,,how ,,to ,,read ,,human ,,nature3 ,,its ,,inner ,,states ,,and ,,outer ,,forms ,by ,,william ,,walker ,,atkinson ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations ,l4 ,n4 ,,fowler ,,co4 #g1 ,imperial ,arcade1 ,ludgate ,circus ,london1 ,e4 ,c41 ,england #aiaf ,,the ,,elizabeth ,,towne ,,co4 ,,holyoke1 ,,mass4 ,,copyright #aiac ,,by ,,elizabeth ,,towne ,,how ,,to ,,read ,,human ,,nature ,,contents ,chapter ,page ,i4 ,inner ,state and ,outer ,form #i ,,ii4 ,the ,inner ,phase3 ,character #bi ,,iii4 ,the ,outer ,form3 ,personality #ch ,,iv4 ,the ,temperaments #dg ,v4 ,the ,mental ,qualities #fh ,,vi4 ,the ,egoistic ,qualities #gf ,,vii4 ,the ,motive ,qualities #ha ,,viii4 ,the ,vitative ,qualities #hi ,,ix4 ,the ,emotive ,qualities #ic ,x4 ,the ,applicative ,qualities #ajj ,,xi4 ,the ,modificative ,qualities #ajg ,,xii4 ,the ,relative ,qualities #aad ,,xiii4 ,the ,perceptive ,qualities #abb ,,xiv4 ,the ,reflective ,qualities #aci ,,xv4 ,the ,religio-,moral ,qualities #adh ,,xvi4 ,faces #aef ,,xvii4 ,chins and ,mouths #afi ,,xviii4 ,eyes1 ,ears1 and ,noses #agg ,,xix4 ,miscellaneous ,signs #ahf ,,chapter ,i ,,inner ,,state ,,and ,,outer ,,form ,human ,nature is a term most frequently used and yet but little understood4 ,the average person knows in a general way what he and others mean when this term is employed1 but very few are able to give an off-hand definition of the term or to state what in their opinion constitutes the real essence of the thought expressed by the familiar phrase4 ,we are of the opinion that the first step in the process of correct understanding of any subject is that of acquaintance with its principal terms1 and1 so1 we shall begin our consideration of the subject of ,human ,nature by an examination of the term used to express the idea itself4 ,human1 of course1 means of or pertaining to man or mankind4 ,therefore1 ,human ,nature means the nature of man or mankind4 ,nature1 in this usage1 means3 ,the natural disposition of mind of any person2 temper2 personal character2 individual constitution2 the peculiar mental characteristics and attributes which serve to distinguish one person from another4 ,thus we see that the essence of the nature of men1 or of a particular human being1 is the mind1 the mental qualities1 characteristics1 properties and attributes4 ,human ,nature is then a phase of psychology and subject to the laws1 principles and methods of study1 examination and consideration of that particular branch of science4 ,but while the general subject of psychology includes the consideration of the inner workings of the mind1 the processes of thought1 the nature of feeling1 and the operation of the will1 the special subject of ,human ,nature is concerned only with the question of character1 disposition1 temperament1 personal attributes1 etc41 of the individuals making up the race of man4 ,psychology is general--,human ,nature is particular4 ,psychology is more or less abstract--,human ,nature is concrete4 ,psychology deals with laws1 causes and principles--,human ,nature deals with effects1 manifestations1 and expressions4 ,human ,nature expresses itself in two general phases1 i4e41 7#a7 the phase of ,inner ,states2 and 7#b7 the phase of ,outer ,forms4 ,these two phases1 however1 are not separate or opposed to each other1 but are complementary aspects of the same thing4 ,there is always an action and reaction between the ,inner ,state and the ,outer ,form--between the ,inner ,feeling and the ,outer ,expression4 ,if we know the particular ,inner ,state we may infer the appropriate ,outer ,form2 and if we know the ,outer ,form we may infer the ,inner ,state4 ,that the ,inner ,state affects the ,outer ,form is a fact generally acknowledged by men1 for it is in strict accordance with the general experience of the race4 ,we know that certain mental states will result in imparting to the countenance certain lines and expressions appropriate thereto2 certain peculiarities of carriage and manner1 voice and demeanor4 ,the facial characteristics1 manner1 walk1 voice and gestures of the miser will be recognized as entirely different from that of the generous person2 those of the coward differ materially from those of the brave man2 those of the vain are distinguished from those of the modest4 ,we know that certain mental attitudes will produce the corresponding physical expressions of a smile1 a frown1 an open hand1 a clenched fist1 an erect spine or bowed shoulders1 respectively4 ,we also know that certain feelings will cause the eye to sparkle or grow dim1 the voice to become resonant and positive or to become husky and weak2 according to the nature of the feelings4 ,prof4 ,wm4 ,james says3 ,what kind of emotion of fear would be left if the feeling neither of trembling lips nor of weakened limbs1 neither of goose-flesh nor of visceral stirrings1 were present1 it is quite impossible for me to think4 ,can one fancy the state of rage and picture no ebullition in the chest1 no flushing of the face1 no dilation of the nostrils1 no clenching of the teeth1 no impulse to vigorous action1 but in their stead limp muscles1 calm breathing1 and a placid face8 ,prof4 ,halleck says3 ,all the emotions have well-defined muscular expression4 ,darwin has written an excellent work entitled1 ,the ,expression of the ,emotions in ,man and ,animals1 to which students must refer for a detailed account of such expression4 ,a very few examples must suffice here4 ,in all the exhilarating emotions1 the eyebrows1 the eyelids1 the nostrils1 and the angles of the mouth are raised4 ,in the depressing passions it is the reverse4 ,this general statement conveys so much truth1 that a careful observer can read a large part of the history of a human being written in the face4 ,for this reason many phrenologists have wisely turned physiognomists4 ,grief is expressed by raising the inner ends of the eyebrows1 drawing down the corners of the mouth1 and transversely wrinkling the middle part of the forehead4 ,in ,terra del ,fuego1 a party of natives conveyed to ,darwin the idea that a certain man was low-spirited1 by pulling down their cheeks in order to make their faces long4 ,joy is expressed by drawing backward and upward the corners of the mouth4 ,the upper lip rises and draws the cheeks upward1 forming wrinkles under the eyes4 ,the elevation of the upper lip and the nostrils expresses contempt4 ,a skillful observer can frequently tell if one person admires another4 ,in this case the eyebrows are raised1 disclosing a brightening eye and a relaxed expression2 sometimes a gentle smile plays about the mouth4 ,blushing is merely the physical expression of certain emotions4 ,we notice the expression of emotion more in the countenance1 because the effects are there more plainly visible2 but the muscles of the entire body1 the vital organs1 and the viscera1 are also vehicles of expression4 ,these things need but a mention in order to be recognized and admitted4 ,this is the action of the ,inner upon the ,outer4 ,there is1 however1 a reaction of the ,outer upon the ,inner1 which while equally true is not so generally recognized nor admitted1 and we think it well to briefly call your attention to the same1 for the reason that this correspondence between the ,inner and the ,outer--this reaction as well as the action--must be appreciated in order that the entire meaning and content of the subject of ,human ,nature may be fully grasped4 ,that the reaction of the ,outer ,form upon the ,inner ,state may be understood1 we ask you to consider the following opinions of well-known and accepted authorities of the ,new ,psychology1 regarding the established fact that a physical expression related to a mental state1 will1 if voluntarily induced1 tend to in turn induce the mental state appropriate to it4 ,we have used these quotations in other books of this series1 but will insert them here in this place because they have a direct bearing upon the particular subject before us1 and because they furnish direct and unquestioned authority for the statements just made by us4 ,we ask you to consider them carefully1 for they express a most important truth4 ,prof4 ,halleck says3 ,by inducing an expression we can often cause its allied emotion4444 ,actors have frequently testified to the fact that emotion will arise if they go through the appropriate muscular movements4 ,in talking to a character on the stage1 if they clench the fist and frown1 they often find themselves becoming really angry2 if they start with counterfeit laughter1 they find themselves growing cheerful4 ,a ,german professor says that he cannot walk with a schoolgirl's mincing step and air without feeling frivolous4 ,prof4 ,wm4 ,james says3 ,whistling to keep up courage is no mere figure of speech4 ,on the other hand1 sit all day in a moping posture1 sigh1 and reply to everything with a dismal voice1 and your melancholy lingers4 ,if we wish to conquer undesirable emotional tendencies in ourselves1 we must assiduously1 and in the first instance coldbloodedly1 go through the outward movements of those contrary dispositions which we wish to cultivate4 ,smooth the brow1 brighten the eye1 contract the dorsal rather than the ventral aspect of the frame1 and speak in a major key1 pass the genial compliment1 and your heart must indeed be frigid if it does not gradually thaw4 ,dr4 ,wood ,hutchinson1 says3 ,to what extent muscular contractions condition emotions1 as ,prof4 ,james has suggested1 may be easily tested by a quaint and simple little experiment upon a group of the smallest voluntary muscles of the body1 those that move the eyeball4 ,choose some time when you are sitting quietly in your room1 free from all disturbing influences4 ,then stand up1 and assuming an easy position1 cast the eyes upward and hold them in that position for thirty seconds4 ,instantly and involuntarily you will be conscious of a tendency toward reverential1 devotional1 contemplative ideas and thoughts4 ,then turn the eyes sideways1 glancing directly to the right or to the left1 through half-closed lids4 ,within thirty seconds images of suspicion1 of uneasiness1 or of dislike will rise unbidden to the mind4 ,turn the eyes on one side and slightly downward1 and suggestions of jealousy or coquetry will be apt to spring unbidden4 ,direct your gaze downward toward the floor1 and you are likely to go off into a fit of reverie or abstraction4 ,prof4 ,maudsley says3 ,the specific muscular action is not merely an exponent of passion1 but truly an essential part of it4 ,if we try while the features are fixed in the expression of one passion to call up in the mind a different one1 we shall find it impossible to do so4 ,we state the fact of the reaction of the ,outer upon the ,inner1 with its supporting quotations from the authorities1 not for the purpose of instructing our readers in the art of training the emotions by means of the physical1 for while this subject is highly important1 it forms no part of the particular subject under our present consideration--but that the student may realize the close relationship existing between the ,inner ,state and the ,outer ,form4 ,these two elements or phases1 in their constant action and reaction1 manifest the phenomena of ,human ,nature1 and a knowledge of each1 and both give to us the key which will open for us the door of the understanding of ,human ,nature4 ,let us now call your attention to an illustration which embodies both principles--that of the ,inner and the ,outer--and the action and reaction between them1 as given by that master of subtle ratiocination1 ,edgar ,allan ,poe4 ,poe in his story ,the ,purloined ,letter tells of a boy at school who attained great proficiency in the game of even or odd in which one player strives to guess whether the marbles held in the hand of his opponent are odd or even4 ,the boy's plan was to gauge the intelligence of his opponent regarding the matter of making changes1 and as ,poe says3 this lay in mere observation and admeasurement of the astuteness of his opponents4 ,poe describes the process as follows3 ,for example1 an arrant simpleton is his opponent1 and1 holding up his closed hand1 asks1 'are they even or odd8' ,our schoolboy replies1 'odd1' and loses2 but upon the second trial he wins1 for he then says to himself1 'the simpleton had them even upon the first trial1 and his amount of cunning is just sufficient to make him have them odd upon the second2 ,i will therefore guess odd2'--he guesses and wins4 ,now1 with a simpleton a degree above the first1 he would have reasoned thus3 ',this fellow finds that in the first instance ,i guessed odd1 and1 in the second1 he will propose to himself upon the first impulse1 a simple variation from even to odd1 as did the first simpleton2 but then a second thought will suggest that this is too simple a variation1 and finally he will decide upon putting it even as before4 ,i will therefore guess even2' he guesses even and wins4 ,poe continues by stating that this is merely an identification of the reasoner's intellect with that of his opponent4 ,upon inquiring of the boy by what means he effected the thorough identification in which his success consisted1 ,i received answer as follows3 ',when ,i wish to find out how wise1 or how stupid1 or how good1 or how wicked is any one1 or what are his thoughts at the moment1 ,i fashion the expression of my face1 as accurately as possible in accordance with the expression of his1 and then wait to see what thoughts or sentiments arise in my mind or heart1 as if to match or correspond with the expression4' ,this response of the school boy lies at the bottom of all the spurious profundity which has been attributed to ,rochefoucauld1 to ,la ,bougive1 to ,machiavelli1 and to ,campanella4 ,in this consideration of ,human ,nature we shall have much to say about the ,outer ,form4 ,but we must ask the reader to always remember that the ,outer ,form is always the expression and manifestation of the ,inner ,state1 be that ,inner ,state latent and dormant within the depths of the subconscious mentality1 or else active and dynamic in conscious expression4 ,just as ,prof4 ,james so strongly insists1 we cannot imagine an inner feeling or emotion without its corresponding outward physical expression1 so is it impossible to imagine the outward expressions generally associated with a particular feeling or emotion without its corresponding inner state4 ,whether or not one of these1 the outer or inner1 is the cause of the other--and if so1 which one is the cause and which the effect--need not concern us here4 ,in fact1 it would seem more reasonable to accept the theory that they are correlated and appear simultaneously4 ,many careful thinkers have held that action and reaction are practically the same thing--merely the opposite phases of the same fact4 ,if this be so1 then indeed when we are studying the ,outer ,form of ,human ,nature we are studying psychology just as much as when we are studying the ,inner ,states4 ,prof4 ,wm4 ,james in his works upon psychology insists upon the relevancy of the consideration of the outward expressions of the inner feeling and emotion1 as we have seen4 ,the same authority speaks even more emphatically upon this phase of the subject1 as follows3 ,the feeling1 in the coarser emotions1 results from the bodily expression4444 ,my theory is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact1 and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion4444 ,particular perceptions certainly do produce widespread bodily effects by a sort of immediate physical influence1 antecedent to the arousal of an emotion or emotional idea4444 ,every one of the bodily changes1 whatsoever it may be1 is felt1 acutely or obscurely1 the moment it occurs4444 ,if we fancy some strong emotion1 and then try to abstract from our consciousness of it all the feelings of its bodily symptoms1 we have nothing left behind4444 ,a disembodied human emotion is a sheer nonentity4 ,i do not say that it is a contradiction in the nature of things1 or that pure spirits are necessarily condemned to cold intellectual lives2 but ,i say that for us emotion disassociated from all bodily feeling is inconceivable4 ,the more closely ,i scrutinize my states1 the more persuaded ,i become that whatever 'coarse' affections and passions ,i have are in very truth constituted by1 and made up of1 those bodily changes which we ordinarily call their expression or consequence4444 ,but our emotions must always be inwardly what they are1 whatever may be the physiological ground of their apparition4 ,if they are deep1 pure1 worthy1 spiritual facts on any conceivable theory of their physiological source1 they remain no less deep1 pure1 spiritual1 and worthy of regard on this present sensational theory4 ,kay says3 ,does the mind or spirit of man1 whatever it may be1 in its actings in and through the body1 leave a material impression or trace in its structure of every conscious action it performs1 which remains permanently fixed1 and forms a material record of all that it has done in the body1 to which it can afterward refer as to a book and recall to mind1 making it again1 as it were1 present to it8444 ,we find nature everywhere around us recording its movements and marking the changes it has undergone in material forms1--in the crust of the earth1 the composition of the rocks1 the structure of the trees1 the conformation of our bodies1 and those spirits of ours1 so closely connected with our material bodies1 that so far as we know1 they can think no thought1 perform no action1 without their presence and co-operation1 may have been so joined in order to preserve a material and lasting record of all that they think and do4 ,marsh says3 ,every human movement1 every organic act1 every volition1 passion1 or emotion1 every intellectual process1 is accompanied with atomic disturbance4 ,picton says3 ,the soul never does one single action by itself apart from some excitement of bodily tissue4 ,emerson says3 ,the rolling rock leaves its scratches on the mountain2 the river its channel in the soil2 the animal its bones in the stratum2 the fern and leaf their modest epitaph in the coal4 ,the falling drop makes its sculpture in the sand or stone4444 ,the ground is all memoranda and signatures1 and every object covered over with hints which speak to the intelligent4 ,in nature this self-registration is incessant4 ,morell says3 ,the mind depends for the manifestation of all its activities upon a material organism4 ,bain says3 ,the organ of the mind is not the brain by itself2 it is the brain1 nerve1 muscles1 organs of sense1 viscera4444 ,it is uncertain how far even thought1 reminiscence1 or the emotions of the past and absent could be sustained without the more distant communication between the brain and the rest of the body4 ,and1 thus1 as we consider the subject carefully we see that psychology is as much concerned with the physical manifestations of the mental impulses and states as with the metaphysical aspect of those states--as much with the ,outer ,form as with the ,inner ,state--for it is practically impossible to permanently separate them4 ,as an illustration of the physical accompaniment or ,outer ,form1 of the psychical feeling or ,inner ,state1 the following quotation from ,darwin's ,origin of the ,emotions1 will well serve the purpose3 ,fear is often preceded by astonishment1 and is so far akin to it that both lead to the senses of sight and hearing being instantly aroused4 ,in both cases the eyes and mouth are widely opened and the eyebrows raised4 ,the frightened man at first stands like a statue1 motionless and breathless1 or crouches down as if instinctively to escape observation4 ,the heart beats quickly and violently1 so that it palpitates or knocks against the ribs2 but it is very doubtful if it then works more efficiently than usual1 so as to send a greater supply of blood to all parts of the body2 for the skin instantly becomes pale as during incipient faintness4 ,this paleness of the surface1 however1 is probably in large part1 or is exclusively1 due to the vaso-motor centre being affected in such a manner as to cause the contraction of the small arteries of the skin4 ,that the skin is much affected under the sense of great fear1 we see in the marvelous manner in which perspiration immediately exudes from it4 ,this exudation is all the more remarkable1 as the surface is then cold1 and hence the term1 a cold sweat2 whereas the sudorific glands are properly excited into action when the surface is heated4 ,the hairs also on the skin stand erect1 and the superficial muscles shiver4 ,in connection with the disturbed action of the heart the breathing is hurried4 ,the salivary glands act imperfectly2 the mouth becomes dry and is often opened and shut4 ,i have noticed that under slight fear there is a strong tendency to yawn4 ,one of the best marked symptoms is the trembling of all the muscles of the body2 and this is often seen in the lips4 ,from this cause1 and from the dryness of the mouth1 the voice becomes husky or indistinct or may altogether fail4444 ,as fear increases into an agony of terror1 we behold1 as under all violent emotions1 diversified results4 ,the heart beats wildly or fails to act and faintness ensues2 there is a death-like pallor2 the breathing is labored2 the wings of the nostrils are widely dilated2 there is a gasping and convulsive motion of the lips2 a tremor of the hollow cheek1 a gulping and catching of the throat2 the uncovered and protruding eyeballs are fixed on the object of terror2 or they may roll restlessly from side to side4 ,the pupils are said to be enormously dilated4 ,all the muscles of the body may become rigid or may be thrown into convulsive movements4 ,the hands are alternately clenched and opened1 often with a twitching movement4 ,the arms may be protruded as if to avert some dreadful danger1 or may be thrown wildly over the head4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hagenauer has seen this latter action in a terrified ,australian4 ,in other cases there is a sudden and uncontrolled tendency to headlong flight2 and so strong is this that the boldest soldiers may be seized with a sudden panic4 ,in conclusion1 let us say that just as the above striking description of the master-scientist1 ,darwin1 shows us that the particular emotion has its outer manifestations--the particular ,inner ,state its ,outer ,form--so has the general character of the person its outer manifestation1 and ,outer ,form4 ,and1 just as to the eye of the experienced observer at a distance 7even in the case of a photographic representation1 particularly in the case of a moving picture7 may recognize the ,inner ,state from the ,outer ,form of the feeling or emotion1 so may the experienced character reader interpret the whole character of the person from the ,outer ,form thereof4 ,the two interpretations are based on exactly the same general principles4 ,the inner thought and feeling manifest in the outer physical form4 ,he who learns the alphabet of ,outer ,form may read page after page of the book of ,human ,nature4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,inner ,,phase3 ,,character ,do you know what character is8 ,the word itself1 in its derivation and original usage1 means3 a stamp1 mark or sign1 engraved or stamped4 ,as time passed the term was applied to the personal peculiarities of individuals1 and was defined as3 the personal qualities or attributes of a person2 the distinguishing traits of a person4 ,later the term was extended to mean3 the part enacted by anyone in a play4 ,in the common usage of the term we seek to convey an idea in which each and all of the above stated meanings are combined4 ,a man's character is the result of impressions made upon his own mind1 or those of the race4 ,it is also the sum of his personal qualities and attributes4 ,it is also1 in a sense1 the part he plays in the great drama of life4 ,each man's character has its inner phase consisting of the accumulated impressions of the past which seek to manifest in the present4 ,and1 likewise1 the character of each man manifests in an outer phase of form1 mark1 and stamp of personality4 ,there are no two characters precisely alike4 ,there is an infinite possibility of combination of the elements that go to make up character4 ,this is accordance with what appears to be a universal law of nature1 for there are no two blades of grass exactly alike1 nor two grains of sand bearing an exact resemblance to each other4 ,nature seems to seek after and to manifest variety of form and quality4 ,but1 still1 just as we may classify all things1 animate and inanimate1 into general classes and then into subordinate ones--each genus and each species having its particular characteristics1 qualities and attributes1 so we may1 and do1 classify human character into general classes and then into particular subdivisions into which each individual is found to fit4 ,this fact makes it possible for us to study ,human ,nature as a science4 ,the character of each individual is held to be the result of the impressions made upon the plastic material of the mind1 either in the form of past impressions upon his ancestors or of past impressions received by the individual4 ,the past impressions reach him through the channel of heredity1 while the personal impressions come to him through environment4 ,but by heredity we do not mean the transmission of the personal characteristics of one's parents or even grand-parents1 but something far deeper and broader4 ,we believe that one inherits far less of the qualities of one's parents than is generally believed4 ,but1 we believe that much that goes to make up our character is derived from the associated qualities and impressions of many generations of ancestors4 ,inasmuch as each individual contains within him the transmitted qualities of nearly every individual who lived several thousand years ago1 it may be said that each individual is an heir to the accumulated impressions of the race1 which however form in an infinite variety of combinations1 the result being that although the root of the race is the same yet each individual differs in combination from each other individual4 ,as ,luther ,burbank has said3 ,heredity means much1 but what is heredity8 ,not some hideous ancestral specter1 forever crossing the path of a human being4 ,heredity is simply the sum of all the effects of all the environments of all past generations on the responsive ever-moving life-forces4 ,the records of the past environment of the race are stored away in the great region of the subconscious mentality1 from whence they arise in response to the call of some attractive object of thought or perception1 always1 however1 modified and restrained by the opposite characteristics4 ,as ,prof4 ,elmer ,gates has said3 ,at least ninety per cent of our mental life is sub-conscious4 ,if you will analyze your mental operations you will find that conscious thinking is never a continuous line of consciousness1 but a series of conscious data with great intervals of subconsciousness4 ,we sit and try to solve a problem and fail4 ,we walk around1 try again and fail4 ,suddenly an idea dawns that leads to a solution of the problem4 ,the sub-conscious processes were at work4 ,we do not volitionally create our own thinking4 ,it takes place in us4 ,we are more or less passive recipients4 ,we cannot change the nature of a thought1 or of a truth1 but we can1 as it were1 guide the ship by a moving of the helm4 ,but character is dependent upon race inheritance only for its raw materials1 which are then worked into shape by the influence of environment and by the will of the individual4 ,a man's environment is1 to some extent at least1 dependent upon the will4 ,a man may change his environment1 and by the use of his will he may overcome many inherited tendencies4 ,as ,halleck well says3 ,heredity is a powerful factor1 for it supplies raw material for the will to shape4 ,even the will cannot make anything without material4 ,will acts through choice1 and some kinds of environment afford far more opportunities for choice than others4 ,shakespeare found in ,london the germ of true theatrical taste1 already vivified by a long line of miracle plays1 moralities and interludes4 ,in youth he connected himself with the theatre1 and his will responded powerfully to his environment4 ,some surroundings are rich in suggestion1 affording opportunity for choice1 while others are poor4 ,the will is absolutely confined to a choice between alternatives4 ,character then1 is a resultant of will power1 heredity and environment4 ,the modern tendency is to overestimate the effects of heredity and environment in forming character2 but1 on the other hand1 we must not underestimate them4 ,the child of a ,hottentot put in ,shakespeare's home1 and afterward sent away to ,london with him1 would never have made a ,shakespeare2 for heredity would not have given the will sufficient raw material to fashion over into such a noble product4 ,we may also suppose a case to show the great power of environment4 ,had a band of gypsies stolen ,shakespeare at birth1 carried him to ,tartary1 and left him among the nomads1 his environment would never have allowed him to produce such plays as he placed upon the ,english stage4 ,many persons are reluctant to admit the effect of heredity upon character4 ,they seem to regard heredity as the idea of a monster ruling the individual with an iron hand1 and with an emphasis upon undesirable traits of character4 ,such people lose sight of the fact that at the best heredity merely supplies us with the raw material of character rather than the finished product1 and that there is much good in this raw material4 ,we receive our inheritance of good as well as bad4 ,deprive a man of the advantage of his heredity1 and we place him back to the plane of the savage1 or perhaps still lower in the scale4 ,heredity is simply the shoulders of the race affording us a place for our feet1 in order that we may rise higher than those who lived before4 ,for heredity1 substitute evolution1 and we may get a clearer idea of this element of character4 ,as for environment1 it is folly to deny its influence4 ,take two young persons of equal ability1 similar tastes1 and the same heredity1 and place them one in a small village1 and the other in a great metropolis1 and keep them there until middle-age1 and we will see the influence of environment4 ,the two may be equally happy and contented1 and may possess the same degree of book-education1 but1 nevertheless1 their experiences will have been so different that the character of the two individuals must be different4 ,in the same way1 place the two young persons1 one in the ,whitechapel district1 and the other amidst the best surroundings and example1 and see the result4 ,remember1 that in environment is included the influence of other persons4 ,the effect of environment arises from ,suggestion1 that great moulding and creative principle of the mind4 ,it is true that1 ,as a man thinketh1 so is he1 but a man's thoughts depend materially upon the associations of environment1 experience1 and suggestion4 ,as ,ziehen says3 ,we cannot think as we will1 but we must think as just those associations which happen to be present prescribe4 ,but1 without going further into the question of the elements which go toward forming character1 let us take our position firmly upon the fact that each individual is stamped with the impression of a special character--a character all his own4 ,each has his own character or part to play in the great drama of life4 ,the character of some seems fixed and unchangeable1 while that of others is seen to be in the process of change4 ,but in either case each and every man has his own character or manifestation of ,human ,nature1 in its inner and outer aspects4 ,and each individual1 while in a sense forming a special class by himself1 nevertheless belongs to a larger class1 which in turn is a part of a still larger1 and so on4 ,instead of studying the philosophy or metaphysics of character1 or even its general psychology1 let us in this particular volume devote our attention to the elements which go to form the character of each and every person1 so that we may understand them when we meet them in manifested form4 ,and let us learn the ,outer ,form which accompany these ,inner ,states4 ,upon the stage of ,life move backward and forward many characters1 each having his or her own form1 manner and appearance1 which like those of the characters upon the mimic stage1 may be recognized if we will but bestow a little care upon the subject4 ,the ,othellos1 ,hamlets1 ,shylocks1 ,iagos1 ,richards1 ,lears1 and the rest are to be found in everyday life4 ,the ,micawbers1 ,chuzzlewits1 ,twists1 and the rest are in as full evidence on the streets and in the offices1 as in the books4 ,the person who is able to read and interpret ,human ,nature is possessed of a knowledge far more useful to him than that contained within the covers of musty books upon impractical subjects4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,outer ,,phase3 ,,personality ,just as character is the inner phase of ,human ,nature1 so is personality its outer phase4 ,to many the two terms are synonymous1 but analysis will show the shades of difference between them4 ,a man's character is his inner self1 while his personality is the outward indication of his self4 ,the word1 in this sense1 is defined as3 ,that which constitutes the personal traits of a person1 as his manner1 conduct1 habits1 appearance1 and other observable personal peculiarities4 ,the word is derived from the ,latin word1 persona1 meaning1 a mask used by play-actors1 which in turn was derived from the two words per1 meaning through1 and sono1 meaning1 to sound1 or combined1 to sound through4 ,and the derivation of the term really gives us an idea of its inner meaning1 for the personality is really the mask worn by the character1 and through which it sounds1 speaks1 or manifests itself1 ,jeremy ,taylor once said3 ,no man can long put on person and act a part but his evil manners will peep through the corners of his white robe4 ,archbishop ,trench once said that the real meaning of the phrase1 ,god is no respecter of persons is that the ,almighty cared nothing for what part in life a person plays1 but how he plays it4 ,the old-time play-actor was wont to assume a mask of the features of the part he played1 just as the modern actor makes up for the part and walks1 speaks and acts in accordance therewith4 ,whether or not the individual be aware of the fact1 ,nature furnishes to each his mask of personality--his persona--by which those who understand may recognize the part he plays1 or his character4 ,in both the inner character1 and the outer personality1 each individual struts the stage of life and plays his part4 ,the mask or make up1 of personality1 by which men may read each other's character1 is evolved and developed from the instinctive physical expression accompanying thought1 feeling and emotion4 ,just as the frown accompanying the feeling of annoyance or anger will1 if repeated sufficiently often1 become fixed upon the countenance of the man1 so will all of his general thoughts1 feelings and emotions register themselves in his manner1 gait1 tone of voice1 carriage and facial expression4 ,moreover1 his inherited tendencies will show themselves in the same way4 ,professor ,wm4 ,james says1 regarding the genesis of emotional reactions3 ,how come the various objects which excite emotion to produce such special and different bodily effects8 ,this question was not asked till quite recently1 but already some interesting suggestions toward answering it have been made4 ,some movements of expression can be accounted for as weakened repetitions of movements which formerly 7when they were stronger7 were of utility to the subject4 ,others are similarly weakened repetitions of movements which under other conditions were physiologically necessary concomitants of the useful movements4 ,of the latter reactions1 the respiratory disturbances in anger and fear might be taken as examples--organic reminiscences1 as it were1 reverberations in imagination of the blowings of the man making a series of combative efforts1 or the pantings of one in precipitate flight4 ,such at least is a suggestion made by ,mr4 ,spencer which has found approval4 ,herbert ,spencer says1 on this subject3 ,to have in a slight degree such psychical states as accompany the reception of wounds1 and are experienced during flight1 is to be in a state of what we call fear4 ,and to have in a slight degree such psychical states as the processes of catching1 killing1 and eating imply1 is to have the desires to catch1 kill and eat4 ,that the propensities to the acts are nothing else than nascent excitations of the psychical state involved in the acts1 is proved by the natural language of the propensities4 ,fear1 when strong1 expresses itself in cries1 in efforts to escape in palpitations1 in tremblings2 and these are just the manifestations that go along with an actual suffering of the evil feared4 ,the destructive passion is shown in a general tension of the muscular system1 in gnashing of teeth and protrusion of the claws1 in dilated eyes and nostrils in growls2 and these are weaker forms of the actions that accompany the killing of prey4 ,to such objective evidences every one can add subjective evidences4 ,everyone can testify that the psychical state called fear consists of mental representations of certain painful results2 and that the one called anger consists of mental representations of the actions and impressions which would occur while inflicting some kind of pain4 ,professor ,wm4 ,james adds the following to the discussion3 ,so slight a symptom as the snarl or sneer1 the one-sided uncovering of the upper teeth1 is accounted for by ,darwin as a survival from the time when our ancestors had large canines1 and unfleshed him 7as dogs do now7 for attack4 ,similarly the raising of the eyebrows in outward attention1 the opening of the mouth in astonishment1 come1 according to the same author1 from the utility of these movements in extreme cases4 ,the raising of the eyebrows goes with the opening of the eye for better vision1 the opening of the mouth with the intensest listening1 and with the rapid catching of the breath which precedes muscular effort4 ,the distension of the nostrils in anger is interpreted by ,spencer as an echo of the way in which our ancestors had to breathe when1 during combat1 their 'mouth was filled up by a part of an antagonist's body that had been seized4' ,the trembling of fear is supposed by ,mantegazza to be for the sake of warming the blood4 ,the reddening of the face and neck is called by ,wundt a compensatory arrangement for relieving the brain of the blood-pressure which the simultaneous excitement of the heart brings with it4 ,the effusion of tears is explained both by this author and by ,darwin to be a blood-withdrawing agency of a similar sort4 ,the contraction of the muscles around the eyes1 of which the primitive use is to protect those organs from being too much gorged with blood during the screaming fits of infancy1 survives in adult life in the shape of the frown1 which instantly comes over the brow when anything difficult or displeasing presents itself either to thought or action4 ,thus1 it will be seen1 the fact that all inward states manifest themselves to some degree in outward physical expression1 brings with it the logical inference that particular mental states when habitually manifested tend to fix in the physical organism the expression associated with them4 ,as thoughts take form in action1 so habitual mental states tend to register traces of those actions4 ,a piece of paper folded in a certain way several times shows plainly the marks on the folding4 ,in the same manner the creases in our clothing1 shoes and gloves1 show the marks of our personal physical form4 ,a habitual mental state of cheerfulness is accompanied by a frequent exercise of the muscles expressing the physical signs of that feeling1 and finally the smile wrinkles are formed that all may read them4 ,in the same way the gloomy1 pessimistic mental attitude produces the marks and wrinkles showing the habit of frequent down-turning of the corners of our mouths4 ,a habitual mental attitude of suspicion will tend to impart the appearance of the suspicious peering to our eyes4 ,the mental attitude of combativeness will likewise give us the traditional set jaw and tightly compressed lips4 ,the mental attitude of lack of self-respect will show itself in our walk1 and so1 in the opposite manner with the mental attitude of self-respect4 ,people grow to walk1 talk1 carry themselves1 and look like their habitual mental attitude4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,schofield1 says3 ',he is a dull scholar1' it is said1 'who cannot read a man's character even from a back view4' ,round a statue of the prince ,consort in ,edinburgh stand representative groups paying homage to him4 ,if you get a back view of any of these you can see unconscious mind impressed on matter1 and can tell at once the sailor or soldier1 peasant or scholar or workman4 ,look at the body and face of a man when the mind is gone4 ,look at the body of a man who has lost his self-respect4 ,look at the body of a thief1 of a sot1 of a miser4 ,compare the faces and expressions of a philanthropist1 of a beggar1 of a policeman1 of a scholar1 of a sailor1 of a lawyer1 of a doctor1 of a shop-walker1 of a sandwich man1 of a farmer1 of a successful manufacturer1 of a nurse1 of a refined girl1 of a servant1 of a barmaid1 of a nun1 of a ballet dancer1 of an art student1 and answer to yourself these two questions3 ,first1 are these different expressions of body and face due essentially to physical or psychical causes8 ,and1 secondly1 do these psychical causes act on the facial and other muscles in consciousness or out of consciousness4 ,the only possible answers to these two questions leave us with this fact1 were no other proof possible1 that we each have within us an unconscious psychical power 7here called the unconscious mind7 which has sufficient force to act upon the body and display psychical conceptions through physical media4 ,it is impossible for us 7at least by any of the five senses7 to peer into the mental chamber of other men and there read the record of their character1 or to interpret the combination of ,human ,nature therein moulded and formed4 ,but nevertheless we are not balked in our desire1 for by learning to interpret the outward signs of personality we may arrive with a wonderful degree of success at an understanding of the character1 mind1 or ,human ,nature in others4 ,from the seen ,outer we may deduce the unseen ,inner4 ,we may discern the shape of that which is concealed1 by observing the form of the covering which hides it from sight4 ,the body1 like the fabled veil of the goddess1 conceals but to reveal4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,temperaments ,the student of ,human ,nature soon discovers that among men1 as among the animals1 there is to be observed a great variety of quality1 and various classes of temperament4 ,among cattle we notice great differences of form which differences indicate certain qualities inherent in the beast4 ,certain qualities are recognized by their outward forms as being indicative of sturdiness1 staying-qualities1 strong vitality1 etc41 which render their possessor valuable for draught oxen4 ,other qualities indicate the value of another animal for meat producing4 ,others1 the production of large quantities of milk4 ,others1 prolific breeding4 ,and1 so on1 each set of qualities being recognized by its outward form and being taken into consideration by breeders4 ,in the same way1 breeders recognize certain qualities in horses which they take advantage of in breeding for the strength of draught horses2 the speed of thoroughbred runners and trotters2 the docility and gentleness of driving horses and saddle animals4 ,the draught horse and the thoroughbred runner or trotter may be easily distinguished by the eye of the average person1 while it requires the eye of the expert to distinguish other points and signs of quality which prove the existence of certain traits of temperament in the animal4 ,the same is true in the case of chickens and other fowls4 ,some types are adapted for laying1 others for meat purposes1 others for gameness1 etc4 ,not only the physical qualities but also the temperamental traits of the beast or bird are distinguished by the expert1 and are taken advantage of in breeding to develop and evolve the indicated trait or quality4 ,nearly anyone may distinguish the temperamental difference between the savage dog and the affectionate one--between the vicious horse and the docile one4 ,we know at once that certain dogs may be approached and others kept at a distance--that certain horses are safe to ride or drive1 and that others are unsafe and dangerous4 ,a visit to a horse and cattle show1 or a poultry and pigeon exhibition1 will show even the most skeptical person that ,inner ,states manifest in ,outer ,form4 ,and a little further study and observation will show that what is true of these lower animals is likewise true of the human being4 ,men1 like animals1 may be intelligently and scientifically classified according to the general quality or temperament4 ,while each individual is different in a way from every other individual1 nevertheless1 each individual belongs to a certain class and may be labelled accordingly4 ,a few outward signs will indicate his class1 and we may confidently expect that he will manifest the leading qualities of that particular class4 ,,quality ,the first classification of the individuals of the human race is that of ,quality4 ,independent of the various temperaments1 although in a way related to them1 we find the various degrees of ,quality manifested by different individuals4 ,quality may be defined as the degree of fineness4 ,it is that which we call class in race-horses2 breed in other animals and often blood in men and women4 ,perhaps one may understand the classification better if he will recall the differences apparent between the mongrel cur and the highbred dog2 the scrub horse and the thoroughbred2 the common cow and the carefully bred ,alderney or other choice variety2 the ordinary barnyard fowl and the prize-winner at the poultry show4 ,it is an intangible but real and readily recognized difference1 which however is almost impossible to convey by words4 ,men and women of the highest ,quality are essentially fine-grained1 possessed of fine feelings1 refined natures1 high tastes1 and manifest the signs of true natural refinement and culture1 which cannot be successfully imitated by those who have acquired merely the artificial manner and the outward polish4 ,one may possess ,quality in a high degree and still be ignorant of the forms and little manners of so-called polite society1 and yet will be recognized as one of ,nature's noblemen1 and as a natural gentleman4 ,descending the scale we find lessening degrees of the manifestation of ,quality1 until1 finally we reach the lowest degree of the scale1 that of low ,quality4 ,in this lowest degree we find individuals showing all the outward signs of being coarse-grained1 vulgar1 of low tastes1 brutal instincts1 and manifesting the signs of lack of refinement and culture4 ,persons of low ,quality are found in all walks of life4 ,some of those possessing wealth and education belong to this class1 and are never able to counterfeit the reality4 ,quality is a matter of soul1 and not of wealth1 education or material advantages4 ,a greyhound and a hyena give us animal symbols of ,quality1 high and low4 ,we meet many instances in which the individual is of too high ,quality for his environment1 occupation or place in life4 ,such individuals suffer keenly and are to be pitied4 ,they incline toward high ideals and are wounded and discouraged by the grossness which they see on all sides4 ,those individuals of an average degree of ,quality of course fit into the usual environment far better than those above or below them in the scale4 ,we also meet individuals of low ,quality in surroundings in which they are out of place--we see many instances of pigs in the parlor4 ,these individuals1 however1 find it much easier to descend to their own level1 than it is for the high ,quality individuals to ascend to theirs4 ,the coarse man finds but little trouble in meeting with boon companions whose tastes are harmonious to his4 ,the person of extremely high ,quality may be said to have been born before his time1 while those of the lowest ,quality are atavistic and born after their time4 ,remember1 always1 that ,quality is an attribute of soul1 and not of birth1 wealth1 or even of education4 ,we may find many gentlemen of humble birth1 small means and limited education2 and also many educated pigs of high lineage and full coffers4 ,the ,outer ,form of ,quality is shown by the relative fineness of general structure1 and by the general form1 appearance1 manner1 motion1 voice1 laughter1 and more than all by that indescribable impression of fineness and distinction which they produce upon observing persons with whom they come in contact4 ,it must be remembered that ,quality is a very different thing from intellectuality or morality4 ,a high ,quality person may be immoral and not specially intellectual1 although there is almost always a keenness of perception1 and almost intuitive recognition1 in these cases--the immorality is generally lacking in coarseness1 and is usually connected with perversion of the sthetic faculties4 ,in the same way1 the person of low ,quality often may be moral according to the code1 but will be coarse in the manifestation of that virtue1 and may possess a certain low cunning which with many persons passes for intellect and brains4 ,in speaking of ,quality1 the words fineness and coarseness come easily to the mind and tongue and are perhaps the terms most suggestive of the two extremes of this attribute of the ,man4 ,,temperament ,next in the order of consideration we find what is called ,temperament4 ,temperament is defined as3 ,that individual peculiarity of organization by which the manner of acting1 feeling and thinking of each person is permanently affected2 disposition or constitution of the mind1 especially as regards the passions and affections4 ,hippocrates1 the ancient ,greek philosopher-physician 7,b4 ,c4 #dfh-cfg7 held to the existence of four temperaments1 which he attributed to certain qualities of the blood and the several secretions of the body such as the bile1 etc4 ,while his theory was rejected by later investigators1 his classification continued until very recently under the name of 7#a7 the ,sanguine2 7#b7 the ,lymphatic or ,phlegmatic2 7#c7 the ,choleric or ,bilious2 and 7#d7 the ,melancholic temperaments1 respectively4 ,as a matter of general information on the subject we herewith give the old classification with the attributes of each class3 ,the ,sanguine temperament was held to be characterized by red or light-brown hair1 blue eyes1 a fair or ruddy complexion1 large arteries and veins1 a full and rapid pulse1 slight perspiration1 impatience of heat1 febrile tendency1 and lively and cheerful temper1 excitable passions1 a warm1 ardent1 impulsive disposition1 and a liking for active pursuits2 ,the ,lymphatic1 or ,phlegmatic temperament was held to be characterized by light1 sandy1 or whitish hair1 light grey eyes1 pallid complexion1 skin almost devoid of hair1 flabby tissues1 much perspiration1 small blood-vessels1 a feeble and slow pulse1 want of energy1 lack of activity1 deficient spirit and vividness2 ,the ,choleric or ,bilious temperament was held to be characterized by black hair often curling1 black or hazel eyes1 and dark but ruddy complexion1 hairy skin1 strong full pulse1 firm muscles1 great activity and positiveness1 strength of character1 and an active brain4 ,the ,melancholic temperament was held to be characterized by black hair1 black or hazel eyes1 a dark leaden complexion1 pulse slow and feeble1 and a disposition toward study1 poetry1 literature1 and sentiment4 ,some later authorities added a fifth temperament1 called the ,nervous temperament1 which was held to be characterized by a medium complexion1 large brain1 small physical frame1 fineness of organization1 thin hair1 finely cut features1 quick lively disposition1 intellectual tastes and tendencies1 sensitive nature1 high capacity for enjoyment and suffering4 ,the latest authorities1 however1 discarded the old classification and adopted one more simple although fully as comprehensive4 ,the new classification recognizes three classes of temperament1 viz3 7#a7 the ,vital2 7#b7 the ,motive2 and 7#c7 the ,mental1 the characteristics of which are held to be as follows3 ,the ,vital temperament has its basis in the predominance of the nutritive system1 including the blood-vessels1 lymphatics and the glands4 ,its organs are the heart1 lungs1 stomach1 liver1 bowels1 and the entire internal vital system4 ,it is characterized by a large1 broad frame2 broad shoulders2 deep chest2 full round abdomen2 round plump limbs2 short thick neck2 comparatively small hands and feet2 full face2 flushed and florid cheeks2 and general well fed appearance4 ,those in whom it is predominant are fond of out-of-door exercise1 although not of hard work2 crave the good things of life2 fond of sport1 games and play2 love variety of entertainment and amusement2 are affectionate2 love praise and flattery2 prefer concrete rather than abstract subjects of thought2 look out for themselves2 are selfish1 but yet good fellows when it does not cost too much physical discomfort to themselves2 usually enjoy good health1 yet when ill are apt to be very weak2 tend to feverishness and apoplexy1 etc4 ,persons of the ,vital temperament may have either fair or dark complexion1 but in either case the cheeks and face are apt to be ruddy and flushed4 ,those of the dark type are apt to have greater power of endurance1 while those of the light type are apt to be more sprightly and active4 ,this temperament is particularly noticeable in women1 a large proportion of whom belong to its class4 ,this temperament furnishes the majority of the good companions1 sociable friends and acquaintances1 and theatre goers4 ,a leading phrenologist says of them that they incline to become agents1 overseers1 captains1 hotel-keepers1 butchers1 traders1 speculators1 politicians1 public officers1 aldermen1 contractors1 etc41 rather than anything requiring steady or hard work4 ,we have noticed that a large number of railroad engineers and policemen are of this temperament4 ,the ,motive temperament has as its basis the predominance of the motive or mechanical system1 including the muscles1 bones and ligaments--the general system of active work and motion4 ,its organs are those of the entire framework of the body1 together with those muscles and ligaments1 large and small1 general and special1 which enable man to walk1 move1 and work4 ,it is characterized by strong constitution1 physical power1 strong character1 active feeling1 and tendency toward work2 large bones and joints2 hard muscles2 angular and rugged figure2 usually broad shoulders and deep chest2 comparatively small and flat abdomen2 oblong face2 large jaw2 high cheek-bones2 strong large teeth2 bushy coarse hair2 rugged features and prominent nose1 ears1 mouth1 etc4 ,those in whom it is predominant are fond of physical and mental work2 are tenacious and try to carry through what they undertake2 resist fatigue2 are good stayers2 are full of dogged persistence and resistance2 and are apt to manifest creative effort and work4 ,persons of the ,motive temperament may have either dark or light complexion4 ,the ,scotch or ,scandanavian people show this temperament strongly1 as also do a certain type of ,americans4 ,the world's active workers come chiefly from this class4 ,this temperament is far more common among men than among women4 ,the fighting nations who have in different times swept over other countries display this temperament strongly4 ,this temperament1 predominant1 although associated with the other temperaments has distinguished the men who do things in the world's history4 ,it's raw-bone and gawkiness has swept things before it1 and has built up great things in all times4 ,its individuals have a burning desire to take hold and pull1 or to get together and start something4 ,as the name implies1 this temperament is the moving force in mankind4 ,the ,mental temperament has its basis in the predominance of the nervous system1 including the brain and spinal cord4 ,its organs are the brain1 or brains2 the spinal cord with its connecting nerves--in fact the entire nervous system1 including the sympathetic nervous system1 the various plexi1 and the nervous substance found in various parts of the body4 ,it is characterized by a light build2 slight frame2 comparatively large head2 quick movements2 sharp features2 thin sharp nose2 thin lips2 sharp and not very strong teeth2 keen1 penetrating eye2 high forehead and upper head2 fondness for brain work2 disinclination for physical drudgery2 sensitive nature2 quick perception2 rapid mental action2 developed intuition2 fine and shapely features2 expressive countenance1 expressive and striking voice1 generally rather high-strung1 vividness and intensity of emotion and feeling1 etc4 ,persons of this temperament are apt to be more or less intense2 enjoy and suffer keenly2 are sensitive to reproach or criticism2 are inclined to be sedentary2 take a pleasure in thinking1 and often burn their candle of life at both ends1 because of this tendency2 and incline to occupations in which their brains rather than their body is exercised4 ,they may be either of dark or of light complexion1 and in either case are apt to have bright1 expressive eyes4 ,the impression created by an examination of their physical characteristics is that of sharpness4 ,the fox1 weasel1 greyhound1 and similar animals illustrate this type4 ,persons of this temperament are apt to be either very good or very bad4 ,they run to extremes1 and sometimes execute a quick right about face4 ,when properly balanced1 this temperament produces the world's greatest thinkers along all lines of thought4 ,when not properly balanced it produces the abnormally gifted genius1 between whom and the unbalanced person there is but a slender line of division2 or the eccentric person with his so-called artistic temperament1 the crank with his hobbies and vagaries1 and the brilliant degenerate who dazzles yet horrifies the world4 ,,balanced ,,temperaments ,the best authorities agree in the belief that the ,balanced ,temperament is the most desirable4 ,that is1 the condition in which the three temperaments balance each other perfectly1 so that the weak points of each are remedied by the strong points of the others1 and the extremes of each are neutralized and held in check by the influence of the others4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler1 the veteran phrenologist says upon this point3 ,a well balanced organism1 with all the temperaments large and in about equal proportion1 is by far the best and most favorable for both enjoyment and efficiency2 to general genius and real greatness2 to strength along with perfection of character2 to consistency and power throughout4 ,the ,motive large1 with the ,mental deficient1 gives power with sluggishness1 so that the powers lie dormant2 adding large ,vital gives great physical power and enjoyment1 with too little of the ,mental and the moral1 along with coarseness2 while the ,mental in excess creates too much mind for body1 too much exquisiteness and sentimentality for the stamina1 along with a green-house precocity most destructive of life's powers and pleasures2 whereas their equal balance gives abundance of vital force1 physical stamina1 and mental power and susceptibility4 ,they may be compared to the several parts of a steamboat and its appurtenances4 ,the ,vital is the steam-power2 the ,motive1 the hulk or framework2 the ,mental1 the freight or passengers4 ,predominant ,vital generates more vital energy than can well be worked off1 which causes restlessness1 excessive passion1 and a pressure which endangers outbursts and overt actions2 predominant ,motive gives too much frame or hulk1 moves slowly1 and with weak ,mental1 is too light-freighted to secure the great ends of life1 predominant ,mental overloads1 and endangers sinking2 but all equally balanced and powerful1 carry great loads rapidly and well1 and accomplish wonders4 ,such persons unite cool judgments with intense and well-governed feelings2 great force of character and intellect with perfect consistency2 scholarship with sound common sense2 far seeing sagacity with brilliancy2 and have the highest order of both physiology and mentality4 ,professor ,nelson ,sizer1 another high authority said3 ,in nature the temperaments exist in combination1 one being1 however1 the most conspicuous4 ,so rarely do we find examples of an even mixture or balance1 that it may be said that they who possess it are marvellous exceptions in the current of human society4 ,such an even mixture would indicate a most extraordinary heritage2 it would be constitutional perfection4 ,but1 once in a while1 a person is met in whom there is a close approach to this balance1 and we are accustomed to speak of it as a balanced temperament1 it being difficult to determine which element is in predominance4 ,,mixed ,,temperaments ,the experience of the older phrenologists1 which is verified by the investigations of the later authorities1 was that in the majority of persons two of the temperaments are well developed1 the third remaining comparatively undeveloped4 ,of the two active temperaments1 one is usually found to be predominant1 although in many the two are found to be almost equally developed4 ,but even in the last mentioned instance one of the two seems to have been more actively called forth by the environment of the person1 and may therefore be regarded as the ruling temperament4 ,arising from this fact we find the several classes of ,mixed ,temperament1 known1 respectively1 as3 the ,vital-,motive2 the ,motive-,vital2 the ,motive-,mental2 the ,mental-,motive2 the ,vital-,mental2 and the ,mental-,vital4 ,in these classes the name of the predominant1 or most active temperament appears first1 the second name indicating the temperament relatively undeveloped or inactive4 ,the ,vital-,motive and the ,motive-,vital temperaments give the combination in which is manifested physical activity and strong vitality4 ,those of these temperaments are adapted to out-of-door work1 such as farming1 out-of-door trades1 mechanics1 soldiers and sailors1 and other occupations requiring strong vital power and muscular strength and activity4 ,the physical characteristics are the prominent bones and strong muscles of the ,motive1 and well-rounded limbs and stout forms of the ,vital4 ,when the ,vital predominates1 there is apt to be more flesh2 when the ,motive predominates there is apt to be more ruggedness and muscular development4 ,the ,motive-,mental and ,mental-,motive temperaments give the combination in which is manifested the physical activity of the ,motive and the mental activity of the ,motive and the mental activity of the ,mental--the physical and mental characteristics of the ,vital being absent4 ,the ,mental element relieves the ,motive of some of its crudeness and roughness1 while the ,motive relieves the ,mental of its tendency to get away from the practical side of things4 ,the strong frame and muscles are balanced by the brain-development4 ,those of this temperament make good practical business men1 physicians1 lawyers1 scientists1 explorers1 and others who have to work and think at the same time4 ,these people often manifest great executive ability4 ,when the ,motive predominates1 the tendency is toward out-of-door occupations in which the brain is used in connection with bodily activity4 ,when the ,mental predominates there is a tendency toward in-door occupations in which active brain work is required4 ,these people have well-developed heads1 together with wiry1 strong bodies4 ,some of the most successful men have come from this class4 ,the ,vital-,mental and ,mental-,vital temperaments give the combination in which is manifested many attractive traits which render their possessor agreeable1 companionable1 and at the same time bright and intelligent4 ,the ,vital element gives a plumpness to the form1 while the ,mental imparts a brightness to the mind4 ,this is the temperament of many attractive women4 ,the ,mental activity tends to counterbalance the ,vital tendency toward physical ease and comfort4 ,these people make good orators1 after dinner speakers1 and agreeable society men and women1 actors1 artists1 poets1 and popular literary men4 ,the respective predominance of the ,mental or the ,vital1 in this combination1 gives to this class somewhat of a variety1 but a little observation will soon enable one to recognize the individuals belonging to it4 ,a certain combination in this class produces the trait of emotionality1 or superficial feeling and sympathy4 ,the student of ,human ,nature should pay much attention to ,temperament and the outward indications of each class and sub-class1 for ,temperament gives us much of our best information regarding character and disposition1 in fact ,character ,reading depends materially upon the interpretation of ,temperament4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,mental ,,qualities ,we now approach the subject of the several particular mental qualities1 and the groups thereof1 both in the phase of their inner states and that of their outer form4 ,in the consideration of both of these phases we must avail ourselves of the investigations and researches of the old phrenologists who cleared a path for all who follow4 ,although many of the phrenological theories are rejected by modern psychologists and biologists1 nevertheless their work established a firm foundation for the science of the study of the brain and its functions4 ,and to ,gall and his followers we are indebted for the discovery and teaching that the activity and development of the several mental qualities or faculties manifest in outer form in the shape of the skull4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a ,,the ,,mental ,,qualities ,the general principles of phrenology may be briefly stated as follows3 ,i4 ,the ,brain is the organ of the mind4 ,,ii4 ,the mind is not a single entity or power1 but has several faculties1 stronger or weaker1 which determine the character of the individual4 ,,iii4 ,that each faculty or propensity has a special organ in the brain4 ,,iv4 ,the size of the brain 7the quality being equal7 is the true measure of power4 ,v4 ,there are several groups of faculties1 and each group is represented by organs located in the same region of the brain4 ,,vi4 ,the relative size of each organ results from the activity of its appropriate faculty4 ,,vii4 ,the size of the organ is indicated by the appearance and size of the skull immediately over the region of the organ4 ,,viii4 ,the ,quality and ,temperament of the organization determine the degree of vigor1 activity1 and endurance of the mental powers4 ,modern psychology and biology claim to have disproven many of the phrenological contentions1 while other lines of investigation have given us other theories to account for the phenomena first noted by the phrenologists4 ,some investigators of brain development and action hold that while certain mental states manifest in outer form on portions of the skull1 the phenomenon is due to the action of the cranial muscles rather than to the fact of the localization of special faculties--that each mental state is associated with certain actions on the part of certain cranial muscles which in turn exert a modifying effect upon the shape and size of the skull4 ,as ,erbes states it the effect the scheme of cranial muscles have had and still have upon the conformation of the skull1 and1 consequently1 had in determining the location of those areas and in giving brain and mind a character approximately identical from end to end of the scale of living things possessing the cerebro-spinal nervous system4 ,in so far as the neural matter is dependent upon the cranial muscles--aside from the sensory stimuli--so far1 likewise are the psychic manifestations1 through tongue or limb1 modified by variations in those muscles that1 after their creative task is done1 assume a vasomotor control over their respective areas4 ,the same writer also says3 ,the cerebral mass owes its location and subsequent expansion1 moreover1 in a measure that mind owes its character1 primarily to the action of the muscles attached to and lying upon its peripheral covering1 the skull2 these same muscles thereafter1 through exercising a cerebral vasomotor control1 act in the nature of keys for calling the evolved dependent brain areas into play1 singly and en masse4 ,others have held that the development of certain areas of the surface of the skull is due to peculiar neural or nervous1 activities having their seat in certain parts of the brain adjacent to their appropriate area of the skull1 but these theories fail to explain the nature of the relation between the mind1 brain and the nerve centres aforesaid4 ,these several authorities1 and others1 however1 agree upon the fact that certain areas of the brain are associated in some way with certain mental states2 and that these brain areas register their relative activity upon the areas of the skull adjacent thereto2 and that the activity and power of each brain area1 or faculty1 is denoted by the size of the associated skull-area4 ,thus1 the outward facts claimed by phrenology are admitted1 while their theories of cause are disputed4 ,in this book we shall rest content with these outward facts of phrenology1 and shall not concern ourselves with the various theories which seek to explain them1 preferring to leave that task for others4 ,in considering the subject of the ,outer ,form associated with the ,inner ,state of ,human ,nature1 we shall merely claim that mental states manifest in outer form in the shape and size of the head2 and that certain areas of the skull are thus associated with certain mental states1 the size and shape of the former denoting the degree of activity of the latter4 ,the general scheme of classification of the various mental faculties of the phrenologists1 and the names given thereto by the old phrenologists1 have in the main been adhered to in this book4 ,in a number of cases1 however1 we have seen fit to re-arrange the groups in accordance with the later ideas of the ,new ,psychology1 and have given to some of the faculties names considered more appropriate to the later classification1 and understanding of the mental state4 ,moreover1 in order to avoid the phrenological theories attaching thereto1 we have decided not to use the terms1 faculties1 propensities1 and sentiments1 in referring to the several mental states2 and shall therefore use the term ,qualities in the place thereof4 ,the term quality1 while denoting the condition of being such or such2 nature relatively considered1 does not carry with it the theory attached to the phrenological term faculty4 ,but the locality of the several qualities of faculties has not been disturbed or changed--the place where each quality manifests in outer form1 as assigned in this book1 agrees with that assigned by the old phrenologists1 time having served to establish the truth of the same1 rather than to disprove it4 ,the following is the classification and terminology adopted by us in this book in the consideration of the ,mental ,qualities4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,i4 ,,the ,,egoistic ,,qualities3 ,self-,esteem2 and ,approbativeness4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,motive ,,qualities3 ,combativeness2 ,destructiveness2 ,cunning2 ,cautiousness2 ,acquisitiveness2 and ,constructiveness4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,vitative ,,qualities3 ,vitativeness2 ,alimentativeness2 and ,bibativeness4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,emotive ,,qualities3 ,amativeness2 ,conjugality2 ,parental ,love2 ,sociability and ,home-,love4 ,v4 ,,the ,,applicative ,,qualities3 ,firmness2 and ,continuity4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,modificative ,,qualities3 ,ideality2 ,infinity2 and ,humor4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,relative ,,qualities3 ,human ,nature2 ,suavity2 ,sympathy2 and ,imitation4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,perceptive ,,qualities3 ,observation2 ,form2 ,size2 ,weight2 ,color2 ,order2 ,calculation2 ,tune2 ,time2 ,locality2 ,eventuality2 and ,words4 ,,ix4 ,,the ,,reflective ,,qualities3 ,analysis2 and ,logic4 ,x4 ,,the ,,religio-,,moral ,,qualities3 ,reverence2 ,mysticism2 ,optimism2 and ,conscientiousness4 ,in the following several chapters we shall consider each group1 in turn1 together with the particular ,qualities of each group4 ,it must be remembered that the power of each ,quality is modified by the influence of the other ,qualities4 ,therefore in judging the character of an individual1 each and every ,quality must be taken into consideration4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,egoistic ,,qualities ,the first group of ,qualities is that known as the ,egoistic ,qualities1 which is composed of two particular ,qualities1 known1 respectively1 as ,self-,esteem2 and ,approbativeness4 ,this group manifests outer form immediately at the crown of the head1 and on the sides directly beneath or side of the crown4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,it is the seat of the consciousness of ,individuality and ,personality1 and the tendencies arising directly therefrom4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,the ,,egoistic ,,qualities ,,self-,,esteem4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong sense of individual power1 self-respect1 self-help1 self-reliance1 dignity1 complacency1 pride of individuality1 and independence4 ,in excess it tends to produce egotism1 abnormal conceit1 imperiousness1 etc4 ,deficiency of it is apt to produce lack of confidence in self1 humility1 self-depreciation1 etc4 ,it gives to one the ambitious spirit1 and the desire for executive positions and places of authority4 ,it resents assumption of authority on the part of others1 and chafes under restraint4 ,it renders its possessors dignified and desirous of the respectful recognition of others4 ,it manifests outer form on the middle line of the head1 at the crown 7see group figure7 just above ,approbativeness1 where it may be perceived by reason of the enlargement of the crown4 ,when fully developed1 it tends to draw back the head1 so that the latter is held erect2 whereas1 when deficient it allows the head to droop forward in an attitude lacking the appearance of pride4 ,,approbativeness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire for praise1 approval1 flattery1 recommendation1 fame1 notoriety1 good name1 personal display1 show and outward appearance4 ,it is a form of pride different from that of ,self-,esteem1 for it is a vanity arising from personal things and outward appearances1 whereas ,self-,esteem gives a pride to the inner self or ego4 ,those in whom it is well-developed pay great attention to outward form1 ceremony1 etiquette1 fashion1 and social recognition1 and are always to be found on the popular side and with the crowd4 ,they thrive upon praise1 approval and notoriety1 and shrink under censure1 disapproval or lack of notice4 ,one with ,self-,esteem can be happy when alone1 and in fact often defies public opinion and fashion from very pride of self2 while one with ,approbativeness largely developed lacks the pride to rise above approval and the opinion of others1 while possessing a strong sense of vanity when public favor is bestowed4 ,it manifests outer form at the upper-back part of the head1 just above ,cautiousness and below ,self-,esteem1 7see group figure74 ,when largely developed it rises like two mounts on either side of ,self-,esteem1 but when ,self-,esteem is large and ,approbativeness is small1 the latter appears as two sunken places on either side of ,self-,esteem4 ,self-,esteem values the real self while ,approbativeness values the appearances of personality4 ,the one pursues the substance1 the other the shadows4 ,self-,esteem and ,approbativeness are often confused in the minds of the public4 ,the true keynote of the first is ,pride2 of the second1 ,vanity4 ,the student should learn to carefully distinguish between these two ,qualities4 ,approbativeness may cause one to make a monkey of himself in order to win notice1 praise or laughter1 while ,self-,esteem will never sacrifice self-respect and pride in order to win applause4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,motive ,,qualities ,the second group is known as the ,selfish ,qualities1 and is composed of the following particular ,qualities3 ,combativeness2 ,destructiveness2 ,cunning2 ,cautiousness2 ,acquisitiveness and ,constructiveness4 ,this group manifests in outer form extending along the sides of the lower head from the back toward the temples4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c ,,the ,,motive ,,qualities ,,combativeness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to oppose1 resist1 combat1 defy1 defend4 ,those in whom it is developed enjoy a scrap1 and1 in the words of the familiar saying1 would rather fight than eat4 ,when combined with ,vitativeness it manifests in the tendency to fight hard for life4 ,when combined with ,acquisitiveness it manifests in the tendency to fight for money or property4 ,when combined with ,amativeness it manifests in the tendency to fight for mates4 ,when combined with the family-loving ,qualities it manifests in a tendency to fight for the family4 ,in fact1 its particular direction is indicated by the development and combination of the other ,qualities4 ,it manifests in outer form at the sides of the lower-back part of the head1 a little back of the top part of the ear 7see group figure71 giving1 when developed1 enlargement of that part of the head--a broad back-head4 ,the broad-headed animals1 birds1 and fish have this propensity well developed1 while the narrow-heads have it in but a small degree4 ,it is also indicated by the strong jaw1 and by the mouth indicating a strong bite4 ,,destructiveness4 ,this ,quality1 manifests in a strong desire to break precedents1 doing things in new ways1 asserting authority1 extermination1 severity1 sternness1 breaking down1 crushing1 walking over1 etc4 ,its direction is largely governed by the other ,qualities1 as for instance in combination with ,acquisitiveness1 it manifests in breaking down opposition and precedents in business2 while with large conscientiousness it manifests in tearing down evil conditions1 etc41 and in doing the work of reform4 ,it generally is accompanied with large ,combativeness1 as the two go hand-in-hand4 ,it manifests outer form directly above1 and back of the top-part of the ear 7see group figure74 ,,cunning4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to be cunning1 sly1 close-mouthed1 diplomatic1 deceitful1 and generally foxy4 ,it is best illustrated by the example of the fox1 which animal combines in itself many of its qualities4 ,the coyote also shows signs of having this ,quality well developed1 as do birds of the crow and blackbird family1 and certain fishes4 ,with strong ,caution it renders one very secretive and close-mouthed4 ,with strong ,acquisitiveness it renders one sly and tricky in business4 ,with strong ,approbativeness it renders one apt to tell lying stories which magnify his importance and gratify his vanity4 ,with a vivid ,imagination it inclines one to draw on that quality and lie for the very love of romancing4 ,it manifests outer form a little distance above the top of the ear1 immediately above ,destructiveness1 and back of ,acquisitiveness 7see group figure74 ,,cautiousness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to avoid danger or trouble2 carefulness1 prudence1 watchfulness1 anxiety1 self-protection1 etc4 ,in excess it is apt to render one fearful1 over-anxious1 and even cowardly1 but in combination with other ,qualities it tends to give to one a balance and to restrain him from rashness and unnecessary risk4 ,its direction is also largely influenced by the development of other ,qualities4 ,thus with large ,acquisitiveness it makes one very cautious about money matters2 with large family qualities it renders one very careful about the family2 with large ,approbativeness it renders one bashful1 self conscious1 and fearful of adverse criticism4 ,it manifests outer form toward the upper-back part of the head1 directly over ,secretiveness 7see group figure71 and when developed is apparent by the enlargement of the comparatively large area covered by it4 ,an old phrenological authority says of it3 ,this is the easiest found of all the organs4444 ,starting at the middle of the back part of the ears1 draw a perpendicular line1 when the head is erect1 straight up to where the head begins to slope back in forming the top1 and ,caution is located just at the first turn4 ,,acquisitiveness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire either to acquire1 or else to hold property1 money1 or general objects of possession4 ,in some cases it contents itself with merely getting1 while in others it also holds on to what is secured1 the difference arising from the combinations of the other ,qualities4 ,in itself1 it may be said to be merely the tendency toward hoarding up1 but the combination with large ,combativeness and ,destructiveness enlarges its scope and tends to make its possessor rapacious and grasping4 ,it is the instinct of the squirrel and the bee1 and even the dog manifests it when he buries a bone for future gnawing purposes4 ,those in whom it is developed in connection with large ,caution1 manifest a strict economy and even miserliness1 while in others it expends itself in merely the getting for the sake of the getting1 the possessions often being scattered prodigally afterward1 the element of ,approbativeness entering largely into the latter action4 ,it manifests outer form in the lowest-middle section of the head1 directly over ,alimentiveness 7see group figure74 ,,constructiveness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to invent1 construct1 build1 create1 put together1 improve upon1 add to1 readjust1 etc4 ,it manifests along three general lines1 namely 7#a7 ,invention2 7#b7 ,construction2 and 7#c7 ,materialization1 by which is meant the making real of ideals previously entertained--the making come true of the dreams previously experienced--the materialization of the ideas1 plans1 and projects previously visualized4 ,this ,quality causes the person to improve1 alter1 tinker with1 build up1 invent1 and create along the lines of his vocation or avocation4 ,these people find it difficult to refrain from tinkering with1 altering1 or improving anything and everything with which they have to do4 ,with large ,logic1 ,analysis1 and ,perceptives they manifest inventive ability2 with large ,imitation they are fond of copying and constructing after models2 with large ,ideality they work toward making their dreams come true4 ,this ,quality is not confined to mechanical construction1 as the old phrenologists taught1 but manifests itself in business literature1 art1 and in fact in every vocation or occupation4 ,with large ,destructiveness1 it builds up new structures upon the ruins created by that ,quality4 ,in persons of the ,motive temperament it inclines toward mechanical invention1 creation and construction2 while in persons of the ,mental temperament it manifests in creating and constructing ideas1 thoughts1 theories1 scientific classification1 literary productions1 etc41 and in persons of the ,vital temperament it manifests in creating and improving upon things calculated to appeal to persons of that class4 ,it manifests outer form in the lower and frontal part of the temples1 backward and upward from the outer corner of the eye-brow 7see group figure74 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says4 ,in broad-built and stocky persons it causes this part of the temples to widen and bulge out1 but in tall1 long-headed persons it spreads out upon them1 and hence shows to be less than it really is4 ,it is directly below ,ideality and in front of ,acquisitiveness4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,vitative ,,qualities ,the third group is known as the ,vitative ,qualities1 which is composed of the three respective particular ,qualities3 ,vitativeness2 ,alimentativeness2 and ,bibativeness4 ,this group manifests in outer form directly back of1 and in front of1 the middle part of the ear4 7,see ,fig4 #d47 ,,vitativeness4 ,this quality manifests in a strong desire to live2 resistance to disease and death2 an intense clinging to life for the mere fact of living1 rather than for the sake of anything to be accomplished by continued existence4 ,it goes along with ,combativeness1 and is especially noticeable in the broad-headed people and animals4 ,the cat tribe1 hawks1 turtles1 sharks1 venomous snakes1 and others have this propensity well developed1 while it is deficient in the narrow-headed animals1 such as the rabbit1 certain birds1 certain fish1 and many harmless snakes4 ,those in whom it is developed die hard1 while those in whom it is deficient die easily4 ,this capacity manifests in outer form in the area situated just back of the middle part of the ear 7see group figure74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d ,,the ,,vitative ,,qualities ,,alimentiveness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to gratify the tastes for food1 when large it inclines one toward gluttony1 and tends to make one live to eat1 instead of to eat to live4 ,those in whom it is largely developed eat heartily and like to see others doing the same2 while those in whom it is deficient care very little for the quality or amount of their food and often actually resent the1 to them1 disgusting sight of persons partaking of a hearty meal4 ,it manifests in outer form immediately in front of the upper part of the ear 7see group figure74 ,,bibativeness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to gratify the appetite for drinks of various kinds4 ,in its normal well-developed state it manifests in a desire for water1 milk and fluid foods1 such as soups1 broths1 etc41 and other juicy things4 ,perverted it manifests in the appetite for intoxicating liquors1 tea and coffee1 soft drinks1 and the various decoctions of the modern soda-fountain4 ,by some this ,quality is regarded as merely a phase of ,alimentiveness1 while others consider it to be a separate ,quality4 ,it manifests in outer form immediately in front of the locality of ,alimentiveness1 toward the eye4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,emotive ,,qualities ,the fourth group is that known as the ,social ,qualities1 which group is composed of the following particular ,qualities3 ,amativeness2 ,conjugality2 ,parental ,love2 ,sociability and ,home ,love4 ,this group manifests outer form at the lower-back portion of the head 7see ,fig4 #e71 and shows itself by an enlargement of that region1 causing the head to bulge back of the ears4 ,it may best be understood by an examination of its several particular ,qualities4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e ,,the ,,emotive ,,qualities ,,amativeness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire for sexual indulgence and association with the opposite sex4 ,its purpose is1 of course1 the reproduction of the race1 but its abuse and perversion has led man to many excesses and unnatural practices4 ,it is a dynamic propensity and its normal development is seemingly necessary in order to produce the life spirit1 and vital activity mental and physical4 ,those in whom it is deficient lack spirit and energy1 while those in whom it is developed to excess tend to lean toward excesses4 ,when developed normally it seems to add an attractiveness or magnetism to its possessors2 when deficient it renders the person cold non-magnetic and unattractive2 when over-developed and unrestrained it causes the person to become disgusting and repulsive to the normal person2 vulgar1 licentious and depraved4 ,its seat is in the cerebellum or little brain1 and it manifests outer form by an enlarged fullness at the nape of the neck1 at the base of the skull 7see group figure74 ,it tends to cause the head to lean backward and downward at the nape of the neck4 ,it also manifests by fullness of the lips1 particularly in their middles4 ,the lips and position of the head of persons in whom this quality is largely developed is indicative of the attitude and position of kissing4 ,spurzheim says of it3 ,it is situated at the top of the neck1 and its size is proportionate to the space between the mastoid process1 immediately behind the ears1 and the occipital spine1 in the middle of the hind head4 ,it is noticeable that those in whom this quality is fully or largely developed seem to have the power of attracting or charming those of the opposite sex1 while those who are deficient in it lack this quality4 ,,conjugality4 ,this quality manifests in a strong desire for a mate--and one mate only4 ,while ,amativeness may cause one to seek the society of many of the opposite sex1 ,conjugality will act only to cause one to seek the one life partner4 ,conjugality causes the desire to mate for life4 ,it is something quite different from ,amativeness1 although of course related to it4 ,the location of its outer form1 between ,amativeness and ,friendship1 gives the key to its quality--love with companionship4 ,those in whom it is well developed are very close to their mates and tend toward jealousy2 they suffer intensely when the relation is inharmonious or disturbed in any way1 and are often brokenhearted at disappointment in love or the death of the mate4 ,those in whom it is deficient feel very little true companionship for their mates1 and with ,amativeness large are apt to be promiscuous in their manifestation of love or passion2 if one love is interrupted or interfered with they find little difficulty in shifting their affections4 ,those in whom it is strong are true unto death1 while those in whom it is weak are fickle1 inconstant and lack loyalty4 ,the ,quality manifests outer form on each side of the lower-back of the head1 just above ,amativeness and just below ,friendship1 and on either side of ,parental ,love--the location being especially indicative of its nature 7see group figure74 ,,parental ,,love4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire for and love of children1 particularly one's own4 ,those in whom it is very strong often adopt children in addition to their own and love to caress children wherever and whenever they may see them4 ,it manifests outer form at the lower-back part of the head on the middle-line of the head1 above ,amativeness1 and below ,inhabitiveness 7see group figure74 ,,sociability4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire for companionship1 fellowship1 friends1 sympathy1 society1 associates1 etc4 ,it is the social sense4 ,those in whom it is strong feel happy only when surrounded by associates1 friends or boon companions4 ,they incline toward lodges1 clubs and social gatherings4 ,to be alone is to suffer1 to such people4 ,those in whom it is weak prefer to be alone1 or at the best with a few carefully chosen companions1 and avoid promiscuous friendships and social gatherings4 ,it manifests outer form just above ,conjugality1 and at the sides of ,parental love and ,inhabitiveness1 and directly back of ,cautiousness and the upper-part of ,combativeness 7see group figure74 ,,home-,,love4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong love of familiar places1 particularly of one's home and near-by country1 and from this springs love of country and patriotism4 ,those in whom it is strong dislike to travel1 and are subject to home-sickness4 ,those in whom it is weak are fond of travel1 readily change their places of abode1 and are apt to become roamers if they indulge the ,quality4 ,when over large1 it inclines one toward narrowness1 sectionalism and provincialism2 when small1 it inclines one toward frequent moves1 and changes of residence and location4 ,it manifests outer form at the back part of the head1 on the middle-line1 directly above ,parental ,love and below ,continuity 7see group figure74 ,when it is large it tends to produce a ridge1 flat-iron-shape and pointing upward2 when small1 it presents a depression sufficient to contain the ball of the finger4 ,its close connection to ,continuity1 on the one hand1 and ,parental ,love on the other1 is very suggestive4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,applicative ,,qualities ,the fifth group1 known as the ,applicative ,qualities1 is composed of two particular ,qualities1 known1 respectively1 as ,firmness and ,continuity4 ,this group manifests in outer form on the centre-line of the head1 just above and just below the crown1 at which latter point ,self-,esteem is situated 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f ,,the ,,applicative ,,qualities ,,firmness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong tendency toward stability1 tenacity1 fixedness of purpose1 and decision4 ,when very highly developed with the reasoning powers weak it often manifests as stubborness1 mulishness1 obstinacy1 etc4 ,those in whom it is largely developed display firmness in decision1 are set in their ways1 cannot be driven by force or converted by argument when they have once formed an opinion and taken a stand4 ,the indomitable will arises from this ,quality1 in fact this ,quality might well be termed the ,will ,quality1 although it manifests by that aspect of ,will which shows itself as fixedness1 while its companion ,quality1 that of ,continuity1 manifests the phase of ,will known as stick-to-it-iveness4 ,persons in whom ,firmness is largely developed make certain decisions and then abide by them4 ,they may be coaxed but never driven4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler1 speaking of this ,quality1 said3 ,no man ever succeeded without great will-power to hold on and hold out in the teeth of opposing difficulties4 ,i never knew a man distinguished for anything1 not even crimes1 to lack it4 ,it is an indispensable prerequisite of greatness and goodness4 ,without it great talents are of little avail1 for they accomplish little2 but with it large1 fair to middling capacities accomplish commendable results4 ,success in life depends more on this than on any other single attribute4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form on the centre-line of the back part of the top head1 just above ,self-,esteem4 ,the location may be ascertained by holding the head erect1 drawing an imaginary line upward from the opening of the ears straight to the top of the head to the middle-line or centre of the top of the head--the location is at this last-point4 ,it is usually quite prominent1 and in many men unusually large4 ,when fully developed it gives a tallness to the head from the opening of the ears to top of head4 ,when it is weak1 there is apt to be a flatness or even a depression at the point of its location4 ,it also manifests in a stiff upper lip1 that is a firm upper lip1 the latter often being longer than ordinarily4 ,a certain stiffness of the upper-lip is often noticed when ,firmness is habitually asserted1 or in cases when the ,quality is temporarily called into play4 ,the term stiff upper lip is more than a mere figurative expression4 ,combe says of this ,quality3 ,when this organ predominates it gives a peculiar hardness to the manner1 a stiffness and uprightness to the gait1 with a forcible and emphatic tone to the voice4 ,,continuity4 ,this propensity manifests in a strong tendency to stick-to a thing once begun1 until it is finished2 a disinclination for change2 a habit of patient work and thought2 a desire to do but one thing at a time2 etc4 ,it is difficult to interest these people in new things--they hold fast to the old4 ,they are naturally conservative and are averse to new-fangled things4 ,they are plodders and steady workers1 and run on like a clock when once wound up4 ,they are apt to possess the power of long and continued concentration upon anything which attracts their attention1 although it is difficult to attract their attention to an entirely new thing4 ,prof4 ,sizer says3 ,firmness gives a stiff1 determined fortitude1 decision of character2 it serves to brace up the other faculties to the work in hand4444 ,firmness gives determination and obstinacy of purpose1 while ,continuity gives a patient1 perfecting1 plodding application4 ,of two stone-cutters with equal ,firmness1 they will be alike thorough and persevering1 but if one has large ,continuity he prefers to use the drill in one place for hours1 while the other with small ,continuity craves variety1 and prefers to use the chisel in cutting and dressing the entire surface of the stone4 ,continuity in excess often manifests in long-windedness1 prosiness1 boredom1 prolixity and tiresomeness4 ,when it is weak there is manifested a flightiness1 tendency to change1 lack of concentration1 attraction of the new1 a shifting of base1 change of mind1 and general instability and lack of stick-to-itiveness4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form on the centre line of the top back of the head1 just below the crown 7,self-,esteem7 and just above ,inhabitiveness 7see group figure74 ,reference to the group figure will show that it is peculiar in shape1 and forms a semi-circular arch over a part of the top-back head4 ,when fully developed that part of the head is simply evenly rounded with swelling2 when deficient it leaves a hollow1 crescent shape1 horns downward4 ,in ,america we find the majority of people are weak in ,continuity1 while in certain other countries it is found largely developed in the majority of cases4 ,this fact gives to ,americans a benefit in certain directions and a weakness in others4 ,both ,firmness and ,continuity are manifested almost entirely in connection with the other ,qualities1 and are known almost altogether in that way4 ,in themselves they have almost abstract nature4 ,in determining character1 they must be taken largely into consideration1 because their influence on the other ,qualities is very great4 ,in fact they may be said to determine the degree of application of the other ,qualities4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,modificative ,,qualities ,the sixth group is known as the ,modificative ,qualities 7called by the phrenologists ,the ,self-,perfecting ,group71 which is composed of the following particular ,qualities4 ,ideality1 ,infinity and ,humor1 respectively4 ,this group manifests outer form in the region of the temples1 and when large gives width to the sides of the fore part of the head 7,see ,figure #g74 ,,ideality4 ,this ,quality could well be called the ,artistic quality of the mind4 ,it manifests in a strong desire for the beautiful1 the ideal1 the elegant1 the polished1 the graceful1 the refined4 ,it is also closely connected with the phase of mental activity called ,imagination4 ,those in whom it is largely developed manifest the artistic taste and temperament1 the love of art1 beauty and the ideal1 the poetic spirit1 the love of the refined and choice--and a corresponding dislike for all opposed to these tastes and qualities4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g ,,the ,,modificative ,,qualities ,spurzheim says of it3 ,a poetic turn of mind results from a peculiar mode of feeling4 ,vividness1 glow1 exaltation1 imagination1 inspiration1 rapture1 exaggeration1 and warmth of expression are requisite for poetry4 ,poets depict a fictitious and imaginary world4 ,this faculty gives glow to the other faculties2 impresses the poetical and ideal2 aspires to imaginary perfection in every thing2 creates enthusiasm in friendship1 virtue1 painting1 music1 etc42 produces sentimentality1 and leads to delicacy and susceptibility4 ,it often acts with ,spirituality 7,mysticism71 located adjoining it1 in embellishing poetry with the mysterious and supernatural4 ,practical exaltation varies with this organ4 ,combe says3 ,this faculty loves exquisiteness1 perfection1 and the beau-ideal2 gives inspiration to the poet2 stimulates those faculties which form ideas to create perfect scenes2 inspires man with a ceaseless love of improvement1 and prompts him to form and realize splendid conceptions2 imparts an elevated strain to language1 and shows a splendor of eloquence and poetic feeling2 and gives to conversation a fascinating sprightliness and buoyancy--the opposite of dryness and dullness4 ,in addition to the above characteristics1 which are largely due to the co-operation of ,mysticism1 ,infinity1 and ,reverence1 there is another set of manifestations which were largely overlooked by the older phrenologists--the activity of the ,imagination in connection with ,constructiveness4 ,this combination of ,constructiveness and ,ideality is found in the great scientists1 inventors1 great financiers1 and others whose plans for building up show that ,ideality has been also very active in the direction of picturing what may be--the ideal which ,construction makes real4 ,in much mental constructive work1 there is found the artistic element1 which arises from ,ideality4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form in the upper and frontal portion of the temples1 just where the head begins to curve upward1 and just in front of1 or under1 the edges of the hair 7see group figure74 ,it is just above ,constructiveness1 and just below ,mysticism and ,imitation1 a position which throws light on its several phases of manifestation above noted4 ,,infinity4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong realization of the grand1 the majestic1 the vast1 the illimitable1 the infinite1 the eternal1 the absolute1 the omnipotent1 the omnipresent1 the omniscient4 ,it is the realizing sense of ,the ,great4 ,those in whom it is large are impressed by the sublime1 the majestic1 the grand1 in nature or in thought and conception4 ,niagara2 the great work of the architect2 the thunder-storm2 the giant redwood of ,california2 the ocean2 or the thoughts of ,infinity1 alike appeal to the one in whom this ,quality is large4 ,if ,reverence be large1 the trend of ,infinity will be toward religious ideas--the greatness of ,god4 ,if the intellectual faculties be in the ascendency1 ,infinity will lead to high conceptions of ,space1 ,nature1 the ,infinite4 ,if ,ideality be large1 ,infinity will incline toward the grand and great in art4 ,if ,constructiveness be well developed1 ,infinity will impel to the creation of great works1 enterprises1 buildings1 schemes1 or what not4 ,infinity influences everything in the direction of largeness and greatness4 ,this ,quality manifests in outer form on the side of the head1 about midway between forehead and back-head1 and about midway between top and bottom of that part of the head which contains the brain 7see group figure74 ,it is back of ,ideality1 and in front of ,cautiousness2 below ,optimism and above ,acquisitiveness1 on the side of the head where the upward curve begins4 ,,humor4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong appreciation of the ludicrous1 humorous1 ironical1 facetious1 and raillery4 ,spurzheim says3 ,those who write like ,voltaire1 ,rabelais1 ,piron1 ,sterne1 ,rabener1 ,wieland1 and all who are fond of jest1 raillery1 ridicule1 irony1 and comical conceptions1 have the upper and outer parts of the forehead immediately before ,beauty 7,ideality7 of considerable size4 ,combe says3 ,i have found in the manifestations of those whose ,wit 7,mirthfulness7 predominates over ,causality 7,logic7 a striking love of the purely ludicrous2 their great delight being to heap absurd and incongruous ideas together2 extract laughter out of every object2 and enjoy the mirth their sallies created2 and therefore agree with ,spurzheim that the sentiment of the ludicrous is its primitive function4 ,those in whom it is very large are apt to be regarded as trifling and undignified1 and people often lack respect for them4 ,those in whom it is weak are apt to be over-serious and dreary4 ,a sense of humor is valuable in many ways1 among which is its influence in letting us see the silly side of much pretentious nonsense which might otherwise deceive our reason and judgment4 ,many a solemn and dignified fallacy or error can best be attacked through a laugh and a realization of its absurdity4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form on the upper and lateral part of the forehead 7see group figure74 ,it is just before ,ideality and just below ,imitation4 ,when large it gives a square and prominent shape to this part of the forehead4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,relative ,,qualities ,the seventh group is known as the ,relative ,qualities1 and is composed of the following four particular ,qualities3 ,human ,nature2 ,suavity2 ,sympathy2 and ,imitation2 respectively4 ,the designation ,relative is applied to this group1 by reason of the fact that its activities are concerned with the relations between the individual and others of his kind4 ,the group manifests outer form in the front-upper part of the head1 beginning just above the line of the hair1 from which it extends backward toward the top-head4 7,see ,fig4 #h47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h ,,the ,,relative ,,qualities ,,human ,,nature4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to read character1 discern human motives1 interpret feelings and thoughts1 and to know men and women thoroughly4 ,those in whom it is large seem to read the mind1 motives and character of those whom they meet1 in an almost intuitive manner--the ideas1 feelings1 thoughts1 motives and designs of others seem like an open book to them4 ,they are natural physiognomists1 and understand ,human ,nature in both its inner states and outer forms4 ,this quality is largely developed in successful salesmen1 detectives1 credit-men1 politicians1 and others whose success depends largely upon the ability to read the character of those with whom they come in contact4 ,this ,quality concerns itself with the entire subject matter of this book1 and is of the utmost importance to every individual4 ,it should be developed and trained4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler explains its manifestations1 and at the same time directs one along the lines of its cultivation1 as follows3 ,scan closely all the actions of men1 in order to ascertain their motives and mainsprings of action2 look with a sharp eye at man1 woman and child1 all you meet1 as if you would read them through2 note particularly the expression of the eye1 as if you would imbibe what it signifies2 say to yourself1 what faculty prompted this expression and that action8 drink in the general looks1 attitude1 natural language and manifestations of men1 and yield yourself to the impressions naturally made on you2 that is1 study human nature both as a philosophy and a sentiment4 ,this ,quality manifests in outer form on the middle-line of the summit of the forehead1 just where the hair usually begins to appear1 and from thence slightly upward around the curve 7see group figure74 ,it is directly above ,analysis and is often mistaken for a continuation thereof4 ,its nearness to that ,quality indicates its relationship thereto1 the connection being very close2 in fact1 some authorities have treated it as a particular phase of ,analysis4 ,it is directly in front of and below ,sympathy1 which position is also suggestive1 for we must first understand the feelings of others before we can sympathize with them4 ,it is between the two lobes of ,suavity1 which position is also suggestive1 for ,suavity depends upon an understanding of the character and feelings of others1 in order that we may fall in with the same4 ,in the same way ,imitation1 which closely adjoins it1 depends upon ,human ,nature for its copying material4 ,when largely developed this ,quality gives a peculiar fullness and height to the upper forehead4 ,,suavity4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to be agreeable1 suave1 pleasant1 polite and attractive to other people4 ,those in whom it is large possess a charming personality2 a winning way2 are interesting and agreeable2 polite1 and often fascinating4 ,they always say the right thing to the right person at the right time and right place4 ,they sugar-coat unpleasant truths1 and are natural diplomats4 ,this is the ,quality of ,tact4 ,these people are all things to all men1 and show every evidence of having kissed the ,blarney ,stone1 and of understanding the manufacture and use of soft soap4 ,with ,human ,nature large1 they1 as ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says know just how and when to take and hoodwink men2 with ,secretiveness 7,cunning7 large and ,conscientiousness small1 are oily and palavering1 and flatter victims1 and serpent-like salivate before swallowing4 ,when the adjoining ,quality of ,humor is large1 they add humor and wit to their other attractive qualities4 ,this ,quality1 in normal development1 is the lubricant which makes the wheels of social and business intercourse run smoothly4 ,in excess it renders one too smooth and oily2 while its deficiency renders one boorish1 unattractive and disagreeable4 ,it manifests in outer form in the upper-fore part of the head1 about the hair-line1 and on each side of ,human ,nature4 ,it is just below ,imitation1 just above ,logic1 and touches the upper side of ,mirthfulness 7see group figure74 ,together with ,human ,nature1 when both are large1 it tends to give a squareness and fullness to the upper part of the forehead1 and a somewhat angular turn to the forehead at that point4 ,,sympathy4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong feeling of kindness1 compassion1 benevolence1 sympathy1 and desire to make and see others happy4 ,its manifestation is always altruistic4 ,when largely developed it causes one to feel the pains of others1 and to be unhappy at the sight1 thought or hearing of their pains and woes4 ,when deficient or weak it allows the person to be callous to the misfortunes of others4 ,when normally developed it causes one to radiate ,kindness1 ,sympathy and ,compassion1 but in excess it renders one miserable because of the consciousness of the world-pain1 and often causes one to be the victim of misplaced sympathy and confidence4 ,it is unnecessary to state that those in whom this propensity is strong are to be found serving their fellow-men in charitable1 philanthropic1 and educational work4 ,some have it in such excess that they will impoverish themselves and their families in order to help perfect strangers or the race at large4 ,it manifests outer form on the fore part of the top head1 on the middle-line1 commencing just about where the hair begins and running back almost to the middle of the top-head4 ,it is immediately in front of ,reverence4 ,when large it tends to give the head a little forward tilt or inclination1 as if toward the person for whom sympathy is felt4 ,in listening to a story awakening sympathy1 one naturally inclines the head a little forward4 ,,imitation4 ,this ,quality manifests itself in the strong tendency to reproduce1 copy1 take pattern of1 or mimic4 ,it plays an important part in the work of the artist and the actor4 ,it enables one in whom it is largely developed to enter into the ideas1 plans and works of others2 to catch their spirit2 and to reproduce their work or ideas4 ,in connection with ,ideality it forms a large part of the artistic talent in all lines of creative work4 ,with large ,constructiveness and ,ideality1 it makes the inventor and the designer who build upon that which has gone before that which is new and original4 ,with ,self-,esteem small and ,approbativeness large1 this ,quality will cause the person to follow my leader and imitate others1 rather than to assert his own originality and creative power4 ,this ,quality is noticeable principally as a modifier of the other faculties and propensities4 ,it manifests outer form on the upper sides of the forehead1 toward the top of the head 7see group figure74 ,it lies just below ,sympathy1 and above ,ideality2 before ,mysticism1 and back of ,suavity4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,perceptive ,,qualities ,the eighth group is known as the ,perceptive ,qualities1 composed of the following particular ,qualities1 respectively3 ,observation2 ,form ,size2 ,weight2 ,color2 ,order2 ,calculation2 ,tune2 ,time2 ,locality2 ,eventuality1 and ,words4 ,this group manifests outer form in the lower part of the forehead1 in the region of the eye4 7,see ,fig4 #i47 ,when large this group often gives to the upper forehead the appearance of retreating or sloping backward4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says of the appearance of those ,qualities which manifest outer form under the eyebrows3 ,the following rule for observing their size obviates the objection sometimes urged that the eyebrows and their arches prevent the correct diagnosis of these smaller organs crowded so thickly together4 ,the rule is3 ,the shape of the eyebrows reveals the size1 absolute and relative1 of each1 thus3 ,when all are large1 the eyebrow is long and arching2 when all are deficient1 it is short and straight2 when some are large and others small1 it arches over the large ones1 but passes horizontally over those which are small4 ,this rule is infallible4 ,the other ,qualities of the group1 according to ,prof4 ,sizer1 is located above the eyes1 and 444 constitute about one-third of the depth of the forehead1 beginning at the arch of the eye4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i ,,the ,,perceptive ,,qualities ,,observation4 ,this ,quality was given the name of ,individuality by the early phrenologists1 but this term is considered misleading1 owing to the later usage of that term4 ,it manifests in a strong desire to observe1 see1 examine1 inspect1 and know the things of the objective life4 ,those in whom it is largely developed feel the insatiable urge of the inquisitive spirit2 they desire to investigate everything coming under their notice4 ,many little details in the objects or subjects in which they are interested are noticed by them1 while overlooked by the majority of people4 ,prof4 ,sizer says of it that it gives a recognition of things and the special points and facts of subjects2 quickness of observation is an important element in the acquisition of knowledge4444 ,those in whom it is large are eager to see all that may be seen1 and nothing escapes their attention4 ,it opens the door for the action of all the other perceptive organs4444 ,they are quick to notice everything that is presented to the eye2 and it goes farther1 and enables us to recognize that which we touch1 or sounds we hear4 ,the rattling strokes of a drum are distinct noises1 and each is an individuality4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler1 says3 ,it is adapted1 and adapts men to the divisibility of matter1 or that natural attribute which allows it to be subdivided indefinitely4 ,yet each division maintains a personal existence4 ,it thus puts man in relation and contact with a world full of things for his inspection1 as well as excites in him an insatiable desire to examine everything4 ,it is therefore the looking faculty4 ,its distinctive office is to observe things4 ,it asks3 ',what is this8' and says1 ',show me that6'444 ,before we can know the uses1 properties1 causes1 etc41 of things1 we must first know that such things exist1 and of this ,observation informs us4 ,this ,quality is largely involved in the process of ,attention4 ,it usually manifests in the form of involuntary attention1 that is1 attention to interesting things4 ,but1 under the influence of the will1 with ,firmness large1 it manifests voluntary attention1 or attention or study of objects not interesting in themselves1 but which it is important to study and know4 ,it is largely developed in children and undeveloped adults in the phase of curiosity or desire to observe new things4 ,in adults1 of developed minds1 it manifests as attention to things of material interest and important subjects or objects of study4 ,this ,quality is the master of its associated ,qualities in this group1 and is involved in all of their activities4 ,it manifests outer form in the middle of the lower part of the forehead1 between the inner ends of the eyebrows1 and above the top of the nose--just above the root of the nose1 in fact4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says3 ,when it is large1 the eyebrows flex downward at their nasal ends1 and the lower part of the forehead projects4 ,when it is deficient1 the eyebrows are straight at their inner ends1 and come close together 7,see group figure74 ,,form4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of the form and shape of objects observed4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize and remember details of form and shape1 faces1 etc4 ,it manifests outer form between1 and slightly above1 the eyes1 on each side of ,observation 7see group figure74 ,when large it tends to push the eyes apart and outward4 ,sizer says3 ,the width between the eyes is the indication of its development4444 ,when small the eyes are nearer together1 which gives a pinched expression to that part of the face2 when the organ is large1 the eyes appear to be separated1 pushing away from the root of the nose4 ,distinguished artists have the eyes widely separated4 ,audobon said of ,bewick1 an eminent ,english wood-engraver1 ,his eyes were placed farther apart than those of any man ,i have ever seen4 ,,size4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of the size and magnitude of objects observed4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize and remember the size1 dimensions1 proportion1 distance1 height and depth1 quantity1 bulk of things4 ,it manifests outer form on each side of ,observation1 but a little lower down 7see group figure71 in the angle formed by the root of the nose and arch of the eyebrows4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says3 ,in proportion as it is large it causes the inner portion of the eyebrows to project over the inner portions of the eyes1 quite like the eaves of a house1 forming a shed over the inner portion of each eye4 ,,weight4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of weight1 balance and gravity of things4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize1 and remember the weight of things2 and also things out of balance or plumb4 ,these people seem to have the faculty of balancing themselves nicely1 and keeping their feet on a slippery surface1 on a tight-rope1 etc41 and often walk with a swinging1 free motion1 indicating a sense of balance and security4 ,this ,quality manifests under the eyebrows1 next to ,size1 about a half inch from the upper part of the nose1 rising somewhat above the inner part of the eyeball and the bridge of the nose4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says3 ,draw a perpendicular line from the centre of each eye up to the eyebrow2 ,weight is internally1 and ,color externally of this line under the eyebrows4 ,,color4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of the color1 hue1 shade1 and tint of things4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize and remember the colors1 shadings1 blendings and combination of tints1 and to compare1 match and harmonize colors instinctively4 ,it manifests outer form under the eyebrows1 just back of ,weight 7see rule for finding1 in last paragraph71 and occupies the space directly under the centre of the arch of the eyebrows 7see group figure74 ,when largely developed it gives an upward and forward arch to the eyebrows4 ,,order4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of order1 method and arrangement4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize1 and remember the order and sequence in which objects appear or are arranged4 ,they are very methodical1 precise1 and pay attention to details of arrangement and system4 ,they have a place for everything1 and like to keep everything in its place4 ,in business they are strong on system1 sometimes overdoing it4 ,they are also fond of rules1 laws1 customs1 and codes1 and adhere strictly thereto4 ,they like everything pigeon-holed1 labelled1 or else fenced in and off from every other thing4 ,are also great disciplinarians4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form next to ,color1 and beneath the junction of the bony ridges 7on the sides of the head7 and the eyebrows1 7see group figure74 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says3 ,when very large it forms an arch1 almost an angle1 in the eyebrows at this point1 accompanied by its projection or hanging over4444 ,when small1 the eyebrows at this point retire1 and are straight and flat1 wanting that arched projection given by large ,order4 ,combe says3 ,its large development produces a square appearance at the external angle of the lower part of the forehead4 ,,calculation4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of number1 figures1 calculations1 etc4 ,those in whom it is largely developed most readily perceive1 recognize1 and remember anything concerned with the number of things1 or calculations based thereon4 ,they are natural arithmeticians and mathematicians4 ,calculation comes easy to them1 and in cases of high development they may be said to think mathematically4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form next to ,order1 and under the outer ends of the eyebrows 7see group figure74 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler1 says3 ,it elongates the ends of the eyebrows laterally1 and flexes them horizontally in proportion as it is developed1 yet when deficient the eyebrow is left short externally1 does not project beyond the eye1 and terminates running downwards4 ,gall says3 ,its convolution is a continuation of the lowest convolution of ,tune1 and is placed on the most external part of the orbital plate1 in a furrow running from before backwards4 ,when it is very large it depresses the external part of the plate1 so that the superorbital arch is irregular1 except in its internal part2 its external line representing a straight line1 which descends obliquely4 ,hence the external part of the eyelid is depressed1 and conceals the corresponding part of the eye4 ,,tune4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of tune1 music1 harmony1 melody1 etc4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize1 and remember all connected with the subject of ,music4 ,it is the musical sense1 taste and faculty4 ,its characteristics are too well-known to require elaboration4 ,it manifests outer form in the lateral and lower part of the forehead1 above ,order and ,calculation1 in front of ,constructiveness1 and back of ,time 7see group figure74 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says3 ,when large it fills out the lower1 frontal portions of the temples4444 ,still1 being located in a kind of corner 444 and the temporal muscle passing over it1 its position varies somewhat1 which renders observation more difficult1 except in the heads of children1 in whom it is generally larger than in adults4 ,,time4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of time1 duration1 rhythm1 etc4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize1 and remember all connected with the flight of time1 dates1 duration1 periodicity1 chronology1 etc4 ,spurzheim says of it that it1 perceives the duration1 simultaneousness1 and succession of phenomena4 ,it may be called the time sense which is so apparent in some persons1 and so noticeable by reason of its absence in others4 ,it manifests outer form above ,color and ,weight1 in front of ,tune1 and back of ,locality 7see group figure74 ,,locality4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation1 and recollection of places1 positions1 locations1 directions1 etc4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize1 and remember places1 directions1 positions1 land-marks1 points-of-the compass1 roads1 paths1 streets1 and other things having to do with space4 ,such persons are never lost nor confused as to direction or locality2 they have an almost instinctive sense of direction4 ,it is the geographical or traveller's sense4 ,it is found large in the majority of travellers1 sailors1 civil engineers1 etc4 ,persons in whom it is large can find themselves about a strange city without trouble1 and will remember old scenes1 places1 locations for years4 ,those in whom it is weak frequently get lost1 or mixed up regarding place1 position and direction4 ,it manifests outer form over ,size and ,weight1 or about three-quarters of an inch above the inner half of the eyebrows1 and runs upwards and outwards 7see group figure74 ,it is said to have been immensely developed and apparent in ,capt4 ,cook1 the eminent explorer1 and the portraits of ,columbus and other great explorers and travellers show a distinct enlargement of this locality4 ,gall1 who discovered the location of this ,quality1 took casts of the heads of noted explorers and travellers1 and others manifesting the sense of place and direction1 and upon comparing them1 found in them all1 in the region directly over the eyes1 two large prominences1 which began just inside the root of the nose1 and ascended obliquely upwards and outwards as far as the middle of the forehead4 ,dr4 ,caldwell states that1 ,daniel ,boone who was perpetually going from one place to another1 was the most celebrated hunter and woodsman of his age1 and possessed this organ in a degree of development so bold and prominent that it deformed his face4 ,,eventuality4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance appreciation and recollection of facts1 events1 happenings1 occurrences1 news1 etc4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize and remember striking events1 facts1 doings1 occurrences--in short1 news4 ,such persons have the nose for news which is so important to the newspaper man1 scientific investigator1 researcher in any line1 and general investigator4 ,it is the historical faculty1 and the journalistic sense1 as well as an important part of the scientific instinct4 ,these people make good witnesses1 story tellers1 and entertainers4 ,they know what is going on1 and are the people to go to when one wishes to hear the news1 or to learn the past history of anything or anybody4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form in the centre of the forehead1 immediately above ,observation1 and in front of ,locality 7see group figure74 ,when large it tends to fill out the middle of the forehead4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says3 ,it sometimes seems deficient1 because the surrounding organs are large1 whereas close inspection shows it to be large4 ,steady the head with the left hand1 and place the second finger of the right in the very centre of the forehead1 firmly on the head1 and then work the skin horizontally4 ,if your finger caresses an up-and-down ridge about the size of a pipe-stem1 this faculty is vigorous1 and has been much used and strengthened by culture of late years4 ,where it is not noticeably full1 but has been taxed by business or literary pursuits1 or had a great many little things to do for years1 it appears deficient to the eye1 but the rule just given for this perpendicular pipe-stem ridge signifies great activity and vigor in it4 7,see group figure47 ,,words4 ,this ,quality manifests in a cognizance1 appreciation and recollection of words1 terms1 phrases1 etc41 and their meanings4 ,those in whom it is large most readily perceive1 recognize and remember the words1 expressions1 gestures and other modes of communication between the minds of men1 and are proficient not only in perceiving and understanding them1 but also in employing and using them4 ,it is the taste1 power1 and ability to receive verbal ,impressions and to manifest verbal ,expression4 ,it produces the orator1 and the adept in the use of words in writing4 ,to those persons in whom it is largely developed1 words take on life and reality1 and become living thought4 ,in excess1 it produces verbosity1 talkativeness1 and windiness of expression4 ,when deficient1 it renders one unable to properly express himself4 ,it manifests outer form above and partly behind the superorbital plates1 which form the roof of the sockets of the eyes1 and when large tends to press the eyes forward and downward4 ,its location was discovered by ,gall1 who observed that those fluent in the use of words almost always had full and prominent eyes1 and prominent under eye-lids4 ,the fullness of the eyes and lower eyelids1 therefore1 is its distinguishing mark4 ,professor ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says3 ,see how the eyes stand out beyond the cheekbone--the best standard points from which to estimate its size1 because1 though it may be large1 yet the ,perceptives may be still larger1 in which case the latter will project forward still farther even beyond large ,expression4 7,words74 ,hence the fullness of the eyes should not be compared with the eyebrows as much as with the bone below them1 which not being subject to kindred mutations1 forms a correct measuring point of observation4 ,the pressure outward of the under eyelids1 is a good sign of the development of this ,quality4 ,it may be objected to that ,quality of ,words is not1 strictly speaking1 a ,perceptive1 but when it is realized that before words may be fluently used1 they must be perceived1 recognized1 and remembered1 the reason for our inclusion of this ,quality in the ,perceptive class may be understood4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,reflective ,,qualities ,the ninth group is known as the ,reflective ,qualities1 which is composed of the two following particular ,qualities3 ,analysis and ,logic1 respectively4 ,this group is accorded the highest place among the mental ,qualities1 for ,reason is ranked higher than ,emotion1 ,feeling or ,sentiment4 ,its purpose is to philosophize1 penetrate1 investigate1 originate1 pursue the processes of inductive and deductive reasoning1 analyze1 synthesize1 take apart1 put together1 combine1 harmonize1 search for1 discover1 and to manifest all the processes of ,rational ,thought1 using the report of the ,perceptives as raw material4 ,this group manifests outer form in the upper part of the forehead1 immediately above the ,reflective ,qualities4 7,see ,fig4 #aj47 ,when large it gives to the upper part of the forehead that appearance of intellectuality1 which is so commonly recognized1 and which has given rise to the semi-slang phrase high-brow as applied to persons manifesting intellect4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,,the ,,reflective ,,qualities ,,analysis4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to analyze1 compare1 classify1 infer1 discriminate1 illustrate1 etc4 ,it gathers together the raw material of perception1 and proceeds to analyze and compare its particular parts1 and then to group the parts together in a new classification and synthesis4 ,those in whom it is largely developed manifest the power of comparison to a high degree1 discovering points of resemblance and difference almost intuitively4 ,they will plunge to the heart of a subject in a short time1 and will be able to extract the essence of an object or subject with comparatively little effort4 ,spurzheim says of it3 ,the great law of this faculty seems to be to form abstract ideas1 generalizations1 and harmony among the operations of the other faculties4444 ,it pre-supposes1 however1 the activity of the other faculties1 and cannot act upon them if they are inactive4 ,professor ,nelson ,sizer says that it1 frequently discovers unexpected resemblances among other things1 and people who have it in a very active condition are constantly surprising those in whom it is dull by their novel illustrations4 ,it is the source of the ability some writers possess of using frequently metaphors and analogies4444 ,while it contributes to reason1 it is not strictly so1 per se4444 ,it endeavors to prove that one thing is of such and such a nature1 because it resembles another that is so and so2 and because the majority of people have it fairly developed1 they are prone to convert an illustration into an argument4 ,it exercises a most important influence upon the mind in the way of analytical capability2 and one who has it largely developed is quick in discovering and understanding differences1 enigmatical assertions and improper or inaccurate allusions2 hence it is essential to critical acumen4 ,gall says1 regarding its discovery3 ,i often conversed with a philosopher endowed with great vivacity1 who1 when unable to prove his point by logic1 had recourse to a comparison1 by which he often threw his opponents off the track1 which he could not do by arguments4 ,it tends to reason by analogy1 and to make rapid and clever generalizations4 ,the majority of scientists have it largely developed1 as also do discoverers in all lines of investigation and research1 and as ,gall says3 ,its possessors seize and judge well of the relations of things1 etc41 and are well fitted for business4 ,it is attracted by investigation and thought regarding concrete things1 rather than by abstract subjects4 ,it is scientific1 rather than philosophical4 ,as ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says1 it3 illustrates with great cleverness and facility from the known to the unknown1 and discovers the deeper analogies which pervade nature1 and has an extraordinary power of discovering new truths4 ,it reasons clearly and correctly from conclusions and scientific facts up to the laws which govern them2 discerns the known from the unknown2 detects error by its incongruity with facts2 has an excellent talent for comparing1 explaining1 expounding1 criticising1 exposing1 etc42 employs similes and metaphors well2 puts this and that together1 and draws correct inferences from them4 ,this ,quality manifests in outer form in the middle of the upper part of the forehead1 along the middle-line1 just below the hair1 directly above ,eventuality1 and between the two lobes of ,logic 7see group figure74 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says of it3 ,it commences at the centre of the forehead and runs upward nearly to the hair4 ,when it projects beyond surrounding organs it resembles a cone1 its apex forming a ridge which widens as it rises4 ,its ample development elevates the middle of the upper portion of the forehead1 and gives it an ascending form4 ,,logic4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong desire to inquire into the ,why8 of things--into ,causes--into the ,wherefore82 and to reason therefrom to effects and application of laws4 ,those in whom it is large manifest the power of logical reasoning to a high degree1 and abhor fallacies4 ,this is the philosophical faculty of mind4 ,it searches back of facts and phenomena for causes1 motives and laws1 and then reasons deductively from these4 ,combe says3 ,this faculty prompts us on all occasions to ask1 ,why is this so1 and what is its object8 ,it demands reasons and proofs in the reasoning of its owner1 as well as from others4 ,prof4 ,nelson ,sizer says3 ,it gives ability to look deeply into subjects1 and to appreciate the logical sequences of arguments1 hence it is large in persons who indicate genius in metaphysics1 political economy1 and all sciences of a profound character4444 ,when prominent1 and the perceptive faculties are moderate1 and ,comparison 7,analysis7 is not equally influential1 it tends to speculative thinking4 ,men so constituted are given to spinning improbable theories2 their notions are too abstract for ordinary minds1 and they are looked upon as dull and heavy weights in society4 ,on the other hand when it 7,logic7 is deficient1 the individual is superficial and incapable of taking comprehensive views of subjects2 or forming judgments that will apply to the affairs of life successfully4 ,professor ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says that this ,quality gives the desire to know the why and wherefore of things1 and to investigate their laws2 ability to reason from causes down to effects1 and from effects up to causes2 the therefore and wherefore2 ability to adapt ways and means to ends1 to plan1 contrive1 invent1 create resources1 apply power advantageously1 make heads save hands1 kill two birds with one stone1 predict the results of given measures1 etc4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form in the sides of the upper part of the forehead1 one either side of ,analysis and over ,locality 7see group figure74 ,when large it gives to the forehead a high1 bold1 square form4 ,with large ,perceptives this ,quality does not present so prominent an appearance and so marked a comparison1 but with the ,perceptives small it gives to the brow an overhanging appearance4 ,with ,analysis equally1 or nearly as strong1 the fullness of course extends well across the forehead2 but with ,analysis much smaller1 ,logic presents a bulging on each side of the forehead2 while with ,analysis large and ,logic small1 the latter gives the appearance of two depressions on each side of the forehead4 ,spurzheim well says of the combination of ,analysis and ,logic 7which he terms ,comparison and ,causality1 respectively73 ,causality and ,comparison combined constitute ,reason4 ,without ,causality 7,logic7 there can be no argumentative reasoning2 without ,comparison 7,analysis71 no comprehensive views1 and no nice distinctions4 ,observation teaches objects1 and ,eventuality facts1 while ,comparison 7,analysis7 points out their identity1 analogy1 difference or harmony1 whereas ,causality 7,logic7 seeks their causes1 and all together discern general principles and laws2 draw conclusions1 inductions and creations1 and constitute a truly philosophical understanding4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,religio-,,moral ,,qualities ,the tenth group is known as the ,religio-,moral ,qualities1 and is composed of the following particular ,qualities3 ,reverence1 ,mysticism1 ,optimism1 and ,conscientiousness1 respectively4 ,this group manifests outer form at the front-top of the head1 and on either side thereof 7see ,fig4 #aa74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,,the ,,religio-,,moral ,,qualities ,,reverence4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong reverence1 respect and awe for and of higher beings1 persons in authority1 sacred things1 religious ideas1 constituted authority1 leaders1 teachers1 and heroes4 ,it may be symbolically expressed by the word1 ,worship4 ,like that of ,mysticism1 this ,quality contains within its field the highest and the lowest4 ,it manifests the reverence and veneration for the highest conceptions of ,deity and ,being2 and also the fear and base servile worship of idols1 demoniac deities1 devil-gods1 etc4 ,likewise1 it manifests in respect and submission for the lawfully constituted authorities2 and also for false leaders and prophets1 charlatans and imposters4 ,in the same way it causes a hero-worship for those who have performed meritorious tasks and have wrought good for the race2 but also for the unworthy persons whose sensational deeds have brought them into the limelight of notoriety4 ,it manifests in all forms of the highest religion2 and in the lowest forms of devil-worship and low superstitious awe and fear1 in the richest religious experiences1 and in the wildest fanaticism and hallucinations4 ,the direction of the manifestation is decided by the relative development of the other propensities1 particularly those of the reasoning faculties4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form on the middle-top of the head1 along the middle-line directly in front of ,firmness1 back of ,sympathy1 and just above ,mysticism and ,optimism 7see group figure74 ,when largely developed1 it causes the middle of the top of the head to bulge1 particularly if ,mysticism be also largely developed1 the combination usually being thus4 ,,mysticism4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong attraction for the supernatural1 the marvellous1 the unknown1 the mysterious4 ,when perverted it leads to superstition1 gross credulity1 belief in witchcraft2 faith in signs1 omens1 and warnings1 etc4 ,when balanced by certain other ,qualities it leads one to the higher flights of religious experience1 faith1 and consciousness of the light within2 but when not so balanced it leads one to credulity1 superstition and religious1 occult1 and mystical imposture4 ,psychic phenomena are familiar to those in whom it is largely developed in connection with certain other mental qualities2 clairvoyance1 second-sight1 spirit-vision and other peculiar experiences being common to these people4 ,the prophets1 seers1 and wonder-workers belong to this class of psychics4 ,poets possess this ,quality in many cases4 ,the manifestations of this ,quality include some of the very highest and the very lowest of spiritual experiences and feelings4 ,this paradox is explained when we consider the influence of the other ,qualities1 high and low1 operating in connection with that of ,mysticism4 ,in the garden of ,mysticism grow the choicest flowers and the rankest and most noxious weeds4 ,this ,quality is located immediately in front of ,optimism1 and below on either side of ,reverence1 on the front-upper part of the head 7see group figure74 ,when developed it renders the front top-head broad and prominent4 ,,optimism4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong tendency to look on the bright side of things1 to expect the best1 to anticipate the best4 ,spurzheim says of it3 ,hope is necessary to the happiness of man in almost all situations and often gives more satisfaction than even success4 ,those who are everlastingly scheming or building castles in the air have it large4 ,it believes possible whatever the other faculties desire4 ,it is not confined to this life1 but inspires hopes of a future state1 and belief in the immortality of the soul4 ,when too strong it expects the unreasonable and impossible2 but when too weak1 with ,caution large1 it produces low spirits1 melancholy and despair4 ,this ,quality when full produces optimists2 when weak1 pessimists2 when medium1 the average person who swings between the two extremes partaking of the nature of each4 ,those in whom it is developed to excess are apt to see success in everything1 and with a lively imagination translate dreams into realities2 of these persons it has been said3 show them an egg1 and the next minute the air is full of feathers4 ,when this ,quality is weak the person is disposed to look for the worm in the apple1 decay at the heart of the rose1 and for the skeleton beneath the form of beauty4 ,it has been said that the optimist sees nothing but the body of the doughnut2 the pessimist1 nothing but the hole4 ,this ,propensity manifests outer form at the middle sides of the upper head1 in front of ,conscientiousness1 back of ,spirituality 7see group figure74 ,,conscientiousness4 ,this ,quality manifests in a strong tendency to act according to truth1 principle1 duty1 the accepted code of ethics1 conception of right1 accepted religious teachings--in short to regulate conduct according to the particular standard of right and wrong accepted by the person4 ,those in whom it is large feel keenly their personal responsibility1 duty1 and moral obligation4 ,with ,reverence large1 they model their standard of duty upon religious standards1 while with ,reverence small1 and ,sociability large1 they model their standard upon social ethics1 the ,brotherhood of ,man1 and the social conscience4 ,in fact the ,quality itself gives rise to what is generally called the social conscience4 ,combe says of this ,propensity3 ,after more than thirty years experience of the world in actual life1 and in various countries1 ,i cannot remember an instance in which ,i have been permanently treated unjustly by one in whom this organ and intellect were large4 ,momentary injustice1 through irritation or misrepresentation1 may have been done2 but after correct information and time to become cool1 ,i have found such persons ever disposed to act on the dictates of ,conscience2 as well satisfied with justice4444 ,it leads to punctuality in keeping appointments so as not to waste their time2 to the ready payment of debts2 will not send collectors away unsatisfied except from inability to pay2 are reserved in making promises1 but punctual in keeping them2 and when favorably combined1 are consistent in conduct4444 ,its predominance makes a strict disciplinarian and a rigid but just master2 invests all actions with a sense of duty2 thereby sometimes rendering estimable persons disagreeable4 ,in normal manifestation this ,quality renders its possessor a most worthy and estimable individual2 but when abnormally developed and not balanced by judgment and the reasoning faculties1 it produces persecutors and religious and ethical tyrants1 adhering to the letter of the law rather than to its spirit4 ,conscience is generally esteemed1 but careful observers deplore the ingrown conscience and blue-law spirit of those of large ,conscientiousness1 large ,destructiveness1 and small ,sympathy4 ,many so-called reformers belong to this last class4 ,this ,quality manifests outer form on the side of the top part of the head1 just below and on either side of ,firmness4 ,it lies between ,firmness and ,cautiousness1 with ,optimism just in front of it and ,approbativeness just back of it 7see group figure74 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,faces ,next to the shape of the head1 the facial expression furnishes us with the most marked indication of the outer form accompanying the inner mental state4 ,in fact1 many authorities hold that the facial expression affords the most easily read and most comprehensive index of character1 and that1 therefore1 ,physiognomy possesses many points of superiority over ,phrenology4 ,the truth seems to be that ,physiognomy and ,phrenology are twin-sciences1 and that the true student of ,human ,nature should acquaint himself thoroughly with both4 ,physiognomy is the science and art of discovering or reading the temper and other characteristic qualities of the mind by the features of the face4 ,the philosophy underlying the science of ,physiognomy has been stated at length in the first several chapters of this book1 the essence of which is that mental states manifest in outward form4 ,the majority of persons apply the principles of ,physiognomy more or less unconsciously in judging the characters of those with whom they come in contact4 ,nearly every one scans closely the features of those whom they meet for the first time1 and form a general impression therefrom4 ,children and domestic animals possess an instinctive knowledge of facial expression and can often tell very accurately the general disposition toward them possessed by various persons4 ,certain persons are generally considered to look stupid1 while others have a bright1 intelligent expression2 some look tricky1 while others look honest and trustworthy4 ,professor ,nelson ,sizer says3 ,though all human beings have the general human form and features--though all have eyes1 nose1 mouth1 chin1 etc41 yet each one has a different face and look from every other4 ,and1 more1 yet1 the same person has a very different facial look at different times1 according as he is angry or friendly1 etc4 ,and always the same look when in the same mood4 ,of course1 then1 something causes this expression--especially1 since all who are angry1 friendly1 etc41 have one general or similar expression2 that is1 one look expresses anger1 another affection1 another devotion1 another kindness1 etc4 ,and since nature always works by means1 she must needs have her physiognomical tools4 ,nor are they under the control of the will1 for they act spontaneously4 ,we cannot help1 whether we will or no1 laughing when merry1 even though in church1 pouting when provoked1 and expressing all our mental operations1 down even to the very innermost recesses of our souls1 in and by our countenances4 ,and with more minuteness and completeness than by words1 especially when the expressions are intense or peculiar4 ,professor ,drayton says1 ,everything1 from head to feet1 of form1 size1 and action1 indicates in some degree1 the character of the individual1 or state of mind1 and feeling in exercise for the time being4 ,the arching or depressing of the eyebrows1 the full opening or partial closing of the eye1 the pursing or pouting of the lips1 the firm set jaw1 the elevated head1 the lofty shoulders1 the stiff attitude1 the dignified and stately step1 or the reverse of this1 will impress each observer in respect to the changing moods which may exist in a given individual4444 ,each of the mental organs has its natural language1 as shown in pantomine1 which is exhibited by the gestures and motions of the head1 hands and body4 ,children and animals read the feelings of their parents or masters by their motions and attitudes1 which are often more influential than words4 ,the brain is the central source of motive and mental power2 every action has its root or seat of impulse in the brain and its connections1 and as the mind forms purposes1 the will is sent out to the extremities1 and the external motions express the inward thought and feeling4 ,habitual states of mind tend to produce habitual forms and expressions of face and body2 a person who suffers pain for years1 will have in the face an expression of the internal state2 one who has been nurtured in gladness1 though the face may not be beautiful1 will wear the sunshine of joy2 one who has had care and responsibility1 will come to show it in the face1 in the walk1 and in the voice1 as one who has been subjugated and kept subordinate will have the word humiliation written in his features not only1 but in all his movements and attitudes4 ,,shapes ,,of ,,faces ,the authorities in ,physiognomy divide the faces of persons into three general classes1 viz3 7#a7 ,the ,round ,face2 7#b7 ,the ,oblong ,face2 and 7#c7 ,the ,pear-shaped ,face4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,,round ,,face ,in ,fig4 #ab1 we see the ,round ,face4 ,this face is indicative of the ,vital ,temperament4 ,it is usually associated with broad shoulders1 short neck1 full chest1 and plumpness1 with enlarged abdomen in middle life4 ,these people love ease and physical comforts1 good eating and drinking1 and not too much hard mental or physical work4 ,they are solicitous of the comfort of their bodies1 and generally look out for ,no4 #a in this respect4 ,they are generally good-natured and sociable1 and often jolly4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,,oblong ,,face ,in ,fig4 #ac1 we see the ,oblong ,face4 ,this face is indicative of the ,motive ,temperament4 ,it is usually associated with a compact firm body1 which while well filled out can scarcely be called plump1 certainly not fleshy4 ,these people are generally strong and active1 persevering and sparing neither themselves or others in the direction of work4 ,they are apt to have a very fair share of common sense2 are practical2 and are generally reliable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,,pear-,,shaped ,,face ,in ,fig4 #ad1 we see the ,pear-shaped ,face4 ,this face is indicative of the ,mental ,temperament4 ,it is usually associated with a delicately formed body1 and finely proportioned physical shape2 the shoulders often being narrow1 and the neck long4 ,these people manifest the characteristics of mental and nervous force1 rather than of vital or motive energy4 ,they often have bright1 expressive eyes1 and show other signs of the artistic or literary character4 ,they are inclined to be sensitive and impressionable1 and to suffer and enjoy keenly4 ,in addition to the aforementioned general types1 there are several others which are modifications thereof1 and which we shall now consider4 ,in ,fig4 #ae1 we see the ,square ,face4 ,this face indicates a combination of the ,motive and ,vital ,temperaments1 with the ,religio-,moral ,qualities deficient and the ,selfish-,qualities predominant4 ,these people usually have square1 stocky bodies1 strong and wiry1 and are tenacious of life4 ,they are ,materialistic to a degree1 and cannot understand others who differ temperamentally from them4 ,usually1 they have ,combativeness and ,destructiveness large2 strong ,perceptive ,qualities2 and but moderate ,conscientiousness4 ,they look out for themselves1 pushing others aside1 and not being disturbed by the higher feelings4 ,they are generally stubborn2 and their weak point is apt to be ,amativeness4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,,square ,,face ,in ,fig4 #af1 we see the ,egg-shaped ,face4 ,this face indicates the ,mental ,temperament with the ,psychic ,qualities largely in the ascendent4 ,the ,selfish ,qualities are weak1 while the ,qualities of ,mysticism1 ,reverence and ,ideality are large4 ,these people are generally known as spiritual1 and are often very psychic4 ,they are generally impractical and dwell in an ideal world apart from the things of earth4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af ,,egg-,,shaped ,,face ,in ,fig4 #ag1 we see the ,inverted-,egg-shaped ,face4 ,this face indicates the extreme form of the ,vital ,temperament1 associated with an absence of the active qualities which should accompany it4 ,the ,mental and ,motive ,qualities are quite deficient1 while the purely ,animal ,qualities are strong4 ,the result is a pig-like nature1 content with wallowing in the mud of the animal propensities and having a full swill-barrel4 ,these people are essentially lazy1 gross1 worthless1 and animal-like4 ,note the large lower-face 7without the strong jaw71 and the small upper head4 ,note the broad nose1 and general lazy expression4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,,inverted ,,egg-,,shaped ,,face ,in ,figs4 #ah and #ai1 respectively1 we see the contrast between ,broad and ,narrow ,faces4 ,the rule is that ,broad ,faces indicate fight1 destructiveness1 and acquisitiveness--the ,selfish ,faculties1 in fact2 while ,narrow ,faces indicate a lack of these qualities4 ,the broad-headed animals are the fighters1 while the narrow-heads are the timid and peaceful1 as a rule4 ,the same principle applies in the case of men4 ,look over the charts of the ,qualities1 and see why this is4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,,broad ,,face ,the above mentioned several types or classes of faces have1 of course1 innumerable variations and combinations1 but a careful study of these several types will give one the general key to all faces4 ,it is well to obtain a side view1 as well as a full-face view1 of the face one wishes to study4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,,narrow ,,face ,in studying faces1 not only the general shape of the face must be observed1 but also the various features thereof1 as for instance3 the chin2 the mouth2 the nose2 the eyes2 the ears2 etc4 ,these features form the subject of the following chapters4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,chins ,,and ,,mouths ,physiognomists regard the chin as an important feature to be considered in the study of faces as the outer form of character4 ,the following are the principal points of the reading of chins4 ,in ,fig4 #bj we see the first point to be observed in the study of chins4 ,the rule is to draw an imaginary perpendicular line from the point at the root of the nose1 between the two eyebrows4 ,in the normal and average type1 the line touches the upper lip and chin4 ,but we find the normal condition in but comparatively few cases1 the majority manifesting a variation backward or forward4 ,when the chin is found to recede from the line1 it is interpreted as an indication of weakness1 lack of stability and firmness1 and a general vacillating and unstable character4 ,when the chin projects beyond the line1 it is interpreted as indicating firmness1 stubborness1 and a generally selfish nature1 which is considered strong by contrast with the weak receding chin4 ,when the projecting chin is pointed1 it indicates that the strength is manifested as grasping1 miserliness1 etc42 while if it is square1 it indicates ,combativeness and ,destructiveness as well as ,acquisitiveness2 and if it is very broad and square1 it indicates the domineering1 bossy1 tyrannical1 self-willed character4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,,chin ,,study ,the above points regarding the chin must always be taken into consideration4 ,the following points are based on the shape of the chin when in normal position1 that is when the perpendicular line descends in a straight line from the root of the nose to the chin3 ,the narrow-round chin indicates idealistic feeling not manifesting in decided action4 ,these people have high desires1 longings1 and aspiration1 but lack the will to act upon the same4 ,the narrow-square chin indicates the idealistic nature1 accompanied by the will to act upon the same4 ,the broad-round chin indicates substantial feeling1 without the will to manifest it in decided action4 ,these people desire ordinary1 plain1 practical things1 but lack the initiative1 will and nerve to overcome obstacles to acquire them4 ,the broad-square chin indicates that the feelings are plain1 practical and substantial1 with the will to back them up4 ,from the above1 it will be seen that roundness indicates feeling2 and that squareness denotes will2 that narrowness denotes ideality2 while broadness denotes practical1 substantial1 plain desires and tastes4 ,the dimpled or indented chin indicates the warm artistic temperament with its accompanying desire for love of the opposite sex1 desire for affection1 and alas6 too often a fickleness and lack of loyalty and fidelity in love affairs4 ,,jaws ,a broad1 firm jaw indicates strong ,combativeness1 ,destructiveness and ,firmness4 ,a narrow1 loose jaw indicates the reverse of the qualities above noted4 ,a loose1 drooping jaw and open mouth indicates timidity1 weakness1 shyness1 or despondency4 ,the fighters in all walks of life manifest the strong1 firm jaw4 ,it is the survival of the primitive bite in the animal or cave-man4 ,,mouths ,the ,orientals have a proverb which runs as follows3 ,by a man's eyes1 know what he might have been1 or may be2 by his mouth1 knew what he has been1 and is4 ,the study of the mouth is one of the greatest interest1 and one which will richly repay one for his time and thought4 ,it will be noticed that there is a great difference between the mouth and lips of an individual in childhood1 in youth1 and in middle-age1 which fact shows the truth of the ,oriental proverb just quoted4 ,the mouth indeed shows what a man has been and is4 ,small mouths generally denote undeveloped1 childish1 or babyish character1 neither good nor bad4 ,large mouths denote matured character1 good or bad4 ,when firm1 they denote force and energy4 ,when half-open1 they denote dullness and heaviness4 ,when showing full protruding lips1 they denote sensuality and selfish passions and tastes4 ,when very large and flexible1 they denote the windy person who is fond of talking and hearing the sound of his own voice--when one says that another is big-mouthed he states a truth which physiognomy bears out4 ,an upward curve of the corners of the mouth1 denotes a cheerful1 optimistic disposition and mental attitude4 ,likewise1 a downward curve denotes a despondent1 pessimistic disposition and mental attitude4 ,a graceful bow-like curve1 shows a well-balanced and all around disposition4 ,tightly closed lips indicate a firmness1 and often a closeness of disposition4 ,loosely closed lips indicate a lack of firmness1 and often a spendthrift tendency4 ,lips that touch lightly and protrude slightly in a kiss-like shape1 indicate vanity1 love of praise and flattery1 and often a desire to be petted4 ,puffed-out lips indicate sloth1 dullness1 lack of energy and ambition1 general heaviness4 ,coarse lips indicate lack of refinement1 and often grossness4 ,particularly full lips indicate ,amativeness and sometimes ,sensuality4 ,slanting mouths indicate trickiness1 foxiness and general unreliability4 ,crooked mouths1 or mouths greatly out of symmetry1 are held by many authorities to indicate lack of ,conscientiousness1 and often criminal tendencies4 ,full1 red1 middle-lips indicate love of the opposite sex4 ,thin1 pale middle-lips denote the opposite traits4 ,a long upper-lip indicates ,self-,esteem4 ,a short upper-lip denotes deficient ,self-,esteem1 but often also a strong ,approbativeness4 7,john ,d4 ,rockefeller has an almost abnormally long upper lip47 ,the affectionate faculties are believed to manifest in outer form in the center of the lips1 because of certain nerve centers at that place4 ,a fullness and enlargement there denotes strong affection1 while deficiency in the affectionate qualities manifest in the opposite direction4 ,will and self-control is shown by the relative firmness and set of the lips and mouth4 ,besides the above mentioned characteristics1 the student will soon perceive that there are certain expressions of the lips and mouth which1 although impossible of expression in words1 nevertheless may be almost instinctively recognized by the careful observer4 ,lips1 like eyes1 tell their story plainly to the careful and practiced observer4 ,it is a safe rule to avoid those whose mouths arouse an instinctive distrust in your mind4 ,watch closely the mouths of people speaking to you1 and you will receive many a plain signal of danger1 and many an assurance of safety4 ,the eyes1 while full of information1 often deceive those not fully versed in their secret code--but the mouth tells its tale in plain1 simple1 understandable terms1 signs and symbols4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,eyes1 ,,ears ,,and ,,noses ,it has been said that the eyes are the windows of the soul1 and indeed they do express a something that is not possible to any other part of the face or body4 ,when unrestrained the eye correctly portrays the innermost feelings and emotions affecting and influencing us1 and in many cases we are able to get a clear and unobstructed view of the soul behind the eyes by gazing into them4 ,but1 alas6 it is possible to mask the expression of the eyes1 and to counterfeit emotions and feelings which do not exist within the mind4 ,men and women trained in the arts of dissimulation and concealment1 may1 and do1 conceal their thoughts and feelings which ordinarily would be reflected in their eyes2 and many1 especially women1 are able to counterfeit feelings which have no real existence in their minds or souls4 ,we have seen women bestowing upon the unsuspecting mere man1 the most artless1 ingenuous baby stare1 while at the same time their minds were filled with craft and cunning4 ,we have seen others whose eyes portrayed the most absolute innocence and truth1 while their hearts were filled with selfish1 base feelings1 and their minds with cunning schemes4 ,the trained diplomat and skilled gambler successfully mask their thoughts1 and their eyes reflect nothing of their secrets2 and1 upon occasion1 they are able to throw into their eyes any desired expression4 ,the best authorities on ,physiognomy hold that the mouth is a much more reliable index of thought and character than the eye--for the eye may lie1 while the mouth betrays itself even when attempting the counterfeit4 ,but1 nevertheless1 the eyes do betray character1 not by their expression but by their shape and form4 ,habitual mental states reflect in the outer form of the eyes1 in spite of the care of their owners not to let them tell the secret of the thought and feeling of the moment4 ,the story is told not by the expression of the eye1 but by the muscles surrounding the eyes1 the eye-lids1 etc4 ,in fact1 the eye-lids supply the greater part of that which we call the expression of the eye1 their contractions and relaxations producing the effect4 ,secretiveness1 cunning1 and closeness are denoted by closely drawn eye-lids1 a furtive look often being imparted thereby4 ,this position of the eye-lids has been likened to an instinctive inclination to draw the eye-lids together to hide the expression of the eye1 but it probably arises from the original trait of the animal to protect his eyes from attack when engaging in a fight1 or raid4 ,as an instance of this1 it will be found that a feeling of cruelty1 or desire to hurt another1 will manifest in a compression of the eye-lids1 and a tightening of the upper eyelid which assumes a straight form4 ,frankness1 truthfulness and honesty are1 in the same way1 indicated by open1 free looking eyes4 ,this expression may be counterfeited upon occasions1 but the counterfeit may be detected by observing the eyes when the owner is off guard4 ,the fighting1 destructive1 motive feelings are indicated by straight lines of the lids4 ,affection1 benevolence1 sympathy1 and love1 manifest in curving1 drooping1 full eye-lids1 the absence of straight lines being marked4 ,amativeness and ,alimentiveness show in very thick eye-lids1 giving a sensual gross expression to the eyes4 ,destructiveness manifests in a tightening of the upper lid1 and a bearing down upon the eyeball4 ,approbativeness gives a peculiar coquettish relaxation of the upper eye-lid1 which is suggestive of the desire to wink in a meaning manner4 ,humor gives a peculiar contraction to the eye-lids1 and at the same time producing the little lines radiating from each outer corner of the eye-lids--the laughing wrinkles4 ,ideality1 ,optimism1 and ,mysticism impart an open expression to the eyes4 ,cautiousness1 when large1 also gives to the eyes an open1 almost startled1 surprised expression4 ,large1 protruding eyes are held to be indicative of wordiness1 talkativeness1 and lack of careful thought--the desire to talk for the pleasure of hearing oneself talk4 ,in connection with the subject of the outer form manifesting in the eyes1 we would call your attention to the quotation from ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler1 appearing in ,lesson ,,xiii1 in which he speaks of certain of the ,perceptive ,qualities which indicate in outer form in the region of the eye1 as follows3 ,the shape of the eyebrows reveals the size1 absolute and relative1 of each1 thus3 ,when all are large1 the eyebrow is long and arching2 when all are deficient1 it is long and straight2 when some are large and others small1 it arches over the large ones1 but passes horizontally over those which are small4 ,this rule is infallible4 ,in connection therewith1 we suggest that the student re-read carefully ,chapter ,,xiii1 which deals with the ,perceptive ,qualities which manifest outer form in the region of the eye4 ,,ears ,many physiognomists pass lightly over the subject of the ears as an index of character1 while others seem to specialize on this feature4 ,the round ear is held to indicate the ,vital ,temperament4 ,the oblong ear1 the ,motive ,temperament2 and the pear-shaped ear the ,mental ,temperament4 ,quality is held to be indicated by the relative delicateness in the moulding of the ear1 a coarse1 misshapen ear being held to indicate an uncultivated nature2 while a delicately moulded1 shapely ear is held to indicate culture and refinement4 ,a long1 narrow ear is held to indicate an ambitious1 striving nature4 ,an ear pointed at the tip 7upper part7 is held to be indicative of selfishness and general foxiness4 ,,noses ,all physiognomists agree upon the importance of the nose as an index of character4 ,the majority of people recognize the sign of a large1 strong nose1 on the one hand1 and a small1 weak nose on the other4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,a1 ,,roman2 ,b1 ,,grecian2 ,c1 ,,cherubic ,in ,fig4 #ba we see the three general forms of the nose1 the ,roman2 ,grecian and ,cherubic2 respectively4 ,the ,roman nose is held to be indicative of ,self-,esteem1 ,combativeness1 ,destructiveness and ,acquisitiveness4 ,the ,grecian nose is held to be indicative of ,ideality1 ,conscientiousness1 ,reverence and other higher qualities4 ,the ,cherubic nose is held to be indicative of feminine qualities1 social attractiveness1 and emotional qualities4 ,there are of course innumerable modifications and combinations of these three general classes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,,three ,,temperaments ,in ,fig4 #bb we see the classification adopted by some authorities1 who divide the nose into three general parts1 each of which is held to indicate one of the three ,temperaments1 and the ,qualities which are related to each4 ,thus the hard bony part1 including the bridge1 indicates the ,motive2 the tip and end1 the ,mental2 and the wings on each side of the nostrils1 the ,vital4 ,there is much truth in this classification1 and a careful study of this illustration will aid the student in his understanding of noses as an outer sign of character4 ,in fact1 this illustration may be used as a basis for the whole subject of the meaning of noses as outer signs of character4 ,large nostrils indicate strong ,vitativeness and physical well-being1 and often strong ,emotive ,qualities4 ,narrow1 small1 or tight nostrils indicate weak ,vitativeness and ,vital ,force4 ,an authority says3 ,if the nostrils are wide-apart1 the man is merciful4 ,if the nostrils are wide-open1 like those of a bull1 resemblances to that animal prevail in violent wrath and hard breathing4 ,the tip of the nose indicates the several mental qualities4 ,the sharp pointed tip indicates an inquisitive1 prying1 investigating nature--a general sharpness so to speak4 ,a blunt tip indicates a lack of sharpness and inquisitiveness4 ,the upturned tip1 or pug1 indicates a trifling1 superficial1 gossiping tendency4 ,as a general rule the sharp tip indicates thought1 while the rounded tip indicates feeling4 ,the bony part of the nose1 when prominent1 indicates the strength of the ,motive ,qualities1 such as ,combativeness1 ,destructiveness1 ,acquisitiveness1 ,constructiveness1 etc4 ,it generally accompanies the people who push forward and do things in spite of obstacles--it is the nose of the great generals1 and the majority of great financiers4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,miscellaneous ,,signs ,while the subject of hands may be thought to belong to the study of ,palmistry1 with which we have no concern in this book1 nevertheless we think that we should include herein a brief reference to the several classes of the hand as indicative of the outer form of mental states4 ,that the shape of the hand often reveals information regarding the character of its owner is admitted by the best authorities on the subject4 ,many persons who discard the theories of ,palmistry still regard the subject of the shape and meaning of hands as apart from that study1 and believe that an understanding of the indications of the several classes of hands is important to the students of ,human ,nature4 ,there are seven general types of hands1 viz3 7#a7 ,the ,spatulate2 7#b7 the ,square2 7#c7 the ,artistic2 7#d7 the ,elementary2 7#e7 the ,mixed2 7#f7 the ,philosophic2 and 7#g7 the ,psychic4 ,following we give a brief recital of the qualities held to be indicated by each4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,,spatulate ,,hand ,in ,fig4 #bc1 we see the ,spatulate ,hand1 the special peculiarities of which are the straight1 smooth fingers and the splay tips4 ,this type of hand is held to indicate an active1 energetic nature1 that is satisfied only when it is employed and doing something useful4 ,this hand is eminently practical1 and its owner cares very little for art1 poetry1 or literature4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,,square ,,hand ,in ,fig4 #bd1 we see the ,square ,hand1 the special peculiarities of which are its general squareness of the palm1 and generally of the finger-tips4 ,this also is a useful hand1 and its owner is amenable to authority1 and makes a good employee or helper4 ,it indicates a quiet1 peaceable disposition1 and its owner is usually found to be careful1 orderly1 and dependable--the sense of order being especially strong4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be ,,artistic ,,hand ,in ,fig4 #be1 we see the ,artistic ,hand1 the special peculiarities of which are the suppleness and softness of the hand2 its symmetrical form2 and its long1 tapering fingers4 ,its owners are of the poetic and artistic nature1 with a taste for beautiful and refined things1 artistic environment1 bright and witty speech1 and choice things generally4 ,the ,qualities of ,ideality and ,words are apt to be well developed in these cases1 and the artistic temperament is found in its full development here4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,,elementary ,,hand ,in ,fig4 #bf1 we see the ,elementary ,hand1 the special peculiarities of which are its short1 thick fingers1 and its thick heavy palm4 ,its owners are of the earth1 earthy1 and have but very little imagination and fine taste4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,,philosophic ,,hand ,in ,fig4 #bg1 we have the ,philosophic ,hand1 the special peculiarities of which are its large thumb1 rounded finger-tips1 and its projecting joints4 ,its owners are thinkers1 investigators1 and reasoners along practical lines1 and are generally skeptical and inclined to demand proof of anything and everything4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,,psychic ,,hand ,in ,fig4 #bh1 we see the ,psychic ,hand1 the special peculiarities of which are the extreme slenderness of the entire hand1 and the long thin1 pointed fingers4 ,its owners have ,mysticism highly developed1 and incline toward the mysterious1 supernatural1 occult1 and imaginative1 and are generally of an extremely nervous1 sensitive nature4 ,very few hands adhere strictly to any one of these several types1 but are more or less composite or mixed4 ,in such cases the characteristics of each type mingle and blend1 and must be interpreted accordingly4 ,the following peculiarities are also noted by the authorities3 ,,the ,,thumb4 ,the thumb is divided into three parts1 each indicating a certain quality1 as follows3 7#a7 the top part or division1 which indicates ,will2 7#b7 the second or middle part1 which indicates ,logic2 7#c7 the ball or fat lower portion1 which indicates ,passion4 ,the comparative size of either of these parts indicates the strength of its particular qualities4 ,,the ,,fingers4 ,hard fingers indicate work1 activity1 and energy4 ,soft fingers indicate love of ease1 disinclination for work1 laziness4 ,very hard hands denote heaviness and general stupidity1 also gross tastes and undeveloped nature4 ,smooth fingers denote artistic tastes1 etc42 while knotted fingers denote philosophic thought and argument1 orderliness and taste for material facts and things4 ,short fingers denote quick judgment and impatience of detail2 while long fingers denote a love of detail1 elaboration and fussiness4 ,spatulate fingers indicate tidiness1 usefulness1 and a desire to be doing useful work4 ,,the ,,palm4 ,hardness of the palm1 as of the fingers1 denotes activity1 energy and work2 while softness denotes love of ease1 laziness1 etc4 ,wideness of the palm denotes generosity1 broad-mindedness1 etc42 while a narrow palm denotes the reverse4 ,firm palms generally denote the ,motive ,temperament2 while soft1 flabby palms denote the ,vital temperament4 ,,the ,,walk ,the study of the ,walk as an index of character is favored by many authorities4 ,there are three general types of walks1 viz 7#a7 the long stride1 in regular time2 7#b7 the short1 quick1 and somewhat jerky step2 7#c7 the short but regular step4 ,those who walk with a long stride generally take a broad view of things1 but if their walk is also slow they are apt to lack energy and push4 ,the short1 quick step denotes activity1 but small ideas and often pettiness4 ,the combination of the long stride and the quick movement is held to indicate both large ideas and activity4 ,a draggy1 shuffling walk is held to indicate a careless1 shiftless nature2 and a springy movement is indicative of mental activity4 ,a mincing walk is held to denote finickiness1 affectation1 and general artificiality2 while a careless walk denotes a disregard for appearances and a general unconventional nature4 ,those who walk in a straight line1 direct to the object they seek1 are apt to move in the same way in other affairs of life2 while those who zig-zag from side to side display the same lack of directness in business affairs and other activities of life4 ,in the same way1 one who makes short-cuts across corners1 etc41 is held to have the same tendency in active affairs4 ,approbativeness shows itself in a strutting walk2 while ,self-,esteem manifests in a dignified carriage4 ,deficient1 ,self-,esteem shows itself in a cringing walk2 while strong ,reverence produces a respectful1 deferential carriage4 ,approbativeness causes a slight swagger1 with a defiant carriage of the head1 while ,combativeness manifests in a get out of my way pushing walk1 the head being slightly lowered as if to butt a way through4 ,cunning manifests in a foxy1 sly walk2 while ,cautiousness shows in a timid1 hesitating step2 and ,acquisitiveness in a general carefulness and watchfulness as manifested in gait4 ,a combination of ,cunning1 ,cautiousness and ,acquisitiveness1 which is quite common1 manifests in a light1 stealthy step1 giving the suggestion of tip-toeing1 and in extreme cases may show even the snaky gliding motion from side to side1 in noiseless progression4 ,a little study and observation will convince anyone that the walk and carriage of an individual correspond very closely to his general character4 ,and just as we may recognize one's mental characteristics when reproduced in outer form in the walk2 so may we deduce the existence of mental characteristics in a stranger1 from the outer form of his walk and carriage4 ,the study of walk and carriage is very interesting1 and will repay one for the time and trouble expended upon it4 ,one may practice by observing the walk of an individual whose character is known1 for the purpose of seeing the outer form of these characteristics2 and also by observing the walk of those whose characters are unknown1 and endeavoring to form an idea of their mental states and characteristics by means of their peculiarities of gait and carriage4 ,one will be astonished at the proficiency attained in a short time by a little practice along these lines4 ,,voice ,the ,voice is a great revealer of character4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,fowler says3 ,whatever makes a noise1 from the deafening roar of sea1 cataract1 and whirlwind's mighty crash1 through all forms of animal life1 to the sweet and gentle voice of woman1 makes a sound which agrees perfectly with the maker's character4 ,thus the terrific roar of the lion1 and the soft cooing of the dove1 correspond exactly with their respective dispositions2 while the rough and powerful bellow of the bull1 the fierce yell of the tiger1 the coarse1 guttural moan of the hyena1 the swinish grunt1 the sweet warblings of birds1 in contrast with the raven's croak and the owl's hoot1 each correspond perfectly with their respective characteristics4 ,and this law holds equally true of man4 ,hence human intonations are as superior to brutal as human character exceeds animal4 ,accordingly1 the peculiarities of all human beings are expressed in their voices and mode of speaking4 ,coarse-grained and powerful animal organizations have a coarse1 harsh and grating voice1 while in exact proportion as persons become refined and elevated mentally1 will their tones of voice become correspondingly refined and perfected4 ,prof4 ,l4 ,a4 ,vaught says3 ,affectionate voices always come from the backhead4 ,heavy1 thunderous voices always come from the sidehead4 ,egotistical voices come from the crown of the head4 ,kind1 respectful and straightforward voices come from the top-head4 ,a clear1 distinct utterance is held to indicate clear1 logical thought1 while indistinct1 confused1 slurring utterance is indicative of careless1 illogical and hasty thought processes4 ,sharp and shrill notes denote nervous tension and lack of restraint1 as witness the voice of the shrew or the hysterical woman1 or the high-strung nervous man4 ,self-restraint is shown by calm1 deep1 forceful utterances4 ,slowness in delivery denotes slow1 deliberate mental processes1 while quickness1 and snappiness in speech1 denotes quick1 active habits of thought4 ,the cheerful voice of the optimistic person1 and the rasping whine of the chronic pessimist1 are well known4 ,the voice of self-reliance1 and the voice of fear and lack of self-esteem1 are easily recognized4 ,the strident1 overconfident note of the boaster and vain-glorious person1 is easily distinguished from that of the modest1 careful1 reliable person4 ,all the several mental ,qualities manifest in the voice1 in tone1 pitch or feeling4 ,the ,emotive ,qualities give the affectionate voice2 ,self-,esteem gives the confident voice2 ,approbativeness gives the voice of affectation and conceit2 ,combativeness gives the let me alone tone2 ,destructiveness gives the get out of my way note2 ,cunning and ,acquisitiveness give the tone of deceit and flattery2 and so on1 through the entire scale4 ,in studying voices it will help you to ask ,what ,quality or ,qualities produce this voice8 in each case4 ,study the voices of those whose characteristics you know1 and then apply the experience to others whose characteristics are unknown4 ,,laughs ,laughter is full of the expression of character4 ,one may often accurately determine the character of a person whose face is not seen or known4 ,a hearty laugh is indicative of sympathy1 companionship and general sociability1 as well as a well developed sense of humor4 ,a giggle is indicative of pettiness1 trifling and general mental light-weight4 ,the repressed laugh shows self-control and often caution and cunning1 the tone denoting the difference4 ,the vulgar haw-haw denotes a correspondingly gross nature4 ,the peculiar shrill1 rasping1 parrot-like laugh of the courtesan is typical1 and when ever heard should act as a note of warning4 ,it is difficult to state in words the various qualities of the laugh1 but each is distinctive and well expresses the ,quality causing it4 ,it may be said that each and every mental ,quality has its corresponding note in the laugh1 which note may be learned and recognized by a little practice and actual observation4 ,,the ,,hand-,,shake ,the manner of shaking hands is indicative of the characteristics of the individual4 ,handshakes may be divided into three general classes1 viz1 7#a7 the hearty handshake1 which indicates good-feeling1 earnestness1 and interest2 7#b7 the mechanical handshake1 which denotes indifference1 lack of feeling1 and lack of interest2 and 7#c7 the selfish handshake1 which denotes cunning1 heartlessness1 and desire and disposition to take advantage of the other party4 ,there is a something in the handshake which is almost impossible to express in words1 but which is recognized instinctively by those having ,human ,nature well developed4 ,it is more of a feeling of certain ,qualities manifested by the other person4 ,a little thought and attention paid to this subject will tend to develop this recognition on the part of one deficient in it4 ,one may1 with a little practice1 learn to distinguish between the honest and the dishonest2 the moral and the immoral2 the active and the passive2 the energetic and the slothful2 the grasp of good-fellowship1 and that of superciliousness2 the friendly and the antagonistic2 the candid and the deceitful2 and all the other various kinds of handshakes4 ,mental states manifest in outer form in handshakes as in many other physical actions and appearances4 ,first study the several ,qualities in their inner aspect1 and then learn to distinguish the various outer forms of each4 ,from the inner proceed to the outer1 and having learned the way you will be able to retrace your steps from the outer to the inner in the case of other persons4 ,the principle once grasped1 the rest is all a matter of practice and experience4 ,,finis4