,,pistol ,,and ,,revolver ,,shooting ,pistol and ,revolver ,shooting ,,by ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,himmelwright ,illustrated ,,outing ,,handbooks ,number #cd ,,new ,,york ,,outing ,,publishing ,,company ,,mcmxvi ,,copyright1 #aijd1 ,,by ,the ,macmillan ,co4 ,,copyright1 #aijh1 ,,by ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,himmelwright ,,copyright1 #aiae1 ,,by ,,outing ,,publishing ,,company ,all rights reserved ,fully ,revised ,,preface ,interest in pistol and revolver shooting has increased very rapidly in recent years and particularly since smokeless powder has been introduced4 ,the revolver and the magazine pistol now constitute part of the regular equipment of army and navy officers and cavalry troops4 ,regulations governing practice shooting with these arms have been issued and adopted by both branches of the service and by the ,national ,guard of the various ,states4 ,in the ,national ,rifle ,association and in the various ,state rifle associations that have recently been organized1 pistol and revolver shooting has an important place1 and the matches provided are largely patronized4 ,in the numerous civilian shooting clubs scattered throughout the country pistol and revolver shooting has become extremely popular1 and in many cases the majority of the members practice more frequently with the smaller arms than with the rifle4 ,practice with the pistol and revolver affords training in sighting1 steady holding1 and pulling the trigger1 which are the essential features of rifle shooting also4 ,on account of this relation1 and the fact that skill with these arms can be instantly utilized in rifle shooting1 the development of marksmanship with the pistol and revolver assumes national importance4 ,while numerous standard works have been written on the subject of rifle shooting1 there is comparatively little information available on pistol and revolver shooting4 ,the object of this volume is to supply practical information on this subject4 ,the author has attempted to treat the subject in a clear and concise manner1 keeping the size of the volume as small as practicable and so as to be conveniently carried in the pocket4 ,particular pains have been taken to give sound advice and elementary instruction to beginners4 ,the author extends his grateful acknowledgments to ,baron ,speck von ,sternburg1 ,messrsr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,crabtree1 ,john ,t4 ,humphrey1 ,william ,e4 ,carlin1 ,chas4 ,s4 ,axtell1 ,walter ,winans1 ,walter ,g4 ,hudson1 ,ed4 ,taylor1 ,j4 ,e4 ,silliman1 ,m4 ,hays1 and the various arms and ammunition manufacturers referred to herein1 for valuable assistance1 suggestions1 information and data in preparing this volume4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,himmelwright4 ,stockholm1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory ,,and ,,historical #ac ,,ii4 ,,arms #ag ,,iii4 ,,ammunition #cg ,,iv4 ,,sights #fb ,v4 ,,shooting ,,position #fg ,,vi4 ,,target-,,shooting #gj ,,vii4 ,,targets #hf ,,viii4 ,,target ,,practice #id ,,ix4 ,,revolver ,,practice ,,for ,,the ,,police #ii ,x4 ,,pistol ,,shooting ,,for ,,ladies #ajg ,,xi4 ,,clubs ,,and ,,ranges #aaa ,,xii4 ,,hints ,,to ,,beginners #abb ,,xiii4 ,,reloading ,,ammunition #adg ,,appendix #afg ,,illustrations ,smith ,wesson 4#ch-;,caliber ,revolver ,colt ,army ,special ,revolver ,,facing ,,page #bb ,smith ,wesson 4#dd-;,caliber ,revolver ,colt ,new ,service ,revolver ,smith ,wesson ,russian ,model ,revolver #bd ,colt ,single ,action ,revolver ,webley ,scott 8,w4 ,s40 ,model ,revolver ,webley ,fosbury ,automatic ,revolver #bf ,colt ,automatic ,pistol ,parabellum or 8,luger0 ,automatic ,pistol ,webley ,scott ,automatic ,pistol #bh ,mauser ,automatic ,pistol ,smith ,wesson ,pistol ,remington ,pistol #cj ,stevens ,pistol1 ,gould ,model ,adolph ,weber ,pistol ,gastinne-,renette ,pistol #cb ,colt ,automatic ,target ,pistol ,colt ,police ,positive ,revolver ,smith ,wesson ,hand ,ejector ,revolver ,smith ,wesson ,double ,action ,perfected ,revolver #cd ,smith ,wesson ,safety ,hammerless ,revolver ,smith ,wesson ,pocket ,revolver ,colt ,police ,positive ,target ,revolver ,stevens ,diamond ,model ,pistol #cf ,colt ,automatic ,pocket ,pistol ,colt ,automatic ,pocket ,pistol ,savage ,automatic ,pocket ,pistol #ch ,smith ,wesson ,automatic ,pocket ,pistol ,military ,sights ,,page #fb ,paine ,sights ,,facing ,,page #fc ,patridge ,sights ,lyman ,sights #fd ,the ,wespi ,searchlight ,sight ,walter ,winans1 ,c4 ,s4 ,axtell1 ,thomas ,anderton #fh ,john ,a4 ,dietz1 ,e4 ,e4 ,patridge1 ,sergt4 ,w4 ,e4 ,petty #gb ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #gf ,j4 ,h4 ,snook1 ,george ,armstrong1 ,p4 ,j4 ,dolfen #gh ,standard ,american ,target ,,page #hg ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,combination ,target #hh ,the ,international ,union ,target #hi ,target ,l4 7,u4 ,s4 ,army7 #ia ,combination ,set3 ,revolver1 ,pistol1 ,utensils1 and ,case #aji ,details of ,alternating ,targets1 ,pit1 etc41 for #ej-yard ,range #aad ,details of ,booths at ,firing ,line1 8,trolleys10 and ,butts for ,gallery ,ranges #aag ,shooting ,gallery of the ,crescent ,athletic ,club1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,facing ,,page #abj ,correct ,manner of ,holding the ,revolver #abd ,correct ,position of the ,sights in ,aiming at the ,target ,,page #abh ,showing the ,travel of the ,line of the ,sights ,about the ,bullseye in ,aiming #acj ,moulding ,bullets #aea ,,pistol ,,and ,,revolver ,,shooting ,,chapter ,i ,,introductory ,,and ,,historical ,pistol shooting has been practiced ever since 8grained0 gunpowder came into general use4 ,it is only recently1 however1 that it has developed into a popular pastime and has been recognized as a legitimate sport4#a ,the useful and practical qualities of the pistol and revolver have been developed almost wholly during the last half-century4 ,before this period the small arms designed to be fired with one hand were crude and inaccurate1 and were intended to be used only at short range as weapons of defense4 ,the single-barreled muzzle-loading pistol has1 nevertheless1 been part of the army and navy officer's equipment since the sixteenth century4 ,these pistols were of large caliber1 smooth-bored1 heavy1 and unwieldy4 ,the load was a spherical bullet and a large charge of powder4 ,enough accuracy was obtained to hit a man at #ae to #bj paces1 which was deemed sufficient4 ,the usefulness of these arms in action was limited to the firing of a single shot1 and then using them as missiles or clubs4 ,the pistol in early days was considered a gentleman's arm--a luxury4 ,it was the arm generally selected for duelling when that code was in vogue1 the contestants standing #aj to #bj paces apart and firing at the word of command4 ,the development of the pistol has been contemporaneous and closely identified with that of the rifle4 ,with the grooving or rifling of the barrel1 the accuracy was greatly improved and the arm adapted to conical bullets4 ,although numerous attempts were made to devise a multishot arm with flint1 wheel1 and match locks1 it was not until the percussion cap was invented that a practicable arm of this character was produced4 ,this was a 8revolver0 invented by ,colonel ,colt of ,hartford1 ,conn41 in #ahce1 and consisted of a single barrel with a revolving cylinder at the breech containing the charges1 the mechanism being such that the cocking of the piece after each discharge revolved the cylinder sufficiently to bring a loaded chamber in line with the barrel4 ,the greatest advance in the development of firearms was the introduction of the system of breech-loading1 employing ammunition in the form of cartridges4 ,this principle rendered the operation of loading much simpler and quicker1 and vastly improved the efficiency and general utility of the arms4#b ,the present popularity of pistol and revolver shooting is due1 no doubt1 to recent improvements in the arms and ammunition4 ,the arms are now marvels of fine workmanship1 easy to manipulate1 durable1 and extremely accurate4 ,with the introduction of smokeless powders1 the smoke1 fouling1 and noise have been reduced to a minimum4 ,the effect of these improvements has been1 not only to increase the efficiency of the arms1 but also the pleasure of shooting them4 ,as a sport1 pistol shooting has much to commend it4 ,it is a healthful exercise1 being practiced out-of-doors in the open air4 ,there are no undesirable concomitants1 such as gambling1 coarseness1 and rough and dangerous play4 ,in order to excel1 regular and temperate habits of life must be formed and maintained4 ,it renders the senses more alert and trains them to act in unison and in harmony4 ,but1 above all1 skill in shooting is a useful accomplishment4 ,anyone possessing ordinary health and good sight may1 by practice1 become a good pistol shot4 ,persons who are richly endowed by nature with those physical qualities which specially fit them for expert shooting will1 of course1 master the art sooner than those less favored2 but it has been conclusively shown that excellence is more a question of training and practice than of natural gift4 ,some of the most brilliant shooting has been done by persons possessing a decidedly nervous temperament2 but those of phlegmatic temperament will generally make more uniform and reliable marksmen4 ,it is much more difficult to shoot well with the pistol or revolver than with the rifle4 ,the latter1 having a stock to rest against the shoulder and steady one end of the piece1 has a decided advantage in quick aiming and in pulling the trigger4 ,the former1 without a stock and being held in one hand with the arm extended so as to be free from the body1 is without any anchor or support whatever1 and is free to move in all directions4 ,consequently the least jar1 jerk in pulling the trigger1 puff of wind1 or unsteadiness of the hand greatly disturbs the aim4 ,intelligent practice will1 however1 overcome these difficulties and disadvantages to such a degree that an expert shot with a pistol or revolver under favorable conditions can equal a fair shot with a rifle at the target up to #bjj yards4 ,when the novice essays to shoot the pistol or revolver1 the results are generally disappointing and discouraging2 but rapid progress invariably rewards the efforts of those who persevere1 and when once thoroughly interested in this style of shooting1 there comes a fascination for it that frequently endures throughout a lifetime4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,arms ,the term 8pistol0 is frequently applied indiscriminately to the single-shot pistol and the revolver4 ,a marked distinction between these arms has gradually been developed4 ,the pistol is now recognized as a single-shot arm1 adapted for a light charge and designed to secure extreme accuracy4 ,its use is limited almost exclusively to target and exhibition shooting4 ,the modern revolver is an arm with a revolving cylinder holding five or six cartridges1 which are at the instant command of the shooter before it is necessary to reload4 ,it is designed for heavy charges1 and is a practical and formidable weapon4 ,revolvers are made in great variety1 and adapted for various purposes1 such as military service1 target shooting1 pocket weapons1 etc4 ,the best grades of pistols and revolvers may be had at a reasonable price4 ,the cheap grades with which the market is at all times flooded should be avoided4 ,they are incapable of doing good work1 and frequently are positively dangerous1 on account of being made of inferior materials4 ,the magazine or automatic pistol is the latest type of hand firearm4 ,it is a multishot pistol in which the mechanism is operated automatically by the recoil4 ,pulling the trigger is the only manual operation necessary to fire successive shots until the supply of cartridges in the magazine 7usually six to ten7 is exhausted4 ,the first models were introduced about #ahih4 ,these had many defects and objections1 such as failure to function regularly1 danger in manipulation due to insufficient safety devices1 poor balance1 unsightly lines1 etc4 ,nevertheless the advantages of this type of arm over the revolver for military purposes in effective range1 rapidity of fire1 accuracy1 interchangeability1 etc41 were soon recognized and manufacturers were encouraged to improve and perfect them4 ,practically all the mechanical defects referred to have been corrected1 the balance and the lines improved1 and safety devices introduced so that these arms are now well adapted for military use and are rapidly superseding the revolver as service weapons in the ,united ,states army and navy4 ,a synopsis of the severe tests leading to the adoption of a magazine pistol by the ,war ,department of the ,united ,states government may be found in the ,appendix4 ,military ,arms4--,the revolver and the magazine pistol are used for military service4 ,to fulfill the requirements these arms must be strong1 very durable1 and withstand a great amount of hard usage without becoming disabled4 ,the effectiveness1 or 8stopping power10 is of prime importance4 ,the caliber should be large1 the bullet should have a blunt point1 and the powder charge should be sufficiently powerful to give a penetration of at least six inches in pine4 ,there was a tendency some years ago to reduce the caliber of military revolvers4 ,while this resulted in increased velocity and penetration1 and reduced the weight of the ammunition1 it did not improve the stopping power of the arms4 ,the ineffectiveness of the 4#ch-;caliber service revolver charge was frequently complained of by the officers and men serving in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,this was due to the light powder charge and the conoidal shaped point of the bullet4 ,to remedy this weakness 4#de-;caliber revolvers were issued for the ,philippine service1 and a new 4#de-;caliber cartridge designed to which magazine pistol manufacturers were invited to adapt an arm4 ,unfortunately this new cartridge1 which is now the service ammunition1 has also a conoidal pointed bullet1 is not well proportioned1 and consequently develops only a part of its stopping power possibilities4 ,the sights must in all cases be very substantial1 and solidly fixed to the frame or barrel4 ,the trigger pull varies from #d to #h pounds1 the barrel from #d to #g inches in length1 and the weight from #b to #b pounds4 ,ammunition loaded with smokeless powder is now invariably used for military service4 ,the service revolvers still in use in the ,united ,states army and navy are the ,smith ,wesson and ,colt1 both 4#ch caliber1 and taking the same ammunition4 ,they have passed the prescribed series of tests as established by the ,united ,states government1#c and as improved and perfected represent1 without doubt1 the highest development of the military revolver4 ,these arms1 shown in ,figs4 #a and #b1 have solid frames1 and the actions are almost identical1 the cylinder swinging out to the left1 on a hinge1 when released by a catch4 ,the shells may then be extracted simultaneously by pushing back the extractor rod4 ,the ,smith ,wesson has an additional hinge-locking device in front of the cylinder4 ,the ,colt has an automatic safety lock between the hammer and the frame1 permitting discharge only when the trigger is pulled4 ,apart from these features there is very little difference between these arms4 ,the ,smith ,wesson 4#dd-;caliber ,military ,revolver is the latest model of the large caliber revolvers4 ,its action and general lines are the same as the 4#ch-;caliber military1 but it is a larger1 heavier1 and more powerful weapon4 ,other excellent military revolvers are the ,colt ,new ,service and the ,smith ,wesson ,russian model1 usually in 4#de caliber and 4#dd caliber1 respectively4 ,the ammunition for these arms was formerly loaded with black powder2 but smokeless cartridges have been adapted to them1 which give slightly increased velocity and the same accuracy4 7,see ,fig4 #d1 facing p4 #bd47 ,the ,smith ,wesson ,russian model has a hinge 8tip-up0 action1 with an automatic ejecting device4 ,the action is operated by raising a catch in front of the hammer4 ,it is easy to manipulate and1 on account of the accessibility of the breech1 the barrel can be readily inspected and cleaned4 ,this arm is single action4 7,see ,fig4 #e1 facing p4 #bd47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,smith ,,wesson #ch cal4 ,,military ,,revolver ,six shots2 #f inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #ae oz4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,colt ,,army ,,special ,,revolver ,six shots2 #f inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs4 #c oz41 4#ch cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig #c4--,,smith ,,wesson 4#dd cal4 ,,military ,,revolver4 ,six shots2 #f inch barrel2 weight #b lbs4 #f oz4 ,the action of the ,colt ,new ,service is similar to that of the 4#ch-;caliber revolver shown in ,fig4 #b1 with a solid frame4 ,it is double action4 ,the ,colt ,officer's ,model is identical in every respect with the ,army ,special except that it is fitted with adjustable target sights and may be had with lengths of barrel up to #g inches4 ,the foregoing arms1 with good ammunition1 are capable of making groups of ten shots on a #c-;inch circle at #ej yards4 ,the ,colt single action ,army is the most popular belt or holster weapon among ranchmen1 cowboys1 prospectors1 and others4 ,it has a solid frame1 simple mechanism1 and is exceedingly durable and reliable4 ,the arm is operated by opening a gate on the right-hand side1 back of the cylinder4 ,the cartridges are inserted in the cylinder through the gate1 the cylinder being revolved by hand until the respective chambers come opposite the gate4 ,in the same manner the shells are ejected by pushing the extractor rod back into each of the chambers4 7,see ,fig4 #f1 facing p4 #bd47 ,the ,smith ,wesson ,schofield ,model1 4#de caliber1 was formerly a ,united ,states service weapon4 ,the ammunition for this arm1 while less powerful than the 4#de ,colt1 was admirably adapted for military service1 and had much less recoil4 ,the ,webley ,scott ,w4 ,s4 ,model revolver is an ,english arm of much merit4 ,the caliber is 4#dee4 ,it has a hinge 8tip-up0 action1 with an automatic extractor very similar to the ,smith ,wesson4 7,see ,fig4 #g1 facing p4 #bf47 ,the service weapon adopted by the ,joint ,war ,office and ,admiralty ,committee for the ,british army and navy is the ,webley ,scott 8,mark ,,iv10 or 8,service ,model10 revolver4 ,this model is almost identical with the ,w4 ,s4 ,model1 except that the barrel is #d inches long and the weight is #b lbs4 #c oz4 ,on account of the short barrel1 the accuracy of this weapon does not equal that of the ,w4 ,s4 ,model4 ,another ,english arm is the 8,webley-,fosbury0 automatic revolver4 ,the recoil revolving the cylinder and cocking the hammer1 it can be fired as rapidly as the automatic pistols4 ,it is chambered for the 4#dee service cartridge loaded with #e grains of cordite4 ,this arm has been introduced since #aijj4 7,see ,fig4 #h1 facing p4 #bf47 ,among the leading magazine or automatic pistols used for military service are the ,colt1 ,luger1 ,webley ,scott1 ,savage1 ,mauser1 ,knoble1 ,bergmann1 ,white-,merrill1 ,steyr1 ,mannlicher1 ,mors and ,bayard4 ,most of these arms were tested by the ,united ,states government#d previous to the adoption of the ,colt as the service weapon of the ,u4 ,s4 ,army and ,navy4 7,see ,fig4 #i1 facing p4 #bf47 ,the ,luger has been adopted as the service weapon by ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,portugal1 ,bulgaria1 ,holland1 and ,brazil4 7,see ,fig4 #aj1 facing p4 #bh47 ,the ,webley-,scott 74#dee caliber7 was adopted as the service arm by the ,british navy in #aiaa1 and the 4#cb-;caliber 7weight #a lb4 #b oz47 is now the adopted arm of the ,london ,city and ,metropolitan police forces4 7,see ,fig4 #aa1 facing p4 #bh47 ,in most of these weapons1 including the ,colt1 ,webley ,scott1 ,luger1 and ,steyr pistols1 the cartridges are inserted in magazines which feed them into the breech through the handle4 ,in the ,mauser pistol the cartridges are supplied through clips from the top and forced into a magazine located in front of the trigger4 7,see ,fig4 #ab1 facing p4 #bh47 ,the magazine pistols can be fired at the rate of about five shots per second4 ,these arms equal the best military revolvers in accuracy4 ,many persons believe that the magazine pistol will soon supersede the revolver for general use4 ,while this may be the case eventually1 it is not likely to occur within the next few years4 ,the magazine pistol is more complicated1 and consequently more difficult to learn to shoot with and care for1 than the revolver4 ,on account of the special problems to be solved in the mechanism1 many of them balance poorly and the trigger pull is almost invariably long and creeping4 ,the novice will also find it difficult to avoid flinching in shooting these arms1 on account of the recoil mechanism1 louder report1 etc4 ,the line of sight being considerably higher than the grip1 if they are not held perfectly plumb1 or in the same position at each shot1 the shooting is liable to be irregular4 ,the cost is more than that of a good revolver4 ,until these undesirable features can be remedied or eliminated1 the revolver will probably remain a popular arm4 ,target ,arms4--,for target purposes the greatest possible accuracy is desirable4 ,to obtain this1 many features essential in a military arm are sacrificed4 ,delicate adjustable sights are employed1 the trigger pull is reduced1 the length of the barrel is increased1 the charge reduced1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,colt ,,new ,,service ,,revolver ,six shots2 #e inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs41 #h oz42 4#de cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,,smith ,,wesson ,,russian ,,model ,,revolver ,six shots2 #f inch barrel2 weight1 #ci oz42 4#dd cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,,colt ,,single ,,action ,,revolver ,six shots2 #e inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs4 #f oz42 4#de cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,,webley ,,scott 8,w4 ,s40 ,,model ,,revolver ,six shots2 #g inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs41 #g oz42 4#dee cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--,,webley ,,fosbury ,,automatic ,,revolver4 ,six shots2 #f inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs41 #aj oz42 4#dee cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,,colt ,,automatic ,,pistol4 ,seven shots2 #e inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs4 #g oz42 4#de cal4 ,the most accurate arms available at the present time are the single-shot pistols manufactured by ,smith ,wesson1 ,springfield1 ,mass41 ,the ,j4 ,stevens ,arms ,tool ,co41 ,chicopee ,falls1 ,mass42 ,fred ,adolph1 ,genoa1 ,n4 ,y4 ,these pistols are furnished in calibers from 4#bb rim-fire to 4#ch central-fire4 ,the barrels are generally #aj inches in length and the trigger pull #b pounds4 ,in the latest approved form these pistols are of 4#bb caliber specially bored and chambered for the rim-fire1 4#bb caliber long rifle cartridge4 ,this is a light1 clean1 pleasant shooting charge1 and may be fired many times with very little fatigue4 ,pistol shooting with arms of this caliber is rapidly becoming a popular pastime for ladies as well as gentlemen4 ,the ,smith ,wesson pistol has a tip-up action and an automatic extractor4 ,it is made of the best materials and with the greatest care4 ,the fitting and workmanship are superior to that of any other machine-made pistol4 ,the action is similar to that of the ,russian ,model revolver4 7,see ,fig4 #ac1 facing p4 #cj47 ,the ,stevens pistols were formerly furnished in three models and for many years they have enjoyed merited popularity for target shooting among the leading marksmen4 ,this pistol is now supplied only in the ,no4 #ce or 8,offhand ,target ,model10 which like the earlier models has a tip-up action and an automatic extractor4 ,a small knob on the left side is pressed to release the barrel and operate the action4 7,see ,fig4 #ad1 facing p4 #cj47 ,the ,remington pistol has an exceedingly strong action1 and is the only machine-made pistol with an action adapted for regulation 4#dd1 4#de1 and 4#ej caliber cartridges4 ,it has a large handle and a heavy barrel4 ,the action is operated when the hammer is at full-cock by throwing back the breech-block with the thumb1 simultaneously ejecting the empty shell4 ,unfortunately the manufacture of these weapons has recently been discontinued4 7,see ,fig4 #ae1 facing p4 #cj47 ,the ,adolph-,weber pistol designed by ,m4 ,casimir ,weber1 of ,zurich1 ,switzerland1 is a high grade hand-made arm that can be supplied by ,mr4 ,fred ,adolph in accordance with any specifications that the marksman may desire4 ,fig4 #af illustrates it conforming to the rules and regulations of the ,u4 ,s4 ,revolver ,association4 ,it has a strong1 durable1 tip-up action resembling in principle that of the ,stevens1 and when closed the barrel is securely locked in position by a cross bolt1 actuated by a button on the left side4 7,see ,fig4 #af1 facing p4 #cb47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,,the ,,parabellum ,,or 8,,luger0 ,,automatic ,,pistol ,eight shots2 #d inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #ac4d oz42 4#cj cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,,webley ,,scott ,,automatic ,,pistol ,eight shots2 #e inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs41 #g oz42 4#dee cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,,mauser ,,automatic ,,pistol ,ten shots2 #e inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs41 #g oz42 4#cj cal4 ,the ,adolph-,martini is a weapon de luxe that has been produced in the same manner as the ,adolph-,weber1 in which the action of the ,martini rifle has been employed4 ,it has double set triggers and is highly ornate4 ,the ,adolph 8,h4 ,v40 is a 4#bb caliber pistol adapted for a special high velocity cartridge developing a muzzle velocity of #b1jjj ft4 per second and an energy of #fbc foot-pounds4 ,with good ammunition all these pistols are capable of placing ten shots within a #b-;inch circle at #ej yards4 ,a very accurate pistol for gallery and short-range shooting is made by ,m4 ,gastinne-,renette of ,paris and used in his gallery in that city4 ,these are muzzle-loading and are very tedious and inconvenient to manipulate4 ,for this reason they have not become popular4 ,a few of these arms have been made up as breech-loaders1 with a tip-up action similar to the ,stevens1 but operated by a side lever under the hammer and chambered for the 4#dd ,russian cartridge4 ,in this form with gallery charges the pistol has given very good results4 7,see ,fig4 #ag1 facing p4 #cb47 ,the revolver is not quite as accurate as the pistol1 on account of the necessity of having the cylinder detached from the barrel4 ,if the pin on which the cylinder revolves is not at right angles with the end of the cylinder1 there will be more space between the cylinder and the breech end of the barrel in some positions of the cylinder than in others4 ,the result will be varying amounts of gas escaping from the different chambers of the cylinder1 and consequently irregular shooting4 ,the accuracy of the revolver depends largely1 too1 upon the degree of perfection in which all the chambers of the cylinder align with the bore of the barrel at the instant of discharge4 ,when the chambers do not align perfectly1 the bullet enters the barrel eccentrically and a portion of it is shaved off4 ,this is fatal to accuracy1 especially when smokeless powder is used4 ,imperfect alignment of chamber and barrel is also a frequent cause of the 8leading0 of the barrel4 ,some very ingenious mechanical expedients are used in the best revolvers to reduce to a minimum the wear of those parts which operate and hold the cylinder in position4 ,the revolvers generally used for target shooting are the military arms already described1 with longer barrels1 chambered for special cartridges1 fitted with target sights1 special handles1 and other modifications to suit the whims and tastes of individuals4 ,some of these modifications are distinctly advantageous4 ,one of the most recent fads is to skeletonize the hammer by boring away as much metal as possible and to increase the tension of the main spring4 ,the combined effect is almost instant response to the trigger pull4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,,smith ,,wesson ,,pistol ,ten-inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #h oz41 4#bb cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad--,,stevens ,,pistol1 ,,gould ,,model ,ten-inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #aj oz42 4#bb cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,,remington ,,pistol ,ten-inch barrel1 weight1 #b lbs41 #h oz42 4#dd cal4 ,the best and most experienced shots are careful to keep the modifications of all their arms within the rules and regulations of the various national organizations1#e in order that they may be used in the annual competitions and other important events4 ,these organizations control the pistol and revolver shooting1 and conduct annual competitions4 8,freak0 arms which do not comply with the rules are not allowed in the competitions1 are seldom practical1 and have little or no value other than for experimental purposes4 ,target arms are generally used for trick and exhibition shooting4#f ,pocket ,arms4--,the most extensive use of the revolver as a pocket weapon is for police service4 ,special arms are manufactured to meet the requirements4 ,these weapons are generally similar to the military revolvers1 but smaller in size and adapted for lighter charges4 ,all projections1 such as sights1 hammer1 etc41 must be eliminated or minimized so as not to catch in drawing the arm from the pocket or holster4 ,the barrels are usually from #c to #e inches in length1 the trigger pull #d pounds and the caliber 4#bb to 4#ch4 ,the larger calibers are much preferable for the general purposes of an arm of this character4 ,the difference in weight is slight1 while the power and effectiveness of the large calibers is important and a great advantage4 ,the pocket arms shown in ,figs4 #ah and #ai are practically reduced sizes of the military arms shown in ,figs4 #a and #b4 ,they have solid frames and actions identical with those of the military arms4 ,the ,smith ,wesson is made only in 4#cb caliber but the ,colt may be had in 4#cb or 4#ch4 ,both are double action4 ,the ,colt ,police ,special is similar in model to ,fig4 #ah but is slightly larger and heavier and can be had chambered for the powerful 4#ch caliber ,special1 or the 4#cb caliber ,winchester cartridges4 ,the ,smith ,wesson ,double ,action1 ,perfected1 is an improved model of this popular pocket weapon1 having a double locking action4 7,see ,fig4 #bj1 facing p4 #cd47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af--;,,adolph ,,weber ,,pistol ,ten-inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs4 #b oz42 4#bb cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag--;,,gastinne-,,renette ,,pistol #aj-c_/af inch barrel2 weight1 #b lbs4 #f oz42 4#dd cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag;a--,,colt ,,automatic ,,target ,,pistol ,ten shots2 #f inch barrel2 weight1 #bh oz42 4#bb cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah--;,,colt ,,police ,,positive ,,revolver ,six shots2 #d inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #d oz42 4#cb cal4 ,one of the most popular pocket revolvers is the ,smith ,wesson ,safety ,hammerless4 ,this arm has a safety latch in the back of the handle1 so designed that unless the piece is properly held it is impossible to operate it4 ,it has many valuable and desirable features to commend it as a practical pocket weapon and for home protection4 ,the standard length of barrel is #d inches4 ,this arm is also furnished in 4#cb caliber4 7,see ,fig4 #ba1 facing p4 #cd47 ,with #d-;inch barrels1 the foregoing pocket weapons are capable of shooting regularly within a #b-;inch circle at #bj yards4 ,a heavier and correspondingly more powerful ,pocket revolver is the ,colt 8,double ,action0 revolver4 ,this arm is chambered for the ,colt 4#da caliber short and long cartridges4 ,it has a solid frame1 and is operated exactly like the ,colt ,single ,action ,army ,model 7,fig #f74 ,it is compact1 strong1 durable1 and accurate4 ,for many years there was no high grade 4#bb caliber revolver on the market4 ,within the last few years two excellent arms in this caliber have been produced4 ,the ,smith ,wesson is supplied chambered only for the ,s4 ,w4 long cartridges1 but in two lengths of barrels2 #c inches with fixed sights and #f inches with target sights4 ,the ,colt is furnished only in one length of barrel1 #f inches1 but chambered for any of the rim-fire cartridges1 and the 4#cb caliber short and long ,colt1 central-fire cartridges4 ,these arms with #f-;inch barrels are extremely accurate1 pleasant to shoot on account of the light recoil and the ammunition is inexpensive4 ,they are well adapted for target shooting for ladies and excellent for small game shooting4 7,see ,figs4 #bb and #bc47 ,a very handy little arm to carry in the pocket on hunting and fishing trips is the ,stevens ,diamond ,model single-shot pistol4 ,it is light in weight1 very accurate1 and low in cost4 7,see ,fig4 #bd1 facing p4 #cf47 ,all these 4#bb caliber arms can be depended on to kill grouse1 ducks1 rabbits1 and other small game4 ,the hollow-pointed bullet ammunition should be used1 or the regular cartridge1 with the front of the bullet cut off square1 so as to leave a flat point4 ,this will increase the killing effect of the bullet considerably4 ,magazine pistols of smaller size than the military arms have in recent years become popular as pocket weapons4 ,such types as have safety devices to prevent discharge when the arm is not properly held for firing1 are well adapted for this purpose4 ,the ,colt ,pocket ,models are made in 4#ch caliber and 4#cb caliber as shown in ,fig4 #be1 and in 4#be caliber as illustrated in ,fig4 #bf 7facing pp4 #cf and #ch47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai--,,smith ,,wesson ,,hand ,,ejector ,,revolver ,six shots2 #d inch barrel2 weight1 #ah oz42 4#cb cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,,smith ,,wesson ,,double ,,action ,,perfected ,,revolver ,five shots2 #d inch barrel2 weight1 #ag oz42 4#ch cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,,smith ,,wesson ,,safety ,,hammerless ,,revolver ,five shots2 #d inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #a oz42 4#ch cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,,smith ,,wesson ,,pocket ,,revolver ,seven shots2 #c inch barrel2 weight1 #aj oz42 4#bb cal4 ,the ,savage ,pocket ,model is made in 4#ch and 4#cb caliber using the same cartridge as the ,colt4 ,it has an automatic indicator showing when the arm is loaded4 ,a recent improvement in this arm is a spur cocking lever which permits cocking with the thumb of the hand holding the weapon4 7,see ,fig4 #bg1 facing p4 #ch47 ,the ,smith ,wesson automatic is furnished only in 4#ce caliber4 ,it has a wood stock backed by steel plates4 ,the automatic safety in this arm is located in front of the trigger guard and is operated by the second finger4 7,see ,fig4 #bh1 facing p4 #ch47 ,as in the case of pocket revolvers1 the larger calibers of the pocket automatic pistols will be found to have better stopping power and as practical weapons for use in case of emergency are to be preferred to the smaller calibers4 ,persons who have very limited use for a weapon as for home protection and occasional pocket use1 especially when they do not expect to practice shooting with it regularly will find a suitable revolver much more serviceable1 safer1 and generally more satisfactory than a magazine pistol4 ,the latter on account of its more complicated and concealed mechanism is liable to be left in an unserviceable condition for safety in the home 7unloaded1 magazines misplaced1 etc47 and when needed1 unfamiliarity with its manipulation not only causes delay in getting it in action but also is a fruitful source of accident4 ,for the purpose referred to in this paragraph a 4#ch caliber ,smith ,wesson ,safety ,hammerless1 a 4#ch or 4#cb caliber ,colt ,police ,positive1 or a 4#cb caliber ,smith ,wesson ,hand ,ejector with a #d-;inch barrel and a #d-pound trigger pull in each case is recommended4 ,owners of such weapons for home or personal protection should practice with them occasionally1 firing at least #bj or #be shots4 ,a good range for such practice is #bj to #cj feet4 ,after using the arm it should in all cases be carefully cleaned and oiled as described under 8,cleaning and ,care of ,arms40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc--;,,colt ,,police ,,positive ,,target ,,revolver ,seven shots2 #f inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #f oz42 4#bb and 4#cb cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,,stevens ,,diamond ,,model ,,pistol ,six inch barrel2 weight1 #h oz42 4#bb cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,,colt ,,automatic ,,pocket ,,pistol ,eight shots2 #c inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #g oz42 4#cb and 4#ch cal4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,ammunition ,the degree of perfection that has been attained in the manufacture of ammunition is remarkable4 ,generally speaking1 the smaller the charge the more difficult it is to make it accurate4 ,notwithstanding this1 we have in the 4#bb caliber ammunition a tiny cartridge the accuracy of which falls little short of marvellous4 ,until #aijg black powder ammunition was used almost exclusively for pistol and revolver shooting4 ,in central-fire ammunition smokeless powders are now invariably used1 especially in military shooting1 where the regulation full charge is required4 ,in the 4#bb caliber pistols1 the fouling of the black powder is not a very serious matter1 and it is not uncommon to shoot fifty or a hundred rounds without the necessity of cleaning4 ,in the larger calibers1 however1 the fouling is frequently so excessive that it affects the accuracy after the fifth shot4 ,the incessant cleaning that is necessary in order to get good results with black powder ammunition was a great drawback1 and detracted much from the pleasure of revolver shooting4 ,fortunately this objection is now entirely eliminated by the use of smokeless powders4 ,nearly all the cartridges referred to in this chapter were originally designed for black powder4 ,the various manufacturers now supply them loaded with smokeless powder at a very slight advance in price4 ,the cartridges are loaded so as to give approximately the same velocity as the former black powder charges but the new charges are rarely the exact equivalent of the old ones4 ,the accuracy and uniformity with the smokeless powder was not at first equal to that of the black1 but with a better knowledge of the action and behavior of the smokeless powders1 these difficulties have been overcome and the smokeless ammunition now gives not only superior accuracy and reliability1 but also causes much less fouling and smoke and has a lighter report4 ,in 8gallery0 ammunition light conical bullets have entirely superseded spherical bullets and smokeless powder is almost invariably used4 ,to obtain the best results1 the proportions of any charge must be adapted to the caliber1 length of barrel1 and weight of the arm in which it is to be used4 ,these proportions are generally determined by experiment4 ,illustration3 ,fig #bf ,,colt ,,automatic ,,pocket ,,pistol ,seven shots2 #b inch barrel2 weight1 #ac oz43 #be cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg--,,savage ,,automatic ,,pocket ,,pistol ,ten shots2 #d inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb4 #e oz42 4#cb and 4#ch cal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,,smith ,,wesson ,,automatic ,,pocket ,,pistol ,eight shots2 #c inch barrel2 weight1 #a lb41 #g oz42 4#ce cal4 ,the accuracy of the cartridge depends largely upon the uniformity exercised in the operations of loading1 the fit of the bullet1 its shape1 and the reliability and uniformity of the powder4 ,the primer must be of uniform strength also1 especially in reduced charges4 ,in ammunition for military service the shells are crimped on the bullets to hold them in place4 ,this does not increase the accuracy in black powder ammunition1 but it is necessary and advantageous in all smokeless ammunition including gallery charges1 in order to confine the powder and produce uniform results4 ,the following is a digest of the principal pistol and revolver cartridges in use at the present time4 ,rim-fire ,cartridges4--,these are primed with a fulminate of mercury mixture around the outer edge of the rim1 or base of the shell1 and are generally loaded with ,lesmok1 semi-smokeless1 or black powder4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bi4 ,the smallest and lightest charged ammunition in general use is the 4#bb caliber4 ,in this caliber the 8,c4 ,b40 or ,conical ,ball ,cap loaded with black powder is the smallest practicable cartridge4 ,the charge is #a grains of powder and a lubricated conical bullet weighing #bi grains4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cj4 ,an excellent cartridge in this caliber is the 4#bb short1 7,fig4 #cj74 ,this cartridge fouls very little and is almost equal in accuracy to the 4#bb 8long rifle0 up to #ej yards4 ,on account of its lighter report it is preferred by many for gallery shooting4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ca4 ,the 4#bb caliber 8long rifle0 cartridge is more extensively used for pistol shooting than any other4 ,it is the most accurate of the 4#bb-;caliber cartridges1 being well proportioned1 the bullet well lubricated1 and the shell uncrimped4 ,in addition to this1 the ammunition is inexpensive and has very clean shooting qualities4 ,it is1 therefore1 particularly well adapted for pistol shooting4 ,this cartridge1 fired from a #aj-;inch barrel1 will shoot regularly inside of a #b-;inch circle1 at #ej yards1 and inside a #e-;inch circle at #ajj yards4 ,the 4#bb-;caliber ,long ,rifle 8,armory0 and the 4#bb-;caliber ,smith ,wesson ,long are special makes of the long rifle cartridge that are furnished with a crimped shell1 preventing the bullet from becoming dislodged and thus adapting this popular cartridge for use in revolvers of this caliber4 ,in all of the foregoing cartridges only the surface of the bullet outside the shell is lubricated4 ,exposed in this way1 the lubricant is easily rubbed off1 or melted if allowed to stand in the sunlight on a warm day4 ,great care should be taken to prevent this1 as1 without lubrication1 the bullets will lead the barrel and cause inaccurate shooting4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cb4 ,the 4#bb-;caliber ,winchester is a cartridge with inside lubrication4 ,it is more powerful than the 4#bb long rifle1 and gives good results in the pistol4 ,the bullet has a flat point1 making it suitable for game shooting1 and the lubrication being within the shell1 these cartridges may be carried loose in the pocket4 ,all of the 4#bb caliber cartridges can be had with hollow-pointed bullets1 which are to be preferred for game shooting4 ,they are also furnished loaded with smokeless powder4 ,when this powder was first used in 4#bb-;caliber ammunition the results were far from satisfactory1 but as now manufactured the smokeless ammunition approximates very closely in uniformity and accuracy to that loaded with black powder4 ,there still remains1 however1 considerable difficulty with the rim-fire smokeless cartridges on account of their liability to rust the inside of the barrel4#g ,the novice is therefore cautioned not to use this ammunition until the difficulty of rusting is overcome4 ,the 4#be-;cal4 ,stevens is a much more powerful cartridge than any of the preceding1 and gives excellent results in the pistol4 ,it is selected by those who wish a more powerful rim-fire cartridge than is furnished in 4#bb caliber4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cc4 ,rim-fire cartridges in larger caliber than 4#be are used for derringers 7large-bore1 single-shot pocket pistols now seldom used7 and inferior grades of revolvers4 ,these cartridges sometimes lack uniformity in caliber when made by different manufacturers1 are frequently defective1 and discharge occasionally in closing the action of the arm in which they are loaded4 ,they consequently lack the safety1 reliability1 and accuracy of the corresponding calibers in central-fire ammunition4 ,rim-fire cartridges cannot be reloaded4 ,central-fire ,cartridges4--,this type of cartridge has a brass or copper primer fitted with a skeleton anvil of brass and charged with a small quantity of priming composition containing a sensitive explosive for igniting the powder charge4 ,the primer fits water-tight in a socket in the center of the base of the shell4 ,after being discharged1 the primer can be renewed and the shell reloaded4 ,in all the central-fire cartridges the lubrication of the bullet is inside of the shell1 rendering the ammunition much more serviceable and less liable to be damaged4 ,mantled bullets designated as 8metal pointed0 and 8full metal patched0 can be supplied by the ammunition manufacturers for all the central-fire cartridges at a cost of one dollar per thousand more than the regular lead bullets4 ,the mantled bullets do not deform as readily in handling1 shipping1 etc41 and give slightly increased penetration in soft woods1 animal tissue1 etc41 as compared with the plain lead bullet with the same powder charge4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cd4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ce4 ,the 4#cb-;caliber ,s4 ,w4 cartridge is adapted to the ,smith ,wesson1 ,colt1 or other pocket revolvers4 ,occasionally single-shot pistols are chambered for this cartridge4 ,it is fairly accurate at ranges up to #ej yds4 ,a gallery charge is furnished in this shell consisting of #d grains of black powder and a spherical or 8round0 bullet weighing #dg grains4 ,the 4#cb-;cal4 ,s4 ,w4 ,long is more accurate and powerful than the preceding cartridge4 ,it gives excellent results in both the pistol and revolver4 ,the gallery charge is the same as that of the 4#cb ,s4 ,w4 ,the 4#cb-;caliber ,colt ,new ,police is also an accurate cartridge1 and was designed specially for the ,colt ,new ,police revolver4 ,the flat point adds to its effectiveness4 ,a good gallery charge in this shell consists of a powder charge of #a grains of ,bullseye and the regular bullet4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cf4 ,the 4#cb-dd ,s4 ,w4 and the 4#ch-dd ,s4 ,w4 were special black powder cartridges designed for the ,s4 ,w4 ,russian ,model revolver bored for these calibers4 ,the shells were uncrimped and the bullets seated inside of the shells flush with the mouth4 ,a large variety of special bullets of varying weights were designed for these cartridges and much experimentation was done with them4 ,the 4#ch-dd ,caliber was originally designed for and largely used by ,chevalier ,ira ,a4 ,paine1 the noted pistol shot in his exhibitions4 ,while these cartridges proved very accurate and were popular when black powder was in general use they are entirely unsuited for smokeless powders and consequently are now seldom used4 ,the 4#ch ,s4 ,w4 is adapted to the ,smith ,wesson1 ,colt1 and other pocket revolvers4 ,it is much more powerful than the 4#cb ,s4 ,w41 and is consequently more practical and better adapted for a pocket revolver charge4 ,when shot from a #d-;inch barrel1 groups of ten shots can be made in a #b-;inch circle at #bj yards and in a #f-;inch circle at #ej yards4 ,a good gallery or reduced load in this shell is ,ideal ,bullet ,no4 #cehbdb1 #cfjgb1 or #cfjcjb with #b grains of ,bullseye powder4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cg4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ch4 ,the 4#ch ,colt ,new ,police is almost identical with the 4#ch ,s4 ,w41 the only difference being a slightly heavier bullet with a flat point4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ci4 ,the 4#ch ,long ,colt is adapted to the ,colt and ,s4 ,w4 ,military revolvers4 ,it was the regulation charge of the service weapon of the ,u4 ,s4 ,army until #aiaa4 ,under service conditions the cartridge was found to have insufficient power1 was inaccurate and on account of the deterioration of the powder with which some of the ammunition was loaded it proved most unsatisfactory1 especially in the ,philippine war4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dj4 ,the 4#ch ,smith ,wesson ,special cartridge is more powerful than the 4#ch ,long ,colt and is exceedingly accurate4 ,from a #f-;inch barrel six shots may be placed within a #e-;inch circle at #ajj yards4 ,numerous gallery and mid-range charges with special bullets have been designed for this cartridge4 ,it is now the most popular of all the revolver cartridges for target practice4 ,some of the special bullets are illustrated herewith1 the numbers being those used in the 8,ideal ,handbook03 ,illustration3 #cehbdb #cfjcde #cfjgb #abe gr4 #aae gr4 #aaj gr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #da4 #cfjcjb #cfjbga #cfjcfc #aab gr4 #aej gr4 #gj gr4 ,a powder charge of #b to #b grains of ,bullseye will give good results with any of these bullets4 ,bullets ,no4 #cfjcde1 #cfjcjb and #cfjbga cut full-size bullet holes in the targets4 ,the following are some of the special charges supplied by the manufacturers in this shell3 ,name ,manufacturer,weight in,powder ,wt4 in ,type ,grains ,charge ,bullets ,bullet ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,gallery ,u4 ,m4 ,c4 ,co4 #e4b ,black #gj ,spherical ,target ,u4 ,m4 ,c4 ,co4 #b4f ,bullseye #acj ,r4 ,n4 ,colt ,special ,u4 ,m4 ,c4 ,co4 #c4d ,bullseye #afj ,f4 ,n4 ,sharp ,shoulder,u4 ,m4 ,c4 ,co4 #b4a ,bullseye #abb ,f4 ,head ,mid ,range ,winchester #b4j ,bullseye #ajd ,r4 ,n4 ,gallery ,winchester #h4e ,c4 ,p4 ,w4 #gj ,r4 ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,the 4#dd-;caliber ,smith ,wesson ,russian#h was the most popular revolver cartridge for target shooting before smokeless powder was introduced4 ,since smokeless charges have been adapted to it many expert shots prefer this cartridge in the gallery contests as the large bullet hole is a decided advantage over the smaller calibers at ranges of #bj yards and under4 ,nearly all the great records in revolver shooting in the past have been made with this cartridge and many important matches have been won with it4 ,a great deal of experimental work has also been done with it1 and many reduced charges have been evolved4 ,the ,ideal ,manufacturing ,company can furnish moulds for bullets of the shapes and weights shown in ,fig4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,figure #db4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dc4 #dbiccf #dbibea ,u4,m4,c4 ,u4,m4,c4 #dbiajf #bee gr4 #bef gr4 #aaj gr4 #acj gr4 #age gr4 #dbicdh #dbiajf #dbibci #dbibae #dbibbj #agf gr4 #afj gr4 #abe gr4 #bje gr4 #age gr4 ,bullets ,no4 #dbiccf1 #dbicdh1 and #dbibbj cut clean1 full-size holes in the target4 ,the weight of the powder charge and bullets in grains and the accuracy of the various loads fired from #f-;inch barrel are about as follows3 ,bullseye ,bullet,diameter of ,circle ,enclosing ,group of #aj ,shots ,powder ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #bj yds4 #cj yds4 #ej yds4 #ajj yds4#bjj yd4 #d4a #bef #a in4 #a in4 #a in4 #f in4 #ae in4 #b4c #aaj #a in4 #b in4 #b4g #acj #a in4 #b in4 #c4j #afj #b in4 #c in4 #b4h #agf #a in4 #c4j #age #b in4 #b4g #abe #a in4 #b in4 #c4b #bje #b in4 #c in4#g in4 #b4f #age #a in4 #c in4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,these various loads adapt this shell to almost any conceivable requirement in revolver shooting4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dd4 ,the 4#dd ,s4 ,w4 ,special is the latest and most powerful of the 4#dd-;caliber cartridges4 ,it equals the 4#dd ,s4 ,w4 ,russian in accuracy and is the best proportioned of the heavy revolver cartridges4 ,the reduced and gallery loads of the 4#dd ,s4 ,w4 ,russian will give equally good results in this shell4 ,illustration3 ,figure #de4 ,the 4#de ,colt ,army is the most powerful of all the revolver cartridges4 ,it was formerly the ,united ,states army service ammunition4 ,the charge was so heavy1 and the recoil so excessive that it was almost impossible to shoot it without flinching4 ,the smokeless powder charge of #e grains of ,bullseye makes it much more practical and very similar to the 4#dd ,s4 ,w4 ,special cartridge4 ,both of these are exceedingly powerful and accurate and suitable for military service4 ,illustration3 ,figure #df4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dg4 ,the caliber of the service ammunition for the revolver of the ,british army is 4#dee4 ,this is a very accurate cartridge1 but not as powerful as the corresponding military cartridges used in this country4 ,a special cylindrical bullet with a deep convex hollow point is furnished in the same shell and is known as the 8man stopper40 ,this form of bullet is used in the ,english 4#dej and 4#ch caliber cartridges also4 ,the 4#dej ,welby is another ,english cartridge that is accurate1 and pleasant to shoot4 ,it is used largely at ,bisley in the annual revolver competitions of the ,national ,rifle ,association of ,great ,britain4 ,in order to avoid excessive fouling with black powders a self-lubricating bullet has been invented and introduced by ,smith ,wesson1 which can be furnished in all calibers above 4#cb4 ,the bullet has a hollow core open in the rear4 ,lubricant is filled into the core1 after which it is closed with a lead plunger4 ,four small ducts communicate from the forward end of the core to the exterior of the bullet just ahead of its bearing on the barrel4 ,at the moment of discharge the plunger is driven forward1 forcing the lubricant through the ducts into the barrel ahead of the bullet4 ,this bullet has given excellent results and will be found decidedly advantageous when black powder is used4 ,with it a hundred or more shots may be fired with black powder without causing sufficient fouling to impair the accuracy4 ,revolvers are sometimes chambered for the 4#dd-dj-bjj1 the 4#ch-dj-ahj1 and the 4#cb-bj-aae rifle cartridges4 ,these charges in black powder load are not as accurate as the corresponding revolver cartridges in these calibers1 but can be relied on to shoot inside a #e-;inch circle at #ej yards4 ,these cartridges are desirable for revolvers only when it is an advantage to use the same ammunition in the rifle and revolver1 or in certain localities where only a few varieties of ammunition are to be had4 ,the large powder charge makes the recoil of the first two cartridges named rather unpleasant4 ,the 4#cb-bj-aae is the most accurate of these cartridges1 and gives the best results in the pistol or revolver4 ,all these cartridges having flat-pointed bullets are well adapted for game shooting4 ,none of these rifle cartridges loaded with smokeless powder will give good results in revolvers because the brand of powder generally used in rifle ammunition requires a long barrel to consume the charge4 ,fired from a short barrel only part of the charge will be consumed and the rest will be expelled unburned1 thus reducing the velocity and power of the charge and sometimes increasing the recoil4 ,it is of course entirely practicable to adapt a charge of bullseye or similar smokeless powder to these shells which would make them much more satisfactory4 ,another disadvantage of using the rifle cartridge in revolvers is the possibility of inexperienced persons using the new high velocity rifle ammunition1 which would prove not only most unsatisfactory but extremely dangerous in revolvers4 ,there are no reduced or gallery loads supplied in these shells4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dh4 ,illustration3 ,figure #di4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ej4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ea4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eb4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ec4 ,automatic ,pistol ,cartridges4--,with the introduction of the magazine pistol special smokeless cartridges have been devised that are rimless and have a crease around the base of the shell by which they may be held and manipulated by the mechanism4 ,these cartridges are exceedingly clean-shooting4 ,several hundred rounds may be fired without causing more fouling than is apparent after the first few shots4 ,this ammunition is furnished loaded with 8full-mantled0 and 8soft-nosed0 bullets2 the latter1 having the lead exposed at the point will mushroom on striking animal tissue and are sometimes referred to as 8dum dum0 bullets and are intended for hunting purposes4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ed4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ee4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ef4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eg4 ,the mantled or metal cased bullet has undoubted advantages in rifle ammunition1 in which low trajectory and extreme long range are desiderata that can be obtained only by high velocities4 ,in ammunition for magazine pistols and revolvers1 however1 the prime object is to deliver the most effective blow possible at comparatively short range4 ,the velocities attainable in large calibers within the permissible weight of an automatic pistol are comparatively low4 ,the deformation of any bullet on striking animal tissue is in direct proportion to its velocity4 ,it is1 therefore1 extremely doubtful that a metal cased bullet will ever prove as effective and satisfactory in 8stopping power0 and for military service1 either in the automatic pistol or the revolver1 as the large caliber lead bullet4 ,the 4#be cal4 is the smallest of the ,american made automatic pistol ammunition and is adapted for the ,colt and other magazine pistols4 ,it is an accurate cartridge but the short length of barrel of the ,colt weapon makes it impossible to do accurate work with it4 ,figures #di and #ej are the well known ,luger and ,mauser cartridges adapted to the pistols of that name4 ,they are powerful charges1 accurate and clean shooting4 ,these were among the first cartridges developed for automatic pistols and are still extensively used4 ,the 4#cb ,automatic ,colt is adapted to ,colt and other magazine pistols of this caliber4 ,it is an accurate1 pleasant shooting cartridge with very little recoil and excellent work can be done with it at the target4 ,the 4#ce ,s4 ,w4 ,automatic is adapted to the ,smith ,wesson magazine pistol4 ,it is a very accurate cartridge1 has no unpleasant recoil and like the preceding is well adapted for target shooting4 ,figure #ec is the 4#chj ,automatic ,colt cartridge designed to meet the demand for a light charge in this caliber4 ,it is adapted to the ,colt and other magazine pistols4 ,the 4#ch ,automatic ,colt is the best proportioned and most powerful of all automatic pistol cartridges4 ,it has a slightly flattened point and is extremely accurate4 ,when fired from regulation arms this ammunition is capable of placing ten shots inside a #c-;inch circle at #ej yards and inside a #g-;inch circle at #ajj yards4 ,this was the ammunition of the first ,colt automatic pistol introduced in the ,united ,states4 ,figures #ee and #ef are two cartridges adapted to the 4#de ,automatic ,colt pistol4 ,figure #ef is the new service charge of the ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,they are exactly alike except that the service charge has a #bcj gr4 bullet 7#cj gr4 heavier than the other74 ,the service charge when fired from the regulation service arm is capable of placing #aj shots in a #c-;inch circle at #ej yards and an #h-;inch circle at #ajj yards4 ,a flat or blunt pointed bullet of about #ahe gr4 and a ten per cent4 heavier powder charge would improve the effectiveness and stopping power of this cartridge wonderfully without materially affecting the recoil or the accuracy4 ,figure #eg is the service charge of the regulation magazine pistol 7,webley ,scott7 of the ,british ,army4 ,it is an accurate cartridge but it lacks sufficient power to fulfill the exacting requirements of present-day military service4 ,light or gallery charges in magazine pistol shells are impracticable on account of not having sufficient recoil to operate the automatic mechanism4 ,slightly reduced loads with lead bullets may be used in some of the arms but seldom with satisfactory results4 ,reduced loads can be used in most of the weapons if the mechanisms are hand operated for each shot4 ,the following ballistical table gives the charges1 muzzle velocities1 etc41 of the principal factory-loaded1 smokeless pistol and revolver cartridges4 ,the factories aim to keep the muzzle velocities uniform for each cartridge4 ,to produce this result with the various brands of smokeless powder1 all of which differ more or less in strength1 the weight of the powder charge necessarily varies for the different brands of powder4 ,even when purchased in large quantities1 different blends and packages of the same brand of powder occasionally vary somewhat in strength4 ,for these reasons it is impossible to designate the exact weight or volume of any brand of powder which will in all cases produce the muzzle velocities in the table1 and the charges given must therefore be considered as approximate only4 ,,ballistical ,,table ,,key3 a4 ,,bullet3 ,exact diameter in inches b4 ,,bullet3 ,weight in grains c4 ,,bullet3 ,round or flat nosed d4 ,length of bbl4 in arm tested e4 ,muzzle velocity 7#ej ft4 from muzzle7 f4 ,energy--foot lbs43 ,wv#b #b;g g4 ,penetration 7inches in white pine7 ,weight in ,grains ,,name ,,of and ,brand ,,bullet ,,cartridge of ,powder --------------------------------- 7,approx4 only7 a4 b4c4 d4 e4 f4 g4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,rim ,fire3 4#bb ,short #a4f ,lesmok 4#bbc #cj,,rn #f #ghi #da4e #c 4#bb ,long #b4a 4#bbc #ce,,rn #f #ggj #df4b #c 4#bb ,l4 ,rifle #c4d 4#bbc #dj,,rn #f #gfe #ea4h #d 4#bb ,w4 ,r4 ,f4 #c4e 4#bbge #de;,,fn #f #haa #fe4h #d ,central ,fire3 4#be ,auto ,colt #a4a ,bullseye 4#bea #ej,,rn #b #gcc #ei4g #c #g4fc m4m4 ,mauser #e4e 4#caje #hf,,rn #e #acig #cgc #aa #g4fe m4m4 ,luger #d4a 4#cjie #ic,,rn #d #aagc4ebhd4caj #i m4m4 ,luger #d4f 4#ceeeabe;,,fn #d #ajci4bbii4haj 4#cb ,w4 ,c4 ,f4 #aj4j ,sharp- shooter 4#cabeaae;,,fn #e #ied #bcb4d #e 4#cb ,auto ,colt #b4e ,bullseye 4#cabe #gd,,rn #c #ich #add4h #e 4#cb ,s4 ,w4 #a4e 4#cae #he,,rn #d #fjf4g #fi4e #c 4#cb ,s4 ,w4 #a4e 4#cae #he,,rn#aj #ijb #aei #d 4#cb ,lg4 ,colt #b4j 4#cac #ij,,rn #d #fda4d #hb4b #c 4#cb ,sht4 ,colt #a4d 4#cae #hj,,rn #d #feg4b #gh4g #c 4#cb ,s4 ,w4 ,long #b4j 4#cae #ih,,rn #d #gjf4iajh4f #d 4#cb ,colt ,n4 ,p4 #b4e 4#cad #ih;,,fn #d #gjf4cajh4f #d 4#ce ,s4 ,w4 ,auto #a4i 4#caie #gf,,rn #c #hji #aaj4e #d 4#ch ,s4 ,w4 #b4d 4#cei #ade,,rn #e #egi4cajh4b #d 4#ch ,auto ,colt #d4f 4#cei #acj,,rn #f #aage #cih4jaj 4#ch ,colt ,n4 ,p4 #b4d 4#cei #aej;,,fn #d #egi4faaa4g #d 4#ch ,sht4 ,colt #b4e 4#cge #acj,,rn #f #fjh #ajg #d 4#ch ,long ,colt #c4j 4#ceh #adh,,rn #f #ghf #bjc #d 4#ch ,long ,d4 ,a4 #c4d ,gray ,walsrode 4#ceh #aej,,rn #f #gga4faih4c #f 4#ch ,s4 ,w4 ,spl4 #c4d ,bullseye 4#ceh #aeh,,rn #f #hef4gbeg4e #g 4#ch ,colt ,spl4 #c4d 4#ceh #aeh;,,fn #f #heg4fbeh #g 4#ch ,s4 ,w4 ,spl4 ,gal4 #h4e ,c4,p4,w4#i 4#ceh #gj,,rn #f #acjj #bfc #e 4#ch ,s4 ,w4 ,spl4 ,mid ,range #b4a ,bullseye 4#ceh #abc,,rn #f #fee #ii #c 4#ch ,w4 ,c4 ,f4 #ae4 ,sharp- shooter 4#djj #ahj;,,fn #e #ihc #chf4e #f 4#chj ,auto ,colt #b4f ,bullseye 4#ceg #ie,,rn #c #hhg #aff #e 4#da ,sht4 ,colt #b4e 4#djf #afj,,rn #f #gjg #agg #d 4#da ,long ,colt #c4c 4#chg #bjj,,rn #f #gje4fbba4b #e 4#dd ,s4 ,w4 ,russ4 #d4a 4#dca #bdf,,rn #f #gjf #bgb #f 4#dd ,s4 ,w4 ,russ4 ,gall4 #b4e 4#dca #aae,,rn #f #fhe #aah #c 4#dd ,s4 ,w4 ,spl4 #e4a 4#dca #bdf,,rn #e #gee #caa4e #g 4#dd ,w4 ,c4 ,f4 #af4e ,sharp- shooter 4#dbf #bjj;,,fn #g #iah4hcge #f 4#de ,auto ,colt #d4g ,bullseye 4#dejebjj,,rn #e #iaj4bcfh #h 4#de ,auto ,colt 7,govt47 #d4g 4#dejebcj,,rn #e #hji #cce #f 4#de ,colt ,d4 ,a4 #e4j 4#dee #bee,,rn #e #ggj4fccf4c #e 4#dee ,colt #d4e 4#deh #bfe,,rn #e #gef4fccf4e #e 4#dee ,webley ,auto #g4j ,cordite 4#dee #bbj,,rn #e #gej #bhj4f #d 4#dee ,british ,service #e4e 4#dee #bfe,,rn #g #gjj #bhh #d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,chapter ,,iv ,,sights ,the purpose of sights is to assist in aiming the piece4 ,the national organizations allow only 8open0 sights in pistol and revolver shooting4 8,peep0 or 8aperture0 sights are barred4 ,the rear sight usually consists of a notch shaped like a ,v or a ,u1 the notch being as wide on top as at any part4 ,the front sight is a piece of thin metal set on edge4 ,sometimes the latter has a special shape or section resembling a pinhead when looking at it from the breech1 as in aiming4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eh4 ,side ,view4 ,end ,view4 ,side ,view4 ,end ,view4 ,front ,sights4 ,rear ,sight4 ,appearance when aiming4 ,military ,sights4 ,military sights usually consist of a plain groove in the top of the frame for the rear sight and a tapering front sight fixed to the barrel near the muzzle4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ei4 ,rear ,sight4 ,side ,view4 ,end ,view4 ,appearance when aiming4 ,front ,sight4 8,paine0 ,sights4 ,target sights are made in endless variety to suit individual ideas4 ,the sights most generally used for target shooting are the 8,paine0 sights1 named after ,chevalier ,ira ,a4 ,paine1 who invented and was the first to use them4 ,the rear sight is a flat bar with a semi-circular notch1 and the front sight is a 8bead0 sight2 that is1 a sight that resembles a pinhead when aiming4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fj4 ,rear ,sight4 ,side ,view4 ,end ,view4 ,appearance when aiming4 ,front ,sight4 ,patridge ,sights4 ,another sight that many of the best shots are using is the 8,patridge0 sight1 developed by ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,patridge of ,boston1 ,mass4 ,the rear sight has a wide rectangular notch2 the front sight is plain1 with a square top1 as shown4 ,fig4 #fa represents the 8,lyman0 sights as adapted to ,smith ,wesson revolvers4 ,the distinctive features of these sights are the ivory bead of the front sight and the horizontal ivory line in the rear sight4 ,these sights are well adapted for hunting and shooting at objects with a dark background4 ,these sights have been referred to in the order in which they are most used4 ,it is generally necessary for individuals to try various sights before they are able to select intelligently4 ,in target arms different-shaped sights may be used in the same base or fitting1 so that it is a comparatively easy matter to try any or all of these sights on the same arm4 ,the notch of the rear sight should have a bevelled edge concave toward the front4 ,this will secure sharpness of outline in any light4 ,the front sight should also be distinct and is found to be more satisfactory when the side toward the eye is a surface at right angles to the line of sight4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,lyman ,sights ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,,the ,,wespi ,,searchlight ,,sight ,a-,battery2 ,b-,mercury switch2 ,c-,electric bulb2 ,d-,e-,lenses4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,the ,wespi ,searchlight ,mounted on a ,pocket ,revolver4 ,for years means have been sought to make successful shooting at night possible4 ,white and phosphorescent paints have been applied to the sights and to the top of the barrel but all such methods have proved more or less unsatisfactory even in dim light and in total darkness the target or other object cannot be seen4 ,a recently invented device that overcomes all these difficulties and makes shooting at night practicable is the 8,wespi0 searchlight sight4#aj ,this sight is a tube about #f inches long and inches in diameter containing a miniature electric searchlight which projects a dark spot in the center of the illuminated field4 ,when properly mounted on the piece the black spot indicates where the bullet will strike4 ,this sight can be readily attached to any pistol or revolver4 ,as offered on the market at the present time it is adapted for short range work up to1 say1 #fj feet4 ,the illustrations show a section through the sight tube1 and the sight attached to a revolver4 ,the weight is six ounces4 7,see #fa and #fb facing p4 #fd47 ,this sight embodies the principles of the telescopic sight and can undoubtedly be modified to increase its illuminating power and adapted so as to project well-defined dark lines similar to cross wires1 on a target2 or the dark spot decreased in size to about #c or #d inches in diameter at #fj feet4 ,so modified this would be a practical sight for target shooting and would be a boon to many of the older marksmen whose sight is failing and who find it more and more difficult to shoot in artificial light with the ordinary sights4 ,such a sight would also possess many advantages for beginners as the moving spot on the target would indicate the unsteadiness of the holding and impress upon the marksman the importance of holding the spot in the right position at the instant of discharge4 ,a further improvement would be to substitute for the dark spot1 a spot of intensely bright light4 ,this would be equally as effective as the dark spot and would greatly increase the range at which the sight could be used1 adapting it to game shooting at night4 ,it is hoped that the manufacturers will develop a sight as suggested for target and game shooting4 ,,chapter ,v ,,shooting ,,position ,the position in pistol and revolver shooting is very important4 ,in firing a long series of shots1 a man with an easy1 natural position will suffer much less fatigue1 and will have a decided advantage over another whose position is straining and uncomfortable4 ,formerly the approved position was to stand with the right side toward the target4 ,this required the head to be turned ninety degrees from its natural position1 and was very uncomfortable4 ,undoubtedly this position is a relic of duelling days1 when it might have been argued that a smaller mark was offered to the antagonist4 ,the positions adopted by the leading shots vary considerably4 ,most of them face a trifle to the left of the target1 with the right foot #f or #h inches ahead of the left1 and pointing directly toward the target1 the weight of the body supported equally by both legs and perfectly balanced4 ,others shoot with the feet close together2 some with one or both eyes open1 and with the arm partly or fully extended4 ,the question of position depends largely upon the physique and comfort of the individual4 ,mr4 ,winans' position is an exceedingly strong one4 ,his poise is very good1 and he stands firmly on both feet4 ,the left arm falls straight down along the left side of the body4 ,this affords rigidity when desired1 and imparts action to the figure4 ,mr4 ,axtell has a stanch1 natural position4 ,like ,mr4 ,winans1 he shoots with the right arm fully extended1 and he holds the weapon in the correct and most approved manner4 ,the position of ,mr4 ,anderton is excellent4 ,he enjoys perfect health1 and has his large muscular development well under control4 ,his position is strong1 natural1 and comfortable4 ,mr4 ,dietz's position is entirely different from any of those preceding4 ,it is tenseless and flexible permitting him to shoot long series of shots without fatigue4 ,the positions of ,mr4 ,patridge and ,sergeant ,petty are characteristic and typical of persons of entirely different physique4 ,mr4 ,gorman and ,dr4 ,sayre are men of similar physique4 ,their positions which resemble each other closely are firm1 easy and natural4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,walter ,winans ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,c4 ,s4 ,axtell ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,thomas ,anderton ,mr4 ,lane's position is natural and interestingly unconventional4 ,he has perfect poise and shoots without apparent fatigue4 ,dr4 ,snook has a well poised and deliberate position4 ,he shoots with his arm not fully extended and with the feet close together4 ,the positions of ,mr4 ,armstrong and ,mr4 ,dolfen are very similar4 ,they are men of entirely different stature but almost identical in physique4 ,their positions are firm and business-like4 ,both shoot with the arm fully extended4 ,,note4--,for photographs showing shooting positions of individuals referred to in this chapter1 see illustrations facing pp4 #fh1 #gb1 #gf1 and #gh4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,target-,,shooting ,in the development of firearms and ammunition1 target-shooting has always occupied an important place4 ,it is regularly and systematically practised in the army and navy1 in order to maintain and improve the proficiency of the men as marksmen4 ,target-shooting1 with many different styles of firearms1 under prescribed rules and regulations1 has also become extremely popular with civilians4 ,target-shooting was indulged in extensively with the rifle before it became popular with the pistol and revolver4 ,the shorter barrel1 and the greater difficulty in acquiring skill with the latter weapons1 were doubtless responsible for the mistaken idea1 long prevalent1 that these arms were extremely inaccurate4 ,when1 however1 a few individuals developed sufficient skill to obtain fine shooting1 their performances were considered phenomenal4 ,among the first to obtain a high order of skill with the muzzle-loading pistol in the ,united ,states was ,captain ,john ,travers of ,missouri4 ,he was well known as an expert pistol shot as early as #ahfj4 ,in that year ,captain ,travers shot an interesting individual match in ,st4 ,louis at a distance of #ajj feet4 ,fifteen china plates1 nine inches in diameter1 were used as targets4 ,captain ,travers broke #aa out of #ae1 while his opponent broke but #i4 ,in #ahfe ,colonel ,william ,f4 ,cody1 7,buffalo ,bill7 and ,captain ,william ,p4 ,schaaf of ,st4 ,louis became prominent as pistol shots4 ,the latter subsequently joined ,captain ,travers in a three years' tour of the ,united ,states1 giving exhibitions in nearly all the large cities4 ,about #ahhj ,ira ,anson ,paine1 a native of ,massachusetts1 attracted attention by his fine marksmanship with the pistol4 ,in #ahha he went abroad1 and for a number of years he traveled over the principal countries of ,europe1 giving public exhibitions of his skill with the pistol and revolver4 ,while in ,portugal in #ahhb he was knighted by the ,king in the presence of a notable assemblage1 and made a chevalier of an ancient military order4 ,in his exhibitions ,chevalier ,paine used a ,stevens ,lord ,model pistol and a ,smith ,wesson revolver4 ,his skill with these arms was so far in advance of his contemporaries that he was popularly supposed to accomplish many of his feats by trickery4 ,target-shooting with the pistol and revolver1 as a sport1 may be said to have originated at the annual meeting of the ,national ,rifle ,association at ,creedmoor in #ahhf4 ,during that meeting a revolver match was scheduled to be shot at #be yards on the #bjj-yard ,standard ,american ,rifle ,target4 ,it was a rentry match1 with the three best scores of five shots each of any contestant to count4 ,in this match three scores of #dh out of #ej were made1 the highest individual aggregate of three scores being #adc out of a possible #aej4 ,the same year a similar match was announced at the fall meeting of the ,massachusetts ,rifle ,association at ,walnut ,hill4 ,chevalier ,paine was a competitor in this match1 and made #ej--di--diadh in six entries4 ,the next best three scores equalled #adb4 ,these matches proved so interesting and successful that target-shooting with the pistol and revolver became instantly popular all over the country4 ,it was soon found that the arms possessed remarkable accuracy1 and as the skill of the shooters improved the distance was increased to #ej yards retaining the same target4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,john ,a4 ,dietz ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,e4 ,e4 ,patridge ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,sergt4 ,w4 ,e4 ,petty ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,gould1 editor of ,the ,rifle1 and ,shooting and ,fishing1 was the first one to recognize the possibilities of the pistol and revolver1 and became greatly interested in the performances with these arms4 ,he assisted and encouraged the shooters1 witnessed their work1 and made careful and elaborate records of all the important scores that were made in the ,united ,states from #ahhf to #aijj4aa ,it was at his suggestion that ,chevalier ,paine essayed to fire the first #ajj-shot score at #ej yards on the ,standard ,american ,target1 scoring #gia points4 ,this shooting was done with a finely sighted 4#dd-;caliber ,smith ,wesson ,russian ,model ,revolver1 regulation full charge ammunition1 and a #b-pound trigger pull4 ,a keen rivalry for the #ajj-shot record soon sprang up1 resulting as follows3 ,oct4 #ae1 #ahhf1 ,chevalier ,ira ,paine at ,walnut ,hill #gia ,march #g1 #ahhg1 ,chevalier ,ira ,paine #hda ,nov4 #d1 #ahhg1 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett #heg ,nov4 #ad1 #ahhg1 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett #hgg ,dec4 #e1 #ahhg1 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett #hhf ,dec4 #ag1 #ahhg1 ,chevalier ,ira ,paine #hhh ,dec4 #bb1 #ahhg1 ,chevalier ,ira ,paine #ijd ,dec4 #bc1 #ahhg1 ,w4 ,w4 ,bennett #iad ,this rivalry led to a long newspaper controversy1 and culminated in the famous ,paine-,bennett revolver match4 ,the conditions were as follows3 ,stakes #ajjj4jj2 #ajj shots per day for six consecutive days2 ,smith ,wesson ,russian ,model ,revolvers1 4#dd caliber2 factory-loaded full charge ammunition2 trigger pull1 #c pounds2 ,standard ,american ,target with #h-;inch bull's-eye2 distance1 #ej yards4 ,on the fifth day of the match1 and while #i points in the lead1 ,chevalier ,paine entered a protest and withdrew4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett continued shooting1 as stipulated in the match1 scoring #ejic points for the total of the six days4 ,the protest was referred to the ,national ,rifle ,association1 which decided in favor of ,mr4 ,bennett1 awarding him the match and the championship of ,america4 ,in practising for this match ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett1 under the same conditions1 made a score of #iae4 ,this record was not excelled until ,june #a1 #aija1 when ,c4 ,s4 ,richmond of ,savannah1 ,georgia1 scored #iah points under substantially the same conditions4 ,during the summer of #ahij1 ,mr4 ,william ,e4 ,carlin1 assisted by ,mr4 ,hubert ,reynolds1 made a very elaborate series of tests with the revolver and various kinds of ammunition1 to ascertain the possibilities of the arms1 the accuracy of the ammunition1 the effect of fouling1 etc4 ,about #aj1jjj rounds were fired1 ,mr4 ,carlin used a butt-stock attachment1 telescopic sight1 and sand bag rest2 and ,mr4 ,reynolds verified ,mr4 ,carlin's results from a machine rest4 ,all the shooting was done with black powder charges in ,smith ,wesson revolvers4 ,the best groups were made with the 4#cb-dd ,s4 ,w4 ,revolving rifle cartridge2 a number of the #aj-shot groups at #ej yards1 measuring #a inches to #a inches in diameter4 ,tests were also made at ranges of #ajj and #bjj yards4 ,at #ajj yards1 groups of #aj shots were obtained with the 4#cb-dd1 and the 4#dd caliber ,s4 ,w4 ,russian1 varying from #c inches to #d inches in diameter4 ,at #bjj yards1 the 4#dd ,s4 ,w4 ,russian gave the best results2 a number of groups of #aj shots being obtained measuring #h inches to #ab inches in diameter4 ,these tests were considered most remarkable at that time1 as such accuracy was not expected of barrels of only #f inches and #h inches in length4 ,prior to these tests1 the possibilities of the pistol and revolver were judged solely by the shooting of a few expert shots1 which of course included the personal dispersion error of the individuals4 ,these tests furnished the first definite information as to the real capabilities of the revolver1 and had a far-reaching and salutary influence on pistol and revolver shooting4 ,they demonstrated to the marksmen and the manufacturers of the arms that fine shooting approximating to that of the rifle was possible with the revolver1 by developing the necessary skill in shooting and perfecting the ammunition4 ,a very interesting revolver match for a trophy offered by ,mr4 ,walter ,winans took place in #ahib4 ,mr4 ,winans is a noted ,american revolver shot1 residing in ,england1 and the trophy--an ,american cowboy executed admirably in bronze--was modeled by him4 ,the match was conducted by ,forest and ,stream4 ,the trophy was won1 after a spirited competition1 by ,doctor ,louis ,bell4 ,under the conditions of the match1 the winner was to defend his title two years before the trophy became his property4 ,the trophy was won successively by ,george ,e4 ,jantzer and ,sergeant ,w4 ,e4 ,petty4 ,sergeant ,petty defended the trophy successfully for two years1 and now holds it permanently4 ,a record1 or 8best on record10 is the highest recognized score of any given number of shots fired under certain standard conditions1 and with an arm complying with certain established rules4 ,the records of pistol and revolver shooting in the ,united ,states were carefully established and compiled by ,shooting and ,fishing until the year #aijc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,r4 ,h4 ,sayre ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,a4 ,f4 ,lane ,the record performances with the single-shot pistol1 on the ,standard ,american ,target1 at #ej yards1 are as follows3 #ajj ,,shots-- ,sept4 #bb1 #ahhh1 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #ijf ,nov4 #aj1 #ahhh1 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett #icd ,sept4 #aj1 #ahij1 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett #icf ,feb4 #be1 #aijj1 ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #ici ,may #bf1 #aija1 ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman #idb ,march #a1 #aijb1 ,e4 ,e4 ,patridge1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #idb #ej ,,shots-- ,nov4 #aj1 #ahhh1 ,f4 ,e4 ,bennett1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #dgj ,feb4 #aa1 #aijj1 ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #dga ,may #bj1 #aija1 ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman #dgd ,dec4 #g1 #aija1 ,t4 ,anderton1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #dgf ,april #d1 #aijc1 ,t4 ,anderton #dhj ,under the stimulating influence and encouragement of ,shooting and ,fishing1 pistol and revolver shooting became a popular pastime and by #aijj numerous clubs had been organized throughout the country4 ,unfortunately1 the marksmen of each locality made their own rules and adopted independent standards as to targets1 weapons1 etc4 ,this resulted in endless confusion and dissatisfaction when matches between clubs were attempted4 ,rumors of a challenge from the revolver marksmen of ,france for an international contest were also rife at this time4 ,there was1 therefore1 an urgent need for a national organization to exercise general jurisdiction over the sport2 formulate uniform rules1 regulations1 and standards1 and to receive and act upon challenges4 ,a number of revolver enthusiasts met in ,conlin's shooting gallery1 ,new ,york ,city1 in ,february1 #aijj1 and issued a call to the revolver shots of the country1 inviting them to join in forming a national revolver association at a meeting called at ,conlin's gallery1 ,march #e1 #aijj4 ,replies were received from thirteen states and thirty-five gentlemen responded in person to the invitation4 ,the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association#ab was organized at that meeting4 ,this association1 with the support and coperation of all the leading shots of the country1 immediately assumed national jurisdiction1 formulated rules to govern pistol and revolver shooting1 and inaugurated the annual championship matches4 ,these are shot simultaneously in different parts of the ,united ,states1 thus giving everybody an opportunity to enter the competitions4 ,the influence of the association on pistol and revolver shooting has been very beneficial4 ,it has established uniformity in arms1 rules1 etc41 and has encouraged and conducted many friendly matches between clubs1 thus bringing the shots in different parts of the country in closer touch with each other4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,j4 ,h4 ,snook ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,george ,armstrong ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,p4 ,j4 ,dolfen ,the most important activity of the association in recent years has been the inauguration of the ,indoor ,league ,matches4 ,clubs in all parts of the ,united ,states enter into an agreement to shoot a match with each club in the ,league during the winter season4 ,medal prizes are awarded by the association according to the percentages of matches won to matches shot1 similar to baseball leagues4 ,the ,league has become exceedingly popular and twenty to thirty clubs participate in the contest annually4 ,the ,league agreement varies somewhat from year to year4 ,the #aiad agreement will be found in the ,appendix4 ,international ,matches4--,the ,u4 ,s4 ,revolver ,association also negotiates and conducts all the international matches4 ,the first of these matches was between ,france and the ,united ,states and took place on ,june #af1 #aijj4 ,this match attracted world-wide attention1 and was won by the ,united ,states4 ,the conditions of the match were as follows2 ,ten men on a side2 the ,americans to shoot at ,greenville1 ,n4 ,j41 and the ,frenchmen in ,paris4 ,results to be cabled4 ,each side to appoint an umpire to witness the shooting of the opposing side4 ,each man to shoot #cj shots on the ,french target at #af meters and #cj shots on the ,standard ,american target at #ej yards4 ,following are the complete scores of the members of both teams on the two targets3 ,,french ,,team-- ,on ,on ,french ,american ,grand ,target ,target ,total ,m4 ,dutfoy #bdd #bec #dig ,comte de ,chabannes #bdj #bej #dij ,m4 ,m4 ,faure #bda #bdh #dhi ,paul ,gastinne #bch #bea #dhi ,comte ,clary #bdg #bda #dhh ,capt4 ,chauchat #bdc #bda #dhd ,com4 ,dilschneider #bcf #bdb #dgh ,p4 ,moreau #bci #bcf #dge ,m4 ,trinit #bcc #bci #dgb ,m4 ,labb #bbf #bdj #dff ---- ---- ---- ,totals #bchg #bdda #dhbh ,,american ,,team-- ,on ,on ,french ,american ,grand ,target ,target ,total ,j4 ,a4 ,dietz #bfc #bfj #ebc ,w4 ,e4 ,petty #bei #beb #eaa ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #bec #bea #ejd ,b4 ,f4 ,wilder #bci #bfc #ejb ,g4 ,w4 ,waterhouse #bec #bdf #dii ,l4 ,r4 ,piercy #bdd #bda #dhe ,w4 ,g4 ,hudson #bbb #bej #dgb ,j4 ,b4 ,crabtree #bbe #bdd #dfi ,w4 ,a4 ,smith #bbd #bdj #dfd ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,himmelwright #bbh #bcb #dfj ---- ---- ---- ,totals #bdaj #bdgi #dhhi ,americans led by #bc #ch #fa ,the first match did not satisfy the revolver experts of ,france1 who claimed that the ,french team was not national in its character1 that instead of representing the whole of ,france it represented ,paris alone4 ,about ,june1 #aijb1 it was suggested that a second international contest be held1 and the ,french gentlemen began at once to gather material for a representative team4 ,the army1 the navy1 and the revolver and pistol clubs of ,france united in their efforts to organize as strong a team as possible4 ,the conditions of the second match were the subject of considerable negotiation by correspondence and as finally agreed upon were as follows3 ,fifteen men on a side4 ,each man to shoot #fj shots in #aj strings of #f shots each on the ,standard ,american ,target at #ej yards4 ,each side to appoint two umpires to witness the shooting of their opponents4 ,results to be cabled4 ,the ,american marksmen assembled at the ,walnut ,hill range of the ,massachusetts ,rifle ,association1 near ,boston1 devoting three days to preliminary practice shooting and selecting the team4 ,it was originally agreed upon that the match was to take place on ,june #cj1 #aijc1 and the ,american team shot their scores on that day4 ,owing to delays in transportation1 the targets intended for the ,french team did not reach them promptly and their side of the match was shot several days later4 ,the members constituting the teams and their respective scores are as follows3 ,,french ,,team ,comte de ,castelbajac1 ,libourne #edg ,commandant ,py1 ,saint ,omer #edb ,m4 ,dutfoy1 ,marseilles #eda ,captain ,moreaux1 ,rennes #ebi ,m4 ,moline-,paget1 ,dieppe #ebf ,captain ,chauchat1 ,versailles #ebd ,m4 ,keller-,dorian1 ,lyons #ebb ,m4 ,feugray1 ,paris #eji ,m4 ,despassio1 ,lyons #ejc ,m4 ,lecocq1 ,paris #ejb ,m4 ,caurette1 ,ham #ejb ,m4 ,louvier1 ,paris #dif ,m4 ,balme1 ,paris #dfi ,adjutant ,paroche1 ,rennes #dff ,m4 ,sartori1 ,paris #dfb ---- ,team total #g1fdj ,,american ,,team ,o4 ,i4 ,olson1 ,duluth1 ,minn4 #eed ,b4 ,f4 ,wilder1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #edc ,r4 ,s4 ,hale1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #edj ,j4 ,a4 ,dietz1 ,jr41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ecd ,w4 ,a4 ,smith1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #ecb ,c4 ,s4 ,axtell1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #ecj ,louis ,bell1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #ebg ,t4 ,anderton1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #ebc ,j4 ,b4 ,crabtree1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #eai ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #eai ,e4 ,e4 ,patridge1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #eag ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 7,score shot in ,paris7 #eae ,j4 ,t4 ,humphrey1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #eac ,w4 ,s4 ,amory1 #b;d1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #eab ,c4 ,l4 ,bouv1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #eaa ----- ,team total #g1hhi ,americans led by #bdi ,a careful analysis of the scores shows that the ,americans shot much more evenly than the ,frenchmen1 and that the skill of the three high men on both teams was approximately equal4 ,the next international match participated in by the revolver shots of the ,united ,states was the ,olympic ,games ,match at ,london1 ,england on ,july #aj and #aa1 #aijh4 ,preliminary and elimination trials were conducted under the auspices of the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association resulting in the selection of the following team3 ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins1 ,springfield1 ,mass42 ,c4 ,s4 ,axtell1 ,springfield1 ,mass42 ,j4 ,a4 ,dietz1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y42 and ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal42 ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,captain4 ,the conditions of the match were as follows3 ,any revolver or pistol with open sights2 any ammunition2 trigger pull unrestricted2 distance1 #ej yards2 international target1 #aj ring1 #b inches in diameter1 rest of target divided by concentric rings one inch apart1 bull's-eye containing #aj1 #i1 #h1 and #g rings2 #fj shots in strings of #f shots2 #b sighting shots allowed2 position standing1 right or left hand with arm extended2 maximum number of entries from any country in individual contests1 #ab2 maximum number of entries from any country in team contest1 #a2 teams to consist of four men each4 ,a time limit of four minutes for each string of five shots was established1 and all other conditions of the matches were governed by the rules of the ,national ,rifle ,association of ,great ,britain4 ,the result of the match was as follows3 #ast--,united ,states3 ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman #eja ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins #dgc ,john ,a4 ,dietz #dgb ,c4 ,s4 ,axtell #dfh ---- #aiad #b;d--,belgium #ahfc #c;d--,united ,kingdom #ahag #dth--,france #agej #eth--,sweden #agcb #fth--,holland #afcg #gth--,greece #aegf ,the next ,olympic ,contest was held at ,stockholm1 ,sweden1 in #aiab4 ,the ,american team consisted of ,a4 ,p4 ,lane1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y42 ,h4 ,e4 ,sears1 ,boston1 ,mass42 ,p4 ,j4 ,dolfen1 ,springfield1 ,mass42 and ,john ,a4 ,dietz1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y42 ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,captain4 ,the match was shot on ,july #bnd1 under practically the same conditions as the former ,olympic ,match and resulted as follows3 #ast--,united ,states3 ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #eji ,h4 ,e4 ,sears #dgd ,p4 ,j4 ,dolfen #dfg ,j4 ,a4 ,dietz #dff ---- #aiaf #b;d--,sweden #ahdi #c;d--,united ,kingdom #ahjd #dth--,russia #ahja #eth--,greece #agca ,in the individual match which was shot on ,july #ast under the same conditions1 and participated in by over fifty competitors of the different nations1 ,mr4 ,lane and ,mr4 ,dolfen won first and second places with scores of #dii and #dgd respectively4 ,mr4 ,sears won #gth place with a score of #dei1 and ,mr4 ,dietz #ith place with a score of #ded4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,targets ,a target is a mark or object of suitable form and color designed to be fired at4 ,it usually consists of a frame covered with canvas or paper1 presenting a white surface with a prominent spot or bull's-eye in the center4 ,concentric circles or 8rings10 around the center divide the target into zones which are assigned values1 decreasing from the center outward4 ,on a regularly equipped range the targets are movable frames1 so arranged that they may be raised to the firing position and then lowered into a pit1 where the marker can safely examine the target1 mark the shot accurately1 and cover the shot-hole with a paster4 ,the sum of the values of a limited series of consecutive shots1 as #e1 #g1 #aj1 #bj1 #ej1 etc41 constitutes a score4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf--,standard ,american ,target ,diameter of ,rings #aj ring #c4ci inches #i #e4ed ,bullseye #h #h4jj #g #aa4jj #f #ad4hj #e #ai4fh #d #bf4hc ,the official target of the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association1 which is used in the annual championship matches and for record shooting1 is the ,standard ,american ,target4 ,this target is used by practically all the shooting clubs and organizations in the ,united ,states4 ,for #ej-yard shooting the bull's-eye is #h inches in diameter and contains the #h1 #i1 and #aj rings4 ,this target is well suited for target practice at this range4 ,it has been used extensively since #ahhf4 ,ten shots1 with one hundred for the possible1 usually constitute a score4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg--,the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,combination ,target4 7,standard ,american rings in heavy lines and ,international in light lines47 ,this target as supplied by the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association for use in all the outdoor championships shows also the rings of the ,international ,union target 7in light lines7 and is known as the 8,combination0 target4 ,the ,international target rings do not interfere in any way with the shooting or the scoring by ,standard ,american count1 and they have the distinct advantage that the marksman may easily determine1 for purposes of comparison1 what any score is by ,international count4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh--,the ,international ,union ,target4 ,diameter of #aj ring#e ,centimeters#a4iefh ,ins4 ,other rings#b ,centimeters1 about #j4ihd ,in4 ,diameter of #a ring#ej ,centimetersabout #ai ,in4 ,the ,international ,union ,target is used in the ,olympic ,games ,matches1 and has been adopted by nearly all the ,european and ,south ,american countries for pistol and revolver contests at #ej meters4 ,it is without doubt the best target for the purpose in general use4 ,the ten-ring represents approximately the average dispersion of the most accurate revolvers and pistols and with the concentric rings a uniform distance apart1 the score has a proper relation to the dispersion of the shots4 ,the size of the target1 about #ai inches in diameter1 is also well determined4 ,the target could be improved by increasing the size of the bull's-eye so as to include the #f ring4 ,this would make sighting on it less straining and would improve the scores4 ,the target so modified would be better adapted for the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association ,matches than the one now used4 ,target ,l is the ,regulation ,pistol ,target used in the prescribed target practice of the ,war ,department4 ,it is used also in the ,national ,pistol ,match4 ,for gallery shooting at #bj yards the ,standard ,american ,target is reduced so that the bull's-eye is #b-gb_/ajj inches in diameter1 and for #aj-yard shooting #a inch in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi--,target ,l4 7,u4 ,s4 ,army47 ,diameter of ,bull's-eye ,counting #aje ,ins4 ,concentric ,rings ,around ,it1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #e1 and #d1 are #a ,ins4 ,apart4 ,diameter of #d ring#bf ,ins4 ,diameter of #c ring#df ,ins4 ,rest of ,target1 #d;ft4 x #f;ft4 ,counts #b4 ,an arm of large caliber has a decided advantage over one of small caliber in short-range shooting1 on account of the larger hole made by the bullet1 and1 for this reason the large calibers are preferred for gallery shooting4 ,for distances less than #be yards not more than five shots should be fired on a paper or cardboard target4 ,in case a close group is made1 the scoring will be much easier and more accurate than when ten shots are fired at a single target4 ,the best grades of target arms are capable of making 8possibles0 or perfect scores on the ,standard ,american ,target1 using regulation ammunition4 ,to make high scores is therefore simply a question of skill on the part of the shooter4 ,a great many other targets designed principally for rifle-shooting have been recommended at different times by well-known and scientific marksmen4 ,some of these targets possess much merit and have become popular in certain localities4 ,it is unquestionably a mistake to introduce new targets in this manner as long as satisfactory targets are in general use1 and on which all the important matches and records have been shot4 ,the merit of a score on a new target cannot be judged by those unfamiliar with it1 and frequently a highly meritorious score fails to receive the recognition it deserves on account of having been shot on a comparatively unknown target4 ,in selecting a target for longer ranges than #ej yards it is always preferable to have the bull's-eye sufficiently large so as to be seen with ease and comfort when sighting4 ,small bull's-eyes strain and tire the eyes and have no advantage whatever4 ,in ,england and ,france the targets generally have smaller bull's-eyes than here4 ,at ,bisley1 the shooting is principally at a distance of #bj yards on a bull's-eye #b inches in diameter4 ,at #ej yards the bull's-eye is #d inches in diameter4 ,the ,english targets have no circles of count within the bull's-eye4 ,the regulation targets of the ,united ,shooting ,societies of ,france have bull's-eyes #e and #f centimeters in diameter for the pistol and revolver1 respectively1 at #bj meters1 and #bj centimeters in diameter for #ej-meter shooting4 ,all these targets have two or more circles of count within the bull's-eye4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,target ,,practice ,in order to become familiar with the arms and develop skill in shooting1 careful and systematic practice is necessary4 ,this can be most conveniently and intelligently obtained in target-shooting4 ,at a properly equipped range1 each shot is 8spotted0#ac as fired1 so that the shooter can tell instantly where each shot strikes4 ,this is a great aid and advantage1 as it enables the shooter to note the effect of changes in light1 wind1 slight displacements in sights1 etc41 and modify his work accordingly4 ,the usual distance is #ej yards in the outdoor matches and #bj yards in the indoor contests4 ,very good shooting has been done at #ajj yards1 and even at #bjj yards1 but such long-range shooting is rarely attempted except by the very best shots4 ,the whole target being so small at that distance1 a shot need not be very wild to miss the target4 ,such an occurrence is very unsatisfactory and disconcerting even to a fairly skillful shot4 ,there is1 moreover1 nothing to be gained by extremely long-range work4 ,the pistol and revolver are not designed for it1 and there is much more pleasure and satisfaction at the shorter ranges4 ,it is customary and desirable to practise at the target under conditions governing the annual championship matches4 ,this accustoms one to those conditions1 and is a decided advantage if one expects to enter the competitions4 ,it is also excellent training for record shooting4 ,in target practice with military arms1 regulation full-charge ammunition should be used in all cases1 especially when practising rapid-fire shooting4 ,with target weapons1 reduced charges are frequently used1 and the shooting is generally slow and deliberate4 ,target practice is required in all the branches of the military and naval service of the ,united ,states4 ,this practice varies somewhat from year to year both in character and amount4 ,the recent adoption of the magazine pistol as the service weapon by the ,war ,department has resulted in a number of changes in the regulation target practice1 the conditions and details of which are fully explained in the 8,small ,arms ,firing ,manual0 for #aiad4 ,the ,manual also details a prescribed course of target practice for the ,organized ,militia1 which includes the ,national ,guard of the various states4 ,this is adapted principally to the revolver1 as the ,national ,guard has not yet been armed with the regulation automatic pistol4 ,as fast as the latter is issued1 the organized militia will adopt the target practice prescribed for the army with the regulation weapon4 ,the revolver until #aiae was the service weapon of the ,united ,states ,navy1 but it has now been superseded by the automatic pistol 7,colt1 ,government ,model1 4#de cal474 ,the #aiag firing regulations are novel and drastic1 in some respects are much more elastic than those formerly in effect1 and are very practical4 ,they are published in a pamphlet of #fb pages4 ,a digest of all the foregoing target practice will be found in the ,appendix4 ,matches and ,competitions4--,various matches and competitions have been established under the auspices of the recognized shooting organizations which not only give an opportunity of testing the skill of individuals and teams but also1 by the scores made in successive years under the same conditions1 indicate the improvement and advance in the sport4 ,most of these matches or competitions are annual events4 ,the ,international ,matches at the ,olympic ,games take place every four years4 ,the conditions of the annual championship matches of the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association are excellent and the experience of fourteen years since they have been instituted proves that they are well adapted to stimulate interest in the sport1 improvement in the arms and ammunition and develop a high order of marksmanship4 ,the matches are conducted simultaneously in many places throughout the ,united ,states under the supervision of authorized representatives and under as nearly identical conditions as possible4 ,in connection with these matches re-entry matches under the same conditions are provided which furnish preliminary practice for competitors who wish to enter the championship events4 ,the ,league contest which is conducted by this association affords excellent practice indoors1 and enables the marksmen to keep ,in good form during the winter months4 ,the 8,national ,pistol ,match0 is an annual event conducted by the ,national ,rifle ,association of ,america4 ,it is specially interesting and instructive as it affords an opportunity for civilians to compete in the same contest with the best shots in the ,army1 ,navy and ,national ,guard4 ,the conditions1 prizes1 and complete details of all these annual matches will be found in the ,appendix4 ,from time to time special contests are arranged such as the ,pan ,american ,matches held at ,camp ,perry1 ,ohio1 in #aiac1 the ,international ,shooting ,festival to be held at ,san ,francisco in #aiae during the ,panama ,fair1 etc4 ,the matches of such special meetings often vary in their conditions4 ,special prizes are provided for the occasion4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,revolver ,,practice ,,for ,,the ,,police ,the revolver is a part of the regular equipment of the police force of nearly every city in this country4 ,unfortunately the general lack of any regulations for the care of and the practice with these arms largely nullifies their usefulness4 ,even in the large cities1 members of the police force frequently admit that they have not used or cleaned their arms for six months or more4 ,an inspection of the arms under such conditions not infrequently reveals the fact that center-fire arms are loaded with rim-fire ammunition1 and vice-versa4 ,the mechanism is often so badly rusted that the cylinder will not revolve and the barrel so corroded as to seriously impair its accuracy4 ,when occasion requires the use of the arms under such conditions1 accidents almost invariably result1 either to the policemen who attempt to fire the arms1 or to the innocent bystanders and property4 ,the records of every large municipality show that large sums are annually disbursed in litigation and to individuals who have suffered either personal wounds or property damage from accidents of this character4 ,by adopting suitable arms1 and regulations governing practice shooting with them1 it is entirely practicable and comparatively easy to train a large police force to become good marksmen4 ,the possibility of accidents is thus reduced to a minimum and the efficiency of the men increased to a maximum4 ,the moral effect of a high order of marksmanship of an entire police force1 when generally known1 cannot be overestimated4 ,practice and skill in the use of the revolver embodies the essential elements of rifle shooting1 so that in case of riot1 insurrection1 or war1 a large police force could be made quickly available for duty with very little additional instruction1 by arming them with rifles4 ,a practical plan to develop such results is as follows3 ,the services of a competent person to teach the men must first be secured4 ,this man should be an experienced and skillful marksman with the revolver and be qualified to maintain proper discipline and teach the subject in all its details4 ,a suitable range must next be provided4 ,two men from each precinct selected for their fitness to become instructors should then be detailed to take a prescribed course of training and practice under the teacher referred to4 ,each of these men should devote not less than four hours a week to this course4 ,in four months' time these men should be qualified to undertake the work of training and instructing others under the inspection and supervision of the original teacher4 ,after providing sufficient range facilities1 squads of men from each precinct should then be detailed for practice and instruction under their own instructors1 devoting at least two hours per man per week to this work4 ,at least one and one-half hours of this time should be devoted to actual practice shooting4 ,after sufficient skill has been developed1 teams of the different precincts should shoot matches with each other1 which will keep up a friendly rivalry and promote interest in their work4 ,by adopting such a plan it is possible1 within a year from its inception1 to convert an entire police force into perfectly safe and reliable shots of good ability2 i4 e41 such ability as would enable all of them to hit an object the size of a man every time at #ej paces4 ,the mistake is sometimes made of requiring the men to practice during off-duty time2 this has never proved successful4 ,after the first year1 or after a sufficient degree of skill has been developed1 the efficiency of the men can be preserved and maintained by devoting an hour every two weeks to regulation practice4 ,there is little doubt but that the cost of the time and ammunition devoted to such a course of training would be more than offset by the elimination of a large portion of the accidents1 litigation1 etc41 that result under the present conditions4 ,much of the efficiency that it is possible to attain depends upon the character of the regulation arm that may be adopted for police service4 ,such an arm should be of large caliber and sufficient power to fulfil the requirements4 ,when carried in the pocket the perspiration of the body causes rust1 and a nickel finish will therefore generally be more serviceable than any other4 ,the sights1 hammers and other projections should be of suitable form1 and as referred to in the text under 8,pocket ,arms40 ,in order to secure suitable accuracy1 the barrel should be #d inches in length and the trigger pull #d pounds4 ,a first-class weapon for police service is the 4#ch-;caliber ,smith ,wesson safety hammerless1 the 4#ch-;caliber or 4#cb-;caliber ,colt ,police ,positive or the 4#cb caliber ,smith ,wesson hand ejector revolver4 ,the 4#ch-;caliber ,smith ,wesson safety hammerless is particularly well adapted for police service1 the safety feature making accidental discharge almost impossible1 and being also a decided advantage in case the weapon should fall into the hands of an unskilled antagonist4 ,in all cases a regulation arm and ammunition should be adopted so as to secure uniformity and involve the purchase of only one line of supplies and ammunition4 ,the following course of instruction and regulations for practice shooting are recommended3 ,revolver ,practice ,regulations4--,all members of the ,department are obliged to practice shooting with the regulation arm1 at least two hours in each calendar month4 ,the captain of each precinct will designate the time and place for instruction and practice for each individual under his jurisdiction4 ,every member of the department will be expected to qualify in one of the three classes3 ,marksman1 ,sharpshooter1 or ,expert1 and will be rated accordingly4 ,decorations of suitable design will be awarded to those qualifying2 the decoration to be worn directly under the shield4 ,ratings in any year will be determined by the average scores made by each individual in the three months prior to ,january first of that year1 on which date decorations will be awarded annually4 ,a member failing to qualify in any class shall be rated a ,beginner1 and if holding a decoration awarded the preceding year shall surrender same4 ,all practice shooting shall be in the prescribed order in each class as given below4 ,entries unlimited4 ,each individual must qualify at each stage before he can be advanced to the next stage4 ,all shooting to be done under the following3 ,general ,conditions4 ,the position shall be standing1 free from any support1 the weapon being held in one hand with the arm extended so as to be free from the body4 ,target1 standard ,american #bjj-yd4 rifle target with #h-;in4 bullseye1 outside dimensions #bh in4 by #bh in4 ,ammunition shall be the regulation full charge1 factory loaded1 brought to the firing point in the original package4 ,arms shall not be loaded except at the firing point1 when the competitor is ready to shoot his score4 ,all scores to be #aj shots1 fired in two strings of #e shots each4 ,slow fire to be timed after the first shot of each string4 ,rapid fire to be timed as follows3 ,the competitor standing at the firing point with the arm loaded1 not cocked1 and the barrel pointing downward in a direction not less than #de degrees from the target1 when ready to begin each string shall say1 8,ready40 ,the scorer1 watch in hand1 when the second hand reaches an even #aj-second point on the dial1 will give the command 8,fire10 after which the competitor raises and cocks his weapon and begins his string4 ,just as the time limit for each string expires the scorer shall announce1 8,time40 ,if a shot is fired after the time limit has elapsed1 the shot of highest count shall be deducted from the string4 ,in case of misfire1 accidental discharge1 or defective ammunition1 it shall be scored as a shot and if the bullet does not strike the target it shall be scored zero4 ,ties and all other details not covered by these conditions to be decided by and to comply with the ,rules and ,regulations of the ,u4 ,s4 ,revolver ,association4 ,,marksman ,,course ,slow ,fire3--#aj shots at #aj yds4 ,one minute for each string of five shots4 ,possible1 #ajj2 qualifying score1 #ij4 ,rapid ,fire3--#aj shots at #aj yds4 #cj seconds for each string of five shots4 ,possible1 #ajj2 qualifying score1 #hj ,,sharpshooter ,,course ,slow ,fire3--#aj shots at #bj yds4 ,one minute for each string of five shots4 ,possible1 #ajj2 qualifying score1 #ij4 ,rapid ,fire3--#aj shots at #bj yds4 #cj seconds for each string of five shots4 ,possible1 #ajj2 qualifying score1 #hj4 ,,expert ,,course ,slow ,fire3--#aj shots at #bj yds4 #cj seconds for each string of five shots4 ,possible1 #ajj2 qualifying score1 #ij4 ,rapid ,fire3--#aj shots at #bj yds4 #ae seconds for each string of five shots4 ,possible1 #ajj2 qualifying score1 #hj4 ,inasmuch as regular instruction and practice in revolver shooting has been instituted in only a few of the larger cities of this country1 the police of other cities in the absence of such training1 or its equivalent1 have so little knowledge as to the proper use and care of the revolver that the arm adds little or nothing to their efficiency4 ,to assist such policemen individually who have the ambition to increase their efficiency by their own initiative1 the following practical suggestions and general rules will prove helpful3 ,,general ,,rules ,,and ,,instructions ,never point a revolver in any direction where it would do harm if it went off accidentally4 ,always observe this rule whether the arm is loaded or not4 ,in carrying the loaded revolver on the person see that the hammer rests between two cartridges4 7,or if of the rebounding hammer type have one chamber of the cylinder empty and opposite the hammer47 ,when necessary to use the revolver on vicious dogs1 etc41 such animals should be driven into a rear yard or alley where there is soft ground to stop the bullets4 ,never shoot on the sidewalk or a paved street where it can be avoided1 on account of the liability of the bullet glancing off and doing serious damage4 ,similarly when firing to attract attention1 shoot into soft ground or a heavy timber1 when practicable1 instead of into the air4 ,never attempt to shoot while running4 ,stop for a moment and take deliberate aim4 ,the shots will then be effective4 ,thoroughly clean and oil the revolver as soon after using it as practicable4 ,if carried on the person regularly it should be overhauled and re-oiled inside the barrel and cylinder as well as outside1 once a week1 to keep it in good condition4 ,in case regular practice shooting is not provided when on duty1 practice target shooting when off duty1 firing at least #ej shots once a month and following the prescribed course as given in this chapter as near as possible4 ,,chapter ,x ,,pistol ,,shooting ,,for ,,ladies ,the great majority of ladies have some inherent dread of all varieties of firearms4 ,this is no doubt largely due to the senseless and irresistible desire of inexperienced persons to indulge in a mock-heroic display and flourish of such arms when in the presence of ladies4 ,all useless demonstration and ostentation with fire arms serves only to distinguish those who are unfamiliar with their proper manipulation and use4 ,persons handling arms in this manner should be avoided1 or promptly compelled to desist4 ,many of the accidents of the 8,i did not know it was loaded0 order occur in this manner4 ,there is nothing occult or mysteriously dangerous about fire arms1 but their potential power must never be forgotten in handling them4 ,as a weapon of defense the revolver places the weakest and most diminutive person skilled in its use1 on an equality with the most powerful antagonist4 ,ladies who travel extensively and visit semi-civilized countries1 especially the wives and daughters of men in the diplomatic service and of the army and navy officers assigned to foreign stations1 should be thoroughly familiar with fire arms and skilled in their use4 ,the necessity of knowing how to shoot1 like knowing how to swim1 may occur but once in a woman's lifetime1 but when occasion does require either1 it is generally under circumstances involving peril to life1 and for that reason both are advantageous and valuable accomplishments4 ,every woman should1 therefore1 be sufficiently familiar with fire arms to know how to handle them safely1 and1 in emergency1 to use them with intelligence4 ,while skill in the use of the pistol and revolver is a useful accomplishment1 the practice of shooting with these arms will prove exceedingly interesting4 ,target practice with the 4#bb-;caliber pistol is particularly well suited for ladies1 and those who have the opportunity to indulge in it have invariably found it an enjoyable and fascinating pastime4 ,there is every reason1 too1 to believe that ladies would excel and develop a higher order of skill in pistol shooting than gentlemen1 because they are generally more temperate and possess a more delicate nervous system4 ,a number of civilian shooting clubs have successful ladies' auxiliary clubs4 ,there are at the present time a large number of ladies who are skillful markswomen with the pistol and revolver4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hj4 ,combination ,set4--,smith ,wesson 4#ch-;,cal4 ,revolver1 4#bb-;,cal4 ,pistol1 ,utensils1 etc41 in ,case4 ,any of the target pistols referred to in the text under the subject of ,arms 7except the ,remington pistol1 which is a very heavy piece7 are suitable for ladies' use4 ,a very serviceable and handsome combination is furnished by ,smith ,wesson1 which consists of their regular target pistol with a #aj-;inch barrel and an interchangeable 4#ch-;caliber revolver barrel and cylinder1 fitting to the same stock4 ,these are furnished in a special case with cleaning rods1 etc41 making a complete and attractive set4 ,the 4#bb-;caliber ,smith ,wesson ,hand ,ejector with a #f-;inch barrel and 4#bb-;caliber ,colt ,police ,positive ,target revolvers are also well adapted for ladies' use4 ,it is well to begin practice with a 4#bb-;caliber pistol1 as this is a light and very pleasant charge to shoot1 and the tendency to 8flinch0 is reduced to a minimum4 ,after a fair degree of skill has been developed with the 4#bb-;caliber pistol reduced charges with a revolver may be tried and from this stage the practice shooting can progress to the regulation full charges4 ,it is desirable that ladies should have a little practice with the revolver with full charged ammunition1 so as to be able to manipulate it with sufficient confidence and skill in case of necessity4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,clubs ,,and ,,ranges#ad ,whenever three or more persons in any locality are interested in rifle or revolver shooting1 a club can generally be organized and additional members secured4 ,if the business affairs are properly and conservatively managed1 much pleasure will result for the members at a nominal cost4 ,approximate ideas of the cost of constructing and maintaining ranges and indoor 8galleries0 can generally be obtained by communicating with the officers of existing clubs4 ,in preparing the ,constitution and ,by-,laws1 that of the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association will be an excellent guide4#ae ,the secretary-treasurer of that association will be able to give valuable assistance to new clubs4 ,the first requisite of a shooting club is a suitable range4 ,a #ej-yard range adapted to pistol and revolver practice can be constructed at a comparatively small expense4 ,at the firing point a room or house should be provided with booths at least three feet wide with openings facing the targets4 ,a substantial butt must be supplied behind the targets to stop the bullets1 including the wildest shots4 ,this should be an earthen embankment1 or may be a natural uninhabited hill with a steep slope toward the range4 ,the range should be measured and laid out by an engineer1 or other competent person using a steel tape4 ,a pit at least #h feet deep should be dug for the safe accommodation of the markers1 and provided with a safely shielded side entrance4 ,the uprights and other target framing should set against the back side of this pit4 ,the width of the pit from the framing toward the firing point should be #e feet1 and the length should be made about #c feet for each set of alternating targets4 ,the alternating target frames to which the targets are to be attached may be of wood with heavy canvas stretched over them4 ,the frames should be at least #cj inches square and should be so arranged that they can easily be moved up and down between the vertical posts in grooves or slides1 like 8double-hung0 window sash1 and so as to balance each other by means of cords running over pulleys located in the posts at about the height of the bottom of the target when in its highest position1 the cords being attached to the lower corners of the frames4 ,they should be so adjusted that when one target is at the top and in position to be fired at1 the other is at the bottom of the pit4 ,over each set of alternating targets and attached to a cross piece at the top of the uprights should be placed large numbers from #c to #aj inclusive1 for marking each target4 ,a roof or shelter should be erected so as to shade the target and keep out the rain4 ,suitable timbers or steel plates should be provided to protect the slides or grooves between the targets from damage by wild shots4 ,steel plates are sometimes placed a short distance behind the targets1 slanting forward at the top1 to positively stop the majority of the bullets1 but these must be far enough behind the targets or inclined sufficiently so that the spatter of lead will not injure the men in the pit4 ,if possible1 have the targets so located that they are due north of the firing point4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ha4 ,details of ,alternating ,targets1 ,pit1 etc41 for #ej-,yard ,range4 ,such a range is operated as follows3 ,a marker is sent into the pit for each target to be operated2 paper targets having been pasted to the canvas on the frames a sufficient length of time previously so as to be dry4 ,the marker pulls down one of the targets which raises the other into the firing position4 ,as soon as the shot is fired1 the marker1 using a #aj-;foot rod with an iron disc #b inches in diameter fastened on the end as a pointer 8spots0 the shot by placing the disc over the bullet hole1 and then pointing to one of the numbers over the target corresponding to the value of the shot4 ,the disc on the pointer should have one side painted white so that it can be easily distinguished when covering shots in the bull's-eye4 ,the scorer at the firing point then scores the shot as indicated by the marker4 ,the marker then raises the target at the bottom of the pit in position for the next shot1 which brings the first target down into the pit where the marker covers the bullet hole with a paster4 ,this operation is repeated for each shot4 ,where a score of ten consecutive shots is to be made on each paper target without covering the bullet holes with pasters1 as in the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association ,matches1 the target is fastened to the frame with double pointed carpet tacks and left in the firing position until the ten shot score is completed1 each shot being 8spotted10 marked1 and scored as fired4 ,when the score is completed1 another paper target having been placed on the alternating frame in the pit1 the latter is raised promptly ready for the next score4 ,in large cities it is often necessary to provide a suitable range for target shooting indoors and by artificial light4 ,such a range is designated a 8gallery40 ,the standard range is #bj yards for the revolver and pistol1 and #be yards for the rifle4 ,the arrangement at the firing point is practically the same as in the case of the #ej-yard ranges1 the booths being at least #c feet wide4 ,on account of the small size of the target and the short distance1 it is feasible to move the target back and forth1 from the firing point to the butt by 8trolleys0 operated by a hand wheel1 the latter being located generally at the left hand side in the booth at the firing point4 ,the 8trolley0 carriage consists of a heavy steel spring clamp holding a cardboard target 7about #i inches square7 at the top edge of the target1 the carriage being supported by a ,no4 #h or #aj-;gauge wire stretched from the firing point to the butt1 at a level of about #b feet above the line of fire4 ,the supporting wires are attached to the wood-work at the firing point by means of eye-bolts1 which also regulate the tension of the wires4 ,the trolleys are operated back and forth by an endless braided cord passing around angles over pulleys screwed to the wood-work of the booth1 and around the hand wheel4 ,a steel plate with the lower part inclined away from the firing point #bj or #cj degrees is placed about #ab inches back of the targets to stop the bullets and prevent them from gouging out the wall or wood-work behind4 ,by deflecting the plates as described1 the spatter of lead is directed downward1 and thus prevents damage to the wood-work around the targets4 ,a suitable background behind the targets may be provided by white or light gray paint1 or by a suitable fabric4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hb4 ,details of ,booths at ,firing ,line1 8,trolleys10 and ,butt for ,gallery ,ranges4 ,if the splatter of the bullets mars the targets1 a shield of #a-;inch boards can be erected and maintained between the target and the steel plate4 ,the lighting may be accomplished by a line of gas jets or electric lights about #b feet in front of the targets and at the same distance either above or below them4 ,at least two jets should be used to light each target1 otherwise the flicker of the gas jets makes the light unsatisfactory4 ,the reflectors should be of tin or other metal1 polished or painted white4 ,glass is too fragile for this purpose4 ,heavy timbers or steel plates must be provided to protect the lights and piping from wild shots4 ,a telescope is mounted in each booth to enable the marksman to see the location of shots in the bull's-eye4 ,when floor space is limited the rifle ranges can sometimes be located over the revolver ranges1 or the latter1 if the range is in a cellar1 may be depressed by constructing a pit of a suitable depth at the firing point4 ,the booths for rifle shooting and the operation of the targets are practically the same as already described4 ,it is best to complete all the work at the target end of the range first4 ,after the location of the targets is definitely fixed the position of the firing line can be determined by making the distance from the target to the firing point two inches in excess of #bj yards or #ej yards as the case may be4 ,the slight excess distance does not affect the shooting appreciably1 but it is important in order to avoid any possibility of having scores disqualified in case the range should be questioned and later be checked or verified and found 8short40 ,it is desirable whenever possible to have the ranges of the standard lengths especially if matches with other clubs are contemplated4 ,the table for cleaning arms1 and for tools1 should never be placed near the booths1 but on the opposite side of the room1 to avoid congestion at the firing line4 ,the floor on which the contestants stand at the firing line must be firm and solid1 so as not to vibrate or move when others walk about in close proximity4 ,a concrete floor covered with a carpet or rug of firm texture is excellent4 ,in indoor shooting smokeless powder and reduced charges are always to be preferred4 ,when artificial ventilation is provided1 some shooting may be done with black powder ammunition1 but the range soon fills with smoke1 rendering the targets indistinct and the atmosphere unpleasant4 ,gallery practice is very valuable1 as it enables one to preserve good form in the winter months1 in localities where it is too cold to shoot with comfort and pleasure out-of-doors4 ,the following simple rules should be printed and posted in conspicuous places in every shooting range or gallery3 ,,rules ,arms shall be unloaded until the contestant is at the firing point4 ,loaded arms shall be handled with the muzzle pointing toward the targets4 ,automatic arms shall be used only under the personal direction of the ,shooting ,master4 ,contestants are requested to use the greatest care in handling arms at all times4 ,the authority of the ,shooting ,master in charge shall be absolute4 ,the rules of the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association shall govern all match shooting4 ,the above rules must be strictly observed and will be enforced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,shooting ,gallery of the ,crescent ,athletic ,club1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,walnut ,hill ,range of the ,massachusetts ,rifle ,association is one of the best #ej-yard revolver ranges in the country4 ,a well-equipped gallery of up-to-date design is that of the ,crescent ,athletic ,club1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,hints ,,to ,,beginners#af ,selection of ,arms4--,there is no single arm that can be used advantageously for all classes of shooting4 ,it is therefore necessary in the first place to decide for what purpose the arm is to be used4 ,a careful perusal of the text under 8,arms0 and 8,ammunition10 will be of assistance in reaching a decision4 ,the next step is the selection of the arm4 ,as already stated1 the cheap1 unreliable1 and unsafe arms are to be carefully avoided4 ,it is preferable to buy a second-hand arm of a reputable manufacturer1 if in good condition1 than a new one of inferior make4 ,second-hand arms frequently have defects that cannot be detected by the novice1 and1 if obliged to buy a second-hand arm1 it is advisable to ask some expert shot to assist in making the selection4 ,the price of the best grades of pistols and revolvers is1 fortunately1 within the reach of almost every one1 and1 if at all possible1 new arms should be purchased4 ,in any case1 whether a new or a second-hand arm is to be chosen1 it is well to examine and handle all the different models of the best makers4 ,the fit and feel of the arm are very important4 ,select an arm that feels comfortable1 and which1 when properly held1 fits the hand so that the first joint of the trigger finger just touches the trigger when that part of the finger is bent at right angles to the barrel4 ,the correct manner of holding the pistol or revolver is shown in ,fig4 #hd and illustrates how the hand should fit the arm4 ,note particularly the position of the trigger finger and the thumb4 ,the trigger finger in this position acts directly backward in pressing the trigger1 and the thumb assists materially in steadying the piece4 ,if the piece is too large for the hand1 the trigger finger will be more or less extended1 and will pull side-wise to a greater or less degree1 and thus increase the difficulty of fine shooting4 ,fig #hd;a illustrates the approved position of the thumb when the locking catch interferes with the extended thumb4 ,the fit of the arm is much more important1 and has a vastly greater effect upon the results than fine distinctions between the merits of the different arms4 ,any of those named are excellent and are capable of shooting much more accurately than they can possibly be held by the most expert shots4 ,a man with a large hand will probably find the ,remington pistol or the ,colt ,new ,service revolver best suited for him2 another with a hand of medium size will find the ,s4 ,w4 pistol or the ,s4 ,w4 ,russian ,model revolver most desirable2 while another still1 with a small hand1 may prefer the ,stevens pistol or the 4#ch-;caliber military revolver1 either the ,s4 ,w4 or the ,colt4 ,if an arm is wanted for steady use1 select the plain blue finish1 and wood handles2 elaborate engraving and gold1 silver1 copper1 or nickel finished arms are handsome and pleasing1 but1 if much used1 become burnt and discolored where the powder gases escape1 and soon become unsightly4 ,a blued finish is also to be preferred when shooting in the sunlight4 ,most arms as offered on the market have hard rubber handles4 ,these become smooth and slippery when the hand perspires1 and are not as desirable as wood handles4 ,a few expert shots prefer pearl handles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4--;,correct ,manner of ,holding the ,revolver with ,thumb ,extended ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd a4--,showing ,thumb when ,locking ,catch ,interferes with ,extended ,position ,the trigger pull should have the smallest possible travel and be smooth and positive4 ,the smaller the travel of the hammer and the more rapid its action1 the quicker will be the discharge after pulling the trigger4 ,if the trigger does not pull smooth and 8sweet10 or becomes 8creepy0 from wear1 it should be corrected by a skilled gunsmith4 ,while the rules allow a trigger pull of #b pounds for the pistol and #b pounds for the target revolver1 many expert shots prefer to have their arm pull from to #a pound more4 ,the rules also allow #g and #h inch barrels for the revolver4 ,many of the experienced shots prefer to have their revolvers balance near the trigger1 and are of the opinion that the extra length of barrel above #f inches does not offset the disadvantage of poorer balance4 ,in the pistol1 however1 the length of the barrel is invariably #aj inches4 ,accuracy in aiming is lost very rapidly as the distance between the sights is reduced below #g inches4 ,for target shooting1 the 4#bb-;caliber pistols will be found admirably suited for beginners4 ,the charge being light1 there is less liability to 8flinch10 a fault easily and most invariably acquired when the novice begins shooting with a heavy charge4 ,the practice in aiming and pulling the trigger with these arms is excellent training and a first-rate and valuable preliminary to the more difficult and practical work with the revolver4 ,the double-action feature in a revolver is of very little practical value4 ,owing to the varying amount of resistance to the trigger in operating the mechanism1 the aim is disturbed more than if the hammer is cocked with the thumb4 ,even in rapid-fire shooting better results are obtained with a double-action arm if used as a single action4 ,it is also more difficult to make the trigger pull smooth and short in double-action mechanisms4 ,manipulation4--,most of the accidents with firearms are caused by carelessness and ignorance in manipulating them4 ,the revolver and pistol1 being much smaller1 are more dangerous to handle than the rifle or shotgun4 ,an experienced pistol shot can easily be singled out by the extreme care and unostentation with which he handles his arms4 ,on picking up an arm1 or if one is handed to you1 open the action at once and make sure it is not loaded4 ,always do this1 even if it is your own arm and you are quite sure it was not loaded when you last put it away2 some one1 without any idea of danger1 may have loaded it in your absence4 ,cultivate and practise the habit of always holding the arm1 whether loaded or unloaded1 so that it points in a direction where it would do no harm if it were to go off unexpectedly4 ,by observing these simple rules1 serious accidents will be impossible4 ,no one should be allowed to handle firearms in a shooting club or participate in any of the public matches until these rules have been thoroughly mastered4 ,position and ,aiming4--,if you know of a club or shooting organization to which one or more first-rate pistol and revolver shots belong1 it is well to join it1 if possible4 ,much more rapid progress can be made by observation and by following the suggestions of experienced shots than if one is obliged to solve the various problems without such assistance or advice4 ,in order to familiarize yourself with your arm1 it is well to practise aiming and pulling the trigger before any actual shooting is attempted4 ,by inserting an empty shell for the hammer to strike upon1 the piece may be aimed and 8snapped0 without injury4 ,the position you adopt is very important4 ,stand firmly on both feet1 with the body perfectly balanced and turned at such an angle as is most comfortable when the arm is extended toward the target in aiming4 ,let the left arm assume any position that may be comfortable and natural4 ,select a small black spot with an extensive white background to sight at4 ,a small black paster on a window-pane with the sky for a background1 is excellent for this purpose4 ,when the aiming is correct1 that is1 when the sights are properly aligned1 their position with reference to the spot or bull's-eye should be as shown in ,fig4 #he4 ,the top of the front sight should just make contact with the lower edge of the bull's-eye corresponding to the position of ,,vi o'clock4 ,it has been found by experience that it is less fatiguing to lower the arm1 fully extended1 holding the piece1 to the target than to raise it up to the target4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he--;,correct ,position of the ,sights in ,aiming at the ,target4 ,firing4--,with the pistol or revolver in the right hand cock the hammer with the thumb1 making sure that the trigger finger is free from the trigger and resting against the forward inner surface of the trigger guard4 ,in cocking the piece have the barrel pointing upward4 ,then extend the arm upward and forward1 so that when you assume your firing position the piece will point about twenty degrees above the bull's-eye4 ,with your eyes fixed on the bull's-eye at ,,vi o'clock inhale enough air to fill the lungs comfortably and lower the piece gradually until the line of the sights comes a short distance below the bull's-eye4 ,now1 holding your breath and steadying the piece as well as you possibly can1 bring the line of sights into the position shown in ,fig4 #he4 ,at the same time gradually increase the pressure on the trigger directly backward1 so that when the sights are pointing at the bull's-eye the hammer will fall4 ,be careful not to pull the trigger with a jerk1 but ease it off with a gentle squeeze1 so as not disturb the aim4 ,accustom yourself not to close the eye when the hammer falls1 but note carefully where the line of the sights actually points at the instant that the hammer falls4 ,you will1 no doubt1 find it almost impossible to pull the trigger at the moment the sights are just right4 ,the hammer will fall when the line of sights may point a little too high or too low1 or to one side or the other of the bull's-eye2 but patient practice will correct this1 and in time you will be able to let off the arm at the right moment4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf--,showing the ,travel of the ,line of the ,sights ,about the ,bull's-eye in ,aiming ,the pulling of the trigger is a very delicate operation2 it is1 in fact1 the most important detail to master--the secret of pistol and revolver shooting4 ,if the trigger is pulled suddenly1 in the usual way1 at the instant when the sights appear to be properly aligned1 the aim is so seriously disturbed that a wild shot will result4 ,to avoid this1 the pressure on the trigger must always be steadily applied1 and while the sights are in line with the bull's-eye4 ,it is1 of course1 impossible to hold the arm absolutely still1 and aim steadily at one point while the pressure is being applied to the trigger2 but1 in aiming1 the unsteadiness of the shooter will cause the line of the sights to point above the bull's-eye1 then below it1 to one side of it1 and then to the other1 back and forth and around it1 as shown by the dotted lines in ,fig4 #hf4 ,each time that the line of the sights passes over the bull's-eye the smallest possible increment of additional pressure is successively applied to the trigger until the piece is finally discharged at one of the moments that the sights are in correct alignment4 ,long and regular practice alone will give the necessary training of the senses and muscles to act in sufficient harmony to enable one to pull the trigger in this way at the right moment for a long series of shots4 ,a 8fine sympathy0 must be established between the hand1 the eye1 and the brain1 rendering them capable of instant coperation4 ,after obtaining a fair idea of aiming1 etc41 watch carefully when the hammer falls1 and note if it jars the piece and disturbs the aim4 ,if not1 you are holding the arm properly4 ,if the aim is disturbed1 you must grip the arm tighter or more loosely1 or move your hand up or down on the handle1 or otherwise change your method of holding the piece until your 8hold0 is such that you can snap the hammer and the aim remain undisturbed4 ,this aiming and snapping drill is largely practised by expert shots indoors1 when they do not have the opportunity to practise regularly out-of-doors4 ,target ,practice4--,if your first actual shooting is done at the range of a club1 it is best to ask one of the members to coach you until you get accustomed to the rules1 etc4 ,a target will be assigned to you1 and you will repair to the firing point and load your arm4 ,it is well to let your coach fire the first shot or two1 to see if your piece is sighted approximately right4 ,if so1 you are ready to begin shooting4 ,if the sights appear to be as in ,fig4 #he at the moment of discharge1 then the bullet should hit the center of the bull's-eye4 ,if1 after several shots1 you are convinced that the bullet does not strike where it should1 the arm is not properly sighted for you4 ,in adjusting the sights you will find it an advantage to remember a very simple rule3 ,to correct the rear sight1 move it in the same direction as you would the shots on the target to correct them1 or move the front sight in the opposite direction4 ,most target arms have the front sight non-adjustable1 and the rear sight adjustable for both windage and elevation4 ,a few arms have interchangeable or adjustable front sights for elevation4 ,move the sights a little at a time1 according to the foregoing rules1 until they are properly aligned4 ,a few ten-shot scores should then be fired for record4 ,as you become accustomed to the range1 rules1 etc41 you will feel more at ease4 ,this will inspire confidence1 and your shooting will improve correspondingly4 ,do not have your sights too fine4 ,fine sights are much more straining on the eyes1 and have no advantage over moderately coarse sights4 ,the rear sights as generally furnished are purposely made with very small notches1 so as to enable individuals to make them any desired size4 ,it is well to have the trigger pull at least of a pound greater than the minimum allowed by the rules4 ,if much used1 the pull sometimes wears lighter2 and if there is little or no margin1 you run the risk of having your arm disqualified when you wish to enter an important match4 ,never use other ammunition in your arm than that for which it is chambered4 ,a number of accidents and much difficulty have resulted from wrong ammunition4 ,in the same caliber the actual diameter of the bullets frequently varies considerably1 and a few shots1 even if they should not prove dangerous1 may lead the barrel1 and thus cause much delay and annoyance4 ,when a barrel is 8leaded0 from any cause it will become inaccurate4 ,in such cases1 particles of lead usually adhere to the inside of the barrel at or near the breech4 ,a brass wire brush1 of suitable size to fit the barrel1 will generally remove it4 ,when this fails1 carefully remove all oil1 cork up the opposite end of the barrel and fill it with mercury1 letting the latter remain in the barrel until the lead is removed4 ,occasionally the powder is accidentally omitted in loading a cartridge4 ,when the primer explodes1 the bullet may be driven partly through the barrel and remain in it4 ,when this happens1 whether from this cause or any other1 always be careful to push the bullet out of the barrel before firing another shot4 ,if the bullet is not removed1 and another shot is fired1 the barrel will be bulged and ruined4 ,this may occur with a light gallery charge4 ,when shooting the 4#bb-;caliber long rifle cartridge1 there will be an occasional misfire4 ,in withdrawing the cartridge the bullet will stick in the barrel and the powder spill into the action4 ,to prevent this1 hold the barrel vertically1 with the muzzle up1 and withdraw the shell carefully4 ,then remove the bullet in the barrel with a cleaning rod2 or extract the bullet from a new cartridge1 inserting the shell filled with powder into the chamber back of the bullet and fire it in the usual manner4 ,do not use ,,bb caps in any pistol that you value4 ,they are loaded with a composition of fulminate of mercury in combination with other substances that cause rusting and the bullets have no lubrication4 ,these caps will ruin a barrel in a very short time4 ,the 4#bb-;caliber conical ball caps are loaded with black powder1 and the bullets are lubricated1 making this a much better cartridge2 but it is best to adhere to the regular 4#bb ammunition for which the arm is chambered4 ,never under any circumstances shoot at objects on the heads or in the hands of persons4 ,there is always a possibility of something going wrong1 and such risk to human life is unjustifiable1 no matter how skilful you may be4 ,it is necessary to exercise extreme care in practising with the pocket revolver4 ,some persons delight in practising quick drawing from the pocket and firing one or more shots4 ,this is dangerous work for the novice to attempt4 ,most of the pocket weapons are double action4 ,if the finger is on the trigger and the arm catches in the pocket when drawing1 a premature discharge is likely to result1 which is always unpleasant and sometimes disastrous4 ,practice in drawing the revolver from the pocket or holster should always be begun with the arm unloaded4 ,only after a fair degree of skill is acquired should actual shooting be attempted4 ,for quick drawing from the pocket the only double-action revolvers that are fairly safe to handle are the ,s4 ,w4 ,safety ,hammerless1 and the ,colt 8,double ,action10 which has a safety notch for the hammer to rest on4 ,drawing a revolver from a holster is easier and much less dangerous than drawing it from the pocket4 ,larger and more practical arms are generally carried in holsters1 and such arms should be single action in all cases4 ,in practising with a holster weapon1 fasten the holster on the belt1 and anchor the belt so that the holster will always be at the same relative position4 ,the holster should be cut out so that the forefinger can be placed on the trigger in drawing4 ,always carry a loaded revolver with the hammer resting on an empty chamber or between two cartridges4 ,in the woods1 or in localities where such shooting would not be likely to do any harm1 it is good practice to shoot at a block of wood drifting down in the current of a swift-flowing stream1 at a block of wood or a tin can swinging like a pendulum1 from horseback at stationary and moving objects1 and from a moving boat at similar objects4 ,such practice is largely indulged in by cowboys1 ranchmen1 and others in the western part of the ,united ,states4 ,the shooting is generally rapid-fire work with heavy charges at short range1 and is to be commended as being extremely practical4 ,many of the published reports of wonderful shooting are gross exaggerations4 ,the prowess of the so-called 8,gun ,men0 of ,new ,york and other large cities is greatly over-estimated4 ,these criminals do not practice shooting with the fire arms they use but operate by stealth and intrigue which makes them dangerous4 ,they are1 in fact1 very poor marksmen1 few of them being able to hit an object the size of a man more than #ae or #bj feet away4 ,in shooting a long series of shots with black powder ammunition1 when the rules allow it1 the barrel should be cleaned and examined every six or ten shots1 depending upon the clean-shooting qualities of the ammunition used4 ,it is well to examine the shells1 also1 and note if the primers have been struck in the center4 ,if not1 then some of the mechanism is out of line1 and the parts likely to have caused the trouble must be cleaned4 ,after securing good1 reliable arms1 stick to them4 ,much time and progress is frequently lost by buying and trying different arms1 ammunition1 etc4 ,if in any of your shooting1 you should get results that are peculiar and unsatisfactory1 make it your business to find out the cause of the difficulty1 and remedy it as soon as possible4 8,blazing away0 a large quantity of ammunition carelessly and recklessly is absolutely valueless as practice1 and is a waste of time4 ,give your whole attention to your work1 and try your very best to place every shot in the center of the bull's-eye4 ,it is very important to keep a full1 detailed record of all your shooting1 for comparison1 study1 etc4 ,a suitable book should be provided for this purpose4 ,do not fall into the habit of preserving only a few of the best scores2 but make it a rule to keep a record of every shot1 and figure out the average of each day's work4 ,the more painstaking and systematic you are1 the more rapid will be your progress4 ,by careful1 intelligent work1 it is possible to become a fair shot in three or four months1 and a first-rate shot in a year4 ,matches and ,competitions4--,after a number of good shots have been developed in any club1 there is generally a desire to measure skill with the members of another club4 ,this leads to friendly matches1 which are usually very enjoyable and instructive4 ,shooting in a match places a man under a certain strain which affects individuals quite differently2 some become nervous and shoot poorly when the best work is expected of them1 while others are braced up by the occasion and shoot more brilliantly than under ordinary conditions4 ,before competing in any match be sure to thoroughly familiarize yourself with all the conditions4 ,this will prevent mistakes that frequently disqualify competitors and lead to disagreeable controversies4 ,avoid getting into any arguments or disputes with range officers1 or officials in charge of the matches1 and particularly while the matches are in progress4 ,the range officers are invariably extremely busy and it is unjust to the other competitors to usurp more of their time than is your proper portion4 ,they are generally intelligent men who have been selected because of their fitness for the positions they hold1 and their decisions and rulings should be accepted as final4 ,if for good cause you should wish to protest against any decision or ruling of an officer in charge1 do it in a quiet and gentlemanly way1 and whether the rules require it or not1 such protest should be made in writing4 ,beginners1 as well as those who keep up their practice shooting1 should enter the annual championships of the ,u4 ,s4 ,revolver ,association each year4 ,these events are conducted by the ,association in different parts of the country simultaneously1 under as nearly identical conditions as possible4 ,by this arrangement1 long and expensive journeys to one place of meeting are avoided1 and all those interested in the sport can participate without serious inconvenience4 ,competing in these events is extremely advantageous and beneficial4 ,it enables the beginner not only to note his improvement from year to year1 but affords training and experience in shooting under real match conditions1 and will correct any misinterpretation of the rules4 ,the more experienced shot1 by entering these contests is enabled to compare his skill with that of the leading marksmen of the country1 and accurately determine his position among them from year to year4 ,persons wishing to compete in the annual championships should practice regularly throughout the year under the conditions of the matches2 firing the full number of shots and within the specified time limits in all cases4 ,the ,national ,pistol ,match and the ,national ,rifle ,association matches are generally held at some selected state or government range1 and at a certain specified time4 ,all the contestants are1 therefore1 shooting on the same ground and approximately under the same conditions4 ,all these matches are shot in the open2 i4 e4 without shelter or protection from the wind4 ,when shooting under these conditions in the glaring sunlight1 it is a decided advantage to wear suitable1 colored large-lensed spectacles to temper the light and rest the eyes4 ,the sights and top surfaces of the barrel should be smoked or blackened to prevent the reflection of light4 ,this may be accomplished by burning a small piece of gum camphor1 which makes an excellent smoke for this purpose1 or by painting with 8sight black40 ,a wide brimmed hat will also add to the shooter's comfort in the bright sunlight4 ,nailed or rubber soles for the boots or shoes are to be preferred because they do not wear slippery4 ,in squadded competitions the weather conditions must be accepted as they are at the time of the shooting4 ,in re-entry and individual matches the time of the shooting is sometimes optional with the competitor4 ,when this is the case it is a decided advantage to select a time when the conditions of light1 wind1 etc41 are most favorable4 ,on normal clear days1 the early forenoon1 or just before sunset1 are generally the most favorable for suitable light4 ,the wind generally slacks up to a certain degree also just before sundown4 ,immediately after a shower the conditions are sometimes excellent4 ,the position of the target with reference to the sun must also be taken into consideration4 ,it is generally best to shoot directly toward or directly away from the sun4 ,rapid-fire shooting in a gusty wind is perhaps more difficult than under any other conditions4 ,when the wind is steady one can brace up against it and do fair shooting1 but when it is unsteady there will invariably be some wild shots4 ,in deliberate untimed shooting one can wait for a lull and get the shots in during such brief intervals4 ,in practising rapid-fire shooting1 great care is necessary in order to prevent accidents1 especially in the case of the automatic pistols1 which remain cocked and ready to pull the trigger after each shot4 ,in shooting within a time limit1 practise to use the entire period and endeavor to do the best possible work1 getting in the last shot just before the end of the period4 ,in team matches always follow the instructions and suggestions of your team captain implicitly4 ,coperate with him to the limit of your ability in developing the best and most consistent work of each member of the team4 ,always remember that the high average shooting of a team wins more matches than the brilliant shooting of an individual4 ,in training for matches be abstemious and maintain good physical condition4 ,if your liver is torpid it must be stimulated4 ,do not tire yourself with too much practice shooting4 ,one or two hours practice daily is generally ample4 ,cleaning and ,care of ,arms4--,to maintain the highest efficiency in an arm1 it is necessary to keep it in perfect order4 ,the working parts must be kept clean and oiled1 and the barrel should receive special attention and care4 ,the residue of some powders is less injurious than that of others1 but the arm should in all cases be cleaned and oiled immediately after it has been used4 ,the cleaning should be thorough4 ,heavy cotton flannel is excellent for this purpose4 ,it should be perfectly dry4 ,much of the fouling will rub off without moisture1 but if moisture is necessary to soften the fouling in places1 use thin oil4 ,never use water1 ordinary kerosene1 or similar fluids4 ,for certain kinds of smokeless powders1 cleaning fluids have been prepared that give good results4 ,be careful to use the special fluid that is adapted to the particular powder used1 as the wrong fluid may not accomplish the desired results4 ,a good cleaning fluid for many of the ,nitro ,powders1 such as 8,bullseye10 8,r4 ,s4 ,q410 8,walsrode0 etc41 is ,dr4 ,hudson's nitro solvent formula1 as follows3 ,astral oil 7or ,kerosene free from acid7 #b fluid ounces ,sperm oil #a fluid ounce ,acetone #a fluid ounce ,turpentine #a fluid ounce ,,note4--,to make sure that the kerosene or ,astral oil is free from acid1 it can be shaken up with some washing soda1 which will neutralize any free acid that may have been present4 ,to clubs1 or those who wish to make up a cleaning fluid in quantities1 the above will prove very effective and inexpensive4 ,for cleaning the inside of the barrel a wooden rod is best4 ,it should have a knob on the end of such size that one or two thicknesses of the cotton flannel around it will fit the bore snug and tight4 ,square patches of suitable size may then be cut in quantities and used as required4 ,clean from the breech end of the barrel whenever possible4 ,the slightest burr or injury at the muzzle will spoil the accuracy of an otherwise good barrel4 ,particular care should be exercised1 especially if a steel rod with a slot is used1 to prevent the wad from 8jamming0 in the barrel4 ,continue cleaning the inside of the barrel until tight-fitting patches1 when withdrawn1 show no discoloration1 and the barrel is warm from the friction of the cleaning4 ,then saturate a fresh patch with good oil and pass it through the barrel several times1 making sure that the entire surface of the grooves has been thoroughly coated with oil4 ,after the cylinder and other parts are cleaned1 they should also be oiled4 ,a good oil for cleaning is 8,three in ,one02 for preventing rust1 use ,winchester ,gun ,grease or refined sperm oil4 ,plenty of oil should be kept on the circle of teeth in which the pawl engages in revolving the cylinder4 ,if smokeless ammunition is used1 the oil should be removed from the interior of the barrel and the chambers of the cylinder1 a day or two after the first cleaning1 and fresh oil applied4 ,in warm weather1 when the air is humid1 arms rust very quickly4 ,if they are not kept in an air-tight compartment1 they should be inspected1 and1 if necessary1 re-oiled every few days4 ,under favorable conditions1 a thorough cleaning and oiling will preserve the arm in good condition for a month4 ,if it is desired to store the arms1 or protect them for long periods of time1 the interior surfaces of the frame1 and all the mechanism1 should be carefully cleaned and oiled1 and then the entire space within the frame filled solid with non-liquid grease1 like the ,winchester 8gun grease40 ,after cleaning the barrel and cylinder1 the bore and chambers in the cylinder should be filled solid with the grease4 ,this treatment excludes the air1 and absolutely prevents oxidation4 ,the exterior should be oiled1 and then coated heavily with 8gun grease40 ,place the arm in a dry woollen cloth1 or flannel cover1 and wrap it up in a double thickness of new manila paper of the weight of ordinary writing paper4 ,repeat this1 wrapping twice more1 each wrapping independent of the other4 ,then lay the arm in a dry place1 where the temperature will always be uniform1 and not so warm as to melt the grease4 ,an arm protected in this way will remain in good condition for a period of two years4 ,another method of protecting weapons from rust is to immerse them in oil4 ,the wood or rubber stocks should be removed and the arms suspended from a rack in a large glass jar with a ground glass cover to prevent the evaporation of the oil4 ,this is a very quick and effective method and is much more convenient than the preceding plan4 ,the best quality of refined sperm oil should be used4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,reloading ,,ammunition ,the factory-loaded ammunition for pistols is so excellent that little is to be gained by hand loading4 ,it is sometimes desirable1 however1 to use special loads that are not furnished by the factories1 and such ammunition must be loaded by hand4 ,then1 too1 many persons prefer to reload ammunition for economical reasons4 ,in order to do this successfully1 considerable experience and skill are necessary4 ,the first attempts at reloading are invariably unsatisfactory and disappointing1 and sometimes result disastrously4 ,extreme care and close attention to details are absolutely essential1 especially if smokeless powders are used4 ,it is much the safest and best plan for those who are unfamiliar with reloading to observe and study the methods used by skilled persons1 and1 if possible1 have their first work supervised by an experienced person4 ,primers4--,the primers are made of copper and brass and are adapted for either black or smokeless powders4 ,the primers for pistol and revolver cartridges are made more sensitive than for rifle cartridges4 ,if1 by mistake1 rifle-cartridge primers are used1 there are likely to be many misfires4 ,the original pasteboard boxes in which the cartridges or shells are purchased invariably have labels designating the kind of primer that should be used in reloading them4 ,the quality of the primers affects the results to a much greater degree than most persons imagine1 especially in reduced or gallery charges4 ,in handling or in transportation the priming composition is sometimes loosened1 dropping out of some of the primers and leaving them considerably weaker than the rest4 ,on opening a new box1 empty it carefully1 and if any appreciable quantity of loose priming is found1 the primers should not be used for ammunition intended for fine shooting4 ,shells4--,the shells are generally made of brass with a solid head containing a pocket for a primer4 ,there is considerable variation in the thickness of the metal from which shells are made by the various manufacturers4 ,since the outside dimensions must be the same in order to fit the chamber1 it follows that the inside diameter of the shells will vary4 ,when the shell is to be crimped a slight difference in the size is unimportant1 but for fine target work using black powder1 it is preferable not to crimp the shell4 ,in the latter case the bullet must fit sufficiently tight so that it will not be dislodged by the recoil of the arm4 ,the size of the bore1 when adapted to the same cartridge1 varies a trifle1 also1 with different manufacturers4 ,with the slight difference in the size of the shells it is therefore generally possible to select a make of shell the size of which will be just right to hold snugly in position by friction a bullet that exactly fits the bore of the arm4 ,these refinements in the fit of the bullet and shell are important in securing good results with reduced loads4 ,in pistol and revolver shooting1 the shells may be reloaded many times with smokeless powders4 ,the small charge and the consequent reduced pressure do not seem to render the shells brittle and unsuitable for reloading1 as is the case with the shells of many of the high-pressure rifle cartridges4 ,bullets4--,in the large ammunition factories the bullets are made by the swaging process1 with heavy machinery4 ,they are1 in consequence1 very uniform in density and size4 ,they are packed in boxes of twenty-five and fifty and are lubricated ready for use4 ,while very few persons are able to mould bullets as good as those factory-made1 when bullets of a particular shape1 weight1 or temper are desired1 they must be moulded4 ,the ,ideal ,manufacturing ,company's dipper and melting pot#ag are useful for this purpose4 ,the best quality of lead in bars or pigs should be used4 ,if the bullets are to be hardened1 8block tin10 which may be had at any hardware store is alloyed with the lead4 ,weigh the proper quantity of each metal to give the desired proportions4 ,melt the lead in the pot over a steady fire and then add the tin4 ,at this stage add a small quantity of tallow or beeswax to the molten metal 7about the size of a 4#de-;caliber round bullet7 and stir briskly with the dipper4 ,this will flux the mixture and make it flow better4 ,after both are melted immerse the dipper and allow it to acquire the temperature of the melted lead4 ,then fill the dipper and1 with the nozzle horizontal1 raise it two or three inches above the surface of the lead in the pot4 ,with the mould in the other hand1 turn it sidewise and bring the pouring hole of the mould to the nozzle of the dipper4 ,then1 with the mould and dipper in contact1 tilt or turn both in this position until the dipper is over the mould and the nozzle vertical as shown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,moulding ,bullets4 ,the weight or pressure of the lead in the dipper is thus utilized to force the lead into and completely fill the corners of the mould4 ,it will be necessary to mould forty or fifty bullets before the mould acquires the proper temperature and casts first-class bullets4 ,all imperfect bullets should be thrown back into the melting-pot4 ,experience has shown that the best results are obtained when the lead and mould are at such temperature that two or three seconds elapse before the lead solidifies in the pouring hole after the nozzle has been removed from it4 ,do not allow the lead to get red-hot1 as it oxidizes very rapidly and more dross forms on its surface at that temperature4 ,the dross should be skimmed off frequently and not allowed to collect in the dipper4 ,a new mould will not cast perfect bullets until the surfaces in contact with the lead are free from oil and have become oxidized1 assuming a deep blue color4 ,provide a soft surface for the bullets to fall upon after releasing them from the mould1 as they are easily deformed while hot4 ,the sliding top or 8cut-off0 should be operated by pressing down the lever end on a board or table1 or striking the lever with a small wooden mallet4 ,the mould is then opened1 and the bullet drops out4 ,if the bullet sticks in the mould1 strike the empty half of the mould on the outside1 directing the blow toward the bullet4 ,this will jar the bullet out of the mould without difficulty4 ,never strike the mould with a hammer or any hard substance1 and never attempt to pry a bullet out of the mould or touch the interior surface with an iron implement1 tool1 or anything that will mar it4 ,the least indentation of the sharp edges of the mould will cause the bullets to stick and make them imperfect4 ,after using the mould1 oil the exterior and the surfaces of the joint while warm1 wrap in a dry cloth1 and keep in a dry place where it will not rust4 ,it is a good plan to leave the last bullet 7with the neck cut off7 in the mould until used again4 ,the fit of the bullets is very important4 ,nearly all the bullets for revolver cartridges were originally designed to be used with black powder4 ,many of them were slightly under size and have concave bases which upset sufficiently1 on the ignition of the regulation powder charge1 to fill the grooves of the barrel4 ,reduced charges of black powder1 and smokeless powders1 even in full charges1 seldom upset the bases of these bullets1 and the powder gas escapes around the sides of the bullet1 which is known as 8gas cutting40 ,this is fatal to accuracy4 ,for smokeless powders and reduced loads the concave cavity at the base of the bullet must be large enough to reduce the thickness of the outer rim of the bullet and weaken it so it will be expanded sufficiently by the powder to fill the grooves of the barrel2 or the diameter of the bullet should be increased so as to produce the same effect4 ,a simple test to determine the fit of the bullet is to force it into a clean barrel1 and then hold the barrel in the direction of a window or bright light4 ,if light can be seen in any of the grooves around the bullet1 it is too small for smokeless powder4 ,the remedy is to have the bullet mould reamed out and enlarged so the bullets will be the proper size4 ,to determine the actual diameter of the bore of a pistol or revolver1 oil the inside of the barrel liberally and then force a bullet into it a couple of inches4 ,with a short wooden cleaning rod1 hold the bullet in that position while you drive against it with another rod from the opposite direction1 swaging it so as to fill the barrel4 ,this must be done gently and carefully so as not to strain or injure the barrel4 ,the bullet is then driven out and carefully measured with a micrometer gauge4 ,many who mould their own bullets prefer to order the mould to cast the bullets the exact size to fit the barrel2 while others prefer to have the mould cast the bullet one or two thousandths of an inch too large1 and then pass them through a sizing tool1 reducing them to the correct size4 ,the latter method insures absolute uniformity4 ,for smokeless powders the bullets are generally cast a little harder than for black powder1 the proportions being from #cj to #a1 to #bj to #a1 of lead and tin1 respectively4 ,to secure good results1 the bullets should not vary more than #a_/bjj in weight4 ,the next operation after moulding the bullets is to lubricate them4 ,a good lubricant may be prepared by melting together #a lbs4 of ,japan wax1 #a lb4 of mutton tallow1 and #a lb4 of vaseline4 ,the bullets should be set in a shallow pan1 bases down1 and with a small space separating them4 ,the lubricant can then be poured around them until it rises high enough to fill the top cannelure4 ,after cooling1 the bullets are cut out of the lubricant by forcing them into the mouth of a specially prepared shell with the top or head cut off4 ,each bullet is picked up in this way and then pushed out with a round rod4 ,any lubricant on the base of the bullet should be removed with a cloth before loading4 ,an excellent machine for lubricating bullets is made by the ,ideal ,manufacturing ,company4 ,the machine sizes and lubricates the bullet at one operation4 ,it is rapid1 clean1 and performs the work perfectly4 ,powders4--,american powder manufacturers have no uniform practice in regard to designating the different grades of powder1 sizes of grains1 etc4 ,the powders that give the best results under certain conditions must therefore be classified4 ,the following black powders are best suited for ammunition in which the charge is ten to twenty grains3 ,american ,powder ,mills ,rifle ,cartridge ,no4 #d4 ,hazard ,powder ,company's 8,kentucky ,rifle ,f ,f ,g40 ,e4 ,i4 ,dupont de ,nemours ,company's 8,dupont ,rifle ,f ,f ,g40 ,laflin ,rand ,powder ,company's 8,orange ,rifle ,extra ,f ,f ,g40 ,king ,powder ,company's 8,semi-smokeless ,f ,f ,g40 ,when the charge is less than ten grains in weight1 one size finer grain of the above powders should be used2 and for charges heavier than twenty grains1 one size coarser grain will give the best results4 ,lesmok powder1 now so extensively used for 4#bb-;caliber rim fire ammunition1 is a combination of black powder with high-grade gun-cotton4 ,for reduced or gallery charges1 the high-grade quick-burning shotgun powders are sometimes used1 such as 8,hazard's ,electric10 8,dupont's ,diamond ,grain10 etc4 ,these powders should not be used in full charges1 and if compressed in the shell will give very irregular shooting4 ,smokeless powder differs from black not only in composition but also in the phenomena that attend combustion4 ,special conditions are therefore created which have an important bearing on the results4 ,smokeless powders are divided into two general classes1 designated as 8bulk0 and 8dense10 the former having approximately the same strength as an equal bulk of black powder1 while the same quantity by bulk of the latter may have from five to ten times the strength of black powder4 ,the bulk powders may be used very much the same as black powder1 except that they should never be compressed4 ,no air space is required between the powder and the bullet4 ,dupont's ,smokeless ,rifle ,powder ,no4 #b and ,hazard's ,smokeless ,rifle ,powder ,no4 #b are good examples of the bulk powders4 ,dupont's ,r4 ,s4 ,q4 is a bulk powder that has recently been introduced4 ,it gives fair results in pistol and revolver ammunition in full charges1 but is not as well adapted for reduced or gallery loads4 ,it requires an air space for the best results4 ,the dense powders1 such as ,bullseye1 ,du ,pont ,pistol ,no4 #c1 ,walsrode1 and others1 on account of their concentrated form1 must be manipulated with great care and precision4 ,the same quantity by bulk as black powder of any of these would in many cases cause disaster4 ,special shells with an annular crease1 which only admits the bullet a certain distance into the mouth of the shell1 and providing an air space1 should in all cases be used with these powders4 ,nearly all varieties of smokeless powders require a certain amount of confinement in order to secure complete combustion1 and do not give good results unless the shell is crimped securely to the bullet4 ,a table giving the proper charges is supplied by all the manufacturers of smokeless powders1 suitable for revolver and pistol shooting4 ,these charges should in no case be increased4 ,if it is desired to adapt a smokeless charge to a special bullet1 which gives good results with black powder1 the approximate equivalent in smokeless powder can easily be calculated from the powder company's table of charges4 ,if the calculated charge does not give good results1 compare the penetration of the smokeless charge with the black powder charge1 and modify the former until it gives approximately the same penetration as the latter4 ,if this does not correct the difficulty1 the fit of the bullet should be investigated1 and possibly it may have to be increased in size slightly and hardened before the best results will be obtained4 ,no attempt should be made to secure higher velocities or greater penetration with the ordinary lead bullet than is obtained with black powder4 ,such results can only be produced with hard alloy or jacketed bullets1 special rifling1 etc41 and in arms designed to withstand the severe conditions incident to such augmented effects4 ,excessive charges in regulation arms1 besides being extremely dangerous1 are likely to cause the bullet to strip the rifling and lead the barrel4 ,the most recent activity in the matter of smokeless powders is the series of experiments with the ,u4 ,s4 ,government pyro-cellulose formula4 ,the powders are cut to such dimensions as will fit them for both pistol and rifle cartridges4 ,this powder has the advantage of causing much less erosion than the nitro-glycerine powders and for that reason will probably appeal to the ammunition manufacturers and consumers1 to such an extent as to secure its adoption1 if the experiments now in progress prove to be satisfactory from a ballistic standpoint4 ,reloading4--,suitable tools for reloading are furnished by the ,ideal ,manufacturing ,company1 ,smith ,wesson1 and the ,winchester ,repeating ,arms ,company4 ,these usually consist of one or more combination tools1 with which the various operations may be performed with rapidity and precision4 ,in reloading ammunition the one thing to be borne in mind above all else is uniformity4 ,no matter how excellent may be the quality of the powder1 or how perfect the bullets1 if there is any variation in quantity1 size1 etc41 the results will surely be irregular and disappointing4 ,the bullets should be of the same diameter and weight1 the mouth of the shells of uniform size1 the powder accurately measured1 and all the details in the operation of loading each shell should be as nearly identical as it is possible to make them4 ,shells that have been loaded with black powder will corrode very rapidly if not properly and promptly cared for4 ,the primer should be extracted from the shells as soon as practicable after firing4 ,the shells should then be immersed in hot soap-suds and stirred around briskly until thoroughly washed4 ,if it is desired to brighten them or to remove corrosion1 add one tablespoonful of sulphuric acid to each quart of suds4 ,rinse the shells in two clean boiling waters by agitating them as before1 and then dry them by exposure to sunlight or mild heat4 ,intense heat will draw the temper of the shells and ruin them4 ,if the shells were originally crimped they will have to be opened with the tool so as to admit the bullet without shaving off or abrading its surface4 ,the ,ideal ,manufacturing ,company can furnish a special plug1 screwed to the tool1 by which the primer may be extracted and the mouth of the shell opened in one operation1 the tool automatically releasing the shell from the plug1 thus making the operation of opening the mouth of the shell rapid and easy4 ,in the case of smokeless powders the cleaning of the shells is not so important1 but is desirable1 as some of the powders leave a sticky residue which interferes more or less with the reloading process4 ,after the shells have been cleaned and dried the new primers may be placed in position4 ,in doing this be sure to seat them firmly on the bottom of the pocket and below the surface of the head of the shell4 ,this will prevent misfires and premature explosions4 ,the measuring of the powder charge is the most important detail in reloading ammunition4 ,there are several devices to measure powder that are convenient and fairly accurate4 ,those furnished by the ,ideal ,manufacturing ,company1 designated as ,no4 #e or ,no4 #f1 and those made by ,h4 ,m4 ,pope are the best4#ah ,the usual method is to measure the powder with a charge cup that is supplied with the reloading tools4 ,a quantity of the powder should be poured from the can into a small box and the charge cup dipped into it and filled4 ,with a thin lead-pencil tap the cup lightly two or three times on the side to settle the powder uniformly4 ,if the powder settles below the top of the cup dip the cup into the powder again and fill it1 being careful not to tilt the cup so as to disturb the powder already in it4 ,strike off the powder in the cup with the pencil and pour it into the shell4 ,by measuring the powder in this way and verifying it by weighing each charge in a delicate balance1 a high degree of skill may be acquired in a short time4 ,ordinary revolver charges should not vary more than one-tenth of a grain in weight4 ,the charge cup method is preferred by many in measuring smokeless powders1 as some varieties1 being coarse grained and light in weight1 are liable to form large voids4 ,such voids are invariably corrected when the charge cup is tapped and the powder settles4 ,after the desired quantity of shells has been primed and charged with powder1 the bullets1 properly lubricated1 are started into the shells by hand and then one by one the cartridges are placed in the reloading tool1 which seats the bullet and crimps the shell4 ,in reduced black powder charges1 when the bullet is seated below the mouth of the shell1 the tool should be adjusted so as not to crimp the shell4 ,in loading cartridges in which the shells are not crimped on the bullets1 it is very important that both the shells and the bullets should be absolutely uniform in size1 so that the fit1 and consequently the friction1 of the bullets in the shell will be the same in all cases4 ,by reloading some of the shells oftener than others or with different charges1 the expansion of the shells will vary and the bullets will fit more or less tightly4 ,such ammunition when fired will vary in elevation4 ,it is well to begin with new shells using the same load in them and reloading them the same number of times4 ,even with the same charge and under apparently identical conditions a few of the shells will expand differently4 ,this variation will1 however1 be readily discovered in seating the bullets with the tool4 ,cartridges in which the bullets seat with greater or less effort than the average should be carefully separated from the rest and not used when fine shooting is required4 ,in reloading ammunition with spherical or 8round0 bullets the neck of the bullet should be up1 opposite the powder side4 ,in this position the neck is always in sight1 and any turning of the bullet so as to bring the neck on the side and in contact with the barrel will be apparent and can be corrected4 ,all round bullets should be at least #a_/ajjj of an inch larger in diameter than the bottom of the grooves of the barrel4 ,this causes them to deform slightly on the circle of contact with the barrel1 and creates a narrow cylindrical surface around the bullet1 securing a better bearing and greatly increasing the accuracy4 ,it also insures the tight fitting of the bullet in the shell1 preventing it from being displaced by the recoil4 ,if round bullets fit loosely1 or if there is the slightest imperfection in the bullet where it comes in contact with the shell or the barrel1 8gas-cutting0 will result and hot lubricant is liable to pass by the bullet into the powder charge4 ,in either case the accuracy is impaired4 ,when round bullets are used1 the lubricant must be applied after they have been seated4 ,this can best be done with a small brush4 ,the brush is dipped into melted lubricant and then passed around the bullet where it is in contact with the shell4 ,too much lubricant is undesirable4 ,at least three-quarters of the surface of the bullet should project above the lubricant4 ,by keeping the lubricant at a constant temperature1 the quantity adhering to the brush will be approximately the same and the results uniform4 ,in reduced loads1 when black powder or 8bulk0 smokeless powder is used1 the bullets may be seated so as to just touch the powder charge2 never so as to compress it4 ,when 8dense0 smokeless powder is used1 a suitable air space must always be provided4 ,this is necessary both when round or conical bullets are used4 ,with all forms of conical bullets and when using either 8dense0 or 8bulk0 smokeless powder1 in full or reduced charges1 better results are invariably obtained by seating the bullets in the regulation position and crimping the shells moderately and uniformly on the middle of the front band of the bullet4 ,ammunition for automatic pistols may also be reloaded by hand1 but there is much less economy than in reloading other ammunition4 ,when the full charge is used1 a metal-cased bullet is required which must be purchased from the manufacturers4 ,reduced loads with lead bullets will operate in some of the pistols only4 ,an overcharge of powder for a lead bullet will lead the barrel and is liable to cause difficulty with the mechanism1 and accidents4 ,only experienced persons familiar with the operations of loading the rimless shells and whether or not the arms will operate with the charges they propose to use1 should attempt reloading this ammunition4 ,,appendix ,i ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,revolver ,,association ,this ,association was founded on ,march #e1 #aijj1 and incorporated in ,january1 #aijd4 ,it is the recognized national organization of the revolver and pistol marksmen of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,its objects are3 to foster and develop revolver and pistol shooting2 to establish and preserve records2 to classify arms2 and to encourage and conduct friendly matches between members and clubs in this country1 as well as with the marksmen of other countries4 ,the officers of the ,association1 excepting the secretary1 serve without pay4 ,there is no initiation fee4 ,the annual dues are only #a4jj4 ,the membership1 scattered from ,maine to the ,philippines1 ,alaska to the ,canal ,zone1 includes all the well-known shots of the country4 ,the ,association has conducted five international revolver matches1 all of which were won by the ,united ,states4 ,it selects the members of and is responsible for the ,united ,states teams in the ,olympic and all other international matches4 ,it has established the ,annual ,outdoor and ,indoor ,championship ,matches1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,indoor ,league and provided suitable trophies and medals4 ,it has formulated uniform rules and regulations governing pistol and revolver shooting4 ,in the record books of the ,association are inscribed and preserved all the scores in the ,annual ,championship ,contests1 the individual and team league series1 the scores of contestants1 shooting for rating medals and the 8best on record0 performances1 together with details concerning the arms and ammunition used4 ,the ,association also publishes the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,bulletin1 a monthly devoted to all subjects of interest to the members1 the subscription for which is included in the annual dues4 ,the ,association is financially self-supporting4 ,it has an increasing surplus in the treasury1 which is devoted to the purchase of new trophies for additional matches4 ,all who are interested in pistol and revolver shooting1 and who are in sympathy with the aims and purposes of the ,association1 are cordially invited to join it4 ,forms of application for membership and other information will be supplied by the ,secretary-,treasurer on request4 ,the officers of the ,association for #aiae are as follows3 ,president3 ,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,whigam1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 #ast ,vice-,president3 ,capt4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,sayre1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #bnd ,vice-,president3 ,c4 ,c4 ,,crossman1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #crd ,vice-,president3 ,c4 ,w4 ,,linder1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #dth ,vice-,president3 ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,mullikin1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #eth ,vice-,president3 ,dr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,sears1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,secretary-,treasurer3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,crabtree1 ,yalesville1 ,conn4 ,,constitution ,,article ,i--,name ,the name of this organization shall be the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association4 ,,article ,,ii--,object ,the object of this association shall be the encouragement of revolver and pistol shooting4 ,,article ,,iii--,membership ,the membership shall consist of three classes3 ,members1 ,honorary ,members1 ,associate ,members4 ,any reputable citizen of the ,united ,states is eligible for membership4 ,any reputable person interested in revolver and pistol shooting is eligible for ,honorary or ,associate membership4 ,members and ,associate members may be admitted by vote of the executive committee and by paying the regular dues4 ,honorary members may be elected at a regular meeting of the association and shall be exempt from dues4 ,honorary and ,associate members shall be entitled to all the privileges of the association1 except the right to vote4 ,see ,art4 ,,vii for ,life membership4 ,,article ,,iv--,officers ,the officers of this association shall be a president1 five vice-presidents and a secretary-treasurer1 who shall constitute the executive committee4 ,they shall be elected by a majority vote by ballot at the annual meeting of the association1 and hold office for one year or until their successors are elected4 ,,article ,v--,duties of ,officers ,the president shall preside at all meetings of the association and may call meetings of the association at any time1 one week's notice by mail being given of such meeting by the secretary-treasurer4 ,the approval of the president shall be necessary on all bills before they are paid4 ,the vice-presidents in the order of their seniority shall perform the duties of the president in his absence and shall have responsible charge1 subject to the executive committee1 of the affairs of the association in their respective localities4 ,the secretary-treasurer shall keep the minutes of all meetings and take charge of the correspondence of the association4 ,he shall receive all dues and pay all bills approved by the president1 and keep account of all the funds of the association4 ,the executive committee shall have charge of the affairs of the association1 shall elect members1 appoint ,state governors to act as local representatives of the association1 and shall have power to accept1 decline1 or issue challenges by a majority vote4 ,any member of the executive committee unable to be present at any meeting may vote by mail4 ,,article ,,vi--,vacancies in ,office ,in case a vacancy should occur in any office1 the remaining members of the executive committee shall have power to fill the vacancy until the next annual meeting4 ,,article ,,vii--,dues ,section #a4 ,the annual dues shall be one dollar1 and shall be payable on election to membership and thereafter on the #ast of ,january in every year4 ,section #b4 ,members in arrears for dues for a period of more than two years shall be suspended1 but may reinstate themselves in full standing by paying their arrears in dues4 ,members may not resign from the association when in arrears for dues4 ,section #c4 ,the secretary-treasurer shall notify each member in arrears before placing his name on the suspended list4 ,section #d4 ,any member of this association in good standing may become a ,life ,member by vote of the executive committee and by paying into the treasury #be1 such funds to be used by the association for the purchase of trophies4 ,,article ,,viii--,annual ,meeting ,there shall be an annual meeting on the third ,monday of ,january in each year1 at which meeting the election of officers and members of the executive committee shall take place4 ,members not able to attend this meeting may send their ballots by mail to the secretary-treasurer1 who shall deposit each ballot in the name of the absent member1 and they shall be counted as if the member were present4 ,only members not in arrears for dues shall be entitled to vote4 ,if there should be more than two candidates for any office1 the candidate receiving the least number of votes shall be retired at each ballot until an election results4 ,in case of a tie the presiding officer shall have the deciding vote4 ,,article ,,ix--,quorum ,ten members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business4 ,,annual ,,championship ,,matches ,,outdoor ,,matches ,,match ,a--,,revolver ,,championship4--,open to everybody2 distance1 #ej yards2 #ej shots in strings of ten shots on five ,standard ,american targets1 #h-;inch bull's-eye1 #aj-ring #c4cf inches2 arm1 any revolver within the rules2 ammunition1 any2 the score must be completed in one hour or less from the time of firing the first shot2 entrance fee1 #e2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #c2 no re-entries4 ,,national ,,prizes3 ,first1 the championship silver cup 7value1 #bjj71 to be held by the winner until the next annual competition2 inscribed on the cup1 in raised ornamental letters1 is1 8,this ,cup ,represents the ,revolver ,championship of the ,united ,states of ,america02 the name of the winner1 the year and the score are also engraved on the cup each year2 to the winner is also awarded a gold medal 7value1 #be71 with the same inscription on the reverse side as appears on the cup4 ,second1 a gold and silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,third1 a silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fourth1 a silver and bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fifth1 a bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,a bronze honor medal of the same design is also awarded to every competitor1 not a prize winner1 making a score of #dbe or better4 ,,state ,,prizes4--,for more than three entries in any ,state the association awards three prizes emblematic of ,state honors3 ,first prize1 a silver and gold medal2 second prize1 a silver medal2 third prize1 a bronze medal4 ,for three entries1 only the first two prizes are awarded4 ,winners and ,scores #aijj ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,himmelwright #dbb #aija ,john ,a4 ,dietz #dai #aijb ,thomas ,anderton #dch #aijc ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman #ded #aijd ,dr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins #dea #aije ,john ,a4 ,dietz #dee #aijf ,john ,a4 ,dietz #ddd #aijg ,john ,a4 ,dietz #dde #aijh ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #dfb #aiji ,dr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins #dee #aiaj ,dr4 ,john ,r4 ,hicks #deh #aiaa ,george ,armstrong #dfg #aiab ,a4 ,m4 ,poindexter #dfg #aiac ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #dfg #aiad ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #deh ,,match ,b--,,pistol ,,championship4--,open to everybody2 distance1 #ej yards2 #ej shots on five targets as in ,match ,a2 arm1 any pistol within the rules2 ammunition1 any2 the score must be completed in one hour or less from the time of firing the first shot2 entrance fee1 #e2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #c2 no re-entries4 ,,national ,,prizes3 ,first1 the championship silver cup 7value1 #age71 to be held by the winner until the next annual competition2 inscribed on the cup1 in raised ornamental letters1 is1 8,this ,cup ,represents the ,pistol ,championship of the ,united ,states of ,america02 the name of the winner1 the year and the score are also engraved on the cup each year2 to the winner is also awarded a gold medal 7value1 #be71 with the same inscription on the reverse side as appears on the cup4 ,second1 a silver and gold medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,third1 a silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fourth1 a bronze and silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fifth1 a bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,a bronze honor medal of the same design is also awarded to every competitor1 not a prize winner1 making a score of #dce or better4 ,,state ,,prizes4--,the same as in ,match ,a4 ,winners and ,scores #aijj ,j4 ,b4 ,crabtree #dbg #aija ,thomas ,anderton #dec #aijb ,thomas ,anderton #dfc #aijc ,thomas ,anderton #deg #aijd ,e4 ,h4 ,kessler #dfd #aije ,john ,a4 ,dietz #dfe #aijf ,john ,a4 ,dietz #ddh #aijg ,p4 ,hanford #dee #aijh ,j4 ,e4 ,gorman #dfh #aiji ,dr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins #dfd #aiaj ,john ,a4 ,dietz #dfb #aiaa ,parmly ,hanford #dff #aiab ,l4 ,p4 ,castaldini #dfa #aiac ,dr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins #dfi #aiad ,george ,armstrong #dgf ,,match ,c--,,military ,,championship4--,open to everybody2 distance1 #ej yards2 #ge shots in strings of five shots on fifteen targets as in ,match ,a2 each string must be shot within the time limit of #ae seconds1 taking time from the command1 ,fire2 misfires and shots lost on account of the arm becoming disabled while firing any string will be scored zero2 if a shot is fired after the time limit has elapsed1 the shot of highest count will be deducted from the score2 no cleaning allowed2 arm1 any military revolver1 or any military magazine pistol within the rules2 ammunition1 the full charge service cartridge1 or equivalent factory loaded ammunition approved by the executive committee1 brought to the firing point in unbroken packages2 the score must be completed on the same day2 no sighting shots will be allowed after beginning the score2 entrance fee1 #e2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #c2 no re-entries4 ,,national ,,prizes3 ,first1 the championship silver trophy 7an elaborate silver bowl1 value #dej71 to be held by the winner until the next annual competition2 the trophy bears the inscription1 8,the ,military ,revolver ,championship of the ,united ,states of ,america02 the name of the winner1 the year1 and the score are also engraved on the trophy each year2 to the winner is also awarded a gold medal 7value1 #be71 with the same inscription on the reverse side as appears on the trophy4 ,second1 a silver and gold medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,third1 a silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fourth1 a bronze and silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fifth1 a bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,a bronze honor medal of the same design is also awarded to every competitor1 not a prize winner1 making a score of #ejj or better4 ,,state ,,prizes4--,the same as in ,match ,a4 ,winners and ,scores #aijj ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #cjjai #aija ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #cbeai #aijb ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #egi #aijc ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #efe #aijd ,thomas ,anderton #ehe #aije ,thos4 ,le,boutillier #ejd #aijf ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #ehc #aijg ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #ecf #aijh ,c4 ,f4 ,g4 ,armstrong #efh #aiji ,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,whigam #ehj #aiaj ,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,whigam #eia #aiaa ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #fje #aiab ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook #fba #aiac ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook #fbe #aiad ,c4 ,m4 ,mc,cutchen #fbg ,,match ,d--,,military ,,record ,,match4--,open to everybody2 distance1 #ej yards2 five consecutive strings of five shots under the same conditions as ,match ,c2 entrance fee1 #b2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #a2 entries unlimited4 ,,national ,,prizes3 ,first1 a gold trophy1 a laurel wreath surrounding a scroll1 mounted on an ebony shield2 7value1 #aej72 between the scroll and the wreath is a ribbon on which1 in raised letters1 is1 8,the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association02 at the top of the scroll is engraved1 8,military ,record ,match40 ,the name of the winner1 the year1 and the score for each year are engraved on the scroll below2 this trophy is held by the winner until the next annual competition1 and is to become the property of the competitor winning it three times4 ,second1 a silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,third1 a bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,a bronze honor medal of the same design is also awarded to every competitor1 not a prize winner1 making a score of #age or better4 ,this match was instituted in #aijb4 ,being a re-entry match1 it affords good practice under the same conditions as ,match ,c4 ,no ,state prizes are awarded in this match4 ,winners and ,scores #aijb ,thomas ,anderton #bjf #aijc ,thomas ,anderton #bjb #aijd ,thomas ,anderton #bjf #aije ,thos4 ,le,boutillier #agh #aijf ,thos4 ,le,boutillier #aib #aijg ,thos4 ,le,boutillier #aia #aijh ,c4 ,f4 ,g4 ,armstrong #aid #aiji ,c4 ,f4 ,g4 ,armstrong #bjd #aiaj ,samuel ,peterson #bae #aiaa ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #bjh #aiab ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook #bab #aiac ,c4 ,m4 ,mc,cutchen #bag #aiad ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook #bba ,,match ,e--,,military ,,revolver ,,team ,,match4--,open to one team of four men from any regularly organized ,rifle or ,revolver ,club1 the police force of any city1 or any ,regiment1 ,battalion1 or separate organization from any of the organized ,military or ,naval forces of any civilized country4 ,distance1 #ej yards2 five consecutive strings of #e shots each under the same conditions as ,match ,c2 arm1 any military revolver or magazine pistol within the rules2 ammunition1 full charge factory loaded1 brought to the firing point in unbroken packages2 entrance fee1 #ae2 to affiliated clubs1 #aj2 no re-entries4 ,,prizes3 ,first1 the ,winans ,trophy 7a 8,broncho ,buster0 in bronze1 mounted on an elaborate red porphyry marble base2 value1 #ejj74 ,the name of the winning club or organization1 the year and the score1 will be engraved on the base4 ,the trophy to be held by the winning organization until the next annual competition4 ,a silver and gold medal will also be awarded to each member of the winning team1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,second1 a silver medal to each member of the team1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,third1 a bronze and silver medal to each member of the team1 with an inscription on the reverse side4 ,fourth1 a bronze medal to each member of the team1 with an inscription on the reverse side4 ,this match was instituted in ,october1 #aijh1 when ,mr4 ,walter ,winans 7,life member7 presented the association with an appropriate trophy4 ,winners and ,scores #aiji ,squadron 8,a10 ,n4 ,g4 ,n4 ,y4 #fih #aiaj #ast ,cavalry ,ill4 ,n4 ,g4 #gjh #aiaa #ast ,cavalry ,ill4 ,n4 ,g4 #gbe #aiab ,denver ,rev4 ,club #ggd #aiac ,denver ,rev4 ,club #ggf #aiad ,denver ,rev4 ,club #gii ,,match ,f--,,pocket ,,revolver ,,championship4--,open to everybody2 #be shots at #ej yards in strings of #e shots on five targets1 as in ,match ,a2 each string to be fired within #cj seconds after the command1 8,fire40 ,arm1 any pocket revolver of 4#cb or larger caliber or any pocket magazine pistol of 4#be to 4#ch caliber inclusive1 weighing less than #a pounds within the rules2 cleaning not allowed2 ammunition1 the same as ,match ,c4 ,entrance fee1 #d2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #b2 no re-entries4 ,,national ,,prizes3 ,first1 a gold medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,second1 a silver and gold medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,third1 a silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fourth1 a bronze and silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fifth1 a bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,a bronze honor medal will also be awarded to any competitor not a prize winner making a score of #age or better4 ,,state ,,prizes4--,for five or more entries the following prizes will be awarded3 #ast prize1 a gold and silver medal2 #bnd prize1 a silver medal2 #crd prize1 a bronze medal4 ,winners and ,scores #aiji ,c4 ,w4 ,klett #bjc #aiaj ,c4 ,e4 ,orr #bjb #aiaa ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #baa #aiab ,dr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,burgeson #bjh #aiac ,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,whigam #baj #aiad ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook #bad ,,grand ,,aggregate ,,medals ,in addition to the regular matches the association awards ,grand ,aggregate ,medals to the contestants making the highest aggregate scores in ,championship ,matches ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 and ,f1 as follows3 ,first1 a gold medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,second1 a silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,third1 a bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,the grand aggregate will be computed by adding the total scores of the ,matches ,a1 ,b1 and ,f1 and one-fifth of the total score in ,match ,c4 ,the grand aggregate medals are considered the highest honors in the gift of the association4 ,winners and ,scores #aiji ,c4 ,dominic #aahg4h #aiaj ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #abae4h #aiaa ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #abcf4 #aiab ,parmly ,hanford #abbh4 #aiac ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #abfa4 #aiad ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #abdb4 ,,indoor ,,matches ,,revolver ,,championship4--,open to everybody2 distance1 #bj yards2 light must be artificial2 #ej shots on ten ,standard ,american targets1 bull's-eye #b4gb inches and #aj-ring #a4ab inches in diameter1 respectively2 arm1 any revolver within the rules2 ammunition1 any4 ,the score must be completed in one hour or less from the time of firing the first shot4 ,entrance fee1 #e2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #c2 no re-entries4 ,,national ,,prizes3 ,first1 a silver cup 7value1 #dj71 bearing the names and scores of the winners1 to be held until the next annual competition1 the cup to become the property of the person winning it three times4 ,second1 a gold and silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,third1 a silver medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fourth1 a silver and bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,fifth1 a bronze medal1 with inscription on the reverse side4 ,a bronze honor medal will also be awarded to any competitor1 not a prize winner1 making a score of #dbe or better4 ,,state ,,prizes4--,the same as in ,match ,a of the ,outdoor ,matches4 ,winners and ,scores #aija ,w4 ,e4 ,petty #dci #aijb ,w4 ,e4 ,petty #dci #aijc ,w4 ,h4 ,luckett #dcg #aijd ,sidney ,e4 ,sears #dgh #aije ,sidney ,e4 ,sears #dfa #aijf ,sidney ,e4 ,sears #dea #aijg ,wm4 ,g4 ,krieg #ded #aijh ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #ded #aiji ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #dee #aiaj ,oscar ,i4 ,olson #dfa #aiaa ,c4 ,c4 ,crossman #dee #aiab ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,hicks #deg #aiac ,p4 ,j4 ,dolfin #dfi #aiad ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,quicksall #deg ,,pistol ,,championship4--,open to everybody2 distance1 #bj yards2 light must be artificial2 #ej shots on ten ,standard ,american targets2 bull's-eye #b4gb inches and #aj-ring #a4ab inches in diameter1 respectively2 arm1 any pistol within the rules2 ammunition1 any4 ,the score must be completed in one hour or less from the time of firing the first shot4 ,entrance fee1 #e2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #c2 no re-entries4 ,,national ,,and ,,state ,,prizes3 ,the same as in the indoor ,revolver ,championship1 except that honor medals are awarded for scores of #dce or better4 ,winners and ,scores #aija ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #dcc #aijb ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #ddh #aijc ,thomas ,anderton #dfj #aijd ,e4 ,h4 ,kessler #dej #aije ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #dea #aijf ,john ,a4 ,dietz #ddg #aijg ,john ,a4 ,dietz #dee #aijh ,r4 ,p4 ,prentys #dee #aiji ,frank ,fromm #def #aiaj ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre #ded #aiaa ,george ,armstrong #dgc #aiab ,a4 ,p4 ,lane #dfi #aiac ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,wilson #dfe #aiad ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook #dfh ,,pocket ,,revolver ,,championship4--,open to everybody2 #be shots at #bj yards in strings of five shots on five ,standard ,american targets2 each string to be fired within #cj seconds after the command1 8,fire40 ,arm1 any pocket revolver of 4#cb caliber or larger1 within the rules4 ,magazine pistols not allowed4 ,ammunition1 full charge1 factory loaded1 brought to the firing point in unbroken packages4 ,entrance fee1 #d2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #b4 ,,prizes4--,the same as in ,match ,f of the ,outdoor ,matches4 ,winners and ,scores #aiji ,wm4 ,g4 ,krieg #aij #aiaj ,dr4 ,m4 ,r4 ,moore #bjb #aiaa ,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,whigam #aie #aiab ,john ,a4 ,dietz #bje #aiac ,hans ,roedder #bjf #aiad ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook #bac ,,match ,g ,,novice ,,limited ,,re-,,entry ,,match4--,open to all amateurs who have never won an important prize in pistol or revolver contests4 7,winners of prizes in ,national contests and first and second prizes in ,state contests1 all expert shots1 etc41 are barred47 ,twenty-five shots at #bj yards in five strings on five ,standard ,american targets4 ,time1 #cj minutes to complete the score after firing the first shot4 ,arm1 any revolver or any pistol within the rules4 ,ammunition1 any4 ,entrance fee1 first entry1 #c2 to members not in arrears for dues1 #b4 ,there may be four re-entries at #a each1 but the score for the last re-entry only to count4 ,,national ,,and ,,state ,,prizes3--,the same as in ,match ,f of the ,outdoor ,matches4 ,winners and ,scores #aiac ,r4 ,s4 ,everett #bca #aiad ,robert ,mills #bbi ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations ,,governing ,,the ,,championship ,,matches ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 #a4 ,general ,conditions4--,competitors must make themselves acquainted with the rules and regulations of the association1 as the plea of ignorance will receive no consideration4 ,the rulings and decisions of the executive committee are final in all cases4 ,these rules are for general application1 but will not apply in cases where the special conditions of any match conflict with them4 #b4 ,classification of ,arms4--7a7 ,any ,revolver4 ,a revolver of any caliber4 ,maximum length of barrel1 including cylinder1 #aj inches4 ,minimum trigger pull1 #b pounds4 ,sights may be adjustable but they must be strictly open1 in front of the hammer and not over #aj inches apart4 7b7 ,any pistol4 ,a pistol of any caliber4 ,maximum length of barrel1 #aj inches4 ,minimum trigger pull1 #b pounds4 ,sights may be adjustable but they must be strictly open1 in front of the hammer and not over #aj inches apart4 7c7 ,military revolver or pistol4 ,a revolver1 or a magazine pistol1 that has been adopted by any civilized government for the armament of its army or navy4 ,maximum weight1 #b pounds4 ,maximum length of barrel1 #g inches4 ,minimum trigger pull1 #d pounds4 ,fixed open sights4 ,rear sights of magazine pistols may be adjustable for elevation only4 7d7 ,pocket revolver4 ,a revolver having a maximum weight of #b pounds4 ,maximum length of barrel1 #d inches2 ,minimum trigger pull1 #d pounds4 ,sights and model must be such as not to hinder quick drawing of the weapon from the pocket or holster4 #c4 ,loading1 ,firing1 ,timing1 and ,cleaning4--,in all revolver and pistol matches the weapon must not be loaded until the competitor has taken his position at the firing point4 ,the barrel must always be kept vertical or pointed towards the target4 ,after the target is in position and a match or record score has been begun1 in case of an accidental discharge or of defective ammunition1 if the bullet comes out of the barrel it will be scored a shot4 ,the timing in matches ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and ,f will be as follows3 ,the competitor standing at the firing point with the arm loaded1 not cocked1 and the barrel pointing in a direction not less than #de degrees from the target1 will signify to the scorer when he is ready to begin each string4 ,the scorer1 stop watch in hand1 will then give the command1 8,fire10 after which the competitor may cock and aim his weapon and shoot his string4 ,at the expiration of the time limit the scorer will announce 8,time40 ,misfires will be scored zero1 only in ,matches ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and ,f4 ,competitors may clean weapons in ,matches ,a and ,b1 and in the corresponding ,indoor ,championships1 but no time allowance will be given for time spent in this way4 ,all competitors will be required to finish their scores within the time limits specified1 except in cases of accident1 when the time may be extended at the discretion of the executive committee4 ,blowing through the barrel1 to moisten it1 will be considered cleaning4 ,in revolver matches the arm must not be used as a single loader or loaded so as to use a limited number of chambers in the cylinder4 ,the cylinder must be charged with the full number of rounds for which it is chambered1 and these must be shot consecutively4 ,if scores are shot in ten shot strings1 the cylinder shall be charged first with six rounds and then with four rounds4 ,if the cylinder only contains five chambers1 then the ten-shot strings may be shot in two strings of five each4 ,in ,matches ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and ,f and indoor or gallery events1 the arm shall in all cases be charged with five rounds4 #d4 ,position4--,the position shall be standing1 free from any support1 the pistol or revolver being held in one hand1 with arm extended1 so as to be free from the body4 #e4 ,arms4--,any revolver or pistol which in the opinion of the executive committee complies with the conditions specified in the various matches will be allowed to compete in those events4 ,revolvers or magazine pistols that have been adopted by any government for the armament of its army or navy1 or such as in the opinion of the executive committee are suitable for military service1 will be allowed in ,matches ,c1 ,d1 and ,e4 ,among the arms which may be used in these matches are the 4#ch-;caliber ,smith ,wesson or ,colt ,military2 4#dd ,smith ,wesson1 ,military or ,russian model2 4#ch1 4#dd or 4#de ,colt ,new ,service2 4#de ,smith ,wesson ,scofield2 4#dd or 4#de ,colt1 ,single ,action ,army1 ,webley ,scott ,mark ,,iv1 and the following magazine or automatic pistols3 ,colt1 ,webley ,scott1 ,luger1 ,borchardt1 ,mannlicher1 ,mauser1 ,mors4 #f4 ,sights4--,in open sights1 the notch of the rear sight must be as wide on top as at any part4 ,aperture or peep sights or any covered or shaded sights will not be allowed4 ,the use of a notch for the front sight will not be permitted4 ,sights may be smoked or blackened if desired4 ,sights on military arms1 if modified to suit individuals1 must remain strictly open1 strong and substantial1 and suitable for military use4 #g4 ,trigger-,pull4--,the trigger-pull as specified in the various events shall be determined by a test weight equal to the minimum pull applied at a point three-eighths of an inch from the end of the trigger and at right angles to the pin through the trigger4 #h4 ,ammunition4--,in ,matches ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and ,f1 and in the medal competition1 where full charge ammunition is required1 it may be the product of any reputable manufacturer4 ,it must in all cases be brought to the firing point in unbroken boxes1 with the label of the manufacturer intact4 #i4 ,targets4--,the #bjj-yard ,standard ,american rifle target ,no4 #a 7containing the #d-ring71 with an #h-;inch bull's-eye and showing in light lines the rings of the ,international ,union target1 shall be used in all matches at #ej yards4 ,the scores will be counted on the ,standard ,american target4 ,the diameters of the rings of the ,standard ,american target are as follows3 #aj-ring equals #c4cf inches2 #i-ring equals #e4ed inches2 #h-ring equals #h inches2 #g-ring equals #aa inches2 #f-ring equals #ad4h inches2 #e-ring equals #ai4fh inches2 #d-ring equals #bf inches2 rest of target #bh inches by #bh inches counts #c4 ,the same target reduced so that the bull's-eye or #h-ring is #b4gb inches in diameter and the #aj-ring #a4ab inches in diameter1 including the #d-ring #h4hd inches in diameter and the rest of the target #i inches by #i inches1 counting #c1 shall be used for all matches at #bj yards4 #aj4 ,marking and ,scoring4--,in all matches new paper targets shall be furnished for each competitor4 ,not more than ten shots are to be fired on any target at #ej yards1 and not more than five shots on any target in ,matches ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and ,f1 and for all shooting at #bj yards2 the shot holes in all cases to remain uncovered and left as shot4 ,bullets touching1 striking1 or within a line on the target are to be scored the count of that line4 ,the eye alone shall determine whether a bullet touches or not4 #aa4 ,ties4--,ties shall be decided as follows3 7#a7 ,by the score at the longest distance2 7#b7 by the score at the next longest distance2 7#c7 by the fewest number of shots of lowest count2 7#d7 by firing five shots each under the same conditions as the match and these rules in regard to ties1 until decided4 #ab4 ,supervision4--,the shooting in all the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 events must take place in the presence of at least two witnesses familiar with the rules1 one of whom must be an authorized ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 officer4 ,this officer shall certify that each contestant has complied with all the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 regulations as to distance1 weapon1 time1 ammunition1 etc41 noting same on the blank spaces provided on the score cards1 and both witnesses shall sign the targets and said score cards in duplicate for each contestant4 #ac4 ,protests4--,any person who believes that an injustice has been done1 or who dissents from the decision of any authorized executive officer of the association1 may enter a protest on depositing #a with said officer4 ,such protest must be in writing1 in duplicate1 and must be made within #bd hours after the incident on which it is based4 ,one copy to be handed to the executive officer of the club or organization conducting the matches and the other copy to be mailed to the secretary-treasurer of the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,all protests will be investigated and passed upon by the executive committee1 and1 if sustained1 the protest fee will be returned2 otherwise it will be forfeited4 #ad4 ,records4--,the shooting for records shall1 when practicable1 be done on the grounds or in a gallery of a regularly organized shooting association1 military organization or club1 and in the presence of at least two witnesses familiar with the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 rules1 one of whom shall be an officer of the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,new targets of regulation size shall be used4 ,the foregoing rules and regulations and the conditions governing the championship matches of the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 must in all cases be observed and followed4 ,the record score shall begin with the first shot after the shooter has announced his intention to shoot for record2 only the first ten shots will apply to the #aj-shot record2 the first twenty shots to the #bj-shot record1 and so on to #ej or #ajj shots1 as the shooter may elect4 ,such scores 7multiples of #e or #aj shots7 for record must in all cases be completed within the same proportional time limit as is specified for the corresponding championship match2 thus1 in ,match ,a1 for example1 the first #aj shots within #ab minutes1 the first #bj shots within #bd minutes1 etc4 ,after finishing the record score1 the targets shall be identified and signed by the witnesses as above designated4 ,the witnesses shall also prepare and sign a certificate of prescribed form1 which1 with the detailed score and all targets1 shall be forwarded to the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a41 addressed to the secretary-treasurer4 ,if all the conditions1 rules and regulations have been complied with1 the scoring correct1 and if the score is higher than or equal to any previously made under the same conditions1 it will be declared a new record4 ,the score will then be entered as such in the record book of the association1 and the shooter formally notified to that effect4 ,,methods ,,and ,,customs ,,to ,,be ,,followed ,,in ,,conducting ,,the ,,annual ,,competitions ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,the conditions under which local clubs may be authorized to conduct ,championship ,matches of the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 are as follows3 ,there must be not less than six members of the association residing within twenty-five miles of the proposed place of holding the contest and there must be not less than three entries in ,championship ,matches ,a1 ,b1 or ,c1 or five entries in ,match ,f4 ,in matches offering ,national and ,state prizes the same entrance fee includes eligibility to both honors4 ,on the application of six or more members in good standing under the prescribed conditions1 a ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 official designated as the 8governor0 is appointed by the ,association's executive committee and vested with the authority to supervise all ,association shooting4 ,the appointee is usually a member nominated by the local members4 ,besides supervising all the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 contests1 the governor is the official representative of the ,association in his locality1 and has the custody of all supplies and the distribution of prizes1 medals1 etc4 ,by this arrangement the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 members in all sections of the country obtain the same privileges and benefits and equal opportunity to enter the matches and competitions4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 will furnish numbered and certified targets and score cards1 and will provide the prizes for the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,championship and re-entry events2 the club or organization to pay the expressage both ways on targets and all other supplies1 to furnish the shooting facilities and conduct the contests free of expense to the association and turn over to the secretary-treasurer all the entrance fees for the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 events4 ,this plan has in all cases given satisfactory results1 because the practice shooting of the contestants in the local re-entry matches usually affords sufficient revenue to pay the expenses of the tournament4 ,when a competitor wishes to shoot in any of the events1 he should exhibit his latest membership card 7if a member7 to the officers in charge1 and after paying the entrance fee1 a regular ticket or duplicate score card 7furnished by the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association7 is filled out and issued to him1 which is his receipt for the entrance fee4 ,his score need not necessarily be shot immediately after issuing the ticket4 ,competitors have the option of shooting in the order in which they pay for their entries4 ,tickets not used are forfeited3 no entrance fees shall be refunded4 ,the requisite number of targets are issued when the competitor wishes to shoot his score4 ,these must be numbered consecutively1 they must have the competitor's name and the number of his score card written on them for identification1 and must be shot in their numerical order4 ,the targets are usually tacked at the corners on alternating frames covered with canvas1 over which heavy paper is pasted4 ,each target is left in position until the required number of shots have been fired at it1 each shot being spotted and marked as fired no pasters to be used4 ,when a string has been finished the target is lowered and the alternating target raised in position4 ,after the score is completed the targets are brought to the firing point and delivered to the range officer4 ,when a competitor wishes to shoot his score1 his arm must be inspected and passed by the officer in charge1 who must see that it conforms with the rules and requirements of the event in which it is entered4 ,competitors who wish to enter in any of the events are urged to have their arms examined by the executive officer or committee in charge of the matches as soon as possible1 so that in case there should be any exceptions made to the sights1 the trigger-pull1 or any other details1 there will be an opportunity to have these exceptions corrected so as to comply with the requirements when the official test and inspection is made before shooting the score4 ,in ,matches ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and ,f the scorer should have a reliable stop watch1 so that the timing will be accurate4 ,it is well1 whenever possible1 to have two men time the competitor1 so as to have an additional check4 ,a new target must be furnished for each string of five shots at each range4 ,according to the rules1 if a competitor starts to shoot a string of any score and his arm becomes disabled from any cause1 those shots which reach the target within the time limit after the command1 8,fire10 will be counted as the complete score for the five shots4 ,in the case of a disabled arm1 the officer or committee in charge may allow the competitor to complete the remaining strings of his score with another arm4 ,shots on the paper target outside of the #d-ring count #c2 shots missing the paper target count zero4 ,after completing the score1 when the duplicate score cards are filled out1 the contestant takes the duplicate and the range officer retains the original record4 ,all unused targets and score cards are also to be forwarded to the secretary-treasurer1 with a complete detailed account of entrance fees1 supplies1 etc4 ,in the ,medal ,competition only those targets that actually count for medals are to be witnessed1 certified and forwarded to the secretary-treasurer for verification and record4 ,in order that the conditions may be uniform and eliminate as much as possible the special conditions in regard to wind1 etc41 that may exist at the different places where the matches may be held1 the shooters should be protected at the firing point by a shelter4 ,this may be either the regular shooting house of the club1 or1 if the shooting is done in the open1 by a suitable tent or temporary frame structure having an opening in the direction of the target2 the other three sides being inclosed4 ,the building or tent should be large enough to accommodate also the officer or committee in charge of the match1 so that the shooter may be at all times in sight of the officer in charge of the range at the time the score is made4 ,a table of suitable size should be provided near the firing point for holding ammunition and for the convenience of the competitor to clean his arm in those events where cleaning is allowed4 ,the firing point should be plainly marked and so located as to be at least two feet from any timbers1 guards1 ropes1 tables1 etc4 ,,instructions ,,to ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,officers ,,in ,,charge ,,of ,,the ,,championship ,,contests ,supplies consisting of numbered and certified targets1 score cards1 record blanks1 a copy of the rules and regulations1 etc41 will be furnished by the secretary-treasurer on the requisition of the local ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 representative4 ,such supplies shall be used only in the matches1 and all used and unused supplies shall be returned to the secretary-treasurer at the close of the contests4 ,the target and supply account of the club must balance4 ,a governor or other officer of the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 will be appointed in each locality where the matches are to be held to act as range officer1 represent the association1 and have charge of the contests4 ,this governor or officer shall personally measure the range to verify the distance and see that all the conditions of the matches are strictly complied with4 ,he will also see that at least one other person familiar with the rules is present to witness all the shooting and he shall certify to the correctness of each score and the conditions1 by signing the score card when the score is completed1 and all the targets of each competitor shall be signed by both witnesses4 ,the other duties in detail of the governor or officer in charge of the matches are as follows3 ,when a competitor expresses his intention of entering a match1 a score card is made out in his name and delivered to him on the payment of the higher entrance fee 7unless the competitor exhibits a membership card bearing the date of the current year1 in which case he is entitled to the lower entrance fee74 ,these score cards are to be issued in numerical order1 and when more than one contestant wishes to shoot at the same time1 the man holding the score card first issued is entitled to the preference of position and time4 ,when the contestant is ready to shoot1 he hands his score card to the governor or other officer of the association1 who thereupon issues the required targets numbered consecutively1 with the name of the competitor and the number of his score card written on each target for identification4 ,the arm of the competitor is then inspected to make sure that it complies with the rules and regulations4 ,the sights must be carefully inspected and the trigger-pull tested by weighing in just before the score is begun4 ,the records for which blanks are provided on the score card with reference to the arm1 ammunition1 etc41 must all be filled in4 ,the competitor's first target may then be placed in position4 ,as soon as the contestant begins his score1 the time is taken from the firing of the first shot in ,matches ,a and ,b and in the ,corresponding ,indoor ,championships1 and the entire score must be completed within one hour from this time4 ,scores in ,match ,g must be completed within #cj minutes after firing the first shot4 ,in ,matches ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 and ,f the time is taken from the command 8,fire10 and the five shots must be fired within the specified time limit in each case and a record is made of the actual elapsed time of each string which must be written on the corresponding targets later when they are brought to the firing point4 ,the announcing of intermediate times or seconds is not allowed4 ,ten shots are to be fired at each target in ,matches ,a and ,b1 and five shots at each target in ,matches ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 and ,g1 and in all the ,indoor ,matches4 ,after the score is completed1 the separate targets are scored in regular order as shot and the value of the shots as filled in the score card are checked from the targets1 making corrections from the targets1 if mistakes have been made by the markers4 ,after filling in and signing the score cards1 the duplicate is handed to the competitor and the original preserved for record4 ,the targets are then signed by the governor and preserved until the expiration of the period during which the matches are held1 when all targets1 original score cards1 and all other supplies1 used and unused1 are to be sent to the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association1 addressed to the secretary-treasurer4 ,it is recommended that all scores after being shot1 verified1 etc41 be wrapped in paper in separate packages1 marked with the competitor's name1 and that no one be permitted to handle and examine these targets after they have been scored and certified to4 ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,league ,the ,league is an alliance or compact between the clubs participating1 the details and conditions of which vary slightly from year to year1 being embodied in a signed contract4 ,any locality having six or more paid-up members in the ,association may apply for the appointment of an official ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 representative and by accepting the conditions and signing the contract1 enter a team4 ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,league ,,agreement ,,for #aiad-ae4 ,entrance ,fees4--,each club with paid-up affiliation in the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 shall pay an entrance fee of #aj1 others #ae2 this to cover cost of prizes only4 ,expense4--,the association shall furnish all targets to the clubs and shall pay the transportation from the association to the clubs and pay for all necessary telegrams to or from the secretary-treasurer1 and an accurate account of these charges to be kept by the secretary and the amount to be charged back to the clubs1 each club paying an equal amount4 ,this is not to exceed #aj4 ,secretaries of the clubs where shooting nights and distance will permit are to use the mail1 others the telegraph in the cheapest form4 ,results of the week ,,must reach the secretary by noon of the next ,monday after the shoot4 ,the press has no use for stale news4 ,clubs shall pay a fine of #a for each failure to report on time2 the fines to go into the club fund for expenses4 ,targets are to be sent to the various clubs prepaid4 ,only clubs which guarantee to stay through the series will be allowed to enter4 ,shooting ,night4--,clubs may shoot on one or two evenings of the week most convenient for them1 but it must be the same evenings each week all through the match1 unless a change be authorized by the secretary-treasurer4 ,any club may be allowed at the discretion of the executive committee to divide their shooters into two divisions and have two shooting nights a week4 ,the membership of the divisions must be kept distinct1 that is1 a man may not change from one division to another and each division must have its regular shooting night4 ,matches not shot according to the above may be forfeited4 ,teams to consist of five men1 but each club may at its option shoot in any match from five to ten men and pick the scores of the highest five4 ,qualifications1 paid-up membership in the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 and good standing in the local club4 ,a man may shoot on the team of but one club4 ,the scores of members in arrears for dues may be forfeited4 ,conditions4--,revolvers and pistols will be allowed on equal terms1 but both must comply with the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 rules4 ,five strings of five shots each will be required for each man4 ,target1 ,standard ,american4 ,distance1 twenty yards4 ,each individual score to be completed within twenty-five minutes from the time of firing the first shot4 ,scoring4--,official scoring to be done by the secretary-treasurer4 ,in close matches1 where the count of doubtful shots will determine the winner1 at least two of the members of the executive committee shall be called upon to assist the secretary in scoring these shots4 ,supervision4--,members of the executive committee and ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 governors shall supervise matches within their jurisdiction1 and certify that all ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 conditions have been fulfilled4 ,any score not so certified may be protested1 by any competitor and at the discretion of a majority of the executive committee may be thrown out4 ,individual and club ties to be shot off4 ,protests from the decision of any ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 official may be made in writing to the secretary-treasurer1 if mailed within #dh hours after the decision has been brought to the attention of the person or persons feeling aggrieved4 ,each person concerned in making the protest must forward #a1 which will be returned if the protest is sustained1 otherwise forfeited to the association treasury4 ,in ,general4--,the series to begin as quickly as arrangements can be made4 ,matches to be shot weekly4 ,targets will be furnished marked for identification1 and must be used only for the match assigned and for no other purpose4 ,for obvious reasons match targets must be jealously guarded and their individual identity carefully preserved4 ,clubs may purchase from the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 similar targets for practice purposes4 ,scores on mixed targets may be forfeited4 ,clubs will be classified in groups of four matches to begin the week of 4444444444 ,entries to close 4444444444 ,fraud4--,any person found guilty by the executive committee of the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 of cheating1 evading or attempting to evade the regulations governing these contests1 shall be debarred from all ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 contests until reinstated by a vote of the members at an annual meeting of this association4 ,we hereby agree to all the above conditions and make application to enter a team in the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,league4 ,our preferred shooting day of the week is 4444444444 ,signed3 4444444444 ,date3 4444444444 ,witnesses3 ,,records ,the following records have been made under the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association rules since their adoption3 ,,revolver1 #ej ,,yards #ej ,shots3 ,april #bf1 #aijc--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #deh ,sept4 #g1 #aijd--;,dr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #dfe ,june #f1 #aiaa--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #dfg ,nov4 #bf1 #aiaa--;,john ,a4 ,dietz1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #h #h #i #i #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj--id #i #i #i #i #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj--if #h #h #i #i #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj--id #i #i #i #i #i #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj--ie #h #i #i #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj--if -- #dge #cj ,shots3 ,april #bf1 #aijc--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #bgc ,sept4 #g1 #aijd--;,dr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins1 ,springfield ,mass4 #bhd ,nov4 #bf1 #aiaa--;,john ,a4 ,dietz1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #bhd #bj ,shots3 ,april #bf1 #aijc--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #ahe ,sept4 #g1 #aijd--;,dr4 ,i4 ,r4 ,calkins1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #ahh ,nov4 #bf1 #aiaa--;,john ,a4 ,dietz1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #aij ,oct4 #c1 #aiac--;,a4 ,p4 ,lane1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #aia #aj ,shots3 ,april #bf1 #aijc--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #id ,oct4 #c1 #aiac--;,a4 ,p4 ,lane1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #if ,,revolver1 #bj ,,yards #ej ,shots3 ,march1 #aijb--,w4 ,e4 ,petty1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #dci ,june #aa1 #aijc--;,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,luckett1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #dfd ,march #d1 #aijd--,s4 ,e4 ,sears1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #ie #if #if #ie #if-- #dgh #cj ,shots3 ,march1 #aijb--,w4 ,e4 ,petty1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #bga ,june #aa1 #aijc--;,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,luckett1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #bge ,march #d1 #aijd--,s4 ,e4 ,sears1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #bhg #bj ,shots3 ,march1 #aijb--,w4 ,e4 ,petty1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #agg ,march1 #aijc--;,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,luckett1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #agh ,june #aa1 #aijc--;,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,luckett1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahd ,march #d1 #aijd--,s4 ,e4 ,sears1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #aia #aj ,shots3 ,march1 #aijc--;,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,luckett1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ic ,march #d1 #aijd--,s4 ,e4 ,sears1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #if ,june #aa1 #aijd--;,j4 ,b4 ,crabtree1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #ih ,nov4 #ae1 #aijg--;,c4 ,c4 ,crossman1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #ajj ,,military ,,revolver1 ,,rapid ,,fire1 #ej ,,yards #ge ,shots2 in strings of #e shots in #ae seconds3 ,sept41 #aijb--,lieut4 ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,sea ,girt1 ,n4 ,j4 #egi ,sept4 #af1 #aijd--,thomas ,anderton1 ,creedmoor1 ,n4 ,y4 #ehe ,sept41 #aiaj--;,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,whigam1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 #eia ,sept41 #aiaa--;,a4 ,p4 ,lane1 ,sea ,girt1 ,n4 ,j4 #fje ,sept41 #aiab--;,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook1 ,columbus1 ,o4 #fba ,sept41 #aiac--;,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook1 ,columbus1 ,o4 #fbe ,sept41 #aiad--;,c4 ,m4 ,mc,cutcheon1 ,denver1 ,col4 #i #i #h #h #g--da #aj #i #i #i #h--de #aj #aj #h #h #g--dc #aj #aj #i #h #h--de #i #i #i #h #f--da -- #bae #i #i #i #h #h--cdbj #i #h #h #h #g--dj #aj #aj #i #h #g--dd #aj #i #h #h #g--db #aj #aj #i #i #h--df -- #bjf #aj #i #h #h #f--da #aj #i #h #i #f--db #aj #i #h #f #f--ci #aj #aj #i #h #g--dd #i #i #h #h #f--dj -- #bjf --- ,grand ,total #fbg #be ,shots2 in strings of #e shots in #ae seconds3 ,sept41 #aijb--,thomas ,anderton1 ,sea ,girt1 ,n4 ,j4 #bjf ,sept41 #aiaj--,samuel ,peterson #bae ,sept41 #aiac--;,c4 ,m4 ,mc,cutchen1 ,denver ,col4 #bag ,sept41 #aiad--;,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook1 ,columbus1 ,o4 #aj #aj #i #h #h--de #aj #aj #aj #i #g--df #aj #i #i #h #g--dc #aj #i #i #i #g--dd #aj #i #i #h #g--dc -- #bba ,,pocket ,,revolver1 #ej ,,yards #be ,shots2 in strings of #e shots in #cj seconds4 ,sept4 #aiji--;,c4 ,w4 ,klett1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #bjc ,sept4 #aiaa--;,a4 ,p4 ,lane1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #baa ,sept4 #aiad--;,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook1 ,columbus1 ,o4 #aj #aj #i #h #f--dc #aj #aj #i #i #g--de #aj #i #g #g #e--ch #aj #i #i #h #h--dd #aj #aj #i #h #g--dd -- #bad #bj ,,yards 7,,indoors7 ,march1 #aiji--,w4 ,g4 ,kreig1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 #aij ,march1 #aiba--;,dr4 ,m4 ,r4 ,morse1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #bjb ,march1 #aiab--;,john ,a4 ,dietz1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #bje ,march1 #aiac--;,hans ,roedder1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #bjf ,march1 #aiad--;,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,snook1 ,columbus1 ,o4 #bac ,,pistol1 #ej ,,yards #ej ,shots3 ,april #d1 #aijc--,thomas ,anderton1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #aj #aj #aj #i #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj--ii #i #i #aj #aj #aj #i #aj #i #i #i--id #i #aj #aj #i #i #i #aj #aj #aj #aj--if #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #i--ii #h #i #i #h #aj #i #aj #aj #i #aj--ib -- #dhj #cj ,shots3 ,march #ba1 #aijc--;,e4 ,e4 ,patridge1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #bhg ,april #d1 #aijc--,thomas ,anderton1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #bhi ,feb4 #a1 #aiad--;,f4 ,j4 ,dreher1 ,denver1 ,col4 #bia #bj ,shots3 ,march #ba1 #aijc--;,e4 ,e4 ,patridge1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #aib ,april #d1 #aijc--,thomas ,anderton1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #aic ,feb4 #a1 #aiad--;,f4 ,j4 ,dreher1 ,denver1 ,col4 #aif #aj ,shots3 ,march #ba1 #aijc--;,e4 ,e4 ,patridge1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #if ,april #d1 #aijc--,thomas ,anderton1 ,walnut ,hill1 ,mass4 #ii ,feb4 #a1 #aiad--;,f4 ,j4 ,dreher1 ,denver1 ,col4 #ajj ,,pistol1 #bj ,,yards #ej ,shots3 ,march #b1 #aijb--,lieut4 ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ddh ,march1 #aijc--,thomas ,anderton1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #dfj ,march #be1 #aijh--,l4 ,r4 ,hatch1 ,portland1 ,me4 #dfb ,dec4 #a1 #aiji--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #dga ,march1 #aiaa--;,george ,armstrong1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 #dgc ,jan4 #be1 #aiab--;,george ,armstrong1 ,portland1 ,ore4 #dgh ,march #d1 #aiab--;,george ,armstrong1 ,portland1 ,ore4 #aj #i #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj--ii #aj #aj #aj #i #aj #i #aj #i #aj #aj--ig #aj #aj #aj #aj #i #i #aj #aj #h #aj--if #aj #aj #aj #i #aj #aj #i #aj #aj #i--ig #i #i #aj #i #aj #h #i #aj #aj #h--ib -- #dha #cj ,shots3 ,march1 #aijb--,lieut4 ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #bfj ,march1 #aijc--,thomas ,anderton1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #bgf ,march #bj1 #aijh--,lieut4 ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #bgh ,march #be1 #aijh--,l4 ,r4 ,hatch1 ,portland1 ,me4 #bgi ,dec4 #a1 #aiji--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #bhc ,march1 #aiaa--;,george ,armstrong1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 #bhd ,jan4 #aa1 #aiab--;,george ,armstrong1 ,portland1 ,ore4 #bhg ,march #d1 #aiab--;,george ,armstrong1 ,portland1 ,ore4 #bib #bj ,shots3 ,march1 #aijb--,lieut4 ,r4 ,h4 ,sayre1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #agc ,march1 #aijc--,thomas ,anderton1 ,boston1 ,mass #ahi ,dec4 #a1 #aiji--;,j4 ,e4 ,gorman1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #aib ,jan4 #aa1 #aiab--;,george ,armstrong1 ,portland1 ,ore4 #aic ,march #d1 #aiab--;,george ,armstrong1 ,portland1 ,ore4 #aif #aj ,shots3 ,march1 #aijc--,thomas ,anderton1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #ib ,march #bd1 #aijf--;,john ,a4 ,dietz1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ic ,march #bd1 #aijf--;,j4 ,b4 ,crabtree1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #ie ,may #ah1 #aijh--;,f4 ,l4 ,hayden1 ,portland1 ,me4 #ig ,may #bj1 #aiaj--;,a4 ,m4 ,poindexter1 ,red ,bank1 ,n4 ,j4 #ajj ,april #af1 #aiad--;,dr4 ,d4 ,atkinson1 ,west ,view1 ,pa4 #ajj ,,appendix ,,ii ,,national ,,pistol ,,match ,this match is an annual contest1 authorized by the ,national ,board for the ,promotion of ,rifle ,practice and is conducted under the auspices of the ,national ,rifle ,association of ,america4 ,in alternate years the match is held at a ,national shooting tournament1 at a ,state or ,federal range having sufficient facilities4 ,these ,national shooting tournaments have been held at ,camp ,perry1 ,ohio1 and ,sea ,girt1 ,new ,jersey4 ,at these tournaments1 in addition to the ,national ,pistol ,matches1 there are a number of other pistol and revolver matches with extensive prize lists4 ,every other year the ,national ,pistol ,match is conducted in connection with the ,national ,divisional ,matches1 which in #aiad were held at ,sea ,girt1 ,new ,jersey2 ,jacksonville1 ,florida2 ,sparta1 ,wisconsin2 ,fort ,reily1 ,kansas2 and ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,the following are the conditions of this match3 7a7 ,open to the ,army1 ,navy1 ,marine ,corps1 cadets ,united ,states ,military ,academy1 midshipmen ,united ,states ,naval ,academy1 the ,organized ,militia1 the ,naval ,militia1 members of the ,national ,rifle ,association of ,america and affiliated clubs1 members of the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association1 universities1 colleges1 and military schools and colleges4 7b7 ,distances and classes of fire3 ,,slow ,,fire 7#cj ,,seconds ,,per ,,shot7 ,yards #b scores 7#g shots each7 #ej #b scores 7#g shots each7 #ge ,,rapid ,,fire1 7#cj ,,seconds ,,per ,,score7 #b scores 7#g shots each7 #be #b scores 7#g shots each7 #ej ,,rapid ,,fire 7#ae ,,seconds ,,per ,,score7 #b scores 7#g shots each7 #ae #b scores 7#g shots each7 #be 7c7 ,targets3 ,target ,l will be used for all firing4 7d7 ,position3 ,without body or artificial rest2 one hand only to be used4 7e7 ,arm3 ,colt's automatic pistol1 caliber 4#de1 government model2 trigger-pull not less than six pounds4 7f7 ,ammunition3 ,the ,ordnance ,department shall manufacture and issue ammunition for use in preliminary practice and in the ,national divisional pistol matches2 all such ammunition to be as nearly as practicable of the same date of manufacture and of the same quality4 7g7 ,sights3 ,no alteration of sights will be allowed4 ,the front or rear sights may be blackened according to the judgment of the competitor4 7h7 ,cleaning3 ,pieces can be cleaned upon the completion of the score4 ,in competitions at more than one distance1 cleaning will be permitted between distances4 ,while such cleaning will be permitted1 it will not be required4 7i7 ,procedure1 ,rapid ,fire2 ,pistol3 ,the officer in charge of the line will command 8,load40 ,the magazine will be inserted in the pistol1 the pistol loaded with one cartridge therefrom1 and the safety lock engaged with the thumb of the right hand4 ,when all is ready in the pit1 the targets to be fired will be drawn fully down 7the rear targets being blank or targets of another class than those being fired upon7 and a red flag hoisted at the center target4 ,when the red flag is displayed1 the officer in charge of the firing line will command 8,ready10 when the safety lock will be disengaged and the position of 8,raise pistol0 assumed4 ,the firing line being ready1 the pit is signaled or telephoned 8,ready on the firing line40 ,when this signal is received in the pit1 the red flag is waved and lowered1 and five seconds thereafter the targets appear4 ,at exactly the proper number of seconds after the target is in position the range officer commands or signals 8,down10 having preceded this command two or three seconds by the warning command or signal 8,ready40 ,the target must be fully exposed and stationary for the number of seconds called for in the match and then must be withdrawn as quickly as possible4 ,the number and value of the hits and the number of misses will be signaled in the usual manner after the score has been fired4 ,in case of a defective cartridge or a disabled pistol1 or when more than seven hits are made on the target1 the score will be repeated4 ,in case a competitor fires on the wrong target only such shots as he may have fired on his own target will be counted on his score4 ,he will be given misses for the remainder of his score4 ,rules3 ,as laid down in the ,small ,arms ,firing ,manual1 #aiac1 except as herein modified4 ,prizes3 ,one gold medal to the competitor making the highest aggregate score1 one silver medal to the competitor making the second highest score1 and one bronze medal to the competitor making the third highest score in each ,national divisional competition4 ,to be eligible to win a prize in any ,national divisional pistol match1 a competitor must be a resident or a member of an organization located within the division in which the competition occurs4 ,no competitor shall be eligible to win prizes in more than one ,national divisional competition4 ,,appendix ,,iii ,,target ,,practice ,,regulations ,,adopted ,,by ,,the ,,war ,,department 7,in ,effect ,after ,jan4 #ast1 #aiad7 ,the following is a digest of the target practice prescribed for the ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 using the regulation ,colt automatic pistol1 caliber 4#de1 with service ammunition1 as given in the 8,small ,arms ,firing ,manual0 7,war ,department ,document ,no4 #ddb74 ,a very excellent and complete program for target practice is contemplated4 ,chapter ,,ix is devoted to 8,preliminary ,drills2 ,position and ,aiming ,drills10 in which the soldier is trained in all the motions of aiming and firing1 snapping the weapon4 ,exercises are provided for dismounted and mounted soldiers4 ,chapters ,x1 ,,xi1 and ,,xii prescribe the actual practice shooting with complete rules1 regulations1 and methods of procedure1 together with illustrations and diagrams4 ,the regulation target practice is divided into two courses3 the dismounted course and the mounted course1 each of which is separate and complete in itself4 ,the following schedule shows the general target practice scheme of each course1 a score in all cases consisting of five consecutive shots4 ,,target ,,practice ,,schedule ,,dismounted ,,course ,instruction ,practice3 ,,no4 ,,of ,,shots ,slow fire1 at #ae and #be yards1 minimum of #a score at each range4 ,target ,l4 ,time limit1 none4 #aj ,rapid fire1 at #ae and #be yards1 minimum of #b scores at each range4 ,target ,l4 ,time1 #bj seconds per score4 #bj ,quick fire1 at #ae and #be yards1 minimum of #b scores at each range4 ,target ,e--,bobbing4 ,time1 #c seconds per shot at #ae yards2 #d seconds per shot at #be yards4 #bj ,record ,practice3 ,rapid fire1 at #be yards1 #b scores4 ,target ,l4 ,time1 #bj seconds for each score #aj ,quick fire1 at #ae and #be yards1 #b scores at each range4 ,target ,e--,bobbing4 ,time1 #c seconds per shot at #ae yards2 #d seconds per shot at #be yards4 #bj ,expert ,test3 ,rapid fire1 at #ej yards1 #a score4 ,target ,l4 ,time1 #cj seconds per score4 #e ,quick fire1 at #ae and #be yards1 #a score at each range4 ,target ,e--,bobbing4 ,time1 #c seconds per shot at #ae yards2 #d seconds per shot at #be yards4 #aj -- ,total #ie ,,mounted ,,course ,instruction ,practice3 ,dismounted-- ,slow fire1 #ae yards1 minimum of #b scores4 ,target ,l4 ,time limit1 none4 #aj ,quick fire1 #ae yards1 minimum of #b scores4 ,target ,m--,bobbing4 ,time1 #c seconds per shot4 #aj ,mounted-- ,halt2 minimum of #b scores2 one to the right and one to the left4 ,target ,m--,bobbing4 ,range1 #aj yards4 ,time1 #c seconds per shot4 #aj ,walk2 minimum of #b scores2 one score firing to the right while moving to the left and one score firing to the left while moving to the right around the circumference of circle about #ab ft4 in diameter tangent to the track at the firing point4 ,target ,m--,bobbing4 ,range1 #aj yards4 ,time1 #c seconds per shot4 #aj ,gallop2 minimum of #h scores4 ,target ,m4 ,range1 #aj yards4 ,time governed by gait of at least #ab miles an hour4 #dj ,note3--,five ,m targets are placed #aj yards from the track and #aj yards apart 7#bj yards apart for the revolver74 ,each trooper makes eight circlings of the track 7four in each direction7 firing four scores to the right and four to the left4 ,record ,practice3 ,halt2 quick fire4 ,target ,m--,bobbing4 #b scores #a to the right1 #a to the left4 ,range1 #aj yards4 ,time1 #c seconds per shot4 #aj ,gallop2 ,target ,m4 ,range1 #aj and #ad yards4 #d scores--#b1 firing to the right while circling to the left2 #b1 firing to the left while circling to the right4 #bj ,time governed by gait of at least #ab miles an hour4 ,note3--,three of the five ,m targets 7the first1 the center1 and the last targets7 of the gallop stage1 ,instruction ,practice1 are set at an angle of #de degrees to the track1 and the trooper in making the run fires at each of these when facing them at about #ad yards range4 ,the firing of the full score and the direction of the shots is therefore as follows3 ,right front1 right1 right front1 right1 and right rear4 ,in making the left hand run1 two targets are set at an angle and the firing is in the following order3 ,left1 left front1 left1 left front1 left4 ,expert ,test3 ,halt2 #a score4 ,five ,e targets--,bobbing2 unknown angles4 ,range1 #h to #ae yards4 ,time1 #b seconds per shot4 #e ,gallop2 #a score2 group of three ,m targets4 ,range1 #aj and #ad yards2 #c shots to right advancing and #b shots to left returning4 ,time governed by gait of at least #ab miles per hour4 #e ,note3--,two of the targets are set at an angle as in the gallop stage4 ,record ,practice1 the firing being right front1 right1 right rear1 in advancing2 and left front1 left1 in returning4 ,gallop1 extended2 #b scores4 ,range1 #e to #ae yards4 ,time governed by gait4 #aj ,note3--,targets arranged as follows3 ,target ,f1 #e yards to the right2 #bj yards further along track1 ,target ,e1 #g yards to the right2 #cj yards further1 ,target ,m1 #aj yards to the left2 #bj yards further1 ,target ,m1 #aj yards to the left2 #cj yards further1 ,target ,m1 #ae yards to the right4 ,two runs are made firing at the targets in the order named4 --- ,total number of shots4 #acj ,explanatory ,notes1 etc4 ,timing3 --,intervals of time are measured from the last note of the signal or command1 8,commence firing10 to the last note or word of 8,cease firing40 ,targets3--,target ,l is illustrated on page #ia4 ,targets ,e1 ,f1 and ,m are full size silhouette figures of men in the kneeling1 prone and standing positions1 respectively4 ,when 8bobbing0 target is prescribed1 it refers to an operating device for turning the targets #ij degrees on a vertical axis by means of ropes4 ,the target is thus made to turn so as to appear edgewise and flatwise from the firing point and remains flatwise or 8exposed0 for the number of seconds stated in the time limit for each shot1 and 8turned from view0 between shots for an interval of #c to #e seconds4 ,procedure3--,in quick fire the soldier stands at the firing point1 pistol loaded with #e cartridges1 hammer down 7in mounted practice hammer cocked at safe71 weapon in holster1 flap1 if any1 buttoned4 ,upon the first exposure of the target the soldier draws and fires1 or attempts to fire1 one shot at the target before it is turned from view and keeps the weapon in hand until he has fired five shots at successive exposures of the target to complete the score4 ,qualification ,scores3 ,dismounted ,course--,sixty per cent4 of the aggregate possible score of the ,instruction ,practice for advancement to ,record ,practice and #hj per cent4 of the latter for advancement to ,expert ,test4 ,in ,expert ,test1 #ej out of a possible #fj4 ,mounted ,course--,fifty per cent4 of the aggregate possible score of the ,instruction ,practice for advancement to ,record ,practice and #gj per cent4 of the latter for advancement to ,expert ,test4 ,in ,expert ,test1 #ac out of a possible #bj4 ,competitions3--,in every alternate year department pistol competitions are held simultaneously with the department rifle competitions at places designated by the department commanders4 ,,organized ,,militia ,,target ,,practice ,the prescribed course in effect in #aiad is adapted to the service revolvers4 ,five shots constitute a score4 ,all shooting is on ,target ,l4 ,the course is divided into ,instruction ,practice and ,record ,practice4 ,instruction ,practice3 ,slow ,fire3 ,range #ae1 #be1 and #ej yards2 one score at each range4 ,time limit1 none4 ,rapid ,fire3 ,range #ae1 #be1 and #ej yards2 two scores at each range4 ,time limit1 #cj seconds per score4 ,rapid ,fire3 ,range #ae and #be yards2 two scores at each range4 ,time limit1 #ae seconds per score4 ,record ,practice3 ,rapid ,fire3 ,range #be and #ej yards2 two scores at each range4 ,time limit1 #cj seconds per score4 ,rapid ,fire3 ,range #ae and #be yards2 two scores at each range4 ,time limit1 #ae seconds per score4 ,the rules1 regulations1 and procedure are the same as those governing the ,u4 ,s4 ,army practice4 ,qualification scores are as follows out of a possible #djj3 ,second classman1 #bej2 first classman1 #cjj1 and expert pistol shot1 #cbj4 ,insignia badges and pins are awarded to those qualifying4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,navy ,,target ,,practice ,,regulations ,the revolver practice in the ,u4 ,s4 ,navy consists of three classes1 designated the ,marksman's ,course1 the ,sharpshooter's ,course1 and the ,expert ,pistol ,shot's ,special ,course4 ,each course is subdivided into 8,instruction ,practice0 and 8,record ,practice40 ,all shooting in the ,marksman's and ,sharpshooter's courses is done on ,target ,a1 which is a rectangle #f ft4 high by #d ft4 wide1 with a circular black bull's-eye #h in4 in diameter1 counting #e1 and concentric circles of count with diameters as follows3 #d ring1 #bf in42 #c ring1 #df in42 #b rectangle1 rest of target4 ,target ,l is used in the ,expert ,course4 ,,marksman',s ,,course 7,,slow ,,fire7 ,instruction ,practice3 ,at least #a string of #f shots1 each range3 #be yds41 #ej yds42 no time limit4 ,record ,practice3 ,at least #a string of #f shots1 each range3 #be yds41 #ej yds42 time limit1 #e minutes4 ,,sharpshooter',s ,,course 7,,rapid ,,fire7 ,instruction ,practice3 #f shots1 each range3 #be yds41 #ej yds42 time limit1 #cj seconds per score4 ,record ,practice3 #f shots1 each range3 #be yds41 #ej yds42 time limit1 #cj seconds per score4 ,,expert ,,pistol ,,shot',s ,,special ,,course ,instruction ,practice3 ,slow ,fire3 #f shots1 each range3 #ae yds41 #be yds41 #ej yds4 ,no time limit4 ,timed ,fire3 ,one score of #e shots1 each range3 #ae yds41 #be yds41 #ej yds4 ,time limit1 #cj seconds for each score4 ,rapid ,fire3 ,two scores of #e shots1 each range3 #ae yds41 #be yds4 ,time limit1 #aj seconds for each score4 ,record ,practice3 ,timed ,fire3 ,two scores of #e shots1 each range3 #be yds41 #ej yds4 ,time limit1 #cj seconds for each score4 ,rapid ,fire3 ,two scores of #e shots1 each range3 #ae yds41 #be yds4 ,time limit1 #aj seconds for each score4 ,qualification scores are #hj per cent4 of the possibles of each course4 ,in rapid fire practice the timing is done at the target4 ,on a signal that all is ready at the firing point1 the target appears and remains exposed during the time limit1 then disappears4 ,in addition to the above regulation practice1 the men are put through a thorough preliminary course of position1 sighting1 and aiming drill4 ,the more expert men are given advanced practice in snap1 double-action1 and left-hand shooting1 also firing alternately at targets at different distances and at floating objects at unknown distances4 ,excellent practical suggestions and information is contained in ,chapter ,v1 devoted to ,pistol ,practice1 in 8,the ,landing ,force and ,small ,arms ,instructions10 edition #aiaa4 ,,appendix ,,iv ,,digest ,,of ,,war ,,department ,,tests ,,of ,,automatic ,,pistols ,the board of officers appointed by the ,secretary of ,war 7,special ,order ,no4 #cje1 ,dec4 #bh1 #aijf7 to test automatic pistols and revolvers met at the ,springfield ,armory1 ,springfield1 ,mass41 on ,january #ae1 #aijg4 ,the board consisted of3 ,col4 ,philip ,reade1 #bcrd ,infantry2 ,maj4 ,joseph ,t4 ,dickman1 #acth ,cavalry2 ,capt4 ,guy ,h4 ,preston1 #acth ,cavalry2 ,capt4 ,ernest ,d4 ,scott1 ,artillery ,corps1 and ,capt4 ,john ,h4 ,rice1 ,ordnance ,department4 ,the weapons referred to the board by the ,chief of ,ordnance for examination and test with their weights 7unloaded7 were as follows3 ,automatic ,pistols1 ,caliber 4#de ,lbs4 ,oz4 ,the ,colt #b #b ,the ,luger #b #h ,the ,savage #b #c ,the ,knoble 7single action7 #b #aa ,the ,knoble 7double action7 #b #aj ,the ,bergmann #b #c ,the ,white-,merrill #b #f ,double ,action ,revolvers1 ,caliber 4#de ,the ,colt #b #g ,the ,smith ,wesson #b #f ,automatic ,revolver1 ,caliber 4#de ,the ,webley-,fosbury #b #aj ,,programme ,,of ,,tests ,,of ,,automatic ,,pistols#ba #a4 ,examination of pistol as to design1 appearance1 balance1 suitability for mounted troops1 etc4 #b4 ,special examination as to safety features4 #c4 ,dismounting and assembling4 ,the times required for each of the following operations3 7a7 ,to dismount the breech and magazine mechanism1 with the exception of the magazine catch4 7b7 ,to complete dismounting4 7c7 ,to assemble1 except the breech and magazine mechanism4 7d7 ,to complete assembling4 #d4 ,the number of-- 7a7 ,pins and screws4 7b7 ,small springs4 7c7 ,other parts4 #e4 ,the number and kind of tools required to dismount and assemble4 #f4 ,twenty rounds to be fired to observe working of pistol4 ,the above tests will be made with the pistol in the hands of and operated by the inventor or his representative1 if present4 #g4 ,velocity at #be feet1 mean of #e shots4 #h4 ,accuracy and penetration at #ge feet2 #aj shots for accuracy1 #e for penetration4 #i4 ,rapidity with accuracy2 target #f by #b feet1 range #ajj feet4 ,number of shots fired to be three times the capacity of clip4 ,pistol fired from hand4 ,time and number of hits to be noted in each case4 ,to be conducted by representative of company1 if present4 ,firing to begin with chamber and magazine empty1 and clips or holders arranged as desired by firer4 #aj4 ,rapidity at will4 ,same as preceding test1 except that the pistol will be fired without aim into a butt at short range1 and hits will not be considered4 #aa4 ,endurance4 ,pistol will then be fired deliberately #ejj rounds as a self-loader1 cooling after each #ej rounds4 #ab4 ,velocity4 ,same as paragraph #g1 above4 #ac4 ,decreased charges4 ,pistol to be fired #ab rounds as a self-loader with cartridge in which the powder charge has been decreased so that the first four will give pressure of #be per cent4 less1 the second four #ae per cent4 less1 and the last four #aj per cent4 less than the service pressure4 #ad4 ,excessive charges4 ,pistol to be fired #e times as a single loader1 with cartridges in which the charge of powder is increased to produce a pressure in the chamber #be per cent4 greater than the regular pressure4 #ae4 ,pierced primers4 ,pistol will be fired once with a cartridge in which the primer has been thinned so as to insure piercing4 ,two rounds will then be fired to observe action4 #af4 ,dust4 ,with the mechanism closed and both ends of the barrel tightly corked pistol will be exposed1 in a box prepared for that purpose1 to a blast of fine sand for one minute4 ,the surplus sand may then be removed by blowing thereon1 jarring the piece1 or wiping with the bare hand only4 ,the ,magazine should be-- 7a7 ,empty when exposed to dust4 7b7 ,loaded when exposed to dust4 ,in both cases pistol should be used as a self-loader1 and in the second the cartridge may be removed and wiped1 then reloaded4 ,in case of self-loading failures to work in either case the piece will be tried by operating by hand4 #ag4 ,rust4 ,the mechanism will be thoroughly cleansed of grease by boiling in a solution of soda1 the ends of the barrel tightly corked and the pistol then placed in a saturated solution of sal-ammoniac for five minutes4 ,after being hung up indoors for #bb hours1 five shots will be fired into a sand butt1 using pistol as a self-loader4 ,in case the self-loading mechanism fails to work1 the pistol will then be tried by operating by hand4 #ah4 ,supplementary ,tests4 ,any piece which successfully passes the foregoing tests may be subjected to such supplementary tests1 or repetitions of previous ones1 to further determine its endurance or other qualities as may be prescribed by the ,chief of ,ordnance or by the board4 ,general ,remarks4 ,during the above tests the pistol will be entirely in the hands of the board1 except when specifically stated otherwise1 and no alterations or repairs other than those possible on the ground will be allowed1 except by special permission of the board4 ,if the pistol fails in any test the remainder of the programme may be discontinued in the discretion of the board4 ,in case of misfires the cartridges will be opened to determine cause1 and if due to the ammunition the test will be repeated4 ,the board thoroughly tested the merits of the various arms submitted to them1 and reported in #aijg the conclusion that in principle the automatic pistol was better suited for service use than the revolver4 ,the board also recommended a 4#de-;caliber pistol4 ,at the same time it was stated that the automatic pistol had not been sufficiently developed in reliability to warrant its adoption4 ,a service test was ordered1 and the ,colt's ,patent ,firearms ,manufacturing ,company and the ,savage ,arms ,company submitted automatic pistols according to specifications4 ,two troops of cavalry were assigned to make this test and the report showed that neither pistol had reached a desired proficiency4 ,the matter was then turned over to the ,ordnance ,department for further experiment4 ,both of the arms companies were given time to improve their pistols under the direction of ,brig4-,gen4 ,william ,crozier1 ,chief of ,ordnance2 ,lieut4-,col4 ,john ,t4 ,thompson1 ,ordnance ,department1 and ,capt4 ,gilbert ,h4 ,stewart1 ,ordnance ,department4 ,after a number of informal tests by these officers1 which demonstrated that the arms companies had approached the standard set by the ,ordnance ,department1 a new board of officers was appointed to determine which of the two pistols should be adopted4 ,this board consisted of ,majors ,kenneth ,morton and ,walter ,g4 ,penfield and ,lieutenants ,c4 ,a4 ,meals and ,arthur ,d4 ,minick1 ,ordnance ,department4 ,two pistols were submitted to the board1 one by the ,savage ,arms ,company1 the other by the ,colt's ,patent ,firearms ,manufacturing ,company1 and the tests were conducted in ,march1 #aiaa4 ,the ammunition used was of recent manufacture by the ,union ,metallic ,cartridge ,company1 had a jacketed #bcj-;grain bullet1 and was loaded to give a muzzle velocity of #hjj f4s4 ,the weight of the ,savage was found to be #b lbs4 #h oz42 the ,colt #b lbs4 #g oz4 ,the mechanical safety of both is convenient for operation with the thumb of the firing hand4 ,time required to complete dismounting1 ,savage #bi4f seconds1 ,colt #bd4e seconds42 to assemble1 except the magazine1 ,savage #e min4 #aj4e sec41 ,colt #d min4 #ej sec42 to complete assembling1 additional time1 ,savage #bh4e sec41 ,colt #ab4e sec4 ,the number of parts in each pistol was then counted1 and found to be as follows3 ,total components1 ,savage #dj1 including four in magazine2 ,colt #fa1 including seven in magazine4 ,the number and kind of tools required to dismount and assemble the pistols were3 ,colt1 one screwdriver2 ,savage1 one combination tool 7one screwdriver1 two drifts74 ,fifty rounds from each pistol were fired deliberately into a butt to observe the operation4 ,the two pistols functioned normally4 ,the ,savage pistol ejected the empty shells upward and to the front1 while the ,colt ejected upward and to the right and rear4 ,the velocity of each pistol was measured at twenty-five feet1 and the mean of five shots was3 ,savage1 #hdi4d ft4 per second2 ,colt1 #hbh4j ft4 per second4 ,two targets of ten shots from each pistol were made for accuracy at seventy-five feet1 using a muzzle rest1 with the resulting mean radii of dispersion3 ,savage1 first target #a4ig1 second target #a4ig1 mean #a4ig2 ,colt1 first target 4#hi1 second target 4#hb1 mean #j4heee4 ,three magazines full of cartridges were fired from each pistol at a target six feet by two feet1 #ajj feet distant1 to test the rapidity and accuracy4 ,the firing was begun with the chamber empty and three full magazines for each pistol with it on the table4 ,results3 ,savage ,colt ,time #ce sec4 #bh sec4 ,number of shots #bd #ba ,hits #bb #ba ,mean radii #g4bg #e4he ,the pistols were next fired for rapidity by the same persons into a butt at short range and no hits considered3 ,savage1 #bd shots1 time #af sec42 ,colt1 #ba shots1 time #ab sec4 ,in all the above tests the pistols functioned normally4 ,the two pistols were then thoroughly examined1 oiled1 and fired deliberately #f1jjj rounds each1 being cleaned thoroughly1 examined and oiled after each #a1jjj rounds4 ,wherever examination showed the least sign of deformation it was noted4 ,each pistol was fired #ajj rounds and then was allowed to cool while the other was fired1 giving each pistol at least five minutes to cool4 ,firing was not begun after cooling until the hand could be placed on the slide over the barrel without discomfort4 ,there was an interval of about two seconds between shots in the same magazine when the pistol functioned normally4 ,during the firing of the first #a1jjj1 in #a;h4 #bim41 the magazine of each pistol dropped about an inch1 due to the fault of the operator4 ,second #a1jjj1 in #a;h4 #dhm41 the ,colt functioned perfectly2 while the ,savage missed fire once1 jammed twice and had trouble with the bolt twice4 ,third #a1jjj1 in #b;h4 #bm4 the ,colt functioned perfectly2 in round #b1ibd the bolt stop of the ,savage broke4 ,fourth #a1jjj1 in #b;h4 #am41 the ,colt functioned perfectly2 with the ,savage there was a slight jam and two misfires1 the bolt stop was upset4 ,fifth #a1jjj1 in #b;h4 #fm41 the ,colt functioned perfectly2 the ,savage magazine dropped five times1 the bolt stop was further upset and there were two cracks in the bolt4 ,sixth #a1jjj1 the ,colt again functioned perfectly1 and there were five misfires with the ,savage1 two jams1 fourteen failures of the bolt to counter recoil fully1 and a breakage of the bolt lock spring4 ,minute examination of the ,colt pistol after this test failed to show any broken parts1 the only defect being a minute bulging of the frame near the front end of the grooves and a slight upsetting of the bolt stop where it strikes the magazine follower4 ,the pistols were then fired five times as single loaders in a recoiling rest with cartridges in which the powder charge was increased to give a calculated chamber pressure of twenty-five per cent4 greater than normal4 ,the ,colt pistol functioned normally4 ,the sear of the ,savage broke at the fourth round4 ,a new sear was inserted1 also a new sear spring1 broken in removing the broken sear4 ,the removal of the broken sear was difficult on account of the design of the pistol1 and other parts were deformed in removing the breech plug4 ,upon reassembling1 the pistol functioned normally in the fifth round4 ,each pistol was fired in a recoiling rest one round1 in which the primer had been thinned so as to be pierced by the firing pin4 ,afterward two rounds were fired automatically4 ,both pistols functioned satisfactorily4 ,the pistols were then disassembled1 cleaned1 and thoroughly examined4 ,both were found to be in good condition1 with no broken parts4 ,all misfire cartridges were examined and no defects found4 ,the shock of recoil of the ,savage was found much more severe than of the ,colt4 ,the experienced operators who fired several thousand rounds in the endurance test1 in alternate five hundreds1 estimated the fatigue of firing #ejj rounds with the ,savage equal to firing #b1jjj rounds with the ,colt4 8,of the two pistols the board is of the opinion that the ,colt's is superior1 because it is more reliable1 the more enduring1 the more easily disassembled when there are broken parts to be replaced1 and the more accurate4 ,it equals in these qualities the ,colt caliber 4#de revolver1 model #aiji1 while being superior to that arm in balance1 safety1 rapidity1 accuracy of fire1 and interchangeability4 ,the ,colt pistol embodies all the features considered essential1 desirable1 and preferable by the board of officers convened by ,s4 ,o4 #cje1 ,w4 ,d41 ,washington1 ,december #bh1 #aijf1 except that there is no automatic indicator showing that the pistol is loaded or indicator showing the number of cartridges remaining in the magazine4 ,there are1 however1 a few riveted parts1 and the board is uncertain whether the pistol would function properly with non-jacketed bullets4 ,the board therefore recommends that ,colt caliber 4#de automatic pistol of the design submitted to the board for test be adopted for use by foot and mounted troops in the military service in consequence of its marked superiority to the present service revolvers and to any other known pistol1 of its extreme reliability and endurance1 and of its fulfillment of all essential requirements40 ,this report was approved ,march #bc1 #aiaa1 by ,col4 ,s4 ,e4 ,blunt1 ,ord4 ,dept41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 commanding ,springfield ,armory1 ,mass4 ,,appendix ,v ,,gunsmithing1 ,,repairs1 ,,reloading ,,equipment1 ,,supplies1 ,,etc4 ,occasionally a firearm becomes disabled by the breaking of a spring or some other part of the mechanism4 ,all the manufacturers carry a stock of duplicate parts and any broken or worn-out part can be obtained promptly from the makers of the weapon and the replacement made with a screwdriver and a few drifts4 ,when any of the parts become worn1 the simplest and most inexpensive course to follow is to substitute new parts in the same manner4 ,the most frequent source of difficulty is the wearing light of the trigger-pull4 ,this may also be corrected by the substitution of a new hammer and a new trigger2 or an experienced mechanic can generally correct the difficulty with an oil stone4 ,inexperienced persons are liable to ruin the parts if they attempt to do this work themselves4 ,the barrels of the weapons after long use1 especially in the open on camping expeditions1 etc41 become rusted or they are worn out by extensive use so as to require renewal4 ,in such cases a new barrel may be ordered from the maker of the weapon1 which should be sent to the factory to have the substitution made and the necessary fitting and finish properly executed4 ,in the case of high-priced barrels1 and especially where the barrel is part of the action1 it is sometimes less expensive to have a good gunsmith bore out the interior of the barrel and insert a new sleeve instead of replacing the entire barrel4 ,very often the marksman will conceive an idea or invent an improvement which will add to the convenience in manipulation or usefulness of the weapon1 the reloading tools1 etc4 ,as he becomes interested in the sport he may want to try special sights1 a different shape of trigger guard1 matted trigger1 and various other modifications and refinements1 thinking they may improve his shooting4 ,without the necessary mechanical skill to execute their ideas successfully all such special work should be intrusted to a competent and first-class mechanic who is equipped and prepared to execute work of this character in the best manner4 ,the following are the names and addresses of a few of the leading manufacturers and gunsmiths1 with a brief statement as to the character of work that each undertakes and specializes on3 ,,smith ,,wesson1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,this company maintains a repair department1 but undertakes repair1 reblueing and replating only on arms of their own manufacture4 ,a limited quantity of special work is also undertaken1 provided it meets with the approval of the manufacturers as being useful1 desirable1 and in nowise a detriment to the weapon4 ,all repair and special work is executed in the order in which it is received1 and as a limited force is engaged in this department a delay of a week or more sometimes occurs before the work can be begun4 ,in case of general repairs the cost of same is quoted before repairs are started4 ,,colt ,,patent ,,firearms ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,this company maintains a repair department devoted exclusively to arms of ,colt manufacture4 ,estimates of the cost of repairs are quoted before work is begun4 ,special work1 reblueing and replating1 is also executed in connection with ,colt arms4 ,,winchester ,,repeating ,,arms ,,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,reloading tools1 bullet molds1 bullets1 shells1 primers1 etc4 ,,union ,,metallic ,,cartridge ,,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,,united ,,states ,,cartridge ,,co41 ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,peters ,,cartridge ,,co41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,shells1 bullets1 and primers4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,pope1 #ah ,morris ,street1 ,jersey ,city4 ,manufacturer of the famous 8,pope0 barrels for rifles1 revolvers1 and pistols4 ,new barrels furnished for any of the leading makes of target arms4 ,pope graduated automatic powder measures and reloading tools4 ,telescope mountings4 ,special work and fine repair work of all kinds4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,wilburn1 #djc ,riverside ,ave41 ,spokane1 ,wash4 ,specializes on very accurate and high-grade pistol and revolver barrels of 4#bb and 4#ch caliber4 ,fine repair work of every description4 ,,ideal ,,manufacturing ,,co4 7,marlin ,fire ,arms ,co41 ,successors71 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,reloading tools1 powder measures1 bullet molds1 bullets1 etc4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,kiffe ,,co41 #ecc ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,dannefelser1 #ai ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,carry a full line of smokeless powders for rifle and pistol ammunition4 7,nearly all the sporting goods dealers in the large cities carry a stock of black and smokeless powders47 ,,the ,,end ,,appendix ,,vi ,,addenda ,,and ,,corrections ,add to first paragraph page #be3 ,the ,colt ,automatic ,pistol is now supplied with the automatic grip safety in all models4 ,this prevents the discharge of the weapon unless properly held4 ,insert before last paragraph page #bi3 ,the latest addition to the target arms is the ,colt 4#bb cal4 ,automatic ,pistol4 ,it has a longer barrel than any other automatic pistol and is fitted with adjustable sights4 ,it has good balance and the long distance between the sights makes excellent work at the target possible4 7,see ,fig4 #ag;a1 facing page #cb47 ,add to first paragraph top of page #ce3 ,this model is supplied with an additional safety which prevents accidental discharge in the event a cartridge is left in the barrel when the magazine is withdrawn4 ,insert after ,match ,f1 page #agg3 ,the following new matches have been added to the annual contests of the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a43 ,,match ,g--,,novice ,,limited ,,re-,,entry ,,match4--,outdoor ,event4--,open to all amateurs who have never won an important prize in our branch of sport4 ,winners of honors in our ,national ,championships1 first and second place honors in our ,state ,championships1 ,national honors in this match1 professional shooters and those who have won place in important matches other than those of the ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 are barred4 ,,score3 ,twenty-five shots in five strings of five shots each4 ,,time3 ,thirty minutes4 ,,weapon ,,and ,,ammunition3 ,any allowed in ,matches ,a and ,b4 ,,prizes3 ,national--,as in ,match ,a4 ,,state3 ,as in ,match ,f4 ,an honor medal will be given for a score of #baj or better that wins no other prize4 ,,entrance ,,fee3 ,first entry #b4 ,there may be four re-entries at #a4jj each4 ,as yet we have a silver cup for only the ,indoor ,match4 ,,match ,h--,,revolver ,,handicap4--,indoor and ,outdoor ,event4--,arm1 any revolver within the rules for ,match ,a4 ,ammunition any4 ,twenty-five shots in strings of five shots each4 ,time1 thirty minutes per score4 ,entrance fee1 #c to paid-up members1 #e to all other persons4 ,the possible1 #bej1 will be taken as a basis and a contestant allowed a handicap thought likely to be necessary to make his score in this match equal the possible4 ,the fifty-shot and twenty-five shot revolver records of the contestants on file with the secretary will be taken as the basis of handicapping4 ,the fifty shot records will be reduced to twenty-five shot equivalents4 ,,prizes3 ,national medals as in ,match ,a4 ,if the whole number of contestants in this match exceeds twenty1 then state medals will also be awarded as in ,match ,a4 ,a bronze honor medal will be awarded for the highest score less handicap if it wins no other prize4 ,winners and ,scores ,indoor ,handicap ,outdoor ,handicap #aiae--;,f4 ,j4 ,dreher #be ,i4 ,b4 ,humphreys #de4e #aiaf--;,f4 ,l4 ,simmonds #dg4e ,,match ,i--,,pistol ,,handicap4--,indoor and ,outdoor ,event4--,arm1 ,colt 4#bb automatic and any pistol allowed in ,match ,b4 ,ammunition1 any4 ,entrance fee1 #c to paid-up members1 #e to all other persons4 ,twenty-five shots in strings of five shots each4 ,time of score1 thirty minutes4 ,prizes as in ,match ,h4 ,each entrant may name his own handicap4 ,it must be claimed and mailed in a letter bearing a post mark prior to the shooting of the match4 ,scores with handicaps exceeding the possible will be penalized three points for each point of excess4 ,winners and ,scores ,indoor ,handicap ,outdoor ,handicap #aiae--,rich'd ,henderson #ge ,j4 ,h4 ,snook #af #aiaf--,stanley ,runck #cj ,,match ,j--,,police ,,team ,,match4--,indoor ,only4--,limited to members of a uniformed police force who must furnish credentials to the effect that they have been enrolled one year or more4 ,five men teams4 ,arm1 any revolver with a barrel not more than #d inches long1 trigger pull not less than three pounds1 calibre not less than 4#cb4 ,twenty shots per man4 ,five-shot strings4 ,time two minutes per string4 ,time to be entered on target and signed by timer4 ,ammunition1 the full factory charge for the most powerful cartridge the arm will chamber4 ,entrance fee1 #aj per team4 ,,prizes3 ,medals for the members of the first three teams4 ,gold and silver2 silver2 bronze4 ,six or more entries required to fill the match4 ,entry fees refunded if 8,no contest40 ,with ten or more teams entering1 silver medals emblematic of state championship honor will be awarded for three contesting teams from one state4 ,with four or more teams from one state1 silver medals will be given the first team1 bronze medals the second4 ,national medals take precedence4 ,ties will be decided by the fewest shots of low count4 ,winners and ,scores #aiae--,portland1 ,ore4 ,r4 ,h4 ,craddock #afb ,j4 ,h4 ,young #aeg ,w4 ,d4 ,humphrey #aee ,l4 ,k4 ,evans #aea ,j4 ,t4 ,moore #adf --- #ggf #aiaf--,san ,francisco1 ,calif4 ,s4 ,carr #afe ,w4 ,r4 ,proll #aeg ,j4 ,m4 ,mann #aeg ,t4 ,j4 ,sullivan #adc ,e4 ,c4 ,lange #adj --- #gfb ,substitute for subject matter under ,u4 ,s4 ,navy ,target ,practice ,regulations1 pages #bjd and #bje1 the following3 ,the new firing regulations and prescribed course of practice with the automatic pistol are as follows3#bb ,each officer or man may fire the pistol course for credits once per year while attached to each division4 ,the firing in the pistol course may be done at any range4 ,any target may be used4 ,the course is as follows3 ,position ,slow fire ,rapid fire ,prone #e shots #a string of #e shots ,kneeling #e shots #a string of #e shots ,squatting #e shots #a string of #e shots ,standing #e shots #a string of #e shots ,total number of shots #bj #bj ,aggregate number of shots #dj ,possible aggregate score #bjj ,all men are eligible to compete for prizes in this course once per year while attached to each division4 ,the value of a prize in the pistol course is #a4 ,when scoring in the pistol courses1 in order to prevent the markers from knowing the names of the individuals who are firing1 the name of the firer will not be announced by the scorer1 but the number of the target he fires upon will be substituted for his name4 ,before automatic pistols are brought to a range1 the magazines should be removed and kept removed at all times except while the pistol is in actual use at the firing point4 ,under no circumstances should any one handle a pistol1 loaded or unloaded1 except when he is on the firing line fully abreast of the firers1 and the pistol should never be pointed in any other direction than the front4 ,,notes ,,on ,,pistol ,,practice ,when a pistol is first taken in hand it should be examined to make sure that it is not loaded4 ,both the front sight and the rear sighting groove should be blackened4 ,when the pistol is aimed the front sight should be seen through the middle of the rear sighting groove and the top of the front sight should be flush with the top of the groove4 ,the part of the target to be aimed at must be determined by practice4 ,with most pistols at #be yards the aim is usually taken at the bottom edge or in the bottom part of the bull's-eye1 and at #ej yards in the center or in the upper part of the bull's-eye4 ,grasp the stock of the pistol as high up as you can so that the barrel1 hand1 and arm are as nearly as possible in one straight line4 ,the thumb should be extended along the upper part of the frame4 ,the second joint of the forefinger should be on the trigger4 ,start with a light grip and gradually squeeze with the whole hand1 the trigger finger squeezing gradually back as the grip is tightened1 and continue squeezing without a jerk until the pistol fires4 ,decide to call the hold and to keep the right eye open4 ,if the hits are bunched to one side they can be moved to the right by increasing the pressure of the thumb against the left side of the pistol or to the left by decreasing the pressure4 ,snapping--that is1 aiming and squeezing the trigger with the pistol not loaded--is most valuable practice4 ,no man should load and fire until he has snapped several times to get acquainted with the trigger pull of the pistol4 ,expert pistol shots do a great deal of snapping instead of a great deal of firing4 ,steady holding can be acquired only by much snapping practice4 ,in the prone position the right elbow has excellent support on the ground4 ,in the kneeling position the firer may kneel on either knee4 ,kneeling on the left knee affords an excellent rest on the right knee for the elbow4 ,in the squatting position both elbows rest on the knees4 ,in the standing position face the target squarely1 or nearly so4 ,stand upright1 not craning the head forward1 and extend the arm to its full stretch4 ,a coach should be at each firing point4 ,in addition to the general duties of a coach1 his specific duties in pistol practice are3 7#a7 to stand slightly behind the right side of the firer in order to prevent the pistol being pointed away from the front1 7#b7 to see that the pistol is not loaded until the proper time1 7#c7 to require the firer to explain the line of sight1 7#d7 to see that the firer takes the proper position and holds the pistol properly1 7#e7 to require the firer to snap several times and to call the hold1 7#f7 to see that the firer loads properly1 and 7#g7 to see that the pistol is unloaded before it leaves the firer's hands4 ,,the ,,end ,,index ,,index ,a ,accidents1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #abf1 #acc1 #ace ,accuracy of ,cartridges1 #ci ,accuracy of ,revolvers1 #bc1 #df1 #ej ,accuracy of ,pistols1 #bi ,accuracy ,muzzle loading ,pistols1 #ad ,adjusting sights1 #acb-acc ,aiming1 #abg-abh ,air space for dense powders1 #aeg ,annual ,matches1 #ig1 #aga-ahj1 #aig-bje ,ammunition1 #cg-fa1 #ahb 8,any0 ,pistol defined1 #ahj 8,any0 ,revolver defined1 #ahj ,arms1 #ah-cf1 #ahb ,arguments and ,controversies1 #aci ,artificial ,light1 #ff1 #aah ,automatic ,pistol1 #ah1 #be1 #bf1 #cd1 #ce ,automatic ,pistol defined1 #ai ,automatic ,pistol ,tests1 #bjf ,automatic ,revolver1 #bd ,b ,balance of ,arms1 #abe ,ballistical ,table1 #fj-fa ,,bb ,caps1 #ace ,bisley1 #ic ,blacking ,sights1 #ada 8,blazing away0 ammunition1 #ach ,bore1 to measure1 #aec-aed ,bullet holes1 clean cut1 #ej ,bullets1 exact diameter of1 #fj1 #fa ,bullets1 #dd1 #adi-aee ,bullets1 flat pointed1 #da ,bullets1 hollow pointed1 #db ,bullets1 mantled1 #dd ,bullets1 soft nosed or 8dum-dum10 #ee ,bullets1 self-lubricating1 #eb ,bullets1 weight of1 #fj1 #fa ,bullets stuck in barrels1 #acd ,c ,care in handling arms1 #ajg1 #abf1 #abg1 #ace ,carlin-,reynolds tests1 #gd-ge ,carrying arms1 #aje ,cartridges1 automatic pistol1 #ed-eh ,cartridges1 center fire1 #dc-fa ,cartridges1 rim fire1 #ci1 #dc1 #fj ,championship matches1 #aga-ahj1 #aig-bje ,charges1 #fj-fa ,cheap arms to be avoided1 #abb ,classification of arms1 #ahj ,cleaning and care of arms1 #adc-adf1 #aha ,cleaning fluids1 #add ,clubs and ,ranges1 #aaa-aba ,coaching1 #acb ,colt1 ,colonel1 #ad ,competing in matches1 #ach-adc ,confinement of powder1 #aeh ,corrosion1 #ade-adf ,cowboy shooting1 #acg ,crimping shells1 #ci ,d ,disputes1 #aci ,disqualification1 #aci ,double actions1 #abf ,drawing arms1 #acf ,duelling1 #ad 8,dum-dum0 bullets1 #ee ,e ,equipment and paraphernalia1 #adj-adf ,exhibition shooting1 #ah1 #ca ,exact diameter of bullets1 #fj-fa ,f ,finish of arms1 #abd ,firing1 #abh-acb1 #aha ,first ,pistols1 #ac ,first ,revolver1 #ad ,fit of arms1 #aba ,fit of bullets1 #aee 8,flinching10 #bf1 #aaj1 #abe ,fluids1 cleaning1 #add ,fluxing lead1 #aej ,fouling1 #cg1 #eb1 #ed ,franco-,american matches1 #gi-hc 8,freak arms10 #ca ,g ,gallery charges1 #dg-ea ,gallery ranges1 #aaf-aba 8,gas cutting10 #aec ,gould1 ,a4 ,c41 #gb 8,grained gunpowder10 #ac ,grand aggregate medals1 #aga 8,gun men10 #acg ,gunsmithing1 #bac ,h ,handles or stocks1 #abc-abd ,hardening bullets1 #aed ,hat for shooting1 #ada ,hints for beginners1 #abb-adf ,holding position1 #aca ,holster weapons1 #bc ,hunting charges1 #db1 #ee ,i ,international matches1 #gi-he ,indoor ,revolver championship1 #agh ,indoor ,pistol championship1 #agi ,indoor ,pocket ,revolver championship1 #agi ,indoor ,novice match1 #ahj ,instructions to ,officers in charge of ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 championship contests1 #ahg ,k ,keeping records1 #ach ,l ,ladies' clubs1 #aji ,ladies1 pistol shooting for1 #ajg-aaj ,large calibers1 #cb1 #ce1 #ij1 #ib ,leading of barrel1 #acd ,league1 ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a41 #ig ,lesmok ,powder1 #aef ,long range shooting1 #id-ie ,lubricant1 #aee ,lubricating bullets1 #aed1 #aee ,m ,manipulation1 #abf-abh ,mantled bullets1 #dd ,marking1 #aad-aaf1 #ahc ,match shooting1 #aci ,matches and ,competitions1 #if-ih1 #ach-adc1 #aga-ahj ,measuring powder1 #afa1 #afb ,metal cased bullets1 #dd ,methods and ,customs in conducting ,u4 ,s4 ,revolver ,association competitions1 #ahd ,military arms1 #bj-bf ,military arms1 requirements of1 #bj1 #ba1 #ee1 #ef1 #aha ,military championship match1 #age ,military record match1 #agd ,military revolver team match1 #age ,misfires1 4#bb-;cal41 #acd ,moulding bullets1 #adi-aee ,muzzle loading ,pistol1 #ac ,muzzle velocities1 #eh1 #fj1 #fa ,muzzle energy1 #fj1 #fa ,n ,national ,guard revolver practice1 #bjd ,national organizations1 #ca ,national pistol match1 #ajg-aii ,national ,rifle ,association1 #ig ,night shooting1 #fe-ff ,novice ,re-entry match1 #ahj ,o ,oils1 #ade ,olympic ,games ,matches1 #hc-he ,opening mouth of shells1 #afa ,organized ,militia target practice1 #bjd ,outside lubrication1 #da ,p ,paine-,bennett match1 #gc ,paine sights1 #fc ,patridge sight1 #fc ,penetration1 #fj-fa ,physical condition important1 #adc ,pistol championship match1 #agb1 #agi ,pistols1 #bg-bi ,pistol1 definition of1 #ah-ai ,pistol muzzle loading1 #ac ,pistol shooting for ladies1 #ajg-aaj ,pocket arms1 #ca-ce1 #aha ,pocket ,revolver championship match1 #agf1 #agi ,police1 ,revolver practice for1 #ii-ajf ,position1 #abg-abh1 #ahb ,possibles1 #ib ,powders1 #cg1 #aee-aei ,powder charges1 #fj-fa ,powder measures1 #afa ,practice shooting1 #id-ih ,practical shooting1 #acf-acg ,primer difficulty1 #db ,primers1 #adg ,proportion of charges1 #ch ,protection from rust1 #ade-adf ,protests1 #aci1 #ahc ,pulling the trigger1 #abi-acj ,pull of trigger1 #acc ,q ,qualifications for shooting1 #af ,quick drawing of weapons1 #ace ,r ,rapidity of fire in automatic pistols1 #be ,rapid fire shooting1 #abf1 #adb ,ranges1 #aaa-aba ,range officers1 #aci ,records1 #gg1 #ahd1 #aia-aif ,record1 definition of1 #gf ,reduced charges1 #fj1 #fa1 #afc1 #afe ,reloading ammunition1 #adg-aff1 #bac ,repairs1 #bae ,revolver championship match1 #agj1 #agh ,revolver practice1 #id-ih ,revolver practice for the police1 #ii-ajf1 #acb-ach ,revolver1 definition of1 #ah ,rim fire cartridges1 #ci-dc1 #fj ,round bullets1 #afd ,rule to correct sights1 #acb ,rules1 shooting1 #ajf1 #abj1 #aba1 #abg ,rules and ,regulations of the ,u4 ,s4 ,revolver ,association1 #ahj-aia ,rust1 #db1 #ade1 #adf ,s ,score1 defined1 #hf ,scoring1 #ib1 #ahc ,second-hand arms1 #abb ,selecting arms1 #abb-abc ,self-lubricating bullets1 #eb ,shells1 #adh1 #adi1 #afj ,shelter for contestants1 #aab ,shooting matches1 #aci1 #aga-ahj ,shooting equipment and paraphernalia1 #adj-adf ,shooting position1 #fg-fi ,shooting rules1 #ajf1 #abj1 #aba ,sights1 #ba1 #ei1 #fb1 #fg1 #acb1 #acc1 #ada1 #ahb ,sizing bullets1 #aed-aee ,small bullseyes undesirable1 #ic ,smokeless charges1 #fj-fa ,smokeless powder1 #aef-aei ,spectacles1 #ada ,splatter of bullets1 #aah ,sport of pistol shooting1 #ae ,spotting1 #aae ,squadded competitions1 #ada ,standard ,american target1 #hf ,stopping power1 #bj1 #eg ,strain in match shooting1 #aci ,supervision1 #ahc ,supplies1 #bac ,t ,targets1 #hf-ic1 #ahc ,target arms1 #bf-ca ,target1 definition of1 #hf ,target practice1 #id-ih1 #ajb-ajd1 #acb-ach ,target shooting1 #gj-he ,tests1 #gd-ge1 #bjf-bab ,ties1 #ahc ,timing1 #aha ,tin for bullets1 #aej ,training1 #adc ,trick shooting1 #ah ,trigger pull1 #abd-abe1 #ahb 8,trolleys10 #aaf ,u ,united ,states ,army ,medals1 #aii ,united ,states ,army regulation practice1 #bjj-bjc ,united ,states ,army ,pistol target1 #ia ,united ,states ,navy regulation practice1 #bjd ,united ,states ,revolver ,association1 #gh-gi1 #afg-aia ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,a4 ,bulletin1 #afg ,constitution1 #afh ,league ,contest1 #afg1 #ahi-aia ,v ,ventilation1 #abj ,w ,war ,department ,tests of ,automatic ,pistols1 #bjf-bab ,weather conditions1 #ada-adb ,winan's trophy1 #gf ,wind1 #ada1 #adb ,winners and scores in past championship matches1 #aga-ahj ,wrong ammunition1 #acc ,,footnotes3 #a ,the first pistols of which there is any authentic information were made about #aedj by one ,caminelleo ,vitelli at ,pistoia1 ,italy1 from which place the arm took its name4 #b ,for a detailed history of the evolution of the pistol and revolver1 the reader is referred to 8,text-book for ,officers at ,schools of ,musketry10 ,longman ,co41 ,london2 8,kriegstechnische ,zeitschrift10 ,heft ,i and ,,ii1 #aija1 ,mittler ,sohn1 ,berlin2 8,the ,modern ,american ,pistol and ,revolver10 ,bradlee ,whidden1 ,boston4 ,many interesting specimens of ancient and modern pistols and revolvers are owned and exhibited by the ,united ,states ,cartridge ,company of ,lowell1 ,mass4 #c ,see ,ordnance ,reports1 ,department of ,war1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for complete details of tests1 etc4 #d ,see ,appendix for digest of these tests4 #e ,the ,united ,states ,revolver ,association1 ,the ,national ,rifle ,association of ,great ,britain1 and the ,united ,shooting ,societies of ,france4 ,for programmes and details1 address the secretaries of the respective organizations4 #f ,for descriptions and illustrations of this style of shooting1 see 8,the ,art of ,revolver ,shooting10 by ,walter ,winans 7,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york and ,london74 ,this elaborate work contains also much detailed information1 valuable suggestions1 and many interesting personal experiences in relation to revolver shooting4 #g ,the difficulty is probably caused by the priming composition used at the present time in smokeless rim-fire ammunition4 ,these compositions vary with different manufacturers1 but most of them contain fulminate of mercury1 chlorate of potash1 powdered glass1 etc4 ,the trouble is probably caused principally by the chlorate of potash and perhaps by the fulminate of mercury4 ,at any rate1 a corrosive residue is left which attacks the barrel and causes it to rust4 ,a priming composition free from deleterious substances1 and which will not leave a corrosive residue1 is urgently needed for both rim-fire and center-fire ammunition4 #h ,so named after its adoption as the service ammunition of the ,russian cavalry4 #i ,california ,powder ,works4 ,this brand of powder is not retailed to small consumers4 #aj ,sold by ,american ,specialty ,co41 #aih ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 #aa ,see 8,the ,modern ,american ,pistol and ,revolver10 by ,a4 ,c4 ,gould 7,bradlee ,whidden1 ,publisher1 ,boston1 ,mass474 #ab ,see ,appendix for ,constitution1 ,annual ,matches1 ,rules and ,regulations1 etc4 #ac ,the position of a shot accurately indicated by a marker from a pit or safe place near the target4 ,a disc of sufficient size to be seen easily from the firing point attached to the end of a pole is used for this purpose1 the marker placing the disc over the shot hole for a few seconds immediately after each shot is fired4 #ad ,for a complete detailed description of range construction1 including illustrations1 practical working drawings1 etc41 the reader is referred to 8,rifle ,range ,construction10 published by the ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont ,powder ,company1 ,rifle ,smokeless ,division1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 #ae ,see ,appendix4 #af ,under this subject the author aims to give helpful practical information and advice for the benefit of all who wish to acquire skill in pistol and revolver shooting4 #ag ,the ,ideal ,manufacturing ,company 7,marlin ,firearms ,co41 successors7 of ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 publishes a handbook containing full information in regard to moulding bullets1 reloading ammunition1 tables1 and other useful information relating to shooting4 #ah ,see ,gunsmithing1 ,repairs1 etc41 in the ,appendix4 #ai ,in #aijj and #aija the military target with a #dx#e-;inch elliptical bull's-eye was used4 ,the bull's-eye counted #e and the possible was #cge4 ,since then the ,standard ,american target with the #h-;inch bull's-eye has been used4 ,prior to #aijd twenty-five shots were fired at each of three ranges--#be1 #ej1 and #ge yards4 ,that year the other ranges were discontinued and the #ge shots have since been fired at #ej yards only4 #bj ,penalized best shot in this string for over time4 #ba ,the tests for revolvers were similar1 with suitable slight modifications4 #bb ,reproduced from 8,small ,arms ,firing ,regulation ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 #aiag40 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,passages in italics are indicated by italics4 ,superscripted characters are indicated by superscript4