*esse0 to report ! int]national ya*t race betwe5 ! 8,columbia0 & ! 8,%amrock0 at ,s&y ,hook1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,"l ,rob]ts also made good use ( x 9 8 ,s\? ,african campaign aga9/ ! ,bo]s4 ,accord+ to ,signor ,m>coni its pres5t range is limit$ to eighty-six miles1 b x is expect$ t ?is w be soon ext5d$ to #aej miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac;,a4--,,! ,,coh]]4 ,m>coni's receiv+ app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac;,a1 & consi/s ( a small glass tube call$ ! coh]]1 ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?1 into ! ends ( :i* are ins]t$ two silv] pole pieces1 :i* fit ! tube1 b ^: ends are #a_/ej in* ap>t4 ,! space betwe5 ! ends is fill$ ) a mixture compos$ ( f9e nickel & silv] fil+s & a m]e trace ( m]cury1 & ! o!r ends ( ! pole pieces are atta*$ to ! wires ( a local circuit4 ,9 ! normal condition ! metallic fil+s h an enorm\s resi/ance1 & con/itute a practical insulator1 prev5t+ ! fl[ ( ! local curr5t2 b if !y are influ5c$ by electric waves1 coh]5ce takes place & ! resi/ance falls1 all[+ ! local curr5t to pass4 ,! coh]5ce w cont9ue until ! fil+s are me*anically %ak51 :5 !y w at once fall ap>t1 z x 71 insulation w be e/abli%$1 & ! curr5t w be brok54 ,if1 !n1 a coh]] be br\ght )9 ! influ5ce ( ! electric waves ?r[n out f a transmitt]1 coh]5ce w occur :5ev] ! key ( ! transmitt] at ! di/ant /ation is depress$4 ,mr4 ,m>coni has devis$ an +5i\s arrangem5t1 :i* is ! subject ( 8 pat5t ref]r$ to1 9 :i* a small hamm] is made to rap cont9u\sly ^u ! coh]] by ! action ( ! local circuit1 :i* is clos$ :5 ! ,h]tzian waves pass ?r\gh ! metal fil+s4 ,z soon z ! waves cease1 ! hamm] gives its la/ rap1 & ! tube is left 9 ! decoh]$ condition ready = ! next transmission ( waves4 ,x is evid5t t by mak+ ! local circuit op]ate a relay1 9 ! circuit ( :i* is a /&>d record+ in/rum5t1 ! messages may be record$ on a tape 9 ! usual way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac;,b4--,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,transmitt] ,,& ,,receiv]4 ,9 ,fig4 #ac;,b is %[n ! diagram ( circuits4 ,! lett]s d d indicate ! sph]es ( ! transmitt]1 :i* are connect$1 "o to ! v]tical wire w1 ! o!r to e>?1 & bo? by wires c c1 to ! t]m9als ( ! second>y w9d+ ( induction coil1 c4 ,9 ! prim>y circuit is ! key b4 ,! coh]] j has two metal pole pieces1 j j1 sep>at$ by silv] & nickel fil+s4 ,"o end ( ! tube is connect$ to e>?1 ! o!r to ! v]tical wire w1 & ! coh]] itself =ms "p ( a circuit conta9+ ! local cell g1 & a s5sitive telegraph relay actuat+ ano!r circuit1 :i* circuit works a trembl] p1 ( :i* o is ! decoh]+ tapp]1 or hamm]4 ,:5 ! electric waves pass f w to j j ! resi/ance falls1 & ! curr5t f g actuates ! relay n1 ! *ok+ coils k k1 ly+ betwe5 ! coh]] & ! relay1 compell+ ! electric waves to trav]se ! coh]] in/ead ( fl[+ ?r\gh ! relay4 ,! relay n 9 its turn causes ! m p[]ful batt]y r to pass a curr5t ?r\gh ! tapp]1 & also ?r\gh ! electro-magnet ( ! record+ in/rum5t h4 ,! alt]nate coh]+ by ! waves & decoh]+ by ! tapp] cont9ue un9t]rupt$ly z long z ! transmitt+ key at ! di/ant /ation is depress$4 ,! armature ( ! record+ in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 because ( its in]tia1 _c rise & fall 9 unison ) ! rapid coh]5ce & decoh]5ce ( ! receiv]1 & h5ce x rema9s d[n & makes a /roke ^u ! tape z long z ! s5d+ key is depress$4 ,! pr9cipal applications ( wireless telegraphy s f> h be5 at sea1 :]e ! abs5ce ( int]v5+ ob/acles gives a free pa? to ! electrical oscillations4 ,! sy/em is also applicable on l&1 h[ev]1 & no "o c d\bt t if ! ,m9i/]s ( ! ,legations %ut up 9 ,pek9 _h be5 suppli$ ) a wireless telegraphy outfit1 nei!r ! walls ( ,pek9 nor ! /ronge/ cordon ( its ,*9ese hordes c\ld h prev5t$ ! long s\ght communication4 ,! full /ory ( my/]y & massacre w\ld h be5 promptly made kn[n1 & ! civiliz$ _w h be5 sp>$ its anxiety1 & e>li] & effective measures ( relief suppli$4 ,z ! art ( telegraphy gr[s apace t[>d ! end ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 individuality ( inv5tion becomes lo/ 9 ! great maze ( modifications1 ramifications1 & comb9ations4 ,inv5tions become m]g$ into sy/ems1 & sy/ems become swall[$ up by companies4 ,9 ! promises ( liv+ inv5tors ! wi% is too (t5 fa!r to ! ?\ght1 & ! cons]vative man sees ! *ild ( promise rise 9 great expectation1 fl\ri% = a few ye>s1 & !n subside to quiet re/ 9 ! du/y ar*ives ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,!y all contribute _! quota ( value1 b x is s difficult to s+le out z pre-em95t any "o ( ^? :i* z yet are on probation1 t we mu/ leave to ! com+ g5]ation ! task ( mak+ m]itori\s selection4 ,to-day ! telegraph is ! great n]ve sy/em ( ! nation's body1 & x ramifies & vitalizes e "p ) s5sitive =ce4 ,9 #ahii ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company alone _h #bb1bhe (fices1 #ijd1fcc miles ( wire1 s5t #fa1cih1aeg messages1 receiv$ 9 money #bc1ied1cab1 & enjoy$ a pr(it ( #e1hfh1gcc4 ,add to ?is ! bus9ess ( ! ,po/al ,telegraph ,company & o!r companies1 & x becomes well nigh impossible to grasp ! magnitude ( ?is trem5d\s factor ( ,n9ete5? ,c5tury progress4 ,figures fail to become impressive aft] !y rea* ! high] d5om9ations1 & x may n add mu* to ei!r ! read]'s conception or 8 k to say t ! /ati/ics = ! :ole _w = ! ye> #ahih %[3 #ajc1hcb telegraph (fices1 #b1ihi1hjc miles ( wire1 & #cfe1dec1ebf messages s5t dur+ t ye>4 ,?is wire w\ld ext5d ar\nd ! e>? ab\t #abj times1 & ! messages am\nt$ to "o million a day = e day 9 t ye>4 ,?is is = l& telegraphs only1 & does n include cable messages4 ,:at sav+ has accru$ to ! _w 9 ! matt] ( "t1 & :at developm5t 9 values 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( life1 & :at contributions to human com=t & happ9ess ! telegraph has br\ght ab\t1 is beyond human e/imate1 & is too impressive a ?\ght = speculation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,cable4 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,lay+--,,congratulatory ,,messages ,,betwe5 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,& ,,presid5t ,,bu*anan--,,! ,,siphon ,,record]--,,/ati/ics4 ,among ! applications ( ! telegraph :i* des]ve special m5tion = magnitude & importance is ! ,atlantic ,cable4 ,= boldness ( conception1 tireless p]si/5ce 9 execution1 & value ( results1 ?is eng9e]+ feat1 ?\gh ne>ly a half c5tury old1 /ill *all5ges ! admiration ( ! _w1 & m>ks ! beg9n+ ( "o ( ! great epo*s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x 0 n s brilliant 9 sub/antive inv5tion1 z x add$ b little to ! telegraph z already kn[n1 beyond ! means = insulat+ ! wires )9 a gutta p]*a cable1 b x 0 "o ( ! greate/ ( all eng9e]+ works4 ,x 0 *iefly ! result ( ! en]gy & public _s ( ,mr4 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 an em95t ,am]ican citiz54 ,?ree times 0 its lay+ attempt$ be=e success cr[n$ ! "w4 ,! fir/ exp$ition sail$ ,augu/ #g1 #aheg1 & consi/$ ( a fleet ( eight vessels1 f\r ,am]ican & f\r ,engli%1 />t+ f ,val5tia on ! ,iri% coa/4 ,on ,augu/ #aa ! cable p>t$1 & #cdd miles ( ! cable 7 lo/ 9 wat] two miles deep4 ,9 #aheh a r5ewal ( ! ef=t to lay ! cable 0 made4 ,improvem5ts 7 add$ 9 ! pay+ out ma*9]y1 & a diff]5t mann] ( coil+ ! enorm\s load ( cable on ! vessels 0 resort$ to1 & provisions also 7 made to protect ! propell] f contact ) ! cable4 ,on ,june #aj ! telegraphic fleet /eam$ out ( ,plym\? h>bor4 ,x consi/$ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 frigate 8,niag>a10 ) ! paddle-:eel /eam] 8,valor\s0 z a t5d]1 & ! ,briti% frigate 8,agamemnon10 ) ! paddle-:eel /eam] 8,gorgon0 z a t5d]4 ,aft] ?ree days at sea1 t]rible gales 7 enc\nt]$ & mu* damage result$4 ,! vessels 7 to proce$ to midocean1 & ! portions ( ! cable c>ri$ by ! 8,niag>a0 & 8,agamemnon0 7 to be splic$1 & ! two vessels 7 !n to sail 9 opposite directions to _! respective coa/s4 ,! fir/ splice 0 made on ! #bf? ( ,june4 ,aft] pay+ out two & a half miles ea*1 ! cable p>t$4 ,aga9 meet+ & splic+1 =ty miles ea* 7 paid out1 & ! cable aga9 p>t$4 ,on ! #bh? ano!r splic+ 0 effect$1 & #aej miles ea* 7 paid out1 & aga9 ! cable p>t$1 & ! exp$ition _h to be ab&on$4 ,aft] mu* f9ancial emb>rassm5t & adv]se criticism1 ! c\rage\s & public-spirit$ directors :o _h control ( ! ent]prise dispat*$ ano!r exp$ition1 :i* sail$ ,july #ag1 #aheh4 ,! two vessels1 8,niag>a0 & 8,agamemnon10 ) _! t5d]s1 proce$$ to midocean1 & foll[+ ! same me?od ( connect+ ! ends ( _! respective cable sections1 !y sail$ 9 opposite directions4 ,on ,augu/ #e1 #aheh1 ,mr4 ,cyrus ,field ann\nc$ by telegram f ,tr9ity ,bay1 on ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&1 t ,tr9ity ,bay 9 ,am]ica1 & ,val5tia 9 ,irel&1 #b1acd miles ap>t1 _h be5 connect$1 & ! great ,atlantic cable 0 an e/abli%$ fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,orig9al ,,atlantic ,,cable1 ,,full ,,size4 ,consi/s ( sev5 copp] wires 7#d7 to =m ! conductor1 a wrapp+ 7#c7 ( ?read1 soak$ 9 tall[ & pit*1 sev]al lay]s 7#b7 ( gutta p]*a1 all surr\nd$ by a protect+ coat ( mail 7#a7 ( twi/$ wires4 ,on ,augu/ #af1 #aheh1 ! fir/ message came ov] f ,que5 ,victoria to ,presid5t ,bu*anan ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z foll[s3 8,to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,wa%+ton3 8,! ,que5 desires to congratulate ! ,presid5t ^u ! successful completion ( ?is great int]national "w1 9 :i* ! ,que5 has tak5 ! deepe/ int]e/4 8,! ,que5 is conv9c$ t ! ,presid5t w jo9 ) h] 9 f]v5tly hop+ t ! ,electric ,cable :i* n[ connects ,great ,brita9 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates w prove an additional l9k betwe5 ! nations ^: fri5d%ip is f\nd$ ^u _! common int]e/ & reciprocal e/eem4 8,! ,que5 has mu* pleasure 9 ?us communicat+ ) ! ,presid5t1 & r5ew+ to him h] wi%es = ! prosp]ity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 to :i* ! ,presid5t repli$ z foll[s3 8,,wa%+ton ,,city1 ,aug4 #af1 #aheh4 8,to ,h] ,maje/y ,victoria1 ,que5 ( ,great ,brita93 8,! ,presid5t cordially reciprocates ! congratulations ( ,h] ,maje/y1 ! ,que51 on ! success ( ! great int]national ent]prise accompli%$ by ! sci5ce1 skill1 & indomitable en]gy ( ! two c\ntries4 ,x is a triumph m glori\s1 because f> m useful to mank9d1 ?an 0 ev] won by conqu]or on ! field ( battle4 8,may ! ,atlantic ,telegraph1 "u ! bless+ ( ,heav51 prove to be a bond ( p]petual peace & fri5d%ip betwe5 ! k9dr$ nations1 & an in/rum5t de/9$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce to diffuse religion1 civilization1 lib]ty & law ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 ?is view w n all nations ( ,*ri/5dom spontane\sly unite 9 ! decl>ation t x %all be =ev] neutral1 & t its communications %all be held sacr$ 9 pass+ to _! places ( de/9ation1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ho/ilities8 7,sign$7 8,,james ,,bu*anan40 ,great rejoic+ on bo? sides ( ! ocean foll[$1 & ! public pr9t 0 fill$ ) acc\nts ( ! ent]prise4 ,! foll[+ selection f ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly ( ,octob]1 #aheh1 is an apo/rophe 9 l(ty s5tim5ts ( v]se1 :i* to-day /irs ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury he>t z a joy\s prophecy fulfill$3 ,?\ lonely ,bay ( ,tr9ity1 ,ye bosky %ores untrod1 ,lean1 brea?less1 to ! :ite-lipp$ sea ,& he> ! voice ( ,god6 ,f _w to _w ,8 c\ri]s fly1 ,?\ght-w+$ & %od ) fire2 ,! angel ( ,8 /ormy sky ,rides d[n ! sunk5 wire4 ,:at sai? ! h]ald ( ! ,"l8 8,! _w's long /rife is done6 ,close w$d$ by t my/ic cord1 ,h] cont95ts are "o4 8,& "o 9 he>t1 z "o 9 blood1 ,%all all h] peoples be2 ,! h&s ( human bro!rhood ,%all clasp b5ea? ! sea4 8,?r\gh ,ori5t seas1 o'er ,afric's pla91 ,& ,asian m\nta9s borne1 ,! vigor ( ! ,nor!rn bra9 ,%all n]ve ! _w outworn4 8,f clime to clime1 f %ore to %ore1 ,%all ?rill ! magic ?read2 ,! new ,prome!us /eals once m ,! fire t wakes ! dead4 8,e>?1 gray ) age1 %all he> ! /ra9 ,:i* o'er h] *ildhood roll$2 ,= h] ! morn+ />s aga9 ,%all s+ _! song ( old4 8,=1 lo6 ! fall ( ,ocean's wall1 ,space mock$ & ,"t outrun6 ,& r\nd ! _w ! ?\ght ( all ,is z ! ?\ght ( "o60 ,o1 rev]5tly & ?ankfully ,! mighty wond] own6 ,! deaf c he>1 ! bl9d may see1 ,! "w is ,god's alone4 ,?rob on1 /rong pulse ( ?und]6 beat ,f answ]+ bea* to bea*6 ,fuse nations 9 ?y k9dly heat1 ,& melt ! *a9s ( ea*6 ,wild t]ror ( ! sky above1 ,glide tam$ & dumb bel[6 ,be> g5tly1 ,ocean's c>ri] dove1 ,?y err&s to & fro6 ,weave on1 swift %uttle ( ! ,"l1 ,b5ea? ! deep s f>1 ,! bridal robe ( ,e>?'s accord1 ,! fun]al %r\d ( w>6 ,! poles unite1 ! zones agree1 ,! tongues ( /riv+ cease2 ,z on ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 ,! ,*ri/ is :isp]+1 8,peace60 ,aft] a few mon?s ( work+1 ! cable became inop]ative1 b its success 0 a demon/rat$ fact1 & 9 #ahff a new cable 0 laid by ! aid ( t mon/] /eam] 8,! ,great ,ea/]n10 s9ce :i* "t ! cable has become "o ( ! great factors ( mod]n civilization4 ,probably ! mo/ important ( ! inv5tions relat+ to subm>9e telegraphs is ! siphon record]1 inv5t$ by ,sir ,william ,?ompson1 n[ ,"l ,kelv9 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #aef1hig1 ,nov4 #ag1 #ahgd74 ,x is call$ a siphon record] because ! record is made by a little glass siphon d[n :i* a fl[ ( ink is ma9ta9$ l a f\nta9 p54 ,?is siphon is vibrat$ by ! electric impulses to produce on ! pap] /rip a zigzag l9e1 ^: v>y+ cont\r is made to repres5t lett]s4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ae1 m is an ink well1 o a /rip ( pap]1 & n ! ink siphon1 "o end ( :i* is b5t & dips d[n into ! ink well1 & ! o!r end ( :i* traces ! record on ! mov+ pap] /rip o4 ,! siphon is su/a9$ on a v]tical axis l1 & its lat]al vibration is effect$ z foll[s3 ,a light rectangul> coil b b1 ( exce$+ly f9e insulat$ wire1 is susp5d$ betwe5 ! poles ,n ,s ( a p[]ful electro-magnet en]giz$ by a local batt]y4 ,9 ! coil b b is a /ation>y s(t iron core a1 magnetiz$ by ! poles ,n ,s4 ,! coil b b is susp5d$ ^u a v]tical axis consi/+ ( a f9e wire f f1 & ! delicate electrical impulses ov] ! subm>9e cable ent] ! coil b b ?r\gh ! axial wire f f z a conductor1 & cause a great] or less oscillation ( ! coil b b betwe5 ! poles ,n ,s ( ! electro-magnet4 ,! coil b b is connect$ by a ?read k to ! siphon1 & pulls ! siphon 9 "o direction1 :ile ! siphon is pull$ 9 ! opposite direction by a helical spr+ atta*$ to an arm on ! siphon axis l4 ,! jagg$ l9es se5 9 ,fig4 #af spell ! words 8siphon record]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,siphon ,,record]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,siphon ,,record] ,,message4 ,to-day !re lie 9 subm]g$ sil5ce1 b pulsat+ ) ! life ( ! _w1 no less ?an #a1ejj subm>9e telegraphs4 ,_! aggregate l5g? is #agj1jjj miles2 _! total e/imat$ co/ is #bej1jjj1jjj1 & ! numb] ( messages annually transmitt$ ov] !m is #f1jjj1jjj4 ,?irte5 cables "w daily across ! ,atlantic1 & an additional "o is be+ laid f ,g]many4 ,messages n[ g across ! ,atlantic & are receiv$ on ! siphon record] at ! rate ( fifty words a m9ute1 & at a co/ ( tw5ty-five c5ts a ^w4 ,our guns may ?und] 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! news by cable1 travel+ fa/] ?an ! e>? on its axis1 may rea* ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e "u ! p>adoxical condition ( sev]al h\rs e>li] ?an x occurr$4 ,cablegrams to ,manila co/ #b4ch a ^w1 & ! cable tolls = our ,w> ,dep>tm5t alone are co/+ at ! rate ( #cbe1jjj a ye>4 ,! logical outcome is a ,pacific cable1 a bill = :i*1 connect+ ,san ,francisco & ,honolulu1 has already pass$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate4 ,messages f ! ,executive ,mansion at ,wa%+ton to ! battlefield at ,santiago 7 s5t & responses receiv$ )9 twelve m9utes1 :ile a message dispat*$ f ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 ,wa%+ton to ! ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,london1 9 ! *ess mat* ( #ahih1 0 transmitt$ & a reply receiv$ 9 ?irte5 & "o-half seconds4 ,to-day ! cable ) ! /ill small voice1 m div9e ?an human1 speaks ) "o acc5t to all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,diff]+ ?\gh !y may 9 tongue & sk91 9 ?\ght & religion1 9 physical developm5t & clime1 ! telegraph speaks to !m all alike1 & by all is und]/ood4 ,truly x fulfils ! prophecy s gracefully express$ 9 ! v]ses quot$1 & has become ! common bond ( union among ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,dynamo ,,& ,,its ,,applications4 ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,f>aday ,,& ,,h5ry--,,magneto-,,electric ,,ma*9es ,,( ,,pixii ,,& ,,( ,,saxton--,,hjor?',s ,,dynamo ,,( #ahee--,,wilde',s ,,ma*9e ,,( #ahff--,,siem5s' ,,( #ahfg--;,,gramme',s ,,( #ahgj--,,tesla',s ,,polyphase ,,curr5ts4 ,9 ! la/ ?irty-five ye>s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury !re has gr[n up into ! full /ature ( me*anical majority ?is /alw>t son ( electrical l9eage4 ,z ! means = furni%+ electrical p[] x /&s to-day ! great f\nta9 head ( electrical g5]ation1 & 9 its peculi> field ranks z ( equal importance ) ! /eam eng9e4 ,until ab\t #ahfe ! voltaic batt]y1 :i* g5]at$ electricity by *emical decomposition1 0 practically ! only means = produc+ electricity = indu/rial & comm]cial purposes4 ,x 0 ?r\gh its ag5cy t ! telegraph1 ! electric light1 & _m o!r discov]ies 9 electricity 7 made & r5d]$ possible4 ,its co/ & limit$ am\nt ( curr5t1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ ! limits ( its practical application1 & al?\gh its curr5t c\ld furni% beautiful laboratory exp]im5ts1 its me*anical "w 0 m 9 ! nature ( illu/ration ?an utilization4 ,b ) ! adv5t ( ! dynamo electricity has tak5 a new & v mu* l>g] place 9 ! comm]cial activities ( ! _w4 ,x runs & w>ms our c>s1 x furni%es our light1 x plates our metals1 x runs our elevators1 x electrocutes our crim9als2 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s x p]=ms = u ) secrecy & dispat* 9 its sil5t & =ceful way4 ,b :at is a dynamo8 ,to ! av]age m9d ! mo/ satisfactory answ] w\ld be--t x is simply a ma*9e :i* conv]ts me*anical p[] into electricity4 ,atta* a dynamo to a /eam eng9e1 & ! p[] ( ! /eam eng9e w1 ?r\gh ! dynamo1 become trans=m$ or conv]t$ into a p[]ful electric curr5t4 ,any o!r s\rce ( me*anical p[]1 su* z a wat] :eel1 gas eng9e1 w9d :eel1 or ev5 a horse or man1 w s]ve to op]ate ! dynamo2 its prim>y & sole function be+ to take p[] & conv]t x into electricity4 ,! /epp+ /one to ! dynamo 9 its developm5t 0 ! magneto-electrical ma*9e4 ,?is is a ma*9e f\nd$ ^u ! g5]al pr9ciple obs]v$ by ,f>aday 9 #ahca & #ahcb1 & also by ,pr(4 ,h5ry ab\t ! same "t1 t :5 a magnet is made to approa* a helix ( insulat$ wire x causes a curr5t ( electricity to fl[ 9 ! helix z long z ! magnet advances4 ,if ! magnet is pass$ ?r\gh ! helix1 ! curr5t is rev]s$ z soon z ! magnet passes ! middle po9t4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same if ! magnet be made to approa* & rec$e f ! poles ( an electro-magnet hav+ a helix w\nd ar\nd a s(t iron core4 ,likewise ! same result occurs if ! electro-magnet ) its helix is made to approa* & rec$e f a p]man5t magnet1 ! curr5t 9 ! helix fl[+ 9 "o direction :5 x approa*es ! p]man5t magnet1 & 9 ! opposite direction :5 leav+ ! said magnet4 ,! movem5t ( ! two elem5ts 9 relation to ea* o!r requires "s =ce to ov]come ! repell5t & attractive actions1 & ?is =ce is conv]t$ into electrical en]gy4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! magneto-electric ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,pixii ,,magneto-,,electric ,,ma*9e1 #ahcb4 ,saxton 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,pixii 9 ,france 7 ! fir/ to produce organiz$ devices ( ?is class = g5]at+ electricity f magnetism4 ,pixii's ma*9e 7#ahcb7 consi/$ ( a p]man5t horse-%oe magnet :i* 0 caus$ to revolve 9 proximity to an armature ^u :i* 0 w\nd a coil ( insulat$ wire4 ,on ,m>* #cj1 #aheb1 ,sonn5b]g & ,re*t5 obta9$ a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 ,no4 #h1hdc1 = an electrical ma*9e = kill+ :ales1 & on ,augu/ #ai1 #ahef1 ,%ep>d obta9$ ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #ae1eif = ! ma*9e :i* came to be kn[n z ! 8,alliance0 ma*9e4 ,bo? ( ^! ma*9es _h p]man5t field magnets1 & 7 e>ly types ( magneto-electric ma*9es4 ,! effici5cy ( ^! magneto-electric ma*9es 0 necess>ily limit$ to ! /r5g? ( ! induc+ field magnets1 :i*1 be+ p]man5t magnets1 7 a positive & fix$ factor4 ,x 0 an easy /ep to sub/itute electro-magnets = p]man5t magnets1 z ! field or induc+ magnets1 & also to excite ! 7electro7 field magnet by voltaic batt]ies1 b ! important /ep :i* result$ 9 ! ma*9e :i* is call$ ! 8dynamo0 7f ! ,greek 80--p[]7 0 yet to come4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,hjor?',s ,,dynamo ,,electric ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,hjor?',s ,,dynamo ,,electric ,,ma*9e1 ,,plan ,,view4 ,?is /ep consi/$ 9 tak+ ! curr5t induc$ 9 ! revolv+ helix or armature 7by ! field magnets7 & s5d+ x back ?r\gh ! coils ( ! field magnets :i* produc$ x1 !reby increas+ ! en]gy ( ! field magnet coils1 & !y 9 turn ) an increas$ effici5cy & reciprocal action induce /ill /rong] curr5ts 9 ! armature coils1 & s a build+ up process1 or pr9ciple ( mutual & reciprocal excitation1 is c>ri$ on until ! maximum effici5cy is rea*$4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 ! discov]y ( ,sor5 ,hjor?1 ( ,cop5hag51 & is fully describ$ 9 8 ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #hjf ( #ahee1 = 8,an ,improv$ ,magneto-,electric ,batt]y40 ,z ! prototype ( ! dynamo1 x is wor?y ( illu/ration4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,figs4 #ah & #ai1 a is a revolv+ :eel be>+ ! armature coils1 ,c p]man5t magnets1 d electro-magnets 7field magnets71 & g ! commutator4 ,quot+ f 8 specifications1 he says3 8,! p]man5t magnets act+ on ! armatures br\ght 9 succession betwe5 _! poles1 induce a curr5t 9 ! coils ( ! armatures1 :i* curr5t1 aft] hav+ be5 caus$ by ! commutator to fl[ 9 "o direction1 passes r\nd ! electro-magnets 7field magnets71 *>g+ ! same & act+ on ! armatures4 ,by ! mutual action betwe5 ! electro-magnets & ! armatures an accel]at+ =ce is obta9$1 :i* 9 result produces electricity great] 9 quantity & int5sity ?an has h]et(ore be5 obta9$ by simil> means40 ,al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( ! dynamo 0 cle>ly embodi$ 9 ! ,hjor? pat5t1 its value 0 n appreciat$ until "s "t lat]4 ,elev5 ye>s lat] ,wilde 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #ei1gch1 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahff71 employ$ a small ma*9e ) p]man5t magnets to excite ! coil-w\nd field magnets ( a l>g] ma*9e4 ,b ,siem5s 7,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #bfa ( #ahfg71 tak+ up ! pr9ciple employ$ by ,hjor?1 disp5s$ ) 8 sup]flu\s p]man5t magnets1 hav+ f\nd t ! residual magnetism1 :i* always rema9$ 9 iron :i* has once be5 magnetiz$1 0 suffici5t z a basis to />t ! build+ up process4 ,f>m]1 ,:eat/one & ,v>ley also recogniz$ ?is fact ab\t ! same "t4 ,siem5s' pat5t also 0 ! fir/ embodim5t ( :at is kn[n z ! bobb9 armature4 ,gramme & ,d',iv]nois 7,briti% ,pat4 #a1ffh ( #ahgj1 & ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #abj1jeg1 ( ,oct4 #ag1 #ahga71 7 ! fir/ to br+ out ! cont9u\sly w\nd r+ armature4 ,active developm5t n[ began 9 v>i\s types & by v>i\s inv5tors1 includ+ ,we/on1 ,bru%1 ,edison1 ,?omson & ,h\/on1 ,we/+h\se1 & o!rs1 :o h br\ght ! dynamo to its pres5t high effici5cy4 ,! revolv+ coils ( ! dynamo are call$ ! armature1 & ! fix$ electro-magnets are call$ ! field magnets1 & ^! latt] may be two or m 9 numb]4 ,:5 two are us$ !y are arrang$ on opposite sides ( ! armature1 & =m :at is kn[n z ! bipol> ma*9e4 ,a l>g] numb] con/itutes ! multipol> ma*9e4 ,! field magnets 9 ! multipol> ma*9e usually are arrang$ 9 radial position ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! revolv+ armature1 & are held 9 a fix$ circul> frame4 ,to give a cle> idea ( ! pr9ciples ( ! dynamo1 ! bipol> ma*9e is be/ suit$ = illu/ration1 & is "h giv5 9 ,figs4 #bj & #ba1 9 :i* ,fig4 #bj repres5ts ! dynamo complete1 & ,fig4 #ba a detail ( ! end ( ! armature & commutator4 ,?is armature consi/s ( coils or bobb9s ( insulat$ wire1 ea* section hav+ its t]m9als connect$ ) sep>ate insulat$ plates on ! hub1 :i* plates are kn[n z ! commutator4 ,:5 any section ( ! armature approa*es ! pole ( a field magnet1 ! curr5t induc$ 9 t section ( ! armature coils by ! field magnet1 is tak5 (f f a correspond+ plate ( ! commutator by flat spr+s1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bj1 & kn[n z bru%es4 ,! field magnets ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #bj1 are %[n ) only a few turns ( wire ab\t !m = cle>] illu/rations ( ! connections1 :i* are made z foll[s3 ,! wire a is ext5d$ 9 coils ar\nd ! field magnet ,b1 & !nce ar\nd field magnet ,a1 & !nce to ! upp] bru% on ! commutator1 !nce ?r\gh ! wire coils or bobb9s ( ! rot>y armature ,c1 & !nce by ! l[] bru% to ! wire b4 ,! t]m9als ( ! wires a & b ext5d to ! po9t ( utilization ( ! curr5t1 :e!r ?is be electric lights1 motors1 or o!r applications4 ,9 ?is illu/ration1 ! circuit1 x w be se51 passes ?r\gh bo? ! coils ( ! field magnets & ! coils ( ! armature1 involv+ ! pr9ciple ( mutual excitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,bipol> ,,dynamo4 ,!re are two pr9cipal k9ds ( dynamos--^? produc+ ! alt]nat+ curr5ts1 & ^? produc+ ! cont9u\s curr5t4 ,9 ! fir/ ! curr5t alt]nates 9 direction1 or is compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( impulses ( opposite pol>ity3 "o pol>ity :5 a section ( ! armature coil is approa*+ a nor? field magnet pole or rec$+ f a s\? pole1 & ! o!r pol>ity :5 rec$+ f a nor? field magnet pole & approa*+ a s\? pole4 ,9 ! cont9u\s curr5t ma*9e1 ! commutator & bru%es are s arrang$ z to take up all ! impulses ( ! same pol>ity & conduct !m away by "o bru%1 & ga!r+ all ! impulses ( ! opposite pol>ity & conduct+ !m away by ano!r bru%4 ,?us ! curr5t ( ea* bru%1 9 ! cont9u\s curr5t ma*9e1 is always ( ! same pol>ity1 & ! pol>ity ( "o be+ always positive1 & t ( ! o!r negative1 ! curr5t fl[s cont9u\sly 9 ! same direction4 ,a ?ird species ( dynamo is ! pulsatory1 9 :i* ! curr5t fl[ is inv>iable 9 direction1 b proce$s 9 waves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,armature ,,( ,,bipol> ,,dynamo4 ,a *ange 9 ! "* ( ! curr5t g5]at$ by ! dynamo is made by :at is kn[n z ! 8trans=m]10 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( ! induction coil is made available4 ,9 ?is way1 = in/ance1 ! high pot5tial curr5ts g5]at$ by ! p[]ful wat] :eels at ,niag>a ,falls are tak5 tw5ty miles to ,buffalo1 & are !re trans=m$ into o!r curr5ts ( l[] pot5tial1 suit$ to inc&esc5t light+ & o!r v>i\s uses4 ,a simil> s*eme is 9 process ( fulfillm5t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a wat] p[] electric plant ne> ,con[+o1 ,m>yl&1 on ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 to furni% electrical p[] to ,baltimore1 ,wilm+ton & ,philadelphia4 ,an important developm5t 9 electrical g5]ation & transmission is to be f\nd 9 :at is kn[n z ! polyphase1 multiphase1 or rotat+ curr5t1 pione] pat5ts = :i* 7 grant$ to ,tesla ,may #a1 #ahhh1 ,nos4 #cha1ifh1 #cha1ifi1 #chb1bgi1 #chb1bhj1 #chb1bha & #chb1bhb4 ,realiz+ ! possibilities ( ! dynamo1 ! ,legislature ( ,new ,york 9 #ahhh pass$ a law1 :i* w5t into effect 9 #ahhi1 9 t ,/ate1 sub/itut+ dea? by electricity = ! hangman's noose4 ,! crim9al is /rapp$ 9 ! *air1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bb1 "o t]m9al ( ! wire f ! dynamo is /rapp$ ^u 8 =ehead1 & ! o!r to anklets on 8 legs1 & l a fla% ( lightn+ ! deadly en]gy ( ! dynamo p]=ms its "w4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! applications ( ! dynamo is its use 9 electro-metallurgy = plat+ metals1 & also = promot+ *emical reactions4 ,! electric furnace1 /imulat$ into high] heat by ! dynamo ?an c be o!rwise obta9$1 has br\ght ab\t _m valuable discov]ies1 & made great advances 9 v>i\s arts4 ,! metal alum9um1 & ! h>d abrasive or poli%+ & gr9d+ mat]ial kn[n z 8c>borundum0 are ! products ( ! electric furnace1 & s is ! product kn[n z 8calcium c>bide10 :i*1 :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 gives (f acetyl5e gas & is a product n[ univ]sally us$ = t purpose1 & rapidly increas+ 9 comm]cial importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,electrocution ,,*air4 ,9 ,fig4 #bc is se5 ! ,a*eson electric furnace = produc+ c>borundum4 ,! electric curr5t trav]ses ! furnace ?r\gh a s]ies ( horizontal electrodes at ea* end1 & highly heats a c5tral core ( c>bon1 :i* is dispos$ 9 a mass ( silici\s & c>bonace\s mat]ial1 & :i* latt] is conv]t$ by ! heat into silicide ( c>bon1 or c>borundum4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd is %[n a cont9u\s electric furnace con/ruct$ z a revolv+ :eel1 "u ! ,bradley pat5ts4 ,rim sections #e are plac$ on ! :eel on "o side & fill$ ) a mixture ( c>bon & lime1 ?r\gh :i* ! electric curr5t is pass$ f ! dynamo g4 ,! heat ( ! curr5t fuses ! mass & conv]ts x into calcium c>bide1 & z ! :eel sl[ly revolves ! rim sections #e are remov$ f ! opposite side1 & ! mass ( calcium c>bide1 se5 at x1 is brok5 (f4 ,! electrolytic production ( copp] ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! dynamo am\nts to #aej1jjj tons annually1 & ! comm]cial r$uction ( alum9um by ! electric furnace has gr[n f eighty-?ree p\nds 9 #ahhc to #e1bjj1jjj p\nds 9 #ahih1 & its co/ has be5 r$uc$ to ab\t #cc c5ts p] p\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,"p ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,c>borundum ,,furnace4 ,! /orage batt]y1 hold+ 9 res]ve its /or$ up electric en]gy1 also owes its practical value entirely to ! dynamo :i* *>ges x1 & ?us makes available a portable s\rce ( supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,bradley ,,electric ,,furnace ,,= ,,produc+ ,,calcium ,,c>bide4 ,to contemplate ! dynamo ) its clumsy1 enorm\s spools1 x sugge/s to ! imag9ation ( ! av]age obs]v] ! gigantic toy ( "s ,brobd+nagian boy--b ! dynamo is no toy4 ,x is ! mo/ compact1 bus9ess-l1 & dang]\s ( all utilit>ian devices4 ,to t\* its bru%es may be in/ant dea?1 = ! dynamo is ! prison h\se ( ! lightn+1 & res5ts intrusion4 ,hidd5 away f public gaze 9 "s seque/]$ p[] h\se1 & work+ night & day l "s tireless1 dumb1 & mighty g5ii1 x s5ds its magnetic ?rills ( =ce sil5tly ?r\gh ! _m miles ( wire ext5d+ l radii f "s great n]ve c5t] ?r\gh ! conduits 9 our /reets1 & /ret*+ f pole to pole l giant cobwebs ?r\gh ! air4 ,respond+ to its =ce1 ?\s&s ( little inc&esc5t ?reads leap into radiant brightness & %$ _! mell[ & g5ial light 9 our (fices1 our /ores1 hotels1 & homes4 ,brilliant arc lamps1 rival+ ! sun 9 p[]1 make night into day1 & produce along our /reets coruscations1 silh\ettes1 & danc+ %ad[s 9 spectacul> & unceas+ pageants4 ,f ! t[]+ ligh?\ses ( our coa/s its beams are ?r[n seaw>d1 & a beacon = ! m>9] %9es beyond all o!r lights4 ,! great se>* light ( our %ips is 9 itself b a holl[ mock]y until ! dynamo :isp]s 9 its e> ! ^w 8light60 & !n its beam1 rea*+ = miles along ! horizon1 discov]s a /eal?y enemy1 or signals ! safe return to port4 ,! mighty =ce ( ! dynamo ent]+ ! electric motors on ! /reet c>s turns ! :eels & transports its load ) sc>cely a pass5g] inside realiz+ h[ x is all done4 ,! same en]gy turns ! electric fan1 & ) k9dly s]vice soo!s ! we>y suff]]1 & at ano!r place remorselessly takes ! life ( ! condemn$ crim9al4 ,! dynamo is "o ( ! great factors ( mod]n civilization1 & its pot5tial "n1 l t ( 8dynamite10 rightly def9es its "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,mod]n ,,multipol> ,,dynamo4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,electric ,,motor4 ,,b>l[',s ,,spur ,,:eel--,,dal ,,negro',s ,,electric ,,p5dulum--,,pr(4 ,,h5ry',s ,,electric ,,motor--,,jacobi',s ,,electric ,,boat--,,dav5port',s ,,motor--,,! ,,neff ,,motor--,,dr4 ,,page',s ,,electric ,,locomotive--,,dr4 ,,siem5s' ,,fir/ ,,electric ,,railway ,,at ,,b]l91 #ahgi--;,,fir/ ,,electric ,,railway ,,9 ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,betwe5 ,,baltimore ,,& ,,hampd51 #ahhe--,,?ird ,,rail ,,sy/em--,,/ati/ics ,,electric ,,railways ,,& ,,g5]al ,,electric ,,co4--,,di/ribution ,,electric ,,curr5t ,,9 ,,pr9cipal ,,cities4 ,al?\gh ! electric motor ( to-day dep5ds = practical value entirely ^u ! dynamo :i* supplies x ) electric p[]1 nev]!less ! motor consid]ably ant$at$ ! dynamo4 ,! g5esis ( ! electric motor began 9 #ahba ) ,f>aday's obs]vation ( ! ph5om5on ( ! conv]sion ( an electric curr5t into me*anical motion4 ,9 8 exp]im5t a copp] wire 0 support$ 9 a v]tical position s z to dip into a cup ( m]cury1 :ile a small b> magnet 0 an*or$ at "o end by a ?read to ! bottom ( ! cup & float$ 9 ! m]cury 9 upright position4 ,! mass ( m]cury be+ connect$ to "o pole ( a batt]y1 & ! v]tical wire to ! o!r1 x 0 f\nd t :5 ! circuit 0 complet$ by clipp+ ! wire into ! m]cury1 ! float+ b> magnet w\ld revolve ar\nd ! wire z a c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,b>l[',s ,,:eel4 ,9 #ahbf ,b>l[1 ( ,woolwi*1 made 8 electrical spur :eel1 ,fig4 #bf1 & 9 #ahcj ! ,abbe ,dal ,negro1 9 ,padua1 is said to h con/ruct$ a sort ( vibrat+ electrical p5dulum1 bo? ( :i* devices 7 crude =ms ( magnetic eng9es4 ,dal ,negro's ma*9e1 see ,fig4 #bg1 consi/$ ( a magnet ,a1 movable ab\t an axis situat$ ab\t "o-?ird ( its l5g?1 & ! upp] extremity ( :i* 0 capable ( oscillat+ betwe5 ! two bran*es ( an electro-magnet ,e4 ,a curr5t be+ s5t into ! electro-magnet1 pass$ ?r\gh an eight-cupp$ m]curial commutator ,c1 :i* ! oscillat+ magnet controll$ by means ( a rod t & a =k ,f4 ,:5 ! magnet _h be5 attract$ t[>d "o ( ! poles ( ! electro-magnet ?is v motion ( attraction act+ ^u ! commutator *ang$ ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & ! magnet 0 repell$ t[>d ! o!r bran* ( ! electro-magnet1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,dal ,,negro',s ,,electric ,,motor4 ,9 #ahbh ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry produc$ 8 en]getic electro-magnets su/a9+ weights ( "s ?\s&s ( p\nds1 & gave prophetic sugge/ion ( ! possibilities ( electricity z a motive p[]4 ,9 #ahca he devis$ ! electric motor %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 :i* is describ$ 9 ,pr(4 ,h5ry's own words z foll[s3 8,a ,b is ! horizontal magnet1 ab\t sev5 in*es long1 & movable on an axis at ! c5t]2 its two extremities :5 plac$ 9 a horizontal l9e are ab\t "o in* f ! nor? poles ( ! upright magnets ,c & ,d4 ,g & ,f are two l>ge tumbl]s conta9+ dilut$ acid1 9 ea* ( :i* is imm]s$ a plate ( z9c surr\nd$ ) copp]2 l m s t are f\r brass ?imbles sold]$ to ! z9c & copp] ( ! batt]ies & fill$ ) m]cury4 8,! galvanic magnet ,a ,b is w\nd ) ?ree /r&s ( copp] bell wire1 ea* ab\t tw5ty-five feet long2 ! simil> ends ( ^! are twi/$ toge!r s z to =m two /iff wires q r1 :i* project beyond ! extremity ,b1 & dip into ! ?imbles s t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,pr(4 ,,h5ry',s ,,electric ,,motor4 8,to ! wires q r two o!r wires are sold]$ s z to project 9 an opposite direction1 & dip into ! ?imbles l m4 ,! wires ( ! galvanic magnet h ?us1 z x 71 f\r project+ ends2 & by inspect+ ! figure x w be se5 t ! extremity p1 :i* dips into ! cup m1 atta*$ to ! copp] ( ! batt]y 9 ,g1 corresponds to ! extremity r :i* dips into ! cup t1 connect+1 ) ! z9c 9 batt]y ,f4 ,:5 ! batt]ies are 9 action1 if ! end ,b is depress$ until q r dips into ! cups s t1 ,a ,b in/antly becomes a p[]ful magnet1 hav+ its nor? pole at ,b2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 is repell$ by ! nor? pole ,d1 :ile at ! same "t x is attract$ by ,c2 ! position is consequ5tly *ang$1 & o p comes 9 contact ) ! m]cury 9 l m2 z soon z ! communication is =m$1 ! poles are rev]s$1 & ! position aga9 *ang$4 ,if ! tumbl]s be fill$ ) /rong dilut$ acid1 ! motion is at fir/ v rapid & p[]ful1 b x soon almo/ entirely ceases4 ,by p>tially fill+ ! tumbl]s ) weak acid1 & occasionally add+ a small quantity ( fre% acid1 a uni=m motion1 at ! rate ( sev5ty-five vibrations 9 a m9ute1 has be5 kept up = m ?an an h\r2 ) a l>ge batt]y & v weak acid ! motion might be cont9u$ = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t40 ,foll[+ ,pr(4 ,h5ry came ,/urgeon's rot>y motor ( #ahcb1 ,jacobi's rot>y motor ( #ahcd1 ,fig4 #bi1 :i* _h electro-magnets bo? 9 ! field & armature2 ,dav5port's motor ( #ahcd1 ,zabriskie's motor ( #ahcg1 9 :i* a vibrat+ magnet conv]t$ reciprocat+ into rot>y motion2 ,dav5port's motor ( #ahcg 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #acb1 ,feb4 #be1 #ahcg71 ,fig4 #cj2 ,page's rot>y motor ( #ahch1 ,walkley's motor ( #ahch 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #hji1 ,june #bg1 #ahch72 ,/imson's motor ( #ahch 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #iaj1 ,sept4 #ab1 #ahch72 ,page's motor ( #ahci1 ,cook's ( #ahdj 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #a1gce1 ,aug4 #be1 #ahdj72 ,elias' motor ( #ahdb1 inv5t$ 9 ,holl&2 ,lillie's motor ( #ahej 7,u ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #g1bhg1 ,april #af1 #ahej72 ! ,neff motor ( #ahea 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #g1hhi1 ,jan4 #g1 #ahea71 ( :i* illu/ration is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ca1 & ,page's motor ( #ahed 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #aj1dhj1 ,jan4 #ca1 #ahed74 ,9 #ahce ,dav5port con/ruct$ a small circul> railway at ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,,jacobi',s ,,rot>y ,,electric ,,motor4 ,9 #ahci ,pr(4 ,jacobi1 ) ! aid ( ,emp]or ,ni*olas1 appli$ 8 electric motor to a boat #bh feet long1 c>ry+ f\rte5 pass5g]s1 & propell$ ! same at a spe$ ( ?ree miles an h\r4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,rob]t ,davidson1 a ,scot*man1 exp]im5t$ ) an electric railway c> sixte5 feet long1 weigh+ six tons1 & atta9+ a spe$ ( f\r miles an h\r4 ,9 #ahdj ,dav5port1 by means ( 8 electric motor1 pr9t$ a news %eet call$ ! ,electro ,magnet & ,me*anics' ,intellig5c]4 ,9 #ahea an electric locomotive made by ,dr4 ,page 9 accordance ) 8 subsequ5t pat5t ( #ahed1 drew a tra9 ( c>s f ,wa%+ton to ,blad5sburg at a rate ( n9ete5 miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,dav5port ,,motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,neff ,,motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,we/+h\se ,,electric ,,motor4 ,all ^! motors 7 op]at$ by voltaic batt]ies1 & on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( ! latt] b little practical use ( ! electric motor 0 made until ! dynamo 0 inv5t$4 ,9 #ahgc an accid5tal discov]y l$ to ! rapid practical developm5t ( ! electric motor4 ,x is said t at ! indu/rial exhibition at ,vi5na 9 t ye>1 a numb] ( ,gramme dynamos 7 be+ plac$ 9 position1 & a workman 9 mak+ ! electrical connections = "o ( ^! ma*9es1 inadv]t5tly connect$ x to ano!r dynamo 9 active op]ation1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d t ! dynamo he 0 connect+ began to revolve 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is 0 ! clue t l$ to ! important recognition ( ! /ructural id5tity ( ! dynamo & ! mod]n type ( electric motor4 ,! dynamo & ! electric motor !n grew into developm5t toge!r1 & ! same inv5tors :o br\ght ! dynamo to its pres5t high effici5cy1 produc$ electric motors ( correspond+ pr9ciples & value4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #cb1 is %[n a mod]n electric motor4 ,x is a ,we/+h\se two-phase ma*9e1 ( #cjj horse p[]1 ( ! self />t+ induction type1 design$ to op]ate at a spe$ ( #ejj revolutions p] m9ute :5 suppli$ ) two-phase curr5ts ( #c1jjj alt]nations p] m9ute & #b1jjj volts pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,siem5s' ,,fir/ ,,electric ,,railway4 ,! mo/ important application ( ! electric motor is = /reet c> op]ation4 ,! fir/ electric railway 0 t ( ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s1 at ,b]l91 9 #ahgi1 an illu/ration ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! fir/ electric railway 9 ,am]ica 0 in/all$ at ,baltimore 9 #ahhe1 & ran to ,hampd51 a di/ance ( two miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,ov]head ,,trolley ,,c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,und]gr\nd ,,electric ,,trolley ,,sy/em4 ,! famili> ov]head trolley c>s1 & ! f> sup]ior conduit trolley sy/em1 repres5t p]haps ! l>ge/ use made ( electric motors4 ,! motors are arrang$ "u ! c>s 9 v>y+ =ms adapt$ to ! /ructure ( ! c>4 ,9 ! ov]head trolley1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 ! curr5t is tak5 f ! ov]head wire by a flexible trolley pole1 & 9 ! conduit sy/em a trolley kn[n z a pl[ ext5ds f ! bottom ( ! c> ?r\gh a n>r[ slot 9 ! top ( ! conduit & makes a travel+ contact ) ! conductor rails )9 ! conduit1 :i* c>ry ! electric curr5t4 ,fig4 #ce is an end view ( a /reet c> ( ! latt] type1 ) ! conduit & conductor rails 9 cross section4 ,! curr5t goes f "o rail to "o be>+ surface ( ! pl[1 !nce to ! motor on ! c> & back to ! o!r be>+ surface ( ! pl[ & ! o!r conductor rail 9 ! conduit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,?ird ,,rail ,,sy/em ,,on ,,! ,n4 ,y41 ,n4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,railroad--,,front ,,end ,,( ,,motor ,,c>4 ,a ?ird sy/em1 :i* has supplant$ to "s ext5t ! use ( /eam on %ort l9e railways1 is ! s-call$ ?ird rail sy/em1 ( :i* an example is se5 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,a ?ird conductor rail is plac$ betwe5 ! usual track rails1 & f ?is conductor ! curr5t is tak5 by a slid+ %oe on ! c>1 & c>ri$ to ! motor & !nce ?r\gh ! c> :eels to ! track rails4 ,to r$uce dang] f ! live rail1 ! ?ird rail 9 "s sy/ems is made 9 sections1 &1 by an automatic swit*+ process z ! c> moves along1 only ! sections ( ! rail b5ea? ! c> are br\ght into circuit1 all o!r portions be+ cut out4 ,! use ( electric motors has greatly ext5d$1 *eap5$1 & exp$it$ ! /reet c> s]vice4 ,all ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es ( cities & ev5 t[ns are n[ s equipp$1 & radiat+ suburban l9es ext5d = miles f ! city1 af=d+ = five c5ts a pleasant & *eap excursion = ! poor to ! gre5 fields & fre% air ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,electric ,,railway ,,motor1 ,,clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,electric ,,railway ,,motor1 ,,op5$4 ,figs4 #cg & #ch %[ an electric motor us$ on /reet c>s1 z made by ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company4 ,ext]nally x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( "s curi\s1 unc\?1 ca/ iron box1 :i*1 to ! un9itiat$1 piques ! curiosity1 & :5 op5$ adds no explanation ( its real "*4 ,9 x1 h[ev]1 ! electrician f9ds a mo/ int]e/+ comb9ation ( metal & magnetism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,electric ,,locomotive ,,( ,b4 ,o4 ,,tunnel ,,9 ,,baltimore4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci is %[n "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful electric locomotives ev] con/ruct$4 ,x 0 built 9 #ahie by ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company = ! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad1 to draw tra9s ?r\gh ! long tunnel f ! ,camd5 ,/reet ,/ation 9 ,baltimore1 = ! purpose ( avoid+ smoke & gas 9 ! tunnel1 :i* is #g1cci feet long4 ,! locomotive weighs n9ety-six tons1 or tw5ty-five tons above ! av]age /eam locomotive4 ,x 0 design$ to draw #ajj tra9s daily ea* way1 mov+ pass5g] tra9s ( a maximum weight ( #ejj tons at ?irty-five miles an h\r1 & freight tra9s ( #a1bjj tons at fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,x has two trucks1 & eight drive :eels ( sixty-two in*es diamet]4 ,!re are f\r motors1 two to ea* truck1 ea* rat$ at #cfj horse p[]4 ,o!r important applications ( ! electric motor are1 ! propell+ ( automobile c>riages1 small boats1 & fi% torp$oes1 op]at+ /e]+ ge> = %ips1 pass5g] elevators1 rock drills 9 m9es1 runn+ pr9t+ presses1 fans1 sew+ ma*9es1 graphophones1 & 9 all applications :]e space is limit$ & cleanl9ess a desid]atum4 ,accord+ to ,mulhall !re 7 9 #ahij 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada ab\t #fde miles ( /reet railway op]at$ by electricity4 ,?is ab\t conclud$ ! fir/ decade ( ! life ( ! electric railway4 ,"s idea ( ! rapid increase 9 ?is field may be _h by ! /atem5t ( ! same au?ority t !re 7 9 #ahij1 at ! end ( ?is fir/ decade1 =ty-five additional electric railroads 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 aggregat+ #eab miles ( way1 :i* ne>ly d\bl$ ! previ\s exi/+ mileage4 ,9 #ahih x 0 e/imat$ t !re 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ad1jjj miles ( electric railroads1 ) a nom9al capital ( #a1jjj1jjj1jjj1 & employ+ #agj1jjj m54 ,9 ! same ye> a s+le electrical contract 0 ent]$ into betwe5 ! ,?ird ,av5ue ,railroad & ! ,union ,railway ,company ( ,new ,york1 act+ z "o1 & ! ,we/+h\se ,electrical & ,manufactur+ ,company1 am\nt+ to #e1jjj1jjj4 ,?is 0 = ! electrical equipm5t ( _! respective railway l9es1 & is ! l>ge/ electrical contract ev] made4 ,! *ange 9 equipm5t f o!r motive p[] to ! electric is rapidly go+ on 9 all directions1 & ! rapid succession ( tra9s w d\btless cause x1 = pass5g] traffic on %ort l9es1 to ev5tually sup]s$e /eam4 ,! eigh? annual report ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company %[s = ! ye> #ahii ord]s receiv$ = railway & o!r electrical equipm5t am\nt+ to #bf1cbc1fbf2 goods %ipp$1 #bb1cgi1dfc4ge2 pr(it on same1 #c1hje1hfj4ah4 ,! gr[? ( its bus9ess f #ahic to #ahii %[s ! foll[+ p] c5t4 ( increase3 ,9 #ahic1 #cf p] c5t4 above #ahib2 9 #ahid1 #abf p] c5t4 above #ahic2 9 #ahie1 #aj p] c5t4 above #ahid2 9 #ahif1 #fj p] c5t4 above #ahie2 9 #ahig1 #fj p] c5t4 above #ahif2 9 #ahih1 #ba p] c5t4 above #ahig2 9 #ahii1 #ea p] c5t4 above #ahih4 ,! capitalization 9 electrical appliances 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahih is e/imat$ at #a1ijj1jjj1jjj1 mo/ ( :i* is devot$ to indu/ries 9 :i* ! electric motor is us$4 ,! export ( electrical app>atus f ?is c\ntry am\nts to m ?an ?ree million doll>s annually1 & x is said t !re are eight times z _m electric railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z 9 all ! re/ ( ! _w comb9$4 ,! use ( electrical curr5t 9 twelve pr9cipal cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 di/ribut$ 9 #ahih z foll[s3 ,lamps1 arcs1 & motors 9 sixte5 c&le p[] equival5ts4 ,bo/on #faf1jjj ,new ,york #a1gah1jjj ,*icago #a1bgh1jjj ,brooklyn #cbb1jjj ,baltimore #bbd1jjj ,philadelphia #dhh1jjj ,/4 ,l\is #cjc1jjj ,san ,francisco #bca1jjj ,buffalo #abe1jjj ,ro*e/] #ahd1jjj ,c9c9nati #bja1jjj ,new ,orleans #ha1jjj ,bo/on makes ! l>ge/ use ( electrical curr5t 9 proportion to its population ( any city 9 ! _w4 ,ro*e/] is next4 ,bo? ( ^! cities employ 9 electrical units ( #af c4 p4 equival5ts1 m ?an "o electric lamp = e man1 woman & *ild 9 _! respective populations4 ,! dynamo & ! electric motor h toge!r wr\ght ?is great developm5t4 ,! dynamo takes me*anical p[] & conv]ts x into electrical en]gy1 & ! electric motor takes ! electrical en]gy & conv]ts x back into me*anical p[]4 ,/&+ beh9d !m bo?1 h[ev]1 is ! /eam eng9e1 & ^! ?ree af=d a beautiful illu/ration ( ! law ( correlation ( =ces4 ,! =ce />ts ) ! combu/ion ( coal "u ! boil] ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,:5 c>bon unites *emically ) oxyg51 x is an exo!rmic reaction t gives (f heat z correlat$ en]gy4 ,! influ5ce ( heat on ! molecules ( wat] 9 ! boil] causes !m1 by repell5t action1 to assume ! qualities ( an ela/ic gas1 & ?is exp&+ z /eam drives ! pi/on ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,! /eam eng9e ov]comes by =ce ! resi/ance exi/+ betwe5 ! dynamo's field magnets & armature coil1 & sets up 9 ! latt] ! correlat$ =ce ( an electric curr5t1 & ! electric curr5t1 travel+ to its remote de/9ation by suitable conductors1 ent]s ! coils ( ! electric motor 9 rev]se relation to t ( ! dynamo1 & 9 produc+ ! rev]se effect betwe5 ! armature & field magnets1 electrical en]gy is conv]t$ back into me*anical p[]4 ,x is n possible to obta9 9 ! electric motor ! full equival5t ( ! dynamo's curr5t1 nor 9 ! dynamo ! full equival5t ( ! /eam eng9e's p[]1 nor 9 ! /eam eng9e ! full equival5t ( ! *emical en]gy 9 ! combu/ion ( coal4 ,loss by radiation1 by conduction1 by friction1 & by electrical resi/ance precludes ?is1 b :ile !re is loss 9 a utilit>ian s5se !re is no real loss1 = =ce l matt]1 is inde/ructible1 & ! pro( ( ?is univ]sal law by ,j\le1 9 #ahdc1 con/itutes "o ( ! highe/ triumphs ( philosophy & "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,electric ,,light4 ,,voltaic ,,arc ,,by ,,sir ,,humphrey ,,davy--,,! ,,jablo*k(f ,,c&le--,,pat5ts ,,( ,,bru%1 ,,we/on ,,& ,,o!rs--,,se>* ,,lights--,,grove',s ,,fir/ ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamp--,,/>r-,,k+ ,,lamp--,,moses ,,f>m] ,,lights ,,fir/ ,,dwell+ ,,) ,,electric ,,lamps--,,sawy]-,,man ,,lamp--,,edison',s ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamp-- ,,edison',s ,,?ree-,,wire ,,sy/em ,,( ,,circuits--,,/ati/ics4 ,! popul> idea ( ! electric light is1 t x is a v rec5t inv5tion1 s9ce ev5 ! y\ng] g5]ation rememb]s :5 !re 0 no su* ?+ 9 g5]al use4 ,x w surprise _m read]s1 !n1 to "k t ! electric light _h its bir? 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,9 #ahji ,sir ,humphrey ,davy discov]$ t :5 two pieces ( *>coal1 :i* =m$ ! t]m9als ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y1 7 sep>at$ aft] hav+ be5 br\ght into contact ) ea* o!r1 at ! mom5t ( sep>ation a brilliant arc ( flame pass$ f "o piece ( *>coal to ! o!r1 produc+ a temp]ature ( #d1hjj ,f41 & t ! int5sity ( ! light exce$$ all o!r kn[n =ms ( light4 ,v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! organization ( devices 7 made = hold+ ! two pieces ( c>bon1 :i* 9 "t assum$ ! =m ( two p5cils 9 alignm5t1 z 9 ,fig4 #dj1 & devices 7 provid$ = fe$+ "o c>bon t[>d ! o!r z !y burn$ away4 ,clock me*anism = ?us regulat+ ! fe$ 0 fir/ employ$1 :i* s]v$ to automatically keep ! c>bons a def9ite di/ance ap>t1 ?is be+ a necess>y condition ( ! arc4 ,= _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! use ( su* a light 0 conf9$ to laboratory illu/ration1 = ! reason t x c\ld only be produc$ at great exp5se by a l>ge numb] ( voltaic batt]ies4 ,nev]!less v effici5t electric lamps work+ by voltaic batt]ies 7 devis$ by ,f\cault1 ,duboscq1 ,deleuil & o!rs z e>ly z #ahec4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! dynamo1 h[ev]1 ! electric light grew rapidly & develop$ into conspicu\s use4 ,ev5 be=e ! true dynamo 0 inv5t$ ! magneto-electric ma*9e 0 employ$ = produc+ an electric curr5t to supply electric light4 ,! s-call$ 8,alliance0 g5]ator 01 9 #aheh1 us$ 9 ! ,s\? ,=el& ligh?\se 9 ,engl& to supply ! arc lamps1 & ! beams ( ! electric light !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 7 turn$ seaw>d z a beacon = ! m>9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,simple ,,electric ,,arc ,,lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,,jablo*k(f ,,c&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,we/on ,,arc ,,lamp4 ,among ! e>ly developm5ts ( ! electric light 0 ! ,jablo*k(f c&le1 see ,fig4 #da1 br\ght out 9 #ahgg4 ,9 ?is device two p>allel /icks ( c>bon ,g ,g 7 sep>at$ by a non-conduct+ lay] ( kaol9 ,i1 & 7 held 9 an asbe/os f]rule ,a4 ,metal tubes ,t ,t connect$ ! conduct+ wires ,f ,f to ! c>bons4 ,! arc ( flame pass$ f ! top ( "o c>bon to ! o!r1 fus+ ! sep>at+ lay] ( kaol91 & ! :ole burn$ d[n toge!r z a c&le4 ,?is =m ( electric light 0 ext5sively us$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahgg1 & also 9 ,london1 & attract$ consid]able att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,,arc ,,lamp ,,fe$ ,,me*anism4 ,f ! ,jablo*k(f c&le ! arc light has resum$ ! =m ( two v]tically align$ c>bons1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s =ms & patt]ns1 ( :i* ! ,we/on lamp1 ,fig4 #db1 is a mod]n type1 has come into su* univ]sal & conspicu\s use = light+ ! /reets ( our cities1 & is s well kn[n to-day1 t b little ne$ be said ( its developm5t1 s9ce its real "* has und]gone no *ange 9 pr9ciple1 ! improvem5ts relat+ *iefly to means = regulat+ ! fe$ ( ! c>bons & ma9ta9+ !m at a uni=m di/ance ap>t1 s z to avoid flick]+4 ,?is result is obta9$ by automatic me*anism op]at$ by ! electric curr5t act+ ^u electro-magnets1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 9 :i* ! electro-magnets raise ! upp] c>bon :5 x is too close to ! l[] c>bon1 & l[] ! upp] c>bon :5 ! space becomes too great f burn+ away4 ,among ^? :o h contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ! arc light ! names ( ,bru%1 ,we/on1 & ,?omson & ,h\/on are mo/ conspicu\s1 & ! pat5ts ( ,bru%1 ,no4 #bjc1daa1 ,may #g1 #ahgh1 & ,no4 #bab1ahc1 ,feb4 #aa1 #ahgi1 & ,we/on1 ,no4 #bhe1dea1 ,sept4 #be1 #ahhc1 are ! mo/ repres5tative developm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,n9e ,,?\s& ,,c&le ,,p[] ,,arc ,,lamp4 ,! applications ( ! arc light h be5 brilliant beyond ! dreams ( ! mo/ sangu9e inv5tor4 ,9 ! illu/rations numb] #dd1 #de & #df1 is %[n a gigantic electric light beacon manufactur$ by ,h5ry ,lepaute1 ( ,p>is1 & fir/ exhibit$ 9 ?is c\ntry at ! ,*icago ,_w's ,fair1 9 #ahic4 ,x consi/s ( two great l5ses1 ea* n9e feet 9 diamet]1 betwe5 :i*1 9 _! focus1 is plac$ a #i1jjj c&le p[] arc light4 ,! great lant]n1 ,fig4 #de1 is c>ri$ by a v]tical %aft1 :i* t]m9ates at its l[] end 9 a holl[ drum1 :i* latt] floats 9 a ba? ( m]cury4 ,al?\gh ! weight is e/imat$ at sev]al tons1 s s5sitive is its poise on ! m]cury t ! enorm\s lant]n may be easily rotat$ by ! pressure ( "o's f+]4 ,ea* l5s consi/s ( conc5tric segm5ts1 see ,fig4 #df1 #aij 9 numb]1 surr\nd+ a c5tral disk1 :i* toge!r cause ! rays to issue 9 p>allel l9es4 ,! n9e-foot beam ( light ?us project$ is ( #ij1jjj1jjj c&le p[]1 & if plac$ at a suffici5t altitude to avoid ! curvature ( ! e>?'s surface1 its light w\ld be visible at ! range ( #adf4i nautical miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,n9ety ,,million ,,c&le ,,p[] ,,bivalve ,,l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,,front ,,view ,,( ,,l5s4 ,bett] kn[n to ! patrons ( our excursion boats & ! visitors to our spl5did battle%ips1 are ! electric se>* lights4 ,! greate/ example ( all se>* lights1 h[ev]1 is n to be f\nd on ! sea1 b 9 ! picturesque altitudes ( ! ,si]ra ,madres 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,at ! summit ( ,m\nt ,l[e1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,pasad5a1 is ! l>ge/ se>* light 9 ! _w1 %[n 9 illu/ration1 ,fig4 #dh4 ,x is ( #c1jjj1jjj c&le p[]1 /&s elev5 feet high1 & its total weight is #f1jjj p\nds4 ,its light may be se5 = #aej miles out on ! ocean1 & z its p[]ful beam is ?r[n f m\nta9 top to m\nta9 top hundr$s ( miles ap>t1 x adds ! illum9ation ( art to ! sublimity ( nature1 & seems a fitt+ jewel to ?is l(ty cr[n ( ,"m ,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,se>* ,,light ,,) ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,repell+ ,,night ,,attack ,,( ,,torp$o ,,boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,se>* ,,light ,,on ,,m\nt ,,l[e1 ,,cali=nia4 ,brilliant z is ! arc lamp1 f> m 9 evid5ce is ! inc&esc5t lamp4 ,! little glass bulb ) its t9y ?read ( light we f9d ev]y:]e4 ,popul> op9ion & ! decision ( ! c\rts accord ?is inv5tion to ,?omas ,a4 ,edison4 ,! evolution ( ! inc&esc5t lamp is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+1 & may be briefly sket*$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,fir/ ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamp1 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,grove1 #ahdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,/>r-,,k+ ,,lamp4 ,9 #ahde !re appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e a description ( :at 0 probably ! fir/ inc&esc5t electric light4 ,x 0 devis$ 9 #ahdj by ,william ,rob]t ,grove1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,grove batt]y1 & is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,x is /at$ t he exp]im5t$ & read by x = h\rs4 ,x 0 describ$ z foll[s3 8,a coil ( plat9um wire is atta*$ to two copp] wires1 ! l[] p>ts ( :i*1 or ^? mo/ di/ant f ! plat9um1 are well v>ni%$2 ^! are fix$ erect 9 a glass ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ano!r cyl9drical glass1 clos$ at ! upp] end1 is inv]t$ ov] !m1 s t its op5 m\? re/s on ! bottom ( ! =m] glass2 ! project+ ends ( ! copp] wires are connect$ ) a voltaic batt]y 7two or ?ree pairs ( ! nitric acid comb9ation71 & ! ignit$ wire n[ gives a /eady light4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! wires pass ?r\gh ! wat]1 !y may be fix$ to metallic caps well lut$ to ! necks ( a glass globe40 ,9 #ahde ,augu/ ,k+ pat5t$1 9 ,engl&1 an inc&esc5t lamp1 hav+ an unseal$ plat9um burn]1 & also a c>bon 9 a vacuum4 ,mr4 ,k+ act$ z ag5t = an ,am]ican inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,/>r1 & ! lamp came to be kn[n z ! ,/>r-,k+ lamp1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! burn] 0 a ?9 plate or p5cil ( c>bon ,b1 enclos$ 9 a ,torricellian vacuum at ! end ( an inv]t$ b>omet] tube1 & held betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! connect+ wires lead+ to a batt]y4 ,9 #ahei ,moses ,g4 ,f>m] light$ 8 h\se at ,salem1 ,mass41 by a s]ies ( subdivid$ electric lights1 :i* 0 ! fir/ private dwell+ light$ by electricity1 & probably ! fir/ illu/ration ( ! feasibility ( subdivid+ ! electric curr5t ?r\gh a numb] ( electric lamps4 ,9 #ahgg ,william ,e4 ,sawy] appli$ = a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t = an electric eng9e]+ & light+ sy/em1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 ent]$ into a p>tn]%ip ) ,albon ,man1 & ! 8,sawy]-,man0 lamp1 see ,fig4 #ea1 0 produc$4 ,9 ?is an inc&esc5t rod ( c>bon 0 inclos$ 9 an atmosph]e ( nitrog54 ,?is m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a p]iod ( great activity 9 ?is field1 :i* f9ally result$ 9 ! well kn[n =m ( electric lamp %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb1 :i* 0 pat5t$ by ,edison1 ,no4 #bbc1hih1 ,janu>y #bg1 #ahhj4 ,! di/9ctive features ( ?is lamp consi/$ 9 a b[$ filam5t ( c>bon ( v ?91 ?read-l "*1 :i* 0 made ( pap] or c>boniz$ cellulose4 ,?is1 :5 seal$ 9 a vacuum1 w\ld n burn away1 b w\ld give ! prop] inc&esc5ce1 & by its small transv]se dim5sion & high resi/ance to ! curr5t1 p]mitt$ a prop] di/ribution ( ! electric curr5t to a numb] ( lamps1 )\t a special regulator = ea* lamp2 & :i* c\ld also be made s *eaply t ! lamp c\ld be ?r[n away :5 ! burn] 0 f9ally brok54 ,edison's claim on ?is feature ( ! electric lamp 0 %>ply conte/$ 9 an int]f]5ce 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice by ,sawy] & ,man1 ) ! decisions alt]nat+ fir/ 9 favor ( "o & !n ( ! o!r1 b :i* f9ally result$ 9 ! grant ( a pat5t to ,sawy] & ,man1 on ,may #ab1 #ahhe4 ,a /ruggle !n began 9 ! c\rts1 :i* on ,octob] #d1 #ahib1 t]m9at$ 9 a decision by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals 7,edison ,electric ,light ,company vs4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,light+ ,company71 aw>d+ ! inc&esc5t lamp to ,edison4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,sawy]-,,man ,,lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,edison',s ,,electric ,,lamp4 ,a--,exhau/$ globe4 ,b--,c>bon filam5t4 ,,cc--,wires seal$ 9 glass4 ,d--,l9e ( fusion ( two p>ts ( globe4 ,,ef--,insulat+ mat]ial4 ,g--,screw-?reads4 ,,hi--,metal socket4 ,j--,fixture arm ,k--,circuit controll+ key4 ,9 ! e>ly demon/ration giv5 by ,edison great di/urbance 0 caus$ 9 ! /ock ex*anges among ! hold]s ( gas %>es1 z ! s5sational report+s 9 ! press seem$ to indicate t gas 0 to be sup]s$$ entirely4 ,?is uneas9ess on ! ,london ,/ock ,ex*ange am\nt$ on ,octob] #aa1 #ahgh1 to a v]itable panic1 b :ile ! electric light has m ?an fulfill$ ! prophecy made = x 9 _m directions1 gas %>es /ill cont9ue to be good /ocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,electric ,,light ,,circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,,edison',s ,,?ree ,,wire ,,sy/em ,,( ,,electric ,,light ,,circuits4 ,closely alli$ to ! practical use ( ! inc&esc5t lamp is ! me?od ( supply+ & regulat+ ! curr5t f ! dynamo4 ,al?\gh ! alt]nat+ curr5t is us$ = arc light1 only ! cont9u\s curr5t c be us$ = ! inc&esc5t lights1 & ! relation ( ! dynamo & ! inc&esc5t lamps is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 9 :i* ,l repres5ts ! lamps betwe5 ! ma9 conduct+ wires lead+ f ! dynamo1 :i* latt] has ! coils ( ! field magnets arrang$ 9 a %unt or bran* circuit1 9 :i* is int]pos$ a regulator ,r 9 ! =m ( a resi/ance coil ) movable swit* lev]1 by :i* m or less ( ! curr5t is all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! field magnet coils to suit ! "w be+ done4 ,9 late ye>s automatic regulators h be5 provid$ = accompli%+ ?is result4 ,9 ,fig4 #ed is %[n :at is kn[n z ! ,edison 8?ree wire sy/em10 pat5t$ ,m>* #bj1 #ahhc1 ,no4 #bgd1bij4 ,9 ?is two dynamos are us$ z at ,d ,d1 & ! ?ree wires em]ge f ! dynamos1 "o f ! negative pole ( "o dynamo1 ano!r f ! positive pole ( ! o!r dynamo1 & ! ?ird or middle "o is connect$ to bo? ! o!r poles 7positive & negative71 ( ! two dynamos4 ,= purposes ( illu/ration1 ?is may be comp>$ to a ?ree-/ori$ arrangem5t ( curr5t1 ! upp] wire repres5t+ ! ?ird /ory1 ! middle wire ! second /ory1 & ! bottom "o ! fir/ /ory4 ,! fall f ei!r /ory to ! next repres5ts ! work+ en]gy1 b f ! top wire to ! bottom w\ld be equal to a fall f ! ?ird /ory to ! fir/4 ,! purpose ( ?is arrangem5t is to save exp5se 9 copp] wire1 = :ile ?ree ma9 wires are us$ in/ead ( two1 ! aggregate weight ( ! wires 7:5 ! lamps are arrang$ z %[n71 may be made s mu* less ?an two heavy wires z to make a v great sav+ 9 copp]4 ,! uses ( ! inc&esc5t light are legion4 ,besides ^? :i* are ( common obs]vation x is us$ = light+ ! int]ior ( m9es1 caves1 & ! d>k ap>tm5ts ( %ips1 & does n f\l ! air4 ,x is also us$ by div]s 9 subm>9e op]ations2 9 ! =mation ( adv]tis+ signs1 & 9 pyrote*nics1 b p]haps "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y uses to :i* x has be5 put is 9 explor+ ! int]ior ( ! human /oma* & o!r cavities ( ! body1 a pat5t = :i* 0 grant$ to ,m4 ,c4 ,f4 ,nitze1 ,no4 #bah1jee1 ,july #bi1 #ahgi4 ,:5 an electric lamp is arrang$ ) ! opposite ends ( ! c>bon burn] connect$1 "o to ! outgo+1 ! o!r to ! incom+ wires f a dynamo1 s z to be bridg$ across1 ?is arrangem5t is said to be 89 multiple0 or 89 p>allel10 & ! lamps be> ! analogy ( horses draw+ abrea/1 & :5 ! opposite ends ( ! c>bon burn] are plac$ 9 a gap or break 9 ei!r ! outgo+ or ! incom+ wire1 ! arrangem5t is said to be 89 s]ies10 & ! lamps be> ! analogy ( horses 9 t&em4 ,explanation ( electric nom5clature c be/ be giv5 by ! analogy 9 hydro/atics ( a /ream ( wat] pass+ 9 ! hose pipe f a fire-eng9e4 ,! 8watt0 indicates ! sum total unit ( electrical p[] = a def9ite p]iod ( "t1 & 9 ! hose pipe w\ld be repres5t$ by ! effective =ce ( a def9ite volume ( wat]1 pass+ at a def9ite pressure1 dur+ a def9ite p]iod ( "t4 8,volt0 is a pressure unit ( electro-motive =ce1 & w\ld be repres5t$ by ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 8,amp]e0 w\ld be ! quantity1 or volume unit1 or cross section ( ! hose pipe1 & ! 8ohm0 w\ld be ! unit ( frictional resi/ance4 ,! 8watt0 !n w\ld be ! 8volt0 multipli$ by ! 8amp]e02 ?us #ejj watts w\ld be #aj amp]es at #ej volts1 or #ej amp]es at #aj volts4 ,l[ t5sion circuits1 su* z are us$ = inc&esc5t lights1 range f #ajj to #bdj volts & are h>mless4 ,trolley circuits are usually #ejj volts1 & w kill an animal1 b are n necess>ily fatal to man4 ,high t5sion curr5ts f #b1jjj to #e1jjj volts1 su* z are us$ = arc lights1 are fatal4 ,( all mod]n inv5tions1 n "o has adv]tis$ itself 9 su* a spectacul> way z ! electric light4 ,^? :o h se5 ! magnific5t electrical displays at ! ,*icago ,fair1 ! electrical celebrations 9 ,new ,york1 & ! ,omaha ,exhibition1 ne$ no introduction to its m>vel\s spl5dors & beauties4 ,9 ! annual report = #ahih ( ! ,edison ,electric ,illum9at+ ,company ( ,new ,york1 its /atem5t %[s t = t city alone ! gross e>n+s 7 #b1hih1jba4 ,!re 7 #i1iij us]s ( ! electric light1 #ddc1jgd inc&esc5t lamps1 & #g1cec arc lights4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! electric light /ations & plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone am\nt to #fjj1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! ye> #ahii a s+le manufactur+ conc]n 7,! ,g5]al ,electric ,company7 receiv$ ord]s = #aj1jjj1jjj inc&esc5t lamps1 :i* is ab\t "o-half ( ! pres5t annual production4 ,sixte5 ye>s ago ! lamps 7 #a ea*2 to-day !y c be b\ght = #ah c5ts4 ,:at ! future has 9 /ore = ! fur!r developm5t ( ! electric light no "o may d>e pr$ict4 ,already a diff]5t =m or manife/ation ( electric light has be5 demon/rat$1 9 :i* nei!r ! electric arc nor ! inc&esc5t filam5t is us$1 b a peculi> gl[ is se5 disassociat$ f a direct mat]ial habitation1 & produc$ by curr5ts ( enorm\s frequ5cy & high pot5tial1 9 accordance ) ! pat5t to ,tesla1 ,no4 #ded1fbb1 ,june #bc1 #ahia4 ,o!r wor?y inv5tors 9 ?is field are at "w1 & its developm5t w be "o ( ! int]e/+ problems ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,telephone4 ,,prelim9>y ,,sugge/ions ,,& ,,exp]im5ts ,,( ,,b\rseul1 ,,reis ,,& ,,drawbaugh--,,fir/ ,,speak+ ,,telephone ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,bell--,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,reis' ,,& ,,bell',s ,,telephones--,,! ,,blake ,,transmitt]-- ,,b]l9]',s ,,v>iation ,,( ,,resi/ance1 ,,& ,,electric ,,undulations ,,by ,,v>iation ,,( ,,pressure--,,edison',s ,,c>bon ,,microphone--,,! ,,telephone ,,ex*ange--,,/ati/ics4 7f>71 & 7s\nd71 are ! ,greek roots f :i* ! ^w telephone is d]iv$4 ,x has ! significance ( transmitt+ s\nd to di/ant po9ts1 & is a ^w ant$at+ ! pres5t speak+ telephone1 al?\gh ?is fact is g5]ally lo/ sight ( 9 ! dazzl+ brilliancy ( ?is latt] inv5tion4 ,9 ! ef=t to he> bett]1 ! ,am]ican ,indian 0 accu/om$ to place 8 e> to ! gr\nd4 ,*ildr5 ( =m] g5]ations also made use ( a toy kn[n z ! 8lov]s' telegraph0--a piece ( /r+ held "u t5sion betwe5 ! flexible bottoms ( two t9 boxes--:i* latt] :5 spok5 into transmitt$ ?r\gh ! /r+ ! vibrations f "o box to ! o!r1 & made audible words spok5 at a di/ance4 ,^! exp$i5ts simply made available ! sup]ior conductivity ( ! solid body ov] ! air to transmit s\nd waves4 ,! electro-magnetic telephone op]ates on an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,x is a m>vel\s creation ( g5ius1 & /&s alone z ! unique1 sup]b1 & unapproa*able triumph ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,= subtilty ( pr9ciple1 impressiv5ess ( action1 & bread? ( results1 !re is no?+ comp>able ) x among me*anical ag5cies4 ,9 its wond]ful function ( plac+ "o intellig5t be+ 9 direct vocal & sympa!tic communication ) ano!r a ?\s& miles away1 its intangible & my/]i\s mode ( action sugge/s to ! imag9ation t unse5 m$ium ( pray] ris+ f ! consci\s human he>t to its omnisci5t & responsive ,god4 ,! telegraph & railroad _h already br\ght all ! peoples ( ! e>? into intimate communication & made !m close k91 b ! telephone trans=m$ !m into ! clos] relation%ip ( families1 & ! t9y wire1 s5ti5t & responsive ) its unlimit$ burd5 ( human ?\ghts & human feel+s1 =ms "o ( ! great vital cords 9 ! solid>ity ( ! human family4 ,x is a curi\s fact t _m1 & p]haps mo/1 great inv5tions h be5 9 ! nature ( accid5tal discov]ies1 ! by-products ( ?\ght direct$ 9 ano!r *annel1 & seek+ o!r results1 b ! telephone does n belong to ?is class4 ,x is ! logical & magnific5t outcome ( p]si/5t ?\ght & exp]im5t 9 ! direction ( ! electrical transmittal ( spee*4 ,pr(4 ,bell _h 8 objective po9t1 & keep+ ?is /eadily 9 view1 work$ fai?fully = ! accompli%m5t ( 8 object 9 produc+ a speak+ telephone1 until success cr[n$ 8 "w4 ,he probably did n realize at fir/ ! full magnitude ( ! a*ievem5t1 b look+ at x f ! end ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 he might well exclaim 9 ! language ( ,horace3 8,exegi monum5tum acre p]5nius40 ,pr(4 ,bell's conception ( ! telephone dates back z f> z #ahgd4 ,8 fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 ,no4 #agd1dfe1 0 grant$ ,m>* #g1 #ahgf1 & 8 second ,janu>y #cj1 #ahgg1 ,no4 #ahf1ghg4 ,x is g5]ally ! fate ( mo/ inv5tions1 ev5 ( a m]itori\s ord]1 to langui% = _m ye>s1 & frequ5tly ?r\gh ! :ole t]m ( ! pat5t1 be=e receiv+ full recognition & adoption by ! public1 b ! meteoric brilliancy ( ?is inv5tion at its fir/ public ann\ncem5t a/oni%$ ! masses1 & inspir$ ! admiration ( ! savants ( ! _w4 ,:5 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf1 x 0 spok5 ( by ,sir ,william ,?omson1 & ,pr(4 ,h5ry1 z ! 8greate/ by f> ( all ! m>vels ( ! electric telegraph40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,philip ,,reis' ,,telephone4 ,x is always ! fate ( ! au?or ( any great inv5tion to be compell$ to def5d himself aga9/ ! claims ( o!rs4 ,x is "o ( ! fail+s ( human nature to lay claim to t :i* somebody else has obta9$1 & is an old /ory :i* f9ds its fir/ illu/ration 9 ! squabbles ( *ildhood4 ,:5 a troop ( prattl+ boys hunt butt]flies among ! daisies1 & "s %>p-ey$ y\ng/] has captur$ a prize1 !re are always o!rs ( 8 mates to cry1 8,i saw x fir/10 & m5 are b gr[n-up boys4 ,s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! telephone1 ,pr(4 ,bell has f\nd competitors = ?is honor1 & x is a/oni%+ to "k h[ close "s ( ^! prior exp]im5t]s came to success )\t rea*+ x4 ,9 #ahed ,b\rseul1 ( ,p>is sugge/$ an electric telephone1 & 9 #ahfa ,philip ,reis devis$ an electric telephone :i* w\ld transmit musical tones4 ,daniel ,drawbaugh1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 is alleg$ to h made an electric telephone 9 #ahfg-ahfh1 & 8 claims aga9/ ! ,bell int]e/s 7 f\ght vigor\sly 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 & 9 ! c\rts1 b )\t success4 ,eli%a ,gray's claims p]haps came ne>] to e/abli%+ = him a %>e 9 ! honor ( inv5t+ ! speak+ telephone ?an any o!r1 = he fil$ a caveat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice ^u ! same day 7,febru>y #ad1 #ahgf71 ^u :i* ,pr(4 ,bell's application = a pat5t 0 made4 ,b 9 ! conte/ 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice ) ,gray1 ,edison1 ,b]l9]1 ,ri*mond1 ,holcombe1 ,f>m]1 ,dolbe>1 ,volk]1 & o!rs1 x 0 decid$ t ,pr(4 ,bell 0 ! fir/ to make a practically effective speak+ telephone1 & ?is conclusion has be5 su/a9$ by ! c\rts4 ,reis 0 a poor ,g]man s*ool tea*] at ,fri$ri*sdorf1 & 9 #ahfj he took a coil ( wire1 a knitt+ ne$le1 ! sk9 ( a ,g]man sausage1 ! bung ( a be] b>rel1 & a /rip ( plat9um1 & con/ruct$ ! fir/ electric telephone4 ,a typical =m ( 8 transmitt]1 see ,fig4 #ee1 0 a box cov]$ ) a vibrat+ membrane ,e1 & provid$ ) a m\?-piece at "o side4 ,a plat9um /rip ,f 0 atta*$ to ! membrane or vibrat+ diaphragm ,e1 & a plat9um po9t$ hamm] ,g re/$ lightly on ! plat9um /rip ,f4 ,! hamm] ,g & plat9um /rip ,f 7 connect$ to ! opposite ends ( a wire1 :i* _h 9 its circuit a batt]y & a receiv]4 ,air vibrations 9 ! nature ( s\nd waves 9 ! box caus$ ! diaphragm ,e to vibrate1 & a sep>at+ make-&-break contact betwe5 ! plat9um /rip ,f & ! plat9um po9t ( hamm] ,g caus$ a s]ies ( sep>ate & di/9ct brok5 impulses to trav]se ! batt]y circuit & be receiv$ ^u ! receiv]1 :i* latt] consi/$ ( an iron rod ) a coil ( wire ar\nd x4 ,t ,reis' transmitt] did alt]nately make & break ! circuit1 seems cle> f 8 own memoir4 ,a translation f ?is memoir1 tak5 f ! annual report 7,jahresb]i*te7 ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frankfurt am ,ma9 = #ahfj-ahfa1 reads z foll[s3 8,at ! fir/ cond5sation 7( air vibrations7 ! hamm]-%ap$ little wire d 7,g 9 our illu/ration71 w be pu%$ back4 ,at ! succe$+ r>efaction x _c foll[ ! return vibration ( ! membrane1 & ! curr5t go+ ?r\gh ! little /rip 7( plat9um7 rema9s int]rupt$ s long z until ! membrane driv5 by a new cond5sation presses ! little /rip aga9/ d 7! hamm] ,g7 once m4 ,9 ?is way ea* s\nd wave effects an op5+ & clos+ ( ! curr5t40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,pr(4 ,,bell',s ,,telephone1 ,,m>* #g1 #ahgf4 ,reis evid5tly did n "k h[ to make ! vibrations ( 8 diaphragm translate !mselves into exactly comm5surate & correlat$ electric impulses ( equal rapidity1 range1 & quality4 ,if he _h done ?is1 he w\ld h _h a speak+ telephone1 b a make-&-break contact c\ld nev] d x1 & h5ce he 9 8 lat] in/rum5ts atta*$ to !m a telegraphic key 9 ord] t ! s5d+ op]ator might communicate ) ! receiv+ op]ator4 ,if ,reis' telephone _h be5 a speak+ telephone1 ?is w\ld h be5 unnecess>y4 ,fur!rmore1 x is inconceivable h[ ! intellig5t1 progressive1 & sci5tific ,g]mans c\ld h fail$ to h giv5 to a speak+ telephone 9 #ahfj ! imm$iate honor & att5tion t x des]v$4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! ,bell speak+ telephone1 inv5t$ 9 #ahgf1 0 kn[n all ov] ! civiliz$ _w ! same ye>4 ,reis' brok5 contact circuit w\ld transmit musical tones1 because musical tones v>y *iefly 9 rapidity ( vibration1 r ?an 9 range1 or quality1 & ! *att]+ contacts ( ,reis' telephone w\ld transmit musical tones because said contracts c\ld be adju/$ to ! practically uni=m range ( vibration4 ,pr(4 ,bell1 h[ev]1 _h made a special /udy ( articulate spee*1 & knew t spee* 0 n ess5tially musical1 b 0 compos$ ( an irregul> & discordant m$ley ( v[el & consonant s\nds1 ^: vibrations v>i$ n only 9 pit* or rapidity l musical tones1 b also 9 ! quality or k9d ( vibrations z to range & l\dness4 ,9 8 inv5tion1 !re=e1 he did n make & break ! circuit z did ,reis1 ?r\gh ! contact po9ts1 b he us$ ! m s5sitive plan ( a con/antly clos$ circuit1 & m]ely caus$ ! curr5t to undulate 9 x by a pr9ciple ( magnetic induction4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,o]/$1 & develop$ into ! well kn[n fact t :5 a piece ( iron is mov$ back & =? f ! poles ( an electro-magnet an induc$ curr5t is made to oscillate 9 ! helix ( ! electro-magnet4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,reis' sep>at+ make-&-break circuit1 & ! ,bell cont9u\s b undulat+ curr5t1 might be illu/rat$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! impulses deliv]$ by ! beat+ ( ! drum /icks on ! head ( a drum1 on ! "o h&1 & ! alt]nate pull+ & slack5+ ( a kite cord1 on ! o!r4 ,9 ! successive impacts on ! head ( a drum !re c\ld n be s s5sitive a transf] ( motion to ! l[] head ( ! drum z !re w\ld be transf]r$ to ! kite by ! movem5t ( ! h& hold+ ! kite cord4 ,reis' plan resembl$ ! brok5 drum beats1 & ,bell's ! kite cord1 :i* always pres]v$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( t5sion4 ,bell accompli%$ 8 object by ! means %[n 9 ,figs4 #ef & #eg1 9 :i* ,fig4 #ef repres5ts 8 fir/ pat5t ( ,m>* #g1 #ahgf1 & ,fig4 #eg 8 second pat5t ( ,janu>y #cj1 #ahgg4 ,9 bo? cases ! curr5t 0 a cont9u\sly clos$ "o1 & 0 n alt]nately made & brok5 z by ! sep>at+ contacts ( ,reis4 ,pr(4 ,bell caus$ ! vocal air vibrations to undulate or oscillate ! cont9u\sly clos$ circuit by ! pr9ciple ( magnetic induction z foll[s 7see ,fig4 #ef73 ,he caus$ diaphragm a1 :5 spok5 aga9/1 to vibrate ! armature c 9 front ( ! electro-magnet b1 b )\t t\*+ x1 & z ! armature approa*$ & rec$$ f ! electro-magnet x induc$ an undulat+ b nev] brok5 curr5t 9 ! helix ( ?is electro-magnet & along ! l9e to & ?r\gh ! helix ( ! electro-magnet f at ! di/ant receiv]1 & ?is undulat+ curr5t1 influ5c+ ! armature h1 :i* t\*$ ! diaphragm i b n ! electro-magnet1 produc$ 9 ! attractive influ5ce ( ! magnet on ?is armature & diaphragm1 vibrations ( ! same rapidity1 range1 & quality z ^? vocal vibrations t act$ ^u ! fir/ diaphragm a4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sequ5ce ( transf]5ce 0 air vibrations 9 ,a1 me*anical vibrations ( diaphragm a1 electrical undulations trav]s+ ! l9e1 induc$ vibrations 9 armature h & diaphragm i1 & air vibrations aga9 resolv$ back into s\nds ( articulate spee*1 ! same z ^? spok5 into ,a4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t 9 ! ,bell telephone bo? transmitt] & receiv] 7 ( id5tical con/ruction4 ,?is is bett] %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg ( 8 lat] pat5t1 9 :i* ! horizontal l9e bel[ ! electro-magnet on "o side repres5ts a metal transmitt+ diaphragm1 & ! horizontal l9e "u ! electro-magnet at ! o!r side 0 ! receiv+ diaphragm4 ,n only 7 ! s\nds ?us reproduc$1 b z ! circuit 0 cont9u\s & nev] brok5 by any sep>at+ contacts1 ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( ! electric vibrations set up by magnetic induction 0 su* t ! discordant & irregul> quality ( ! vibrations ( articulate spee* 7 transf]r$ & reproduc$ ) exact fidelity1 z well z ! musical tones1 & ?is r5d]$ ! speak+ telephone a success4 ,9 lat] telephones ! curr5t is actually transmitt$ ?r\gh ! contact+ po9ts1 b ?is only became practicable aft] ! c>bon microphone transmitt] 0 inv5t$1 9 :i* ! ess5tial undulations ( ! electric curr5t 7 produc$ 9 ano!r way1 i4 e41 by ! application ( ! important discov]y t ! v>y+ ( ! pressure on c>bon1 by vibration1 v>i$ its conductivity1 & 9 ?is way produc$ ! same result ( undulat+ a curr5t )\t break+ x4 ,?is 9 no wise detracts f ! value ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cont9u\s undulat+ curr5t discov]$ & employ$ by ,pr(4 ,bell1 betwe5 :i* & ! breaks ( ! h>d plat9um po9ts ( ,reis !re is a diff]5ce z wide z ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,pr(4 ,,bell',s ,,telephone1 ,,janu>y #cj1 #ahgg4 ,! =m 9 :i* ,pr(4 ,bell's telephone 0 plac$ be=e ! public 0 n t %[n 9 ! pat5ts1 b x quickly assum$ ! well-kn[n %ape ( an elongat$ cyl9d] =m+ a h&le1 ) a fl>+ m\?-piece at "o end4 ,?is developm5t 9 =m is cr$it$ to ,dr4 ,*ann+ 9 #ahgg1 & x is ! famili> =m to-day1 ^: int]nal con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,! h&le is made ( h>d rubb]1 & ! cap or m\?-piece1 :i* is screw$ !reon1 is also ( h>d rubb]4 ,! diaphragm ,a1 ( ?9 f]rotype plate1 is clamp$ at its edges betwe5 ! cap1 or m\?-piece1 & ! h&le4 ,! comp\nd magnet ,b is compos$ ( f\r ?9 flat b> magnets1 arrang$ 9 pairs on opposite sides ( ! flat end ( ! s(t iron pole piece c at "o end1 & ! s(t iron spac+ piece d at ! o!r end1 ! magnets be+ clamp$ to ^! pieces ) l poles all 9 "o direction4 ,! end ( ! pole piece c ext5ds to )9 #a_/ajj to #b_/ajj ( an in* ( ! diaphragm1 or z ne> z possible s t ! diaphragm does n t\* x :5 x vibrates4 ,on ! pole piece c is plac$ a wood5 spool on :i* is w\nd silk-cov]$ wire 7,no4 #cd1 ,am4 ,w4 ,g474 ,?is wire fills ! spool1 & its ends are sold]$ to two insulat$ wires :i* pass ?r\gh a flexible rubb] disc f bel[ ! spool & ext5d respectively to ! two b9d+ po/s at ! opposite end ( ! h&le4 ,! curr5t passes f "o b9d+ po/ & its connect+ wire1 ?r\gh ! wire on ! spool1 & !nce to ! o!r connect+ wire & b9d+ po/4 ,:5 us$ z a transmitt]1 vocal vibrations act+ me*anically on ! diaphragm ,a produce undulatory vibrations by magnetic induction 9 ! spool ( wire1 :i* are transmitt$ to ! o!r end ( ! l9e2 & :5 us$ z a receiv]1 ! undulatory vibrations f ! remote end ( ! l9e produce me*anical vibrations 9 ! diaphragm1 :i* set up air vibrations t are reproductions ( articulate s\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,bell ,,telephone4 ,al?\gh ! ,bell telephone is bo? a transmitt] & receiv]1 9 practice a m s5sitive & bett] =m ( transmitt] has tak5 its place4 ,t mo/ g5]ally us$ & be/ kn[n is ! 8,blake transmitt]10 :i* 0 br\ght out ab\t #ahhj4 ,?is employs two important elem5ts4 ,! fir/ is ! c>bon microphone1 :i* is a means = produc+ ! undulations 9 ! curr5t by ! v>iations 9 pressure on c>bon contacts1 & ! second is an induction coil op]at$ by a local batt]y1 ^: prim>y circuit passes ?r\gh ! contacts ( ! c>bon microphone1 & ^: second>y circuit passes ov] ! l9e4 ,^! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! ,blake transmitt] 7 ! inv5tions ( ,b]l9] & ,edison1 & 7 made 9 #ahgg4 ,! broad idea ( produc+ electric undulations by v>y+ ! pressure betwe5 electrodes by vocal vibrations1 0 a l>ge bone ( cont5tion 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice betwe5 v>i\s inv5tors4 ,an application = a pat5t = ! same 0 fil$ 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice by ,emile ,b]l9]1 ,june #d1 #ahgg1 :i* 0 conte/$ 9 an int]f]5ce by ,gray1 ,edison1 ,ri*mond1 ,dolbe>1 ,holcombe1 ,pr(4 ,bell1 & o!rs4 ,aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( litigation ! pat5t 0 f9ally aw>d$ to ,b]l9]4 ,! pat5t grant$ to him ,novemb] #ag1 #ahia1 ,no4 #dfc1efi1 is a valuable "o1 & has become ! prop]ty ( ! ,am]ican ,bell ,telephone ,company4 ,! application ( a l[ resi/ance conductor 7c>bon7 9 a microphone 0 inv5t$ by ,edison z e>ly z #ahgg1 b 8 pat5t1 ,no4 #dgd1bcj1 did n issue until ,may #c1 #ahib1 on acc\nt ( ! int]f]5ce ) ,b]l9] on ! broad] pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,blake ,,transmitt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,circuits ,,9 ,,blake ,,transmitt]4 ,! ,blake transmitt] takes its "n f ! inv5tor ( its me*anical features1 :o has assembl$ 9 x ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,b]l9] & ,edison 9 a s5sitive & practical me*anical con/ruction1 cov]$ by m9or pat5ts1 dat$ ,novemb] #bi1 #ahha4 ,x is ! little box 9 ! middle ( ! famili> telephone outfit into :i* ! talk+ is done4 ,its int]nal con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,to ! re> ( ! door is secur$ ! ca/ iron circul> r+ ,a1 inside ( :i* lies ! ,russia iron diaphragm ,b1 cu%ion$ at its edges ) a rubb] b&4 ,a circul> seat a little l>g] ?an ! diaphragm is =m$ 9 ! iron r+1 & on ?is seat ! diaphragm re/s4 ,a %ort1 ?9 metal plate atta*$ to ! r+ ,a on ! "r h& side clamps ! diaphragm 9 position by re/+ squ>ely on ! rubb] edge ( ! diaphragm4 ,its function is l t ( a h+e1 :i* all[s ! diaphragm to freely sw+ inw>d4 ,a /eel damp+ spr+ is secur$ to ! r+ at ! opposite edge ( ! diaphragm1 & has its free end provid$ ) a rubb] glove on :i* is cem5t$ a ?9 piece ( fluffy wool5 mat]ial4 ,! padd$ end ( ! damp+ spr+ re/s aga9/ ! diaphragm & prev5ts excessive vibration4 ,! iron r+ ,a has at its bottom a projection hold+ an adju/+ screw1 & to a simil> top projection is atta*$ by screws a brass spr+1 f :i* dep5ds ano!r ca/+ ,c1 support+ ! microphone app>atus1 :i* is be/ %[n 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #fj4 ,9 ?is diagram ,a is "o t]m9al ( ! batt]y connect$ by wire ,s to ! h+e ,h ( ! box4 ,f ! o!r leaf ( ! h+e ! wire ,m passes to ,k1 :]e x is sold]$ to ! upp] end ( a ,g]man silv] spr+ ,i4 ,at ,k ?is spr+ is clamp$ & insulat$ f ! iron "w by two pieces ( h>d rubb]4 ,on ! l[] end ( ! spr+ ,i is sold]$ a %ort piece ( ?ick plat9um wire1 ^: ends are r\nd$ into heads1 "o ( :i* be>s aga9/ ! diaphragm ,n1 & ! o!r aga9/ ! c>bon button ,j4 ,?is button is atta*$ to a small brass weight1 & is support$ by a spr+ ,r1 clamp$ at its upp] end to ! metal support ,t4 ,?is spr+ is surr\nd$ its entire l5g? by rubb] tub+ to dead5 vibration4 ,! transmitt] is adju/$ by screw ,o1 :i*1 act+ ^u ca/+ ,t1 br+s ! c>bon button1 ! plat9um heads1 & also ! diaphragm ,n1 aga9/ ea* o!r ) a regulat$ pressure4 ,! curr5t passes f ! "p ,k to ! spr+ ,i1 ! plat9um head1 c>bon button ,j1 & its support+ spr+ ,r1 to metal ca/+ ,t1 & r+ ,v1 !nce by wire ,l to ! l[] h+e ,g1 by wire ,p to ! prim>y ( ! induction coil1 & !nce by wire ,y to b9d+ po/ ,b1 ! two b9d+ po/s ,a ,b be+ ! two batt]y t]m9als4 ,! second>y wire ,e ( ! induction coil has its ends connect$ by wires ,x & ,w ) ! two b9d+ po/s ,c ,b1 :i* are ! l9e t]m9als1 or "o ! l9e t]m9al & ! o!r ! gr\nd connection4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! prim>y curr5t passes ?r\gh ! transmitt]1 & ! second>y trav]ses ! l9e4 ,! mo/ famili> =ms ( ! telephone are ^? se5 9 ,figs4 #fa & #fb1 b ! ideal =m is rigg$ 9 a cab9et or little room1 :i* excludes all extrane\s int]f]+ s\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,,wall ,,telephone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,desk ,,telephone4 ,) ! ,bell receiv] & ! ,blake transmitt] a good practical telephone sy/em may be con/ruct$1 b ! improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ! %ort life ( ! telephone are beyond adequate description1 or ev5 m5tion4 ,!y relate to ! call bell1 ! batt]y1 ! swit*bo>d1 met]s = regi/]+ calls1 conductors1 conduits1 connections1 lightn+ arre/]s1 swit*es1 anti-induction devices1 repeat]s1 & sy/ems4 ,among ^? mo/ prom95tly id5tifi$ ) its developm5t are ,bell1 ,edison1 ,b]l9]1 ,hughes1 ,gray1 ,dolbe> & ,phelps4 ,! activity 9 ?is field is be/ illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! art ( telephony1 begun practically 9 #ahgf1 has at ! end ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury gr[n into "s #c1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts on ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,telephone ,,ex*ange4 ,t :i* has giv5 ! telephone its greate/ comm]cial value is ! 8ex*ange0 sy/em1 by :i* at a c5tral (fice any memb] ( a telephonic community may be in/antly put into communication ) any o!r memb] ( t community4 ,= ?is purpose1 see ,fig4 #fc1 a cont9u\s swit*bo>d is arrang$ along ! side ( a l>ge room & occupies mo/ ( t side ( ! wall4 ,x comprises a great array ( annunciator drops1 spr+ jacks ) plug seats1 & connect+ cords ) metal plugs at _! opposite ends4 ,ea* subscrib] is connect$ to 8 own spr+ jack & annunciator drop1 & 8 call to c5tral (fice 7f 8 magneto-bell7 ?r[s d[n ! annunciator drop :i* be>s ! numb] ( 8 telephone1 & ann\nces to ! att5dant 8 desire to communicate ) ano!r4 ,to insure ! att5tion ( ! att5dant1 a t9y electric lamp is by ! same action light$ directly 9 front ( h]1 :i* acts z a pilot signal to call h] att5tion to ! drop4 ,! att5dant n[ puts a plug 9 t spr+ jack1 :i* automatically re/ores ! drop1 & %e !n asks ! numb] :i* ! subscrib] wants1 &1 ^u asc]ta9+ ?is1 puts ! plug at ! o!r end ( ! connect+ cord into ! spr+ jack ( ! subscrib] want$1 & by ?is action disconnects h] own telephone4 ,z e telephone subscrib] has 9 ! c5tral (fice an app>atus exclusively 8 own1 x w be se5 t a telephone community ( sev]al ?\s&s ( subscrib]s involves an impos+ array ( multiple connections1 & a great exp5se 9 con/ruction4 ,girls are *os5 z ex*ange att5dants because _! voices are cle>]4 ,e telephone jack1 h[ev]1 does n h its ,jill1 = ea* girl has *>ge ( a hundr$ or m jacks1 & we>s con/antly on h] head a telephone ( special %ape1 embrac+ h] head l a *ild's hoop comb1 b t]m9at+ ) an e>-piece at "o end t cov]s "o e>4 ,%e is too busy to wa/e "t 9 adju/+ an ord9>y telephone to h] e>1 & s we>s "o ( special design all ! "t4 ,9 ! tw5tie? annual report ( ! ,am]ican ,bell ,telephone ,company1 = ! ye> #ahii1 ! numb] ( telephones 9 use ,janu>y #a1 #aijj1 by t company alone1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 #a1ehj1aja2 ! miles ( wire 7 #a1jaf1ggg1 & ! daily connections = p]sons us+ ! telephone 7 #e1agc1hjc4 ,! gross e>n+s ( ! company 7 #e1gfj1ajf4de1 & x paid 9 divid5ds #c1hhb1ide4 ,! total numb] ( ex*ange /ations ( ! ,bell ,company 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w are3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #fcb1idf2 ,g]many1 #bab1aba2 ,great ,brita91 #aab1hdj2 ,sw$51 #fc1fhe2 ,france1 #dd1hfe2 ,switz]l&1 #ce1ecf2 ,russia1 #bf1hfe2 ,au/ria1 #bf1ffd2 ,norway1 #be1cgf4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has ne>ly #he1jjj m ?an all ! o!rs put toge!r4 ,s9ce ! expiration ( ! ,bell pat5ts _m small] companies h sprung up1 & ! numb] ( telephones 9 use has m ?an d\bl$ 9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,long di/ance telephony is n[ c>ri$ on up to ne>ly #b1jjj miles1 & "o may to-day lie 9 b$ 9 ,new ,york & li/5 to a conc]t 9 ,*icago1 & ! vocal ex*ange ( bus9ess & social int]c\rse betwe5 cities has become s l>ge a feature ( mod]n life z to ju/ify ! organization ( a great company = ?is s]vice alone4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,book ( ,job1 xxxviii4 *apt]1 #ce? v]se1 x is writt53 8,can/ ?\ s5d lightn+s t !y may g & say unto !e--#8,"h we are8'0 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ?is *all5ge to ,job has be5 look$ ^u z a feat ^: execution 0 only )9 ! p[] ( ! ,almighty2 b to-day ! inv5tor--t pati5t mod]n ,job--has accompli%$ ?is seem+ly impossible task1 = at ! end ( ?is ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 ! telephone makes ! lightn+ man's vocal mess5g]1 tireless1 fai?ful1 & true1 kn[+ no prev>ication1 & swift] ?an ! w+$ mess5g] ( ! gods4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,electricity--,,miscellane\s4 ,,/orage ,,batt]y--,,batt]ies ,,( ,,plant1 ,,faure ,,& ,,bru%--,,electric ,,weld+--,,direct ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,electricity ,,by ,,combu/ion--,,electric ,,boats--,,electro-,,plat+--,,edison',s ,,electric ,,p5--,,electricity ,,9 ,,m$ic9e--,,electric ,,caut]y--,,electrical ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts--,,electric ,,bla/+4 ,a prom95t factor 9 ! electrical art is ! ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,second>y ,batt]y1 or ,accumulator1 z x is v>i\sly call$4 ,a /orage batt]y acts ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple z ! ord9>y galvanic or voltaic batt]y 9 giv+ =? electrical curr5t z ! correlat$ equival5t ( ! *emical =ce1 b diff]s f x 9 ?is respect1 t :5 ! elem5ts ( a prim>y batt]y are us$ up1 ! batt]y is exhau/$ beyond repair4 ,) ! /orage batt]y1 x may be reg5]at$ at w by simply subject+ x to an electric curr5t f a dynamo4 ,! dynamo /ores up 9 ?is batt]y its electric =ce by conv]t+ x into *emical =ce1 :i* is imprison$ 9 *emical comp\nds t are =m$ :ile ! p[] ( ! dynamo is be+ appli$4 ,^! *emical comp\nds are1 h[ev]1 9 a condition ( un/able *emical equilibrium1 :i* is undi/urb$ s long z ! poles ( ! /orage batt]y are n connect$1 b :5 connect$ ?r\gh a circuit1 ! in/ability ( ! *emical comp\nds ass]ts itself1 & 9 pass+ back to a condition ( normal equilibrium ! disruption gives (f ! correlative equival5t ( electric curr5t /or$ up 9 x by ! dynamo4 ,probably ! e>lie/ sugge/ion ( a /orage batt]y is by ,ritt] 9 #ahab1 9 8 8second>y pile40 ,?is device consi/$ ( alt]nate discs ( copp] & moi/5$ c>d1 & 0 capable ( receiv+ a *>ge f a voltaic pile & ( !n produc+ ! physical1 *emical1 & physiological effects obta9$ f ! ord9>y pile4 ,! fir/ /orage batt]y ( importance1 h[ev]1 0 made by ,ga/on ,plant 9 #ahfj1 :i* consi/$ ( lead5 plates imm]s$ 9 a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( sulphuric acid 9 wat]4 ,9 ,fig4 #fd is %[n a modification ( ! ,plant type ( /orage batt]y1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( plates %[n on ! left4 ,ea* ( ^! plates is built up1 z %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #fe1 ( lead /rips corrugat$ & arrang$ 9 lay]s alt]nately ) flat /rips1 )9 p]=at$ lead5 cases4 ,! corrugation ( ! lead5 lam9 gives great] sup]ficial area1 & ! alt]nation ( flat & corrugat$ /rips keeps !m prop]ly spac$1 s ! sulphuric acid solution may p5etrate & act ^u ! same4 ,ea* plate section has a rod to connect x ) its prop] t]m9al4 ,:5 ! *>g+ curr5t is appli$1 ! positive lead plate becomes cov]$ ) lead p]oxide 7,pb,o7 & f9ely divid$ metallic lead is deposit$ on ! negative plate4 ,:5 ! batt]y is be+ dis*>g$ ! p]oxide ( lead gives up "o ( its atoms ( oxyg5 to ! spongy metallic lead deposit$ on ! o!r plate1 & bo? plates rema9 coat$ ) lead monoxide 7,pb,o74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,plant ,,/orage ,,batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,,enl>g$ ,,detail ,,( ,,plant ,,plate4 ,! mo/ important developm5t ( ! /orage batt]y 0 made by ,camille ,a4 ,faure1 9 #ahhj 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #beb1jjb1 ,jan #c1 #ahhb74 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahha !re 0 s5t f ,p>is to ,glasg[ a s-call$ 8box ( electric en]gy0 = inspection & te/ by ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ! em95t electrician4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ /orage batt]ies ( ,m4 ,faure4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ff1 %[s a batt]y ( ?is type 9 :i* ! lead plates cov]$ ) r$ lead 7,pb,o7 replace ! pla9 lead plates 9 ! ,plant cell4 ,! action ( ! batt]y is t :5 a curr5t ( electricity is pass$ into ! same1 ! r$ lead on "o plate 7! negative7 is r$uc$ to metallic lead1 & t on ! o!r is oxidiz$ to a /ate ( p]oxide 7,pb,o74 ,^! actions are rev]s$ :5 ! *>g$ cell is dis*>g+ itself4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is batt]y consi/ ( alt]nate lay]s ( %eet lead1 & a pa/e ( r$ oxide ( lead4 ,^! are imm]s$ 9 a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( sulphuric acid 9 wat]4 ,_m m9or improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! /orage batt]y1 cov]$ by #gaf ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts1 mo/ ( :i* relate to cellul> con/ruction = hold+ ! mass ( r$ lead 9 place4 ,! mo/ notable are ^? ( ,bru%1 to :om _m pat5ts 7 grant$ 9 #ahhb & #ahhc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,/orage ,,batt]y--,,faure ,,type4 ,! /orage batt]y f9ds _m important applications4 ,= furni%+ curr5t = ! propulsion ( electric /reet c>s x has prov$ a disappo9tm5t1 on acc\nt ( ! vibrations to :i* x is subject$1 & ! great weight ( ! lead1 :i* 9 batt]ies ( suitable capacity runs up into _m ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,! /orage batt]y f9ds a useful place1 h[ev]1 = equaliz+ ! load 9 light+ & p[] /ations1 & is !re br\ght into action to supplem5t ! eng9e & dynamo dur+ ^? h\rs ( ! day :5 ! tax or load is greate/4 ,x is also us$ to keep up electrical pressure at ! ends ( long transmission l9es2 = telegraph+ purposes2 = isolat$ electric light+2 = boat propulsion2 ! propulsion ( automobile c>riages2 & 9 all cases :]e a portable s\rce ( electric curr5t w\ld f9d application4 ,! great gr[? ( automobile c>riages 9 ! pa/ ye> has greatly /imulat$ ! output ( /orage batt]ies4 ,"o l>ge company 7,! ,electric ,/orage ,batt]y ,company71 manufactur$ & sold /orage batt]ies = ! ye> end+ ,june #a1 #ahii1 to ! am\nt ( #b1chg1jdi4ia1 & !re are _m o!r manufactur]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,electric ,,weld+4 ,electric ,weld+ 0 inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,elihu ,?omson1 ( ,lynn1 ,mass41 & pat5t$ by him ,augu/ #aj1 #ahhf1 ,no4 #cdg1adj-db1 & ,july #ah1 #ahic1 ,no4 #eja1edf4 ,x is useful = ! mak+ ( *a9s1 tools1 c>riage axles1 jo9+ %aft+1 wires1 & pipes1 m5d+ b&s1 tires1 hoops1 & l5g!n+ & %ort5+ bolts1 b>s1 etc4 ,= electric weld+ a curr5t ( great volume or quantity1 & v l[ electro-motive =ce1 is requir$4 ,?us a curr5t ( f "o to two volts1 & "o to sev]al ?\s& amp]es1 is be/ suit$4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #fg1 ! curr5t f ! dynamo is conduct$ to "o b9d+ po/ ( ! commutator #c1 :i* is arrang$ to s5d ! curr5t ?r\gh "o-six?1 "o-?ird or "o-half ( ! prim>y wire ,p ( a trans=m] or induction coil4 ,! o!r b9d+ po/ ( ! commutator #c ext5ds to "o t]m9al ( an isolat$ prim>y coil #d1 & ! o!r t]m9al ( ?is coil connects ) ! dynamo4 ,! coil #d is provid$ ) a swit* to regulate ! am\nt ( curr5t4 ,! rods to be weld$ are plac$ 9 clamps ,c ,c1 ,c be+ connect$ ) "o t]m9al ( ! second>y conductor ,s1 & ! movable clamp ,c ) ! o!r4 ,:5 ! curr5t is turn$ on ,c is mov$ s z to project "o ( ! surfaces to be weld$ aga9/ ! o!r1 & z !y come 9 contact !y heat & fuse toge!r1 z %[n at ,w4 ,l>g] app>atus has be5 devis$ to weld railroad jo9ts on ! roadb$1 & = o!r applications4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,,g5]ation ,,( ,,electricity ,,by ,,combu/ion4 ,! g5]ation ( electricity = comm]cial purposes is almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u ! dynamo1 z ?is is *eap] ?an ! voltaic batt]y4 ,! dynamo1 h[ev]1 mu/ be en]giz$ by a /eam eng9e4 ,! direct production ( electric en]gy by ! combu/ion ( coal w\ld be ! ideal me?od4 ,a process inv5t$ by ,edison 7,pat4 ,no4 #dij1iec1 ,jan4 #ca1 #ahic71 is int]e/+ z an ef=t 9 ?is direction1 & is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a c>bon cyl9d] ,d is susp5d$ 9 an air-tight vessel ,b1 & is surr\nd$ by oxide ( iron ,f1 ! :ole be+ plac$ above a furnace4 ,! temp]ature be+ rais$ to a po9t :]e ! c>bon w be attack$ by ! oxyg51 c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid w be =m$1 :i* are exhau/$ by ! suction fan ,e4 ,a con/ant curr5t ( electricity is giv5 (f f ! two electrodes ?r\gh ! wires1 ! metallic oxide be+ r$uc$ & ! c>bon consum$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,rudd] ,,& ,,motor ,,( ,,tr\v',s ,,electric ,,boat1 #ahha4 ,electrical ,navigation began ) ,jacobi1 :o made ! fir/ attempt on ! ,neva 9 #ahci4 ,he us$ voltaic app>atus consi/+ ( two ,grove batt]ies1 ea* conta9+ sixty-f\r pairs ( cells1 b little progress 0 made 9 ?is field until ! second>y batt]y 0 p]fect$4 ,9 #ahha ,mr4 ,g4 ,tr\v made an application ( ! /orage batt]y & electric motor to a small boat on ! ,se9e4 ,! electric motor1 :i* 0 locat$ on top ( ! rudd]1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #fi1 0 furni%$ ) a ,siem5s armature connect$ by an endless belt ) a screw propell] hav+ ?ree paddles arrang$ 9 ! middle ( an iron rudd]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! boat 7 two /orage batt]ies connect$ ) ! motor by two cords t bo? s]v$ to cov] ! conduct+ wires & "w ! rudd]4 ,electric laun*es h 9 lat] ye>s rapidly ga9$ 9 popul>ity4 ,visitors to ! ,*icago fair w rememb] ! fleet ( electric laun*es1 :i* af=d$ bo? pleasure & transportation on ! wat]1 at t great exposition1 & to-day e safe h>bor has its quota ( ^! sil5tly glid+ & fasc9at+ pleasure crafts4 ,fig4 #gj is a longitud9al section & a g5]al view ( "o ( ^! laun*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,,mod]n ,,electric ,,laun*4 ,electro-plat+ is "o ( ! great indu/rial applications ( electricity :i* _h its orig9 91 & has gr[n into ext5sive use 91 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x orig9at$ ) ,volta1 ,cruik%ank1 & ,wolla/on 9 ! v fir/ ye> ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahje ,brugnatelli1 a pupil ( ,volta1 gild$ two l>ge silv] m$als by br++ !m into communication by means ( a /eel wire ) ! negative pole ( a voltaic pile & keep+ !m "o aft] ! o!r imm]s$ 9 a solution ( gold4 ,9 #ahcd ,h5ry ,bessem] electro-plat$ lead ca/+s ) copp] 9 ! production ( antique relief heads4 ,9 #ahch ,pr(4 ,jacobi ann\nc$ 8 galvano-pla/ic process = ! production ( electrotype plates = pr9t+4 ,9 ! same ye> he sup]9t5d$ ! gild+1 by electro-plate1 ( ! iron dome ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,isaac at ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 us+ #bgd p\nds ( ducat gold4 ,9 #ahci ,sp5c] describ$ an electrotype process & c>ri$ ! date ( 8 op]ations back to ,septemb]1 #ahcg4 ,9 #ahci ,jordan also describes an electro-plat+ process4 ,9 #ahdj ,murray us$ plumbago to make non-conduct+ surfaces conductive = electro-plat+4 ,9 #ahdj ,de ,le ,rive made kn[n 8 process ( electro-gild+1 employ$ by him 9 #ahbh1 & 9 ! same ye> 7#ahdj7 ,de ,ruolz took out a ,fr5* pat5t = electro-gild+1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> =m$ electro deposits ( brass f cyanides ( z9c & copp]4 ,9 #ahda ,smee employ$ 8 batt]y = electro-plat+ ) v>i\s metals4 ,9 #ahdd !re 7 publi%$ ! electro-plat+ exp]im5ts ( ,danc]1 made 9 #ahch4 ,9 #ahdg ,pr(4 ,silliman imitat$ "m-(-pe>l by electro-plat+ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,,electro-,,plat+ ,,e/abli%m5t4 ,9 ! la/ half ( ! c5tury ! production ( electrotype plates = pr9t+ 9 books1 & = ! production ( roll]s = pr9t+ fabrics1 & ! ext5sive art ( electro-plat+ ) gold1 silv]1 nickel & copp]1 has gr[n to enorm\s proportions1 b ! fundam5tal pr9ciples h n mat]ially *ang$4 ,! dynamo1 h[ev]1 has g5]ally supplant$ ! voltaic batt]y 9 ?is art4 ,! deposition ( silv] & gold on bas] metals n only increases ! ornam5tal effect1 b prev5ts oxidation4 ,silv] plat$ goods = ! table & articles ( v]tu are to be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,nickel is employ$ = *eap] ornam5tal effect1 & copp] f9ds a l>ge application = electrotypes = pr9t+ & = coat+ iron ca/+s z a protection aga9/ ru/4 ,9 ,fig4 #ga1 :i* %[s ! int]ior ( an electro-plat+ e/abli%m5t1 ! dynamo is %[n on ! "r connect$ by wires ) two horizontal rods runn+ along ! wall & across ! v>i\s tanks conta9+ ! plat+ solution4 ,on ! tanks are rods support+ ! articles to be plat$1 :i* are susp5d$ 9 ! solution4 ,simil> rods support ! opposite electrodes ( ! tank4 ,wires connect ^! rods to ! rods on ! side ( ! wall1 & to ! opposite poles ( ! dynamo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,,edison',s ,,electric ,,p54 ,! electric p5 ( ,edison1 br\ght out 9 #ahgf 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #aif1gdg1 ,nov4 #f1 #ahgg71 is "o ( ! simple applications ( electricity1 :i* = a numb] ( ye>s 0 9 q g5]al use = mak+ manifold copies ( manuscript4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #gb1 ?is is %[n4 ,x comprises a /ylus b reciprocat$ 9 a tube a by ! vibratory action ( an armature k ov] ! poles ( an electro-magnet1 suppli$ ) a suitable curr5t & vibrat+ contacts l h4 ,! /ylus 0 rapidly reciprocat$1 & z ! op]ator trac$ ! lett]s on ! pap]1 ! /ylus produc$ a cont9u\s trail ( punctures :i* p]mitt$ ! pap] to be us$ z a /5cil to make any numb] ( copies4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 rotat$ out ( exi/5ce by manifold+ c>bon pap]1 & ! almo/ univ]sal use ( ! typewrit]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,,electric ,,caut]y4 ,electricity 9 ,m$ic9e4--,! sup]/iti\s m9d is prone to resort to my/]i\s ag5cies = ! cure ( diseases1 & = _m ye>s m5 ( no sci5tific k :atev] h be5 employ+ ?is s$uctive in/rum5tality = all ! ills t fle% is heir to4 ,t x has valuable !rapeutic qualities :5 rightly appli$ no intellig5t p]son w d\bt1 & x is un=tunate t = ! mo/ "p x has be5 9 ! h&s ( *>latans :o sell _! w>es1 & rely ^u a fai?-cure pr9ciple = ! result4 ,/ill !re h be5 intellig5t exp]im5t]s 9 ?is field1 & x is "o ( mu* promise = fur!r rese>*4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era 7,a4 ,d4 #ej7 ,scribonius ,l>gus relates t ,a!ro1 a fre$man ( ,tib]ius1 0 cur$ ( ! g\t by ! %ocks ( ! torp$o or electric eel4 ,9 #ahjc ,m4 ,c>pue publi%$ exp]im5ts on ! !rapeutic action ( electricity4 ,! discov]y ( induction curr5ts by ,f>aday 9 #ahca br\ght a new era 9 ! m$ical application ( electricity1 9 ! use ( :at is kn[n z ! ,f>adaic curr5t4 ,! fir/ app>atus = m$ical use1 :i* op]at$ on ?is pr9ciple1 0 made by ,m4 ,pixii 9 ,france1 & ! fir/ physician :o employ$ su* curr5ts 0 ,dr4 ,neef1 ( ,frank=t4 ,! m$ical batt]y is a well-kn[n & useful adjunct to ! physician's outfit4 ,electric ba?s are also common & effective modes ( apply+ ! electric curr5t4 ,an e>ly example ( su* a device is %[n 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 pat5t to ,"y1 ,no4 #cb1ccb1 ,may #ad1 #ahfa4 ,! electric caut]y & probe are also sci5tific & useful in/rum5ts4 ,! caut]y consi/s ( a loop ( plat9um wire c>ri$ by a suitable non-conduct+ h&le1 ) means = con/rict+ ! :ite hot loop ( wire ab\t ! tumor or object to be excis$4 ,x 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahdf by ,crusell1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh4 ,a =m ( ! electric caut]y is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc1 9 :i* a is ! plat9um wire loop ^: bran*es slide ?r\gh guide tubes1 ! ends be+ atta*$ to a slid+ r+ ,b4 ,! curr5t ent]s ?r\gh ! wire at ! b9d+ po/s at ! end ( non-conduct+ h&le ,a1 & heats ! plat9um loop1 a1 r$ hot4 ,! loop1 a1 be+ ar\nd ! object to be excis$1 is con/rict$ by draw+ d[n ! h&le r+ ,b4 ,( ! v>i\s applications ( electricity 9 body we> & appliances !re is sc>cely any end4 ,!re are pat5ts = belts )\t numb]1 = electric gloves1 r+s1 bracelets1 necklaces1 trusses1 corsets1 %oes1 hats1 combs1 bru%es1 *airs1 c\*es1 & blankets4 ,pat5ts h also be5 grant$ = electric smell+ bottles1 an adhesive pla/]1 = electric spectacles1 scissors1 a foot w>m]1 hair s+]1 syr+es1 a dr9k+ cup1 a hair cutt]1 a tor*1 a ca!t]1 a pess>y1 gas light]s1 ex]cis+ devices1 a door mat1 & ev5 = an electric hair p9 & a pair ( electric g>t]s4 ,electrical ,musical ,in/rum5ts include pianos1 banjos1 & viol9s1 all ( :i* are to be play$ automatically by ! aid ( electrical appliances4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #gd1 is %[n a mod]n electrical piano4 ,a small electrical motor #a1 run by a /orage batt]y or electric light wires1 turns a belt #c1 & rotates pulley #d & a long horizontal cyl9d] #e runn+ b5ea? ! keybo>d4 ,above ?is cyl9d] is ! me*anism t acts ^u ! keys4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( brake %oes :i*1 :5 br\ght into frictional contact ) ! cyl9d] #e1 are made to act on small v]tical rods :i* br+ d[n ! keys j z ! f+]s d 9 play+4 ,! selection ( ! prop] keys is made by a travel+ /rip ( pap] p]=at$ ) dots & da%es repres5t+ ! notes1 :i* /rip ( pap] passes betwe5 two metal contact faces1 :i* are t]m9als ( an electric batt]y4 ,:5 ! contacts are sep>at$ by ! non-conduct+ pap] ! curr5t does n fl[1 b :5 ! contacts come toge!r ?r\gh ! p]=ations ! curr5t is complet$ ?r\gh an electro-magnet1 & ?is is made to br+ ! prop] brake %oe into position to be lift$ by ! cyl9d] #e1 :i* rotates con/antly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,,electric ,,piano4 ,electro-bla/+4--,9 #ahab ,s*ill+ propos$ to bl[ up m9es by ! galvanic curr5t4 ,9 #ahci ,colonel ,pasley blew up ! wreck ( ! 8,royal ,george0 by electro-bla/+4 ,on ,jan4 #bf1 #ahdc1 ,mr4 ,cubitt us$ electro-bla/+ to de/roy ,r\nd ,d[n ,cliff1 & 9 our own "t ! ext5sive excavations 9 deep5+ ! *annel & remov+ ! rocks at ,hell ,gate1 f ! m\? ( ,new ,york h>bor1 0 a notable op]ation 9 electro-bla/+1 & d\btless owes its success l>gely to ! electric curr5t employ$4 ,only ! briefe/ m5tion c be made ( ! induction coil & ! electrical trans=m]1 ( electric bells & hotel annunciators1 ( electric railway signall+1 & electric brakes1 ( electric clocks & in/rum5ts ( precision1 ( heat+ by electricity1 ( electrical horticulture1 & ( ! beautiful electric f\nta9s4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 all belong to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & include int]e/+ developm5ts4 ,electro-*emi/ry & ! electrolytic ref9+ ( metals repres5t also1 9 ! applications ( electricity1 a l>ge & important field1 m fully treat$ "u ! *apt]s devot$ to *emi/ry & metal work+4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,,h]o',s ,,eng9e1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,e>ly ,,/eam ,,eng9es--,,watt',s ,,/eam ,,eng9e--,,! ,,cut-,,(f--,,giff>d ,,injector--,,b\rdon',s ,,/eam ,,gauge--,,fe$- ,,wat] ,,heat]s1 ,,smoke ,,consum]s1 ,,etc4--,,rot>y ,,eng9es--,,/eam ,,hamm]-- ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e--,,comp\nd ,,eng9es--,,s*lick ,,& ,,taylor ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,balanc+ ,,mom5tum ,,( ,,mov+ ,,p>ts--,,/ati/ics4 ,:5 ! primeval man fir/ turn$ ^u himself ! critical light ( introspection1 & obs]v$ 8 own defici5cies1 !re 7 born )9 him bo? ! desire & ! det]m9ation to supplem5t 8 weakness1 & become ! rul+ factor 9 ! _w's de/9y4 ,! /r5g? ( 8 arm unaid$ c\ld n cope ) t ( ! wild bea/1 he c\ld n travel s fa/ z ! animal1 nor so> s high z ! bird1 nor trav]se ! wat]s ( ! sea l ! fi%4 ,! magnific5t p[] ( ! elem5ts fir/ inspir$ him ) awe1 !n 0 wor%ip$ z a god1 & he trembl$ 9 8 weakness4 ,!n he began to inv5t1 & see+ 9 physical laws an escape f 8 fe>s1 & a solution = 8 ambitions1 he tra9$ ^! =ces & made !m subs]vi5t to 8 w1 & e/abli%$ 8 "r to rule4 ,out ( ! maze ( ! c5turies a /eam eng9e is born--n all at once1 = t w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! law ( evolution--b gradually gr[+ fir/ into practicability1 !n into effici5cy1 & f9ally into p]fection1 x /&s to-day a beautiful monum5t ( man's +5uity1 ?robb+ ) life & en]gy1 & mov+ ! _w4 ,:at has n ! /eam eng9e done = ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury8 ,x spe$s ! locomotive across ! cont95t fa/] & f>!r ?an ! birds c fly2 no fi% c equal ! mighty /eam%ip on ! sea2 x gr9ds our gra92 x weaves our clo?2 x pr9ts our books2 x =ges our /eel1 & 9 e dep>tm5t ( life x is ! ubiquit\s1 tireless1 pot5t ag5cy ( civilization4 ,does ! ambiti\s "y philosoph] pr$ict t electricity w sup]s$e /eam8 ,x is n yet a rational prophecy1 = ! direct production ( electricity f ! combu/ion ( coal is /ill an unsolv$ problem1 & beh9d ! electric g5]ator c always be f\nd ! /eam eng9e1 mode/ly & quietly giv+ its full life's "w to ! dynamo1 :i* x actuates1 & c>+ no?+ = ! cr$it1 unm9dful ( ! beautiful & /rik+ manife/ations ( electricity :i* a/oni% ! _w1 b humbly do+ its duty ) a sil5t fai? t ! law ( correlation ( =ce w always lead ! way back to ! /eam eng9e1 & place x :]e x belongs1 at ! head ( all useful ag5cies ( man4 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury did n include 9 its discov]ies ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,! great gift ( ,james ,watt 0 "o ( ! legacies :i* x receiv$ f ! pa/1 b ! economical1 effici5t1 graceful1 & ma!matically p]fect eng9e ( to-day is ! product ( ?is age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,h]o',s ,,eng9e1 #aej ,b4 ,c4 ,! g5esis ( ! /eam eng9e belongs to anci5t hi/ory1 = 9 ! ye> #aej ,b4 ,c4 ,h]o made & exhibit$ 9 ! ,s]apeum ( ,alex&ria ! fir/ /eam eng9e4 ,x 0 ( ! rot>y type & 0 kn[n z ! 8aeolipile40 ,dur+ ! middle ages ! _s ( inv5tion seems to h slept1 = ne>ly eighte5 c5turies pass$ f ! "t ( ,h]o's eng9e be=e any active revival ( int]e/ 0 manife/$ 9 ?is field ( inv5tion4 ,giovanni ,branca 9 #afbi1 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] 9 #afcc1 ,dr4 ,pap9 9 #afie1 ,sav>y 9 #afih1 & ,newcom5 9 #agje1 7 ! pione]s ( ,watt1 & gave to him a good work+ basis4 ,/range z x may appe>1 !re 0 9 #ahid & probably /ill is 9 exi/5ce 9 ,engl& an old ,newcom5 /eam eng9e 7see ,fig4 #gf71 :i* = at lea/ a hundr$ ye>s has /ood expos$ to ! wea!r1 sl[ly ru/+ & crumbl+ away4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ,fairbottom ,valley1 half way betwe5 ,a%ton-"u-,lyne & ,oldham1 & is ! prop]ty ( ! tru/ees ( ! late ,e>l ( ,/am=d & ,w>r+ton4 ,x is erect$ on a solid masonry pill> #ad by #g feet at ! base1 :i* c>ries on its top1 on trunnions1 an oak beam #bj feet long & #ab by #ad in*es ?ick4 ,?is beam is brac$ ) iron1 & has segm5tal ends ) a pi/on at "o end1 & a balance weight at ! o!r4 ,! pi/on & pump rods are atta*$ by *a9s4 ,! cyl9d] is ( ca/ iron1 #bg in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t six foot /roke1 ! /eam ent]+ at ! bottom only4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ = pump+ a m9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,old ,,newcom5 ,,eng9e4 ,! di/9ct & valuable legacy1 h[ev]1 :i* ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury receiv$ f ! pa/1 0 ! d\ble act+ /eam eng9e ( ,james ,watt1 disclos$ 9 8 ,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #a1cba1 ( #aghb4 ,prior to ?is date /eam eng9es _h be5 almo/ exclusively conf9$ to rais+ wat]1 b ) ! inv5tion ( ,watt x ext5d$ into all fields ( indu/rial use4 ,watt's d\ble act+ eng9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,x compris$ a cyl9d] ,a1 ) d\ble act+ pi/on & valve ge> ,e ,f ,g ,h2 ! p>allel motion ,r = translat+ ! reciprocat+ motion ( ! pi/on into ! curv$ oscillatory pa? ( ! walk+ beam2 a cond5s] *amb] ,k1 ) spray ,i1 = cond5s+ ! exhau/ /eam2 a pump ,l ,j to remove ! wat] f ! cond5s]1 & also ! air1 :i* is drawn out ( ! wat] by ! vacuum2 a wat] supply pump ,n2 ! automatic ball gov]nor ,d1 & ?rottle valve ,b4 ,two p9s on ! pump rod ,l /rike ! lev] ,h & "w ! valve ge>1 & a collect+ rod ,p & crank ,q conv]t ! oscillations ( ! walk+ beam into ! cont9u\s rotation ( ! fly :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,,watt',s ,,d\ble ,,act+ ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,watt's automatic ball gov]nor is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh & its function is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! work+ /ra9 on an eng9e is reliev$ by ! ?r[+ out ( action ( a "p ( ! "w be+ p]=m$1 ! eng9e w\ld run too fa/1 or if m ?an a normal tax 7 plac$ on ! eng9e1 x w\ld 8sl[ up40 ,to secure a regul> & uni=m motion 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 eng9e ,watt inv5t$ ! automatic or self-regulat+ ball gov]nor & ?rottle valve4 ,a v]tical %aft ,d is rotat$ con/antly by a b& on pulley d4 ,any t5d5cy 9 ! eng9e to run too fa/ ?r[s ! balls up by c5trifugal action1 & ?is ?r\gh toggle l9ks f h1 pulls d[n on a lev] ,f ,g ,h1 & p>tially closes ! ?rottle valve ,z1 r$uc+ ! fl[ ( /eam to ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! eng9e has a t5d5cy to run too sl[ ! balls drop d[n1 &1 deflect+ ! lev] 9 ! opposite direction1 op5 ! ?rottle valve1 & increase ! fl[ ( /eam to ! eng9e4 ,?is d\ble act+ eng9e ( ,watt m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! great epo* ( /eam eng9e]+1 & 8 pat5t expir$ j 9 "t to give to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ! greate/ ( all natal gifts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,watt',s ,,automatic ,,gov]nor ,,& ,,?rottle ,,valve4 ,/eam eng9es are divid$ into two pr9cipal classes1 ! l[ pressure eng9e1 us+ /eam usually "u #dj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & ! high pressure eng9e1 us+ /eam f #ej to #bjj p\nds4 ,9 ! l[ pressure eng9e !re is ! expansive pressure ( ! /eam on "o side ( ! pi/on1 aid$ by ! suction ( a vacuum on ! opposite side ( ! pi/on1 :i* vacuum is creat$ by ! cond5sation ( ! dis*>g+1 or exhau/ /eam1 by cold wat]4 ,z !re are two factors at "w impell+ ! pi/on1 only a relatively l[ pressure 9 ! boil] is requir$4 ,9 ! high pressure eng9es !re is no cond5sation ( ! exhau/ /eam1 b x is dis*>g$ directly into ! air1 & ?is type 0 orig9ally call$ 8puff]s40 ,famili> examples ( ! l[ pressure type are to be f\nd 9 our side :eel pass5g] /eam]s1 & ( ! high pressure type 9 ! /eam locomotive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,cut-,,(f4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important /eps 9 ! developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e 0 ! addition ( ! cut-(f4 ,prior to its adoption /eam 0 admitt$ to ! cyl9d] dur+ ! :ole "t ! pi/on 0 mak+ its /roke f "o end ( ! cyl9d] to ! o!r4 ,9 ! cut-(f 7see ,fig4 #gi71 :5 /eam is be+ admitt$ ?r\gh ! port p1 & ! pi/on is be+ driv5 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 x 0 f\nd t if ! /eam 7 cut (f :5 ! pi/on arriv$ at ! position #a1 ! expansive action ( ! /eam beh9d x 9 *amb] a w\ld cont9ue to c>ry ! pi/on ) an effective =ce to ! end ( its /roke1 or to position #b4 ,?is ( c\rse effect$ a great sav+ 9 /eam4 ,v>i\s cut-(fs h be5 devis$4 ,p]haps t mo/ easily recogniz$ by mo/ p]sons is ! "o se5 9 ! eng9e room ( our side :eel /eam]s1 ( :i* illu/ration is giv5 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,?is 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahda by ,f4 ,e4 ,sickels1 & 0 ! fir/ successful drop cut-(f4 ,x 0 cov]$ by 8 pat5ts1 ,may #bj1 #ahdb1 ,july #bj1 #ahdc1 ,octob] #ai1 #ahdd1 ,no4 #c1hjb1 & ,septemb] #ai1 #ahde1 ,no4 #d1bja4 ,a rock %aft s is work$ by an ecc5tric rod e f ! paddle :eel %aft4 ,! rock %aft has lift+ arms a t act ^u & alt]nately raise ! feet c on rods b b4 ,"o ( ^! rods b works ! valves t admit /eam1 & ! o!r ! valves t dis*>ge /eam4 ,! valve rod t admits /eam has a quick drop1 or fall1 to cut (f ! live /eam be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke4 ,9 ,fig4 #ha is %[n ! celebrat$ ,corliss cut-(f & valve ge>1 9 :i* a c5tral wri/ plate & f\r radiat+ rods "w ! valves4 ,?is valve ge> 0 cov]$ 9 ,corliss pat5ts1 ,no4 #f1afb1 ,m>* #aj1 #ahdi1 & ,no4 #h4bec1 ,july #bi1 #ahea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,,sickels' ,,drop ,,cut-,,(f ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,,corliss ,,cut-,,(f ,,& ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,among o!r important improvem5ts 9 ! /eam eng9e are ^? = repl5i%+ ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 & ! ,giff>d ,injector is ! simple/ & mo/ +5i\s ( all boil] fe$s4 ,x 0 inv5t$ 9 #aheh & cov]$ by ,fr5* pat5t ,no4 #ba1deg1 ,may #h1 #aheh1 & ,u4 ,s4 pat5t ,no4 #bg1igi1 ,april #bd1 #ahfj4 ,prior to ! ,giff>d ,injector1 /eam boil]s 7 suppli$ ) wat] usually by /eam pumps1 :i* =c$ ! wat] into ! boil] aga9/ ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,! ,giff>d ,injector takes a jet ( /eam f ! boil]1 & causes x to lift ! wat] 9 an ext]nal pipe1 & bl[ x directly into ! boil] aga9/ its own pressure4 ,s p>adoxical & inop]ative did ?is seem at fir/ t x 0 met ) incr$ulity1 & n until repeat$ demon/rations e/abli%$ ! fact 0 x accept$ z an op]ative device4 ,its con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb4 ,a is a /eam pipe communicat+ ) ! boil]1 ,b ano!r pipe receiv+ /eam f ,a ?r\gh small holes & t]m9at+ 9 a cone4 ,c is a screw rod1 cone-%ap$ at its extremity1 turn$ by ! crank ,m1 & s]v+ to regulate & ev5 int]cept ! passage ( /eam4 ,d is a wat] suction pipe4 ,! wat] t is drawn up introduces itself ar\nd ! /eam pipe & t5ds to make its exit ?r\gh ! annul> space at ! conical extremity ( ! latt] /eam pipe4 ,?is annul> space is increas$ at w by means ( ! lev] ,l1 :i* acts ^u a screw ^: (fice is to cause ! pipe ,b & its atta*$ p>ts to move backw>d or =w>d4 ,e is a div]g+ tube :i* receives ! wat] inject$ by ! jet ( /eam t cond5ses at ,i1 & imp>ts to ! wat] a portion ( its spe$ 9 proportion to ! pressure ( ! boil]4 ,f is a box c>ry+ a *eck valve to keep ! wat] f issu+ f ! boil] :5 ! app>atus is n at "w4 ,g is a pipe t leads ! inject$ wat] to ! boil]4 ,h is a purge or ov]fl[ pipe1 ,k a sight hole :i* p]mits ! op]ation ( ! app>atus to be wat*$1 ! /ream ( wat] be+ di/9ctly se5 9 ! free int]val4 ,fig4 #hc %[s ! application ( ! injector to locomotives1 :i* are n[ almo/ univ]sally suppli$ ) ?is device4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,giff>d ,,injector4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,,injector ,,on ,,locomotive4 ,to keep ! pressure 9 ! boil] )9 ! limit ( safety1 & adju/$ to ! "w be+ p]=m$1 is an important "p ( ! eng9e]'s duty1 & ?is he c\ld n d )\t ! /eam gauge4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n is ! ,b\rdon gauge1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd1 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! b>omet] inv5t$ by ,b\rdon ( ,p>is 9 #ahdi & pat5t$ 9 ,france ,june1 #ahdi1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,augu/ #c1 #aheb1 ,no4 #i1afc4 ,a screw ?read$ ?imble ,b1 ) /op cock ,a1 is screw$ 9 ! %ell ( ! boil]1 & a coil$ pipe ,c communicates at "o end ) ! ?imble & is clos$ at ! o!r end ,e & connect$ by a l9k ,f1 ) an arm on an axle1 c>ry+ an index h& t moves ov] a graduat$ scale4 ,! coil$ pipe ,c is 9 ! nature ( a flatt5$ tube1 z %[n 9 ! enl>g$ cross section1 & is enclos$ 9 a case4 ,:5 ! /eam pressure v>ies 9 ?is flat tube its coil exp&s or contracts1 & 9 mov+ ! index h& ov] ! scale indicates ! degree ( pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,b\rdon',s ,,pressure ,,gauge4 ,9 l9e ) ! developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e mu/ be consid]$ ! ef=ts to economize fuel4 ,^! may be divid$ into ! foll[+ classes3 ,increas$ /eam g5]at+ surface 9 boil] con/ruction2 surface cond5s]s = exhau/ /eam2 devices = promot+ ! combu/ion ( fuel & burn+ ! smoke1 & fe$ wat] heat]s4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,smeaton devis$ ! cyl9drical boil] trav]s$ by a flue1 b ! multitubul> /eam boil] ( to-day repres5ts a v important ,n9ete5? ,c5tury adjunct to ! /eam eng9e4 ,our locomotives1 fire eng9es1 & torp$o boat eng9es w\ld be ( no value )\t x4 ,sectional /eam boil]s made 9 deta*able portions fa/5$ toge!r by pack$ or screw jo9ts also repres5t an important developm5t4 ,^! p]mit ( ! removal & replacem5t ( any "o section t may become defective1 & are also capable ( be+ built up section by section to any size ne$$4 ,= promot+ ! combu/ion ( fuel ! draft is en]giz$ by bla/s ( air or /eam1 or bo?1 ei!r ?r\gh holl[ grate b>s1 jet pipes 9 ! fire box1 or by dis*>g+ ! exhau/ /eam 9 ! smoke pipe4 ,surface cond5s]s pass ! exhau/ /eam ov] ! great surface area ( a multitubul> con/ruction hav+ cold wat] fl[+ ?r\gh x4 ,fe$ wat] heat]s utilize ! wa/e heat escap+ 9 ! smoke flue to heat ! wat] t is be+ f$ to ! boil]1 s t x is w>m :5 x is inject$ into ! boil]1 & ! furnace is reliev$ ( t mu* "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,branca',s ,,/eam ,,turb9e1 #afbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,,section ,,( ,,p>sons ,,turb9e ,,( #ahia4 ,9 ! reciprocat+ type ( /eam eng9e ! in]tia ( ! pi/on mu/ be ov]come at ! beg9n+ ( ea* /roke & its mom5tum mu/ be arre/$ at ! end ( ea* /roke1 & ?is involves a great loss ( p[]4 ,if ! p[] ( ! /eam c\ld be appli$ s z to cont9u\sly move ! pi/on 9 ! same direction ?is loss w\ld be avoid$4 ,! ef=t to d ?is has engag$ ! att5tion ( _m inv5tors1 & ! devices are call$ rot>y eng9es4 ,! mo/ successful eng9es ( ?is k9d are ^? ( ! impact type1 9 :i* jets ( /eam imp+e ^u buckets aft] ! mann] ( wat] on a wat] :eel1 & :i* are kn[n to-day z /eam turb9es4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! is ,branca's /eam turb9e ( #afbi 7see ,fig4 #he7 & ! mo/ important ( ?is class 9 use to-day are ^? ( ,mr4 ,p>sons1 ( ,engl&1 & ,de ,laval1 ( ,sw$54 ,! int]nal con/ruction ( ! ,p>sons turb9e is se5 9 ,fig4 #hf & is cov]$ by ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #aj1idj1 ( #ahia1 & ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #eec1feh1 ,janu>y #bh?1 #ahif4 ,a s]ies ( turb9es are set "o aft] ! o!r on ! same axis1 s t ea* takes /eam f ! prec$+ "o1 & passes x on to ! next4 ,ea* consi/s ( a r+ ( fix$ /eam guides on ! cas+1 & a r+ ( mov+ blades on ! %aft4 ,! /eam passes ?r\gh ! fir/ set ( guides1 !n ?r\gh ! fir/ set ( mov+ blades1 !n ?r\gh ! second set ( guides1 & !n ?r\gh ! second set ( mov+ blades1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,,p>sons ,,comp\nd ,,/eam ,,turb9e1 ,,on ,,plurality ,,( ,,propell] ,,%afts4 ,9 ! application ( 8 turb9e to m>9e propulsion ,mr4 ,p>sons employs a plurality ( propell] %afts & /eam turb9es1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #hg1 & cov]$ "u ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #fjh1ifi1 ,augu/ #i1 #ahih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--;,,de ,,laval',s ,,/eam ,,turb9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,,de ,,laval ,,turb9e ,,ge>$ ,,to ,,dynamo4 ,! ,de ,laval turb9e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hh1 is ( v simple con/ruction1 consi/+ only ( a /eel :eel ) a s]ies ( buckets at its p]iph]y enclos$ by a circul> rim1 & a s]ies ( /eam nozzles on ! side ) div]g+ jet orifices direct+ /eam jets aga9/ ! buckets4 ,a spe$ ( #cj1jjj revolutions a m9ute may be atta9$ by ?is con/ruction4 ,9 ,fig4 #hi is %[n a #cjj horse-p[] /eam turb9e ( ! ,de ,laval type appli$ to a dynamo2 to :i* ?is type ( eng9e is peculi>ly adapt$4 ,! dynamo is se5 on ! extreme "r1 ! /eam turb9e on ! extreme left1 & ! drum-%ap$ cas+ betwe5 conta9s cog-ge>+ by :i* ! high revolution ( ! turb9e :eel is r$uc$ to a prop] work+ spe$ = ! dynamo4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s application ( ! ,p>sons /eam turb9e has be5 made to m>9e propulsion ) v rem>kable results z to spe$4 ,! small /eam craft1 8,! ,turb9ia10 built 9 #ahig1 & suppli$ ) ?ree ( ,p>sons' comp\nd /eam turb9es1 develop$ a spe$ ( #cb knots1 & m rec5tly ! torp$o boat 8,vip]0 has ) /eam turb9es atta9$ ! rem>kable spe$ ( #cg4a knots1 or ov] #dj /atute miles an h\r4 ,ab\t #b1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 grant$ on v>i\s =ms ( rot>y eng9es4 ,9 ! transportation build+ ( ! ,_w's ,fair at ,*icago 9 #ahic "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s objects ( att5tion 0 ! model ( ! great ,be?lehem ,iron ,co4's /eam hamm]1 /&+ ) its feet ap>t l "s great 8,colossus ( ,rhodes0 & t[]+ #ia feet high among ! models ( ! great ocean /eam]s & battle%ips :i* are s l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! "w ( ?is ,titanic ma*9e4 ,its hamm] head1 9 ! work+-ma*9e1 weighs #abe tons1 & _m ( ! sev5te5 in* ?ick armor plates = our battle%ips h be5 =g$ by its trem5d\s bl[s4 ,9 #ahch1 dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! 8,great ,brita910 ! l>ge/ /eam%ip up to t "t ev] built1 x 0 f\nd t !re 0 n a =ge hamm] 9 ,engl& or ,scotl& p[]ful en\gh to =ge a paddle %aft = t vessel4 ,! em]g5cy 0 met by ,mr4 ,nasmy?1 ( ,engl&1 :o inv5t$ ! /eam hamm] & cov]$ x 9 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #i1chb1 ( #ahdb 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #c1jdb1 ,april #aj1 #ahdc74 ,a mod]n example ( x is se5 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,x consi/s ( a /eam cyl9d] at ! top ^: pi/on is atta*$ to a block ( iron1 =m+ ! hamm] head & slid+ v]tically 9 guides betwe5 ! two legs ( ! frame4 ,valve ge> is arrang$ to control ! fl[ ( /eam to & f ! opposite sides ( ! pi/on1 & s nicely adju/$ is ! valve ge> ( su* a mod]n /eam hamm] t x is said t an exp]t workman c manipulate ! great mass ( metal ) su* accuracy & delicacy z to crack an egg 9 a w9eglass )\t t\*+ ! glass4 ,to ! /eam hamm] we owe ! fir/ heavy armor plate = our battle %ips & ! propell] %afts ( our e>li] /eam%ips4 ,9 fact x 0 ! /eam hamm] :i* fir/ r5d]$ ! l>ge /eam%ip possible4 ,mr4 ,nasmy? n only inv5t$ ! /eam hamm]1 b ! /eam pile driv] z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,,/eam ,,hamm]4 ,= quick action1 nicely adju/$ ma*9]y1 & %[y f9i% ! /eam fire eng9e is a famili> & conspicu\s application ( /eam p[]4 ,a dude among eng9es :5 on dress p>ade1 & a spr9t] :5 on ! run1 x gets to "w ) ! vim & effici5cy ( a ?or\ghbr$1 & is a mo/ bus9ess-l & valuable cu/odian ( life & prop]ty4 ,! fir/ portable /eam fire eng9e 0 built ab\t #ahcj by ,mr4 ,bra?waite & ,capt4 ,ericsson 9 ,london4 ,9 #ahda ,mr4 ,hodges produc$ a simil> eng9e 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,c9c9nati 0 ! fir/ city to adopt ! /eam] z a "p ( its fire dep>tm5t app>atus4 ,to-day all ! important cities & t[ns ( ! civiliz$ _w rely ^u ! /eam fire eng9es = _! longevity & exi/5ce4 ,"t economy 9 gett+ into action is ! great objective po9t ( mo/ improvem5ts ( ! fire-eng9e1 & "o ( ! mo/ important is ! keep+ ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] hot :5 ! eng9e is out ( action at ! eng9e h\se1 s t :5 ! fire is built & ! run is made to ! sc5e ( action1 ! wat] w be hot to />t )4 ,?is atta*m5t 0 ! inv5tion ( ,william ,a4 ,brickill1 & 0 pat5t$ by him ,augu/ #ah1 #ahfh1 ,no4 #ha1acb4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ia1 ! two pipes pass+ f ! eng9e ?r\gh ! trap door 9 ! floor connect ) a wat] heat] 9 ! basem5t bel[1 :i* heat] ma9ta9s a con/ant circulation ( hot wat] 9 ! /eam boil]4 ,c\pl+s 9 ^! pipes s]ve to quickly disconnect ! eng9e :5 ! run to ! fire is to be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e ,,) ,,wat] ,,heat+ ,,atta*m5t4 ,among o!r useful applications ( ! /eam eng9e are ! /eam pl[1 /eam drill1 /eam dr$ge1 /eam press1 & /eam pump1 ( :i* latt] ! ,blake1 ,kn[les1 & ,wor?+ton are repres5tative types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,,! ,,six-,,cyl9d] ,,quadruple ,,expansion ,,eng9es ,,( ,,! 8,,deuts*l&10 #ce1fdj ,,horse ,,p[]4 ,! highe/ type ( mod]n /eam eng9es is to be f\nd 9 ! comp\nd multiple-expansion eng9e1 9 :i* ?ree or m cyl9d]s ( diff]5t diamet]s ) correspond+ pi/ons are s arrang$ t /eam is made to act fir/ ^u ! pi/on 9 ! smalle/ cyl9d] at high pressure1 & !n dis*>g+ into ! next l>g] cyl9d]1 call$ ! int]m$iate1 acts expansively ^u its pi/on1 & !nce1 pass+ into ! /ill l>g] l[ pressure cyl9d]1 imp>ts its fur!r expansive effect ^u its pi/on4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! comp\nd eng9e dates back to ! "t ( ,watt1 its fir/ embodim5t appe>+ 9 ! ,hornbl[] comp\nd eng9e1 z describ$ 9 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #a1bih1 ( #agha1 b mod]n improvem5ts h diff]5tiat$ x into almo/ a new inv5tion4 ,a f9e example is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib1 :i* repres5ts ! quadruple expansion eng9es ( ! 8,deuts*l&10 ! new /eam] ( ! ,hamburg-,am]ican ,l9e4 ,! two high pressure cyl9d]s1 h[ev]1 d n appe> 9 ! illu/ration1 be+ too high = ! %ops4 ,!y /& v]tically1 h[ev]1 ^u ! two b$ plates :i* appe> at ! top ( ! two l[ pressure cyl9d]s4 ,9 ea* set ( six cyl9d]s ! two l[ pressure cyl9d]s are 9 ! middle1 ! two high pressure cyl9d]s imm$iately above !m or arrang$ t&em1 :ile at ! =w>d end is ! fir/ int]m$iate cyl9d]1 & at ! aft] end is ! second int]m$iate4 ,! l[ pressure cyl9d]s are #ajf in*es 9 diamet]1 ! int]m$iate cyl9d]s are #gc4f in*es & #ajc4i in*es respectively1 & ! two high pressure cyl9d]s are #cj4f in*es1 & ! /eam pressure is #bbe p\nds4 ,its improvem5ts compreh5d ! sy/ems ( ,s*lick1 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,novemb] #bc1 #ahig1 ,no4 #eid1bhh & #eid1bhi1 & ,taylor1 pat5t$ ,novemb] #bb1 #ahih1 ,no4 #fad1fgd1 :i* embody f9e ma!matical pr9ciples = balanc+ ! mom5tum ( ! great masses ( mov+ p>ts1 s t ! eng9e may run up to high spe$ )\t vibrations & damag+ /ra9s ^u ! hull4 ,mulhall gives ! /eam horse p[] ( ! _w 9 #ahie1 n includ+ w> vessels1 z foll[s3 ,/ation>y4 ,railway4 ,/eamboat4 ,total4 ,! ,_w #aa1cdj1jjj #cb1bce1jjj #ab1jje1jjj #ee1ehj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #c1idj1jjj #aj1hjj1jjj #b1bjj1jjj #af1idj1jjj ,! increase 9 /eam p[] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 f #c1ejj1jjj horse p[] 9 #ahfj1 to #af1idj1jjj horse p[] 9 #ahie1 or ab\t five fold )9 ?irty-five ye>s4 ,pr(4 ,?ur/on says t 9 #ahij ! comb9$ p[] ( all ! /eam eng9es ( ! _w 0 n f> f #ajj1jjj1jjjb horse p[]1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h #ae1jjj1jjj1 ,great ,brita9 ! same1 & ! o!r c\ntries small] am\nts4 ,tak+ ! horse p[] z ! equival5t ( ! "w ( five m51 ! "w ( /eam is equival5t to t ( a population ( #ejj1jjj1jjj work+ m54 ,x is also said t "o man to-day1 ) ! aid ( a /eam eng9e1 p]=ms ! "w ( #abj m5 9 ! la/ c5tury4 #b ,pr(4 ,?ur/on's e/imate d\btless includes w> vessels1 :i* ,mulhall's lat] e/imate does n 7see ,mulhall's 8,indu/ries & ,weal? ( ,nations10 #ahif1 pages #d & #cgi74 ,! influ5ce ( ! /eam eng9e ^u ! hi/ory & de/9y ( ! _w is an impressive subject1 f> beyond any intellig5t computation or e/imate4 ,x has be5 ! greate/ mov+ =ce ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,! labor ( #ajj1jjj m5 = tw5ty ye>s might build a great pyramid 9 ,egypt1 & x rema9s z a monum5t ( pati5ce only1 b ! g5ius ( ! mod]n inv5tor has organiz$ a ma*9e ) muscles ( /eel1 f> m pati5t & tireless ?an ^? ( ! ,egyptian slave4 ,he gave x b a dr9k ( wat] & mak+ coal its black slave1 & himself ! ma/] ( bo?1 he has 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury hit*$ 8 *>iot to a /> & driv5 to unp>allel$ a*ievem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,railway4 ,,trevi?ick',s ,,fir/ ,,locomotive--,,bl5k9sop',s ,,locomotive--,,h$ley',s 8,,puff+ ,,billy0--,,/eph5son',s ,,locomotive--,,! ,,l9k ,,motion--,,/ockton ,,& ,,d>l+ton ,,railway1 #ahbe--;,,hackwor?',s 8,,royal ,,george0-- 8,,/\rbridge ,,lion0--8,,john ,,bull0--,,baldw9',s ,,locomotives--,,we/+h\se ,,air ,,brakes--,,janney ,,c> ,,c\pl+--,,! ,,woodruff ,,sleep+ ,,c>--,,railway ,,/ati/ics4 ,! fact t m pat5ts h be5 grant$ 9 ! class ( c>riages & wagons ?an 9 any o!r field1 %[s t means ( transportation has engag$ ! l>ge/ %>e ( man's inv5tive g5ius1 & has be5 mo/ closely alli$ to 8 necessities4 ,! mov+ ( pass5g]s & freight seems to be directly relat$ to ! progress ( civilization1 & ! factor ^: influ5ce has be5 mo/ felt 9 ?is field is ! /eam locomotive4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton 9 #afhj propos$ a /eam c>riage propell$ by ! reaction ( a jet ( /eam4 ,dr4 ,rob9son 9 #agei sugge/$ ! /eam c>riage to ,watt4 ,cugnot 9 #agfi built a /eam c>riage4 ,sym+ton1 9 #aggj1 & ,murdock1 9 #aghd1 built work+ models1 & 9 #agij ,na?an ,read also made exp]im5ts 9 /eam transportation1 b ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury dawn$ )\t any o!r results ?an a few ab&on$ exp]im5ts1 & ! criticism & disappo9tm5t ( ! inv5tors 9 ?is field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,,trevi?ick',s ,,locomotive1 #ahjd4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,to ,,run ,,on ,,rails4 ,! fa!r ( ! locomotive & ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury :o direct$ 8 en]gy to its developm5t 0 ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 ( ,camborne1 ,cornwall4 ,9 #ahja he built 8 fir/ /eam c>riage1 adapt$ to c>ry sev5 or eight pass5g]s1 :i* 0 said to h 8gone (f l a bird10 b broke d[n1 & 0 tak5 to ! home ( ,capt4 ,vivian1 :o aft]w>d became a p>tn] ( ,trevi?ick4 ,an old lady1 ^u see+ ?is novel &1 to h]1 frightful eng9e1 is said to h cri$ out3 8,good graci\s6 ,mr4 ,vivian1 :at w be done next8 ,i c't comp>e x to any?+ b a walk+1 puff+ devil40 ,on ! #bd? ( ,m>*1 #ahjb1 ,trevi?ick & ,vivian obta9$ ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1eii = _! /eam c>riage1 & a second "o 0 built 9 #ahjc :i* 0 popul>ly kn[n z ,capt4 ,trevi?ick's 8,puff+ ,devil40 ,9 #ahjd1 at ,p5 y ,d>ran1 ,s\? ,wales1 a ?ird eng9e 0 built1 :i* 0 ! fir/ /eam locomotive ev] to run on rails4 ,x is se5 9 ! illu/ration1 ,no4 #ic4 ,x _h a horizontal cyl9d] inside ! boil]1 a cross head slid+ on guides 9 front ( ! eng9e1 ! cross head be+ connect$ to a crank on a re> ge> :eel1 :i* 9 turn me%es ) an int]m$iate ge> :eel above & betwe5 two o!r ge> :eels on ! runn+ :eels4 ,a fly :eel 0 on ! crank %aft4 ,! /eam 0 dis*>g$ into ! *imney1 & ! :ole eng9e weigh$ five tons1 & x ran1 :5 load$1 at five miles an h\r4 ,9 #ahjh ,trevi?ick built a circul> railway at ,london )9 an inclosure1 & *>g$ a %ill+ = admission to 8 /eam circus & a ride beh9d 8 locomotive4 ,! eng9e "h employ$ 0 ! 8,cat* ,me ,:o ,c10 & _h a v]tical cyl9d] & pi/on1 )\t ! too!d ge> :eels %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,,bl5k9sop',s ,,locomotive1 #ahaa4 ,9 ,fig4 #id is %[n ,bl5k9sop's locomotive ( #ahaa4 ,?is 0 employ$ at ! ,middleton ,colli]y 9 haul+ coal4 ,x _h cog :eels engag+ tee? on ! side ( ! rail4 ,! fire 0 built 9 a l>ge tube pass+ ?r\gh ! boil] & b5t up to =m a *imney4 ,two v]tical cyl9d]s 7 plac$ inside ! boil]1 & ! pi/ons 7 connect$ by cross heads1 &1 by connect+ rods1 to cranks on ! axles ( small cog :eels engag+ ) ! ma9 cog :eels4 ,x drew ?irty tons weight at ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,,h$ley',s 8,,puff+ ,,billy10 #ahac4 ,9 #ahac 8,puff+ ,billy0 0 built by ,wm4 ,h$ley4 ,!re 7 7see ,fig4 #ie7 f\r smoo? drive :eels runn+ on smoo? rails1 :i* :eels 7 c\pl$ toge!r by int]m$iate ge> :eels on ! axle1 & all propell$ by a ge> :eel 9 ! middle1 driv5 by a connect+ rod f ! walk+ beam ov]head4 ,h$ley's locomotive 0 us$ on ! ,wylam railway1 & 0 said to h be5 at "w m or less until #ahfb4 ,mo/ prom95t among ^? :o took an active int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( ! locomotive 7 ,george ,/eph5son & 8 son1 ,rob]t4 ,/eph5son's fir/ locomotive 0 tri$ on ! ,kill+wor? ,railway on ,july #bg1 #ahad4 ,9 #ahae ,dodds & ,/eph5son pat5t$ an arrangem5t = atta*+ ! connect+ rods to ! driv+ :eels1 :i* took ! place ( cog :eels h]et(ore employ$1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,/eph5son1 9 connection ) ,mr4 ,lo%1 pat5t$ ! application ( /eam cu%ion-spr+s = support+ ! weight ( ! locomotive 9 an ela/ic mann]4 ,9 #ahbe ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway1 9 ,engl&1 0 op5$ = traffic1 ) ,george ,/eph5son's eng9e1 8,locomotion10 & 0 put p]man5tly into s]vice = ! transportation ( freight & pass5g]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,,hackwor?',s ,,locomotive1 8,,royal ,,george10 #ahbg4 ,9 #ahbg ,hackwor? produc$ ! 8,royal ,george0 7see ,fig4 #if71 ^: cyl9d]s 7 arrang$ v]tically at ! re> end ( ! boil]1 & ^: pi/ons em]g$ f ! cyl9d]s at ! l[] ends ( ! latt]1 & imp>t$ _! p[] ?r\gh connect+ rods to cranks on ! opposite ends ( ! axle ( ! re> driv+ :eels 9 a m direct mann] ?an h]et(ore1 & do+ away ) ! ov]head me*anism h]et(ore employ$ 9 mo/ eng9es4 ,hackwor? also improv$ ! /eam bla/1 put on ! bell1 & greatly simplifi$ & mod]niz$ ! appe>ance ( ! locomotive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,,george ,,/eph5son',s 8,,rocket10 #ahbi4 ,9 #ahbi ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 complet$1 & ! directors (f]$ a prize ( #ejj = ! be/ locomotive4 ,george ,/eph5son's 8,rocket10 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig1 atta9$ a spe$ ( #bd miles an h\r1 & took ! prize4 ,its success1 h[ev]1 0 m>r$ by ! fir/ railroad fatality1 = x ran ov] & kill$ a man on ?is occasion4 ,x embodi$1 z lead+ features1 ! /eam bla/ & ! multitubul> boil]1 :i* latt] 0 six feet long & _h tw5ty-five ?ree-in* tubes4 ,! fire box 0 surr\nd$ by an ext]ior cas+ t =m$ a wat] jacket1 :i*1 by means ( pipes1 0 9 op5 communication ) ! wat] space ( ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--8,,/\rbridge ,,lion10 #ahbi4 ,! fir/ practical locomotive to run on a railroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! 8,/\rbridge ,lion10 se5 9 ,fig4 #ih4 ,?is 0 import$ f ,engl&1 & arriv$ 9 ,new ,york 9 ,may1 #ahbi1 & 0 tri$ 9 t ye> on a section ( ! ,delaw>e ,hudson ,canal ,company's railroad4 ,! boil] 0 tubul>1 & ! exhau/ /eam 0 c>ri$ into ! *imney by a pipe 9 front ( ! smoke /ack z %[n4 ,x _h v]tical cyl9d]s ( ?irty-six in* /roke1 ) ov]head gras%opp] beams & connect+ rods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,,locomotive 8,,john ,,bull10 #ahca4 ,9 ,fig4 #ii is %[n ! 8,john ,bull10 n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,x 0 built by ,/eph5son ,co4 = ! ,camd5 ,amboy ,railroad1 & 0 br\ght ov] f ,engl& & put into s]vice 9 #ahca4 ,dur+ ! ,columbian ,exposition at ,*icago 9 #ahic1 aft] a long re/ 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,museum1 x made its way "u its own /eam to ,*icago1 draw+ a tra9 ( two c>s a di/ance ( #iab miles )\t assi/ance4 ,x fur!r di/+ui%$ itself :ile !re by c>ry+ #ej1jjj pass5g]s ov] ! exhibition tracks1 & al?\gh sixty-two ye>s ( age at ! "t1 %[$ itself q capable ( p]=m+ sub/antial "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,,baldw9',s 8,,old ,,ironsides10 #ahcb4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly locomotives us$ 9 ,am]ica 7 import$ f ,engl&1 b our inv5tors soon comm5c$ mak+ !m = !mselves4 ,! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 ( ,philadelphia1 has _h a notable c>e] 9 ! field ( locomotive con/ruction4 8,old ,ironsides10 built 9 #ahcb1 0 ! fir/ ,baldw9 locomotive1 & x did duty = ov] a score ( ye>s4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,x _h f\r :eels & weigh$ a little ov] five tons4 ,! drive :eels 7 #ed in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! cyl9d] #i in*es 9 diamet]1 #ah in*es /roke4 ,! :eels _h heavy ca/ iron hubs ) wood5 spokes & rims & wr\ght iron tires1 & ! frame 0 ( wood plac$ outside ! :eels4 ,! boil] 0 #cj in*es 9 diamet] & _h #gb copp] flues #a in*es 9 diamet]1 #g feet long4 ,! price ( ! locomotive 0 #d1jjj1 & x atta9$ a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 ) its tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,,eight-,,:eel ,,pass5g] ,,express ,,locomotive1 #ahfc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,,express ,,pass5g] ,,locomotive1 #ahha4 ,9 ,fig4 #aja is %[n a /&>d type ( pass5g] locomotive ( ! p]iod ( #ahfc1 & 9 ,fig4 #ajb is illu/rat$ ! p]iod ( #ahha1 :i* latt] repres5ts p]haps ! greate/ epo* ( railroad build+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to ,poor's ,manual1 #a1jjj1jjj a day 0 ! e/imat$ ca% outlay on ?is acc\nt = ! ?ree ye>s up to ! close ( #ahhb1 dur+ :i* p]iod #bh1jai miles ( railroad 7 op5$ up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or m ?an en\gh to girdle ! entire e>?4 ,"s idea ( ! wond]ful gr[? ( ! railroad indu/ry dur+ ?is p]iod is giv5 by ! foll[+ tables1 :i* repres5t ! ye>ly production ( locomotives by ! ,baldw9 ,company alone = =ty ye>s prior to ?is p]iod3 #ahdb #ad #ahdc #ab #ahdd #bb #ahde #bg #ahdf #db #ahdg #ci #ahdh #bj #ahdi #cj #ahej #cg #ahea #ej #aheb #di #ahec #fj #ahed #fb #ahee #dg #ahef #ei #aheg #ff #aheh #cc #ahei #gj #ahfj #hc #ahfa #dj #ahfb #ge #ahfc #if #ahfd #acj #ahfe #aae #ahff #aah #ahfg #abg #ahfh #abd #ahfi #bce #ahgj #bhj #ahga #cca #ahgb #ddb #ahgc #dcg #ahgd #bje #ahge #acj #ahgf #bcb #ahgg #ahe #ahgh #bib #ahgi #cih #ahhj #eag #ahha #eee #ahhb #efc #ahhc #eeg ,! pres5t capacity ( ! ,baldw9 works is "o ?\s& locomotives a ye>1 & !y h built up to ?is date ab\t fifte5 ?\s& locomotives1 or ne>ly "o-half ( all ! locomotives 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! successive /eps ( ! developm5t 9 detail ( ! v>i\s features ( ! locomotive are di/ribut$ ov] a long p]iod1 & are some:at difficult to trace4 ,! turn+ ( ! exhau/ /eam into ! smoke /ack 0 done by ,trevi?ick z e>ly z #ahjd1 b its effect 0 greatly increas$ by ,hackwor? ab\t #ahbg1 :o augm5t$ its p[] by direct+ x into ! *imney ?r\gh a n>r[ orifice4 ,?is & ! tubul> locomotive boil] by ,segu9 9 #ahbh1 ! l9k-motion 9 #ahcb1 ! /eam :i/le by ,/eph5son 9 #ahcc1 ! ,giff>d injector 9 #aheh1 & ! ,we/+h\se air brake ( #ahfi1 are ! mo/ prom95t features ( ! locomotive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,,/eph5son',s ,,l9k ,,motion4 ,! l9k motion has be5 claim$ bo? = ! y\ng] ,/eph5son & ,w4 ,t4 ,james1 ( ,new ,york1 ! latt] be+ probably its real inv5tor4 ,its purpose is to rev]se ! eng9e & also to cut (f /eam 9 ei!r direction1 s t x may act expansively4 ,! =m ( l9k motion mo/ g5]ally us$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 & is kn[n z ,/eph5son's4 ,a ,b are two ecc5trics project+ 9 opposite directions f ! c5t] ( ! common drive %aft1 _! rods be+ connect$ at _! out] ends by a curv$ & slott$ l9k ,c ,d4 ,9 ! slot ( ?is l9k plays a p9 ,e1 c>ri$ by a p5d5t sw++ lev] ,g ,f1 :i* lev] is jo9t$ at its l[] end to ! slide valve rod ,h4 ,a ,t-%ap$ lev] ,i ,l ,k ,m has "o arm at ,i connect$ by a rod ) ! slott$ l9k at ,c4 ,! opposite arm is provid$ ) a c\nt] weight at ,k to balance ! weight ( ! l9k ,c ,d & ecc5tric rods1 & ! upright arm is connect$ at ,m to a rod op]at$ by a h& lev] ,p )9 easy access ( ! eng9e]4 ,:5 ! l9k ,c ,d is l[]$ ! ecc5tric ,b imp>ts its ?r[ to p5d5t lev] ,g ,f & valve rod ,h1 & ! ecc5tric ,a w only sw+ ! end ,c ( ! l9k )\t imp>t+ any effect to ! valve4 ,:5 l9k ,c ,d is drawn up s t p9 ,e is 9 ! bottom ( ! slot1 ! ecc5tric ,a is active & ,b inactive1 & z ,a has an opposite ?r[ to ,b1 ! action ( ! valve is rev]s$4 ,if l9k ,c ,d be drawn half way up1 ! p9 ,e becomes ! c5t] ( ! oscillation ( ! l9k1 & ! valve rod is n mov$ at all4 ,by adju/+ ! l9k ne>] to or fur!r f ! c5tral position1 ! ?r[ ( ! slide valve may be made %ort] or long]1 & ! /eam cut (f at a lat] or e>li] p]iod 9 ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,,locomotive ,,eng9e ,,no4 #iii4 ,fig4 #ajd is a type ( ! be/ mod]n express locomotive4 ,?is is ! fam\s #iii ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad4 ,its cyl9d]s are #ai #bd in*es1 driv+ :eels #hf in*es 9 diamet]1 weight #fb tons1 /eam pressure #aij p\nds4 ,?is eng9e hauls ! ,empire ,/ate ,express at a spe$ ( #fd4bb miles an h\r1 exclud+ /ops1 or m ?an a mile a m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,,comp\nd ,,locomotive4 ,9 secur+ a high] effici5cy & a great] economy 9 ! use ( /eam1 ! mo/ rec5t developm5ts 9 ! locomotive h be5 9 ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( ! comp\nd expansion eng9e1 9 :i* two or m cyl9d]s ( diff]5t diamet]s are us$1 ! /eam at high pressure act+ 9 ! small] cyl9d]1 & be+ !n exhau/$ into & act+ expansively ^u ! pi/on ( ! l>g] cyl9d]4 ,a f9e example ( ! comp\nd locomotive is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje4 ,! cyl9d]s are arrang$ 9 pairs1 ! small high pressure cyl9d] above1 & ! l>g] l[ pressure cyl9d] bel[1 bo? pi/on rods engag+ a common cross head4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple ( ! comp\nd eng9e is said to involve a sav+ 9 coal ( ov] #be p] c5t4 ,prom95t among mod]n improvem5ts 9 /eam railways is ! air brake4 ,?is inv5tion is *iefly ! result ( ! +5uity ( ,mr4 ,george ,we/+h\se1 ,jr41 :o1 beg9n+ 8 exp]im5ts 9 #ahfi1 took out 8 fir/ pat5ts on ! automatic air brake ,m>* #e1 #ahgb1 ,nos4 #abd1djd & #abd1dje1 :i* h s9ce be5 foll[$ up by _m o!rs 9 p]fect+ ! sy/em4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! air brake is to /ore up compress$ air 9 a res]voir on ! locomotive by means ( a /eam pump4 ,?is air pass+ ?r\gh a tra9 pipe connect$ by hose c\pl+s betwe5 c>s *>ges an auxili>y res]voir "u ea* c>4 ,?is res]voir is arrang$ beside a cyl9d] hav+ a pi/on & a triple valve4 ,pressure 9 ! tra9 pipe is ma9ta9$ con/antly1 & ! p[] to "w ! pi/on to apply ! brakes comes f ! auxili>y res]voir beside x1 :i* is set into action by a sudd5 r$uction ( pressure 9 ! tra9 pipe by ! eng9e] ?r\gh a special =m ( valve on ! locomotive4 ,! air brake is capable ( /opp+ a tra9 at av]age spe$ )9 ! di/ance ( its own l5g?1 & s great a safegu>d to life & prop]ty is x1 t its application to a c]ta9 numb] ( c>s on e tra9 is made compulsory by law4 ,! automatic c> c\pl+ is ano!r important life-sav+ improvem5t4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ^! h be5 pat5t$1 b ! 8,janney0 c\pl+1 pat5t$ ,april #bi1 #ahgc1 ,no4 #ach1dje1 is ! mo/ repres5tative type4 ,! ye> #aijj is to witness ! compulsory adoption ( automatic c> c\pl+s on all c>s4 ,! 8block sy/em0 ( signals1 by :i* no tra9 is admitt$ on to a giv5 section ( track until ! prec$+ tra9 has left t section1 improv$ swit*es1 :i* are n dep5d5t ^u ! memory ( m51 & /eel rails1 :i* con/itute n9e-t5?s ( all tracks & s]ve to increase ! /ability ( ! track1 are fur!r mod]n safegu>ds aga9/ dang]4 ,sleep+ c>s 7 inv5t$ by ,woodruff1 & pat5t$ ,dec4 #b1 #ahef1 ,nos4 #af1aei & #af1afj4 ,^!1 ) ! palace c>s ( ,pullman & ,wagn]1 ! special refrig]ator c>s = p]i%able goods1 c>s = cattle1 & c>s = coal1 multiply ! equipm5t1 swell ! traffic1 & supply e want ( ! great railroad sy/ems ( mod]n times4 ,! fir/ railroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 built ne> ,qu9cy1 ,mass41 9 #ahbf4 ,! ,pacific ,railway1 ! fir/ ( our half a doz5 transcont95tal railways1 0 complet$ 9 #ahfi4 ,! great ,trans-,sib]ian ,railway is ne>+ completion1 & 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury a ,trans-,sah>a ,railway w probably relieve ! burd5s ( ! camel1 z x has already done ^? ( ! horse4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> #ahih !re 7 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #cf1gdf locomotives1 #a1cah1gjj c>s1 & ! mileage 9 tracks1 includ+ second track & sid+s1 0 #bde1bch4hg1 :i*1 if ext5d$ 9 a /raight l9e1 w\ld build a railway to ! moon4 ,! money inve/m5t repres5t$ 9 capital /ock & bonds 0 #aa1baf1hhf1deb4 ,! gross e>n+s = ! ye> #ahih 7 #a1bdi1eeh1gbd4 ,! net e>n+s 7 #chi1fff1dgd4 ,tons ( freight mov$ 7 #iab1igc1hec4 ,receipts f freight 7 #hfh1ibd1ebf4 ,numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ 0 #ead1ihb1bhh4 ,receipts f pass5g]s 7 #bgb1ehi1eia1 & divid5ds paid 7 #id1icg1ebf4 ,add to ! above ! elevat$ railroads & /reet railroads1 :i* are n includ$1 & ! imm5sity ( ! railroad bus9ess 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates becomes app>5t4 ,9 #ahih ! ,unit$ ,/ates export$ #dfh locomotives1 wor? #c1hhc1gai4 ,mulhall e/imates t ! /eam horse p[] ( railroads 9 ! _w am\nt$ 9 #ahif to #dj1dbj1jjj1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h m ?an "o-?ird4 ,he also /ates t ! railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c>ry e day1 9 m]*&ise1 a weight equal to t ( ! :ole ( ! sev5ty millions ( p]sons con/itut+ its population2 t ! total railway traffic ( ! _w 9 #ahid av]ag$ t5 million pass5g]s & six million tons ( m]*&ise daily2 & t ! total railway capital ( ! _w rea*$ 9 t ye>1 #f1gde million /]l+1 or ab\t ?irty-?ree billion doll>s4 ,x is said t ! highe/ railway spe$ ev] atta9$ by /eam prior to #aijj 0 by locomotive ,no4 #efd ( ! ,lake ,%ore ,mi*igan ,s\!rn ,railroad1 made dur+ "p ( a run f ,*icago to ,buffalo4 ,9 ?is run #hf miles 7 made at an av]age rate ( #gb4ib miles an h\r4 ,! tra9 load 0 #cjd1ejj p\nds1 & ! #hf mile run includ$ "o mile at #ib4c miles an h\r1 eight miles at #he4dd miles an h\r1 & ?irty-?ree miles at #hj4f miles an h\r4 ,on ,may #bf1 #aijj1 h[ev]1 an exp]im5t on ! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad1 made by ,mr4 ,f4 ,u4 ,adams betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 demon/rat$ t by %ea?+ ! tra9 to prev5t ret>dation by ! air1 an av]age spe$ ( #gh4f miles an h\r 0 obta9$1 & = five miles on a d[n grade a spe$ ( #ajb4h miles an h\r 0 rea*$4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful locomotives 9 ! _w are ^? be+ built = ! ,pittsburg1 ,bessem] ,lake ,erie ,railroad = haul+ long tra9s ( iron & ore1 "o ( :i* has j be5 complet$4 ,its cyl9d]s are #bd #cb in*es2 drive :eels1 #ed in*es diamet]2 weight1 #abe tons2 draw b> pull #ef1cjj p\nds1 & haul+ capacity #g1hdg tons4 ,"o ( ^! mammo? eng9es is capable ( draw+ a tra9 ( box c>s1 load$ ) :eat1 & m ?an a mile long1 at a spe$ ( t5 miles an h\r4 ,?is load ( :eat w\ld repres5t ! yield ( #ad squ>e miles ( l&4 ,no d\bt x w\ld greatly a/oni% our =efa!rs to "k t at ! end ( ! c5tury we w\ld h iron horses capable ( c>t+ away1 at a s+le load1 ! products ( #ad squ>e miles ( ! c\ntry side1 & d x at a gait fa/] ?an t ( _! local mail coa*4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts--,,sym+ton',s ,,boat--,,col4 ,,john ,,/ev5s' ,,screw ,,propell]--,,robt4 ,,fulton ,,& ,,! 8,,cl]mont0--,,fir/ ,,trip ,,to ,,sea ,,by ,,/ev5s' 8,,ph,,nix0--8,,savannah10 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/eam ,,vessel ,,to ,,cross ,,! ,,ocean--,,ericsson',s ,,screw ,,propell]--,,! 8,,great ,,ea/]n0--,,! ,,:aleback ,,/eam]s--,,ocean ,,greyh\nds--,,! 8,,oceanic10 ,,l>ge/ ,,/eam%ip ,,9 ,,! ,,_w--,,! 8,,turb9ia0--,,fulton',s 8,,demologos10 ,,fir/ ,,w> ,,vessel--,,! ,,turret ,,monitor--,,mod]n ,,battle%ips ,,& ,,torp$o ,,boats--,,holl& ,,subm>9e ,,boat4 ,! application ( /eam = ! propulsion ( boats engag$ ! att5tion ( inv5tors along ) ! v e>lie/ developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e itself4 ,blasco de ,g>ay 9 #aedc1 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] 9 #afee1 ,sav>y 9 #afih1 ,d5ys ,pap9 9 #agjg1 ,dr4 ,john ,all5 9 #agcj1 ,jona?an ,hulls 9 #agcg1 ,b]n\illi & ,g5evois 9 #ageg1 ,william ,h5ry 7( ,p5nsylvania7 9 #agfc1 ,c\nt ,d',auxiron & ,m4 ,p]i] 9 #aggd1 ! ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy 9 #agha1 ,james ,rumsey 7on ! ,potomac7 9 #aghb1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 & ,oliv] ,evans 9 #aghf & #aghi1 ,john ,fit* 9 #aghf1 & also aga9 9 #agif1 & ,william ,sym+ton 9 #aghh-hi 7 ! e>ly exp]im5t]s4 ,pap9's boat 0 said to h be5 us$ on ! ,fulda at ,cassel1 & 0 report$ to h be5 de/roy$ by b>gem51 :o fe>$ t x w\ld deprive !m ( a livelihood4 ,all51 ,rumsey1 ,frankl91 & ,evans 7#aghf7 propos$ to employ a backw>dly dis*>g$ column ( wat] issu+ f a pump4 ,jona?an ,hulls & ,oliv] ,evans 7#aghi7 _h /]n :eels4 ,b]n\illi1 ,g5evois1 & ! ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy us$ paddles on ! duck's foot pr9ciple1 :i* clos$ :5 dragg$ =w>d1 & exp&$ :5 pu%$ to ! re>4 ,fit*'s fir/ boat employ$ a sy/em ( paddles susp5d$ by _! h&les f cranks1 :i*1 9 revolv+1 gave ! paddles a motion simulat+ t :i* ! ,indian imp>ts to 8 paddle4 ,sym+ton's boat ( #aghh 7,patrick ,mill]'s pleasure boat7 _h side paddle :eels4 ,sym+ton's next boat1 built 9 #aghi1 & also own$ by ,patrick ,mill]1 0 ( ! catam>an type1 i4 e41 x _h two p>allel hulls ) paddle :eels betwe5 !m4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ?is art :5 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury comm5c$ its wond]ful record4 ,no practical /eam vessel _h be5 con/ruct$1 z ! ef=ts 9 ?is direction 7 h&icapp$ by ! crud5ess ( all ! arts1 & 7 to be reg>d$ z exp]im5ts only1 mo/ ( :i* _h to be ab&on$4 ,! se$ ( ?is inv5tion1 h[ev]1 _h be5 s[n 9 ! f]tile soil ( g5ius1 conception ( its great possibilities _h fir$ ! zeal ( ! inv5tors 9 ?is field1 & ! new c5tury 0 %ortly to numb] among its great res\rces a practical & effici5t /eamboat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,,sym+ton',s ,,/eamboat1 #ahja4 ,! fir/ /eamboat ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 0 ! 8,*>lotte ,dundas10 built by ,william ,sym+ton 9 #ahja1 see ,fig4 #ajf1 & us$ on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal 9 #ahjb4 ,%e _h a d\ble act+ 8,watt eng9e10 :i* transmitt$ p[] by a connect+ rod to a crank on ! paddle-:eel %aft4 ,! boat _h a s+le paddle :eel 9 ! middle ne> ! /]n1 & 0 int5d$ only = canal use1 9 ! place ( horses4 ,x 0 ab&on$ = fe> ( wa%+ ! banks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,,/ev5s' ,,tw9 ,,screw ,,propell] ,,& ,,eng9e1 #ahjd4 ,9 #ahjd ,col4 ,john ,/ev5s con/ruct$ a boat on ! ,hudson1 driv5 by a ,watt eng9e1 & hav+ a tubul> boil] ( 8 own inv5tion & a tw9 screw propell]4 ,! eng9e1 boil]1 & tw9 screws are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! same ye> ,oliv] ,evans us$ a /]n paddle :eel boat on ! ,delaw>e & ,s*uylkill riv]s4 ,x 0 driv5 by a d\ble act+ high pressure eng9e1 & ge>$ s z to rotate wagon :eels by :i* x 0 transport$ on l&1 z well z ! paddle :eels :5 on ! wat]4 ,x 0 9 primitive =m bo? a locomotive & a /eamboat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,,! 8,,cl]mont10 #ahjg4 ,9 #ahjg ,rob]t ,fulton built ! 8,cl]mont10 & p]man5tly e/abli%$ /eam navigation on ! ,hudson ,riv] betwe5 ,new ,york & ,albany4 ,fulton 9 #ahjb-ahjc1 :ile liv+ 9 ,p>is ) ,mr4 ,joel ,b>l[1 & ) ! aid & enc\ragem5t ( ,*ancellor ,liv+/on1 ( ,new ,j]sey1 _h built an e>li] /eamboat #hf feet long1 & al?\gh x broke d[n ow+ to defects 9 ! /r5g? ( ! hull1 he 0 s enc\rag$ t he ord]$ ,messrs4 ,b\lton ,watt1 ( ,engl&1 to s5d to ,am]ica a new /eam eng9e1 & ^u 8 return to ,am]ica he built ! 8,cl]mont40 ,?is vessel1 al?\gh n ! fir/ /eamboat1 0 nev]!less ! fir/ to make a voyage ( any consid]able l5g?1 & to run regul>ly & cont9u\sly = practical purposes1 & ,fulton 0 ! fir/ inv5tor 9 ?is field ^: labors 7 n to be class$ z an ab&on$ exp]im5t4 ,! 8,cl]mont0 z orig9ally built 0 q a diff]5t look+ boat f t usually giv5 9 ! hi/ories4 ,a model ( ! orig9al con/ruction is to be f\nd 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahjg-h %e 0 remodel$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,%e !n appe>$ z a side :eel /eam]1 ^: :eels 7 provid$ ) out] gu>ds & enclos$ 9 side :eel h\ses1 & ^: %aft _h out] be>+s 9 ! gu>ds1 :i* 7 n 9 ! orig9al boat4 ,! hull 0 #acc feet long1 #ah feet beam1 & #g feet dep?4 ,! 8,cl]mont's0 eng9es 7 c\pl$ to ! crank %aft by a bell crank1 & ! paddle :eel %aft 0 sep>at$ f ! crank %aft1 b connect$ ) x by ge>+4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 #bd in*es 9 diamet]1 & #d foot /roke4 ,! paddle :eels _h buckets #d feet long ) a dip ( #b feet4 ,%e made ! fir/ trip f ,new ,york to ,albany ( #aej miles 9 #cb h\rs1 & return$ 9 #cj h\rs1 :i* 0 ! fir/ voyage ( any consid]able l5g? ev] made by /eam p[]4 ,! honor ( inv5t+ ! /eamboat has be5 claim$ = _m inv5tors1 & t _m wor?y exp]im5t]s _h be5 work+ 9 ?is field1 & t ,fulton _h ! b5efit ( _! exp]i5ce is true4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! evolution ( any great1 inv5tion is a sl[ & cumulative process1 ! product ( _m m9ds1 & :ile ! propos]s1 sugge/]s1 & exp]im5t]s are entitl$ to _! %>e ( ! cr$it1 x is ! man :o a*ieves success & gives to ! public ! b5efit ( 8 labors :om ! _w honors1 & 9 ?is connection ! "n ( ,fulton /&s pre-em95t1 = al?\gh ! 8,cl]mont0 0 #bfd ye>s lat] ?an ! /eamboat ( ,blasco de ,g>ay1 ! 8,cl]mont0 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( practical /eam navigation1 & :atev] ! claims ( o!r inv5tors may be1 x is c]ta9 t /eam navigation1 e/abli%$ by ,fulton 9 #ahjg1 on ! ,hudson1 prec$$ ! practical use ( ! /eamboat 9 any o!r c\ntry by at lea/ five ye>s1 = x 0 n until #ahab t ,h5ry ,bell1 ( ,scotl&1 built ! 8,comet10 t pli$ betwe5 ,glasg[ & ,gre5ock1 on ! ,clyde1 & n until #ahad 0 a /eam packet us$ = hire on ! ,?ames 9 ,engl&4 ,at ! same "t t ,fulton 0 9 ,p>is mak+ 8 fir/ exp]im5ts ) ! /eamboat1 ,col4 ,john ,/ev5s1 ! mo/ celebrat$ boat build] & eng9e] ( 8 day1 0 actively exp]im5t+ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! same l9e4 ,hav+ 9 #ahjd made ! fir/ application ( /eam to ! screw propell]1 he 9 #ahjg built ! 8,phnix10 :i* 0 driv5 by paddle :eels4 ,! 8,phnix0 0 con/ruct$ %ortly aft] ,fulton's boat1 b 0 b>r$ f use on ! ,hudson by ! exclusive monopoly obta9$ by ,fulton & ,liv+/on f ! ,/ate ,legislature1 & %e 0 accord+ly tak5 f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia by sea1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ocean voyage by a /eam vessel4 ,! fir/ /eamboat on ! ,mississippi 0 ! 8,orleans10 ( #ajj tons1 built at ,pittsburg by ,fulton & ,liv+/on 9 #ahaa4 ,%e _h a /]n :eel1 & w5t f ,pittsburg to ,new ,orleans 9 #ad days4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ trip out to sea 0 made 9 #ahjh by ,col4 ,/ev5s' son 9 tak+ ! 8,phnix0 f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia1 no attempt _h be5 made to cross ! ocean until #ahai4 ,9 ?is ye> ! 8,savannah10 an ,am]ican /eam] ( #chj tons1 p]=m$ ?is feat1 & _h ! honor ( be+ ! fir/ /eam vessel to cross ! ,atlantic4 ,9 #ahbd ! 8,ent]prise10 an ,engli% /eam]1 r\nd$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & w5t to ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--,,screw ,,propell] ,,( ,,! 8,,robt4 ,f4 ,,/ockton10 ,,ericsson',s ,,pat5t1 #ahcf4 ,! screw propell] employ$ by ,colonel ,/ev5s 9 #ahjd 0 n a new inv5tion ) him1 z popul>ly suppos$1 b _h its orig9 e>ly 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 be+ a m]e developm5t ( ! anci5t w9d :eel4 ,9 #ahcf x 0 fur!r develop$ by ,francis ,p4 ,smi? & by ,capt4 ,john ,ericsson1 !n liv+ 9 ,engl&4 ,ericsson took out ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #g1adi1 ( #ahcf1 & ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #ehh1 ( ,feb4 #a1 #ahch1 & built sev]al screw /eam]s1 & ?r\gh ,capt4 ,rob]t ,f4 ,/ockton1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 succe$$ 9 hav+ a screw /eam]1 ! 8,rob]t ,f4 ,/ockton10 built 9 accordance ) ! plans ( 8 pat5t & s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! arrangem5t ( h] ma*9]y is se5 9 ,fig4 #aji4 ,%e _h two propell]s on ! same axis1 b revolv+ 9 opposite directions1 "o be+ on ! c5tral %aft & ! o!r on a conc5tric tube4 ,! eng9es 7 c\pl$ directly to ! propell] %afts1 :i* feature 0 "o ( ,ericsson's improvem5ts1 & has cont9u$ to be ! approv$ =m to ?is day4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( /eam navigation ! side :eel /eam] 0 ! favorite1 & 0 employ$ = ocean travel z well z = inl& wat]s4 ,9 #ahdj ! 8,brittania10 ! fir/ ,cun>d]1 comm5c$ ! c>e] ( t celebrat$ l9e4 ,?is vessel _h side :eels1 z did also ! 8,unit$ ,/ates10 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaj1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican /eam] built expressly = ! ,atlantic trade4 ,9 #aheb ! ,unit$ ,/ates mail /eam] 8,arctic10 ( ! ,coll9s l9e1 0 reg>d$ z ! greyh\nd ( ! ,atlantic1 h] "t be+ #i days1 #ag h\rs & #ab m9utes4 ,%e also _h side :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,,/eam] 8,,unit$ ,,/ates10 #ahdg4 ,side :eel /eam]s = inl& wat]s1 & screw propell]s = sea s]vice1 h[ev]1 9 "t e/abli%$ _! fitness = _! respective sc5es ( action4 ,9 side :eel /eam]s ! mo/ notable improvem5ts h be5 9 /iff5+ ! hull by braces1 & ! adoption ( fea!r+ paddle :eels1 ^: function is to cause ! paddles to ent] & leave ! wat] 9 v]tical position )\t dragg+ dead wat]4 ,manley 9 #ahfb1 & ,morgan 9 #ahge1 pat5t$ practical =ms ( ! fea!r+ paddle :eel4 ,9 screw propell]s1 ,woodcr(t 9 #ahcb1 & ,griffi?s at a lat] p]iod1 made valuable improvem5ts4 ,! surface cond5s] 0 us$ by ,hall 9 #ahch on ! /eam%ip 8,wilb]=ce10 & ,sickels 9 #ahda inv5t$ ! drop cut-(f4 ,illu/ration3 8,,great ,,ea/]n10 ,,screw ,,& ,,paddle ,,:eels1 #aheh4 ,,l5g?1 ,,fig4 #aaa4--fib ,,feet1 ,,spe$ #ab ,,knots4 8,,oceanic10 ,,tw9 ,,screw1 #ahii4 ,,l5g?1 #gjd ,,feet1 ,,spe$1 #bj ,,knots4 ,9 #ahed ! 8,great ,ea/]n0 0 begun & 0 f9i%$ 9 #aheh4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ /eam vessel ev] built up to ?is "t1 & has cont9u$ to hold ! record = size up to ! ye> #ahii1 :5 h] dim5sions 7 exce$$ by ! 8,oceanic10 :i* %ips are put 9 comp>ison 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,! l5g? ( ! 8,great ,ea/]n0 0 #fib feet1 beam #hc feet1 dep? #eg feet1 draft #be feet1 displacem5t #bg1jjj tons1 & spe$ #ab knots4 ,%e 0 design$ by ! ,engli% eng9e] ,brunel1 & 0 int5d$ = ! ,au/ralian trade4 ,%e _h bo? a screw propell] & paddle :eels at ! side1 ) f\r eng9es c\pl$ to ea*4 ,! paddle :eel eng9es _h /eam cyl9d]s #gd in*es 9 diamet]1 ) #ad foot /roke1 & ^? ( ! screw eng9es 7 #hd in*es 9 diamet] & #d foot /roke4 ,collectively !y 7 ( #aj1jjj horse p[]4 ,! paddle :eels 7 #ef feet 9 diamet]1 & ! screw propell] #bd feet4 ,on h] fir/ voyage to ,new ,york1 across ! ,atlantic1 9 #ahfj1 %e c>ri$ f #ae to #bd p\nds ( /eam & consum$ #b1hgg tons ( coal4 ,h] co/ 0 #c1hca1ebj4 ,?is mammo? vessel 0 too l>ge & unwieldy = ! uses = :i* %e 0 design$1 & prov$ a bad inve/m5t4 ,%e s]v$1 h[ev]1 a mo/ useful purpose1 by virtue ( h] great bulk1 /ead9ess1 & c>ry+ capacity1 = relay+ ! ,atlantic cable 9 #ahff1 & o!rs 9 #ahgc-ahgd4 ,9 #ahgd ! 8,ca/alia0 0 built4 ,?is 0 a /eam] ) two p>allel hulls1 deck$ across1 & design$ = great] /ead9ess 9 cross+ ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,! 8,bessem]0 /eam]1 design$ = ! same purpose1 & built ab\t ! same "t1 _h f\r paddle :eels1 & ! entire cab9 0 hung on pivots1 s t x c\ld n p>take ( ! sea motion4 ,9 lat] ye>s great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 r$uc+ ! weight ( ! eng9es1 9 =c$ bla/1 /eam /e]+ ge>1 an*or hoi/+ devices1 wat]-tight bulkheads1 surface cond5s]s1 electric lights1 & signall+ devices4 ,by ! ye> #ahhj ! /&>d =m ( m>9e eng9e = l>ge p[]s _h become ! comp\nd d\ble cyl9d] type1 exp&+ /eam f an initial pressure z high z #ij p\nds4 ,9 #ahij triple expansion eng9es _h become common1 employ+ ?ree cyl9d]s1 & us+ /eam ) an initial pressure z high z #ahj p\nds4 ,9 #ahij ,mc,dougal's :ale-back /eam]s 7 introduc$4 ,see ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,no4 #dbi1dfg & #dbi1dfh1 ,june #c1 #ahij1 & ,no4 #ejj1daa1 ,june #bg1 #ahic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,,/eamboat 8,,priscilla40 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w are su* f9e examples ( side :eel /eam]s to be f\nd z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 no c\ntry are !re su* spl5did rea*es ( inl& wat]s z !atres = _! p]=mances4 ,! 8,priscilla10 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aab1 ( ! ,fall ,riv] ,l9e1 ply+ on ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 & ! 8,adirondack10 on ! ,hudson1 are f9e examples ( ?is type4 ,! 8,priscilla10 :i* is said to be ! l>ge/ riv] boat 9 ! _w1 is #ddj feet #f in*es long & #ic feet bread? ov] ! gu>ds4 ,%e is driv5 by d\ble comp\nd incl9$ eng9es1 has fea!r+ paddle :eels #ce feet 9 diamet] & #ad feet face1 & h] spe$ is ov] #bj miles an h\r4 ,! 8,adirondack10 ^: eng9es & fea!r+ paddle :eel are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aac1 is #dab feet long & #ij feet bread? ov] gu>ds4 ,! eng9es & paddle :eels ( ! 8,adirondack0 are di/9ctly repres5tative ( ! mod]n ,am]ican side :eel /eam]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--;,,eng9es ,,& ,,paddle ,,:eel ,,( ,,/eam] 8,,adirondack0 ,,on ,,! ,,hudson ,,riv]4 ,! l>ge/ & 9 _m respects ! highe/ type ( m>9e ar*itecture is to be f\nd 9 ! mod]n ocean greyh\nd = transatlantic trade4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! rival companies h vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! ef=t to excel1 & /eam%ips ( l>g] size1 great] spe$1 & m p]fect equipm5t h foll[$ ea* o!r1 until x w\ld seem t ! limit _h be5 rea*$4 ,9 ! accompany+ table ! l>ge/ & mo/ rec5t /eam]s are plac$ 9 comp>ison ) ! 8,great ,ea/]n40 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,ocean ,,/eam]s4 ,,"n ,,( ,,date4,,l5g? ,,beam4,,dep?4,,draught4,,displace-,,max imum ,,%ip4 ,,ov] ,,m5t4 ,,spe$4 ,,all4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,feet4 ,,feet4 ,,feet4 ,,feet4 ,,tons4 ,,knots4 ,great ,ea/]n #aheh #fib #hc #eg #be #bg1jjj #ab ,p>is #ahhh #efj #fc #db #bf #ac1jjj #bj ,teutonic #ahij #ehe #eg #db #bf #ab1jjj #bj ,campania #ahic #fbe #fe #da #bh #ai1jjj #bb ,/4 ,paul #ahie #eed #fc #db #bg #ad1jjj #ba ,kais] ,wilhelm #ahig #fdi #ff #dc #bi #bj1jjj #bb4ce d] ,grosse ,oceanic #ahii #gjd #fh #di #cb #bh1ejj #bj ,deuts*l& #aijj #fhf #fg #dd #bi #bb1jjj #bc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--8,,kais] ,,wilhelm ,,d] ,,grosse40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--8,,oceanic0 ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,broadway ,,build+s4 ,! 8,kais] ,wilhelm d] ,grosse10 own$ by ! ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd ,company1 & built 9 #ahig1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aad1 & = ?ree ye>s held ! record z ! fa/e/ /eam%ip afloat4 ,! 8,kais] ,wilhelm0 0 foll[$ by ! 8,oceanic10 9 #ahii1 ( ! ,:ite ,/> ,company1 :i* is ! l>ge/ ocean /eam] ev] built1 exce$+ ! proportions ( ! 8,great ,ea/]n40 ,j :at ! dim5sions ( ! 8,oceanic0 mean1 z giv5 9 ! prec$+ tables1 c be be/ illu/rat$ by ! accompany+ ,fig4 #aae1 9 :i* %e is juxtapos$ ) sev]al blocks ( l>ge build+s on ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 opposite ,city ,hall ,p>k4 ,if ! 8,oceanic0 7 plac$ on end beside ,wa%+ton's ,monum5t1 at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,capital1 %e w\ld t[] #aej feet above ! top ( ! same4 ,an ord9>y brick h\se f\r rooms deep & ?ree /ories high c\ld be built ) its l5g? crosswise 9 h] hull4 ,!re is accommodation = #daj fir/-class pass5g]s1 #cjj second-class pass5g]s1 & #a1jjj ?ird class1 & z h] crew w numb] #cij1 ! total numb] ( s\ls on bo>d1 :5 %e c>ries h] full complem5t1 w be #b1ajj4 ,! late/ a*ievem5t 9 m>9e ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 is ! 8,deuts*l&10 built = ! ,hamburg-,am]ican ,company4 ,! 8,deuts*l&0 is n q s l>ge z ! 8,oceanic10 b is ( high] spe$1 h] maximum spe$ ( #bc knots an h\r exce$+ t ( any o!r ocean /eam]4 ,! 8,savannah10 ! fir/ /eam vessel to cross ! ,atlantic1 made ! trip 9 #ahai 9 #bf days4 ,! 8,deuts*l&0 9 h] ea/w>d trip ,septemb] #d1 #aijj1 cross$ ! ,atlantic 9 #e days #g h\rs & #ch m9utes1 :i* is ! fa/e/ "t on record4 ,! 8,deuts*l&0 is ( #ce1fdj horse p[]1 h] two bronze propell]s are #bc feet diamet]1 & weigh #cj tons1 & h] propell] %afts are #be in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! cranks ( h] propell] %afts1 l ^? ( ! 8,kais] ,wilhelm0 & ! 8,oceanic10 are set accord+ to ! ,s*lick sy/em1 to r$uce vibration4 ,! 8,deuts*l&'s0 eng9es are se5 9 ,fig4 #ib1 & 9 g5]al appe>ance ! %ip resembles ! 8,kais] ,wilhelm40 ,/ill l>g] & possibly swift] /eam%ips are 9 process ( con/ruction1 viz43 ! 8,kais] ,wilhelm ,,ii410 by ! ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd ,company1 & a mammo? unnam$ %ip by ! ,:ite ,/> ,l9e1 ^: l5g? ( #gej feet w exce$ all o!rs4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note 9 famili> t]ms :at ^! enorm\s travel+ palaces compreh5d 9 equipm5t4 ,= ! safety & com=t ( pass5g]s1 ! great l5g? r$uces ! pit*+1 bilge keels prev5t roll+1 & ! ,s*lick sy/em ( cranks neutralizes vibration 9 ! eng9e4 ,/rong bulkheads1 & d\ble bottoms ) air-tight comp>tm5ts1 imp>t buoyancy 9 case ( collision4 ,boil]s are plac$ 9 sep>ate wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 s t damage to "o does n disable ! o!rs4 ,p[]ful pumps are arrang$ to dis*>ge infl[+ wat]1 & ! be/ ( life boats are provid$4 ,spaci\s d9+ rooms1 prom5ade decks1 draw+ rooms1 pianos1 libr>y1 smok+ room1 /ate rooms1 cab9s = *ildr51 toilets1 ba?s1 m$ic9e /ores1 a pr9t+ (fice1 & electric lights ev]y:]e1 furni% e want & satisfy e luxuri\s ta/e4 ,! cuis9e includes a refrig]at+ plant1 ! f9e/ ranges1 & provisions galore4 ,x may be int]e/+ to ! h\sewife to see ! m>ket li/ ( a mod]n transatlantic /eam]4 ,a specim5 is p>tially repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+3 #be1dej p\nds ( fre% meat1 #c1bej p\nds ( fi%1 #f1cgj p\nds ( game & p\ltry1 #ab1gae p\nds ( bread1 #dc b>rels ( fl\r1 #c1ich p\nds ( butt]1 #a1cjg p\nds ( c(fee1 #b1gij p\nds ( sug>1 #ajb p\nds ( tea1 #g1bbj p\nds ( fre% fruit2 #a1bcj gallons ( milk1 #bf1ajf eggs1 #bi1ahj oranges & lemons1 #g1jcc bottles ( m9]al wat]1 #a1hjj bottles ( be]1 #b1fhh gallons ( be] 9 casks1 #a1bdj bottles ( w9e1 #fcj bottles ( *ampagne1 #a1fjj heads ( lettuce1 #hjj j>s ( pres]v$ fruits1 & o!r ?+s 9 proportion4 ,9 ! matt] ( size ! 8,oceanic0 surpasses all previ\s ef=ts 9 %ip build+1 b ocean /eam]s d n rea* ! highe/ spe$ atta9able4 ,! little 8,turb9ia10 a #dj ton craft equipp$ ) a comp\nd rot>y /eam turb9e ( ! ,p>sons type1 has atta9$ a spe$ ( #cb knots an h\r4 ,an ev5 great] spe$ has rec5tly be5 atta9$ by ! l>g] boat1 8,hai ,lung10 con/ruct$ 9 ,engl& = ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 :i* vessel 0 equipp$ ) reciprocat+ eng9es1 & is cr$it$ ) hav+ made a run ( #ah knots at an av]age spe$ ( #ce knots an h\r4 ,! highe/ spe$ ev] atta9$1 h[ev]1 is by ! ,briti% torp$o boat 8,vip]10 :i* is #baj feet long1 &1 l ! 8,turb9ia10 is equipp$ ) ! ,p>sons /eam turb9es4 ,9 a rec5t trial ! 8,vip]0 cov]$ a measur$ mile at ! rate ( #cg4a knots1 or ab\t #dc miles an h\r4 ,9 _m respects ! mo/ important bran* ( /eam navigation 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 its w> vessels4 ,! great navies ( ! _w at ! end ( #ahihc rank$ z foll[s3 ,engl&1 #a1eeg1ebb tons2 ,france1 #gca1fbi tons2 ,russia1 #dec1hii tons2 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cjc1jgj tons2 ,g]many1 #bii1fcg tons2 ,italy1 #bhf1age tons1 & !y all owe _! effici5cy entirely to /eam4 ,! fir/ /eam w> vessel 0 built 9 #ahad by ,fulton = ! def5ce ( ,new ,york ,h>bor1 dur+ ! !n exi/+ w> times4 ,%e 0 kn[n z ! 8,demologos0 7voice ( ! p71 or 8,fulton ! ,fir/40 ,z %[n 9 ! orig9al designs1 ,fig4 #aaf1 %e is a d\ble end]1 ^: sides 7 to be #e feet ?ick4 ,9 h] middle 0 a *annel way or well conta9+ a protect$ paddle :eel #af feet 9 diamet]1 #ad feet wide1 & hav+ a dip ( #d feet4 ,a s+le cyl9d] eng9e turn$ ! paddle :eel on "o side1 & 0 balanc$ by ! boil] on ! o!r side4 ,al?\gh int5d$ to h only tw5ty guns1 %e 0 equipp$1 :5 f9i%$1 ) ?irty long #cb-p\nd] guns & two ,columbiad #ajj-p\nd]s4 ,x 0 propos$ also to h subm>9e guns susp5d$ f ea* b[4 ,an eng9e 0 also to be us$ to dis*>ge hot wat] on ! enemy1 & a furnace 0 to be provid$ = heat+ ! cannon balls r$ hot4 ,%e 0 #aef feet long1 #bj feet deep1 & #ef feet broad1 & 0 reg>d$ z a v =midable vessel4 ,h] co/ 0 #bgh1edd4 ,iron-clad float+ batt]ies 7 fir/ us$ 9 #ahee 9 ! ,crimean w>1 & %ortly aft]w>d ! ,fr5* built ! fir/ sea-go+ iron-clad1 8,gloire10 foll[$ 9 #ahei by ! ,briti% iron-clad1 8,w>rior40 #c ,! figures repres5t a selective li/ :i* excludes ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( old & ineffici5t vessels4 ,illu/ration3 8,,demologos0 ,figure ,i/ ,transv]se section ,a h] ,boil]1 ,b ! /eam ,eng9e1 ,c ! wat]-:eel1 ,,ee h] wood5 walls #e feet ?ick1 dim9i%+ to bel[ ! wat]l9e z at ,,ff4 draught ( wat] #i feet ,,dd h] gun deck4 ,figure ,,iid ,?is %ews h] gun deck4 #adj feet long1 #bd feet wide2 m\nt+ #bj guns ,a ! ,wat] :eel ,figure ,,iiid ,side ,view ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,! civil w> 9 #ahfa br\ght ) x a novel & /rik+ =m ( w> vessel kn[n z ! 8,monitor40#d ,x 0 built f plans ( ,capt4 ,ericsson1 an eng9e] ( ! ripe/ exp]i5ce1 skill1 & atta9m5ts1 :o _h !n come to make 8 home 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he und]took to con/ruct = ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "s =m ( iron clad /eam batt]ies ( light draft1 suitable to navigate ! riv]s & h>bors ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates4 ,! 8,monitor0 0 ! result4 ,! sali5t features1 %[n 9 v]tical cross section 9 ,fig4 #aag1 are a l[ deck project+ b a few in*es above ! wat] l9e1 s z to pres5t z little t>get z possible to ! enemy1 & a revolv+ & heavily armor$ turret conta9+ ! batt]y ( guns4 ,9 #ahfb ! ,conf$]ate =ces _h recon/ruct$ a /eam vessel ) a *ick5-coop-%ap$ cov]+ ( armor1 t prov$ a =midable eng9e ( w>1 :i* 0 practically invuln]able to ! attacks ( ord9>y w> vessels1 & 0 do+ great damage to ! ,union vessels4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfb ! 8,monitor0 met ! 8,m]rimac0 9 engagem5t 9 ,hampton ,roads1 & e/abli%$ ! great value ( ! turret monitor4 #d ,! revolv+ turret 0 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,!odore ,r4 ,timby1 ,no4 #ce1hdf1 ,july #h1 #ahfb1 & ,no4 #cf1eic1 ,septemb] #cj1 #ahfb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,,cross ,,section ,,( 8,,monitor40 ,vessels ( ! 8,monitor0 type /ill =m useful p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 9 :i* ! 8,mont]ey0 & 8,monadnock0 are its mo/ repres5tative types4 ,! 8,monadnock10 :i* is a d\ble-turret coa/ def5ce monitor1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aah4 ,al?\gh reg>d$ by "s z unseawor?y on acc\nt ( ! l[ seabo>d & small buoyancy1 ! monitor has cle>$ itself ( su* suspicion1 = 9 ! rec5t w> ) ,spa9 bo? ! 8,monadnock0 & 8,mont]ey0 sail$ across ! ,pacific ,ocean by way ( ,honolulu to ,manila1 a di/ance ( #g1jjj miles1 & jo9$ ! fleet ( ,admiral ,dewey )\t mi%ap or delay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,,monitor 8,,monadnock40 ,no patriotic ,am]ican citiz5 w\ld expect to read an acc\nt ( mod]n w> vessels )\t f9d+ special m5tion ( ^? two spl5did types ( _! class1 ! battle%ip 8,oregon0 & ! armor$ cruis] 8,brooklyn10 ^: p]=mances dur+ ! late w> ) ,spa9 contribut$ s mu* to ! honor & glory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 & demon/rat$ ! skill & effici5cy ( our ,am]ican %ipbuild]s4 ,be=e ! w> began ! 8,oregon0 0 /ation$ on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 :]e %e _h be5 built1 & x 0 desir$ t %e %\ld jo9 ! fleet ( ,admiral ,sampson 9 ,cuban wat]s4 ,leav+ ,puget ,s\nd on ,m>* #f1 #ahih1 ?is float+ =tress ( /eel1 weight$ ) h] enorm\s guns & #ah-;in* ?ick armor1 made ! long j\rney ( ov] #ad1ejj miles ar\nd ! s\!rn end ( ! we/]n cont95t1 & up to ,jupit] ,inlet on ! ,florida coa/1 arriv+ !re on ! #bd? day ( ,may1 & 0 n delay$ an h\r on acc\nt ( h] ma*9]y1 ! only /ops be+ made = coal4 ,imm$iately aft] coal+ at ,key ,we/ %e took h] place 9 ! blockad+ l9e at ,santiago1 & 9 ! great battle ( ,july #c quickly develop$ a p[] great] ?an t atta9$ on h] trial trip & a spe$ only slightly less1 easily di/anc+ all o!r %ips imm$iately engag$ except ! 8,brooklyn10 & 9 connection ) ! 8,brooklyn0 =c$ ! fleete/ ( ! ,spani% cruis]s to surr5d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,,battle%ip 8,,oregon40 ,! 8,oregon0 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,%e is an armor$ battle%ip ( ! fir/ class1 built by ! ,union ,iron ,works ( ,san ,francisco1 & laun*$ ,oct4 #bf1 #ahic4 ,h] l5g? is #cdh feet1 beam #fi feet1 draft #bd feet1 displacem5t #aj1bhh tons1 maximum spe$ #af4gi knots1 & coal capacity #a1eid tons4 ,h] side armor is ( /eel plates #ah in*es ?ick1 & h] deck is1 #b in*es ?ick4 ,on ! turrets ! armor is f #f to #ae in*es ?ick1 & on ! b>bettes x is f #f to #ag in*es ?ick4 ,h] eng9es are ( ! tw9 screw1 v]tical triple expansion direct act+ inv]t$ cyl9d] type4 ,! /roke is #db in*es1 & ! diamet]s ( ! cyl9d]s are #cd1 #dh1 & #ge in*es1 respectively4 ,! batt]y consi/s ( f\r #ac-;in* bree* load+ rifles1 eight #h-;in* bree* load+ rifles1 f\r #f-;in*1 tw5ty #f-p\nd] rapid fire guns1 six #a-p\nd] rapid fire1 two ,colts1 "o #c-;in* rapid fire field gun1 & ?ree torp$o tubes4 ,! #ac-;in* guns weigh #acf1jjj p\nds ea*1 are #ci feet #i in*es long1 are set #ah feet above ! wat]1 c be mov$ ?r\gh an arc ( #bgj degrees1 & ?r[ a projectile ( #a1ajj p\nds a di/ance ( #ab miles1 & ) a p[] :i* at #a1jjj y>ds w\ld p]=ate a mass ( /eel #b feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! co/ ( ! 8,oregon0 0 #c1ahj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--;,,armor$ ,,cruis] 8,,brooklyn40 ,! 8,brooklyn0 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj1 & enjoys ! di/9ction ( hav+ borne ! brunt ( ! fight ( ,july #c1 #ahih1 hav+ be5 hit ov] =ty times 9 t engagem5t )\t be+ disabl$4 ,%e 0 built by ! ,william ,cramp ,sons ,%ip & ,eng9e ,build+ ,company1 ( ,philadelphia1 0 laun*$ ,oct4 #b1 #ahie1 & co/ #b1ihf1jjj4 ,%e is an armor$ cruis]1 & is "o ( ! late/ & mo/ spe$y ( t type4 ,%e is #djj feet #f in*es long1 #fd feet #h in*es bread?1 #bd feet draft1 #i1bae tons displacem5t4 ,h] eng9es are ! tw9-screw v]tical triple expansion type1 imp>t+ a spe$ ( #ba4ia knots an h\r4 ,h] maximum indicat$ horse p[] is #ah1gfi1 & h] coal capacity is #a1dfa tons4 ,h] batt]y consi/s ( eight #h-;in* bree* load+ rifles1 twelve #e-;in* rapid fire guns1 twelve #f-p\nd] rapid fire1 f\r #a-p\nd] rapid fire1 f\r ,colts1 two #c-;in* rapid fire field guns1 & f\r ,:itehead torp$o tubes4 ,h] side armor is #c in*es ?ick1 h] turrets #e in*es1 h] b>bettes f #d to #h in*es1 & h] deck f #c to #f in*es4 ,%e also has a wat] l9e protection ( cocoa fibre to automatically close up an op5+ made by a %ot4 ,al?\gh n a /eam vessel1 x w\ld be reg>d$ z an omission n to m5tion among w> vessels ! 8,holl&0 subm>9e boat1 br\ght into notice 9 #ahih by ! ,spani% ,am]ican w>1 & design$ to dive bel[ ! surface & make attack bel[ ! wat] level4 ,torp$o boats ( ?is type h be5 acquir$ by1 & n[ =m a "p (1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,among all ! types ( /eam w> vessels :i* h claim$ popul> att5tion ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 proportion to its size is ! torp$o boat1 = none repres5t su* conc5trat$ p5t-up en]gy & deadly effect z ?is little demon ( ! sea4 ,a m]e %ell 9 con/ruction1 ) eng9e & boil] built = highe/ spe$1 & crew suff]+ untold discom=ts & dang]s bel[1 ?is mod]n eng9e ( de/ruction1 ) ! spe$ ( an express locomotive1 & ! helplessness & deadly int5t ( a scorpion1 d>ts up to ! mon/] battle%ip "u cov] ( d>kness1 & be=e be+ discov]$ dis*>ges a torp$o & deliv]s a mortal w\nd 9 ! side ( ! big %ip :i* s5ds h] to ! bottom1 p]i%+ p]haps itself 9 ! de/ruction :i* x works4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has #cg ( ^! torp$o boats4 ,! torp$o boat de/roy] is a l>g] & swift] boat1 ^: special duty x is to ov]take & de/roy ?is dang]\s little fight]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,,%ipp+ ,,( ,,all ,,nations4 ,,ratio ,,( ,,/eam ,,to ,,sails4 ,! gr[? ( /eam navigation dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation has be5 wond]fully rapid4 ,! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #aba1 f ,mulhall's 8,indu/ries & ,weal? ( ,nations10 %[s 9 #ahfj #cj p] c5t4 ( /eam to #gj p] c5t4 ( sail+ vessels1 :ile 9 #ahid ! ratio is #hj p] c5t4 ( /eam to #bj ( sail+ vessels4 ,! same au?ority e/imat$ ! total horse p[] ( /eam vessels 9 ! m]*ant m>9e ( ! _w 9 #ahie to be #ab1jje1jjj4 ,add to ?is ! gr[? ( ! pa/ five ye>s1 & ab\t #d1jjj1jjj horse p[] = ! /eam w> vessels ( ! _w's navies1 :i* 7 n includ$1 & ! total horse p[] ( ! /eam vessels ( ! _w w\ld n be f> f tw5ty million4 ,?is cursory review1 9 a s+le *apt]1 _c adequately treat ?is great subject1 = a :ole libr>y is ne$$ to cov] ! field4 ,suffice x to say1 h[ev]1 t among ! great sc5es & acts 9 ! !atre ( human action1 no figure has occupi$ s mu* att5tion1 & none play$ s important a "p 9 ! drama ( life1 z ! /eam vessel4 ,its /age sett+ has be5 ! maje/ic wat]s ( ! e>?1 & on x ! play ( ! great w>%ips has vi$ 9 p[] & gr&eur ) ! fla% & vehem5ce ( ! lightn+1 & ! :irl & turmoil ( ! elem5ts4 ,t5se ) a deep mean+ :i* no /age simulation c\ld approximate1 & ) ! smoke ( conflict = a drop curta91 x has laid trag$ies ^u ! pages ( hi/ory1 & *ang$ ! maps ( ! _w2 :ile beh9d ! sc5es ! great pass5g] /eam]s1 ) _! un9t]rupt$ traffic ( human freight1 are m sil5tly1 b none ! less surely1 /irr+ ! peoples ( ! e>? into ! homog5e\s f]m5t ( civilization1 & sl[ly m\ld+ nations into ! solid>ity ( a common bro!rhood4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,pr9t+4 ,,e>ly ,,pr9t+ ,,presses--,,ni*olson',s ,,rot>y ,,press--,,! ,,columbian ,,& ,,wa%+ton ,,presses--,k,,nig ,,rot>y ,,/eam ,,press--,,! ,,hoe ,,type ,,revolv+ ,,ma*9e--,,color ,,pr9t+--,,/]eotyp+--,,pap] ,,mak+--,,wood ,,pulp--,,! ,,l9otype--,,plate ,,pr9t+--,,li?ography4 ,! art pres]vative ( all arts x has be5 rightfully call$4 ,be=e its bir? g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( ! human family liv$ & di$1 & ea* 0 b little wis]1 & b little bett] ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,tradition 0 ! mi/y1 vague1 & sometimes :olly false dep5d5ce ( ! liv+1 & ! exp]i5ces ( mank9d 71 9 ! words ( an em95t writ]1 b l ! /]n lights ( a vessel1 :i* only illum9$ ! pa?way ov] :i* ea* _h pass$4 ,b pr9t+ gives to ! pres5t ! cumulative wisdom ( ! pa/1 & m>ks a great era ( gr[? 9 civilization4 ,x cons]ves & pres]ves man's ?\ghts & makes !m immortal1 s t ea* g5]ation comes into exi/5ce ) a ri*] legacy ( ideas1 & is gu>ante$ a high] plane ( exi/5ce1 & a m exalt$ de/9y4 ,pr9t+ f lett]s engrav$ on blocks ( wood is an anci5t art1 hav+ _h its orig9 9 ,*9a _m c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,*9ese me?od1 :i* is /ill foll[$1 0 to write _! *>act]s ) a bru% on a %eet ( pap]1 & :ile /ill wet1 ! piece ( pap] 0 laid face d[nw>d on a smoo? piece ( bo>d to transf] ! ink l9es1 & !n all except ! ink l9es on ! bo>d 0 cut away4 ,?us !y h "o type plate = ea* book page4 ,pr9t+ ) movable type1 i4 e41 ) a sep>ate type = ea* lett]1 :i* may be repeat$ly set up into =ms ( v>y+ composition1 is practically ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n art ( pr9t+4 ,?is inv5tion is usually ascrib$ to ,johann ,gut5b]g1 ( ,m5tz1 ab\t #adcf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,,b5jam9 ,,frankl9',s ,,press1 #agbe4 ,9 ! e>lie/ pr9t+ presses ! =m 0 lock$ up 9 a tray1 & plac$ ^u a plat=m1 & ! plat5 0 !n br\ght d[n ^u x by turn+ a screw 9 a cross b> above4 ,! fir/ pr9t+ press ( ?is type 0 made by ,blaew1 ( ,am/]dam1 9 #afbj1 :i* _h a spr+ to cause ! screw to fly back aft] ! impression 0 tak54 ,! press ^u :i* ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 work$ 9 ,london 9 #agbe is ( ?is patt]n1 & is to be se5 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton4 ,x is almo/ entirely ( wood1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,"l ,/anhope inv5t$ a press entirely ( ca/ iron1 9 :i* ! oscillat+ h&le op]at$ a toggle to =ce d[n ! plat5 9 tak+ ! impression4 ,! b$ travel$ on guide ways1 & ! tympan & frisket 7 h+$ to fold back & lay 9 elevat$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,,! ,,wa%+ton ,,press4 ,! 8,columbian0 press 0 ! fir/ important ,am]ican improvem5t4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,george ,clym]1 ( ,philadelphia1 & is %[n 9 8 ,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #d1agd ( #ahag4 ,a comp\nd lev] 0 employ$ = apply+ ! p[]4 ,! 8,wa%+ton0 press 0 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,samuel ,ru/1 ,april #ag1 #ahbi4 ,9 ?is press 7see ,fig4 #abc7 ! plat5 is =c$ d[nw>dly by a comp\nd lev] appli$ to a toggle jo9t & is rais$ by spr+s on ea* side4 ,! b$ is run 9 & out by turn+ a crank on a %aft :i* has a pulley & belt pass+ ar\nd x4 ,z s f> describ$ ! presses 7 work$ by h& p[]4 ,an important /ep 9 ! advancem5t ( ?is art 0 made by ! introduction ( p[] presses work$ by /eam4 ,^! arrang$ ! type on ! surface ( a cyl9d]4 ,probably ! e>lie/ =m ( rot>y cyl9d] press is t inv5t$ by ,ni*olson1 ,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #a1gdh ( #agij4 ,its ma9 features are describ$ z foll[s3 8,! types1 be+ rubb$ or scrap$ n>r[] t[>d ! foot1 7 to be fix$ radially ^u a cyl9d]4 ,?is cyl9d] ) its type 0 to revolve 9 ge> ) ano!r cyl9d] cov]$ ) s(t lea!r 7! impression cyl9d]71 & ! type receiv$ its ink f ano!r cyl9d]1 to :i* ! ink+ app>atus 0 appli$4 ,! pap] 0 impress$ by pass+ betwe5 ! type & ! impression cyl9d]40 ,! fir/ practical success1 h[ev]1 9 rot>y /eam presses 0 a*iev$ by ,knig1 a ,g]man1 :o 9 #ahad set up = ! ,london ,times two ma*9es1 by :i* t newspap] 0 pr9t$ at ! rate ( #a1ajj impressions p] h\r4 ,he obta9$ ,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #c1cba ( #ahaj1 ,no4 #c1dif ( #ahaa1 ,no4 #c1gbe ( #ahac1 & ,no4 #c1hfh ( #ahad4 ,knig's ma*9e 0 9 #ahbg succe$$ by t ( ,applega? & ,c[p]1 :i* 0 simpl] & m rapid4 ,_m improvem5ts ^u ! me?ods = h&l+ ! pap] 7 subsequ5tly devis$1 & d\ble cyl9d] presses 7 made :i* 7 able to pr9t #d1jjj %eets an h\r4 ,9 #ahde ! firm ( ,r4 ,hoe ,co41 :i* _h already be5 = ye>s engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( pr9t+ presses1 br\ght out ! ,hoe ,type ,revolv+ ,ma*9e4 ,! fir/ "o ( ^! 0 plac$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,philadelphia ,l$g] 9 #ahdf1 & _h f\r impression cyl9d]s1 pr9t+ #h1jjj pap]s p] h\r4 ,! con/antly increas+ circulation ( newspap]s1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to make insatiable dem&s = m rapid "w1 & to meet ?is dem& ! ,hoe company 9 #ahga br\ght out _! cont9u\s web press1 9 :i* ! pap] 0 furni%$ to ! ma*9e 9 ! =m ( a roll1 & aft] be+ pr9t$ 0 sep>at$ into %eets4 ,?is pr9ciple ( action gave promise ( unlimit$ spe$1 & requir$ important reorganization 9 all p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,to meet ^! conditions ( increas$ spe$ m rapid dry+ ink _h to be produc$ to prev5t blurr+1 pap] ( uni=m quality & /r5g? _h to be made1 means _h to be devis$ = pr9t+ ! opposite side ( ! web1 & sev]+ devices = cutt+ ! web into %eets 7 ne$$1 b p]haps ! mo/ important feature 0 ! device call$ a ga!r+ & deliv]+ cyl9d]1 :]eby ! pap]s c\ld be ga!r$ & dispos$ ( z fa/ z !y c\ld be pr9t$1 & mu* fa/] ?an human h&s c\ld "w4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,/eph5 ,d4 ,tuck]1 & x is ! me*anism ^u :i* ! spe$ ( ! mod]n press dep5ds1 = x w\ld obvi\sly be useless to pr9t pap]s fa/] ?an !y c\ld be tak5 f ! ma*9e 9 prop] condition4 ,_m pat5ts 7 tak5 by ,messrs4 ,hoe ,tuck] cov]+ v>i\s improvem5ts1 prom95t among :i* 7 ,no4 #ah1fdj1 ,nov4 #ag1 #aheg2 ,no4 #be1aii1 ,aug4 #bc1 #ahei 7re-issue ,no4 #d1dbi72 ,no4 #hd1fbg1 ,dec4 #a1 #ahfh 7re-issue ,no4 #d1djj72 ,no4 #aac1gfi1 ,april #ah1 #ahga2 ,no4 #abd1dfj1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahgb2 ,no4 #aca1bag1 ,sept4 #aj1 #ahgb4 ,! fir/ rapid pr9t+ press ( ! ,hoe ,company 0 set up 9 ! (fice ( ! ,new ,york ,tribune 9 #ahga1 & its maximum output 0 #ah1jjj an h\r4 ,?is m>k$ ! great era ( rapid newspap] pr9t+1 & foll[+ x _m fur!r improvem5ts1 su* z devices = fold+ & c\nt+ ! pap]s automatically1 h be5 add$1 until to-day ! great ,hoe ,octuple ,press1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #abd1 is ! wond] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x pr9ts #if1jjj pap]s ( f\r1 six1 or eight pages 9 an h\r1 or at ! rate ( #a1fjj a m9ute1 & ^! pap]s are n only pr9t$1 b 9 ! same op]ation & by ! same ma*9e are cut1 pa/$1 fold$1 & c\nt$ automatically4 ,fifty miles ( pap] ( ! wid? ( an ord9>y newspap] pass ?r\gh x ea* h\r f its sev]al rolls4 ,! ma*9e weighs ov] #fj tons1 & is compos$ ( ab\t #af1jjj p>ts1 & yet its t\* is s deft1 & its memb]s s delicately & accurately adju/$ t x does n te> ! t5d] %eet z x flies ?r\gh ! ma*9e--s fa/ t "o-fif? ( a second only is requir$ to pr9t a page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,,hoe ,,octuple ,,press4 ,,pr9ts1 ,,cuts1 ,,pa/es1 ,,folds ,,& ,,c\nts ,,newspap]s ,,at ,,rate ,,( #a1fjj ,a ,,m9ute4 ,! late/ developm5t 9 ! pr9t+ press has be5 9 color pr9t+1 :i* has rec5tly be5 introduc$ 9 ! illu/ration ( "s ( ! l>ge/ daily newspap]s4 ,su* a press conta9s f #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj p>ts1 & its co/ is f #ce1jjj to #de1jjj4 ,collat]al ) ! developm5t ( ! pr9t+ press are ?ree important bran*es ( ! art--/]eotyp+1 pap] mak+1 & type sett+4 ,/]eotyp+ 0 ! inv5tion ( ,william ,g$1 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #agca1 & 0 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,david ,bruce1 ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahac4 ,! /]eotype is simply a m\ld$ duplicate ( ! type face z set up1 ! duplicate be+ ca/ 9 ! =m ( a s+le block ( metal1 by fir/ tak+ an impression 9 pla/ic mat]ial f ! faces ( ! type1 aft] be+ set up1 to =m ! m\ld1 & !n ca/+1 9 an easily fusible metal1 an exact duplicate ( ?is type face 9 ?is m\ld4 ,?is art prev5ts ! we> on ! movable type involv$ 9 pr9t+1 & also avoids ! lock+ up into p]man5t =ms ( a l>ge body ( valuable type1 s9ce a =m may be set up1 /]eotyp$1 & ! type !n di/ribut$ & set up into ano!r =m4 ,/]eotyp+1 al?\gh us$ 9 book pr9t+1 0 n ?\ght practical = newspap] "w until ab\t #ahfa1 because ( ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! =mation & dry+ ( ! m\ld & ! ca/+ ( ! plate2 b ab\t ?is "t great exp$ition 9 ! =mation ( ! plate 0 atta9$ by ! employm5t ( a /eam b$ to dry ! m\ld1 & a novel =m ( papi] ma* matrix1 or m\ld1 :i* c\ld be conv5i5tly dispos$ ar\nd ! cyl9d]s ( type4 ,! damp5$ & pla/ic papi] ma* %eets are beat5 into ! face ( ! type =m by means ( bru%es1 are !n remov$1 dri$1 & us$ z m\lds to ca/ ! /]eotype plate f4 ,a /]eotype plate c n[ be made 9 ab\t sev5 m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,,pap] ,,pulp ,,beat+ ,,eng9e4 ,pap] ,mak+ is an important adjunct ( ! pr9t+ art1 & its =mation *eaply into long rolls ( uni=m /r5g? is an ess5tial condition ( success 9 ! rapid web-p]fect+ pr9t+ press4 ,a ,fr5*man nam$ ,l\is ,rob]t ab\t #agii 0 ! fir/ to make a cont9u\s web ( pap]1 & 9 #ahjj he receiv$ f ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t a rew>d ( #h1jjj francs = 8 discov]y4 ,8 inv5tion 0 subsequ5tly tak5 up & c>ri$ to a success by ! great ,engli% pap] mak]s1 ! ,f\rdr9i] ,bro!rs1 ^: "n has be5 giv5 to ! ma*9e4 ,9 ! ,f\rdr9i] process rags are gr\nd to a pulp by a revolv+ beat] 7,fig4 #abe7 work+ 9 a tank ( wat]4 ,! pulp1 duly beat51 ref9$1 scre5$1 & dilut$ ) wat]1 is !n pip$ into ! 8fl[-box0 ( ! ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e4 ,! 8fl[-box10 %[n on "r ( ,fig4 #abf1 is a deep rectangul> *amb] ext5d+ across ! full wid? ( ! ma*9e1 f :i* ! pulp fl[s out 9 a ?9 /ream onto an endless belt ( #gj-me% wire clo? :i* runs ov] end roll]s4 ,to prev5t ! /ream ( pulp f fl[+ lat]ally ov] ! edges ( ! belt1 two endless rubb] guides or b&s1 two in*es squ>e 9 cross section1 travel ) ! belt ov] ! fir/ tw5ty feet ( its l5g?1 & run ov] two pulleys above ! wire clo?4 ,! upp] half ( ! wire clo? belt is support$ by & runs ov] a s]ies ( closely juxtapos$ roll]s4 ,z ! pulp passes f ! 8fl[-box0 ! p>ticles ( fibre float 9 x j z an innum]able multitude ( p>ticles ( cotton fibre w\ld float 9 a /ream ( wat]4 ,to unite & int]lace ! fibres ! wire clo? belt is giv5 a lat]al oscillat+ or %ak+ movem5t1 :i* s]ves to int]lock ! fibres4 ,mean:ile ! wat] /ra9s ?r\gh ! wire clo?1 leav+ a ?9 lay] ( moi/ int]lac$ fibre spread 9 a :ite %eet ov] ! surface ( ! belt4 ,! sep>ation ( ! wat] is fur!r assi/$ by suction boxes :i* ext5d across close b5ea? ! upp] run ( ! belt & are connect$ to suction pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--;,,f\rdr9i] ,,pap] ,,ma*9e4 ,! wire clo? ) its lay] ( moi/ pulp n[ passes bel[ a roll :i* compresses ! fibre1 & !n leav+ ! ma*9e se5 9 ,fig4 #abf x passes bel[ a second & l>g] roll cov]$ ) felt1 :i* presses out m ( ! wat]4 ,! fibre next passes to ! 8fir/ press10 :]e x is caught up on an endless belt & pass$ betwe5 two roll]s :]e m wat] is press$ out ( ! %eet4 ,!n x passes ?r\gh a 8second press10 & f9ally ! %eet comm5ces a long j\rney up & d[n ov] a s]ies ( /eam-heat$ dry+ rolls1 by :i* ! %eet is dri$4 ,wood-,pulp4--,:5 a pur*as] ( "o ( ! ,new ,york dailies reads ! morn+'s volum9\s edition1 he little realizes t he holds 9 8 h&s ! rema9s ( a billet ( wood z l>ge z a good-siz$ club1 yet su* is ! case4 ,orig9ally made f ! fibres ( ! papyrus plant1 & lat] f rags beat5 into a pulp1 pap] = ! pr9t+ ( books & newspap]s is n[ made almo/ entirely ( wood4 ,9 ! =mation ( pap] pulp f wood two processes are employ$1 "o kn[n z ! soda process1 & ! o!r ! sulphite process4 ,9 bo? cases ! wood is cut into f9e *ips1 & !n dige/$ 9 great drums ) *emicals to extract ! res9\s matt] & leave ! pure fibr\s cellulose1 :i* resembles raw cotton 9 texture4 ,?is indu/ry 0 develop$ by ,watt & ,burgess 9 #ahec 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #aa1cdc1 ,july #ah1 #ahed71 :o inv5t$ ! soda process2 by ,voelt] 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #ba1afa1 ,aug4 #aj1 #aheh71 :o devis$ means = comm9ut+ or %r$d+ ! wood2 & by ,tilghman 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #gj1dhe1 ,nov4 #e1 #ahfg71 :o inv5t$ ! sulphite process4 ,! logs1 usually ( spruce or popl>1 are fir/ split1 z se5 at ! bottom ( ,fig4 #abg1 !n plac$ 9 ! *ipp]1 :]e a revolv+ disc ) knives cuts !m into small *ips1 :i* are f$ to an elevator & rais$ to a scre5+ device1 se5 at ! top1 to remove saw-du/1 dirt & knots4 ,9 ! sulphite process ! *ips are !n deliv]$ into ! dige/]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh1 :i* are suppli$ ) sulphur\s acid g5]at$ 9 a plant %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi4 ,9 ! dige/]s ! gummy & res9\s matt]s are dissolv$ by ! heat & *emicals1 & ! woolly fibre left beh9d is blea*$1 wa%$1 & dri$1 & aft]w>ds made into pap] ^u ! ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--;,,*ipp+ ,,logs ,,= ,,pap] ,,pulp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--;,,dige/] ,,= ,,wood ,,pulp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,,sulphur\s ,,acid ,,plant ,,= ,,mak+ ,,wood ,,pulp4 ,x 0 /at$ by ! ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal 9 #ahig t ! increase 9 pap] mak+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! #ae ye>s prec$+ am\nt$ to #ceb p] c5t41 due *iefly to ! gr[? ( ! wood pulp indu/ry4 ,! ,&roscogg9 ,pulp ,mill1 e/abli%$ 9 ,ma9e 9 #ahgj1 0 "o ( ! pione]s 9 ?is field4 ,9 t ,/ate ! indu/ry _h gr[n 9 #ahig to ov] #ac1jjj1jjj & gave employm5t to m ?an #e1jjj m51 b ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e is excell$ by bo? ,new ,york & ,wiscons9 9 ?is indu/ry1 = 9 ! same ye> ,new ,york mills _h a daily capacity ( #a1hjj1jjj p\nds2 ,wiscons91 #fgj1jjj2 ,ma9e1 #ffe1jjj1 & o!r ,/ates a less capacity4 ,!re are ov] #a1jjj pap] mills 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _! comb9$ daily capacity am\nts to ov] #ac1jjj tons4 ,9 #ahih ! ,unit$ ,/ates export$ ov] five million doll>s' wor? ( pap]1 & ov] fifty million p\nds ( wood pulp4 ,( ! total am\nt ( pap] produc$ 9 ! _w ,mulhall e/imat$ x 9 #ahij to be #b1fbj1jjj1jjj tons annually4 ,?is am\nt is greatly increas$ at ! pres5t "t1 & by f> ! l>g] "p ( x is manufactur$ f wood4 ,9 #ahia ! ,philadelphia ,record 9 an exp]im5tal te/ z to spe$1 cut trees f ! =e/1 conv]t$ !m into pap]1 & !n into pr9t$ newspap]s1 all )9 ! space ( #bb h\rs4 ,at a lat] p]iod 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! wood pulp art began1 ev5 ?is exp$iti\s "w has be5 excell$4 ,! trees 7 fell$ 9 ! morn+ at #g3ce1 conv]t$ into pap]1 & pres5t$ at #aj ,a4 ,m4 9 ! =m ( pr9t$ newspap]s1 ) a record ( ! news ( ! =5oon4 ,! great naval edition ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( ,april #cj1 #ahih1 consum$ a hundr$ tons ( wood pulp pap]1 & 0 !re=e built ^u a mat]ial f\ndation ( #abe cords ( wood1 :i* cle>$ (f ov] six acres ( well-set spruce timb] l&4 ,x is ma9ly wood pulp t has enabl$ books & newspap]s to be made s *eaply1 = !y are n[ furni%$ at a less price ?an ! co/ ( ! pap] made 9 ! old way f rags4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--,,l9otype ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--,,l9otype ,,matrix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--,,spac+ ,,( ,,assembl$ ,,l9e ,,( ,,matrices4 ,! ,l9otype4--,! mo/ revolution>y & p]haps ! mo/ important developm5t 9 ! pr9t+ art ( ?is c5tury has be5 ! l9otype ma*9e4 ,! labori\s1 pa9/ak+1 & exp5sive feature ( pr9t+ has always be5 ! sett+ & r$i/ribution ( ! types1 s9ce ea* little piece _h to be sep>ately select$ & plac$ 9 ! compos+ /ick1 & ! l9e aft]w>ds 8ju/ifi$10 :i* means an apportionm5t ( ! space betwe5 ! words s z to make ea* l9e ( type ab\t ! same l5g? 9 ! column4 ,! same sep>ate h&l+ ( ea* piece 0 aga9 involv$ 9 re/or+ ! type to ! case4 ,ma*9es = ?us sett+ & di/ribut+ ! type _h be5 devis$1 b ! op]ation 0 s involv$1 & requir$ s ne>ly ! discretion ( ! ?9k+ m9d1 t all automatic ma*9]y prov$ too complicat$ & impracticable4 ,9 #ahhf1 h[ev]1 a ma*9e 0 plac$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,new ,york ,tribune ^: p]=mances a/oni%$ & al>m$ ! old-"t compositor4 ,x r5d]$ x unnecess>y to h&le ! type1 or ev5 to h any sep>ate type at all4 ,x 0 ! ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype ma*9e1 :i* automatically =m$ its own type by ca/+ a :ole l9e ( x at a "t4 ,! fir/ ma*9e 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahhd1 & pat5t$ 9 #ahhe1 b x 0 subsequ5tly reorganiz$ & greatly improv$ 9 ,pats4 ,no4 #dbe1adj1 ,april #h1 #ahij2 ,nos4 #dcf1eca & #dcf1ecb1 ,sept4 #af1 #ahij1 & ,no4 #dch1ced1 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahij4 ,x is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #acj74 ,by manipulat+ ! keybo>d1 :i* resembles t ( a typewrit]1 ea* lett]$ key is made to br+ d[n f an incl9$ elevat$ magaz9e a little brass plate ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca1 & :i* plate is call$ a matrix1 because x be>s on its edge at x a m\ld ( ! type lett]4 ,!re is a matrix plate = e lett] & "* us$4 ,^! little matrices are spac$ by w$ges1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #acb1 & are assembl$1 z 9 ,fig4 #acc1 along ! side ( a m\ld :eel hav+ a slot 9 x :i* =ms a *annel betwe5 ! align$ type-m\lds or matrices on "o side & ! dis*>ge m\? ( a melt+ pot1 9 :i* molt5 type metal is ma9ta9$ 9 a fluid /ate by a subjac5t gas-burn]4 ,9 ! melt+ pot !re is a cyl9d] & plung]1 & :5 ! plung] desc5ds1 x =ces ! molt5 metal up ?r\gh ! dis*>ge sp\t into ! slot ( ! m\ld :eel1 & aga9/ ! lett] m\ld x ( ea* "o ( ! compos$ or align$ matrices4 ,! :eel is !n turn$ ) ! matrices1 & ! metal 9 its slot is aft]w>ds dis*>g$ 9 ! =m ( a l9otype slug1 se5 9 ,fig4 #acd1 :i* is a metal plate be>+ on its edge a completely m\ld$ l9e ( type ready = sett+ up 9 ! =m = pr9t+4 ,! jagg$ not*es 9 ! tops ( ! matrices 7,fig4 #aca7 are = co-op]ation ) a di/ribut] b> 7n easily expla9$7 = re/or+ ! matrices to _! appropriate magaz9es aft] be+ us$4 ,!re are altoge!r ab\t #a1ejj ( ! little brass matrices4 ,! ma*9e is ab\t five feet squ>e1 weighs #a1gej p\nds1 & co/s #c1jjj ea*4 ,not)/&+ ?is exp5se ^! ,l9otype ma*9es h to-day made _! way into ne>ly all ! daily newspap] (fices ( ! civiliz$ _w1 ev5 to ,au/ralia & ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s4 ,9 ! compos+ rooms ( ! daily newspap]s & ! l>g] book pr9t+ (fices we f9d great r[s ( ^! ,l9otype ma*9es1 ea* do+ ! "w ( f f\r to five m54 ,!re are n[ 9 use 9 ,am]ica some?+ ov] #e1jjj ,l9otype ma*9es2 & 9 o!r c\ntries ab\t #b1jjj1 mak+ #g1jjj 9 all4 ,ea* ma*9e may be adju/$ 9 five m9utes to produce any size or /yle ( type1 & x gives new1 clean faces = ea* day's issue1 ) none ( ! ord9>y tr\bles ( di/ribut+ type4 ,! *eapness ( composition1 due to ! ma*9e1 has l$ to an enorm\s increase 9 ! size ( pap]s1 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! editions1 & has correspond+ly increas$ ! dem& = labor 9 all ! att5dant l9es1 su* z pap]-mak+1 press-mak+1 ! att5dants on presses1 /]eotyp+1 etc4 ,9 ! ,bo/on ,libr>y1 :i* keeps its catalogues pr9t$ up to )9 #bd h\rs ( date1 ! ,l9otypes pr9t 9 #bc languages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--;,,ca/+ ,,! ,,l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--;,a ,,l9otype4 ,:5 ! ,l9otype ma*9e 0 fir/ pat5t$ x 0 n reg>d$ by pr9t]s g5]ally z a practical ma*9e1 b only "o ( ! _m complicat$1 !oretical1 b impracticable organizations :i* ! ,pat5t ,(fice has to deal )4 ,its hi/ory1 h[ev]1 has be5 unique4 ,x is practically ! product ( ! bra9 ( a s+le man1 ,ottm> ,m]g5?al]1 a mo/ +5i\s & indefatigable inv5tor liv+ 9 ,baltimore4 ,x 0 exploit$ "u ! p[]ful patronage ( a syndicate ( newspap] m51 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s 7 sp5t 9 p]fect+ x be=e any practical results 7 obta9$4 ,to-day x /&s a triumph ( human +5uity1 rank+ 9 importance ) ! rot>y web-p]fect+ press1 & is probably ! mo/ +5i\s piece ( practical me*anism 9 exi/5ce4 ,( ! ?ree =ms ( pr9t+ att5tion has be5 giv5 ?us f> only to ! lead+ bran* ( ! art1 :i* is type pr9t+1 or 8lett] press10 z x is call$1 9 :i* ! *>act]s are rais$ 9 relief & receive ink on _! rais$ surfaces only4 ,a second bran* ( ! art is plate pr9t+1 9 :i* ! l9es & *>act]s are engrav$ 9 intaglio 9 a plate1 & :i*1 be+ cov]$ ) ink1 & ! surface ( ! plate wip$ clean1 leaves ! ink 9 ! und]cuts1 :i* is tak5 up by ! pap] :5 pressure is appli$ ?r\gh a roll]4 ,plate pr9t+ is a v old art1 ! plate pr9t+ press hav+ be5 ascrib$ to ,tomasso ,f9igu]ra1 ( ,flor5ce1 9 #adfj4 ,! reciprocat+ table be>+ ! engrav$ plate1 & ! sup]pos$ pressure roll] turn$ by h& ?r\gh its long radial arms1 is an anci5t & famili> =m ( press :i* has be5 9 use = _m ye>s4 ,?is me?od ( pr9t+ f9ds application 9 f9e l9e engrav+ 9 works ( art1 c>d invitations1 & bank note engrav+4 ,v +5i\s automatic ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ & 7 9 use a few ye>s ago by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t = pr9t+ its bank notes1 b h s9ce be5 displac$ by ! old h& ma*9es4 ,to ! cr$it ( ! ma*9e1 x %\ld be said1 t x 0 f no fault 9 ! ma*9e t ?is retrograde /ep 0 tak51 b r ! disfavor ( ! labor organizations4 ,li?ography is ano!r & q important bran* ( ! pr9t+ art1 9 :i* ! l9es & *>act]s are drawn ^u /one ) a k9d ( oily ink to :i* pr9t]s' ink w adh]e1 :ile x is repell$ f ! o!r moi/5$ surfaces ( ! /one4 ,li?ography 0 inv5t$ 9 #agih by ,alois ,s5efeld]1 ( ,muni*4 ,x f9ds its greate/ application 9 arti/ic & fanciful "w 9 inks ( v>i\s colors1 & its developm5t into *romo-li?ography 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury has gr[n into a f9e art4 ,our beautifully color$ *romos1 pr9ts1 labels1 maps1 etc41 are made by ?is process4 ,a m rec5t & q important developm5t ( ?is art is photo-li?ography1 :i* w be m fully consid]$ "u photography4 ,_m collat]al bran*es ( ! pr9t+ art are int]e/+ 9 _! developm5t1 su* z calico pr9t+1 ! pr9t+ ( wall pap]s1 ( oil clo?1 pr9t+ = ! bl9d1 book b9d+1 type f\nd+1 & fold+ & address+ ma*9es1 b lack ( space =bids m ?an a casual m5tion4 ,pr9t+ is p]haps ! greate/ ( all ! arts ( civilization1 & ! libr>ies & newspap]s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury atte/ its value4 ,if ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 c\ld wake f 8 long sleep & ent] ! compos+ rooms ( our great dailies1 & witness ! impos+ array ( l9otype ma*9es1 m resembl+ a ma*9e %op ?an a pr9t+ (fice1 & !n visit ! press room & see ! avalan*e ( f9i%$ pap]s fly+ at ! rate ( #a1fjj a m9ute1 neatly fold$1 & c\nt$ = deliv]y1 he w\ld d\btless be ov]:elm$ ) emotions ( wond] & incr$ulity1 = broad-m9d$ man z he 01 he c\ld h no conception ( su* progress4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,typewrit]4 ,,old ,,engli% ,,typewrit] ,,( #agad--,,! ,,burt ,,typewrit] ,,( #ahbi-- ,,prog9',s ,,fr5* ,,ma*9e ,,( #ahcc--,,?urb]',s ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9e ,,( #ahdc--,,! ,,bea* ,,typewrit]--,,! ,,%oles ,,typewrit]1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,=m1 ,,comm]cially ,,develop$ ,,into ,,! ,,rem+ton--,,! ,,caligraph--,,smi?-,,premi]--,,! ,,book ,,typewrit] ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,occupy+ an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! old-fa%ion$ scribe & ! pr9t]1 ! typewrit] has 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury e/abli%$ a di/9ct & important avocation1 & has become a necess>y factor 9 mod]n bus9ess life4 ,*irography1 or h& writ+1 reflect+1 z x did1 ! idiosyncrasies ( ea* writ]1 0 n only sl[1 b :5 employ$ 01 9 mo/ cases1 9 ! ha/e & press ( active bus9ess r$uc$ to an illegible scrawl4 ,= ! use ( report]s & o!rs requir+ extra spe$1 /5ography1 or %ort h&1 0 resort$ to1 b !re 0 a di/9ct ne$ = "s easy1 quick1 legible1 & uni=m record ( ! busy man's correspond5ce & copy "w1 & ?is ! mod]n typewrit] has suppli$4 ,l mo/ o!r important inv5tions1 ! typewrit] did n spr+ into exi/5ce all at once1 = :ile ! practical embodim5t 9 really useful ma*9es has only tak5 place s9ce ab\t #ahfh1 !re _h be5 _m exp]im5ts & "s success atta9$ at a mu* e>li] date4 ,! ,briti% pat5t to ,h5ry ,mills4 ,no4 #cie ( #agad1 is ! e>lie/ record ( ef=ts 9 ?is direction4 ,at ?is e>ly date no draw+s 7 atta*$ to pat5ts1 & ! specification dwells m on ! function ( ! ma*9e ?an ! in/rum5talities employ$4 ,no record ( ! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e rema9s 9 exi/5ce1 & x may fairly be consid]$ a lo/ art4 ,9 qua9t & old-fa%ion$ ,engli%1 ! pat5t specification proce$s z foll[s3 8,,anne1 by ! grace ( ,god1 c41 to all :om ^! pres5ts %all come1 greet+3 ,,:]eas1 our tru/y & well-belov$ subject1 ,h5ry ,mills1 ha? by 8 humble peticon repres5t$ vnto vs1 t he has by 8 greate /udy1 pa9es1 & exp5ce1 lately inv5t$1 & br\ght to p]fection 8,an ,artificial ,ma*9e or ,me?od = ! ,impress+ or ,transcrib+ ,lett]s ,s+ly or ,progressively "o aft] ano!r z 9 ,writ+1 :]eby all ,writ+ :atev] may be ,engross$ 9 ,pap] or ,p>*m5t s ,neat & ,exact z n to be ,di/+ui%$ f ,pr9t1 t ! said ,ma*9e or ,me?od1 may be ( greate vse 9 ,settlem5ts & ,publick ,recors1 ! ,impression be+ deep] & m ,la/+ t any o!r ,writ+1 & n to be eras$1 or ,c\nt]feit$ )\t ,manife/ ,discov]y1 & hav+ !re=e humbly pray$ vs to grant him our ,royall ,lett]s ,pat5ts1 = ! sole vse ( 8 said ,inv5tion = ! t]m ( f\rte5 ye>es40 8,"k ,yee1 t wee10 etc4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican typewrit] ( :i* any record rema9s is t describ$ 9 ! pat5t grant$ to ,w4 ,a4 ,burt1 ,july #bc1 #ahbi4 ,x 0 call$ a 8,typograph]40 ,x _h a segm5t be>+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet & correspond+ not*es act+ z an index4 ,a sup]pos$ lev]1 :i* c\ld be work$ up & d[n1 & also mov$ lat]ally1 0 provid$ ) a s]ies ( type1 arrang$ 9 a segm5tal curve1 s t any type c\ld be br\ght into place on ! subjac5t pap] by sw++ ! lev] ov] to & d[n into ! prop] not* 9 ! index segm5t bel[4 ,a re/or$ model ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--;,,fr5* ,,typewrit]1 #ahcc4 ,! fir/ organiz$ typewrit] 9 :i* sep>ate key lev]s 7 provid$ = ea* type is a ,fr5* inv5tion4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,fr5* pat5t to ,m4 ,prog9 7,xavi]71 ( ,m>seilles1 ,no4 #c1gdh1 ,sept4 #f1 #ahcc 7,brevets d',inv5tion1 ,vol4 #cg1 #a/ ,s]ies1 pl4 #cf74 ,x 0 call$ a ,typographic ,ma*9e1 & is %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ace74 ,upright key lev]s s are arrang$ 9 a circle ar\nd a circul> plate n4 ,!y h hook-%ap$ h&les at ! upp] end1 & t]m9ate bel[ 9 =ks t are pivot$ to ! %anks ( type hamm]s1 to raise & l[] !m4 ,^! hamm]s are ink$ f a pad1 & at a c5tral po9t deliv] a pr9t+ bl[ on ! pap] bel[4 ,! pap] is held /ation>y1 & ! :ole ne/ ( lev]s 0 mov$ ov] ! pap] = ea* lett] pr9t$4 ,! circul> index plate n _h m>k$ on x opposite ! respective lev]s ! lett]s & *>act]s repres5t$ by said lev]s4 ,besides pr9t+ lett]s1 ! device 0 to be us$ = pr9t+ music1 & = mak+ /]eotype plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,,?urb] ,,typewrit]4 ,on ,aug4 #bf1 #ahdc1 ,*>les ,?urb]1 ( ,worce/]1 ,mass41 took out ,pat4 ,no4 #c1bbh = a ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e4 ,"u ! pat5t he con/ruct$ ! ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf4 ,?is diff]$ some:at f ! =m %[n 9 8 pat5t1 9 t ! ma*9e %[s a pap] fe$ roll] :i* does n appe> 9 ! pat5t4 ,?is ma*9e 0 f\nd among ! effects ( ,mr4 ,?urb] aft] hav+ la9 neglect$ & unnotic$ = _m ye>s1 & its damag$ p>ts 7 re/or$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,cumm+s1 ( ,worce/]4 ,! types are c>ri$ on ! l[] ends ( a circul> s]ies ( depressible b>s1 :i* are spr+ seat$ 9 a horizontal rotatable :eel4 ,by turn+ ! :eel any type c be br\ght to ! front1 & a /ation>y guide controls its desc5t z x makes ! impression4 ,an ink+ roll] is se5 on ! "r1 :i* inks ! faces ( ! type4 ,9 front ( ! type :eel is a horizontal roll] to :i* ! %eet ( pap] is atta*$ by clips4 ,f+] pawls1 work+ into rat*ets at ! ends ( ! roll]1 s]ve to rotate x aft] ea* l9e is pr9t$4 ,by means ( a h&le1 se5 project+ f ! "r h& side ( ! frame1 ! roll] is %ift$ longitud9ally on its axis rod aft] ea* lett] has be5 pr9t$4 ,?is appe>s to be ! fir/ embodim5t ( ! fe$ roll] rotat+ to br+ a new l9e into range1 & hav+ also a longitud9al fe$1 b z ^! movem5ts 7 requir$ to be sep>ately execut$ by ! op]ator1 ! "w ( ! ma*9e 0 necess>ily v sl[4 ,j at :at "t ?is old ,?urb] ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ x is impossible to /ate 9 ! light ( pres5t in=mation1 b z ! fe$ roll] did n appe> 9 ,?urb]'s pat5t ( #ahdc1 x is possible t ! claim to au?or%ip ( ! fe$ roll] hav+ bo? a rot>y & a longitud9al movem5t may be ma9ta9$ 9 behalf ( ,j4 ,jones1 ^: ,pat4 ,no4 #h1ihj ( ,june #a1 #aheb1 appe>s to be ! fir/ dat$ record ( su* a fe$ roll]4 ,jones 0 also ! fir/ to provide a spr+ to automatically retract ! pap] c>riage to ! position = beg9n+ a new l9e1 ! spr+ be+ put "u t5sion by ! movem5t ( ! pap] c>riage 9 pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--;,,bea* ,,typewrit]4 ,prom95t among ^? ^: g5ius has s]v$ to p]fect ! typewrit] occurs ! "n ( ,a4 ,e4 ,bea*1 = _m ye>s ( ! firm ( ,munn ,co41 & well kn[n to ! read]s ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,mr4 ,bea*'s fir/ model ( a typewrit] 0 made 9 #ahdg4 ,x pr9t$ ^u a %eet ( pap] support$ on a roll]1 c>ri$ 9 a slid+ frame work$ by a rat*et & pawl4 ,x _h a weight = runn+ ! frame1 lett] & l9e spac+ keys1 pap] fe$+ devices1 l9e signal bell1 & c>bon tissue4 ,x _h a s]ies ( f+] keys connect$ ) pr9t+ lev]s :i* 7 arrang$ 9 a circle1 & /ruck at a common c5t]4 ,?is ma*9e 0 said to h work$ well1 b 0 laid aside = fur!r improvem5t4 ,9 ! meantime he con/ruct$ a typewrit] to pr9t 9 rais$ lett]s1 )\t ink4 ,?is ma*9e1 :i* 0 int5d$ prim>ily = ! use ( ! bl9d1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #acg & #ach4 ,x 0 fir/ publicly exhibit$ 9 op]ation at ! ,cry/al ,palace ,exhibition ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute 9 ! fall ( #ahef1 :]e x attract$ great att5tion & took ! gold m$al4 ,! emboss$ lett]s 7 pr9t$ on a ribbon ( pap] :i* ran c5trally ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,! pr9t+ lev]s 7 arrang$ 9 a circle 9 pairs1 "o rid+ on ! top ( ! o!r4 ,:5 ! op]ator press$ a key1 ! two pr9t+ lev]s ( ea* pair answ]+ to ! lett] key 7 br\ght toge!r1 ! pap] be+ betwe5 !m4 ,! pr9t+ type 7 at ! extremities ( ! lev]s1 "o lev] hav+ a rais$ lett]1 & its mate a sunk5 or intaglio lett]1 :i*1 seiz+ ! pap] /rip betwe5 !m1 l ! jaws ( a pair ( p9c]s1 impress$ !re9 an emboss$ lett]4 ,! pat5t = ?is ma*9e 0 grant$ ,june #bd1 #ahef1 ,no4 #ae1afd1 b ! ma*9e %[$ a mu* high] degree ( developm5t ?an appe>$ 9 ! pat5t4 ,?is ma*9e 0 ! e>lie/ repres5tative ( ! circul> basket ( radially sw++ type lev]s1 comb9$ ) f+] keys assembl$ 9 a keybo>d at "o side1 :i* is n[ an almo/ univ]sal feature1 & ! sugge/ion :i* x h&$ d[n to subsequ5t inv5tors has d\btless done mu* to make ! typewrit] ! practical ma*9e t x is to-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--;,,c5tral ,,section ,,( ,,bea* ,,typewrit]4 ,up to ! ye> #ahfh1 h[ev]1 typewrit+ ma*9es 7 m]e illu/rations ( sporadic g5ius occur+ "h & !re z ! pet hobby ( "s humanit>ian seek+ to help ! bl9d1 or supplem5t ! defici5cies ( ! tremul\s f+]s ( ! p>alytic4 ,x _h n yet come to be reg>d$ z ( any special use1 nor _h ev5 ! dem& = su* a device be5 =cibly felt1 until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury began to accumulate its wond]ful mom5tum ( progress & prosp]ity4 ,! man ^: g5ius f9ally br\ght =? a practical typewrit]1 & made a p]man5t place = x 9 ! daily bus9ess ( ! _w1 0 ,c4 ,la?am ,%oles4 ,z jo9t inv5tor ) ,c4 ,glidd5 & ,s4 ,w4 ,s\le1 all ( ,milwaukee1 he took out pat5ts ,no4 #gi1bfe1 ( ,june #bc1 #ahfh1 & ,no4 #gi1hfh1 ( ,july #ad1 #ahfh4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ,%oles' ,pat4 ,no4 #aah1dia1 ( ,aug4 #bi1 #ahga1 =m$ ! work+ basis ( ! fir/ typewrit]s t w5t into (fice use4 ,^! typewrit]s 7 fir/ introduc$ to ! g5]al public "u ! managem5t ( ! orig9al inv5tors 7,%oles1 ,s\le & ,glidd57 ab\t #ahgc1 & at fir/ us$ only capital lett]s4 ,on ,aug4 #bg1 #ahgh1 a fur!r pat5t4 ,no4 #bjg1eei1 0 grant$ to ,%oles1 & ab\t ?is "t1 aft] five ye>s ( unc]ta9 & prec>i\s bus9ess exi/5ce1 ! ma*9e 0 tak5 = manufacture to ,e4 ,rem+ton ,sons1 at ,ilion1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s9ce ?is "t ! well-kn[n 8,rem+ton0 has built up = itself a reputation & a comm]cial importance t has giv5 x fir/ place among typewrit]s4 ,9 ! n9e ye>s f #ahgc to #ahhb1 x is said t less ?an #h1jjj ma*9es _h be5 manufactur$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhb ,wyck(f1 ,seamans ,b5$ict obta9$ control ( ! ma*9e1 & dur+ ! f\rte5 ye>s foll[+ x is said t ne>ly #bjj1jjj 8,rem+tons0 7 made & sold4 ,x is said t #a1jjj m5 are n[ employ$ 9 mak+ ?is ma*9e1 & t ! pres5t output is ab\t #hjj ma*9es a week1 despite ! fact t x has a half doz5 wor?y competitors = public favor4 ,! mod]n ,rem+ton1 se5 9 ,fig4 #aci1 is too well kn[n to require special description4 ,besides ! ,%oles pat5ts1 x embodies ! improvem5ts cov]$ by pat5ts to ,cl\gh ,j5ne1 ,no4 #aii1bfc1 ,jan4 #ae1 #ahgh2 ,j5ne1 ,no4 #dgh1ifd1 ,july #ab1 #ahib1 & ,no4 #edh1eec1 ,oct4 #bb1 #ahie1 & also a pat5t to ,brooks1 ,no4 #bjb1ibc1 ,april #cj1 #ahgh1 a *>act]i/ic feature ( :i* latt] is ! location ( bo? a capital & small lett] on ! same /rik+ lev]1 & ! %ift+ ( ! pap] roll] by a key to br+ ei!r ! l>ge or small lett] into pr9t+ range4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--,,rem+ton ,,typewrit]4 ,! e>lie/ rival ( ! ,rem+ton 0 ! ,caligraph1 made by ! ,am]ican ,writ+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,?is well-kn[n ma*9e1 introduc$ 9 ! decade ( ! eighties1 0 made "u ! pat5ts ( ,g4 ,y4 ,n4 ,yo/1 ,m>* #ah1 #ahhd1 ,no4 #bie1dfi2 ,m>* #ag1 #ahhe1 ,no4 #cac1igc2 & ,july #cj1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #djh1jfa4 ,! mo/ mod]n =m ( ! ,caligraph is kn[n z ! 8,new ,c5tury10 :i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,fig4 #adj4 ,! ,caligraph uses a sep>ate type lev] & key = ea* lett]1 & by a sy/em ( comp\nd key lev]s ! t\* is r5d]$ easy1 ev51 & ela/ic1 & p]fect alignm5t & fre$om f noise are among ! objects s\ght 9 its me*anical con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--,,new ,,c5tury ,,caligraph4 ,next among ! e>li] typewrit]s is to be m5tion$ ! 8,hammond10 made "u ! pat5ts to ,j4 ,b4 ,hammond1 ,no4 #bbd1jhh1 ,feb4 #h1 #ahhj1 & #bij1dai1 ,dec4 #ah1 #ahhc4 ,a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ma*9e is t ! pr9t$ "w is 9 full view1 s t ! op]ator c see :at he is do+4 ,! impression is made by an oscillat+ type :eel1 to :i* a v>iable ?r[ is imp>t$ by ! key lett]s to br+ any desir$ lett] into pr9t+ position4 ,:5 ! lett] is br\ght into pr9t+ position a hamm]1 arrang$ 9 ! re> ( ! %eet ( pap]1 is made to =ce ! latt] aga9/ ! type to produce ! impression by ! same movem5t ( ! key t br\ght ! type :eel into pr9t+ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--,,smi?-,,premi] ,,type ,,b> ,,r+4 ,( lat] ma*9es1 none has met ) m popul> favor ?an ! ,smi?-,premi]1 manufactur$ "u ! pat5t to ,a4 ,t4 ,br[n1 ,no4 #dfe1dea1 ,dec4 #bb1 #ahia1 & o!rs4 ,a lead+ feature ( ?is is ! type-b> r+ ( its pr9t+ me*anism4 ,9 all typewrit]s accurate location ( ! impression is ess5tial to prop] alignm5t ( ! lett]s1 & prop] alignm5t is ! s9e qua non ( typewrit+4 ,! old pivot$ type b>s 7 liable to we> at ! jo9t1 & ! slighte/ loos5ess at ?is po9t w\ld s multiply ! lat]al play at ! end c>ry+ ! type t ! lett]s w\ld soon become irregul>ly plac$ & out ( alignm5t4 ,9 ! ,smi?-,premi] ?is is r$uc$ to a m9imum by mak+ a %ort type b>1 & arrang+ ea* ^u an oscillat+ rock %aft1 ! be>+s at ^: ends are s widely sep>at$ z to p]mit little or no lat]al play 9 ! type b>4 ,a view ( ?is type b> r+ ) tang5tially arrang$ rock %afts dispos$ 9 circul> s]ies is se5 9 ,fig4 #ada1 :ile ! full ma*9e is giv5 9 ,fig4 #adb4 ,9 ?is latt] view !re is also %[n ! clean+ bru% = quickly clean+ at "o op]ation all ( ! types ( ! out] r+4 ,x is simply a circul> bru% m\nt$ ^u ! end ( a tool resembl+ a c>p5t]'s brace1 & is a useful & conv5i5t adjunct to ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--,,smi?-,,premi] ,,& ,,clean+ ,,bru%4 ,9 #ahia ! 8,d5smore0 typewrit] fir/ made its appe>ance be=e ! public4 ,x 0 nam$ aft] ,james & ,amos ,d5smore1 :o _h be5 connect$ ) typewrit+ int]e/s f ! "t ( ,%oles' fir/ practical ma*9e4 ,! ,d5smore is made "u pat5ts to ,a4 ,d5smore1 ,no4 #ejg1gbf & #ejg1gbg1 ( ,oct4 #ca1 #ahic4 ,x has ball-be>+ type b> jo9ts1 giv+ accurate alignm5t & light key action1 ! plat5 rolls to %[ ! "w1 & ! c>riage locks at ! end ( ! l9e1 protect+ ! writ+4 ,not$ = its cle>1 %>p pr9t1 ! 8,yo/0 typewrit] comes 9 = its %>e ( praise4 ,x is made "u ! pat5t to ,felbel & ,/eig]1 ,m>* #bf1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #djj1bjj4 ,x does n employ an ink$ ribbon int]pos$ betwe5 ! type & ! pap]1 z d mo/ typewrit]s1 b its type-be>+ lev]s1 :5 at re/1 occupy a position 9 :i* ! type are all arrang$ )9 & be> aga9/ a circul> ink+ r+ or pad1 & :5 a key is /ruck1 its lev]1 by a peculi> & +5i\s movem5t1 leaves ! ink+ pad1 moves inw>d & backw>d t[>d ! c5t]1 & !n rises & /rikes an upw>dly direct$ bl[ 9 ! c5t]1 & pr9ts ! lett] on ! pap]4 ,z ! pr9t+ is done directly f ! type1 ! lett]s are =m$ ) %>p & cle> outl9es t give beauty & neatness to ! pr9t4 ,alignm5t is insur$ by a c5t] guide hole ?r\gh :i* ! type end ( ! lev] passes 9 /rik+ ! pap]4 ,among ma*9es ( simple organization may be m5tion$ ! ,blick5sd]f]1 :i* is a wond]fully simple & effective little ma*9e1 fir/ made "u ! pat5t to ,blick5sd]f]1 ,no4 #dgb1fib1 ,april #ab1 #ahib4 ,l ! ,hammond1 x belongs to ! class ( typewrit]s :i* employ a rot>y type :eel1 :i* is giv5 a v>iable ?r[1 f ! depression ( ! keys1 to br+ ! prop] lett] into pr9t+ position2 b unlike ! ,hammond1 its type :eel advances to contact ) ! pap]1 a little felt ink-roll] be+ br\ght into contact ) ! type :eel to ink x z ! latt] moves4 ,! pr9t$ "w is 9 full view1 ! l9e spac+ may be v>i$ to any fractional adju/m5t1 & ! action is q free f noise4 ,) its me*anism r$uc$ to ! fewe/ & simple/ p>ts1 ! :ole ma*9e weighs only six p\nds1 & x diff]s 9 _m respects f ! ord9>y typewrit]4 ,s9ce its introduction a few ye>s ago1 its gr[? 9 popul>ity has be5 v rapid4 ,ano!r rec5tly appe>+ ma*9e is ! 8,oliv]40 ,?is has type b>s :i* are normally above ! "w4 ,ea* b> is loop %ap$1 h+$ at its l[] ends1 & be>+ ! type lett] on ! b5d at ! upp] end4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 two s]ies1 "o on ea* side ( ! c5t]1 & 9 pr9t+ ea* loop sw+s d[n l ! w+ ( a bird4 ,z ! pr9t+ is f ! top1 & ! ribbon is mov$ away f 9 front ( ! l9e imm$iately aft] ! pr9t+ bl[1 ! writ+ is always visible to ! op]ator4 ,?is ma*9e is manufactur$ "u v>i\s pat5ts to ,?omas ,oliv]1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 ,no4 #dej1ajg1 grant$ ,april #g1 #ahia4 ,fur!r improvem5ts are cov]$ by subsequ5t pat5ts1 ,nos4 #ebh1dhd1 #edb1bge1 #efb1ccg1 & #eii1hfc4 ,! ,oliv] has made _m fri5ds = itself by its f9e alignm5t & visible writ+1 & %>es ) ! o!r /&>d ma*9es a consid]able patronage4 ,x is n practicable to give a full illu/ration ( ! /ate ( ! art 9 typewrit]s1 z x has gr[n to an indu/ry ( l>ge proportions4 ,ne>ly #a1gjj pat5ts h be5 grant$ = su* ma*9es1 & m ?an #ajj useful & m]itori\s ma*9es h be5 devis$ & put ^u ! m>ket4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ,hall1 ,und]wood1 ,manhattan1 ,williams1 ,jewett1 & _m o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--;,,elliott ,,hat* ,,book ,,typewrit]4 ,besides ! regul> typewrit]s1 v>i\s modifications h be5 made to suit special k9ds ( "w4 ,! 8,comptomet]0 us$ 9 banks is a species ( typewrit]1 z is also ! ,dudley add+ & subtract+ ma*9e1 kn[n z ! 8,num]ograph10 & cov]$ by pat5ts ,nos4 #eed1iic1 #eee1jch1 #eee1jci1 #egi1jdg & #egi1jdh4 ,typewrit]s = %ort h& *>act]s1 & = =eign languages1 & = pr9t+ on record & blank books1 are also among ! mod]n developm5ts ( ?is art4 ,9 ! latt] ! :ole c>riage & sy/em ( type lev]s move ov] ! book4 ,! ,elliott ,hat* book typewrit]1 ,fig4 #adc1 is a well-kn[n example4 ,9 atta*m5ts1 hold]s = ! copy h receiv$ consid]able att5tion1 & simple & practical bill+ & tabulat+ atta*m5ts h be5 devis$ :i* exp$ite & facilitate ! /atem5ts ( acc\nts & o!r "w requir+ num]ation 9 columns4 ,! ,gor9 ,tabulator is "o ( ^? 9 practical use4 ,9 po9t ( spe$ ! typewrit] dep5ds entirely ^u ! aptness ( ! op]ator4 ,= ord9>y copy+ "w1 :]e mu* "t is occupi$ 9 deciph]+ ! illegible scrawl1 probably =ty words a m9ute is ! av]age "w4 ,:5 tak5 f dictation1 sev5ty-five words a m9ute may be writt51 & 9 special cases1 :5 copy+ f memory1 a spe$ ( #aej words a m9ute has be5 ma9ta9$ = a limit$ "t4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t !re 7 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahif #aej1jjj typewrit]s1 & t up to t "t #dej1jjj _h be5 made altoge!r4 ,9 ! la/ f\r ye>s ?is numb] has be5 greatly increas$1 & a fair e/imate ( ! pres5t output 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is betwe5 #ge1jjj & #ajj1jjj ye>ly4 ,9 #ahih !re 7 export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates typewrit+ ma*9es to ! value ( #a1ijb1aec4 ,! typewrit] has n only revolutioniz$ mod]n bus9ess me?ods1 by furni%+ a quick & legible copy t may be rapidly tak5 f dictation1 & also at ! same "t a duplicate c>bon copy = ! use ( ! writ]1 b x has e/abli%$ a di/9ct avocation especially adapt$ to ! deftness & skill ( wom51 :o z bread w9n]s at ! end ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury are work+ out a de/9y & place 9 ! bus9ess activities ( life un?\ght ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! typewrit] saves "t1 labor1 po/age & pap]2 x r$uces ! liability to mi/akes1 br+s sy/em into (ficial correspond5ce1 & delights ! he>t ( ! pr9t]4 ,x furni%es pr(itable amusem5t to ! "y1 & satisfactory aid to ! n]v\s & p>alytic4 ,all ov] ! _w x has already travel$--f ! c\nt+ h\se ( ! m]*ant to ! ,imp]ial ,c\rts ( ,europe1 f ! home ( ! new woman 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e to ! h>em ( ! ,ea/--ev]y:]e its famili> click is to be he>d1 fai?fully translat+ ?\ght into all languages1 & = all peoples4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,,embroid]+ ,,ma*9e1 ,,! ,,=]unn] ,,( ,,! ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e--,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ,,( ,,?omas ,,sa9t--,,! ,,?imonni] ,,wood5 ,,ma*9e--,,gre5\gh',s ,,d\ble ,,po9t$ ,,ne$le--,,bean',s ,,/ation>y ,,ne$le--,,! ,,h[e ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e--,,ba*eld]',s ,,cont9u\s ,,fe$--,,improvem5ts ,,( ,,s+]-- ,,wilson',s ,,rot>y ,,hook ,,& ,,f\r-,,motion ,,fe$--,,! ,,mckay ,,%oe ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e--,,buttonhole ,,ma*9es--,,c>pet ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e--,,/ati/ics4 8,) f+]s we>y & worn1 ,) eyelids heavy & r$1 ,a woman sat 9 unwomanly rags1 ,ply+ h] ne$le & ?read-- ,/it*6 ,/it*6 ,/it*6 ,9 pov]ty1 hung] & dirt1 ,& /ill ) a voice ( dolor\s pit*1 ,%e sang ! #8,song ( ! ,%irt4'0 ,9 #ahdd ,?omas ,hood wrote & publi%$ 8 fam\s 8,song ( ! ,%irt10 9 :i* ! drudg]y ( ! ne$le is portray$ ) pa!tic fidelity4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t any relation ( cause & effect exi/s betwe5 ! ev5ts1 b x is nev]!less a s+ul> fact t ab\t ?is "t ,h[e comm5c$ "w on 8 great inv5tion1 :i* 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahdf1 & 0 ! prototype ( ! mod]n sew+ ma*9e4 ,if ! sew+ ma*9e _h appe>$ a few ye>s e>li]1 ! 8,song ( ! ,%irt0 w\ld d\btless nev] h be5 writt54 ,f ! "t ( ,"m ,eve1 :o crudely /it*$ toge!r h] fig leaves1 sew+ seems to h be5 set ap>t z an occupation peculi>ly belong+ to wom51 & x may be t ?is 0 ! reason :y 9 ! hi/ory ( me*anical progress ! sew+ ma*9e 0 s late appe>+1 = wom5 are n1 z a rule1 inv5tors1 & none ( ! sew+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$ by wom54 ,9 all ! prec$+ c5turies ( civilization h& sew+ 0 exclusively employ$1 & x 0 res]v$ = ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury to relieve wom5 f ! drudg]y :i* = s _m c5turies _h enslav$ !m4 ,embroid]y ma*9es _h be5 pat5t$ 9 ,engl& by ,weis5?al 9 #agee1 & ,alsop 9 #aggj1 & on ,july #ag1 #agij1 an ,engli% pat5t1 ,no4 #a1gfd1 0 grant$ to ,?omas ,sa9t = a crude =m ( sew+ ma*9e1 hav+ a horizontal arm & v]tical ne$le4 ,9 #ahbf a pat5t 0 grant$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to "o ,lye = a sew+ ma*9e1 b no records ( ! same rema91 z all 7 burn$ 9 ! fire ( #ahcf4 ,9 #ahcj ,b4 ,?imonni] pat5t$ a sew+ ma*9e 9 ,france1 #hj ( :i*1 made ( wood1 7 9 use 9 #ahda = sew+ army clo?+1 b !y 7 de/roy$ by a mob1 z _m o!r labor-sav+ inv5tions _h be5 be=e4 ,betwe5 #ahcb & #ahce ,walt] ,hunt1 ( ,new ,york1 made a lock-/it* sew+ ma*9e1 b ab&on$ x4 ,on ,feb4 #ba1 #ahdb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #b1dff 0 grant$ to ,j4 ,j4 ,gre5\gh = a sew+ ma*9e hav+ a d\ble po9t$ ne$le ) an eye 9 ! middle1 :i* ne$le 0 drawn ?r\gh ! "w by pairs ( travel+ p9c]s4 ,x 0 design$ = sew+ lea!r1 & an awl pi]c$ ! hole 9 advance ( ! ne$le4 ,on ,m>* #d1 #ahdc1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #b1ihb 0 grant$ to ,b4 ,w4 ,bean = a sew+ ma*9e 9 :i* ! ne$le 0 /ation>y1 & ! clo? 0 ga!r$ 9 crimps or folds & =c$ ov] ! /ation>y ne$le4 ,9 #ahdd1 ,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #aj1dbd 0 grant$ to ,fi%] & ,gibbons = work+ ornam5tal designs by ma*9]y1 9 :i* two ?reads 7 loop$ toge!r1 "o pass+ ?r\gh ! fabric1 & ! o!r loop+ ) x on ! surface )\t pass+ ?r\gh4 ,! great epo* ( ! sew+ ma*9e1 h[ev]1 beg9s ) ,elias ,h[e & ! sew+ ma*9e pat5t$ by him ,sept4 #aj1 #ahdf1 ,no4 #d1gej4 ,almo/ ev]yone is famili> ) ! mod]n ,h[e sew+ ma*9e1 & x w be !re=e m int]e/+ to pres5t ! =m 9 :i* x orig9ally appe>$4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #add4 ,a curv$ eye-po9t$ ne$le 0 c>ri$ at ! end ( a p5d5t vibrat+ lev]1 :i* _h a motion simulat+ t ( a pick-ax 9 ! h&s ( a workman4 ,! ne$le took its ?read f a spool situat$ above ! lev]1 & ! t5sion on ! ?read 0 produc$ by a spr+ brake ^: semicircul> end bore ^u ! spool1 ! pressure be+ regulat$ by a v]tical ?umb screw4 ,! "w 0 held 9 a v]tical plane by means ( a horizontal r[ ( p9s project+ f ! edge ( a ?9 metal 8ba/] plate10 to :i* an int]mitt5t motion 0 giv5 by ! tee? ( a p9ion4 ,above1 & to "o side ( ! 8ba/] plate0 0 ! %uttle race1 ?r\gh :i* ! %uttle c>ry+ ! second ?read 0 driv5 by two /rik]s1 :i* 7 op]at$ by two arms & cams locat$ on ! horizontal ma9 %aft4 ,z w be se51 ?is ma*9e be>s b little resemblance to any ( ! mod]n ma*9es1 b x embodi$ ! ?ree ess5tial features :i* *>act]ize mo/ all practical ma*9es1 viz43 a groov$ ne$le ) ! eye at ! po9t1 a %uttle op]at+ on ! opposite side ( ! clo? f ! ne$le to =m a lock /it*1 & an automatic fe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--;,,h[e',s ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahdf4 ,h[e fir/ comm5c$ 8 "w on ! sew+ ma*9e 9 #ahdd1 & al?\gh he _h made a r\gh model ( t date1 he 0 too poor to foll[ x up ) m practical results until a =m] s*oolmate1 ,george ,fi%]1 provid$ #ejj to build a ma*9e & support 8 family :ile x 0 be+ con/ruct$1 9 consid]ation ( :i* ,mr4 ,fi%] 0 to receive a half int]e/ 9 ! inv5tion4 ,9 ,april1 #ahde1 ! ma*9e 0 complet$1 & 9 ,july he sew$ two suits ( clo!s on x1 "o = ,mr4 ,fi%] & ! o!r = himself4 ,not)/&+ ! success ( 8 ma*9e1 :i* on public exhibition beat five ( ! swifte/ h& sew]s1 he met only disc\ragem5t & disappo9tm5t4 ,he1 h[ev]1 built a second ma*9e1 :i* 0 ! basis ( 8 pat5t1 & is ! "o %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,aft] obta9+ 8 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,h[e w5t to ,engl& ) ! hope ( introduc+ 8 ma*9e !re1 b1 fail+1 he return$ to ,am]ica1 "s ye>s lat]1 only to f9d t 8 inv5tion _h be5 tak5 up by infr+]s1 & t sew+ ma*9es embody+ 8 inv5tion 7 be+ built & sold4 ,^! infr+]s s\ght to break 8 pat5t by endeavor+ to prove1 b )\t success1 t ,h[e's inv5tion 0 anticipat$ by ! ab&on$ exp]im5ts ( ,walt] ,hunt 9 #ahcd4 ,h[e won 8 suit1 & ! infr+]s 7 oblig$ to pay him royalties1 :i*1 = a "t1 am\nt$ to #be on ea* ma*9e4 ,h[e !n b\ght ! out/&+ int]e/ 9 8 pat5t1 e/abli%$ a factory 9 ,new ,york1 & f ! pr(its ( 8 manufacture1 & ! royalties1 he soon reap$ a pr9cely =tune ( sev]al million doll>s4 ,9 six ye>s 8 royalties _h gr[n f #cjj to #bjj1jjj a ye>1 & 9 #ahfc 8 royalties 7 e/imat$ at #d1jjj a day4 ,a pat5t t occupi$ an important place 9 sew+ ma*9e fe$s 0 t grant$ to ,ba*eld] ,may #h1 #ahdi1 ,no4 #f1dci1 9 :i* a spik$ & endless belt pass$ horizontally ar\nd two pulleys4 ,?is pat5t conta9$ ! fir/ cont9u\s fe$1 & x 0 re-issu$ & ext5d$1 & ran ) dom9at+ claims on ! cont9u\s fe$1 until #ahgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--,,wilson ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #aheb4 ,9 connection ) ! developm5t ( ! sew+ ma*9e ! "n ( ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson /&s next 9 rank to t ( ,h[e4 ,wilson inv5t$ ! rot>y hook c>ry+ a bobb91 :i* took ! place ( ! reciprocat+ %uttle4 ,?is 0 pat5t$ by him ,june #ae1 #aheb1 ,no4 #i1jda1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ade4 ,he also inv5t$ ! f> m important improvem5t ( ! f\r-motion fe$1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ne>ly all practical family sew+ ma*9es4 ,?is f\r-motion fe$ 0 pool$ 9 ! e>ly sew+ ma*9e comb9ation ) ! ,ba*eld] & o!r pat5ts1 & e>n$ = its promotors a f> great] pecuni>y return ?an ! orig9al ,h[e sew+ ma*9e itself4 ,e/imates place ?is pr(it high 9 ! millions4 ,! f\r-motion fe$ 0 pat5t$ ,decemb] #ai1 #ahed1 ,no4 #ab1aaf1 & x is a comp>atively simple affair4 ,dive/$ ( its op]at+ me*anism1 x consi/s simply ( a little metal b> s]rat$ ) =w>dly project+ saw tee? on its upp] surface1 to :i* b>1 by means ( an op]at+ cam1 a motion 9 f\r directions 9 ! pa? ( a rectangle is giv54 ,! s]rat$ b> fir/ rises ?r\gh a slot 9 ! table1 !n moves horizontally to advance ! clo?1 !n drops bel[ ! table1 & f9ally moves back aga9 horizontally bel[ ! table to its />t+ po9t4 ,^u ^! two important features--! rotat+ hook pat5t$ by ,wilson 9 #aheb1 & ! f\r-motion fe$1 pat5t$ 9 #ahed--;a l>ge & important bus9ess 0 built4 ,9 ?is bus9ess ,mr4 ,na?aniel ,:eel] 0 associat$ ) ,mr4 ,wilson1 & ! well-kn[n ,:eel] ,wilson ma*9es are ! result ( _! ent]prise & +5uity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--,,orig9al ,,s+] ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,contemporane\s ) ! ,:eel] ,wilson ma*9e 7 o!r excell5t ma*9es1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,s+] ma*9e1 pat5t$ ,aug4 #ab1 #ahea1 ,no4 #h1bid1 by ,isaac ,m4 ,s+]1 ! orig9al model ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adf4 ,! ,s+] ma*9e met ! dem&s ( ! tailor+ & lea!r indu/ries = a heavi] & m p[]ful ma*9e4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature 0 ! v]tical /&>d ) horizontal arm above ! "w table1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ 9 _m o!r ma*9es4 ,s+] 0 ! fir/ to apply ! treadle to ! sew+ ma*9e = actuat+ x by foot p[] 9 ! place ( ! h&-driv5 crank :eel4 ,9 #ahea ,w4 ,o4 ,grov] & ,w4 ,e4 ,bak] pat5t$ a ma*9e :i* made ! d\ble *a9 /it*1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,grov] ,bak] ma*9e4 ,james ,e4 ,a4 ,gibbs inv5t$ & cov]$ 9 sev]al pat5ts f #ahef to #ahfj ! s+le-?read rotat+ hook1 :i* 0 embodi$ 9 ! ,wilcox ,gibbs ma*9e4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! 8,we$0 ma*9e1 made "u ,fairfield's pat5ts2 ! 8,dome/ic0 ma*9e1 made "u ,mack's pat5ts2 & ! 8,flor5ce0 ma*9e1 made "u ,langdon's pat5ts1 7 o!r repres5tative ma*9es1 :i*1 9 a few ye>s aft] ,h[e's pat5t1 help$ to revolutionize ! art ( tailor+1 introduc$ ! great era ( ready-made clo?+ & ready-made %oes1 emancipat$ wom5 f ! drudg]y ( ! ne$le1 & increas$ ! effici5cy ( "o pair ( h&s fully t5 fold4 ,9 #ahef ! own]s ( ! orig9al sew+ ma*9e pat5ts =m$ ! fam\s 8sew+ ma*9e comb9ation10 = ! e/abli%m5t ( a common lic5se fee1 & = ! protection ( _! mutual int]e/s4 ,! comb9ation includ$ ,elias ,h[e1 ! ,:eel] ,wilson ,manufactur+ ,company1 ! ,grov] ,bak] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 & ,i4 ,m4 ,s+] ,co4 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ma*9es made by ! lead+ companies f #ahec to #ahgf illu/rates ! e>ly gr[? ( ?is indu/ry3 ,manufactur]4 #ahec4 #ahei4 #ahfg4 #ahga4 #ahgc4 #ahgf4 ,:eel] ,wilson ,manufactur+ ,co4 #gii #ba1cjf #ch1jee #abh1ebf #aai1aij #ajh1iig ,! ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,company #haj #aj1iec #dc1jec #aha1bfj #bcb1ddd #bfb1caf ,grov] ,bak] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 #feg #aj1bhj #cb1iii #ej1hch #cf1agi 4444 ,h[e ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company 4444 4444 #aa1jec #acd1jaj #ij1jjj #aji1bid ,wilcox ,gibbs ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 4444 4444 #ad1aeb #cj1abg #ae1hha #ab1geh ,dome/ic ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company 4444 4444 4444 #aj1cig #dj1aad #bc1ehg ,f ! =ego+ table x w be se5 t z f> back z a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago ! output ( ma*9es 0 ov] a half a million a ye>4 ,by #ahgg all ( ! fundam5tal pat5ts on ! sew+ ma*9e _h expir$1 b ! cont9u$ activity ( inv5tors 9 ?is field is atte/$ by ! fact t to-day !re are _m ?\s&s ( pat5ts relat+ to ! sew+ ma*9e & its p>ts4 ,besides ^? relat+ to ! organization ( ! ma*9e itself !re is an endless v>iety ( atta*m5ts1 su* z hemm]s1 tuck]s1 fell]s1 quilt]s1 b9d]s1 ga!r]s & ruffl]s1 embroid]]s1 cord]s & button hole atta*m5ts4 ,e "p ( ! ma*9e has also receiv$ sep>ate att5tion & sep>ate pat5ts1 all t5d+ to ! p]fection ( ! ma*9e1 until to-day1 ) all fundam5tal pr9ciples public prop]ty1 & endless improvem5ts 9 details1 x is difficult to discrim9ate z to comp>ative excell5ce4 ,!re is to-day a great v>iety ( sew+ ma*9es on ! m>ket1 /&>d ma*9es = ord9>y "w1 & special ma*9es = num]\s special applications4 ,x is said t "o conc]n alone manufactures ov] f\r hundr$ diff]5t v>ieties ( sew+ ma*9es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important & revolution>y ( ! applications ( ! sew+ ma*9e is = mak+ %oes4 ,prior to #ahfa %oemak+ 0 conf9$ to ! sl[1 labori\s h& me?ods ( ! %oemak]4 ,*eap %oes c\ld only be made by r\ghly fa/5+ ! soles to ! upp]s by wood5 pegs1 ^: r[ ( project+ po9ts )9 has made _m a man & boy d unnecess>y p5ance4 ,h& sew$ %oes co/ f #h to #ab a pair1 & 7 too exp5sive a luxury = any b ! ri*4 ,) ! ,mc,kay %oe sew+ ma*9e 9 #ahfa1 h[ev]1 com=table %oes 7 made1 ) ! soles /rongly & sub/antially sew$ to ! upp]s1 at a less price ev5 ?an ! co>se & clumsy pegg$ v>iety4 ,! ,mc,kay ma*9e 0 ! result ( m ?an ?ree ye>s pati5t /udy & "w4 ,x 0 cov]$ by ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,no4 #ce1aje1 ,april #bi1 #ahfb2 ,no4 #ce1afe1 ,may #f1 #ahfb2 ,no4 #cf1afc1 ,aug4 #ab1 #ahfb2 & ,no4 #de1dbb1 ,dec4 #ac1 #ahfd1 & its developm5t co/ #acj1jjj be=e practical results 7 obta9$4 ,a mod]n =m ( x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adg4 ,9 prep>+ a %oe = ! ma*9e1 an inn] sole is plac$ on ! la/1 ! upp] is !n la/$ & its edges secur$ to ! inn] sole4 ,an out] sole1 *annel$ to receive ! /it*es1 is !n tack$ on s t ! edges ( ! upp] are caught & reta9$ betwe5 ! two soles4 ,! %oe is !n plac$ on ! end ( a rot>y support call$ a horn1 :i* holds x up to ! ne$le4 ,a spool conta9+ ?read coat$ ) %oemak]s' wax is c>ri$ by ! horn1 & ! ?read1 ) its wax kept s(t by a lamp1 runs up ! inside ( ! horn to ! :irl4 ,! latt] is a small r+ plac$ at ! upp] end ( ! horn1 & ?r\gh :i* !re is an op5+ = ! passage ( ! ne$le4 ,! ne$le has a b>b1 or hook1 & z x desc5ds ?r\gh ! sole ! :irl lays ! ?read 9 ?is hook1 & z ! ne$le rises x draws ! ?read ?r\gh ! soles & =ms a *a9 /it* 9 ! ext]nal *annel ( ! out] sole4 ,z ! sew+ proce$s1 ! horn is rotat$ s z to br+ e "p ( ! m>g9 ( ! sole "u ! ne$le4 ,) ?is ma*9e a s+le op]ator has be5 able to sew n9e hundr$ pairs ( %oes 9 a day ( t5 h\rs1 & five hundr$ to six hundr$ pairs is only an av]age workman's output4 ,x is said t up to #ahgg !re 7 #cej1jjj1jjj pairs ( %oes made on ?is ma*9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & probably an equal or great] numb] 9 ,europe4 ,%oes made on ?is ma*9e 7 /rongly made & com=table1 b !y c\ld n be resol$ by a %oemak]1 except by pegg+ or nail+1 & ! soles 7 fur!rmore some:at /iff & lack+ 9 flexibility4 ,to meet ^! difficulties1 a new ma*9e kn[n z ! 8,goodye> ,welt ,ma*9e10 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahga & #ahge1 & br\ght out a little lat]4 ,?is sew$ a welt to an upp]1 :i* welt 9 a subsequ5t op]ation 0 sew$ by an ext]nal r[ ( /it*es to ! sole4 ,?is gave mu* great] flexibility1 & ! fur!r advantage ( enabl+ a %oemak] to half sole ! %oe by ! old me?od ( h& sew+4 ,?is advanc$ ! art ( %oemak+ 9 ! f9] v>ieties ( %oes1 & to-day ne>ly all m5's f9e %oes are made 9 ?is way4 ,! introduction ( ! sew+ ma*9e into ! %oe indu/ry made a new era 9 foot we>1 & x is said t no nation on e>? is s well & *eaply %od z ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--,,mckay ,,%oe ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,a buttonhole does n /rike ! av]age p]son z a ?+ ( any importance :atev]4 ,! ne$lewoman1 h[ev]1 :o has to pati5tly /it* ar\nd & =m ! buttonholes1 kn[s diff]5tly1 & :5 ?is ne$lewoman1 work+ 9 ! great %irt factories & %oe factories1 is confront$ ) ! _m millions ( buttonholes 9 coll>s1 cuffs1 %irts & %oes1 ! great am\nt ( ?is pa9/ak+ & n]ve de/roy+ labor becomes appall+4 ,= *eap5+ ! co/ ( buttonholes1 & r$uc+ ! h& labor1 v>i\s buttonhole ma*9es & atta*m5ts to sew+ ma*9es h be5 devis$4 ,pat5ts ,nos4 #cf1faf & #cf1fag1 to ,humphrey1 ,oct4 #g1 #ahfb1 cov]$ "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms1 b ! ,reece buttonhole ma*9e1 :i* is specially devis$ = ! "w1 is "o ( ! mo/ mod]n & successful4 ,x 0 pat5t$ ,april #bf1 #ahha1 ,sept4 #ba1 #ahhf1 & ,aug4 #bj1 #ahie4 ,^! ma*9es m>k an important dep>ture1 :i* consi/s 9 work+ ! buttonhole by mov+ ! /it* =m+ me*anism ab\t ! buttonhole1 in/ead ( mov+ ! fabric4 ,an illu/ration ( ! ma*9e is giv5 9 ,fig4 #adh4 ,^u ?is ma*9e #aj1jaj button holes h be5 made 9 n9e h\rs & fifty m9utes4 ,! ma*9e fir/ cuts ! buttonhole1 !n transf]s x to ! /it*+ devices1 :i* /it* & b> ! buttonhole1 f9i%+ x entirely 9 an automatic mann]4 ,! sav+ involv$ to ! manufactur] by ?is ma*9e ov] ! h& me?od is sev]al hundr$ p] c5t41 b ! relief to ! ne$lewoman is ( f> great] consequ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--,,reece ,,buttonhole ,,ma*9e4 ,_m /rik+ applications ( ! sew+ ma*9e to v>i\s k9ds ( "w h be5 made4 ,a rec5t "o is ! automatic p[] c>pet sew+ ma*9e1 made & sold by ! ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,x 0 pat5t$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,all5 9 #ahid4 ,?is ma*9e 9 g5]al appe>ance resembles a m9iature elevat$ railroad4 ,x consi/s ( an elevat$ track ab\t ?irty-six feet long1 su/a9$ e ?ree or f\r feet ^u /&>ds1 & hav+ clamp+ jaws1 :i* hold toge!r ! upp] edges ( ! two l5g?s ( c>pet to be sew$ toge!r4 ,a compact little /it*+ app>atus1 n l>g] ?an a tea-pot1 is actuat$ by an endless belt f an electric motor at "o end4 ,! little ma*9e runs along & /it*es toge!r ! upp] edges ( ! susp5d$ c>pet l5g?s1 & z x crawls along at its "w1 x /rik+ly rem9ds "o ( ! movem5ts ( a squirrel along ! top ( a rail f5ce4 ,?is ma*9e w sew five y>ds ( seam e m9ute1 fa/5+ toge!r ev5ly & /rongly t5 y>ds ( c>pet1 & entirely disp5s+ ) all h& labor 9 ?is r\ghe/ & mo/ try+ ( all fabrics4 ,probably no organiz$ piece ( ma*9]y has ev] be5 s sy/ematically exploit$1 s ?or\ghly adv]tis$1 s p]si/5tly canvass$1 & s ext5sively sold z ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,) _! ma9 c5tral (fices1 _! bran* (fices1 sub-ag5cies & travel+ canvass]s 9 wagons1 e city1 village1 hamlet1 & f>mh\se has be5 actively besieg$1 & ) ! entic+ sy/em ( paym5t by in/alm5ts !re is sc>cely a home too humble to be )\t its sew+ ma*9e4 ,! retail price ( sew+ ma*9es be>s no prop] relation to _! co/1 b ?is price to ! consum] results f ! lib]al commissions to ag5ts1 & ! exp5sive me?ods ( canvass+4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! sew+ ma*9e its sales 7 *iefly = family use1 b ?is is n[ no long] ! case4 ,:ile almo/ e family owns a sew+ ma*9e1 x is only br\ght into requisition = f9] & special v>ieties ( "w1 s9ce ne>ly all ! clo?+ ( m51 wom5 & *ildr5 c n[ be pur*as$ ready made1 at a price mu* less ?an ! co/ ( ! mat]ial & ! labor ( mak+ x up4 ,a man to-day buys a ready-made %irt = fifty c5ts1 :i* fifty ye>s ago w\ld h co/ him #b4 ,?is has l>gely transf]r$ ! sph]e ( action ( ! sew+ ma*9e f ! family to ! factory4 ,great factories n[ make ready-made clo?+ = m51 wom5 & *ildr51 %irts1 coll>s & cuffs1 %oes1 hats1 caps1 awn+s1 t5ts1 sails1 bags1 flags1 bann]s1 corsets1 gloves1 pocketbooks1 h>ness1 saddl]y1 rubb] goods1 etc41 & all ^! indu/ries are f\nd$ ^u ! sew+ ma*9e1 :i* may be se5 9 long r[s beside ! factory walls1 busily supply+ ! dem& ( ! _w4 ,) ?is transition 9 ! sew+ ma*9e foot treadles are no long] reli$ on1 b ! ma*9es are run by p[] f c\nt]%afts4 ,?is1 9 turn1 has op5$ up possibilities ( mu* high] spe$ & great] effici5cy 9 ! ma*9e4 ,inv5tors h f\nd1 h[ev]1 t high spe$ is h&icapp$ ) c]ta9 limitations4 ,beyond a c]ta9 spe$ ! ne$le gets hot f friction1 :i* burns (f ! ?read & draws ! temp]4 ,cams & spr+s1 moreov]1 are n positive en\gh 9 action1 z ! resili5ce ( ! spr+ does n act quickly en\gh1 & s m positive ge>+s1 su* z ecc5trics & cranks1 mu/ be employ$4 ,despite ^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 ! mod]n factory ma*9e has rais$ ! spe$ ( ! old-"t sew+ ma*9e f a few hundr$ /it*es a m9ute to ?ree & f\r ?\s& /it*es a m9ute4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! home ( ! sew+ ma*9e1 & ,new ,york ,city is ! c5t] ( ! indu/ry1 probably #ij p] c5t4 ( ! sew+ ma*9e trade be+ manag$ & h&l$ !re4 ,g]man manufactur]s are mak+ great ef=ts to compete 9 ?is field1 b ,am]ican ma*9es are g5]ally reg>d$ z ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,among ^? prom95tly int]e/$ 9 ! ma*9e 9 its e>ly days 7 ,orl&o ,b4 ,pott] & ! law firm ( ,jordan ,cl>ke4 ,! latt] 7 attorneys repres5t+ "s ( ! prom95t inv5tors 9 litigation1 & 9 ?is way ,mr4 ,edw>d ,cl>ke became int]e/$ 9 ! bus9ess1 & x 0 he :o 9 #ahef in/itut$ ! sy/em ( sell+ on ! in/alm5t plan4 ,= "s ye>s be=e 8 dea? ,mr4 ,cl>ke 0 ! presid5t ( ! ,s+] ,company4 ,rec5t /ati/ics 9 relation to ! sew+ ma*9e indu/ry are difficult to obta91 p>tly by reason ( ! great ext5t & ramifications ( ! bus9ess1 & p>tly by reason ( ! unwill+ness ( ! l>g] companies to give out data = publication4 ,at ! ,pat5t ,c5t5nial 9 ,wa%+ton1 9 #ahia1 ,ex-,commission] ( ,pat5ts ,butt]wor? made ! /atem5t t 8,cs> conqu]$ ,gaul ) a =ce num]ically less ?an 0 employ$ 9 inv5t+ & p]fect+ ! p>ts ( ! sew+ ma*9e40 ,! great ,s+] ,company1 ) headqu>t]s at ,new ,york1 op]ates n only a factory at ,elizabe?port1 ,n4 ,j41 employ+ #e1jjj m51 b also o!r factories 9 ,europe & ,canada1 ! "o at ,kilb[ie1 ,scotl&1 employ+ #f1jjj m54 ,( ! total ( #ac1ejj1jjj ma*9es made by ?is company f #ahec to ! end ( #ahif1 ne>ly #f1jjj1jjj h be5 made 9 factories locat$ abroad1 b directly controll$ & manag$ by ! ,new ,york (fice4 ,x is /at$ t ! pres5t output ( ! ,am]ican factory ( ! ,s+] ,company am\nts to ov] #aa1jjj weekly1 or m ?an half a million annually4 ,al?\gh s _m sew+ ma*9es are made abroad1 ! exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahii am\nt$ to #c1bfd1cdd4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,h[e sew+ ma*9e x 0 d5\nc$ z a m5ace to ! occupations ( ! ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 :o work$ 9 ! clo?+ %ops1 & ! /ruggles ( ! inv5tor aga9/ ?is opposition & disc\ragem5t =m an int]e/+ page ( hi/ory4 ,b x _h come to /ay & to gr[4 ,"s #g1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts atte/ ! int]e/ & +5uity 9 ?is field1 9 ! neighborhood ( #ajj1jjj p]sons make a liv+ f ! manufacture & sale ( ! ma*9e1 millions f9d pr(itable employm5t 9 its use1 & f #gjj1jjj to #hjj1jjj ma*9es are annually manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! output ( all c\ntries is e/imat$ to be f #a1bjj1jjj to #a1cjj1jjj annually4 ,! sew+ ma*9e has = its objective result only ! simple & insignificant function ( fa/5+ "o piece ( fabric to ano!r1 b its influ5ce ^u civilization 9 m9i/]+ to ! wants ( ! race has be5 s great z to cause x to be numb]$ ) ! epo*-mak+ inv5tions ( ! age4 ,x has creat$ new indu/ries4 ,x has giv5 useful employm5t to capital1 has ext5d$ ! li/s ( ! wage e>n]1 & increas$ 8 daily pay4 ,x has clo!d ! nak$1 f$ ! hungry1 & w>d$ (f ! ravages ( cold & dea?2 b1 be/ ( all its tuneful accompanim5t has light5$ ! he>t & smoo!d ! pa?way ( life = ,hood's we>y work+ woman1 to ^: tir$ f+]s & a*+ eyes x has br\ght ! balm ( mu*-ne$$ re/4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,reap]4 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,ma*9es--,,ma*9e ,,( ,,patrick ,,bell--,,! ,,hussey ,,reap]--,,mccormick',s ,,reap] ,,& ,,its ,,great ,,success--,,rivalry ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,two ,,am]ican ,,reap]s--,,self ,,rak]s--,,automatic ,,b9d]s--,,comb9$ ,,/eam ,,reap] ,,& ,,?re%+ ,,ma*9e--,,great ,,:eat ,,fields ,,( ,,! ,,we/--,,/ati/ics4 ,9 ! h>ve/ sc5es ^u ! tombs ( anci5t ,!bes ! ?ir/y reap] is depict$1 ) curv$ sickle 9 h&1 alt]nately b5d+ 8 back to ! gra9 & refre%+ himself at ! sk9 bottle4 ,= m ?an ?irty c5turies did man ?us cont9ue to e>n 8 bread by ! sweat ( 8 br[4 ,ev5 to ! pres5t "t ! scy!1 ) its cradle ( wood5 f+]s1 is occasionally met )1 & x is to ! old] g5]ation a famili> sugge/ion ( ! sweat1 toil1 bu/le & excitem5t ( ! old h>ve/ "t4 ,b all ?is has be5 *ang$ by ! adv5t ( ! reap]1 & ere long ! gra9 cradle w hang on ! walls ( ! museum z an e?nological specim5 only4 ,! fir/ reap] ( :i* we f9d hi/orical evid5ce is t describ$ by ,pl9y 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era 7,a4 ,d4 #gj74 ,he says3 8,! mode ( gett+ 9 ! h>ve/ v>ies consid]ably4 ,9 ! va/ doma9s ( ! prov9ce ( ,gaul a l>ge holl[ frame1 arm$ ) comb-l tee?1 & support$ on two :eels1 is driv5 ?r\gh ! /&+ gra91 ! bea/s be+ yok$ beh9d x 79 contr>ium juncto71 ! result be+ t ! e>s are torn (f & fall )9 ! frame40 ,?is crude ma*9e has 9 late ye>s be5 _m times re-inv5t$1 & x f9ds a special application to-day = ! ga!r+ ( clov] se$s1 & is call$ a 8head]40 ,! fir/ attempt ( mod]n times to devise a reap] 0 ! ,engli% ma*9e ( ,pitt1 9 #aghf1 :i* foll[$ ! pr9ciple ( ! old ,gallic implem5t1 9 t x /ripp$ ! heads f ! /&+ gra94 ,! ,pitt ma*9e1 h[ev]1 _h a revolv+ cyl9d] on :i* 7 r[s ( comb tee?1 :i* tore (f ! heads ( gra9 & dis*>g$ !m into a receptacle4 ,9 #agii ,boyce1 ( ,engl&1 inv5t$ ! v]tical %aft1 ) horizontally rotat+ cutt]s4 ,9 #ahjj ,me>s devis$ a ma*9e employ+ %e>s4 ,9 #ahjf ,glad/one devis$ a front-draft1 side-cut ma*9e1 9 :i* a curv$ segm5t-b> ) f+]s ga!r$ ! gra9 & held x :ile a horizontally revolv+ knife cut ! same4 ,9 #ahaa ,cumm+ introduc$ ! reel1 & 9 #ahad ,dobbs describ$ a :eelb>r[ arrangem5t ( reap] 9 :i* he us$ ! divid]4 ,9 #ahbb ! important improvem5t ( ! reciprocat+ knife b> 0 made by ,ogle1 :i* became a *>act]i/ic feature ( all subsequ5t successful reap]s4 ,x 0 drawn by horses 9 front4 ,! cutt] b> project$ at ! side4 ,x _h a reel to ga!r ! gra9 to ! cutt]1 & ! gra9 plat=m 0 tilt$ to drop ! gavel4 ,9 #ahbf ,rev4 ,patrick ,bell1 ( ,scotl&1 devis$ a reap] t _h a movable vibrat+ cutt] work+ l a s]ies ( %e>s1 a reel1 & a travel+ apron1 :i* c>ri$ (f ! gra9 to "o side4 ,?is ma*9e 0 pu%$ f beh9d1 &1 ) a swa? ( five feet1 cut an acre 9 an h\r4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 = "s reason laid aside till #ahea1 :5 x 0 reorganiz$ & put 9 s]vice at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,london 9 competition ) ! ,am]ican ma*9es4 ,all ! e>li] exp]im5ts 9 ! developm5t ( ! reap] 7 made 9 ,engl&4 ,gra9 rais+ 0 9 its infancy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ne> ! end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl& _h /imulat$ its own inv5tors by (f]+ a prize = ! production ( a successful reap]1 & cont9u$ ?us to (f] x = _m ye>s4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! prec$+ ma*9es atta9$ any practical results1 & x rema9$ = ! f]tility ( ,am]ican g5ius to inv5t a practical reap] :i* satisfactorily p]=m$ its "w1 & cont9u$ to d s4 ,q a numb] ( pat5ts = reap]s 7 grant$ to ,am]ican inv5tors 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 among :i* may be m5tion$ t to ,mann+1 ( ,pla9field1 ,n4 ,j41 ,may #c1 #ahca1 :i* embodi$ f+] b>s to hold ! gra9 & a reciprocat+ cutt] b> ) spe>-%ap$ blades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--,,pat5t ,,(fice ,,draw+1 ,,hussey',s ,,reap]1 ,,decemb] #ca1 #ahcc4 ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick1 ( ,virg9ia1 & ,ob$ ,hussey1 ( ,m>yl&1 7 ! m5 :o br\ght ! reap] to a condition ( practical utility4 ,! comm]cial developm5t ( _! ma*9es 0 practically contemporane\s1 & _! respective claims = sup]iority _h ab\t an equal numb] ( support]s among ! f>m]s ( t day4 ,hussey1 orig9ally ( ,c9c9nati1 b aft]w>ds ( ,m>yl&1 0 ! fir/ to obta9 a pat5t1 :i* 0 grant$ ,decemb] #ca1 #ahcc4 ,an illu/ration ( ! pat5t draw+ is giv5 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,x embodi$ a reciprocat+ saw too? cutt] f slid+ )9 d\ble gu>d f+]s e4 ,x _h a front draft1 side-cut1 & a plat=m4 ,! cutt] 0 driv5 by a pitman f a crank %aft op]at$ ?r\gh ge> :eels f ! ma9 drive :eels4 ,8 specification provid$ = ! lock+ or unlock+ ( ! drive :eels2 also = ! h++ ( ! plat=m1 & /ates t ! op]ator :o takes (f ! gra9 may ride on ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4--,,pat5t ,,(fice ,,draw+1 ,mc,c,o,r,m,i,c,k',s ,,reap]1 ,,june #ba1 #ahcd4 ,on ,june #ba1 #ahcd1 ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick1 ( ,virg9ia1 obta9$ a pat5t on 8 reap]4 ,9 ,fig4 #aej appe>s an illu/ration ( 8 pat5t draw+4 ,?is _h two features :i* 7 n f\nd 9 ! ,hussey pat5t1 viz41 a reel on a horizontal axis above ! cutt]1 & a divid] ,l1 at ! out] end ( ! cutt]1 :i* divid] project$ 9 front ( ! cutt]1 & sep>at$ 9 advance ! gra9 :i* 0 to be cut f t :i* 0 to be left /&+4 ,mc,cormick's ma*9e _h two cutt]s or knives1 reciprocat$ by cranks 9 opposite directions to ea* o!r4 ,?is feature he aft]w>d ab&on$1 adopt+ ! s+le knife1 describ$ by him z an alt]native4 ,?is ma*9e 0 to be pu%$ ahead ( ! team1 :i* 0 hit*$ to ! b> ,c ( ! tongue ,b 9 ! re>1 b provision 0 made = a front draft by a pair ( %afts 9 front1 %[n 9 dott$ l9es4 ,! curv$ dott$ l9e beside ! %afts indicat$ a b[$ gu>d to press ! /&+ gra9 away f ! horse4 ,! divid] ,l _h a clo? scre5 ext5d+ to ! re> ( ! plat=m4 ,nei!r ,hussey nor ,mc,cormick appe>s at t "t to h be5 cognizant ( ! prior /ate ( ! art1 & z ! pat5t law ( #ahcf _h n yet be5 enact$1 !re 0 little or no exam9ation z to novelty1 & no int]f]5ce proce$+s z to priority ( inv5tion1 & consequ5tly _! respective claims 7 drawn to mu* t 0 old1 & probably mu* t w\ld h be5 9 conflict ) ea* o!r "u ! pres5t practice ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ( ,decemb] #af & #bc1 #ahed1 9 a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( articles on ! reap]1 ! ,hussey ma*9e is fully describ$4 ,! fir/ public trial 0 on ,july #b1 #ahcc1 be=e ! ,hamilton ,c\nty ,agricultural ,society1 ne> ,c>?age1 ,o41 & its success 0 atte/$ by n9e witnesses4 ,great /ress 0 laid by ,mr4 ,hussey on ! d\ble f+] b>1 i4 e41 a f+] b> hav+ "o memb] above & ! o!r bel[ ! knife4 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican said ! ma*9e 0 a success f ! fir/2 t 89 #ahcd ! ma*9e 0 introduc$ into ,ill9ois & ,new ,york1 & 9 #ahcg into ,p5nsylvania1 & 9 #ahch ,mr4 ,hussey mov$ f ,ohio to ,baltimore1 ,md41 & cont9u$ to manufacture 8 reap]s !re up to ! pres5t "t40 ,9 #ahcf ,hussey 0 invit$ by ! ,m>yl& ,agricultural ,society = ! ,ea/]n ,%ore to exhibit 8 ma*9e be=e !m4 ,on ,july #a he did s1 & made practical demon/ration ( its work+ to ! society at ,ox=d1 ,talbot ,c\nty1 & aga9 on ,july #ab at ,ea/on4 ,on ! foll[+ ,saturday x 0 %[n at ,trappe1 & x 0 aft]w>ds us$ on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,t5* ,tilghman1 :]e #ahj acres ( :eat1 oats & b>ley 7 cut ) x4 ,! report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! society 0 an unqualifi$ comm5dation ( ! practicability1 effici5cy & value ( ! ma*9e1 & a h&some pair ( silv] cups 0 aw>d$ to ! inv5tor4 ,! report 0 sign$ by ! foll[+ well-kn[n resid5ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,%ore3 ,rob]t ,h4 ,goldsbor\gh1 ,samuel ,/ev5s1 ,samuel ,t4 ,k5n>d1 ,rob]t ,bann+1 ,samuel ,hambleton1 ,sr41 ,ni*ol ,goldsbor\gh1 ,ed4 ,n4 ,hambleton1 ,james ,l4 ,*amb]la91 ,m>t9 ,goldsbor\gh1 ,horatio ,l4 ,edmonson1 & ,t5* ,tilghman4 ,hussey made & sold 8 ma*9e = ye>s4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,f>m]1 ( ,octob]1 #ahdg1 an agricultural j\rnal pr9t$ at ,baltimore1 ! adv]tisem5t ( 8 ma*9e appe>s ) full price li/s ( ! diff]5t sizes ( ma*9es1 & also ( an improvem5t 9 ! mann] ( dispos+ ( ! gra91 :i* 0 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,t5* ,tilghman1 & 0 adopt$ by ,hussey on 8 reap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--,,! ,mc,c,o,r,m,i,c,k ,,reap] ,,( #ahdg4 ,:ile ,hussey 0 at "w at 8 reap]1 ,mc,cormick also 0 busily engag$ ) 81 & he took 8 second pat5t ,janu>y #ca1 #ahde1 ,no4 #c1hie4 ,?is relat$ to ! cutt] b>1 ! divid]1 & reel po/4 ,mc,cormick's next pat5t 0 dat$ ,octob] #bc1 #ahdg1 ,no4 #e1cce1 & 9 ?is ! rak]'s seat 0 to be m\nt$ on ! plat=m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea4 ,mc,cormick's la/ nam$ pat5t also cov]$ ! arrangem5t ( ! ge>+ & crank 9 front ( ! drive :eel1 s z to balance ! weight ( ! rak]4 ,9 ! same ye> ,hussey took out 8 pat5t ( ,augu/ #g1 #ahdg1 ,no4 #e1bbg1 = ! op5 top & slott$ f+] gu>d1 :i* is an important "p ( all successful cutt] b>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--,,! ,,mann ,,h>ve/] ,,( #ahdi4 ,! rivalry betwe5 ! ,mc,cormick & ,hussey ma*9es cont9u$ = _m ye>s1 & !y 7 frequ5tly 9 competition bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&4 ,! /imulus ( ?is rivalry d\btless _h mu* to d ) ! developm5t & success ( ! reap]4 ,bo? ,hussey & ,mc,cormick ask$ = ext5sions ( _! pat5ts1 b !y fail$ to get !m4 ,9 #ahdh1 p5d+ ,mc,cormick's ext5sion proce$+s1 facts 7 introduc$ by him to %[ t 8 inv5tion ( ! reap] ant$at$ ,hussey's1 & t he _h made 8 ma*9e z e>ly z #ahca1 & _h us$ x !n on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,john ,/eele1 9 ,virg9ia4 ,?is claim to priority 0 support$ by ! publication ( a description ( ! ma*9e1 & c]tificate ( its use1 9 ! ,union1 a newspap] publi%$ at ,lex+ton1 ,va41 ,septemb] #bh1 #ahcc1 & al?\gh no adjudication 0 ev] made on ?is issue1 ?is fact1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,mc,cormick's success 9 ! conte/ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahea1 & 8 subsequ5t p]si/5ce & activity 9 improv+1 develop+ & introduc+ ! reap]1 has s di/+ui%$ him 9 ?is connection1 t to-day 8 "n is z commonly associat$ ) ! reap] z is ,fulton's ) ! /eamboat1 or t ( ,morse ) ! telegraph4 ,to ,mr4 ,mc,cormick m ?an to anybody else ! p]fection ( ! reap] is due4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahea ,mc,cormick plac$ 8 reap] on exhibition at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,london4 ,hussey also _h 8 ma*9e !re1 & !y 7 ! only ones repres5t$4 ,! ma*9es 7 te/$ 9 ! field1 & a/oni%$ all :o saw !m op]ate4 ,! ,gr& ,c\ncil m$al1 :i* 0 "o ( f\r special m$als aw>d$ = m>k$ epo*s 9 progress1 0 giv5 to ,mc,cormick1 & ! judges ref]r$ to ! ,mc,cormick ma*9e z be+ wor? to ! p ( ,engl& 8! :ole co/ ( ! exposition40 ,x is only fair to /ate t ,hussey 0 n pres5t to direct ! trial ( 8 ma*9e1 & t 9 a subsequ5t trial ano!r jury decid$ 9 8 favor1 & ,8 ,royal ,highness1 ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 ord]$ two ( ,hussey's ma*9es 9 #ahea--"o = ,w9dsor & ! o!r = ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh also gave 8 p]sonal te/imonial to ,mr4 ,hussey z to ! excell5ce ( 8 ma*9e4 ,9 #ahee1 at a competitive trial ( reap]s ne> ,p>is1 ?ree ma*9es 7 ent]$4 ,! ,am]ican ma*9e cut an acre ( oats 9 tw5ty-two m9utes1 ! ,engli% ma*9e 9 sixty-six m9utes1 & ! ,alg]ian 9 sev5ty-two4 ,9 #ahfc1 at ! great ,int]national ,exposition at ,hamburg1 ! ,mc,cormick reap] aga9 took ! gr& prize4 ,:ile 9 ,p>is 9 #ahgh ,mr4 ,mc,cormick 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces z 8hav+ done m = ! cause ( agriculture ?an any liv+ man40 ,mr4 ,mc,cormick cont9u$ to ! end ( 8 days1 9 #ahhd1 to devote 8 entire en]gies to ! developm5t ( ! reap]1 & well des]v$ ! pr9cely =tune t result$ f 8 indefatigable labors1 a good portion ( :i* =tune he sp5t dur+ 8 life 9 ! cause ( education & acts ( philan?ropy4 ,! inv5tory ( 8 e/ate1 fil$ 9 ! ,probate ,c\rt ( ,cook ,c\nty1 ,ill41 %[$ #aj1jjj1jjj z ! rew>d ( 8 g5ius & indu/ry1 & is an object lesson ( ! rew>d ( m]it = ! ambiti\s y\? ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--,,! ,,m>% ,,h>ve/] ,,( #aheh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4--,,! ,,*ampion ,,reap]4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! reap] "o ( ! fir/ defici5cies to be suppli$ 0 automatic me*anism = tak+ ! gra9 f ! plat=m4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahdh1 ,f4 ,s4 ,pease took out pat5t ,no4 #e1ibe = a rake ^: tee? project$ up ?r\gh slots 9 ! plat=m1 & mov$ back & =? to deposit ! gra9 ^u ! gr\nd4 ,on ,june #ai1 #ahdi1 ,j4 ,j4 ,h4 ,f4 ,mann took out pat5t ,no4 #f1edj on a ma*9e employ+ ! pr9ciple ( an endless b& = c>ry+ ! cut gra9 to ! side ( ! ma*9e1 :]e x pass$ up an incl9$ plane & accumulat$ 9 a receptacle to =m a gavel1 :i* 0 clump$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,?is ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,on ,july #h1 #ahea1 ,w4 ,h4 ,seym\r took out pat5t ,no4 #h1bab = a self-rak]1 & ?is ma*9e m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! era ( self-rak+ reap]s1 :i* = a qu>t] ( a c5tury 9 v>i\s modifications cont9u$ to be us$1 until displac$ by subsequ5t improvem5ts 9 b9d+ devices4 ,9 #ahec ! ,sylla & ,adams ma*9e 0 br\ght out1 ! pat5ts = :i* 7 b\ght by ! ,aultmans1 & ! ,aultman & ,mill]1 or 8,buckeye0 h>ve/]1 0 manufactur$ !reund]4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! mod]n h>ve/] has foll[$ along ! l9es ( ! ,mann ma*9e ( #ahdi4 ,! developm5t began by replac+ ! gavel receptacle on ! "r ( t ma*9e 7,fig4 #aeb7 ) a plat=m on :i* /ood m5 :o rode on ! ma*9e z !y b\nd ! gra94 ,an e>ly & important example ( a h>ve/] ( ?is class is giv5 9 ! ,m>% ma*9e1 pat5t$ ,augu/ #ae1 #aheh1 ,no4 #ba1bjg1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #aec4 ,to ?is type ( ma*9e ! self-b9d+ devices 7 subsequ5tly appli$1 b be=e !y mat]ializ$ _m o!r improvem5ts 9 self-rak]s 7 made & appli$1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! comb9$ rake & reel ( ,ow5 ,dorsey1 ( ,m>yl& 7#ahef71 sweep+ horizontally across ! quadrantal plat=m2 ! ,mc,clintock ,"y revolv+ reel1 c>ry+ a rake2 ! ,h5d]son rake 7#ahfj7 us$ on ! ,wood ma*9e2 ! ,seib]l+ dropp] 7#ahfa71 :i* consi/$ ( a slott$ plat=m :i* mov$ to dis*>ge ! gavel2 & ! v>i\s improvem5ts cov]$ by ,:iteley's pat5ts1 :i* 7 embodi$ 9 ! ,*ampion reap]1 ( ,spr+field1 ,o41 & :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aed4 ,?is ma*9e _h a comb9$ rake & reel ( ! ,dorsey type1 ^: arms mov$ ov] a circul> incl9$ & /ation>y cam1 & ^: rakes _h a horizontal sweep ov] ! plat=m1 & a v]tical return ov] ! :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--,,! ,,locke ,,wire ,,b9d] ,,( #ahgc4 ,! next /ep1 &1 p]haps ! mo/ important "o1 9 ! developm5t ( ! reap]1 0 9 provid+ automatic devices = b9d+ ! gavels ( gra9 into %eaves4 ,john ,e4 ,hea?1 ( ,ohio1 9 pat5t ,no4 #g1ebj1 ( ,july #bb1 #ahej1 0 ! pione]1 & he us$ cord4 ,watson1 ,r5wick ,watson1 9 pat5t ,no4 #h1jhc1 ( ,may #ac1 #ahea1 & ,c4 ,a4 ,mc,phitridge1 9 pat5t ,no4 #af1jig1 ( ,novemb] #ah1 #ahef1 quickly foll[$ 9 ! attempt to provide su* a device1 ! =m] us+ cord & ! latt] wire4 ,b ! problem 0 n an easy "o to solve4 ,on ,novemb] #af1 #aheh1 ,w4 ,grey took out pat5t ,no4 #bb1jgd1 = />t+ ! b9d+ me*anism by ! weight ( ! bundle4 ,probably ! fir/ to complete a b9d+ atta*m5t t 0 p>tly automatic1 & to atta* x to a reap+ ma*9e1 7 ,h4 ,m4 ,w4 ,w4 ,burson1 ( ,ill9ois4 ,on ,june #bf1 #ahfj1 & ,octob] #d1 #ahfd1 ,w4 ,w4 ,burson pat5t$ a cord b9d]1 & 9 #ahfc "o ?\s& ma*9es 7 built4 ,^! ma*9es1 h[ev]1 us$ wire1 & be+ assi/$ 9 _! op]ations by h& labor1 7 n truly automatic4 ,on ,febru>y #af1 #ahfd1 ,jacob ,behel1 ( ,ill9ois1 obta9$ a pat5t1 ,no4 #da1ffa1 = a v important inv5tion 9 b9d]s4 ,he %[$ & claim$ = ! fir/ "t ! knott+ bill1 :i* loops & =ms ! knot1 & ! turn+ cord hold] = reta9+ ! end ( ! cord4 ,on ,may #ca1 #ahgj1 ,george ,h4 ,spauld+ took out pat5t ,no4 #ajc1fgc = a b9d] :i* automatically regulat$ ! bundles to a uni=m size4 ,sylvanus ,d4 ,locke1 ( ,wiscons91 0 ! next inv5tor :o und]took to solve ! problem4 ,he took out pat5ts ,no4 #aba1bij1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahga1 & ,no4 #adi1bcc1 ,m>* #ca1 #ahgd1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 #ahgc he associat$ himself ) ,walt] ,a4 ,wood1 & !y built & sold probably ! fir/ automatic self-b9d+ h>ve/] t 0 ev] put ^u ! m>ket4 ,! ,locke wire b9d] ( #ahgc is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aee4 ,! use ( wire1 h[ev]1 = b9d+ gra91 involv$ c]ta9 objections 9 t x requir$ a special cutt+ tool = cutt+ ! %eaves at ! ?re%]1 & x 0 n easy to remove ! wire1 & p>ts ( x 7 likely to g ?r\gh ! ?re%]4 ,inv5tors accord+ly conc5trat$ _! att5tion on ! use ( tw9e or cord4 ,m>quis ,l4 ,gorham1 ( ,ill9ois1 built a successful tw9e b9d]1 & _h x at "w 9 ! h>ve/ field 9 #ahgd4 ,?is ma*9e1 cov]$ by pat5t ,no4 #aei1ejf1 ,febru>y #i1 #ahge1 n only b\nd by cord1 b produc$ bundles ( ! same size4 ,! gra9 9 ?is ma*9e is deliv]$ by ! elevator ( ! h>ve/] ^u a plat=m1 :]e x is seiz$ by pack]s & c>ri$ =w>d into a second *amb]1 :]e x is compact$ by ! pack]s aga9/ a yield+ trip1 s t :5 suffici5t gra9 is accumulat$1 ! trip w yield & />t ! b9d+ me*anism into op]ation4 ,! ball ( cord c>ri$ on ! ma*9e has "o end ?read$ ?r\gh ! ne$le & fa/5$ 9 a hold]4 ,! gra9 is =c$ aga9/ ! cord by ! pack]s1 & :5 ! b9d] />ts ! ne$le encircles ! gavel1 c>ry+ ! cord to a knott+ bill1 & ! end is aga9 seiz$ by ! rotat+ hold]1 ! loop =m$1 ! ends ( ! b& sev]$1 & ! b\nd bundle is dis*>g$ f ! ma*9e4 ,a gate1 :i* has 9 ! meantime %ut (f ! fl[ ( gra91 is n[ drawn back1 & ! op]ation is repeat$4 ,on ,febru>y #ah1 #ahgi1 ,john ,f4 ,appleby took out a pat5t1 ,no4 #bab1dbj1 = an improvem5t on ! ,gorham b9d]4 ,9 ,fig4 #aef is %[n a mod]n automatic self-b9d+ reap] :i* embodies ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,mc,cormick & ,hussey1 ! incl9$ elevator & plat=m %[n by ,m>%1 & ! automatic b9d+ devices ( ,behel1 ,gorham & ,appleby4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--,,mod]n ,,automatic ,,self-,,b9d+ ,,reap]4 ,?is ma*9e1 "u favorable conditions1 ) "o driv]1 cuts tw5ty acres ( :eat 9 a day1 b9ds x1 & c>ries ! b\nd bundles into w9dr[s1 & ) "o %ock]1 p]=ms ! "w ( tw5ty m51 & does x bett]1 ! sav+ 9 ! wa/e ( gra9 ov] h& labor be+ suffici5t to pay = ! tw9e us$ 9 b9d+4 ,x is said t ! self-b9d+ reap] has r$uc$ ! co/ ( h>ve/+ gra9 to less ?an half a c5t a bu%el4 ,x is e/imat$ t m ?an #ahj1jjj ma*9es ( ! self-b9d+ type are n[ produc$ ye>ly1 ! manufactur]s 9 ,*icago alone turn+ out m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ?is numb]4 ,x is n possible to d ju/ice to all ! wor?y work]s 9 ?is great indu/ry4 ,ne>ly #aj1jjj pat5ts h be5 grant$ on reap+ & m[+ ma*9es1 & ! conspicu\s names ( ,:iteley1 ,wood1 ,atk9s1 ,manny1 ,yo/1 & ,ket*um1 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$1 are only a small "p ( ! great army ( inv5tors :o h contribut$ to ! developm5t & p]fection ( ! reap]4 ,9 #ahdj x is said !re 7 b ?ree reap]s made4 ,to-day ! total numb] ( self-b9d+ h>ve/]s1 reap]s & m[]s 9 use is e/imat$ to be two millions4 ,! gr[? ( ?is indu/ry 9 ! f\r e>li] decades is z foll[s 7! relatively small increase betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj be+ acc\nt$ = by ! ,civil ,w>73 #ahdj4 #ahej4 #ahfj4 #ahgj4 #ahhj4 ,ma*9es made #c #c1jjj #bj1jjj #cj1jjj #fj1jjj ,imm$iately succe$+ ?is p]iod ! automatic cord b9d] 0 put into use1 & )9 five ye>s ! increase 9 output ( reap]s & m[]s 0 v great4 ,9 #ahhe m ?an #ajj1jjj self-b9d+ h>ve/]s & #aej1jjj reap]s & m[]s 7 built & sold4 ,9 #ahij two manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ,*icago made m ?an #bjj1jjj ma*9es1 half ( :i* 7 self-b9d]s & ! o!r half reap]s & m[]s1 & ^! two in/itutions alone employ$ 9 _! v>i\s bran*es ( manufactur+ & sell+ #aj1jjj employees4 ,9 #ahie ! output ( ! l>ge/ ( ^! manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts 0 #fj1jjj self-b9d+ h>ve/]s1 fitt$ ) bundle c>ri]s & trucks1 #fa1jjj m[]s1 #aj1jjj corn h>ve/]s1 & #e1jjj reap]s1 mak+ #acf1jjj ma*9es 9 all4 ,9 #ahih ! output ( ?is "o factory = ! ye> 0 #gd1jjj self-b9d+ h>ve/]s1 #ajg1jjj m[]s1 #i1jjj corn h>ve/]s1 & #aj1jjj reap]s1 am\nt+ to #bjj1jjj ma*9es4 ,?is output1 toge!r ) #ge1jjj horse rakes1 also made1 av]ag$ a complete ma*9e = e =ty seconds 9 ! ye>1 work+ t5 h\rs a day4 ,! e/imat$ annual production ( all factories 9 ?is class ( agricultural implem5ts is #ahj1jjj self-b9d+ h>ve/]s1 #bej1jjj m[+ ma*9es1 #ah1jjj corn h>ve/]s1 & #be1jjj reap]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--,,/eam ,,h>ve/] ,,& ,,?re%]4 ,! :eat is head$1 ?re%$1 clean$ & sack$ by ?is ma*9e 9 "o cont9u\s op]ation4--,cutt]1 #bf feet wide2 ,capacity1 #ge acres p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--;,,fifty ,,horse ,,p[] ,,/eam ,,plant+ ,,comb9ation4 ,traction eng9e pull+ sixte5 #aj-;in* pl[s1 f\r #f-;foot h>r[s1 & a drill4 ,!re 7 export$ 9 ! ye> #ahhj ab\t #hjj self-b9d+ h>ve/]s1 #b1jjj reap]s1 & #a1jjj m[]s4 ,9 #ahij ?is 0 increas$ to #c1jjj self-b9d+ h>ve/]s1 #d1jjj reap]s1 & #b1jjj m[]s4 ,! total value ( m[]s & reap]s export$ 9 #ahij 0 #b1jib1fch4 ,! gr[? subsequ5t to #ahij is well atte/$ by ! exports = #ahii1 :i* = m[]s & reap]s 0 #i1jec1hcj1 or m ?an f\r times :at x 0 9 #ahij4 ,^! export$ ma*9es h>ve/ ! crops ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ,p>aguay1 & ,uruguay1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 c>ry _! labor-sav+ values to ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&2 trav]se ! :eat fields along ! banks ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,volga1 & are us$ ?r\gh\t all ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--;,a ,,we/]n ,,h>ve/ ,,sc5e 7,,left ,,section ,,( ,,view74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--;,a ,,we/]n ,,h>ve/ ,,sc5e 7,,"r ,,section ,,( ,,view74 ,) ! self-b9d+ h>ve/] p]=m+ ! "w ( tw5ty m51 cutt+ & b9d+ ! gra91 & arrang+ ! bundles 9 w9dr[s1 x w\ld seem t p]fection 9 ?is art _h be5 rea*$1 b ! t5d5cy ( ! age is to d ?+s on a con/antly increas+ scale1 & s ! late/ developm5ts 9 h>ve/]s comprise a mammo? ma*9e 7,fig4 #aeg7 propell$ across ! gra9 fields by /eam1 & :i* by ! same p[] cuts a swa? f #bf to #bh feet wide1 ?re%es x at once z x moves along1 bl[s out ! *aff1 & puts ! gra9 9 bags at ! rate ( ?ree bags p] m9ute1 ea* bag conta9+ "o hundr$ & fifte5 p\nds1 & requir+ two exp]t bag sew]s to take ! gra9 away f ! sp\t1 sew ! bags1 & dump !m on ! gr\nd4 ,sev5ty-five acres a day is its task4 ,a companion piece to ?is ma*9e is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aeh1 :i* %[s ! same p[] utiliz$ = plant+4 ,a p[]ful /eam traction eng9e ( fifty horse p[] hauls across ! field a plant+ comb9ation ( sixte5 t5-in* pl[s1 f\r six-foot h>r[s & a se$+ drill 9 ! re>4 ,su* great reap+ ma*9es only f9d useful application 9 ! enorm\s :eat fields ( ,cali=nia & ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,/ates1 :]e ! dry climate p]mits ! gra9 to rip5 & dry suffici5tly :ile /&+ 9 ! field4 ,moreov]1 only ! heads ( ! gra9 are cut1 ! /raw be+ left /&+4 ,"s conception ( ! enorm\s scale ^u :i* gra9 is rais$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates may be gott5 f ! dim5sions ( ! f>ms4 ,x is said t ,dr4 ,gl5n's :eat f>m comprises #de1jjj acres2 ! ,dalrymples'1 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 #gj1jjj2 & ,mr4 ,mit*ell1 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley1 9 ,cali=nia1 has #ij1jjj acres4 ,! ,dalrymple f>ms 9 #ahic _h #ed1jjj acres 9 :eat1 & employ$ #bhc self-b9d+ reap]s to h>ve/ ! crop4 ,!re is a s+le unbrok5 :eat field on ! banks ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]1 ne> ! t[n ( ,clovis1 9 ,mad]a ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 :i* comprises #be1jjj acres1 or ne>ly =ty squ>e miles ( :eat--a v]itable sea ( wav+ gra94 ,! field is ne>ly squ>e2 ea* side is a little ov] six miles long4 ,if its %ape 7 *ang$ to ! wid? ( "o mile1 ! field w\ld !n be =ty miles long4 ,x has be5 said ( ! gra9 fields ( ! ,we/1 t ! m5 & teams eat breakfa/ at "o end ( a furr[1 take d9n] 9 ! middle ( ! r[1 & at night camp & sup at ! end ( ! same r[4 ,) a field ( su* proportions x is n difficult to see h[ ?is may be true4 ,! cultivation & g>n]+ ( crops f su* va/ areas c only be appreciat$ by comp>isons4 ,if x 7 "o man's "w to pl[ su* a field1 ev5 ) a d\ble gang pl[1 cutt+ a furr[ tw5ty-f\r in*es wide1 he w\ld travel #aje1fjj miles1 :i* w\ld be equival5t to go+ ar\nd ! _w f\r times4 ,if he pl[$ tw5ty miles a day1 x w\ld take #e1bhj days4 ,to h>r[ w\ld require z long1 & to plant w\ld take ab\t ! same "t1 or ab\t =ty-?ree ye>s altoge!r4 ,a full lifetime w\ld be requir$ to plant ! crop1 & a second g5]ation w\ld be requir$ to reap x4 ,b great results require great ag5cies1 & s great labor-sav+ ma*9es1 op]at$ by armies ( m51 are br\ght into requisition1 & ) ^! ! crop is bo? plant$ & reap$4 ,a long procession ( self-b9d+ h>ve/]s1 foll[+ close "o beh9d ! o!r1 makes quick "w ( x1 & be=e ! wea!r *anges ?is great field is m[$1 its crop g>n]$1 & bread suppli$ = ! hungry ( all l&s4 ,! exports ( :eat to =eign l&s 9 #ahih 7 #adh1bca1bfa bu%els1 wor? #ade1fhd1fei1 & ! exports ( :eat fl\r = ! same ye> 7 #ae1cdi1idc b>rels1 wor? #fi1bfc1gah4 ,! total yield ( :eat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahih 0 #fge1adh1gje bu%els4 ,) ! f]tile e>?1 & its prolific inv5tors1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has become ! ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,:at its future is to be no man may say1 b its de/9y is n yet fulfill$1 & x is pregnant ) pot5tial possibilities4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,vulcaniz$ ,,rubb]4 ,,e>ly ,,use ,,( ,,ca\t*\c ,,by ,,! ,,indians--,,collection ,,( ,,! ,,gum--,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,,failures--,,goodye>',s ,,p]si/5t ,,exp]im5ts--,,na?aniel ,,hayw>d',s ,,application ,,( ,,sulphur ,,to ,,! ,,gum--,,goodye>',s ,,process ,,( ,,vulcanization--,,introduction ,,( ,,8 ,,process ,,into ,,europe--,,trials ,,& ,,imprisonm5t ,,= ,,debt--,,rubb] ,,%oe ,,indu/ry--,,great ,,ext5t ,,& ,,v>iety ,,( ,,applications--,,/ati/ics4 ,mo/ all important inv5tions h gr[n into exi/5ce by sl[ /ages ( developm5t1 & by successive contributions f _m m9ds1 n a few hav+ desc5d$ by gradual processes ( evolution f prec$+ c5turies4 ,vulcaniz$ rubb]1 h[ev]1 is n ( ?is class4 ,x belongs exclusively to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & owes its exi/5ce to ! tireless en]gy ( "o man4 ,! value ( ! crude gum _h be5 previ\sly speculat$ ^u1 & = ye>s attempts _h be5 made to utilize x1 b n until ,goodye> inv5t$ 8 process ( vulcaniz+ x did x h any real value4 ,?is process 0 an important1 di/9ct & unique /ep1 entirely ! "w ( ,mr4 ,goodye>1 & x has nev] be5 sup]s$$ nor improv$ ^u to any ext5t4 ,*>les ,goodye> 0 born 9 ,new ,hav51 ,decemb] #bi1 #ahjj1 & 8 life1 beg9n+ two days 9 advance ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 furni%es an extraord9>y illu/ration ( ! /ruggles & trials ( ! inv5tor aga9/ adv]se =tune1 & is a pa!tic example ( self d5ial1 indefatigable labor1 & unrequit$ toil4 ,( feeble heal?1 small /ature1 poor1 & frequ5tly 9 prison = debt1 he made ! developm5t ( ?is art ! p>am\nt object ( 8 life1 & ) a pi\s fai? & unfalt]+ c\rage = ?irty ye>s he devot$ himself to ?is "w4 ,money he c>$ no?+ =1 except 9 s f> z x 0 necess>y to c>ry on 8 "w1 & he di$ ,july #a1 #ahfj1 poor 9 ?is _w's goods1 b ri* 9 ! consci\sness ( ! great b5efit conf]r$ by 8 inv5tion ^u ! human race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4--;,,collect+ ,,! ,,gum4 ,india rubb]1 or ca\t*\c1 z x is m prop]ly call$1 is a conc5trat$ gum d]iv$ f ! evaporation ( ! milky juice ( c]ta9 trees f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican v>iety is call$ ,jatropha ela/ica1 & ! ,ea/ ,indian v>iety ! ,ficus ela/ica4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians call$ x cahu*u4 ,! prov9ce ( ,p>a1 s\? ( ! equator1 9 ,brazil1 furni%es ! l>ge/ "p & be/ quality ( gum4 ,! tree f :i* ! gum exudes gr[s to ! height ( eighty1 & sometimes to "o hundr$ feet4 ,x runs up /raight = =ty or fifty feet )\t a bran*4 ,its top is spread+1 & is ornam5t$ ) a ?ick & glossy foliage4 ,! gum is collect$ by *opp+ ?r\gh ! b>k ) a hat*et & plac+ "u ea* s]ies ( cuts a little clay cup =m$ by ! h&s ( ! workman4 ,ab\t a gill ( ! sap accumulates 9 ea* cup 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 & x is !n transf]r$ to receiv+ vessels & tak5 to camp4 ,! fir/ use ( ! gum 0 made by ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 :o made %oes1 bottles1 play+ balls & v>i\s o!r articles f x4 ,_! me?od = mak+ a %oe 0 to take a crude wood5 la/1 :i* !y cov]$ ) clay to prev5t ! adhesion ( ! gum4 ,x 0 !n dipp$ 9 ! sap1 or ! latt] 0 p\r$ ov] x1 :i* gave x a ?9 coat+4 ,x 0 !n held ov] a smoky fire1 :i* gave x a d>k color & dri$ ! gum4 ,:5 "o coat+ became suffici5tly h>d ano!r 0 add$1 & smok$ 9 turn1 & s successive coat+s 7 appli$ until a suffici5t ?ickness 0 obta9$4 ,:5 ! "w 0 complet$ x 0 expos$ = "s days 9 ! sun1 & :ile /ill s(t ! %oes 7 decorat$ z ! fancy or ta/e ( ! mak] sugge/$4 ,! clay =ms 7 !n brok5 out1 & ! %oe /uff$ ) grass to keep x 9 %ape = use or sale4 ,9 #ahbj a pair ( ^! clumsy %oes 0 br\ght to ,bo/on & exhibit$ z a curiosity4 ,!y 7 cov]$ ) gild+1 & resembl$ ! %oe ( a ,*9aman4 ,subsequ5tly consid]able numb]s ( ^! %oes 7 br\ght f ,s\? ,am]ica1 & be+ sold at a l>ge price1 !y s]v$ to /imulate ,yankee +5uity into devis+ me?ods ( mak+ !m f ! raw mat]ial1 :i* be+ br\ght z balla/ 9 ! %ips f ,brazil1 c\ld be _h *eaply4 ,9 ,france "s att5tion _h be5 giv5 to ! mat]ial1 & ! rubb] bottles ( ! ,indians _h be5 cut into n>r[ ?reads :i* 7 wov5 into /rips ( clo? to =m susp5d]s & g>t]s4 ,9 ,engl& an application ( x 9 ?9 solution _h be5 made by a ,mr4 ,mac9to%1 :o spread x betwe5 two ?icknesses ( ?9 clo? to =m ,mac9to% wat]-pro( coats4 ,! fir/ practical use ( ! gum on a l>ge scale 0 in/itut$ by ,mr4 ,*affee 9 ,roxbury1 ,mass41 ab\t #ahcj4 ,he dissolv$ ! gum 9 spirits ( turp5t9e & inv5t$ /eam-heat$ rolls = spread+ x ^u clo?4 ,companies 7 =m$ to exploit ! products1 & 9 ! fall & w9t] ( #ahcc & #ahcd _m ?\s&s ( doll>s' wor? ( goods 7 made by ! ,roxbury ,company1 b ! bus9ess prov$ a total failure1 = 9 ! summ] ! goods melt$1 decompos$ & became s (f5sive z to be worse ?an useless1 :ile ! cold ( w9t] r5d]$ !m /iff & liable to crack4 ,) a k ( ^! facts & conditions ,*>les ,goodye> comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts1 believ+ t !re 0 a great future = ?is mat]ial if x c\ld only be prev5t$ f melt+ 9 summ] & /iff5+ 9 w9t]4 ,he tri$ mix+ x ) _m mat]ials1 fir/ us+ magnesia1 :i*1 h[ev]1 prov$ ineffective4 ,on ,june #ag1 #ahcg1 he took out pat5t ,no4 #bdj1 9 :i* he propos$ to de/roy ! adhesive prop]ties ( ca\t*\c by sup]ficial application ( an acid solution ( ! metals1 nitric acid ) copp] or bismu? be+ specially recomm5d$4 ,he also claim$ ! incorporation ( lime ) ! gum to blea* x4 ,"u ?is process ,mr4 ,goodye> made v>i\s articles 9 ! =m ( fabrics1 toys & ornam5tal articles1 us+ ! fabric to make clo?+ = himself1 :i* he wore to demon/rate its value & we>+ qualities4 ,a /rik+ ^w picture ( ,mr4 ,goodye> at ?is "t is giv5 by ! reply ( a g5tleman :o1 be+ ask$ by a man look+ = ,mr4 ,goodye> z to h[ he might recognize him1 repli$1 8,if y meet a man :o has on an ,india rubb] cap1 /ock1 coat1 ve/1 & %oes1 & an ,india rubb] money purse 9 8 pocket1 )\t a c5t ( money 9 x1 t is he40 ,_m useful & arti/ic articles 7 made "u ?is fir/ pat5t$ process1 includ+ maps1 surgical b&ages1 etc41 & 7 br\ght by ,mr4 ,goodye> to ! notice ( ,presid5t ,jackson1 ,h5ry ,clay & ,john ,c4 ,calh\n1 f :om he receiv$ v enc\rag+ lett]s4 ,8 ef=ts1 h[ev]1 to introduce 8 process comm]cially 7 n att5d$ ) success4 ,capitali/s & manufactur]s _h be5 r5d]$ s cons]vative by ! l>ge loss ( money 9 ! ,roxbury ,company1 t !y 7 dis9cl9$ to h any?+ fur!r to d ) x4 ,practically alone he 0 oblig$ to cont9ue 8 "w4 ,by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,*affee & ,mr4 ,hask9s he 0 all[$ ! use ( ! valuable ma*9]y /&+ idle 9 _! factory at ,roxbury1 & he made %oes1 piano cov]s1 table clo?s & c>riage cov]s ( sup]ior quality1 & f ! sale ( ^!1 & ( lic5ses to manufacture1 he = ! fir/ "t 0 able to support 8 family 9 com=t4 ,mr4 ,goodye> _h n yet discov]$1 h[ev]1 ! process ( vulcanization1 ^u :i* ! rubb] indu/ry is f\nd$4 ,9 #ahch ,mr4 ,na?aniel ,hayw>d1 ( ,woburn1 ,mass41 :o _h be5 employ$ 9 ! bankrupt rubb] company1 discov]$ t ! /ick9ess ( ! rubb] c\ld be prev5t$ by spread+ a small quantity ( sulphur on x4 ,! same result _h also be5 notic$ by a ,g]man *emi/4 ,on ,feb4 #bd1 #ahci1 ,mr4 ,hayw>d procur$ ! pat5t1 ,no4 #a1jij1 on 8 process1 & assign$ x to ,mr4 ,goodye>4 ,! pat5t cov]$ a process ( dissolv+ sulphur 9 oil ( turp5t9e & mix+ x ) ! gum1 & also includ$ ! incorporation ( ! dry fl[]s ( sulphur ) ! gum1 ! product aft]w>ds be+ treat$ by ,mr4 ,goodye>'s metallic salt process4 ,?is 0 ! />t+ po9t ( vulcanization1 = vulcanization consi/s simply 9 admix+ sulphur ) ! rubb]1 & !n subject+ x = six to eight h\rs to a temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj4 ,its effect is to s *ange ! nature ( ! gum to prev5t x f melt+ or becom+ /icky "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 or ( h>d5+ & becom+ /iff "u ! influ5ce ( cold1 ! vulcaniz$ gum rema9+ ela/ic1 imp]vi\s1 & un*angeable "u all ord9>y conditions4 ,?is great discov]y ( ! influ5ce ( heat on ! sulphur treat$ gum 0 q accid5tal & :olly unexpect$4 ,heat above all ?+s 0 ! ag5cy :i* 9 all previ\s obs]vations 0 mo/ to be fe>$1 = x 0 ?is m ?an any?+ else t melt$ d[n1 decompos$ & de/roy$ all ( 8 manufactur$ articles4 ,:ile sitt+ ne> a hot /ove engag$ 9 an animat$ discussion conc]n+ 8 exp]im5ts1 a piece ( ! gum treat$ ) sulphur1 :i* he held 9 8 h&1 01 by a rapid ge/ure1 ?r[n ^u ! /ove4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t1 he f\nd t ?is relatively high heat did n melt x1 z h]et(ore1 & :ile x *>r$ slightly1 x 0 n made at all /icky4 ,he nail$ ! piece ( gum outside ! kit*5 door 9 ! int5se cold1 & ^u exam9+ x ! next morn+ f\nd x z p]fectly flexible z :5 he put x out4 ,goodye> _h discov]$ ! process :i* aft]w>ds came to be kn[n z 8vulcanization40 ,! discov]y 0 made 9 #ahci1 b 0 n accept$ by ^? to :om x 0 submitt$ z possess+ any importance4 ,pr(4 ,silliman1 ( ,yale ,college1 h[ev]1 9 ! fall ( #ahci te/ifi$ to ! results claim$ = x by ,mr4 ,goodye>--t x did n melt ) heat1 nor /iff5 ) ! cold4 ,on ,june #ae1 #ahdd1 ,mr4 ,goodye> took out 8 celebrat$ pat5t1 ,no4 #c1fcc1 cov]+ ?is process1 9 :i* he n only us$ sulphur1 b add$ a proportion ( :ite lead4 ,! proportions nam$ 7 #be p>ts ( rubb]1 #e p>ts ( sulphur1 & #g p>ts ( :ite lead1 ! +r$i5ts ei!r to be gr\nd 9 spirits ( turp5t9e1 or to be incorporat$ dry betwe5 rolls4 ,! odor imp>t$ by ! sulphur 0 to be de/roy$ by wa%+ ) pota% or v9eg>4 ,?is pat5t 0 reissu$ 9 two divisions ,dec4 #be1 #ahdi1 & aga9 on ,nov4 #bj1 #ahfj1 & 0 ext5d$ = sev5 ye>s f ,june #ae1 #aheh1 :i* 0 ! end ( ! fir/ t]m4 ,"u ?is pat5t two k9ds ( rubb] 7 made & sold--8s(t rubb]10 conta9+ only a small proportion ( sulphur1 :ile ! o!r1 kn[n z ! 8vulcanite10 8ebonite10 or 8h>d rubb]10 _h f #be to #ce p] c5t4 ( sulphur & 0 subject$ to a long] heat4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is pat5t is a rem>kable "o4 ,imm5sely valuable z x 01 ,goodye> reap$ b a small %>e ( ! pr(it1 = 9 ! mid/ ( 8 pov]ty & necessities he 0 oblig$ to sell lic5ses & e/abli% royalties at a figure f> bel[ ! real value ( ! rights convey$4 ,"s idea ( ! great value ( ! bus9ess :i* ,mr4 ,goodye> _h develop$ may be _h f ! fact t ! companies :o held rights "u ! pat5t = ! manufacture ( %oes paid at "o "t to ,daniel ,web/] ! enorm\s fee ( #be1jjj = def5d+ _! pat5t int]e/s4 ,) ! idea ( ext5d+ 8 inv5tion ,mr4 ,goodye> visit$ ,engl& 9 #ahea1 :]e he f\nd t ,?omas ,hancock1 ( ! h\se ( ,mac9to% ,co41 _h =e/all$ him1 al?\gh n ! inv5tor4 ,a peculi> provision ( ! ,engli% pat5t law1 :i* gives ! pat5t to ! fir/ introduc]1 p]mitt$ ?is4 ,no?+ daunt$1 h[ev]1 he organiz$ a magnific5t exhibit = ! ,great ,int]national ,exhibition held 9 ,cry/al ,palace at ,hyde ,p>k1 ,london1 9 #ahea4 ,?is exhibit co/ him #cj1jjj1 & he call$ x ! ,goodye> ,vulcanite ,c\rt4 ,x compreh5d$ an elegantly con/ruct$ suite ( op5 rooms made ( h>d rubb] ornam5t$ ) h&some c>v+s1 & furni%$ ) rubb] furniture1 musical in/rum5ts1 & globes made ( rubb]1 & x 0 also c>pet$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,= 8 exhibit he receiv$ ! 8,gr& ,c\ncil ,m$al10 :i* 0 "o ( ! highe/ te/imonials ( ! exposition4 ,?is exhibit 0 aft]w>ds mov$ f ,london to ,syd5ham1 :]e x 0 expos$ & us$ z an ag5cy = "s ye>s = ! sale ( rubb] goods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4--,,ma*9e ,,= ,,gr9d+ ,,& ,,wa%+ ,,crude ,,rubb]4 ,mr4 ,goodye> _h obta9$ a ,fr5* pat5t = 8 inv5tion1 & at ! ,exposition ,univ]selle 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahee1 he fitt$ up at an exp5se ( #ej1jjj two elegant c\rts ) ,india rubb] furniture1 caskets & ri* jewelry1 & = ?is exhibit he _h conf]r$ ^u him by ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ! 8,gr& ,m$al ( ,honor0 & ! 8,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor40 ,x 0 a s+ul> in/ance ( ! irony ( fate t ! decoration ( ! 8,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor0 %\ld h be5 convey$ to him :ile imprison$ = debt 9 8,cli*y10 ! debtors' prison 9 ,p>is4 ,! l(ty c\rage ( ! man 0 well illu/rat$ at ?is "t 9 8 reply to 8 wife's solicit\s inquiries z to h[ he _h sp5t ! night :ile 9 prison4 ,he said1 8,i h be5 ?r\gh ne>ly e =m ( trial t human fle% is heir to1 & ,i f9d t !re is no?+ 9 life to fe> b s940 ,! decl9+ ye>s ( 8 life 7 full ( sorr[1 pa9 & affliction1 & at 8 dea? 9 #ahfj 8 e/ate 0 #bjj1jjj 9 debt4 ,he liv$ long en\gh1 h[ev]1 to see 8 mat]ial appli$ to ne>ly five hundr$ uses1 giv+ employm5t 9 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many to #fj1jjj p]sons1 & produc+ 9 ?is c\ntry alone goods wor? #h1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--,,mak+ ,,rubb] ,,clo?4 ,! greate/ ( all applications ( rubb] are to be f\nd 9 ! manufacture ( boots & %oes4 ,! numb] ( attacks ( cold1 rheumatism1 & dea?-deal+ diseases f wet feet1 t h be5 av]t$ by ! use ( rubb] %oes1 c nev] be e/imat$1 b p]haps x is safe to say t ! rubb] %oe has done m to cons]ve ! heal? ( ! human family ?an any o!r s+le article ( app>el4 ,9 ! manufacture ( %oes ! f9e/ quality ( rubb] is receiv$ 9 wood5 boxes #d #b #a feet1 conta9+ ab\t #cej p\nds 9 lumps ( #a to #ge p\nds4 ,^! lumps are cut to suitable size1 & are !n gr\nd & wa%$ 9 ! ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #afa1 wat] & /eam be+ spray$ on ! rubb] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,x is !n work$ into %eets or mats betwe5 rolls4 ,f ! gr9d+ room ! %eets are tak5 to ! mix+ room1 :]e lampblack1 sulphur & o!r +r$i5ts are add$1 & work$ into x by be+ pass$ _m times betwe5 heat$ rolls1 ! %eets be+ f9ally r$uc$ to a ?ickness ( less ?an #a_/cb ( an in*4 ,! rubb] %eets are !n appli$ to a clo? back+ by clo? cal5d]+ rolls1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb1 :i* are /eam heat$ & by great pressure s]ve to incorporate ! %eets ( rubb] & clo? into intimate & insep>able union4 ,out ( ?is rubb] fabric1 :i* is made ( diff]5t ?icknesses = ! upp]1 sole & heel1 ! patt]ns = ! %oe are cut1 & ! p>ts are deftly fitt$ ar\nd ! =ms by girls1 & secur$ by rubb] cem5t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afc4 ,! %oes are !n cov]$ ) a coat ( rubb] v>ni%1 & are put into c>s & run into ! vulcaniz+ ov5s1 :]e !y rema9 f six to sev5 h\rs at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bge4 ,! goods are !n tak5 out1 & aft] be+ inspect$ are box$ = ! m>ket4 ,! vulcaniz+ is a v important "p ( ! manufacture ( a rubb] %oe1 = x is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to give !m /ability & we>+ qualities4 ,a %oe t _h n be5 vulcaniz$ w\ld ma% d[n1 spread1 become /icky & g to pieces aft] a few h\rs' we>4 ,! rubb] %oe indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is c>ri$ on by ab\t fifte5 l>ge companies1 repres5t+ an inve/m5t ( _m millions ( doll>s1 mo/ ( :i* companies are locat$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut4 ,"s idea ( ! imm5sity ( ?is indu/ry may be obta9$ f ! import /ati/ics4 ,9 #ahii ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone import$ crude rubb] to ! ext5t ( #ea1jfc1jff p\nds1 z mu* z #a1jjj1jjj p\nds a mon? com+ f ! s+le port ( ,p>a4 ,! export ( manufactur$ rubb] goods = ! same ye> am\nt$ to #a1gfe1che4 ,! /ati/ics = ,great ,brita9 = #ahif %[$ ! imports ( rubb] to t c\ntry to be "o-?ird m ?an ! imports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,g]many also is a l>ge consum]4 ,! great ,h>burg-,vi5na factories cov] sixty-sev5 acres1 are capitaliz$ at #i1jjj1jjj m>ks1 & employ #c1ejj h&s4 ,mu* f9e te*nical app>atus1 toys1 & balls are made "h1 ! daily output ( balls rea*+ #h1jjj4 ,^!1 ) ! ,noah's arks ( ,india rubb] animals1 are ! delight ( ! little ones all ov] ! _w4 ,al?\gh s mu* 9 evid5ce ab\t u1 ,india rubb] is n by any means a *eap mat]ial4 ,co/+ only five c5ts a p\nd :5 ,goodye> comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts1 x is n[ wor? a doll> a p\nd1 & is !re=e mu* m exp5sive ?an any ( ! ord9>y metals1 woods1 or build+ mat]ials4 ,_m sub/itutes 9 ! =m ( compositions ( v>i\s +r$i5ts h be5 devis$ & pat5t$1 b no real sub/itute = nature's product has yet be5 f\nd4 ,= _m ye>s old & worn out rubb] goods 7 ?r[n away z wor?less4 ,n[ all su* rubb] is reclaim$1 & us$ 9 _m grades ( goods :i* d n require a pure gum4 ,insatiable z ! dem&s ( ! trade may appe>1 !re is no ne$ to fe> a rubb] fam9e1 = ! =e/s ( trees 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,ea/ ,indies are practically inexhau/ible1 & 9 ! ri* alluvial soil ( _! habitat nature's processes ( gr[? rapidly re/ore ! decimation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4--,,mak+ ,,rubb] ,,%oes4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,goodye>1 ! amplification ( ?is art & ! multiplication ( uses = rubb]1 & its increas$ comm]cial importance1 h gone on at su* a rate ( increase t to-day we may be said to be liv+ 9 ! rubb] age4 ,its uses & applications are legion1 & !y ext5d lit]ally f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,:5 ! baby comes into ! _w its introduction to ,india rubb] beg9s at once ) ! nurs+ bottle & ! gum clo?1 & :5 ! ag$ invalid takes leave ( ! _w 8 la/ mom5ts are soo!d ) ! wat] bag & ! rubb] b$1 & betwe5 ^! extremes we f9d x 9 evid5ce ev]y:]e ab\t u4 ,9 we>+ app>el x ext5ds f ! cr[n ( ! head to ! sole ( ! foot--rubb] cap1 coat1 gloves1 & %oes4 ,! man has x 9 8 susp5d]s & 8 pipe /em1 ! woman 9 h] g>t]s & dress %ields1 & ! baby 9 its tee?+ r+ & rattle4 ,! soldi] /&s on picket duty 9 ! ra91 & ! rubb] blanket protects him f rheumatism4 ,if w\nd$1 ! surgeon dresses 8 mangl$ limb ) rubb] b&ages1 & :5 he gets well he has a rubb] cu%ion on ! end ( 8 crut*1 or on ! foot ( 8 artificial leg4 ,if w\nd$ 9 ! m\? p]haps ! gov]nm5t gives him a set ( artificial tee? on a rubb] plate4 ,! rubb] mat greets y at ! front door1 a little pad cu%ions ! door /ops & ! backs ( *airs1 & a r+ seals ! m\? ( ! fruit j>4 ,! :ole array ( toilet articles1 includ+ combs1 bru%es1 mirrors1 %oe horns1 etc41 are made f x4 ,9 ! p>lor x is f\nd 9 picture frames & ! piano cov]2 9 ! ba? room ! wa% rag1 wat] bag1 rubb] cup1 & hose pipe ( ! %[] ba? are all made ( x2 9 ! play room are f\nd rubb] balls & toys ( all k9ds2 9 ! kit*5 ! clo!s wr+] & ! table clo?2 9 ! d9+ room ! h&les ( knives1 & ! tea tray1 & :at is m useful & m ubiquit\s 9 ! (fice ?an ! rubb] b&1 ! rubb] rul]1 ! p5cil eras]1 or ! f\nta9 p58 ,b ^! are only a few ( ! p]sonal & indoor uses & applications4 ,rubb] belt+ = ma*9]y1 fire eng9e & g>d5 hose1 /eam eng9e pack+1 c> spr+s1 cov]s = c>riages & ! big guns ( ! navy1 life pres]v]s1 billi>d table cu%ions1 & *emical & surgical app>atus 9 endless v>iety4 ,! electrical _w is almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u x = ! insulation ( our ocean cables & electric light wires1 = batt]y cups1 & ! insulat+ m\nt+s ( all electrical app>atus4 ,! pneumatic bicycle tire c\ld n exi/ )\t rubb]1 & ! mod]n application ( x to ?is use alone am\nts to ne>ly f\r million p\nds annually4 ,e automobile c>riage takes tw5ty-five p\nds ( rubb] = ea* tire1 or #ajj p\nds altoge!r4 ,?is great & gr[+ indu/ry1 toge!r ) ! n[ common use ( rubb] tires on horse-drawn vehicles1 raises ! sum total ( rubb] employ$ 9 ! arts to an enorm\s figure4 ,t ! sap ( an uncultivat$ tree 9 a swampy1 tropical1 & mal>ial =e/1 ?\s&s ( miles f civilization1 %\ld cut s great a figure 9 ! necessities ( mod]n life1 seems /range & unacc\ntable on any basis ( probabilities4 ,x is only ano!r illu/ration ( ! possibilities ( ! pati5t & p]si/5t "w ( ! inv5tor4 ,*>les ,goodye> took ?is ne>ly wor?less mat]ial1 & made ( x1 z ,p>ton said 9 #ahfe--8n a new mat]ial m]ely1 b a new class ( mat]ials1 applicable to a ?\s& div]s uses4 ,x 0 /ill ,india rubb]1 b its surface w\ld n adh]e1 nor w\ld x h>d5 at any degree ( cold1 nor s(t5 at any degree ( heat4 ,x 0 a clo? imp]vi\s to wat]2 x 0 a pap] t w\ld n te>2 x 0 a p>*m5t t w\ld n crease2 x 0 lea!r :i* nei!r ra9 nor sun w\ld injure2 x 0 ebony t c\ld be run into a m\ld2 x 0 ivory t c\ld be work$ l wax2 x 0 wood t nev] crack$1 %runk nor decay$4 ,x 0 metal1 #8ela/ic metal1' z ,daniel ,web/] t]m$ x1 t c\ld be w\nd r\nd ! f+]1 or ti$ into a knot1 & :i* pres]v$ its ela/icity l /eel4 ,trifl+ v>iations 9 ! +r$i5ts1 9 ! proportion & 9 ! heat+1 made x ei!r pliable z kid1 t\gh] ?an ox hide1 z ela/ic z :alebone1 or z rigid z fl9t40 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,,its ,,evolution ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce--,,! ,,coal ,,t> ,,products--,,f]m5t+ ,,& ,,brew+--,,glucose1 ,,gun ,,cotton ,,& ,,nitro-,,glyc]9e--,,electro-,,*emi/ry --,,f]tiliz]s ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,products--,,new ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,! f\ndation /ones ( empirical discov]y1 ^u :i* ?is sci5ce is bas$1 _h be5 crudely %ap$ by ! workm5 ( prec$+ c5turies1 b ! classification & lay+ ( !m into ! /ructure ( an exact sci5ce is ! "w ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,! glass ( ! ,phnicians1 & ! dyes & metallurgical op]ations ( ! ,egyptians1 involv$ "s *emical k2 mu* m did ! op]ations ( ! al*emi/s1 :o va9ly s\ght to conv]t ! bas] metals into gold1 b ^! 7 only ! crude build+ /ones1 out ( :i* ! great complex mod]n /ructure has be5 rais$4 ,9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 ap>t f al*emy1 began1 & "s att5tion 0 giv5 to its application to ! uses ( m$ic9e4 ,ari/otle's f\r elem5ts--fire1 air1 e>? & wat]--7 no long] accept$ z repres5t+ a correct !ory1 & new ones 7 propos$ only to be f\nd z errone\s1 & to be sup]s$$ 9 "t by o!rs4 ,briefly trav]s+ ! m important ( ! e>li] /eps1 !re may be m5tion$ ! phlogi/on !ory ( ,/ahl 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury2 ! discov]y ( ! composition ( wat] by ,cav5di% 9 #agff2 ( oxyg5 by ,prie/ly & ,s*eele 9 #aggd2 ! electro-*emical duali/ic !ory ( ,lavoisi] 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 foll[$ by a rational nom5clature e/abli%$ by ,guyton de ,morveau1 ,b]?ollet & ,f\rcroy2 ! doctr9e ( *emical equival5ts by ,w5zel 9 #aggg & ,ri*t] 9 #agib2 ,dalton's atomic !ory2 ,wolla/on's scale ( *emical equival5ts2 ,gay ,lussac's law ( comb9+ volumes2 ,b]zelius' sy/em ( *emical symbols & !ory ( comp\nd radicals2 contributions ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy & ,f>aday 9 electro-*emi/ry1 & ,!n>d's gr\p+ ( ! metals4 ,^! int]e/+ phases ( developm5t ( ! old *emi/ry h be5 foll[$ by ! new !ory ( sub/itution1 by ,dumas & o!rs4 ,?is *ange1 beg9n+ ab\t #ahfj & runn+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 has gradually supplant$ ! old electro-*emical duali/ic !ory & e/abli%$ ! pres5t sy/em4 ,among ! important & int]e/+ a*ievem5ts ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury is ! artificial production ( organic comp\nds4 ,all su* comp\nds _h h]et(ore be5 ei!r directly or indirectly d]iv$ f plants or animals4 ,9 #ahbh ,wohl] produc$ urea f inorganic sub/ances1 :i* 0 ! fir/ example ( ! syn!tic production ( organic comp\nds1 & x 0 = _m ye>s ! only product s =m$4 ,b]!lot1 ( ,p>is1 by heat+ c>bonic oxide ) hydrate ( pota% produc$ =miate ( pota%1 f :i* =mic acid is obta9$2 by agitat+ olefiant gas ) oil ( vitriol a comp\nd is produc$ f :i*1 ^u ! addition ( wat] & di/illation1 alcohol is =m$2 he also re-comb9$ ! fatty acids ) glyc]9e to =m ! orig9al fats4 ,9 ! classification ( ?is sci5ce1 x has be5 divid$ into inorganic *emi/ry1 relat+ to metals1 m9]als & bodies n associat$ ) organic life1 & organic *emi/ry1 :i* 0 =m]ly limit$ to matt] associat$ ) or ! result ( gr[? or life processes1 b :i* is n[ ext5d$ to ! broad] field ( all c>bon comp\nds4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! mo/ rem>kable advances h be5 made 9 ! field ( organic *emi/ry4 ,! f\r elem5ts c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog5 h be5 juggl$ into innum]able associations1 & 9 v>i\s proportions1 & endless p]mutations1 h be5 comb9$ to produce an unlimit$ s]ies ( useful comp\nds1 su* z dyes1 explosives1 m$ic9es1 p]fumes1 flavor+ extracts1 dis9fectants1 etc4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! comp\nds are ! coal t> products4 ,coal t>1 = _m ye>s1 0 ! wa/e product ( gas mak+4 ,=ty ye>s ago ab\t ! only use made ( x 0 by ! f>m]1 :o pa9t$ ! ends ( 8 f5ce po/s ) x to prev5t decay1 or by ! fi%]man1 :o appli$ x to ! bottoms ( 8 boats & 8 fi%+ nets4 ,to-day ! black1 (f5sive & unpromis+ sub/ance1 ) magical metamorphosis1 has be5 trans=m$ by ! *emi/ into ! mo/ beautiful dyes1 excell+ ! hues & %ades ( ! ra9b[1 ! mo/ delightful p]fumes & flavor+ extracts1 ! mo/ useful m$ic9es1 ! mo/ p[]ful antiseptics1 & a product :i* is ! v sweete/ sub/ance kn[n4 ,! anil9e dyes repres5t "o ( ! great developm5ts 9 ?is field4 ,9 #ahbf ,unv]dorb5 obta9$ f indigo a sub/ance :i* he call$ 8,cry/all9e40 ,9 #ahcd ,runge obta9$ f coal t> 8,kyanol40 ,9 #ahdj ,fritzs* obta9$ f indigo a product :i* he call$ 8,anil9e10 f 8,anil10 ! ,portuguese = indigo4 ,z99 soon aft] obta9$ 8,b5zidam40 ,all ^! sub/ances 7 aft]w>d prov$ to be ! same z anil9e4 ,p]k9s' ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #a1ihd1 ( #ahef1 is ! fir/ pat5t$ disclosure ( ! anil9e dyes1 & repres5ts ! beg9n+ ( _! comm]cial production4 ,?is comb9es sulphate ( anil9e & bi*romate ( pota% to produce an exquisite lilac1 or purple color4 ,! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t 0 9 #ahfa1 & n[ !re are ab\t #a1djj pat5ts on c>bon dyes & comp\nds1 ! mo/ ( :i* belong to ! coal t> gr\p4 ,9 dyes artificial aliz>9e1 by ,graebe & ,lieb]man 7,pat4 ,no4 #ie1dfe1 ,oct4 #e1 #ahfi72 anil9e black1 by ,lightfoot 7,pat4 ,no4 #ch1ehi1 ,may #ai1 #ahfc72 naph?az>9 black1 by ,bohn 7,pat4 ,no4 #cgi1aej1 ,m>* #f1 #ahhh72 artificial indigo1 by ,baey] 7,pat4 ,no4 #bei1fbi1 ,june #ac1 #ahhb72 ! azo-colors1 by ,r\ss9 7,pat4 ,no4 #baj1jed1 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgh72 & ! processes = mak+ colors on fibre1 by ,holliday 7,pat4 ,no4 #bda1ffa1 ,may #ag1 #ahha71 are ! mo/ important4 ,! artificial production ( salicylic acid1 by ,kolbe 7,pat4 ,no4 #aej1hfg1 ,may #ab1 #ahgd71 m>ks an important /ep 9 antiseptics4 ,artificial vanilla1 by ,fritz ,a* 7,pat4 ,no4 #dhg1bjd1 ,nov4 #bi1 #ahib71 repres5ts flavor+ extracts2 & artificial musk1 by ,baur 7,pat4 ,no4 #ecf1cbd1 ,m>* #bf1 #ahie71 is an example ( p]fumes4 ,9 m$ic9es a great array ( comp\nds has be5 produc$1 su* z antipyr91 ! fev] rem$y1 by ,knorr 7,pat4 ,no4 #cjg1cii1 ,oct4 #bh1 #ahhd72 ph5acet91 by ,h9sb]g 7,pat4 ,no4 #djj1jhf1 ,m>* #bf1 #ahhi72 salol1 by ,von ,n5cki 7,pat4 ,no4 #cej1jab1 ,sept4 #bh1 #ahhf71 & sulfonal by ,bauman 7,pat4 ,no4 #cif1ebf1 ,jan4 #bb1 #ahhi74 ,to ^! may be add$ antikamnia 7acetanilide71 ! heada*e rem$y1 & sac*>91 by ,fahlb]g 7,pat4 ,no4 #cai1jhb1 ,june #b1 #ahhe71 :i* latt] is a sub/itute = sug>1 & ?irte5 times sweet] ?an sug>4 ,among ! m famili> products ( coal t> or petroleum are mo? balls1 c>bolic acid1 b5z9e1 vasel9e1 & p>aff9e4 ,9 ! comm]cial application ( *emi/ry ! "w ( ,l\is ,pa/eur 9 f]m5t+ & brew+ des]ves special notice z mak+ a great advance 9 ?is art4 ,8 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 ,no4 #ada1jgb1 ,july #bb1 #ahgc1 deals ) ! manufacture ( yea/ = brew+4 ,! manufacture ( sug> & glucose f />* is an indu/ry ( great magnitude1 :i* has gr[n up 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,wat]1 acidulat$ ) #a_/ajj? "p ( sulphuric acid1 is heat$ to boil+1 & a hot mixture ( />* & wat] is all[$ to fl[ into x gradually4 ,aft] boil+ a half h\r *alk is add$ to neutralize ! sulphuric acid1 & :5 ! sulphate ( lime settles ! cle> syrup is drawn (f1 & ei!r sold z syrup1 or is evaporat$ to produce cry/alliz$ grape sug>1 :i* latt] is only ab\t half z sweet z cane sug>4 ,glucose syrup1 h[ev]1 has l>gely sup]s$$ all o!r table syrups1 & is ext5sively us$ 9 brew+1 = *eap c&ies1 & = bee food4 ,our exports ( glucose & grape sug> = #ahii am\nt$ to #bbi1jjc1ega p\nds1 wor? #c1fbd1hij4 ,an important discov]y1 made 9 #ahdf1 0 t c>bohydrates1 su* z />*1 sug>1 or cellulose1 & glyc]9e1 :5 act$ ^u by ! /ronge/ nitric acid1 produc$ comp\nds rem>kable = _! explosive "*4 ,gun cotton & nitro-glyc]9e are ! mo/ conspicu\s examples4 ,gun cotton is made by treat+ raw cotton ) nitric acid1 to :i* a proportion ( sulphuric acid is add$ to ma9ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! nitric acid & effect a m p]fect conv]sion4 ,besides its use z an explosive1 gun cotton :5 dissolv$ 9 e!r has f\nd an important application z collodion 9 ! art ( photography4 ,nitro-glyc]9e only diff]s 9 its manufacture f gun cotton 9 t glyc]9e is act$ ^u by ! acids1 in/ead ( cotton4 ,pyroxil9e1 xyloid9e1 & celluloid are alli$ products1 :i* h f\nd endless applications 9 toilet articles & = o!r uses1 z a sub/itute = h>d rubb]4 ,! applications ( *emi/ry 9 ! comm]cial _w h be5 9 rec5t ye>s s num]\s & v>i$ t x is n possible to d m ?an to ref] to its uses 9 ! manufacture ( soda & pota%1 ( alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 & ammonia1 9 soap mak+1 wa%+ comp\nds & tann+1 ! production ( gelat9e1 ! ref9+ ( cotton se$ & o!r oils1 ! art ( oxidiz+ oils = ! manufacture ( l9oleum & oil clo?1 ! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s1 :ite lead & o!r pa9ts1 ! prep>ation ( propriet>y m$ic9es1 ( soda wat] & photographic *emicals1 ! manufacture ( salt & pres]v+ comp\nds1 9 ! f]m5tation ( liquors & brew+ ( be]1 ! prep>ation ( cem5ts & /reet pavem5ts1 ! manufacture ( gas1 & ! embalm+ ( ! dead4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ &1 9 _m respects1 ! mo/ important1 developm5t ( ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s has be5 9 electro-*emi/ry4 ,electro-*emical me?ods are n[ employ$ = ! production ( a l>ge numb] ( elem5ts1 su* z ! alkali & alkal9e e>? metals1 copp]1 z9c1 alum9um1 *romium1 manganese1 ! halog5s1 phosphorus1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & ozone2 v>i\s *emicals1 includ+ ! m9]al acids1 hydrates1 *lorates1 hypo*lorites1 *romates1 p]manganates1 dis9fectants1 alkaloids1 coal t> dyes1 & v>i\s c>bon comp\nds2 :ite lead & o!r pigm5ts2 v>ni%2 9 blea*+1 dye+1 tann+2 9 extract+ grease f wool2 9 purify+ wat]1 sew]age1 sug> solutions1 & alcoholic bev]ages4 ,! pres5t l[ price ( alum9um1 r$uc$ f #ab p] p\nd 9 #ahgh to #cc c5ts n[1 is due to its production by electrical me?ods4 ,among ! e>lie/ successful processes is t describ$ 9 pat5ts to ,c[les & ,c[les1 ,no4 #cai1gie1 ,june #i1 #ahhe1 & ,no4 #cbd1feh1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahhe1 9 :i* a mixture ( alum9a1 c>bon & copp] is heat$ to inc&esc5ce by ! passage ( a curr5t1 ! r$uc$ alum9um alloy+ ) ! copp]4 ,?is has n[ be5 sup]s$$ by ! ,hall process 7,pat4 ,no4 #djj1gff1 ,april #b1 #ahhi71 9 :i* alum9a1 dissolv$ 9 fus$ cryolite1 is electrolytically decompos$4 ,practically all ! copp] n[ produc$1 except t f ,lake ,sup]ior1 is ref9$ electrolytically by sub/antially ! me?od ( ,f>m]'s pat5t 7,pat4 ,no4 #cbb1agj1 ,july #ad1 #ahhe74 ,all metallic sodium & potassium are n[ obta9$ by electrolysis ( fus$ hydroxides or *lorides 7,pats4 ,no4 #deb1jcj1 ,may #ab1 #ahia1 to ,ca/n]1 & ,no4 #eda1dfe1 ,june #be1 #ahie1 to ,vaut974 ,! production ( cau/ic soda1 sodium c>bonate1 & *lor9e by ! electrolysis ( br9e1 is c>ri$ on ^u a l>ge scale1 & w probably sup]s$e all o!r me?ods4 ,nolf's process 7,pat4 ,no4 #bga1ijf1 ,feb4 #f1 #ahhc71 & ,ca/]'s 7,no4 #ebh1cbb1 ,oct4 #cj1 #ahid71 employ a receiv+ body or ca?ode ( m]cury1 alt]nately br\ght 9 contact ) ! br9e und]go+ decomposition1 & ) wat] to oxidize ! conta9$ sodium4 ,c>borundum1 or silicide ( c>bon1 is l>gely sup]s$+ em]y & diamond du/ z an abradant4 ,x is produc$ by ,a*eson 7,pat4 ,no4 #dib1gfg1 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahic71 by pass+ a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh a mixture ( silica & c>bon4 ,calcium c>bide1 a r>e comp\nd a few ye>s ago1 is n[ *eaply produc$ by ! action ( an electric arc on a mixture ( lime & c>bon1 z describ$ by ,willson 7,pats4 ,nos4 #eda1acg1 #eda1ach1 ,june #ah1 #ahie74 ,calcium c>bide resembles coke 9 g5]al appe>ance1 & x is us$ = ! manufacture ( acetyl5e gas1 = :i* purpose x is only necess>y to imm]se ! calcium c>bide 9 wat]1 & ! gas is at once giv5 (f by ! mutual decomposition ( ! wat] & ! c>bide4 ,agricultural *emi/ry is ano!r "o ( ! practical developm5ts ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! f>m] plant$ 8 crops1 pray$ = ra91 & tru/$ to ,provid5ce = ! increase2 he 0 n infrequ5tly disappo9t$1 b 0 :olly unable to acc\nt = ! failure4 ,to-day ! intellig5t f>m] und]/&s ! value ( nitrog51 has asc]ta9$ h[ x may be f$ to 8 crops ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( nitrify+ organisms1 or he has 8 soil analyz$ at ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 f9ds out :at elem5t x lacks = ! crop desir$1 & 9 *emically prep>$ f]tiliz]s supplies t defici5cy4 ,! *emical analysis ( dr9k+ wat] has also contribut$ mu* to ! k ( "r liv+ & to ! avoidance ( disease & dea?1 :i* our =efa!rs 7 accu/om$ to reg>d z disp5sations ( ,provid5ce4 ,am]ica has furni%$ "s em95t *emi/s 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 :o h made valuable contributions to ! sci5ce1 notably 9 ! field ( metallurgy4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ be admitt$ ) regret1 t ,am]ica has n 9 ! field ( *emical rese>* occupi$ ! lead+ place %e has 9 me*anical progress4 ,! ,european laboratory is ! bir?place ( mo/ mod]n inv5tions 9 ! *emical field1 & ?is is s simply by reason ( ! fact t ^! m pati5t inve/igators h set !mselves /udi\sly1 sy/ematically & p]si/5tly to ! "w ( *emical inv5tion4 ,x is said t "s ( ! l>ge comm]cial works 9 ,g]many h ov] #ajj ,ph4 ,d4's 9 a s+le manufactur+ e/abli%m5t1 ^: "w is n direct$ to ! managem5t ( ! manufacture1 b solely to orig9al rese>*1 & ! mak+ ( inv5tions4 ,! laboratories 9 su* works diff] f ^? 9 ! univ]sities only 9 be+ m p]fectly equipp$1 & m sumptu\sly appo9t$4 ,! result ( ?is is se5 9 ! fact t 9 #ahii ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ coal t> dyes alone to ! ext5t ( #c1gii1cec1 & #e1bbg1jih p\nds ( aliz>9e1 mo/ ( :i* came f ,g]many1 & = :i* we paid a good price1 s9ce ! ,g]man manufactur]s control ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts4 ,! aliz>9e dyes are = ! mo/ "p ! artificial k9d made by ,g]man *emi/s4 ,prior to #ahfi ! r$ aliz>9e dye 0 ( plant orig91 be+ obta9$ f madd] root1 & x co/ #b a p\nd4 ,! ,g]man *emi/ produc$ an artificially made product1 :i* took ! place ( ! madd] dye1 & 0 sold at #a4bj a p\nd4 ,at ! end ( ! pat5t t]m 7sev5te5 ye>s7 ! price fell to #ae;c4 a p\nd1 %[+ t ! product 0 produc$ at a pr(it ( m ?an #a4je a p\nd1 & z millions ( p\nds 7 import$ annually1 x is e/imat$ t #ce1jjj1jjj 0 ! price paid ! ,g]man *emi/s = _! =esight 9 comb9+ sci5ce ) bus9ess4 ,_m ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts grant$ to =eign *emi/s are /ill 9 =ce1 & ! ri* rew>d ( _! skill is reap$ at our exp5se4 ,discov]y ( elem5ts4--,9 ! e>ly days ( *emical k1 fire1 air1 e>? & wat] con/itut$ ! insignificant category ( ! elem5ts1 :i* 0 z faulty 9 classification z x 0 small 9 size4 ,gradual splitt+ up ( comp\nds1 & an increase 9 ! numb] ( elem5ts1 has gone on progressively = "s hundr$s ( ye>s1 until to-day ! li/ ext5ds well on to "o hundr$ elem5t>y bodies4 ,^? :i* belong to ! cr$it ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury are giv5 9 ! table foll[+1 ) ! "n ( ! discov]]1 & ! date ( its discov]y4 ,,elem5ts ,,discov]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,,elem5ts4 ,,discov]]4 ,,ye>4 ,columbium ,hat*ett #ahja ,tantalum ,ekeb]g #ahjb ,iridium ,t5ant #ahjc ,osmium ,t5ant #ahjc ,c]ium ,b]zelius #ahjc ,palladium ,wolla/on #ahjd ,rhodium ,wolla/on #ahjd ,potassium ,davy #ahjg ,sodium ,davy #ahjg ,b>ium ,davy #ahjh ,/rontium ,davy #ahjh ,calcium ,davy #ahjh ,boron ,davy #ahjh ,iod9e ,c\rtois #ahaa ,cyanog5 ,gay ,lussac #ahad 7,comp4 rad47 ,sel5ium ,b]zelius #ahag ,cadmium ,/romey] #ahag ,li?ium ,arfv$son #ahag ,silicon ,b]zelius #ahbc ,zirconium ,b]zelius #ahbd ,brom9e ,bal>d #ahbf ,?orium ,b]zelius #ahbh ,yttrium ,wohl] #ahbh ,gluc9um ,wohl] #ahbh ,alum9um ,wohl] #ahbh ,magnesium ,bussey #ahbi ,vanadium ,sef/roem #ahcj ,lan?anum ,mos&] #ahci ,didymium ,mos&] #ahci ,erbium ,mos&] #ahdc ,t]bium ,mos&] #ahdc ,ru!nium ,claus #ahde ,rubidium ,buns5 #ahfj ,caesium ,buns5 #ahfj ,?allium ,crookes #ahfb ,indium ,rei* #ahfc ,ri*t] ,gallium ,boisbaudran #ahge ,ytt]bium ,m>ignac #ahgh ,sam>ium ,boisbaudran #ahgi ,sc&ium ,nilson #ahgi ,?ulium ,cleve #ahgi ,neodymium ,welsba* #ahhe ,praseodymium ,welsba* #ahhe ,gadol9ium ,m>ignac #ahhf ,g]manium ,w9kl] #ahhf ,argon ,raleigh #ahid ,ramsey ,krypton ,ramsey #ahig ,trav]s ,neon ,ramsey #ahih ,trav]s ,met>gon ,ramsey #ahih ,trav]s ,coronium ,nas9i #ahih ,x5on ,ramsey #ahih ,monium ,crookes #ahih ,e!rion 787 ,bru% #ahih ,:e!r or n ^! s-call$ elem5ts are really true elem5t>y =ms ( matt]1 :i* are absolutely indivisible1 is a problem = ! *emi/s ( ! com+ c5turies to solve4 ,! classification has ! approval ( ! pres5t age4 ,:at new elem5ts may be f\nd no "o may pr$ict4 ,m5delejeff's p]iodic law1 h[ev]1 sugge/s great possibilities 9 ?is field4 ,allotropism1 9 :i* ! same elem5t w pres5t entirely diff]5t physical aspects1 is also a significant & sugge/ive ph5om5on1 = 9 x we see c>bon appe>+ at "o "t z a crude1 black & unga9ly mass ( coal1 & at ano!r x appe>s z ! limpid & fla%+ diamond4 ,9 m ?an "o m9d !re is a lurk+ suspicion t !re may1 aft] all1 be only "o =m ( primordial matt]1 f :i* all o!rs are d]iv$ by "s wondr\s play ( ! atoms1 & if s ! old idea ( ! al*emi/ z to ! transmutation ( metals may n be entirely wrong4 ,! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury may give u m light4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,food ,,& ,,dr9k4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,food--,,! ,,roll] ,,mill--,,! ,,middl+s ,,purifi]-- ,,cul9>y ,,ut5sils--,,bread ,,ma*9]y--,,dairy ,,appliances--,,c5trifugal ,,milk ,,skimm]--,,! ,,cann+ ,,indu/ry--,,/]ilization--,,but*]+ ,,& ,,dress+ ,,meats--,,oleom>g>9e--,,manufacture ,,( ,,sug>--,,! ,,vacuum ,,pan--,,c5trifugal ,,filt]--,,mod]n ,,dietetics ,,& ,,pat5t$ ,,foods4 ,if call$ ^u to "n ! mo/ important ( all factors ( human exi/5ce1 t :i* und]lies & su/a9s all o!rs1 ev5 to life itself1 ev]yone mu/ agree t x is food4 ,a rem>kable fact 9 ?is connection is t all animal life lives & ?rives by eat+ "s o!r ?+ t is or has be5 alive1 or is ! product ( organic gr[?4 ,! veget>ian may pride himself ^u 8 high] ideals ( liv+1 b aft] all 8 fruit1 vegetables1 & c]eals belong to ! great category ( liv+ organisms1 & are to a c]ta9 ext5t s5ti5t & consci\s1 = ev5 ! plant w turn to ! sun4 ,! bea/s ( ! field & f[ls ( ! air live by prey+ ^u o!r weak] animals & birds1 ^! ^u plants & grasses1 & ! plants & grasses ^u ! decay+ mosses & organic m\ld ( ! soil1 & ! mosses ^u /ill l[] organisms4 ,! big fi% ( ! sea eat ! little fi%1 ! little fi% ! small fry1 & ^! 9 turn live ^u worms & animalcula1 & s on all ! way d[n to protoplasm4 ,omniv]\s man1 9 spite ( 8 boa/$ civilization & enlightm5t1 n only eats !m all1 fle%1 f[l1 fi%1 gra9 & plants1 b lives exclusively ^u !m4 ,b he c only live on t :i* has be5 produc$ by ! my/]i\s ag5cy ( life1 & ?is furni%es a significant sugge/ion = ! philosoph]1 = x may be t life itself is only an accumulat$ active p[] or unit>y =ce reg5]at$ 9 "s metamorphic way f vital =ce /or$ up 9 ! bact]ia ( organic food1 & necess>ily connect$ !re) 9 an endless *a9 ( reproductions1 & if ?is be true1 ! hope ( ! sci5ti/ z to ! syn!sis ( food f its elem5ts mu/ ev] rema9 a philosophic dream1 because ! sci5ti/ _c create a bact]ium4 ,x has be5 said t :5 a man eats meat he ?9ks meat1 & :5 he eats bread he ?9ks bread1 & :5 he eats fruit he ?9ks fruit4 ,x is n cle> t ! quality or "* ( man's food is s closely correlat$ to 8 ?\ght1 b t x has its influ5ce _c be d\bt$4 ,x w\ld be saf] to say1 h[ev]1 t :5 a man eats meat he acts meat1 & :5 he eats bread he acts bread1 = ! muscul> en]gy & aggressive pot5tiality appe> to be mu* m closely relat$ to ! quality ( 8 food ?an are 8 ?\ghts4 ,may x n be t ! p[]ful a*ievem5t ( ! ,briti% ,empire 0 directly relat$ to its roa/ beef8 ,is n ! li/less apa?y ( ! ,*9ese due to a diet ( rice8 ,is n ! dom9ant & ma/]ful p[] ( ! lion or ! eagle relat$ to a c>niv]\s diet1 & ! mild & placid temp] ( ! ox ! reflex expression ( 8 vegetable food8 ,x is q true t our pot5tialities are l>gely repres5t$ by :at we eat1 & our food !re=e becomes a mo/ int]e/+ topic1 n only by virtue ( its indisp5sable quality1 b by reason also ( ! possibilities ( developm5t 9 ! bett]m5t & elevation ( ! human race4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ev5 d[n to ! pres5t day man's food has be5 ! same--fle%1 fi%1 c]eals1 fruits & vegetables4 ,! developm5t ( ! pres5t c5tury has n ext5d$ ?is category1 b x has be5 direct$ to an increase 9 ! supply1 an improvem5t 9 quality1 ! pres]vation aga9/ decay & wa/e1 & its intellig5t selection & adaptation to ! special ne$s ( ! body4 ,progress manife/s itself 9 ! great field ( agriculture1 9 improv$ processes & ma*9es = mill+2 9 but*]+1 pack+ & h&l+ meats2 9 pres]v+ & dry+ fruits2 9 ! prep>ation ( cann$ goods1 9 dairy appliances1 9 cake & crack] ma*9es2 9 ! manufacture ( sug>2 9 ! great advance 9 cook]y2 9 ! sci5ce ( dietetics1 & 9 ?\s&s ( m9or indu/ries4 ,9 agriculture ! rais+ ( gra9 has ext5d$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury to enorm\s proportions4 ,m ?an t5 ?\s& pat5ts = pl[s1 z _m = reap]s1 & a proportionate numb] ( plant]s1 cultivators1 ?re%]s1 & o!r implem5ts & tools repres5t ! ext5t to :i* inv5tive g5ius has be5 direct$ to ! increase ( ! yield 9 ! h>ve/ field4 ,?is yield 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye> #ahih 03 ,corn #a1ibd1ahd1ffj bu%els ,:eat #fge1adh1gje bu%els ,oats #gcj1ijf1fdc bu%els ,rye #be1feg1ebb bu%els ,b>ley #ee1gib1beg bu%els ,buck:eat #aa1gba1ibg bu%els ,potatoes #aib1cjf1cch bu%els ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--,,roll] ,,process ,,( ,,mak+ ,,fl\r1 ,,wegmann',s ,,pat5t4 ,= conv]t+ ! gra9 into fl\r1 ! inv5tors ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury h made revolution>y *anges4 ,mill+ processes )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s h be5 completely trans=m$ by ! introduction ( ! roll] mill & middl+s purifi]4 ,=m]ly two horizontal disk-%ap$ /ones or burrs 7 employ$1 ! l[] "o /ation>y & ! upp] "o revolv+ 9 a horizontal plane & crudely cru%+ ! gra9 betwe5 !m4 ,9 all mod]n mills ^! h be5 entirely displac$ by porcela9 rolls revolv+ on horizontal axes & cru%+ ! gra9 betwe5 !m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! roll] mills is %[n 9 pat4 ,no4 #ahb1bej1 to ,wegmann1 ,sept4 #ab1 #ahgf4 7,see ,fig4 #afd74 ,! out] rolls d e are press$ aga9/ ! inn] ones a c by a sy/em ( weight$ lev]s1 & scrap]s bel[ remove ! cru%$ gra9 f ! p]iph]y ( ! rolls4 ,_m subsequ5t improvem5ts h be5 made1 "o type ( :i* employs a succession ( rolls :i* act 9 pairs on ! gra9 "o aft] ! o!r & r$uce x by successive gradations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--,,middl+s ,,purifi]4 ,! middl+s purifi]1 see ,fig4 #afe1 compreh5ds a flat bolt or %ak] scre5 b1 ( bolt+ clo?1 arrang$ z a horizontal p>tition 9 an enclos+ case ?r\gh :i* passes an upw>d draft ( air produc$ by suction fan ,d at ! top4 ,?is air pass+ up ?r\gh ! bolt+ scre5 lifts ! bran specks & fuzz f ! %ak5 mat]ial z x passes d[nw>d ?r\gh ! scre51 bru%es ,k be+ arrang$ bel[ to keep ! scre5 con/antly clean4 ,a repres5tative & pione] type ( ?is ma*9e is se5 9 ,pat4 ,no4 #afd1jej to ,george ,t4 ,smi?1 ,june #a1 #ahge1 f :i* ! view is tak54 ,! useful effect ( ! roll] mill & middl+s purifi] is to save ! mo/ nutriti\s & valuable "p ( ! gra91 :i* lies betwe5 ! out] cuticle & ! :ite />* )91 & :i* breaks up 9 f9e gra9s & is ( a gold5 hue4 ,?is portion ( ! gra9 0 =m]ly unsep>at$1 & 0 mix$ ) ! middl+s & bran z an inf]ior product4 ,mod]n analysis has disclos$ its sup]ior food value1 & ! roll] mill & middl+s purifi] h provid$ means by :i* x c be sep>at$ f ! bran & incorporat$ ) ! fl\r1 !reby greatly add+ to its :olesome "* & nutritive value1 & imp>t+ to ! fl\r ! ri* creamy t9t :i* *>act]izes all high] grades4 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n41 is ! great c5t] ( ! mill+ int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,pillsbury ,mills are locat$ !re1 & ! 8,pillsbury ,a40 :i* is said to be ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 has a capacity ( #g1jjj b>rels p] day4 ,9 #ahgg-gh disa/r\s fl\r du/ explosions at ,m9neapolis br\ght ab\t ! developm5t ( ! du/ collector1 = )draw+ f ! air ( ! mills ! susp5d$ p>ticles ( fl\r du/1 :i* n only invit$ explosion1 b r5d]$ ! air unfit to brea!4 ,wa%burn's ,pat4 ,no4 #bac1aea1 ,m>* #aa1 #ahgi1 is an e>ly example4 ,! use ( cru%+ rolls has also develop$ a great v>iety ( new foods1 su* z crack$ :eat1 oatmeal grits1 etc4 ,^! cru%+ rolls h sometimes be5 made holl[1 & are /eam heat$1 & z !y cru% ! gra9 !y simultane\sly effect ! cook+ or p>tial conv]sion ( ! />*1 & ! product is kn[n z hom9y flake1 c]al9e1 corall9e1 etc41 :i* furni% popul> breakfa/ foods :5 s]v$ ) cream4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--;,,d\gh ,,mix]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--;,,brake1 ,,or ,,knead+ ,,ma*9e4 ,9 ! field ( cook]y su* activity has be5 display$ t ! av]age kit*5 to-day is a v]itable museum ( mod]n inv5tions4 ,egg beat]s1 waffle irons1 toa/]s1 broil]s1 bak+ pans1 apple p>]s1 *]ry /on]s1 *eese cutt]s1 butt] work]s1 c(fee mills1 corn popp]s1 cream freez]s1 di% wa%]s1 egg boil]s1 fl\r sift]s1 flat irons1 knife %>p5]s1 c op5]s1 lemon squeez]s1 potato ma%]s1 meat boil]s1 nutmeg grat]s1 sausage gr9d]s1 & fry+ pans 9 endless array2 all pat5t$ & clu/]$ ar\nd ! mod]n cook+ range z a c5tral figure1 & all pres5t+ po9ts ( excell5ce 9 ! matt] ( economy & conv5i5ce1 or ! bett]m5t ( result4 ,! mo/ ext5sive application ( inv5tive g5ius is to be f\nd 9 ! l>ge manufactur+ bak]ies1 :i* make & sell ! millions ( p\nds ( crack]s & cakes t fill ! b9s & %elves ( ! groc]y /ore4 ,9 ^! manufactories ! d\gh is prep>$ by a mix]1 see ,fig4 #aff1 :i* consi/s ( a spiral work+ blade revolv+ 9 a tr\gh1 & capable ( h&l+ half a doz5 b>rels ( fl\r at a "t4 ,x is !n put ?r\gh a knead+ ma*9e1 call$ a 8brake10 %[n 9 ,fig4 #afg1 & is !n ready to be conv]t$ into crack]s or cakes on a great ma*9e #be feet long1 :i* f9i%es ! crack]s & puts !m 9 ! pan ready = ! ov54 ,?is ma*9e1 see ,fig4 #afh1 receives ! d\gh at ,a1 :]e x is coat$ ) fl\r & flatt5$ into a %eet betwe5 rolls4 ,x is !n receiv$ on a travel+ apron ,b1 has ! fl\r bru%$ (f by a rot>y bru% ,c1 & is !n cut into crack]s or cakes by v]tically reciprocat+ dies ,d4 ,at ,e a s]ies ( f+]s press ! cakes d[n ?r\gh ! %eet ( d\gh1 :ile ! surr\nd+ scraps are rais$ on a belt ,f & deliv]$ into a suitable receptacle4 ,! sep>at$ cakes at ,b are !n deliv]$ into pans at ,g1 ! pans be+ f$ on ! subjac5t belt at ,g4 ,su* ma*9es1 co/+ ne>ly a ?\s& doll>s1 produce f =ty to sixty b>rels ( crack]s a day1 enabl+ !m to be sold at ab\t #e c5ts a p\nd at retail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--;,,crack] ,,& ,,cake ,,ma*9e4 ,dairy ,appliances h come 9 = a l>ge %>e ( att5tion at ! h&s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury inv5tor4 ,!re are ab\t sixte5 million mil* c[s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _! contribution to ! food /uffs ( ! day 9 milk1 butt]1 & *eese is no insignificant factor4 ,!re h be5 ov] #b1gjj pat5ts grant$ = *urns alone1 & besides ^! !re are milk cool]s1 *eese presses1 milk skimm]s1 & ev5 c[ milk]s4 ,! c5trifugal milk skimm] is an int]e/+ type ( ?is class ( ma*9e4 ,9 ! old way ! milk 0 set = ! cream to rise1 :i* x did sl[ly f its light] specific gravity4 ,9 ! c5trifugal skimm] ! milk is cont9u\sly p\r$ 9 ?r\gh a funnel1 & ! cream runs out cont9u\sly ?r\gh "o sp\t1 & ! skimm$ milk at ! o!r4 ,an illu/rative type ( ?is ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afi4 ,a /eam turb9e :eel ne> ! base turns a v]tical %aft be>+ at its upp] end a pan :i* rotates )9 ! out] case4 ,! milk ent]s ?r\gh ! faucet at ! top1 & z ! pan )9 rotates1 ! heavi] milk1 by its great] specific gravity1 is ?r[n to ! out] "p ( ! pan & passes out ?r\gh ! l>g] ( ! two sp\ts1 :ile ! light] cream is cr[d$ to ! c5t] & passes out ( ! upp] sp\t1 :i* op5s into ! c5t] ( ! pan4 ,pat5ts to ,lefeldt ,l5ts*1 ,no4 #aie1eae1 ,sept4 #be1 #ahgg1 & ,h\/on & ,?omson1 ,no4 #bci1fei1 ,april #e1 #ahha1 repres5t pione] milk skimm]s ( ?is type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--;,,c5trifugal ,,milk ,,skimm]4 ,closely alli$ to ! dairy appliances are ! incubator & ! bee hive1 bo? ( :i* h claim$ a l>ge %>e ( att5tion1 & = :i* _m pat5ts h be5 grant$4 ,"o important & *>act]i/ic feature ( ! pres5t age is ! cons]vation ( wa/e 9 p]i%able food/uffs4 ,fruits1 vegetables1 fi% & oy/]s 7 suitable food to our =efa!rs only :5 fre%ly tak51 & any sup]abundance 9 supply 0 ei!r wa/$ by natural processes ( decay1 or 0 f$ to ! hogs4 ,to-day ?\s&s ( pat5t$ fruit dry]s1 cid] mills1 & pres]v+ processes save ?is wa/e & c>ry ov] = valuable use ?r\gh ! unproductive w9t] mon?s ^! :olesome & valuable articles ( diet4 ,ev5 m important is ! cann+ indu/ry1 by :i* n only fruits are ma9ta9$ 9 a practically fre% condition = an indef9ite "t1 b oy/]s1 meats1 fi%1 s\ps1 & vegetables are also put up 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,to-day ! groc]'s %elves pres5t an endless array ( cann$ tomatoes1 pea*es1 corn1 peas1 beans1 fi%1 oy/]s1 cond5s$ milk1 & pott$ meats1 :i* con/itute probably ?ree-f\r?s ( 8 /aple goods4 ,! t9 c is 9 itself a v insignificant ?+1 n entitl$ to rank ) any ( ! great inv5tions1 b 9 ! e-day campaign ( life x is play+ its "p1 & work+ its influ5ce to an ext5t t is little dream$ ( by ! casual obs]v]4 ,x r5d]s possible our milit>y & explor+ exp$itions2 x holds fam9e & />vation 9 abeyance2 x gives :olesome v>iety to ! diet ( bo? ri* & poor2 & x transf]s ! glut ( ! full season to ! want ( future days4 ,p]haps no s+le factor ( mod]n life has s great an economic value4 ,simple z is ! t9 c1 q complex ma*9es are requir$ to make x4 ,orig9ally su* ma*9es 7 op]at$ by h& or foot p[]1 b )9 ! la/ #be ye>s p[] ma*9es h be5 devis$ :i* automatically conv]t a simple blank or plate ( %eet metal into a f9i%$ c4 ,( ! _m pat5ts grant$ = su* ma*9es ! mo/ repres5tative ones are #bdc1bhg1 #bej1jif1 #bfg1jad1 #chd1hbe1 #dej1fbd1 #dfe1jah1 #dhj1bef1 #die1dbf1 #dhi1dhd4 ,9 ! process ( putt+ up cann$ goods ! products are fill$ into ! cans1 & ! caps1 or heads1 are sold]$ on4 ,^! caps h a m9ute hole 9 ! c5t] = ! escape ( air & /eam 9 ! process ( cook+ & /]iliz+1 :i* is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,a l>ge numb] ( cans are plac$ on a tray swung f a crane & ! cans l[]$ into "o ( a s]ies ( great cook+ boil]s4 ,! cov] ( ! boil] is !n clos$ & fa/5$ by lugs1 & /eam turn$ on until ! goods 9 ! c are ?or\ghly heat$ ?r\gh4 ,dur+ ?is process ! air & /eam escape ?r\gh ! little v5t hole f ! int]ior ( ea* c4 ,! cans are !n remov$1 ! v5t hole clos$ by a drop ( sold]1 & ! goods ?us h]metically seal$ 9 a cook$ or /]iliz$ condition w keep = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,/]iliz+4--,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 :i* has witness$ ! gr[? ( ! wond]ful sci5ce ( bact]iology1 a class ( devices kn[n z /]iliz]s has come into exi/5ce1 ^: prim>y function is to kill ! g]ms ( decay by heat4 ,?is has _h 9 ! cann+ indu/ry an important comm]cial application4 ,an example is f\nd 9 ! pat5t to ,%riv]1 ,no4 #adi1bef1 ,m>* #ca1 #ahgd4 ,9 "s ( ^! devices ! receptacles conta9+ ! food /uffs are 9 l>ge numb]s plac$ )9 ! heat+ *amb]1 & by devices op]at$ f ! outside ! cans or bottles are op5$ & %ut :ile )9 ! /eam fill$ *amb]4 ,a late illu/ration is f\nd 9 pat5t to ,popp et al41 #ebd1fdi1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahid4 ,but*]+ & ,dress+ ,meats4--,*icago is ! lead+ city ( ! _w 9 ?is indu/ry1 & ,arm\r ,co4 ! l>ge/ pack]s4 ,9 ! ye> end+ ,april #a1 #ahia1 !y kill$ & dress$ #a1gad1jjj hogs1 #gab1jjj cattle1 & #dac1jjj %eep4 ,!y _h #g1ijj employees1 & #b1bej refrig]at+ c>s 7 employ$ = ! transportation ( _! products4 ,! gr\nd area cov]$ by _! build+s 0 fifty acres1 giv+ a floor area ( #adj acres1 a *ill room & cold /orage area ( =ty acres1 & a /orage capacity ( #acj1jjj tons4 ,9 addition to its meat pack+ bus9ess ! firm has sep>ate glue works1 ) build+s cov]+ fifte5 acres1 :]e #fjj h&s are employ$1 _! production 9 #ahij be+ #g1jjj1jjj p\nds ( glue1 & #i1ejj tons ( f]tiliz]4 ,s9ce #ahia ?is great bus9ess has increas$ until to-day x is said t ! army ( workm5 employ$ is great] ?an t ( ,x5ophon1 t ! firm pays out 9 wages alone1 half a million doll>s e mon?1 t f\r ?\s& c>s are requir$ to c>ry ! products ( _! factory1 & ^: bus9ess am\nts to ! enorm\s sum ( "o hundr$ million doll>s annually4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4--,,kill+ ,,& ,,dress+ ,,pork4 ,!re are f =ty to fifty million cattle rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & an equal am\nt ( %eep4 ,! numb] ( hogs rais$ has dim9i%$ some:at 9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 b f #ahhi to #ahib m ?an fifty million 7 ma9ta9$4 ,! process ( slaught]+ & dress+ pork1 z practic$ to-day1 is a cont9u\s "o1 & is well illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #agj1 9 #ac op]ations4 ,! animals are driv5 into a cat*+ p5 at #a1 :]e !y are /rung up by "o leg1 & secur$ to a travel+ pulley on an ov]head rail4 ,at #b ! animal is in/antly kill$ by a knife ?ru/ t rea*es ! he>t2 at #c he is dump$ into a vat ( scald+ wat]1 kept hot by /eam pipes1 :]e ! hair is loos5$ 7see detail view ,fig4 #aga74 ,a s]ies ( oscillat+ curv$ arms1 %ap$ l a horse hay-rake1 dips ! c>cass out ( ! scald+ vat & deposits x ^u ! table #d 7,fig4 #agj71 :]e x is atta*$ to an endless cable t drags x ?r\gh a scrap+ ma*9e at #e4 ,?is takes (f ! hair1 z %[n 9 detail view ,fig4 #agb4 ,at #f 7,fig4 #agj7 ! remnants ( hair are remov$ by h&1 & at #g ! sk9 is wa%$ clean4 ,at #h ! c>cass is inspect$1 & ! ?roat cut across2 at #i ! entrails are remov$2 at #aj ! leaf l>d is tak5 out2 at #aa ! heads are sev]$ & tongues remov$2 at #ab ! c>cass is split into halves1 & at #ac ! sections are ready to be run into ! cool+ room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4--,,scald+ ,,to ,,loos5 ,,! ,,hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4--,,scrap+ ,,(f ,,! ,,hair ,,by ,,ma*9]y4 ,f #aj to #ae m9utes only are requir$ to conv]t ! liv+ animal into dress$ pork4 ,e "p ( ! animal is utiliz$4 ,! lungs1 he>t1 liv] & trimm+s g to ! sausage dep>tm5t4 ,! feet are pickl$ or conv]t$ into glue4 ,! inte/9es are /ripp$ & clean$ = sausage cas+s4 ,! s(t p>ts ( ! head are made into s-call$ *eese1 & ! fat is r5d]$ into l>d4 ,! f9] quality ( bri/les goes to ! bru%mak]s1 & ! balance is us$ by uphol/]]s = mix+ ) horse hair4 ,! blood is l>gely us$ = mak+ album5 = photographic uses1 z well z 9 sug> ref9+1 = meat extracts1 & = f]tiliz]s4 ,! bones are gr\nd = f]tiliz]1 & ev5 ! tank wat]s are conc5trat$ & us$ = ! same purpose4 ,oleom>g>9e4--,ab\t #ahfh ,m4 ,mege1 a ,fr5* *emi/1 commission$ by 8 gov]nm5t to inve/igate c]ta9 que/ions ( dome/ic economy1 0 l$ into ! /udy ( beef fat1 & to make comp>isons ( ! same ) butt]4 ,he f\nd t :5 c[s 7 depriv$ ( food conta9+ fat !y /ill cont9u$ to give milk yield+ cream or fatty products4 ,he !re=e conclud$ t ! /or$-up fat 9 ! animal 0 !n conv]t$ into cream1 & t x 0 practicable1 !re=e1 to conv]t beef fat into butt] fat4 ,physiology taught t 9 ! liv+ animal ! *ange 0 wr\ght ?r\gh ! )drawal ( ! l>g] "p ( ! /e>9e by respiratory combu/ion1 :ile ! oleom>g>9e 0 secret$ by ! milk gl&s1 & its conv]sion into butyric oleom>g>9e effect$ 9 ! udd] "u ! influ5ce ( ! mamm>y peps94 ,9 ! process ( mak+ butt] by ! ord9>y me?od ( *urn+ ! cream1 ! f9ely divid$ butt] fat globules are unit$ into masses1 conta9+ by me*anical admixture f #ab to #ad p] c5t4 ( wat] or butt]milk c>ry+ a fractional p] c5t4 ( *eese4 ,?is butt]milk contributes some:at to ! flavor1 b at ! same "t furni%es a f]m5t :i* ultimately spoils ! butt] by mak+ x rancid4 ,x is a purely accid5tal +r$i5t1 & "o n at all desirable4 ,to "s ext5t ! same may be said ( ! soluble fats :i* give to ! butt] its v>iable ?\gh *>act]i/ic flavor4 ,!y are un/able comp\nds1 decompos+ readily1 & furni% ! acrid products :i* make 8/rong0 butt]4 ,m4 ,mege s\ght to imitate ! natural process ( butt]-mak+1 :i* 0 fir/ to sep>ate f ! oily fat ( suet ! cellul> tissue & excess ( /e>9e or h>d fat2 second1 to add to ! oil a suffici5t proportion ( butyric comp\nds to give ! necess>y flavor1 & ?ird1 to consolidate ! butt] fat )\t gra91 & to add at ! same "t ! requisite proportion ( wat]1 salt1 & color+ matt]1 to make a comp\nd sub/antially ! same 9 composition1 flavor1 & appe>ance1 z butt] *urn$ f ! cream1 & all ?is )\t add+ to ! orig9al fat any?+ dietetically objectionable1 & )\t submitt+ x to any process capable ( impair+ its :olesome quality4 ,^! objects 7 fairly obta9$ 9 ! product kn[n z oleom>g>9e1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t = :i* 0 grant$ to ,mege ,dec4 #cj1 #ahgc1 ,no4 #adf1jab4 ,! process 9 brief is to take fre% beef fat1 :i* is fir/ *opp$ up & ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 melt+ tanks at a temp]ature ( #abb to #abd ,f1 & ! cle> yell[ oil is drawn (f & all[$ to /& until x granulates4 ,! fat is !n pack$ 9 clo?s set 9 m\lds & a sl[ly increas+ pressure squeezes out ! pure amb] color$ oil1 leav+ ! /e>9e beh9d4 ,?is sweet & pure yell[ oil is !n *urn$ ) milk = #bj m9utes until ! oil is completely brok5 up1 & a small quantity ( annato1 a vegetable color+ matt]1 is add$ to give a yell[ color4 ,! product is !n cool$ 9 ice1 & aft] a second *urn+ ) milk x is salt$ & f9i%$ l butt]4 ,*emical analysis %[s oleom>g>9e to h sub/antially ! same con/itu5ts & 9 almo/ ! id5tical proportions ( pure butt]4 ,x is equally :olesome1 & :ile x does n h ! same ri* flavor1 x has ! advantage t x keeps bett]1 & is n s liable to become rancid or /rong4 ,! oleom>g>9e indu/ry is closely relat$ to ! beef pack+ indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & its gr[? has be5 enorm\s4 ,not)/&+ ! /r+5t laws on ! subject1 mu* ( ! oleom>g>9e made is sold =1 & by ! av]age pur*as] is n di/+ui%able f1 pure butt]4 ,9 #ahii !re 7 #hj1die1fbh p\nds ( oleom>g>9e made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or m ?an a p\nd = e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! int]nal rev5ue tax paid on x 0 #a1fji1iab4ef4 ,! exports = ! ye> #ahii 7 #e1edi1cbb p\nds ( ! artificial butt]1 & #adb1cij1dib p\nds ( ! oleo oil prep>$ = conv]sion into ! complete product by simply *urn+ ) milk4 ,sug>4--,sug>-cane1 beets1 & ! sap ( ! maple con/itute ! s\rces f :i* sug> is extract$1 b ! cane furni%es by f> ! l>ge/ supply4 ,:5 cru%$ betwe5 rolls x yields #fe p] c5t4 ( its weight z juice1 & #ah p] c5t4 ( ?is juice is sug>4 ,x is conc5trat$ by evaporation at a l[ temp]ature1 ! cry/alliz$ portion be+ kn[n z 8raw0 or br[n sug>1 :i* is subsequ5tly ref9$1 :ile ! uncry/alliz$ portion =ms molasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4--,,vacuum ,,pan ,,= ,,evaporat+ ,,! ,,syrup ,,to ,,produce ,,sug>4 ,9 ! process ( ref9+1 #b or #c p>ts ( raw sug>1 ) "o ( wat] conta9+ a little lime1 gr\nd bone black1 & ! s]um ( bullocks' blood1 is heat$ by ! passage ( /eam ?r\gh x4 ,! album5 ( ! s]um coagulates & rises to ! surface 9 a scum :i* entangles ! impurities & bone black1 leav+ ! syrup light 9 color4 ,! latt] is !n filt]$ ?r\gh bone black until x is colorless & is !n evaporat$ 9 ! vacuum pan1 :i* is ! important inv5tion ( ! c5tury 9 sug> mak+4 ,heat has ! effect ( conv]t+ ! cry/alliz$ sug> into ! uncry/alliz$ v>iety1 & h5ce ! evaporation mu/1 to prev5t ?is1 be conduct$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,contact ) ! air is also objectionable4 ,^! conditions are provid$ = by conduct+ ! evaporation 9 a vacuum1 :i* l[]s ! evaporat+ temp]ature & avoids contact ) ! air4 ,! vacuum pan 0 ! inv5tion ( ,h[>d1 an ,engli%man4 7,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #c1ged1 ( #ahac74 ,z con/ruct$ to-day x is an enorm\s vessel 7see ,fig4 #agc71 capable ( hold+ #g1jjj or m gallons1 & yield+ #bej b>rels ( sug> at a /rike4 ,9 ?is a vacuum is ma9ta9$ by a cond5s]1 ! vapors pass+ f ! pan to ! cond5s] ?r\gh ! great curv$ pipe ris+ f ! top1 :i* pipe is five feet 9 diamet]4 ,a g5tle heat is appli$ ?r\gh int]nal /eam-heat$ coils :i* connect ) an ext]nal s]ies ( /eam inlet pipes on "o side1 & a correspond+ s]ies ( /eam outlet pipes on ! o!r4 ,a l>ge dis*>ge valve = ! conc5trat$ syrup closes ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,aft] conc5tration ! cry/alliz$ sug> is sep>at$ f ! syrup by a c5trifugal filt]1 9 :i* ! liquid is ?r[n f ! cry/alliz$ sug> by c5trifugal action4 ,! fir/ c5trifugal filt] is %[n 9 ,briti% pat5t to ,jo%ua ,bates1 ,no4 #f1jfh1 ( #ahca4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 revolv$ ab\t a horizontal axis4 ,! pres5t =m ( c5trifugal filt] is a cyl9d] revolv+ ab\t a v]tical axis1 ! sides ( ! cyl9d] be+ =m$ ( filt]+ m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* ! liquid is ?r[n by c5trifugal action1 :ile ! sug> is reta9$ )94 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,joseph ,hurd1 ( ,mass41 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #c1ggb1 ,oct4 #c1 #ahdd2 re-issue ,no4 #fjg1 ,sept4 #bi1 #aheh1 :i* pat5t 0 ext5d$ = sev5 ye>s1 f ,oct4 #c1 #aheh4 ,! diffusion process1 :i* extracts ! juice by cutt+ ! cane 9 slices & soak+ 9 wat]2 ! bagasse furnace1 :i* dries & burns ! express$ cane /alks z fuel1 & ! manufacture ( glucose & grape sug> by ! reaction ( sulphuric acid on />*1 are int]e/+ alli$ features ( ?is indu/ry :i* c only be briefly m5tion$4 ,mo/ ( ! sug> consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is import$1 mu* raw sug> be+ import$ & ref9$ "h4 ,! imports = ! ye> #ahii 7 #c1ihj1bej1efi p\nds1 & ! p] capita consumption 9 #ahih 0 #fa4a p\nds a ye>4 ,aids to ,dige/ion4--,x is only dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury t ! _w has le>n$ h[ to live4 8,:at is "o man's food is ano!r man's poison0 has be5 a trite old say+ = _m ye>s1 b ! reason :y has only 9 late ye>s be5 fully und]/ood4 ,! physiology ( dige/ion1 ! relative dige/ibility ( diff]5t articles ( food1 & _! nutritive values1 h receiv$ ( late ye>s ! e>ne/ att5tion ( physicians & /ud5ts ( dietetics & h contribut$ mu* to ! quality & k9d ( food1 & a k ( :5 & h[ to eat x4 ,we "k t ! />*y foods are dige/$ by ! saliva1 :i* is an alkal9e dige/ion2 t meat1 fi%1 eggs1 *eese & ! album5oids are dige/$ 9 ! /oma* by ! ga/ric juices 7peps9 & hydro*loric acid7 :i* is an acid dige/ion1 & t ! rema9+ portions ( />*1 ! sug>s1 & fats are dige/$ 9 ! inte/9es1 & t ?is is also an alkal9e dige/ion1 & ?is has help$ to solve ! problem = u4 ,we also "k t />* is an excell5t food1 provid$ ! vital p[]s are suffici5tly /imulat$ by fre% air1 sunlight1 & ex]cise to dige/ x1 z d ! horse & ! ox :5 !y eat corn1 b we "k fur!rmore t ! s$5t>y occupations ( mod]n life leave _m /oma*s 9 a condition unable to assimilate />*1 & s bread1 oatmeal1 potatoes & su* simple /aples1 in/ead ( n\ri%+ ! body1 f]m5t 9 ! enfeebl$ /oma*1 produce acids & gas1 & lay ! f\ndation = s]i\s *ronic diseases4 ,! /ud5t ( *emi/ry & dietetics kn[s to-day t "o "p ( dia/ase w effect ! conv]sion ( #b1jjj p>ts ( />* into grape sug>1 z a prelim9>y /ep to its dige/ion1 & s by treat+ />*y matt] ) sub/ances conta9+ dia/ase 7d]iv$ f malt7 a p>tial trans=mation is effect$ :i* w mat]ially %ort5 & assi/ its dige/ion4 ,?is fact has be5 l>gely made use ( 9 ! prep>ation ( easily soluble or pre-dige/$ foods1 examples ( :i* are f\nd 9 pat5t to ,horlick 7malt$ milk71 ,no4 #bgh1ifg1 ,june #e1 #ahhc2 to ,c>nrick 7milk-:eat food71 ,dec4 #bg1 #ahhg1 ,no4 #cge1fja2 & ,boynton & ,van ,patt5 7c]eals & dia/ase71 #cdd1gag1 ,june #bi1 #ahhf4 ,bev]ages4--,pure wat]1 nature's own gift1 has ev] suppli$ e legitimate ne$ ( ! human race1 b civiliz$ life has greatly ext5d$ its li/ ( dr9ks1 mu* to its own detrim5t4 ,soda wat]1 :iskey1 be]1 g+] ale1 tea1 c(fee1 & *ocolate repres5t enorm\s indu/ries1 & probably all d m h>m ?an !y d good4 ,mu* inv5tive g5ius 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury has be5 be/[$ ^u ! soda wat] f\nta91 on /ills1 & processes = ag+ liquors & processes = brew+ be]1 on cid] & w9e presses1 on bottl+ ma*9es & bottle /opp]s1 on devices = c>bonat+ wat]s1 & 9 c(fee & teapots4 ,! tr5d ( ! times is %[n 9 ! foll[+ figures1 :i* repres5t ! p] capita consumption ( bev]ages 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahih3 tea1 4#ia ( a p\nd2 c(fee1 #aa4de p\nds2 w9es1 4#bh ( a gallon2 di/ill$ spirits1 #a4aj gallons2 & malt liquors #ae4fd gallons4 ,! l>ge/ p] capita increase s9ce #ahgj has be5 9 malt liquors1 & ! next 9 c(fee4 ,9 tea & di/ill$ spirits !re has be5 a decrease1 :ile ! consumption ( w9es is ! smalle/ ( all & has v>i$ b little4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,surg]y1 ,,sanitation4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,by ,,h>vey--,,vacc9ation ,,by ,,j5n]--,,use ,,( ,,an,,/hetics ,,! ,,great ,,/ep ,,( ,,m$ical ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury--,,mat]ia ,,m$ica--,,in/rum5ts--,,s*ools ,,( ,,m$ic9e--,,d5ti/ry --,,artificial ,,limbs--,,dige/ion--,,bact]iology1 ,,& ,,disease ,,g]ms-- ,,antiseptic ,,surg]y--,,h\se ,,sanitation4 ,9 ! e>ly grop+s ?r\gh ! unc]ta9 light ( fir/ progress1 man 0 accu/om$ to ascribe ! ills ( 8 fle% to ! ang] ( ! gods1 & 9 8 crav5 & abject sup]/ition made peace (f]+s4 ,lat] he le>n$ to locate ! cause )9 himself1 & con/ruct$ ! !ory t ! fluids ( ! body _h become disord]$4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( progress 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 9 ?is field1 has be5 9 ! accurate trac+ ( ! relation ( cause & effect1 & ) ! discov]y ( true causes has gr[n effici5t means ( treatm5t4 ,! old exp$i5ts ( *>ms1 incantations1 conjuration & exorcism gave place fir/ to intellig5t m$ication1 & ?is 9 turn is rapidly giv+ way to ! prev5tion ( disease by improv$ conditions ( sanitation & "r liv+4 ,! ounce ( prev5tion has be5 f\nd to be wor? m ?an ! p\nd ( cure4 ,) ! improv$ k ( physiology1 anatomy1 *emi/ry & biology1 :i* ! c5tury has br\ght1 ! intellig5t physician 0 able to make a logical & = ! mo/ "p a correct diagnosis1 b supplem5t$ ) ! microscope1 t great reveal] ( ! unse5 _w ( small ?+s1 corporeal exi/5ce itself becomes an op5 book1 & f ! pr9ciples ( organic evolution to ! g]m !ory ( disease ! my/]y ( life & dea? is be+ sl[ly reveal$4 ,:5 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury gave bir? to ! ,n9ete5?1 its great natal gift 9 m$ic9e 0 vacc9ation4 ,j5n] 9 #agih = ! fir/ "t ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( ?is great boon to ! human race4 ,9 #agii ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,wat]h\se1 9 ,bo/on1 obta9$ virus f ,j5n] & vacc9at$ f\r ( 8 *ildr51 & 9 #ahja ,dr4 ,val5t9e ,seaman obta9$ virus f ,dr4 ,wat]h\se & p]=m$ ! fir/ vacc9ation 9 ,new ,york4 ,dur+ ! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies ! annual dea? rate f smallpox 9 ,london rang$ f #b to #d p] #a1jjj ( population4 ,9 #ahib x 0 only #j4jgc p] #a1jjj4 ,x is also /at$ on good au?ority t ! mortality f smallpox 9 ,engl& alone1 0 #bj1jjj a ye> less aft] ! introduction ( vacc9ation ?an x 0 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 & t its b5efits to ! _w at l>ge h be5 s great t ! lancet ( ,j5n] has sav$ m lives ?an 7 sacrific$ by ! sword ( ,napoleon4 ,ea* c5tury 9 mod]n hi/ory has be5 m>k$ by "s important discov]y 9 ! field ( m$ic9e4 ,! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury 0 notable = ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood by ,h>vey2 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury br\ght ) x vacc9ation by ,j5n]4 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury's greate/ gift 9 ?is field has be5 an/hesia1 or ins5sibility to pa94 ,nature has wisely end[$ man ) n]ves ( s5sation z dang] signals = ! cons]vation ( life4 ,accid5t & disease1 h[ev]1 are ! insep>able concomitants ( human exi/5ce1 & suff]+ & pa9 ! ineffaceable legacies ( mortality4 ,sometimes ^! n]ves ( s5sation are no long] useful z monitors1 & 9 ! unavoidable em]g5cy ( accid5t1 surgical op]ations1 *ild bir?1 & c]ta9 diseases1 suff]+ c d no good1 & !n pa9--t ,pr9ce ( ,t]rors--?ru/+ 8 pres5ce ^u ! hapless victim1 racks body & limb1 call+ =? groans1 & %rieks & wri?+s1 till ! poor suff]]1 possess$ ) a dom9at+ agony :i* displaces all ?\ght ( life1 memory ( fri5ds1 & love ( ,god1 breaks d[n 9 unutt]able di/ress1 & prays = dea? & oblivion4 ,to ?is poor suff]] ins5sibility is next to heav54 ,= ! pa/ half c5tury all ! =midable op]ations ( ! surgeon h be5 p]=m$ ) ! aid ( an/hetics & )\t suff]+ to ! pati5t1 produc+ happy recov]ies1 & greatly contribut+ to ! success ( ! result by reliev+ ! surgeon ( ! di/raction ( ! pati5t's pa91 & ! int]f]5ce ( 8 involunt>y movem5ts4 ,q a numb] ( an/hetics are kn[n & us$ to-day4 ,^? m g5]ally employ$ are--nam+ !m 9 ! ord] ( _! fir/ application--nitr\s oxide gas1 e!r1 & *lor(orm4 ,nitr\s oxide gas is *iefly us$ = ! extraction ( tee?4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 9 #ahjj1 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve ! peculi> quality ( nitr\s oxide gas1 :i* gave x ! "n ( 8laugh+ gas10 f ! fact t x caus$ ^? inhal+ x to act 9 a mann] exhibit+ an abnormal exhil>ation4 ,dr4 ,horace ,wells1 a d5ti/ ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 9 #ahdd1 _h ! gas adm9i/]$1 exp]im5tally1 to himself dur+ ! op]ation ( extract+ a too?1 & 0 ! discov]] ( its useful application z an an/hetic4 ,! greate/ discov]y1 h[ev]1 9 an/hetics is ! application ( e!r = ?is purpose4 ,e!r z a *emical product has be5 kn[n = sev]al c5turies1 & z e>ly z #ahah ,f>aday po9t$ out ! simil>ity betwe5 ! effects ( e!r & nitr\s oxide gas4 ,dr4 ,morton1 a d5ti/1 ( ,bo/on1 fir/ appli$ x z an an/hetic ,oct4 #af1 #ahdf1 be+ guid$ l>gely 9 its selection & use by ,dr4 ,jackson1 an em95t *emi/ ( ! same city4 ,on ,nov4 #ab1 #ahdf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,no4 #d1hdh 0 issu$ to !m = ?is inv5tion4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,decemb] ( ! same ye> ,dr4 ,li/on1 an em95t ,engli% surgeon1 p]=m$ ! op]ation ( amputat+ ! ?igh :ile ! pati5t 0 "u ! influ5ce ( e!r4 ,*lor(orm1 discov]$ by ,gu?rie 9 #ahca1 0 fir/ appli$ z an an/hetic by ,sir ,james ,y4 ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahdg4 ,( ! two lead+ an/hetics1 e!r is m g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,sates & *lor(orm 9 ,europe4 ,e!r is less dang]\s1 b its adm9i/ration is m difficult & disagreeable4 ,x is said on ! highe/ au?ority t 9 ! ,crimean ,w> *lor(orm 0 adm9i/]$ #be1jjj times )\t a s+le dea?1 & e!r is ev5 saf] ?an *lor(orm4 ,9 ! h&s ( a skillful physician practically no dang] is to be appreh5d$ f ! use ( ei!r ( ! two ag5ts4 ,a little ov] fifty ye>s ago any sev]e or prolong$ surgical op]ation involv$ su* irresi/ible pa9 t ! pati5t's wri?+s 7 requir$ to be re/ra9$ by p[]ful muscul> assi/ants1 & by /raps :i* b\nd ! pati5t to ! table1 & :5 x is rememb]$ t a false cut ( a hundr$? "p ( an in* might be fatal1 ! ha/e1 ! disquiet+ influ5ce ^u ! surgeon1 & ! int]f]5ce ) ! accuracy ( 8 h&1 add$ greatly to ! p]c5tage ( unsuccessful op]ations1 z well z to ! prolong$ agony ( ! pati5t4 ,contra/ ?is ) ! pres5t me?ods ( us+ an/hetics1 & we f9d ! pati5t dropp+ into a quiet & peaceful sleep be=e ! op]ation1 & awak5+ !reaft] to f9d1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 t x is all ov]1 & t recov]y is only a "q ( c>eful nurs+4 ,mat]ia ,m$ica4--,_m important contributions h be5 made to ! ph>macopia 9 ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahjg ! rem$y kn[n z ergot 0 br\ght to ! notice ( ! pr(ession by ,dr4 ,/e>ns1 & nam$ by him pulvis p>turi5s4 ,iod9e 0 fir/ us$ z a m$ic9e 9 #ahai by ,dr4 ,co9det1 ,sr41 ( ,g5eva4 ,qu99e 0 discov]$ by ,pelleti] & ,cav5t\ 9 #ahbj1 al?\gh ,p]uvian b>k _h long be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,*loral hydrate1 discov]$ by ,liebig 9 #ahcb1 0 appli$ 9 m$ic9e 9 #ahfi by ,dr4 ,liebrei*1 ( ,b]l94 ,c>bolic acid 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcd by ,runge4 ,artificial seidlitz p[d]s 7 fir/ put up "u ,savory's ,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #c1ied1 ( #ahae4 ,v]atrum viride1 lobelia1 worm se$1 & *lor(orm 7 all introduc$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! c5tury4 ,! sulphates ( morphia1 /ry*nia1 atropia & o!r alkaloids are ( comp>atively rec5t addition to ! ph>macopia1 & ! iodide ( pota%1 t9cture ( iron1 digitalis1 bi*loride ( m]cury1 sub-nitrate ( bismu?1 boracic acid & gallic acid1 *lorate ( pota% & ,dov]'s p[d]s h become /&>d rem$ies )9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury ! new rem$ies d]iv$ f coal t> h occupi$ an important place4 ,( ^! may be m5tion$ antipyr9e1 by ,knorr 7pat4 ,oct4 #bh1 #ahhd71 ph5acet91 by ,h9sb]g 7pat4 ,m>* #bf1 #ahhi71 salol1 by ,von ,n5cki 7pat4 ,sept4 #bh1 #ahhf71 sulfonal1 by ,bauman 7pat5t$ ,jan4 #bb1 #ahhi71 antikamnia 7acetanilide71 & _m o!rs1 besides new & valuable antiseptic comp\nds1 su* z salicylic acid & =mal94 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! mod]n practice ( m$ic9e is 9 improv$ =ms ( its adm9i/ration4 ,sug>-coat$ pills1 gelat9e capsules & cod liv] oil emulsions make ! rem$y mu* less disagreeable to take1 & v +5i\s & effective ma*9es h be5 devis$ = putt+ up rem$ies 9 su* =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4--,,! ,,oph?almomet]4 ,in/rum5ts4--,la5nec's discov]y 9 #ahai ( auscultation1 & ! /e?oscope1 = det]m9+ int]nal conditions by s\nd1 0 a great /ep 9 diagnos+ diseases4 ,! b9aural /e?oscope 0 inv5t$ by ,cammann 9 #ahed1 & a lat] improvem5t is ! phon5doscope1 by ,bian*i4 ,! op?almoscope is an in/rum5t = inspect+ ! int]ior ( ! eye1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,helmholtz1 & describ$ by him 9 #ahea4 ,! l>yngoscope1 = obta9+ a view ( ! l>ynx1 0 said to h be5 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,john ,av]y1 ( ,london1 z e>ly z #ahdf4 ,! op?almomet]1 ,fig4 #agd1 is a comp>atively rec5t inv5tion4 ,x is design$ to asc]ta9 v>iations 9 corneal curvature = ! correction ( corneal a/igmatism4 ,electric lights ) reflectors are arrang$ on ea* side ( ! pati5t's head1 :ile ! op]ator looks into ! eye ) a telescope4 ,! sphygmograph1 a little in/rum5t to be /rapp$ on to ! wri/ to record ! action ( ! pulse1 0 fir/ r$uc$ to a practically useful =m by ,m>ey 9 #ahfj4 ,a lat] developm5t ( ^! devices1 by ,v]d91 kn[n z ! sphygmometrograph1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #age4 ,! endoscope1 = look+ into ! ure?ra1 & ! cy/oscope1 = look+ into ! bladd]1 are o!r useful in/rum5ts ( ! mod]n practition]4 ,great] ?an !m all1 h[ev]1 is ! mod]n ,x-ray app>atus1 = locat+ =eign sub/ances 9 ! body & mak+ visible ! bones ?r\gh ! fle%1 = :i* see special *apt]4 ,! use ( ! !rmomet] 9 record+ ! progress ( fev]s is also a valuable mod]n application1 & ! li/ ( in/rum5ts & small tools is beyond enum]ation4 ,!re are s]ies ( ob/etrical appliances1 in/rum5ts relat+ to bone surg]y1 to ! tak+ up ( art]ies1 cupp+ in/rum5ts1 trepann+ in/rum5ts1 speculums1 hypod]mic syr+es1 electric caut]ies1 fracture appliances1 in/rum5ts = li?otrity1 b&ages = v>icose ve9s1 atomiz]s1 brea/ pumps1 inhal]s1 nasal d\*es1 trusses1 pess>ies1 ca!t]s1 abdom9al support]s1 & an endless v>iety ( propriet>y articles1 su* z electric ba?s & belts1 pla/]s1 *e/ protectors1 liv] pads1 & s =?1 all ( :i* are practically ! products ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,! surgeon ( to-day c /raight5 ! eyes ( a cross-ey$ man1 or take ! b[ out ( 8 b&y legs1 c make him a new nose ( 8 own fle%1 pat* 8 skull ) a silv] plate1 remove ! /one f 8 bladd]1 supply him ) a w9d-pipe1 wa% out 8 /oma*1 & p]=m _m o!r op]ations ev5 m difficult4 ,among su* m important op]ations may be m5tion$ ov>iotomy1 :i* 0 fir/ p]=m$ by ,dr4 ,ephraim ,mc,dowell1 ( ,danville1 ,k5tucky1 9 #ahji1 & ! ty+ ( ! great art]ies4 ,! op]ation ( li?otrity1 = remov+ /one f ! bladd] by cru%+ ! /one1 0 introduc$ by ,civiale1 #ahag-ahbd1 :o devis$ successful in/rum5ts & modes ( us+ !m4 ,9 #ahcf to #ahdj ,ri*>d ,bright1 an ,engli% physician1 made important rese>*es & discov]ies 9 relation to ! functions & diseases ( ! kidneys1 & e/abli%$ ! nature ( ! s-call$ 8,bright's disease40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4--,,v]d9',s ,,sphygmometrograph1 ,,= ,,record+ ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,pulse4 ,s*ools ( ,m$ic9e4--,:ile ! regul> s*ool ( m$ic9e 7call$ by "s 8,allopa?y07 has held ! lead+ place 9 m$ic9e1 v>i\s o!r s*ools h sprung up 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 all ( :i* repres5t advances 9 a k ( ! laws ( heal?1 & ! modes ( prev5t+ & cur+ diseases4 ,hahnemann1 9 8 8,organon d] ,rationell5 ,heilkunde10 9 #ahaj1 gave homopa?y its "n1 & r$uc$ x to a sy/em4 ,! doctr9e ( similia similibus curantur 7l cures l71 has ga9$ great popul>ity 9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury4 ,hydropa?y1 z a s*ool1 also made its appe>ance 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,priessnitz 0 its fir/ disciple1 & ! ,graf5b]g cure1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbf1 0 a not$ in/itution = _m ye>s4 ,! useful application ( wat] 9 ! =m ( ba?s & cold packs1 has be5 kn[n = c5turies1 & w always be us$ z a valuable ag5cy 9 sickness & 9 heal?4 ,! 8,?ompsonian0 sy/em ( treat+ diseases 0 cov]$ by pat5ts 9 #ahac1 #ahbc & #ahcf1 & atta9$ consid]able notoriety 9 ! e>ly half ( ! c5tury4 ,sweat+ by hot bricks & hot tea made ( 8,composition ,p[d]s10 vomit+ ) lobelia to produce relaxation1 & a fi]y liquid = cramps1 call$ 8,no4 #f10 7 ! *ief rem$ies1 & v few boys :o _h once tak5 ! treatm5t 7 ev] will+ aft]w>ds to admit t !y 7 sick4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury electro-!rapeutics has receiv$ a l>ge %>e ( att5tion1 _m =ms ( m$ical batt]ies h be5 devis$1 & probably no m promis+ field ( /udy & rese>* exi/s 9 ! :ole doma9 ( m$ic9e4 ,d5ti/ry4--,george ,wa%+ton _h false tee?1 & x is said t ! tee? ( "s ( ! mummies ( ,egypt _h gold fill+s1 b x rema9$ = ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury to e/abli% d5ti/ry z an art1 & its influ5ce 9 secur+ bett] ma/ication & dige/ion ( food1 m sanit>y m\?s & %apely faces1 _c be e/imat$4 ,few p c be f\nd to-day :o h n ei!r fill$ tee?1 bridge "w1 gold caps1 or artificial sets ( tee?4 ,! mo/ important advance 9 ! art 0 9 ! inv5tion ( ! rubb] plate = hold+ ! porcela9 tee?4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,j4 ,a4 ,cumm+s1 & 0 cov]$ by him 9 8 pat5t ,no4 #dc1jji1 ,june #g1 #ahfd4 ,9 m rec5t ye>s 8bridge-"w0 repres5ts ! mo/ important advance4 ,9 ?is practice "o or m artificial tee? are firmly held 9 ! place ( miss+ tee? by a /rong bridge-piece ( metal1 :i* at its ends is an*or$ to ! adjac5t natural tee?4 ,?is 0 fir/ done by ,b+ 7,briti% ,pat4 ,no4 #afg1 ( #ahga71 & 0 aft]w>ds pat5t$ 9 some:at diff]5t =m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,j4 ,e4 ,l[e1 ,no4 #bch1idj1 ,m>* #ae1 #ahha1 ,no4 #cac1dcd1 ,m>* #c1 #ahhe1 & ,ri*mond1 ,may #bb1 #ahhc1 ,no4 #bgg1icc4 ,porcela9 & gold cr[ns & d5tal plugg]s run by electricity repres5t o!r important advances 9 ?is art4 ,x is said t !re are #bj1dbe d5ti/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t 9 #ahii !y employ$ 9 _! practice #bj1dii1jjj false tee?4 ,artificial ,limbs4--,) ! successful "w ( ! surgeon came ! ef=t to repair1 z f> z possible1 ! loss ( ! limb4 ,until ab\t ! middle ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ! survivor ( an op]ation 0 an unsymmetrical1 unique1 & pitiful object4 ,! peg-leg ( ,pet] ,/uyvesant lives 9 hi/ory1 & ! arm-hook ( ,capt4 ,cuttle is famili> to e read]4 ,! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t = an artificial leg 0 grant$ to ,b4 ,f4 ,palm]1 ,nov4 #d1 #ahdf1 ,no4 #d1hcd4 ,wood5 legs ) a re/rict$ back & =w>d ankle motion & a spr+1 7 con/ruct$ by ,a4 ,a4 ,m>ks f #ahec to #ahfc4 ,on ,dec4 #a1 #ahfc1 a pat5t1 ,no4 #dj1gfc1 0 grant$ to ,mr4 ,m>ks = ! use ( sponge rubb] = con/ruct+ artificial feet & h&s t disp5s$ ) ! articulat$ jo9ts1 & made a great improvem5t4 ,9 pat5t ,no4 #cff1did1 ,july #ab1 #ahhg1 to ,g4 ,e4 ,m>ks1 ! foot & leg portion ( a wood5 leg are made f wood :i* gr[s ) a crook1 z at ! root ( a tree1 :]e ! /r5g? & lightness ( a cont9u\s natural gra9 is obta9$ at ! in/ep4 ,ab\t #cjj pat5ts h be5 grant$ = artificial legs & arms4 ,mod]n improvem5ts h ext5d$ to e detail ( con/ruction1 & s p]fect to-day is ! av]age wood5 leg t x is h>dly to be detect$4 ,m5 ) wood5 legs ride horseback1 are exp]t us]s ( ! bicycle1 & h ev5 p]=m$ feats on ! tight rope4 ,! inv5tor's g5ius has n /opp$ at repair+ limbs1 h[ev]1 = artificial eyes1 artificial e> drums1 ! audiphone1 foot ext5sions = %ort legs1 crut*es1 braces1 abdom9al support]s1 & v>i\s o!r applications to supplem5t ! defects ( ! body h be5 devis$4 ,dige/ion4--,! physiology ( dige/ion _h1 p]haps1 ! fir/ real light %$ ^u x by ,beaumont's obs]vations f #ahbe to #ahcb4 ,a ,canadian boatman1 ,alexis ,san ,m>t91 0 w\nd$ 9 ! abdom5 f a *>ge ( buck%ot1 & ! w\nd heal$1 leav+ a p]man5t op5+ 9 ! /oma*1 ?r\gh :i* ! op]ation ( dige/ion c\ld be obs]v$4 ,?is furni%$ visible evid5ce ( ! relative dige/ibility ( diff]5t k9ds ( foods1 & ! g5]al functions ( ! /oma*4 ,! peculi> & diff]5t conditions gov]n+ ! dige/ion ( ! />* foods1 ! album5oids 7su* z meat & fi%71 & ! sug>s & fats1 h be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$1 & 8:at is "o man's food is ano!r man's poison0 is n[ susceptible ( intellig5t diagnosis & effective adju/m5t4 ,( late ye>s ! /oma* has be5 greatly aid$ 9 its functions by prep>$ or pr$ige/$ foods4 ,! action ( dia/ase1 9 conv]t+ />* into grape sug>1 has be5 tak5 advantage (1 & c]eals treat$ ) diatase1 malt$ milk1 lactat$ & peptoniz$ foods1 h prov5 a boon to ! enfeebl$ dige/ion1 :ile ! intellig5t /udy ( dietetics has done mu* to relieve ! physician & promote ! heal? ( ! individual by "r liv+4 ,bact]iology4--,al?\gh ,leeuw5hoeck discov]$ ! bact]ium 9 #affh-afge1 up to #ajj ye>s ago disease & dea? 7 l>gely reg>d$ z disp5sations ( ,provid5ce1 & ) fatu\s resignation 7 accept$ z inevitable4 ,! microscope & ! /udy ( bact]iology1 h[ev]1 h reveal$ to u ! pres5ce ( m9ute liv+ organisms or g]ms1 :i* are ev]y:]e ar\nd u1 infe/+ ! air1 ! e>?1 ! wat]1 our food1 our bodies1 & all organic matt] 9 c\ntless millions4 ,^! inf9itely small be+s multiply ) a rapidity & fecundity t bewild]s ! imag9ation4 ,_! me?od ( multiplication is by fissip>ism--t is to say1 ea* splits into two indep5d5t be+s t sep>ate & aft]w>ds lead indep5d5t lives4 ,x is said t !re is "o species 9 :i* n m ?an six or sev5 m9utes are requir$ = ! division to take place4 ,a s+le individual might consequ5tly produce m ?an a ?\s& (fspr+ 9 an h\r1 m ?an a million 9 two h\rs1 & 9 ?ree h\rs m ?an ! numb] ( inhabitants on ! globe4 ,!y are kn[n z micro-organisms1 ( :i* ! bact]ia are ! mo/ important4 ,! bact]ia are fur!r divid$ into species1 & names are giv5 !m to di/+ui% ! diff]5t =ms4 ,! little rod-%ap$ ones are call$ bacilli3 ! sph]oidal ones micrococci or cocci4 ,if !y cl+ toge!r 9 *a9s !y are call$ /reptococci2 if ( a spiral or corkscrew =m !y are call$ spirallae4 ,! curv$ bacilli are call$ 8comma0 bacilli1 f _! resemblance to ! punctuation m>k ( t "n4 ,! pres5ce ( peculi> =ms ( ^! bact]ia 9 diseases has s sugge/$ ! relation ( cause & effect z to h giv5 rise to ! s-call$ 8g]m !ory0 ( disease4 ,n[ we "k ) reasonable c]ta9ty t *ol]a1 diph!ria1 typhoid fev]1 :oop+ c\gh1 mumps1 c]ebro-sp9al m5+itis1 pneumonia1 tub]culosis1 hydrophobia1 & _m o!r diseases h ea* its specific cause 9 ! =m ( a microbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,,bacillus ,,( ,,tub]culosis ,,9 ,,sputum4 ,,bacillus ,,( ,,diph!ria 7,,klebs-,,loeffl]74 ,,bacillus ,,( ,,typhoid ,,fev]4 7,photo-,micrographs1 #a1jjj diam41 by ,william ,m4 ,gray1 ,m4 ,d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,t]tian ,,=m4 ,,ae/ivo-,,autumnal ,,=m4 ,,fig4 #agg4--;,,blood ,,( ,,man4 ,,%[+ ,,p>asite ,,( ,,mal>ia 7,,lav]an74 7,photo-,micrographs1 #a1jjj diam41 by ,william ,m4 ,gray1 ,m4 ,d47 ,h5le1 a ,g]man physiologi/1 z e>ly z #ahdj1 ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( contagium vivum1 or contagion by ! transmission ( liv+ g]ms4 ,c]ta9 classes ( diseases h also long be5 kn[n z zymotic1 or f]m5t diseases4 ,l\is ,pa/eur's "w1 h[ev]1 m>ks ! fir/ def9ite & important results 9 ! /udy ( bact]iology1 & he is ! fa!r ( ! 8g]m !ory0 ( disease4 ,he explod$ ! previ\sly held !ories ( sci5ti/s conc]n+ ! spontane\s g5]ation ( liv+ ?+s1 & cle>ly e/abli%$ & promulgat$ ! k ( disease g]ms4 ,comm5c+ 8 great "w ab\t #ahfe ) ! inve/igation ( ! silk worm plague 9 ,france1 he discov]$ x to be due to p>asites1 & *eck$ x4 ,he also gave great att5tion to ! subject ( f]m5tation1 prov+ x to be caus$ by micro-organisms4 ,tak+ up ! diseases ( m5 & animals1 he gave practical value to ! tru?s ( 8 !ory 9 ! treatm5t ( hydrophobia1 diph!ria1 & o!r diseases1 us+ ! pr9ciple ( vacc9ation to de/roy or r5d] innocu\s ! tox9s or disease-produc+ poisons d]iv$ f liv+ g]ms4 ,work+ along ! same l9es mu/ be m5tion$ ,dr4 ,ko*1 ^: success 9 detect+ ! microbes :i* cause consumption & *ol]a has made him fam\s ! _w ov]4 ,( ! great v>iety ( ^! little microbes :i* h be5 sep>ately id5tifi$1 _m are innocu\s1 &1 9 fact1 subs]ve _m important & useful purposes 9 nature1 :ile o!rs are to be z mu* dread$ z ! deadly cobra or ! rattlesnake4 ,a few typical examples ( ! latt] are giv5 9 ,figs4 #agf & #agg1 multipli$ #a1jjj diamet]s4 ,! illu/rations repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #agg %[ ! p>asites t cause mal>ia1 or fev] & ague4 ,! d>k bean-%ap$ cells are ! normal blood corpuscles1 & ! few speckl$ cells are ^? infe/$ ) ! mal>ial p>asites4 ,x is n[ believ$ t ! mosquito is ! active factor 9 ! dissem9ation ( mal>ia1 & x is1 !re=e1 to be rememb]$ t ?is pe/if]\s little insect n only inflicts a pa9ful & disagreeable s5sation ) 8 puncture1 b innoculates ! sy/em ) poison\s mal>ial g]ms at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,,tube ,,conta9+ ,,culture ,,( ,,bacilli ,,( ,,tub]culosis4 ,,tube ,,conta9+ ,,culture ,,( ,,comma ,,bacilli ,,( ,,*ol]a4 ,= ! /udy ( bact]ia !y are propagat$ artificially 9 a te/ tube--i4 e41 a sub/ance call$ a 8culture0 is prep>$ f "s organic mat]ial :i*1 l ! sub/ances ( ! human body1 is favorable to _! propagation4 ,su* culture m$ia are f\nd 9 beef blood1 gelat9e1 beef extracts1 meat bro?1 milk1 etc4 ,an ord9>y te/-tube is suppli$ ) "s ( ! culture m$ium1 & is !n /]iliz$ ov] ! fire to de/roy all int]f]+ g]ms4 ,mat]ial infect$ ) ! microbe is !n plac$ 9 ! te/-tube by a /]iliz$ plat9um wire & ! tube clos$ by raw cotton4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 an incubator ov5 & is subject$ to a g5tle heat4 ,9 a little :ile ! microbes beg9 to develop & increase1 =m+ colonies1 9 :i* !y sw>m by ! million1 & pres5t ! clott$ appe>ance se5 9 ,fig4 #agh4 ,! sep>ation ( diff]5t bact]ia exi/+ 9 ! same mat]ial1 s z to isolate ea* species & get :at is call$ a 8pure culture10 has be5 greatly promot$ by ,pr(4 ,ko*'s me?od ( plate culture4 ,9 ?is ! propagation ( bact]ia is effect$ ^u a /]iliz$ glass plate "u a bell j> 9 su* a ?9 lay] z to facilitate ! segregation ( species1 enabl+ !m to be c\nt$ "u ! microscope & pick$ out & s[n 9 ano!r culture to get an unmix$ crop ( a def9ite species4 ,su* a culture s multiplies ! same microbe1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 z to p]mit x to be easily id5tifi$ & /udi$4 ,accord+ to ! practice 9 mod]n municipal heal? regulations1 ! te/ z to :5 a *ild recov]+ f diph!ria is incapable ( dissem9at+ ! disease is by te/ culture4 ,a swab ( cotton is rubb$ aga9/ ! int]ior walls ( ! *ild's ?roat to secure ! g]ms 7if pres5t71 & ! swab is !n plac$ 9 a 8culture0 9 a te/-tube & ! tube put 9 an incubator4 ,if1 aft] ! p]iod ( incubation1 no colonies ( ! g]ms develop1 x is accept$ z evid5ce t ! diph!ria g]ms are no long] pres5t 9 ! ?roat1 & ! *ild is releas$ f qu>ant9e4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ^! specific microbes 9 ! fluids or solids ( ! sy/em :i* con/itutes ! disease1 & = ! cure ( ! same ! intellig5t physician ( to-day looks less to m$ication1 & m = "s ag5t t w de/roy ! g]m1 neutralize its effect1 or r5d] ! body tol]ant !reto4 ,out ( ! k ( disease g]ms has gr[n ! great era ( antiseptic surg]y1 inaugurat$ by ,sir ,joseph ,li/]1 ab\t #ahfe4 ,c>bolic acid1 ! bi*loride ( m]cury1 & =mal9 are ! mo/ effici5t weapons aga9/ ! dread$ microbe4 ,to-day e surgeon 9 ! civiliz$ _w /]ilizes 8 knife1 & conducts ! treatm5t ( w\nds & all op]ations by antiseptic me?ods1 9 accordance ) a k ( ! deadly influ5ce ( ! ubiquit\s microbe1 & ! result has be5 to s r$uce ! risk to life t ev5 capital op]ations are no long] c\pl$ ) ! appreh5sions ( dea?4 ,e hospital1 bo>d ( heal?1 & organiz$ m$ical & sanit>y body pr$icates its laws & modes ( treatm5t ^u ! pr9ciples ( bact]iology4 ,h\se ,sanitation4--,! p]man5t home ( ! microbe is ! sew]1 & sanit>y plumb+1 design$ to exclude f ! h\se ! g]m-lad5 & disease-bre$+ gases f ! sew]1 con/itutes "o ( ! great advances ( ! c5tury4 ,ab\t #c1ejj pat5ts h be5 grant$ = wat] closets & ba? appliances1 & ab\t #ijj pat5ts on sew]age alone1 ! mo/ ( :i* are direct$ to improv$ conditions ( sanitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi;,a4--,,/reet ,,connections1 ,,mod]n ,,sanit>y ,,h\se ,,plumb+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4--,,mod]n ,,sanit>y ,,h\se ,,plumb+4 ,an illu/ration ( ! plumb+ & sew] connections ( a mod]n h\se is giv5 9 ,figs4 #agi & #agi;,a4 ,! sew] pipes are %[n 9 solid black1 ! un%ad$ pipes 79 outl9e only7 are air v5tilation pipes1 ! s+le black l9es are cold wat] pipes1 & ! dott$ l9es hot wat] pipes4 ,! important sanit>y feature 9 mod]n plumb+ is to keep all sew] gas & disease g]ms out ( ! h\se4 ,= ?is purpose traps h long be5 us$ "u ! wa% bas9s1 closet hopp]s1 & s9ks2 b ! back pressure ( sew] gas w\ld sometimes bubble ?r\gh ! trap into ! h\se1 & besides ! wat] 9 pass+ out f a bas9 w\ld sometimes1 by a siphon effect1 pass entirely out ( ! trap1 leav+ x unseal$4 ,bo? ^! results are prev5t$ by ! air v5tilation pipes :i* connect ) ! dis*>ge side ( e trap 9 ! h\se & lead to a /ack ext5d+ out ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,?is prev5ts pressure ( sew] gas on ! wat] seal ( ! trap1 de/roys ! siphon action ( ! trap & all[s a circulation ( air to be tak5 9 f ! sidewalk on ! h\se side ( ! runn+ trap & ?r\gh ! sew] pipe ( ! h\se1 & !nce ?r\gh ! air v5t pipes to ! ro(4 ,! great sci5ce ( bact]iology1 deal+ ) ^! smalle/ ( liv+ ?+s1 only came into exi/5ce ) ! microscope1 & x 0 a field :i* 0 n only :olly unkn[n & unexplor$ a few ye>s ago1 b !re 0 no sugge/ion visible to ! eye to direct att5tion to x1 until ! l5s began to reveal ! secrets ( microcosm4 ,:at developm5t ! future may br+ no "o c pr$ict1 b to ! biologi/ & ! physician no m promis+ field exi/s4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! k already ga9$ is ( incalculable b5efit1 & con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ eras ( progress ! _w has kn[n1 = ) ! noble army ( pati5t1 devot$1 & self-sacrific+ physicians1 ! discov]ies ( ! sci5ti/1 our bo>ds ( heal?1 our hospitals & asylums = ! insane1 our qu>ant9e laws1 our mod]n plumb+ & improv$ sanitation 9 ! home & public dep>tm5ts1 !re is no reason :y ! life ( man %\ld n be ext5d$ f> beyond ! ?ree-score & t5 ye>s1 & ! #ej p] c5t4 ( population dy+ 9 *ildhood sav$ = useful lives & citiz5%ip4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,bicycle ,,& ,,automobile4 ,,! ,,drais9e1 #ahaf--,,mi*aux',s ,,bicycle1 #ahee--,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,pat5t ,,to ,,lallem5t ,,& ,,c>rol1 #ahff--,,transition ,,f 8,,v]tical ,,=k0 ,,& 8,,/>0 ,,to ,,mod]n 8,,safety0--,,pneumatic ,,tire--,,automobile1 ,,! ,,prototype ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive--,,trevi?ick',s ,,/eam ,,road ,,c>riage1 #ahja--,,! ,,locomobile ,,( ,,to-,,day--,,gas ,,eng9e ,,automobiles ,,( ,,p9kus1 #ahci2 ,,seld51 #ahgi2 ,,duryea1 ,,w9ton ,,& ,,o!rs--,,electric ,,automobiles ,a ,,developm5t ,,( ,,electric ,,locomotives ,,z ,,e>ly ,,z #ahcf--;,,gr\nelle',s ,,electric ,,automobile ,,( #aheb--,,! ,,columbia1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,electric ,,c>riages--,,/ati/ics4 ,h[ev] sup]ior to o!r animals man may be 9 po9t ( intellect1 x mu/ be admitt$ t he is va/ly inf]ior 9 8 natural equipm5t = locomotion4 ,quadrup$s h twice z _m legs1 run fa/]1 & /& m firmly4 ,birds h _! two legs supplem5t$ ) w+s t give a wond]fully increas$ spe$ 9 flight1 & fi%1 ) no legs at all1 run races ) ! fa/e/ /eam]s2 b man has awkw>dly toddl$ on two /ilt$ supports s9ce prehi/oric "t1 & = ! fir/ ye> ( 8 life is unable to walk at all4 ,t he has felt 8 inf]iority is cle>1 = 8 imag9ation has giv5 w+s to ! angels1 & has depict$ ,m]cury1 ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 ) a simil> equipm5t on 8 heels4 ,we see ! ambition = spe$ exemplifi$ ev5 9 ! baby1 :o cr[s 9 exhil>ation at rapid movem5t1 & 9 ! boy :5 ! ride on ! fly+ horses1 ! glide on ! ice1 or ! swift desc5t on ! toboggan slide1 br+s a fla% to 8 eye & a gl[ to 8 *eeks4 ,a *>act]i/ic tr5d ( ! pres5t age is t[>d increas$ spe$ 9 ev]y?+1 & ! mo/ conspicu\s example ( accel]at$ spe$ 9 late ye>s is ! bicycle4 ,x has1 ) its fasc9ation ( sil5t motion & ! exhil>ation ( flight1 driv5 ! y\ng] g5]ation wild ) en?usiasm1 has limb]$ up ! muscles ( old age1 has revolutioniz$ ! attire ( m5 & wom51 & well-nigh supplant$ ! old-fa%ion$ use ( legs4 ,x is ! mo/ unique & ubiquit\s piece ( organiz$ ma*9]y ev] made4 ,! ?or\ghf>es & highways ( civilization fairly sw>m ) ?\s&s ( gli/5+ & sil5tly glid+ :eels4 ,x is to be f\nd ev]y:]e1 ev5 to ! /eppes ( ,asia1 ! pla9s ( ,au/ralia1 & ! ice fields ( ! ,arctic4 ,! true def9ition ( ! bicycle is a two-:eel$ vehicle1 ) "o :eel 9 front & ! o!r 9 ! re>1 & bo? 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,its life pr9ciple is ! physical law t a rotat+ body t5ds to pres]ve its plane ( rotation1 & s x /&s up1 :5 x moves1 on ! same pr9ciple t a top does :5 x sp9s or a *ild's hoop rema9s erect :5 x rolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4--,,! ,,drais9e1 #ahaf4 ,a =m ( c>riage adapt$ to be propell$ by ! muscul> ef=t ( ! rid] 0 con/ruct$ & exhibit$ 9 ,p>is by ,blan*>d & ,maguri]1 & 0 describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,p>is z e>ly z ,july #bg1 #aggi1 b ! true bicycle 0 ! product ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,b>on von ,drais1 ( ,manheim-on-! ,rh9e4 ,see ,fig4 #ahj4 ,x consi/$ ( two :eels1 "o be=e ! o!r1 9 ! same plane1 & connect$ toge!r by a b> be>+ a saddle1 ! front :eel be+ arrang$ to turn ab\t a v]tical axis & provid$ ) a h&le = guid+4 ,! rid] support$ 8 elb[s on an arm re/ & propell$ ! device by /rik+ 8 toes ^u ! gr\nd1 & 9 ?is way ?ru/$ himself along1 :ile guid+ 8 c\rse by ! h&le b> & swivell+ front :eel4 ,?is ma*9e 0 call$ ! 8,drais9e40 ,x 0 pat5t$ 9 ,france = ! ,b>on by ,l\is ,joseph ,d9eur1 & 0 exhibit$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahaf4 ,9 #ahah ,d5is ,johnson secur$ an ,engli% pat5t = an improv$ =m ( ?is device1 b ! pr9ciple ( propulsion rema9$ ! same4 ,?is device1 v>i\sly kn[n z ! 8,drais9e10 8vlocipde10 8clrifre10 8p$e/rian curricle10 8d&y horse10 & 8hobby-horse10 0 introduc$ 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahai1 & 0 greet$ = a "t ) great en?usiasm 9 t & o!r cities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4--,,velocip$e ,,( #ahfh4 ,on ,june #bf1 #ahai1 ,william ,k4 ,cl>kson 0 grant$ a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t = a vlocipde1 b ! records 7 de/roy$ 9 ! fire ( #ahcf4 ,9 #ahba ,l\is ,gomp]tz devis$ an improv$ =m ( 8hobby-horse10 9 :i* a vibrat+ h&le1 ) segm5tal rack engag+ ) a p9ion on ! front :eel axle1 enabl$ ! h&s to be employ$ z well z ! feet 9 propell+ ! ma*9e4 ,su* devices all reli$1 h[ev]1 ^u ! /rik+ ( ! gr\nd ) ! toes4 ,_! fame 0 evanesc5t1 h[ev]1 & = =ty ye>s !reaft] little or no att5tion 0 paid to ?is means ( locomotion1 except 9 ! con/ruction ( *ildr5's c>riages & velocip$es hav+ ?ree or m :eels4 ,9 #ahee ,ern/ ,mi*aux1 a ,fr5* locksmi?1 appli$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! foot cranks & p$als to ! axle ( ! drive :eel4 ,a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 ,no4 #ei1iae1 tak5 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahff1 9 ! jo9t names ( ,lallem5t & ,c>rol1 repres5t$1 h[ev]1 ! revival ( developm5t 9 ?is field4 ,lallem5t 0 a ,fr5*man1 & built a ma*9e hav+ ! p$als on ! axle ( ! drive :eel1 & x 0 at "o "t believ$ t x 0 he :o des]v$ ! cr$it = ?is feature1 b x is claim$ = ,mi*aux1 & ! monum5t erect$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #ahid to ,erne/ & ,pi]re ,mi*aux at ,b> le ,duc gives /r5g? to ! claim4 ,! bicycle1 z repres5t$ at ?is /age ( developm5t1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aha4 ,9 #ahfh-'fi ma*9es ( ?is type w5t ext5sively into use4 ,bicycle s*ools & rid+ academies appe>$ all ?r\gh ! ,ea/1 & not)/&+ ! excessive muscul> ef=t requir$ to propel ! heavy & clumsy wood5 :eels1 ! old 8bone-%ak]0 0 receiv$ ) a furor ( en?usiasm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4--,,v]tical ,,=k ,,( #ahgi4 ,9 #ahfi ,magee1 9 ,p>is1 made ! entire bicycle ( iron & /eel1 solid rubb] tires & brakes foll[$1 & ! front :eel began to gr[ to l>g] size1 until 9 #ahgi ! bicycle pres5t$ ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,?is plac$ ! weight ( ! rid] m directly ov] ! drive :eel1 & 0 kn[n z ! 8v]tical =k40 ,x gave good results b = ! accid5ts f 8head]s10 to :i* x 0 especially liable4 ,means to ov]come ! dang] 7 resort$ to1 & ! 8,/>0 bicycle repres5t$ su* a con/ruction4 ,9 ?is ! high :eel 0 beh9d & ! small "o 9 front1 & /raps & rat*et :eels connect$ ! p$als to ! axle4 ,9 #ahgg ,r\sseau1 ( ,m>seilles1 remov$ ! p$als f ! :eel axle & appli$ ! p[] to ! axle by a *a9 ext5d+ f a sprocket :eel on ! p$al %aft to a sprocket :eel on ! :eel axle4 ,by gradual /eps1 initiat$ 9 ,/>ley's 8,rov]0 9 #ahhj1 7see ,fig4 #ahc71 ! high front :eel 0 r$uc$ 9 size1 until ! proportions ( ! mod]n 8,safety0 7,fig4 #ahd7 h be5 obta9$4 ,/range to say1 ^! proportions h1 ?r\gh ne>ly a c5tury ( evolution1 gone back to ^? employ$ 9 ! old 8,drais9e10 :]e ! two :eels 7 ( ! same size4 ,! mod]n 8,safety10 h[ev]1 is q a diff]5t ma*9e4 ,its diamond frame ( light b /rong tubul> /eel1 its ball be>+s1 its susp5sion :eels & pneumatic tires imp>t to ! mod]n bicycle /r5g? ) lightness1 & beauty ) effici5cy1 to a degree sc>cely atta9$ by any o!r piece ( organiz$ ma*9]y design$ = su* try+ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4--8,,rov]10 #ahhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4--,,mod]n 8,,safety40 ,! mo/ important ( all mod]n improvem5ts on ! bicycle 0 p]haps ! pneumatic tire4 ,?is 0 n orig9ally design$ = ! bicycle1 b 0 pat5t$ 9 ,engl& by ,r4 ,w4 ,?ompson 9 #ahde & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,may #h1 #ahdg1 ,no4 #e1ajd4 ,its application to ! bicycle 0 made 9 #ahhi by ,dunlop1 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #dce1iie1 ,sept4 #i1 #ahij1 & #dec1eej1 ,june #b1 #ahia4 ,x furni%es n only an ela/ic be>+ :i* cu%ions ! j>1 b also makes a broad] tread t r5d]s cycl+ on ! s(t roads ( ! c\ntry at once practical & delightful4 ,! *a9less :eel1 :i* connects ! axle ( ! p$al crank ) ! axle ( ! re> :eel by a %aft ) bevel ge>s1 is ! mo/ rec5t =m exploit$ by ! manufactur]s1 b x is d\btful :e!r x pres5ts any po9ts ( sup]iority ov] ! *a9 type4 ,all ( ! p>ts ( ! bicycle h come 9 = a %>e ( att5tion at ! h&s ( inv5tors1 diff]5tial spe$ ge>s & brakes hav+ receiv$ especial att5tion4 ,! ,morr[ hub brake1 :i* applies friction to ! re> :eel hub by back pressure on ! p$al1 is a popul> mod]n =m4 ,! fir/ back-p$al brake is %[n 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat4 ,no4 #dah1adb1 to ,/ov] ,hance1 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahhi4 ,among ! _m modifications ( ! bicycle z us$ to-day may be m5tion$ ! drop frame1 :i* has made cycl+ possible = ladies1 ! t&em1 = two rid]s1 ! sextet or octet1 c>ry+ six or eight rid]s & resembl+ a c5tip$e 9 movem5t & an express tra9 9 spe$3 ! ice velocip$e1 9 :i* two runn]s are comb9$ ) a spik$ driv+ :eel1 & ! hydrocycle1 or wat] velocip$e1 9 :i* ! drive :eel1 =m$ ) paddles1 is us$ to propel a buoyant hull ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,9 po9t ( spe$ !re seems to be no limit to ! bicycle4 ,9 a te/ made on ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad 9 ! summ] ( #ahii betwe5 a :eel & an express tra91 ! bicycli/1 rid+ on a plank road betwe5 ! rails & protect$ beh9d ! tra9 by a w9d break1 cov]$ a mile 9 #eg seconds1 & :ile go+ at top spe$ ( m ?an a mile a m9ute1 ov]took ! tra91 0 caught by 8 fri5ds on a re> plat=m & pull$ on bo>d1 bicycle & all4 ,?is is ! fir/ in/ance on record ( ov]tak+ & bo>d+ an express tra9 go+ at ! rate ( sixty-f\r miles an h\r1 & yet x is said t ! rid] 7,murphy7 0 n do+ 8 be/4 ,ne>ly #e1jjj pat5ts h be5 grant$ on velocip$es & bicycles4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 = bicycles :i*1 z improv$ to-day1 are n only z fleet z ! birds1 b almo/ z c\ntless 9 numb]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 #ahhi ! total product ( bicycles 9 ?is c\ntry rea*$ #bjj1jjj ma*9es annually4 ,9 #ahib1 aft] ! g5]al adoption ( ! pneumatic tire1 a great increase foll[$1 :i* has gr[n f ye> to ye> until 9 ! ye> #ahii a cons]vative e/imate = ! output 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #a1jjj1jjj :eels annually1 wor? f ?irty to fifty million doll>s4 ,ea* bicycle tire takes ab\t two p\nds ( pure rubb]1 or f\r p\nds to ! :eel4 ,! annual output 9 :eels consequ5tly consumes ab\t #d1jjj1jjj p\nds1 or #b1jjj tons ( rubb]4 ,t5 ye>s ago !re 7 n m ?an tw5ty-five legitimate manufactur]s ( bicycles 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahig !re 7 ov] #bjj conc]ns 9 ! bus9ess4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are to-day betwe5 #aej & #aee regul> manufactur]s1 exclusive ( ! m]e assembl]s ( p>ts4 ,! ,pope ,manufactur+ ,company1 :i* occupies ! lead+ place1 employ$ 9 #ahhh ab\t #ejj h&s4 ,to-day _! %ops give employm5t to #c1hjj workm51 :i* furni%es a significant object lesson z to ! importance & gr[? ( ! indu/ry4 ,! ,automobile4--,glid+ sil5tly along our city /reets )\t ! cu/om>y accompanim5t ( ! clatt] ( ! horse's ho(s1 ! automobile sugge/s to ! av]age obs]v] a v rec5t inv5tion4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case4 ,! automobile is old] ev5 ?an ! locomotive1 & is1 9 fact1 ! e>ly model f :i* ! rail locomotive 0 evolv$4 ,z e>ly z #afhj ,sir ,isaac ,newton propos$ a /eam c>riage 9 :i* ! propell+ p[] 0 ! reaction>y dis*>ge ( a re>w>dly direct$ jet ( /eam4 ,cugnot1 9 #agfi1 built a /eam c>riage1 :i* is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,mti]s 9 ,p>is4 ,hornbl[] also 9 ! same ye> devis$ a /eam c>riage4 ,watt's pat5ts ( #agfi & #aghd contemplat$ ! application ( 8 /eam eng9es to c>riages runn+ on l&4 ,sym+ton 9 #aggj1 & ,murdo* 9 #aghd1 built exp]im5tal models4 ,9 #aghg ,oliv] ,evans obta9$ a pat5t 9 ,m>yl& = ! exclusive "r to make /eam road wagons4 ,na?an ,read 9 #agij also pat5t$ & built a /eam c>riage4 ,( ^!1 ,cugnot repres5ts ! pione] 9 ! heavi] =ms ( self-propell$ vehicles1 b ! /eam c>riage :i* be/ des]ves to be reg>d$ z ! prototype ( ! mod]n pass5g] automobile is t ( ,trevi?ick1 9 ,engl&1 :o may also be consid]$ z ! fa!r ( ! locomotive4 ,on ,*ri/mas eve1 #ahja1 ?is /eam c>riage made its exp]im5tal trip along ! high road c>ry+ sev5 or eight pass5g]s4 ,! next day ! p>ty1 ) ,trevi?ick 9 *>ge ( ! eng9e1 visit$ ,tehidy ,h\se1 ! home ( ,"l ,dun/anville4 ,!y met ) an accid5t1 h[ev]1 & ! c>riage turn$ ov]4 ,x 0 plac$ "u %elt]1 & :ile ! p>ty 7 at ! hotel regal+ !mselves ) roa/ goose & popul> dr9ks1 ! wat] 9 ! eng9e boil$ away1 ! iron became r$ hot1 & no?+ combu/ible 0 left ei!r ( ! c>riage or ! build+ 9 :i* x 0 %elt]$4 ,on ,m>* #bd1 #ahjb1 ,trevi?ick & ,vivian obta9$ a ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #b1eii1 on ?is device1 & ano!r c>riage 0 built1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #ahjc />t$ a run f ,camborne to ,r$ru?1 b x /uck 9 ! mud4 ,x 0 popul>ly kn[n z ,capt4 ,trevi?ick's 8,puff+ ,devil40 ,x 0 subsequ5tly recon/ruct$ 9 ,london & run ^u ! /reets ( t city4 ,fig4 #ahe pres5ts an illu/ration ( ! fir/ /eam automobile4 ,! cyl9d]s & pi/ons 7 enclos$ )9 ! fire box 9 ! re>4 ,clut*es 7call$ /rik+ boxes7 on ! axle ( ! front ge> :eel all[$ ei!r runn+ :eel to move indep5d5tly ( ! o!r 9 turn+4 ,a pair ( small front /e]+ :eels 0 arrang$ to turn ab\t a v]tical axis & 0 manipulat$ by a h&le b>4 ,a brake 0 provid$ = 9 ! specification1 z 7 also v>iable ge>s = *ang+ spe$1 & an automatic bl[] = ! fire4 ,! c>riage _h an elevat$ coa* body m\nt$ on spr+s1 & ! runn+ :eels 7 ( l>ge size1 adapt$ to ! high] spe$ & light] uses ( pass5g] traffic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4--,,trevi?ick',s ,,/eam ,,c>riage1 #ahja4 ,x is n possible to trace ! succe$+ /eps 9 /eam c>riage developm5t by ,james & ,&]son1 by ,gurney1 9 #ahbb1 by ,m>c]one & ,squire 9 #ahcc1 by ,russel 9 #ahdf1 & _m o!rs2 x is suffici5t to "k t bad roads & ! success att5d+ ! /eam locomotive on rails div]t$ att5tion f ! /eam road c>riage1 & n until ! latt] "p ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 0 !re any m>k$ revival ( int]e/ 9 ?is field4 ,!n came fir/ ! pond]\s road eng9e1 kn[n z a traction eng9e1 & us$ = heavy haul+2 & ?is 9 ! la/ decade has be5 foll[$ by ! mod]n /eam motor c>riage1 an example ( :i* is se5 9 ,figs4 #ahf & #ahf;,a1 :i* repres5t ! 8,locomobile0 & its actuat+ me*anism4 ,! fuel us$ is gasol9e1 /or$ 9 a ?ree-gallon tank "u ! footbo>d4 ,! boil]1 :i* is arrang$ "u ! seat1 is a v]tical cyl9d] wrapp$ ) piano wire = great] t5sile /r5g?1 & conta9s #bih copp] tubes4 ,! eng9e1 :i* is se5 9 ,fig4 #ahf;,a1 is arrang$ 9 upright position "u ! seat1 9 front ( ! boil]1 has two cyl9d]s1 #b-;in* diamet] & #d-;in* /roke1 a ,/eph5son l9k-motion & an ord9>y ,d-valve4 ,sprocket :eels & a *a9 connect ! eng9e %aft to ! re> axle4 ,! eng9e runs f #cjj to #djj revolutions p] m9ute & develops f f\r to five horse p[]4 ,x has a muffle = ! /eam exhau/ & ! :ole weight is #eej p\nds4 ,x is "o ( ! lighte/ & *eape/ ( automobiles1 runs easily at t5 to twelve miles an h\r1 & is an effici5t hill-climb]4 ,al?\gh nam+ ! /eam automobile fir/ because ( its e>li] g5esis1 x is n to be und]/ood z repres5t+ at pres5t ! mo/ popul> type ( motor c>riage1 al?\gh x bids fair to become s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4--8,,locomobile0 ,,/eam ,,c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf;,a4--,,! ,,f\r ,,horse ,,p[] ,,eng9es ,,( 8,,locomobile40 ,9 ,france & ! cont95t ( ,europe ! type employ+ an explosive mixture ( gasol9e & air is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd1 & 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! electric motor ) ! /orage batt]y is *iefly us$4 ,9 automobiles ( ! explosive gas type probably ! e>lie/ example is f\nd 9 ! ,briti% pat5t to ,p9kus1 ,no4 #h1bjg1 ( #ahci4 ,9 ,france ,l5oir1 9 #ahfj1 is cr$it$ ) be+ ! pione]4 ,among mod]n applications ! pat5t to ,george ,b4 ,seld51 ,no4 #edi1afj1 occupies a prom95t place4 ,?is 0 only grant$ ,nov4 #e1 #ahie1 b ! application = ! pat5t 0 fil$ 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice ,may #h1 #ahgi s t ! inv5tion describ$ has q an e>ly date1 & "s broad claims h be5 all[$ to ! inv5tor4 ,9 ! la/ decade _m applications ( ! explosive gas eng9e to road c>riages & tricycles h be5 made1 especially 9 ,france4 ,repres5tative motor c>riages ( ?is type are to be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,duryea & ! ,w9ton4 ,an illu/ration ( ! latt] is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,! =m %[n repres5ts a phaeton weigh+ #a1djj p\nds2 ! motor is ( ! s+le hydroc>bon type1 & is simple1 p[]ful & compact4 ,x is also free f noise & vibration1 & is "u control at all times4 ,! maximum spe$ is eighte5 miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4--,,w9ton ,,automobile4 ,,hydroc>bon ,,type4 ,probably ! mo/ popul> type ( ! automobile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! 8electric40 ,! application ( ! electric motor to ! propulsion ( vehicles dates back to q an e>ly p]iod4 ,x is said t z f> back z #ahce ,/rat+h & ,beck]1 ( ,gro5+51 & 9 #ahcf ,botto1 ( ,tur91 con/ruct$ crude electric c>riages4 ,dav5port1 9 #ahce1 ,davidson1 9 #ahch1 & ,dr4 ,page1 9 #ahea1 built electric locomotives :i* ran on rails4 ,! prototype ( ! electric automobile1 h[ev]1 is be/ repres5t$ 9 ! ,fr5* pat5t to ,m4 ,gr\nelle1 ,no4 #g1gbh1 ,feb4 #g1 #aheb 7#b ,s]41 ,vol4 #be1 p4 #bbj1 pl4 #df47 ,?is %[s a p]fectly equipp$ electric automobile4 ,x did n h a practical electric g5]ator1 h[ev]1 = ! /orage batt]y 0 n !n kn[n4 ,a l>ge sulphate ( copp] batt]y 0 employ$1 :i* c\ld ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a tra9 ( ge>s give only a v sl[ spe$4 ,?is road c>riage1 h[ev]1 only ne$$ a /orage batt]y to make x a well organiz$ & effici5t electric automobile4 ,x is believ$ by _m t electricity fulfills m ( ! necess>y conditions ( a successful motive p[] = motor c>riages ?an any o!r p[]4 ,x is clean1 compact1 noiseless1 free f vibration1 heat1 dirt & gases1 & is "u p]fect control4 ,its *ief objection is t x is only possible to re*>ge x :]e electric p[] is available1 & 9 ?is respect x is inf]ior to ! gasol9e motor1 ^: supply may be conv5i5tly obta9$ at e city1 village1 & c\ntry /ore4 ,! ,columbia two-seat$ ,dos-a-,dos 7,fig4 #ahh71 ,woods' ,victoria ,hansom ,cab1 & ! ,rik] ,electric ,deliv]y ,wagon are repres5tative types ( ! mod]n electric automobile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4--,,! ,,columbia 8,,dos-,a-,,dos40 ,all ( ! motor c>riages illu/rat$ are ( ,am]ican make1 & = lightness1 grace1 & effici5cy !y h no sup]iors4 ,a peculi> & rec5t type :i* attract$ mu* att5tion & took ! gold m$al at ! ,motor ,c>riage ,exposition at ,b]l91 held 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii1 is ! ,piep] d\ble motor c>riage4 ,x has bo? a b5z9e motor & an electric motor1 :i* c be work$ sep>ately or toge!r1 & yet is said to be light] ?an mo/ electric c>riages4 ,on a long j\rney1 remote f electrical supply1 ! b5z9e motor is us$ n only to propel ! c>riage1 b by runn+ ! electric motor z a dynamo or g5]ator1 re*>ges ! /orage batt]y4 ,on level1 easy roads1 :]e ! p[] requir$ falls bel[ ! maximum p[] ex]t$ by ! b5z9e motor1 ! electric motor *anges automatically to a dynamo & ! surplus =ce ( ! b5z9e motor is conv]t$ into curr5t & /or$4 ,9 runn+ d[n hill or /opp+ ! c>riage1 ! mom5tum ( ! vehicle is also receiv$ by ! electric motor act+ z a dynamo & brake1 & is /or$ z electricity 9 ! batt]y1 :i* is ?us 9 an ord9>y j\rney kept con/antly *>g$4 ,x is n probable t man w ev] be able to get along )\t ! horse1 b ! release ( ! noble animal f ! bondage ( city traffic1 :i* 0 begun only a few ye>s ago ) me*anical /reet c> propulsion1 promises n[ to be ext5sively advanc$ by ! sub/itution ( ! motor c>riage & ! auto-truck = team-drawn vehicles4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ?is indu/ry has gr[n1 & its promise = ! future may be realiz$ :5 x is rememb]$ t s f> z practical results are conc]n$ x has all gr[n up 9 ! la/ decade ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & yet to-day x is said t !re are already 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t #bjj incorporat$ conc]ns ) an aggregate capitalization ( "s #ejj1jjj1jjj1 organiz$ to build automobiles1 to say no?+ ( ! va/ numb] ( individuals :o are exp]im5t+ 9 ?is field4 ,! greate/ activity1 h[ev]1 is to be f\nd 9 ,france1 :i* claims ov] #fjj manufactur]s & has 9 use #f1jjj automobiles out ( a total ( #aa1jjj 9 all ( ,europe4 ,! mo/ significant sugge/ion = ! future ( ! automobile is t ! co/ ( ma9t5ance & all ?+s consid]$1 x is 9 "s applications *eap] ?an ! horse-drawn vehicles ( ! same effici5cy4 ,9 a consul> report ( ,oct4 #af1 #ahii1 =w>d$ to ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t by ,mr4 ,m>%al ,hal/$1 consul at ,birm+ham1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,bayley1 an ,engli% au?ority1 is quot$ z say+ t 9 op]at+ heavy motor vehicles = haul+1 ! co/ is ?ree half-p5ce 7?ree c5ts7 p] net ton p] mile1 z comp>$ ) #ah to #bd c5ts p] net ton p] mile by horse-drawn vehicles4 ,9 ,engl& mu* att5tion is be+ giv5 to ?is subject4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! mod]n automobile _c be consid]$ z a new inv5tion s f> z fundam5tal pr9ciples are conc]n$4 ,its success1 9 late ye>s1 is to be cr$it$ to ! p]fection ( ! arts 9 g5]al1 & z ess5tial factors contribut+ to ?is may be nam$ ! ref9em5t ( /eel1 giv+ increas$ /r5g? ) lightness1 ! increas$ effici5cy ( motive p[]1 ! vulcanization ( rubb]1 ! ma!matical nicety ( me*anical adju/m5t1 ! r$uction ( friction by ball be>+s1 ! wond]ful developm5ts 9 electricity & improvem5t 9 roads4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,phonograph4 ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,phonograph ,,by ,,edison--,,scott',s ,,phonautograph-- ,,improvem5ts ,,( ,,bell ,,& ,,ta9t]--,,! ,,graphophone--,,libr>y ,,( ,,wax ,,cyl9d]s--,,! ,,gramophone4 ,foll[+ closely ^u ! discov]y ( ! telephone ! phonograph came1 lit]ally speak+ = itself1 & add+ ano!r surprise to ! wond]ful inv5tions ( t prolific p]iod4 ,x 0 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahgg t ,?omas ,a4 ,edison %[$ to a few privileg$ fri5ds a mode/ look+ little ma*9e4 ,he turn$ ! crank1 & to ! a/oni%m5t ( ^? pres5t x said4 8,good morn+6 ,h[ d y d8 ,h[ d y l ! phonograph80 ,its voice 0 a little metallic1 x is true1 b "h 0 pres5t$ an insignificant look+ piece ( me*anism :i* 0 und5iably a talk+ ma*9e & "o ) an unlimit$ vocabul>y4 ,s-call$ talk+ ma*9es _h be5 made be=e1 ( :i* ! ,fab] ma*9e 0 a type4 ,^!1 by an arrangem5t ( bell[s to furni% air1 & flexible pipes 9 imitation ( ! l>ynx & vocal organs1 made labori\s & :eezy ef=ts to imitate ! me*anical functions ( ! ?roat & tongue 9 articulate spee*1 b ! me?od 0 fundam5tally faulty & no success 0 atta9$4 ,edison foll[$ no su* lead+4 ,8 phonograph made no attempt at imitat+ 9 con/ruction ! complex organization ( ! human ?roat1 b 0 z wond]ful 9 its div]g5ce !refrom & 9 its simplicity z x 0 9 ! success ( its results4 ,! ma*9e 0 pat5t$ by him ,feb4 #ai1 #ahgh1 ,no4 #bjj1eba1 & its life pr9ciple is simply & cle>ly def9$ 9 ! fir/ claim ( ! pat5t1 z foll[s3 8,! me?od h]e9 specifi$ ( reproduc+ ! human voice1 or o!r s\nds1 by caus+ ! s\nd vibrations to be record$ sub/antially z specifi$1 & obta9+ motion f t record z set =? = ! reproduction ( s\nd vibrations40 ,! inv5tion 0 a /rik+ & int]e/+ novelty & at once attract$ ! att5tion ( sci5tific m5 z well z ! g5]al public4 ,its fir/ public exhibition 0 ab\t ! latt] "p ( ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 be=e ! ,polyte*nic ,association ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute1 at ,new ,york4 ,x spoke ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,dut*1 ,spani% & ,hebrew ) equal facility4 ,x imitat$ ! b>k+ ( a dog & cr[+ ( a cock1 & !n cat*+ cold1 c\gh$ & sneez$ & :eez$ until x is said a physician 9 ! audi5ce propos$ s5d+ a prescription = x4 ,x 0 also sugge/$ by an irrev]5t man t x might take ! place ( prea*]s 9 ! r5dition ( s]mons1 :ile ano!r ?\ght t z x reproduc$ music ) equal facility x might take ! place ( prea*] & *oir bo?4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahgh x 0 exhibit$ at ,wa%+ton by ,edison & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,bat*elor4 ,mr4 ,edison 0 ! gue/ ( ,mr4 ,u4 ,h4 ,pa9t]1 & 9 8 p>lors x 0 %[n to a p>ty ( g5tlem54 ,f ,mr4 ,pa9t]'s h\se ! ma*9e 0 tak5 to ! (fice ( ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 !nce to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 9 session at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 & at night x 0 tak5 to ! ,:ite ,h\se & exhibit$ to ,presid5t & ,mrs4 ,hayes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4--;,,fir/ ,,phonograph4 ,! =m ( ! fir/ phonograph is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree pr9cipal p>ts--! m\?piece ,a1 into :i* spee* 0 utt]$1 ! spirally groov$ cyl9d] ,b1 c>ry+ on its p]iph]y a %eet ( t9 foil1 & a second m\?piece ,d4 ,! cyl9d] ,b & its axial %aft 7 bo? provid$ ) spiral grooves or screw ?reads ( exactly ! same pit*1 & :5 ! %aft 0 turn$ by its crank its screw ?read$ be>+s caus$ ! cyl9d] to sl[ly advance z x rotat$4 ,! m\?piece ,a _h adjac5t to ! cyl9d] a flexible diaphragm c>ry+ a little po9t or /ylus :i* bore aga9/ ! t9 foil on ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! m\?piece ,a 0 spok5 into & ! cyl9d] ,b 0 turn$1 ! little /ylus1 vibrat+ f ! voice impulses1 trac$ by ind5tations a little jagg$ pa? 9 ! t9 foil t =m$ ! record4 ,to reproduce ! record 9 spee* aga91 ! m\?piece ,a 0 adju/$ away f ! cyl9d]1 ! cyl9d] run back to ! />t+ po9t1 & m\?piece ,d 0 !n br\ght up to ! cyl9d]4 ,?is m\?piece _h a diaphragm & /ylus simil> to ! o!r "o1 only m delicately con/ruct$4 ,?is /ylus 0 adju/$ to be> lightly 9 ! little spiral pa? 9 ! t9 foil trac$ by ! o!r /ylus1 & z ! t9 foil revolv$ ) ! cyl9d] its jagg$ irregul>ities set up ! same vibrations 9 ! diaphragm ( m\?piece ,d z ^? caus$ by ! voice on ! o!r diaphragm1 & ?us translat$ ! record into s\nds ( articulate spee*1 exactly correspond+ to ! words fir/ spok5 into ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ,fig4 #aij is %[n a fur!r developm5t ( ! phonograph1 9 :i* a s+le m\?piece ) diaphragm & /ylus s]ves ! purpose bo? ( record] = mak+ ! record & a speak] = reproduc+ x1 a trumpet or horn be+ us$1 z indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es1 to conc5trate ! vibrations 9 record+ & to augm5t ! s\nd 9 reproduc+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4--,,second ,,=m ,,( ,,phonograph4 ,! phonograph is 9 reality a developm5t ( ! phonautograph1 :i* 0 an in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,leon ,scott 9 #aheg to automatically record s\nds by diagrams4 ,!re is a model ( ,scott's phonautograph 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 & x consi/s ( a *amb] to cat* ! s\nd waves & an ela/ic diaphragm ) /ylus work+ on a revolv+ cyl9d] be>+ a %eet ( pap] coat$ ) lampblack4 ,! phonograph's record-mak+ m\?piece1 ) its diaphragm & /ylus1 is sub/antially a phonautograph1 b in/ead ( simply caus+ ! /ylus to trace a record on c>bon-coat$ pap] & /opp+ ) ?is result1 ,edison trac$ a record 9 a sub/ance--t9foil--:i* 0 capable ( me*anically translat+ t record into s\nd aga9 by a m]e rev]sal ( ! function ( ! /ylus & diaphragm4 ,?is 0 ! v ess5ce ( simplicity & logical reason+4 ,all records _h be5 h]et(ore trac$ = visual inspection only4 ,edison's record 0 n = visual inspection1 b 0 end[$ ) ! me*anical function ( reproduc+ s\nd4 ,f ! fir/ ,edison believ$ t 8 phonograph 0 to fill an important place 9 ! bus9ess activities ( ! _w1 s9ce "h seem$ a sil5t b fai?ful /5ograph] :i* reproduc$ ! words ( ! speak] ) absolute fidelity1 ev5 to ! quality ( emphasis & inflection1 & :i* made no mi/akes1 0 always ev5 ) ! speak] 9 its "w1 & ask$ no que/ions4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! inv5tion lay dormant & s]v$ no o!r purpose ?an t ( a sci5tific curiosity or an amus+ toy4 ,! difficulty ( its practical application l>gely exi/$ 9 ! p]i%able =m ( ! record1 :i*1 be+ 9 t9foil1 0 liable to be mutilat$ & di/ort$1 & 0 n well adapt$ = /orage or transportation4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( ,mr4 ,edison's inv5tion4 ,dr4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 ! di/+ui%$ inv5tor ( ! telephone1 ) 8 associates1 ,messrs4 ,*i*e/] ,a4 ,bell & ,*>les ,sumn] ,ta9t]1 direct$ _! att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! phonograph4 ,dr4 ,bell _h receiv$ f ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 ^u ! recomm5dation ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ! ,volta prize ( #ej1jjj francs z a recognition ( 8 successful "w 9 ac\/ics & ! inv5tion ( ! telephone1 & ) ?is sum he built ! ,volta ,in/itute 9 ,wa%+ton & c>ri$ on ! "w ( develop+ ! phonograph4 ,on ,may #d1 #ahhf1 ,*i*e/] ,a4 ,bell & ,sumn] ,ta9t] obta9$ pat5ts ,nos4 #cda1bad & #cda1bhh1 :i* cov]$ a great improvem5t 9 ! record ( ! phonograph4 ,?is inv5tion sub/itut$ = ! t9foil %eet a surface ( wax1 :i* 0 f9ally fa%ion$ into a cyl9d]1 & in/ead ( m]ely ind5t+ ! record on t9foil ! /ylus cut a di/9ct groove or k]f 9 ! wax cyl9d] z x revolv$1 dislodg+ !refrom a m9ute filam5t or %av+ & =m+ a record :i* 0 n only f> m positive 9 its translat+ effect & m easily transport$ & /or$1 b 0 also less p]i%able1 & besides x c\ld be easily effac$ )\t loss ( ! cyl9d] by simply smoo?+ (f ! surface ( ! cyl9d] aga9 :5 x 0 desir$ to make a new record4 ,?is inv5tion quickly grew into practical use1 & is kn[n z ! 8,graphophone40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4--,,! ,,graphophone1 ,,record+ ,,& ,,reproduc+ ,,devices4 ,9 ,fig4 #aia is %[n on ! left a cross section ( ! diaphragm1 record+ /ylus1 & wax cyl9d]1 ( ! graphophone1 ! /ylus pl[+ a t9y groove 9 ! wax cyl9d] 9 ! act ( record+ ! spee*1 & on ! "r is %[n ! reproduc+ /ylus trav]s+ ! record groove 9 ! wax cyl9d]1 & ! diaphragm *amb] ) :i* ! e> tubes are connect$4 ,! grooves 9 ! wax1 al?\gh giv+ =? me*anical movem5t t is translat$ into s\nd1 are v m9ute1 be+ only #f_/aj1jjj ( an in* deep4 ,:5 ! possibilities ( ! graphophone became kn[n1 capital 0 quickly suppli$ = its comm]cial exploitation1 & ! ,columbia ,phonograph ,company 0 organiz$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ow+ to ! great increase 9 ! bus9ess1 ! control ( ! graphophone bus9ess is ve/$ 9 two bran*es1 ! ,columbia ,phonograph ,company1 :i* has *>ge ( ! sell+1 & :i* has (fices ?r\gh\t all ! pr9cipal cities ( ?is c\ntry & "s ( ! l>g] ones ( ,europe1 & ! ,am]ican ,graphophone ,company1 :i* att5ds to ! manufactur+ bran*1 & ^: factory is locat$ at ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 :]e1 x is said1 t 9 #ahih ! production ( ! factory rea*$ ! po9t ( "o graphophone = e m9ute ( ! day1 mak+ a total daily output ( #fjj ma*9es4 ,al?\gh ! ,bell & ,ta9t] pat5ts ( #ahhf repres5t ! basic pr9ciples ( ! graphophone1 its developm5t & p]fection h be5 contribut$ to 9 _m subsequ5t improvem5ts by ,messrs4 ,bell1 ,ta9t]1 ,mc,donald1 & o!rs4 ,! m important ( ^! are cov]$ by pat5ts ,no4 #cge1egi1 ,dec4 #bg1 #ahhg2 ,no4 #chj1ece1 ,april #c1 #ahhh2 ,no4 #ebg1gee1 ,oct4 #af1 #ahid1 & ,no4 #egi1eie1 ,m>* #cj1 #ahig4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is indu/ry x 0 ?\ght t ! pr9cipal use ( ! in/rum5t w\ld be f\nd 9 bus9ess applications1 to take ! place ( ! /5ograph]1 b x prov$ difficult to revolutionize (fice me?ods1 especially z ! e>li] ma*9es 7 some:at intricate1 & ! bus9ess man _h no "t to divide 9 eng9e]+ a ma*9e4 ,^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 h be5 s f> ov]come by mod]n improvem5ts & simplification ( ! ma*9e t its use 9 bus9ess h\ses z an amanu5sis has become q common4 ,! greate/ use ( ! graphophone is1 h[ev]1 = amusem5t purposes4 ,its songs1 or*e/ral & solo r5ditions1 & its humor\s monologue reproductions con/itute to-day a great libr>y ( wax cyl9d]s1 regul>ly catalogu$ & sold by ! ?\s&s4 ,x w readily be und]/ood t ! =mation ( ! cyl9d]s mu/ con/itute a great bus9ess ( itself :5 x is rememb]$ t _m record cyl9d]s accompany ea* graphophone1 & t ! latt] are turn$ out at ! rate ( "o a m9ute by a s+le company4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ^! cyl9d]s are made daily4 ,"s are s5t out simply z pla9 wax cyl9d]s1 onto :i* ! records are made by ! voice ( ! pur*as]1 :ile o!rs h records made = !m ( popul> music1 monologues 9 dialect1 humor\s spee*es1 etc4 ,! waxy composition1 :i* is 9 reality a species ( soap1 is melt$ 9 huge pots1 & !n passes f "o floor to ano!r1 und]go+ a ref9+ process 9 its progress1 & f9ally rea*es ! molds4 ,^! molds are arrang$ 9 r[s ar\nd a horizontal :eel ab\t eight feet 9 diamet]4 ,! :eel is kept revolv+1 & a man on "o side is kept con/antly busy 9 fill+ ! molds ) ! molt5 mat]ial z !y rea* him4 ,a half revolution ( ! :eel br+s ! fill$ molds to ! o!r side ( ! room1 & by t "t ! mat]ial has h>d5$ suffici5tly to enable ano!r att5dant1 /ation$ !re1 to remove ! cyl9d]s f ! molds4 ,?us ! :eel is kept go+1 receiv+ at "o side a *>ge ( ! melt$ wax & dis*>g+ at ! o!r mold$ cyl9d]s1 :i* are aft]w>ds turn$ true on ! surface4 ,! record-mak+ dep>tm5t is bo? unique & int]e/+4 ,"h ! records ( music are produc$1 & !y are made by b&s & p]=m]s engag$ = ! purpose1 _m ( :i*1 op]at+ at ! same "t1 produce su* a m$ley z to be sc>cely di/+ui%able to ! visitor4 ,! records are te/$ by ab\t half a hundr$ wom51 ea* ( :om has a little comp>tm5t or boo? fram$ 9 by glass p>titions4 ,! duty ( ! te/] is to decide ^u ! m]its ( ! record by actually li/5+ to x on ! graphophone4 ,a v important feature 9 record-mak+1 f a comm]cial /&po9t1 is 9 means = *eaply duplicat+ records4 ,if e record cyl9d] _h to be made by ! sep>ate act ( a p]=m] su* records w\ld be v exp5sive4 ,an orig9al record is fir/ made by "s celebrat$ musician or speak]1 & ?is record is aft]w>ds multipli$ & reproduc$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,= ?is purpose an orig9al record by suitable me*anism is made to take ! place ( ! speak] or s+]1 & s multiplies & reproduces ! orig9al record4 ,! duplicat+ ( records 0 contemplat$ by ,edison f ! fir/1 z se5 9 8 ,briti% pat5t1 #a1fdd ( #ahgh1 & lat] appliances = accompli%+ su* results are cov]$ "u ,ta9t]'s pat5t1 ,no4 #cda1bhg1 ,bett9i's1 ,no4 #dhh1cha1 & ,mc,donald's1 ,no4 #eei1hjf4 ,! diaphragms us$ 9 ! record]s & reproduc]s are made ( ,fr5* roll$ plate glass1 ?9n] ?an a %eet ( ord9>y writ+ pap]4 ,! record+ /ylus is %ap$ l a little g\ge to cut ! little grooves 9 ! wax1 :ile ! correspond+ /ylus ( ! reproduc] has a ball-%ap$ end to travel 9 ! groove4 ,bo? ! record+ /ylus & reproduc+ ball are made ( sapphire1 *os5 on acc\nt ( its h>dness1 to resi/ ! great frictional we> to :i* !y are subject$4 ,:5 a record is to be effac$ f a cyl9d]1 x is turn$ (f smoo? on a sort ( la!1 & ! cutt+ tool or knife = ?is purpose is also made ( sapphire4 ,! late/1 l\de/1 & mo/ impressive =m ( ! talk+ ma*9e is ! 8,graphophone ,gr&40 ,?is has a horn atta*m5t exce$+ ! big horn ( a brass b& 9 size1 & ! wax cyl9d] is ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,its reproductions 9 music & spee* are s full & /rong z to be cle>ly he>d at ! mo/ remote "p ( a l>ge hall1 & its v]satile voice l5ds effective r5dition to all sorts & k9ds ( s\nds1 f ! inspir+ *ords ( 8,a ,*oir ,invisible0 to ! gr&iloqu5t & faceti\s rattle ( a noisy & hu/l+ auctione]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4--,,mod]n ,,phonograph4 ,x is n to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! graphophone is ! only speak+ ma*9e on ! m>ket1 = ab\t #bej pat5ts h be5 grant$ on phonographs & graphophones4 ,! ,national ,phonograph ,company1 "u _m lat] pat5ts grant$ to ,mr4 ,edison1 manufactures & sells ! phonograph %[n 9 ,fig4 #aib1 :i* is a v +5i\s & effective in/rum5t4 ,?is mod]n =m ( phonograph is actuat$ ei!r by electricity or spr+ p[]1 is regulat$ by a spe$ gov]nor1 & bifurcat$ e> tubes connect ) ! diaphragm case1 :i* tubes are plac$ 9 ! e>s :5 ! in/rum5t is op]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4--,,! ,,gramophone ,,record]4 ,! gramophone is also ano!r speak+ ma*9e4 ,?is is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,b]l9] & cov]$ by him 9 pat5t ,no4 #cgb1ghf1 ,nov4 #h1 #ahhg4 ,an illu/ration ( ! gramophone record] is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aic4 ,in/ead ( a wax cyl9d] ?is ma*9e employs a flat disc on :i* ! record is =m$ z a volute spiral groove1 gradually draw+ t[>d ! c5t]4 ,x is produc$ z foll[s3 ,a z9c disc is cov]$ by a ?9 film ( acid resi/+ mat]ial1 su* z wax or grease1 & is plac$ 9 a horizontal pan1 m\nt$ to revolve z a turn table ab\t a v]tical axis4 ,a /ylus & diaphragm1 ) speak+ tube atta*$1 are arrang$ above ! disc1 & :5 spok5 into ! vibrations ( ! diaphragm cause1 ?r\gh ! /ylus1 a record to be trac$ ?r\gh ! wax1 d[n to ! z9c4 ,z ! wax$ disc & pan are revolv$1 ! /ylus & diaphragm are gradually mov$ by ge>s t[>d ! c5t] ( ! disc4 ,:ile ! record is be+ trac$ ! wax$ disc is kept flood$ ) alcohol f a glass j>1 se5 9 ! cut1 to s(t5 ! film & prev5t ! clogg+ ( ! /ylus4 ,! disc1 :5 complet$1 is !n r9s$ (f & et*$ ) acid1 *romic acid be+ us$1 to prev5t lib]ation ( hydrog5 bubbles4 ,! et*$ disc is !n electrotyp$ to =m a matrix1 & f ?is electrotype h>d rubb] duplicates ( ! orig9al record are mold$1 :i* are capable ( giv+ #a1jjj reproductions4 ,^! rubb] discs are plac$ on ! reproduc+ in/rum5t1 :i* is arrang$ to cause ! /ylus to freely trail along 9 ! spiral groove1 & :5 ! disc is rotat$ "u ! said /ylus its record is conv]t$ into articulate spee*4 ,su* flat disc records give q l\d reproductions1 are n easily de/roy$1 & may be compactly /or$ & transport$4 ,9 ! gramophone ! diaphragm /&s at "r angles to ! record disc & ! /ylus does n vibrate endwise to make a pa? ( v>y+ dep?1 z 9 ! phonograph & graphophone1 b ! /ylus vibrates lat]ally & traces a little zigzag l9e4 ,! co/ ( a talk+ ma*9e is f #e to #aej4 ,! wax cyl9d]s co/ f #be c5ts to #c4jj1 & ! cyl9d]s w hold a record ( f #hjj to #a1bjj words1 equival5t to ab\t ?ree or f\r pages ( pr9t 9 an octavo volume4 ,an important "p ( su* ma*9es is ! motor1 :i* mu/ ma9ta9 a uni=m rate ( spe$1 & mu* +5uity has be5 display$ on ?is "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,probably ! l>ge/ use ( ! phonograph or graphophone is = home amusem5t & exhibition purpose4 ,! co9 op]at$1 or 8nickel-9-!-slot0 ma*9e1 f9ds a popul> dem&1 :ile its utilit>ian use z an amanu5sis1 or /5ograph]1 is z yet a subord9ate "o4 ,al?\gh tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & ( full gr[?1 ! phonograph is ev] a wond]fully new & impressive device4 ,:5 li/5+ to x = ! fir/ "t ! conflict ( emotions :i* x excites is difficult to analyze4 ,a voice full ( human quality1 ( cle> & famili> enunciation1 & speak+ 9 ! mo/ matt] ( fact way ab\t ! mo/ matt] ( fact ?+s1 proce$s f an insignificant & ins5sible bit ( metal1 pres5t+ ! app>5tly anomal\s condition ( spee* )\t a speak]4 ,:5 conv9c$ t !re is no trick1 a/oni%m5t /ruggles ) admiration & a desire = a p]sonal introduction4 ,we speak into x1 & h ! unique exp]i5ce ( li/5+ to our own voice emanat+ f a diff]5t "p ( ! room1 in/ead ( our own m\?s4 ,x is really difficult to believe "o's own s5ses1 & no wond] t x inspires ! sup]/iti\s ) a feel+ ( awe4 ,if ,mr4 ,edison _h liv$ a few c5turies e>li]1 & _h produc$ su* an in/rum5t1 8 life might h paid ! p5alty ( 8 +5uity1 = )\t d\bt he w\ld h be5 class$ z a wiz>d1 & ( close k9 to ! evil "o4 ,! phonograph is ! tru?-tell+ & incontrov]tible witness ^: memory is nev] at fault1 & ^: n]ves are nev] discompos$ by any cross-exam9ation4 ,z evid5ce 9 c\rt its ^w _c be d\bt$1 & ! witness confront$ by 8 own utt]ances f ! phonograph mu/ yield to its infallible dictum4 ,! dy+ fa!r1 unable to write1 may dictate to x 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 & leave a message = 8 lov$ ones1 & long aft] ! sod is gre5 on 8 grave1 t message w\ld /ill be audible1 & fre% & true to all ! t5d] inflections ( ! he>t's emotions4 ,by its aid ! ,holy ,fa!r1 at ,rome1 may give 8 p]sonal & audible bless+ to 8 *ildr5 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ?\gh sep>at$ by ?\s&s ( miles4 ,:o c tell :at /ories ( int]e/+ & in/ructive k w\ld be 9 our possession if ! phonograph _h appe>$ 9 ! ages ( ! pa/1 & its records _h be5 pres]v$8 ,! voices ( our dead ance/ors1 ^: portraits hang on ! wall1 & ! eloqu5t words ( ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o w\ld be pres]v$ to u4 ,9 fact1 we %\ld be br\ght into vocal contact ) ! _w's h]oes1 m>tyrs1 sa9ts1 & sages1 & all ! great actors & tea*]s ^: p]sonalities h made hi/ory1 & ^: tea*+s h giv5 u our be/ ideals4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ practical & be/ *>act]ization ( ! phonograph is giv5 9 ,mr4 ,edison's own t]se words4 ,he says3 8,9 "o s5se x kn[s m ?an we "k ourselves1 = x reta9s ! memory ( _m ?+s :i* we =get1 ev5 ?\gh we h said !m4 ,x tea*es u to be c>eful ( :at we say1 & ,i am sure makes m5 m brief1 m bus9esslike1 & m /raight=w>d40 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,optics4 ,,e>ly ,,telescopes--,,! ,,lick ,,telescope--,,! ,,gr&e ,,lunette--,,! ,,/]eo-,,b9ocul> ,,field ,,glass--,,! ,,microscope--,,! ,,spectroscope-- ,,pol>ization ,,( ,,light--,,kaleidoscope--,,/]eoscope--,, range ,,f9d]-- ,,k9etoscope ,,& ,,mov+ ,,pictures4 8,& ,god said1 ,let !re be light3 & !re 0 light4 ,& ,god saw ! light t x 0 good2 & ,god divid$ ! light f ! d>kness40 ,?us e>ly 9 ! acc\nt ( ! creation is evid5c$ man's appreciation ( ! value ( vision4 ,( all ! s5ses :i* place man 9 intellig5t relation to 8 environm5t none is s important z sight4 ,m ?an all ! o!rs does x e/abli% our relation to ! mat]ial _w4 ,:5 ! babe is born1 & its little emancipat$ s\l is br\ght 9 contact ) ! _w1 its wond]+ gaze sees ! panorama ( visible ?+s t\*+ its eyes1 & x /ret*es =? its t9y arms 9 ! va9 ef=t to pluck ! />s1 app>5tly )9 its rea*4 ,di/ance & "t add _! values to light & vision1 & z 8 life exp&s to great] fullness1 ! p]spective ( 8 exi/5ce creeps into 8 consci\sness1 & he f9ds himself f>!r away1 b /ill pe]+ beyond into ! inf9ity ( di/ance1 se>*+ = ! visible evid5ce ( k4 ,f ! e>lie/ times man le>n$ to spurn ! grovel+ ?+s ( e>?1 & to delight 8 s\l ) ! m>vel\s inf9ity ( ! sky & its heav5ly bodies4 ,nunc ad a/ra 0 8 ambiti\s cry1 & 9 no field has 8 que/ = k be5 m skillfully direct$1 fai?fully ma9ta9$1 or ri*ly rew>d$ ?an 9 ! /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,_m important discov]ies 9 ?is field h be5 made 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 among :i* may be nam$ ! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune by ,adams1 ,lev]ri] & ,galle 9 #ahdf2 ! satellites ( ,neptune 9 #ahdf1 & ^? ( ,saturn 9 #ahdh by ,mr4 ,lassell2 ! two satellites ( ,m>s by ,pr(4 ,asaph ,hall 9 #ahgg2 & ! discov]y ( ! s-call$ canals ( ,m>s by ,s*iap>elli 9 #ahgg4 ,b ! purpose ( ?is "w is to deal ) mat]ial inv5tions r ?an sci5tific discov]ies1 & ! lead+ inv5tion 9 optics is ! telescope4 ,:o inv5t$ ! telescope is a "q t _c n[ be answ]$4 ,= _m ye>s ,galileo 0 cr$it$ 9 popul> e/imation ) hav+ made ?is inv5tion 9 #afji4 ,b x is n[ kn[n t1 :ile he built telescopes1 & discov]$ ! m\nta9s ( ! moon1 ! spots on ! sun's disk1 ! cresc5t phases ( ,v5us1 ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! r+s ( ,saturn1 & made ! fir/ important a/ronomical obs]vations1 ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 z an in/rum5t1 c\ld n be rightly claim$ = him4 ,borelli cr$its x to ,jans5 ,lipp]%eim1 spectacle mak]s1 ( ,middelburg1 ,holl&1 ab\t #aeij2 ,desc>tes cr$its x to ,james ,metius2 ,humboldt says ,hans ,lipp]%ey 7or ,laprey71 a native ( ,wesel & a spectacle mak] ( ,middelburg 9 #afjh1 nam+ also ,jacob ,adriansz1 sometimes call$ ,metius & also ,za*>ias ,jans54 ,! great impetus giv5 to ! /udy ( a/ronomy by ,galileo1 9 #afji1 0 foll[$ up by ,huyg5s 9 #afee ) 8 improvem5t1 by ,gregory's reflect+ telescope ( #affc1 & ,newton's 9 #affh4 ,9 #agcc ,*e/] ,m ,hall inv5t$ ! a*romatic object glass ( cr[n & fl9t glass4 ,9 #ageh ,john ,doll& re9v5t$ & introduc$ ! same 9 ! manufacture ( telescopes4 ,9 #aggi ,h]s*el built 8 reflect+ telescope1 & 9 ,m>*1 #agha1 he discov]$ ! planet ,uranus4 ,9 #aghi he built 8 great reflector4 ,x 0 :ile ! latt] telescope 0 explor+ ! heav5s t ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury began1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury ,h]s*el laid be=e ! ,royal ,society a catalogue ( _m ?\s& nebul & clu/]s ( />s4 ,among ! great telescopes ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury may be m5tion$ t made 9 ,london 9 #ahjb = ! obs]vatory ( ,madrid1 :i* co/ #aa1jjj2 ! great reflect+ telescope ( ! ,e>l ( ,rosse1 erect$ at ,p>son/[n1 9 ,irel&1 9 #ahdb-de4 ,?is 0 #f feet diamet]1 #ed feet focal l5g?1 & co/ ov] #bj1jjj2 ! magnific5t equatorial telescopes set up at ! ,national ,obs]vatories at ,gre5wi* & ,p>is 9 #ahfj2 ,f\cault's reflect+ telescope at ,p>is1 #ahfb1 ^: mirror 0 #ca in*es diamet]1 & focal l5g? #ag feet2 ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,newall's telescope1 set up at ,gate%ead by ,cookes1 ( ,york1 9 #ahgj2 object glass1 #be in*es1 tube1 #cj feet2 ,mr4 ,a4 ,a9slie ,common's reflect+ telescope1 ,eal+1 ,middlesex1 #ahgi1 mirror1 #cg in*es diamet]1 tube1 #bj feet2 ! telescope at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,obs]vatory1 at ,wa%+ton1 #ahgc1 object glass1 #bf in*es1 tube1 #cc feet long2 & ! l>ge refract+ telescope by ,h[>d ,grubb1 at ,dubl91 = ,vi5na1 #ahha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4--,,telescope ,,at ,,lick ,,obs]vatory4 ,9 m rec5t times ! great refract+ telescope by ,alvan ,cl>k ,sons1 = ! ,lick ,obs]vatory on ,m\nt ,hamilton1 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahhh1 attract$ att5tion z sup]ior to any?+ 9 exi/5ce up to t "t4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aid4 ,! support+ column & base are ( iron1 weigh+ tw5ty-five tons4 ,?is re/s on a masonry f\ndation1 :i* =ms ! tomb ( ,james ,lick1 its f\nd]4 ,! tube is #eb feet long1 #d feet diamet] 9 ! middle1 tap]+ to a little ov] #c feet at ! ends4 ,! object glass is #cf in*es 9 diamet]1 & weighs1 ) its cell1 #ecj lbs4 ,! /eel dome is #ge feet #d in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! weight ( its mov+ p>ts is #ajj tons4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 p]fectly equipp$ ) all gauges1 scales1 photographic & spectroscope accessories1 & fulfill$ ! condition impos$ 9 ! tru/ de$ ( ,james ,lick1 ( be+ 8sup]ior to & m p[]ful ?an any telescope made40 ,x is a giant among in/rum5ts ( precision1 & its pond]\s aspect /ill ass]ts ! dignity ( its purpose1 & impresses ev5 ! frivol\s visitor ) a sil5t & ?\ghtful respect4 ,x is n to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! great ,lick telescope /ill ma9ta9s its supremacy4 ,! ,y]kes telescope1 :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,_w's ,fair ,exposition 9 #ahic1 at ,*icago1 _h an object glass ( #c4bh feet 9 diamet] & a focal di/ance ( #fe feet1 & x mov$ ar\nd a c5tral axis 9 a va/ cupola or dome #gh feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ,gr& ,equatorial ( ,gru5ewald1 at ! rec5t ,b]l9 ,exposition1 0 ev5 /ill l>g]1 s9ce its object glass 0 #c feet #g in*es1 or ne>ly #b in*es l>g] ?an ! ,y]kes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4--;,,great ,,telescope1 ,,p>is ,,exposition4 #aijj4 ,ev5 ^! great in/rum5ts h n[ be5 excell$ 9 ! ,gr&e ,lunette1 ( ! ,p>is ,exposition1 9 #aijj4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t an increase 9 ! diamet] ( any circul> body causes1 = e additional in*1 a va/ly disproportionate increase 9 ! cross-sectional area & weight1 x w readily be se5 h[ h&icapp$ ! in/rum5t mak] is 9 any increase 9 ! p[] ( su* a telescope4 ,an increas$ diamet] ( a few in*es 9 ! glass l5s means an enorm\s increase 9 ! cross section1 its weight & ! difficulties att5d+ its successful ca/+ free f imp]fections1 & ! p]fect gr9d+ & poli%+ ( ! l5s4 ,an increas$ l5g? ( ! tubul> case ( ! telescope is liable to involve1 f ! great weight1 a slight b5d+ or spr++ out ( axial alignm5t :5 support$ ne> ! middle = equatorial adju/m5t1 & a few feet increase 9 ! diamet] ( ! massive & movable /eel dome add greatly to ! weight & incid5tal difficulties ( con/ruct+ & delicately adju/+ x4 ,! great ,lunette1 see ,fig4 #aie1 *anges entirely ! me?od ( manipulat+ ! telescope1 & also1 9 a measure1 its pr9ciple ( action1 s z to avoid "s ( ^! difficulties4 ,its tube1 in/ead ( be+ po9t$ upw>dly ?r\gh ! slot ( a movable dome1 & made adju/able ) ! dome1 is laid d[n horizontally on a /ation>y base ( support+ pill>s1 & an adju/able reflect+ mirror & regulat+ me*anism1 call$ a 8sid]o/at10 is arrang$ at "o end1 to cat* ! view ( ! />1 or moon1 & reflect x into ! great tube1 & ?r\gh its l5ses on to ! scre5 at ! o!r end4 ,! tube is #aig feet long1 & ! object glass or l5s is a fraction ov] #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,!re are two ( ^!1 :i* toge!r co/ #abj1jjj4 ,! sid]o/at is support$ on a l>ge ca/ iron frame1 & is provid$ ) clockwork & devices = caus+ ! mirror to foll[ ! movem5t ( ! cele/ial object :i* is be+ view$4 ,! entire weight ( ! sid]o/at & base is #ii1jjj p\nds1 ! movable "p weighs #cc1jjj p\nds1 & ! mirror & its cell weigh #ad1gdj4 ,! mirror itself is ( glass1 weighs #g1ibj p\nds1 is #f4ef feet 9 diamet]1 & #aj4fc in*es ?ick4 ,to facilitate ! free & s5sitive adju/m5t ( ?is great mirror its base floats 9 a res]voir ( m]cury4 ,! entire co/ ( ! in/rum5t is said to be ov] #b1jjj1jjj francs4 ,) ! wond]ful /rides ( improvem5t 9 all fields ( inv5tion1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t ! revelations 9 a/ronomy may keep pace ) ^? ( mundane int]e/1 & t great discov]ies may be made 9 ! ne> future4 ,! av]age individual does n bo!r himself mu* ab\t ! calculation ( eclipses1 or ! laws :i* gov]n ! movem5ts ( an erratic comet4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 int5sely p]sonal & neighborly1 & :at he wants to "k is1 ,is ,m>s inhabit$8 & if s1 are its d5iz5s m51 & may we communicate ) !m8 ,! wond]ful regul>ity ( ! s-call$ canals1 ( app>5tly intellig5t design1 already discov]$ on ! surface ( ,m>s1 has /imulat$ ?is neighborly curiosity into an expectant int]e/1 & :o kn[s :at m>vel\s introductions ! mod]n telescope may br+ ab\t8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4--,,pr(4 ,,abbe',s ,,/]eo-,,b9ocul>4 ,_m m9or improvem5ts h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! =m ( ! telescope kn[n z field & op]a glasses4 ,probably ! mo/ important ( ^! is ! ,/]eo-,b9ocul>1 inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,abbe1 ( ,g]many1 & pat5t$ by him 9 t c\ntry 9 #ahic1 & also 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,june #bb1 #ahig1 ,no4 #ehd1igf4 ,?is gives a mu* increas$ field1 & also an increas$ /]eoscopic effect1 or conception ( relative di/ance1 by hav+ ! object glasses wid] ap>t ?an ! eyes ( ! obs]v]4 ,! field is also flatt]1 ! in/rum5t r5d]$ v mu* small] & m compact1 & no *ange ( focus is requir$ = *ang+ f ne>-by to remote objects4 ,! rays ( light1 see ,fig4 #aif1 ent] ! object glasses1 /rike a d\ble reflect+ prism1 & are fir/ ?r[n away f ! obs]v]1 & !n /rik+ ano!r d\ble reflect+ prism1 arrang$ aft] ,porro's me?od1 are return$ to ! obs]v] 9 l9e ) ! eye-piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4--,,mod]n ,,microscope4 ,! ,microscope4--,j z ! telescope reveals ! inf9ity ( ! great _w above & ar\nd u1 s does ! microscope reveal ! inf9ity ( ! little _w ar\nd1 ab\t1 & )9 u4 ,its orig91 l ! telescope1 is hidd5 9 ! dim di/ance ( ! pa/1 b x is believ$ to ant$ate ! telescope4 ,probably ! dewdrop on a leaf con/itut$ ! fir/ microscope4 ,! magnify+ p[] ( glass balls 0 kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ,assyrians & ,egyptians1 & a l5s made ( rock cry/al 0 f\nd among ! ru9s ( ,n9evah4 ,! microscope is ei!r s+le or comp\nd4 ,9 ! s+le ! object is view$ directly4 ,9 ! comp\nd two or m l5ses are s arrang$ t ! image =m$ by "o is magnifi$ by ! o!rs1 & view$ z if x 7 ! object itself4 ,! s+le microscope _c be claim$ by any inv5tor4 ,! d\ble or comp\nd microscope 0 inv5t$ by ,f>ncelli 9 #afbd1 & x 0 9 t c5tury t ! fir/ important applications 7 made = sci5tific inve/igation4 ,mo/ ( ! inve/igations 7 made1 h[ev]1 by ! s+le microscope1 & ! names ( ,borelli1 ,malpighi1 ,lieb]kuhn1 ,hooke1 ,leeuw5hoek1 ,swamm]d51 ,lyonnet1 ,hewson & ,ellis 7 conspicu\s z ! fa!rs ( microscopy4 ,= m ?an two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ! microscope has l5t its magnify+ aid to ! eye1 & /ep by /ep x has be5 gradually improv$4 ,joseph ,j4 ,li/]'s aplanatic foci & comp\nd objective1 9 #ahbi1 0 a notable improvem5t 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! c5tury1 & ?is has be5 foll[$ up by contributions f v>i\s inv5tors1 until ! mod]n comp\nd microscope1 ,fig4 #aig1 is a triumph ( ! optician's art1 & an in/rum5t ( wond]ful accuracy & p[]4 ,its greate/ "w belongs to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,multiply+ ! dim5sions ( ! smalle/ cells to m ?an a ?\s& times _! size1 x has br\ght into range ( vision an unse5 _w1 develop$ new sci5ces1 & add$ imm5sely to ! /ores ( human k4 ,to ! biologi/ & botani/ x has yield$ its revelations 9 cell /ructure & gr[?2 to ! physician its diagnosis 9 ur9>y & blood exam9ations2 9 hi/ology & morbid secretions x is invaluable2 9 geology its contribution to ! k ( ! physical hi/ory ( ! _w is ( equal importance2 :ile 9 ! /udy ( bact]iology & disease g]ms x has s revolutioniz$ our conception ( ! laws ( heal? & sanitation1 & ! conditions ( life & dea?1 & is s intimately relat$ to our well be+1 z to m>k probably ! greate/ era ( progress & useful ext5sion ( k ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,9 ! useful arts1 also1 x figures 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t2 ! jewel]1 ! engrav]1 ! m9]1 ! agriculturali/1 ! *emical manufactur]1 & ! food inspector1 all make use ( its magnify+ p[]s4 ,to ! microscope ! art ( photography has l5t its valuable aid1 s t all ! revelations ( ! microscope are susceptible ( pres]vation 9 p]man5t records1 z photomicrographs4 ,a curi\s1 b v practical1 use ( ! microscope 0 made 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pigeon-po/ dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is 9 #ahgj-ga4 ,%ut 9 f ! outside _w1 ! res\rceful ,fr5*m5 photograph$ ! news ( ! day to su* microscopic dim5sions t a s+le pigeon c\ld c>ry #ej1jjj messages1 :i* weigh$ less ?an a gramme4 ,^! messages 7 plac$ on delicate films1 roll$ up1 & pack$ 9 quills4 ,! pigeons 7 s5t out 9 balloons1 & fly+ back to ,p>is f ! out] _w1 c>ri$ ^! messages back & =?1 & ! messages1 :5 rea*+ _! de/9ation1 7 enl>g$ to legible dim5sions & int]pret$ by ! microscope4 ,x is said t two & a half million messages 7 9 ?is way transmitt$4 ,! ,spectroscope4--,to ! popul> compreh5sion1 ! be/ def9ition ( any sci5tific in/rum5t is to tell :at x does4 ,few ?+s1 h[ev]1 s tax ! cr$ulity ( ! un9=m$ z a description ( ! functions & possibilities ( ! spectroscope4 ,to /ate t x tells :at k9d ( mat]ials !re are 9 ! sun & />s1 millions ( miles away1 seems l an unw>rant$ attack ^u "o's imag9ation1 & yet ?is is "o ( ! ?+s t ! spectroscope does4 ,a few commonplace obs]vations w help to expla9 its action4 ,e s*oolboy has se5 ! play ( colors ?r\gh a triangul> prism ( glass1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aih1 & ! old] g5]ation rememb]s ! old-fa%ion$ c&elabras1 :i*1 ) _! brilliant p5dants ( cut glass ca/ beautiful color$ pat*es on ! wall1 & ^: danc+ beauties delight$ ! s\ls ( _m a boy & girl ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,?is spread ( color is call$ ! spectrum1 & x is ) ! spectrum t ! spectroscope has to deal4 ,! :ite light ( ! sun is compos$ ( ! sev5 colors3 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,:5 a sunbeam falls ^u a triangul> prism ( glass ! beam is b5t f its c\rse at an angle1 & ! diff]5t colors ( its light are deflect$ at diff]5t angles or degrees1 & consequ5tly1 in/ead ( appe>+ z :ite light1 ! beam is spread out into a div]g5t w$ge %ape1 t sep>ates ! colors & produces :at is call$ ! spectrum4 ,?is discov]y 0 made by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 #afge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4--,,prism ,,& ,,spectrum4 ,9 #ahjb ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 9 repeat+ ,newton's exp]im5ts1 admitt$ ! beam ( light ?r\gh a v n>r[ slit1 in/ead ( a r\nd hole1 & notic$ t ! spectrum1 z spread out 9 its colors1 0 n a cont9u\s %ad+ f "o color into ano!r1 b he f\nd black l9es cross+ ! spectrum4 ,^! black l9es 71 9 #ahad1 c>efully mapp$ by a ,g]man optician1 nam$ ,fraunh(]1 & 7 f\nd by him to be #egf 9 numb]4 ,! next /ep t[>d ! spectroscope 0 made by ,simms1 an optician1 9 #ahcj1 :o plac$ a l5s 9 front ( ! prism s t ! slit 0 9 ! focus ( ! l5s1 & ! light pass+ ?r\gh ! slit fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! l5s1 & !n ?r\gh ! prism4 ,?is l5s 0 call$ ! 8,collimat+0 l5s4 ,) ^! prelim9>y /eps ( developm5t1 ,pr(4 ,kir*h(f began 9 #ahei 8 great "w ( mapp+ ! sol> spectrum1 & he1 9 connection ) ,pr(4 ,buns51 f\nd sev]al ?\s& ( ! d>k l9es 9 ! spectrum1 & laid ! f\ndation ( spectrum-analysis1 or ! det]m9ation ( ! nature ( sub/ances f ! spectra ca/ by !m :5 9 an inc&esc5t /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4--,,kir*h(f',s ,,f\r-,,prism ,,spectroscope4 ,! =m ( ,kir*h(f's spectroscope is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aii4 ,! slit =m+ slide is se5 on ! f> end ( ! tube ,a1 & is %[n 9 enl>g$ deta*$ view on ! "r4 ,! collimat+ l5s is conta9$ 9 ! tube ,a4 ,! beam ( light ent]+ ! slit at ! f> end ( ! tube ,a1 passes ?r\gh ! l5s 9 t tube1 & !n passes successively ?r\gh ! f\r triangul> prisms on ! table1 & is successively b5t by ^! & ?r[n 9 ! =m ( a spectrum into ! telescopic tube ,b1 & is se5 by ! eye at ! remote end ( said tube ,b4 ,! great] ! numb] ( prisms ! wid] is ! disp]sion ( ! rays & ! long] is ! spectrum1 & ! m easily /udi$ are ! peculi> l9es :i* ,wolla/on & ,fraunh(] f\nd cross+ x4 ,x 0 ! pres5ce ( ^! black l9es on ! spectrum :i* l$ to ! developm5t ( ! spectroscope & e/abli%$ its significance & value4 ,! "w :i* ! spectroscope does is simply to =m an ext5d$ spectrum1 b ?is spectrum v>ies ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( light admitt$ ?r\gh ! slit1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( light %[+ diff]5t arrangem5t ( color$ b&s & d>k l9es1 & su* a def9ite relation betwe5 ! light ( v>i\s inc&esc+ elem5t>y bodies & _! spectra has be5 f\nd to exi/1 t ! ca/+ ( a def9ite spectrum f ! sun or />s indicates ) c]ta9ty ! pres5ce 9 ! sun or />s ( ! inc&esc+ elem5t :i* produces t spectrum4 ,?is application ( ! spectroscope is call$ spectrum-analysis1 & by r5d]+ any sub/ance inc&esc5t 9 ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn]1 & direct+ ! light ( its inc&esc5ce ?r\gh ! spectroscope1 its spectrum gives ! basis ( intellig5t *emical id5tification4 ,s delicate is its te/ t x has be5 calculat$ by ,pr(s4 ,kir*h(f & ,buns5 t ! eighte5-million? "p ( a gra9 ( sodium may be detect$4 ,! useful applications ( ! spectroscope are f\nd pr9cipally 9 a/ronomy & ! *emical laboratory1 b "s indu/rial applications h also be5 made ( x 9 metallurgical op]ations1 z1 = in/ance1 9 det]m9+ ! progress ( ! ,bessem] process ( mak+ /eel1 & also = te/+ alloys4 ,_m hi!rto unkn[n metals h also be5 discov]$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! spectroscope1 among :i* may be nam$ caesium1 rubidium1 ?allium1 & indium4 ,! field ( optics is s l>ge t _m int]e/+ bran*es c receive only a casual m5tion4 ,! pol>ization ( light1 fir/ notic$ by ,b>?ol9us 9 #affi1 & by ,huyg5s 9 #afgh1 9 exp]im5ts 9 d\ble refraction ) cry/als ( ,icel& sp>1 7 foll[$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury by ! discov]ies ( ,malus1 ,arago1 ,fresnel1 ,brew/]1 & ,biot4 ,malus1 9 #ahjh1 discov]$ pol>ization by reflection f poli%$ surfaces2 ,arago1 9 #ahaa1 discov]$ color$ pol>ization2 ,nicol1 9 #ahbh1 inv5t$ ! prism nam$ aft] him4 ,! ,kaleidoscope 0 inv5t$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/] 9 #ahad1 & ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #d1acf grant$ him ,july #aj1 #ahag1 = ! same4 ,! reflect+ /]eoscope 0 inv5t$ by ,:eat/one 9 #ahch1 & ! l5ticul> =m1 z n[ g5]ally us$1 0 inv5t$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/] 9 ! ye> #ahdi4 ,among ! m rec5t inv5tions ( importance 9 optics may be m5tion$ ! ,fiske range f9d] 7,pat5t ,no4 #dah1eaj1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahhi71 = enabl+ a gunn] to direct 8 cannon ^u ! t>get :5 its di/ance is unkn[n1 or ev5 :5 obscur$ by fog or smoke4 ,! ,beehl] sol>omet] 7,pat5t ,no4 #ecc1cdj1 ,janu>y #bi1 #ahie71 is also an important sci5tific inv5tion1 :i* has = its object to det]m9e ! position1 or ! compass error1 ( a %ip at sea :5 ! horizon is obscur$4 ,!re is also 9 late ye>s a great v>iety ( ent]ta9+ & in/ructive app>atus 9 photography1 & improvem5ts 9 ! /]eopticon & magic lant]n4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! latt] is ! ,k9etoscope1 = produc+ ! s-call$ mov+ pictures1 9 :i* ! magic lant]n & mod]n results 9 ! photographic art1 h wr\ght wond]s on ! scre54 ,! old-fa%ion$ magic lant]n projections 7 int]e/+ & in/ructive object lessons1 b mod]n inv5tion has end[$ ! pictures ) all ! atmosph]e & naturalness ( real liv+ sc5es1 9 :i* ! figures move & act1 & ! sc5es *ange j z !y d 9 real life4 ,! f\ndation pr9ciple ^u :i* ^! mov+ pictures exi/ is t ( p]si/5ce ( vision4 ,if a succession ( views ( ! same object 9 motion is made1 ) ! mov+ object 9 ea* consecutive figure *ang$ j a little1 & progressively s 9 a con/antly advanc+ attitude 9 a def9ite movem5t1 & ^? diff]5t positions are rapidly pres5t$ 9 sequ5ce to ! eye 9 deta*$ views1 ! figures appe> to con/antly move ?r\gh ! *ang+ position4 ,! !ory ( ! duration ( visible impressions 0 taught by ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & practical advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! same 9 a v>iety ( old-fa%ion$ toys1 kn[n z ! ph5aki/oscope1 ?aumatrope1 zoetrope1 /roboscope1 rotascope1 etc4 ,! ph5aki/oscope 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,roget1 & improv$ by ,plateau 9 #ahbi1 & also by ,f>aday4 ,a circul> disk1 be>+ a circul> s]ies ( figures is m\nt$ on a h&le to revolve4 ,! figures foll[+ ea* o!r %[ consecutively a gradual progression1 or *ange 9 position4 ,! disk has radial slits ar\nd its p]iph]y1 & is held ) its figur$ face be=e a look+ glass4 ,:5 ! reflection is view$ 9 ! look+ glass ?r\gh ! slits1 ! figures rapidly pass+ 9 succession be=e ! slits appe> to h ! movem5ts ( life4 ,! ?aumatrope1 :i* orig9at$ ) ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 consi/s ( a ?9 disc1 be>+ on opposite sides two associat$ objects1 su* z a bird & a cage1 or a horse & a man4 ,?is1 :5 rotat$ ab\t its diamet]1 to br+ alt]nately ! bird & cage into view1 appe>s to br+ ! bird into ! cage1 or to put ! rid] on ! horse's back1 z ! case may be4 ,! zoetrope1 describ$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,janu>y1 #ahcd1 employs ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! ph5aki/oscope1 except t1 in/ead ( a disc be=e a look+ glass1 an upright rotat+ drum or cyl9d] is employ$1 & has its figures on ! inside1 & is view$1 :5 rotat+1 ?r\gh a succession ( v]tical slits 9 ! drum4 ,! e>lie/ pat5ts f\nd 9 ?is art are ! ,briti% pat5t to ,%aw1 ,no4 #a1bfj1 ,may #bb1 #ahfj2 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts1 ,sell]s1 ,no4 #ca1ceg1 ,febru>y #e1 #ahfa1 & ,l9coln1 ,no4 #fd1aag1 ,april #bc1 #ahfg4 ,9 ,br[n's pat5t1 ,no4 #ic1eid1 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahfi1 ! magic lant]n 0 appli$ to ! mov+ pictures1 & ,muybridge's photos ( trott+ horses 9 #ahgb1 foll[$ by in/antane\s photography1 :i* enabl$ a great numb] ( views to be tak5 ( mov+ objects 9 rapid succession1 laid ! f\ndation = ! mod]n art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%oot+ ,,glass ,,balls4 ,,fir+ ,,disappe>+ ,,gun4 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,9 ,fig4 #bjj is %[n a succession ( in/antane\s photographs ( a sportsman %oot+ a glass ball1 & ! fir+ ( a disappe>+ gun4 ,a multiplicity ( views ext5d+ ?r\gh all ! phases ( ^! movem5ts1 :5 successively pres5t$ 9 ord]1 be=e a magic lant]n project+ app>atus1 gives to ! eye ! /rik+ semblance ( real movem5ts4 ,9 practice ^! views are tak5 by special cam]as1 & are pr9t$ on long transp>5t ribbons t conta9 _m hundr$s1 & ev5 ?\s&s ( ! views4 ,edison's ,k9etoscope is cov]$ by pat5t ,no4 #dic1dbf1 ,m>* #ad1 #ahic1 & 8 in/rum5t kn[n z ! ,vitascope1 is "o ( ^? us$ = project+ ! views ^u a scre54 ,9 ,fig4 #bja a simil> in/rum5t1 call$ ! ,biograph1 is %[n1 9 :i* ! seem+ approa* ( ! locomotive makes ^? :o witness x %udd] ) ! app>5t dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4--;,,biograph ,,9 ,,! ,,!atre4 ,to secure ! be/ results1 ! ribbon ) its views %\ld rema9 ) a figure ! longe/ possible "t betwe5 ! light & ! l5s1 & ! %ift+ to ! next view %\ld be z ne>ly in/antane\s z possible4 ,?is problem has be5 admirably solv$ by ,c4 ,f4 ,j5k9s1 :o1 9 #ahid1 devis$ means = accompli%+ x1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/1 if n ! fir/1 to successfully project ! views on a l>ge scre5 adapt$ to public exhibitions4 ,8 app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,an electric motor1 se5 on ! left1 drives1 ?r\gh a belt & pulley1 a c\nt]%aft1 & also ?r\gh a worm ge> turns ano!r %aft p>allel to ! c\nt]%aft1 & be>+ a sprocket pulley1 ^: tee? p5etrate little m>g9al holes 9 ! ribbon ( views1 &1 draw+ x d[n f ! reel above1 deliv] x to ! receiv+ reel on ! "r4 ,on ! end ( ! c\nt]%aft1 j 9 front ( ! sprocket :eel1 is a revolv+ crank p9 or spool1 :i* int]mitt5tly beats d[n ! ribbon ( views1 caus+ ! latt] to advance ?r\gh ! v]tical guides 9 front ( ! l5s by a succession ( j]ks4 ,?is holds ea* view = a maximum p]iod be=e ! l5s1 & !n sudd5ly j]ks ! ribbon to br+ ! next view into position4 ,9 ! ,k9etoscope ! animat$ pictures n only pres5t ! movem5ts ( life1 b1 by a comb9ation ) ! phonograph1 ! audible spee*1 or music fitt+ ! occasion1 is also pres5t$ at ! same "t1 mak+ a m>vel\s simulation ( real life to bo? ! eye & ! e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4--;,,j5k9s' ,,phantascope4 ,among ! late/ promises ( ! inv5tor is ! 8,di/ance ,se]10 or telectroscope1 :i*1 x is said1 enables "o to see at any di/ance ov] electric wires1 j z "o may telegraph or telephone ov] !m4 ,! surprises ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury h be5 s _m & s a/\nd+1 & ! pr9ciples ( ?is inv5tion are s f> correct1 t x w\ld be dogmatic to say t ?is hope may n be realiz$4 ,to ! sum total ( human k no dep>tm5t ( sci5ce has contribut$ m ?an t ( optics4 ,) ! telescope man has climb$ into ! limitless space ( ! heav5s1 & asc]ta9$ ! inf9ite va/ness ( ! univ]se4 ,! flam+ sun :i* w>ms & vitalizes ! _w1 is f\nd m ?an n9ety millions ( miles away4 ,! ne>e/ fix$ />s visible to ! nak$ eye are m ?an #bjj1jjj times ! di/ance ( ! sun1 & _! light1 travel+ at ! rate ( #aij1jjj miles a second1 requires m ?an ?ree ye>s to rea* u4 ,al?\gh s f> away1 _! size1 di/ance1 & con/itution h be5 asc]ta9$1 & _! movem5ts are s*$ul$ ) su* accuracy t ! go+ & com+ !re( are br\ght to ! exactness ( a railroad "t table4 ,! a/ronom] pr$icts an eclipse1 & on ! m9ute ! sph]es sw+ into l9e1 v]ify+1 beyond all d\bt1 ! correctness ( ! laws pr$icat$ = _! movem5ts4 ,! wond]s ( ! telescope1 ! microscope1 & ! spectroscope are1 h[ev]1 b sugge/ions ( :at we may /ill expect1 = sci5ce abundantly tea*es t ! eye may yet see :at to ! eye is n[ invisible1 & t light exi/s 9 :at may n[ seem d>kness4 ,no man may say ) c]ta9ty :at ?\ght 0 upp]mo/ 9 ,goe!'s m9d :51 grappl+ 9 ! f9al /ruggle ) ! ,k+ ( ,t]rors1 he exclaim$ 8,mehr li*t60 ,x may be t x 0 b ! wi% to dispel ! ga!r+ gloom ( 8 dimm+ s5ses1 or p]*ance ! unfold+ ( an illum9at$ vision ( a bright] ?re%old1 b c]ta9 x is t no words s voice ! aspirations ( an enlight5$ humanity z t "o cry ( 8,m light60 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,photography4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,( ,,w$gewood ,,& ,,davy--,,ni,,pce',s ,,heliography--,,dagu]re ,,& ,,! ,,dagu]reotype--,,fox ,,talbot ,,makes ,,fir/ ,,pro(s ,,f ,,negatives--,,sir ,,john ,,h]s*el ,,introduces ,,glass ,,plates--,,! ,,collodion ,,process--,,silv] ,,& ,,c>bon ,,pr9ts--,,ambrotypes--,,emulsions--,,dr y ,,plates--,,! ,,kodak ,,cam]a--,,! ,,plat9otype--,,photography ,,9 ,,colors-- ,,panorama ,,cam]as--,,photo-,,engrav+ ,,& ,,photo-,,li?ography--,,half ,,tone ,,engrav+4 8,art's pr\de/ triumph is to imitate nature40 ,:5 nature pa9ts %e does s ) ! bru% ( beauty1 dipp$ 9 ! pigm5t ( tru?4 ,! t5d] affection ( a ray ( light t\*es ! he>t ( a rose1 br+s a blu% to its *eek1 & life1 becom+ ! bride ( *emical aff9ity1 blooms into surpass+ beauty & lovel9ess4 ,photography is closely alli$ to nature's pa9t+1 = j z light br+s into exi/5ce nature's liv+ beauties1 s does light fix1 pres]ve1 & p]petuate ^! beauties by ! same subtile & my/]i\s ag5cy ( a quick5$ *emical aff9ity4 ,photography is bo? an art & a sci5ce1 & z su* is bo? beautiful & true4 ,x is an art intimately associat$ ) ! t5d]e/ affections ( ! human he>t 9 keep+ alive its preci\s memories4 ,by x ! y\?ful swee!>t ( long ago1 ! lov+ face ( ! dep>t$ "m1 & ! *]i%$ =m ( ! dead *ild are br\ght back to u 9 famili> pres5ce1 :ile our great m5 h become ! e-day fri5ds & ideals ( ! common p4 ,:at an enri*m5t & satisfaction x w\ld h add$ to our lives if ! art _h be5 coeval ) hi/ory1 & all ! _w's exalt$ sc5es & faces _h come to u ?r\gh ! cam]a ) ! k ( absolute tru? & fidelity4 ,b n only 9 portraiture is photography a great art1 = x cat*es ! /ately pose ( ! m\nta91 ! gr&eur ( ! sea1 ! beauty ( ! =e/1 or ! maje/y ( ,niag>a ,falls1 & br+s !m all home to u1 ev5 to ! vision ( ! b$-ridd5 invalid4 ,! cam]a alike records ! secrets ( ! />ry heav5s & ! bact]ia ( ! microscopic _w4 ,hang+ on ! tail ( a kite x photographs ! face ( "m e>?1 &1 act+ quick] ?an ! lightn+1 x cat*es & def9es ! pa? ( t erratic fla%4 ,x plays ! "p ( a private detective1 & its te/imony 9 c\rt is nev] d\bt$4 ,! ar*itect1 eng9e]1 & illu/rator f9d x 9 con/ant requisition4 ,by ! aid ( ! ,ro5tg5 ,rays1 x locates a bullet 9 a w\nd$ soldi]1 & takes a picture ( "o's sp9al column4 ,9 fact1 x sees & records ?+s bo? visible & invisible1 acts ) ! rapidity ( ?\ght1 & is nev] mi/ak54 ,! art ( photography1 nam$ f ! two ,greek words 7! writ+ ( light71 is a comp>atively new "o1 & belongs entirely to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! anci5t al*emi/s t 8horn silv]0 7fus$ *loride ( silv]7 w\ld black5 on exposure to light1 b !re 0 nei!r any cle> und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ?is action1 nor any application made ( x prior to ! ye> #ahjj4 ,we n[ "k t ! art ( photography is dep5d5t ^u ! act9ic effect ( c]ta9 ( ! rays ( ! spectrum ^u c]ta9 *emical salts1 notably ^? ( silv] & *romic acid1 9 connection ) organic matt]4 ,! rays :i* h ?is effect are ! blue & violet rays at "o end ( ! spectrum1 & ev5 invisible rays beyond ! violet1 ! r$ & yell[ rays hav+ little or no su* act9ic effect4 ,t :i* made photography possible = ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 0 ! philosophical obs]vation ( ,s*eele1 9 #aggg1 ^u ! decompos+ influ5ce ( light on ! salts ( silv]1 & ! sup]ior activity ( ! violet rays ( ! spectrum ov] ! o!rs 9 produc+ ?is effect4 ,9 #ahja ,ritt] prov$ ! exi/5ce ( su* invisible rays beyond ! violet end ( ! visible spectrum by ! p[] !y possess$ ( black5+ *loride ( silv]4 ,e>lie/ ,application ( ,pr9ciples4--,! fir/ attempt to r5d] ! black5+ ( silv] salts by light available = arti/ic purposes1 0 made by ,w$gewood & ,davy 9 #ahjb4 ,a %eet ( :ite pap] 0 saturat$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & ! %ad[ ( ! figure int5d$ to be copi$ 0 project$ ^u x4 ,:]e ! %ad[ fell ! pap] rema9$ :ite1 :ile ! surr\nd+ expos$ p>ts d>k5$ "u ! sun's rays4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no means ( fix+ su* a picture1 & 9 "t ! :ite p>ts w\ld also turn black4 ,introduction ( ,cam]a4--,! cam]a obscura1 a v old inv5tion design$ = ! use ( arti/s 9 copy+ f nature1 0 at a v e>ly p]iod br\ght into ?is art1 b x 0 f\nd t ! *emicals employ$ by ,w$gewood & ,davy 7 n suffici5tly s5sitive to be affect$ by its subdu$ light4 ,9 #ahad1 h[ev]1 ,joseph ,nicphore ,nipce1 ( ,*alns1 inv5t$ a process t utiliz$ ! cam]a1 & :i* 0 call$ 8,heliography10 or sun draw+4 ,9 #ahbg he disc>d$ ! use ( silv] salts1 & employ$ a res9 kn[n z 8,bitum5 ( ,judea0 7asphaltum74 ,a plate 0 coat$ ) a solution ( ?is res9 & expos$4 ,! light act+ ^u ! plate r5d]$ ! res9 insoluble :]e expos$1 & left x soluble "u ! %ad[s4 ,h5ce1 :5 treat$ ) an oleag9\s solv5t ! %ad[s dissolv$ out1 & ! lights1 repres5t$ by ! undissolv$ res91 =m$ a picture1 :i* 0 9 reality a p]man5t negative4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 0 sl[1 requir+ "s h\rs4 ,! ,dagu]reotype4--,9 #ahbi ,nipce & ,dagu]re became p>tn]s1 & 9 #ahci1 aft] ! dea? ( ! eld] ,nipce1 ! process nam$ aft] ,dagu]re 0 p]fect$ 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #h1aid1 ( #ahci74 ,he ab&on$ ! res9 z a s5sitive mat]ial1 & w5t back to ! salts ( silv]4 ,he employ$ a poli%$ silv] surfac$ plate1 & expos$ x to ! action ( ! vapors ( iod9e1 s z to =m a lay] ( iodide ( silv] ^u ! surface1 :i* r5d]$ x v s5sitive4 ,by a %ort exposure 9 ! cam]a an effect 0 produc$1 n visible to ! eye1 b appe>+ :5 ! plate 0 subject$ to ! vapor ( m]cury4 ,?is process r$uc$ ! "t requir$ f h\rs to m9utes1 & z x involv$ ! production ( a lat5t image1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly develop$ by a *emical ag5t1 x repres5t$ practically ! beg9n+ ( ! photographic art z practic$ to-day4 ,dagu]re s\ght also to p]man5tly fix 8 pictures1 b ?is 0 accompli%$ only imp]fectly until #ahci1 :5 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el made kn[n ! prop]ties ( ! hyposulphites = dissolv+ ! salts ( silv]4 ,9 #ahdd ,hunt introduc$ ! protosulphate ( iron z a develop]4 ,production ( ,positive ,pro(s f ,negatives4--,?is 0 fir/ done by ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot1 ( ,engl&1 betwe5 #ahcd & #ahci4 ,9 8 fir/ communication to ! ,royal ,society1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahci1 x 0 direct$ t ! pap] %\ld be dipp$ fir/ 9 a solution ( *loride ( sodium1 & !n 9 nitrate ( silv]1 :i*1 by reaction1 produc$1 on ! face ( ! pap]1 *loride ( silv]1 :i* 0 m s5sitive to ! light ?an nitrate ( silv]4 ,! object to be reproduc$ 0 laid 9 contact ) ! prep>$ pap]1 & expos$ to ! light until a copy 0 produc$ :i* 0 a negative1 hav+ ! lights & %ad[s rev]s$4 ,a second %eet 0 !n prep>$1 & ! fir/ or negative impression 0 laid ^u x1 & us$ z a /5cil to produce a second pr9t :i*1 by a rev]sal ( ! lights & %ad[s1 =m$ an exact reproduction ( ! orig9al4 ,9 #ahda1 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #h1hdb 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,talbot1 = :at he call$ ! 8,calotype10 & :i* 0 aft]w>d kn[n z ! 8,talbotype40 ,a %eet ( pap] 0 fir/ coat$ ) iodide ( silv]1 by soak+ x alt]nately 9 iodide ( potassium & nitrate ( silv]1 & 0 !n wa%$ ) a solution ( gallic acid conta9+ nitrate ( silv]1 by :i* ! s5sitiv5ess to light 0 increas$4 ,an exposure ( "s seconds or m9utes1 accord+ to ! brightness ( ! light1 produc$ an impression ^u ! plate1 :i*1 :5 treat$ ) a fre% portion ( gallic acid & nitrate ( silv]1 develop$ into ! image4 ,aft] be+ fix$ x =m$ a negative f :i* any numb] ( pr9ts might be obta9$4 ,! ,talbot process repres5t$ a great advance 9 ?is art4 ,glass plates to reta9 ! s5sitive film 7 introduc$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 9 #ahci1 & 7 a great improvem5t ov] ! pap] negatives1 :i* latt]1 f lack ( transp>5cy & uni=mity 9 texture1 _h prev5t$ f9e def9ition & %>pness ( outl9e4 ,blue pr9t+ 0 also inv5t$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 9 #ahdb1 & he 0 ! fir/ to apply ! t]m 8negative0 9 photography4 ,9 #ahdh ,m4 ,nipce de ,/4 ,victor1 a nephew ( ,dagu]re's =m] p>tn]1 appli$ to ! glass a film ( album5 to receive ! s5sitive silv] coat+4 ,collodion ,process4--,! mo/ important /ep 9 ! prep>ation ( ! negative 0 ! application ( collodion4 ,?is is a solution ( pyroxil9 9 e!r & alcohol1 :i* rapidly evaporates & leaves a ?9 film adh]+ to ! glass4 ,m4 ,le ,gray1 ( ,p>is1 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ collodion = ?is purpose1 b ,mr4 ,scott ,ar*]1 ( ,london1 9 #ahea1 0 ! fir/ to c>ry x out practically4 ,a clean plate ( glass is coat$ ) collodion s5sitiz$ ) iodides ( potassium1 etc41 & is !n imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,metallic silv] takes ! place ( potassium1 =m+ insoluble iodide ( silv] on ! film4 ,! plate is !n expos$ & ! lat5t image develop$ by an aque\s solution ( pyrogallic acid1 or protosulphate ( iron4 ,:5 suffici5tly develop$1 ! plate is wa%$1 & ! image fix$ by dissolv+ ! unact$-^u iodide ( silv] ) a solution ( cyanide ( potassium or hyposulphite ( soda4 ,?is complet$ ! negative or /5cil f :i* ! positives are pr9t$ by pass+ rays ( light ?r\gh x ^u s5sitive pap]4 ,! ,ambrotype succe$$ ! ,dagu]reotype1 & 0 produc$ by mak+ a v ?9 negative by "u exposure on glass1 us+ ! collodion process1 &1 aft] dry+1 back+ ! glass ) black asphaltum v>ni% or black velvet1 caus+ ! d5se portions ( ! negative to appe> :ite by reflect$ light1 & ! transp>5t portions black4 ,su* pictures 7 quickly made1 & 7 mu* 9 vogue =ty ye>s ago1 b are n[ obsolete4 ,a modification ( ! ambrotype1 h[ev]1 /ill survives 9 :at is kn[n z ! 8t9-type0 or 8f]ro-type40 ,9 ! t9-type ! collodion picture is made directly ^u a v ?9 iron plate1 cov]$ ) black enamel1 :i* bo? protects ! plate f ! action ( ! *emicals 9 ! ba?1 & =ms ! equival5t ( ! black backgr\nd ( ! ambrotype4 ,silv] ,pr9t+4--,a %eet ( pap]1 previ\sly treat$ ) a solution ( *loride ( sodium & dri$1 is s5sitiz$ 9 an alkal9e ba? ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,:5 ! pap] is expos$ "u a negative1 ! light ?r\gh ! transp>5t p>ts ( ! negative r$uces ! silv]1 conv]t+ ! *loride1 x is suppos$1 into a metallic sub-*loride ( silv] :i* becomes d>k or black1 & con/itutes ! ma9 portion ( ! picture4 ,! image is !n fix$ by dissolv+ out ! *loride ( silv] unalt]$ by light 9 a ba? ( hyposulphite ( soda4 ,aft] fixation1 ! image is well wa%$ 9 sev]al *anges ( wat] to elim9ate all traces ( ! hyposulphite ( soda & prev5t ! subsequ5t fad+ ( ! d>k5$ portions ( ! picture & ! yell[+ ( ! :ites4 ,if ! pr9t$ image is imm$iately fix$1 x w h a r$ color4 ,to avoid ?is x is wa%$ fir/ 9 wat] & !n imm]s$ 9 a *loride ( gold ton+ ba? & fix$4 ,! ,plat9otype ,process is "o 9 :i* potassium *loroplat9ite & f]ric oxalate are conv]t$ by light into ! f]r\s /ate1 & metallic plat9um is r$uc$ :5 9 contact ) ! f]r\s oxalate ( pota% solution4 ,! unact$ ^u portions are dissolv$ out by dilute hydro*loric acid1 leav+ a black p]man5t image4 ,?is process is *>act]iz$ by simplicity1 s5sitiv5ess 9 action1 p]man5ce ( pr9t1 & a peculi>ly s(t & arti/ic quality 9 ! picture4 ,briti% ,pat5t ,no4 #b1jaa1 ( #ahgc1 to ,willis1 is ! fir/ disclosure ( ! plat9otype4 ,c>bon ,pr9t+ is a process 9 :i* lampblack or o!r inde/ructible pigm5t is mix$ ) ! *emicals to r5d] ! photograph m /able aga9/ fad+ f ! gradual decomposition ( its elem5ts4 ,mungo ,ponton1 9 #ahch1 discov]$ ! s5sitive quality ( potassium bi*romate1 :i* l$ up to c>bon pr9t+4 ,becqu]el & ,poitev91 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahee1 7 ! fir/ to exp]im5t 9 ?is direction1 & ,f>gi]1 ,swan1 & ,johnson 7 successors :o made valuable contributions4 ,emulsions4--,a photographic emulsion is a visc\s liquid1 su* z collodion or a solution ( gelat9e1 conta9+ a s5sitive silv] salt ) :i* ! glass plate is at once coat$1 in/ead ( coat+ ! plate ) collodion or gelat9e1 & !n imm]s+ x 9 a s5sitiz+ ba?4 ,! desirability ( emulsions 0 recogniz$ z e>ly z #ahej by ,gu/ave ,le ,gray1 & 9 #ahec by ,gaud94 ,collodion emulsion ) bromide ( silv] 0 inv5t$ by ,sayce & made kn[n 9 #ahfd4 ,9 #ahga ,maddox publi%$ 8 fir/ notice ( gelat9e emulsion1 & 9 #ahgc ! gelat9e emulsions ( ,burgess 7 adv]tis$ = sale4 ,9 #ahgh ,mr4 ,*>les ,b5nett br\ght out gelat9o-bromide emulsion ( extreme s5sitiv5ess1 by ! application ( heat1 & f ?is "t gelat9e began to sup]s$e all o!r organic m$ia4 ,dry ,plates 7 a great improvem5t ov] ! old wet process1 ) its tray = ba?s1 its bottles ( *emicals1 & o!r accessories4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case ) out ( door "w1 :i* h]et(ore _h involv$ ! c>ry+ along ( mu* unwieldy & inconv5i5t p>aph]nalia4 ,) ! dry plate process only ! cam]a & ! plates 7 ne$$1 & ?is /ep m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! spread ( ! art among amateurs1 & ! great snap-%ot era ( photography1 gr[+ into a di/9ct movem5t ab\t ! ye> #ahhh1 has s9ce spread ov] ! entire _w4 ,! fir/ practical dry plate process 7collodion-album57 0 publi%$ 9 #ahee by ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,taup5ot1 a ,fr5* sci5ti/4 ,russell1 9 #ahfb2 ,sayce1 9 #ahfd2 ,capta9 ,abney1 = photograph+ ! transit ( ,v5us 9 #ahgd2 ,rev4 ,canon ,bee*ey1 ( ,engl&1 9 #ahge2 ,pr(4 ,john ,w4 ,drap]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york1 & ! ,ea/man ,walk] ,company1 ( ,ro*e/]1 7 ! *ief promot]s ( dry plate photography4 ,! practical introduction began ab\t #ahfb ) ! application ( ! alkal9e develop]4 ,! progress ( ! photographic art may be approximately not$ z foll[s3 ,process4 ,"t ,requir$4 ,introduc$4 ,heliography #f h\rs' exposure #ahad ,dagu]reotype #cj m9utes' exposure #ahci ,calotype or ,talbotype #c m9utes' exposure #ahda ,collodion process #aj seconds' exposure #ahea ,collodion emulsion 7dry plate7 #ae seconds' exposure #ahfd ,gelat9e emulsion 7dry plate7 #a second exposure #ahgh ,me*anical ,developm5t4--,! photographic cam]a is b an adaptation ( ! optical pr9ciples ( ! old cam]a obscura1 :i* has be5 cr$it$ to v>i\s p]sons1 includ+ ,rog] ,bacon 9 #abig1 ,bapti/a ,porta ab\t #aefi1 & o!rs4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! cam]a obscura are a d>k *amb]1 hav+ 9 "o end a p]=ation conta9+ a l5s1 & opposite x on ! back ( ! *amb] a scre5 ^u :i* an image ( ! object is project$ by ! l5s = ! purpose ( enabl+ x to be directly trac$ by a p5cil4 ,! photographic cam]a1 introduc$ by ,dagu]re 9 #ahci1 adds to ! cam]a obscura "s means = adju/+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! l5s & ! scre5 on :i* ! image falls4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by mak+ ! d>k *amb] adju/able 9 l5g? by =m+ x 9 two telescopic sections slid+ ov] ea* o!r1 & 9 lat] ye>s by ! well-kn[n bell[s arrangem5t4 ,a lum9\s image ( any object plac$ 9 front ( ! l5s is ?r[n 9 an inv]t$ position ^u ! scre51 :i* is ( gr\nd glass1 to p]mit ! image to be se5 9 focus+4 ,:5 ! prop] focus on ?is gr\nd glass is obta9$ a s5sitive plate is put 9 ! plane ( ?is scre5 to receive ! image4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4--,,kodak4 ,x is n possible to trace all ! /eps ( developm5t ( ! cam]a :i* h br\ght x to its pres5t p]fection4 ,mo/ ( ! improvem5ts h _h relation to ! l5s 9 correct+ *romatic & sph]ical ab]ration1 & 9 %utt]s = regulat+ exposure1 9 /ops = %utt+ out ! oblique rays & hold]s = ! s5sitive plate4 ,! 8,iris0 %utt]1 s-call$ f its resemblance 9 function to ! iris ( ! eye1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( tang5tially arrang$ plates :i* op5 or close a c5tral op5+ symmetrically f all sides4 ,! ord9>y cam]a ( ! photographic arti/ is too famili> an object to require special illu/ration4 ,x has be5 look$ into by ! ri* & ! poor1 & ! high & ! l[1 all ov] ! :ole _w4 ,betwe5 ! travel+ outfit1 & ! 8look pleasant1 please60 ( ! p]ipatetic arti/1 & ! h&some /udios ( ! cities1 x is h>d to f9d an individual 9 ! civiliz$ _w :o has n pos$ be=e its l5s4 ,?r\gh its ag5cy ! great man ( ! day has f\nd himself 9 evid5ce ev]y:]e2 ! c\ntry maid5 has _m times exp]i5c$ ! delici\s ?rill ( satisfi$ vanity z %e pos$ be=e x1 & ! sup]/iti\s savage is p>alyz$ ) fe> le/ ! my/]i\s ?+ %\ld /eal 8 s\l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4--;,,fold+ ,,kodak4 ,9 #ahea ! fir/ in/antane\s views 7 made by ,mr4 ,cady & ,mr4 ,beck]s1 ( ,new ,york1 & also by ,mr4 ,talbot1 :o employ$ z a fla% light a sp>k f a ,leyd5 j>4 ,9 #ahfd magnesium light 0 employ$ by ,mr4 ,bro!rs1 ( ,man*e/]1 = photographic purposes1 & ab\t #ahgf-h ,van d] ,weyde made use ( ! electric light = ! same purpose4 ,! roll] slide1 or roll film1 0 inv5t$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,melhui%1 9 ,engl&1 9 #ahed 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #a1aci1 ( #ahed74 ,! films 71 h[ev]1 ( pap]4 ,9 #ahef ,norris produc$ s5sitiz$ dry films ( collodion or gelat9e 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1jbi1 ( #ahef74 ,9 lat] ye>s app>atus = utiliz+ ! roll film has be5 greatly improv$ & ext5sively appli$ by ,ea/man1 ,walk] ,co41 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ab\t #ahhh a new ?+ 9 ! photographic _w made its appe>ance4 ,x 0 a little black lea!r-cov]$ rectangul> box1 ab\t six in*es long1 ) a sort ( bl9d eye at "o end clos$ by a cyl9drical %utt]1 sub/antially z se5 9 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,?is %utt] 0 w\nd up by a spr+ op]at$ by a pull cord4 ,9 ! back ( ! box 0 a film or ribbon ( s5sitiz$ pap] w\nd ^u "o spool1 & unw9d+ !refrom & w9d+ onto ano!r spool1 & be+ di/5d$ z x pass$ s z to =m a flat surface :i* 0 directly 9 re> ( ! l5s4 ,a ?umb piece or key on ! top1 & a pu% button on ! side1 7 ! only sugge/ions ( ! op]ative me*anism )94 ,:5 ! button 0 press$ ! %utt] = an in/ant pass$ f 9 front ( ! l5s1 & z quickly cov]$ x aga91 b 9 ?is brief int]val an image _h be5 fla%$ ^u ! s5sitive ribbon or film1 & a snap-%ot picture 0 tak54 ,by a simple movem5t ( ! ?umb piece or key1 ! receiv+ roll 0 made to take up ! expos$ section ( ! s5sitive film & br+ ano!r section into ! range ( ! l5s1 = a repetition ( ! op]ation4 ,?is little in/rum5t 0 slung 9 a case look+ l a c>tridge box1 & its s5sitive roll 0 able to receive #ajj successive pictures4 ,:5 ! roll 0 exhau/$1 x 0 remov$ & develop$ 9 a d>k room4 ,! device 0 plac$ ^u ! m>ket by ! ,ea/man ,company1 & x 0 call$ ! 8,kodak40 ,! adv]tisem5t ( ! company1 t 8,y press ! button & we d ! re/10 0 soon realiz$ to be f\nd$ 9 fact1 & 9 a %ort :ile ! great era ( snap-%ot photography _h set 94 ,to-day ?is =m ( cam]a is a "p ( ! luggage ( e t\ri/1 travel]1 sci5ti/1 & dilletante4 ,9 fact1 x has become ! famili> sci5tific toy ( man1 woman1 & *ild1 int]e/+1 in/ructive1 & useful to all4 ,9 ,fig4 #bjd is %[n a mod]n =m ( ,kodak1 :i* is made 9 v>i\s sizes & is foldable = compact & conv5i5t portability4 ,a v conv5i5t & useful developm5t 9 films is to be f\nd 9 ! c>tridge sy/em1 by :i* ! film may be plac$ 9 & remov$ f ! cam]a 9 broad daylight4 ,! film has ?r\gh\t its l5g? a back+ ( black pap] :i* ext5ds f> en\gh beyond ! ends ( ! film to all[ x to be unw\nd1 s f>1 9 mak+ connection ) ! roll hold]1 )\t expos+ ! film to light1 & also to all[ x to be remov$ )\t exposure to light1 aft] all ! exposures h be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4--;,,h& ,,premo4 ,among ! _m o!r +5i\s & useful h& cam]as may be m5tion$ ! 8,premo10 made by ! ,ro*e/] ,optical ,company1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #bje4 ,! 8,premo0 is arrang$ = ei!r snap-%ot or "t exposure1 is adapt$ to be ei!r held 9 ! h& or m\nt$ ^u a tripod1 & is furni%$ = use ei!r ) glass plates or roll films4 ,9 ,fig4 #bjf is %[n ! 8,premo0 = /]eoscopic "w1 9 :i* two pictures are tak5 at once1 a suffici5t di/ance f ea* o!r to produce ! effect ( b9ocul> vision & give ! appe>ance ( relief :5 view$ ?r\gh ! /]eoscope4 ,brett's ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #a1fbi1 ( #ahec1 appe>s to be ! e>lie/ description ( a /]eoscopic cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4--,,/]eoscopic ,,cam]a4 ,!re h be5 #b1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts grant$ 9 photography1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 tak5 9 ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 & great effici5cy & detail 9 bo? ! *emical & me*anical bran*es ( ! art h be5 obta9$4 ,! useful applications ( ! art h be5 num]\s & v>i$4 ,portrait mak+ is probably ! l>ge/ field4 ,?is 0 fir/ successfully accompli%$ 9 #ahci by ,pr(essor ,morse1 ( telegraph fame1 work+ ) ,pr(4 ,john ,w4 ,drap]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york4 ,cele/ial ,photography began ) ,pr(4 ,drap]'s photograph ( ! moon 9 ,m>*1 #ahdj1 & ,pr(4 ,bond1 ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41 9 #ahea4 ,9 #ahgb ,pr(4 ,drap] photograph$ ! spectra ( ! />s1 & 9 #ahhj-ha ! nebul ( ,orion1 & 9 #ahhg ! ,photographic ,congress ( ,a/ronom]s ( ! ,_w1 organiz$ 9 ,p>is1 began ! "w ( photograph+ ! entire heav5s4 ,9 late ye>s notable "w has be5 done at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory by ,pr(4 ,hold54 ,9 #ahfa ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ( ,weym\?1 photograph$ ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ,pr(4 ,o4 ,n4 ,rood1 ( ,troy1 ,n4 ,y41 ! same ye> describ$ 8 application ( x to ! microscope4 ,9 #ahga crim9als 7 ord]$ to be photograph$ 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,am]ica ! ,rogues' ,gall]y became an in/itution 9 ,new ,york z e>ly z #aheg1 ambrotypes be+ fir/ us$4 ,9 #ahgf ! ,adams ,cab9et = hold+ & display+ ! photos 0 inv5t$4 ,to-day ! ,new ,york collection am\nts to ne>ly #cj1jjj1 :ile t ( ! ,national ,bureau ( ,id5tification at ,*icago approximates #ajj1jjj4 ,x is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! law ( comp5sation t ! c\nt]feit] :o invokes ! aid ( photography to copy a bank note is1 by ! same ag5cy ( 8 photo 9 ! ,rogues' ,gall]y1 id5tifi$ & convict$4 ,photography 9 ,colors has be5 ! goal ( arti/s & sci5ti/s 9 ?is field = _m ye>s4 ,robt4 ,hunt1 9 ,engl&1 9 #ahdc1 & ,edmond ,becqu]el1 9 ,france1 9 #ahdh1 made evanesc5t photographs 9 colors1 b little progress 0 made until ab\t ! la/ decade ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,franz ,v]ess 9 #ahij1 ,f4 ,e4 ,ives 7,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #dcb1ecj1 ,july #bb1 #ahij71 ,w4 ,kurtz 7,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #dih1cif1 ,may #cj1 #ahic71 ,gabriel ,lippmann 9 #ahib & #ahif1 ,ives 9 #ahib1 ,m4 ,lumire 9 #ahic1 ,dr4 ,joly 9 #ahie1 ,m4 ,vill$i5 ,*assagne1 & ,dr4 ,adri51 ,m4 ,dansac & ,m4 ,b5netto1 all 9 #ahig1 repres5t active work]s 9 ?is field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4--,,panoram-,,kodak4 ,among rec5t developm5ts ( ! cam]a may be m5tion$ ! wide angle l5s1 :i* p]mits l>g] images to be made on ! plate f small ne>-by objects1 & ! telephotographic cam]a1 :i* gives a l>ge image ( remote objects1 su* z an enemy's =t1 & ! panorama cam]a1 :i* is design$ to cov] a broad field4 ,= ?is purpose ! l5s is movably m\nt$ = a semi-circul> sw+1 & ! image is fla%$ across a curv$ film 9 ! case4 ,! ,ea/man ,panoram-,kodak1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bjg1 is an ext]nal illu/ration ( ?is type1 & 9 ,fig4 #bjg;,a is %[n a sectional view ( ano!r make ( panorama cam]a :i* cle>ly %[s ! int]nal con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg;,a4--,,sectional ,,plan ,,( ,,panoramic ,,cam]a4 ,z alli$ bran*es ( ! photographic art1 photo-engrav+1 photo-li?ograph+1 & half-tone engrav+ are important developm5ts ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,photo-engrav+ is a process by means ( :i* photographs may be us$ 9 =m+ plates f :i* pr9ts 9 ink c be tak54 ,! process dep5ds ^u ! prop]ty possess$ by bi*romate ( potassium1 & o!r *emicals1 ( r5d]+ insoluble "u ! action ( light1 gelat9e or "s simil> sub/ance4 ,a picture is ?us produc$ on a metal plate1 & ! blank spaces are et*$ out by acid1 leav+ ! l9es 9 relief z pr9t+ surfaces4 ,:5 ! op]ation is rev]s$1 & only ! d>ks are et*$ 9 intaglio1 to be fill$ ) ink1 z 9 copp]-plate engrav+1 x is call$ photo-gravure4 ,mungo ,ponton1 9 #ahci1 discov]$ ! s5sitive quality ( a %eet ( pap] treat$ ) bi*romate ( pota%4 ,9 #ahdj ,becqu]el discov]$ t ! siz+ _h an important function1 & ,fox ,talbot1 9 #ahec1 discov]$ & utiliz$ ! insolubility ( gelat9e expos$ to light 9 pres5ce ( bi*romate ( pota%4 ,9 #ahed ,paul ,prets* obs]v$ t ! expos$ p>ts ( ! gelat9e did n swell 9 wat]4 ,"o ( ! fir/ sugge/ions ( photo-engrav+ appe>s 9 ! ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #ac1gcf1 ( #ahea1 ( ,james ,palm]4 ,9 rec5t times great p]fection 9 details has be5 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,moss1 ( ! ,photo-,engrav+ ,company1 & o!rs4 ,! ,alb]t-type & ,woodbury-type are e>ly modifications ( ?is art4 ,9 photo-li?ography ! photograph is transf]r$ to ! /one1 & ! latt] !n us$ to pr9t f1 z 9 li?ography4 ,! op]ation consi/s3 #a1 9 mak+ ! photographic negative2 #b1 pr9t+ ) x ^u transf] pap] coat$ ) gelat9e & bi*romate ( pota%3 #c1 ! transf] pap] is !n giv5 a coat ( insoluble fatty transf] ink f an ink+ /one2 #d1 all ink on surfaces n rea*$ by ! light be+ on a soluble surface is wa%$ (f1 leav+ ! insoluble l9es act$ ^u by light =m+ ! picture2 #e1 ! wa%$ transf] %eet is !n appli$ to ! /one1 & ! rema9+ ink$ l9es ( ! design are transf]r$ to ! /one2 #f1 ! /one ) transf]r$ l9es w n[ receive ink f ! ink rolls on ^! l9es1 & repels ink f all o!r surfaces1 :i* latt] are made repell5t by be+ kept con/antly wet1 z 9 ord9>y li?ography4 ,! fir/ attempts 9 ?is art 7 by ,dixon1 ( ,j]sey ,city1 & ,lewis1 ( ,dubl91 9 #ahda1 :o us$ res9s4 ,joseph ,dixon1 9 #ahed1 0 ! fir/ to use organic matt] & bi*romate ( pota% ^u /one to produce a photo-li?ograph4 ,9 #ahei ,j4 ,w4 ,osborne pat5t$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 #ahfa 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a transf] process :i* gave su* great impetus to ! art t he may be consid]$ its f\nd] & *ief promotor4 ,8 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts are ,no4 #cb1ffh1 ,june #be1 #ahfa1 & ,no4 #cc1agb1 ,augu/ #bg1 #ahfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4--,,photograph ,,gall]y4 ,= photo-li?ography only l9e draw+1 type pr9t1 or script1 )\t any smoo? %ad+1 c be employ$4 ,! mo/ ext5sive application ( photo-li?ography is 9 ! reproduction ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice draw+s1 :i* am\nt to ab\t #fj1jjj %eets weekly4 ,! contract+ firm1 :i* is probably ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 also pr9ts ea* week by photo-li?ography #g1jjj copies ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice ,gazette1 ( ab\t #afe pages ea*1 includ+ bo? draw+s & claims1 & also reproduces specifications )\t errors or pro( read+1 ?us sav+ ab\t #bjj p] c5t4 9 co/ ov] type sett+4 ,?is art is also l>gely employ$ = pr9t+ maps1 & ! reproduction ( ! pages ( books by ?is process has flood$ ! /ores & news /&s ) *eap lit]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,production ,,( ,,dot4 ,half-tone engrav+ enables a photograph to be reproduc$ on a pr9t+ press1 & = fai?fulness 9 reproduction & l[ co/ has revolutioniz$ ! art ( illu/rat+1 z ne>ly all books1 magaz9es1 & newspap]s are n[ illu/rat$ by ?is process4 ,be=e its introduction x 0 n possible to reproduce *eaply 9 pr9t]s' ink %ad$ pictures l photographs1 bru% draw+s1 pa9t+s1 etc4 ,half-tone engrav+ r5d]s x possible to ?us pr9t on a press1 ) pr9t]s' ink1 reproductions ( photographs or any %ad$ picture1 9 :i* ! s(t %ad[s fade away 9 dep? to :ite by an imp]ceptible t5uity4 ,x does s by break+ up ! s(t %ad[s into m9ute /ipples :i* =m inkable pr9t+ faces 9 relief1 by ! int]position ( a f9e reticulat$ scre5 betwe5 ! cam]a l5s & ! s5sitive plate4 ,?is =ms a sort ( /5cil negative ?r\gh :i* ! copp] plate is et*$1 :i* latt] is ?us conv]t$ into a relief plate ^: rais$ surfaces left by ! et*+ may receive ink & pr9t l an ord9>y relief plate4 ,by mak+ ! scre5 l9es v f9e 7#hj to #bej me%es to ! in*71 ! visible effect ( ! %ad+ is s f> pres]v$ t ! photograph may be reproduc$ 9 pr9t]s' ink ) b little depreciation4 ,at fir/1 bolt+ clo? 0 us$ = ! scre51 b at pres5t two glass plates1 ) closely rul$ l9es1 laid crosswise ^u ea* o!r1 =m ! scre54 ,a *>act]i/ic di/9ction ( half-tone "w is ! regul>ly /ippl$ surface1 =m$ by ! /5cil+ out ( a portion ( ! picture by ! scre51 :i* may be easily se5 ) any magnify+ glass4 ,x is call$ half-tone process because half ( ! tones or %ad[s are pres]v$1 ! o!r half be+ /5cil$ out4 ,! use ( gauze scre5s 0 fir/ describ$ by ,fox ,talbot 9 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #efe1 ,octob] #bi1 #aheb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4--,,trimm+ ,,film4 ,9 ! mak+ ( a half-tone negative1 ! photograph1 pa9t+1 or wa% draw+ :i* is to be reproduc$1 is set up 9 front ( ! cam]a1 :i* is arrang$ on an incl9$ runway1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bjh1 & an exposure is made on a plate prep>$ by ! wet collodion process 7see page #cjd74 ,! %ad[s ( ! picture are brok5 up into /ipples or dots by ! int]position ( a cross-l9$ scre5 arrang$ 9 ! plate hold] betwe5 ! l5s & ! s5sitive plate1 s t ! picture tak5 is 8half-ton$0 or /ippl$4 ,fig4 #bji illu/rates ! relation ( ! p>ts1 9 :i* ! picture to be copi$ is se5 on ! "r1 ! cam]a l5s 9 ! middle1 & ! cross-l9$ scre5 on ! left 9 front ( ! s5sitive plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4--,,/ripp+ ,,film4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4--,,pr9t+ ,,by ,,electric ,,light4 ,! image on ! plate is !n develop$ & fix$1 & 9 ord] to secure a pr9t$ image exactly l ! copy z to "r & left position x is necess>y to rev]se ! negative4 ,?is is done by cutt+ ! film squ>e1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #baj1 & !n peel+ x (f ! glass1 z se5 at ,fig4 #baa1 & transf]r+ x to ano!r glass plate 9 rev]s$ relation4 ,! copp] pr9t+ plate is produc$ z foll[s3 ,! plate is fir/ poli%$1 z se5 at ! top ( ,fig4 #bac1 & is !n s5sitiz$ ) a solution ( organic matt] & an alkal9e bi*romate4 ,! face ( ! rev]s$ negative is laid flat aga9/ & 9 direct contact ) ! face ( ! s5sitiz$ copp] plate1 & tightly held !reto by ! screw clamps ( ! half tone pr9t+ frame4 ,! pr9t+ on ! s5sitiz$ copp] face ?r\gh ! /ippl$ or half-tone negative is !n effect$ ei!r by daylight or by ! electric light4 ,! application ( ! electric light = ?is purpose is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bab4 ,! copp] plate is !n tak5 out & subject$ to ! ?ree l[] op]ations se5 9 ,fig4 #bac4 ,x is fir/ develop$ "u a /ream ( wat] f a faucet1 se5 on ! left1 & is !n tak5 9 a pair ( pli]s & held ov] a gas /ove1 z se5 at ! bottom1 to 8burn-90 ! image1 & !n plac$ 9 a tray conta9+ an et*+ ba? ( *loride ( iron se5 on ! "r1 by :i* ! copp] is eat5 away ar\nd ! little /ipples1 & ! latt]1 repres5t+ ! half tones ( ! orig9al picture1 are left rais$1 or 9 relief1 to =m ! inkable surfaces ( ! pr9t+ plate4 ,s f9e are ^! /ipples1 h[ev]1 t ! picture is to ! eye p]fectly reproduc$4 ,! sev]al views illu/rat+ ?is process are made 9 ?is way1 ! l9es ( ! reticulat$ scre5 be+ #age to ! in*4 ,! plate is next subject$ to ! me*anical op]ation ( 8r\t+ out0 or cutt+ away ! undesirable portions by a r\t+ ma*9e1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bad4 ,x !n receives fur!r me*anical treatm5t to correct imp]fections & f9i% its edges1 & is f9ally m\nt$ ^u a block ready = ! pr9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4--,,treatm5t ,,( ,,copp] ,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4--,,r\t] ,,at ,,"w ,,on ,,half-,,tone ,,plate4 ,! mo/ /rik+ application made ( photography 9 rec5t ye>s is 9 ! production ( s-call$ mov+ pictures1 9 :i* a s]ies ( photographic figures ?r[n ^u ! scre5 h all ! motion ( animat$ sc5es :i* h be5 caught & imprison$ by ! swiftly act+ & nev] fail+ memory ( ! cam]a1 to be aga9 turn$ loose 9 active play ?r\gh ! ,k9etoscope or ,biograph4 ,p]haps ! mo/ valuable contribution to sci5ce at ! end ( ! c5tury made by ?is art is 9 surg]y1 = photograph+ ?r\gh opaque bodies by ! aid ( ! ,ro5tg5 rays1 b = ! latt] subjects treatm5t 9 sep>ate *apt]s mu/ be res]v$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,ro5tg5 ,,or ,x-,,rays4 ,,geissl] ,,tubes--,,vacuum ,,tubes ,,( ,,crookes1 ,,hittorf ,,& ,,l5>d--,,! ,,ca?ode ,,ray--,,ro5tg5',s ,,great ,,discov]y ,,9 #ahie--,x-,,ray ,,app>atus-- ,,salvioni',s ,,cryptoscope--,,edison',s ,,fluoroscope--,,! ,,fluoromet]--,,sun ,,burn ,,f ,x-,,rays--,,uses ,,( ,x-,,rays4 ,! majority ( p h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d light z some?+ to be exclud$ & controll$ by opaque scre5s j z effectively z ra9 is exclud$ by a t9 ro(1 or cold is kept out by a brick wall4 ,! %ady retreat furni%$ relief f ! g>i% day to ! primitive man1 & ! opaque %ades & ,v5etian bl9ds ( mod]n civilization exclude ! excess ( light at our w9d[s4 ,sun%9e & %ad[ h1 9 fact1 be5 correlat$ conditions to ! ord9>y obs]vation ( man s9ce "t began4 ,! la/ few ye>s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 h[ev]1 7 to witness ! discov]y ( a new k9d ( light ray :i*1 9 its behavior1 subv]t$ all previ\s conception ( ! nature & action ( light4 ,x 0 a species ( electric light1 :i* we are accu/om$ to reg>d z brilliant1 b ?is light ray 0 invisible to ! eye4 ,x c\ld n be refract$ or b5t f its c\rse by a prism or l5s1 & x 0 s subtle1 p5etrat+ & insidi\s1 t x c\ld n be b>r$ out l sunlight1 b pass$ readily ?r\gh _m opaque sub/ances1 su* z wood1 fle% tissue1 pap] 7ev5 a book ( #a1jjj pages71 z well z "s ( ! metals4 ,! light] ! weight ( ! sub/ance1 or less its d5sity1 ! easi] ^! rays pass$ ?r\gh x1 or ! m transp>5t su* bodies 7 to ! rays4 ,! heavi] metals1 l plat9um1 gold & lead1 7 practically opaque1 or all[$ none ( ! rays to pass ?r\gh !m1 :ile ! v light metal alum9um 0 ab\t z transp>5t to ^! rays z 0 glass to ord9>y light1 & = t reason ?is metal c\ld =m w9d[ panes = su* rays1 :ile exclud+ o!r light4 ,mo/ organic sub/ances are transp>5t or semi-transp>5t to ^! rays1 & h5ce su* rays readily pass ?r\gh ! body ( an individual1 be+ only int]cept$ 9 "p by ! d5s] p>ts ( ! anatomy1 su* z ! bones1 s t a man 9 su* light no long] ca/s a well-def9$ %ad[ ( 8 outl9e1 b ! %ad[ disclos$ is t ( a skeleton1 by virtue ( ! great] d5sity ( ! bones4 ,any object ( high] d5sity1 su* z a r+ ^u ! f+]1 cle>ly e/abli%es its %ad[ by virtue ( its great] d5sity4 ,likewise1 any =eign object 9 ! body1 su* z a bullet f a gun-%ot w\nd1 or a =eign body accid5tally swall[$1 is p]fectly disclos$ & locat$ by ! %ad[ :i* x ca/s4 ,z ^! light rays h be5 *>act]iz$ z invisible1 x may be difficult to und]/& h[ invisible rays c ca/ a visible %ad[1 & x %\ld be "h /at$ t :5 ^! unse5 rays fall ^u c]ta9 *emical sub/ances ! latt] are made to gl[ ) a peculi> fluoresc5ce1 & a scre5 made ( su* fluoresc+ mat]ials w light up :]e ! rays fall ^u x1 & rema9 d>k at ! po9ts :]e ! rays are int]cept$ by a sub/ance opaque to su* rays1 ?us outl9+ a %ad[4 ,n only d ^! light rays 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! body tissues 7transp>5t to !m7 ca/ a %ad[ ( ! bones or any =eign objects1 b by ! application ( photography to ^! %ad[ pictures a species ( photograph1 call$ a radiograph1 or skiagraph1 may be tak51 & ?us any =eign body1 su* z a bullet1 may be def9itely locat$ 9 ! human body & quickly extract$1 )\t ! elem5t ( d\bt :i* beset ! old me?od ( diagnosis1 :i*1 at be/1 0 only intellig5t guess+4 ,n only are =eign bodies s locat$1 b ! fractures ( ! bones may also be accurately obs]v$1 /udi$ & adju/$4 ,/one 9 ! bladd] may be discov]$1 & ! condition & movem5ts ( ! he>t & lungs asc]ta9$4 ,?is new k9d ( light ray 0 discov]$ ,novemb] #h1 #ahie1 by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,c4 ,ro5tg51 ( ! ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,wurzburg1 & 0 nam$ by him ! 8,x-,ray10 probably because ! lett] x 9 algebraic =mula repres5ts ! unkn[n quantity1 & ! hi!rto unkn[n & elusive quality ( ?is light sugge/$ to ,pr(4 ,ro5tg5 ?is appropriate "n4 ,z be=e /at$1 a peculi> quality ( ! ,x-,rays is t !y are n visible to ! eye4 ,a beam ( ,x-,rays1 ?r[n into a d>k *amb] ?r\gh an alum9um w9d[1 w\ld produce no illum9ation :atev] 9 ! room1 b su* rays w\ld /ill p5etrate ! room1 & if a fluoresc+ scre5 7 plac$ 9 _! pa? x w\ld in/antly light up4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ^! subtle rays %\ld h s long elud$ ! obs]vation ( ! sci5ti/4 ,a brief sket* ( ! conditions lead+ up to ! discov]y ( ! rays is necess>y to a prop] und]/&+ ( ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4--,,! ,,ca?ode ,,ray4 ,e /ud5t ( physics rememb]s ! old-"t lecture room exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! ,geissl] tubes1 ) _! beautiful play ( color$ lights1 illu/rat$ ! action ( ! electrical dis*>ge f ! glass plate ma*9e or ! ,ruhmkorff coil1 on r>ifi$ gase\s m$ia4 ,electrical exp]im5ts 9 high vacua by ,sir ,william ,crookes1 & by ,hittorf & ,l5>d1 h greatly add$ to ! pres5t k 9 ?is field1 & pav$ ! way to ! discov]y ( ,pr(4 ,ro5tg54 ,x 0 kn[n t a vacuum tube1 v>i\sly call$ aft] ! names ( ^! sci5ti/s1 z a ,crookes1 ,hittorf1 or ,l5>d tube1 hav+ plat9um electrodes seal$ 9 its ends1 w\ld1 "u ! /atic dis*>ge ( electricity ?r\gh x1 give peculi> manife/ations ( light4 ,"o ( ! conduct+ t]m9als ( su* tubes 0 call$1 9 electrical p>lance1 ! 8anode10 f ! ,greek 7up7 7way71 mean+ ! way up or into ! tube1 & ref]r+ to ! ent]+ pa? ( an electric curr5t1 or its positive pole2 :ile ! o!r 0 call$ ! 8ca?ode10 f 7d[n71 7way71 mean+ ! way d[n or out1 & ref]r+ to ! outgo+ pa? ( an electric curr5t1 or its negative pole4 ,:5 su* glass tube1 p>tially exhau/$ ( air1 receiv$ ?r\gh its anode & ca?ode t]m9als a dis*>ge ( /atic electricity1 a peculi> manife/ation ( light is se5 betwe5 ! anode & ca?ode t]m9als4 ,at ! anode x appe>s z a pea* blossom gl[1 & at ! ca?ode x appe>s z a blui% gre5 light4 ,if ! exhau/ion ( ! air 9 ! tube is c>ri$ v high1 approa*+ a p]fect vacuum1 or to ab\t "o million? ( ! atmosph]ic pressure1 ! gl[ light at ! anode disappe>s1 & t at ! ca?ode increases until x fills ! entire tube ) its *>act]i/ic light4 ,?is is call$ ! 8ca?ode ray10 or 8ca?odic ray10 an illu/ration ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bae1 :]e ! ca?ode ray is se5 9 a ,crookes tube emanat+ f ! negative pole ,n or ca?ode a1 & ca/+ a %ad[ ( ! ,maltese cross b into ! end ( ! tube1 z se5 at d4 ,_m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ca?ode ray _h be5 obs]v$ prior to ,pr(4 ,ro5tg5's discov]y1 :i*1 briefly /at$1 grew out ( ! foll[+ obs]vation3 ,he notic$ t :5 a vacuum tube illum9$ by ! ca?ode ray 0 completely mask$ or cov]$ up by an ext]nal %ield ( black pap]1 s t no illum9ation ( ! tube 0 visible to ! eye1 !re /ill pass$ ?r\gh x c]ta9 subtle rays ( light1 invisible to ! eye1 b :i* w\ld in/antly illum9ate a %eet ( pap] coat$ on "o side ) b>ium plat9o-cyanide1 ev5 at a di/ance ( two y>ds or m1 & t ^! invisible light rays 7 capable ( pass+ ?r\gh _m sub/ances opaque to ord9>y light4 ,he also discov]$ t ^! rays c\ld be made to take a %ad[ photograph on a s5sitive plate )\t ev5 expos+ ! plate 9 ! usual way1 ! ,x-,rays pass+ freely ?r\gh ! opaque ebonite or pa/ebo>d scre5 ( ! plate hold]4 ,x did n take ! sci5tific _w long to realize ! imm5se importance ( ?is discov]y1 & to-day ,x-,ray app>atus con/itutes ! greate/ addition to ! surgeon's res\rces t has ev] be5 made 9 ! =m ( me*anical appliances1 s9ce by its aid any =eign body 9 ! human frame ( great] d5sity ?an ! fle% may be at once def9itely locat$ & extract$1 or any fracture ( ! bone disclos$1 z ! case may be4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #baf1 is %[n an ,x-,ray photograph ( ! h& ( a g5tleman ^: ?umb bone has be5 de/roy$ by disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4--,x-,,ray ,,photo ,,( ,,h&1 ,,%[+ ,,diseas$ ,,?umb ,,bone4 ,soon aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( ,pr(4 ,ro5tg5's discov]y1 app>atus 0 devis$ = see+ ) ! nak$ eye ! image =m$ by ! %ad[ ( ! ,x-,rays4 ,pr(4 ,salvioni con/ruct$ su* a device & describ$ x be=e ! ,rome ,m$ical ,society z e>ly z ,febru>y #h1 #ahif4 ,he call$ x ! 8cryptoscope40 ,x 0 q a simple affair1 & consi/$ ( an obs]vation tube ) a l5s1 hav+ 9 front ( x a scre5 ( fluoresc+ mat]ial1 su* z plat9o-cyanide ( b>ium4 ,:5 ! object to be exam9$1 ! h&1 = in/ance1 0 held 9 front ( ! fluoresc+ scre51 & ! ,x-,rays f ! vacuum tube fell ^u ! h&1 locat$ betwe5 ! vacuum tube & ! fluoresc+ scre51 a %ad[ ( ! bones 0 ca/ on ! fluoresc+ scre5 by virtue ( ! great] d5sity ( ! bones1 :i* %ad[ 0 cle>ly disc]nible to ! eye at ! end ( ! obs]vation tube4 ,by ?is device "o 0 able to see 8 own bones ?r\gh ! fle%4 ,a device1 inv5t$ by ,edison & call$ ! 8fluoroscope10 0 con/ruct$ on sub/antially ! same pr9ciple4 ,?is us$ a tap]$ obs]vation tube l ! old-fa%ion$ /]eoscope box1 :i* _h at its out] wide end ! fluoresc+ scre51 & its small end fa%ion$ to fit ! =ehead & /rapp$ !reto s z to enclose bo? eyes4 ,?is device is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bag1 9 :i* an ,x-,ray vacuum tube is h\s$ 9 a wood5 box1 on :i* ! h& ( ! pati5t1 or o!r "p to be view$1 is laid1 ! ,x-,rays pass+ readily ?r\gh ! top ( ! box & ca/+ a %ad[ ( ! bones ( ! h&1 or =eign body1 on ! fluoresc+ scre5 ( ! obs]vation tube4 ,edison's exp]im5ts also l$ him 9 con/ruct+ 8 fluoresc+ scre51 aft] te/+ a great numb] ( sub/ances1 to select ! *emical kn[n z calcium tung/ate1 in/ead ( ! b>ium plat9o-cyanide1 s9ce ! calcium tung/ate appe>$ to give bett] results 9 fluoresc+4 ,_m o!r *emicals c be us$1 h[ev]1 = mak+ ! fluoresc+ scre51 su* z ! sulphides ( calcium1 b>ium & /rontium4 ,a rec5tly discov]$ & p[]ful fluoresc+ sub/ance is ! d\ble fluoride ( ammonium & uranium1 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,mecklebeke4 ,su* fluoresc+ mat]ials are spread 9 a ?9 lay] on ! side ( ! scre5 next to ! obs]v] 9 ! view+ app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4--;,,edison',s ,,surgeon',s ,x-,,ray ,,app>atus4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t su* view+ app>atus is necess>y 9 tak+ a surgical photograph4 ,9 su* case only ! ,x-,ray tube1 means = excit+ x1 ! pati5t's body1 & ! s5sitive photographic plate1 are ess5tial factors1 ! pati5t's limb or body be+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! light tube & photographic plate1 s z to cause ! ,x-,rays emanat+ f ! tube to ca/ ! %ad[ ( ! pati5t's bones1 ! bullet 9 8 body1 or o!r =eign object1 directly ^u ! photographic plate1 ! s5sitive & consci\s plate obey+ ! w ( ^! subtle rays1 & receiv+ ! impress ( _! act9ic effect "u conditions :i* x d5ies to ord9>y light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4--;,,complete ,x-,,ray ,,app>atus ,,9 ,,use4 ,= excit+ ! vacuum tube any electrical ma*9e capable ( ?r[+ a s]ies ( sp>ks across a gap ( ab\t five in*es is suffici5t4 ,v>i\s electrical ma*9es may be us$ = ?is purpose1 ! ,holtz1 or ! ,wim%ur/ glass plate ma*9e1 ! ,ruhmkorff1 or induction coil1 or ev5 ! high frequ5cy trans=m]4 ,a good example ( a complete ,x-,ray app>atus is t 9 use at ! ,army ,m$ical ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 made by ,otis ,clapp ,son1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #bah4 ,! electrical g5]ator is ( ! ,wim%ur/ type1 & is %[n 9 a l>ge glass-enclos$ cab9et on ! "r4 ,! glass disks )9 are rotat$ ei!r by a small electric motor %[n on ! floor1 or by a h& crank above4 ,! ,x-,ray tube1 ( globul> or bulb %ape1 is %[n j above ! pati5t's hip1 & its opposite poles are connect$ by wires to ! opposite electrodes ( ! g5]ator4 ,:5 ! curr5t is swit*$ on by ! op]ator1 ! bulb is illum9at$ ) ! ca?ode rays1 & ! ,x-,rays1 proce$+ !refrom ?r\gh ! clo?+ & fle% ( ! pati5t1 ca/ a %ad[ ( ! pati5t's hip jo9t ^u ! photographic plate plac$ on ! cot b5ea? ! pati5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4--,x-,,ray ,,focus ,,tube4 ,9 ! ef=t to secure great] %>pness 9 ! image ca/ by ! ,x-,rays1 v>i\s =ms ( vacuum tubes h be5 devis$4 ,t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bai repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts4 ,k is ! ca?ode plate1 =m$ ( a concave disk ( alum9um1 :i* focuses ! rays at a po9t ne> ! c5t] ( ! bulb4 ,at ?is po9t a plate ( plat9um ,a1 :i* metal all[s practically none ( ! ,x-,rays to pass ?r\gh x1 is m\nt$ on ! anode 9 su* an angul> position t x ga!rs ! focus$ rays & reflects !m ?r\gh ! side ( ! tube4 ,!y ?us make a %>p] %ad[ ?an :5 radiat+ f ! m ext5d$ surface ( ! glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4--,,locat+ ,a ,,=eign ,,body ,,9 ,,! ,,bra94 ,9 ,fig4 #bbj is %[n an ,x-,ray tube1 z appli$ = locat+ a =eign body 9 ! bra9 cavity1 9 :i* view ! pati5t's head is int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,x-,ray tube & ! fluoresc+ scre51 or photographic plate1 z ! case may be2 :ile ,fig4 #bba %[s ! application ( ! same devices to ! body4 ,9 bo? ^! views ! p>ticul> =m ( ,x-,ray app>atus is kn[n z ! 8,fluoromet]10 made "u ! ,d5nis ,pat5t1 ,no4 #eha1edj1 ,april #bg1 #ahig1 & x is devis$ ) ref]5ce to m accurately locat+ ! =eign object by its %ad[1 = :i* purpose adju/able bracket-sights1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bba on opposite sides ( ! body1 are provid$ = br++ ! ,x-,rays into prop] alignm5t = project+ ! %ad[ ( ! =eign body 9 true indicative position on ! fluoresc+ scre51 :ile a cross hat*$ grat+ beh9d ! body1 graduat$ 9 aliquot spaces ( an in*1 furni%es a measur$ field1 & =ms an easy & quick means ( platt+ ! position ( said object4 ,9 ! position ( p>ts 9 ! two figures ! horizontal l9e1 on :i* ! =eign object lies1 w\ld be det]m9$1 b x w\ld n indicate h[ deep 9 ! object 01 i4 e41 :e!r x 0 9 ! middle1 or on "o side4 ,to det]m9e ?is ! fluoresc+ scre5 & grat+ are plac$ "u ! pati5t1 & ! ,x-,ray tube above1 & ! v]tical l9e ( ! object is ?us obta9$4 ,bo? ! v]tical l9e & horizontal l9e hav+ be5 obta9$1 x w be obvi\s t ! =eign object w lie at ! int]section ( ^! two l9es1 :i* e/abli%es = ! surgeon its def9ite location4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4--,x-,,ray ,,app>atus ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,body4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,pr(4 ,elihu ,?omson1 & also by ,dr4 ,kolle1 t ! ,x-,rays are n absorb$ & de/roy$ by ! s5sitive *emicals ( a s+le photographic plate1 b s pot5t & p5etrat+ is _! influ5ce t ! rays pass ?r\gh & produce an image on a numb] ( plates1 plac$ "o beh9d ! o!r1 ?us af=d+ means = multiply+ ! image at "o exposure4 ,among o!r uses ( ! ,x-,ray may be m5tion$ its capacity to detect spuri\s f g5u9e gems1 ! diamond giv+ a di/9ct color f its imitations1 z d also mo/ o!r preci\s /ones4 ,a peculi> physiological effect ( ! ,x-,rays is _! capacity to produce a sev]e effect on ! sk91 some:at resembl+ sunburn4 ,su* result1 produc$ by long & cont9u$ exposure1 has sometimes s d]ang$ ! sk9 tissues z to make sores t result$ 9 ! entire loss ( & r5ewal ( ! sk94 ,! discov]y ( ! ,x-,ray by ,pr(4 ,ro5tg5 may be fairly consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful sci5tific a*ievem5ts ( ! c5tury1 & 8 fir/ memoir 9 #ahie is s full1 cle> & exact1 z to h left v little m to be said ab\t x4 ,x is to-day1 z x 0 f\nd by him 9 #ahie1 ! same my/]i\s1 unse51 b positive =ce1 a species ( electrical en]gy )\t a domicile1 & ne$+ no conductor1 a =m ( light pass+ ?r\gh clos$ doors1 invisible itself1 & yet light+ up c]ta9 sub/ances ) a halo ( glory1 & radically *ang+ & decompos+ o!rs4 ,rival+ ! sun 9 act9ic p[]1 & writ+ its autograph ) an unse5 h&1 x is truly call$ ! ,x-1 or unkn[n1 ray4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,gas ,,light+4 ,,e>ly ,,use ,,( ,,natural ,,gas--,,coal ,,gas ,,introduc$ ,,by ,,murdo*--,,w9sor ,,organizes ,,fir/ ,,gas ,,company ,,9 #ahjd--,,melville ,,9 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,lights ,,beav]-,,tail ,,ligh?\se ,,) ,,gas ,,9 #ahag--,,l[e',s ,,process ,,( ,,mak+ ,,wat] ,,gas--,,acetyl5e ,,gas--,,c>burett$ ,,air--,,p9ts* ,,gas--,,gas ,,met]--,,otto ,,gas ,,eng9e--,,! ,,welsba* ,,burn]4 ,= _m c5turies ! go+ d[n ( ! sun m>k$ a cessation ( man's labors1 & among 8 fir/ ef=ts t[>d increas+ 8 effici5cy 0 ! prolongation ( 8 h\rs ( vision by artificial illum9ation4 ,beg9n+ ) a %ell = a lamp1 a ru% = a wick1 & ! fat ( 8 game = oil1 ! fir/ crude lamp 0 made1 & :ile x %$ b a feeble & flick]+ light1 man ceas$ to g to sleep ) ! f[ls & ! bea/s1 & cont9u$ 8 labors & amusem5ts into ! night4 ,= _m c5turies ! lamp held its exclusive sway1 & probably w ev] f9d a useful place2 b ) ! discov]y ( coal gas & its practical manufacture ! nights ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury h be5 made to repres5t illum9at$ illu/rations ( ! _w's progress4 ,coal gas c h>dly be claim$ z an inv5tion1 h[ev]1 = natural gas f ! b[els ( ! e>? _h be5 obs]v$ & us$ 9 ,*9a f "t immemorial4 ,! holy fires ( ,baku on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian & else:]e 7 also ?us suppli$4 ,! fir/ /eps t[>d its artificial production began 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ) ,dr4 ,clayton4 ,bi%op ,watson1 9 #agej1 & ,"l ,dundonald1 9 #aghf1 also exp]im5t$ ) combu/ible gas made f coal1 b ! man :o m ?an any o!r contribut$ to its practical manufacture & introduction 0 ,mr4 ,murdo*1 ( ,r$ru?1 ,cornwall1 ,engl&4 ,9 #agib ,murdo* erect$ a gas di/ill+ app>atus1 & light$ 8 h\se & (fices by gas di/ribut$ ?r\gh s]vice pipes4 ,9 #agih he s light$ ! /eam eng9e works ( ,b\lton ,watt1 at ,soho1 ne> ,birm+ham2 & 9 #ahjb made public illum9ation ( ! works by ?is means on ! occasion ( a public celebration4 ,9 #ahja ,le ,bon1 ( ,p>is1 us$ a gas made f wood = light+ 8 h\se4 ,9 #ahjc-d ,fr$]ick ,alb]t ,w9sor light$ ! ,lyceum ,!atre1 took out a ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1gfd1 ( #ahjd1 = light+ /reets by gas1 & e/abli%$ ! ,national ,light & ,heat ,company1 :i* 0 ! fir/ gas company4 ,9 #ahjd-e ,murdo* light$ ! cotton factory ( ,phillips ,lee at ,man*e/]1 ! light be+ e/imat$ z equal to #c1jjj c&les1 & ?is 0 ! l>ge/ und]tak+ up to t date4 ,9 #ahjg ,w9sor light$ "o side ( ,pall ,mall1 ,london1 & ?is 0 ! fir/ /reet light+4 ,a disa/r\s explosion occurr$ %ortly aft]w>ds1 & su* em95t m5 z ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 ,wolla/on1 & ,watt express$ ! op9ion t x c\ld n be safely us$2 b ! s-call$ 8coal smoke0 _h come to /ay1 & 9 #ahac ,we/m9/] ,bridge & ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 light$ ) gas4 ,9 #ahae !re 0 g5]al adoption ( gas 9 ! /reets ( ,london1 & %ortly aft]w>ds 9 ,p>is4 ,9 #ahje-f ,david ,melville1 ( ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 inv5t$ a gas app>atus & light$ 8 h\se ) x4 ,he took out ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,m>* #ah1 #ahac1 & 9 #ahag contract$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates to supply = a ye> ! ,beav] ,tail ,ligh?\se4 ,9 #ahae ,james ,mc,murtrie propos$ ! light+ ( ! /reets ( ,philadelphia2 ,baltimore comm5c$ ! use ( gas 9 #ahaf1 ,bo/on 9 #ahbb1 & ,new ,york 9 #ahbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4--;,a ,,coal ,,gas ,,plant4 ,9 ,fig4 #bbb is %[n a diagrammatic illu/ration ( ! pr9cipal features ( a gas works1 z employ$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,on ! left is se5 ! furnace1 9 :i* is arrang$ above ! fire a s]ies ( retorts1 :i* are 9 ! nature ( horizontal clos$ ca/ iron boxes4 ,only "o ( ! s]ies is visible 9 ! view4 ,_! ends project out beyond ! furnace walls1 & h doors = giv+ access to ! int]ior1 & ea* retort outside ! furnace is connect$ by an upright pipe to an elevat$ cyl9d] call$ a hydraulic ma94 ,:5 ! retort is *>g$ ) coal ?r\gh its end door1 & is heat$ r$ hot by ! subjac5t fire ( ! furnace1 a heavy gas is driv5 (f f ! coal1 :i* passes up ! pipe to ! hydraulic ma91 :]e x p>tially cond5ses & leaves its heavi] portions 9 ! =m ( coal t> & ammoniacal liquor4 ,! gas !n passes ?r\gh ! s]ies ( b5t pipes1 :i* =m a cond5s]1 :]e o!r rema9+ portions ( ! t> & o!r impurities are cond5s$1 & drawn (f f "t to "t 9 ! little well %[n on ! left ( ! coil4 ,f ! cond5s] coils ! gas passes into ! purifi]1 %[n on ! "r ( ! coils z an enclos$ case hav+ a s]ies ( %elves on :i* is spread slak$ lime1 :i* takes up f ! gas impurities 9 ! =m ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid4 ,f ?is purifi] ! gas passes d[nw>dly ?r\gh a pipe into a l>ge gas hold] ^: l[] end is seal$ 9 a wat] tank1 & :i* gas hold] is balanc$ by weights & *a9s pass+ ov] pulleys4 ,) ! gas hold]1 ! di/ribut+ ma9s ( ! city are made to connect to receive _! supply4 ,:5 ! gas hold] is full x is buoy$ up by ! light] gas1 & occupies an elevat$ position1 & z its supply is us$ up1 ! gas hold] settles d[n into ! wat]4 ,9 ! op]ation ( gas mak+ _m valuable second>y products are =m$4 ,! coal 9 ! retorts is n entirely consum$1 b is r$uc$ to ! condition ( coke1 & 9 ?is =m is sold = fuel4 ,! ammoniacal cond5sations are purifi$ to =m ammonia1 :ile ! coal t>1 :i* b a few ye>s ago 0 little m ?an a wa/e mat]ial1 is n[ a valuable comm]cial product1 be+ ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! anil9e1 ph5ol1 & naph?al5e dyes1 also 9 m$ic9es & p]fumes1 & be+ us$ 9 crude =m also z an important elem5t 9 /reet pav+ compositions4 ,wat] ,gas4--,9 #ahge an important era 9 gas mak+ 0 inaugurat$ by ! introduction ( :at is kn[n z 8wat] gas10 s call$ = ! reason t wat] 9 ! =m ( /eam is decompos$ & its hydrog51 mix$ ) c>bonic oxide gas1 is m+l$ ) a heavi] c>bon gas f oil1 & is conv]t$ at a high temp]ature into a p]man5t1 /able illum9at+ gas1 at a mu* l[] co/ ?an coal gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4--,,l[e',s ,,wat] ,,gas ,,app>atus1 ,,pat5t$ ,,septemb] #ba1 #ahge4 ,fontana 0 ! fir/ to notice ! decomposition ( /eam by inc&esc5t c>bon to =m hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide4 ,ibbetson's ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #d1ied1 ( #ahbd1 repres5ts ! fir/ application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ,alex&] ,selligue1 :o1 9 #ahcd1 obta9$ a ,fr5* pat5t1 ,no4 #i1hjj1 & 9 #ahdb produc$ wat] gas at ,batignolles1 a suburb ( ,p>is4 ,s&]s' ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 #ba1jbg1 ,july #bg1 #aheh1 0 ! basis ( an exp]im5t tri$ at ! ,gir>d ,h\se 9 ,philadelphia4 ,^!1 ) ,siem5s' ,briti% pat5ts1 ,nos4 #b1hfa1 ( #ahef1 & #igb1 ( #ahfc1 = me?ods ( con/ruct+ furnaces1 con/itute ! e>li] /eps 9 ! developm5t ( wat] gas1 al?\gh _m o!r pat5ts 7 grant$ prior to ! latt] date = v>i\s me?ods & =ms ( app>atus4 ,! practical production & successful comm]cial use ( wat] gas1 h[ev]1 began ) ,t4 ,s4 ,c4 ,l[e1 :o obta9$ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #afg1hdg1 ,septemb] #ba1 #ahge1 & revolutioniz$ ! gas mak+ indu/ry4 ,9 less ?an a doz5 ye>s f ! date ( 8 pat5t #aej cities & t[ns 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 us+ wat] gas1 & 9 #ahhf ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute gave to ,mr4 ,l[e a gr& m$al ( honor = 8 inv5tion1 :i* ( ^? exhibit$ t ye> 0 believ$ to contribute mo/ to ! welf>e ( mank9d by *eap5+ ! co/ ( light4 ,fig4 #bbc repres5ts an illu/ration ( ! ,l[e app>atus z %[n 9 8 pat5t1 & ^: op]ation is z foll[s3 ,valves #i & #aj be+ op51 an an?racite coal fire 9 g5]ator *amb] #a gives (f c>bonic oxide gas1 :i* passes d[n pipe #b & ent]s ! base ( sup]heat] #c1 :]e mix+ ) air com+ d[n pipe #d1 x burns to =m an int5se heat4 ,! *amb]1 #c1 is fill$ ) loose pieces ( fire brick1 :i* are soon heat$ :ite hot4 ,valves #i & #aj are !n clos$ & /eam is tak5 f an upright boil]1 #f1 & c>ri$ by a small pipe1 #g1 to ! inc&esc5t mass 9 *amb] #c1 & pass+ d[n ?r\gh x is sup]heat$4 ,?is sup]heat$ /eam passes f ! bottom ( *amb] #c to ! bottom ( *amb] #a1 & !n up ?r\gh ! mass ( r$ hot coal4 ,! int5sely hot /eam is ?us decompos$ into hydrog5 & oxyg51 & ! oxyg5 unites ) ! c>bon ( ! coal to =m c>bonic oxide gas4 ,z hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide burn ) only a feeble blue flame1 ^! gases are n[ made ri*] 9 light giv+ c>bon at ?is po9t by ! addition ( oil conta9$ 9 an elevat$ tank1 #h4 ,?is1 dripp+ on ! inc&esc5t coal 9 *amb] #a1 is volatiliz$1 & at ! same "t enri*es & comb9es ) ! hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide to =m a p]man5t illum9at+ gas 7wat] gas7 t passes up pipe #e & ?r\gh ! flues 9 boil] #f1 to outlet #ac1 & !nce on 9 ! usual way to ! cond5s]1 scrubb] & gas hold]1 :i* are n %[n1 & m]ely act to purify ! gas4 ,z ! excessively hot wat] gas passes ?r\gh ! boil] flues x furni%es ! necess>y heat to g5]ate ! /eam4 ,! air us$ 9 ! process is =c$ at #ab into a drum 9 ! smoke/ack1 #aa1 & is heat$ by ! escap+ products ( combu/ion4 ,9 practical op]ation !re are two 7or m7 ( ! /eam sup]heat+ *amb]s #c1 work+ alt]nately1 & "o ( !m is be+ heat$ up :ile ! o!r is sup]heat+ ! /eam4 ,wat] gas has nei!r ! illum9at+ nor ! heat+ qualities ( coal gas1 & x is also mu* m poison\s4 ,accord+ to ,o4 ,wyss1 "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t4 ( unc>burett$ wat] gas r5d]s ! air ( a room injuri\s to heal?1 & #a p] c5t4 is fatal to all w>m-blood$ animals4 ,not)/&+ ^! facts1 h[ev]1 its extreme *eapness & fairly satisfactory light h c>ri$ x into su* g5]al use t to-day x is said t two-?irds ( all gas made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is c>burett$ wat] gas4 ,acetyl5e ,gas is a comb9ation ( two p>ts c>bon & two p>ts hydrog54 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcf by ,edmond ,davy1 :o produc$ c>buret ( potassium1 & evolv$ acetyl5e gas !refrom by decompos+ x ) wat]4 ,x 0 long kn[n z klum5e1 & :5 burn$ x produc$ an int5se :ite light4 ,= a long "t x 0 only produc$ 9 a small way 9 ! laboratory4 ,x is n[ made comm]cially by ! mutual decomposition ( wat] & calcium c>bide1 ! latt] giv+ (f1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) ! wat]1 acetyl5e gas1 :i* rises 9 bubbles4 ,9 ! reaction ! c>bon ( ! c>bide unites ) a portion ( ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]1 produc+ acetyl5e gas 7,c,h71 :ile ! calcium ( ! c>bide unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] & ! rema9+ portion ( ! hydrog5 & =ms calcium hydrate1 or slak$ lime1 :i* precipitates z a slu%4 ,! union ( c>bon ) an alkali metal1 fir/ accompli%$ by ,davy 9 #ahcf1 0 foll[$ 9 #ahfa by ! comb9ation ( c>bon ) calcium by ,wohl]4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! electrical furnace became an ag5cy 9 *emical reaction t calcium c>bide 0 made on a comm]cial scale4 ,! production ( acetyl5e gas = illum9at+ purposes began ) ! op]ations ( ,?omas ,l4 ,willson 9 #ahic1 & 8 pat5ts1 ,nos4 #eda1acg & #eda1ach1 ( ,june #ah1 #ahie1 & #efc1ebg & #efc1ebh ( ,july #g1 #ahif1 cov] ! *emical process1 ! product1 & ! mode ( op]at+4 ,! reaction is a v simple "o4 ,a mixture ( lime & c>bon is subject$ to ! heat ( an electric arc1 & ! c>bon comb9es ) ! calcium ( ! lime to =m calcium c>bide1 :i* appe>s on ! m>ket z dirty black /one-l lumps4 ,! simplicity ( ! me?od ( g5]at+ acetyl5e gas f ?is sub/ance by m]ely br++ x 9 contact ) wat] has greatly /imulat$ inv5tion 9 ?is field4 ,! art began practically 9 #ahie1 & s9ce t "t m ?an #ejj pat5ts h be5 grant$ = acetyl5e gas app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4--;,,acetyl5e ,,gas ,,app>atus4 ,a v simple app>atus = ! purpose is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbd1 9 :i* a vessel conta9+ wat] has an inv]t$ bell or cyl9d] )9 x1 op5 at its l[] end4 ,a basket or cage is susp5d$ )9 ! inn] cyl9d]1 & conta9s a few lumps ( calcium c>bide1 :i* are fir/ imm]s$ 9 ! wat] by be+ =c$ d[n by ! rod support+ ! same1 :i* passes ?r\gh a /uff+ box4 ,acetyl5e gas is imm$iately g5]at$ & its pressure =ces ! level ( ! wat] d[n 9 ! inn] cyl9d]1 caus+ x to rise 9 ! annul> space betwe5 said cyl9d] & ! case4 ,z ! wat] level desc5ds 9 ! inn] *amb] x passes out ( contact ) ! calcium c>bide1 & ! g5]ation ( gas is discont9u$ until "s ( ! gas is drawn (f or consum$ at ! burn]s1 ^: pipe is %[n connect+ ) ! gas space ( ! inn] cyl9d]4 ,:5 s drawn (f1 ! pressure 9 ! inn] cyl9d] is reliev$1 & ! wat] !re9 rises to contact aga9 ) ! calcium c>bide & r5ews ! g5]ation ( gas4 ,?is pr9ciple ( automatic action is a v old "o1 & w be recogniz$ by ! /ud5t z t ( ! ,dob]e9] lamp ( ! *emical laboratory1 inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,dob]e9]1 ( ,j5a1 9 #ahbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4--,,multi-,,*>ge ,,acetyl5e ,,gas ,,g5]ator4 ,9 acetyl5e gas app>atus a great v>iety ( me?ods are employ$ = br++ ! wat] & c>bide into contact4 ,in/ead ( ! automatic pressure level pr9ciple describ$1 _m devices dis*>ge a regulat$ quantity ( p[d]$ calcium c>bide into ! wat]1 :ile 9 ano!r =m ! wat] is dis*>g$ ^u ! calcium c>bide4 ,an example ( ! latt] is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bbe1 :i* repres5ts ! ,crit]ion g5]ator4 ,a numb] ( receptacles conta9+ *>ges ( calcium c>bide are made to successively receive a regulat$ quantity ( wat]1 ! gas be+ collect$ 9 a ris+ & fall+ hold]4 ,acetyl5e gas f9ds its pr9cipal uses = isolat$ plants1 & 9 c\ntry h\ses4 ,"o =m ( us+ x is to compress x "u high t5sion 9 cyl9d]s1 b ?is me?od has be5 att5d$ ) "s disa/r\s explosions1 & is discrim9at$ aga9/ by ! insurance companies4 ,calcium c>bide is n[ made 9 a l>ge way by ! ,willson ,alum9um ,company1 at ,spray1 ,n4 ,c41 & also at ,niag>a ,falls & at ,sault ,/4 ,m>ie1 ,mi*41 & its co/ is betwe5 #c & #d c5ts p] p\nd4 ,acetyl5e gas has an acrid1 g>licy odor1 & burns ) an int5sely :ite flame1 & s sup]ior is x to coal gas 9 illum9at+ p[] t x only requires a pipe ( "o-?ird ! diamet] ( t us$ = coal gas to produce ! same illum9at+ effect4 ,c>burett$ ,air is ano!r =m ( illum9at+ gas :i* has f\nd "s useful applications4 ,?is consi/s simply ( air =c$ ?r\gh "s light hydroc>bon1 su* z naph?a1 b5z9e or gasol9e1 & s saturat$ ) ! vapors ( ^! volatile sub/ances z to become an inflammable mixture4 ,_m pat5ts h be5 grant$ = app>atus op]at+ on ?is pr9ciple1 & x has be5 put to "s practical use 9 c\ntry h\ses1 & seaside resorts4 ,p9ts* ,gas is ano!r special application4 ,x is a gas made f oil & compress$ 9 /orage cyl9d]s by means ( pumps = portable use4 ,x is /or$ "u a pressure sometimes z high z #aej p\nds to ! in*1 its pressure be+ r$uc$ at ! burn]s ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( pressure regulators4 ,x is us$ = light+ railway c>s1 buoys1 & light%ips4 ,gas mak+ has probably be5 ! mo/ ext5sive & important ( all ! comm]cial *emical op]ations ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & ) x has come a great array ( m9or inv5tions z accessories4 ,among ^! fir/ came ! gas met] & pressure regulator4 ,) ! introduction ( gas into h\ses "s means ( det]m9+ ! am\nt consum$ z a basis ( paym5t 0 requir$1 & = ?is purpose ! gas met] 0 devis$4 ,! fir/ gas met]s 7 kn[n z wet met]s1 & effect$ a measurem5t by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a liquid & rotat+ a :eel !re94 ,! wet met] 0 inv5t$ by ,clegg 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #c1ifh1 ( #ahae71 & ! dry met]1 by ,malam 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #d1deh1 ( #ahbj71 & improv$ by ,defries 7,briti% pat5t4 ,no4 #g1gje1 ( #ahch74 ,! gas regulator is simply a little automatic app>atus :]eby ! v>iation ( pressure 9 ! gas ma9 is r$uc$ & ! fl[ r5d]$ p]fectly uni=m at ! burn]4 ,x effects a sav+ ( gas by prev5t+ x f bl[+ :5 ! pressure is too great1 & also gives a m /eady & uni=m light4 ,among ! great numb] ( me*anical devices :i* h gr[n out ( ! use ( gas may be m5tion$ ! gas range = heat1 ! gas eng9e = p[]1 & ! ,welsba* burn] = light4 ,! gas range has contribut$ mu* to ! dome/ic economy ( ! city h\se4 ,x gives an imm$iate heat 9 ! kit*5 = all cul9>y & dome/ic purposes1 )\t ! incid5tal objections ( hav+ to transport fuel & remove a%es4 ,x is put into or out ( action 9 an in/ant1 saves labor & "t1 & avoids ! heat & discom=t ( a coal /ove dur+ ! hot mon?s ( summ]4 ,x is organiz$ 9 pr9ciple aft] ! ,buns5 burn]1 :]eby a p]fect combu/ion ( ! c>bon is obta9$ ) maximum heat+ effect & )\t smoke or deposits ( lampblack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4--,,otto ,,gas ,,eng9e4 ,! ,otto gas eng9e1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bbf1 is a pione] & repres5tative type ( a great numb] ( explosive gas eng9es1 :i* 9 rec5t ye>s h become active competitors ( ! /eam eng9e :]e only small p[] is requir$4 ,! ,otto eng9e is cov]$ by pat5t ,no4 #aid1jdg1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahgg4 ,pat5ts ,no4 #bbb1dfg1 #big1cbi1 #ccf1eje1 #ceh1gif1 #cbj1bhe1 #chf1baa & #edi1afj repres5t important developm5ts 9 ?is art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4--,,welsba* ,,gas ,,burn]4 ,! ,welsba* burn] = improv+ ! quality ( gaslight1 & economiz+ its consumption1 is also well & favorably kn[n4 ,x utilizes ! ,buns5 burn] pr9ciple to make a v p]fect combu/ion ( ! gas1 ) ! greate/ possible heat & ! lea/ smoke1 & !n directs its great heat on to a refractory body :i* w n burn1 b gl[s ) a brilliant :ite inc&esc5ce4 ,! ,welsba* burn] 0 br\ght out 9 #ahhe4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t !re= 0 grant$ ,octob] #g1 #ahij1 to ,c>l ,au] ,von ,welsba*1 ,no4 #dch1abe4 ,! ,welsba* light is a developm5t ( ! ,drummond1 or limelight1 inv5t$ by ,lieut4 ,drummond1 ( ,engl&1 9 #ahbf4 ,?is latt] expos$ a piece ( quick lime to ! int5sely hot flame ( ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[ pipe1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,robt4 ,h>e 9 #ahjb4 ,! piece ( lime gl[s ) an int5se brilliancy approximat+ t ( ! electric light4 ,! ,welsba* burn]1 see ,fig4 #bbg1 op]ates on ! same g5]al pr9ciple1 except t ! refractory body1 :i* is heat$ to inc&esc5ce1 is a tubul> sleeve ( nett$ fabric fir/ /eep$ 9 a solution ( ! salts ( refractory e>?s1 & !n inc9]at$ by heat to burn out ! textile fibre & leave ! refractory e>?y oxides z a skeleton ( ! fabric1 & :i* is call$ a 8mantle40 ,?is mantle is susp5d$ above ! flame aris+ f a prop] admixture ( air & gas1 & is heat$ !reby to a brilliant inc&esc5ce :i* furni%es ! light4 ,9 ! ,welsba* burn] ! light se5 does n proce$ directly f ! combu/ion ( ! gas1 b f ! :ite hot mantle4 ,! light is a v pure :ite "o1 does n di/ort or falsify colors1 & effects a great sav+ ( gas4 ,an important improvem5t ^u ! mantle is cov]$ by ,rawson's pat5t1 ,july #cj1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #djg1ifc1 = coat+ ! mantles ) p>aff9e or analog\s mat]ial to t\gh5 !m & prev5t !m f break+ 9 pack+ & transportation4 ,natural ,gas4--,no review ( gas light+ w\ld be complete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! developm5t incid5t to ! use ( ! natural gas fl[+ f ! int]nal res]voirs ( ! e>?4 ,su* gas has be5 kn[n & utiliz$ = c5turies 9 ,*9a1 & 0 convey$ by ! ,*9ese 9 bamboo pipes to po9ts ( utilization4 ,! discov]y ( coal oil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahei1 & ! great advances made 9 ! me?ods & app>atus = s9k+ oil wells1 h result$ 9 ! discov]y ( num]\s wells ( natural gas1 ^: values 7 quickly p]ceiv$ & utiliz$ by _! own]s4 ,! village ( ,fr$onia1 ,n4 ,y41 0 probably ! fir/ to be light$ by natural gas1 & a fl[ f a well at ,we/ ,bloomfield1 ,n4 ,y41 op5$ 9 #ahfe1 0 c>ri$ 9 a wood5 ma9 m ?an tw5ty miles to ! city ( ,ro*e/]4 ,_m wells ( natural gas h s9ce be5 f\nd at v>i\s po9ts1 & s ext5sive has be5 its use = cook+1 heat+1 light+ & metallurgical processes1 t ?\s&s ( pat5ts h be5 tak5 = v>i\s =ms ( burn]s1 pressure regulators & o!r appliances = utiliz+ ! same4 ,! annual production ( natural gas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahhh 0 valu$ at #bb1fbi1hge4 ,!re has1 h[ev]1 be5 a /eady decrease 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,! am\nt produc$ 9 #ahig 0 #ac1hbf1dbb4 ,! insatiable dem&s ( mod]n civilization mu/ "s day exhau/ ! supply1 & :at w take place :5 ! subt]ranean *amb]s are reliev$ ( _! burd5 is a "q = ! geologi/s to answ]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4 ,,great ,,bridges--,,pneumatic ,,caissons--,,tunnels--,,! ,,bea* ,,tunnel ,,%ield --,,suez ,,canal--,,dr$ges--,,! ,,lidg]wood ,,cableway--,,canal ,,locks-- ,,artesian ,,wells--,,compress$ ,,air ,,rock ,,drills--,,bla/+--,,mississippi ,,jetties--,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,build+s--,,eiffel ,,t[]--,,wa%+ton',s ,,monum5t--,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,capitol4 ,almo/ entirely ( an outdoor "*1 & necess>ily on public exhibition1 ! eng9e]+ a*ievem5ts ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury h always be5 conspicu\sly 9 evid5ce1 *all5g+ ! admiration ( ! public eye4 ,!y repres5t man's attack ^u ! ob/acles pres5t$ by nature to 8 irrepressible _s ( progress4 ,difficulties app>5tly insup]able h confront$ him1 only to melt away "u 8 p]si/5t g5ius until no?+ seems impossible4 ,he has connect$ cont95ts ) ! telegraph1 has cros%at*$ ! l& ) railroads1 p5etrat$ ! b[els ( ! e>? ) artesian wells1 op5$ communication betwe5 oceans ) ! ,suez ,canal1 reclaim$ t]ritory f ! sea 9 ,holl&1 pi]c$ m\nta9 ranges ) tunnels1 dra9$ m>%es1 irrigat$ des]ts1 re>$ l(ty /ructures ( masonry & /eel1 spann$ wat]s ) magnific5t bridges1 op5$ *annel-ways to ! sea1 built beacons = ! m>9]1 & breakwat]s = ! /orm beat5 %ip4 ,probably ! mo/ important bran* ( eng9e]+ "w is railroad con/ruction1 already consid]$ "u /eam railways4 ,closely relat$ to ! railroad1 h[ev]1 is bridge build+1 & _m ( ^! noble /ructures hang betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 conspicu\s monum5ts ( ! eng9e]'s skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4--,,! ,,=? ,,bridge4 ,,l>ge/ ,,viaduct ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,:5 ,,9 ,,process ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,,l5g?1 #h1bij ,,feet2 ,,height ,,above ,,wat]1 #cfa ,,feet2 ,,ma9 ,,spans1 #a1gaj ,,feet ,,long1 #aej ,,feet ,,high4 ,! ,=? ,bridge4--,?is massive /ructure1 ( ! cantilev] type1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,x 0 begun 9 #ahhb & f9i%$ 9 #ahij1 & is ! l>ge/ & mo/ co/ly viaduct 9 ! _w4 ,x is built across ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 & is ! mo/ important l9k 9 ! direct railway communication ( ! ,nor? ,briti% ,railway1 & associat$ roads1 betwe5 ,ed9burgh on ! "o side1 & ,p]? & ,dundee on ! o!r4 ,! total l5g? ( ! viaduct is #h1bif feet1 or ne>ly #a miles4 ,! extreme height ( ! /ructure is #cfa feet above ! wat] level1 & ! f\ndations ext5d #ia feet bel[ ! wat] level4 ,! two ma9 spans are #a1gaj feet1 & ^! bo? give a cle> headway = navigation ( #aej feet height4 ,!re are ov] #ej1jjj tons ( /eel 9 ! sup]/ructure1 & ab\t #adj1jjj cubic y>ds ( masonry & concrete 9 ! f\ndation pi]s4 ,! ?ree ma9 pi]s consi/ ea* ( a gr\p ( f\r masonry columns fac$ ) granite1 #di feet 9 diamet] at ! top1 & #cf feet high1 :i* re/ on solid rock1 or on concrete c>ri$ d[n 9 mo/ cases by means ( caissons ( a maximum diamet] ( #gj feet to rock or b\ld] clay4 ,no intellig5t conception ( ! enorm\s size ( ?is great /ructure c be obta9$ except by comp>ison4 ,e/imat+ f ! bottom ( ! masonry pi]s to ! t[]+ heights ( ! cantilev]s1 x rea*es above ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & is only a little %ort ( ! height ( ! greate/ ( ! pyramids ( ,egypt4 ,! co/ ( ! bridge is giv5 z #c1bej1jjj or ne>ly #af1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,brooklyn ,bridge4--,hav+ = its successful con/ruction & ma9t5ance ! same f\ndation pr9ciple ^u :i* ! spid] builds its web1 ?is magnific5t bridge ( /eel wires spans ! ,ea/ ,riv] betwe5 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn1 ) a total l5g? ( #e1ihi feet1 & 9 l5g? ( span & co/ is second only to ! great ,=? ,bridge4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbi1 & among susp5sion bridges x ranks fir/4 ,x has a c5tral span ( #a1eie feet betwe5 ! two t[]s1 ov] :i* ! susp5sion cables are hung1 & has a cle> headway b5ea? ( #ace feet4 ,x has two side spans ( #icj feet ea* betwe5 ! t[]s & ! %ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4--,,! ,,brooklyn ,,bridge4 ,,longe/ ,,susp5sion ,,bridge ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,,total ,,l5g?1 #e1ihi ,,feet2 ,,span ,,betwe5 ,,t[]s1 #a1eie ,,feet #f ,,in*es4 ,! susp5sion t[]s /& on two pi]s f\nd$ 9 ! riv] on solid rock at dep?s ( #gh & #de feet bel[ high wat]1 & !y rise #bgg feet above ! same level4 ,!re are f\r susp5sion cables #ae in*es 9 diamet]1 ea* compos$ ( #e1bhb galvaniz$ /eel wires1 plac$ side by side1 )\t any twi/1 & arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( #ai /r&s b\nd up ) wire4 ,^! cables h a dip 9 ! c5t] ( ! l>ge span ( #abh feet1 re/ on movable saddles on ! top ( ! t[]s to all[ = slight movem5t ( ! cables due to expansion & contraction1 & are held d[n at ! %ore ends by massive an*orages ( masonry4 ,! bridge has a wid? ( #he feet1 & has two roadways1 two l9es ( railway1 & a foot way4 ,x 0 begun 9 #ahgf & op5$ = traffic 9 #ahhc1 & its co/ 0 ab\t #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,x fulfills a great function = ! busy metropolis1 & x hangs 9 ! air a monum5t 9 /eel wire to ! g5ius ( ! ,roebl+s4 ,masonry ,bridges4--,! l>ge/ & f9e/ s+le span ( masonry 9 ,am]ica1 & believ$ to be ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 is to be f\nd ab\t #i miles nor?we/ ( ! city ( ,wa%+ton4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,wa%+ton ,aqu$uct or ,cab9 ,john ,bridge1 & is se5 9 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,x ext5ds across ! small /ream kn[n z ,cab9 ,john ,creek1 & c>ries an aqu$uct #i feet 9 diamet]1 t supplies ! ,national ,capital ) wat]1 its upp] surface above ! wat] conduit be+ =m$ into a f9e roadway4 ,x is #dej feet long4 ,its span is #bbj feet1 ! height ( ! roadway above ! b$ ( ! /ream is #ajj feet1 & ! wid? ( ! /ructure is #bj feet #d in*es4 ,g54 ,montgom]y ,c4 ,meigs 0 ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( its con/ruction4 ,x 0 begun 9 #aheg & f9i%$ 9 #ahfd1 ) ! exception ( ! p>apet walls ( ! roadway1 :i* 7 add$ 9 #ahgb-c4 ,its co/ 0 #bed1jjj4 ,only "o o!r masonry ar* has ev] be5 built :i* equall$ ?is 9 size4 ,! ,trezzo ,bridge1 built 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ov] ! ,adda 9 ,nor? ,italy1 & subsequ5tly de/roy$1 is said to h _h a span ( #bea feet1 b ! ,wa%+ton ,aqu$uct ,bridge at ,cab9 ,john is a noble "w 9 masonry1 & :5 /&+ b5ea? its maje/ic sweep1 & view+ ! regul> c\rses ( masonry hang+ ne>ly a hundr$ feet high 9 ! air1 & spr++ m ?an a hundr$ feet f ! embankm5t ^u ei!r side1 "o loses sight ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ar*1 & ! fe> t ! mass may fall ^u him gives way to ! impression t nature has b[$ to ! g5ius ( man1 & susp5d$ ! law ( gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4--;,,cab9 ,,john ,,bridge1 ,,ne> ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,l>ge/ ,,masonry ,,ar* ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,,l5g?1 #dej ,,feet2 ,,span ,,( ,,ar*1 #bbj ,,feet2 ,,height1 #ajj ,,feet4 ,among ! pat5ts grant$ = bridges ! mo/ important are ^? relat+ to ! cantilev] type1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ^? to ,b5d]1 ,latrobe1 & ,smi?1 ,no4 #ada1caj1 ,july #bi1 #ahgc2 ,eads1 ,no4 #adb1cgh to #adb1chb1 ,septemb] #b1 #ahgc1 & ,cl>ke1 ,no4 #ejd1eei1 ,septemb] #e1 #ahic4 ,caissons4--,= subm>9e explorations ! anci5t div+ bell1 :i* 0 said to h be5 us$ m ?an #b1jjj ye>s ago1 has giv5 place to div+ armor1 :ile = m ext5sive local "w ! pneumatic caisson is employ$4 ,! latt] 0 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,trig]1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 9 #ahda4 ,an e>ly example ( x is also giv5 9 ,co*rane's ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #c1bbf1 ( #ahfa4 ,x consi/s ( a v]tical cyl9d] divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 its l[] op5 end re/+ on ! riv] bottom4 ,compress$ air =c$ into ! l[] comp>tm5t =ces ! wat] back1 :ile ! m5 are at "w1 ! int]m$iate *amb] =m+ an air lock1 by :i* entrance to1 or egress f1 ! l[] work+ *amb] is obta9$4 ,! pneumatic caissons ( ,eads 7pat5ts ,nos4 #abc1jjb1 ,janu>y #bc1 #ahgb1 & #abc1fhe1 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahgb7 & ,flad 7pat5t ,no4 #cjc1hcj1 ,augu/ #ai1 #ahhd7 are mod]n applications ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,! s9k+ ( %afts ?r\gh quicks&1 by artificially freez+ ! same & !n treat+ x z solid mat]ial1 is an +5i\s mod]n me?od %[n 9 pat5ts to ,poets*1 ,no4 #cjj1hia1 ,june #bd1 #ahhd2 & ,smi?1 ,no4 #cga1chi1 ,octob] #aa1 #ahhg4 ,tunnels4--,less conspicu\s ?an bridges1 by virtue ( _! und]gr\nd "*1 b none ! less important1 are ^! mole-l means ( communication4 ,especially difficult ( con/ruction = ! reason t ! nature ( ! soil or rock is l>gely unkn[n1 & = ! reason also t ! "w may h to enc\nt] faults 9 rocks1 & spr+s or quicks&s 9 ! e>?2 nev]!less ! dem&s ( ! railroads = %ort5+ ! di/ance ( travel & economiz+ "t h /imulat$ ! eng9e] to exp5d millions ( doll>s 9 pi]c+ ! e>? ) ^! great und]gr\nd passageways4 ,! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel 0 con/ruct$ to e/abli% railway communication betwe5 ,france & ,italy ?r\gh ! ,alps4 ,x 0 begun 9 #aheg1 & aft] hav+ be5 9 progress ( con/ruction = ?irte5 ye>s1 0 op5$ = traffic 9 #ahga4 ,?is tunnel 0 comm5c$ by h& bor+s1 be+ = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh solid rock1 & its progress up to #ahfb 0 s sl[ t x 0 e/imat$ t ?irty ye>s w\ld be requir$ = its con/ruction4 ,its e>li] completion 0 due to ! introduction ( rock drills op]at$ by compress$ air1 :i* trebl$ ! rate ( advance1 & :i* device made a new epo* 9 all rock-bor+ & m9+ op]ations4 ,?is tunnel 0 cut f bo? ends at ! same "t1 & s accurate 7 ! surveys 9 e/abli%+ ! alignm5t ( ! two head+s ?r\gh ! m\nta9 mass1 t1 al?\gh ! tunnel 0 m ?an #g miles long1 :5 ! two head+s came toge!r 9 ! middle1 only a diff]5ce ( "o foot 9 level exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! #g miles ( tunnel 0 cut ?r\gh solid rock1 by bor+ & bla/+1 ! imm5sity ( ! und]tak+ c be appreciat$4 ,z complet$ ! tunnel is #h miles long1 & wide en\gh = a d\ble track railway4 ,! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel is ano!r tunnel ?r\gh ! ,alps1 :i* involv$ ev5 a long] & deep] cut ?r\gh ! m\nta9s ?an ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel4 ,?is is #i miles long1 & x 0 begun 9 #ahgb1 ! head+s jo9$ 9 #ahhj1 & ! tunnel op5$ = traffic 9 #ahhb4 ,al?\gh by f> ! l>ge/ und]tak+ yet made1 ! improvem5t 9 rock-bor+ ma*9]y enabl$ x to be con/ruct$ mu* m rapidly & at less exp5se4 ,! ,arlb]g is /ill ano!r ,alp9e tunnel4 ,x is #f miles long1 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahhj1 & op5$ = traffic 9 #ahhd4 ,tunnel+ "u riv]s pres5ts _m m difficulties ?an driv+ ?r\gh ! h>de/ rock4 ,?is is s by reason ( ! infl[ ( wat]4 ,among successful tunnels ( ?is k9d may be nam$ ! ,m]sey & ,sev]n tunnels 9 ,engl&1 op5$ 9 #ahhf1 & ! ,/4 ,clair tunnel betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! hi/ories ( ! ab&on$ ,detroit & ,hudson riv] tunnels are object lessons ( ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,an important eng9e]+ inv5tion = tunnel+ ?r\gh silt or s(t soil is ! s-call$ 8%ield40 ,?is 0 fir/ employ$ by ! eng9e] ,brunel 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,?ames tunnel1 :i* 0 begun 9 #ahbe & op5$ z a ?or\ghf>e 9 #ahdc4 ,! %ield1 z n[ us$1 is a sort ( a cyl9d] or sleeve z l>ge z ! tunnel1 :i* sleeve1 z ! excavation proce$s 9 front ( x1 is =c$ ahead to act bo? z a r+-%ap$ cutt] & a protection to ! workm51 its advance be+ effect$ by p[]ful hydraulic jacks or screws :i* f9d a back be>+ aga9/ ! complet$ wall ( ! tunnel4 ,z ! digg+ proce$s ! %ield is advanc$1 & a section ( tunnel is built beh9d x :i*1 9 turn1 furni%es a be>+ = ! jacks 9 ! fur!r advance ( ! %ield4 ,?is latt] improvem5t 0 ! inv5tion ( ! late ,alfr$ ,e4 ,bea*1 ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 & 0 cov]$ by him 9 pat5t ,no4 #ia1jga1 ,june #h1 #ahfi1 & 0 us$ 9 driv+ ! exp]im5tal pneumatic subway con/ruct$ by him "u ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahfh-i1 & also 9 ! ,/4 ,clair ,riv] tunnel & ! unf9i%$ ,hudson ,riv] tunnel & o!r works4 ,subsequ5t improvem5ts made ^u ! %ield by ,j4 ,h4 ,grea!ad ( ,engl& & cov]$ by him 9 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,nos4 #cfj1iei1 ,april #ab1 #ahhg2 & #dcb1hga1 ,july #bb1 #ahij1 h greatly add$ to ! value & effici5cy ( ?is device1 & made x "o ( ! lead+ in/rum5talities 9 tunnel con/ruction4 ,suez ,canal4--,x is said t ! und]tak+ ( connect+ ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,seas 0 consid]$ z long ago z ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 & a small *annel appe>s to h be5 op5$ tw5ty-five c5turies ago1 b 0 subsequ5tly ab&on$4 ,9 #ahdg ! subject 0 aga9 tak5 up = s]i\s consid]ation1 ! "w begun 9 #ahfj1 & f9i%$ 9 #ahfi1 at a co/ ( #bj1ejj1jjj1 or m ?an a hundr$ million doll>s4 ,! canal />ts at ,port ,said1 on ! ,m$it]ranean1 a view ( :i* ) its %ips ( all nations & ! canal rea*+ f> away 9 ! di/ance is se5 9 ,fig4 #bca4 ,! canal ext5ds ne>ly due s\? to ,suez on ! ,r$ ,sea1 a di/ance ( ab\t #ajj miles1 ?r\gh b>r5 wa/es ( s& & an occasional lake4 ,x 0 orig9ally =m$ ) a bottom wid? ( #gb feet1 spread+ out to #aif to #cbh feet at ! top1 & ( a dep? ( #bf feet1 b has s9ce be5 increas$ 9 transv]se dim5sion to accommodate ! great increase 9 travel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4--,,port ,,said ,,entrance ,,to ,,suez ,,canal1 ,,%[+ ,,h>bor ,,) ,,%ips ,,( ,,all ,,nations1 ,,& ,,! ,,canal ,,rea*+ ,,away ,,9 ,,! ,,di/ance4 ,sixty great dr$ges 7 employ$ on ! "w1 & ! dr$g$ mat]ial 0 dis*>g$ 9 *utes on to ! bank4 ,! canal 0 ! "w ( ,m4 ,de ,lesseps1 ! em95t ,fr5* eng9e]1 & has prov$ a great success f bo? an eng9e]+ & f9ancial /&po9t4 ,! /ock is ma9ly held 9 ,engl&1 hav+ be5 b\ght f ! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt4 ,9 #ahih ! %ips pass+ ?r\gh ! canal dur+ ! ye> rea*$ ! rem>kable numb] ( #c1ejc4 ,! rate ( tolls is #aj francs 7ab\t #b7 p] net ton4 ,! gross tonnage ( %ips pass+ ?r\gh 9 #ahih 0 #ab1ifb1fcb1 ! net tonnage #i1bch1fjc4 ,! total receipts = ! ye> 7 #hg1ijf1bee francs 7ab\t #ag1ejj1jjj71 & ! net pr(it #fc1dda1ihg francs 7ab\t #ab1ejj1jjj74 ,an av]age size ocean l9] pays ab\t #e1jjj = ! privilege ( sail+ ?r\gh ?is great dit*4 ,admiral ,dewey's %ip1 ! 8,olympia10 return+ f ! ,philipp9es1 paid = h] toll #c1eaf4jd1 & ! 8,*icago10 #c1afe4ie4 ,go+ ! o!r way1 our supply %ip 8,alex&]0 paid #d1ajg4ii1 :ile ! 8,glaci]0 paid #e1jeb4ch4 ,%ips mak+ ! passage ?r\gh ! canal move sl[ly on acc\nt ( ! wa%+ ( ! banks1 ab\t #bb h\rs be+ requir$1 b ! %ort5+ ( ! travel ( %ips go+ ea/ & we/1 & ! sav+ ( life1 prop]ty1 & "t1 involv$ 9 avoid+ ! circuit\s & /ormy passage ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 has be5 ( incalculable b5efit to ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4--;,,h]cules ,,dr$g]4 ,) ! con/ruction ( canals & h>bors1 great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 dr$ges4 ,"s ( ^! are ( ! clam-%ell type1 "s employ ! scoop & lev]1 o!rs an endless s]ies ( buckets4 ,an example ( ! latt]1 us$ on ! ,panama ,canal1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,/ill ano!r =m1 & ! mo/ rec5t if n ! mo/ important is ! hydraulic dr$g]1 :i*1 by rotat+ cutt]s1 /irs & cuts ! mud & silt1 & by p[]ful suction pumps & imm5se tubes draws up ! semi-fluid mass & s5ds x to suitable po9ts ( dis*>ge4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ! latt] type is ! ,b[]s hydraulic dr$ge1 cov]$ by _m pat5ts1 ( :i* ,nos4 #cah1hei & #cah1hfj1 ,may #bf1 #ahhe2 #chh1bec1 ,augu/ #ba1 #ahhh2 & #dhd1gfc1 ,octob] #ah1 #ahib1 are ! mo/ important4 ,= surface excavations 9 solid e>? ! ,lidg]wood ,cableway is an important & labor sav+ device4 ,a track cable is /ret*$ f two di/ant t[]s1 & a bucket hold+ well on to a ton ( e>? is made to travel on a trolley runn+ on said cable track1 ris+ at "o end out ( ! excavation1 & dump+ at ! o!r end to fill 9 ! excavation z ! cutt+ progresses1 all 9 a cont9u\s & economical mann]4 ,?is device is made "u ! pat5t to ,m4 ,w4 ,locke1 ,no4 #bie1ggf1 ,m>* #be1 #ahhd1 & compreh5ds _m subsequ5t improvem5ts pat5t$ by ,mill]1 ,delaney1 ,nor? & o!rs4 ,! ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal is a "w j complet$1 :i* l>gely employ$ ^! devices4 ,?is canal 0 design$ to connect ! ,*icago ,riv] ) ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 s z to s5d ! sewage ( ,*icago d[n ! ,mississippi in/ead ( into ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,al?\gh x co/ #cc1jjj1jjj & requir$ sev5 ye>s = completion1 ! labor-sav+ cableways greatly *eap5$ its co/ & %ort5$ ! "t ( its con/ruction4 ,among ! lead+ inv5tions relat+ to canal con/ruction may be m5tion$ ! be>-trap canal-lock gate 7pat5ts ,nos4 #bbi1fhb1 #bcf1dhh & #eeb1jfc71 & ! ,dutton pneumatic lift locks4 ,! latt] provide ease & rapidity ( action by a pr9ciple ( balanc+ locks 9 pairs1 & are cov]$ by 8 pat5t ,no4 #deg1ebh1 ,augu/ #aa1 #ahia1 & o!rs ( subsequ5t date4 ,artesian ,wells repres5t an important bran* ( eng9e]+ "w1 & !y are s call$ f ! prov9ce ( ,artois1 9 ,france1 :]e !y h = a long "t be5 9 use4 ,ext5d+ sev]al ?\s& feet into ! subt]ranean *amb]s ( ! e>?1 !y h br\ght abundant wat] supply to ! surface all ov] ! _w1 f ! des]t s&s ( ,sah>a to ! hotels ( ! mod]n city2 !y h contribut$ oil & gas 9 incr$ible quantities to supply light & heat1 & h made valuable additions to ! salt supply ( ! _w4 ,!y are driv5 by reciprocat+ a pond]\s *isel-%ap$ drill )9 an iron tube1 six in*es m or less 9 diamet]1 :i* is built up 9 sections1 & mov$ d[n z ! cutt+ desc5ds4 ,! drill is reciprocat$ by a susp5d+ rope f ma*9]y 9 a d]rick1 & 9 ord] to give a hamm]-l bl[ to ! *isel a pair ( pond]\s iron l9ks c\pl$ toge!r l ^? ( a *a91 & call$ a 8drill j>0 connect ! drill to ! rope4 ,z ! sections ( ! l9k slide ov] ea* o!r !y come toge!r ) a hamm] bl[ at ! mom5t ( lift+ t dislodges ! drill f ! rock1 & on ! desc5d+ movem5t !y come toge!r ) a hamm]+ bl[ imm$iately aft] ! drill t\*es ! rock to drive x into ! same4 ,! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t = a drill j> is t to ,morris1 ,no4 #b1bdc1 ,septemb] #d1 #ahda4 ,:5 an oil well ceases to fl[1 x is rejuv5at$ by be+ 8%ot10 :i* is q contr>y to ! ord9>y conception ( prolong+ life4 ,= ?is purpose a dynamite c>tridge is explod$ at ! l[] end ( ! well1 :i* %att]s ! rock1 &1 9 op5+ up new *annels ( fl[ = ! oil1 r5ews ! yield4 ,_m pat5t$ inv5tions h be5 made 9 ! field ( well bor+1 & ! discov]y ( coal oil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahei has develop$ a great indu/ry & built up enorm\s =tunes4 ,! am\nt ( petroleum produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahif 0 #fj1ifj1cfa b>rels1 ! l>ge/ yield on record4 ,9 #ahig ! am\nt 0 #fj1efh1jha b>rels4 ,( less consequ5ce ?an ! artesian well1 b f9d+ _m useful applications1 is ! drive well4 ,a metal tube ) a p]=at$ l[] end is driv5 d[n by hamm]s into ! gr\nd1 & furni%es a quick & *eap s\rce ( wat] supply4 ,?is 0 inv5t$ by ,col4 ,gre5 9 #ahfa1 9 meet+ ! necessities ( 8 milit>y camp dur+ ! civil w>1 & 0 pat5t$ by him ,janu>y #ad1 #ahfh1 ,no4 #gc1dbe4 ,rock ,drills4--,9 m9+ & tunnel+ ?r\gh rock1 ! rock drill has be5 ! implem5t ( p>am\nt importance & utility4 ,= bor+ by rot>y action ! diamond drill is mo/ effective4 ,?is uses bits set ) diamonds :i*1 by _! extreme h>dness1 cut ?r\gh ! mo/ refractory rock ) great rapidity4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,h]mann & pat5t$ by him 9 ,france1 ,june #c1 #ahed4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 is ! compress$ air rock drill1 9 :i* a pi/on has ! drill bit directly on its pi/on rod & cuts by a reciprocat+ action4 ,! pi/on is actuat$ by compress$ air admitt$ alt]nately to its opposite sides 9 an automatic mann] by valves4 ,! compress$ air convey$ to ! drill 9 ! tunnel or m9e n only op]ates ! drill1 b helps to v5tilate ! tunnel4 ,z e>ly z #ahdi ,cl>ke & ,motley1 9 ,engl&1 inv5t$ a ma*9e drill1 & 9 #ahea ,f[le devis$ a simil> ma*9e1 hav+ ! drill atta*$ directly to ! pi/on cross head4 ,! ,hoosac & ,mont ,c5is tunnels greatly /imulat$ inv5tion 9 ?is field1 & among ! notable drills ( ?is class may be nam$ ! ,burleigh1 ,+]soll1 & ,s]geant4 ,! ,burleigh drill 0 br\ght out 9 #ahff1 & 0 cov]$ by pat5ts ,nos4 #eb1ifj1 #eb1ifa & #ei1ifj ( t ye>1 & #aac1hej ( #ahga1 & ! ,+]soll drill1 by pat5ts ,no4 #aab1bed1 & ,no4 #abj1bgi1 ( #ahga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4--;,,bl[+ ,,up ,,flood ,,rock4 ,bla/+4--,! discov]y ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 #ahdf1 foll[$ by its conv5i5t comm]cial prep>ation 9 ! =m ( dynamite1 gave a great impetus to bla/+4 ,notable z ! l>ge/ op]ation ( ! k9d 9 ! c5tury is ! bl[+ up ( ,flood ,rock1 9 ! pa? ( comm]ce betwe5 ,new ,york ,city & ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,! dang]\s "* ( ?is & o!r rocks 9 ?is vic9ity gave long ago to ?is *annel ! significant "n ( ,hell ,gate4 ,! und]m9+ ( ! rocks by %afts & gall]ies is se5 9 ,fig4 #bcc1 & ! f9al bl[+ up ( ! same 9 a s+le bla/ 0 ! culm9ation ( a s]ies ( simil> op]ations at ?is po9t t5d+ to saf] navigation4 ,on ,octob] #aj1 #ahhe1 #dj1jjj c>tridges1 conta9+ #ge1jjj p\nds ( dynamite & #bdj1jjj p\nds ( rack-a-rock1 71 by ! t\*+ ( a button & ! clos+ ( an electric circuit1 simultane\sly explod$4 ,9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye n9e acres ( solid rock 7 %att]$ into fragm5ts by ! prodigi\s =ce1 & a va/ upheaval ( wat] #a1djj feet long1 #hjj feet wide1 & #bjj feet high1 sprang into ! air 9 tangl$ & gigantic f\nta9s4 ,z ! t]m9ation ( ! mo/ /up5d\s piece ( eng9e]+ ( ! k9d ! _w has ev] se51 & ) spectacul> features fitt+ ! enorm\s exp5se ( #a1jjj1jjj1 :i* ! "w co/1 ?is f9al sc5e put an end to ! m5aces ( ,flood ,rock1 & wip$ out ( exi/5ce ! wor/ dang]s ( ,hell ,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4--;,,cross ,,section ,,mississippi ,,jetties4 ,mississippi ,jetties4--,! broad b> & %all[ wat]s at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi involv$ su* an ob/ruction to comm]ce t 9 #ahgb x receiv$ ! att5tion ( ,congress1 result+ 9 ! build+1 by ,capt4 ,eads1 ( ! celebrat$ jetties4 ,!y 7 begun 9 #ahge & f9i%$ 9 #ahgi1 & co/ #e1bej1jjj4 ,! *annel obta9$ 0 #cj feet deep & #bjj feet wide4 ,its con/ruction involv$ ! build+ across ! b> & out into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico two long rea*es ( p>allel embankm5ts1 call$ jetties4 ,?is 0 effect$ by s9k+ mattresses ( will[ bran*es b\nd toge!r & weight$ ) /one4 ,^! 7 laid 9 f\r lay]s1 & :5 subm]g$1 & re/+ ^u ! bottom1 7 cov]$ ) a lay] ( loose /one1 & ?is 9 turn 0 surm\nt$ ) a capp+ ( concrete blocks1 z se5 9 cross section 9 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,^! jetties s conc5trat$ ! fl[ ( wat]s into a n>r[ *annel z to cause its increas$ velocity to wa% out ! mud & silt & deep5 ! *annel4 ,! imm5sity ( ! "w may be measur$ by ! quantity ( mat]ial us$ 9 its con/ruction1 :i* includ$ #f1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( will[ mattresses1 #a1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( /one1 #ac1jjj1jjj feet 7bo>d measure7 ( lumb]1 & #h1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( concrete4 ,! mattresses 7 laid #ce to #ej feet wide at ! bottom1 :i* wid? 0 consid]ably increas$ by ! sup]impos$ lay] ( /one1 & ! jetties ext5d$ #b miles into ! sea4 ,_! influ5ce ^u comm]ce is indicat$ by ! fact t be=e _! con/ruction ! annual gra9 export f ,new ,orleans 0 less ?an half a million bu%els1 & 9 #ahhj1 ! ye> foll[+ _! completion1 x 0 increas$ to #ad1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4--;,,int]ior ,,con/ruction ,,mod]n ,,/eel ,,build+4 ,high ,build+s4--,a di/9ct feature ( mod]n ar*itecture is ! enorm\sly tall /eel frame build+ kn[n z ! 8sky scrap]40 ,! increas+ value ( city lots fir/ br\ght ab\t ! v]tical ext5sion ( build+s to a great] numb] ( /ories1 & ! necessity = mak+ !m firepro(1 c\pl$ ) ! desire to avoid loss ( int]ior space1 due to ?ick walls at ! base1 made a dem& = a diff]5t /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,to meet ?is a skeleton frame ( /eel is bolt$ toge!r 9 unit>y /ructure1 ! floors be+ all c>ri$ on ! /eel frame1 & ! out] masonry walls be+ relatively ?91 & c>ry+ only _! own weight4 ,9 ,fig4 #bce is %[n an example ( ! int]ior /ructure ( su* a build+4 ,! v]tical columns are erect$ ^u a v firm f\ndation1 & to !m are bolt$1 on ! floor levels1 horizontal ,i-beams & gird]s1 /ay$ by tie rods1 :i* ,i-beams receive betwe5 !m holl[ firepro( tile to =m ! floor4 ,! out] masonry walls are built ar\nd ! skeleton frame1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bcf1 & ! details ( connections = ! floor memb]s appe> 9 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4--;,,enclosure ,,( ,,/eel ,,frame ,,by ,,masonry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4--;,,details ,,( ,,int]nal ,,con/ruction4 ,! con/ruction ( iron build+s began ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahde ,pet] ,coop] erect$ ! l>ge/ roll+ mill at t "t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = mak+ railroad iron1 & at ?is mill wr\ght iron beams = firepro( build+s 7 fir/ roll$4 ,9 ! build+ ( ! ,coop] ,in/itute 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 #aheg he 0 ! fir/ to employ su* beams ) brick ar*es to support ! floors4 ,! unify+ ( ! iron "w into an integral skeleton frame1 = reliev+ ! side walls ( ! weight ( ! floors is1 h[ev]1 a comp>atively rec5t developm5t1 & ?is has s rais$ ! height ( ! mod]n (fice build+ z to cause x to impress ! obs]v] z an obelisk r ?an a place ( habitation4 ,an e>?quake-pro( /eel palace = ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,japan is "o ( ! mod]n applications ( /eel 9 ar*itecture4 ,x is be+ built by ,am]ican eng9e]s1 & is to co/ #c1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4--,,! ,,eiffel ,,t[]4 ,,height1 #ihd ,,feet4 ,,talle/ ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4--,,wa%+ton',s ,,monum5t4 ,,height #eee ,,feet1 #e ,,in*es4 ,,highe/ ,,masonry ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,eiffel ,t[]4--,l(tie/ among ! high /ructures ( ! _w1 & significant z indicat+ ! possibilities ( iron con/ruction1 ! ,eiffel ,t[] ( ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi 0 a di/9ct a*ievem5t 9 ! eng9e]+ _w4 ,x is se5 9 ,fig4 #bch4 ,x is #ihd feet high1 & #daj feet across its f\ndation1 & has a support+ base ( f\r indep5d5t lattice "w pi]s4 ,9 ! top 0 con/ruct$ a sci5tific laboratory surm\nt$ by a lant]n conta9+ a p[]ful electric light4 ,! total weight ( iron 9 ! /ructure is ab\t #g1jjj tons1 ! weight ( ! rivets alone be+ #dej tons1 & ! total numb] ( !m #b1ejj1jjj4 ,! level ( ! fir/ /ory is m>k$ by a bold frieze1 on ! panels ( :i*1 ar\nd all f\r faces1 7 inscrib$ 9 gigantic lett]s ( gold ! names ( ! fam\s ,fr5*m5 ( ! c5tury4 ,! summit ( ! t[] 0 rea*$ by /aircases conta9+ #a1gic /eps1 & by hydraulic elevators runn+ 9 f\r /ages4 ,! co/ ( ?is /ructure 0 ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj4 ,wa%+ton's ,monum5t4--,next 9 height to ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 & be+1 9 fact1 ! talle/ masonry /ructure 9 ! _w1 ?is noble obelisk1 by its simplicity1 boldness & solidity1 *all5ges ! admiration ( e visitor1 & gratifies ! pride ( e patriot4 ,x is se5 9 ,fig4 #bci1 & is #eee feet #e in*es high1 #ee feet squ>e at ! base1 & #cd feet squ>e at ! top4 ,! walls are #ae feet ?ick at ! base1 & #ah in*es at ! top1 & its summit is rea*$ by an int]nal w9d+ /aircase & a c5tral elevator4 ,at ! height ( #ejd feet ! walls are pi]c$ ) port holes1 f :i* a magnific5t view is _h ( ! capital city & surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! summit is cr[n$ ) a cap ( alum9um1 inscrib$ ,laus ,deo4 ,! f\ndation ( rock & cem5t is #cf feet deep & #abf feet squ>e1 & ! total co/ ( ! monum5t 0 #a1cjj1jjj4 ,! corn] /one 0 laid 9 #ahdh4 ,9 #ahee ! "w 0 discont9u$ at ! height ( #aeb feet1 f lack ( funds4 ,9 #ahgh x 0 resum$ by appropriation f ,congress1 & complet$ & d$icat$ 9 #ahhe1 "u ! direction ( ,col4 ,?omas ,l4 ,casey1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,corps ( ,eng9e]s4 ,! ,capitol ,build+4--,repres5t+ ! he>t ( ! great ,am]ican ,republic1 & ov]look+ its ,capital ,city1 ?is gr& build+1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdj1 is a poem 9 ar*itecture4 ,massive1 symmetrical & h>moni\s1 its highe/ po9t rea*es #cjg feet above ! plaza on ! ea/4 ,x is #gea feet #d in*es long1 #cej feet wide1 & ! walls ( ! build+ prop] cov] #c acres4 ,cr[n+ ! c5t] ( ! build+ is ! impos+ dome ( iron1 surm\nt$ by a lant]n1 & above ?is is ! bronze /atue ( ,fre$om1 #ai feet #f in*es high1 & weigh+ #ad1ihe p\nds1 ! latt] be+ set 9 place ,decemb] #b1 #ahfc4 ,! dome is #ace feet #e in*es 9 diamet] at ! base1 & ! op5 space ( ! rotunda )9 is #if feet 9 diamet] & #ahj feet high4 ,! corn] /one ( ! orig9al build+ 0 laid 9 #agic by ,wa%+ton4 ,! fir/ session ( ,congress held !re 0 9 #ahjj1 :ile ! build+ 0 /ill incomplete4 ,! orig9al build+ 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahaa4 ,9 #ahad x 0 p>tly burn$ by ! ,briti%4 ,9 #ahae recon/ruction 0 begun1 & complet$ 9 #ahbg4 ,9 #ahej ,congress pass$ an act au?oriz+ ! ext5sion ( ! ,capitol1 :i* result$ 9 ! build+ ( ! nor? & s\? w+s1 conta9+ ! pres5t ,s5ate ,*amb] & ,hall ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,! corn] /ones ( ! ext5sion 7 laid by ,presid5t ,fillmore 9 #ahea1 ,daniel ,web/] be+ ! orator ( ! occasion1 & ! w+s 7 f9i%$ 9 #ahfg4 ,s9ce ?is "t h&some additions 9 ! %ape ( m>ble t]races on ! we/ front h add$ greatly to ! beauty & app>5t size ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4--,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,capitol4 ,,l5g?1 #gea ,,feet2 ,,wid?1 #cej ,,feet2 ,,height1 #cjg ,,feet2 ,,build+ ,,cov]s #c ,,acres4 ,x is n possible to give any?+ l an adequate review ( ! eng9e]+ inv5tions & a*ievem5ts ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 9 a s+le *apt]1 & only ! mo/ notewor?y h be5 m5tion$4 ,! mod]n life ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 has be5 replete ) ! res\rceful exp$i5ts ( ! eng9e]1 & ! +5i\s in/rum5talities inv5t$ by him to c>ry out 8 plans4 ,!re h be5 ab\t #a1jjj pat5ts grant$ = bridges1 ab\t #b1ejj = excavat+ app>atus1 & ab\t #a1ejj = hydraulic eng9e]+4 ,9 m9+ ! safety-lamp ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 9 #ahae1 has be5 foll[$ by /amp mills1 rock-drills1 d]ricks1 & hoi/+ & l[]+ app>atus1 & lately by hydraulic m9+ app>atus1 by :i* a /ream ( wat] "u high pressure is made to wa% away a m\nta9 side4 ,app>atus = load+ & unload+1 pneumatic conveyors1 great sy/ems ( irrigation1 ligh?\ses1 breakwat]s1 pile driv]s1 dry-docks1 %ip railways1 road-mak+ app>atus1 fire escapes1 firepro( build+s1 wat] t[]s1 & filtration plants h be5 devis$1 con/ruct$ & utiliz$4 ,_m gigantic s*emes1 already begun1 /ill await successful completion1 among :i* may be nam$ ! dra9+ ( ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 ! ,sib]ian railway1 ! ,panama & ,nic>aguan ,canals1 ! ,simplon tunnel1 ! new ,ea/ ,riv] ,bridge1 & ! ,rapid ,transit ,tunnel "u ,new ,york ,city2 :ile a bridge or tunnel across ! ,engli% ,*annel1 a %ip canal = ,france1 connect+ ! ,bay ( ,biscay ) ! ,m$it]ranean1 a tunnel "u ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 & a %ip canal connect+ ! great lakes ) ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 are among ! possible a*ievem5ts :i* *all5ge ! eng9e] ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,woodwork+4 ,,e>ly ,,ma*9es ,,( ,,sir ,,samuel ,,b5?am--,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,saw--,,circul> ,,saw--,,hamm]+ ,,to ,,t5sion--,,/eam ,,fe$ ,,= ,,saw ,,mill ,,c>riage--,,qu>t] ,,saw+--,,! ,,b& ,,saw--,,plan+ ,,ma*9es--,,! ,,woodwor? ,,plan]--,,! ,,woodbury ,,yield+ ,,pressure ,,b>--,,! ,,univ]sal ,,woodwork]--,,! ,,blan*>d ,,la!--,,mortis+ ,,ma*9es--,,special ,,woodwork+ ,,ma*9es4 ,surr\nd$ z we are 9 ! mod]n home ) beautiful & arti/ic furniture1 & in/all$ 9 com=table & inexp5sive h\ses1 "o does n appreciate ! contra/ :i* ! life ( ! av]age citiz5 ( to-day pres5ts to t ( 8 great-gr&fa!r 9 ! matt] ( 8 dwell+ h\se appo9tm5ts4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago mo/ ( ! dwell+s ( ! middle & poor] classes 7 crudely made1 ) clap-bo>ds & joi/s labori\sly hewn ) ! broad ax1 & ! ro( 0 cov]$ ) split %+les4 ,unc\? & clumsy doors1 w9d[s & bl9ds1 7 fram$ on ! simple/ utilit>ian basis1 & a scanty supply ( rude h&-made furniture imp]fectly fill$ ! simple wants ( ! home4 ,to-day ne>ly e cottage has beautifully m\ld$ trimm+s1 panel$ doors1 h&somely c>v$ mantels & turn$ balu/]s1 all furni%$ at an insignificant price1 & art has s add$ its /hetic values to ! furniture & o!r useful ?+s 9 wood1 t beautiful1 arti/ic & ta/eful homes are no long] conf9$ to ! ri*1 b may be enjoy$ by all4 ,?is great *ange has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! sawmill1 ! plan+ ma*9e1 mortis+ & bor+ ma*9es1 & ! turn+ la!4 ,pre-em95t 9 ! field ( woodwork+ ma*9]y1 & wor?y to be call$ ! fa!r ( ! art1 is to be m5tion$ ! "n ( ,g54 ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am1 ( ,engl&1 ^: inv5tions 9 ! la/ decade ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury =m$ ! nucleus ( ! mod]n art ( woodwork+4 ,! ,saw 0 ! great pione] 9 woodwork+ ma*9]y1 & ! circul> saw has1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 be5 ! repres5tative type4 ,pu%+ its way along ! outskirts ( civilization1 its gli/5+ & app>5tly motionless disk1 fill$ ) a hidd51 b t]rific en]gy1 & s++ a m]ry tune 9 ! cle>+s1 has trans=m$ trees into t5em5ts1 =e/s into firesides1 & alt]$ ! face ( ! e>?1 ! record ( its "w be+ only measur$ by ! imm5sity ( ! =e/s :i* x has deplet$4 ,x is n possible to fix ! date ( ! fir/ circul> saw1 = rot>y cutt+ action dates f ! anci5t turn+ la!s4 ,! e>lie/ description ( a circul> saw is to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% pat5t to ,mill]1 ,no4 #a1aeb1 ( #aggg4 ,x 0 n until ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 h[ev]1 t x 0 g5]ally appli$1 & its great "w belongs to ?is p]iod4 ,! prec$+ saws 7 ( ! /raight1 reciprocat+ k9d4 ,! old pit-saw is ! e>lie/ =m1 & 9 c\rse ( "t ! m5 7 replac$ by ma*9]y to =m ! 8muley0 saw1 ! man 9 ! pit be+ replac$ by a me*anical 8pitman10 :i* acc\nts = ! etymology ( ! ^w4 ,) ! 8muley0 saw ! log 0 held at ea* end1 & ea* end %ift$ alt]nately to set = a new cut4 ,! fir/ developm5t 0 along ! l9es ( ?is =m ( saw1 & to increase its effici5cy ! saws 7 arrang$ 9 gangs1 s z to make a numb] ( cuts at "o pass ( ! log4 ,?is type 0 especially us$ 9 ,europe1 b on ! up /roke !re 0 no "w be+ done1 & h5ce half ( ! "t 0 lo/4 ,?is & o!r difficulties l$ f9ally to ! adoption ( ! circul> type1 ^: cont9u\s cut & high spe$ sav$ mu* "t & pres5t$ _m o!r advantages4 ,a repres5tative example ( ! circul> saw is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4--,,portable ,,circul> ,,saw4 ,) ! increas$ diamet] & p]iph]al spe$ ( ! circul> saw1 h[ev]1 a grave difficulty pres5t$ itself4 ,! saw w\ld heat at its p]iph]y1 & its rim portion exp&+ )\t comm5surate expansion ( ! c5tral portion1 w\ld cause ! saw to crack & fly to pieces "u ! trem5d\s c5trifugal =ce4 ,?is difficulty is provid$ = by :at is kn[n z 8hamm]+ to t5sion10 i4 e41 ! saw is hamm]$ to a gradually increas+ /ate ( compression f ! rim to ! c5t]1 ?us caus+ an initial expansion or spread ( ! molecules ( metal ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ! saw1 :i* is /or$ up z an ela/ic expansive =ce t accommodates itself to ! t5sion caus$ by ! expansion ( ! rim1 & prev5ts ! unequal & de/ructive /ra91 due to ! expansion ( ! rim f ! great heat ( friction 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! log4 ,m\nt$ ^u a portable frame1 ?is ma*9e 0 put to its great "w ^u ! logs 9 ! =e/s ( ,am]ica1 & = _m ye>s ?is type ( sawmill held its sway1 & an enorm\s am\nt ( "w 0 done ?r\gh its ag5cy4 ,among its useful accessories 7 ! set-works = adju/+ ! log hold+ knees to ! position = a new cut1 log turn]s = rotat+ ! log to *ange ! plane ( ! cut1 & ! rack & p9ion fe$1 by :i* ! saw c>riage 0 run back & =?4 ,foll[+ ! rack & p9ion fe$ came ! rope fe$1 9 :i* a rope wrapp$ ar\nd a drum 0 c>ri$ at its opposite ends ov] pulleys & back to ! opposite ends ( ! c>riage1 :i* 0 !reby c>ri$ back & =? by ! =w>d or backw>d movem5t ( ! drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4--;,,direct-,,act+ ,,/eam ,,fe$ ,,sawmill ,,c>riage4 ,! greate/ advance 9 sawmills 9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 has be5 ! /eam fe$1 9 :i* a v long /eam cyl9d] 0 provid$ ) a pi/on1 ^: long rod 0 directly atta*$ to ! saw c>riage1 & ! latt] mov$ back & =? by ! admission ( /eam alt]nately to opposite sides ( ! pi/on4 ,?is type ( fe$1 also kn[n z ! %ot gun fe$1 f ! resemblance ( ! long cyl9d] to a gun b>rel1 0 inv5t$ ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 by ,de ,witt ,c4 ,prescott1 & is cov]$ by 8 pat5t1 ,no4 #agd1jjd1 ,febru>y #bb1 #ahgf1 lat] improvem5ts be+ %[n 9 8 pat5t1 ,no4 #cfj1igb1 ,april #ab1 #ahhg4 ,! value ( ! /eam fe$ 0 to increase ! spe$ & effici5cy ( ! saw1 by exp$it+ ! movem5t ( its c>riage1 z _m z six bo>ds p] m9ute be+ cut by its aid f a log ( av]age l5g?4 ,an example ( a mod]n /eam fe$ = sawmill c>riages is se5 9 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,) ! mod]n developm5t ( ! art ! ease & rapidity ( /eam action h recomm5d$ x = use 9 mo/ all ( ! "w ( ! sawmill1 & ! direct application ( /eam pi/ons work+ 9 cyl9d]s has be5 utiliz$ = cant+1 kick+1 flipp+ & roll+ ! logs1 lift+ ! /ock1 tak+ away ! bo>ds1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4--,,me?od ,,( ,,%ap+ ,,& ,,hold+ ,,log ,,= ,,qu>t] ,,saw+4 ,beautifully f9i%$ furniture 9 qu>t]$ oak has always excit$ ! pleasure1 & piqu$ ! curiosity ( ! un9=m$ z to h[ ?is result is obta9$4 ,fig4 #bdc illu/rates ! me?od ( saw+ to produce ?is effect4 ,! log is simply divid$ longitud9ally into f\r qu>t]s1 & ! qu>t] sections are !n cut by ! v]tical plane ( ! saw at an oblique angle to ! saw$ sides1 :i* br+s to ! surface ( ! bo>ds ! peculi> flecks or pat*es ( ! wood's gra9 s mu* admir$ :5 f9i%$ & poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4--;,,automatic ,,b& ,,rip ,,saw4 ,! ,b& ,saw is an endless belt ( /eel hav+ tee? =m$ along "o edge & travel+ cont9u\sly ar\nd an upp] & l[] pulley1 ) its too!d edge pres5t$ to ! timb] to be cut1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bdd1 :i* repres5ts a =m ( b& saw made by ! ,j4 ,a4 ,fay ,egan ,company1 ( ,c9c9nati4 ,a =m ( b& saw is f\nd z e>ly z #ahjh1 9 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #c1aje1 to ,newb]ry4 ,on ,m>* #be1 #ahcd1 a ,fr5* pat5t 0 grant$ = a b& saw to ,eti5not1 ,no4 #c1cig4 ,! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t = a b& saw 0 grant$ to ,b4 ,b>k]1 ,janu>y #f1 #ahcf1 b x rema9$ = ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury to give ! b& saw its prom95ce 9 woodwork+ ma*9es4 ,t x did n f9d g5]al application at an e>li] p]iod 0 due to ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 securely & ev5ly jo9+ ! ends ( ! b&4 ,= _m ye>s ! only mod]ately successful b& saws 7 made 9 ,france1 b exp]t me*anical skill has s ma/]$ ! problem t 9 rec5t ye>s ! b& saw has gone to ! v front 9 wood-saw+ ma*9]y4 ,to-day x is 9 s]vice 9 sizes f a delicate filam5t1 us$ = scroll saw+ & n l>g] ?an a baby's ribbon1 to an enorm\s /eel belt #ej feet 9 p]iph]al measurem5t1 & #ab in*es wide1 travel+ ov] pulleys #h feet 9 diamet]1 mak+ #ejj revolutions p] m9ute1 & te>+ its way ?r\gh logs mu* too l>ge = any circul> saw1 at ! rate ( ne>ly two miles a m9ute4 ,a mod]n =m ( su* a saw is se5 9 ,fig4 #bde4 ,prescott's pat5ts1 ,nos4 #cfh1gca & #cfi1hha1 ( #ahhg2 #daf1jab1 ( #ahhi1 & #dgb1ehf & #dgh1hag1 ( #ahib1 repres5t "s ( ! important developm5ts 9 ! b& saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4--,,mod]n ,,b& ,,saw ,,= ,,l>ge ,,timb]4 ,:5 ! b& saw is appli$ to cutt+ logs ! backw>d movem5t ( ! c>riage w\ld1 if !re 7 any sliv]s on ! cut face ( ! log1 be liable to =ce ^? sliv]s aga9/ ! smoo? edge ( ! b& saw1 & di/ort & possibly break x4 ,to obviate ?is ! saw c>riage is provid$ ) a lat]al adju/m5t on ! back movem5t call$ an 8(f-set10 s t ! log returns = a new cut out ( contact ) ! saw4 ,examples ( su* (f-sett+ are f\nd 9 pat5ts to ,g[51 ,no4 #chc1dfj1 ,may #bi1 #ahhh1 & ,no4 #dja1ide1 ,april #bc1 #ahhi1 & ,h9kley1 ,no4 #cfh1ffi1 ,augu/ #bc1 #ahhg4 ,a mod]n =m ( ! b& saw1 h[ev]1 has tee? on bo? its edges1 :i* requires no (f-sett+ me*anism1 b cuts 9 bo? directions4 ,an example ( ?is1 kn[n z ! telescopic b& mill1 is made by ! ,edw>d ,p4 ,allis ,company1 ( ,milwaukee4 ,a saw :i* planes1 z well z sev]s1 is %[n 9 pat5ts to ,d\glass1 ,nos4 #dca1eaj1 ,july #a1 #ahij1 & #edb1fcj1 ,july #af1 #ahie4 ,/eam p[] me*anism = op]at+ ! knees is %[n 9 pat5t to ,wilk91 ,no4 #cag1bef1 ,may #e1 #ahhe4 ,means = qu>t] saw+ 9 bo? directions ( log travel are %[n 9 pat5t to ,gray1 ,no4 #eej1hbe1 ,decemb] #c1 #ahie4 ,means = op]at+ log turn]s & log load]s appe> 9 pat5ts to ,hill1 ,no4 #dif1ich1 ,may #i1 #ahic2 ,no4 #dff1fhb1 ,janu>y #e1 #ahib2 ,no4 #ebf1fbd1 ,septemb] #be1 #ahid1 & ,kelly1 ,no4 #dig1jih1 ,may #i1 #ahic4 ,a self cool+ circul> saw is f\nd 9 pat5t to ,j5ks1 ,no4 #aic1jjd1 ,july #aj1 #ahgg2 %+le saw+ ma*9es 9 pat5ts to ,o',connor1 ,no4 #ceh1dgd1 ,m>* #a1 #ahhg1 & ,no4 #bib1cdg1 ,janu>y #bb1 #ahhd1 & ,p]k9s1 ,no4 #chj1cdf1 ,april #c1 #ahhh2 & means = sev]+ v5e] spirally & divid+ x into complet$ /aves1 are %[n 9 pat5t to ,hayne1 ,no4 #eji1ecd1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahic4 ,plan+ ,ma*9es4--,:ile ! saw plays ! initial "p ( %ap+ ! r\gh logs into lumb]1 x is to ! plan+ ma*9e t ! ref9em5ts ( woodwork+ are due4 ,its rapidly revolv+ cutt] head r$uces ! unev5 ?ickness ( ! lumb] to an exact gauge1 & simultane\sly imp>ts ! f9e smoo? surface4 ,! plan+ ma*9e is organiz$ 9 v>i\s %apes = diff]5t uses4 ,:5 ! cutt]s are /raight & arrang$ horizontally1 x is a simple plan]4 ,:5 ! cutt]s are %ort & arrang$ to "w on ! edge ( ! bo>d !y are kn[n z edg]s2 :5 ! edges are cut into tongues & grooves x is call$ a mat*+ ma*9e2 & :5 ! cutt]s h a curv$ ornam5tal cont\r x is kn[n z a mold+ ma*9e1 & is us$ = cutt+ ! ornam5tal cont\r = h\se trimm+s & v>i\s ornam5tal uses4 ,! plan+ ma*9e 0 "o ( ! _m woodwork+ devices inv5t$ by ,g5]al ,b5?am4 ,8 fir/ ma*9e1 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #a1hch1 ( #agia1 0 a reciprocat+ ma*9e1 b 9 8 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #a1iea1 ( #agic1 he describ$ ! rot>y =m along ) a great v>iety ( o!r woodwork+ ma*9]y4 ,bramah's plan]1 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1feb1 ( #ahjb1 0 ab\t ! fir/ plan+ ma*9e ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x is kn[n z a transv]se plan]1 ! cutt]s be+ on ! l[] surface ( a horizontal disc1 :i* is fix$ to a v]tical revolv+ %aft1 & ov]hangs ! bo>d pass+ b5ea? x1 ! cutt]s revolv+ 9 a plane p>allel ) ! upp] surface ( ! bo>d4 ,! plan+ ma*9e ( ,muir1 ( ,glasg[1 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #e1ejb1 ( #ahbg1 0 design$ = mak+ bo>ds = floor+1 & repres5t$ a consid]able advance 9 ! art4 ,) ! great] wood$ areas ( ,am]ica1 ! rapid gr[? ( ! "y republic1 & ! res\rceful _s ( its new civilization1 ! lead+ activities 9 woodwork+ ma*9]y 7 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury transf]r$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & a ph5om5al gr[? 9 ?is art ensu$4 ,conspicu\s among ! e>ly plan+ ma*9e pat5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t grant$ to ,william ,woodwor?1 ,decemb] #bg1 #ahbh4 ,?is cov]$ broadly ! comb9ation ( ! cutt+ cyl9d]s1 & rolls = hold+ ! bo>ds aga9/ ! cutt+ cyl9d]s1 & also means = tongue+ & groov+ at "o op]ation4 ,! revolv+ cutt+ cyl9d] _h be5 us$ by ,b5?am ?irty-five ye>s be=e1 & roll]s = fe$+ lumb] to circul> saws 7 describ$ 9 ,hammond's ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #c1dei1 ( #ahaa1 b ,woodwor? did n employ 8 rolls = fe$+1 z a rack & p9ion 7 provid$ = t1 b 8 rolls _h a co-active relation ) a plan] cyl9d]1 or cutt] head1 9 hold+ ! bo>d aga9/ ! t5d5cy ( ! cutt] head to pull ! bo>d t[>d x4 ,a pat5t 0 grant$ to ,woodwor? = ^! two features 9 comb9ation1 :i* pat5t 0 reissu$ ,july #h1 #ahde1 twice ext5d$1 & = a p]iod ( tw5ty-eight ye>s f its fir/ grant1 ex]t$ an oppressive monopoly 9 ?is art1 s9ce x cov]$ ! comb9ation ( ! two necess>y elem5ts ( e practical plan]4 ,foll[+ ! ,woodwor? pat5t came a ho/ ( m9or improvem5ts1 among :i* 7 ! ,woodbury pat5ts1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & prom95t among :i* is ! pat5t to ,j4 ,p4 ,woodbury1 ,no4 #ach1dfb1 ,april #bj1 #ahgc1 cov]+ broadly a rot>y cutt] head comb9$ ) a yield+ pressure b> to hold ! bo>d aga9/ ! lift+ action ( ! cutt] head4 ,9 mod]n plan+ ma*9]y ! climax ( utility is rea*$ 9 ! s-call$ univ]sal woodwork]4 ,?is is ! v]satile ,jack-(-all-"w 9 ! plan+ mill4 ,x planes flat1 m\ld$1 rabbet$1 or bead$ surfaces2 x saws ) bo? ! rip & crosscut action2 x cuts tongues & grooves2 makes mit]s1 *amf]s1 w$ges1 mortises & t5ons1 & is ! g5]al utility ma*9e ( ! %op4 ,9 ,fig4 #bdf is %[n a well kn[n =m ( plan+ ma*9e4 ,its "w is to plane ! surfaces ( bo>ds1 & to cut ! edges into tongues & groves1 su* z are requir$ = floor+4 ,?is ma*9e planes bo>ds up to #bd in*es wide & #f in*es ?ick1 & w tongue & grove #ad in*es wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4--bd-;,,in* ,,s+le ,,surfac] ,,& ,,mat*]4 ,wood ,turn+4--,to ?is anci5t art ,blan*>d add$1 9 #ahai1 8 v +5i\s & important improvem5t = turn+ irregul> =ms4 ,a few ef=ts at irregul> turn+ _h be5 made be=e1 b 9 ! arts g5]ally only circul> =ms _h be5 turn$4 ,) ,blan*>d's improvem5t1 pat5t$ ,janu>y #bj1 #ahbj1 any irregul> =m1 su* z a %oe-la/1 gun-/ock1 ax-h&le1 :eel-spokes1 etc41 c\ld be smoo?ly & exp$iti\sly turn$ & f9i%$ 9 any requir$ %ape4 ,9 ! ord9>y la! ! "w is revolv$ rapidly1 & ! cutt+ tool is held /ation>y1 or only sl[ly %ift$ 9 ! h&4 ,9 ! ,blan*>d la! ! "w is hung 9 a sw++ frame1 & turn$ v sl[ly to br+ its diff]5t sides to ! cutt+ action1 & ! cutt+ tool is con/ruct$ z a rapidly revolv+ disk1 aga9/ :i* ! "w is project$ bodily by ! oscillation ( ! sw++ frame1 to accommodate ! irregul>ities ( ! =m4 ,9 ord] to d ?is automatically1 a patt]n or model ( ! article to be turn$ 0 also hung 9 ! sw++ frame1 & made to sl[ly revolve & be> aga9/ a patt]n :eel1 :i*1 act+ ^u ! sw++ frame c>ry+ ! "w1 caus$ x to advance to or rec$e f ! cutt+ disc exactly 9 proportion to ! cont\r ( ! model1 & ?us cause ! revolv+ cutt]s to cut ! block z x turns syn*ron\sly ) ! model1 to a %ape exactly correspond+ to said model4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4--;,,blan*>d ,,la!4 ,9 ,fig4 #bdg is %[n a p]spective view ( ,blan*>d's la!1 z pat5t$ ,janu>y #bj1 #ahbj4 ,h is a sw++ frame1 c>ry+ ! model ,t ( a %oe la/1 & a r\gh$-out block ,u1 p>tly conv]t$ into a %oe la/4 ,a slid+ frame1 f$ horizontally by a screw1 c>ries a patt]n :eel ,k1 t be>s aga9/ ! patt]n ,t1 & a rot>y cutt] ,e1 act+ aga9/ ! r\gh$-out block ,u4 ,! revolv+ disk-%ap$ cutt] ,e is rotat$ by a pulley & belt f a drum1 :i* latt] is made long en\gh to accommodate ! travel ( ! frame4 ,! patt]n ,t & block ,u are advanc$ to contact respectively1 ) patt]n :eel ,k & cutt] ,e by ! sw++ action ( frame ,h1 & z ! patt]n ,t & block ,u are sl[ly revolv$1 ! travel ( ,t aga9/ ,k is made to react on frame ,h & regulate ! advance ( ,u aga9/ ,e1 ) ! result t ! r\gh block ,u is cut to ! id5tical %ape ( ! patt]n ,t4 ,among mod]n developm5ts 9 ?is art may be m5tion$ ! pat5ts to ,kimball1 ,no4 #dga1jjf1 ,m>* #ae1 #ahib1 & ,no4 #dih1agj1 ,may #bc1 #ahic1 ! latt] %[+ +5i\s means :]eby %oe la/s ( ! same l5g?1 b v>y+ wid?s1 may be turn$4 ,a polygonal-=m la! is %[n 9 pat5t to ,m]ritt1 ,no4 #ejd1hab1 ,septemb] #ab1 #ahic2 a multiple la! 9 pat5ts to ,albee1 ,no4 #dbi1big1 ,june #c1 #ahij1 & ,aram1 ,no4 #eej1dja1 ,novemb] #bf1 #ahie2 a tubul> la! 9 pat5t to ,l5h>t1 ,no4 #cee1edj1 ,janu>y #d1 #ahhg2 & a spiral cutt+ la! 9 pat5t to ,mack9to%1 ,no4 #cif1bhc1 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahhi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4--,,mortis+ ,,ma*9e4 ,mortis+ ,ma*9es h ex]cis$ an important influ5ce 9 mill "w 9 ! jo9+ ( ! /iles 9 doors1 sa%es & bl9ds1 & 9 ! mak+ ( furniture4 ,! ,fay ,egan ma*9e is se5 9 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,! self act+ mortis+ ma*9e 0 among ! num]\s e>ly contributions ( ,g54 ,b5?am 9 woodwork+ ma*9]y1 & 0 describ$ 9 8 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #a1iea1 ( #agic1 a numb] ( !m hav+ be5 made by him = ! ,briti% ,admiralty4 ,brunel's mortis+ ma*9e = mak+ %ips' blocks is ano!r e>ly =m describ$ 9 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1dgh1 ( #ahja4 ,z repres5t+ novel dep>tures 9 ?is art1 ! endless *a9 mortis+ ma*9e %[n 9 ,d\glas pat5t1 ,no4 #cgi1eff1 ,m>* #bj1 #ahhh1 may be m5tion$1 & reissue pat5t1 ,no4 #aj1fee1 ,octob] #bg1 #ahhe1 to ,opp5heim]1 & ,no4 #dfa1fff1 ,octob] #bj1 #ahia1 to ,*>lton1 are examples ( mortis+ aug]s4 ,special ,woodwork+ ,ma*9es4--,( ^! !re h be5 great numb]s & v>iety4 ,no soon] does an article become ext5sively us$ ?an a ma*9e is made = turn+ x out automatically4 ,inde$1 ma*9es = *eaply turn+ out articles h1 9 _m cases1 l$ ! way to popul> use ( ! article by ! extreme *eapness ( its production4 ,among v>i\s automatic ma*9es = mak+ special articles may be m5tion$ ^? = mak+ clo!s p9s1 scoop+ out wood trays1 po9t+ skew]s1 dovetail+ box blanks1 cutt+ sa% /ile pockets1 cutt+ & pack+ too?picks1 mak+ mat*es1 box+ mat*es1 duplicat+ c>v+s1 cutt+ bungs1 cutt+ corks1 mak+ umbrella /icks1 mak+ bru% blocks1 bor+ *air legs1 screw-driv+ ma*9es1 box nail+ ma*9es1 mak+ cig> boxes1 nail+ baskets1 wir+ box blanks1 apply+ slats1 glu+ boxes1 glu+ slate frames1 mak+ v5e]s1 bu%+ mortises1 cov]+ piano hamm]s1 mak+ /aves & b>rels1 mak+ fruit baskets1 etc4 ,x is impossible to give 9 any brief review a prop] conception ( ! imm5sity ( ! woodwork+ indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is e/imat$ 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice t ab\t #h1jjj pat5ts h be5 grant$ = woodwork+ ma*9es4 ,besides ?is !re are ab\t #e1jjj pat5ts 9 ! sep>ate class ( wood saw+1 ab\t an equal numb] = woodwork+ tools1 & ^!1 ) o!r pat5t$ inv5tions 9 wood turn+1 coop]+1 or ! mak+ ( b>rels1 :eelwright+1 & o!r m9or classes1 give "s idea ( ! activity 9 ?is great field ( indu/ry4 ,! exports ( wood & wood5 manufactures f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahii am\nt$ to #da1dhi1ebf1 ( :i* #ae1jca1agf 7 = f9i%$ bo>ds1 #d1ajg1cej = b>rels1 /aves & heads1 & #c1ega1cge = h\sehold furniture1 b ?is is only an insignificant portion1 = ) a prosp]\s c\ntry1 an abundance ( wood1 & a ?rifty & ambiti\s nation ( home build]s1 ! home consumption has be5 incalculable4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,metal ,,work+4 ,,e>ly ,,iron ,,furnace--,,op]ations ,,( ,,"l ,,dudley1 ,,abraham ,,d>by ,,& ,,h5ry ,,cort--,,neilson',s ,,hot ,,bla/--,,great ,,bla/ ,,furnaces ,,( ,,mod]n ,,times--,,! ,,puddl+ ,,furnace--,,bessem] ,,/eel ,,& ,,! ,,conv]t]--,,op5 ,,he>? ,,/eel--,,siem5s' ,,reg5]ative ,,furnace--,,siem5s-,,m>t9 ,,process --,,armor ,,plate--,,mak+ ,,horse ,,%oes--,,screws ,,& ,,special ,,ma*9es-- ,,electric ,,weld+1 ,,anneal+ ,,& ,,temp]+--,,coat+ ,,) ,,metal--,,metal ,,f\nd+--,,b>b$ ,,wire ,,ma*9es--,,mak+ ,,nails1 ,,p9s1 ,,etc4--,,mak+ ,,%ot--,,alloys--,,mak+ ,,alum9um1 ,,& ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,r>] ,,metals--,,! ,,cyanide ,,process--,,electric ,,conc5trator4 ,take away iron & /eel f ! res\rces ( mod]n life1 & ! :ole fabric ( civilization dis9tegrates4 ,! railroad1 /eam eng9e & /eam%ip1 ! dynamo & electric motor1 ! telegraph & telephone1 agricultural implem5ts ( all sorts1 gr9d+ mills1 sp9n+ ma*9es & looms1 battle%ips & fire>ms1 /oves & furnaces1 ! pr9t+ press1 & tools ( all sorts--ea* & e "o w\ld be robb$ ( its ess5tial basic mat]ial1 )\t :i* x _c exi/4 ,/eam & electricity may be ! he>t & s\l ( ! _w's life1 b iron is its great body4 ,k+ among metals1 x gives its "n to ! pres5t cycle1 z ! 8,iron ,age10 & ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury has cr[n$ x ) su* ref9em5ts ( %ape1 & end[$ x ) su* attributes ( utility1 & su* gr&eur ( e/ate1 t its p[]s 9 organiz$ ma*9]y h1 = effective s]vice1 ris5 to all ! functions & dignity ( human capacity--except t ( ?\ght4 ,a crude gift ( nature1 9 ! m\nta9 side1 x rema9$1 h[ev]1 a sodd5 mass until extract$1 ref9$1 & wr\ght into %ape by ! g5ius ( man4 ,yield+ to ! magical t\* ( inv5tion1 x has be5 ca/ 9 m\lds into cannon1 mills1 pl[%>es1 & t5 ?\s& articles2 x has be5 drawn into wire ( any f95ess & l5g? to =m cables = great susp5sion bridges2 x has be5 roll$ into rails t grill ! cont95ts2 into %eets t cov] our ro(s2 & into nails t hold our h\ses toge!r4 ,x has be5 wr\ght into a s(tness t l5ds its susceptible nature to ! influ5ce ( magnetism1 & has be5 h>d5$ into /eel to =m ! sword & cutt+ tool4 ,f ! delicate hair spr+ ( a wat* to ! massive armor plate ( a battle%ip1 x f9ds endless applications1 & is nature's mo/ endur+ gift to man--abundant1 *eap1 & la/+4 ,metallurgy is an anci5t art1 & ! work+ ( gold1 silv] & copp] dates back to ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,be+ f\nd 9 a condition ( comp>ative purity1 & ne$+ b little ref9em5t1 !y 71 = t reason1 ! fir/ metals fa%ion$ to meet ! wants ( man4 ,iron1 some:at m refractory1 appe>$ lat]1 b x also has an e>ly hi/ory1 & is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! ,bible 7,g5esis iv41 #bb71 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to ,tubal ,ca9 z an artific] 9 brass & iron4 ,! iron b$/ead ( ,og1 ,k+ ( ,ba%an1 is ano!r ref]5ce4 ,t x 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians & ! ,greeks at lea/ #ajjj ,b4 ,c41 seems reasonably c]ta94 ,! ,assyrians 7 also acqua9t$ ) iron1 z is cle>ly e/abli%$ by ! explorations ( ,mr4 ,lay>d1 ^: contributions to ! ,briti% ,museum ( iron articles f ! ru9s ( ,n9evah include saws1 picks1 hamm]s1 & knives ( iron1 :i* are believ$ to be ( a date n lat] ?an #hhj ,b4 ,c4 ,iron ore is usually f\nd 9 ! =m ( an oxide 7hematite71 & its r$uction to ! metallic =m consi/s 9 displac+ ! oxyg51 :i* is effect$ by mix+ c>bon 9 "s =m ) ! ore1 & subject+ ! mixture to a high heat by means ( a bla/4 ,! c>bon unites ) ! oxyg5 & =ms c>bonic acid gas1 :i* escapes1 :ile ! metallic iron fuses & runs out at ! bottom ( ! furnace1 & :5 collect$ 9 tr\gh-%ap$ m\lds1 is kn[n z pig iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4--,,primitive ,,iron ,,furnace ,,( ,,h9do/an4 ,! fir/ iron furnaces 7 kn[n z air bloom]ies1 & _h no =c$ draft4 ,! fir/ /ep ( importance 9 iron mak+ 0 ! =c$ bla/4 ,an e>ly =m ( bla/ furnace is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdi1 :i* repres5ts an iron furnace ( ! ,kols1 a tribe ( iron smelt]s 9 ,l[] ,b5gal & ,orissa4 ,an incl9$ tray t]m9ates at its l[] end 9 a furnace inclosure4 ,*>coal 9 ! furnace be+ well ignit$1 ore & *>coal re/+ on ! tray are alt]nately rak$ into ! furnace4 ,! bl[]s are two boxes1 connect$ to ! furnace by bamboo pipes1 & provid$ ) sk9 cov]s1 :i* are alt]nately depress$ by ! feet & rais$ by cords f ! spr+ poles4 ,ea* sk9 cov] has a hole 9 ! middle1 :i* is /opp$ by ! heel ( ! workman z ! weight ( ! p]son is ?r[n ^u x1 & is left op5 by ! )drawal ( ! foot z ! cov] is rais$4 ,! heels ( ! workman1 alt]nately rais$1 =m alt]nately act+ valves1 & ! sk9 cov]1 :5 depress$1 acts z a bell[s4 ,! fus$ metal s9ks to a bas9 9 ! bottom ( ! furnace1 & ! slag or impurities run (f above ! level ( ! bas9 at ! side ( ! furnace4 ,! great mod]n art ( iron work+ dates f ,"l ,dudley's ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #ah1 ( #afba1 :i* relat$ to 8,! mi/]y1 arte1 way & meanes ( melt+ iron owre1 & ( make+ ! same into ca/ workes or b>rs ) seacoales or pittcoales 9 furnaces ) bell[es ( z good condicon z ha? b5e h]et(ore made ( *>coale40 ,! next /ep ( importance aft] ! bla/ furnace 0 ! sub/itution ( coke = coal = ! r$uction ( ! ore1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ,abraham ,d>by1 ab\t #agej4 ,next came ! conv]sion ( ca/ iron into wr\ght iron4 ,?is 0 ma9ly ! "w ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,cort1 ( ,gosport1 ,engl&1 :o1 9 #aghc-hd1 introduc$ ! processes ( puddl+ & roll+1 :i* 7 two ( ! mo/ important inv5tions connect$ ) ! production ( iron s9ce ! employm5t ( ! bla/ furnace4 ,mr4 ,cort obta9$ ,briti% pat5ts ,no4 #a1cea1 ( #aghc1 & ,no4 #a1dbj1 ( #aghd1 = 8 inv5tion4 ,8 fir/ pat5t relat$ to ! hamm]+1 weld+1 & roll+ ( ! iron1 :ile 9 8 second pat5t he introduc$ :at is kn[n z ! rev]b]atory furnace1 hav+ a concave bottom1 into :i* ! fluid metal is run f ! smelt+ furnace1 & :i* is conv]t$ f brittle ca/ iron1 conta9+ a c]ta9 p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 into wr\ght iron1 :i* has ! c>bon elim9at$1 & is malleable & t\gh4 ,?is process is call$ puddl+1 & consi/s 9 expos+ ! molt5 metal to an oxidiz+ curr5t ( flame & air4 ,! metal boils z ! c>bon is burn$ out1 & z x becomes m pla/ic & /iff x is collect$ into :at are call$ blooms1 & ^! are hamm]$ to get rid ( ! slag1 & are r$uc$ to m>ketable %ape z wr\ght iron by ! process describ$ 9 8 previ\s pat5t4 ,mr4 ,cort exp5d$ a =tune 9 develop+ ! iron trade1 & 0 "o ( ! greate/ pione]s 9 ?is art4 ,! fir/ notable developm5t ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 0 ! introduction ( ! hot air bla/ 9 =ges & furnaces :]e bell[s or bl[+ app>atus 0 requir$4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,j4 ,beaumont ,neilson1 ( ,glasg[1 & 0 cov]$ by him 9 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #e1gja ( #ahbh4 ,?is consi/$ 9 heat+ ! air bla/ be=e admitt+ x to ! furnace1 & x s increas$ ! r$uction ( refractory ores 9 ! bla/ furnace z to p]mit ?ree or f\r times ! quantity ( iron to be produc$ ) an exp5diture ( little m ?an "o-?ird ( ! fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4--,,mod]n ,,hot ,,bla/ ,,furnace4 ,an illu/ration ( a mod]n bla/ furnace plant is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bej4 ,a is ! furnace1 9 :i* ! iron ore & fuel are arrang$ 9 alt]nate lay]s4 ,! hot air bla/ comes 9 ?r\gh pipes t at ! bottom1 call$ tuy]es4 ,z gas escapes ?r\gh ! op5+ b at ! top1 x is fir/ cle>$ ( du/ 9 ! settl] & wa%] ,b1 & !n passes ?r\gh ! pipe ,c to ! reg5]ators ,d ,d ,d1 :]e x is made to heat ! incom+ air4 ,! gas mix$ ) "s air burns 9 ! reg5]ators1 &1 aft] heat+ a mass ( brick )9 ! reg5]ators r$ hot1 escapes by ! und]gr\nd passageway to ! *imney on ! "r4 ,:5 ! bricks are suffici5tly hot 9 "o ( ! reg5]ators1 gas is turn$ (f !refrom1 & into ano!r reg5]ator1 & fre% air f pipe ,h is pass$ ?r\gh ! bricks ( ! heat$ reg5]ator1 & be+ heat$ passes out pipe ,f at ! top & !nce to ! pipe ,g & tuy]es t1 to promote ! *emical reactions 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,9 ! e>li] bla/ furnaces a va/ am\nt ( heat 0 all[$ to escape & 0 wa/$4 ,! utilization ( ?is heat engag$ ! att5tion ( ,aub]tot 9 ,france1 #ahaj-ad2 ,teague 9 ,engl& 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #f1baa1 ( #ahcb72 ,budd 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #aj1dge1 ( #ahde71 & o!rs4 ,to enable ! escap+ hot gases to be employ$ = heat+ ! hot bla/ reg5]ators a *>g+ device is n[ us$1 z se5 at a 9 ,fig4 #bej1 9 :i* ! admission ( ore & fuel is regulat$ by a l>ge conical valve1 & ! gases are compell$ to pass out at b & be utiliz$4 ,among ! _w's l>ge/ bla/ furnaces may be m5tion$ ! ,au/rian ,alp9e ,montan ,gesells*aft1 :i* conc]n owns ?irty-two furnaces4 ,?is is said to be ! l>ge/ numb] own$ by any "o conc]n 9 ! _w1 b mo/ ( !m are ( small size & run on *>coal iron4 ,! furnaces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are1 h[ev]1 ( ! l>ge/ yield1 & ! lead+ ones ( ^! are3 ,no4 ,annual capacity ,furnaces4 9 tons4 ,c>negie ,/eel ,co4 #ag #b1bjj1jjj ,f$]al ,/eel ,co4 #ai #a1ijj1jjj ,t5nessee ,coal & ,iron ,co4 #bj #a1cjg1jjj ,national ,/eel ,co4 #ab #a1bje1jjj ,! pres5t annual output ( pig iron 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t t5 million tons1 ( :i* ^! f\r companies make ab\t "o-half4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4--,,puddl+ ,,furnace4 ,:5 ! iron runs f ! bottom ( ! bla/ furnace x is all[$ to fl[ into tr\gh-l m\lds 9 ! s& ( ! floor1 & =ms pig iron4 ,pig iron c be remelt$ & ca/ into v>i\s articles 9 m\lds1 b x _c be wr\ght ) ! hamm]1 nor roll$ into rails or plates1 nor weld$ on ! anvil1 because x is /ill a comp\nd ( iron & c>bon ) o!r impurities1 & is cry/all9e 9 "*4 ,to br+ x into wr\ght iron1 :i* is malleable & ductile1 x is puddl$ & ref9$1 :i* involves *iefly ! burn+ out ( ! c>bon & silicon4 ,! pig iron is remelt$ 7see ,fig4 #bea7 9 ! tray-%ap$ he>? b f ! heat ( ! fire 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace a1 ! rev]b]atory furnace be+ "o 9 :i* ! mat]ials treat$ are expos$ to ! heat ( ! flame1 b n to contact ) ! fuel4 ,! hot flame mix$ ) air beat+ d[n ^u ! melt$ iron on he>? b = two h\rs or s1 burns out ! silicon & c>bon1 ! process be+ facilitat$ by /irr+ & work+ ! mass ) tools4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ! oxyg5 ( ! air comb9es ) ! c>bon & =ms c>bonic acid gas1 :i*1 9 escap+ f ! metal1 appe>s to make x boil4 ,:5 ! iron p>ts ) its c>bon x loses its fluidity & becomes pla/ic & coh]5t1 & is =m$ into balls call$ blooms4 ,^! blooms consi/ ( p>ticles ( ne>ly pure iron coh]+1 b reta9+ /ill a quantity ( slag or vitre\s mat]ial1 & o!r impurities1 :i* slag1 etc41 is work$ out :ile /ill1 hot by a squeez+1 knead+1 & hamm]+ process to =m wr\ght iron t may be work$ into any %ape betwe5 rolls or "u ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4--;,,bessem] ,,conv]t] ,,dur+ ,,! 8,,bl[40 ,bessem] ,/eel4--,/eel is a comp\nd ( iron & c>bon1 /&+ betwe5 wr\ght iron & ca/ iron4 ,wr\ght iron has1 :5 pure1 practically no c>bon 9 x1 :ile ca/ iron has a consid]able proportion 9 excess ( /eel4 ,/eel mak+ consi/s ma9ly 9 s treat+ ca/ iron z to get rid ( a "p ( ! c>bon & o!r impurities4 ,( all me?ods ( /eel mak+1 & 9 fact ( all ! /eps ( progress 9 ! art ( metal work+1 none has be5 s important & s f> rea*+ 9 effect z ! ,bessem] process3 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,h5ry ,bessem]1 ( ,engl&1 9 #ahee4 ,ab\t fifty ,briti% pat5ts 7 tak5 by ,mr4 ,bessem] relat+ to v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! iron indu/ry1 b ^? repres5t+ ! pione] /eps ( ! s-call$ ,bessem] process are ,no4 #b1cba1 ( #ahee2 ,no4 #b1gfh1 ( #ahee1 & ,no4 #cef1 ( #ahef4 ,! process is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #beb1 #bec & #bed4 ,! conv]t] 9 :i* ! process is c>ri$ out is a great bottle-%ap$ vessel #ae feet high & #i feet wide1 consi/+ ( an iron %ell ) a heavy l9+ ( refractory mat]ial1 capable ( hold+ eight or m tons ( melt$ iron1 & ) an op5 neck at ! top turn$ to "o side4 ,x is m\nt$ on trunnions1 & is provid$ ) ge> :eels by :i* x may be turn$ on its trunnions1 s t x may be ma9ta9$ erect1 z 9 ,fig4 #beb1 or be turn$ d[n to p\r out ! cont5ts into ! ca/+ ladle1 z 9 ,figs4 #bec & #bed4 ,at ! bottom ( ! conv]t] !re is an air *amb] suppli$ by a pipe lead+ f "o ( ! trunnions1 :i* is holl[1 & a numb] ( upw>dly dis*>g+ air op5+s or nozzles s5d /reams ( air into ! molt5 mass ( r$ hot ca/ iron4 ,! r$ hot ca/ iron conta9s m or less c>bon & silicon1 & ! air unit+ ) ! c>bon & silicon burns x out1 & 9 do+ s furni%es ! heat = ! cont9uance ( ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! pressure ( air is turn$ into ! mass ( molt5 iron a tongue ( flame increas+ 9 brilliancy to an int5se :ite1 comes ro>+ out ( ! m\? ( ! conv]t]1 & a viol5t ebullition takes place )91 & ?r[s sp>ks & spatt]s ( metal high 9 ! air ar\nd1 produc+ ! impression & sc5ic effect ( a volcano 9 eruption4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes ! volume & brilliancy ( ! flame dim9i%1 & ?is indicates ! critical mom5t ( conv]sion into t\gh /eel1 :i* mu/ be adju/$ to ! greate/ nicety4 ,:5 ! c>bon is suffici5tly burn$ out ! bla/ is /opp$ & ! conv]t] turn$ d[n to receive a quantity ( f]ro-manganese or spiegeleis5 7a comp\nd ( iron conta9+ manganese71 :i* unites ) & removes ! sulphur & oxide ( iron1 & !n ! lurid mon/]1 ) its brea? ( fire abat$1 & its en]gy exhau/$1 b[s its head & vomits =? its *>ge ( boil+ /eel1 to be wr\ght or ca/ into t5 ?\s& useful articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4--,,p\r+ ,,! ,,molt5 ,,metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4--,,side ,,view1 ,,%[+ ,,turn+ ,,ge>s4 ,l mo/ all valuable inv5tions1 ,mr4 ,bessem]'s claim to priority = ! inv5tion 0 conte/$4 ,an ,am]ican inv5tor1 ,william ,kelly1 9 an int]f]5ce ) ,mr4 ,bessem]'s ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 successfully e/abli%$ a claim to ! broad idea ( =c+ air into ! r$ hot ca/ iron1 & ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #ag1fbh1 ,june #bc1 #aheg1 0 grant$ to ,mr4 ,kelly4 ,! honor ( inv5t+ & introduc+ a successful process & app>atus = mak+ /eel by ?is me?od1 h[ev]1 fairly belongs to ,mr4 ,bessem]1 to ^: "w 0 to be add$ ! valuable contribution ( ,rob]t ,f4 ,mu%et 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1bai1 ( #ahef7 ( add+ spiegeleis51 a triple comp\nd ( iron1 c>bon & manganese1 to ! *>ge 9 ! conv]t]4 ,?is /ep s]v$ to regulate ! supply ( c>bon & elim9ate ! oxyg51 & complet$ ! process ( mak+ /eel4 ,! ,holly conv]t]1 cov]$ by ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,no4 #hf1cjc1 & ,no4 #hf1cjd1 ,janu>y #bf1 #ahfi1 repres5t$ "o ( ! mo/ important ,am]ican developm5ts ( ! ,bessem] conv]t]4 ,! importance ( ,bessem] /eel 9 its influ5ce ^u mod]n civilization is ev]y:]e admitt$4 ,x has s *eap5$ /eel t x n[ competes ) iron 9 price4 ,practically all railroad rails1 iron gird]s & beams = build+s1 nails1 etc41 are made f x at a co/ ( betwe5 "o & two c5ts p] p\nd4 ,9 recognition ( ! great b5efits conf]r$ ^u humanity by ?is process1 ,que5 ,victoria conf]r$ ! degree ( knigh?ood ^u ! inv5tor1 & 8 =tune result+ f 8 inv5tion is e/imat$ to h gr[n = "s "t at ! rate ( #ejj1jjj a ye>4 ,9 a hi/orical sket* ( ! developm5t ( 8 process1 deliv]$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem] 9 ,decemb]1 #ahif1 be=e ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s at ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,bessem] 0 report$ z say+ t ! annual production ( ,bessem] /eel 9 ,europe & ,am]ica am\nt$ to #aj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! production ( ,bessem] /eel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahig 0 = +ots & ca/+s #e1dge1cae tons1 & = railroad rails #a1fdd1ebj tons4 ,! ext5t to :i* /eel has displac$ iron is %[n by ! fact t 9 ! same ye> iron rails to ! ext5t ( #b1hgb tons only 7 made1 z comp>$ ) m ?an a million & a half tons ( ,bessem] /eel4 ,9 ! popul> vote tak5 by ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,july #be1 #ahif1 z to :at inv5tion introduc$ 9 ! pa/ fifty ye>s _h conf]r$ ! greate/ b5efit ^u mank9d1 ,bessem] /eel 0 giv5 ! place ( honor4 ,a rec5t improvem5t 9 ! h&l+ ( iron f ! bla/ furnace is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bee4 ,h]et(ore1 ! iron 0 run 9 op5 s& m\lds on ! floor & all[$ to cool 9 b>s call$ 8pigs10 :i* 7 unit$ 9 a s]ies to a ma9 body ( ! fl[1 call$ a 8s[40 ,to break ! 8pigs0 f ! 8s[10 & h&le ! iron 9 transportation1 0 a v labori\s & exp5sive "w4 ,! illu/ration %[s two s]ies ( p>allel tr\gh m\lds1 ea* =m+ an endless belt1 runn+ on :eels4 ,! molt5 ca/ iron is p\r$ direct into ^! m\lds1 & z !y travel along !y pass b5ea? a body ( wat]1 :i* cools & solidifies ! iron into pigs1 & !n c>ries !m up an incl9e & dumps !m directly into ! c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4--;,,ca/+ ,,& ,,load+ ,,pig ,,iron4 ,op5 ,he>? ,/eel is n s *eap z ,bessem] /eel1 b x is ( a f9] & m uni=m quality4 ,bessem] /eel is made 9 a few m9utes by ! mo/ en]getic1 rapid & critical ( processes1 :ile ! op5 he>? /eel requires sev]al h\rs1 & its developm5t be+ ?us prolong$ x may be wat*$ & regulat$ to a great] nicety ( result4 ,= railroad rails & ar*itectural con/ruction ,bessem] /eel /ill f9ds a great field ( usefulness1 b = ! f9e/ quality ( /eel1 su* z is employ$ 9 mak+ /eam boil]s1 tools1 armor plate = w> vessels1 etc41 /eel made by ! op5 he>? process is pref]r$4 ,x consi/s 9 ! dec>burization ( ca/ iron by fusion ) wr\ght iron1 iron sponge1 /eel scrap1 or iron oxide1 9 ! he>? ( a rev]b]atory furnace heat$ ) gases1 ! flame ( :i* assi/s ! reaction1 & ! subsequ5t rec>burization or deoxidation ( ! ba? by ! addition1 at ! close ( ! process1 ( spiegeleis5 or f]ro-manganese4 ,! p]iod ( fusion la/s f f\r to eight h\rs4 ,! advantages ov] ! ,bessem] process are1 a less exp5sive plant & ! great] duration ( ! op]ation1 p]mitt+1 by means ( sampl+1 m complete control ( ! quality ( ! product & great] uni=mity ( result4 ,! ,briti% pat5ts ( ,siem5s1 ,no4 #b1hfa1 ( #ahef2 ,no4 #afg1 ( #ahfa1 & ,no4 #igb1 ( #ahfc1 = reg5]ative furnaces1 & ! ,briti% pat5ts ( ,emile & ,pi]re ,m>t91 ,no4 #b1jca1 ( #ahfd2 ,no4 #b1acg1 ( #ahfe1 & ,no4 #hei1 ( #ahff1 repres5t ! s-call$ ,siem5s-,m>t9 process1 :i* is ! be/ kn[n & g5]ally us$ op5 he>? process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4--,,siem5s ,,reg5]ative ,,furnace4 ,! ,siem5s ,reg5]ative ,furnace1 9 :i* ?is process is c>ri$ out1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #bef4 ,f\r *amb]s1 ,c1 ,e1 ,e1 ,c1 are fill$ ) fire brick loosely /ack$ ) spaces betwe51 9 *eck]-"w /yle4 ,gas is =c$ 9 ! bottom ( *amb] ,c1 & air 9 bottom ( *amb] ,e1 & !y pass up sep>ate flues1 ,g1 on ! left1 & be+ ignit$ 9 *amb] ,d above1 imp+e 9 a flame on ! metal 9 he>? ,h1 ! hot gases pass+ out flues ,f on ! "r1 & p]colat+ ?r\gh & highly heat+ ! *eck]-"w bricks 9 *amb]s ,e & ,c4 ,z soon z ^! are hot1 gas & air are %ut (f by valves f *amb]s ,c & ,e1 & gas & air admitt$ to ! bottoms ( ! n[ hot *amb]s ,c & ,e4 ,! gas & air n[ pass+ up ?r\gh ^! *amb]s ,c1 ,e1 become highly heat$1 & :5 burn$ above ! melt$ iron on he>? ,h produce an int5se heat4 ,! wa/e gases n[ pass d[n flues ,g1 & imp>t _! heat to ! *eck]-"w bricks 9 *amb]s ,c & ,e4 ,:5 ! bricks 9 ,e ,c become cool$ by ! passage ( gas & air1 ! valves are aga9 adju/$ to rev]se ! curr5ts ( gas & air1 s5d+ !m n[ ?r\gh *amb]s ,c & ,e aga94 ,9 ?is way ! heat escap+ to ! smoke /ack is /or$ up 9 ! bricks & utiliz$ to heat ! incom+ fuel gases be=e burn+ !m1 ?us greatly increas+ ! effective en]gy ( ! furnace1 sav+ fuel1 & keep+ ! smoke /ack relatively cool4 ,armor ,plate4--,9 ^! late days ( /ruggle = supremacy betwe5 ! p[] ( ! projectile & ! resi/ance ( ! battle%ip1 ! production ( armor plate has become an int]e/+ & important indu/ry4 ,?ree me?ods are employ$4 ,"o is to roll ! massive +ots directly into plates betwe5 trem5d\s rolls1 a s+le pair ( :i*1 su* z us$ 9 ! ,krupp works1 are said to weigh 9 ! r\gh z mu* z #ajj1jjj p\nds4 ,usually !re are ?ree great roll]s arrang$ "o above ! o!r1 & automatic tables are provid$ = rais+ & l[]+ ! plates 9 _! passage f "o set ( rolls to ! o!r4 ,! man 9 *>ge uses a :i/le 9 giv+ ! signals :i* direct ^! movem5ts1 & )\t ! help ( tongs & lev]s ! gl[+ blocks move easily back & =? betwe5 ! roll]s4 ,! m5 /&+ on bo? sides ( ! roll]s h only to wipe (f ! plates ) brooms & occasionally turn ! plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4--ad1jjj-,,ton ,,hydraulic ,,press ,,=g+ ,,an ,,armor ,,plate4 ,! second me?od utilizes great /eam hamm]s weigh+ #abe tons1 & /rik+ ,titanic bl[s ^u ! yield+ metal4 ,! mo/ mod]n me?od1 h[ev]1 is by ! hydraulic press =ge1 n[ us$ 9 ! %ops ( ! ,be?lehem /eel works 9 ! production ( ,h>veyiz$ armor plate4 ,9 ,fig4 #beg is se5 ! great #ad1jjj-ton hydraulic press-=ge squeez+ into %ape a port armor plate = ! battle%ip 8,alabama40 ,aft] leav+ ! =ge1 ! plate is trimm$ to %ape by ! savage bite ( a rot>y saw & plan]1 se5 9 ,figs4 #beh & #bei1 ^: insatiable appetites te> (f ! /eel l fami%$ fi5ds4 ,! plate is !n tak5 to be ,h>veyiz$ by cem5tation1 h>d5+1 & temp]+1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #bfj1 #bfa1 & #bfb4 ,! #abe-ton mass ( metal repres5t+ ! plate 9 ! r\gh1 & weigh+ m ?an a locomotive1 is ?us h&l$ & br\ght to %ape ) an ease & dispat* t inspires ! obs]v] ) mix$ emotions ( admiration & awe4 ,mak+ ,horse ,%oes4--,an?ony's pat5t1 ,april #h1 #ahca2 ,tolles'1 ( ,octob] #bd1 #ahcd1 & ,h4 ,burd5's1 ( ,novemb] #bc1 #ahce1 7 pione]s 9 horse-%oe ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,burd5 took _m subsequ5t pat5ts1 & to him m ?an any o!r inv5tor belongs ! cr$it ( introduc+ ma*9e-made horse %oes1 :i* greatly *eap5$ ! co/ ( ?is homely1 b useful article4 ,ne>ly #djj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 grant$ = horse-%oe ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4--,,rot>y ,,saw1 ,,cutt+ ,,heavy ,,armor ,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4--,,rot>y ,,plan]1 ,,trimm+ ,,heavy ,,armor ,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4--,,! ,,cem5tation ,,furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4--;,,h>d5+ ,,! ,,plate ,,by ,,jets ,,( ,,wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4--,,oil ,,temp]+4 ,mak+ ,screws1 ,bolts1 ,nuts1 ,etc4--,screw-mak+ accord+ to mod]n me?ods began betwe5 #ahjj-ahaj ) ! op]ations ( ,maudsley4 ,sloan1 9 #ahea1 & ,h>vey1 9 #ahfd1 made _m improvem5ts 9 ma*9es1 op]at+ ^u screw blanks4 ,! gimlet-po9t$ screw1 :i* all[s ! screw to be turn$ into wood )\t hav+ a hole bor$ = x1 0 an important advance 9 ! art4 ,x 0 ! inv5tion ( ,?omas ,j4 ,sloan1 pat5t$ ,augu/ #bj1 #ahdf1 ,no4 #d1gjd1 & 0 twice re-issu$ & ext5d$4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! roll+ ( screws1 in/ead ( cutt+ ! ?reads by a *as+ tool1 has atta9$ consid]able importance1 & provides a simpl] & *eap] me?od ( manufacture4 ,kn[les' ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ( ,april #a1 #ahca1 re-issu$ ,m>* #a1 #ahcc1 describ$ su* a process1 :ile ,rog]s1 9 pat5ts ,no4 #cgj1ced1 ,septemb] #bj1 #ahhg2 ,no4 #djh1ebi1 ,augu/ #f1 #ahhi2 ,no4 #dcj1bcg1 ,june #ag1 #ahij1 & ,no4 #dcd1hji1 ,augu/ #ai1 #ahij1 add$ su* improvem5t 9 ! process z to make x practical4 ,9 ! great art ( metal work+ ! names ( ,bramah1 ,:itwor?1 ,clem5ts & ,sell]s appe> conspicu\sly 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury z inv5tors ( plan+1 bor+ & turn+ ma*9]y = metals4 ,our pres5t spl5did ma*9e %ops1 gun %ops1 locomotive works1 typewrit] & bicycle factories1 are examples ( ! wond]ful ext5sions ( ?is art4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! field has be5 fill$ s full ( improvem5ts & special ma*9es = special "w1 t only a brief citation ( a few repres5tative types is possible1 & ev5 !n selection becomes a v difficult task4 ,_m special tools1 p>ticul>ly ^? design$ = bicycle "w1 h be5 devis$1 z exhibit$ by pat5t to ,hillman1 ,augu/ #aa1 #ahia1 ,no4 #deg1gah4 ,9 turn+ c> :eels1 an improvem5t consi/s 9 br++ ! :eel to be dress$ into close proximity to ! edge ( a rapidly revolv+ smoo? metal disk1 :]eby ! surface ( ! :eel is melt$ away )\t !re be+ any actual contact betwe5 ! :eel surface & ! disk4 ,?is is %[n 9 pat5t to ,miltimore1 ,augu/ #bd1 #ahhf1 ,no4 #cdg1iea4 ,9 metal tube manufacture ?ree processes are wor?y ( m5tion3 7#a7 ,pass+ a heat$ solid rod endwise betwe5 ! work+ faces ( two rapidly rotat+ tap]$ rolls1 set ) _! axes at an angle to ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ,mannesmann's pat5t1 ,april #bf1 #ahhg1 ,no4 #cfa1ied & #cfa1iee4 7#b7 ,=c+ a tube into a rapidly rotat+ die1 :]eby ! friction s(t5s ! tube1 & ! pressure & rotation ( ! die sp9 x into a tube ( r$uc$ diamet]1 %[n 9 pat5t to ,bev+ton1 ,janu>y #ac1 #ahia1 ,no4 #ddd1gba4 7#c7 ,plac+ a hot +ot 9 a die & =c+ a m&rel ?r\gh ! +ot1 !reby caus+ x to assume ! %ape ( ! int]ior ( ! die1 & greatly cond5s+ ! metal1 %[n 9 pat5ts to ,rob]tson1 ,novemb] #bf1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #daf1jad1 & ,ehrh>dt1 ,april #aa1 #ahic1 ,no4 #die1bde4 ,9 weld+1 ! employm5t ( electricity con/itutes ! mo/ important dep>ture4 ,?is 0 introduc$ by ,elihu ,?omson1 & is cov]$ 9 8 pat5ts ,nos4 #cdg1adj to #cdg1adb1 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahhf1 & ,no4 #eja1edf1 ,july #ah1 #ahic4 ,9 anneal+ & temp]+1 electricity has also be5 employ$ z a means ( heat+ 7see pat5t to ,%aw1 ,no4 #baa1ich1 ,febru>y #d1 #ahgi74 ,x supplies an ev5 heat & uni=m temp]ature1 & is mu* us$ 9 produc+ clock & wat* spr+s4 ,! mak+ ( iron ca/+s malleable by a prolong$ bak+ 9 a furnace 9 a b$ ( metallic oxide 0 an important1 b e>ly1 /ep4 ,x 0 ! inv5tion ( ,samuel ,lucas1 & is disclos$ 9 8 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1gfg1 ( #ahjd4 ,! ,h>vey process ( mak+ armor plate is an important rec5t developm5t 9 cem5tation & case h>d5+1 & is cov]$ by 8 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,no4 #cgf1aid1 ,janu>y #aj1 #ahhh1 & ,no4 #dfj1bfb1 ,septemb] #bi1 #ahia4 ,x consi/s1 see ,fig4 #bfj1 9 emb$d+ ! face ( ! plate 9 c>bon1 protect+ ! back & sides ) s&1 heat+ to ab\t ! melt+ po9t ( ca/ iron1 & subsequ5tly h>d5+ ! face4 ,! ,krupp armor plate1 n[ rat$ z ! be/1 is made "u ! pat5t to ,s*mitz & ,ehr5zb]g]1 ,no4 #ecd1agh1 ,febru>y #ab1 #ahie4 ,9 coat+ ) metals1 ! s-call$ 8galvaniz+0 ( iron is an important art4 ,?is 0 introduc$ by ,craufurd 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #g1cee1 ( ,april #bi1 #ahcg71 & consi/$ 9 plung+ ! iron into a ba? ( melt$ z9c cov]$ ) sal ammoniac4 ,9 m rec5t ye>s ! t9n+ ( iron has become an important indu/ry1 & ma*9es h be5 made = automatically coat+ ! plates & disp5s+ ) h& labor1 examples ( :i* are f\nd 9 pat5ts ,no4 #bbj1gfh1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahgi1 ,morewood2 ,no4 #cbi1bdj1 ,octob] #bg1 #ahhe1 ,taylor1 et al41 & ,no4 #dbf1ifb1 ,april #bi1 #ahij1 ,rog]s & ,play]4 ,9 metal f\nd+ ! employm5t ( *ill m\lds is an important /ep4 ,:]e any portion ( a ca/+ is subject$ to unusual we>1 ! m\ld is =m$1 opposite t "p ( ! ca/+1 out ( metal1 in/ead ( s&1 & ?is metal surface1 by rapidly extract+ ! heat at t po9t by virtue ( its own conductivity1 h>d5s ! metal ( ! ca/+ at su* po9t4 ,! ca/+ ( c> :eels by *ill m\lds1 by :i* ! tread portion ( ! :eel 0 h>d5$ & increas$ 9 we>+ qualities1 is a good illu/ration4 ,important types are f\nd 9 pat5ts to ,wilm+ton1 ,no4 #he1jdf1 ,decemb] #ae1 #ahfh2 ,b>r1 ,no4 #bjg1gid1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahgh1 & ,:itney1 re-issue pat5t1 ,no4 #aj1hjd1 ,febru>y #a1 #ahhg4 ,9 wire-work+ great advances h be5 made 9 ma*9es = mak+ b>b$ wire f5ces4 ,! ,fr5* pat5t to ,grass9 ,bal$ans1 9 #ahfa1 is ! fir/ disclosure ( a b>b$ wire f5ce4 ,?is art began practically1 h[ev]1 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t to ,glidd5 & ,vaughan = a b>b$ wire ma*9e1 ,no4 #aeg1ejh1 ,decemb] #h1 #ahgd1 re-issu$ ,m>* #bj1 #ahgg1 ,no4 #g1eff1 & has assum$ great proportions4 ,a ma*9e = mak+ wire net is %[n 9 pat5t to ,sc>les1 ,no4 #chj1ffd1 ,april #c1 #ahhh1 & wire picket f5ce ma*9es are %[n 9 pat5ts to ,fultz1 ,no4 #bih1cfh1 ,may #ac1 #ahhd1 & ,kitselman1 ,no4 #cef1cbb1 ,janu>y #ah1 #ahhg4 ,ma*9es = mak+ wire nails 7 inv5t$ at an e>ly p]iod1 b ! product f\nd b little favor until ab\t #ahhj1 :5 !y began to be ext5sively us$1 & h almo/ entirely supplant$ cut nails = c]ta9 classes ( "w1 s9ce _! r\nd cross section & lack ( tap] give great hold+ p[] & avoid cutt+ ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,9 #ahig ! wire nails produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ to #h1iig1bde kegs ( #ajj p\nds ea*1 :i* ne>ly d\bl$ ! output ( #ahif4 ,! output ( cut nails = ! same ye> 0 #b1ajf1gii kegs4 ,! b5d+ ( wire to =m *a9s )\t weld+ ! l9ks has long be5 done = wat* *a9s1 etc41 b 9 late ye>s ! me?od has ext5d$ to _m v>ieties ( heavy *a9s4 ,! pat5ts to ,breul1 ,no4 #cei1jed1 ,m>* #h1 #ahhg1 & ,no4 #dfg1cca1 ,janu>y #ai1 #ahib1 are good examples4 ,an int]e/+ class ( ma*9es1 b "o impossible ( illu/ration on acc\nt ( _! complication1 are ma*9es = mak+ p9s4 ,9 e>li] times p9s _h _! heads appli$ 9 a sep>ate op]ation4 ,mak+ p9s f wire & =m+ ! heads out ( ! cut sections began 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ) ,hunt's ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #d1abi1 ( #ahag4 ,?is art receiv$ its greate/ impetus1 h[ev]1 "u ,wright's ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #d1iee1 ( #ahbd4 ,a pap] ( p9s conta9+ a p9 = e day 9 ! ye>1 & co/+ b a few c5ts1 gives no idea to ! pur*as] ( ! "t1 ?\ght & capital exp5d$ 9 ma*9es = mak+ !m1 & yet 7 x n = su* ma*9es1 rapidly cutt+ coils ( wire into l5g?s1 po9t+ & head+ ! p9s1 & /ick+ !m into pap]s1 ! _w w\ld be depriv$ ( "o ( its mo/ ubiquit\s & useful articles4 ,_m tons ( p9s are made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates weekly1 & x is said t #bj1jjj1jjj p9s a day are requir$ to meet ! dem&4 ,9 ! metal work+ art ! mak+ ( fire>ms & projectiles has gr[n to wond]ful proportions4 ,cutl]y & build]s' h>dw>e is an enorm\s bran*2 wire-draw+1 %eet metal-mak+1 =g+1 & ! mak+ ( tools1 spr+s1 t9 cans1 ne$les1 hooks & eyes1 nails & tacks1 & a ?\s& m9or articles1 h gr[n to su* proportions t only a bird's-eye view ( ! art is possible4 ,9 ! mak+ ( %ot1 ! old me?od 0 to p\r ! melt$ metal ?r\gh a sieve1 & all[ x to drop f a t[] #ahj feet or m 9 height4 ,david ,smi?'s pat5t1 ,no4 #f1dfj1 ,may #bb1 #ahdi1 provid$ an asc5d+ curr5t ( air ?r\gh :i* ! metal dropp$1 & :i*1 by cool+ ! %ot by ret>d+ its fall & br++ a great] numb] ( air p>ticles 9 contact ) !m1 avoid$ ! necessity ( su* high t[]s4 ,9 #ahfh1 ,glasg[ & ,wood pat5t$ a process ( dropp+ ! %ot ?r\gh a column ( glyc]9e or oil4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is to all[ ! melt$ metal to fall on a revolv+ disk1 :i* divides x into drops by c5trifugal action4 ,alloys4--,ov] #cjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 grant$ = v>i\s alloys ( metals4 ,! s-call$ babbit metal 0 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,isaac ,babbit1 ,july #ag1 #ahci1 & 9 ,engl&1 ,may #ae1 #ahdc1 ,no4 #i1gbd4 ,?is consi/s ( an antifriction comp\nd ( t91 #aj p>ts1 copp]1 #a "p1 & antimony1 #a "p1 & is specially adapt$ = ! lubricat$ be>+s ( ma*9]y4 ,phosphor bronze1 introduc$ 9 #ahga1 comb9es #hj to #ib p>ts copp]1 #g ( t91 & #a ( phosphorus 7see ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts to ,lavr(f1 ,no4 #aah1cgb1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahga1 & ,levi & ,kunzel1 ,no4 #aae1bbj1 ,may #bc1 #ahga74 ,! addition ( phosphorus promotes ! fluidity ( ! metal & makes v clean1 f9e & /rong ca/+s4 ,9 alloys ( iron1 *romium /eel is cov]$ by pat5ts to ,baur1 ,no4 #di1die1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahfe2 ,no4 #ii1fbd1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahgj1 & ,no4 #abc1ddc1 ,febru>y #f1 #ahgb2 manganese /eel1 by ,hadfield's pat5t1 ,no4 #cjc1aej1 ,augu/ #e1 #ahhd2 alum9um /eel1 by ,witt5/rm's pat5t1 ,no4 #ccc1cgc1 ,decemb] #bi1 #ahhe1 & phosphorus /eel1 by ,kunkel's pat5t1 ,no4 #ahb1cga1 ,septemb] #ai1 #ahgf4 ,! mo/ rec5t & p]haps mo/ important1 h[ev]1 is nickel /eel1 us$ 9 mak+ armor = battle%ips4 ,?is is cov]$ by ,s*neid]'s pat5ts1 ,nos4 #dae1fee1 & #dae1feg1 ,novemb] #ai1 #ahhi4 ,9 #ahgh ,engl& l$ ! _w 9 ! iron indu/ry ) a production ( #f1cha1jea tons ( pig iron1 z comp>$ ) #b1cja1bae tons by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahig ! ,unit$ ,/ates leads ! _w 9 ! foll[+ ratios3 ,tons ,pig ,iron4 ,tons ,/eel4 ,unit$ ,/ates #i1feb1fhj #g1aef1ieg ,great ,brita9 #h1ghi1dee #d1ehe1ifa ,g]many #f1hgi1eda #d1gif1bbf ,france #b1dgb1adc #a1cab1jjj ,! ,unit$ ,/ates made 9 t ye> #bi4cj p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production ( pig iron1 & #cd4eh p] c5t4 ( its /eel4 ,! total output ( ! :ole _w 9 t ye> 0 #cb1icg1dij tons pig iron1 & #bj1fif1ghg tons ( /eel4 ,metallurgy ( ,r>] ,metals4--,al?\gh less 9 evid5ce ?an iron1 ?is has engag$ ! att5tion ( ! sci5ti/ f ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,! full li/ ( metals discov]$ s9ce #ahjj may be f\nd "u 8,*emi/ry40 ,! m important only are "h giv54 ,palladium & rhodium 7 r$uc$ by ,wolla/on 9 #ahjd4 ,potassium & sodium 7 fir/ sep>at$ 9 metallic =m by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy 9 #ahjg1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! voltaic arc2 b>ium1 /rontium1 calcium & boron by ! same sci5ti/ 9 #ahjh2 iod9e by ,c\rtois 9 #ahaa2 sel5ium by ,b]zelius 9 #ahag2 cadmium by ,/romey] 9 #ahag2 silicon by ,b]zelius 9 #ahbc1 & bromium by ,bal>d 9 #ahbf4 ,magnesium 0 fir/ prep>$ by ,bussey 9 #ahbi4 ,alum9um 0 fir/ sep>at$ 9 #ahbh by ,wohl]1 by decompos+ ! *loride by means ( potassium4 ,o]/$1 9 #ahbg1 prec$$ him ) important prelim9>y /eps1 & ,deville1 9 #ahed1 foll[$ 9 ! fir/ comm]cial applications4 ,9 late ye>s ! metallurgy ( alum9um has made great advances4 ,! ,c[les process heats to inc&esc5ce by ! electric curr5t a mixture ( alum9a1 c>bon & copp]1 ! r$uc$ alum9um alloy+ ) ! copp]4 ,?is process is cov]$ by ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts to ,c[les & ,c[les1 ,no4 #cai1gie1 ,june #i4 #ahhe1 & ,nos4 #cbd1feh & #cbd1fei1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahhe4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ p>ts be5 sup]s$$ by ! process pat5t$ by ,hall1 ,april #b1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #djj1gff1 9 :i* alum9a dissolv$ 9 fus$ cryolite is electrically decompos$4 ,9 ! metallurgy ( ! preci\s metals probably ! mo/ important /ep has be5 ! cyanide process ( obta9+ gold & silv]4 ,9 #ahjf x 0 kn[n t gold 0 soluble 9 a solution ( cyanide ( potassium4 ,9 #ahdd ,l4 ,elsn] publi%$ inve/igations along ?is l9e1 & demon/rat$ t ! solution took place only 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,mc,arthur & ,=re/ p]fect$ ! process = comm]cial application1 & x is n[ ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,transvaal & else:]e4 ,x is cov]$ by _! ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #ad1agd1 ( #ahhg1 & ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,no4 #djc1bjb1 ,may #ad1 #ahhi1 & ,no4 #dah1acg1 ,decemb] #bd1 #ahhi1 :i* describe ! application ( dilute solutions ( cyanide ( potassium1 n exce$+ #h p>ts cyanog5 to #a1jjj p>ts ( wat]3 ! use ( z9c 9 a f9e /ate ( division to precipitate ! gold out ( solution1 & ! prep>atory treatm5t ( ! p>tially oxidiz$ ores ) an alkali or salts ( an alkali4 ,by ?is solution-process gold1 9 ! f9e/ /ate ( subdivision1 :i* c\ld n be extract$ by o!r processes f ! e>?y matt]s1 may be recov]$ & sav$ 9 a simple1 practical & *eap way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4--;,,edison ,,magnetic ,,conc5trat+ ,,works4 ,,! ,,giant ,,cru%+ ,,rolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4--;,,edison ,,magnetic ,,conc5trator4 ,9 ! work+ ( ores ( gold & silv] ! old me?od ( comm9ution ( ! rock & ! sep>ation ( ! gold & silv] by amalgamation ) m]cury has giv5 bir? to ?\s&s ( inv5tions 9 /amp mills1 amalgamators1 ore wa%]s1 conc5trators & sep>ators4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( iron ores1 & especially ^? ( l[ grade1 ! magnetic conc5trator is an int]e/+ & /rik+ dep>ture4 ,?is me?od goes back to ! fir/ half ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 an example be+ f\nd 9 ! pat5t to ,cook1 ,no4 #f1aba1 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahdi4 ,edison's pat5t1 ,no4 #bbh1cbi1 ,june #a1 #ahhj1 is h[ev]1 ! basis ( ! fir/ practical op]ations 9 :i* magnets1 op]at+ by attraction ^u fall+ p>ticles ( iron ore1 are made to sep>ate ! p>ticles ri* 9 iron f ! s&4 ,9 ,fig4 #bfc is %[n ! ,edison magnetic conc5trat+ app>atus4 ,! ore1 9 masses ( all sizes up to b\ld]s ( five or six tons weight1 is dump$ betwe5 ! giant rolls1 & ^! enorm\s masses are crun*$ & comm9ut$ m easily ?an a dog crun*es a bone4 ,^! gigantic rolls are six feet 9 diamet]1 six feet long1 & _! surfaces are cov]$ ) cru%+ knobs4 ,!y weigh ) ! mov+ ma*9]y sev5ty tons1 & :5 revolv$ at a circumf]5tial spe$ ( #c1ejj feet 9 a m9ute1 _! insatiable & irresi/ible bite soon *ews ! rock into fragm5ts t pass into simil> cru%+ rolls set clos] toge!r until r$uc$ to ! desir$ f95ess4 ,! s& is !n rais$ to ! top ( ! conc5trat+ devices1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfd1 & is all[$ to fall 9 %eets f incl9$ bo>ds 9 front ( a s]ies ( magnets1 ( :i* f\r sets are %[n 9 ! figure4 ,^! magnets deflect ! fall ( ! p>ticles ri* 9 iron 7:i* are attract$71 :ile ! non-magnetic p>ticles ( s& drop /raight d[n4 ,a ?9 knife-edge p>tition bo>d1 arrang$ bel[ ! fall+ %eets ( s&1 sep>ates ! deflect$ magnetic p>ticles f ! /raight-fall+ s&4 ,^! magnetic p>ticles are !n collect$ & press$ into little bricks1 :i* are n[ s ri* 9 iron1 by virtue ( conc5tration1 z to make ! f9al r$uction ( ! iron 9 ! bla/ furnace easy & pr(itable4 ,m rec5t developm5ts 9 ?is art are %[n 9 pat5ts to ,we!rill1 ,no4 #eee1gib1 ,m>* #c1 #ahif1 & ,payne1 ,no4 #fda1adh1 ,janu>y #i1 #aijj4 ,9 ! production ( copp] ! well-kn[n ,bessem] process = ref9+ iron is n[ l>gely us$1 z %[n 9 pat5t to ,manhes1 ,no4 #def1eaf1 ,july #ba1 #ahia1 9 :i* bla/s ( air are =c$ ?r\gh ! melt$ copp] to remove sulphur & o!r impurities4 ,electrolytic processes ( ref9+ copp] are also l>gely us$1 z describ$ 9 ,f>m]'s pat5t1 ,no4 #cbb1agj1 ,july #ad1 #ahhe4 ,! production ( metals1 o!r ?an iron1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye> #ahig1 0 z foll[s3 ,gold1 #b1ggd1ice ounces2 wor? #eg1cfc1jjj4 ,silv]1 #ec1hfj1jjj ounces2 wor? #cb1caf1jjj4 ,copp]1 #bbj1ega long tons4 ,lead1 #bab1jjj %ort tons4 ,z9c1 #ii1ihj %ort tons4 ,alum9um1 #d1jjj1jjj lbs42 wor? 7#cg c5ts lb47 #a1ejj1jjj4 7,?is 0 ?ree times ! product ( #ahif47 ,m]cury1 #bf1fia flasks2 wor? #iic1dde4 ,nickel1 #bc1gjg p\nds2 wor? 7#cc c5ts p\nd7 #g1hbc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,fire>ms ,,& ,,explosives4 ,,! ,,cannon ,,! ,,mo/ ,,anci5t ,,( ,,fire>ms--,,muzzle ,,& ,,bree* ,,load]s ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury--,,! ,,arm/rong ,,gun--,,! ,,rodman1 ,,dahlgr5 ,,& ,,p>rott ,,guns--,,bree* ,,load+ ,,ordnance--,,rapid ,,fire ,,bree* ,,load+ ,,rifles--,,disappe>+ ,,gun--,,gatl+ ,,gun--,,dynamite ,,gun--,,! ,,colt ,,& ,,smi? ,,wesson ,,revolv]s--,,g]man ,,automatic ,,pi/ol--,,bree* ,,load+ ,,small ,,arms--,,magaz9e ,,guns--,,! ,,lee1 ,,krag-,,jorg5s51 ,,& ,,maus] ,,rifles--,,hamm]less ,,guns--,,reb\nd+ ,,locks--,,gun ,,cotton--,,nitro- ,,glyc]9e ,,& ,,smokeless ,,p[d]--,,m9es ,,& ,,torp$oes4 ,/range z x may appe>1 ! evolution ( an enlight5$ civilization & ! deadly use ( fire>ms h develop$ 9 p>allel l9es4 ,:at relation !re may be betwe5 ! adoption ( ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ to m5 to love "o ano!r1 & ! inv5tion ( increas$ facilities among m5 = kill+ "o ano!r1 is a problem = ! philosoph]4 ,is x because kill+ at long range is less brutal1 or does ! det]r5t influ5ce ( ?is increas$ facility op]ate z a *eck appeal+ to ! fe> ( ! individual1 or is ! cannon "o ( ,god's mission>ies 9 work+ out ! great law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/8 ,:atev] x may be1 !re does seem to be "s relation ( cause & effect betwe5 ! two factors1 & d\btless all ?ree ( ! causes h ex]cis$ a contributory influ5ce4 ,9 ! old5 days ! wage ( battle 0 almo/ univ]sally decid$ by ! /r5g? ( brawn1 & ! high] qualities ( m9d 7 subs]vi5t4 ,! adv5t ( fire>ms has *ang$ all ?is4 ,x has made ! weake/ arm equal to ! /ronge/ :5 support$ by ! same or a sup]ior m5tal equipm5t1 & ?is has made a great /ep t[>d ! supremacy ( ! intellectual aga9/ ! attack ( ! physically /rong4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ! great civilization ( ,rome fell "u ! ru?less attack ( ! nor!rn b>b>ian4 ,c\ld su* a ?+ h be5 possible ) ! gates def5d$ by ,gatl+ guns1 magaz9e rifles1 & dynamite %ells8 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d to-day a h&ful ( tra9$ soldi]s equipp$ ) mod]n fire>ms putt+ to flight a horde ( ignorant savages4 ,! hi/ory ( mod]n w>s is fill$ ) illu/rations ( ! %ift+ ( ! conte/ among m5 f an issue ( brute =ce to a conte/ ( bra9s1 & ( ! support r5d]$ ! latt] by fire>ms4 ,b is w> really necess>y1 & may we n hope t x %all cease8 ,we c only say t ! ideal s5tim5t ( beat+ ! sword into ! pl[%>e is z yet ! dream ( ! optimi/1 = man has gone "r along 9 p]fect+ ! arts ( w> & rais+ ! execution ( fire>ms to su* a deadly efficacy1 t ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 9 a p>am\nt degree has be5 conspicu\sly notable = its advances 9 ?is art4 ,inv5tion aft] inv5tion has foll[$ 9 su* rapid succession1 ev5 to ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 until w> n[ assumes ! conditions ( suicide & annihilation4 ,no coh]5t hi/ory ( fire>ms & explosives is possible 9 any %ort review4 ,! cannon1 bomb>d or mort>1 musket1 pi/ol & pet>d1 all belong to =m] c5turies1 & 9 "o =m or ano!r ext5d back to ! mo/ anci5t times1 b !y h gr[n 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury into su* accuracy & di/ance ( range1 into su* rapidity ( action1 into su* multipli$ effici5cy 9 repeat+ sy/ems1 into su* en]gy ( explosives1 & su* conv5i5t embodim5t & p5etration ( projectile1 t ^! subjects mu/ ne$s be consid]$ 9 sep>ate divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4--,,muzzle ,,load+ ,,cannon ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! ,cannon is ! mo/ anci5t ( all fire>ms1 &1 l gunp[d]1 is believ$ to h _h its orig9 ) ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury ! vessels ( ! ,k+ ( ,tunis1 9 ! attack on ,seville1 are said to h _h on bo>d iron pipes f :i* a ?und]+ fire 0 dis*>g$4 ,cond1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 speaks ( !m z us$ 9 t c\ntry z e>ly z #aaah4 ,f]d9&1 9 #acji1 took ,gibralt> f ! ,moors by cannon1 & 9 #acdf ! ,engli% us$ !m at ! battle ( ,crcy1 & f t "t on !y became a common weapon ( w>f>e4 ,9 ! fir/ cannon us$ ! balls 7 ( /one1 & "s ( !m 7 ( enorm\s size4 ,! bronze cannon ( ,mohamm$ ,,ii41 ,a4 ,d41 #adfd1 _h a bore ( #be in*es1 & ?rew a /one ball ( #hjj p\nds4 ,! ,ts>-,poos*ka1 ! great bronze gun ( ,mosc[1 ca/ 9 #aehf1 0 ev5 l>g]1 & _h a bore #cf in*es 9 diamet]4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! cannon ! bree*-load+ feature 0 introduc$4 ,9 ,figs4 #bfe & #bff are %[n illu/rations f ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ,fig4 #bfe repres5t+ a muzzle load]1 & ,fig4 #bff a bree*-load]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4--;,,bree* ,,load+ ,,cannon ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 ! cannon came d[n to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & 0 kn[n g5]ally z ordnance or artill]y1 & specifically z cannon or heavy guns1 mort>s = ?r[+ %ell at a great elevation1 & h[itz]s = field1 m\nta91 or siege1 & :i* latt] are light] & %ort] ?an cannon1 & design$ to ?r[ holl[ projectiles ) comp>atively small *>ges4 ,! feature ( importance 9 ! cannon :i* contribut$ mo/ to its effici5cy 0 ! rifl+ ( ! bore ) spiral grooves4 ,?is1 by giv+ a rotat+ effect to ! projectile1 caus$ x to ma9ta9 a tru] flight by tak+ advantage ( ! law ( physics t a rotat+ body t5ds to pres]ve its plane ( rotation4 ,! rifl+ ( ! b>rels ( fire>ms is1 h[ev]1 ( v anci5t orig94 ,! ,briti% pat5t to ,rotsip51 ,no4 #ga1 ( #afce1 is an e>ly disclosure ( ?is art4 ,! pat5t 0 grant$ him = 8,f\rte5 ye>es if he live soe long40 99 99 99 8,to draw or to %ave b>rells = pieces ( all sortes /raight ev5 & smoo?1 & to make anie crook$ b>rell p]fectly /raight ) greate ease1 & to rifle cutt out or screwe b>rells z wyde or z close or z deepe or z %all[e z %albe requir$1 ) greate ease40 ,! rifle grooves1 h[ev]1 7 fir/ made spiral or 8screw$0 by ,ko/]1 ( ,birm+ham1 ab\t #afbj1 :ile /raight grooves are said to h be5 9 use z f> back z #adih4 ,9 ,b]l9 !re is a rifl$ cannon ( #affd ) ?irte5 grooves4 ,rifl$ cannon 7 fir/ employ$ 9 actual s]vice 9 ,l\is ,napoleon's ,italian campaign ( #ahei1 & 7 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s]vice by ,g5]al ,james 9 #ahfa4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury a great impetus 0 giv5 to ! developm5t ( artill]y by ! ,crimean ,w>1 foll[$ by ! ,civil ,w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,arm/rong gun 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahee1 & 0 cov]$ by ,briti% pat5ts ,no4 #dja1 ( #aheg2 ,no4 #b1efd1 ( #aheh2 ,no4 #faa1 ( #ahei1 & ,no4 #gdc1 ( #ahfa4 ,?is orig9ally consi/$ ( an int]nal tube ( wr\ght iron or gun metal1 ) cyl9drical cas+s ( wr\ght iron %runk on4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds improv$ 9 :at 0 kn[n z ! ,fras] gun4 ,9 ,g]many ! op]ations ( ,krupp z a gun mak] began to be notable ab\t ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,colonel ,rodman devis$ a means ( ca/+ guns ( l>ge calibre1 by hav+ a holl[ core ?r\gh :i* wat] 0 circulat$ to rapidly cool & h>d5 ! metal 9 ! vic9ity ( ! bore1 & to relieve ! unequal /ra9 9 cool+4 ,he obta9$ pat5t ,no4 #e1bcf1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahdg1 = ! same4 ,! ,dahlgr5 gun 0 pat5t$ ,augu/ #f1 #ahfa1 ,nos4 #cb1ihc1 #cb1ihd1 & #cb1ihe1 by ,admiral ,dahlgr51 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,! improvem5t cov]$ ! adju/m5t ( ! ?ickness ( ! metal at ! bree* ( ! gun to ! v>y+ pressure /ra9s along ! bore4 ,^! guns 7 di/+ui%able by ! smoo? bulb\s bree* ( great ?ickness & curvil9e> cont\r4 ,! ,p>rott gun1 pat5t$ ,octob] #a1 #ahfa1 ,no4 #cc1dja1 & ,may #f1 #ahfb1 ,no4 #ce1aga1 compreh5d$ a =m ( hoop$ ordnance 9 :i* ! bree* 0 re-en=c$ by an encompass+ hoop or sleeve1 :i* 0 %runk on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4--,,! ,,krupp ,,bree* ,,me*anism4 ,bree*-,load+ ,ordnance4--,:ile ! bree*-load+ cannon is sev]al c5turies old1 & 01 9 fact1 "o ( ! fir/ =ms ( t fire>m1 x is to ?is pr9ciple ( action t ! rapid fire & great execution ( ! mod]n weapon are *iefly due4 ,! e>lie/ ( exi/+ =ms ( bree* me*anism is t :i* compreh5ds ! *annel+ ( ! bree* transv]sely to receive a tap]$ plug1 :i* p]mits ! *>ge to be plac$ 9 ! op5 re> end ( ! gun 9 front ( ! *annel1 & ! transv]se plug !n clos$ beh9d ! *>ge4 ,?is is describ$ 9 ,hadley's ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #egg1 ( #agda2 0 fir/ pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a modifi$ =m by ,wright & ,g\ld1 ,no4 #bb1cbe1 ,decemb] #ad1 #aheh1 & aft]w>ds came to be kn[n z ! ,broadwell sy/em1 be+ develop$ by him & cov]$ 9 pat5ts ,no4 #cc1hgf1 ( ,decemb] #aj1 #ahfa2 ,no4 #dc1eec1 ,july #ab1 #ahfd1 & ,no4 #ee1gfb1 ,june #ai1 #ahff4 ,?is g5]al pr9ciple is /ill employ$ by ,krupp 9 "s ( 8 guns1 & z us$ by him is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,! transv]se *annel ?r\gh ! bree* is tap]$1 & ! slid+ bree* block ,x is slightly w$ge-%ap$ to fit tightly !re94 ,:5 ! bree* block is )drawn = load+1 z %[n1 a sleeve ,s1 %[n 9 dott$ l9es1 is tempor>ily arrang$ 9 alignm5t ) ! bore & gives smoo? passage way to ! *>ge to a position 9 front ( ! bree* block4 ,?is sleeve is !n )drawn1 ! bree* block =c$ 91 & is !re lock$ by a turn ( ! ?reads ( a lock+ screw b into ! correspond+ recesses a 9 ! bree*4 ,a deta*able wr5* e may be appli$ ei!r to ! screw d b to turn x to lock or unlock1 or to ! trav]s+ screw c1 :i*1 by engag+ ) a nut 7n %[n71 runs ! bree* block 9 & out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4--;,,int]rupt$ ,,?read ,,bree* ,,me*anism4 ,by f> ! mo/ popul> pr9ciple ( ! bree* block1 h[ev]1 is t ( ! int]rupt$ ?read1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfh1 9 :i* ! plug1 :5 clos$1 has its axis 9 alignm5t ) ! axial bore ( ! gun4 ,its ?reads are int]rupt$ by longitud9ally arrang$ *annels1 & ! bree* ( ! gun has correspond+ ?reads & *annels4 ,:5 ! plug is pu%$ into ! gun1 ! screw ?reads ( ! plug ent] ! *annels ( ! bree*1 & a rot>y turn ( ! screw plug !n locks its ?reads into ^? ( ! bree*4 ,! screw plug is support$ by a c>ri] h+$ at "o side to ! gun1 & arrang$ to sw+ ! plug into axial alignm5t ) ! bore1 or be ?r[n to "o side to admit ! *>ge4 ,! pat5ts to ,*amb]s1 ,no4 #f1fab1 ,july #ca1 #ahdi 7re-issue ,no4 #bcg1 ,april #ai1 #ahec71 & to ,co*ran1 ,no4 #bf1bef1 ,novemb] #bi1 #ahei1 are ! e>lie/ ,am]ican examples ( ?is pr9ciple ( action1 & are believ$ to be ! orig9al inv5tions ( ! same4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r ?is con/ruction ent]s into mo/ all mod]n bree* me*anisms4 ,among ! =ms us$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! ,driggs-,seabury1 ! ,da%iell1 & ! ,vick]s-,maxim4 ,to prev5t ! exp&+ gases f driv+ ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! bree* block1 exp&+ or swell+ r+s1 kn[n z gas *ecks1 are arrang$ on ! front ( ! bree* block4 ,de ,bange's pat5t1 ,no4 #cja1bbj1 ,july #a1 #ahhd1 cov]s ! mo/ popul> =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4--,,sight+ ,a ,,six-,,in* ,,rapid ,,fire ,,gun4 ,! elem5ts ( effici5cy ( ! mod]n rapid-fire bree*-load+ rifle are to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ features3 ,fir/1 9 ! increas$ l5g? ( ! gun1 :i*1 = a #f-;in* gun is n[ z mu* z #be feet1 ! increas$ l5g? l5d+ a long] p]iod ( expansion = ! explosion ( ! p[d] *>ge1 & imp>t+ a correspond+ly high] mom5tum2 secondly1 9 ! fix$ ammunition1 :i* means a c>tridge case 9 :i* a metallic %ell encloses ! p[d] *>ge1 & is connect$ ) ! projectile1 & ?ird1 9 ! great improvem5t & rapidity ( action ( ! bree* me*anism1 :i* p]mits z _m z eight r\nds p] m9ute to be fir$4 ,9 ,fig4 #bfi is %[n a #f-;in* rapid-fire gun ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 load$1 & be+ sight$ = fire4 ,rapid-fire guns ( ?is class repres5t ! mo/ effective =m ( mod]n ordnance4 ,x 0 l>gely su* rapid fire batt]ies ( ,admiral ,dewey's squadron t swept ! ,spani% fleet out ( exi/5ce at ,manila1 & t demoli%$ ! fleet ( ,c]v]a at ,santiago by ! awful hail ( %ells p\r$ into 8 %ips4 ,^! relatively small guns ?r[ a %ell six miles1 & ! /rik+ en]gy ( _! projectiles at ! muzzle is equal to ! p5etration ( iron plate #ba in*es ?ick1 or #af in*es ( /eel4 ,:5 ! gun is load$1 x is held 9 ! =w>d position by coil spr+s1 inclos$ 9 cyl9d]s & hold+ a recoil seat = ! trunnions1 & also has two pi/ons travel+ 9 cyl9d]s fill$ ) glyc]9e4 ,:5 ! gun is fir$1 ! recoil causes x to slide back1 c>ry+ ! pi/ons1 & ! recoil is *eck$ by ! resi/ance ( ! glyc]9e travel+ ?r\gh an op5+ pa/ ! pi/ons4 ,aft] full recoil1 ! gun is automatically return$ to its =w>d position by ! action ( ! coil spr+s1 :i* are compress$ dur+ ! recoil4 ,! gun crew is protect$ by ,h>veyiz$ /eel plate #d in*es ?ick1 & ! gun is s delicately m\nt$ on ball be>+s t its great weight ( #g tons responds readily to ! slight pressure 9 tra9+ ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4--,,range ,,( ,,sixte5-,,in* ,,gun4 ,p[]ful z ^! guns appe> to be1 _! big bro!rs 9 ! revolv+ turrets are f> m s4 ,:ile n s nimble 9 action1 ! great p[] ( ^! guns ( ! ma9 batt]y1 & ! elaboration & complet5ess ( me*anism = op]at+ !m1 = supply+ !m ) ammunition1 & = rotat+ ! turrets1 con/itute a complete _w 9 ordnance 9 itself4 ,z ! gun increases 9 size1 its co/ bo? 9 con/ruction & s]vice increases 9 a greatly disproportionate ratio4 ,a #f-;in* bree*-load+ rifle co/s #fd4dj = ea* dis*>ge1 :ile a #ab-;in* gun co/s #deh = ea* dis*>ge4 ,! l>ge/ guns ( our battle%ips are ( #ac in* calibre1 & ab\t #dj feet long1 b l>g] ones are employ$ = sea coa/ def5ses4 ,! great #af-;in* #abf-ton gun1 n[ build+ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! ,wat]vliet ars5al1 is #di feet long1 ov] #f feet 9 diamet] at ! bree*1 & x w h an extreme range ( ov] tw5ty miles4 ,its projectile w weigh #b1cgj p\nds1 & x w co/ #hfe to fire ! gun once4 ,! accompany+ view1 ,fig4 #bgj1 w give graphic illu/ration ( ! range ( ?is gun4 ,if fir$ at its maximum elevation f ! batt]y at ! s\? end ( ,new ,york 9 a nor!rly direction1 its projectile w\ld pass ov] ! city ( ,new ,york1 ov] ,grant's ,tomb1 ,spuyt5 ,duyvil1 ,riv]dale1 ,m\nt ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,ludl[1 ,yonk]s1 & w\ld l& ne> ,ha/+s-on-!-,hudson1 ne>ly tw5ty miles away1 z %[n 9 our map1 ,fig4 #bga4 ,! extreme height ( its trajectory w\ld be #cj1eaf feet1 or ne>ly six miles4 ,?is means t if ,pike's ,peak1 ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 _h pil$ on top ( x ,mont ,blanc1 ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 ?is gun w\ld hurl its enorm\s projectile s high above !m bo? z to /ill leave space bel[ its curve to build ,wa%+ton's ,monum5t on top ( ,mont ,blanc1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4--,,radius ,,( ,,action ,,( ,,sixte5-,,in* ,,gun4 ,! ,disappe>+ ,gun4--,! importance ( secret+ ! location ( ! batt]y 9 coa/ def5ces1 & ! bett] protection ( ! gunn]s1 h sugge/$ a species ( gun c>riage :i* w\ld p]mit ! gun to be normally hidd5 beh9d & "u ! protection ( ! p>apet1 & be only tempor>ily elevat$ to a position above ! p>apet :ile fir+4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ?is h be5 devis$4 ,g5]al ,r4 ,e4 ,de ,russy1 ,corps ,eng9e]s1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 devis$ su* a c>riage 9 #ahce4 ,moncrieff1 ( ,engl&1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to put 9 practice su* a =m ( c>riage4 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts cov]+ ?is inv5tion 7 grant$ him z foll[s3 ,no4 #hc1hgc1 ,novemb] #aj1 #ahfh2 ,no4 #aae1ejb1 ,may #cj1 #ahga1 & ,no4 #add1abj1 ,octob] #bh1 #ahgc4 ,its pr9ciple ( op]ation 0 to utilize ! =ce ( ! recoil z a p[] to raise ! gun into fir+ position4 ,! gun is fulcrum$ 9 a lev] frame provid$ ) a c\nt]poise :i* m ?an balances ! gun4 ,:5 ! gun is fir$ ! recoil raises ! c\nt]weight1 & ! gun desc5ds & is lock$ 9 its l[] position4 ,:5 load$ & releas$ ! c\nt]poise raises ! gun aga9 to fir+ position4 ,among lat] gun c>riages ( ?is type ( ,am]ican con/ruction may be m5tion$ ^? devis$ by ,spill]1 ,gordon1 ,h[ell1 & o!rs1 b ! "o mo/ g5]ally kn[n is ! ,buff+ton-,crozi]1 cov]$ by pat5ts ,no4 #eee1dbf1 ,febru>y #be1 #ahif1 & ,no4 #fac1beb1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahih4 ,?is c>riage1 su/a9+ ! #h & #aj in* bree*-load+ rifles at ,=t ,wadswor? = ! def5ce ( ,new ,york h>bor1 is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bgb & #bgc1 ,fig4 #bgb repres5t+ x 9 its l[]$ position1 & ,fig4 #bgc 9 its elevat$ position = fir+4 ,! trunnions ( ! gun re/ 9 be>+s at ! upp] ends ( ! pair ( lev]s1 :i* latt] are fulcrum$ ne> ! middle to horizontally slid+ c>riages connect$ to hydraulic cyl9d]s t move backw>d z ! gun recoils4 ,^! cyl9d]s move ov] /ation>y pi/ons :i* h orifices t all[ ! liquid to pass f "o side ( ! pi/on to ! o!r4 ,z ! gun recoils & ! lev]s turn to ! horizontal position1 ! =w>d ends ( ! lev]s are made to raise v]tically an imm5se lead5 c\nt]weight1 weigh+ #cb1jjj p\nds1 :i* ord9>ily ov]-balances ! weight ( ! gun on ! lev]s4 ,?is cyl9drical c\nt]weight is se5 rais$ on ! left ( ,fig4 #bgb4 ,9 fir+1 ! en]gy ( ! recoil is absorb$ p>tly by rais+ ! c\nt]weight1 & p>tly by ! resi/ance ( ! hydraulic cyl9d]s1 & :5 ! gun rea*es its l[e/ position x is caught & reta9$ by pawls4 ,aft] load+ ! pawls are tripp$1 & ! great] gravity ( ! c\nt]weight raises ! gun to fir+ position aga94 ,t5 %ots f an #h-;in* gun on ?is c>riage h be5 fir$ 9 #ab m9utes #ba seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4--;,,buff+ton-,,crozi] ,,disappe>+ ,,gun1 ,,l[]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4--;,,buff+ton-,,crozi] ,,disappe>+ ,,gun1 ,,elevat$ ,,= ,,fir+4 ,! ,ma*9e ,gun4--,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> a gun made its appe>ance :i*1 al?\gh ( small calibre1 rival$ 9 its deadly effectiv5ess ! :olesale slaught] ( ! cannon4 ,x 0 a new type1 & 0 kn[n z ! ma*9e gun1 or batt]y gun1 9 :i* balls ( comp>atively small size 7 dis*>g$ un9t]rupt$ly & 9 incr$ible succession4 ,x 0 ! inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,gatl+1 & 0 cov]$ by him 9 pat5ts ,no4 #cf1hcf1 ,novemb] #d1 #ahfb1 & ,no4 #dg1fca1 ,may #i1 #ahfe1 & 9 _m subsequ5t pat5ts = m9or improvem5ts1 & is n[ univ]sally kn[n z ! ,gatl+ gun4 ,x consi/$ ( a circul> s]ies ( b>rels m\nt$ on a c5tral %aft1 & revolv$ by suitable ge>s & a h& crank4 ,! c>tridges 7 automatically & successively f$ into ! *amb]s ( ! b>rel1 & its sev]al hamm]s 7 s arrang$ 9 connection ) ! b>rels t ! :ole op]ation ( load+1 clos+ ! bree*1 dis*>g+ & expell+ ! empty c>tridge cases 0 conduct$ :ile ! b>rels 7 kept 9 a cont9u\s revolv+ movem5t by turn+ ! h& crank4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgd is %[n a mod]n example ( ! ,gatl+ gun equipp$ ) ! ,accles fe$4 ,ord9>ily ! gun has t5 b>rels1 ) t5 correspond+ locks1 :i* revolve toge!r dur+ ! work+ ( ! gun4 ,:5 ! gun is 9 action !re are always five c>tridges go+ ?r\gh ! process ( load+1 & five empty %ells 9 diff]5t /ages ( be+ extract$1 & _m hundr$ %ots a m9ute c be fir$4 ,_m modifications ( ?is gun h be5 made by ,hot*kiss & o!rs4 ,maxim1 ,nord5felt1 & ,b5et h ea* made valuable inv5tions 9 ma*9e guns ( a some:at diff]5t type1 "s ( :i* utilize ! =ce ( ! explod+ *>ges to react on ! fe$ & fir+ me*anism1 & ?us furni% ! p[] to cont9ue ! consecutive op]ation ( ! gun1 s t no h& crank is requir$1 b ! gun works itself ) an incessant hail ( balls until its supply ( c>tridges is exhau/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4--;,,gatl+ ,,gun ,,on ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,army ,,model ,,c>riage4 ,! ,dynamite ,gun4--,mo/ impressive to ! layman1 & mo/ demoraliz+ to ! enemy1 is ?is latt] day =m ( ordnance4 ,! fir/ ef=ts to hurl dynamite %ells f a gun 7 made ) compress$ air = fe> ( prematurely explod+ ! s5sitive dynamite 9 ! gun1 :i* w\ld be m disa/r\s to ! gunn]s !mselves ?an to ! enemy4 ,! ,zal9ski dynamite gun 0 ( ?is class1 & ! fir/ :i* atta9$ any notoriety4 ,foolh>dy z x might appe>1 ,yankee g5ius 0 l$ to believe t dynamite %ells c\ld be fir$ ) p[d] *>ges1 & ?is is n[ done 9 a practical & safe way 9 ! ,sims-,dudley ,dynamite ,gun4 ,?is is manufactur$ "u ! fundam5tal pat5ts ( ,dudley1 ,nos4 #djg1dgd1 #djg1dge1 #djg1dgf1 ( ,july #bc1 #ahhi1 :i* cov] a me?od ( explod+ a *>ge ( p[d] 9 "o gun b>rel1 & caus+ x to compress ! air 9 front ( x1 & =ce x into ano!r b>rel beh9d ! dynamite %ell1 s t ?is relatively cool body ( air is int]pos$ betwe5 ! hot p[d] gases & ! dynamite4 ,fig4 #bge repres5ts ,dudley's pat5t draw+4 ,c is ! p[d] *>ge 9 b>rel ,a1 & ,h is ! dynamite %ell 9 b>rel ,g4 ,! front ( b>rel ,a is connect$ to ! re> ( b>rel ,g beh9d ! dynamite %ell by ! tube ,f4 ,:5 ! p[d] ,c explodes1 all ! air 9 b>rel ,a & tube ,f is driv5 out & acts on ! dynamite %ell ,h to dis*>ge x )\t all[+ x to come 9 contact ) ! hot p[d] gases4 ,a frangible plate ,d closes ! end ( b>rel ,a1 b bl[s out above a c]ta9 pressure to avoid bur/+ /ra9 9 ! gun4 ,! ,sims pat5t1 ,no4 #fai1jbe1 ,febru>y #g1 #ahii1 cov]s a m simple & practical =m ( con/ruct+ a gun on ?is pr9ciple1 & ! gun z us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ?is latt] improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4--;,,dynamite ,,gun1 ,,dudley',s ,,pat5t1 ,,july #bc1 #ahhi4 ,small ,arms4--,pi/ols & guns are ! two classes into :i* ! layman divides small arms1 al?\gh 9 latt] ye>s ?is classification has be5 mu* di/urb$ by ! we/]n fronti]sman1 :o calls 8 pi/ol a gun1 & by ! artill]i/1 :o also calls 8 cannon a gun4 ,! pi/ol may be def9$ z a small arm held 9 "o h& to be fir$4 ,x is an anci5t weapon1 b _h atta9$ no special importance or popul>ity prior to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,! duell+ pi/ol1 ) its long b>rel1 its hair trigg] & inlaid /ock1 & ! d]r+]1 ) its %ort b>rel ( l>ge bore1 7 ! popul> =ms4 ,n until ! revolv] made its appe>ance did ! pi/ol atta9 any importance4 ,colt is popul>ly cr$it$ ) hav+ inv5t$ ?is1 b x is really a v old pr9ciple4 ,9 ! ,alte ,deuts*] ,drehl+ ,d] ,ruckladungs ,gewehre1 by ,edw>d ,z]n91 #ahgb1 ,d>m/adt & ,leipzig1 is %[n an anci5t =m ( mat* lock revolv]1 said to belong to ! p]iod #adhj-aejj4 ,x is probably ! same z ! mat*-lock revolv] 9 ! museum ( ! ,t[] ( ,london1 :i* is also cr$it$ to ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ! ,briti% pat5t to ,puckle1 ,no4 #dah1 ( #agah1 is %[n & describ$ a well-con/ruct$ revolv] c>ri$ on a tripod1 & ( ! dim5sions ( ! mod]n ma*9e gun4 ,! inv5tor navely /ates t x has r\nd *amb]s = r\nd balls1 design$ = ,*ri/ians1 & squ>e *amb]s1 ) squ>e balls1 = ! ,turks4 ,! fir/ revolv+ fire>m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 made by ,john ,gill1 ( ,newb]ne1 ,n4 ,c41 9 #ahbi4 ,x _h f\rte5 *amb]s1 & 0 a p]cussion gun1 b 0 nev] pat5t$4 ,! fir/ revolv] pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t to ,d4 ,g4 ,colburn1 ,june #bi1 #ahcc4 ,! revolv] ( ,col4 ,samuel ,colt 0 pat5t$ ,febru>y #be1 #ahcf1 7re-issue ,no4 #abd1 ,octob] #bd1 #ahdh71 & aga9 ,augu/ #bi1 #ahci1 ,no4 #a1cjd2 ,septemb] #c1 #ahej1 ,no4 #g1fac1 & ,septemb] #aj1 #ahej1 ,no4 #g1fbi4 ,x 0 ! fir/ practical inv5tion ( ?is k9d1 & x embodi$ z a lead+ feature ! automatic rotation ( ! cyl9d] 9 cock+ by a pawl on ! hamm] engag+ a rat*et on ! end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4--,,smi? ,,wesson ,,revolv] ,,dis*>g+ ,,%ells4 ,v>i\s types foll[$1 su* z ! old pepp] box1 pat5t$ by ,d>l+ ,april #ac1 #ahcf2 ! self-cock+ pepp] box1 pat5t$ by ,all51 ,no4 #c1iih1 ,april #af1 #ahde2 ! f\r slid+ b>rels ( ,%>p1 ,no4 #f1ifj1 ,decemb] #ah1 #ahdi1 & _m o!rs4 ,! mo/ popul> & successful1 h[ev]1 ( ! succe$+ types is t ( ,smi? ,wesson1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgf1 & cov]$ by _m pat5ts4 ,"o ( its mo/ important features is ! simultane\s extraction ( ! %ells by an ejector1 hav+ a /em slid+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d]4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,w4 ,c4 ,dodge1 pat5t$ ,janu>y #ag1 #ahfe1 ,no4 #de1iab1 re-issue ,no4 #d1dhc1 ,july #be1 #ahga4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgg is %[n ,smi? ,wesson's late/ patt]n ( ,hamm]less ,safety ,revolv]1 ) automatic %ell extractor & reb\nd+ lock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4--,,smi? ,,wesson ,,self ,,act+ ,,hamm]less ,,revolv]4 ,! late/ developm5t 9 ?is class ( arms is ! automatic magaz9e pi/ol1 design$ = ! use ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,g]man army1 & adapt$ to fire t5 %ots 9 z _m seconds4 ,only a slight pressure on ! trigg] is necess>y1 z x is n requir$ to p]=m ! "w ( turn+ any o!r "p by ! trigg]1 z is ! case 9 ! self-cock+ revolv]4 ,! pressure ( gas at ea* explosion does all ! "w ( pu%+ back ! clos+ piece ( ! bree* ?r\gh ! recoil ( ! %ell1 extracts & ejects ! %ell1 cocks ! hamm]1 & also compresses recup]ative spr+s1 :i* effect ! reload+ & clos+ ( ! weapon1 all ( ^! functions be+ p]=m$ 9 prop] sequ5ce at ea* explosion 9 a fraction ( a second4 ,! act ( fir+ ?us prep>es ! pi/ol = ! next %ot automatically4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgh are %[n two makes ( pi/ol ( ?is type4 ,no4 #a is kn[n z ! ,maus] 7,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #ehd1dgi1 ,june #ae1 #ahig72 ,no4 #b %[s x ) an extemporiz$ /ock1 to be us$ z a c>b9e 9 fir+ f ! %\ld]4 ,?is /ock is holl[ & =ms ! hol/] or case = ! pi/ol4 ,at ,no4 #c is %[n ! ,mannli*] pi/ol 7,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #eha1bif1 ,april #bg1 #ahig71 :i* is ano!r =m ( ! same type4 ,9 ! ,maus] ! bree* moves to ! re> dur+ recoil4 ,9 ! ,mannli*] ! b>rel moves to ! front1 leav+ space = a fre% c>tridge to come up f ! magaz9e bel[4 ,! calibre ( ?is pi/ol is #j4c in*1 & ! initial velocity #a1cie feet4 ,at #cc feet ! ball passes ?r\gh #aj in*es ( spruce1 at #dij ?r\gh #e in*es1 & its extreme range is #c1jjj feet1 or m ?an half a mile4 ,:5 empty x is quickly re-*>g$ ) c>tridges1 :i* are made up 9 sets ( t5 9 a case & ins]t$ 9 "o movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4--;,,automatic ,,pi/ols4 ,bree*-,load+ ,guns4--,al?\gh ! bree*-load+ pr9ciple 0 well kn[n prior to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 x rema9$ = ?is p]iod to give x effective developm5t4 ,! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t = a bree*-load+ gun 0 to ,?ornton & ,hall1 ,may #ba1 #ahaa4 ,x 0 a fl9t lock1 & _m ( ^! arms 7 made at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry ,armory 9 #ahad1 & issu$ to ! troops1 "o be+ giv5 by ord] ( ,congress to ea* memb] ( ,congress to take home ) him to %[ to 8 con/itu5ts4 ,! pres5t /yle ( break-d[n gun 0 inv5t$ by ,pauly1 9 ,france1 & is to be f\nd 9 8 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #c1hcc1 ( #ahad4 ,lefau*eux1 ( ,p>is1 h[ev]1 made ?is =m ( gun practical4 ,m9es+]1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #f1aci1 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahdi1 suppli$ ! important improvem5t ( mak+ ! front edge ( ! metallic c>tridge %ell ?9n] ?an else:]e1 s z to exp& by ! pressure ( ! explod+ *>ge1 & swell to a tight fit ( ! b>rel4 ,! ,mayn>d rifle1 fir/ pat5t$ ,may #bg1 #ahea1 ,no4 #h1abf1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ practical =ms ( bree*-load]s4 ,magaz9e ,guns4--,walt] ,hunt's ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #f1ffc1 ,augu/ #ba1 #ahdi1 0 ! fir/ on a magaz9e fire>m ( mod]n type4 ,x _h a slid+ bree* block c>ry+ ! ma9 spr+ & fir+ p94 ,! ,sp5c] rifle 0 "o ( ! e>ly ones t came into use4 ,?is _h a r[ ( c>tridges 9 ! /ock1 & 0 fir/ pat5t$ ,m>* #f1 #ahfj1 ,no4 #bg1cic4 ,x 0 ?is weapon :i* 9 ! ,civil ,w> gave pro( ( ! deadly efficacy ( ! bree*-load+ magaz9e gun1 & its sup]iority to ! old /yle milit>y arm4 ,ano!r type ( magaz9e fire>m :i* 9 ! la/ half c5tury has ga9$ great prom95ce & popul>ity is ! s-call$ 8,w9*e/]40 ,?is has its c>tridges arrang$ 9 a tube bel[ & p>allel ) ! b>rel1 & !y are f$ 9 a column to ! re> by a helical spr+ z fa/ z !y are us$ up at ! bree*4 ,! pione] ( ?is type is ! arm pat5t$ by ,smi? ,wesson ,febru>y #ad1 #ahed1 ,no4 #aj1ece1 re-issu$ ,decemb] #cj1 #ahgc1 ,no4 #e1gaj4 ,?is 0 subsequ5tly improv$ z to ! extractor by ,b4 ,f4 ,h5ry 9 pat5t ,no4 #cj1ddf1 ,octob] #af1 #ahfj1 re-issu$ ,decemb] #g1 #ahfh1 ,no4 #c1bbg1 & 0 manufactur$ & favorably kn[n = _m ye>s z ! ,h5ry rifle4 ,?is rifle 0 also us$ 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,o4 ,f4 ,w9*e/] subsequ5tly re-organiz$ x 9 pat5t ,no4 #eg1hjh1 ,septemb] #d1 #ahff1 & ! arm 9 late ye>s has tak5 8 "n4 ,! ,ne$le ,gun1 ( ,prussia1 repres5ts an e>ly =m ( bree* load]1 & may be consid]$ ! prototype ( ! mod]n bolt gun4 ,! ne$le gun has 9 ! place ( ! sw++ hamm] a rectil9e>ly slid+ bolt1 c>ry+ 9 front a ne$le :i* pi]ces ! *>ge & ignites ! fulm9ate by its friction4 ,its con/ruction p]mits ! fulm9ate to be plac$ 9 advance ( ! p[d]1 :i* ?us burns f ! front1 & is entirely consum$ 9 ! gun1 in/ead ( be+ p>tially bl[n out ( ! gun1 z may occur :5 ignit$ 9 ! re>4 ,! ne$le gun 0 inv5t$ by ,dreyse 9 #ahch1 0 fir/ introduc$ ab\t #ahdf1 & gave effective s]vice 9 ! ,prusso-,au/rian w> ( #ahff4 ,! ,*assepot1 br\ght out 9 #ahfg1 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #fj1hcb1 0 a ,fr5* developm5t ( ! ,prussian ne$le gun4 ,ab\t #ahgi two =ms ( magaz9e guns appe>$ :i* h become types = mo/ all subsequ5t guns ( ?is class4 ,bo? ( !m employ$ ! bolt sy/em z previ\sly embodi$ 9 ! ne$le gun1 b add$ to x ! magaz9e pr9ciple & *ang$ ! me?od ( supply+ & fe$+ ! c>tridges4 ,"o 0 ! inv5tion ( ,james ,lee1 & ! o!r 0 ! jo9t inv5tion ( ,colonel ,liv]more1 ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 & ,major ,russell1 ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,9 ! ,lee1 ^: "n has be5 mu* 9 evid5ce 9 late ye>s1 !re 0 a relatively small deta*able box 7see ,fig4 #bgi7 capable ( hold+ five c>tridges & design$ to be fill$ & !n plac$ 9 a slot op5+ c5trally "u ! gun1 bel[ ! receiv]1 & directly 9 front ( ! trigg] gu>d4 ,a spr+ )9 ! magaz9e f$ ! c>tridges up into alignm5t ) ! b>rel4 ,lee's fir/ pat5t 0 ,no4 #bba1cbh1 ,novemb] #d1 #ahgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4--,,lee',s ,,magaz9e ,,rifle1 ,,pat5t$ ,,novemb] #d1 #ahgi4 ,! ,liv]more-,russell gun1 pat5t$ ,octob] #bh1 #ahgi1 ,no4 #bba1jgi1 _h a magaz9e op5+ transv]sely 9 ! upp] edge ( ! /ock beh9d ! bolt1 & ! c>tridges 7 f$ to ! b>rel b5ea? ! bolt4 ,! important feature ( ! gun1 h[ev]1 0 a c>tridge case slott$ on its side & deta*able f ! gun1 & ea* be>+ a gr\p ( five c>tridges1 :i* 7 to be ?us made up 9 small packets & c>ri$ 9 ! belt or c>tridge box ( ! soldi]4 ,?is idea 0 subsequ5tly develop$ by ,liv]more & ,russell 9 pat5t ,no4 #bcj1hbc1 ,augu/ #c1 #ahhj1 & ?is feature1 view$ 9 ! light ( ! importance subsequ5tly atta9$ by ! 8clip0 9 ! ,maus] & ,mannli*] guns1 may be fairly consid]$ ! pione] ( ?is idea ( gr\p+ c>tridges 9 made-up packets = bolt guns4 ,its great advantage is ! l>ge numb] ( %ots t may be fir$ 9 a %ort space ( "t )\t an excessive weight 9 ! gun itself4 ,subsequ5t pat5ts = improvem5ts 7 tak5 by ,lee z foll[s3 ,no4 #eac1fdg1 ,janu>y #cj1 #ahid1 & ,no4 #edg1ehc1 ,octob] #h1 #ahie1 & ! gun us$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy is model$ along ! l9es ( ,lee's inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4--,,krag-,,jorg5s5 ,,magaz9e ,,rifle4 ,! ,krag-,jorg5s5 ,magaz9e ,rifle 0 pat5t$ ,june #aj1 #ahij1 ,no4 #dbi1haa1 & ,febru>y #ba1 #ahic1 ,no4 #dib1bab4 ,x is ! arm adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates infantry s]vice1 & is se5 9 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,! fix$ magaz9e *amb]1 %[n 9 ! cross section1 passes ?r\gh ! bree* lat]ally bel[ ! b>rel1 & is fill$ ) c>tridges on "o side ( ! gun1 :i* c>tridges pass ?r\gh ! bree* lat]ally1 &1 turn+ a curve1 ent] ! b>rel f ! opposite side4 ,:5 ! bolt is drawn back by ! knob h&le a c>tridge is f$ up into position to ent] ! b>rel1 & :5 pu%$ =w>d ! c>tridge is =c$ into ! bore ( ! gun1 & at ! same "t a spiral spr+ is put "u t5sion to set ! hamm] ( ! gun1 :i* c>ries a fir+ p9 at its front end4 ,:5 ! trigg] is pull$ ! hamm] & fir+ p9 plunge =w>d to explode ! cap 9 ! c>tridge1 & :5 ! h&le ( ! bolt is drawn back aga9 to extract ! empty %ell1 a fre% c>tridge rises to take its place4 ,! ,maus] ,rifle is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bha4 ,?is is ! arm ( :i* s mu* 0 he>d dur+ ! rec5t w> ) ,spa91 & aga9/ :i* our soldi]s _h to cont5d4 ,five c>tridges are c>ri$ 9 a magaz9e imm$iately 9 front ( ! trigg]1 & are f$ up by a subjac5t spr+1 "o at a "t1 c5trally ?r\gh ! bree* into l9e ) ! b>rel1 z ! bolt ) ! knobb$ h&le is work$ back & =?4 ,! c>tridges are c>ri$ by ! soldi] 9 gr\ps ( five 9 a 8clip10 :i* is a simple /rip ( metal ) inturn$ p>allel edges1 :i* enclose ! flang$ heads ( ! c>tridges z !y project at "r angles to ! clip4 ,to transf] ! c>tridges to ! magaz9e1 ! clip ) its c>tridges is plac$ above ! b>rel1 & ! c>tridges =c$ d[n out ( ! clip into ! magaz9e4 ,9 ! ,mannli*] gun1 adopt$ by ! ,g]man army1 ! clip :i* holds ! c>tridges is itself ins]t$ into ! magaz9e1 along ) ! c>tridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4--,,! ,,maus] ,,rifle ,,& ,,clip4 ,! mod]n tr5d ( developm5t 9 fire>ms has be5 t[>d ! r$uction ( calibre1 ! /&>d = small arms be+ #cj_/ajj4 ,! lead bullets are cov]$ ) a seamless jacket ( h>d] metal 7,geig]'s pat5ts1 ,no4 #cjf1gch & #cjf1gci1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahhd71 :i* prev5ts ! 8lead+0 & f\l+ ( ! gun1 & ! di/ortion ( ! bullet4 ,mod]n magaz9e guns p]mit tw5ty-five to ?irty %ots a m9ute z s+le load]s1 & besides !y hold 9 res]ve five c>tridges4 ,!y h a kill+ range ( a mile1 & ! co/ ( ! c>tridge is #c4b c5ts4 ,at a trial at ! ,wa%+ton ,navy ,y>d a few ye>s pa/ a /eel projectile #a4jg in*es long & #cb_/ajj calibre p5etrat$ solid iron #a4ae in* ?ick1 fir$ at an angle ( #hj4 ,x also p5etrat$ #ej in*es ( p9e bo>ds1 & its range 0 e/imat$ at ?ree miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4--,,! ,,gre5] ,,hamm]less ,,gun4 ,hamm]less ,guns4--,among improvem5ts 9 %ot guns ! s-call$ 8hamm]less0 feature is a notewor?y dep>ture4 ,?is hides ! hamm]s 9 ! bree* & cocks !m by ! act ( break+ d[n ! gun4 ,9 ,fig4 #bhb is giv5 a section & plan view ( ! ,gre5] me*anism1 :i* 0 pat5t$ ,july #f1 #ahhj1 ,no4 #bbi1fjd1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ guns ( ?is k9d put on ! m>ket4 ,! hamm]s ,a are con/ruct$ z elb[ lev]s4 ,_! upp] ends h ea* a r\nd po9t adapt$ to /rike ?r\gh a small hole 9 ! bree* onto ! cap ( ! c>tridge4 ,! l[] front portions ( ! hamm]s are ext5d$ =w>d & curv$ inw>dly t[>d ea* o!r1 s t _! inn] ends ne>ly meet4 ,c is a p5d5t hook jo9t$ to ! b>rel1 & :5 ! latt] is tilt$1 z %[n 9 dott$ l9es1 ! hook act+ ^u ! =w>dly project+ arms ( ! hamm]s turns !m backw>d to ! cock$ position1 9 :i* !y are reta9$ by ! dogs ,b engag+ ) _! not*es4 ,z ! hamm]s move back ! ma9spr+ is compress$1 & :5 ! dog ,b is remov$ f ! not* by pull+ on ! trigg]1 ! hamm]s are releas$ & ! gun fir$4 ,! reb\nd+ lock1 n[ univ]sally appli$ to %ot guns1 is ano!r comp>atively rec5t improvem5t4 ,?is promotes safety by caus+ ! hamm]s to be normally & automatically held away f ! fir+ p9s4 ,! fir/ practical =m ( ?is lock 0 pat5t$ by ,hail]1 ,july #bf1 #ahgj1 ,no4 #aje1gii1 9 :i* a s+le spr+ s]ves to deliv] ! bl[ ( ! hamm] & also )draws ! hamm] f ! fir+ p94 ,a m>k$ t5d5cy 9 %ot guns 9 late ye>s is t[>d a r$uction 9 bore1 _m sportsm5 n[ us+ a #bh gauge 9 pref]5ce to ! old regulation #ab4 ,ne>ly #e1jjj pat5ts h be5 grant$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = fire>ms1 & ab\t #b1djj = projectiles4 ,! mo/ important ( ! latt] is ! torp$o1 ( :i* ! ,:itehead1 or fi% torp$o1 :i* supplies its own means ( propulsion1 is ! be/ kn[n & mo/ us$4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght out 9 #ahff by ,:itehead1 at ,fiume1 a port ( ,hung>y4 ,! ,ga?mann a]ial torp$o1 weigh+ #a1hjj p\nds & c>ry+ #fbe p\nds ( wet gun cotton1 is design$ to be fir$ f a gun #dd feet long & #ah in* bore1 & is suppos$ to h a range ( t5 miles4 ,te/s are ab\t to be made "u special appropriation ( ,congress1 & if its claim c be sub/antiat$1 x may become ! mo/ de/ructive eng9e ( w>f>e kn[n4 ,explosives4--,! inv5tion ( gunp[d] is ascrib$ to ! ,*9ese1 & at a p]iod s f> back t its orig9 is buri$ 9 antiquity4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ,moses1 some?+ v l x be+ m5tion$ 9 ! anci5t ,g5too laws ( ,india #a1ejj to #b1jjj ,b4 ,c4 ,= _m ye>s x 0 ?\ght t ,rog] ,bacon inv5t$ x 9 #abdi1 b x is n[ kn[n t he 0 only a factor 9 its developm5t4 ,mo/ likely ! saltpetre ( ! pla9s ( ,*9a came fir/ 9 accid5tal contact ) ! *>r$ emb]s ( a prehi/oric fire1 & to ! obs]vant man ! oxyg5-giv+ saltpetre furni%$ ! *>coal ) its means ( en]getic combu/ion = ! fir/ "t4 ,gunp[d] consi/s ( ab\t #ge p>ts ( saltpetre 7nitrate ( pota%71 #ae ( *>coal1 & #aj ( sulphur1 ! proportions v>y+ some:at ) ! use to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,9 ord9>y combu/ion ! air supplies ! necess>y oxyg54 ,9 gunp[d] ! pres5ce ( ! air is n necess>y1 z ! saltpetre has imprison$ 9 its composition a l>ge quantity ( oxyg5 :i* furni%es to ! c>bon & sulphur ! means = its combu/ion1 gasification & enorm\s expansion4 ,orig9ally1 gunp[d] 0 pulv]ul5t1 l t us$ 9 fire works1 & _h b little propell+ =ce4 ,! mak+ ( x 9 gra9s 78corn$07 is ascrib$ to ,b]?old ,s*w>z1 a ,g]man monk1 ab\t #acbj1 & ?is1 by promot+ ! rapidity ( its burn+1 add$ greatly to its effective =ce1 & gave a new impetus to fire>ms4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury !re 7 b few improvem5ts 9 ei!r ! composition or manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,! introduction ( ! p]cussion cap1 :i* explod$ ! *>ge by a bl[1 9 ! place ( ! old fl9t lock1 01 h[ev]1 a notable advance4 ,alex&] ,john ,=sy?1 a ,scot* cl]gyman1 0 ! fir/ to apply a p]cussion or detonat+ comp\nd1 z set =? 9 8 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #c1jcb1 ( #ahjg4 ,! embodim5t ( su* comp\nds 9 ! little copp] caps 0 made ab\t #ahah1 & has be5 claim$ by v>i\s p>ties4 ,manton's ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #d1bhe1 ( #ahah1 describes a ?9 copp] tube fill$ ) fulm9ate & /ruck sidewise by ! hamm] to explode x4 ,jo%ua ,%aw took a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t on a p]cussion gun1 ,june #ai1 #ahbb1 & ! copp] p]cussion cap 0 said to h be5 introduc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by him 9 #ahdb4 ,! embodim5t ( ! *>ge ( p[d] & ball 9 brass & copp] %ells 0 done 9 ,france by ,galay ,cazalat z e>ly z #ahbf4 ,drawn metallic %ells 7 made by ,flob]t & ,lefau*eux1 9 #ahec1 & ,palm]1 9 #ahed4 ,drawn copp] c>tridges ) c5t] fire 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & pat5t$ by ,smi? ,wesson ,augu/ #h1 #ahed1 ,no4 #aa1dif1 & solid head$ %ells by ,hot*kiss1 ,augu/ #ca1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #id1baj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4--,,subm>9e ,,m9e4 ,,*>ge1 #bej ,,p\nds ,,dynamite4 ,9 #ahdf a new & di/9ct developm5t 9 explosives 0 made 9 ! discov]y ( gun cotton by ,s*nbe91 & ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 #ahdg by ,sobr]o4 ,! =m] is made by ! reaction ( nitric acid1 aid$ by sulphuric acid1 on ord9>y raw cotton1 :i*1 :ile *ang+ ! physical aspects ( ! cotton b little1 gives to x a t]rific explosive en]gy4 ,nitro-glyc]9e is made 9 a some:at simil> way by treat+ glyc]9e ) nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,at fir/ x f\nd no practical applications1 except z a homopa?ic m$ic9e = heada*e1 b ab\t #ahfd ,nobel comm5c$ its manufacture = explosive uses1 & s9ce t "t ne>ly all ! great bla/+ op]ations h be5 p]=m$ ?r\gh its ag5cy4 ,its mo/ famili> =m is dynamite1 or giant p[d]1 ,nobel's pat5t1 ,no4 #gh1cag1 ,may #bf1 #ahfh1 :i* is simply nitro-glyc]9e held 9 absorption by "s in]t granul> solid1 su* z infusorial e>?1 & is ?us r5d]$ saf] to h&le & m conv5i5t to use4 ,a sugge/ive application ( ! t]rible p[] ( ^! explosives is 9 subm>9e m9es4 ,! in/antane\s & da/>dly de/ruction ( our battle%ip1 8,! ,ma9e10 ) #bej ( h] crew1 9 ,havana h>bor1 ,febru>y #ae1 #ahih1 by "o ( ^! ag5cies1 is a h>r[+ illu/ration4 ,fig4 #bhc repres5ts "o ( ^! subm>9e m9es c>ry+ #bej p\nds ( dynamite1 & ,fig4 #bhd is an in/antane\s photograph at ! mom5t ( explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4--;,,explosion ,,( ,a ,,m9e4 ,,base ,,( ,,wat] ,,column1 #ajj ,,feet ,,wide1 ,,height1 #bdf ,,feet4 ,:ite gunp[d]1 or wood p[d]1 0 inv5t$ by ,capta9 ,s*ultz1 ( ! ,prussian army4 ,x is made by treat+ granulat$ wood ) a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 :i*1 act+ ^u ! cellulose ( ! wood1 conv]t x into an explosive some?+ ( ! nature ( gun cotton4 ,! gra9s are aft]w>d saturat$ ) saltpetre4 ,?is 0 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,june #b1 #ahfc1 ,no4 #ch1ghi1 & 9 ,great ,brita91 ,no4 #ijj1 ( #ahfd4 ,dittm>'s p[d] is ano!r ( ! same g5]al nature1 cov]$ by ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,no4 #ih1hed1 ,janu>y #ah1 #ahgj2 ,no4 #ii1jfi1 ,janu>y #be1 #ahgj1 & ,no4 #ade1djc1 ,decemb] #i1 #ahgc4 ,among ! high explosives ( m rec5t date may be m5tion$3 ,tonite 7gun cotton & b>ium nitrate71 ,briti% pat5ts ,no4 #c1fab1 ( #ahgd1 & ,no4 #b1gdb1 ( #ahgf4 ,rack-a-rock 7potassium *lorate & nitro-b5z5e71 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #bdc1dcb1 ,june #bh1 #ahha2 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #e1ehd1 ( #ahha4 ,bellite 7ammonium nitrate & nitro-b5z5e71 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #dee1bag1 ,june #cj1 #ahia2 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #ac1fij1 ( #ahhe4 ,mel9ite 7picric acid & gun cotton71 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #ae1jhi1 ( #ahhe4 ,lyddite1 n pat5t$1 b believ$ to be sub/antially same z mel9ite1 & conta9+ = its active +r$i5t picric acid1 :i* is a comp\nd =m$ by ! reaction ( nitric acid on c>bolic acid4 ,cordite 7nitro-glyc]9e1 gun cotton1 & m9]al jelly or oil71 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #e1fad1 ( #ahhi2 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #dji1edi1 ,augu/ #bj1 #ahhi4 ,indurite 7gun cotton & nitro-b5z5e1 indurat$71 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 ,no4 #dhi1fhd1 ,janu>y #aj1 #ahic2 ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #ehj1 ( #ahic4 ,9 rec5t ye>s smokeless p[d]s h l>gely sup]s$$ all o!rs4 ,^! conta9 usually nitro-cellulose 7gun cotton71 or nitro-glyc]9e1 or bo?1 made up into a pla/ic1 coh]5t1 & homog5e\s comp\nd ( a gluey nature1 & fa%ion$ into horn-l /icks or rods by be+ =c$ "u pressure ?r\gh a die plate hav+ small holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! pla/ic mat]ial is /ra9$ into /r+s l mac>oni1 or else is mold$ into tablets1 pellets1 or gra9s ( cubical %ape4 ,prom95t among ^? :o h contribut$ to ?is art are ! names ( ,turp91 ,abel & ,dew>1 ,nobel1 ,maxim1 ,munroe1 ,du ,pont1 ,b]nad\ & o!rs4 ,9 ! rec5t ye>s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury great activity has be5 manife/ 9 ?is field ( inv5tion4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m ?an #fjj diff]5t pat5ts h be5 grant$ = explosives1 ! l>g] portion ( !m be+ = nitro-comp\nds1 :i* p>take 9 a great] or less degree ( ! qualities ( gun cotton or nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ by !m has be5 incalculable4 ,subtile z is ! =ce imprison$ 9 int]-atomic relation1 x has be5 ! p[] beh9d ! boom ( ! cannon2 x has l5t itself to ! driv+ ( great tunnels ?r\gh ! solid rock2 x has lift$ ! coal & ore f ! solid embrace ( ! m\nta91 & ! build+ /one f its sleep 9 ! qu>ry2 x has op5$ up *annels to ! sea1 canals on l&1 & 9 bo? w> & peace has be5 "o ( ! great ag5cies ( civilization4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,textiles4 ,,sp9n+ ,,& ,,weav+ ,,an ,,anci5t ,,art--,,h>greaves' ,,sp9n+ ,,j5ny-- ,,arkwright',s ,,roll-,,draw+ ,,sp9n+ ,,ma*9e--,,crompton',s ,,mule ,,sp9n]--,,! ,,cotton ,,g9--,,r+ ,,sp9n+--,,! ,,rabbe? ,,sp9dle--,,john ,,kay',s ,,fly+ ,,%uttle ,,& ,,rob]t ,,kay',s ,,drop ,,box--,,c>twright',s ,,p[] ,,loom--,,! ,,jacqu>d ,,loom--,,crompton',s ,,fancy ,,loom--,,bigel[',s ,,c>pet ,,looms--,,lyall ,,positive ,,motion ,,loom--,,knitt+ ,,ma*9es--,,clo? ,,press+ ,,ma*9]y--,,artificial ,,silk--,,m]c]iz$ ,,clo?4 ,f> back 9 ! obscur+ gloom ( a prehi/oric antiquity1 man wore probably only ! hirsute cov]+ :i* nature gave him4 ,z he em]g$ f b>b>ism1 s5tim5ts ( mode/y m>k$ ! evolution ( 8 m9d1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! ne$ = a m suffici5t protection aga9/ cold & heat1 sugge/$ an artificial cov]+ = 8 body4 ,at fir/ he robb$ ! brute ( 8 fleecy sk9 & wore x bodily4 ,lat] he le>n$ to sp9 & weave2 next to food & dr9k1 clo?+ became a fundam5tal necessity1 = )\t x 8 life c\ld n ext5d outside ( ! limit$ zone ( ! tropics4 ,food & dr9k 7 to be f\nd z nature's free gifts1 b clo?+ _h to be made1 & its manufacture con/itut$ probably ! olde/ ( all ! liv+ arts4 ,! mak+ ( clo? may be said to be coeval ) hi/ory4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! ,bible is replete ) ref]5ces to sp9n+ & weav+1 & ! clo?s wrapp$ ab\t ! mummies ( anci5t ,egypt1 al?\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s old1 7 ( exce$+ regul>ity & f95ess4 ,s old an art1 & s great & cont9u\s a ne$ = its products necess>ily mu/ h result$ 9 mu* developm5t & progress4 ,:5 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury began1 ! _w already enjoy$ ! results ( ,h>greaves' sp9n+-j5ny1 ,arkwright's roll-draw+ sp9n+ ma*9e1 ! mule sp9n]1 ! cotton g91 & ! p[] loom1 all ( :i* 7 mo/ radical inv5tions1 equal+ 9 importance1 p]haps1 any t h foll[$4 ,prior to ! inv5tion ( ! sp9n+-j5ny1 ! loose fibre 0 spun into y>ns & ?read by h& on ! old-fa%ion$ sp9n+ :eel1 ea* ?read requir+ ! att5tion ( "o p]son4 ,9 #agfc ,h>greaves inv5t$ ! sp9n+-j5ny 7see ,fig4 #bhe71 9 :i* a multiplicity ( sp9dles 0 employ$1 :]eby "o p]son c\ld att5d to ! mak+ ( _m ?reads simultane\sly4 ,= ?is purpose ! sp9dles 7 set upright at ! end ( ! frame1 & ! rov+s or /rips ( untwi/$ fibre 7 c>ri$ on bobb9s on ! incl9$ frame4 ,! rov+s ext5d$ f ^! bobb9s to a reciprocat+ 8clasp0 held 9 ! left h& ( ! workman1 & !nce ext5d$ to ! sp9dles at ! end ( ! frame4 ,! workman drew out ! rov+s by mov+ ! clasp back & =?1 & at ! same "t turn$ ! crank ) 8 "r h& to rotate ! sp9dles4 ,h>greaves' ma*9e is %[n & describ$ 9 8 ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #ifb ( #aggj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4--;,,h>greaves' ,,sp9n+ ,,j5ny4 ,! next important /ep 9 sp9n+ 0 ! introduction ( draw+ rolls1 :i* 7 a s]ies ( rolls runn+ at diff]5t spe$s = draw+ out or elongat+ ! rov+ z x 0 spun into a ?read4 ,?is 0 ma9ly due to ,arkwright1 a contempor>y ( ,h>greaves4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! draw+ rolls _h be5 =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,briti% pat5ts ( ,l\is ,paul1 ,no4 #efb1 ( #agch1 & ,no4 #gbd1 ( #ageh1 b ,arkwright made ! fir/ embodim5t ( x 9 practically useful ma*9es1 :i* 7 cov]$ by him 9 ,briti% pat5ts ,no4 #ica1 ( #agfi1 & ,no4 #a1aaa1 ( #agge4 ,arkwright's sp9n+ ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhf1 ! draw+ rolls be+ %[n at ! top ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4--;,,arkwright',s ,,roll-,,draw+ ,,sp9n+ ,,ma*9e4 ,foll[+ ^! important inv5tions came ! mule sp9n]4 ,?is 0 inv5t$ by ,crompton betwe5 #aggd & #aggi1 b 0 nev] pat5t$4 ,x comb9$ ! lead+ features ( ,h>greaves & ,arkwright4 ,! sp9dles 7 m\nt$ on a :eel$ c>riage t travel$ back & =? a consid]able di/ance f ! draw+ rolls1 :i* 7 m\nt$ 9 be>+s 9 a /ation>y frame4 ,! long travel ( ! c>riage back & =?1 & ! simultane\s twi/+ & draw+ ( ! y>ns1 produc$ ?reads ( great f95ess & regul>ity4 ,! value ( ! long travel ( ! c>riage may be briefly not$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! ?reads or sliv]s em]ge f ! draw+ rolls !y are n absolutely ( uni=m size1 & ! ?ick portions d n twi/ z tightly z ! ?9n] portions4 ,! /ret*+ & draw+ ( ^! ?ick] p>ts d[n to a uni=m size by ! rec$+ ( ! c>riage is ! di/9ctive feature ( its action4 ,z ! ?read has great] t5sile /r5g? at ! ?9n] h>d-twi/$ p>ts ?an x has at ! ?ick] untwi/$ p>ts1 x w be se5 t ! /ret*+ action is localiz$ on ! ?ick] untwi/$ p>ts ( ! ?read1 :i* are ?us br\ght d[n to uni=m size by elongation4 ,! draw+ & twi/+ ( ! ?read is effect$ z ! c>riage runs out1 & :5 ! c>riage runs 9 ^! twi/$ l5g?s are w\nd ar\nd ! sp9dles4 ,! r5d]+ ( ! action ( ! mule automatic or self-act+ 9 its travel back & =? 0 ! inv5tion ( ,ri*>d ,rob]ts1 ( ,engl&1 & 0 cov]$ by him 9 ,briti% pat5ts ,no4 #e1ach ( #ahbe1 & ,no4 #e1fdi ( #ahcj4 ,! mule sp9n] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhg is a good mod]n example ( ?is ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4--,,mule ,,sp9n+ ,,ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ! e>ly inv5tions 9 ! textile art 0 ! cotton g94 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,eli ,:itney1 ( ,massa*usetts1 & 0 pat5t$ by him ,m>* #ad1 #agid4 ,prior to its use ! pick+ ( ! cotton fibre f ! bean-l se$ ) :i* x is compactly /or$ 9 ! boll 0 entirely effect$ by h&1 & x 0 a sl[ & t$i\s process1 & ab\t #d p\nds p] day 0 ! av]age "w ( "o man4 ,! cotton g91 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhh1 is a device = do+ ?is by ma*9]y 9 a rapid1 ?or\gh1 & exp$iti\s mann]4 ,! cotton1 mix$ ) se$1 is f$ to ! roll box ,j1 9 :i* a sort ( reel ,f cont9ually turns ! cotton4 ,! bottom ( ! roll box is =m$ ) a grat+ ( p>allel ribs ,e1 betwe5 :i* project ! tee? ( a gang ( circul> saws ,c1 :i* pull ! fibre ?r\gh betwe5 ! ribs & deliv] x to ! revolv+ bru% ,b1 :i* beats ! fibre (f ! tee? ( ! saws & produces a bla/ t dis*>ges ! fleece ?r\gh ! re> ( ! g94 ,! cotton se$1 :i* are too l>ge to pass betwe5 ! ribs ) ! fibre1 drop out ! bottom ( ! roll-box4 ,) ! aid ( ! cotton g9 ! effici5cy ( "o man is rais$ f f\r p\nds p] day to sev]al ?\s& p\nds p] day1 & ! culture & manufacture ( cotton fibre 0 revolutioniz$ & greatly /imulat$ by provid+ a mode ( putt+ x into m]*antable condition at a reasonable price4 ,x is said t ! crop ( cotton increas$ f #ahi1caf p\nds 9 #agia to #b1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 #ahei4 ,! cotton g91 z inv5t$ by ,:itney m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 is /ill 9 use1 sub/antially un*ang$ 9 pr9ciple1 b its effici5cy has be5 rais$ f #gj p\nds p] day to sev]al ?\s&s4 ,! cotton crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahii1 :i* 0 h&l$ by ! mod]n g9s at ?is rate1 am\nt$ to #aa1bgd1hdj bales1 ( ab\t #ejj p\nds ea*1 or m ?an five ?\s& million p\nds4 ,b = ! cotton g9 ?is great /aple w\ld h only a v limit$ use1 & "o ( ! greate/ ( ! _w's indu/ries w\ld h practically no exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4--;,,cotton ,,g94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4--,,mod]n ,,sp9n+ ,,sp9dle4 ,a mod]n /ep ( importance 9 sp9n+ 0 ! r+ frame4 ,r+ sp9n+ 0 inv5t$ by ,john ,?orp1 ( ,rhode ,isl&1 :o took out two pat5ts = ! same ,novemb] #bj1 #ahbh4 ,! lead+ feature ( ! r+ frame is ! sub/itution ( a light /eel hoop or travel] runn+ ^u ! upp] edge ( a r+ surr\nd+ ! sp9dle 9 lieu ( ! fly] =m]ly employ$4 ,! ?read passes ?r\gh ! hoop z x is w\nd ^u ! sp9dle4 ,9 mod]n times r+ sp9n+ has atta9$ consid]able proportions1 especially 9 cotton manufactures4 ,ne>ly #c1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 grant$ 9 ! class ( sp9n+1 & _m valuable improvem5ts 9 ! details ( con/ruction 9 sp9n+ ma*9]y h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! mo/ important1 p]haps1 are ^? relat+ to sp9dle /ructure1 :]eby ! spe$ & effici5cy ( sp9n+ ma*9es h be5 greatly increas$4 ,prior to #ahgh ! spe$ ( ! av]age sp9dle 0 limit$ to #e1jjj revolutions a m9ute4 ,9 #ahgh improvem5ts 7 made :i* d\bl$ its work+ spe$ & p]mitt$ z high z #bj1jjj revolutions a m9ute4 ,?is result 0 accompli%$ by mak+ a yield+ bol/]4 ,! bol/] is an upright sleeve be>+1 9 :i* ! sp9dle revolves1 & aga9/ :i* is su/a9$ ! pull ( ! b& t drives ! sp9dle4 ,by mak+ ?is bol/] or sleeve be>+ to yield lat]ally by means ( an ela/ic pack+ :i* surr\nds x1 a mu* great] fre$om & spe$ ( revolution 7 obta9$4 ,! prelim9>y /ep 9 ?is direction 0 made by ,birk5head 9 pat5t ,no4 #bje1gah1 ,july #i1 #ahgh4 ,9 ! same ye> ?is idea 0 p]fect$ by ,rabbe?4 ,! bol/] 0 plac$ loosely 9 a bol/] case ( slightly l>g] diamet] ?an ! bol/]1 & ! bottom ( ! sp9dle _h a free lat]al movem5t z well z ! top1 z %[n 9 8 pat5t ,no4 #bbg1abi1 ,may #d1 #ahhj4 ,) su* p]fect fre$om ( movem5t1 ! sp9dle at high spe$ c\ld f9d its own c5t] ( revolution1 & an indef9itely high spe$ & quadrupl$ effici5cy 7 atta9$4 ,! ,drap] ,sp9dle is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhi z "o ( ! mo/ mod]n & repres5tative ( sp9n+ sp9dles4 ,consid]+ ! great spe$ ( ! mod]n sp9dle & ! fact t a s+le workman att5ds a ?\s& or m ( !m1 ! record ( progress 9 ?is art becomes impressive4 ,9 #ahje !re 7 only #d1ejj cotton sp9dles at "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahii !re 7 #ah1ajj1jjj4 ,weav+4--,a wov5 fabric consi/s ( ?reads :i* run l5g?wise1 call$ ! 8w>p10 cross$ by ?reads runn+ transv]sely1 call$ ! 8wo(10 8weft10 or 8fill+10 :i* latt] are imprison$ or lock$ 9 by ! w>p4 ,9 a simple loom ! w>p ?reads are divid$ into two gr\ps1 ! ?reads ( "o gr\p alt]nat+ ) ^? ( ! o!r1 & means are provid$ = sep>at+ ^! gr\ps to =m a w$ge-%ap$ space betwe5 !m call$ a 8%$40 ,?r\gh ?is %$ ! %uttle :i* c>ries ! wo( or fill+ ?read is s5t crosswise ! w>p ?reads4 ,means are provid$ = *ang+ ! incl9ation & position ( ! two gr\ps ( w>p ?reads 9 relation to ea* o!r1 s z to lock 9 ! fill+1 & put ! w>p ?reads 9 position to receive ! next fill+ ?read4 ,= ?is purpose ! w>p ?reads1 usually horizontal1 are ea* pass$ ?r\gh a loop1 & e alt]nate loop is atta*$ to a frame call$ a 8h$dle40 ,! int]v5+ loops & ?reads are atta*$ to ano!r frame or 8h$dle10 & ! two h$dles by be+ work$1 "o up & ! o!r d[n1 sep>ate ! w>p ?reads to =m ! %$4 ,=m]ly ! %uttle 0 ?r[n by h& ?r\gh ! %$4 ,9 #agcc ,john ,kay1 ( ,engl&1 took out ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #edb1 = ! fly+ %uttle & pick+ /ick1 by :i* ! %uttle 0 /ruck a hamm]-l bl[ & driv5 l a ball f a bat across ! w>p1 & 0 /ruck by a simil> /ick on ! o!r side1 to be return$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is gave a mu* m rapid action ?an c\ld be obta9$ by h&-?r[+1 & enabl$ "o weav] to d ! "w ( two or ?ree4 ,9 #agfj ,rob]t ,kay inv5t$ ! drop box1 by :i* diff]5t %uttles c>ry+ diff]5t colors ( ?read 7 employ$4 ,! p[] loom1 h[ev]1 m>k$ ! fir/ great gr[? 9 ! art ( weav+4 ,! enorm\sly increas$ quantity ( cotton spun by ,arkwright's ma*9]y made a dem& = increas$ facilities = weav+ x into clo?4 ,dr4 ,c>twright1 ( ,engl&1 =esaw & met ?is dem& 9 8 p[] loom1 9 :i* all ( ! intricate op]ations 7 p]=m$ by p[]-driv5 ma*9]y4 ,8 inv5tion 0 n ext5sively introduc$ until ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,"o difficulty exp]i5c$ 0 t ! w>p ?reads1 f _! fuzzy nature1 _h to be dress$ ) size1 & ?is requir$ ! loom to be /opp$ f "t to "t1 & necessitat$ ! s]vices ( a man to dress or size ! w>p ?reads4 ,?is difficulty 0 ov]come1 h[ev]1 by ,johnson ,radcliffe1 ab\t #ahjc1 by ! siz+ & dress+ ( ! y>ns by pass+ !m betwe5 roll]s & coat+ !m ) a ?9 lay] ( pa/e be=e be+ put into ! loom4 ,dr4 ,c>twright 0 grant$ ,briti% pat5ts ,no4 #a1dgj1 ( #aghe2 ,no4 #a1efe1 ( #aghf2 ,no4 #a1faf1 ( #aghg1 & ,no4 #a1fgf1 ( #aghh1 b be+ unable to ma9ta9 any monopoly "u 8 pat5ts he 0 comp5sat$ by ,p>liam5t ) a grant ( #aj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4--,,mod]n ,,jacqu>d ,,loom4 ,jacqu>d ,loom4--,?is mo/ notable /ep 9 ! art ( weav+ 0 made at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x enabl$ all k9ds ( fabrics1 f ! f9e/ to ! co>se/1 to be *eaply wov5 into patt]ns hav+ figur$ or ornam5tal designs4 ,jacqu>d1 a native ( ,lyons1 conceiv$ ! plan ( 8 great inv5tion 9 ! la/ decade ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 & on ,decemb] #bh1 #ahja1 took out ,fr5* pat5t ,no4 #bde1 on ! same4 ,8 inv5tion 0 n1 9 fact1 a new =m ( loom1 b r an atta*m5t to a loom :i* 0 univ]sally applicable to all looms4 ,be=e 8 inv5tion1 figur$ patt]ns ( clo? c\ld only be made by sl[ & labori\s processes4 ,jacqu>d's inv5tion consi/$ 9 individualiz+ & diff]5tiat+ ! movem5t ( ! w>p ?reads1 in/ead ( op]at+ !m 9 con/ant gr\ps4 ,?is individualiz+ ( ! movem5t ( ! w>p ?reads all[$ any w>p ?read to be held up automatically any l5g? ( "t1 or let d[n1 accord+ z 0 necess>y to =m ! figure ( ! patt]n4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by mak+ a *a9 ( articulat$ c>ds1 l a slatt$ belt1 & p]=at+ ^! c>ds ) v>y+ arrangem5ts ( holes4 ,! c>ds 7 successively & int]mitt5tly f$ to a set ( ne$les1 :i* latt]1 by ris+ & fall+1 raise or l[] ! w>p ?reads atta*$ to ! same4 ,by p]=at+ ^! c>ds diff]5tly1 & arrang+ !m s t :5 "o c>d 0 br\ght 9 front ( ! ne$les x w\ld let c]ta9 ne$les ?r\gh ! p]=ations & hold ! o!rs back1 x w be se5 t ea* c>d controll$ ! action ( a diff]5t set ( ne$les1 & ! sequ5ce ( ! s]ies ( c>ds effect$ ! necess>y *ange 9 ! ne$les & movem5t ( ! w>p ?reads to =m ! gr[? ( ! figure 9 ! fabric4 ,9 ,fig4 #bij is se5 a mod]n =m ( ,jacqu>d loom1 %[+ at ! f> end ! *a9 ( p]=at$ c>ds4 ,jacqu>d receiv$ a bronze m$al at ! ,fr5* ,exposition 9 #ahja1 0 decorat$ ) ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor1 & ! gratitude ( 8 c\ntrym5 0 atte/$ by a p5sion ( #f1jjj francs1 & a /atue erect$ to 8 memory at ,lyons 9 #ahdj4 ,subsequ5t improvem5ts & developm5ts ( ! ,jacqu>d loom h c>ri$ its "w to great nicety & ref9em5t ( action4 ,9 ! *a9 ( patt]n c>ds x is said t z _m z #be1jjj sep>ately pun*$ c>ds or plates are sometimes us$ 9 weav+ a s+le y>d ( brocade4 ,! great v>iety ( elaborate designs ( delicate trac]y 9 silk1 ri* patt]ns 9 brocades1 & gorge\s figures 9 c>pets1 atte/ ! value ( ,jacqu>d's important /ep 9 ?is art4 ,ne>ly #e1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 grant$ 9 ! class ( weav+4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury mu* notable "w 0 done4 ,/eam 0 appli$ to looms by ,william ,horrocks 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1fii1 #ahjc74 ,f #ahcj to #ahdb !re 7 br\ght out ! fancy looms ( ,crompton1 ! application ( ! ,jacqu>d me*anism to ! lace frame by ,drap]1 & ! c>pet looms ( ,bigel[4 ,9 #ahec ,bonelli s\ght to improve on ! ,jacqu>d me*anism by employ+ electro-magnets to effect ! selection ( ! ne$les1 in/ead ( p]=at$ c>ds 7,briti% pat5t ,no4 #a1hib1 ( #ahec74 ,among m rec5t developm5ts is ! ,positive ,motion loom ( ,lyall1 pat5t$ ,decemb] #aj1 #ahgb1 ,no4 #acc1hfh1 re-issue ,no4 #i1jdi1 ,janu>y #bj1 #ahhj4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is is t ! %uttle is n ?r[n or impell$ z a projectile ?r\gh ! w$ge-%ap$ space 7%$71 betwe5 ! two sets ( w>p ?reads1 b is positively dragg$ back & =? ?r\gh ! same by an endless belt atta*$ to ! %uttle c>riage & runn+ fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ! o!r to drag ! %uttle ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4--;,,crompton ,,fancy ,,loom4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t ! positive motion loom has sup]s$$ ! fly+ %uttle4 ,! latt] is /ill ! lead+ type1 ( :i* ! ,crompton fancy loom1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bia1 is a repres5tative illu/ration4 ,! t5d5cy 9 late ye>s 9 ! art ( weav+ has be5 t[>d labor-sav+ devices1 a r$uction 9 ! co/ to ! consum] ( all k9ds ( textile fabrics1 & ! ext5sion ( ! loom to ! weav+ ( new k9ds ( mat]ials4 ,prom95t among ^! are ! inv5tions 9 ! loom = weav+ pla9 fabrics made betwe5 ! ye>s #ahha & #ahie1 %[n 9 pat5ts to ,nor?rop1 ,no4 #ded1haj1 ,june #bc1 #ahia2 ,no4 #ebi1idc1 ,novemb] #bg1 #ahid1 & ,drap]1 ,no4 #ecf1idh1 ,april #b1 #ahie4 ,?is loom1 z usual1 employs a s+le %uttle1 b z ! weft becomes exhau/$ ano!r bobb9 is automatically suppli$ to ! %uttle )\t /opp+ ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahie ! fir/ loom = weav+ an op5 me% cane fabric hav+ diagonal /r&s 0 inv5t$4 ,pat5ts to ,morris1 ,no4 #edi1icj1 & to ,crompton1 ,no4 #eej1jfh1 ,novemb] #ai1 #ahie1 7 obta9$ = ?is4 ,prior to ?is "t two di/9ct ma*9es 7 necess>y to produce ?is fabric1 & ! op]ation 0 sl[ & exp5sive4 ,betwe5 #ahic & #ahie two ma*9es 7 inv5t$1 ^u ei!r ( :i* ! well-kn[n ,turki% c>pets c be wov54 ,pat5ts to ,y\ngjohns1 ,no4 #eaj1gee1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahic1 & to ,re9h>t von ,seydlitz1 ,no4 #ecc1ccj1 ,janu>y #bi1 #ahie1 disclose ?is4 ,! draw+ ( w>p ?reads into ! eyes ( ! h$dles & ?r\gh ! re$ ( a loom requires great skill1 & prior to #ahhj 0 p]=m$ by h& at great exp5se4 ,9 #ahhb1 h[ev]1 a ma*9e = do+ ?is 0 inv5t$1 !reby disp5s+ ) ! old h& me?od & *eap5+ ! op]ation4 ,pat5ts to ,%]man & ,+]soll1 ,no4 #bee1jch1 ,m>* #ad1 #ahhb1 & ,+]soll1 ,no4 #dfa1fac1 ,octob] #bj1 #ahia1 7 grant$ = ?is ma*9e4 ,to-day ! %uttle flies at ! rate ( #ahj to #bej /rokes a m9ute1 & yet ! complex organization ( ! ma*9e works ) an en]gy1 a uni=mity1 an accuracy & a cont9uity t leaves f> beh9d ! /r5g? ( ! arm1 ! memory ( m9d1 & ! accuracy ( ! human eye1 & yet1 if ! t9y ?read breaks1 ! :ole organization in/antly /ops & pati5tly waits ! rem$ial c>e ( its wat*ful ma/]4 ,knitt+ ,ma*9es4--,knitt+ diff]s f weav+1 braid+1 or plait+ 9 ! foll[+ respects3 ,9 weav+ !re are longitud9al ?reads call$ w>p ?reads1 :i* are cross$ on a sep>ate weft or fill+ ?read4 ,9 braid+ or plait+ all ! ?reads may be consid]$ w>p ?reads1 s9ce !y are arrang$ to run longitud9ally1 & in/ead ( lock+ ar\nd a sep>ate transv]se ?read at "r angles1 !y ext5d diagonally & are int]wov5 ) ea* o!r4 ,9 nett+ & knitt+1 h[ev]1 !re is b a s+le ?read1 :i*1 9 nett+1 is knott$ into itself at def9ite int]vals to leave a me% ( def9ite size1 :ile 9 knitt+ ! s+le ?read is m]ely loop$ into itself )\t any def9ite me%4 ,knitt$ goods h ! peculi>ity ( great ela/icity 9 consequ5ce ( ?is =mation ( ! fabric1 & = t reason f9d a special application 9 all g>m5ts :i* are requir$ to snugly con=m to irregul> outl9es1 su* z /ock+s = ! feet1 gloves = ! h&s1 & und]we> = ! body4 ,weav+1 braid+1 & nett+ are v old arts1 b ! art ( knitt+ is comp>atively mod]n4 ,x is believ$ to h orig9at$ ab\t ! ye> #aejj 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 #aehi ,william ,lee1 ( ,engl&1 is cr$it$ ) mak+ ! fir/ knitt+ ma*9e4 ,x is said t ! girl ) :om he 0 9 love1 & to :om he 0 pay+ 8 att5tion1 0 s busy ) h] "w ( h& knitt+ t %e c\ld n give him ! requisite att5tion1 & he inv5t$ ! knitt+ ma*9e t !y might h m "t to devote to _! love affairs4 ,ano!r v]sion is t he m>ri$ ! girl & inv5t$ ! ma*9e to relieve h] we>y f+]s f ! "w ( ! knitt+ ne$le1 & /ill ano!r is t ! ma*9e 0 ! lead+ object ( 8 affections1 to ! neglect ( 8 swee!>t1 :o 8gave him ! mitt50 be=e he _h knitt$ "o on 8 ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4--;,,branson #ae_/af ,,automatic ,,knitt]4 ,! e>lie/ circul> knitt+ ma*9e 0 by ,brunel1 describ$ 9 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #c1iic1 ( #ahaf4 ,p[] 0 appli$ to ! knitt+ frame by ,bailey 9 #ahca1 & ! lat* ne$le 0 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,hibb]t1 ,janu>y #i1 #ahdi1 ,no4 #f1jbe4 ,?is pat5t 0 ext5d$ = sev5 ye>s f ,janu>y #i1 #ahfc1 & cov]$ a v important & univ]sally us$ feature ( ! knitt+ ma*9e4 ,rese>* has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! lat* 0 n broadly new ) ,hibb]t1 z x appe>$ 9 ! ,fr5* pat5t to ,je&eau1 ,no4 #a1ijj1 ( ,april #be1 #ahjf4 ,among ! e>li] knitt+ ma*9es1 ! /raight reciprocat+ type 0 mo/ 9 evid5ce1 & ( :i* ! ,lamb ma*9e 0 a popul> =m4 ,! increas$ spe$ & capacity ( ! circul> ma*9e h1 h[ev]1 caus$ x to l>gely sup]s$e ! o!rs4 ,9 ! circul> ma*9e a circul> s]ies ( v]tical p>allel ne$les slide 9 grooves 9 a cyl9d]1 & are rais$ & l[]$ successively by an ext]nal rotat+ cyl9d] :i* has on ! inn] side cams t act ^u ! ne$les4 ,! ,branson #ae_/af ,automatic ,knitt]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bib1 is a good mod]n illu/ration4 ,x p]=ms automatically fifte5-sixte5?s ( ! v>i\s movem5ts :i* ord9>ily w\ld be p]=m$ by h& on a h& ma*9e4 ,its sali5t features are cov]$ by pat5ts ,no4 #ccc1ajb1 ,decemb] #bi1 #ahhe1 & ,no4 #eai1agj1 ,may #a1 #ahid4 ,ab\t #b1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 grant$ 9 ! class ( knitt+ & nett+1 & ! value ( hosi]y & knit goods 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahij 0 #fg1bda1jac4 ,an important bran* ( ! textile art is clo? f9i%+1 :]eby ! r\gh surface ( ! clo? z x comes f ! loom is r5d]$ s(t & smoo?4 ,"o me?od is to raise ! nap ( ! clo? by pull+ out ! fibre by a multitude ( f9e po9ts4 ,orig9ally ?is 0 done by comb+ x ) teasles1 a sort ( dri$ burr ( vegetable gr[?1 hav+ a multitude ( f9e hook-%ap$ po9ts4 ,ma*9es ) f9e metal c>d tee? are n[ l>gely us$ = ?is purpose1 & ( :i* ! planet>y napp+ ma*9e ( ,ott1 pat5t ,no4 #cdd1iha1 ,july #f1 #ahhf1 is an example4 ,ano!r me?od ( f9i%+ ! clo? is to iron or press x4 ,plate presses 7 fir/ us$ 9 :i* smoo? plates 7 fold$ 9 alt]nate lay]s ) ! clo? & pressure !n appli$1 b 9 lat] ye>s cont9u\s rot>y presses h be5 employ$1 t ( ,gessn]1 pat5t ,no4 #bjf1gah1 ,augu/ #f1 #ahgh1 re-issue ,no4 #i1jgf1 #i1jgg1 ,febru>y #ag1 #ahhj1 is "o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( a cont9u\s rot>y press4 ,! old ,gessn] presses ( ,saxony 7 ! pione]s 9 ?is field4 ,a mod]n ,gessn] clo? press is se5 9 ,fig4 #bic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic4--,,mod]n 8,,gessn]0 ,,clo? ,,press+ ,,ma*9e4 ,9 ! field ( textiles !re are _m relat$ arts & ma*9es4 ,!re are hat felt+ & f9i%+ ma*9es1 d>n+ ma*9es1 quilt+ ma*9es1 embroid]+ ma*9es1 processes & app>atus = dye+ & siz+1 ma*9es = pr9t+ fabrics1 ma*9es = mak+ rope & cord1 ma*9es = w9d+ & work+ silk1 & 9 treat+ ! raw mat]ial !re are cotton-pick]s1 cotton bal+ presses1 cotton op5]s & clean]s1 flax brakes & hackl+ ma*9es1 fe$+ devices1 wool c>d+ & clean+ app>atus1 all 9 v>iety & numb]s t defy bo? comm5t & c\nt4 ,9 fabrics e class ( fibre has be5 call$ into requisition4 ,flax1 wool1 silk1 & cotton h be5 supplem5t$ ) ! fibres ( metal1 ( glass1 ( cocoanut1 p9e ne$les1 ramie1 wood-pulp1 & ( _m o!r plants1 leaves & grasses4 ,artificial silk is made out ( a *emically prep>$ composition1 & ! fibres are spun by processes simulat+ n only ! act ( ! silkworm1 b its product 9 quality4 ,v&ura silk 0 spun f an aque\s solution ( gelat9e by =c+ x ?r\gh a f9e capill>y tube1 b x atta9$ little or no practical value4 ,a f> m important artificial silk is cov]$ by ! pat5ts to ,de ,*>donnet1 ,no4 #cid1eei1 ,decemb] #ah1 #ahhh2 ,no4 #dfj1fbi1 ,octob] #f1 #ahia1 & ,no4 #eca1aeh1 ,decemb] #ah1 #ahid1 & also 9 subsequ5t pat5ts to ,lehn] & to ,turk4 ,^! all relate to ! manufacture ( artificial silk by sp9n+ ?reads or filam5ts f pyroxil9e 7solution ( gun cotton71 collodion1 or "s su* glut9\s solution :i* evaporates rapidly1 leav+ a t9y ?read1 hav+ mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( silk & produc$ by ! same me?od employ$ by ! silk worm :5 x expresses & draws out its viscid liquid4 ,! ,de ,*>donnet artificial silk took a 8,gr& ,prix0 at ! ,p>is ,exposition 9 #ahhi1 & ! indu/ry is gr[+ to consid]able proportions4 ,l>ge works are 9 op]ation at ,besanon1 9 ,france1 produc+ #g1jjj p\nds p] week1 & x is said t ! plant is to be increas$ to a capacity ( #b1jjj p\nds a day4 ,simil> works at ,avon1 ne> ,cov5try1 ,engl&1 h an equal capacity1 & o!r factories are ab\t to be e/abli%$ 9 ,belgium & ,g]many4 ,poli%$ or diamond cotton is a lu/r\s look+ article ( a s(t silky nature1 =m$ by plat+ ! ?reads ) a liquid emulsion ( a waxy & />*y sub/ance1 & poli%+ ! ?reads ) rapidly revolv+ bru%es4 ,m]c]iz$ ,clo?4--,9 late ye>s a di/9ct novelty has appe>$ on ! %elves ( ! dry goods /ores4 ,beautiful1 filmy fabrics1 & lu/r\s embroid]y ?read1 n ( silk1 b s close to x 9 appe>ance z to be sc>cely di/+ui%able1 h ga9$ mu* popul>ity & atta9$ a l>ge sale4 ,!y are kn[n z m]c]iz$ goods4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ,john ,m]c]1 ( ,engl&1 f\nd t :5 cotton goods 7 treat$ ) *emicals 7ei!r alkalies or acids71 a *ange 0 produc$ 9 ! fibre :i* caus$ x to %r9k & become ?ick]1 & :i* imp>t$ also an increas$ aff9ity = dyes4 ,he took out ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #ac1bif1 ( #ahej1 = 8 inv5tion1 b practically no?+ fur!r 0 done ) ! process4 ,rec5tly ! important /ep ( ,?omas & ,prevo/ ( m]c]iz+ "u t5sion gave "s new & wond]ful results4 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,no4 #fjj1hbf & ,no4 #fjj1hbg1 ( ,may #ae1 #ahih1 disclose ?is process4 ,! clo? or ?read1 :ile be+ treat$ *emically1 is at ! same "t subject$ to a p[]ful t5sion t causes ! fibres 7s(t5$ & r5d]$ glut9\s by ! *emicals7 to be elongat$ or pull$ out l fibres ( molt5 glass1 giv+ x ! same /riat$ texture & f9e lu/] t silk has1 & by sub/antially ! same me*anical ag5cy1 = x is ! elongation ( ! pla/ic glut9\s ?read f ! silk worm t gives ! ?read its silky lu/]1 by a process :i* has a famili> illu/ration 9 ! molecul> adju/m5t t imp>ts lu/] to spun glass or drawn taffy4 ,/&+ 9 ! light ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 & look+ back ?r\gh pa/ ages1 we f9d ! art ( sp9n+ & weav+ 9 an ev] pres5t & unbrok5 ?read ( evid5ce all along ! pa? ( hi/ory--?r\gh w>s & fam9e1 floods & conflagrations2 ?r\gh ! progress & decay ( nations1 ?r\gh all phases ( *ange1 & ! vicissitudes ( c5turies1 x has nev] be5 relegat$ to ! doma9 ( ! lo/ arts1 b has rema9$ a p]si/+ inv5tion4 ,x has be5 a p>am\nt necessity to ! human race1 indissolubly lock$ up ) its cont9uity & welf>e1 & w ev] cont9ue to supply its "w 9 ma9ta9+ ! great] fabric ( human exi/5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,ice ,,ma*9es4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples--,,freez+ ,,mixtures--,,p]k9s' ,,ice ,,ma*9e1 #ahcd-- ,,pictet',s ,,app>atus--,,c>r',s ,,ammonia ,,absorption ,,process--,,direct ,,compression ,,& ,,c ,,sy/em--,,! ,,hold5 ,,ice ,,ma*9e--,,skat+ ,,r9ks-- ,,w9dhaus5',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,cool+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,%ips4 ,v few p h any correct conception ( ! pr9ciples ( ice-mak+4 ,mo/ p]sons h he>d 9 a vague sort ( way t *emicals are employ$ 9 its manufacture1 & _m a fa/idi\s individual has be5 kn[n to object to artificial ice on ! gr\nd t he c\ld ta/e ! *emicals1 & t x c\ld n !re=e be :olesome4 ,su* is ! p[] ( imag9ation1 & su* ! misconception 9 ! public m9d4 ,no?+ c\ld be m errone\s1 nor m amus+ to ! physici/1 s9ce no *emicals ev] come 9 contact ) ei!r ! wat] or ! ice4 ,an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! op]ations ( an ice ma*9e involves only a correct appreciation ( "o ( ! physical laws gov]n+ ! relation ( heat to matt]1 & ! =ms :i* matt] assumes "u diff]5t degrees ( heat4 ,we see wat] pass+ f solid ice to liquid wat] & gase\s /eam1 by a m]e rise 9 temp]ature1 & conv]sely1 by ab/raction ( heat1 /eam passes back to wat]1 & !n to ice4 ,:5 "o's h&s get wet !y get cold4 ,a commonplace1 b conv5i5t pro( ( ?is is to wet ! f+] 9 ! m\? & hold x 9 ! air4 ,a s5sible r$uction ( temp]ature is in/antly noticeable4 ,a m pron\nc$ illu/ration is to wet ! h&s 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 & !n plunge !m 9 ! bla/ ( hot1 dry air com+ f a furnace regi/]4 ,in/ead ( w>m+ ! h&s1 z _m w\ld suppose1 ?is w1 z long z ! h&s are wet1 produce a di/9ct s5sation ( increas$ cold4 ,x is due to rapid evaporation1 :i* 9 *ang+ ! wat] f a liquid to a gase\s =m1 ab/racts heat f ! h&s4 ,evaporation may be effect$ 9 two ways4 ,! common "o is by apply+ extrane\s heat1 z "u a tea kettle1 9 :i* case ! evaporat$ vapor is hot by virtue ( ! heat absorb$ f ! fire4 ,! o!r way is to r$uce pressure or produce a p>tial vacuum ov] ! liquid )\t any application ( heat1 9 :i* case ! vapor is made cold4 ,z e>ly z #agee ,dr4 ,cull5 obs]v$ ?is1 & discov]$ t ! cold ?us produc$ 0 suffici5t to make ice4 ,an incid5t ( evaporation is ! pass+ f ! limit$ volume ( a liquid to ! greatly increas$ volume ( a gas4 ,wat]1 = in/ance1 :5 x *anges to a vapor1 increases 9 volume ab\t #a1gjj times2 t is1 a cubic in* ( wat] makes ab\t a cubic foot ( /eam1 & :5 evaporation takes place f a r$uction ( pressure1 ?is involves a dissipation ( heat ?r\gh\t ! increas$ volume1 & ! correspond+ production ( cold4 ,:51 h[ev]1 matt] *anges f a liquid to a gas1 or f a solid to a liquid1 a peculi> ph5om5on manife/s itself1 9 t a great am\nt ( heat is absorb$ &1 s f> z ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses goes1 disappe>s 9 ! m]e *ange ( /ate4 ,x is call$ lat5t heat4 ,9 su* case ! heat becomes hidd5 f ! s5ses by be+ conv]t$ into "s o!r =m ( int]molecul> =ce n appreciable z s5sible heat1 & produc+ no elevation ( temp]ature4 ,9 illu/ration1 if a p\nd ( wat] at #bab ,f4 be mix$ ) a p\nd ( wat] at #cd 7bo? be+ matt] 9 ! same /ate71 !re results two p\nds ( wat] at ! mean temp]ature ( #abc4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a p\nd ( wat] at #bab be mix$ ) a p\nd ( ice at #cb 7matt] 9 ano!r /ate71 !re w n be two p\nds ( wat] at ! mean temp]ature ( #abb1 z might be expect$1 b two p\nds at #ea only1 an am\nt ( heat suffici5t to raise two p\nds ( wat] #ga be+ absorb$ 9 ! m]e *ange ( ice to wat] )\t any s5sible raise 9 temp]ature4 ,?is absorb$ heat is call$ lat5t heat1 & x plays an important "p 9 artificial freez+4 ,a famili> illu/ration ( ! absorption ( heat 9 *ang+ f a solid to a liquid is f\nd 9 ! admixture ( salt & ice ar\nd an ice-cream freez]4 ,^! two solids1 :5 br\ght toge!r1 liquefy rapidly ) an absorption ( heat t produces 9 a limit$ "t a f> great] degree ( cold ?an t :i* c\ld be obta9$ f ! ice by m]e conduction1 s9ce ! r$uction ( temp]ature proce$s fa/] by liquefaction ?an c be comp5sat$ = by ! absorption ( heat f ! air4 ,7 ?is n true1 ice cream c\ld n be froz5 by a mixture ( salt & ice4 ,_m su* freez+ mixtures are kn[n1 & a few h be5 made comm]cially available1 b !y _c be economically employ$ 9 ice-mak+1 & x is !re=e only necess>y to consid] ! developm5t ( ! m common pr9ciple ( evaporation & expansion1 9 :i* ! *ange f a liquid to a gas occurs4 ,! volatile liquid :i* 0 fir/ employ$ 0 wat]1 b z x did n vaporize z readily z "s o!r liquids1 m volatile sub/itutes 7 soon f\nd1 among :i* may be nam$ e!r1 ammonia1 liquid c>bonic acid1 liquid sulphur\s acid1 bisulphide ( c>bon & *ymog5e1 :i* latt] is a petroleum product light] & m volatile ?an b5z9e or gasol9e4 ,z ^! liquids 7 exp5sive1 x is obvi\s t _! vaporization c\ld n be all[$ to take place 9 ! op5 air1 s9ce ! reag5t w\ld ?us be quickly dissipat$ & lo/1 & h5ce means 7 devis$ to cond5se & save ?is valuable volatile liquid to be us$ ov] aga94 ,! vaporization ( ! volatile liquid to produce cold1 & its re-cond5sation to liquid =m to be us$ ov] aga9 9 an endless cycle ( circulation1 seems to h be5 fir/ effect$ by ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 ( ,engl&1 ^: ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #f1ffb1 ( #ahcd1 af=ds a simple & cle> illu/ration ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( mo/ mod]n ice ma*9es4 ,8 app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bid4 ,a tank a is fill$ ) wat] to be froz5 or cool$4 ,a refrig]at+ *amb] b1 subm]g$ 9 ! wat]1 is *>g$ int]nally ) "s volatile liquid1 su* z e!r4 ,:5 ! pi/on ( suction pump c rises a p>tial vacuum is =m$ b5ea? x1 & ! volatile liquid 9 b be+ reliev$ ( pressure1 evaporates & exp&s into great] volume1 ! vapor pass+ out ?r\gh pipe f & upw>dly op5+ valve e4 ,?is vapor is r5d]$ int5sely cold by expansion1 & ?is cold is imp>t$ to ! wat] 9 tank a to freeze x4 ,a m sci5tific /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is t ! cold vapor absorbs ! heat units ( ! wat]1 & tak+ !m away ) x1 l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! wat] to ! freez+ po9t4 ,:5 ! pi/on ( pump c desc5ds1 valve e closes1 & ! vapor1 lad5 ) ! heat units absorb$ f ! wat]1 is =c$ ?r\gh ! d[nw>dly op5+ valve e1 & ?r\gh pipe g to a cool+ coil d1 ar\nd :i* a body ( cold wat] is cont9ually fl[$4 ,?is wat]1 9 turn1 takes ! heat units f ! vapor1 & passes (f ) !m 9 a con/ant fl[1 :ile ! vapor ( e!r is cond5s$ into a liquid aga9 by ! cold wat]1 & pass+ ?r\gh a weight$ valve h1 goes into ! evaporat+ or refrig]at+ *amb] to be aga9 vaporiz$ 9 an endless circuit ( fl[4 ,x w be se5 t ! heat units f ! wat] 9 tank a are fir/ h&$ ov] to ! cold e!r vapors pass+ out f *amb] b1 & by ?is vapor are !n transf]r$ to ! fl[+ body ( wat] surr\nd+ ! coil d4 ,! result is t ! heat units c>ri$ (f by ! wat] fl[+ ar\nd coil d are ! same heat units ab/ract$ f ! wat] 9 tank a1 :i* wat] is ?us r$uc$ to congealation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4--,,p]k9s' ,,ice ,,ma*9e1 #ahcd4 ,among lat] ice ma*9es ( ?is type ! ,pictet ma*9e 0 a conspicu\s example4 ,?is employ$ anhydr\s sulphur\s acid z ! volatile ag5t1 & is describ$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #ahg1dac1 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahgg2 ,fr5* pat5t ,no4 #aji1jjc1 ( #ahge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie4--,,! ,,pictet ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #bie is repres5t$ a v]tical longitud9al & also a v]tical transv]se section ( a ,pictet ice ma*9e4 ,a is a d\ble act+ suction & compression pump1 ,d & ,e are two cyl9d]s :i* are simil>ly con/ruct$ 9 ! respect t !y are bo? provid$ ) flue pipes & heads = a d\ble circulation ( fluids1 "o fluid pass+ ?r\gh ! pipes :ile ! o!r passes ?r\gh ! spaces betwe5 ! pipes1 mu* l ! cond5s] ( a /eam eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] ,d is ! refrig]ator :]e ! volatile liquid is evaporat$ to produce cold1 & ! cyl9d] ,e is ! cond5s] :]e ! gasifi$ vapor is cool$ & cond5s$ aga9 to liquid =m to be return$ to ! refrig]ator4 ,! action is z foll[s3 ,! pump ,a by pipe ,b draws f ! *amb] 9 ! refrig]ator ,d conta9+ ! volatile liquid1 caus+ x to evaporate & produce an int5se degree ( cold :i* is imp>t$ to ! liquid surr\nd+ x & fill+ ! tank4 ,?is liquid is ei!r br9e1 or a mixture ( glyc]9e & wat]1 or a solution ( *loride ( magnesium1 or o!r liquid :i* does n freeze at a temp]ature consid]ably bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat]4 ,n[1 ?is non-congealable liquid be+ bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 x w be se5 t if cans ,h be fill$ ) pure wat]1 & are imm]s$ 9 ?is int5sely cold non-congealable liquid1 ! wat] 9 ! cans w freeze4 ,?is is exactly :at takes place1 & ?is is h[ ! ice is =m$4 ,z ! volatile liquid is drawn out ( ! refrig]ator ,d ?r\gh pipe ,b by ! pump ,a x is =c$ by ! pump ?r\gh pipe ,c & into ! *amb] ( ! cond5s] ,e4 ,a curr5t ( cold wat] is kept fl[+ ar\nd ! pipes 9 ,e1 com+ 9 ?r\gh a pipe at "o end & pass+ out ?r\gh a pipe at ! o!r end4 ,! compress$ & relatively hot gases are by ! contact ( ?is cold wat] along ! sides ( ! pipes cool$ & cond5s$ into a liquid aga91 :i* passes up ! small curv$ pipe ,f & is return$ to ! refrig]ator ,d1 to be aga9 evaporat$ by ! suction ( ! pump to cont9ue ! production ( cold4 ,9 l>ge plants ! non-congealable liquid & cans ( wat] to be froz5 are 79 ord] to get l>g] capacity7 c>ri$ to a l>ge floor tank 9 a remov$ situation4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods ( produc+ ice 9 a limit$ quantity 0 by evaporat+ wat] by a r$uction ( pressure & caus+ ! vapor to be absorb$ by sulphuric acid1 :i* has a great aff9ity = ! wat] vapor4 ,mr4 ,nairne1 9 #aggg1 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! aff9ity t sulphuric acid _h = wat] vapor1 & 9 #ahaj ,leslie froze wat] by ?is means4 ,9 #ahbd ,vallance obta9$ ,briti% pat5ts ,no4 #d1hhd & #e1jja1 op]at+ on ?is pr9ciple1 9 :i* lead5 balls 7 coat$ ) sulphuric acid to increase ! absorb+ surfaces1 & :i* app>atus 0 effective 9 freez+ consid]able quantities ( ice4 ,! c>afes frappees ( ! ,p>isian re/aurant 7 decant]s 9 :i* wat] 0 froz5 by be+ imm]s$ 9 tanks ( sea wat] ^: temp]ature 0 r$uc$ bel[ freez+ by ! vaporization ( e!r 9 a res]voir imm]s$ 9 ! sea wat]4 ,edmond ,c>r's me?od ( prep>+ c>afes frappees involv$ ! use ( ! sulphuric acid pr9ciple ( absorption1 & to t end ! aque\s vapor 0 directly exhau/$ f ! decant] by a pump1 & ! said vapor 0 absorb$ by a l>ge volume ( sulphuric acid s rapidly z to freeze ! wat] rema9+ 9 ! decant]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bif4--;,,compression ,,pumps ,,( ,,ice ,,plant4 ,probably ! e>lie/ practical ice ma*9e to be organiz$ on a comm]cial basis 0 ! ammonia absorption ma*9e ( ,f]d9& ,c>r1 :i* 0 a cont9u\sly work+ ma*9e4 ,x is disclos$ 9 ,fr5* pat5ts ,nos4 #ha & #djd1 ( #ahfj1 & ,no4 #ge1gjb1 ( #ahfg2 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #cj1bja1 ,octob] #b1 #ahfj4 ,9 ?is case advantage is tak5 fir/ ( ! v volatile "* ( anhydr\s ammonia1 9 ! expansion "p ( ! process1 &1 secondly1 ( ! great aff9ity :i* wat] has = absorb+ su* gas4 ,/range z x may appe>1 ! production ( ice 9 ! ,c>r process beg9s ) ! application ( heat4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ?is =ms no "p ( ! refrig]at+ process prop]1 b only a means ( driv+ (f or di/ill+ ! anhydr\s ammonia gas 7! refrig]ant7 f its aque\s solution4 ,ammonia dissolv$ 9 wat]1 kn[n z aqua ammonia1 is plac$ 9 a boil] or /ill above a furnace4 ,! pure ammonia gas is ?us driv5 (f f ! wat] by heat "u pressure1 simil> to t 9 a /eam boil]1 & passes direct to a cond5s]1 :]e1 by cold wat] fl[+ ?r\gh pipes1 ! pure gas is liquefi$ "u pressure4 ,! liquefi$ gas is !n admitt$ to ! evaporat+ or refrig]at+ *amb]1 :]e x exp&s to produce ! cold1 & is aft]w>d re-absorb$ by ! wat] f :i* x 0 orig9ally driv5 (f 9 ! /ill1 to be us$ ov] aga94 ,ma*9es ( ?is type are kn[n z absorption ma*9es1 = ! reason t ! volatile gas is aft] expansion re-absorb$ by ! liquid 9 :i* x 0 dissolv$1 & is cont9u\sly driv5 (f !refrom by ! heat ( a /ill4 ,absorption ma*9es 7 ! outgr[? ( ,f>aday's obs]vations 9 #ahbc4 ,a b5t glass tube 0 prep>$ conta9+ at "o end a quantity ( *loride ( silv]1 saturat$ ) ammonia & h]metically seal$4 ,:5 ! mixture 0 heat$1 ! ammonia 0 driv5 ov] to ! o!r end ( ! tube1 imm]s$ 9 a cold ba?1 & ! ammonia gas became liquefi$4 ,x 0 f\nd by him !n t if ! end conta9+ ! *loride 0 plung$ 9 a cold ba? & ! end conta9+ liquid ammonia 0 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! heat ( ! wat] made ! ammonia rapidly evaporate1 ! *loride at ! o!r end ( ! tube absorb$ ! ammonia vapors1 & ! wat] ar\nd ! end ( ! tube conta9+ ! liquefi$ ammonia 0 conv]t$ into ice1 by ! loss ( its heat imp>t$ to ! ammonia to volatilize x4 ,x only ne$$ ! sub/itution ( wat] = ! *loride ( silv]1 z an absorb+ ag5t = ! ammonia1 & me*anical means = economically work+ ! process 9 a cont9u\s way to produce ! ,c>r absorption ma*9e4 ,! mo/ common =m ( ice ma*9e to-day is1 h[ev]1 :at is kn[n z ! compression or direct sy/em1 9 :i* ! absorption pr9ciple is disp5s$ )1 ! ammonia be+ compress$ by p[]ful /eam pumps1 !n cool$ to liquid =m by cond5s]s1 & !n all[$ to exp& f its own pressure ?r\gh pipes imm]s$ 9 br9e 9 a l>ge floor tank1 9 :i* cans conta9+ pure wat] are imm]s$1 & ! wat] froz54 ,fig4 #bife %[s ! compression pumps1 & ,fig4 #big ! floor tanks1 ( su* a sy/em4 ,_m hundr$ cans fill$ ) pure wat] are l[]$ into ! cold br9e ( ! tank1 & _! upp] ends =m a complete floor1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #big4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 ! cans is froz51 ! cans are rais$ out ( ! floor by a travel+ crane & c>ri$ to "o ( ! f\r doors se5 at ! f> end ( ! room4 ,! ice 9 ! c is !n loos5$ by w>m wat]1 & ! block dump$ ?r\gh ! door into a *ute1 :5ce x passes into ! /orage room bel[1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bih4 ,9 ! c sy/em ! wat] is froz5 f all f\r sides to ! c5t]1 & imprisons 9 ! c5t] any air bubbles or impurities t may exi/ 9 ! wat]4 ,! plate sy/em freezes ! wat] on ! ext]ior walls ( holl[ plates1 :i* conta9 )9 !m ! freez+ m$ium4 ,9 freez+ ! wat] ext]nally on ^! plates all impurities & air bubbles are repell$ & exclud$1 & ! ice r5d]$ cle> & transp>5t4 #e ,by c\rtesy ( 8,ice & ,refrig]ation40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #big4--;,,floor ,,tank ,,( ,,c ,,sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bih4--,,/orage ,,room ,,( ,,ice ,,plant4 ,an ice plant1 employ+ :at is kn[n z ! 8c0 sy/em & capable ( produc+ #ajj tons ( ice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 requires a build+ ab\t #ajj feet wide & #aej feet long1 on acc\nt ( ! great floor space ne$$ to accommodate ! freez+ tank1 & ! great numb] ( cans :i* are imm]s$ 9 ! same4 ,a radical dep>ture f ?is /yle ( plant is pres5t$ 9 ! ,hold5 ice ma*9e4 ,?is does n require a multitude ( cans & a great floor space1 b a lot #be by #ej feet is suffici5t1 = ! ice is turn$ out 9 a cont9u\s process l bricks f a brick ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e works on ! ammonia absorption pr9ciple1 b ! freez+ is done on ! out] p]iph]y ( a revolv+ cyl9d]1 f :i* ! film ( ice is scrap$ (f automatically & ! ice slu% c>ri$ away by a spiral conveyor to "o ( two press molds1 9 :i* a heavy pressure solidifies ! ice into blocks1 :i* are successively %ot d[n f ! presses on a *ute to ! /orage room1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bii4--;,,hold5 ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,! =ego+ examples ( ice ma*9es give no idea ( ! great activity 9 ?is field ( refrig]ation 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,ov] #fjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 grant$ = ice ma*9es alone1 to say no?+ ( refrig]at+ build+s1 refrig]ator c>s1 dome/ic refrig]ators1 & ice cream freez]s1 etc4 ,among ! e>li] work]s 9 ice ma*9es1 9 addition to ^? already nam$1 may be m5tion$ ! names ( ,gorrie1 pat5t ,no4 #h1jhj1 ,may #f1 #ahea1 foll[$ by ,tw9+1 #ahec-ahfb2 ,mignon & ,r\>t1 9 #ahfe2 ,l[e1 9 #ahfg2 ,somes1 9 #ahfg-ahfh2 ,w9dhaus51 9 #ahgj2 ,rank91 9 #ahgf-ahgg1 & _m o!rs4 ,an application ( ! ice ma*9e :i* attract$ mu* att5tion & atta9$ great popul>ity = a :ile 0 t made 9 ! production ( artificial skat+ r9ks1 9 :i* a floor ( ice 0 froz5 by means ( a sy/em ( subm]g$ pipes1 ?r\gh :i* ! cold liquid f ! ice ma*9e 0 made to circulate4 ,! e>lie/ artificial skat+ r9k is to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% pat5t to ,newton1 ,no4 #bcf1 ( #ahgj1 b x 0 ,gamgee1 9 #ahge & #ahgf1 :o devis$ practical means = c>ry+ x out & br\ght x into public use4 ,8 inv5tions are describ$ 9 8 ,briti% pat5ts ,no4 #d1dab1 ( #ahge1 & ,no4 #d1agf1 ( #ahgf1 & ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t4 ,no4 #aif1fec1 ,octob] #cj1 #ahgg1 & o!rs 9 #ahgh4 ,! ,w9dhaus5 ma*9e 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ applications = cool+ & v5tilat+ %ips4 ,?is ma*9e op]at$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( alt]nately compress+ & exp&+ air1 & is describ$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ,no4 #aja1aih1 ,m>* #bb1 #ahgj 7re-issue ,no4 #d1fjc1 ,octob] #ag1 #ahga71 & ,no4 #aaa1bib1 ,janu>y #bd1 #ahga4 ,to-day e ocean l9] is equipp$ ) its own cold /orage & ice-mak+ plant1 refrig]ator c>s transport va/ c>goes ( meats1 fi%1 etc41 across ! cont95t1 & br+ ! ripe fruits ( ,cali=nia to ! ,ea/]n coa/2 e m>ket h\se has its cold /orage comp>tm5ts1 & to ! brew]y ! refrig]at+ plant is "o ( its fundam5tal & important requisites4 ,! great value ( refrig]at+ appliances is to be f\nd 9 ! ret>dation ( *emical decomposition or arre/ ( decay1 & z ?is has relation *iefly to pres]v+ ! food /uffs ( ! _w1 its value c be easily und]/ood4 ,?is bran* ( indu/ry has gr[n up entirely 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & ! activity 9 ?is field is atte/$ by ! #d1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts 9 ?is class4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,liquid ,,air4 ,,liquefaction ,,( ,,gases ,,by ,,nor?more1 #ahje2 ,,f>aday1 #ahbc2 ,,bussy1 #ahbd2 ,,?ilori]1 #ahcd1 ,,& ,,o!rs--,,liquefaction ,,( ,,oxyg51 ,,nitrog5 ,,& ,,air ,,by ,,pictet ,,& ,,cailletet ,,9 #ahgg--,,self-,,int5sification ,,( ,,cold ,,by ,,siem5s ,,9 #aheg1 ,,& ,,w9dhaus5 ,,9 #ahgj--,,op]ations ,,( ,,dew>1 ,,wroblewski1 ,,& ,,olszewski--,,self-,,int5sify+ ,,processes ,,( ,,solvay1 ,,tripl]1 ,,l9d1 ,,hampson1 ,,& ,,o/]gr5 ,,& ,,b]g]--,,liquid ,,air ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,uses4 ,until q rec5tly ! physici/ divid$ gase\s matt] into cond5sable vapors & p]man5t vapors4 ,to-day x is kn[n t !re are no p]man5t gases1 s9ce all ! s-call$ p]man5t gases1 ev5 to ! mo/ t5u\s1 su* z hydrog51 may be made to assume ! liquid & ev5 ! solid =m4 ,! av]age individual kn[s v little ab\t hydrog51 b he is v well acqua9t$ ) air1 & :5 he 0 told t ! air t he brea!s--! g5tle zephyr t bl[s--! w9d t /orms f ! nor?1 or twi/s itself into ! rage ( a cyclone 9 ,kansas--may be b\nd d[n 9 liquid =m1 & imprison$ )9 ! limits ( an op5 tumbl]1 or be bottl$ up 9 a flask or ev5 froz5 solid1 he 0 at fir/ impress$ ) ! suspicion ( a fairy /ory4 ,see+ is believ+1 h[ev]1 to him1 & ! /rik+ exp]im5ts f ! lecture plat=m1 ! approval ( ! sci5ti/s1 & ! s5sational acc\nts ( x 9 ! press1 h n only be5 conv9c+1 b h completely turn$ 8 head & made him a too will+ victim ( ! speculator4 ,liquid air is a real a*ievem5t1 h[ev]1 & :ile x is a/oni%+ to ! layman1 ! physici/ looks ^u x 9 ! mo/ matt]-(-fact way1 = x is only a fulfilm5t ( ! simple/ ( nature's laws1 & entirely consonant ) :at he has be5 l$ to expect = _m ye>s4 ,! liquefaction ( gases has engag$ ! att5tion ( ! sci5ti/ almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahje-f ,nor?more liquefi$ *lor9e gas4 ,?is 0 done aga9 9 #ahbc by ,f>aday4 ,9 #ahbd ,bussy cond5s$ sulphur\s acid vapors to liquid =m4 ,9 #ahcd ,?ilori] made ext5sive exp]im5ts & demon/rations 9 ! liquefaction ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,9 #ahdc ,aime exp]im5t$ ) ! liquefaction ( gases by s9k+ !m 9 suitable vessels to great dep?s 9 ! ocean4 ,natt]]1 9 #ahdd1 greatly advanc$ ! /udy ( ?is subject by bo? novel me?ods & app>atus4 ,liquefaction ( air 0 attempt$ z e>ly z #ahbc by ,p]k9s1 & aga9 9 #ahbh by ,colladon1 b x 0 n accompli%$ until #ahgg4 ,9 ?is ye> ! liquefaction ( oxyg51 by ,pictet1 ( ,g5eva1 & ,cailletet1 ( ,*atillon-sur-,se9e1 0 indep5d5tly accompli%$4 ,pictet us$ a pressure ( #cbj atmosph]es & a temp]ature ( -#adj1 obta9$ by ! evaporation ( liquid sulphur\s acid & liquid c>bonic acid4 ,cailletet us$ a pressure ( #cjj atmosph]es & a temp]ature ( -#bi1 :i* latt] 0 obta9$ by ! evaporation ( liquid sulphur\s acid4 ,9 #ahhc ,dew>1 ,wroblewski & ,olszewski comm5c$ op]ations 9 ?is field1 & greatly advanc$ ! /udy ( ?is subject4 ,9 ,janu>y ( #ahhd1 ,wroblewski confirm$ ! liquefaction ( hydrog51 :i* _h be5 imp]fectly accompli%$ by ,cailletet be=e4 ,9 ! liquefaction ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 ! pr9cipal compon5t gases ( air1 ! liquefaction ( air itself foll[$ imm$iately z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,air has usually be5 held to consi/ ( f\r volumes ( nitrog5 & "o volume ( oxyg51 ) a v small proportion ( c>bonic acid gas & ammonia4 ,rec5t discov]ies h def9itely id5tifi$ new gases 9 x1 h[ev]1 *ief among :i* is argon4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 air may be consid]$ simply a mixture ( ! two gases2 nitrog51 :i* is in]t & nei!r ma9ta9s life nor combu/ion2 & oxyg51 :i* p]=ms bo? ( ^! functions 9 a mo/ en]getic way4 ,air is m d5se at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & becomes cont9ually m r>ifi$ z ! altitude increases1 until x becomes an indef9itely t5u\s e!r4 ,light z we are accu/om$ to reg>d x1 ! weight ( a column ( air "o in* squ>e is #ae p\nds1 & ?is t5u\s & unfelt cov]+ presses ^u our globe ) a total weight ( #cjj1jjj million tons4 ,liquid air is simply air :i* has be5 compress$ & cool$ to :at is call$ its critical temp]ature & pressure1 i4 e41 ! temp]ature & pressure at :i* x passes into ano!r /ate ( matt]1 z f a gas to a liquid4 ,to liquefy air x is compress$ until its volume is r$uc$ to #a_/hjj1 t is to say1 #hjj cubic feet ( air are r$uc$ to "o cubic foot4 ,?is requires a pressure ( #a1bej to #b1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,! important /ep 9 liquefy+ air *eaply & on a l>ge scale 0 accompli%$ by ! discov]y ( :at is kn[n z ! self-int5sify+ action4 ,?is disp5ses ) auxili>y refrig]ants1 & causes ! exp&+ gases to supply ! cold requir$ = _! own liquefaction by an entirely me*anical process4 ,x consi/s 9 compress+ ! air 7:i* produces heat71 !n cool+ x by a fl[+ body ( wat]1 !n pass+ x ?r\gh a long coil ( pipes & exp&+ ! cool compress$ air by all[+ x to escape ?r\gh a valve into an expansion *amb]1 :]e its pressure falls f #a1bej p\nds to #cjj p\nds1 :i* produces a great degree ( cold2 !n tak+ ?is v cold curr5t ( air back 9 rev]se direction along ! walls ( ! coil ( pipes1 & caus+ said return+ cold air to fur!r cool ! air fl[+ f ! compressor to ! expansion tank1 & f9ally deliv]+ ! cold return fl[ to ! compressors & compress+ x aga9 f a l[] initial po9t ?an x />t$ ) on ! fir/ r\nd1 & s cont9u+ ?is cycle ( circulation ?r\gh ! alt]nat+ compress+ & cool+ /ages until ! air cond5ses 9 liquid =m 9 ! bottom ( ! expansion *amb]4 ,?is successive r$uction ( temp]ature by ! air act+ ^u itself is call$ self-int5sification ( cold1 & x has an analogy 9 ! reg5]ative furnace1 :]e ! augm5tation ( heat corresponds to ! augm5tation ( cold 9 ! self-int5sify+ action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjj4--,,! ,,self-,,int5sify+ ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,produc+ ,,cold1 ,,us$ ,,to ,,liquefy ,,air4 ,?is pr9ciple ( self-int5sification 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s 9 ! provisional specification ( 8 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #b1jfd1 ( #aheg1 b x does n seem at t "t to h be5 c>ri$ out ) any practical result4 ,! fir/ embodim5t ( ! pr9ciple 9 a refrig]at+ app>atus is by ,w9dhaus5--,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #aja1aih1 ,m>* #bb1 #ahgj4 ,solvay1 9 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #ac1dff1 ( #ahhe1 gave fur!r developm5t to ! idea1 & foll[+ him came ! op]ations ( ,pr(4 ,tripl]1 :o 0 ! fir/ to liquefy l>ge quantities ( air & to introduce x to ! ,am]ican p4 ,l9d1 ,hampson & ,o/]gr5 & ,b]g] are m rec5t op]ators 9 ?is field ( self-int5sification1 & ,l9d's ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #ab1ebh1 ( #ahie1 may be reg>d$ z a repres5tative exposition ( ! pr9ciple4 ,a simplifi$ =m ( ! ,l9d app>atus is se5 9 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,c is an air compress+ pump1 ^: plung] desc5d+ compresses ! air & =ces x out ?r\gh valve ,i1 pipe #b1 & coil #c4 ,! coil #c is imm]s$ 9 a fl[+ body ( wat] 9 ! cond5s] ,w1 ! wat] ent]+ at ,y & pass+ out at ,z4 ,! cold compress$ air !n passes ?r\gh pipes #d & #e1 pipe #e be+ arrang$ conc5trically )9 a l>g] coil #g4 ,! cold air fl[+ d[n pipe #e escapes ?r\gh a valve adju/$ by h&le #f1 into ! subjac5t *amb] ,l1 & exp&+ to a l>g] volume1 produces a great degree ( cold2 ?is cold exp&$ air !n pass+ up ! l>g] & out] pipe #g fl[s back ov] ! incom+ /ream ( air 9 pipe #e1 *ill+ x /ill l[] ?an ! cond5s] ,w did1 & ?is cold return fl[ !n pass+ f ! top ( coil #g desc5ds ?r\gh pipe #h to ! compress+ pump ,c1 & z its pi/on rises1 x ent]s ! pump ?r\gh ! inw>dly op5+ valve #i1 & "h x und]goes ano!r compression & circuit ?r\gh ! pipes #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 b x is compress$ on its second r\nd ( travel at a l[] temp]ature ?an x _h initially1 & s ?is circulation ( air go+ to ! *amb] ,l1 exp&+1 & return+ ov] ! inlet fl[ pipe #e1 successively cool+ ! latt] & also successively ent]+ ! compressor at a cont9ually l[] temp]ature at ea* cycle ( circulation1 f9ally issues ?r\gh ! valve at ! l[] end ( pipe #e1 & exp&s to su* a l[ temp]ature t x cond5ses 9 *amb] ,l 9 liquid =m4 ,fre% accessions ( air are furni%$ to ! app>atus ?r\gh valve #aj z fa/ z ! air is liquefi$4 ,! inlet fl[ to ! liquefy+ *amb] is %[n by ! full l9e arr[s1 & ! return fl[ to ! compressor by ! dott$ arr[s1 & ! explanation ( ! t]m self-int5sification is to be f\nd 9 ! cool+ ( ! incom+ air 9 pipe #e by ! outfl[+ air 9 ! surr\nd+ pipe #g1 & ! repeat$ r$uctions ( temp]ature at :i* ! air is return$ to ! compressor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cja4--;,,comm]cial ,,production ,,( ,,liquid ,,air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjb4--,,vessel ,,= ,,transport+ ,,liquid ,,air4 ,9 ,fig4 #cja is %[n ! liquefi] ( a mod]n liquid air plant1 9 :i* liquid air is be+ drawn into a pail f ! liquefi]4 ,liquid air evaporates v rapidly1 & produces ! int5se cold ( #cab bel[ z]o4 ,!re is no kn[n way to pres]ve x beyond a limit$ "t1 =1 if put 9 /rong1 tightly clos$ vessels1 x w\ld soon absorb en\gh heat to vaporize1 & 9 "t w\ld acquire a t5sion ( #ab1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & w\ld bur/ ! vessel ) a disa/r\s explosion4 ,if left expos$ to ! air1 :i* is ! only safe way to transport x1 x is quickly dissipat$4 ,a %ipm5t ( eight gallons f ,new ,york to ,wa%+ton = lecture purposes %runk to ?ree gallons 9 two days' "t4 ,x may usually be kept long] ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 z ! j>r+ ( a railway tra9 promotes its evaporation & loss4 ,a small quantity1 su* z a half p9t1 w boil away 9 tw5ty-five to ?irty m9utes4 ,! only way to pres]ve x = any l5g? ( "t is to surr\nd x ) a heat-exclud+ jacket4 ,! simple/ & mo/ effective means = do+ ?is 9 ! laboratory is to surr\nd x ) a vacuum4 ,fig4 #cjb %[s a specially devis$ vessel = ! comm]cial transportation ( liquid air4 ,a d\ble wall$ globul> vessel has betwe5 its walls air spaces & non-conduct+ pack+4 ,! liquid air 9 ! int]ior *amb] vaporizes gradually1 & escap+ ?r\gh ! outw>dly op5+ valve at ! top1 exp&s ar\nd ! air space surr\nd+ ! inn] vessel4 ,f ?is space x rea*es ! out] air by a valve at ! bottom ( ! out] vessel4 ,! liquid air 9 evaporat+ is ?us c>ri$ ar\nd ! body ( liquid air 9 ! c5t]1 & surr\nd+ x ) an int5sely cold envelope1 prev5ts ! transmission ( heat to ! inn] vessel4 ,to )draw ! liquid air1 a pipette or s-call$ siphon tube1 %[n 9 deta*$ view1 is sub/itut$ = ! valve at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjc4--,,sep>ation ,,( ,,liquid ,,air ,,into ,,its ,,con/itu5ts4 ,evaporation ( ,nitrog54 ,evaporation ( ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,evaporation ( ,pure ,oxyg54 ,z to ! uses ( liquid air x may be said t up to ! pres5t "t x has atta9$ little or no practical application4 ,!re are two pr9cipal ways 9 :i* x may be utiliz$2 "o is to employ its enorm\s expansive =ce to produce me*anical p[]1 & ! o!r is z a refrig]ant4 ,z a means = obta9+ motive p[] x is a fallacy to suppose t any m p[] c be obta9$ f its expansion ?an 0 orig9ally requir$ to make x4 ,x is l a resili5t spr+ 9 ?is respect1 t x c give out no m p[] ?an 0 requir$ to compress x4 ,9 "s special applications1 h[ev]1 z = propell+ torp$oes1 :]e its co/ is entirely subord9ate to effective results1 x might prove to be ( value4 ,= bla/+ purposes also x pres5ts ! promise ( possible utilization4 ,z a refrig]ant = comm]cial purposes1 & = supply+ a dry1 cool temp]ature to ! sick room1 & = ! prep>ation ( *emicals requir+ a l[ temp]ature to manufacture1 x might f9d useful application4 ,inasmu* z ! nitrog5 ( liquid air evaporates fir/1 & leaves ne>ly pure liquid oxyg51 x may also be employ$ z a means = produc+ & apply+ oxyg54 ,good illu/ration ( ?is is giv5 9 ,fig4 #cjc1 9 :i* at #a is %[n a vessel fill$ ) liquid air4 ,! gas fir/ evaporat+ is nitrog51 & a light$ mat* appli$ to ! surface ( ! liquid is quickly ext+ui%$1 s9ce nitrog5 does n support combu/ion4 ,z ! level ( ! liquid falls by evaporation1 ! rema9+ portions become ri*] 9 oxyg5 & poor] 9 nitrog51 & nitr\s oxide gas is !n giv5 (f1 :i* supports combu/ion z se5 at #b2 & :5 ! la/ portions ( ! liquid are be+ evaporat$1 z at #c1 x is practically pure oxyg51 :i* gives a brilliant combu/ion ( a c>bon p5cil1 or ev5 ( a /eel spr+ :5 ! latt] is heat$ r$ hot4 ,already ,pr(4 ,pictet has =mulat$ a plan = ! comm]cial production & sep>ation ( ! +r$i5ts ( liquid air--! nitrog51 c>bonic acid1 & oxyg5 be+ sep>at$ by _! diff]5t evaporat+ temp]atures ) a view to apply+ !m to v>i\s indu/rial uses4 ,all ( ! comm]cial applications ( liquid air1 h[ev]1 dep5d ^u its co/ ( production1 :i* seems at pres5t an unc]ta9 factor4 ,accord+ to ! claims ( "s x may be produc$ at a co/ ( a few c5ts a gallon4 ,m cons]vative physici/s say t x co/s #e a gallon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjd4--,,liquid ,,air ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,magnetism ( oxyg54 #b4 ,/eel burn+ 9 liquid oxyg54 #c4 ,froz5 %eet iron4 #d4 ,explosion ( conf9$ liquid air4 #e4 ,burn+ pap]4 #f4 ,explosion ( sponge4 #g4 ,freez+ rubb] ball4 #h4 ,d\ble wall$ vacuum bulb4 #i4 ,boil+ liquid air4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ph5om5a :i* x pres5ts are bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,9 ,figs4 #cjd & #cje are %[n "s ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,at ,no4 #a a te/ tube conta9+ liquid air1 f :i* ! nitrog5 has escap$1 is /rongly attract$ by an electro-magnet1 %[+ ! magnetic quality ( oxyg54 ,at ,no4 #b is %[n ! combu/ion ( a heat$ piece ( /eel 9 liquid air1 :i* has become ri* 9 oxyg5 by ! evaporation ( ! nitrog54 ,at ,no4 #c a t9 dipp]1 :i* has be5 imm]s$ 9 liquid air1 has become s cold & cry/all9e t x breaks l glass :5 dropp$4 ,at ,no4 #d liquid air imprison$ 9 a tube & tightly cork$ up1 bl[s ! /opp] out 9 a few m9utes ) explosive effect4 ,at ,no4 #e a piece ( pap] saturat$ ) liquid air burns ) great en]gy1 & at ,no4 #f a piece ( sponge or raw cotton simil>ly saturat$ explodes :5 ignit$4 ,at ,no4 #g a rubb] ball float$ on liquid air 9 a tumbl] is froz5 s h>d t :5 dropp$ x flies into fragm5ts l a glass ball4 ,! :ite1 sn[-l vapor se5 fall+ ov] ! edges ( ! tumbl] is int5sely cold & heavi] ?an ord9>y air4 ,at ,no4 #h is illu/rat$ ! pres]vation ( liquid air by surr\nd+ x ) a vacuum 9 a ,dew> bulb4 ,at ,no4 #i a flask ( liquid air is made to boil by ! m]e heat ( ! h&4 ,a m /rik+ exp]im5t /ill ( ! same k9d is to place a tea kettle conta9+ liquid air on a block ( ice4 ,! block ( ice is relatively s mu* hott] ?an ! liquid air t ! liquid air 9 ! kettle is made to boil4 ,at ,no4 #aj1 ,fig4 #cje1 a heavy weight is susp5d$ by a l9k compos$ ( a b> ( m]cury froz5 solid 9 liquid air4 ,s h>d is ! m]cury froz5 t a hamm] made ( x w drive a t5p5ny nail up to its head 9 a p9e bo>d4 ,9 ,no4 #aa a lay] ( liquid air on wat] at fir/ floats because x is light] ?an wat]4 ,z ! light] nitrog5 evaporates1 ! heavi] oxyg5 s9ks 9 drops ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,at ,no4 #ab a tumbl] ( :iskey is froz5 solid by imm]s+ a tube conta9+ liquid air 9 x4 ,! froz5 block ( :iskey ) ! cavity =m$ by ! tube is %[n on ! left4 ,x is a :iskey tumbl] made out ( :iskey4 ,a m s5sational exp]im5t is to sub/itute a tap]+ t9 cup = ! tube1 !n fill x ) liquid air & imm]se x 9 wat]4 ,9 a few m9utes ! tap]+ t9 cup has froz5 on its out] walls a tumbl] ( ice4 ,?is may be c>efully remov$1 & ! ice tumbl] is !n fill$ ) liquid air ri* 9 oxyg51 :i*1 by ma9ta9+ ! cold ( ! ice tumbl]1 keeps x f melt+4 ,a c>bon p5cil or a /eel spr+ heat$ to r$ness w n[1 if dipp$ 9 ! liquid oxyg5 9 ! ice tumbl]1 burn ) vehem5t brilliancy & beautiful sc9tillations1 involv+ ! anomal\s conditions ( a :ite hot heat & active combu/ion 9 ! c5t] ( a tumbl] ( ice1 )\t melt+ ! tumbl]4 ,9 exp]im5t #ac1 ,fig4 #cje1 a jet ( c>bonic acid gas direct$ into a di% float+ 9 a glass ( liquid air is imm$iately froz5 into m9ute flakes1 produc+ a m9iature sn[ /orm ( c>bonic acid4 ,9 exp]im5t #ad an electric light c>bon heat$ to a r$ heat at its tip1 is plung$ v]tically into a deep glass ( liquid oxyg54 ,a mo/ s+ul> combu/ion takes place4 ,! heat ( ! c>bon evaporates ! oxyg5 9 its imm$iate vic9ity1 & ! c>bon burns ) great brilliancy & viol5ce1 =m+ c>bonic acid1 :i* is l>gely froz5 9 ! liquid be=e x rea*es ! surface1 & falls back to ! bottom ( ! di%1 s t ! combu/ion is ma9ta9$ & its products reta9$ )9 ! di%4 ,a beef/eak may be froz5 9 liquid air to su* brittl5ess t x is %att]$ l a *9a plate :5 /ruck a slight bl[4 ,! int5se cold ( liquid air does n de/roy ! vitality or g]m9at+ p[] ( se$1 b produces s]i\s s-call$ burns on ! fle% t de/roy ! tissues & d n heal = _m mon?s1 & yet = a mom5t ! f+] may be dipp$ 9 liquid air ) impunity because ( ! gase\s envelope ) :i* ! f+] is tempor>ily surr\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cje4--,,liquid ,,air ,,exp]im5ts4 #aj4 ,froz5 m]cury4 #aa4 ,liquid oxyg5 9 wat]4 #ab4 ,froz5 :isky4 #ac4 ,c>bonic acid sn[4 #ad4 ,combu/ion ( c>bon p5cil4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,m9or ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,pat5ts ,,9 ,,pr9cipal ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,if ! read] has be5 pati5t en\gh to h review$ ! prec$+ pages1 ! impression may h be5 =m$ t ! notable inv5tions ref]r$ to repres5t all t is wor? :ile to consid] 9 ?is great field ( human a*ievem5t4 ,x w\ld be a fallacy to ent]ta9 su* a ?\ght1 = ! little />s out-numb] ! big ones1 & ! twigs ( ! tree are f> m num]\s ?an its bran*es4 ,! great ?+s 9 life are comp>atively few & f> betwe51 & ! bulk ( human exi/5ce is made up ( an unclassifi$ mass ( little ?+s1 s[n l s&s along ! %ore ( "t betwe5 ! b\ld]s ( great ev5ts4 ,s also 9 inv5tion is its w>p & wo( made up ( a multitude ( little ?reads beh9d ! gorge\s patt]ns ( meteoric g5ius4 ,e h\r ( ! day ( mod]n life is replete ) ! a*ievem5ts ( inv5tion4 ,look ar\nd ! room1 & !re is n a ?+ 9 sight t does n sugge/ ! mat]ial advance ( ! age2 ! books1 ! furniture1 ! c>pets1 ! curta9s1 ! wall pap]1 ! clock1 ! mantels1 ! h\se trimm+s1 ! cul9>y ut5sils1 & ! clo?+1 all repres5t creations ( ?is c5tury4 ,s full is ! daily life ( ^! ?+s1 & s mu* ( a necessity h !y all become1 t _! commonplace "* dismisses !m f conspicu\s notice4 ,take ! mo/ matt]-(-fact & prosy half h\r ( ! day1 t at ! "t ( ris+1 & see :at a fai?ful acc\nt ( ! av]age man's ev]yday life w\ld pres5t4 ,! awak5+ is def9itely det]m9$ by an al>m clock1 & ! sleepy ,n9ete5? ,c5tury man roll+ ov] "u ! s$uctive com=t ( a spr+ b$1 takes ano!r nap1 because he kn[s t ! rapid transit c>s w give him "t to sp>e4 ,ris+ a little lat] 8 b>e feet f9d a com=table foot+ on a ma*9e-made rug1 until ?ru/ into full fa%ion$ hose1 & ensconc$ 9 a pair ( ma*9e-sew$ slipp]s4 ,draw+ ! loom-made lace curta9s1 he />ts up ! w9d[ %ade on ! automatic ,h>t%orn roll] & is enabl$ to see h[ to put 9 8 coll> button & adju/ 8 %irt /uds4 ,he awak5s ! s]vant bel[ ) an electric bell1 calls d[n ! speak+ tube to ord] breakfa/1 & p]haps lights ! gas = h] by ! pu% button4 ,he !n proce$s to ! ba?1 :]e hot & cold wat]1 ! sanit>y closet1 a gas heat]1 & a great array ( useful mod]n articles pres5t !mselves1 su* z vasel9e1 wit* hazel1 d5tifrices1 cold cream1 soaps & antiseptics1 :i* supply e luxuri\s want & e mod]n conception ( sanitation4 ,8 ba? conclud$1 he proce$s to dress1 & maybe puts 9 8 false tee?1 or /raps on an artificial leg4 ,donn+ 8 %irt ) pat5t$ gussets & b&s1 he quickly adju/s 8 sep>able cuff buttons1 puts on 8 pat5t$ susp5d]s1 &1 w9d+ a /em-w9d+ wat*1 proce$s d[n /airs to breakfa/4 ,a revolv+ fly bru% & fly scre5s contribute to 8 com=t4 ,a cup ( c(fee f a drip c(fee-pot1 a lump ( artificial ice 9 8 tumbl]1 sausage gr\nd 9 a ma*9e1 batt] cakes made ) an egg beat]1 waffles f a pat5t$ waffle iron1 honey 9 artificial honey comb1 cream rais$ by a c5trifugal skimm]1 butt] made 9 a pat5t$ *urn1 hot biscuits f ! cook+ range1 & a refrig]ator ) a well /ock$ l>d]1 all help to make him com=table & happy4 ,! picture is n exceptional 9 its fullness ( inv5t$ ag5cies1 & "o c\ld j z well g on ) our citiz5 ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! day's exp]i5ce1 & />t him (f aft] breakfa/ ) a pat5t$ mat*1 9 a pat5t$ mat* case1 & a pat5t$ cig>ette1 ) 8 pat5t$ ov]%oes & umbrella1 & s5d him along ov] ! pat5t$ pavem5t to ! pat5t$ /reet c>1 or automobile1 & s on to ! end ( ! day4 ,"s ( ! m9or inv5tions are really ( too mu* importance to be pass$ )\t comm5t4 ,! cable c> is a factor :i* has cut no small figure 9 ! activities ( city life4 ,! fir/ pat5t on a slott$ und]gr\nd conduit betwe5 ! rails1 ) traction cable inside & runn+ on pulleys1 0 t to ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,no4 #ai1gcf1 ,m>* #bc1 #aheh4 ,hallidie1 9 ,san ,francisco1 9 #ahgf1 direct$ 8 en]gies to a developm5t ( ?is sy/em1 & br\ght x to a degree ( p]fection & g5]al adoption t made x = _m ye>s ! lead+ sy/em ( /reet c> propulsion4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 x repres5ts b a decad5t type1 be+ l>gely supplant$ by ! sup]ior advantages ( electricity4 ,pass5g] elevators con/itute "o ( ! conspicu\s features ( mod]n locomotion4 ,)\t !m ! tall (fice build+s1 hotels1 & dep>tm5t /ores w\ld h no exi/5ce2 ! ,eiffel ,t[] w\ld nev] h be5 dream$ (1 & ! exp5diture ( vital =ce 9 /air climb+ w\ld h be5 greatly augm5t$4 ,! pass5g] elevator has = its prototype ! anci5t hoi/ or lift = m9es1 b 9 ! latt] half ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury x has develop$ into a di/9ct in/itution--a luxuri\s little room1 glid+ noiselessly up & d[n1 actuat$ by a p[] t is n se51 & suppli$ ) e appliance = safety & com=t1 su* z gov]nors1 safety cat*es1 automatic /ops1 mirrors & cu%ion$ seats4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! screw1 ( balance weights1 ( ! lazy tongs1 & o!r me*anical p[]s h ea* f\nd application 9 ! elevator1 b /eam1 hydraulic p[]1 & electricity con/itute ! mov+ ag5cies ( ! mod]n type4 ,! pat5t to ,e4 ,g4 ,otis1 ,no4 #ca1abh1 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahfa1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( its useful applications4 ,( close k9 to ! elevator are ! fire escape1 dumb wait] & gra9 elevator1 ea* ( :i* fills a m or less important function 9 ! life ( to-day4 ,:at m ubiquit\s or +5i\s illu/ration ( mod]n progress ?an ! ,am]ican /em w9d+ wat*6 ,up to ! middle ( ! c5tury all wat*es 7 made by h& ?r\gh\t4 ,ea* wat* _h its own individuality z a sep>ate creation1 & only ! privileg$ few 7 able to c>ry !m4 ,9 #ahdh ,a>on ,l4 ,d5nison1 a ,bo/on wat* mak]1 began mak+ wat*es by ma*9]y1 & ! f\ndation ( ! sy/em ( int]*angeable p>ts 0 laid4 ,a small factory at ,roxbury1 ,mass41 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahej1 :i* f\r ye>s lat] 0 mov$ to ,wal?am4 ,9 #aheg x pass$ into ! h&s ( ,appleton1 ,tracy ,co41 & 0 subsequ5tly acquir$ by ! ,am]ican ,wat* ,co4 ,z pres5t+ "s idea ( ! great elaboration involv$ 9 ?is art1 x 0 e/imat$ a few ye>s ago t #c1gdf di/9ct me*anical op]ations 7 requir$ to make an ord9>y ma*9e made wat*4 ,a s+le p\nd ( /eel wire is sometimes conv]t$ into a c\ple ( hundr$ ?\s& t9y screws1 & ano!r p\nd ( f9e /eel wire furni%es #ag1bhj hair spr+s1 wor? sev]al ?\s& doll>s4 ,! absolute uni=mity & p]fect int]*angeability ( p>ts 9 ! ,am]ican wat* h be5 obta9$ by sub/itut+ ! inv>iable & ma!matical accuracy ( ! ma*9e = ! n]v\s f+]s & dimm+ eyes ( ! old "t wat*mak]1 & ! ,am]ican ma*9e made wat*1 discr$it$ z x 0 at fir/1 /&s to-day ! greate/ mod]n advance 9 horology4 ,friction ,mat*es4--,9 #ahje ,!n>d1 ( ,p>is1 made ! fir/ attempt to utilize *emical ag5cies = ! ord9>y production ( fire4 ,9 #ahbg ,john ,walk]1 an ,engli% druggi/1 made friction mat*es call$ 8congreves40 ,9 #ahcc phosphorus friction mat*es 7 introduc$ on a comm]cial scale by ,pres*el1 ( ,vi5na4 ,9 #ahde r$ phosphorus mat*es 7p>lor mat*es7 7 made by ,von ,s*rott]1 ( ,vi5na1 & 9 #ahee safety mat*es1 :i* ignit$ only on c]ta9 sub/ances1 7 made by ,lund/rm1 ( ,sw$54 ,prior to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & 9 fact until ab\t #ahcc1 ! old fl9t & /eel & t9d] box 7 ! clumsy & unc]ta9 means = produc+ fire4 ,to-day ! friction mat* is turn$ out by automatic ma*9]y by ! million1 & con/itutes probably ! mo/ ubiquit\s & useful ( all ! m9or inv5tions4 ,/ep into any ( ! great dep>tm5t /ores & ! g5ius ( ! inv5tor confronts y 9 ! ca% c>ri] :isk+ its little c>s back & =? f ! ca%i]'s desk to ! mo/ remote corn]s ( ! great build+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! me*anical c>ri]s adapt$ = /ore s]vice 0 pat5t$ by ,d4 ,br[n1 ,july #ac1 #ahge1 ,no4 #afe1dgc4 ,n until ab\t #ahhb1 h[ev]1 0 !re any noticeable adoption ( ! sy/em1 :5 practical developm5t 0 giv5 9 ,m>t9's pat5ts1 ,no4 #bee1ebe1 ,m>* #bh1 #ahhb2 ,no4 #bgf1dda1 ,april #bd1 #ahhc1 & ,no4 #bhd1def1 ,septemb] #d1 #ahhc4 ,g to ! lun* c\nt]1 & ! ca% regi/] rem9ds y t ! mill5ium ( absolute hone/y is n yet realiz$4 ,! bell pun* on ! /reet c> & ! burgl> pro( safe ) its comb9ation locks are o!r sugge/ions 9 ! same l9e4 ,! fir/ fire pro( safe is disclos$ 9 ! ,briti% pat5t to ,ri*>d ,scott1 ,no4 #b1dgg1 ( #ahja4 ,! "t lock1 :i* prev5ts ! safe f be+ op5$ by anyone except at a c]ta9 p]iod ( daylight1 0 inv5t$ by ,j4 ,v4 ,savage1 & 0 cov]$ by him 9 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #e1cba1 ,octob] #i1 #ahdg4 ,! practical adoption ( "t locks began ab\t #ahge ) ! op]ations ( ,s>g5t1 ,/ockwell & o!rs1 & to-day !y con/itute "o ( ! mo/ important features ( bank safes & vaults1 & repres5t a m>vel\sly beautiful & accurate example ( me*anical skill4 ,! ,otto gas-eng9e1 & ! ,ericsson air-eng9e are important developm5ts 9 p[] produc+ motors1 & ! improvem5ts 9 pavem5ts & 9 /reet sweep]s = clean+ !m1 contribute to ! cleanl9ess1 sanitation1 & /hetic values ( city life4 ,! cig>ette ma*9e1 :i* cont9u\sly curls a ribbon ( pap] ar\nd a core ( tobacco to =m a rope1 & !n cuts x (f into cig>ettes1 is an important inv5tion 9 ! tobacco indu/ry1 h[ev] d\btful its hygi5ic value to ! _w may be4 ,! lightn+ rod has br\ght protection to homes & lives1 & ! incubator has become ! h5's wet nurse4 ,9 agriculture1 ! reap] has be5 supplem5t$ ) ?re%+ ma*9es1 se$]s1 drills1 cultivators1 horse rakes & pl[s4 ,9 ! f>m y>d appe> ! improv$ c>riage & wagon1 ! well pump1 ! w9d :eel1 ! fruit dri]1 ! bee hive1 & ! cotton & cid] press4 ,9 ! kit*51 ! wa%+ ma*9e1 ! *urn1 ! *eese press1 iron+ ma*9e1 wr+]1 ! rat trap1 & fruit j>4 ,9 ! h\se1 ! fold+ b$1 tilt+ *air1 c>pet sweep]1 & ! piano4 ,9 heat+ appliances1 /eam & wat] heat+ sy/ems1 base burn+ & ,latrobe /oves1 hot air furnaces1 gas & oil /oves4 ,9 pla/ics !re are brick ma*9es1 press$ glass w>e1 enamel$ %eet iron w>e1 tiles1 pap] buckets1 celluloid & rubb] articles4 ,9 hydraulics !re are rams1 wat] closets1 pumps1 & turb9e wat] :eels4 ,9 m9+ !re are /amp mills1 ore cru%]s1 sep>ators1 conc5trators1 & amalgamators4 ,9 ! lea!r & boot & %oe indu/ry !re is a great v>iety ( ma*9es & appliances4 ,! pap] indu/ry1 ) book b9d+ ma*9es1 & pap] box ma*9es1 is a f]tile field ( inv5tion4 ,/eam boil]s1 metallurgical appliances1 soap mak+1 *emical fire ext+ui%]s1 f\nta9 p5s1 ! s& bla/1 bottle /opp]s1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s pres5t !mselves 9 miscellane\s & endless array4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 only "s ( ! ?+s :i* ! limitation ( space precludes f individual treatm5t1 b :i* are none ! less important 9 mak+ up ! great res\rces ( mod]n life1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 repres5t ! contributions ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury n h]et(ore consid]$4 ,! obs]vant & ?\ghtful read] f9ds j "h occasion to inquire ! mean+ ( ?is great ris+ tide ( progress :i* has s di/+ui%$ ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x is l>gely due to ! ,pat5t ,law1 :i* ju/ly reg>ds ! inv5tor z a public b5efactor1 & seeks to make = him "s protection 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 rights4 ,if a man be 9 ! possession ( a legacy by ! accid5t ( bir?1 ! law ( inh]itance rules t x is rightfully 84 ,! f9d+ ( a ?+1 :e!r by jetsam1 flotsam1 or ! lucky accid5t ( a fir/ discov]y1 ?is also makes good 8 title1 if !re be no o!r own]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a "r ( prop]ty :i* is high] ?an all o!rs1 & 9 :i* !re is c\pl$ ) ! possession ( ! ?+ ! sacr$ function ( its creation4 ,! "r ( a "m to h] *ild is ( ?is nature1 & l unto x is ! "r ( ! inv5tor to ! creation ( 8 g5ius4 ,9 ! la/ two c5turies ( ! _w's hi/ory ?is "r has be5 recogniz$ by an enlight5$ civilization1 & provision made = its enjoym5t 9 ! grant ( pat5ts1 & if !re be any "r m /rongly entr5*$ ?an ano!r 9 ! et]nal v]ities ( equity & ju/ice x is ?is4 ,our fir/ crude pat5t law 0 enact$ 9 #agij1 b n until #ahcf 0 ! pres5t sy/em adopt$4 ,our own & comp>atively new c\ntry has1 !re=e1 n yet _h a hundr$ ye>s ( exi/5ce "u our pres5t ,pat5t ,sy/em1 & yet to-day x out/rips ! _w bo? 9 its mat]ial res\rces & 9 its weal? ( pat5t$ inv5tions4 ,! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #cjf1 illu/rates 9 a graphic way j :at relation ! ,unit$ ,/ates be>s to ! o!r lead+ c\ntries ( ! _w 9 ! matt] ( pat5ts grant$1 & :5 x is rememb]$ t "u our sy/em a pat5t c only be grant$ = a new inv5tion1 :ile 9 "s ( ! o!r c\ntries x is n ess5tial to ! grant1 ! ri*ness 9 inv5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) its six hundr$ & fifty ?\s& pat5ts1 c be bett] appreciat$4 ,?is is a great] numb] ?an has be5 issu$ by ,great ,brita9 & ,france put toge!r4 ,connecticut is ! mo/ productive ,/ate 9 inv5tion 9 proportion to its p1 & ,edison is ! mo/ prolific inv5tor4 ,f #ahgj to #aijj he has tak5 #gbg ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts1 & !re are f tw5ty-five to ?irty o!r ,am]ican inv5tors ea* ( :om has tak5 #ajj or m pat5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,total ,,numb] ,,pat5ts ,,to ,,jan #a,,/4 #aijj 7,,=eign ,,pat5ts ,,= #ahii1 ,,e/imat$7 ,,rate ,,( ,,issue ,,( ,u4,s4 ,,pat5ts ,,fig4 #cjf4 ,! ye> #agij 0 notable 9 two ev5ts1 ! bir? ( our pat5t sy/em & ! dea? ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,t gr& old philosoph]1 ) a presci5ce ( future greatness to come f ! g5ius ( ! inv5tor1 is said to h express$ ! wi% be=e he di$ t he might be seal$ up 9 a cask ( old ,madeira & be br\ght to life a hundr$ ye>s 9 ! future1 t he might witness ! gr[? ( ! _w4 ,:o c tell :at 8 emotions w\ld be if he 7 ) u to-day8 ,x is said1 :5 he fir/ saw ! fibres ( ! /r+ div]ge1 & ! sp>k pass f ! cord ( 8 kite1 & ! lightn+ 0 = ! fir/ "t ob$i5t to ! w ( man1 t he utt]$ a deep sigh & wi%$ t t mom5t 7 8 la/4 ,to ?is poor k ( electricity he w\ld n[ h add$ all ! wond]s & p[]s ( ! telegraph1 ! dynamo1 ! telephone1 & ! great mod]n electrical sci5ce2 to 8 primitive h& press he w\ld h contra/$ ! ,octuple p]fect+ press1 turn+ out pap]s at ! rate ( #a1fjj a m9ute2 8 mode/ type-sett+ case w\ld be replac$ by a great array ( l9otype ma*9es1 & he w\ld f9d sev]al acres ( woodl& sacrific$ to produce ! wood-pulp pap] ( a s+le edition ( a ,new ,york daily4 ,w\ld he n realize inde$ t tru? is /rang] ?an fiction1 & fact m wond]ful ?an fancy's dream6 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,epilogue4 ,:atev] ! future c5turies may br+ 9 new & useful inv5tions1 c]ta9 x is t ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury /&s pre-em95t 9 ?is field ( human a*ievem5t1 s f> excell+ all o!r l p]iods z to e/abli% on ! pages ( hi/ory an epo* z rem>kable z x is unique4 ,nev] be=e has human conception s express$ itself 9 mat]ializ$ embodim5t1 nev] has ?\ght be5 s fruitfully w$d$ to ! pregnant possibilities ( matt]1 nev] has ! div9e function ( creation be5 s closely approximat$1 nev] has su* an accretion ( helpful in/rum5talities & mat]ial res\rces be5 add$ to ! _w's weal?--n m]ely ! mis]ly & in]t weal? ( gold & gems1 b ! weal? ( an enl>g$ human exi/5ce4 ,?is life itself is b a limit$ span2 beg9n+ 9 infancy1 exp&+ to highe/ a*ievem5t 9 middle age1 & decl9+ at ! end1 x quickly passes away1 & ano!r g5]ation foll[s4 ,gr[? & decay ) all liv+ ?+s m>k ! immutable law ( nature1 & ! inevitable fate ( mortality4 ,! rose blossoms into beauty1 fades1 & decays4 ,! bird 9 ! air1 & ! bea/ 9 ! field1 ea* plays 8 "p & passes to ! great unkn[n1 leav+ no record2 man himself is mortal1 b 8 "w is immortal4 ,! inspir$ conception ( 8 be/ ?\ght1 ! mat]ializ$ embodim5t ( 8 "w 9 useful ag5cies1 & ! subjugation ( ! laws ( nature to 8 s]vice1 all endure & live =ev] 9 8 inv5tions4 ,^! p>take ( ! brea? ( life1 & 9 _! immortality are ( k9 to ! s\l4 ,cities may gr[ up & vani%1 civilizations may decay1 & man himself may deg5]ate1 b ! pr9ciple ( ! lev] & ! screw1 once discov]$1 is = all "t p]fect1 inv>iable & immortal4 ,e inv5tion made is ano!r p]man5t gift to po/]ity4 ,all ( endur+ weal? t ! pres5t gets f ! pa/ are its ideas r$uc$ to a work+ basis4 ,all else is b dross1 or evanesc5t dreams :i* vani% into oblivion 9 ! light ( a l>g] k4 ,b ideas wr\ght into practical1 sub/antive ?+s1 tri$ & prov5 true1 ^! are inv5tions--immortal creations--& ( ^! ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury has borne fruit 9 p>am\nt abundance1 & ?is legacy x n[ bequea?s to ! com+ c5tury4 ,to foll[ conv5tional me?ods1 ! f9al *apt] ( a book %\ld be an 8,9 conclusion0 ) a 8f9is0 & a dismantl$ tor*1 b ! hi/ory ( inv5tion w ev] be a cont9u$ /ory4 ,!re is no end 9 ?is field4 ,! tru/ee%ip ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury man is great1 & great 8 responsibilities2 b 8 re/less & dom9ant _s kn[s no decad5ce1 & 8 m5tal end[m5t & mat]ial equipm5t1 )\t p>allel 9 hi/ory1 are a gu>antee ( future a*ievem5ts4 ,w n ! *emi/ le>n h[ to produce electricity direct f ! combu/ion ( coal1 or solve ! problem ( ! syn!sis ( food8 ,w n ! ,am]ican cont95t be p>t$ by an int]-oceanic canal1 or ! r\gh wat]s ( ! ,engli% ,*annel be avoid$ ) a subm>9e tunnel8 ,may n a %ip canal ?r\gh ,france to ! ,m$it]ranean give to t c\ntry ! connect$ enjoym5t ( rip>ian rights1 )\t pass+ ! fr[n+ battlem5ts ( ,gibralt>1 or might n a tunnel "u ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> put ,europe & ,africa 9 direct railway communication8 ,! relation ( electricity to life is a field ( pregnant possibilities1 & may we n also le>n to swap ! surplus heat ( summ] = ! w9t]'s cold1 & by an equalization ( _! two extremes br+ et]nal spr+ & joy to ! animat$ _w8 ,%all we n yet /& on ! ,nor? ,pole1 or look+ away into space may we n ext5d a neighborly welcome to our bro!rs 9 ,m>s1 if any !re be8 ,x is p]mitt$ to dream 9 ?is field1 = x is ?is rea*+ out into ! unkn[n t plats ! b\nd>ies ( an ext5d$ _w1 & adds to ! possessions ( man4 ,! old man 9 8 dreams ( ! pa/ rejoices 9 8 a*ievem5ts1 = he has /ol5 ! fires ( ,prome!us & =g$ anew ! ?und]bolts ( ,jove = ! arts ( peace4 ,delv+ into ! secret recesses ( ! e>?1 he has tapp$ ! hidd5 supplies ( nature's fuel1 has invad$ h] treasure h\se ( gold & silv]1 robb$ ,"m ,e>? ( h] ho>d$ /ores1 & possess$ himself ( h] family record1 f9d+ on ! pages ( geology sixty millions ( ye>s' exi/5ce4 ,pe]+ into ! invisible little _w1 ! inf9ite secrets ( microcosm h yield$ _! fruitful & pot5t k ( bact]ia & cell gr[?4 ,pa9 has be5 robb$ ( its t]rors by an/hesia2 ! heat ( ! sun has be5 br\ght d[n 9 ! electric furnace1 & ! cold ( int]-/ell> space 9 ! ice ma*9e & liquid air4 ,) telescope & spectroscope he has climb$ into limitless space above1 & def9$ ! size1 di/ance1 & con/itution ( a /> millions ( miles away4 ,! nor? /> has be5 made 8 s5t9el on ! sea4 ,! lightn+ is made 8 swift mess5g]1 & ?\ght fla%es 9 subm>9e dep?s ar\nd ! _w4 ,dead matt] is made to speak 9 ! phonograph1 ! invisible has be5 reveal$ 9 ! ,x-,rays1 coal has be5 made 8 black slave1 /eam ! brea? ( ! _w's life1 & all ( nature's =ces h be5 made 8 con/ant s]vants 9 att5dance4 ,) su* a retrospect1 ! sage ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury may lie d[n to quiet re/1 ) an assur+ fai? t :at ,god ha? wr\ght is good1 & :at is n may yet be4 ,,index4 ,abbe's ,/]eo-,b9ocul>1 #bhi ,absorption ,process1 ,ice ,mak+1 #dda ,acetyl5e ,gas1 #ccc ,adirondack1 ,/eam]1 #ada ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 #bbe ,aids to ,dige/ion1 #bdc ,air ,bla/1 #cgd ,air ,brakes1 #abi ,air1 ,c>burett$1 #ccf ,alloys1 #chi ,alum9um1 #bbe-cij ,ambrotype1 #cjd ,an/hesia1 #bdf ,an/hesia by ,*lor(orm1 #bdg ,anci5t ,iron ,furnace1 #cgb ,anil9e1 #bbb ,anneal+ & ,temp]+1 ,electricity 91 #chg ,antikamnia 7,acetanilide71 #bdh ,antipyr9e1 #bdh ,antiseptic ,surg]y1 #bef ,antiseptics1 ,coal ,t>1 #bbc ,ar*]'s ,collodion ,process ,photos1 #cjd ,arc ,lamp ,fe$1 #ff ,arc ,lamp1 ,simple1 #fd ,arc ,lamp1 ,we/on1 #fe ,arc ,lamp1 ,l>ge1 #fe-fi ,arkwright's ,draw+ ,rolls1 #dba ,arlb]g ,tunnel1 #cdf ,armor$ ,cruis]1 #aej ,armor ,plates1 ,manufacture (1 #chc ,artesian ,wells1 #cej ,artificial ,limbs1 #bea ,atlantic ,cable1 #cb-cg ,automatic ,ball ,gov]nor1 #ajd ,automatic ,telegraph1 #bb ,automobile1 #bfe-bgb ,automobile ,/ati/ics1 #bga ,babbitt ,metal1 #chi ,ba*eld] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,fe$1 #ahf ,bact]iology1 #beb ,ba9's ,telegraph1 #bb ,baldw9's ,locomotives1 #abf ,b& ,saws1 #cfd ,b>b$ ,wire ,f5ces1 #chh ,b>l['s ,electric ,:eel1 #dh ,batt]y1 ,/orage1 #hh ,battle%ips1 #aej ,bea*1 ,alfr$ ,e41 ,tunnel+ ,%ield1 #cdf ,bea*'s ,typewrit]1 #agd ,bell ,ta9t]'s ,improv$ ,phonograph1 #bgf ,bell's ,telephone1 #gg ,b5?am1 ,sir ,s41 ,inv5ts ,woodwork+ ,ma*9]y1 #cfj ,b]l9]'s ,telephone1 #hb ,bessem] ,/eel1 #cgf ,bev]ages1 #bdd ,blake ,telephone ,transmitt]1 #hc ,blan*>d's ,la!1 #cfh ,bla/ ,furnace1 #cgd-cge ,bla/+1 #cea ,bla/+1 ,electro1 #ii ,bl5k9sop's ,locomotive1 #aai ,blick5sd]f] ,typewrit]1 #ahj ,bloom]ies1 ,air1 #cgc ,body ,appliances1 ,electric1 #ig ,book ,typewrit]1 #aha ,b\rdon's ,/eam ,gauge1 #ajg ,bicycle1 #bei-bfe ,bicycle ,spe$1 #bfd ,bicycle ,/ati/ics1 #bfe ,b9d+ ,devices = ,reap]1 #bjc ,biograph1 #bih ,bipol> ,dynamo1 #db ,brake1 ,bicycle1 #bfd ,bramah's ,plan]1 #cff ,branca's ,/eam ,turb9e1 #aji ,branson's ,automatic ,knitt]1 #dca ,bree* ,me*anism1 ,int]rupt$ ,?read1 #cii ,bridge1 ,brooklyn1 #cdb ,bridge1 ,cab9 ,john1 #cdd ,bridge1 ,=?1 #cdj ,bridges1 ,masonry1 #cdb ,bridge1 ,trezzo1 #cdd ,bright's ,disease1 #bej ,brooklyn1 ,armor$ ,cruis]1 #aea ,brooklyn ,bridge1 #cdb ,build+s1 ,high1 #cec ,burt's ,typewrit]1 #agb ,but*]+ & ,dress+ ,meats1 #bcg ,buttonhole ,ma*9e1 #aia ,cab9 ,john ,bridge1 #cdd ,cablegrams1 ,fir/1 #cc ,cable ,/ati/ics1 #cf ,cable1 ,subm>9e1 #cb ,cable ,tolls1 #cg ,cableway1 ,lidg]wood1 #cdi ,caissons1 #cde ,calcium ,c>bide1 #bbe ,calcium ,c>bide ,factories1 #ccf ,calcium ,c>bide ,furnace1 #df ,caligraph ,typewrit]1 #agg ,calotype1 #cjc ,cam]a1 #cjf ,cam]a ,obscura1 #cjf ,cam]a ,%utt]1 #cjg ,canal1 ,*icago ,dra9age1 #cej ,canal1 ,suez1 #cdg ,c&le1 ,jablo*k(f1 #fd ,cann+ ,indu/ry1 #bce ,cannon1 ,bree*-,load+1 #cig ,cannon ,inv5tion1 #cie ,ca\t*\c1 #baj ,capitol ,build+1 #ceg ,caps1 ,p]cussion1 #daf ,c>afes1 ,froz51 #dda ,c>bolic ,acid1 #bdg ,c>bon ,microphone1 #hb ,c>bon-,pr9t+1 ,photography1 #cje ,c>borundum1 #bbe ,c>borundum ,furnace1 #de ,c>burett$ ,air1 #ccf ,c> ,c\pl+1 #abi ,c>pet ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #aib ,c>r's ,ice ,ma*9e1 #dda ,c>twright ,inv5ts ,p[] ,loom1 #dbf ,c> ,:eels1 ,turn+1 #chg ,ca% ,c>ri]1 #dfa ,ca/+ ,pig ,iron1 #cgi ,ca/alia1 ,/eam]1 #adj ,ca?ode ,ray1 #cba ,cele/ial ,photography1 #caj ,cem5tation1 #che-chg ,c5trifugal ,filt]1 #bdc ,c5trifugal ,milk ,skimm]1 #bce ,*a9 ,bicycle1 #bfc ,*air1 ,electrocution1 #dd ,*ampion ,reap]1 #bjb ,*>lotte ,dundas1 ,/eamboat1 #acd ,*emical ,telegraph1 #bb ,*emi/ry1 #bba-bbg ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal1 #cej ,*ill ,molds1 #chh ,*ipp+ ,logs1 ,wood ,pulp1 #afb ,*loral ,hydrate1 #bdg ,*ronology ( ,inv5tions1 #g-ad ,circul> ,saw1 ,hamm]+ to ,t5sion1 #cfb ,circulation ( ,blood1 #bdf ,civil ,eng9e]+1 #cdj-cei ,cl]mont1 ,/eamboat1 #acf ,clo?1 ,f9i%+1 #dcb ,clo? ,press]1 #dcb ,coal ,gas ,works1 #ccj ,coal ,t> ,dyes1 ,/ati/ics1 #bbf ,coal ,t> ,products1 #bbb ,coat+ ) ,metal1 #chg ,code1 ,morse1 #bj ,collect+ ,rubb]1 #baa ,collodion ,process ,photography1 #cjd ,color ,photography1 #caa ,color ,pr9t+ ,press1 #aei ,columbia ,electric ,automobile1 #bgj ,columbian ,press1 #aef ,comp\nd ,expansion ,eng9e1 #aae ,comp\nd ,locomotive1 #abh-acj ,comp\nd ,/eam ,turb9e1 #aji ,conc5trator1 ,magnetic1 #cib ,cont9u\s ,web ,press1 #aeg ,coop]1 ,pet]1 ,rolls ,iron ,beams = ,build+s1 #ced ,cord ,b9d+ ,reap]1 #bjc ,corliss ,valve ,ge>1 #ajf ,cort ,makes ,wr\ght ,iron1 #cgc ,cotton1 ,diamond1 #dcd ,cotton ,g91 #dbc ,crack] & ,cake ,ma*9e1 #bcd ,crompton ,inv5ts ,mule ,sp9n]1 #dbb ,cryptoscope1 ,salvioni's1 #cbb ,cuis9e1 ,ocean ,/eam]1 #ade ,culture1 ,bact]ia1 #bee ,cut-,(f1 ,sickel's1 #aje ,cut-,(f1 ,/eam1 #ajd ,cyanide ,process1 #cia ,dagu]reotype1 #cjc ,dagu]re's ,inv5tion1 #cjc ,dahlgr5 ,gun1 #cig ,dal ,negro ,electric ,motor1 #di ,daniell ,batt]y1 #af ,d>by ,makes ,iron ) ,coke1 #cgc ,de ,laval's ,/eam ,turb9e1 #aaa ,de ,lesseps ,builds ,suez ,canal1 #cdg ,demologos1 ,fir/ ,w> ,vessel1 #adf ,d5smore ,typewrit]1 #ahj ,d5ti/ry1 #bej ,desk ,telephone1 #hf ,deuts*l&'s ,eng9es1 #aae ,dige/]s1 ,wood ,pulp1 #afc ,dige/ion1 #beb ,disease ,g]ms1 #bec ,d\ble ,hull ,/eam]1 #adj ,d\gh ,mix]1 #bcb ,drais9e ,bicycle1 #bfj ,draw+ ,rolls1 ,sp9n+1 #dba ,dr$ges1 #cdi ,drill ,j>1 #cej ,drills1 ,rock1 #cea ,dr9ks1 #bdd ,drummond ,light1 #cch ,dry ,plate ,photography1 #cjf ,dudley's ,e>ly ,ironwork+1 #cgc ,duplex ,telegraph1 #bc ,duplicat+ ,phonograph ,records1 #bgi ,du/ ,collector1 ,fl\r ,mills1 #bcb ,dyes1 ,coal ,t>1 #bbc ,dynamite ,gun1 #dje ,dynamo ,armature1 #dc ,dynamo1 ,bipol>1 #db ,dynamo1 ,description (1 #db ,dynamos1 ,diff]5t ,k9ds1 #db ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9e1 #ch-dg ,dynamo1 ,gramme & ,d',iv]nois1 #da ,dynamo1 ,hjor?1 #dj ,dynamo1 ,multipol>1 #dg ,dynamo1 ,siem5s'1 #da ,dynamo1 ,wilde1 #da ,eads1 ,caissons (1 #cde ,e>?quake-,pro( ,palace1 #cee ,edison's ,electric ,lamp1 #fg-gc ,edison's ,c>bon ,microphone1 #hb ,edison's ,conc5trat+ ,works1 #cib ,edison's ,electric ,p51 #if ,edison's ,k9etoscope1 #big ,edison's ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em1 #gb-gd ,edison's ,x-,ray ,app>atus1 #cbc ,eiffel ,t[]1 #cee ,electric ,automobile1 #bgj ,electric ,body ,appliances1 #ig ,electric ,caut]y1 #ig ,electric ,furnace1 #dd ,electric ,furnace1 ,a*eson1 #de ,electric ,furnace1 ,bradley1 #df ,electric ,lamp1 ,edison's1 #fg-gc ,electric ,lamp1 ,sawy]-,man1 #fg-gc ,electric ,lamp1 ,/>r-,k+1 #ff ,electric ,laun*1 #ic-id ,electric ,light1 #fc-ge ,electric ,light ,beacon1 #fe-fi ,electric ,light ,circuit1 #gd ,electric ,locomotive1 #ei ,electric ,motor1 #dh-fb ,electric ,motor1 ,b>l['s ,:eel1 #dh ,electric ,motor1 ,dal ,negro1 #di ,electric ,motor1 ,dav5port1 #ea-eb ,electric ,motor1 ,dr4 ,page1 #ea ,electric ,motor1 ,f>aday1 #dh ,electric ,motor1 ,h5ry1 #ej ,electric ,motor1 ,jacobi1 #ea ,electric ,motor1 ,neff1 #eb ,electric ,motor1 ,pr(4 ,h5ry's1 #ej ,electric ,motor1 ,railway1 #eh ,electric ,motor1 ,we/+h\se1 #ec ,electric ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 #ih ,electric ,p51 ,edison's1 #if ,electric ,piano1 #ih ,electric ,railway1 ,fir/1 #ed ,electric ,railway ,/ati/ics1 #fj ,electric ,telephone1 #gf ,electric ,weld+1 #ia ,electrical ,g5]ation1 ,polyphase1 #dc ,electrical ,navigation1 #ib ,electricity ,direct f ,fuel1 #ib ,electricity 9 ,m$ic9e1 #if ,electricity1 ,miscellane\s1 #hh-ii ,electro-,bla/+1 #ii ,electro-,*emi/ry1 #bbe ,electrocution1 #dd ,electro-,magnet1 ,h5ry's1 #ag-ah ,electro-,magnetism by ,o]/$1 #ah ,electro-,magnet1 ,/urgeon's1 #ah-ai ,electro-,plat+1 #ic ,elem5ts1 ,new1 #bbg ,elevators1 ,pass5g]1 #dei ,elliott ,hat* ,typewrit]1 #ahb ,emulsions1 ,photography1 #cje ,eng9e1 ,gas1 #ccg ,eng9e1 ,rot>y1 #aji ,epilogue1 #dfe-dfg ,ericsson's ,monitor1 #adh ,ericsson's ,screw ,propell]1 #acg ,e!rization1 #bdf ,excavat+ ,quicks& by ,freez+1 #cde ,explosives1 ,high1 #dai ,facsimile ,telegraph1 #bd ,false ,tee?1 #bea ,f>aday ,conv]ts ,electricity ,into ,p[]1 #dh ,f>m] ,utilizes ,electric ,light1 #fg ,f>ms1 ,l>ge1 #bjg ,fa/e/ ,railway ,spe$1 #aca ,fa/e/ ,spe$1 ,/eam ,vessel1 #adf ,faure ,/orage ,batt]y1 #ij ,fea!r+ ,paddle ,:eel1 #ach-ada ,fe$1 ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahf-ahg ,f]m5t+ & ,brew+1 #bbc ,field1 ,cyrus ,w41 #cb ,fields1 ,l>ge1 #bjg ,films1 ,photographic1 #cjh ,filt]1 ,c5trifugal1 #bdc ,fire ,al>m ,telegraph1 #bd ,fire>ms & ,explosives1 #cid-dai ,fire>ms1 ,e>ly1 #cie ,fire ,eng9e1 ,/eam1 #aad ,fir/ ,cable ,message1 #cc ,fir/ ,dynamo1 #dj ,fir/ ,electric ,light 9 ,dwell+1 #fg ,fir/ ,gas ,company1 #ccj ,fir/ ,inc&esc5t ,lamp1 #ff-gb ,fir/ ,locomotive1 #aai ,fir/ ,ocean ,voyage1 #acg-ade ,fir/ ,phonograph1 #bgd ,fir/ ,photographic ,portrait1 #caj ,fir/ ,railway 9 ,u4 ,s41 #aca ,fir/ ,rubb] ,%oes1 #bab ,fir/ ,telegraphic ,message1 #ae ,fir/ ,telegraphic ,signal1 #ah ,fir/ ,w> ,vessel1 #adf ,flood ,rock1 ,de/ruction (1 #ceb ,fl\r ,mills1 #bcj ,fluoromet] 7,x-,ray71 #cbf ,fluoroscope1 ,edison's1 #cbc ,focus ,tube1 ,x-,ray1 #cbf ,food & ,dr9k1 #bbh-bdd ,food ,products1 ,/ati/ics1 #bbi ,foods1 ,pat5t$1 #bdd ,=g+ ,press1 #chc ,=? ,bridge1 #cdj ,f\rdr9i] ,ma*9e1 #afa ,frankl9's ,pr9t+ ,press1 #aee ,fulton1 ,rob]t1 #acd ,fulton's ,demologos1 #adf ,galvani's ,exp]im5t1 #af ,galvaniz+1 #chg ,gas1 ,acetyl5e1 #ccc ,gas ,*ecks1 ,ordnance1 #cih ,gas1 ,coal1 #ccj ,gas ,eng9e1 #ccg ,gases1 ,liquefaction (1 #ddg ,gas ,light+1 #cbi-cci ,gas ,met]1 #ccg ,gasol9e ,automobile1 #bfh ,gas1 ,wat]1 #ccb ,gatl+ ,gun1 #dje ,gauge1 ,/eam1 #ajg ,gelat9e ,films1 ,photography1 #cjh ,g]ms1 ,disease1 #bec ,gessn]'s ,clo? ,press1 #dcb ,giff>d ,injector1 #aje ,glucose1 #bbc ,gold1 ,cyanide ,process1 #cia ,goodye> ,discov]s ,vulcanization1 #bad ,goodye> ,introduces ,rubb] ,into ,europe1 #bad ,goodye>'s ,exp]im5ts ,) ,rubb]1 #bab ,gramophone1 #bhj ,gr&e ,lunette ,telescope1 #bhg ,grape ,sug>1 #bbc ,graphophone1 #bgg ,great ,ea/]n1 #ach ,grea!ad ,improves ,tunnel+ ,%ield1 #cdg ,grove1 ,pr(41 ,electric ,lamp1 #ff-gb ,gun ,cotton1 ,mak+1 #bbd ,gun1 ,magaz9e1 #daa ,gun1 ,disappe>+1 #dja ,gunp[d]1 #daf ,gun1 #af-;in*1 #dja ,gunp[d]1 ,:ite1 #dag ,guns1 ,hamm]less1 #dad ,gut5b]g's ,movable ,type1 #aed ,hackwor?'s ,locomotive1 #aba ,half ,tone ,engrav+1 #cad ,hamm]1 ,/eam1 #aab ,hammond ,typewrit]1 #agh ,h>greaves ,inv5ts ! ,sp9n+-,j5ny1 #dba ,h>ve/]1 #aie ,h>ve/ ,sc5e1 #bjh ,h>vey ,process1 #chg ,hayw>d ,adds ,sulphur to ,rubb]1 #bac ,h$dle1 #dbf ,h$ley's 8,puff+ ,billy01 #abj ,heliography1 ,nipce1 #cjb ,h5ry's ,electric ,motor1 #ej ,h5ry's ,fir/ ,telegraph1 #ah ,h]o's ,eng9e1 #aja ,hjor? ,dynamo1 #dj ,hoe ,pr9t+ ,press1 #aeg ,hold5 ,ice ,ma*9e1 #ddc ,holl& ,subm>9e ,boat1 #aeb ,homopa?y1 #bej ,horrocks ,applies ,/eam to ,looms1 #dbh ,horse%oes1 ,manufacture (1 #chc ,hot ,bla/ ,furnace1 #cgd ,h\se ,pr9t+ ,telegraph1 #bd ,h\se ,sanitation1 #bef ,h[e's ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahd ,hussey's ,reap]1 #aif ,hydraulic ,dr$ges1 #cdi ,hydropa?y1 #bej ,ice ,ma*9e1 ,hold51 #ddc ,ice ,ma*9es1 #dcf-ddf ,ice ,plant1 #ddb ,ice ,skat+ ,r9ks1 #dde ,inc&esc5t ,lamp1 #ff ,india ,rubb] ,/ati/ics1 #bag ,injector1 ,giff>d1 #aje ,in/antane\s ,photos1 #cjh ,iron & ,/eel ,/ati/ics1 #cij ,ironclad ,monitors ,cross ,ocean1 #adh ,ironclads1 #adg ,jablo*k(f ,c&le1 #fd ,jacobi's ,electric ,boat1 #ib ,jacobi's ,electric ,motor1 #ea ,jacqu>d ,loom1 #dbg ,janney ,c> ,c\pl+1 #abi ,j5k9s' ,phantascope1 #bii ,jetties1 ,mississippi1 #ceb ,john ,bull1 ,locomotive1 #abd ,kais] ,wilhelm1 ,/eam]1 #adb ,kaleidoscope1 #bid ,kelly's ,process ,mak+ ,/eel1 #cgg ,k9etoscope1 #big ,kir*h(f's ,spectroscope1 #bic ,knead+ ,ma*9es1 #bcc ,knitt+ ,ma*9es1 #dcj ,kodak ,cam]a1 #cjg-cji ,knig's ,rot>y ,press1 #aeg ,krag-,jorg5s5 ,magaz9e ,rifle1 #dac ,krupp ,gun1 #cih ,l>yngoscope1 #bdi ,lat* ,ne$le = ,knitt+ ,ma*9e1 #dcb ,la!1 ,blan*>d's1 #cfh ,laugh+ ,gas1 #bdf ,laun*es1 ,electric1 #id ,lead+ ,inv5tions1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #g-ad ,lee ,inv5ts ,knitt+ ,ma*9es1 #dca ,lee's ,magaz9e ,rifle1 #dab ,lick ,telescope1 #bhf ,light1 ,electric1 #fc ,light1 ,rapidity ( ,travel1 #bii ,lime ,light1 #cch ,l9k ,motion1 #abh ,l9otype ,pr9t+1 #afe ,liquid ,air1 #ddg-deg ,li/]'s ,antiseptic ,surg]y1 #bef ,li?ography1 #agj ,li?otrity1 #bej ,locke ,wire ,b9d]1 #bjc ,locks1 ,pneumatic ,lift1 #cjj ,locomobile1 ,/eam1 #bfg ,locomotive1 ,electric1 #ei ,locomotive1 ,l>ge/1 #acb ,locomotive1 ,/eam1 #aah ,loom1 ,jacqu>d1 #dbg ,loom1 ,positive ,motion1 #dbi ,loom1 ,p[]1 #dbf ,lov]s' ,telegraph1 #gf ,l[e's ,wat] ,gas ,app>atus1 #ccb ,lyall ,positive ,motion ,loom1 #dbi ,ma*9e ,gun1 #dje ,magaz9e ,pi/ol1 #dji ,magnetic ,conc5trator1 #cib ,magneto-,electric ,ma*9e1 #ch-ci ,mal>ial ,p>asite1 #bed ,mann ,h>ve/]1 #bjj ,mantles = ,welsba* ,burn]1 #cch ,m>coni's ,wireless ,telegraphy1 #bg ,m>% ,h>ve/]1 #bja ,mat*es1 ,friction1 #dfj ,mat*+ ,ma*9es1 #cff ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 #bdg ,maus] ,rifle1 #dac ,mc,cormick ,reap]1 #aig-aii ,mc,kay ,%oe ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #aij ,meats1 ,dress+1 #bch ,m$ical ,electricity1 #if ,m$ic9es1 ,coal ,t>1 #bbc ,m$ic9e1 ,surg]y1 ,sanitation1 #bde-beh ,mege's ,oleom>g>9e1 #bci ,melville ,introduces ,gas 9 ,u4 ,s41 #ccj ,m]c]iz$ ,clo?1 #dcd ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype ,ma*9e1 #aff ,metal ,f\nd+1 #chh ,metallurgy1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory (1 #cgb ,metal ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cic ,metal ,tube ,mak+1 #chg ,metal ,turn+1 #chg ,metal ,work+1 #cga-cic ,met]1 ,gas1 #ccg ,mi*aux's ,bicycle1 #bfa ,micro-photographs 9 ,beleagu]$ ,p>is1 #bia ,microscope1 #bij ,middl+s ,purifi]1 #bca ,milk ,skimm]1 #bce ,mill+1 ,fl\r1 #bcj ,mills' ,typewrit]1 #aga ,m9es1 ,subm>9e1 #dag ,m9or ,inv5tions1 #deh-dfd ,mold+ ,ma*9es1 #cff ,monitor ,monadnock1 #adi ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel1 #cde ,monum5t1 ,wa%+ton1 #cef ,morr[ ,bicycle ,brake1 #bfd ,morse ,telegraph1 #ai ,mortis+ ,ma*9es1 #cfi ,morton & ,jackson ,pat5t ,an/hesia1 #bdg ,mov+ ,pictures1 #bie ,mule ,sp9n]1 #dbb ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 ,electric1 #ih ,muybridge's ,photos ,trott+ ,horses1 #big ,nails1 ,wire1 #chh ,nasmy?'s ,/eam ,hamm]1 #aab ,natural ,gas1 #cbi-cci ,navies' ,tonnage1 #adf ,navigation1 ,electric1 #ib ,navigation1 ,/eam1 #acc ,ne$le ,gun1 #daa ,newcom5's ,eng9e1 #ajb ,ni*olson's ,rot>y ,press1 #aef ,nipce's ,heliography1 #cjb ,nitro-,glyc]9e1 #bbd ,nitr\s ,oxide ,gas1 #bdf ,nor?rop ,loom1 #dbi ,oceanic1 ,l>ge/ ,/eam]1 #aci-adc ,octuple ,pr9t+ ,press1 #aeh ,old ,ironsides1 ,locomotive1 #abe ,oleom>g>9e1 #bci ,oliv] ,typewrit]1 #aha ,op5 ,he>? ,/eel1 #chj ,op?almomet]1 #bdi ,op?almoscope1 #bdi ,optics1 #bhd-cjj ,ordnance1 ,bree*-,load+1 #cig ,oregon1 ,battle%ip1 #aej ,ore ,sep>ator1 ,magnetic1 #cib ,o/]gr5 & ,b]g] ,liquid ,air1 #dej ,otto ,gas ,eng9e1 #cch ,pacific ,railway1 #aca ,paddle ,:eel1 ,fea!r+1 #ach ,panorama ,cam]a1 #caa ,pap] ,mak+1 #aei-afe ,pap] ,mak+1 ,spe$ 91 #afe ,pap] ,mak+ ,/ati/ics1 #afe ,pap] ,pulp ,beat]1 #afj ,p>sons ,/eam ,turb9e1 #aji ,pat5t$ ,foods1 #bdd ,pat5ts1 #dfb ,p]fumes1 ,coal ,t>1 #bbc ,p]k9s ,inv5ts ,ice ,ma*9es1 #dch ,p]si/5ce ( ,vision1 #bie ,phantascope1 #bii ,ph5acet91 #bdh ,ph5aki/oscope1 #bie ,phnix1 ,/eamboat1 #acf ,phonautograph1 #bgf ,phonograph1 #bgc-bhc ,phosphor ,bronze1 #chi ,photo-engrav+1 #cab ,photographic ,exp]im5ts1 ,fir/1 #cjb ,photographic ,positives1 #cjc ,photographic ,roll ,film1 #cjh ,photographs by ,artificial ,light1 #cjh-caf ,photography1 #cja-cah ,photography1 ,cele/ial1 #caj ,photography1 ,half ,tone ,engrav+1 #cad ,photography 9 ,colors1 #caa ,photo-li?ography1 #cab ,photo-micrographs1 #bec ,piano1 ,electric1 #ih ,pictet ,ice ,ma*9e1 #dci ,pictet's ,rese>*es1 #dee ,piep] ,automobile1 #bga ,pig ,iron1 #cge ,pigs1 ,ca/+1 #cgi ,p9s1 ,! ,manufacture (1 #chi ,p9ts* ,gas1 #ccf ,pi/ols1 #djg ,pixii ,electric ,ma*9e1 #ci ,plan+ ,ma*9es1 #cff ,plant ,/orage ,batt]y1 #hh-hi ,plate ,pr9t+1 #afi ,plat9otypes1 #cje ,pneumatic ,caissons1 #cde ,pneumatic ,tires1 #bfc ,poets* ,me?od ( ,tunnel+1 #cde ,pol>ization ( ,light1 #bid ,polyphase ,g5]ation1 #dc ,ponton1 ,mungo1 ,photography1 #cje ,preci\s ,metals1 ,/ati/ics1 #cic ,premo ,cam]a1 #cji ,prep>+ ,rubb]1 #bae ,pres]v+ ,food1 #bce ,pr9t+1 #aed-agj ,pr9t+ ,telegraph1 #bc-bd ,priscilla1 ,/eam]1 #adb ,prog9's ,typewrit]1 #agb ,progress ,photographic ,art1 #cjf ,puddl+ ,furnace1 #cgc ,pulp1 ,wood1 #afa ,pulse ,record]1 #bdi ,purifi]1 ,middl+s1 #bca ,quadruplex ,telegraph1 #bc ,qu>t] ,saw+1 #cfc ,que5 ,victoria1 ,fir/ ,cablegram1 #cc ,qu99e ,discov]$1 #bdg ,rabbe? ,sp9n+ ,sp9dle1 #dbe ,railway ,motor1 ,electric1 #eh ,railway ,/ati/ics1 #aca ,railway1 ,/eam1 #aah ,range ,f9d]1 #bie ,rapid ,fire ,gun1 #djj ,r>e ,metals1 ,metallurgy1 #cij ,reap]1 #aie-bji ,reap] ,/ati/ics1 #bje-bjf ,reb\nd+ ,lock1 #dae ,record]1 ,siphon1 #ce ,reece ,buttonhole ,ma*9e1 #aia ,reg5]ative ,furnace1 #cha ,regi/]1 ,morse1 #ba-bb ,reis' ,telephone1 #gh ,rem+ton ,typewrit]1 #agf ,return ,circuit1 ,e>?1 #ah ,review ( ,c5tury1 #c-f ,revolv]s1 #djh ,revolv+ ,turret1 #adg ,rifl+ ( ,fire>ms1 #cif ,r+ ,frame1 ,sp9n+1 #dbe ,rock ,drills1 #cea ,rocket1 ,locomotive1 #abb ,rodman's ,me?od ( ,ca/+ ,guns1 #cig ,ro5tg5 ,rays1 #cai-cbh ,rogues' ,gall]y1 #caj ,roll] ,mill1 ,fl\r1 #bcj ,roll ,film1 ,photography1 #cjh ,rot>y ,eng9e1 #aji ,rot>y ,hook ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahg ,rot>y ,press1 #aef ,rov] ,bicycle1 #bfc ,rubb] ,clo?1 #baf ,rubb]1 ,india1 #baj-bbj ,rubb] ,%oes1 #bag-bah ,safes1 ,firepro(1 #dfa ,safety ,bicycle1 #bfd ,safety-,lamp1 #cei ,sa9t's ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahd ,salol1 #bdh ,salvioni's ,x-,ray ,tube1 #cbb ,sanitation1 #bde ,sanitation1 ,h\se1 #bef ,savannah1 ,/eam]1 #acg-ade ,saw1 #cfj ,saw1 ,circul>1 #cfa ,sawmill ,c>riage1 #cfb ,sawy]-,man ,electric ,lamp1 #fg-gc ,saxton ,electric ,ma*9e1 #ci ,s*lick ,sy/em1 #aaf ,s*ools ( ,m$ic9e1 #bej ,screw ,propell]1 #ace-acg ,screws1 ,bolts1 etc41 #chc ,screws1 ,gimlet ,po9t$1 #che ,screws1 ,roll+1 #chf ,screw ,/eam]1 ,/ev5s'1 #acd ,se>* ,light1 #gj-ga ,seidlitz ,p[d]s1 #bdg ,self-,b9d+ ,reap]1 #bjc ,self-,rak+ ,reap]1 #bjb ,sew]age1 ,sanit>y1 #bef ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahc-aid ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,/ati/ics1 #ahh-aic ,%ea?+ ,railway ,tra91 #acb ,%ield1 ,tunnel+1 #cdf-cdg ,%oe ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #aij ,%oles' ,typewrit]1 #agf ,%ot ,mak+1 #chi ,%uttle1 ,fly+1 #dbf ,sickel's ,cut-(f1 #aje ,siem5s' ,electric ,railway1 #ed ,siem5s-,m>t9 ,/eel1 #cha ,siem5s' ,reg5]ative ,furnace1 #cha ,silk1 ,artificial1 #dcc ,silv] ,pr9t+1 #cje ,s+] ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahg ,siphon ,record]1 #ce ,skat+ ,r9ks1 ,ice1 #dde ,skeleton ,con/ruction1 #cec ,skimm]1 ,milk1 #bce ,sleep+ ,c>1 #aca ,small ,arms1 #djg ,smi?-,premi] ,typewrit]1 #agh ,snap-,%ot ,cam]a1 #cji ,sol>omet]1 #bie ,spectroscope1 #bib ,spectrum1 #bib ,spectrum ,analysis1 #bic ,spe$ ,across ,atlantic1 #ade ,spe$1 ,railway1 #aca ,sphygmograph1 #bdi ,sphygmometrograph1 #bdi ,sp9dle1 ,sp9n+1 #dbe ,sp9n+-,j5ny1 #dbj ,sp9n+ ,sp9dle1 #dbe ,/ati/ics1 ,/eam ,navigation1 #aeb ,/eam ,automobile1 #bff ,/eamboat1 #acc ,/eamboat1 ,fulton's1 #acf ,/eam ,cut-(f1 #ajd ,/eam ,eng9e1 #ajj-aag ,/eam ,eng9e1 ,h]o's1 #aja ,/eam ,eng9e1 ,newcom51 #ajb ,/eam ,eng9e1 ,watt's1 #ajc ,/eam]1 ,sw++ ,cab91 #adj ,/eam ,fe$ ,saw ,c>riage1 #cfc ,/eam ,fire ,eng9e1 #aac ,/eam ,gauge1 #ajg ,/eam ,hamm]1 #aab ,/eam ,h>ve/] & ,?re%]1 #bjf ,/eam ,locomotive1 #aah ,/eam ,navigation1 #acc-aec ,/eam ,navigation ,/ati/ics1 #aeb ,/eam ,plant+1 #bjf ,/eam ,p[] ,/ati/ics1 #aaf ,/eam ,railway1 #aah-acb ,/eam ,turb9e1 #aji ,/eel ,alloys1 #chi ,/eel1 ,op5 ,he>?1 #chj ,/eph5son's ,l9k ,motion1 #abh ,/eph5son's ,locomotives1 #aba-abc ,/]eo-,b9ocul> ,field ,glass1 #bhi ,/]eoscope1 #bid ,/]eoscopic ,cam]a1 #caj ,/]eotyp+1 #aei ,/]iliz+ ,food ,/uffs1 #bcf ,/e?oscope1 #bdi ,/ev5s' 8,phnix01 #acf ,/ev5s' ,screw ,/eam]1 #acd-ace ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel1 #cdf ,/ockton ,d>l+ton ,railway1 #aba ,/orage ,batt]y1 #hh ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,faure1 #ij ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,plant1 #hh ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,ritt]1 #hh ,/\rbridge ,lion1 ,locomotive1 #abc ,subm>9e ,boat1 #aeb ,suez ,canal1 #cdg ,sug> ,mak+1 #bda ,sulfonal1 #bdh ,surg]y1 #bde ,surgical ,in/rum5ts1 #bdi ,sym+ton's ,/eamboat1 #acd ,syn!sis ,organic ,comp\nds1 #bbb ,sy/em1 ,?ird ,rail1 #eg ,talbot's ,photographic ,pr9ts1 #cjc ,talbotype1 #cjc ,taup5ot's ,dry ,plates1 #cjf ,telegraph1 ,edison's ,quadruplex1 #bc ,telegraph1 ,electric1 #ae-ca ,telegraphic ,conductor1 #ag ,telegraph+ by ,induction1 #be ,telegraph ,/ati/ics1 #cj ,telegraph1 ,wireless1 #bf ,telephone1 #gf-hg ,telephone1 ,bell1 #gg ,telephone1 ,blake ,transmitt]1 #hc ,telephone1 ,b\rseul1 #gg ,telephone1 ,drawbaugh1 #gg ,telephone ,ex*ange1 #hf-hg ,telephone1 ,gray1 #gg ,telephone1 ,reis1 #gh ,telephone ,/ati/ics1 #hf ,telephone1 ,undulatory ,curr5t1 #gi ,telephone1 ,v>iable ,resi/ance1 #hb ,telescope1 #bhe ,telescopic ,discov]ies1 #bhd ,textiles1 #dbj-dce ,?aumatrope1 #bie ,?imonni]'s ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahd ,?ird-,rail ,sy/em1 #eg ,?ompsonian ,sy/em ,m$ic9e1 #bej ,?ompson1 ,sir ,william1 #ce ,?orp ,inv5ts ,r+ ,sp9n+1 #dbe ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em1 #gb-gd ,?urb]'s ,typewrit]1 #agc ,tick]1 ,/ock ,brok]'s1 #bc-bd ,timby's ,revolv+ ,turret1 #adg ,"t ,locks1 #dfa ,tolls1 ,suez ,canal1 #cdg ,tonnage ,_w's ,navies1 #adf ,tools1 ,ma*9e1 #chf ,traction ,eng9e1 #bjf ,trans=m]1 #dc ,trevi?ick's ,locomotive1 #aah ,trevi?ick's ,/eam ,c>riage1 #bff ,tripl]1 ,liquid ,air1 #dej ,trolley1 ,ov]head1 #ee ,trolley1 ,und]gr\nd1 #ef ,tr\v ,electric ,boat1 #ib ,tube ,manufacture1 #chg ,tunnel+ ,%ield1 #cdf ,tunnels1 #cde ,turb9e1 ,/eam1 #aji ,turb9ia1 ,/eam]1 #aaa ,turret ,monitor1 #adh ,typewrit]1 #aga-ahb ,typewrit]1 ,olde/1 #aga ,typewrit] = ,bl9d1 #agd ,typewrit] ,/ati/ics1 #ahb ,utiliz+ ,heat f ,bla/ ,furnace1 #cge ,vacc9ation1 #bde ,vacuum ,pan1 ,sug>1 #bdb ,vacuum ,tubes1 #cba ,valve ,ge>1 ,corliss1 #ajf ,velocip$e1 #bfa ,v]tical ,=k ,bicycle1 #bfb ,vip]1 ,torp$o ,boat1 #aaa ,vitascope1 #big ,voltaic ,arc1 #fc ,voltaic ,pile1 #af ,vulcaniz$ ,rubb]1 #baj ,wall ,telephone1 #he ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 #cef ,wa%+ton ,press1 #aef ,wat*1 ,/em-,w9d+1 #dfj ,wat] ,closets1 #bef ,wat] ,gas1 #cca ,watt's ,/eam ,eng9e1 #ajc ,wax ,cyl9d]1 ,phonograph1 #bgg ,weav+1 #dbe ,wegmann's ,roll] ,mill1 #bcj ,weld+1 ,electric1 #ia ,wells1 ,artesian1 #cej ,wells1 ,petroleum1 #cej ,wells1 ,dr41 ,produces ,an/hesia1 #bdf ,welsba* ,gas ,burn]1 #cch ,we/+h\se ,air ,brake1 #abi ,we/+h\se ,electric ,motor1 #ec ,:eat ,produc$1 #bji ,:itney ,inv5ts ,cotton ,g91 #dbc ,willis ,inv5ts ,plat9otypes1 #cje ,wilson's ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahf ,w9dhaus5 ,cold ,/orage ,device1 #dde ,w9sor ,introduces ,gas 9 ,london1 #ccj ,w9ton ,automobile1 #bfi ,wire ,b5d+1 #chh ,wire ,f5ces1 #chh ,wireless ,telegraphy1 #bf ,wood ,pulp1 #afa ,woodruff ,sleep+ ,c>1 #aca ,wood ,turn+1 #cfh ,woodwork]1 ,univ]sal1 #cfg ,woodwork+1 #cfj-cgj ,woodwor? ,wood ,plan]1 #cfg ,_w's ,bla/ ,furnaces1 #cge ,x-,rays1 #cai ,x-,ray ,app>atus1 #cbd ,x-,ray ,focus ,tube1 #cbf ,x-,ray ,photograph1 #cbb ,x-,ray ,surg]y1 #cbe ,y]kes ,telescope1 #bhg ,yo/ ,typewrit]1 #ahj ,zoetrope1 #big ,,advice ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,pat5ts4 ,! influ5ce ( inv5tion on mod]n life c be v ju/ly e/imat$ by a p]usal ( 8,! ,progress ( ,inv5tion 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury40 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n t inv5tors are necess>ily assi/$ 9 ! prosecution ( _! applications = pat5ts 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice by pat5t attorneys4 ,x gives ,messrs1 ,munn ,co4 pleasure to ann\nce t !y h prosecut$1 dur+ a p]iod ( ov] fifty ye>s1 "s ( ! mo/ important pat5t cases :i* h ev] be5 s5t to ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod !y h fil$ & prosecut$ ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& applications = pat5ts4 ,_! reputation is su* t inv5tors h f\nd t !y may submit _! ideas ) entire confid5ce t _! tru/ w n be betray$1 & t _! int]e/s w be protect$ to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,!y secure pat5ts1 trade-m>ks1 caveats & copyrights4 ,a little book entitl$ 8,h&-,book on ,pat5t ,practice0 w be s5t free to any address1 & any que/ions relat+ to pat5ts w be *e]fully answ]$ by return mail )\t *>ge4 ,?\s&s ( cli5ts all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _m ( !m ! mo/ successful inv5tors :i* ?is c\ntry has produc$1 h _h ! pr(essional s]vices ( ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 9 ! prep>ation & prosecution ( _! pat5t applications be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign pat5t (fices4 ,! integrity ( ?is firm1 & _! att5tion to ?is bran* ( _! bus9ess1 has result$ 9 ! l>ge/ practice ( any firm ( pat5t attorneys 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,inv5tors are invit$ to write freely reg>d+ _! inv5tions1 & _! sket*es w be c>efully & promptly exam9$4 ,all communications ( ?is k9d are treat$ z /rictly confid5tial4 ,! read]s ( 8,! ,progress ( ,inv5tion 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury0 may also be int]e/$ to "k t ,munn ,co4 h (fices 9 bo? ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton1 & ?us are able to keep 9 close t\* ) ! "w ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,!y h unsurpass$ facilities = exam9+ & report+ on ! probable pat5t-ability ( inv5tions1 & !y r5d] op9ions on que/ions ( infr+em5t & validity ( pat5ts2 & !y also h be5 mo/ successful 9 ! prosecution ( int]f]5ces4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s may be obta9$ by address+ ,,munn ,,co41 ,bran* ,(fice3 #fbe ,f ,/reet1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,! ,,mo/ ,,popul> ,,sci5tific ,,pap] ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,e/abli%$ #ahde4 ,weekly1 #c4jj a ,ye>2 #a4ej ,six ,mon?s ,?is unrivall$ p]iodical is n[ 9 its ,,fifty-,,six? ,,ye>1 &1 ow+ to its ev] increas+ popul>ity1 x enjoys ! l>ge/ circulation ev] atta9$ by any sci5tific publication4 ,e numb] conta9s sixte5 l>ge pages1 beautifully pr9t$1 h&somely illu/rat$2 x pres5ts 9 popul> /yle a descriptive record ( ! mo/ novel1 int]e/+ & important developm5ts 9 ,sci5ce1 ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,x ab\nds 9 fre% & int]e/+ subjects = discussion1 ?\ght or /udy4 ,x provides mat]ial = exp]im5t at home & 9 ! laboratory1 & x enables ! intellig5t read] to keep in=m$ z to ! indu/rial & sci5tific developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,to ! inv5tor x is invaluable1 z e numb] conta9s a complete li/ ( all pat5ts & trade m>ks issu$ weekly f ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,x promotes indu/ry1 progress1 ?rift & intellig5ce 9 e community :]e x circulates4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican %\ld h a place 9 e dwell+1 %op1 (fice1 s*ool or libr>y4 ,workm51 =em51 eng9e]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 directors1 presid5ts1 (ficials1 m]*ants1 f>m]s1 tea*]s1 lawy]s1 physicians1 cl]gym5--p 9 e walk & pr(ession 9 life1 w d]ive satisfaction & b5efit f a regul> read+ ( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,z an in/ructor = ! "y x is ( peculi> advantage4 ,,try ,,x4--,subscribe = y\rself--x w br+ y valuable ideas2 subscribe = y\r sons--x w make !m manly & self-reliant2 subscribe = y\r workm5--x w please & assi/ _! labor2 subscribe = y\r fri5ds--x w be likely to give !m a practical lift 9 life4 ,t]ms1 #c4jj a ye>2 #a4ej six mon?s4 ,specim5 copies free4 ,remit by po/al ord] or *eck4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t ,e/abli%$ #ahgf ,?is j\rnal is a sep>ate publication f ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 & is design$ to ext5d & amplify ! "w c>ri$ on by ! p>5t pap]4 ,9 size & g5]al make-up x is uni=m !re)1 cov]+ sixte5 pages ( closely pr9t$ matt]1 h&somely illu/rat$4 ,x has no adv]tis+ pages1 & ! entire space is giv5 up to ! sci5tific1 me*anical & eng9e]+ news ( ! day4 ,x diff]s f ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican 9 t x conta9s _m articles t are too long to be publi%$ 9 ! old] j\rnal or ( a m te*nical nature4 ,college pr(essors & /ud5ts f9d ?is edition especially adapt$ to _! wants4 ,x conta9s reports ( ! meet+s ( ! sci5tific societies1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 & ab/racts ( _m pap]s read be=e su* societies4 ,x has a page ( %ort notes conc]n+ ! electrical1 eng9e]+ & g5]al sci5tific news ( ! day1 toge!r ) a column ( select$ =mul4 ,ea* numb] conta9s mu* =eign sci5tific news1 &1 :5 tak5 9 connection ) ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 x places be=e ! read] a weekly review ( ! late/ & mo/ important discov]ies & ! mo/ advanc$ te*nical & sci5tific "w ( ! times all ov] ! _w4 ,,price ,,= ,,! ,,supplem5t1 #e ,a ,,ye>1 or "o copy ( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,supplem5t1 bo? mail$ to "o address1 = "o ye>1 = #g4 ,address & remit by po/al ord] or *eck4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,,ar*itects' & ,,build]s' ,,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye> ,s+le copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a special edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t #bjj ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ar*itectural con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/1 z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) plans1 specifications1 co/s1 etc4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans & specifications1 regul>ly pres5t$1 z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,?\s&s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 build]s & h\se own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ sew]age1 pip+1 light+1 w>m+1 v5tilat+1 decorat+1 lay+ out ( gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( manufactur]s' ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ build+ mat]ials1 goods1 ma*9es1 tools & appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fulness1 ri*ness1 *eapness & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! l>ge/ circulation ( any ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,,fiftie? ,,anniv]s>y ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,9 commemoration ( ! fiftie? ye> ( ! publication ( ! weekly edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 its publi%]s on ,july #be?1 #ahif1 issu$ a memorial edition :i* =ms a valuable resum ( ! progress ( sci5ce & inv5tion dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s4 ,among ! subjects treat$ are3 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,inv5tion ,,on ,,! ,,p',s ,,life4 ,,! ,,pat5t ,,sy/em4 ,,! ,,transatlantic ,,/eam%ip4 ,,railroads ,,& ,,bridges4 ,,! ,,telegraph4 ,,physics4 ,,m5 ,,( ,,progress4 ,,! ,,textile ,,indu/ries ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,s9ce #ahdf4 ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,cable4 ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,,( ,,photography4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,,! ,,phonograph4 ,,! ,,progress ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,electric ,,en]gy ,,& ,,its ,,application ,,to ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,,motors ,,dur+ ,,! ,,pa/ ,,fifty ,,ye>s4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,locomotive4 ,,! ,,bicycle4 ,,! ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,,agricultural ,,ma*9]y4 ,,naval ,,& ,,coa/ ,,def5se4 ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,bus9ess4 ,,! ,,prize ,,essay ,,( ,,! ,,semi-,,c5t5nial ,,anniv]s>y ,,numb]--8,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,inv5tion ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,fifty ,,ye>s40 ,,/eel4 ,,di/+ui%$ ,,inv5tors4 ,,am]ican ,,%ipbuild+4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,telescope ,,9 ,,fifty ,,ye>s4 ,,! ,,telephone4 ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,,( ,,! 8,,sci5tific ,,am]ican40 ,! numb] is fully illu/rat$ & conta9s fifty pages4 ,9 x is pr9t$ 8,! ,progress ( ,inv5tion ,dur+ ! ,la/ ,fifty ,ye>s10 = :i* a prize ( #bej 0 (f]$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is prize 0 won by ,edw>d ,w4 ,byrn1 ! au?or ( 8,! ,progress ( ,inv5tion 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury40 ,nev] be=e has s mu* valuable in=mation ( hi/orical int]e/ & importance be5 publi%$ 9 s cond5s$ & popul> a =m4 ,x =ms a valuable addition to any libr>y1 & copies ( ! ,anniv]s>y ,numb] c be suppli$ at #be c5ts p] copy4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce4 ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,hopk9s4 ,,tw5tie? ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,greatly ,,enl>g$4 #iad ,pages4 #hbj ,illu/rations4 ,h&somely ,b\nd 9 ,clo?4 ,price by mail1 po/paid1 #d4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #e4jj4 ,! new matt] comprises eighty pages ( text 9 ! =m ( an app5dix1 includ+ among o!r subjects ,a ,complete ,article on ! ,x-,ray4 ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,acetyl5e ,gas ,app>atus4 ,liquefaction ( ,air4 ,artificial ,spectrum4 ,& o!r articles :i* br+ ! "w fully up to date4 ,?is is a book full ( int]e/ & value = tea*]s1 /ud5ts & o!rs :o desire to imp>t or obta9 a practical k ( ,physics4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,popul> ,,sci5tific ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,day4 ,:at ! press says ( 8,,exp]im5tal ,,sci5ce40 ,illu/ration 8,! electrical *apt]s ( ! book are notably good1 & ! practical in/ruction giv5 = build+ simple electrical ma*9]y may be safely c>ri$ out by ^?--n a few--:o l to make _! own app>atus40--,electrical ,_w4 8,! au?or has avoid$ repeat+ ! hackney$ illu/rations :i* h be5 pass$ f "o book to ano!r s long1 &1 in/ead1 (f]s a set ( exp]im5ts :i* are l>gely ( a novel "* & v /rik+40--,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 8,x is a treat to read a book ( ?is k9d1 t sets =? ! pr9ciples ( physics s fully1 & )\t ! use ( ma!matics40-,! ,locomotive4 8,all tea*]s ( sci5ce are aw>e t real k is acquir$ be/ by ! /ud5t mak+ exp]im5ts = himself1 & anyone :o po9ts out h[ ^? exp]im5ts may be easily made is do+ excell5t "w40--,engli% ,me*anic & ,_w ( ,sci5ce4 8,! "w be>s ! /amp ( a writ] :o writes no?+ b ) c]ta9ty ( action & result1 & ( a tea*] :o imp>ts sci5tific in=mation 9 an attractive & fasc9at+ mann]40--,am]ican ,eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison says3 8,! practical "* ( ! physical app>atus1 ! cle>ness ( ! descriptive matt]1 & its entire fre$om f ma!matics1 give ! "w a value1 9 my m9d1 sup]ior to any o!r "w on elem5t>y physics ( :i* ,i am aw>e40 ,s5d = ,illu/rat$ ,circul> & ,complete ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,s5d = our ,new & ,complete ,catalogue ( ,books1 s5t free to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s4 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,cyclop$ia ( ,receipts ,,notes ,,& ,,qu]ies #ab1ejj ,,receipts1 #gjh ,,pages ,edit$ by ,,alb]t ,a4 ,,hopk9s ,?is spl5did "w conta9s a c>eful compilation ( ! mo/ useful ,receipts & ,replies giv5 9 ! ,notes & ,qu]ies ( correspond5ts z publi%$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s2 toge!r ) _m valuable & important additions4 ,,ov] ,,twelve ,,?\s& select$ receipts are "h collect$2 ne>ly e bran* ( ! useful arts be+ repres5t$4 ,x is by f> ! mo/ compreh5sive volume ( ! k9d ev] plac$ be=e ! public4 ,! "w may be reg>d$ z ! product ( ! /udies & practical exp]i5ce ( ! able/ *emi/s & work]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 ! in=mation giv5 be+ ( ! highe/ value1 arrang$ & cond5s$ 9 concise =m1 conv5i5t = ready use4 ,almo/ e inquiry t c be ?\ght (1 relat+ to =mulae us$ 9 ! v>i\s manufactur+ indu/ries1 w "h be f\nd answ]$4 ,in/ructions = work+ _m diff]5t processes 9 ! arts are giv54 ,illu/ration3 #ab1ejj ,,receipts1 #gjh ,,pages4 ,_m ( ! pr9cipal sub/ances & raw mat]ials us$ 9 manufactur+ op]ations are def9$ & describ$4 ,no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to r5d] ?is collat]al in=mation tru/wor?y4 ,^? :o are engag$ 9 any bran* ( indu/ry w probably f9d 9 ?is book mu* t is ( practical value 9 _! respective call+s4 ,^? :o are 9 se>* ( indep5d5t bus9ess or employm5t1 relat+ to ! home manufacture ( salable articles1 w f9d 9 x hundr$s ( mo/ excell5t sugge/ions4 ,x is impossible )9 ! limits ( a prospectus to give m ?an an outl9e ( a few features ( s ext5sive a "w4 ,to ^? int]e/$1 a fully descriptive circul> w be s5t free ^u application4 ,price1 #e4jj 9 ,clo?2 #f4jj 9 ,%eep2 #f4ej 9 ,half ,morocco2 ,po/paid4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,a ,complete ,electrical ,libr>y4 ,by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,o',,conor ,,sloane1 ,a4,m41 ,e4,m4 ,ph4,d4 ,illu/ration ,an inexp5sive libr>y ( ! be/ books on ,electricity4 ,put up 9 a neat fold+ box4 ,= ! /ud5t1 ! amateur1 ! work%op1 ! electrical eng9e]1 s*ools & colleges4 ,compris+ five books1 z foll[s3 ,ari?metic ( ,electricity1 #ach pages #a4jj ,electric ,toy ,mak+1 #adj pages #a4jj ,h[ to ,become a ,successful ,electrician1 #ahi pages #a4jj ,/&>d ,electrical ,diction>y1 #fhb pages #c4jj ,electricity ,simplifi$1 #aeh pages #a4jj ,five volumes1 #a1cjj pages1 & ov] #dej illu/rations4 ,a valuable & indisp5sable addition to e libr>y4 ,our ,great ,special ,(f]4--,we w s5d prepaid ! above five volumes h&somely b\nd 9 blue clo?1 ) silv] lett]+1 & inclos$ 9 a neat fold+ box1 at ! ,special ,r$uc$ ,price ( #e4jj = ! complete set4 ,! regul> price ( ! five volumes is #g4jj4 ,a special circul> w be s5t free to any address on application4 ,,magic4 ,/age ,illusions & ,sci5tific ,div]sions ,,includ+ ,,trick ,,photography4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,,alb]t ,a4 ,,hopk9s1 ,editor ( 8,sci5tific ,am]ican ,cyclop$ia ( ,receipts4 ,notes & ,qu]ies10 etc4 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,h5ry ,,ridgely ,,evans4 ,au?or ( 8,h\rs ) ! ,gho/s2 or1 ,,xix4 ,c5tury ,wit*craft10 etc4 #efh ,pages4 #dbj ,illu/rations4 ,price1 #b4ej4 ,illu/ration ,?is "w appeals to old & "y alike1 & x is "o ( ! mo/ attractive holiday books ( ! ye>4 ,! illusions are illu/rat$ by ! highe/ class ( engrav+s1 & ! exposs ( ! tricks are 9 _m cases furni%$ by ! pre/idigitateurs !mselves4 ,conjur+1 l>ge /age illusions1 fire eat+1 sword-swall[+1 v5triloquism1 metal magic1 anci5t magic1 automata1 curi\s toys1 /age effects1 photographic tricks1 & ! projection ( mov+ photographs are all well describ$ & illu/rat$1 mak+ a h&some volume4 ,x is ta/efully pr9t$ & b\nd4 ,ackn[l$g$ by ! pr(ession to be ! ,,/&>d ,,"w ,,on ,,magic4 ,s5d = l>ge illu/rat$ circul>1 s5t free to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s4 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,me*anical ,,movem5ts1 ,,p[]s1 ,,devices ,,& ,,appliances4 ,by ,,g>dn] ,d4 ,,hiscox1 ,m4 ,e4 ,au?or ( 8,gas1 ,gasol9e1 & ,oil ,eng9es40 ,l>ge #hvo4 #djb ,pages4 #afdi ,illu/rations1 ) ,descriptive ,text4 ,price1 #c4jj4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,me*anical ,movem5ts1 ,p[]s1 ,devices & ,appliances1 embrac+ an illu/rat$ description ( ! greate/ v>iety ( me*anical movem5ts & devices 9 any language4 ,a new "w on illu/rat$ me*anics1 me*anical movem5ts1 devices & appliances1 cov]+ ne>ly ! :ole range ( ! practical & inv5tive field1 = ! use ( ,ma*9i/s1 ,me*anics1 ,inv5tors1 ,eng9e]s1 ,draughtsm51 ,/ud5ts & all o!rs int]e/$ 9 any way 9 ! devis+ & op]ation ( me*anical works ( any k9d4 ,,! ,,*apt]s ,,treat ,,(3 ,i4 ,me*anical ,p[]s4 ,,ii4 ,transmission ( ,p[]4 ,,iii4 ,measurem5t ( ,p[]4 ,,iv4 ,/eam ,p[]--,boil]s & ,adjuncts4 ,v4 ,/eam ,appliances4 ,,vi4 ,motive ,p[]--,gas & ,gasol9e ,eng9es4 ,,vii4 ,hydraulic ,p[] & ,devices4 ,,viii4 ,air ,p[] ,appliances4 ,,ix4 ,electric ,p[] & ,con/ruction4 ,x4 ,navigation & ,roads4 ,,xi4 ,ge>+4 ,,xii4 ,motion & ,devices ,controll+ ,motion4 ,,xiii4 ,horological4 ,,xiv4 ,m9+4 ,,xv4 ,mill & ,factory ,appliances4 ,,xvi4 ,con/ruction & ,devices4 ,,xvii4 ,draught+ ,devices4 ,,xviii4 ,miscellane\s ,devices4 ,s5d = descriptive ,circul>4 ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,con/ruction1 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,describ+ ,,9 ,,e ,,detail ,,! ,,actual ,,build+ ,,( ,a ,,gas ,,eng9e4 ,by ,,h5ry ,y4 ,h4 ,,p>sell1 ,jr41 ,mem4 ,a4 ,i4 ,elec4 ,el41 & ,,ar?ur ,j4 ,,we$1 ,m4 ,e4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&somely ,illu/rat$ & ,b\nd4 #cjj ,pages4 ,price1 #b4ej4 ,?is book treats ( ! subject m f ! /&po9t ( practice ?an t ( !ory4 ,! pr9ciples ( op]ation ( ,gas ,eng9es are cle>ly & simply describ$1 & !n ! actual con/ruction ( a half-horse p[] eng9e is tak5 up1 /ep by /ep1 %[+ 9 detail ! mak+ ( a ,gas ,eng9e4 ,fir/ come directions = mak+ ! patt]ns2 ?is is foll[$ by all ! details ( ! me*anical op]ations ( f9i%+ up & fitt+ ! ca/+s1 & is pr(usely illu/rat$ ) beautiful engrav+s ( ! actual "w 9 progress1 %[+ ! modes ( *uck+1 turn+1 bor+ & f9i%+ ! p>ts 9 ! la!1 & also pla9ly %[+ ! l9+ up & erection ( ! eng9e4 ,dim5sion$ work+ draw+s give cle>ly ! sizes & =ms ( ! v>i\s details4 ,! entire eng9e1 ) ! exception ( ! fly-:eels1 is design$ to be made on a simple eight in* la!1 ) slide re/4 ,! book closes ) a *apt] on ,am]ican practice 9 ,gas ,eng9e design1 & gives simple rules s t anyone c figure out ! dim5sions ( simil> eng9es ( o!r p[]s4 ,e illu/ration 9 ?is book is new & orig9al1 hav+ be5 made expressly = ?is "w4 ,,s5d ,,= ,,descriptive ,,circul>4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,transcrib]'s notes ,?is text uses ! text f ! orig9al "w1 includ+ inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation1 punctuation1 etc41 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,! spell+ ( ,engli% 7omniv]\s1 mill5ium71 non- ,engli% words 7li*t1 tuy]es1 frappees7 & names 7,swamm]d51 ,mege7 has n be5 correct$ ei!r1 except z li/$ bel[4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e & _! sett+s us$ to read ?is text1 n all *>act]s & symbols may display prop]ly or display at all4 ,rem>ks on ! text3 p4 vii & #cga3 ! li/ ( cont5ts li/s ,electric ,conc5trators1 ! text deals ) ,magnetic ,conc5trators4 p4 #aga_/agb 7text ( pat5t73 "o clos+ quote m>k is miss+4 p4 #bia1 ,swamm]d53 ?is ref]s to ,jan ,swamm]dam 7#afcg-afhj74 p4 #cgc1 condicon3 possibly error = condicion or a simil> ^w4 p4 #bci1 ,m4 ,mege1 a ,fr5* *emi/3 ?is ref]s to ,hippolyte ,mge- ,m\ris 7#ahag-ahhj74 p4 #djh1 ,alte ,deuts*] ,drehl+ ,d] ,ruckladungs ,gewehre3 ! ref]5ce is to ,alte ,rckladegewehre3 ,alt-,deuts*] ,drehl+4 p4 #dbh1 photograph3 ! *a9 ( p]=at$ c>ds is h>dly visible 9 ! orig9al "w4 ,index3 ! entries are n fully alphabetically sort$2 ?is has n be5 *ang$4 ,! ord] ( subjects z giv5 9 ! table ( cont5ts & 9 ! *apt] head+s is n always ! ord] 9 :i* ! text gives !m2 ! table ( cont5ts is sometimes slightly diff]5t f ! *apt] head+s2 ?is has n be5 *ang$4 ,! table ( cont5ts is n complete3 _m subjects are n li/$4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ! au?or uses knots = di/ance & knots p] h\r & feet = spe$2 ?is has n be5 *ang$4 ,*anges made3 ,footnotes & illu/rations h 7:]e appropriate7 be5 mov$ 9 ord] n to int]rupt ! text4 ,"s obvi\s punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,if bo? ligature & s+le lett]s occur 9 ! same ^w 9 ! text 7) ! exception ( ! adv]tisem5ts71 ^! h be5 /&>dis$3 ae_/ to 7an/hetics72 e_/ to 7,c>r1 ,l9d1 ,nipce72 oe_/ to 7homopa?y1 ,phnix74 ,! orig9al "w uses fractions ( ! =m #ab z well z #ae-af4 ,^! h be5 /&>dis$ to xy or *ang$ to ! appropriate ,unicode "*4 p4 v3 ,nitroglyc]9e *ang$ to ,nitro-,glyc]9e z else:]e p4 vi1 ,*apt] ,photography3 ,! ,plat9otype add$ z 9 ! *apt] head+ p4 #f3 ,k9etescope *ang$ to ,k9etoscope z else:]e p4 #g3 ,hahneman *ang$ to ,hahnemann p4 #i3 ,p]k9's *ang$ to ,p]k9s' p4 #aj3 ,rhumkorff *ang$ to ,ruhmkorff p4 #aa3 ,f\calt *ang$ to ,f\cault2 ,h]man's *ang$ to ,h]mann's p4 #ae3 ecomony *ang$ to economy p4 #bi3 *ok+ coils k k *ang$ to *ok+ coils k k z 9 illu/ration p4 #ce3 ,gallilee *ang$ to ,galilee p4 #cg3 ,somn5b]g *ang$ to ,sonn5b]g p4 #da3 & o!r *ang$ to & o!rs p4 #dg3 corruscations *ang$ to coruscations p4 #ea3 ,bad5sburg *ang$ to ,blad5sburg p4 #hg3 ,*r/ian ,era *ang$ to ,*ri/ian ,era p4 #hh3 ,plante *ang$ to ,plant p4 #hi3 ,,plante *ang$ to ,,plant 7#bx7 p4 #ib3 comm]ical *ang$ to comm]cial p4 #ic3 electrictiy *ang$ to electricity2 ,,tr\ve',s *ang$ to ,,tr\v',s p4 #ie3 ,/4 ,pet]sburg *ang$ to ,/4 ,pet]sburgh p4 #ig3 ata*$ *ang$ to atta*$ p4 #ih3 :* *ang$ to :i* p4 #aje3 colon 9 li/ ( pat5ts *ang$ to comma 7#bx7 z else:]e p4 #ajh3 ,n9et5? ,c5tury *ang$ to ,n9ete5? ,c5tury p4 #abi3 air-brake *ang$ to air brake z else:]e p4 #acc3 ,p5nsylva9a *ang$ to ,p5nsylvania p4 #aej3 great] t *ang$ to great] ?an p4 #aec3 = f *ang$ to f> f p4 #aei3 /]]eotyp+ *ang$ to /]eotyp+2 ,ed9burg *ang$ to ,ed9burgh z else:]e p4 #afj3 ! ! wire clo? *ang$ to ! wire clo? p4 #ahb3 ve>ly *ang$ to ye>ly p4 #ahh3 ,manufacturn+ *ang$ to ,manufactur+ p4 #bce3 ilu/rative *ang$ to illu/rative p4 #bcg3 half a millions *ang$ to half a million p4 #bdj3 c>ry- a fractional p] c5t4 *ang$ to c>ry+ a fractional p] c5t4 p4 #bdg3 irresitable *ang$ to irresi/ible p4 #bdh3 acetanalide *ang$ to acetanilide2 ,,oph?almomet] *ang$ to ,,op?almomet] z else:]e p4 #bej3 rationall5 ,heilkunde *ang$ to rationell5 ,heilkunde p4 #bec3 bactilli *ang$ to bacilli p4 #bfj3 vlocipde *ang$ to vlocipde2 celrifre *ang$ to clrifre p4 #bfa3 vlocipde *ang$ to vlocipde p4 #bfe3 ,meti]s *ang$ to ,mti]s p4 #bhe3 ,middeburg1 ,middleburg *ang$ to ,middelburg p4 #cja3 ,niepce's *ang$ to ,nipce's p4 #cji3 adv]tism5t *ang$ to adv]tisem5t p4 #cbd3 currr5t *ang$ to curr5t p4 #chi3 fire-arms *ang$ to fire>ms z else:]e p4 #cie3 mu/ mu/ *ang$ to mu/ p4 #dja3 ,moncrief *ang$ to ,moncrieff p4 #dab3 ,liv]more-,russel *ang$ to ,liv]more-,russell2 ,russel *ang$ to ,russell p4 #daf3 pulvurul5t *ang$ to pulv]ul5t p4 #dbe3 effci5cy *ang$ to effici5cy p4 #dfb3 latrobe /oves *ang$ to ,latrobe /oves p4 #dfi3 ,acetanalide *ang$ to ,acetanilide p4 #dgj3 ,cemem5tation *ang$ to ,cem5tation4