,,highl& ,,t>gets    ,,& ,,o!r ,,%ields4
        ,,by ,,james ,,drummond1        
,r4,s4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,scot4            
,ed9burgh3    ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,&  
,,company4    #ahgc4          7#aj47    
,read be=e ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies (   
,scotl&1 ,april #ahga4    ,! ,,fifty    
,,copies n[ pr9t$ = private circulation 
conta9 additional  matt]1 ) diff]5t & m 
num]\s illu/rations4          ,!re is a 
class ( ,scotti% antiquities to :i*     
hi!rto comp>atively  little att5tion has
 be5 paid by ! ar*ologi/4 ,i mean !     
w>like  weapons1 (f5sive & def5sive1 (  
our ,highl& =efa!rs1 _m (  :i* 7 us$ d[n
 to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,( ^!   
weapons  mu* ignorance seems to prevail 
ev5 among ! ,highl&]s !mselves1 :o      
almo/ inv>iably answ] inquiries z to _! 
age1 t !y _h no d\bt  !y _h be5 us$ f "t
 immemorial4    ,9 ,engl&1 & on !       
,cont95t1 mu* int]e/ has be5 tak5 9 !   
/udy ( arms & arm\r4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 !  
books are endless2 9  ,engl& !re are !  
works ( ,meyrick1 ,grose1 & ,skelton1 ) 

,b\tell's  8,monum5tal ,brasses &       
,slabs10 & o!rs ( a k9dr$ nature1 all   
%[+ h[ mu* in/ruction may be ga9$ by su*
 inquiries :5 foll[$  out 9 a prop] _s4 
,9 ,scotl&1 we c]ta9ly h ,m#8,ian's     
8,highl&]s10 & ! 8,co/ume ( ! ,clans0 by
 ,john & ,*>les ,sobieski  ,/u>t1 bo?   
admirable works1 b treat+ m ( dress ?an 
( !  arm\r & weapons1 :i*1 ?\gh allud$  
to1 c sc>cely be said to be  illu/rat$1 
& )\t del9eation !y are almo/ valueless1
 z s  mu*1 9 ^! weapons1 dep5ds ^u !    
ornam5tal detail = "*4    ,at pres5t ,i 
wi% to call att5tion only to "o ( ^!    
,highl& weapons1  ! ,t>gaid or ,t>get4  
,no weapon ( w> has1 at diff]5t p]iods &
  among diff]5t nations1 assum$ s _m =ms
 z ! %ield4 ,x 0  squ>e1 oblong1 &      
kite-%ap$4 ,! brass m\nt+ ( "o ( ! la/  
=m1 :i* 0 f\nd "u #f feet ( moss on !   
hill ( ,b5ibreae1 9  ,lo*ab]1 ) o!r     
brass ornam5ts = a %ield or arm\r1 %[n 9
 !  accompany+ woodcuts1 has be5        
deposit$ 9 our ,museum by ,cluny        
,macph]son1 ,ca/le ,cluny4 ,! %ield     

assum$ a v>iety ( o!r =ms1 x  0         
triangul>1 cresc5t1 & fiddle-%ap$1      
concave & convex2 x 0  holl[ & flut$1   
also oval & circul>1 v>y+ 9 size f be+  
l>ge en\gh to protect ! :ole body to !  
small m$ival h& %ield1  :i* 0 no l>g]   
?an ! iron or bronze boss ( ! ,sc&9avian
 or  ,anglo-,saxon %ield4 ,dur+ ! #ae? &
 #af? c5tury1 a sort ( tilt+  %ield 0   
introduc$2 x 0 made to fit ! %\ld]1     
sometimes cov]+  ! *9 also1 & 0 screw$  
to ! arm\r4 ,i h "o ( ^!1 :i*  is       
cross-b>r$ loz5ge-ways1 & betwe5 !      
spaces is elaborately  engrav$4         
,illu/ration3 ,elongat$ ,b5t ,plate (   
,?9 ,brass1 #be in*es long1 &  ,circul> 
,plate1 #ac in*es diamet]1 ) ,boss ( ,?9
 ,brass1 #h in*es  long1 f\nd at        
,b5ibreae4    ,! circul> & oval =ms seem
 to h be5 ! mo/ common & ! mo/  cont9u\s
 9 _! use1 & x is ) ^! we h at pres5t to
 d4  ,! r\nd %ield 0 an e>ly ,greek1    
,etruscan1 & ,roman =m1 x 0 also  us$ by
 ! ,assyrian1 ,mexican1 & ,indian       
nations1 & is /ill us$ by  _m ( ! savage

 tribes ( ,africa4 ,on ! ,trajan column1
 bo? ! ,romans  & ,dacians1 aga91 h !m  
ne>ly all ( an oval =m1 :ile on !       
,roman sculptur$ /one f\nd ne>          
,c>rid51#a ,l9li?g[%ire1 !  anci5t      
,britons h !m ( an oblong-squ>e1 ) a    
boss 9 ! c5tre1  :ile ! ,roman soldi]'s 
is ( an oval %ape4 ,) "o ( ?is =m1      
convex & radiat+ f ! c5tral umbo1 a     
,roman soldi] is arm$ on a  bas-relief  
f\nd at ,h\se/eads1 ,nor?umb]l&#b4 ,!   
,sc&9avian &  ,briti% %ield ( bronze 0  
circul>1 & 0 *as$ or /ruck up 9 !  metal
 itself1 g5]ally hav+ a l>ge boss 9 !   
c5tre1 ) a s]ies  ( conc5tric circles1  
betwe5 :i* ! space 0 fill$ up ) r[s (   
small nail-head-l /uds4 ,^? f\nd at     
,ye?olm1#c & n[ 9 our  ,museum1 are     
beautiful specim5s ( ?is class4 ,!y h   
also be5 f\nd  9 ,irel&1 & "o v simil>  
to ^! la/1 b ) few] circles1  0 ?is ye> 
got 9 ,l\gh ,gur1 ,c\nty ,lim]ick4      
,occasionally !re are  m l>ge bosses ?an
 ! c5tral "o1 ^! aga9 surr\nd$ by small]
  /uds 9 r[s4 ,( ?is v>iety !re are good

 specim5s 9 ! ,briti% &  ,cop5hag5      
,museums4 ,und]nea? ! c5tral boss is !  
h&le4    ,illu/ration3 ,h&le & ,/uds (  
,bronze ,%ields4    ,on _m ( ! e>ly     
sculptur$ /ones 9 ! nor?-ea/]n c\nties (
  ,scotl&1 su* %ields are repres5t$1 b  
:e!r ( bronze or wood x  is impossible  
to say4 ,on a /one at ,b5vie1 a figure  
on horseback has a  %ield hav+ a c5tral 
boss ) a s]ies ( conc5tric circles1 &   
figures on ! cross ne> ,duppl9 ,ca/le h 
! same2 ^! may be (  bronze1 su* z !    
,ye?olm specim5s1 :ile1 on a fragm5t f  
,dull1  ,p]?%ire1 n[ 9 ! ,museum1       
figures are repres5t$ hav+ %ields )  a  
l>ge c5tral & f\r small] bosses4 ,a     
figure is repres5t$ on ! ,/  ,&rew's    
s>cophagus c>ry+ a %ield ( an oval =m1  
:i* has !  n>r[ ends holl[$ out1 & a    
l>ge c5tral boss4 ,on ! ,iri% crosses   
su* %ields are also figur$4 ,on "o ( ^! 
9 ! /reet ( ,kells1  c\nty ,mea?1 a     
battle is repres5t$1 ! combatants on "o 
side hav+  simple r\nd %ields & swords1 
:ile ! o!rs are arm$ ) spe>s  & %ields  

hav+ an enorm\s spike or po9t$ boss1 (  
:i* !re is  also "o on a fragm5t at     
,j>r[1 ,durham4 ,! %ields ( ! *iefs1    
sculptur$ on _! tomb/ones 9 ! ,we/      
,highl&s1 seem inv>iably ( a  triangul> 
=m1 & on "o slab alone1 at ,kilmory1    
,knapdale1 does !  %ield seem circul>4  
,i %\ld suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! wood5 %ield 
0 m common ?an ! bronze "o1 f ! imm5se  
numb] ( bosses  :i* h be5 f\nd all ov] !
 c\ntry1 ! wood hav+ rott$ away1  leav+ 
! bosses :i* are ( iron or bronze4 ,!   
iron specim5s _h  (t5 a bronze rim2     
occasionally !y 7 plat$ ) silv]1 & 9 "s 
r>e cases ov]laid ) a ?9 plat+ ( gold4  
,illu/ration3 ,fragm5t ( ,dull ,cross4  
,illu/ration3 ,s>cophagus at ,/ ,&rew's4
    ,illu/ration3 ,we/ ,highl& ,*ief4   
,dur+ ! excavations 9 ! peat mosses (   
,?orsbj]g & ,nydam1 9  ,s\? ,jutl& or   
,slesvig1 "u ! sanction ( ! ,dani%      
gov]nm5t1 &  conduct$ by ,conrad        
,engelh>dt1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aheh & #ahfc1
 rema9s  ( wood5 %ields 7 f\nd 9 great  
abundance1 ^! be+ ?9 bo>ds  v>y+ 9      

bread? f #c to #i in*es1 ! av]age       
?ickness  to  ( an  in*4 ,al?\gh hundr$s
 ( ^! 7 f\nd1 only ?ree complete %ields 
c\ld be made up4 ,! diamet] seems to h  
be5 f #bb to #dd in*es2 9  ! c5tre 0 !  
op5+ across :i* ! h&le 0 plac$1 ov] ?is 
op5+ 0 fix$ ! metal boss or umbo2 on "o 
piece only 0 f\nd !  rema9s ( lea!r1 !  
out] rim seems to h be5 protect$ by an  
edg+ ( bronze4 ,occasionally ! %ields 7 
highly ornam5tal1 f  hav+ ?9 plates (   
bronze1 cut into a sort ( h]aldic-look+ 
patt]n1  rivet$ to !m4    ,num]\s iron &
 bronze bosses h be5 f\nd 9             
,anglo-,saxon graves1  & to judge f !   
l5g? ( ! rivets to atta* ^!1 ! %ields  7
 -in* ?ick1 9 ?is respect resembl+ !    
,sc&9avian specim5s4  ,"o 0 f\nd 9      
,york%ire 9 a p]fect /ate1 hav+ a bronze
 boss & a  metal rim4 ,we are told ( a  
k+ ( ! ,go?s 9 ! ye> #eec1 !  suppos$   
age ( ^! ,sc&9avian & ,anglo-,saxon     
%ields1 :o1 /&+  9 ! front ( 8 b& (     
w>riors1 receiv$ s _m ( ! ,roman        
javel9s 9 8 %ield1 :i* ?us became s     

heavy t he 0 unable to  hold x up1 & 0  
kill$ :ile 8 att5dant 0 *ang+ x =       
ano!r4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t ! %ield mu/1
 sometimes at lea/1  h be5 ( /rong]     
mat]ial ?an ^? f\nd 9 ,engl& or         
,slesvig4    ,illu/ration3 ,wood5       
,%ield1 f\nd 9 ,blair-,drummond ,moss4  
,! read+ ( ?is incid5t sugge/$ to me t  
!re 0 9 our ,museum  ! pieces ( "s      
circul> object1 v mu* decay$1 & call$ 9 
!  old catalogue a wood5 :eel1 b1 f !   
loose way 9 :i* ! pieces  7 put toge!r1 
x 0 difficult to say :at x _h be54 ,on  
exam9+  x1 ,mr ,&]son & ,i 7 c]ta9 x    
c\ld n h be5 a :eel1 see+  t :5 x 0     
c>efully put toge!r x 0 oval4 ,i 0 n[   
confirm$  9 my conjecture t x _h be5 a  
%ield1 !re be+ en\gh to %[  t ! c5tre _h
 be5 holl[$ out = ! h&le1 :i*1 be+ rais$
  on ! outside1 w\ld =m ! boss4 ,x1 & "p
 ( ano!r1 7 f\nd  9 ,blair-,drummond    
,moss1 & pres5t$ to ! ,museum by ! late 
,h5ry ,home  ,drummond1 ,esq4 ,!        
fragm5ts ( ano!r 7 f\nd 9 ! same moss 9 
#ahca3 &1 some:]e ne> x1 a mort> or     

h&-mill1 fa%ion$ f !  section ( an oak2 
8!re 7 also "s fl9t arr[ heads40        
,=tunately  = comp>ison1 a p]fect       
specim5 has be5 f\nd s9ce 9 ,irel&1 9 ! 
p>i% ( ,kiltubride1 c\nty ,leitrim2 x is
 #bf in*es long by #ba in*es  broad1 &  
half an in* ?ick4 ,besides ! boss1 :i*  
is p]fect & #c  in*es high1 !re are sev5
 slightly rais$ conc5tric circles1 !    
:ole  c>v$ out ( "o piece ( wood1 9 ?is 
respect diff]+ f !  ,blair-,drummond "o1
 :i* is compos$ ( ?ree pieces mo/       
+5i\sly put  toge!r by two mortises     
?r\gh ! :ole bread?1 into :i* are put   
two  pieces ( wood ab\t #b in*es broad &
 half an in* ?ick1 ^! n only  hold+ x   
toge!r b prev5t+ w>p+1 :ile ! c5tre is a
 solid  piece ( wood holl[$ out = ! h&1 
& is #g in*es 9 diamet]1 !  two edges   
gradually bevell$ up to make !m jo9     
firmly4 ,! %ield is #b  feet long1 #a   
foot #g in*es broad1 & at ! ?icke/ "p #a
 in*1 &  gradually ?9n+ t[>ds ! out]    
edge1 :]e x is ab\t #a in*4 ,f  ?is x w 
be se5 t su* a weapon 9 ! h&s ( a p[]ful

 man :o  c\ld use x w\ld be an admirable
 def5ce1 z 9 ! case ( ! k+ (  ! ,go?s4  
,c]ta9ly %ields ( wood1 half an in*     
?ick1 su* z ^?  f\nd 9 ,jutl& & ,engl&  
7& ! same may be said ( ! ,iri% "o71    
w\ld h be5 q useless aga9/ ! ,roman     
javel9s2 & ev5 ,mr  ,engelh>dt 0 puzzl$ 
h[ !y c\ld h be5 kept toge!r to be      
effective1 see+ he only f\nd 9 "o piece 
out ( ! hundr$s any trace  ( d[ell+4    
,illu/ration3 ,section ( ,wood5 ,%ield4 
,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,highl& t>get is !
 traditional  cont9uation ( ^! e>ly     
bronze & wood5 %ields1 :i* evid5tly  7 !
 successors ( ! ,cetra1 or small r\nd   
%ield made f ! sk9  ( "s animal1 &      
m5tion$ by ,tacitus z hav+ be5 us$ by ! 
,britons & also by ! ,mauritanians1 :o1 
he says1 made x ( elephants'  sk94 ,^!  
mu/ h resembl$ ! %ields us$ by "s ( !   
,african  tribes & ,nor? ,am]ican       
,indians at ! pres5t day4 ,!y are almo/ 
inv>iably made ( wood & cov]$ ) lea!r1 !
 in/ances to !  contr>y1 :5 !y h be5    
made ( iron or /eel1 be+ ! m]e :ims  (  

individuals4 ,"o su* is repres5t$ 9 !   
portrait ( ! ,hon4 ,james  ,campbell1   
son ( ,john ,"l ,gl5or*y 7#agjh72 ano!r1
 hav+ a =midable  spike1 is 9 my own    
possession1#d & resembles "o ,i h se51  
said to  h be5 us$ by an ,e>l ( ,m>r1 b 
!re is no?+ :atev] (  ,highl& "* ab\t   
!m1 be+ simply ! iron or /eel t>get     
=m]ly us$ 9 o!r ,european c\ntries1 :i* 
7 occasionally  emboss$ & engrav$ 9 a   
mo/ elaborate mann]4 ,"o ( ^!1 (        
,italian  workman%ip1 is pres]v$ 9 our  
,museum1 hav+ on x a classical subject  
9 high relief1 ( ! be/ /yle ( ?is art   
dur+ ! #af? c5tury4 ,a  curi\s ,dut*    
%ield ( iron1 belong+ to ,mr ,*>les     
,lees1 ,r4,s4,a41#d is  convex & cov]$ )
 l>ge bosses1 "s r\nd & "s ( triangul>  
=m4 ,x looks l a pageant %ield4    ,!   
lea!r ( ! ,highl& %ield is v g5]ally    
emboss$ ) ,celtic  ornam5tation1--a sort
 ( rep\ss "w1 9 ! =m ( ! twi/$  int]lac+
 ribbon patt]n1 ) scroll leafage fill+  
up odd corn]s (  ! design1 & n[ & !n    
rude attempts at animals4#e ,on "o      

belong+  to ,sir ,j4 ,noel ,paton !re is
 a galley1 a fi%1 & a nondescript k9d ( 
animal2 & among ^? 9 ! ,museum is "o )  
birds & grotesque  animals surr\nd+ its 
out] m>g91 sometimes initials & a date1 
!  :ole design divid$ by conc5tric      
circles ( brass nails & bosses1 !  latt]
 (t5 engrav$2 9 ?is /yle ( ornam5t !y   
resemble ! e>ly  bronze %ields1 ) _!    
bosses & small] /uds2 sometimes !y are  
b\nd by a brass or /eel rim4            
,illu/ration3 ,boss4    ,illu/ration3   
,boss4    ,occasionally ! %ield 0       
conv]t$ into a =midable weapon ( (f5ce  
by hav+ a /rong & long pike screw$ into 
! c5tre4 ,?is c easily  be und]/ood :5 !
 mann] ( fight+ adopt$ by ! ,highl&]s is
  consid]$4 ,on approa*+ ! enemy1 8aft] 
dis*>g+ _! pieces1  !y ?rew !m away1 z 0
 _! cu/om1 drew _! broadswords10 rais$  
_! t>gets1 & ru%$ =w>d be=e ! smoke _h  
cle>$ away1  g5]ally scatt]+ _! oppon5ts
 by ! fury & impetuosity ( _!  attack1 z
 0 ! case at ,killiecrankie1            
,pre/onpans1 & o!r  engagem5ts4 ,9 !    

coat ( arms grant$ to ,m#8,ph]son (     
,clunie 9 #afgb1  & emblazon$ ^u ! gre5 
bann] ( ! clan1 ! support]s are two     
,highl&]s dress$ z !y f\ght at ! ,battle
 ( ! ,%irts--ea* is  arm$ ) a %ield hav+
 ?is long spike4 ,rae also tells u1 9 8 
hi/ory ( ! ,rebellion 9 #agae1 t !      
,laird ( ,luss jo9$ !  ,highl& ho/      
foll[$ by 8=ty or fifty /ately fell[s1 9
 _! hose  & belt$ plaids1 arm$ ea* ( !m 
) a well-fix$ gun on _!  %\ld]s1 a /rong
 h&some t>get1 ) a %>p-po9t$ /eel ( ab\t
  half an ell 9 l5g? screw$ into ! navel
 ( x10 c4 ,^! t>gets  g5]ally h s mu*   
simil>ity 9 design1 t we _c help ?9k+   
!y mu/ h be5 made at "o place 9 great   
quantities4 ,9 !  specim5s figur$ by    
,skelton1 ,logan1 & ,dr ,/u>t1 ?is      
lik5ess is v  app>5t4    ,! "q naturally
 sugge/s itself1 ,:]e 7 ^! made8 ,z a   
rule1  n 9 ! ,highl&s2 my own op9ion be+
 t1 = ! ,we/ ,highl&s1  at all ev5ts1 !y
 7 made 9 ,glasg[4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is
 op9ion1  my fri5d ! late ,joseph       
,rob]tson told me t1 9 ! ,,ms4 acc\nt ( 

"o ( ,que5 ,m>y's masques1 ,highl&]s are
 m5tion$ z appe>+ 9  _! native dress (  
sk9s1 & hav+ ,glasg[ t>gets4 ,mr        
,dickson 0  k9d en\gh to make se>* =    
?is1 b did n succe$ 9 f9d+ x1  al?\gh he
 also ?9ks he saw x some:]e tak5 notice 
(4    ,no?+ is m difficult ?an to assign
 dates to ,highl& weapons (  almo/ any  
sort1 f ! ret5tion ( =ms & /yles (      
ornam5tation  ( a v e>ly1 d[n to a      
comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 unless !      
weapon  be>s und\bt$ evid5ce (          
antiquity4 ,n[ & !n a date is f\nd ^u   
,highl& ,t>gets1 & by comp>ison ( design
 & workman%ip a date may  be giv5 to    
o!rs ( simil> manufacture4 ,sometimes   
aga91 :5 !  hi/ory ( a p>ticul> t>get is
 kn[n1 x may be ( no value :atev] 9     
det]m9+ ! date ( o!rs :i* may h be5 us$ 
at ! same "t2  su* a "o is at ,cluny    
,ca/le1 said to h be5 ! prop]ty ( ,pr9ce
  ,*>les ,edw>d1 b un=tunately x is (   
,fr5* manufacture1 & has  no?+ :atev] ( 
,celtic "* ab\t x2 in/ead ( ! usual     
decorations1 x has pat*es ( silv] *as+ 9

 ! =m ( w>like  weapons & emblems1 :ile 
at ! c5tre1 9 ! place ( a boss1 is a    
*as+ 9 relief ( ! ,m$usa's head4 ,9 !   
arm\ry at ,w>wick ,ca/le  0 a rival     
%ield ( simil> design1 also said to h   
be5 us$ by !  ,pr9ce4 ,?is 0 un=tunately
 de/roy$ dur+ ! fire at ! ca/le 9       
#ahga4    ,! same difficulty z to date  
is exp]i5c$ ) ,sc&9avian weapons (      
v>i\s sorts1 & is well illu/rat$ 9 a    
qua9t k9d ( p[d]-horns1  v antique 9    
design1 on :i* are c>v$ a s]ies ( !     
h]oes (  antiquity1 ea* arm$ ) a circul>
 %ield1 :i* at fir/ sight looks  v l !  
,highl& t>get2 b on exam9ation x has a  
l>ge c5tral  boss1 ) a s]ies ( /uds     
betwe5 x & ! rim1 n unlike bronze       
specim5s 9 ! ,museum at ,cop5hag51 l ^! 
also 9 hav+ only "o  h&le4 ,i h two     
p[d]-horns ( ?is k9d1 on "o ( :i* ! date
 is  only #agci2 :ile on ! o!r1 :i* is  
evid5tly ( an e>li] p]iod1  !re seems a 
fr+e ( "s k9d r\nd ! out] rim ( all !   
%ields4    ,9 ! qua9t acc\nt ( ! ,duke (
 ,som]set's 8,exp$icion into  ,scotl&e0 

9 #aedg1 8,set out by way ( ,di>ie1 by  
,w4 ,patt510 !re is  notice tak5 ( !    
8,t>getts0 us$ by "s ( ! ,scots at !    
disa/r\s  battle ( ,p9kie4 8,nye ?is    
place ( onset1 :e> ! ,scottes1 at _!    
runynge awey1 _h let fall _! weapons 7z 
,i sayd7 !> f\nd we1  bysyde _! common  
man] ( arm\r1 c]tyn nice in/rum5tes = w>
 7z  we ?\ght74 ,& !y we>1 nue boordes  
endes cut (1 be+ ab\t a foot  9 bread?1 
& half a y>de 9 leang?2 hauyng on !     
insyde1 h&els  made v cunnynly ( ii     
cordes endes3 ,^! a ,gods "n we> _!     
t>getts aga9 ! %ot ( our small          
artill]ie1 = !y we> n able to  hold out 
a canon4 ,& ) ^!1 f\nd we great rattels1
 swellyng bygg]  ?an ! belly ( a pottell
 pot1 co\]$ ) old p>*em5t or dooble     
pap]s1 small /ones put 9 !m to make     
noys1 & set vpon ! end ( a  /aff ( m !n 
twoo els long1 & ?is 0 _! fyne deuyse to
 fray  our horses :5 our horsm5 %\lde   
cum at !m3 ,h[beeit bycaus !  ryd]s we> 
no babyes1 nor _! horses no colts1 !y   
coold ney!r  duddle ! tone nor fray !   

too!r3 s t ?is pollecye 0 z witles  z _!
 p\r =c$es40 ,! above mu/ n be look$ ^u 
z ! ord9>y  milit>y %ield1 b r z an     
extemporis$ make%ift to answ] !  same   
purpose1 by ! irregul> troops got toge!r
 s hurri$ly & )  s mu* difficulty by !  
gov]nor1 ! ,e>l ( ,arran1 :o _h rec\rse 
to ! desp]ate measure ( s5d+ ! ,fi]y    
,cross ?r\gh ! c\ntry to  raise ! army4 
,?is old ,celtic & ,sc&9avian cu/om 01  
ev5 by ^!  nations1 only us$ 9 cases (  
em95t p]il2 b :5 ?is ,cross1 !3--       
8,dread mess5g] ( fate & fe>1    ,/ret*$
 onw>d 9 its fleet c>e]1    ,! fi%]man  
=sook ! /r&1    ,! sw>?y smi? took dirk 
& br&2    ,) *ang$ *e]1 ! m[] bli!      
,left 9 ! half-cut swa! ! scy!2    ,!   
h]ds )\t a keep] /ray'd1    ,! pl\gh 0 9
 mid-furr[ /aid1    ,! falc'n] toss$ 8  
hawk away1    ,! hunt] left ! /ag at    
bay2    ,prompt at ! signal ( al>ms1    
,ea* son ( ,alp9e ru%$ to arms40#f    ,&
 s x 0 on ?is occasion2 ! summons 0 at  
once obey$1 & a  motley1 undiscipl9$1 & 
poorly-arm$ cr[d 7 assembl$1 b          

un=tunately1 n l ! ,highl&]s1 :o 7      
accu/om$ to ! almo/  daily use ( _!     
weapons4 ,i h giv5 ! :ole p>agraph f    
,patt5's  di>y1 z x cle>ly %[s t bo? !  
8,t>getts & ,rattells10 f !  primitive  
nature ( _! con/ruction1 _h be5 ha/ily  
made up1 & 7  n 8_! common man] (       
arm\r40 ,some?+ ( ! same sort may be    
allud$ to 9 a description ( ! arm\r ( ! 
,highl&]s to be f\nd  9 ! ,wodr[ ,,mss4 
"u date #afgh1 :]e !y are m5tion$ z     
c>ry+  8t>gets & %ields ( ! mo/ odde &  
antique =me40 ,! %ields  "h ref]r$ to   
may h be5 l ! 8nue boordes endes cut (10
 c41  & us$ by ! poor] clansm54         
,illu/ration3 ,h&les & ,arm /raps (     
,highl& ,t>gets4    ,( late ye>s1 f !   
great sc>city ( g5u9e t>gets1 imitation 
ones  h be5 mu* manufactur$ = ! purpose 
( mak+ up ,highl&  trophies1 b ^! h     
entirely fail$ 9 ! emboss+ ( ! lea!r  & 
engrav+ ( ! /uds1 :]e t has be5         
attempt$4 ,?is sc>city  has be5 caus$ by
 ! sev]e mann] 9 :i* ! dis>m+ acts (    
#agdf  7 en=c$2 & ,boswell1 describ+ 9  

#aggc ! arm\r at ,dunvegan  ,ca/le1     
says--8,!re is h>dly a t>get n[ to be   
f\nd 9 ! ,highl&s4  ,aft] ! dis>m+ act  
!y made !m s]ve z cov]s to _!           
butt]-milk b>rels40 ,by ?is means1 no   
d\bt1 a numb] w\ld be  pres]v$4 ,9 o!r  
places1 aga91 :]e ! t>get 0 a f9e "o1 & 
c>$ = by ! family1 ! emboss$ lea!r cov]1
 ! really valuable  "p1 seems to h be5  
tak5 (f & roll$ up1 9 :i* /ate x w\ld   
easily be conceal$4 ,?is appe>s to h be5
 ! case ) ! "o to  :i* ,i w\ld specially
 call att5tion4#g ,x 0 br\ght f ! isl&  
( ,skye _m ye>s ago1 & is n only diff]5t
 f ! ord9>y  specim5s 9 beauty &        
symmetry ( design1 :i* is work$ out 9 a 
diff]5t & m arti/ic mann]1 b is also    
peculi> f hav+  emboss$ at its c5tre !  
h]aldic cognisance ( ! ,"l ( ! ,isles1  
( :i* ,nesbit says1 8,! ,macdonalds ( ! 
,isles c>ri$1 z 9 our old  books1 a     
d\ble-head$ eagle display$40 ,its       
diamet] is "o foot eight  in*es1 :i* is 
! av]age size ( ! ,highl& t>get4 ,x mu/ 
n be  ?\ght t lea!r & lea!r-cov]$ t>gets

 7 peculi> to !  ,highl&s 9 m$ival      
times2 !y 7 common 9 mo/ ,european      
c\ntries2  ,spa91 9 p>ticul>1 0 fam\s = 
!m1 & x may n be improbable  t ?is 0    
made 9 t c\ntry = "o ( ! ,macdonald     
*iefs1 !re  hav+ be5 a great traffic    
betwe5 ! ,we/ ,highl&s & ,spa91 hides   
be+ ex*ang$ = arm\r ( all sorts1 swords 
9 p>ticul>4 ,sp5c]  also speaks1 9 8    
8,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,irel&10 #aehf1 ( !  
,nor!rn  ,iri%1 especially ( ! ,scots1 z
 hav+ r\nd lea!r t>gets1 (t5  col\r$ 9  
rude fa%ion4 ,9 ?is respect !y diff] f  
^? ( our  ,highl&]s1 z ,i am n aw>e (   
!irs ev] hav+ be5 pa9t$1  al?\gh ! op5  
"w ( ! brass ornam5tation 0 frequ5tly   
fill$ 9  ) lea!r or clo? ( a bright     
col\r4 ,at ! pres5t day %ields (        
buffalo hide or o!r /rong lea!r are 9   
use among _m ( ! ori5tal  nations2 !y   
are circul> & almo/ inv>iably convex1 ! 
edges turn$  up t[>ds ! front1 & are (t5
 mo/ gorge\sly emblazon$ 9 gold &       
col\r1 hav+ bosses ( brass1 silv]1 or   
ev5 gold4 ,9 ! ,society's  ,museum are  

sev]al f9e specim5s2 "o ( ^! has an     
elaborate patt]n  9 relief ^u x1 pa9t$ 9
 purple & gold1 :ile ano!r has an       
ornam5tal design pa9t$ ^u x 9 gre5 &    
gold4 ,among ! native  tribes ( ,africa 
!y are also us$1 be+ g5]ally made f !   
sk9 (  ! rh9oc]os1 & by ! ,kaffirs ( an 
oval %ape1 & s l>ge t  !y act z a       
protection = ! :ole body2 :ile ! ,fans  
use !m (  _m =ms manufactur$ f elephant 
sk94 ,! ,nubians sometimes make  !m (   
crocodile's sk91 to :i* !y atta* mu*    
value4 ,! %ield (  ! ,abyss9ian is      
convex1 & made ( buffalo hide ) bosses (
 silv]  or brass4 ,among "s ( ! ,nor?   
,am]ican ,indians !y are also common4   
,! ,highl& t>get diff]s f ^? ( ! e>ly   
,britons &  ,sc&9avians 9 hav+ "o or two
 arm-/raps1 & occasionally an  arm-piece
 ( lea!r1 z well z a h&le2 ! v e>ly     
%ields (  bronze or wood1 only hav+ a   
h&le bel[ ! c5tral boss4 ,! back (  ^!  
t>gets is almo/ inv>iably cov]$ ) de]   
sk91 bel[ :i* is  /uff+ ( "s sort to    
dead5 ! effect ( a bl[ ^u ! arm4 ,on !  

,trajan column all ! %ields seem to h ! 
d\ble arrangem5t1 :ile  ! ,greeks us$ an
 arm-piece & a h&le t[>ds ! rim4        
,illu/ration          ,i4    ,,!        
,,macdonald ,,t>get4      ,?is ,t>get is
 cov]$ ) /rong black lea!r1 ! ,celtic   
ornam5tation  on x1 :i* is highly       
arti/ic 9 "*1 be+ emboss$ 9 delicate    
relief1 ) ! spaces ar\nd ! patt]n       
c>efully & closely et*$  ) a %>p po9t 9 
a sort ( endless cross-hat*+1 ?us       
produc+ a  dim flatt5$ surface1 & giv+  
value to ! rais$ design1 :i* almo/      
entirely cov]s ! surface1 leav+ no space
 = any ( ! brass  decorations s common  
on ,highl& t>gets4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! d\ble
  head$ eagle ( ! ,macdonalds ,lords ( !
 ,isles4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!           
,,macdonald ,,t>get4 ,,9 ,,!            
,,possession ,,( ,,mr ,,drummond1       
,r4,s4,a4          ,,ii4    ,,highl&    
,,t>gets4      ,! two fir/ are 9 !      
,museum ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,!  
"o is  ( an e>ly type & is b\nd ) brass4
 ,on ! out] circle ( !  design is /amp$ 

a s]ies ( rude attempts at birds4 ,x    
orig9ally has  _h a spike4 ,! same class
 ( ornam5tation hav+ be5 9 use )  little
 v>iation f an e>ly p]iod1 x is no easy 
matt] to affix dates  to ,highl& &      
,sc&9avian weapons ( any sort1 9 su* a  
specim5 z  ?is1 h[ev]1 age is           
unmi/akeable4 ,! second is ( a patt]n n 
unusual1 ) m\nt+s ( l>ge bosses &       
triangul> decorations (  brass4 ,! ?ird 
is ( *a/e & symmetrical design1 & ! la/ 
is  curi\s1 f hav+ work$ ^u x initials &
 a date z "p ( !  patt]n--,d4 ,m#8,l4   
#agbc4    ,illu/ration3 ,,highl&        
,,t>gets4          ,,iii4    ,,highl&   
,,t>gets4      ,! fir/ is elaborate &   
uncommon 9 ! design ^u ! lea!r1 & is  m 
?an usually ri* 9 ! v>iety ( its brass  
decoration1 x has  orig9ally _h a l>ge  
c5tral boss4 ,?is f9e specim5 0 ! family
  t>get ( ! ,campbells ( ,jura1 & n[    
belongs to ,mr ,g\rlay ,/eell1          
,r4,s4,a4 ,! o!rs are v good            
illu/rations ( ! ord9>y class ( ,old    
,highl& t>gets4    ,illu/ration3        

,,highl& ,,t>gets4          ,,iv4       
,,bronze ,,%ields4      ,! l>ge %ield is
 "o ( two f\nd 9 #ahcg1 dur+ dra9-mak+  
op]ations ne> ,ye?olm1 !y are ne>ly     
simil> 9 size & patt]n4  ,%ortly aft] !y
 7 f\nd1 ! g5tleman to :om !y belong$   
exhibit$ !m at a meet+ ( ! ,society (   
,antiqu>ies2 b aft] 8  dea?1 !y seem to 
h be5 s little c>$ =1 t !y 7 ?r[n  into 
a g>ret ) o!r lumb]1 ( ! antiqu>ian k9d1
 & :5 !  e/abli%m5t 0 brok5 up1 7 b\ght 
) ! re/ z a speculative  lot ( ,*9ese   
curiosities = a few %ill+s2 b ! pur*as] 
=tunately (f]$ !m = sale at ! ,museum4  
,?is is a good  illu/ration h[ _m       
valuables ( ?is k9d g amiss+ or f9d _!  
way  to ! melt+-pot4 ,s9ce !n ano!r 0   
turn$ up 9 ,ye?olm ,bog by a  pl\ghman4 
,su* %ields h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl& & ,wales
 z well z 9  ,scotl&4 ,9 ,irel& !y are m
 r>e1 & among ^! few ! plate  repres5ts 
"o lately got 9 ,l\gh ,gur1 ,c\nty      
,lim]ick4    ,illu/ration3 ,,scotti% ,,&
 ,,iri% ,,bronze ,,%ields4          ,v4 
,,v>i\s ,,%ields ,,= ,,comp>ison4       

,! fir/ is a %ield ( crocodile's sk9 f  
,nubia1 :5 made ( ?is  mat]ial !y 7 v   
highly priz$ by ! natives1 & consequ5tly
 n  (t5 met ) 9 collections4 ,?is       
specim5 is 9 ! ,antiqu>ian ,museum4  ,!y
 7 (t5] made f hippopotamus sk94 ,! next
 is ori5tal & (  buffalo hide1 & bel[ x 
is a ,dut* or ,g]man %ield ( iron on a  
/rong  framework ( wood1 ! iron cov]+   
hav+ a s]ies ( triangul> /uds  /ruck up 
on its surface1 :ile a numb] ( circul>  
po9t$ ones are  rivett$ on x1 surr\nd+ !
 l>ge c5tral boss4 ,! o!r is a /eel  or 
iron %ield ( a class sometimes %ewn 9   
,scotl& z ,highl&1 b 9  reality ! same z
 7 us$ 9 o!r ,european c\ntries4        
,illu/ration3 ,circul> ,%ields4         
,,vi4    ,,roman ,,legion>y ,,sculptur$ 
,,/one4      ,?is spl5did slab 0 f\nd 9 
#ahfh on a rocky promontory )9 t5  y>ds 
( ! sea1 close by ! h>b\r ( ,bridg5ess1 
,l9li?g[%ire1 x  0 face d[n1 & cov]$ by 
ab\t two feet ( soil4 ,x is divid$ into 
?ree panels1 ! c5tre "o be+ an          
inscription d$icatory to _!  emp]or by !

 second legion on ! completion ( a      
portion ( ! wall (  ,anton9us1 ab\t     
,a4,d4 #aej4 ,! panel to ! "r ( !       
inscription has  sculptur$ on x a ,roman
 soldi]1 hav+ a r\nd$ %ield ) boss1     
gallop+ ov] "s ( ! natives1 :o h oblong 
squ>e %ields )  circul> bosses4 ,on !   
o!r is a gr\p by an alt>4 ,?is int]e/+  
relic 0 pres5t$ to ! ,antiqu>ian ,museum
 by ,h>ry ,cadell1 ( ,grange1  ,esquire4
    ,illu/ration          ,,footnotes3  
#a ,plate ,,vi4    #b ,museum ( !       
,antiqu>ies4    #c ,plate ,,iv4    #d   
,plate ,v4    #e ,plates ,,ii41 ,,iii4  
#f ,lady ( ! ,lake4    #g ,plate ,i4