,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores 4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h n be5 correct$2 inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ h be5 correct$ 7bo? phantasy & fantasy 7 us$ 9 ! orig9al text1 phantasy has be5 *ang$ to fantasy = consi/5cy74 ,a li/ ( all corrections to ! text c be f\nd at ! end ( ! docum5t4 ,,human ,,nature ,,& ,,conduct ,an ,introduction to ,social ,psy*ology ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company #aibb ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,fir/ ,pr9t+1 ,jan41 #aibb ,second ,pr9t+1 ,m>41 #aibb ,?ird ,pr9t+1 ,june1 #aibb ,f\r? ,pr9t+1 ,aug41 #aibb ,fif? ,pr9t+1 ,nov41 #aibb ,six? ,pr9t+1 ,april1 #aibc ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,by ,! ,qu9n ,bod5 ,company ,,book ,,manufactur]s ,,rahway ,,new ,,j]sey ,,preface ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiah ,i 0 invit$ by ,lel& ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity to give a s]ies ( ?ree lectures ^u ! ,we/ ,memorial ,f\ndation4 ,"o ( ! topics includ$ )9 ! scope ( ! ,f\ndation is ,human ,conduct & ,de/9y4 ,?is volume is ! result1 z1 accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! ,f\ndation1 ! lectures are to be publi%$4 ,! lectures z giv5 h1 h[ev]1 be5 rewritt5 & consid]ably exp&$4 ,an ,introduction & ,conclusion h be5 add$4 ,! lectures %\ld h be5 publi%$ )9 two ye>s f deliv]y4 ,abs5ce f ! c\ntry r5d]$ /rict compliance difficult2 & ,i am indebt$ to ! au?orities ( ! ,univ]sity = _! indulg5ce 9 all[+ an ext5sion ( "t1 z well z = s _m c\rtesies receiv$ dur+ ! "t :5 ! lectures 7 giv54 ,p]haps ! sub-title requires a ^w ( explanation4 ,! book does n purport to be a treatm5t ( social psy*ology4 ,b x s]i\sly sets =? a belief t an und]/&+ ( habit & ( diff]5t types ( habit is ! key to social psy*ology1 :ile ! op]ation ( impulse & intellig5ce gives ! key to individualiz$ m5tal activity4 ,b !y are second>y to habit s t m9d c be und]/ood 9 ! concrete only z a sy/em ( beliefs1 desires & purposes :i* are =m$ 9 ! int]action ( biological aptitudes ) a social environm5t4 ,j4 ,d4 ,febru>y1 #aiba ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #a ,contempt = human nature2 pa?ology ( goodness2 fre$om2 value ( sci5ce4 ,,"p ,,"o ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,habit ,,9 ,,conduct ,,section ,i3 ,,habits ,,z ,,social ,,functions #ad ,habits z functions & arts2 social complicity2 subjective factor4 ,,section ,,ii3 ,,habits ,,& ,,w #bd ,active means2 ideas ( ends2 means & ends2 nature ( "*4 ,,section ,,iii3 ,,"* ,,& ,,conduct #dc ,good w & consequ5ces2 virtues & natural goods2 objective & subjective morals4 ,,section ,,iv3 ,,cu/om ,,& ,,habit #eh ,human psy*ology is social2 habit z cons]vative2 m9d & body4 ,,section ,v3 ,,cu/om ,,& ,,morality #ge ,cu/oms z /&>ds2 au?ority ( /&>ds2 class conflicts4 ,,section ,,vi3 ,,habit ,,& ,,social ,,psy*ology #hd ,isolation ( individuality2 new] movem5ts4 ,,"p ,,two ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,impulse ,,9 ,,conduct ,,section ,i3 ,,impulses ,,& ,,*ange ,,( ,,habits #hi ,pres5t int]e/ 9 in/9cts2 impulses z re-organiz+4 ,,section ,,ii3 ,,pla/icity ,,( ,,impulse #ie ,impulse & education2 upru% ( impulse2 fix$ codes4 ,,section ,,iii3 ,,*ang+ ,,human ,,nature #ajf ,habits ! in]t factor2 modification ( impulses2 w> a social function2 economic regimes z social products2 nature ( motives4 ,,section ,,iv3 ,,impulse ,,& ,,conflict ,,( ,,habits #abe ,possibility ( social bett]m5t2 cons]vatism4 ,,section ,v3 ,,classification ,,( ,,in/9cts #aca ,false simplifications2 self-love2 w to p[]2 acquisitive & creative4 ,,section ,,vi3 ,,no ,,sep>ate ,,in/9cts #adi ,uniqu5ess ( acts2 possibilities ( op]ation2 necessity ( play & art2 rebelli\sness4 ,,section ,,vii3 ,,impulse ,,& ,,?\ght #afi ,,"p ,,?ree ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,9 ,,conduct ,,section ,i3 ,,habit ,,& ,,intellig5ce #agb ,habits & intellect2 m9d1 habit & impulse4 ,,section ,,ii3 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,?9k+ #aha ,! tr9ity ( intellect2 consci5ce & its alleg$ sep>ate subject-matt]4 ,,section ,,iii3 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,delib]ation #ahi ,delib]ation z imag9ative rehe>sal2 pref]5ce & *oice2 /rife ( reason & passion2 nature ( reason4 ,,section ,,iv3 ,,delib]ation ,,& ,,calculation #aii ,error 9 utilit>ian !ory2 place ( ! pleasant2 h$oni/ic calculus2 delib]ation & pr$iction4 ,,section ,v3 ,,! ,,uniqu5ess ,,( ,,good #baj ,fallacy ( a s+le good2 appli$ to utilit>ianism2 pr(it & p]sonality2 means & ends4 ,,section ,,vi3 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,aims #bbc ,!ory ( f9al ends2 aims z directive means2 ends z ju/ify+ means2 mean+ well z an aim2 wi%es & aims4 ,,section ,,vii3 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,pr9ciples #bch ,desire = c]ta9ty2 morals & probabilities2 importance ( g5]alizations4 ,,section ,,viii3 ,,desire ,,& ,,intellig5ce #bdh ,object & consequ5ce ( desire2 desire & quiesc5ce2 self-deception 9 desire2 desire ne$s intellig5ce2 nature ( idealism2 liv+ 9 ! ideal4 ,,section ,,ix3 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,& ,,future #bfe ,subord9ation ( activity to result2 control ( future2 production & consummation2 idealism & di/ant goals4 ,,"p ,,f\r ,,conclusion ,,section ,i3 ,,! ,,good ,,( ,,activity #bgh ,bett] & worse2 morality a process2 evolution & progress2 optimism2 ,epicureanism2 mak+ o!rs happy4 ,,section ,,ii3 ,,morals ,,are ,,human #bie ,humane morals2 natural law & morals2 place ( sci5ce4 ,,section ,,iii3 ,,:at ,,is ,,fre$om8 #cjc ,elem5ts 9 fre$om2 capacity 9 action2 novel possibilities2 =ce ( desire4 ,,section ,,iv3 ,,morality ,,is ,,social #cad ,consci5ce & responsibility2 social pressure & opportunity2 exagg]ation ( blame2 importance ( social psy*ology2 category ( "r2 ! community z religi\s symbol4 ,,introduction ,give a dog a bad "n & hang him4 ,human nature has be5 ! dog ( pr(essional morali/s1 & consequ5ces accord ) ! prov]b4 ,man's nature has be5 reg>d$ ) suspicion1 ) fe>1 ) s\r looks1 sometimes ) en?usiasm = its possibilities b only :5 ^! 7 plac$ 9 contra/ ) its actualities4 ,x has appe>$ to be s evilly dispos$ t ! bus9ess ( morality 0 to prune & curb x2 x w\ld be ?\ght bett] ( if x c\ld be replac$ by some?+ else4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t morality w\ld be q sup]flu\s 7 x n = ! inh]5t weakness1 bord]+ on depravity1 ( human nature4 ,"s writ]s ) a m g5ial conception h attribut$ ! curr5t black5+ to !ologians :o h ?\ght to honor ! div9e by disp>ag+ ! human4 ,!ologians h d\btless tak5 a gloomi] view ( man ?an h pagans & secul>i/s4 ,b ?is explanation doesn't take u f>4 ,= aft] all ^! !ologians are !mselves human1 & !y w\ld h be5 )\t influ5ce if ! human audi5ce _h n someh[ respond$ to !m4 ,morality is l>gely conc]n$ ) controll+ human nature4 ,:5 we are attempt+ to control any?+ we are acutely aw>e ( :at resi/s u4 ,s morali/s 7 l$1 p]haps1 to ?9k ( human nature z evil because ( its reluctance to yield to control1 its rebelli\sness "u ! yoke4 ,b ?is explanation only raises ano!r "q4 ,:y did morality set up rules s =eign to human nature8 ,! ends x insi/$ ^u1 ! regulations x impos$1 7 aft] all outgr[?s ( human nature4 ,:y !n 0 human nature s av]se to !m8 ,moreov] rules c be obey$ & ideals realiz$ only z !y appeal to some?+ 9 human nature & awak5 9 x an active response4 ,moral pr9ciples t exalt !mselves by degrad+ human nature are 9 effect committ+ suicide4 ,or else !y involve human nature 9 un5d+ civil w>1 & treat x z a hopeless mess ( contradictory =ces4 ,we are =c$ !re=e to consid] ! nature & orig9 ( t control ( human nature ) :i* morals has be5 occupi$4 ,& ! fact :i* is =c$ ^u u :5 we raise ?is "q is ! exi/5ce ( classes4 ,control has be5 ve/$ 9 an olig>*y4 ,indiff]5ce to regulation has gr[n 9 ! gap :i* sep>ates ! rul$ f ! rul]s4 ,p>5ts1 prie/s1 *iefs1 social c5sors h suppli$ aims1 aims :i* 7 =eign to ^? ^u :om !y 7 impos$1 to ! "y1 laym51 ord9>y folk2 a few h giv5 & adm9i/]$ rule1 & ! mass h 9 a passable fa%ion & ) reluctance obey$4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t good *ildr5 are ^? :o make z little tr\ble z possible = _! eld]s1 & s9ce mo/ ( !m cause a good deal ( annoyance !y mu/ be naughty by nature4 ,g5]ally speak+1 good p h be5 ^? :o did :at !y 7 told to d1 & lack ( eag] compliance is a sign ( some?+ wrong 9 _! nature4 ,b no matt] h[ mu* m5 9 au?ority h turn$ moral rules into an ag5cy ( class supremacy1 any !ory :i* attributes ! orig9 ( rule to delib]ate design is false4 ,to take advantage ( conditions aft] !y h come into exi/5ce is "o ?+2 to create !m = ! sake ( an advantage to accrue is q ano!r ?+4 ,we mu/ g back to ! b>e fact ( social division into sup]ior & inf]ior4 ,to say t accid5t produc$ social conditions is to p]ceive !y 7 n produc$ by intellig5ce4 ,lack ( und]/&+ ( human nature is ! prim>y cause ( disreg>d = x4 ,lack ( insight always ends 9 despis+ or else unreason$ admiration4 ,:5 m5 _h no sci5tific k ( physical nature !y ei!r passively submitt$ to x or s\ght to control x magically4 ,:at _c be und]/ood _c be manag$ intellig5tly4 ,x has to be =c$ into subjection f )\t4 ,! opaqu5ess ( human nature to reason is equival5t to a belief 9 its intr9sic irregul>ity4 ,h5ce a decl9e 9 ! au?ority ( social olig>*y 0 accompani$ by a rise ( sci5tific int]e/ 9 human nature4 ,?is means t ! make-up & work+ ( human =ces af=d a basis = moral ideas & ideals4 ,our sci5ce ( human nature 9 comp>ison ) physical sci5ces is rudim5t>y1 & morals :i* are conc]n$ ) ! heal?1 effici5cy & happ9ess ( a developm5t ( human nature are correspond+ly elem5t>y4 ,^! pages are a discussion ( "s phases ( ! e?ical *ange involv$ 9 positive respect = human nature :5 ! latt] is associat$ ) sci5tific k4 ,we may anticipate ! g5]al nature ( ?is *ange ?r\gh consid]+ ! evils :i* h result$ f sev]+ morals f ! actualities ( human physiology & psy*ology4 ,!re is a pa?ology ( goodness z well z ( evil2 t is1 ( t sort ( goodness :i* is nurtur$ by ?is sep>ation4 ,! badness ( good p1 = ! mo/ "p record$ only 9 fiction1 is ! rev5ge tak5 by human nature = ! injuries heap$ ^u x 9 ! "n ( morality4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 morals cut (f f positive roots 9 man's nature is b\nd to be ma9ly negative4 ,practical emphasis falls ^u avoidance1 escape ( evil1 ^u n do+ ?+s1 obs]v+ prohibitions4 ,negative morals assume z _m =ms z !re are types ( temp]am5t subject to x4 ,its commone/ =m is ! protective coloration ( a neutral respectability1 an insipidity ( "*4 ,= "o man :o ?anks ,god t he is n z o!r m5 !re are a ?\s& to (f] ?anks t !y are z o!r m51 suffici5tly z o!rs are to escape att5tion4 ,abs5ce ( social blame is ! usual m>k ( goodness = x %[s t evil has be5 avoid$4 ,blame is mo/ readily av]t$ by be+ s mu* l ev]ybody else t "o passes unnotic$4 ,conv5tional morality is a drab morality1 9 :i* ! only fatal ?+ is to be conspicu\s4 ,if !re be flavor left 9 x1 !n "s natural traits h someh[ escap$ be+ subdu$4 ,to be s good z to attract notice is to be priggi%1 too good = ?is _w4 ,! same psy*ology t br&s ! convict$ crim9al z =ev] a social outca/ makes x ! "p ( a g5tleman n to obtrude virtues noticeably ^u o!rs4 ,! ,puritan is nev] popul>1 n ev5 9 a society ( ,puritans4 ,9 case ( a p9*1 ! mass pref] to be good fell[s r ?an to be good m54 ,polite vice is pref]able to ecc5tricity & ceases to be vice4 ,morals t pr(ess$ly neglect human nature end by emphasiz+ ^? qualities ( human nature t are mo/ commonplace & av]age2 !y exagg]ate ! h]d in/9ct to con=mity4 ,pr(essional gu>dians ( morality :o h be5 exact+ ) respect to !mselves h accept$ avoidance ( conspicu\s evil z en\gh = ! masses4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive ?+s 9 all human hi/ory is ! sy/em ( concessions1 tol]ances1 mitigations & reprieves :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ) its (ficial sup]natural morality has devis$ = ! multitude4 ,elevation ( ! _s above ev]y?+ natural is temp]$ by organiz$ l5i5cy = ! frailties ( fle%4 ,to uphold an alo( realm ( /rictly ideal realities is admitt$ to be possible only = a few4 ,prote/antism1 except 9 its mo/ zeal\s =ms1 has accompli%$ ! same result by a %>p sep>ation betwe5 religion & morality 9 :i* a high] ju/ification by fai? disposes at "o /roke ( daily lapses into ! greg>i\s morals ( av]age conduct4 ,!re are always rud] =ceful natures :o _c tame !mselves to ! requir$ level ( colorless con=mity4 ,to !m conv5tional morality appe>s z an organiz$ futility2 ?\gh !y are usually unconsci\s ( _! own attitude s9ce !y are he>tily 9 favor ( morality = ! mass z mak+ x easi] to manage !m4 ,_! only /&>d is success1 putt+ ?+s ov]1 gett+ ?+s done4 ,be+ good is to !m practically synonym\s ) ineffectuality2 & accompli%m5t1 a*ievem5t is its own ju/ification4 ,!y "k by exp]i5ce t mu* is =giv5 to ^? :o succe$1 & !y leave goodness to ! /upid1 to ^? :om !y qualify z boobs4 ,_! greg>i\s nature f9ds suffici5t outlet 9 ! conspicu\s tribute !y pay to all e/abli%$ in/itutions z gu>dians ( ideal int]e/s1 & 9 _! d5unciations ( all :o op5ly defy conv5tionaliz$ ideals4 ,or !y discov] t !y are ! *os5 ag5ts ( a high] morality & walk subject to specially orda9$ laws4 ,hypocrisy 9 ! s5se ( a delib]ate cov]+ up ( a w to evil by l\d-voic$ prote/ations ( virtue is "o ( ! r>e/ ( occurr5ces4 ,b ! comb9ation 9 ! same p]son ( an int5sely executive nature ) a love ( popul> approval is b\nd1 9 ! face ( conv5tional morality1 to produce :at ! critical t]m hypocrisy4 ,ano!r reaction to ! sep>ation ( morals f human nature is a romantic glorification ( natural impulse z some?+ sup]ior to all moral claims4 ,!re are ^? :o lack ! p]si/5t =ce ( ! executive w to break ?r\gh conv5tions & to use !m = _! own purposes1 b :o unite s5sitiv5ess ) int5sity ( desire4 ,fa/5+ ^u ! conv5tional elem5t 9 morality1 !y hold t all morality is a conv5tionality hamp]+ to ! developm5t ( individuality4 ,al?\gh appetites are ! commone/ ?+s 9 human nature1 ! lea/ di/9ctive or individualiz$1 !y id5tify unre/ra9t 9 satisfaction ( appetite ) free realization ( individuality4 ,!y treat subjection to passion z a manife/ation ( fre$om 9 ! degree 9 :i* x %ocks ! b\rgeois4 ,! urg5t ne$ = a transvaluation ( morals is c>icatur$ by ! notion t an avoidance ( ! avoidances ( conv5tional morals con/itutes positive a*ievem5t4 ,:ile ! executive type keeps its eyes on actual conditions s z to manipulate !m1 ?is s*ool abrogates objective intellig5ce 9 behalf ( s5tim5t1 & )draws into little cot]ies ( emancipat$ s\ls4 ,!re are o!rs :o take s]i\sly ! idea ( morals sep>at$ f ! ord9>y actualities ( humanity & :o attempt to live up to x4 ,"s become engross$ 9 spiritual egotism4 ,!y are preoccupi$ ) ! /ate ( _! "*1 conc]n$ = ! purity ( _! motives & ! goodness ( _! s\ls4 ,! exaltation ( conceit :i* sometimes accompanies ?is absorption c produce a corrosive inhumanity :i* exce$s ! possibilities ( any o!r kn[n =m ( selfi%ness4 ,9 o!r cases1 p]si/5t preoccupation ) ! ?\ght ( an ideal realm bre$s morbid discont5t ) surr\nd+s1 or induces a futile )drawal into an inn] _w :]e all facts are fair to ! eye4 ,! ne$s ( actual conditions are neglect$1 or dealt ) 9 a half-he>t$ way1 because 9 ! light ( ! ideal !y are s mean & sordid4 ,to speak ( evils1 to /rive s]i\sly = *ange1 %[s a l[ m9d4 ,or1 aga91 ! ideal becomes a refuge1 an asylum1 a way ( escape f tiresome responsibilities4 ,9 v>i$ ways m5 come to live 9 two worlds1 "o ! actual1 ! o!r ! ideal4 ,"s are tortur$ by ! s5se ( _! irreconcilability4 ,o!rs alt]nate betwe5 ! two1 comp5sat+ = ! /ra9s ( r5unciation involv$ 9 memb]%ip 9 ! ideal realm by pleasurable excursions into ! delights ( ! actual4 ,if we turn f concrete effects ^u "* to !oretical issues1 we s+le out ! discussion reg>d+ fre$om ( w z typical ( ! consequ5ces t come f sep>at+ morals f human nature4 ,m5 are we>i$ ) bootless discussion1 & anxi\s to dismiss x z a metaphysical subtlety4 ,b nev]!less x conta9s )9 itself ! mo/ practical ( all moral que/ions1 ! nature ( fre$om & ! means ( its a*iev+4 ,! sep>ation ( morals f human nature leads to a sep>ation ( human nature 9 its moral aspects f ! re/ ( nature1 & f ord9>y social habits & endeavors :i* are f\nd 9 bus9ess1 civic life1 ! run ( companion%ips & recreations4 ,^! ?+s are ?\ght ( at mo/ z places :]e moral notions ne$ to be appli$1 n z places :]e moral ideas are to be /udi$ & moral en]gies g5]at$4 ,9 %ort1 ! sev]ance ( morals f human nature ends by driv+ morals inw>ds f ! public op5 out-(-doors air & light ( day into ! obscurities & privacies ( an inn] life4 ,! significance ( ! traditional discussion ( free w is t x reflects precisely a sep>ation ( moral activity f nature & ! public life ( m54 ,"o has to turn f moral !ories to ! g5]al human /ruggle = political1 economic & religi\s lib]ty1 = fre$om ( ?\ght1 spee*1 assemblage & cre$1 to f9d significant reality 9 ! conception ( fre$om ( w4 ,!n "o f9ds himself out ( ! /ifl+ly close atmosph]e ( an inn] consci\sness & 9 ! op5-air _w4 ,! co/ ( conf9+ moral fre$om to an inn] region is ! almo/ complete sev]ance ( e?ics f politics & economics4 ,! =m] is reg>d$ z summ$ up 9 edify+ exhortations1 & ! latt] z connect$ ) arts ( exp$i5cy sep>at$ f l>g] issues ( good4 ,9 %ort1 !re are two s*ools ( social re=m4 ,"o bases itself ^u ! notion ( a morality :i* spr+s f an inn] fre$om1 some?+ my/]i\sly coop$ up )9 p]sonality4 ,x ass]ts t ! only way to *ange in/itutions is = m5 to purify _! own he>ts1 & t :5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 *ange ( in/itutions w foll[ ( itself4 ,! o!r s*ool d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any su* inn] p[]1 & 9 s do+ conceives t x has d5i$ all moral fre$om4 ,x says t m5 are made :at !y are by ! =ces ( ! environm5t1 t human nature is purely malleable1 & t till in/itutions are *ang$1 no?+ c be done4 ,cle>ly ?is leaves ! outcome z hopeless z does an appeal to an inn] rectitude & b5evol5ce4 ,= x provides no lev]age = *ange ( environm5t4 ,x ?r[s u back ^u accid5t1 usually disguis$ z a necess>y law ( hi/ory or evolution1 & tru/s to "s viol5t *ange1 symboliz$ by civil w>1 to u%] 9 an abrupt mill5nium4 ,!re is an alt]native to be+ p5n$ 9 betwe5 ^! two !ories4 ,we c recognize t all conduct is int]action betwe5 elem5ts ( human nature & ! environm5t1 natural & social4 ,!n we %all see t progress proce$s 9 two ways1 & t fre$om is f\nd 9 t k9d ( int]action :i* ma9ta9s an environm5t 9 :i* human desire & *oice c\nt = some?+4 ,!re are 9 tru? =ces 9 man z well z )\t him4 ,:ile !y are inf9itely frail 9 comp>ison ) ext]ior =ces1 yet !y may h ! support ( a =esee+ & contriv+ intellig5ce4 ,:5 we look at ! problem z "o ( an adju/m5t to be intellig5tly atta9$1 ! issue %ifts f )9 p]sonality to an eng9e]+ issue1 ! e/abli%m5t ( arts ( education & social guidance4 ,! idea p]si/s t !re is some?+ mat]iali/ic ab\t natural sci5ce & t morals are degrad$ by hav+ any?+ s]i\sly to d ) mat]ial ?+s4 ,if a sect %\ld arise proclaim+ t m5 ought to purify _! lungs completely be=e !y ev] drew a brea? x ought to w9 _m adh]5ts f pr(ess$ morali/s4 ,= ! neglect ( sci5ces t deal specifically ) facts ( ! natural & social environm5t leads to a side-track+ ( moral =ces into an unreal privacy ( an unreal self4 ,x is impossible to say h[ mu* ( ! rem$iable suff]+ ( ! _w is due to ! fact t physical sci5ce is look$ ^u z m]ely physical4 ,x is impossible to say h[ mu* ( ! unnecess>y slav]y ( ! _w is due to ! conception t moral issues c be settl$ )9 consci5ce or human s5tim5t ap>t f consi/5t /udy ( facts & application ( specific k 9 indu/ry1 law & politics4 ,outside ( manufactur+ & transportation1 sci5ce gets its *ance 9 w>4 ,^! facts p]petuate w> & ! h>de/1 mo/ brutal side ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,ea* sign ( disreg>d = ! moral pot5tialities ( physical sci5ce drafts ! consci5ce ( mank9d away f conc]n ) ! int]actions ( man & nature :i* mu/ be ma/]$ if fre$om is to be a reality4 ,x div]ts intellig5ce to anxi\s preoccupation ) ! unrealities ( a purely inn] life1 or /r5g!ns reliance ^u outbur/s ( s5tim5tal affection4 ,! masses sw>m to ! occult = assi/ance4 ,! cultivat$ smile contemptu\sly4 ,!y might smile1 z ! say+ goes1 out ( ! o!r side ( _! m\?s if !y realiz$ h[ rec\rse to ! occult exhibits ! practical logic ( _! own beliefs4 ,= bo? re/ ^u a sep>ation ( moral ideas & feel+s f kn[able facts ( life1 man & ! _w4 ,x is n pret5d$ t a moral !ory bas$ ^u realities ( human nature & a /udy ( ! specific connections ( ^! realities ) ^? ( physical sci5ce w\ld d away ) moral /ruggle & defeat4 ,x w\ld n make ! moral life z simple a matt] z w5d+ "o's way along a well-light$ b\lev>d4 ,all action is an invasion ( ! future1 ( ! unkn[n4 ,conflict & unc]ta9ty are ultimate traits4 ,b morals bas$ ^u conc]n ) facts & d]iv+ guidance f k ( !m w\ld at lea/ locate ! po9ts ( effective endeavor & w\ld focus available res\rces ^u !m4 ,x w\ld put an end to ! impossible attempt to live 9 two unrelat$ worlds4 ,x w\ld de/roy fix$ di/9ction betwe5 ! human & ! physical1 z well z t betwe5 ! moral & ! indu/rial & political4 ,a morals bas$ on /udy ( human nature in/ead ( ^u disreg>d = x w\ld f9d ! facts ( man cont9u\s ) ^? ( ! re/ ( nature & w\ld !reby ally e?ics ) physics & biology4 ,x w\ld f9d ! nature & activities ( "o p]son cot]m9\s ) ^? ( o!r human be+s1 & !re=e l9k e?ics ) ! /udy ( hi/ory1 sociology1 law & economics4 ,su* a morals w\ld n automatically solve moral problems1 nor resolve p]plexities4 ,b x w\ld enable u to /ate problems 9 su* =ms t action c\ld be c\rage\sly & intellig5tly direct$ to _! solution4 ,x w\ld n assure u aga9/ failure1 b x w\ld r5d] failure a s\rce ( in/ruction4 ,x w\ld n protect u aga9/ ! future em]g5ce ( equally s]i\s moral difficulties1 b x w\ld enable u to approa* ! always recurr+ tr\bles ) a fund ( gr[+ k :i* w\ld add significant values to our conduct ev5 :5 we ov]tly fail$--z we %\ld cont9ue to d4 ,until ! integrity ( morals ) human nature & ( bo? ) ! environm5t is recogniz$1 we %all be depriv$ ( ! aid ( pa/ exp]i5ce to cope ) ! mo/ acute & deep problems ( life4 ,accurate & ext5sive k w cont9ue to op]ate only 9 deal+ ) purely te*nical problems4 ,! intellig5t ackn[l$gm5t ( ! cont9uity ( nature1 man & society w alone secure a gr[? ( morals :i* w be s]i\s )\t be+ fanatical1 aspir+ )\t s5tim5tality1 adapt$ to reality )\t conv5tionality1 s5sible )\t tak+ ! =m ( calculation ( pr(its1 ideali/ic )\t be+ romantic4 ,,"p ,,"o ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,habit ,,9 ,,conduct ,i ,habits may be pr(itably comp>$ to physiological functions1 l brea?+1 dige/+4 ,! latt] are1 to be sure1 involunt>y1 :ile habits are acquir$4 ,b important z is ?is diff]5ce = _m purposes x %\ld n conceal ! fact t habits are l functions 9 _m respects1 & especially 9 requir+ ! coop]ation ( organism & environm5t4 ,brea?+ is an affair ( ! air z truly z ( ! lungs2 dige/+ an affair ( food z truly z ( tissues ( /oma*4 ,see+ involves light j z c]ta9ly z x does ! eye & optic n]ve4 ,walk+ implicates ! gr\nd z well z ! legs2 spee* dem&s physical air & human companion%ip & audi5ce z well z vocal organs4 ,we may %ift f ! biological to ! ma!matical use ( ! ^w function1 & say t natural op]ations l brea?+ & dige/+1 acquir$ ones l spee* & hone/y1 are functions ( ! surr\nd+s z truly z ( a p]son4 ,!y are ?+s done by ! environm5t by means ( organic /ructures or acquir$ dispositions4 ,! same air t "u c]ta9 conditions ruffles ! pool or wrecks build+s1 "u o!r conditions purifies ! blood & conveys ?\ght4 ,! outcome dep5ds ^u :at air acts ^u4 ,! social environm5t acts ?r\gh native impulses & spee* & moral habitudes manife/ !mselves4 ,!re are specific good reasons = ! usual attribution ( acts to ! p]son f :om !y imm$iately proce$4 ,b to conv]t ?is special ref]5ce into a belief ( exclusive own]%ip is z mislead+ z to suppose t brea?+ & dige/+ are complete )9 ! human body4 ,to get a rational basis = moral discussion we mu/ beg9 ) recogniz+ t functions & habits are ways ( us+ & incorporat+ ! environm5t 9 :i* ! latt] has its say z surely z ! =m]4 ,we may borr[ words f a context less te*nical ?an t ( biology1 & convey ! same idea by say+ t habits are arts4 ,!y involve skill ( s5sory & motor organs1 cunn+ or craft1 & objective mat]ials4 ,!y assimilate objective en]gies1 & ev5tuate 9 comm& ( environm5t4 ,!y require ord]1 discipl9e1 & manife/ te*nique4 ,!y h a beg9n+1 middle & end4 ,ea* /age m>ks progress 9 deal+ ) mat]ials & tools1 advance 9 conv]t+ mat]ial to active use4 ,we %\ld laugh at any "o :o said t he 0 ma/] ( /one work+1 b t ! art 0 coop$ up )9 himself & 9 no wise dep5d5t ^u support f objects & assi/ance f tools4 ,9 morals we are h[ev] q accu/om$ to su* a fatuity4 ,moral dispositions are ?\ght ( z belong+ exclusively to a self4 ,! self is !reby isolat$ f natural & social surr\nd+s4 ,a :ole s*ool ( morals fl\ri%es ^u capital drawn f re/rict+ morals to "* & !n sep>at+ "* f conduct1 motives f actual de$s4 ,recognition ( ! analogy ( moral action ) functions & arts uproots ! causes :i* h made morals subjective & individuali/ic4 ,x br+s morals to e>?1 & if !y /ill aspire to heav5 x is to ! heav5s ( ! e>?1 & n to ano!r _w4 ,hone/y1 *a/ity1 malice1 peevi%ness1 c\rage1 triviality1 indu/ry1 irresponsibility are n private possessions ( a p]son4 ,!y are work+ adaptations ( p]sonal capacities ) environ+ =ces4 ,all virtues & vices are habits :i* incorporate objective =ces4 ,!y are int]actions ( elem5ts contribut$ by ! make-up ( an individual ) elem5ts suppli$ by ! out-door _w4 ,!y c be /udi$ z objectively z physiological functions1 & !y c be modifi$ by *ange ( ei!r p]sonal or social elem5ts4 ,if an individual 7 alone 9 ! _w1 he w\ld =m 8 habits 7assum+ ! impossible1 namely1 t he w\ld be able to =m !m7 9 a moral vacuum4 ,!y w\ld belong to him alone1 or to him only 9 ref]5ce to physical =ces4 ,responsibility & virtue w\ld be 8 alone4 ,b s9ce habits involve ! support ( environ+ conditions1 a society or "s specific gr\p ( fell[-m51 is always accessory be=e & aft] ! fact4 ,"s activity proce$s f a man2 !n x sets up reactions 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,o!rs approve1 disapprove1 prote/1 enc\rage1 %>e & resi/4 ,ev5 lett+ a man alone is a def9ite response4 ,envy1 admiration & imitation are complicities4 ,neutrality is non-exi/5t4 ,conduct is always %>$2 ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & a physiological process4 ,x is n an e?ical ought t conduct %\ld be social4 ,x is social1 :e!r bad or good4 ,wa%+ "o's h&s ( ! guilt ( o!rs is a way ( %>+ guilt s f> z x enc\rages 9 o!rs a vici\s way ( action4 ,non-resi/ance to evil :i* takes ! =m ( pay+ no att5tion to x is a way ( promot+ x4 ,! desire ( an individual to keep 8 own consci5ce /a9less by /&+ alo( f badness may be a sure means ( caus+ evil & ?us ( creat+ p]sonal responsibility = x4 ,yet !re are circum/ances 9 :i* passive resi/ance may be ! mo/ effective =m ( nullification ( wrong action1 or 9 :i* heap+ coals ( fire on ! evil-do] may be ! mo/ effective way ( trans=m+ conduct4 ,to s5tim5talize ov] a crim9al--to =give because ( a gl[ ( feel+--is to incur liability = production ( crim9als4 ,b to suppose t infliction ( retributive suff]+ suffices1 )\t ref]5ce to concrete consequ5ces1 is to leave unt\*$ old causes ( crim9ality & to create new ones by fo/]+ rev5ge & brutality4 ,! ab/ract !ory ( ju/ice :i* dem&s ! v9dication ( law irrespective ( in/ruction & re=m ( ! wrong-do] is z mu* a refusal to recognize responsibility z is ! s5tim5tal gu% :i* makes a suff]+ victim out ( a crim9al4 ,c\rses ( action :i* put ! blame exclusively on a p]son z if 8 evil w 7 ! sole cause ( wrong-do+ & ^? :i* condone (f5se on acc\nt ( ! %>e ( social conditions 9 produc+ bad disposition1 are equally ways ( mak+ an unreal sep>ation ( man f 8 surr\nd+s1 m9d f ! _w4 ,causes = an act always exi/1 b causes are n excuses4 ,que/ions ( causation are physical1 n moral except :5 !y conc]n future consequ5ces4 ,x is z causes ( future actions t excuses & accusations alike mu/ be consid]$4 ,at pres5t we give way to res5tful passion1 & !n rationalize our surr5d] by call+ x a v9dication ( ju/ice4 ,our entire tradition reg>d+ punitive ju/ice t5ds to prev5t recognition ( social p>tn]%ip 9 produc+ crime2 x falls 9 ) a belief 9 metaphysical free-w4 ,by kill+ an evil-do] or %utt+ him up beh9d /one walls1 we are enabl$ to =get bo? him & our "p 9 creat+ him4 ,society excuses itself by lay+ ! blame on ! crim9al2 he retorts by putt+ ! blame on bad e>ly surr\nd+s1 ! temptations ( o!rs1 lack ( opportunities1 & ! p]secutions ( (fic]s ( ! law4 ,bo? are "r1 except 9 ! :olesale "* ( _! recrim9ations4 ,b ! effect on bo? sides is to ?r[ ! :ole matt] back into antec$5t causation1 a me?od :i* refuses to br+ ! matt] to truly moral judgm5t4 ,= morals has to d ) acts /ill )9 our control1 acts /ill to be p]=m$4 ,no am\nt ( guilt on ! "p ( ! evil-do] absolves u f responsibility = ! consequ5ces ^u him & o!rs ( our way ( treat+ him1 or f our cont9u+ responsibility = ! conditions "u :i* p]sons develop p]v]se habits4 ,we ne$ to discrim9ate betwe5 ! physical & ! moral "q4 ,! =m] conc]ns :at has happ5$1 & h[ x happ5$4 ,to consid] ?is "q is indisp5sable to morals4 ,)\t an answ] to x we _c tell :at =ces are at "w nor h[ to direct our actions s z to improve conditions4 ,until we "k ! conditions :i* h help$ =m ! *>act]s we approve & disapprove1 our ef=ts to create ! "o & d away ) ! o!r w be bl9d & halt+4 ,b ! moral issue conc]ns ! future4 ,x is prospective4 ,to cont5t ourselves ) pron\nc+ judgm5ts ( m]it & dem]it )\t ref]5ce to ! fact t our judgm5ts are !mselves facts :i* h consequ5ces & t _! value dep5ds ^u _! consequ5ces1 is complac5tly to dodge ! moral issue1 p]haps ev5 to indulge ourselves 9 pleasurable passion j z ! p]son we condemn once indulg$ himself4 ,! moral problem is t ( modify+ ! factors :i* n[ influ5ce future results4 ,to *ange ! work+ "* or w ( ano!r we h to alt] objective conditions :i* ent] into 8 habits4 ,our own s*emes ( judgm5t1 ( assign+ blame & praise1 ( aw>d+ puni%m5t & honor1 are "p ( ^! conditions4 ,9 practical life1 !re are _m recognitions ( ! "p play$ by social factors 9 g5]at+ p]sonal traits4 ,"o ( !m is our habit ( mak+ social classifications4 ,we attribute di/9ctive *>act]i/ics to ri* & poor1 slum-dwell] & capta9 ( indu/ry1 ru/ic & suburbanite1 (ficials1 politicians1 pr(essors1 to memb]s ( races1 sets & p>ties4 ,^! judgm5ts are usually too co>se to be ( mu* use4 ,b !y %[ our practical aw>5ess t p]sonal traits are functions ( social situations4 ,:5 we g5]alize ?is p]ception & act ^u x intellig5tly we are committ$ by x to recognize t we *ange "* f worse to bett] only by *ang+ conditions--among :i*1 once m1 are our own ways ( deal+ ) ! "o we judge4 ,we _c *ange habit directly3 t notion is magic4 ,b we c *ange x indirectly by modify+ conditions1 by an intellig5t select+ & weight+ ( ! objects :i* engage att5tion & :i* influ5ce ! fulfilm5t ( desires4 ,a savage c travel aft] a fa%ion 9 a jungle4 ,civiliz$ activity is too complex to be c>ri$ on )\t smoo!d roads4 ,x requires signals & junction po9ts2 traffic au?orities & means ( easy & rapid transportation4 ,x dem&s a cong5ial1 antec$5tly prep>$ environm5t4 ,)\t x1 civilization w\ld relapse into b>b>ism 9 spite ( ! be/ ( subjective int5tion & int]nal good disposition4 ,! et]nal dignity ( labor & art lies 9 _! effect+ t p]man5t re%ap+ ( environm5t :i* is ! sub/antial f\ndation ( future security & progress4 ,individuals fl\ri% & )] away l ! grass ( ! fields4 ,b ! fruits ( _! "w endure & make possible ! developm5t ( fur!r activities hav+ full] significance4 ,x is ( grace n ( ourselves t we lead civiliz$ lives4 ,!re is s\nd s5se 9 ! old pagan notion t gratitude is ! root ( all virtue4 ,loyalty to :atev] 9 ! e/abli%$ environm5t makes a life ( excell5ce possible is ! beg9n+ ( all progress4 ,! be/ we c accompli% = po/]ity is to transmit unimpair$ & ) "s increm5t ( mean+ ! environm5t t makes x possible to ma9ta9 ! habits ( dec5t & ref9$ life4 ,our individual habits are l9ks 9 =m+ ! endless *a9 ( humanity4 ,_! significance dep5ds ^u ! environm5t inh]it$ f our =]unn]s1 & x is enhanc$ z we =esee ! fruits ( our labors 9 ! _w 9 :i* our successors live4 ,= h[ev] mu* has be5 done1 !re always rema9s m to d4 ,we c reta9 & transmit our own h]itage only by con/ant remak+ ( our own environm5t4 ,piety to ! pa/ is n = its own sake nor = ! sake ( ! pa/1 b = ! sake ( a pres5t s secure & enri*$ t x w create a yet bett] future4 ,individuals ) _! exhortations1 _! prea*+s & scold+s1 _! inn] aspirations & s5tim5ts h disappe>$1 b _! habits endure1 because ^! habits incorporate objective conditions 9 !mselves4 ,s w x be ) our activities4 ,we may desire abolition ( w>1 indu/rial ju/ice1 great] equality ( opportunity = all4 ,b no am\nt ( prea*+ good w or ! gold5 rule or cultivation ( s5tim5ts ( love & equity w accompli% ! results4 ,!re mu/ be *ange 9 objective arrangem5ts & in/itutions4 ,we mu/ "w on ! environm5t n m]ely on ! he>ts ( m54 ,to ?9k o!rwise is to suppose t fl[]s c be rais$ 9 a des]t or motor c>s run 9 a jungle4 ,bo? ?+s c happ5 & )\t a miracle4 ,b only by fir/ *ang+ ! jungle & des]t4 ,yet ! di/9ctively p]sonal or subjective factors 9 habit c\nt4 ,ta/e = fl[]s may be ! initial /ep 9 build+ res]voirs & irrigation canals4 ,! /imulation ( desire & ef=t is "o prelim9>y 9 ! *ange ( surr\nd+s4 ,:ile p]sonal exhortation1 advice & in/ruction is a feeble /imulus comp>$ ) t :i* /eadily proce$s f ! imp]sonal =ces & dep]sonaliz$ habitudes ( ! environm5t1 yet !y may />t ! latt] go+4 ,ta/e1 appreciation & ef=t always spr+ f "s accompli%$ objective situation4 ,!y h objective support2 !y repres5t ! lib]ation ( some?+ =m]ly accompli%$ s t x is useful 9 fur!r op]ation4 ,a g5u9e appreciation ( ! beauty ( fl[]s is n g5]at$ )9 a self-enclos$ consci\sness4 ,x reflects a _w 9 :i* beautiful fl[]s h already gr[n & be5 enjoy$4 ,ta/e & desire repres5t a prior objective fact recurr+ 9 action to secure p]petuation & ext5sion4 ,desire = fl[]s comes aft] actual enjoym5t ( fl[]s4 ,b x comes be=e ! "w t makes ! des]t blossom1 x comes be=e cultivation ( plants4 ,e ideal is prec$$ by an actuality2 b ! ideal is m ?an a repetition 9 inn] image ( ! actual4 ,x projects 9 secur] & wid] & full] =m "s good :i* has be5 previ\sly exp]i5c$ 9 a prec>i\s1 accid5tal1 fleet+ way4 ,,ii ,x is a significant fact t 9 ord] to appreciate ! peculi> place ( habit 9 activity we h to betake ourselves to bad habits1 fooli% idl+1 gambl+1 addiction to liquor & drugs4 ,:5 we ?9k ( su* habits1 ! union ( habit ) desire & ) propulsive p[] is =c$ ^u u4 ,:5 we ?9k ( habits 9 t]ms ( walk+1 play+ a musical in/rum5t1 typewrit+1 we are mu* giv5 to ?9k+ ( habits z te*nical abilities exi/+ ap>t f our lik+s & z lack+ 9 urg5t impulsion4 ,we ?9k ( !m z passive tools wait+ to be call$ into action f )\t4 ,a bad habit sugge/s an inh]5t t5d5cy to action & also a hold1 comm& ov] u4 ,x makes u d ?+s we are a%am$ (1 ?+s :i* we tell ourselves we pref] n to d4 ,x ov]rides our =mal resolutions1 our consci\s decisions4 ,:5 we are hone/ ) ourselves we ackn[l$ge t a habit has ?is p[] because x is s intimately a "p ( ourselves4 ,x has a hold ^u u because we are ! habit4 ,our self-love1 our refusal to face facts1 comb9$ p]haps ) a s5se ( a possible bett] al?\gh unrealiz$ self1 leads u to eject ! habit f ! ?\ght ( ourselves & conceive x z an evil p[] :i* has someh[ ov]come u4 ,we fe$ our conceit by recall+ t ! habit 0 n delib]ately =m$2 we nev] int5d$ to become idl]s or gambl]s or r\s4 ,& h[ c any?+ be deeply ourselves :i* develop$ accid5tally1 )\t set int5tion8 ,^! traits ( a bad habit are precisely ! ?+s :i* are mo/ in/ructive ab\t all habits & ab\t ourselves4 ,!y tea* u t all habits are affections1 t all h projectile p[]1 & t a pr$isposition =m$ by a numb] ( specific acts is an imm5sely m intimate & fundam5tal "p ( ourselves ?an are vague1 g5]al1 consci\s *oices4 ,all habits are dem&s = c]ta9 k9ds ( activity2 & !y con/itute ! self4 ,9 any intelligible s5se ( ! ^w w1 !y are w4 ,!y =m our effective desires & !y furni% u ) our work+ capacities4 ,!y rule our ?\ghts1 det]m9+ :i* %all appe> & be /rong & :i* %all pass f light into obscurity4 ,we may ?9k ( habits z means1 wait+1 l tools 9 a box1 to be us$ by consci\s resolve4 ,b !y are some?+ m ?an t4 ,!y are active means1 means t project !mselves1 en]getic & dom9at+ ways ( act+4 ,we ne$ to di/+ui% betwe5 mat]ials1 tools & means prop]4 ,nails & bo>ds are n /rictly speak+ means ( a box4 ,!y are only mat]ials = mak+ x4 ,ev5 ! saw & hamm] are means only :5 !y are employ$ 9 "s actual mak+4 ,o!rwise !y are tools1 or pot5tial means4 ,!y are actual means only :5 br\ght 9 conjunction ) eye1 arm & h& 9 "s specific op]ation4 ,& eye1 arm & h& are1 correspond+ly1 means prop] only :5 !y are 9 active op]ation4 ,& :5ev] !y are 9 action !y are coop]at+ ) ext]nal mat]ials & en]gies4 ,)\t support f beyond !mselves ! eye />es blankly & ! h& moves fumbl+ly4 ,!y are means only :5 !y ent] into organization ) ?+s :i* indep5d5tly accompli% def9ite results4 ,^! organizations are habits4 ,?is fact cuts two ways4 ,except 9 a cont+5t s5se1 ) an if1 nei!r ext]nal mat]ials nor bodily & m5tal organs are 9 !mselves means4 ,!y h to be employ$ 9 coord9at$ conjunction ) "o ano!r to be actual means1 or habits4 ,?is /atem5t may seem l ! =mulation 9 te*nical language ( a common-place4 ,b belief 9 magic has play$ a l>ge "p 9 human hi/ory4 ,& ! ess5ce ( all hocus-pocus is ! supposition t results c be accompli%$ )\t ! jo9t adaptation to ea* o!r ( human p[]s & physical conditions4 ,a desire = ra9 may induce m5 to wave will[ bran*es & to spr9kle wat]4 ,! reaction is natural & innoc5t4 ,b m5 !n g on to believe t _! act has imm$iate p[] to br+ ra9 )\t ! coop]ation ( int]m$iate conditions ( nature4 ,?is is magic2 :ile x may be natural or spontane\s1 x is n innoc5t4 ,x ob/ructs intellig5t /udy ( op]ative conditions & wa/es human desire & ef=t 9 futilities4 ,belief 9 magic did n cease :5 ! co>s] =ms ( sup]/iti\s practice ceas$4 ,! pr9ciple ( magic is f\nd :5ev] x is hop$ to get results )\t intellig5t control ( means2 & also :5 x is suppos$ t means c exi/ & yet rema9 in]t & inop]ative4 ,9 morals & politics su* expectations /ill prevail1 & 9 s f> ! mo/ important phases ( human action are /ill affect$ by magic4 ,we ?9k t by feel+ /rongly en\gh ab\t some?+1 by wi%+ h>d en\gh1 we c get a desirable result1 su* z virtu\s execution ( a good resolve1 or peace among nations1 or good w 9 indu/ry4 ,we slur ov] ! necessity ( ! coop]ative action ( objective conditions1 & ! fact t ?is coop]ation is assur$ only by p]si/5t & close /udy4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 we fancy we c get ^! results by ext]nal ma*9]y1 by tools or pot5tial means1 )\t a correspond+ function+ ( human desires & capacities4 ,(t5 times ^! two false & contradictory beliefs are comb9$ 9 ! same p]son4 ,! man :o feels t 8 virtues are 8 own p]sonal accompli%m5ts is likely to be also ! "o :o ?9ks t by pass+ laws he c ?r[ ! fe> ( ,god into o!rs & make !m virtu\s by edict & prohibitory m&ate4 ,rec5tly a fri5d rem>k$ to me t !re 0 "o sup]/ition curr5t among ev5 cultivat$ p]sons4 ,!y suppose t if "o is told :at to d1 if ! "r end is po9t$ to !m1 all t is requir$ 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! "r act is w or wi% on ! "p ( ! "o :o is to act4 ,he us$ z an illu/ration ! matt] ( physical po/ure2 ! assumption is t if a man is told to /& up /raight1 all t is fur!r ne$$ is wi% & ef=t on 8 "p1 & ! de$ is done4 ,he po9t$ out t ?is belief is on a p> ) primitive magic 9 its neglect ( att5tion to ! means :i* are involv$ 9 rea*+ an end4 ,& he w5t on to say t ! preval5ce ( ?is belief1 />t+ ) false notions ab\t ! control ( ! body & ext5d+ to control ( m9d & "*1 is ! greate/ b> to intellig5t social progress4 ,x b>s ! way because x makes u neglect intellig5t inquiry to discov] ! means :i* w produce a desir$ result1 & intellig5t inv5tion to procure ! means4 ,9 %ort1 x leaves out ! importance ( intellig5tly controll$ habit4 ,we may cite 8 illu/ration ( ! real nature ( a physical aim or ord] & its execution 9 its contra/ ) ! curr5t false notion4#a ,a man :o has a bad habitual po/ure tells himself1 or is told1 to /& up /raight4 ,if he is int]e/$ & responds1 he braces himself1 goes ?r\gh c]ta9 movem5ts1 & x is assum$ t ! desir$ result is sub/antially atta9$2 & t ! position is reta9$ at lea/ z long z ! man keeps ! idea or ord] 9 8 m9d4 ,consid] ! assumptions :i* are "h made4 ,x is impli$ t ! means or effective conditions ( ! realization ( a purpose exi/ indep5d5tly ( e/abli%$ habit & ev5 t !y may be set 9 motion 9 opposition to habit4 ,x is assum$ t means are !re1 s t ! failure to /& erect is :olly a matt] ( failure ( purpose & desire4 ,x ne$s p>alysis or a brok5 leg or "s o!r equally gross ph5om5on to make u appreciate ! importance ( objective conditions4 #a ,i ref] to ,alex&]1 ,man's ,supreme ,inh]itance4 ,n[ 9 fact a man :o c /& prop]ly does s1 & only a man :o c1 does4 ,9 ! =m] case1 fiats ( w are unnecess>y1 & 9 ! latt] useless4 ,a man :o does n /& prop]ly =ms a habit ( /&+ improp]ly1 a positive1 =ceful habit4 ,! common implication t 8 mi/ake is m]ely negative1 t he is simply fail+ to d ! "r ?+1 & t ! failure c be made good by an ord] ( w is absurd4 ,"o might z well suppose t ! man :o is a slave ( :iskey-dr9k+ is m]ely "o :o fails to dr9k wat]4 ,conditions h be5 =m$ = produc+ a bad result1 & ! bad result w occur z long z ^? conditions exi/4 ,!y c no m be dismiss$ by a direct ef=t ( w ?an ! conditions :i* create dr\ght c be dispell$ by :i/l+ = w9d4 ,x is z reasonable to expect a fire to g out :5 x is ord]$ to /op burn+ z to suppose t a man c /& /raight 9 consequ5ce ( a direct action ( ?\ght & desire4 ,! fire c be put out only by *ang+ objective conditions2 x is ! same ) rectification ( bad po/ure4 ,( c\rse some?+ happ5s :5 a man acts ^u 8 idea ( /&+ /raight4 ,= a little :ile1 he /&s diff]5tly1 b only a diff]5t k9d ( badly4 ,he !n takes ! unaccu/om$ feel+ :i* accompanies 8 unusual /& z evid5ce t he is n[ /&+ "r4 ,b !re are _m ways ( /&+ badly1 & he has simply %ift$ 8 usual way to a comp5satory bad way at "s opposite extreme4 ,:5 we realize ?is fact1 we are likely to suppose t x exi/s because control ( ! body is physical & h5ce is ext]nal to m9d & w4 ,transf] ! comm& inside "* & m9d1 & x is fanci$ t an idea ( an end & ! desire to realize x w take imm$iate effect4 ,aft] we get to ! po9t ( recogniz+ t habits mu/ int]v5e betwe5 wi% & execution 9 ! case ( bodily acts1 we /ill *]i% ! illusions t !y c be disp5s$ ) 9 ! case ( m5tal & moral acts4 ,?us ! net result is to make u %>p5 ! di/9ction betwe5 non-moral & moral activities1 & to lead u to conf9e ! latt] /rictly )9 a private1 immat]ial realm4 ,b 9 fact1 =mation ( ideas z well z _! execution dep5ds ^u habit4 ,if we c\ld =m a correct idea )\t a correct habit1 !n possibly we c\ld c>ry x out irrespective ( habit4 ,b a wi% gets def9ite =m only 9 connection ) an idea1 & an idea gets %ape & consi/5cy only :5 x has a habit back ( x4 ,only :5 a man c already p]=m an act ( /&+ /raight does he "k :at x is l to h a "r po/ure & only !n c he summon ! idea requir$ = prop] execution4 ,! act mu/ come be=e ! ?\ght1 & a habit be=e an ability to evoke ! ?\ght at w4 ,ord9>y psy*ology rev]ses ! actual /ate ( affairs4 ,ideas1 ?\ghts ( ends1 are n spontane\sly g5]at$4 ,!re is no immaculate conception ( mean+s or purposes4 ,reason pure ( all influ5ce f prior habit is a fiction4 ,b pure s5sations out ( :i* ideas c be fram$ ap>t f habit are equally fictiti\s4 ,! s5sations & ideas :i* are ! /uff ( ?\ght & purpose are alike affect$ by habits manife/$ 9 ! acts :i* give rise to s5sations & mean+s4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 or ! m intellectual factor 9 our conceptions1 ^u prior exp]i5ce is usually admitt$4 ,b ^? :o attack ! notion ( ?\ght pure f ! influ5ce ( exp]i5ce1 usually id5tify exp]i5ce ) s5sations impress$ ^u an empty m9d4 ,!y !re=e replace ! !ory ( unmix$ ?\ghts ) t ( pure unmix$ s5sations z ! /uff ( all conceptions1 purposes & beliefs4 ,b di/9ct & indep5d5t s5sory qualities1 f> f be+ orig9al elem5ts1 are ! products ( a highly skill$ analysis :i* disposes ( imm5se te*nical sci5tific res\rces4 ,to be able to s+le out a def9itive s5sory elem5t 9 any field is evid5ce ( a high degree ( previ\s tra9+1 t is1 ( well-=m$ habits4 ,a mod]ate am\nt ( obs]vation ( a *ild w suffice to reveal t ev5 su* gross discrim9ations z black1 :ite1 r$1 gre51 are ! result ( "s ye>s ( active deal+s ) ?+s 9 ! c\rse ( :i* habits h be5 set up4 ,x is n su* a simple matt] to h a cle>-cut s5sation4 ,! latt] is a sign ( tra9+1 skill1 habit4 ,admission t ! idea (1 say1 /&+ erect is dep5d5t ^u s5sory mat]ials is1 !re=e equival5t to recognition t x is dep5d5t ^u ! habitual attitudes :i* gov]n concrete s5sory mat]ials4 ,! m$ium ( habit filt]s all ! mat]ial t rea*es our p]ception & ?\ght4 ,! filt] is n1 h[ev]1 *emically pure4 ,x is a reag5t :i* adds new qualities & re>ranges :at is receiv$4 ,our ideas truly dep5d ^u exp]i5ce1 b s d our s5sations4 ,& ! exp]i5ce ^u :i* !y bo? dep5d is ! op]ation ( habits--orig9ally ( in/9cts4 ,?us our purposes & comm&s reg>d+ action 7:e!r physical or moral7 come to u ?r\gh ! refract+ m$ium ( bodily & moral habits4 ,inability to ?9k aright is suffici5tly /rik+ to h caught ! att5tion ( morali/s4 ,b a false psy*ology has l$ !m to int]pret x z due to a necess>y conflict ( fle% & _s1 n z an indication t our ideas are z dep5d5t1 to say ! lea/1 ^u our habits z are our acts ^u our consci\s ?\ghts & purposes4 ,only ! man :o c ma9ta9 a correct po/ure has ! /uff out ( :i* to =m t idea ( /&+ erect :i* c be ! />t+ po9t ( a "r act4 ,only ! man ^: habits are already good c "k :at ! good is4 ,imm$iate1 seem+ly in/9ctive1 feel+ ( ! direction & end ( v>i\s l9es ( behavior is 9 reality ! feel+ ( habits work+ bel[ direct consci\sness4 ,! psy*ology ( illusions ( p]ception is full ( illu/rations ( ! di/ortion introduc$ by habit into obs]vation ( objects4 ,! same fact acc\nts = ! intuitive elem5t 9 judgm5ts ( action1 an elem5t :i* is valuable or ! rev]se 9 accord ) ! quality ( dom9ant habits4 ,=1 z ,ari/otle rem>k$1 ! untutor$ moral p]ceptions ( a good man are usually tru/wor?y1 ^? ( a bad "*1 n4 7,b he %\ld h add$ t ! influ5ce ( social cu/om z well z p]sonal habit has to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 e/imat+ :o is ! good man & ! good judge47 ,:at is true ( ! dep5d5ce ( execution ( an idea ^u habit is true1 !n1 ( ! =mation & quality ( ! idea4 ,suppose t by a happy *ance a "r concrete idea or purpose--concrete1 n simply correct 9 words--has be5 hit ^u3 ,:at happ5s :5 "o ) an incorrect habit tries to act 9 accord ) x8 ,cle>ly ! idea c be c>ri$ into execution only ) a me*anism already !re4 ,if ?is is defective or p]v]t$1 ! be/ int5tion 9 ! _w w yield bad results4 ,9 ! case ( no o!r eng9e does "o suppose t a defective ma*9e w turn out good goods simply because x is invit$ to4 ,ev]y:]e else we recognize t ! design & /ructure ( ! ag5cy employ$ tell directly ^u ! "w done4 ,giv5 a bad habit & ! w or m5tal direction to get a good result1 & ! actual happ5+ is a rev]se or look+-glass manife/ation ( ! usual fault--a comp5satory twi/ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,refusal to recognize ?is fact only leads to a sep>ation ( m9d f body1 & to suppos+ t m5tal or psy*ical me*anisms are diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? ( bodily op]ations & indep5d5t ( !m4 ,s deep seat$ is ?is notion t ev5 s sci5tific a !ory z mod]n psy*o-analysis ?9ks t m5tal habits c be /raight5$ out by "s k9d ( purely psy*ical manipulation )\t ref]5ce to ! di/ortions ( s5sation & p]ception :i* are due to bad bodily sets4 ,! o!r side ( ! error is f\nd 9 ! notion ( sci5tific n]ve physiologi/s t x is only necess>y to locate a p>ticul> diseas$ cell or local lesion1 indep5d5t ( ! :ole complex ( organic habits1 9 ord] to rectify conduct4 ,means are means2 !y are int]m$iates1 middle t]ms4 ,to grasp ?is fact is to h done ) ! ord9>y dualism ( means & ends4 ,! end is m]ely a s]ies ( acts view$ at a remote /age2 & a means is m]ely ! s]ies view$ at an e>li] "o4 ,! di/9ction ( means & end arises 9 survey+ ! c\rse ( a propos$ l9e ( action1 a connect$ s]ies 9 "t4 ,! end is ! la/ act ?\ght (2 ! means are ! acts to be p]=m$ prior to x 9 "t4 ,to rea* an end we mu/ take our m9d (f f x & att5d to ! act :i* is next to be p]=m$4 ,we mu/ make t ! end4 ,! only exception to ?is /atem5t is 9 cases :]e cu/om>y habit det]m9es ! c\rse ( ! s]ies4 ,!n all t is want$ is a cue to set x (f4 ,b :5 ! propos$ end involves any deviation f usual action1 or any rectification ( x--z 9 ! case ( /&+ /raight--!n ! ma9 ?+ is to f9d "s act :i* is diff]5t f ! usual "o4 ,! discov]y & p]=mance ( ?is unaccu/om$ act is ! end to :i* we mu/ devote all att5tion4 ,o!rwise we %all simply d ! old ?+ ov] aga91 no matt] :at is our consci\s comm&4 ,! only way ( accompli%+ ?is discov]y is ?r\gh a flank movem5t4 ,we mu/ /op ev5 ?9k+ ( /&+ up /raight4 ,to ?9k ( x is fatal1 = x commits u to ! op]ation ( an e/abli%$ habit ( /&+ wrong4 ,we mu/ f9d an act )9 our p[] :i* is disconnect$ f any ?\ght ab\t /&+4 ,we mu/ />t to d ano!r ?+ :i* on "o side inhibits our fall+ into ! cu/om>y bad position & on ! o!r side is ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies ( acts :i* may lead into ! correct po/ure4#b ,! h>d-dr9k] :o keeps ?9k+ ( n dr9k+ is do+ :at he c to initiate ! acts :i* lead to dr9k+4 ,he is />t+ ) ! /imulus to 8 habit4 ,to succe$ he mu/ f9d "s positive int]e/ or l9e ( action :i* w inhibit ! dr9k+ s]ies & :i* by in/itut+ ano!r c\rse ( action w br+ him to 8 desir$ end4 ,9 %ort1 ! man's true aim is to discov] "s c\rse ( action1 hav+ no?+ to d ) ! habit ( dr9k or /&+ erect1 :i* w take him :]e he wants to g4 ,! discov]y ( ?is o!r s]ies is at once 8 means & 8 end4 ,until "o takes int]m$iate acts s]i\sly en\gh to treat !m z ends1 "o wa/es "o's "t 9 any ef=t at *ange ( habits4 ,( ! int]m$iate acts1 ! mo/ important is ! next "o4 ,! fir/ or e>lie/ means is ! mo/ important end to discov]4 #b,! te*nique ( ?is process is /at$ 9 ! book ( ,mr4 ,alex&] already ref]r$ to1 & ! !oretical /atem5t giv5 is borr[$ f ,mr4 ,alex&]'s analysis4 ,means & ends are two names = ! same reality4 ,! t]ms d5ote n a division 9 reality b a di/9ction 9 judgm5t4 ,)\t und]/&+ ?is fact we _c und]/& ! nature ( habits nor c we pass beyond ! usual sep>ation ( ! moral & non-moral 9 conduct4 ,end is a "n = a s]ies ( acts tak5 collectively--l ! t]m army4 ,means is a "n = ! same s]ies tak5 di/ributively--l ?is soldi]1 t (fic]4 ,to ?9k ( ! end signifies to ext5d & enl>ge our view ( ! act to be p]=m$4 ,x means to look at ! next act 9 p]spective1 n p]mitt+ x to occupy ! entire field ( vision4 ,to be> ! end 9 m9d signifies t we %\ld n /op ?9k+ ab\t our next act until we =m "s reasonably cle> idea ( ! c\rse ( action to :i* x commits u4 ,to atta9 a remote end means on ! o!r h& to treat ! end z a s]ies ( means4 ,to say t an end is remote or di/ant1 to say 9 fact t x is an end at all1 is equival5t to say+ t ob/acles int]v5e betwe5 u & x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x rema9s a di/ant end1 x becomes a m]e end1 t is a dream4 ,z soon z we h project$ x1 we mu/ beg9 to "w backw>d 9 ?\ght4 ,we mu/ *ange :at is to be done into a h[1 ! means :]eby4 ,! end ?us re-appe>s z a s]ies ( :at nexts1 & ! :at next ( *ief importance is ! "o ne>e/ ! pres5t /ate ( ! "o act+4 ,only z ! end is conv]t$ into means is x def9itely conceiv$1 or intellectually def9$1 to say no?+ ( be+ executable4 ,j z end1 x is vague1 cl\dy1 impressioni/ic4 ,we d n "k :at we are really aft] until a c\rse ( action is m5tally work$ out4 ,aladd9 ) 8 lamp c\ld disp5se ) translat+ ends into means1 b no "o else c d s4 ,n[ ! ?+ :i* is close/ to u1 ! means )9 our p[]1 is a habit4 ,"s habit imp$$ by circum/ances is ! s\rce ( ! projection ( ! end4 ,x is also ! prim>y means 9 its realization4 ,! habit is propulsive & moves anyway t[>d "s end1 or result1 :e!r x is project$ z an end-9-view or n4 ,! man :o c walk does walk2 ! man :o c talk does conv]se--if only ) himself4 ,h[ is ?is /atem5t to be reconcil$ ) ! fact t we are n always walk+ & talk+2 t our habits seem s (t5 to be lat5t1 inop]ative8 ,su* inactivity holds only ( ov]t1 visibly obvi\s op]ation4 ,9 actuality ea* habit op]ates all ! "t ( wak+ life2 ?\gh l a memb] ( a crew tak+ 8 turn at ! :eel1 its op]ation becomes ! dom9antly *>act]i/ic trait ( an act only occasionally or r>ely4 ,! habit ( walk+ is express$ 9 :at a man sees :5 he keeps /ill1 ev5 9 dreams4 ,! recognition ( di/ances & directions ( ?+s f 8 place at re/ is ! obvi\s pro( ( ?is /atem5t4 ,! habit ( locomotion is lat5t 9 ! s5se t x is cov]$ up1 c\nt]act$1 by a habit ( see+ :i* is def9itely at ! =e4 ,b c\nt]action is n suppression4 ,locomotion is a pot5tial en]gy1 n 9 any metaphysical s5se1 b 9 ! physical s5se 9 :i* pot5tial en]gy z well z k9etic has to be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 any sci5tific description4 ,ev]y?+ t a man :o has ! habit ( locomotion does & ?9ks he does & ?9ks diff]5tly on t acc\nt4 ,?is fact is recogniz$ 9 curr5t psy*ology1 b is falsifi$ into an association ( s5sations4 ,7 x n = ! cont9u$ op]ation ( all habits 9 e act1 no su* ?+ z "* c\ld exi/4 ,!re w\ld be simply a bundle1 an unti$ bundle at t1 ( isolat$ acts4 ,"* is ! int]p5etration ( habits4 ,if ea* habit exi/$ 9 an insulat$ comp>tm5t & op]at$ )\t affect+ or be+ affect$ by o!rs1 "* w\ld n exi/4 ,t is1 conduct w\ld lack unity be+ only a juxtaposition ( disconnect$ reactions to sep>at$ situations4 ,b s9ce environm5ts ov]lap1 s9ce situations are cont9u\s & ^? remote f "o ano!r conta9 l elem5ts1 a cont9u\s modification ( habits by "o ano!r is con/antly go+ on4 ,a man may give himself away 9 a look or a ge/ure4 ,"* c be read ?r\gh ! m$ium ( individual acts4 ,( c\rse int]p5etration is nev] total4 ,x is mo/ m>k$ 9 :at we call /rong *>act]s4 ,integration is an a*ievem5t r ?an a datum4 ,a weak1 un/able1 vacillat+ "* is "o 9 :i* diff]5t habits alt]nate ) "o ano!r r ?an embody "o ano!r4 ,! /r5g?1 solidity ( a habit is n its own possession b is due to re9=cem5t by ! =ce ( o!r habits :i* x absorbs into itself4 ,r\t9e specialization always works aga9/ int]p5etration4 ,m5 ) pigeon-hole m9ds are n infrequ5t4 ,_! div]se /&>ds & me?ods ( judgm5t = sci5tific1 religi\s1 political matt]s te/ify to isolat$ comp>tm5tal habits ( action4 ,"* t is unable to und]go successfully ! /ra9 ( ?\ght & ef=t requir$ to br+ compet+ t5d5cies into a unity1 builds up b>ri]s betwe5 diff]5t sy/ems ( likes & dislikes4 ,! emotional /ress incid5t to conflict is avoid$ n by readju/m5t b by ef=t at conf9em5t4 ,yet ! exception proves ! rule4 ,su* p]sons are successful 9 keep+ diff]5t ways ( react+ ap>t f "o ano!r 9 consci\sness r ?an 9 action4 ,_! "* is m>k$ by /igmata result+ f ?is division4 ,! mutual modification ( habits by "o ano!r enables u to def9e ! nature ( ! moral situation4 ,x is n necess>y nor advisable to be always consid]+ ! int]action ( habits ) "o ano!r1 t is to say ! effect ( a p>ticul> habit ^u "*--:i* is a "n = ! total int]action4 ,su* consid]ation di/racts att5tion f ! problem ( build+ up an effective habit4 ,a man :o is le>n+ ,fr5*1 or *ess-play+ or eng9e]+ has 8 h&s full ) 8 p>ticul> occupation4 ,he w\ld be confus$ & hamp]$ by con/ant inquiry into its effect ^u "*4 ,he w\ld resemble ! c5tip$e :o by try+ to ?9k ( ! movem5t ( ea* leg 9 relation to all ! o!rs 0 r5d]$ unable to travel4 ,at any giv5 "t1 c]ta9 habits mu/ be tak5 = grant$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,_! op]ation is n a matt] ( moral judgm5t4 ,!y are treat$ z te*nical1 recreational1 pr(essional1 hygi5ic or economic or e/hetic r ?an moral4 ,to lug 9 morals1 or ult]ior effect on "* at e po9t1 is to cultivate moral valetud9>ianism or priggi% pos+4 ,nev]!less any act1 ev5 t "o :i* passes ord9>ily z trivial1 may entail su* consequ5ces = habit & "* z ^u occasion to require judgm5t f ! /&po9t ( ! :ole body ( conduct4 ,x !n comes "u moral scrut9y4 ,to "k :5 to leave acts )\t di/9ctive moral judgm5t & :5 to subject !m to x is itself a l>ge factor 9 morality4 ,! s]i\s matt] is t ?is relative pragmatic1 or intellectual1 di/9ction betwe5 ! moral & non-moral1 has be5 solidifi$ into a fix$ & absolute di/9ction1 s t "s acts are popul>ly reg>d$ z =ev] )9 & o!rs =ev] )\t ! moral doma94 ,f ?is fatal error recognition ( ! relations ( "o habit to o!rs pres]ves u4 ,= x makes u see t "* is ! "n giv5 to ! work+ int]action ( habits1 & t ! cumulative effect ( ins5sible modifications work$ by a p>ticul> habit 9 ! body ( pref]5ces may at any mom5t require att5tion4 ,! ^w habit may seem twi/$ some:at f its cu/om>y use :5 employ$ z we h be5 us+ x4 ,b we ne$ a ^w to express t k9d ( human activity :i* is influ5c$ by prior activity & 9 t s5se acquir$2 :i* conta9s )9 itself a c]ta9 ord]+ or sy/ematization ( m9or elem5ts ( action2 :i* is projective1 dynamic 9 quality1 ready = ov]t manife/ation2 & :i* is op]ative 9 "s subdu$ subord9ate =m ev5 :5 n obvi\sly dom9at+ activity4 ,habit ev5 9 its ord9>y usage comes ne>] to d5ot+ ^! facts ?an any o!r ^w4 ,if ! facts are recogniz$ we may also use ! words attitude & disposition4 ,b unless we h fir/ made cle> to ourselves ! facts :i* h be5 set =? "u ! "n ( habit1 ^! words are m likely to be mislead+ ?an is ! ^w habit4 ,= ! latt] conveys explicitly ! s5se ( op]ativ5ess1 actuality4 ,attitude &1 z ord9>ily us$1 disposition sugge/ some?+ lat5t1 pot5tial1 some?+ :i* requires a positive /imulus outside !mselves to become active4 ,if we p]ceive t !y d5ote positive =ms ( action :i* are releas$ m]ely ?r\gh removal ( "s c\nt]act+ inhibitory t5d5cy1 & !n become ov]t1 we may employ !m in/ead ( ! ^w habit to d5ote subdu$1 non-pat5t =ms ( ! latt]4 ,9 ?is case1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! ^w disposition means pr$isposition1 read9ess to act ov]tly 9 a specific fa%ion :5ev] opportunity is pres5t$1 ?is opportunity consi/+ 9 removal ( ! pressure due to ! dom9ance ( "s ov]t habit2 & t attitude means "s special case ( a pr$isposition1 ! disposition wait+ z x 7 to spr+ ?r\gh an op5$ door4 ,:ile x is admitt$ t ! ^w habit has be5 us$ 9 a some:at broad] s5se ?an is usual1 we mu/ prote/ aga9/ ! t5d5cy 9 psy*ological lit]ature to limit its mean+ to repetition4 ,?is usage is mu* less 9 accord ) popul> usage ?an is ! wid] way 9 :i* we h us$ ! ^w4 ,x assumes f ! />t ! id5tity ( habit ) r\t9e4 ,repetition is 9 no s5se ! ess5ce ( habit4 ,t5d5cy to repeat acts is an incid5t ( _m habits b n ( all4 ,a man ) ! habit ( giv+ way to ang] may %[ 8 habit by a murd]\s attack ^u "s "o :o has (f5d$4 ,8 act is none!less due to habit because x occurs only once 9 8 life4 ,! ess5ce ( habit is an acquir$ pr$isposition to ways or modes ( response1 n to p>ticul> acts except z1 "u special conditions1 ^! express a way ( behav+4 ,habit means special s5sitiv5ess or accessibility to c]ta9 classes ( /imuli1 /&+ pr$ilections & av]sions1 r ?an b>e recurr5ce ( specific acts4 ,x means w4 ,,iii ,! dynamic =ce ( habit tak5 9 connection ) ! cont9uity ( habits ) "o ano!r expla9s ! unity ( "* & conduct1 or speak+ m concretely ( motive & act1 w & de$4 ,moral !ories h frequ5tly sep>at$ ^! ?+s f ea* o!r4 ,"o type ( !ory1 = example1 has ass]t$ t only w1 disposition1 motive c\nts morally2 t acts are ext]nal1 physical1 accid5tal2 t moral good is diff]5t f goodness 9 act s9ce ! latt] is measur$ by consequ5ces1 :ile moral good or virtue is intr9sic1 complete 9 itself1 a jewel %9+ by its own light--a some:at dang]\s metaphor h[ev]4 ,! o!r type ( !ory has ass]t$ t su* a view is equival5t to say+ t all t is necess>y to be virtu\s is to cultivate /ates ( feel+2 t a premium is put on disreg>d ( ! actual consequ5ces ( conduct1 & ag5ts are depriv$ ( any objective crit]ion = ! rightness & wrongness ( acts1 be+ ?r[n back on _! own :ims1 prejudices & private peculi>ities4 ,l mo/ opposite extremes 9 philosophic !ories1 ! two !ories suff] f a common mi/ake4 ,bo? ( !m ignore ! projective =ce ( habit & ! implication ( habits 9 "o ano!r4 ,h5ce !y sep>ate a unifi$ de$ into two disjo9$ p>ts1 an inn] call$ motive & an out] call$ act4 ,! doctr9e t ! *ief good ( man is good w easily w9s acceptance f hone/ m54 ,= common-s5se employs a ju/] psy*ology ?an ei!r ( ! !ories j m5tion$4 ,by w1 common-s5se und]/&s some?+ practical & mov+4 ,x und]/&s ! body ( habits1 ( active dispositions :i* makes a man d :at he does4 ,w is ?us n some?+ oppos$ to consequ5ces or sev]$ f !m4 ,x is a cause ( consequ5ces2 x is causation 9 its p]sonal aspect1 ! aspect imm$iately prec$+ action4 ,x h>dly seems conceivable to practical s5se t by w is meant some?+ :i* c be complete )\t ref]5ce to de$s prompt$ & results occasion$4 ,ev5 ! sophi/icat$ speciali/ _c prev5t relapses f su* an absurdity back into common-s5se4 ,kant1 :o w5t ! limit 9 exclud+ consequ5ces f moral value1 0 sane en\gh to ma9ta9 t a society ( m5 ( good w w\ld be a society :i* 9 fact w\ld ma9ta9 social peace1 fre$om & coop]ation4 ,we take ! w = ! de$ n z a sub/itute = do+1 or a =m ( do+ no?+1 b 9 ! s5se t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! "r disposition w produce ! "r de$4 ,= a disposition means a t5d5cy to act1 a pot5tial en]gy ne$+ only opportunity to become k9etic & ov]t4 ,ap>t f su* t5d5cy a virtu\s disposition is ei!r hypocrisy or self-deceit4 ,common-s5se 9 %ort nev] loses sight :olly ( ! two facts :i* limit & def9e a moral situation4 ,"o is t consequ5ces fix ! moral quality ( an act4 ,! o!r is t ^u ! :ole1 or 9 ! long run b n unqualifi$ly1 consequ5ces are :at !y are because ( ! nature ( desire & disposition4 ,h5ce !re is a natural contempt = ! morality ( ! good man :o does n %[ 8 goodness 9 ! results ( 8 habitual acts4 ,b !re is also an av]sion to attribut+ omnipot5ce to ev5 ! be/ ( good dispositions1 & h5ce an av]sion to apply+ ! crit]ion ( consequ5ces unres]v$ly4 ,a hol9ess ( "* :i* is celebrat$ only on holy-days is unreal4 ,a virtue ( hone/y1 or *a/ity or b5evol5ce :i* lives ^u itself ap>t f def9ite results consumes itself & goes up 9 smoke4 ,! sep>ation ( motive f motive-=ce 9 action acc\nts bo? = ! morbidities & futilities ( ! pr(essionally good1 & = ! m or less subconsci\s contempt = morality ent]ta9$ by m5 ( a /rong executive habit ) _! pref]5ce = gett+ ?+s done4 ,yet !re is ju/ification = ! common assumption t de$s _c be judg$ prop]ly )\t tak+ _! animat+ disposition z well z _! concrete consequ5ces into acc\nt4 ,! reason1 h[ev]1 lies n 9 isolation ( disposition f consequ5ces1 b 9 ! ne$ = view+ consequ5ces broadly4 ,?is act is only "o ( a multitude ( acts4 ,if we conf9e ourselves to ! consequ5ces ( ?is "o act we %all come out ) a poor reckon+4 ,disposition is habitual1 p]si/5t4 ,x %[s itself !re=e 9 _m acts & 9 _m consequ5ces4 ,only z we keep a runn+ acc\nt1 c we judge disposition1 dis5tangl+ its t5d5cy f accid5tal accompanim5ts4 ,:5 once we h got a fair idea ( its t5d5cy1 we are able to place ! p>ticul> consequ5ces ( a s+le act 9 a wid] context ( cont9u+ consequ5ces4 ,?us we protect ourselves f tak+ z trivial a habit :i* is s]i\s1 & f exagg]at+ into mom5t\sness an act :i*1 view$ 9 ! light ( aggregate consequ5ces1 is innoc5t4 ,!re is no ne$ to ab&on common-s5se :i* tells u 9 judg+ acts fir/ to inquire into disposition2 b !re is great ne$ t ! e/imate ( disposition be enlight5$ by a sci5tific psy*ology4 ,our legal proc$ure1 = example1 wobbles betwe5 a too t5d] treatm5t ( crim9ality & a vici\sly dra/ic treatm5t ( x4 ,! vacillation c be rem$i$ only z we c analyze an act 9 ! light ( habits1 & analyze habits 9 ! light ( education1 environm5t & prior acts4 ,! dawn ( truly sci5tific crim9al law w come :5 ea* individual case is approa*$ ) some?+ correspond+ to ! complete cl9ical record :i* e compet5t physician attempts to procure z a matt] ( c\rse 9 deal+ ) 8 subjects4 ,consequ5ces include effects ^u "*1 ^u confirm+ & weak5+ habits1 z well z tangibly obvi\s results4 ,to keep an eye op5 to ^! effects ^u "* may signify ! mo/ reasonable ( precautions or "o ( ! mo/ nauseat+ ( practices4 ,x may mean conc5tration ( att5tion ^u p]sonal rectitude 9 neglect ( objective consequ5ces1 a practice :i* creates a :olly unreal rectitude4 ,b x may mean t ! survey ( objective consequ5ces is duly ext5d$ 9 "t4 ,an act ( gambl+ may be judg$1 = example1 by its imm$iate ov]t effects1 consumption ( "t1 en]gy1 di/urbance ( ord9>y monet>y consid]ations1 etc4 ,x may also be judg$ by its consequ5ces ^u "*1 sett+ up an endur+ love ( excitem5t1 a p]si/5t temp] ( speculation1 & a p]si/5t disreg>d ( sob]1 /eady "w4 ,to take ! latt] effects into acc\nt is equival5t to tak+ a broad view ( future consequ5ces2 = ^! dispositions affect future companion%ips1 vocation & avocations1 ! :ole t5or ( dome/ic & public life4 ,= simil> reasons1 :ile common-s5se does n run into t %>p opposition ( virtues or moral goods & natural goods :i* has play$ su* a l>ge "p 9 pr(ess$ moralities1 x does n insi/ ^u an exact id5tity ( ! two4 ,virtues are ends because !y are su* important means4 ,to be hone/1 c\rage\s1 k9dly is to be 9 ! way ( produc+ specific natural goods or satisfactory fulfilm5ts4 ,error comes into !ories :5 ! moral goods are sep>at$ f _! consequ5ces & also :5 ! attempt is made to secure an exhau/ive & un]r+ id5tification ( ! two4 ,!re is a reason1 valid z f> z x goes1 = di/+ui%+ virtue z a moral good resid5t 9 "* alone1 f objective consequ5ces4 ,z matt] ( fact1 a desirable trait ( "* does n always produce desirable results :ile good ?+s (t5 happ5 ) no assi/ance f good w4 ,luck1 accid5t1 cont+5cy1 plays its "p4 ,! act ( a good "* is deflect$ 9 op]ation1 :ile a monomaniacal egotism may employ a desire = glory & p[] to p]=m acts :i* satisfy cry+ social ne$s4 ,reflection %[s t we mu/ supplem5t ! conviction ( ! moral connection betwe5 "* or habit & consequ5ces by two consid]ations4 ,"o is ! fact t we are incl9$ to take ! notions ( goodness 9 "* & goodness 9 results 9 too fix$ a way4 ,p]si/5t disp>ity betwe5 virtu\s disposition & actual outcome %[s t we h misjudg$ ei!r ! nature ( virtue or ( success4 ,judgm5ts ( bo? motive & consequ5ces are /ill1 9 ! abs5ce ( me?ods ( sci5tific analysis & cont9u\s regi/ration & report+1 rudim5t>y & conv5tional4 ,we are incl9$ to :olesale judgm5ts ( "*1 divid+ m5 into goats & %eep1 in/ead ( recogniz+ t all "* is speckl$1 & t ! problem ( moral judgm5t is "o ( discrim9at+ ! complex ( acts & habits into t5d5cies :i* are to be specifically cultivat$ & condemn$4 ,we ne$ to /udy consequ5ces m ?or\ghly & keep track ( !m m cont9u\sly be=e we %all be 9 a position :]e we c pass ) reasonable assurance ^u ! good & evil 9 ei!r disposition or results4 ,b ev5 :5 prop] all[ances are made1 we are =c+ ! pace :5 we assume t !re is or ev] c be an exact equation ( disposition & outcome4 ,we h to admit ! rle ( accid5t4 ,we _c get beyond t5d5cies1 & mu/ p]=ce cont5t ourselves ) judgm5ts ( t5d5cy4 ,! hone/ man1 we are told1 acts ^u pr9ciple & n f consid]ations ( exp$i5cy1 t is1 ( p>ticul> consequ5ces4 ,! tru? 9 ?is say+ is t x is n safe to judge ! wor? ( a propos$ act by its probable consequ5ces 9 an isolat$ case4 ,! ^w pr9ciple is a eulogi/ic cov] = ! fact ( t5d5cy4 ,! ^w t5d5cy is an attempt to comb9e two facts1 "o t habits h a c]ta9 causal efficacy1 ! o!r t _! outwork+ 9 any p>ticul> case is subject to cont+5cies1 to circum/ances :i* are un=eseeable & :i* c>ry an act "o side ( its usual effect4 ,9 cases ( d\bt1 !re is no rec\rse save to /ick to t5d5cy1 t is1 to ! probable effect ( a habit 9 ! long run1 or z we say ^u ! :ole4 ,o!rwise we are on ! look\t = exceptions :i* favor our imm$iate desire4 ,! tr\ble is t we are n cont5t ) mode/ probabilities4 ,s :5 we f9d t a good disposition may "w out badly1 we say1 z ,kant did1 t ! work+-out1 ! consequ5ce1 has no?+ to d ) ! moral quality ( an act1 or we /ra9 = ! impossible1 & aim at "s infallible calculus ( consequ5ces by :i* to measure moral wor? 9 ea* specific case4 ,human conceit has play$ a great "p4 ,x has dem&$ t ! :ole univ]se be judg$ f ! /&po9t ( desire & disposition1 or at lea/ f t ( ! desire & disposition ( ! good man4 ,! effect ( religion has be5 to *]i% ?is conceit by mak+ m5 ?9k t ! univ]se inv>iably conspires to support ! good & br+ ! evil to naught4 ,by a subtle logic1 ! effect has be5 to r5d] morals unreal & transc5d5tal4 ,= s9ce ! _w ( actual exp]i5ce does n gu>antee ?is id5tity ( "* & outcome1 x is inf]r$ t !re mu/ be "s ult]ior tru] reality :i* en=ces an equation t is violat$ 9 ?is life4 ,h5ce ! common notion ( ano!r _w 9 :i* vice & virtue ( "* produce _! exact moral me$4 ,! idea is equally f\nd z an actuat+ =ce 9 ,plato4 ,moral realities mu/ be supreme4 ,yet !y are flagrantly contradict$ 9 a _w :]e a ,socrates dr9ks ! hemlock ( ! crim9al1 & :]e ! vici\s occupy ! seats ( ! mighty4 ,h5ce !re mu/ be a tru] ultimate reality 9 :i* ju/ice is only & absolutely ju/ice4 ,some?+ ( ! same idea lurks beh9d e aspiration = realization ( ab/ract ju/ice or equality or lib]ty4 ,x is ! s\rce ( all ideali/ic utopias & also ( all :olesale pessimism & di/ru/ ( life4 ,utilit>ianism illu/rates ano!r way ( mi/reat+ ! situation4 ,t5d5cy is n good en\gh = ! utilit>ians4 ,!y want a ma!matical equation ( act & consequ5ce4 ,h5ce !y make light ( ! /eady & controllable factor1 ! factor ( disposition1 & fa/5 ^u j ! ?+s :i* are mo/ subject to incalculable accid5t--pleasures & pa9s--& emb>k ^u ! hopeless ent]prise ( judg+ an act ap>t f "* on ! basis ( def9ite results4 ,an hone/ly mode/ !ory w /ick to ! probabilities ( t5d5cy1 & n import ma!matics into morals4 ,x w be alive & s5sitive to consequ5ces z !y actually pres5t !mselves1 because x kn[s t !y give ! only in/ruction we c procure z to ! mean+ ( habits & dispositions4 ,b x w nev] assume t a moral judgm5t :i* rea*es c]ta9ty is possible4 ,we h j to d ! be/ we c ) habits1 ! =ces mo/ "u our control2 & we %all h our h&s m ?an full 9 spell+ out _! g5]al t5d5cies )\t attempt+ an exact judgm5t ^u ea* de$4 ,= e habit incorporates )9 itself "s "p ( ! objective environm5t1 & no habit & no am\nt ( habits c incorporate ! entire environm5t )9 itself or !mselves4 ,!re w always be disp>ity betwe5 !m & ! results actually atta9$4 ,h5ce ! "w ( intellig5ce 9 obs]v+ consequ5ces & 9 revis+ & readju/+ habits1 ev5 ! be/ ( good habits1 c nev] be =egone4 ,consequ5ces reveal unexpect$ pot5tialities 9 our habits :5ev] ^! habits are ex]cis$ 9 a diff]5t environm5t f t 9 :i* !y 7 =m$4 ,! assumption ( a /ably uni=m environm5t 7ev5 ! hank]+ = "o7 expresses a fiction due to atta*m5t to old habits4 ,! utilit>ian !ory ( equation ( acts ) consequ5ces is z mu* a fiction ( self-conceit z is ! assumption ( a fix$ transc5d5tal _w :]e9 moral ideals are et]nally & immutably real4 ,bo? ( !m d5y 9 effect ! relevancy ( "t1 ( *ange1 to morals1 :ile "t is ( ! ess5ce ( ! moral /ruggle4 ,we ?us come1 by an unexpect$ pa?1 ^u ! old "q ( ! objectivity or subjectivity ( morals4 ,prim>ily !y are objective4 ,= w1 z we h se51 means1 9 ! concrete1 habits2 & habits incorporate an environm5t )9 !mselves4 ,!y are adju/m5ts ( ! environm5t1 n m]ely to x4 ,at ! same "t1 ! environm5t is _m1 n "o2 h5ce w1 disposition1 is plural4 ,div]sity does n ( itself imply conflict1 b x implies ! possibility ( conflict1 & ?is possibility is realiz$ 9 fact4 ,life1 = example1 involves ! habit ( eat+1 :i* 9 turn involves a unification ( organism & nature4 ,b nev]!less ?is habit comes into conflict ) o!r habits :i* are also objective1 or 9 equilibrium ) _! environm5ts4 ,because ! environm5t is n all ( "o piece1 man's h\se is divid$ )9 itself1 aga9/ itself4 ,honor or consid]ation = o!rs or c\rtesy conflict ) hung]4 ,!n ! notion ( ! complete objectivity ( morals gets a %ock4 ,^? :o wi% to ma9ta9 ! idea unimpair$ take ! road :i* leads to transc5d5talism4 ,! empirical _w1 !y say1 is inde$ divid$1 & h5ce any natural morality mu/ be 9 conflict ) itself4 ,?is self-contradiction h[ev] only po9ts to a high] fix$ reality ) :i* a true & sup]ior morality is alone conc]n$4 ,objectivity is sav$ b at ! exp5se ( connection ) human affairs4 ,our problem is to see :at objectivity signifies ^u a naturali/ic basis2 h[ morals are objective & yet secul> & social4 ,!n we may be able to decide 9 :at crisis ( exp]i5ce morals become legitimately dep5d5t ^u "* or self--t is1 subjective4 ,prior discussion po9ts ! way to ! answ]4 ,a hungry man c\ld n conceive food z a good unless he _h actually exp]i5c$1 ) ! support ( environ+ conditions1 food z good4 ,! objective satisfaction comes fir/4 ,b he f9ds himself 9 a situation :]e ! good is d5i$ 9 fact4 ,x !n lives 9 imag9ation4 ,! habit d5i$ ov]t expression ass]ts itself 9 idea4 ,x sets up ! ?\ght1 ! ideal1 ( food4 ,?is ?\ght is n :at is sometimes call$ ?\ght1 a pale bloodless ab/raction1 b is *>g$ ) ! motor urg5t =ce ( habit4 ,food z a good is n[ subjective1 p]sonal4 ,b x has its s\rce 9 objective conditions & x moves =w>d to new objective conditions4 ,= x works to secure a *ange ( environm5t s t food w aga9 be pres5t 9 fact4 ,food is a subjective good dur+ a tempor>y transitional /age f "o object to ano!r4 ,! analogy ) morals lies ^u ! surface4 ,a habit imp$$ 9 ov]t op]ation cont9ues none!less to op]ate4 ,x manife/s itself 9 desireful ?\ght1 t is 9 an ideal or imag9$ object :i* embodies )9 itself ! =ce ( a fru/rat$ habit4 ,!re is !re=e dem& = a *ang$ environm5t1 a dem& :i* c be a*iev$ only by "s modification & re>rangem5t ( old habits4 ,ev5 ,plato pres]ves an intimation ( ! natural function ( ideal objects :5 he insi/s ^u _! value z patt]ns = use 9 reorganization ( ! actual sc5e4 ,! pity is t he c\ld n see t patt]ns exi/ only )9 & = ! sake ( reorganization1 s t !y1 r ?an empirical or natural objects1 are ! in/rum5tal affairs4 ,n see+ ?is1 he conv]t$ a function ( reorganization into a metaphysical reality4 ,if we essay a te*nical =mulation we %all say t morality becomes legitimately subjective or p]sonal :5 activities :i* once includ$ objective factors 9 _! op]ation tempor>ily lose support f objects1 & yet /rive to *ange exi/+ conditions until !y rega9 a support :i* has be5 lo/4 ,x is all ( a k9d ) ! do+s ( a man1 :o rememb]+ a prior satisfaction ( ?ir/ & ! conditions "u :i* x occurr$1 digs a well4 ,= ! "t be+ wat] 9 ref]5ce to 8 activity exi/s 9 imag9ation n 9 fact4 ,b ?is imag9ation is n a self-g5]at$1 self-enclos$1 psy*ical exi/5ce4 ,x is ! p]si/5t op]ation ( a prior object :i* has be5 incorporat$ 9 effective habit4 ,!re is no miracle 9 ! fact t an object 9 a new context op]ates 9 a new way4 ,( transc5d5tal morals1 x may at lea/ be said t !y reta9 ! intimation ( ! objective "* ( purposes & goods4 ,purely subjective morals arise :5 ! incid5ts ( ! tempor>y 7?\gh recurr5t7 crisis ( reorganization are tak5 z complete & f9al 9 !mselves4 ,a self hav+ habits & attitudes =m$ ) ! coop]ation ( objects runs ahead ( imm$iately surr\nd+ objects to effect a new equilibration4 ,subjective morals sub/itutes a self always set ov] aga9/ objects & g5]at+ its ideals indep5d5tly ( objects1 & 9 p]man5t1 n transitory1 opposition to !m4 ,a*ievem5t1 any a*ievem5t1 is to x a negligible second be/1 a *eap & poor sub/itute = ideals t live only 9 ! m9d1 a compromise ) actuality made f physical necessity n f moral reasons4 ,9 tru?1 !re is b a temporal episode4 ,= a "t1 a self1 a p]son1 c>ries 9 8 own habits aga9/ ! =ces ( ! imm$iate environm5t1 a good :i* ! exi/+ environm5t d5ies4 ,= ?is self mov+ tempor>ily1 9 isolation f objective conditions1 betwe5 a good1 a complet5ess1 t has be5 & "o t x is hop$ to re/ore 9 "s new =m1 subjective !ories h sub/itut$ an err+ s\l w&]+ hopelessly betwe5 a ,p>adise ,lo/ 9 ! dim pa/ & a ,p>adise to be ,rega9$ 9 a dim future4 ,9 reality1 ev5 :5 a p]son is 9 "s respects at odds ) 8 environm5t & s has to act = ! "t be+ z ! sole ag5t ( a good1 he 9 _m respects is /ill support$ by objective conditions & is 9 possession ( undi/urb$ goods & virtues4 ,m5 d die f ?ir/ at times1 b ^u ! :ole 9 _! se>* = wat] !y are su/a9$ by o!r fulfill$ p[]s4 ,b subjective morals tak5 :olesale sets up a solit>y self )\t objective ties & su/5ance4 ,9 fact1 !re exi/s a %ift+ mixture ( vice & virtue4 ,!ories pa9t a _w ) a ,god 9 heav5 & a ,devil 9 hell4 ,morali/s 9 %ort h fail$ to recall t a sev]ance ( moral desire & purpose f imm$iate actualities is an inevitable phase ( activity :5 habits p]si/ :ile ! _w :i* !y h incorporat$ alt]s4 ,back ( ?is failure lies ! failure to recognize t 9 a *ang+ _w1 old habits mu/ p]=ce ne$ modification1 no matt] h[ good !y h be54 ,obvi\sly any su* *ange c be only exp]im5tal4 ,! lo/ objective good p]si/s 9 habit1 b x c recur 9 objective =m only ?r\gh "s condition ( affairs :i* has n be5 yet exp]i5c$1 & :i* !re=e c be anticipat$ only unc]ta9ly & inexactly4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t anticipation %\ld at lea/ guide z well z /imulate ef=t1 t x %\ld be a work+ hypo!sis correct$ & develop$ by ev5ts z action proce$s4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 m5 believ$ t ea* object 9 ! ext]nal _w c>ri$ its nature /amp$ ^u x z a =m1 & t intellig5ce consi/$ 9 simply inspect+ & read+ (f an intr9sic self-enclos$ complete nature4 ,! sci5tific revolution :i* began 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury came ?r\gh a surr5d] ( ?is po9t ( view4 ,x began ) recognition t e natural object is 9 tru? an ev5t cont9u\s 9 space & "t ) o!r ev5ts2 & is to be kn[n only by exp]im5tal inquiries :i* w exhibit a multitude ( complicat$1 obscure & m9ute relation%ips4 ,any obs]v$ =m or object is b a *all5ge4 ,! case is n o!rwise ) ideals ( ju/ice or peace or human bro!rhood1 or equality1 or ord]4 ,!y too are n ?+s self-enclos$ to be kn[n by introspection1 z objects 7 once suppos$ to be kn[n by rational insight4 ,l ?und]bolts & tub]cul> disease & ! ra9b[ !y c be kn[n only by ext5sive & m9ute obs]vation ( consequ5ces incurr$ 9 action4 ,a false psy*ology ( an isolat$ self & a subjective morality %uts out f morals ! ?+s important to x1 acts & habits 9 _! objective consequ5ces4 ,at ! same "t x misses ! po9t *>act]i/ic ( ! p]sonal subjective aspect ( morality3 ! significance ( desire & ?\ght 9 break+ d[n old rigidities ( habit & prep>+ ! way = acts t re-create an environm5t4 ,,iv ,we (t5 fancy t in/itutions1 social cu/om1 collective habit1 h be5 =m$ by ! consolidation ( individual habits4 ,9 ! ma9 ?is supposition is false to fact4 ,to a consid]able ext5t cu/oms1 or wide-spread uni=mities ( habit1 exi/ because individuals face ! same situation & react 9 l fa%ion4 ,b to a l>g] ext5t cu/oms p]si/ because individuals =m _! p]sonal habits "u conditions set by prior cu/oms4 ,an individual usually acquires ! morality z he inh]its ! spee* ( 8 social gr\p4 ,! activities ( ! gr\p are already !re1 & "s assimilation ( 8 own acts to _! patt]n is a pr]equisite ( a %>e !re91 & h5ce ( hav+ any "p 9 :at is go+ on4 ,ea* p]son is born an infant1 & e infant is subject f ! fir/ brea? he draws & ! fir/ cry he utt]s to ! att5tions & dem&s ( o!rs4 ,^! o!rs are n j p]sons 9 g5]al ) m9ds 9 g5]al4 ,!y are be+s ) habits1 & be+s :o ^u ! :ole e/eem ! habits !y h1 if = no o!r reason ?an t1 hav+ !m1 _! imag9ation is !reby limit$4 ,! nature ( habit is to be ass]tive1 insi/5t1 self-p]petuat+4 ,!re is no miracle 9 ! fact t if a *ild le>ns any language he le>ns ! language t ^? ab\t him speak & tea*1 especially s9ce 8 ability to speak t language is a pre-condition ( 8 ent]+ into effective connection ) !m1 mak+ wants kn[n & gett+ !m satisfi$4 ,fond p>5ts & relatives frequ5tly pick up a few ( ! *ild's spontane\s modes ( spee* & = a "t at lea/ !y are portions ( ! spee* ( ! gr\p4 ,b ! ratio :i* su* words be> to ! total vocabul>y 9 use gives a fair measure ( ! "p play$ by purely individual habit 9 =m+ cu/om 9 comp>ison ) ! "p play$ by cu/om 9 =m+ individual habits4 ,few p]sons h ei!r ! en]gy or ! weal? to build private roads to travel ^u4 ,!y f9d x conv5i5t1 natural1 to use ! roads t are already !re2 :ile unless _! private roads connect at "s po9t ) ! high-way !y _c build !m ev5 if !y w\ld4 ,^! simple facts seem to me to give a simple explanation ( matt]s t are (t5 surr\nd$ ) my/]y4 ,to talk ab\t ! priority ( society to ! individual is to indulge 9 nons5sical metaphysics4 ,b to say t "s pre-exi/5t association ( human be+s is prior to e p>ticul> human be+ :o is born into ! _w is to m5tion a commonplace4 ,^! associations are def9ite modes ( int]action ( p]sons ) "o ano!r2 t is to say !y =m cu/oms1 in/itutions4 ,!re is no problem 9 all hi/ory s artificial z t ( h[ individuals manage to =m society4 ,! problem is due to ! pleasure tak5 9 manipulat+ concepts1 & discussion goes on because concepts are kept f inconv5i5t contact ) facts4 ,! facts ( infancy & sex h only to be call$ to m9d to see h[ manufactur$ are ! conceptions :i* ent] into ?is p>ticul> problem4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 ( h[ ^? e/abli%$ & m or less deeply groov$ sy/ems ( int]action :i* we call social gr\ps1 big & small1 modify ! activities ( individuals :o p]=ce are caught-up )9 !m1 & h[ ! activities ( compon5t individuals remake & r$irect previ\sly e/abli%$ cu/oms is a deeply significant "o4 ,view$ f ! /&po9t ( cu/om & its priority to ! =mation ( habits 9 human be+s :o are born babies & gradually gr[ to maturity1 ! facts :i* are n[ usually assembl$ "u ! conceptions ( collective m9ds1 gr\p-m9ds1 national-m9ds1 cr[d-m9ds1 etc41 etc41 lose ! my/]i\s air !y exhale :5 m9d is ?\ght ( 7z or?odox psy*ology tea*es u to ?9k ( x7 z some?+ :i* prec$es action4 ,x is difficult to see t collective m9d means any?+ m ?an a cu/om br\ght at "s po9t to explicit1 emphatic consci\sness1 emotional or intellectual4#c #c ,mob psy*ology comes "u ! same pr9ciples1 b 9 a negative aspect4 ,! cr[d & mob express a dis9tegration ( habits :i* releases impulse & r5d]s p]sons susceptible to imm$iate /imuli1 r ?an su* a function+ ( habits z is f\nd 9 ! m9d ( a club or s*ool ( ?\ght or a political p>ty4 ,lead]s ( an organization1 t is ( an int]action hav+ settl$ habits1 may1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to put ov] "s s*emes delib]ately resort to /imuli :i* w break ?r\gh ! cru/ ( ord9>y cu/om & release impulses on su* a scale z to create a mob psy*ology4 ,s9ce fe> is a normal reaction to ! unfamili>1 dread & suspicion are ! =ces mo/ play$ ^u to accompli% ?is result1 toge!r ) va/ vague contr>y hopes4 ,?is is an ord9>y te*nique 9 excit$ political campaigns1 9 />t+ w>1 etc4 ,b an assimilation l t ( ,le ,bon ( ! psy*ology ( democracy to ! psy*ology ( a cr[d 9 ov]rid+ individual judgm5t %[s lack ( psy*ological insight4 ,a political democracy exhibits an ov]rid+ ( ?\ght l t se5 9 any conv5tion or in/itution4 ,t is1 ?\ght is subm]g$ 9 habit4 ,9 ! cr[d & mob1 x is subm]g$ 9 undef9$ emotion4 ,*9a & ,japan exhibit cr[d psy*ology m frequ5tly ?an d we/]n democratic c\ntries4 ,n 9 my judgm5t because ( any ess5tially ,ori5tal psy*ology b because ( a ne>] backgr\nd ( rigid & solid cu/oms conjo9$ ) ! ph5om5a ( a p]iod ( transition4 ,! introduction ( _m novel /imuli creates occasions :]e habits af=d no balla/4 ,h5ce great waves ( emotion easily sweep ?r\gh masses4 ,sometimes !y are waves ( en?usiasm = ! new2 sometimes ( viol5t reaction aga9/ x--bo? equally undiscrim9at+4 ,! w> has left beh9d x a some:at simil> situation 9 we/]n c\ntries4 ,! family into :i* "o is born is a family 9 a village or city :i* int]acts ) o!r m or less integrat$ sy/ems ( activity1 & :i* includes a div]sity ( gr\p+s )9 itself1 say1 *ur*es1 political p>ties1 clubs1 cliques1 p>tn]%ips1 trade-unions1 corporations1 etc4 ,if we />t ) ! traditional notion ( m9d z some?+ complete 9 itself1 !n we may well be p]plex$ by ! problem ( h[ a common m9d1 common ways ( feel+ & believ+ & purpos+1 comes into exi/5ce & !n =ms ^! gr\ps4 ,! case is q o!rwise if we recognize t 9 any case we mu/ />t ) gr\p$ action1 t is1 ) "s fairly settl$ sy/em ( int]action among individuals4 ,! problem ( orig9 & developm5t ( ! v>i\s gr\p+s1 or def9ite cu/oms1 9 exi/5ce at any p>ticul> "t 9 any p>ticul> place is n solv$ by ref]5ce to psy*ic causes1 elem5ts1 =ces4 ,x is to be solv$ by ref]5ce to facts ( action1 dem& = food1 = h\ses1 = a mate1 = "s "o to talk to & to li/5 to "o talk1 = control ( o!rs1 dem&s :i* are all int5sifi$ by ! fact already m5tion$ t ea* p]son beg9s a helpless1 dep5d5t creature4 ,i d n mean ( c\rse t hung]1 fe>1 sexual love1 greg>i\sness1 sympa?y1 p>5tal love1 love ( boss+ & ( be+ ord]$ ab\t1 imitation1 etc41 play no "p4 ,b ,i d mean t ^! words d n express elem5ts or =ces :i* are psy*ic or m5tal 9 _! fir/ int5tion4 ,!y d5ote ways ( behavior4 ,^! ways ( behav+ involve int]action1 t is to say1 & prior gr\p+s4 ,& to und]/& ! exi/5ce ( organiz$ ways or habits we surely ne$ to g to physics1 *emi/ry & physiology r ?an to psy*ology4 ,!re is d\btless a great my/]y z to :y any su* ?+ z be+ consci\s %\ld exi/ at all4 ,b if consci\sness exi/s at all1 !re is no my/]y 9 its be+ connect$ ) :at x is connect$ )4 ,t is to say1 if an activity :i* is an int]action ( v>i\s factors1 or a gr\p$ activity1 comes to consci\sness x seems natural t x %\ld take ! =m ( an emotion1 belief or purpose t reflects ! int]action1 t x %\ld be an our consci\sness or a my consci\sness4 ,& by ?is is meant bo? t x w be %>$ by ^? :o are implicat$ 9 ! associative cu/om1 or m or less alike 9 !m all1 & t x w be felt or ?\ght to conc]n o!rs z well z "o's self4 ,a family-cu/om or organiz$ habit ( action comes into contact & conflict = example ) t ( "s o!r family4 ,! emotions ( ruffl$ pride1 ! belief ab\t sup]iority or be+ z good z o!r p1 ! int5tion to hold "o's own are naturally our feel+ & idea ( our treatm5t & position4 ,sub/itute ! ,republican p>ty or ! ,am]ican nation = ! family & ! g5]al situation rema9s ! same4 ,! conditions :i* det]m9e ! nature & ext5t ( ! p>ticul> gr\p+ 9 "q are matt]s ( supreme import4 ,b !y are n z su* subject-matt] ( psy*ology1 b ( ! hi/ory ( politics1 law1 religion1 economics1 inv5tion1 ! te*nology ( communication & int]c\rse4 ,psy*ology comes 9 z an indisp5sable tool4 ,b x ent]s into ! matt] ( und]/&+ ^! v>i\s special topics1 n into ! "q ( :at psy*ic =ces =m a collective m9d & !re=e a social gr\p4 ,t way ( /at+ ! case puts ! c>t a long way be=e ! horse1 & naturally ga!rs obscurities & my/]ies to itself4 ,9 %ort1 ! prim>y facts ( social psy*ology c5t] ab\t collective habit1 cu/om4 ,9 addition to ! g5]al psy*ology ( habit--:i* is g5]al n individual 9 any intelligible s5se ( t ^w--we ne$ to f9d out j h[ diff]5t cu/oms %ape ! desires1 beliefs1 purposes ( ^? :o are affect$ by !m4 ,! problem ( social psy*ology is n h[ ei!r individual or collective m9d =ms social gr\ps & cu/oms1 b h[ diff]5t cu/oms1 e/abli%$ int]act+ arrangem5ts1 =m & nurture diff]5t m9ds4 ,f ?is g5]al /atem5t we return to our special problem1 :i* is h[ ! rigid "* ( pa/ cu/om has unfavorably influ5c$ beliefs1 emotions & purposes hav+ to d ) morals4 ,we come back to ! fact t individuals beg9 _! c>e] z infants4 ,= ! pla/icity ( ! "y pres5ts a temptation to ^? hav+ great] exp]i5ce & h5ce great] p[] :i* !y r>ely resi/4 ,x seems putty to be mold$ accord+ to curr5t designs4 ,t pla/icity also means p[] to *ange prevail+ cu/om is ignor$4 ,docility is look$ ^u n z ability to le>n :atev] ! _w has to tea*1 b z subjection to ^? in/ructions ( o!rs :i* reflect _! curr5t habits4 ,to be truly docile is to be eag] to le>n all ! lessons ( active1 inquir+1 exp&+ exp]i5ce4 ,! in]t1 /upid quality ( curr5t cu/oms p]v]ts le>n+ into a will+ness to foll[ :]e o!rs po9t ! way1 into con=mity1 con/riction1 surr5d] ( scepticism & exp]im5t4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! docility ( ! "y we fir/ ?9k ( ! /ocks ( in=mation adults wi% to impose & ! ways ( act+ !y want to reproduce4 ,!n we ?9k ( ! insol5t co]cions1 ! ins9uat+ brib]ies1 ! p$agogic solemnities by :i* ! fre%ness ( y\? c be fad$ & its vivid curiosities dull$4 ,education becomes ! art ( tak+ advantage ( ! helplessness ( ! "y2 ! =m+ ( habits becomes a gu>antee = ! ma9t5ance ( h$ges ( cu/om4 ,( c\rse x is n :olly =gott5 t habits are abilities1 arts4 ,any /rik+ exhibition ( acquir$ skill 9 physical matt]s1 l t ( an acrobat or billi>d-play]1 ar\ses univ]sal admiration4 ,b we l to h innovat+ p[] limit$ to te*nical matt]s & res]ve our admiration = ^? manife/ations t display virtuosity r ?an virtue4 ,9 moral matt]s x is assum$ t x is en\gh if "s ideal has be5 exemplifi$ 9 ! life ( a lead]1 s t x is n[ ! "p ( o!rs to foll[ & reproduce4 ,= e bran* ( conduct1 !re is a ,jesus or ,buddha1 a ,napoleon or ,m>x1 a ,froebel or ,tol/oi1 ^: patt]n ( action1 exce$+ our own grasp1 is r$uc$ to a practicable copy-size by passage ?r\gh r[s & r[s ( less] lead]s4 ,! notion t x suffices if ! idea1 ! end1 is pres5t 9 ! m9d ( "s au?ority dom9ates =mal s*ool+4 ,x p]meates ! unconsci\s education d]iv$ f ord9>y contact & int]c\rse4 ,:]e foll[+ is tak5 to be normal1 moral orig9ality is pretty sure to be ecc5tric4 ,b if indep5d5ce 7 ! rule1 orig9ality w\ld be subject$ to sev]e1 exp]im5tal te/s & be sav$ f cranky ecc5tricity1 z x n[ is 9 say high] ma!matics4 ,! regime ( cu/om assumes t ! outcome is ! same :e!r an individual und]/&s :at he is ab\t or :e!r he goes ?r\gh c]ta9 motions :ile m\?+ ! words ( o!rs--repetition ( =mul be+ e/eem$ ( great] importance1 ^u ! :ole1 ?an repetition ( de$s4 ,to say :at ! sect or clique or class says is ! way ( prov+ t "o also und]/&s & approves :at ! clique cl+s to4 ,9 !ory1 democracy %\ld be a means ( /imulat+ orig9al ?\ght1 & ( evok+ action delib]ately adju/$ 9 advance to cope ) new =ces4 ,9 fact x is /ill s immature t its ma9 effect is to multiply occasions = imitation4 ,if progress 9 spite ( ?is fact is m rapid ?an 9 o!r social =ms1 x is by accid5t1 s9ce ! div]sity ( models conflict ) "o ano!r & ?us give individuality a *ance 9 ! result+ *aos ( op9ions4 ,curr5t democracy acclaims success m boi/]\sly ?an d o!r social =ms1 & surr\nds failure ) a m rev]b]at+ tra9 ( e*oes4 ,b ! pre/ige ?us giv5 excell5ce is l>gely adv5titi\s4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?\ght attracts o!rs n s mu* intr9sically z because ( an em95ce due to multitud9\s adv]tis+ & a sw>m ( imitators4 ,ev5 lib]al ?9k]s h treat$ habit z ess5tially1 n because ( ! "* ( exi/+ cu/oms1 cons]vative4 ,9 fact only 9 a society dom9at$ by modes ( belief & admiration fix$ by pa/ cu/om is habit any m cons]vative ?an x is progressive4 ,x all dep5ds ^u its quality4 ,habit is an ability1 an art1 =m$ ?r\gh pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,b :e!r an ability is limit$ to repetition ( pa/ acts adopt$ to pa/ conditions or is available = new em]g5cies dep5ds :olly ^u :at k9d ( habit exi/s4 ,! t5d5cy to ?9k t only bad habits are diss]viceable & t bad habits are conv5tionally enum]able1 conduces to make all habits m or less bad4 ,= :at makes a habit bad is enslavem5t to old ruts4 ,! common notion t enslavem5t to good ends conv]ts me*anical r\t9e into good is a negation ( ! pr9ciple ( moral goodness4 ,x id5tifies morality ) :at 0 sometime rational1 possibly 9 "s prior exp]i5ce ( "o's own1 b m probably 9 ! exp]i5ce ( "s "o else :o is n[ bl9dly set up z a f9al au?ority4 ,! g5u9e he>t ( reasonabl5ess 7& ( goodness 9 conduct7 lies 9 effective ma/]y ( ! conditions :i* n[ ent] into action4 ,to be satisfi$ ) repeat+1 ) trav]s+ ! ruts :i* 9 o!r conditions l$ to good1 is ! sure/ way ( creat+ c>elessness ab\t pres5t & actual good4 ,consid] :at happ5s to ?\ght :5 habit is m]ely p[] to repeat acts )\t ?\ght4 ,:]e does ?\ght exi/ & op]ate :5 x is exclud$ f habitual activities8 ,is n su* ?\ght ( necessity %ut out f effective p[]1 f ability to control objects & comm& ev5ts8 ,habits depriv$ ( ?\ght & ?\ght :i* is futile are two sides ( ! same fact4 ,to laud habit z cons]vative :ile prais+ ?\ght z ! ma9 spr+ ( progress is to take ! sure/ c\rse to mak+ ?\ght ab/ruse & irrelevant & progress a matt] ( accid5t & cata/rophe4 ,! concrete fact beh9d ! curr5t sep>ation ( body & m9d1 practice & !ory1 actualities & ideals1 is precisely ?is sep>ation ( habit & ?\ght4 ,?\ght :i* does n exi/ )9 ord9>y habits ( action lacks means ( execution4 ,9 lack+ application1 x also lacks te/1 crit]ion4 ,h5ce x is condemn$ to a sep>ate realm4 ,if we try to act ^u x1 our actions are clumsy1 =c$4 ,9 fact1 contr>y habits 7z we h already se57 come into op]ation & betray our purpose4 ,aft] a few su* exp]i5ces1 x is subconsci\sly decid$ t ?\ght is too preci\s & high to be expos$ to ! cont+5cies ( action4 ,x is res]v$ = sep>ate uses2 ?\ght fe$s only ?\ght n action4 ,ideals mu/ n run ! risk ( contam9ation & p]v]sion by contact ) actual conditions4 ,?\ght !n ei!r resorts to specializ$ & te*nical matt]s influ5c+ action 9 ! libr>y or laboratory alone1 or else x becomes s5tim5taliz$4 ,meantime !re are c]ta9 practical m5 :o comb9e ?\ght & habit & :o are effectual4 ,_! ?\ght is ab\t _! own advantage2 & _! habits correspond4 ,!y dom9ate ! actual situation4 ,!y enc\rage r\t9e 9 o!rs1 & !y also subsidize su* ?\ght & le>n+ z are kept remote f affairs4 ,?is !y call su/a9+ ! /&>d ( ! ideal4 ,subjection !y praise z team-_s1 loyalty1 devotion1 ob$i5ce1 indu/ry1 law-&-ord]4 ,b !y temp] respect = law--by :i* !y mean ! ord] ( ! exi/+ /atus--on ! "p ( o!rs ) mo/ skilful & ?\ghtful manipulation ( x 9 behalf ( _! own ends4 ,:ile !y d5\nce z subv]sive an>*y signs ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 ( ?9k+ = !mselves1 on ! "p ( o!rs le/ su* ?\ght di/urb ! conditions by :i* !y pr(it1 !y ?9k q lit]ally = !mselves1 t is1 ( !mselves4 ,?is is ! et]nal game ( ! practical m54 ,h5ce x is only by accid5t t ! sep>ate & end[$ ?\ght ( pr(essional ?9k]s leaks out into action & affects cu/om4 ,= ?9k+ _c itself escape ! influ5ce ( habit1 any m ?an any?+ else human4 ,if x is n a "p ( ord9>y habits1 !n x is a sep>ate habit1 habit alongside o!r habits1 ap>t f !m1 z isolat$ & indurat$ z human /ructure p]mits4 ,!ory is a possession ( ! !ori/1 intellect ( ! intellectuali/4 ,! s-call$ sep>ation ( !ory & practice means 9 fact ! sep>ation ( two k9ds ( practice1 "o tak+ place 9 ! outdoor _w1 ! o!r 9 ! /udy4 ,! habit ( ?\ght comm&s "s mat]ials 7z e habit mu/ d7 b ! mat]ials are te*nical1 books1 words4 ,ideas are objectifi$ 9 action b spee* & writ+ monopolize _! field ( action4 ,ev5 !n subconsci\s pa9s are tak5 to see t ! words us$ are n too widely und]/ood4 ,intellectual habits l o!r habits dem& an environm5t1 b ! environm5t is ! /udy1 libr>y1 laboratory & academy4 ,l o!r habits !y produce ext]nal results1 possessions4 ,"s m5 acquire ideas & k z o!r m5 acquire monet>y weal?4 ,:ile practis+ ?\ght = _! own special ends !y deprecate x = ! untra9$ & un/able masses = :om habits1 t is un?9k+ r\t9es1 are necessities4 ,!y favor popul> education--up to ! po9t ( dissem9at+ z matt] ( au?oritative in=mation = ! _m :at ! few h e/abli%$ by ?\ght1 & up to ! po9t ( conv]t+ an orig9al docility to ! new into a docility to repeat & to con=m4 ,yet all habit involves me*anization4 ,habit is impossible )\t sett+ up a me*anism ( action1 physiologically engra9$1 :i* op]ates spontane\sly1 automatically1 :5ev] ! cue is giv54 ,b me*anization is n ( necessity all !re is to habit4 ,consid] ! conditions "u :i* ! fir/ s]viceable abilities ( life are =m$4 ,:5 a *ild beg9s to walk he acutely obs]ves1 he int5tly & int5sely exp]im5ts4 ,he looks to see :at is go+ to happ5 & he keeps curi\s wat* on e incid5t4 ,:at o!rs d1 ! assi/ance !y give1 ! models !y set1 op]ate n z limitations b z enc\ragem5ts to 8 own acts1 re9=cem5ts ( p]sonal p]ception & endeavor4 ,! fir/ toddl+ is a romantic adv5tur+ into ! unkn[n2 & e ga9$ p[] is a delightful discov]y ( "o's own p[]s & ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,we may n be able to reta9 9 adult habits ?is ze/ ( intellig5ce & ?is fre%ness ( satisfaction 9 newly discov]$ p[]s4 ,b !re is surely a middle t]m betwe5 a normal ex]cise ( p[] :i* includes "s excursion into ! unkn[n1 & a me*anical activity h$g$ )9 a drab _w4 ,ev5 9 deal+ ) inanimate ma*9es we rank t inv5tion high] :i* adapts its movem5ts to v>y+ conditions4 ,all life op]ates ?r\gh a me*anism1 & ! high] ! =m ( life ! m complex1 sure & flexible ! me*anism4 ,?is fact alone %\ld save u f oppos+ life & me*anism1 !reby r$uc+ ! latt] to un9tellig5t automatism & ! =m] to an aimless splurge4 ,h[ delicate1 prompt1 sure & v>i$ are ! movem5ts ( a viol9 play] or an engrav]6 ,h[ un]r+ly !y phrase e %ade ( emotion & e turn ( idea6 ,me*anism is indisp5sable4 ,if ea* act has to be consci\sly se>*$ = at ! mom5t & int5tionally p]=m$1 execution is pa9ful & ! product is clumsy & halt+4 ,nev]!less ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! arti/ & ! m]e te*nician is unmi/akeable4 ,! arti/ is a ma/]ful te*nician4 ,! te*nique or me*anism is fus$ ) ?\ght & feel+4 ,! me*anical p]=m] p]mits ! me*anism to dictate ! p]=mance4 ,x is absurd to say t ! latt] exhibits habit & ! =m] n4 ,we are confront$ ) two k9ds ( habit1 intellig5t & r\t9e4 ,all life has its lan1 b only ! preval5ce ( dead habits deflects life into m]e lan4 ,yet ! curr5t dualism ( m9d & body1 ?\ght & action1 is s root$ t we are taught 7& sci5ce is said to support ! tea*+7 t ! art1 ! habit1 ( ! arti/ is acquir$ by previ\s me*anical ex]cises ( repetition 9 :i* skill ap>t f ?\ght is ! aim1 until sudd5ly1 magically1 ?is s\lless me*anism is tak5 possession ( by s5tim5t & imag9ation & x becomes a flexible in/rum5t ( m9d4 ,! fact1 ! sci5tific fact1 is t ev5 9 8 ex]cises1 8 practice = skill1 an arti/ uses an art he already has4 ,he acquires great] skill because practice ( skill is m important to him ?an practice = skill4 ,o!rwise natural end[m5t w\ld c\nt = no?+1 & suffici5t me*anical ex]cise w\ld make any "o an exp]t 9 any field4 ,a flexible1 s5sitive habit gr[s m v>i$1 m adaptable by practice & use4 ,we d n z yet fully und]/& ! physiological factors conc]n$ 9 me*anical r\t9e on "o h& & arti/ic skill on ! o!r1 b we d "k t ! latt] is j z mu* habit z is ! =m]4 ,:e!r x conc]ns ! cook1 musician1 c>p5t]1 citiz51 or /atesman1 ! intellig5t or arti/ic habit is ! desirable ?+1 & ! r\t9e ! undesirable ?+3--or1 at lea/1 desirable & undesirable f e po9t ( view except "o4 ,^? :o wi% a monopoly ( social p[] f9d desirable ! sep>ation ( habit & ?\ght1 action & s\l1 s *>act]i/ic ( hi/ory4 ,= ! dualism enables !m to d ! ?9k+ & plann+1 :ile o!rs rema9 ! docile1 ev5 if awkw>d1 in/rum5ts ( execution4 ,until ?is s*eme is *ang$1 democracy is b\nd to be p]v]t$ 9 realization4 ,) our pres5t sy/em ( education--by :i* some?+ mu* m ext5sive ?an s*ool+ is meant--democracy multiplies occasions = imitation n occasions = ?\ght 9 action4 ,if ! visible result is r a messy confusion ?an an ord]$ discipl9e ( habits1 x is because !re are s _m models ( imitation set up t !y t5d to cancel "o ano!r1 s t individuals h ! advantage nei!r ( uni=m tra9+ nor ( intellig5t adaptation4 ,:5ce an intellectuali/2 ! "o ) :om ?9k+ is itself a segregat$ habit1 inf]s t ! *oice is betwe5 muss-&-muddl+ & a bureaucracy4 ,he pref]s ! latt]1 ?\gh "u "s o!r "n1 usually an ari/ocracy ( tal5t & intellect1 possibly a dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly /at$ t ! curr5t philosophical dualism ( m9d & body1 ( _s & m]e outw>d do+1 is ultimately b an intellectual reflex ( ! social divorce ( r\t9e habit f ?\ght1 ( means f ends1 practice f !ory4 ,"o h>dly kn[s :e!r mo/ to admire ! acum5 ) :i* ,b]gson has p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! accumulation ( hi/oric te*nicalities to ?is ess5tial fact1 or to deplore ! arti/ic skill ) :i* he has recomm5d$ ! division & ! metaphysical subtlety ) :i* he has /riv5 to e/abli% its necess>y & un*angeable nature4 ,= ! latt] t5ds to confirm & sanction ! dualism 9 all its obnoxi\sness4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 detection1 discov]y1 is ! ma9 ?+4 ,to envisage ! relation ( _s1 life1 to matt]1 body1 z 9 effect an affair ( a =ce :i* outruns habit :ile x leaves a trail ( r\t9e habits beh9d x1 w surely turn out 9 ! end to imply ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ne$ ( a cont9u\s unification ( _s & habit1 r ?an to be a sanction ( _! divorce4 ,& :5 ,b]gson c>ries ! implicit logic to ! po9t ( a cle> recognition t ^u ?is basis concrete intellig5ce is conc]n$ ) ! habits :i* incorporate & deal ) objects1 & t no?+ rema9s to _s1 pure ?\ght1 except a bl9d onw>d pu% or impetus1 ! net conclusion is surely ! ne$ ( revision ( ! fundam5tal premiss ( sep>ation ( s\l & habit4 ,a bl9d creative =ce is z likely to turn out to be de/ructive z creative2 ! vital lan may delight 9 w> r ?an 9 ! labori\s arts ( civilization1 & a my/ic intuition ( an ongo+ splurge be a poor sub/itute = ! detail$ "w ( an intellig5ce embodi$ 9 cu/om & in/itution1 "o :i* creates by means ( flexible cont9u\s contrivances ( reorganization4 ,= ! eulogi/ic qualities :i* ,b]gson attributes to ! lan vital fl[ n f its nature b f a rem9isc5ce ( ! optimism ( romanticism1 an optimism :i* is only ! rev]se side ( pessimism ab\t actualities4 ,a spiritual life :i* is no?+ b a bl9d urge sep>at$ f ?\ght 7:i* is said to be conf9$ to me*anical manipulation ( mat]ial objects = p]sonal uses7 is likely to h ! attributes ( ! ,devil 9 spite ( its be+ ennobl$ ) ! "n ( ,god4 ,v ,= practical purposes morals mean cu/oms1 folkways1 e/abli%$ collective habits4 ,?is is a commonplace ( ! an?ropologi/1 ?\gh ! moral !ori/ g5]ally suff]s f an illusion t 8 own place & day is1 or ought to be1 an exception4 ,b always & ev]y:]e cu/oms supply ! /&>ds = p]sonal activities4 ,!y are ! patt]n into :i* individual activity mu/ weave itself4 ,?is is z true today z x ev] 04 ,b because ( pres5t mobility & int]m+l+s ( cu/oms1 an individual is n[ (f]$ an enorm\s range ( cu/om-patt]ns1 & c ex]cise p]sonal +5uity 9 select+ & re>rang+ _! elem5ts4 ,9 %ort he c1 if he w1 intellig5tly adapt cu/oms to conditions1 & !reby remake !m4 ,cu/oms 9 any case con/itute moral /&>ds4 ,= !y are active dem&s = c]ta9 ways ( act+4 ,e habit creates an unconsci\s expectation4 ,x =ms a c]ta9 outlook4 ,:at psy*ologi/s h labori\sly treat$ "u ! caption ( association ( ideas has little to d ) ideas & ev]y?+ to d ) ! influ5ce ( habit ^u recollection & p]ception4 ,a habit1 a r\t9e habit1 :5 int]f]$ ) g5]ates uneas9ess1 sets up a prote/ 9 favor ( re/oration & a s5se ( ne$ ( "s expiatory act1 or else x goes (f 9 casual rem9isc5ce4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( r\t9e to insi/ ^u its own cont9uation4 ,brea* ( x is violation ( "r4 ,deviation f x is transgression4 ,all t metaphysics has said ab\t ! nisus ( ,be+ to cons]ve its ess5ce & all t a my?ological psy*ology has said ab\t a special in/9ct ( self-pres]vation is a cov] = ! p]si/5t self-ass]tion ( habit4 ,habit is en]gy organiz$ 9 c]ta9 *annels4 ,:5 int]f]$ )1 x swells z res5tm5t & z an av5g+ =ce4 ,to say t x w be obey$1 t cu/om makes law1 t nomos is "l ( all1 is aft] all only to say t habit is habit4 ,emotion is a p]turbation f cla% or failure ( habit1 & reflection1 r\ghly speak+1 is ! pa9ful ef=t ( di/urb$ habits to readju/ !mselves4 ,x is a pity t ,we/]m>ck 9 8 monum5tal collection ( facts :i* %[ ! connection ( cu/om ) morals#d is /ill s mu* "u ! influ5ce ( curr5t subjective psy*ology t he mis/ates ! po9t ( 8 data4 ,= al?\gh he recognizes ! objectivity ( cu/om1 he treats sympa!tic res5tm5t & approbation z di/9ctive inn] feel+s or consci\s /ates :i* give rise to acts4 ,9 8 anxiety to displace an unreal rational s\rce ( morals he sets up an equally unreal emotional basis4 ,9 tru?1 feel+s z well z reason spr+ up )9 action4 ,brea* ( cu/om or habit is ! s\rce ( sympa!tic res5tm5t1 :ile ov]t approbation goes out to fidelity to cu/om ma9ta9$ "u exceptional circum/ances4 #d ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas4 ,^? :o recognize ! place ( cu/om 9 l[] social =ms g5]ally reg>d its pres5ce 9 civiliz$ society z a m]e survival4 ,or1 l ,sumn]1 !y fancy t to recognize its abid+ place is equival5t to ! d5ial ( all rationality & pr9ciple to morality2 equival5t to ! ass]tion ( bl9d1 arbitr>y =ces 9 life4 ,9 effect1 ?is po9t ( view has already be5 dealt )4 ,x ov]looks ! fact t ! real opposition is n betwe5 reason & habit b betwe5 r\t9e1 un9tellig5t habit1 & intellig5t habit or art4 ,ev5 a savage cu/om may be reasonable 9 t x is adapt$ to social ne$s & uses4 ,exp]i5ce may add to su* adaptation a consci\s recognition ( x1 & !n ! cu/om ( rationality is add$ to a prior cu/om4 ,ext]nal reasonabl5ess or adaptation to ends prec$es reasonabl5ess ( m9d4 ,?is is only to say t 9 morals z well z 9 physics ?+s h to be !re be=e we p]ceive !m1 & t rationality ( m9d is n an orig9al end[m5t b is ! (fspr+ ( int]c\rse ) objective adaptations & relations--a view :i* "u ! influ5ce ( a conception ( kn[+ ! l by ! l has be5 di/ort$ into ,platonic & o!r objective idealisms4 ,reason z obs]vation ( an adaptation ( acts to valuable results is n h[ev] a m]e idle mirror+ ( pre-exi/5t facts4 ,x is an additional ev5t hav+ its own c>e]4 ,x sets up a height5$ emotional appreciation & provides a new motive = fidelities previ\sly bl9d4 ,x sets up an attitude ( criticism1 ( inquiry1 & makes m5 s5sitive to ! brutalities & extravagancies ( cu/oms4 ,9 %ort1 x becomes a cu/om ( expectation & outlook1 an active dem& = reasonabl5ess 9 o!r cu/oms4 ,! reflective disposition is n self-made nor a gift ( ! gods4 ,x arises 9 "s exceptional circum/ance out ( social cu/oms1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! ,greeks4 ,b :5 x has be5 g5]at$ x e/abli%es a new cu/om1 :i* is capable ( ex]cis+ ! mo/ revolution>y influ5ce ^u o!r cu/oms4 ,h5ce ! gr[+ importance ( p]sonal rationality or intellig5ce1 9 moral !ory if n 9 practice4 ,t curr5t cu/oms contradict "o ano!r1 t _m ( !m are unju/1 & t )\t criticism none ( !m is fit to be ! guide ( life 0 ! discov]y ) :i* ! ,a!nian ,socrates initiat$ consci\s moral !oriz+4 ,yet a dilemma soon pres5t$ itself1 "o :i* =ms ! burd5 ( ,plato's e?ical writ+s4 ,h[ %all ?\ght :i* is p]sonal arrive at /&>ds :i* hold good = all1 :i*1 9 mod]n phrase1 are objective8 ,! solution f\nd by ,plato 0 t reason is itself objective1 univ]sal1 cosmic & makes ! individual s\l its vehicle4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 0 m]ely to sub/itute a metaphysical or transc5d5tal e?ics = ! e?ics ( cu/om4 ,if ,plato _h be5 able to see t reflection & criticism express a conflict ( cu/oms1 & t _! purport & (fice is to re-organize1 re-adju/ cu/oms1 ! subsequ5t c\rse ( moral !ory w\ld h be5 v diff]5t4 ,cu/om w\ld h provid$ ne$$ objective & sub/antial balla/1 & p]sonal rationality or reflective intellig5ce be5 treat$ z ! necess>y organ ( exp]im5tal initiative & creative inv5tion 9 remak+ cu/om4 ,we h ano!r difficulty to face3 a great] wave rises to ov]:elm u4 ,x is said t to d]ive moral /&>ds f social cu/oms is to evacuate ! latt] ( all au?ority4 ,morals1 x is said1 imply ! subord9ation ( fact to ideal consid]ation1 :ile ! view pres5t$ makes morals second>y to b>e fact1 :i* is equal to depriv+ !m ( dignity & jurisdiction4 ,! objection has ! =ce ( ! cu/om ( moral !ori/s beh9d x2 & !re=e 9 its d5ial ( cu/om avails itself ( ! assi/ance ( ! notion x attacks4 ,! criticism re/s ^u a false sep>ation4 ,x argues 9 effect t ei!r ideal /&>ds antec$e cu/oms & conf] _! moral quality ^u !m1 or t 9 be+ subsequ5t to cu/om & evolv$ f !m1 !y are m]e accid5tal by-products4 ,b h[ does ! case /& ) language8 ,m5 did n int5d language2 !y did n h social objects consci\sly 9 view :5 !y began to talk1 nor did !y h grammatical & phonetic pr9ciples be=e !m by :i* to regulate _! ef=ts at communication4 ,^! ?+s come aft] ! fact & because ( x4 ,language grew out ( un9tellig5t babbl+s1 in/9ctive motions call$ ge/ures1 & ! pressure ( circum/ance4 ,b nev]!less language once call$ into exi/5ce is language & op]ates z language4 ,x op]ates n to p]petuate ! =ces :i* produc$ x b to modify & r$irect !m4 ,x has su* transc5d5t importance t pa9s are tak5 ) its use4 ,lit]atures are produc$1 & !n a va/ app>atus ( gramm>1 rhetoric1 diction>ies1 lit]>y criticism1 reviews1 essays1 a d]iv$ lit]ature ad lib4 ,education1 s*ool+1 becomes a necessity2 lit]acy an end4 ,9 %ort language :5 x is produc$ meets old ne$s & op5s new possibilities4 ,x creates dem&s :i* take effect1 & ! effect is n conf9$ to spee* & lit]ature1 b ext5ds to ! common life 9 communication1 c\nsel & in/ruction4 ,:at is said ( ! in/itution ( language holds good ( e in/itution4 ,family life1 prop]ty1 legal =ms1 *ur*es & s*ools1 academies ( art & sci5ce did n orig9ate to s]ve consci\s ends nor 0 _! g5]ation regulat$ by consci\sness ( pr9ciples ( reason & "r4 ,yet ea* in/itution has br\ght ) its developm5t dem&s1 expectations1 rules1 /&>ds4 ,^! are n m]e embelli%m5ts ( ! =ces :i* produc$ !m1 idle decorations ( ! sc5e4 ,!y are additional =ces4 ,!y recon/ruct4 ,!y op5 new av5ues ( endeavor & impose new labors4 ,9 %ort !y are civilization1 culture1 morality4 ,/ill ! "q recurs3 ,:at au?ority h /&>ds & ideas :i* h orig9at$ 9 ?is way8 ,:at claim h !y ^u u8 ,9 "o s5se ! "q is unansw]able4 ,9 ! same s5se1 h[ev]1 ! "q is unansw]able :atev] orig9 & sanction is ascrib$ to moral obligations & loyalties4 ,:y att5d to metaphysical & transc5d5tal ideal realities ev5 if we conc$e !y are ! au?ors ( moral /&>ds8 ,:y d ?is act if ,i feel l do+ some?+ else8 ,any moral "q may r$uce itself to ?is "q if we s *oose4 ,b 9 an empirical s5se ! answ] is simple4 ,! au?ority is t ( life4 ,:y employ language1 cultivate lit]ature1 acquire & develop sci5ce1 su/a9 indu/ry1 & submit to ! ref9em5ts ( art8 ,to ask ^! que/ions is equival5t to ask+3 ,:y live8 ,& ! only answ] is t if "o is go+ to live "o mu/ live a life ( :i* ^! ?+s =m ! sub/ance4 ,! only "q hav+ s5se :i* c be ask$ is h[ we are go+ to use & be us$ by ^! ?+s1 n :e!r we are go+ to use !m4 ,reason1 moral pr9ciples1 _c 9 any case be %ov$ beh9d ^! affairs1 = reason & morality gr[ out ( !m4 ,b !y h gr[n into !m z well z out ( !m4 ,!y are !re z "p ( !m4 ,no "o c escape !m if he wants to4 ,he _c escape ! problem ( h[ to engage 9 life1 s9ce 9 any case he mu/ engage 9 x 9 "s way or o!r--or else quit & get out4 ,9 %ort1 ! *oice is n betwe5 a moral au?ority outside cu/om & "o )9 x4 ,x is betwe5 adopt+ m or less intellig5t & significant cu/oms4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! *ief practical effect ( refus+ to recognize ! connection ( cu/om ) moral /&>ds is to deify "s special cu/om & treat x z et]nal1 immutable1 outside ( criticism & revision4 ,?is consequ5ce is especially h>mful 9 times ( rapid social flux4 ,= x leads to disp>ity betwe5 nom9al /&>ds1 :i* become ineffectual & hypocritical 9 exact ratio to _! !oretical exaltation1 & actual habits :i* h to take note ( exi/+ conditions4 ,! disp>ity bre$s disord]4 ,irregul>ity & confusion are h[ev] practically intol]able1 & effect ! g5]ation ( a new rule ( "s sort or o!r4 ,only su* complete di/urbance ( ! physical bases ( life & security z comes f plague & />vation c ?r[ society into utt] disord]4 ,no am\nt ( intellectual transition c s]i\sly di/urb ! ma9 t5or ( cu/om1 or morals4 ,h5ce ! great] dang] :i* att5ds ! attempt 9 p]iod ( social *ange to ma9ta9 ! immutability ( old /&>ds is n g5]al moral relaxation4 ,x is r social cla%1 an irreconcil$ conflict ( moral /&>ds & purposes1 ! mo/ s]i\s =m ( class w>f>e4 ,= segregat$ classes develop _! own cu/oms1 :i* is to say _! own work+ morals4 ,z long z society is ma9ly immobile ^! div]se pr9ciples & rul+ aims d n cla%4 ,!y exi/ side by side 9 diff]5t /rata4 ,p[]1 glory1 honor1 magnific5ce1 mutual fai? "h2 indu/ry1 ob$i5ce1 ab/95ce1 humility1 & rev]5ce !re3 noble & plebeian virtues4 ,vigor1 c\rage1 en]gy1 ent]prise "h2 submission1 pati5ce1 *>m1 p]sonal fidelity !re3 ! mascul9e & fem99e virtues4 ,b mobility invades society4 ,w>1 comm]ce1 travel1 communication1 contact ) ! ?\ghts & desires ( o!r classes1 new inv5tions 9 productive indu/ry1 di/urb ! settl$ di/ribution ( cu/oms4 ,congeal$ habits ?aw out1 & a flood mixes ?+s once sep>at$4 ,ea* class is rigidly sure ( ! rightness ( its own ends & h5ce n ov]scrupul\s ab\t ! means ( atta9+ !m4 ,"o side proclaims ! ultimacy ( ord]--t ( "s old ord] :i* conduces to its own int]e/4 ,! o!r side proclaims its rights to fre$om1 & id5tifies ju/ice ) its subm]g$ claims4 ,!re is no common gr\nd1 no moral und]/&+1 no agre$ ^u /&>d ( appeal4 ,today su* a conflict occurs betwe5 prop]ti$ classes & ^? :o dep5d ^u daily wage2 betwe5 m5 & wom52 betwe5 old & "y4 ,ea* appeals to its own /&>d ( "r1 & ea* ?9ks ! o!r ! creature ( p]sonal desire1 :im or ob/9acy4 ,mobility has affect$ peoples z well4 ,nations & races face "o ano!r1 ea* ) its own immutable /&>ds4 ,nev] be=e 9 hi/ory h !re exi/$ su* num]\s contacts & m+l+s4 ,nev] be=e h !re be5 su* occasions = conflict :i* are ! m significant because ea* side feels t x is support$ by moral pr9ciples4 ,cu/oms relat+ to :at has be5 & emotions ref]r+ to :at may come to be g _! indep5d5t ways4 ,! dem& ( ea* side treats its oppon5t z a wilful violator ( moral pr9ciples1 an expression ( self-int]e/ or sup]ior might4 ,intellig5ce :i* is ! only possible mess5g] ( reconciliation dwells 9 a f> l& ( ab/ractions or comes aft] ! ev5t to record accompli%$ facts4 ,,vi ,! prior discussion has tri$ to %[ :y ! psy*ology ( habit is an objective & social psy*ology4 ,settl$ & regul> action mu/ conta9 an adju/m5t ( environ+ conditions2 x mu/ incorporate !m 9 itself4 ,= human be+s1 ! environ+ affairs directly important are ^? =m$ by ! activities ( o!r human be+s4 ,?is fact is acc5tuat$ & made fundam5tal by ! fact ( infancy--! fact t ea* human be+ beg9s life completely dep5d5t ^u o!rs4 ,! net outcome accord+ly is t :at c be call$ di/9ctively individual 9 behavior & m9d is n1 contr>y to traditional !ory1 an orig9al datum4 ,d\btless physical or physiological individuality always colors responsive activity & h5ce modifies ! =m :i* cu/om assumes 9 its p]sonal reproductions4 ,9 =ceful en]getic *>act]s ?is quality is m>k$4 ,b x is important to note t x is a quality ( habit1 n an elem5t or =ce exi/+ ap>t f adju/m5t ( ! environm5t & capable ( be+ t]m$ a sep>ate individual m9d4 ,or?odox psy*ology />ts h[ev] f ! assumption ( precisely su* indep5d5t m9ds4 ,h[ev] mu* diff]5t s*ools may v>y 9 _! def9itions ( m9d1 !y agree 9 ?is premiss ( sep>at5ess & priority4 ,h5ce social psy*ology is confus$ by ! ef=t to r5d] its facts 9 ! t]ms *>act]i/ic ( old psy*ology1 :5 ! di/9ctive ?+ ab\t x is t x implies an ab&onm5t ( t psy*ology4 ,! traditional psy*ology ( ! orig9al sep>ate s\l1 m9d or consci\sness is 9 tru? a reflex ( conditions :i* cut human nature (f f its natural objective relations4 ,x implies fir/ ! sev]ance ( man f nature & !n ( ea* man f 8 fell[s4 ,! isolation ( man f nature is duly manife/$ 9 ! split betwe5 m9d & body--s9ce body is cle>ly a connect$ "p ( nature4 ,?us ! in/rum5t ( action & ! means ( ! cont9u\s modification ( action1 ( ! cumulative c>ry+ =w>d ( old activity into new1 is reg>d$ z a my/]i\s intrud] or z a my/]i\s p>allel accompanim5t4 ,x is fair to say t ! psy*ology ( a sep>ate & indep5d5t consci\sness began z an intellectual =mulation ( ^? facts ( morality :i* treat$ ! mo/ important k9d ( action z a private conc]n1 some?+ to be enact$ & conclud$ )9 "* z a purely p]sonal possession4 ,! religi\s & metaphysical int]e/s :i* want$ ! ideal to be a sep>ate realm f9ally co9cid$ ) a practical revolt aga9/ curr5t cu/oms & in/itutions to en=ce curr5t psy*ological individualism4 ,b ?is =mulation 7put =? 9 ! "n ( sci5ce7 react$ to confirm ! conditions out ( :i* x arose1 & to conv]t x f a hi/oric episode into an ess5tial tru?4 ,its exagg]ation ( individuality is l>gely a comp5satory reaction aga9/ ! pressure ( in/itutional rigidities4 ,any moral !ory :i* is s]i\sly influ5c$ by curr5t psy*ological !ory is b\nd to emphasize /ates ( consci\sness1 an inn] private life1 at ! exp5se ( acts :i* h public mean+ & :i* incorporate & exact social relation%ips4 ,a psy*ology bas$ ^u habits 7& in/9cts :i* become elem5ts 9 habits z soon z !y are act$ ^u7 w on ! contr>y fix its att5tion ^u ! objective conditions 9 :i* habits are =m$ & op]ate4 ,! rise at ! pres5t "t ( a cl9ical psy*ology :i* revolts at traditional & or?odox psy*ology is a symptom ( e?ical import4 ,x is a prote/ aga9/ ! futility1 z a tool ( und]/&+ & deal+ ) human nature 9 ! concrete1 ( ! psy*ology ( consci\s s5sations1 images & ideas4 ,x exhibits a s5se = reality 9 its insi/5ce ^u ! pr(\nd importance ( unconsci\s =ces 9 det]m9+ n only ov]t conduct b desire1 judgm5t1 belief1 idealization4 ,e mom5t ( reaction & prote/1 h[ev]1 usually accepts "s ( ! basic ideas ( ! position aga9/ :i* x rebels4 ,s ! mo/ popul> =ms ( ! cl9ical psy*ology1 ^? associat$ ) ! f\nd]s ( psy*o-analysis1 reta9 ! notion ( a sep>ate psy*ic realm or =ce4 ,!y add a /atem5t po9t+ to facts ( ! utmo/ value1 & :i* is equival5t to practical recognition ( ! dep5d5ce ( m9d ^u habit & ( habit ^u social conditions4 ,?is is ! /atem5t ( ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( ! unconsci\s1 ( complexes due to contacts & conflicts ) o!rs1 ( ! social c5sor4 ,b !y /ill cl+ to ! idea ( ! sep>ate psy*ic realm & s 9 effect talk ab\t unconsci\s consci\sness4 ,!y get _! tru?s mix$ up 9 !ory ) ! false psy*ology ( orig9al individual consci\sness1 j z ! s*ool ( social psy*ologi/s does ^u its side4 ,_! elaborate artificial explanations1 l ! my/ic collective m9d1 consci\sness1 ov]-s\l1 ( social psy*ology1 are due to failure to beg9 ) ! facts ( habit & cu/om4 ,:at !n is meant by individual m9d1 by m9d z individual8 ,9 effect ! reply has already be5 giv54 ,conflict ( habits releases impulsive activities :i* 9 _! manife/ation require a modification ( habit1 ( cu/om & conv5tion4 ,t :i* 0 at fir/ ! individualiz$ color or quality ( habitual activity is ab/ract$1 & becomes a c5t] ( activity aim+ to recon/ruct cu/oms 9 accord ) "s desire :i* is reject$ by ! imm$iate situation & :i* !re=e is felt to belong to "o's self1 to be ! m>k & possession ( an individual 9 p>tial & tempor>y opposition to 8 environm5t4 ,^! g5]al & necess>ily vague /atem5ts w be made m def9ite 9 ! fur!r discussion ( impulse & intellig5ce4 ,= impulse :5 x ass]ts itself delib]ately aga9/ an exi/+ cu/om is ! beg9n+ ( individuality 9 m9d4 ,?is beg9n+ is develop$ & consolidat$ 9 ! obs]vations1 judgm5ts1 inv5tions :i* try to trans=m ! environm5t s t a v>iant1 deviat+ impulse may itself 9 turn become inc>nat$ 9 objective habit4 ,,"p ,,two ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,impulse ,,9 ,,conduct ,i ,habits z organiz$ activities are second>y & acquir$1 n native & orig9al4 ,!y are outgr[?s ( unle>n$ activities :i* are "p ( man's end[m5t at bir?4 ,! ord] ( topics foll[$ 9 our discussion may accord+ly be que/ion$4 ,:y %\ld :at is d]iv$ & !re=e 9 "s s5se artificial 9 conduct be discuss$ be=e :at is primitive1 natural & inevitable8 ,:y did we n set out ) an exam9ation ( ^? in/9ctive activities ^u :i* ! acquisition ( habits is condition$8 ,! qu]y is a natural "o1 yet x tempts to fl++ =? a p>adox4 ,9 conduct ! acquir$ is ! primitive4 ,impulses al?\gh fir/ 9 "t are nev] prim>y 9 fact2 !y are second>y & dep5d5t4 ,! seem+ p>adox 9 /atem5t cov]s a famili> fact4 ,9 ! life ( ! individual1 in/9ctive activity comes fir/4 ,b an individual beg9s life z a baby1 & babies are dep5d5t be+s4 ,_! activities c\ld cont9ue at mo/ = only a few h\rs 7 x n = ! pres5ce & aid ( adults ) _! =m$ habits4 ,& babies owe to adults m ?an procreation1 m ?an ! cont9u$ food & protection :i* pres]ve life4 ,!y owe to adults ! opportunity to express _! native activities 9 ways :i* h mean+4 ,ev5 if by "s miracle orig9al activity c\ld cont9ue )\t assi/ance f ! organiz$ skill & art ( adults1 x w\ld n am\nt to any?+4 ,x w\ld be m]e s\nd & fury4 ,9 %ort1 ! mean+ ( native activities is n native2 x is acquir$4 ,x dep5ds ^u int]action ) a matur$ social m$ium4 ,9 ! case ( a tig] or eagle1 ang] may be id5tifi$ ) a s]viceable life-activity1 ) attack & def5se4 ,) a human be+ x is z mean+less z a gu/ ( w9d on a mud puddle ap>t f a direction giv5 x by ! pres5ce ( o!r p]sons1 ap>t f ! responses !y make to x4 ,x is a physical spasm1 a bl9d disp]sive bur/ ( wa/eful en]gy4 ,x gets quality1 significance1 :5 x becomes a sm\ld]+ sull5ness1 an annoy+ int]ruption1 a peevi% irritation1 a murd]\s rev5ge1 a blaz+ indignation4 ,& al?\gh ^! ph5om5a :i* h a mean+ spr+ f orig9al native reactions to /imuli1 yet !y dep5d also ^u ! responsive behavior ( o!rs4 ,!y & all simil> human displays ( ang] are n pure impulses2 !y are habits =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( association ) o!rs :o h habits already & :o %[ _! habits 9 ! treatm5t :i* conv]ts a bl9d physical dis*>ge into a significant ang]4 ,aft] ignor+ impulses = a long "t 9 behalf ( s5sations1 mod]n psy*ology n[ t5ds to />t out ) an inv5tory & description ( in/9ctive activities4 ,?is is an und\bt$ improvem5t4 ,b :5 x tries to expla9 complicat$ ev5ts 9 p]sonal & social life by direct ref]5ce to ^! native p[]s1 ! explanation becomes hazy & =c$4 ,x is l say+ ! flea & ! elephant1 ! li*5 & ! r$wood1 ! timid h>e & ! rav5+ wolf1 ! plant ) ! mo/ inconspicu\s blossom & ! plant ) ! mo/ gl>+ color are alike products ( natural selection4 ,!re may be a s5se 9 :i* ! /atem5t is true2 b till we "k ! specific environ+ conditions "u :i* selection took place we really "k no?+4 ,& s we ne$ to "k ab\t ! social conditions :i* h educat$ orig9al activities into def9ite & significant dispositions be=e we c discuss ! psy*ological elem5t 9 society4 ,?is is ! true mean+ ( social psy*ology4 ,at "s place on ! globe1 at "s "t1 e k9d ( practice seems to h be5 tol]at$ or ev5 prais$4 ,h[ is ! trem5d\s div]sity ( in/itutions 7includ+ moral codes7 to be acc\nt$ =8 ,! native /ock ( in/9cts is practically ! same ev]y:]e4 ,exagg]ate z mu* z we l ! native diff]5ces ( ,patagonians & ,greeks1 ,si\x ,indians & ,h9doos1 ,bu%m5 & ,*9ese1 _! orig9al diff]5ces w be> no comp>ison to ! am\nt ( diff]5ce f\nd 9 cu/om & culture4 ,s9ce su* a div]sity _c be attribut$ to an orig9al id5tity1 ! developm5t ( native impulse mu/ be /at$ 9 t]ms ( acquir$ habits1 n ! gr[? ( cu/oms 9 t]ms ( in/9cts4 ,! :olesale human sacrifices ( ,p]u & ! t5d]ness ( ,/4 ,francis1 ! cruelties ( pirates & ! philan?ropies ( ,h[>d1 ! practice ( ,suttee & ! cult ( ! ,virg91 ! w> & peace dances ( ! ,coman*es & ! p>liam5t>y in/itutions ( ! ,briti%1 ! communism ( ! ,s\?sea isl&] & ! propriet>y ?rift ( ! ,yankee1 ! magic ( ! m$ic9e man & ! exp]im5ts ( ! *emi/ 9 8 laboratory1 ! non-resi/ance ( ,*9ese & ! aggressive milit>ism ( an imp]ial ,prussia1 mon>*y by div9e "r & gov]nm5t by ! p2 ! c\ntless div]sity ( habits sugge/$ by su* a r&om li/ spr+s f practically ! same capital-/ock ( native in/9cts4 ,x w\ld be pleasant if we c\ld pick & *oose ^? in/itutions :i* we l & impute !m to human nature1 & ! re/ to "s devil2 or ^? we l to our k9d ( human nature1 & ^? we dislike to ! nature ( despis$ =eign]s on ! gr\nd !y are n really native at all4 ,x w\ld appe> to be simpl] if we c\ld po9t to c]ta9 cu/oms1 say+ t !y are ! unalloy$ products ( c]ta9 in/9cts1 :ile ^? o!r social arrangem5ts are to be attribut$ :olly to o!r impulses4 ,b su* me?ods are n feasible4 ,! same orig9al fe>s1 ang]s1 loves & hates are hopelessly entangl$ 9 ! mo/ opposite in/itutions4 ,! ?+ we ne$ to "k is h[ a native /ock has be5 modifi$ by int]action ) diff]5t environm5ts4 ,yet x goes )\t say+ t orig9al1 unle>n$ activity has its di/9ctive place & t an important "o 9 conduct4 ,impulses are ! pivots ^u :i* ! re-organization ( activities turn1 !y are ag5cies ( deviation1 = giv+ new directions to old habits & *ang+ _! quality4 ,consequ5tly :5ev] we are conc]n$ ) und]/&+ social transition & flux or ) projects = re=m1 p]sonal & collective1 our /udy mu/ g to analysis ( native t5d5cies4 ,int]e/ 9 progress & re=m is1 inde$1 ! reason = ! pres5t great developm5t ( sci5tific int]e/ 9 primitive human nature4 ,if we inquire :y m5 7 s long bl9d to ! exi/5ce ( p[]ful & v>i$ in/9cts 9 human be+s1 ! answ] seems to be f\nd 9 ! lack ( a conception ( ord]ly progress4 ,x is fa/ becom+ incr$ible t psy*ologi/s disput$ z to :e!r !y %\ld *oose betwe5 innate ideas & an empty1 passive1 wax-l m9d4 ,= x seems z if a glance at a *ild w\ld h reveal$ t ! tru? lay 9 nei!r doctr9e1 s obvi\s is ! surg+ ( specific native activities4 ,b ?is obtus5ess to facts 0 evid5ce ( lack ( int]e/ 9 :at c\ld be done ) impulses1 due1 9 turn1 to lack ( int]e/ 9 modify+ exi/+ in/itutions4 ,x is no accid5t t m5 became int]e/$ 9 ! psy*ology ( savages & babies :5 !y became int]e/$ 9 do+ away ) old in/itutions4 ,a comb9ation ( traditional individualism ) ! rec5t int]e/ 9 progress expla9s :y ! discov]y ( ! scope & =ce ( in/9cts has l$ _m psy*ologi/s to ?9k ( !m z ! f\nta9 head ( all conduct1 z occupy+ a place be=e in/ead ( aft] t ( habits4 ,! or?odox tradition 9 psy*ology is built ^u isolation ( individuals f _! surr\nd+s4 ,! s\l or m9d or consci\sness 0 ?\ght ( z self-conta9$ & self-enclos$4 ,n[ 9 ! c>e] ( an individual if x is reg>d$ z complete 9 itself in/9cts cle>ly come be=e habits4 ,g5]alize ?is individuali/ic view1 & we h an assumption t all cu/oms1 all significant episodes 9 ! life ( individuals c be c>ri$ directly back to ! op]ation ( in/9cts4 ,b1 z we h already not$1 if an individual be isolat$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 along ) ! fact ( primacy ( in/9ct we f9d also ! fact ( dea?4 ,! in*oate & scatt]$ impulses ( an infant d n coord9ate into s]viceable p[]s except ?r\gh social dep5d5cies & companion%ips4 ,8 impulses are m]ely />t+ po9ts = assimilation ( ! k & skill ( ! m matur$ be+s ^u :om he dep5ds4 ,!y are t5tacles s5t out to ga!r t nutrition f cu/oms :i* w 9 "t r5d] ! infant capable ( indep5d5t action4 ,!y are ag5cies = transf] ( exi/+ social p[] into p]sonal ability2 !y are means ( recon/ructive gr[?4 ,ab&on an impossible individuali/ic psy*ology1 & we arrive at ! fact t native activities are organs ( re-organization & re-adju/m5t4 ,! h5 prec$es ! egg4 ,b nev]!less ?is p>ticul> egg may be s treat$ z to modify ! future type ( h54 ,,ii ,9 ! case ( ! "y x is pat5t t impulses are highly flexible />t+ po9ts = activities :i* are div]sifi$ accord+ to ! ways 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,any impulse may become organiz$ into almo/ any disposition accord+ to ! way x int]acts ) surr\nd+s4 ,fe> may become abject c[>dice1 prud5t caution1 rev]5ce = sup]iors or respect = equals2 an ag5cy = cr$ul\s swall[+ ( absurd sup]/itions or = w>y scepticism4 ,a man may be *iefly afraid ( ! spirits ( 8 ance/ors1 ( (ficials1 ( ar\s+ ! disapproval ( 8 associates1 ( be+ deceiv$1 ( fre% air1 or ( ,bol%evism4 ,! actual outcome dep5ds ^u h[ ! impulse ( fe> is int]wov5 ) o!r impulses4 ,?is dep5ds 9 turn ^u ! outlets & inhibitions suppli$ by ! social environm5t4 ,9 a def9ite s5se1 !n1 a human society is always />t+ afre%4 ,x is always 9 process ( r5ew+1 & x endures only because ( r5ewal4 ,we speak ( ! peoples ( s\!rn ,europe z ,lat9 peoples4 ,_! exi/+ languages dep>t widely f "o ano!r & f ! ,lat9 "m tongue4 ,yet !re nev] 0 a day :5 ?is alt]ation ( spee* 0 int5tional or explicit4 ,p]sons always meant to reproduce ! spee* !y he>d f _! eld]s & suppos$ !y 7 succe$+4 ,?is fact may /& z a k9d ( symbol ( ! recon/ruction wr\ght 9 habits because ( ! fact t !y c be transmitt$ & be made to endure only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! crude activities ( ! "y or ?r\gh contact ) p]sons hav+ diff]5t habits4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ?is cont9u\s alt]ation has be5 unconsci\s & un9t5d$4 ,immature1 undevelop$ activity has succe$$ 9 modify+ adult organiz$ activity accid5tally & surreptiti\sly4 ,b ) ! dawn ( ! idea ( progressive bett]m5t & an int]e/ 9 new uses ( impulses1 !re has gr[n up "s consci\sness ( ! ext5t to :i* a future new society ( *ang$ purposes & desires may be creat$ by a delib]ate humane treatm5t ( ! impulses ( y\?4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( education2 = a truly humane education consi/s 9 an intellig5t direction ( native activities 9 ! light ( ! possibilities & necessities ( ! social situation4 ,b = ! mo/ "p1 adults h giv5 tra9+ r ?an education4 ,an impati5t1 premature me*anization ( impulsive activity aft] ! fix$ patt]n ( adult habits ( ?\ght & affection has be5 desir$4 ,! comb9$ effect ( love ( p[]1 timidity 9 ! face ( ! novel & a self-admir+ complac5cy has be5 too /rong to p]mit immature impulse to ex]cise its re-organiz+ pot5tialities4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation has h>dly ev5 knock$ frankly at ! door ( adult cu/oms1 mu* less be5 invit$ 9 to rectify ?r\gh bett] education ! brutalities & inequities e/abli%$ 9 adult habits4 ,ea* new g5]ation has crept bl9dly & furtively ?r\gh su* *ance gaps z h happ5$ to be left op54 ,o!rwise x has be5 model$ aft] ! old4 ,we h already not$ h[ orig9al pla/icity is w>p$ & docility is tak5 mean advantage (4 ,x has be5 us$ to signify n capacity to le>n lib]ally & g5]\sly1 b will+ness to le>n ! cu/oms ( adult associates1 ability to le>n j ^? special ?+s :i* ^? hav+ p[] & au?ority wi% to tea*4 ,orig9al modifiability has n be5 giv5 a fair *ance to act z a tru/ee = a bett] human life4 ,x has be5 load$ ) conv5tion1 bias$ by adult conv5i5ce4 ,x has be5 practically r5d]$ into an equival5t ( non-ass]tion ( orig9ality1 a pliant accommodation to ! embodi$ op9ions ( o!rs4 ,consequ5tly docility has be5 id5tifi$ ) imitativ5ess1 in/ead ( ) p[] to re-make old habits1 to re-create4 ,pla/icity & orig9ality h be5 oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,t ! mo/ preci\s "p ( pla/icity consi/s 9 ability to =m habits ( indep5d5t judgm5t & ( inv5tive initiation has be5 ignor$4 ,= x dem&s a m complete & int5se docility to =m flexible easily re-adju/$ habits ?an x does to acquire ^? :i* rigidly copy ! ways ( o!rs4 ,9 %ort1 among ! native activities ( ! "y are "s t "w t[>ds accommodation1 assimilation1 reproduction1 & o!rs t "w t[>d exploration1 discov]y & creation4 ,b ! weight ( adult cu/om has be5 ?r[n ^u reta9+ & /r5g!n+ t5d5cies t[>d con=mity1 & aga9/ ^? :i* make = v>iation & indep5d5ce4 ,! habits ( ! gr[+ p]son are jeal\sly kept )9 ! limit ( adult cu/oms4 ,! delightful orig9ality ( ! *ild is tam$4 ,wor%ip ( in/itutions & p]sonages !mselves lack+ 9 imag9ative =esight1 v]satile obs]vation & lib]al ?\ght1 is en=c$4 ,v e>ly 9 life sets ( m9d are =m$ )\t att5tive ?\ght1 & ^! sets p]si/ & control ! mature m9d4 ,! *ild le>ns to avoid ! %ock ( unpleasant disagreem5t1 to f9d ! easy way out1 to appe> to con=m to cu/oms :i* are :olly my/]i\s to him 9 ord] to get 8 own way--t is to display "s natural impulse )\t excit+ ! unfavorable notice ( ^? 9 au?ority4 ,adults di/ru/ ! intellig5ce :i* a *ild has :ile mak+ ^u him dem&s = a k9d ( conduct t requires a high ord] ( intellig5ce1 if x is to be intellig5t at all4 ,! inconsi/5cy is reconcil$ by in/ill+ 9 him moral habits :i* h a maximum ( emotional empressm5t & adamant9e hold ) a m9imum ( und]/&+4 ,^! habitudes1 deeply engra9$ be=e ?\ght is awake & ev5 be=e ! day ( exp]i5ces :i* c lat] be recall$1 gov]n consci\s lat] ?\ght4 ,!y are usually deepe/ & mo/ unget-at-able j :]e critical ?\ght is mo/ ne$$--9 morals1 religion & politics4 ,^! infantalisms acc\nt = ! mass ( irrationalities t prevail among m5 ( o!rwise rational ta/es4 ,^! p]sonal hang-ov]s are ! cause ( :at ! /ud5t ( culture calls survivals4 ,b un=tunately ^! survivals are mu* m num]\s & p]vasive ?an ! an?ropologi/ & hi/orian are wont to admit4 ,to li/ !m w\ld p]haps ou/ "o f respectable society4 ,& yet ! intimation nev] :olly des]ts u t !re is 9 ! un=m$ activities ( *ildhood & y\? ! possibilities ( a bett] life = ! community z well z = individuals "h & !re4 ,?is dim s5se is ! gr\nd ( our abid+ idealization ( *ildhood4 ,= ) all its extravagancies & unc]ta9ties1 its effusions & retic5ces1 x rema9s a /&+ pro( ( a life :]e9 gr[? is normal n an anomaly1 activity a delight n a task1 & :]e habit-=m+ is an expansion ( p[] n its %r9kage4 ,habit & impulse may w> ) ea* o!r1 b x is a combat betwe5 ! habits ( adults & ! impulses ( ! "y1 & n1 z ) ! adult1 a civil w>f>e :]eby p]sonality is r5t asund]4 ,our usual measure = ! goodness ( *ildr5 is ! am\nt ( tr\ble !y make = gr[nups1 :i* means ( c\rse ! am\nt !y deviate f adult habits & expectations4 ,yet by way ( expiation we envy *ildr5 _! love ( new exp]i5ces1 _! int5tness 9 extract+ ! la/ drop ( significance f ea* situation1 _! vital s]i\sness 9 ?+s t to u are outworn4 ,we comp5sate = ! h>%ness & monotony ( our pres5t insi/5ce ^u =m$ habits by imag9+ a future heav5 9 :i* we too %all respond fre%ly & g5]\sly to ea* incid5t ( life4 ,9 consequ5ce ( our divid$ attitude1 our ideals are self-contradictory4 ,on ! "o h&1 we dream ( an atta9$ p]fection1 an ultimate /atic goal1 9 :i* ef=t %all cease1 & desire & execution be once & = all 9 complete equilibrium4 ,we wi% = a "* :i* %all be /eadfa/1 & we !n conceive ?is desir$ fai?fulness z some?+ immutable1 a "* exactly ! same ye/]day1 today & =ev]4 ,b we also h a sneak+ sympa?y = ! c\rage ( an ,em]son 9 decl>+ t consi/5cy %\ld be ?r[n to ! w9ds :5 x /&s betwe5 u & ! opportunities ( pres5t life4 ,we rea* out to ! opposite extreme ( our ideal ( fixity1 & "u ! guise ( a return to nature dream ( a romantic fre$om1 9 :i* all life is pla/ic to impulse1 a cont9ual s\rce ( improvis$ spontaneities & novel inspirations4 ,we rebel aga9/ all organization & all /ability4 ,if mod]n ?\ght & s5tim5t is to escape f ?is division 9 its ideals1 x mu/ be ?r\gh utiliz+ releas$ impulse z an ag5t ( /eady reorganization ( cu/om & in/itutions4 ,:ile *ildhood is ! conspicu\s pro( ( ! r5ew+ ( habit r5d]$ possible by impulse1 ! latt] nev] :olly ceases to play its refre%+ rle 9 adult life4 ,if x did1 life w\ld petrify1 society /agnate4 ,in/9ctive reactions are sometimes too int5se to be wov5 into a smoo? patt]n ( habits4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances !y appe> to be tam$ to obey _! ma/]1 cu/om4 ,b extraord9>y crises release !m & !y %[ by wild viol5t en]gy h[ sup]ficial is ! control ( r\t9e4 ,! say+ t civilization is only sk9 deep1 t a savage p]si/s b5ea? ! clo!s ( a civiliz$ man1 is ! common ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is fact4 ,at critical mom5ts ( unusual /imuli ! emotional outbreak & ru% ( in/9cts dom9at+ all activity %[ h[ sup]ficial is ! modification :i* a rigid habit has be5 able to effect4 ,:5 we face ?is fact 9 its g5]al significance1 we confront "o ( ! om9\s aspects ( ! hi/ory ( man4 ,we realize h[ little ! progress ( man has be5 ! product ( intellig5t guidance1 h[ l>gely x has be5 a by-product ( accid5tal upheavals1 ev5 ?\gh by an apologetic int]e/ 9 behalf ( "s privileg$ in/itution we lat] transmute *ance into provid5ce4 ,we h dep5d$ ^u ! cla% ( w>1 ! /ress ( revolution1 ! em]g5ce ( h]oic individuals1 ! impact ( migrations g5]at$ by w> & fam9e1 ! incom+ ( b>b>ians1 to *ange e/abli%$ in/itutions4 ,in/ead ( con/antly utiliz+ unus$ impulse to effect cont9u\s recon/ruction1 we h wait$ till an accumulation ( /resses sudd5ly breaks ?r\gh ! dikes ( cu/om4 ,x is (t5 suppos$ t z old p]sons die1 s mu/ old peoples4 ,!re are _m facts 9 hi/ory to support ! belief4 ,decad5ce & deg5]ation seems to be ! rule z age increases4 ,an irruption ( "s unciviliz$ horde has !n provid$ new blood & fre% life--s mu* s t hi/ory has be5 def9$ z a process ( reb>b>ization4 ,9 tru? ! analogy betwe5 a p]son & a nation ) respect to s5esc5ce & dea? is defective4 ,a nation is always r5ew$ by ! dea? ( its old con/itu5ts & ! bir? ( ^? :o are z "y & fre% z ev] 7 any individuals 9 ! hey-day ( ! nation's glory4 ,n ! nation b its cu/oms get old4 ,its in/itutions petrify into rigidity2 !re is social art]ial scl]osis4 ,!n "s p n ov]burd5$ ) elaborate & /iff habits take up & c>ry on ! mov+ process ( life4 ,! /ock ( fre% peoples is1 h[ev]1 approa*+ exhau/ion4 ,x is n safe to rely ^u ?is exp5sive me?od ( r5ew+ civilization4 ,we ne$ to discov] h[ to rejuv5ate x f )94 ,a normal p]petuation becomes a fact 9 ! degree 9 :i* impulse is releas$ & habit is pla/ic to ! trans=m+ t\* ( impulse4 ,:5 cu/oms are flexible & y\? is educat$ z y\? & n z premature adul?ood1 no nation gr[s old4 ,!re always exi/s a goodly /ore ( non-function+ impulses :i* may be drawn ^u4 ,_! manife/ation & utilization is call$ conv]sion or reg5]ation :5 x comes sudd5ly4 ,b !y may be drawn ^u cont9u\sly & mod]ately4 ,!n we call x le>n+ or educative gr[?4 ,rigid cu/om signifies n t !re are no su* impulses b t !y are n organically tak5 advantage (4 ,z matt] ( fact1 ! /iff] & ! m encru/$ ! cu/oms1 ! l>g] is ! numb] ( in/9ctive activities t f9d no regul> outlet & t accord+ly m]ely await a *ance to get an irregul>1 uncoord9at$ manife/ation4 ,r\t9e habits nev] take up all ! slack4 ,!y apply only :]e conditions rema9 ! same or recur 9 uni=m ways4 ,!y d n fit ! unusual & novel4 ,consequ5tly rigid moral codes t attempt to lay d[n def9ite injunctions & prohibitions = e occasion 9 life turn out 9 fact loose & slack4 ,/ret* t5 comm&m5ts or any o!r numb] z f> z y w by +5i\s exegesis1 yet acts unprovid$ = by !m w occur4 ,no elaboration ( /atute law c =e/all v>iant cases & ! ne$ ( int]pretation ad hoc4 ,moral & legal s*emes t attempt ! impossible 9 ! way ( def9ite =mulation comp5sate = explicit /rictness 9 "s l9es by implicit loos5ess 9 o!rs4 ,! only truly sev]e code is ! "o :i* =egoes codification1 ?r[+ responsibility = judg+ ea* case ^u ! ag5ts conc]n$1 impos+ ^u !m ! burd5 ( discov]y & adaptation4 ,! relation :i* actually exi/s betwe5 undirect$ in/9ct & ov]-organiz$ cu/om is illu/rat$ 9 ! two views t are curr5t ab\t savage life4 ,! popul> view looks at ! savage z a wild man2 z "o :o kn[s no controll+ pr9ciples or rules ( action1 :o freely foll[s 8 own impulse1 :im or desire :5ev] x seizes him & :]ev] x takes him4 ,an?ropologi/s are giv5 to ! oppos$ notion4 ,!y view savages z bondsm5 to cu/om4 ,!y note ! network ( regulations t ord] 8 ris+s-up & 8 sitt+s-d[n1 8 go+s-out & 8 com+s-94 ,!y conclude t 9 comp>ison ) civiliz$ man ! savage is a slave1 gov]n$ by _m inflexible tribal habitudes 9 conduct & ideas4 ,! tru? ab\t savage life lies 9 a comb9ation ( ^! two conceptions4 ,:]e cu/oms exi/ !y are ( "o patt]n & b9d+ on p]sonal s5tim5t & ?\ght to a degree unkn[n 9 civiliz$ life4 ,b s9ce !y _c possibly exi/ ) respect to all ! *ang+ detail ( daily life1 :atev] is left uncov]$ by cu/om is free f regulation4 ,x is !re=e left to appetite & mom5t>y circum/ance4 ,?us enslavem5t to cu/om & lic5se ( impulse exi/ side by side4 ,/rict con=mity & unre/ra9$ wildness int5sify ea* o!r4 ,?is picture ( life %[s u 9 an exagg]at$ =m ! psy*ology curr5t 9 civiliz$ life :5ev] cu/oms h>d5 & hold individuals enme%$4 ,)9 civilization1 ! savage /ill exi/s4 ,he is kn[n 9 8 degree by oscillation betwe5 loose indulg5ce & /iff habit4 ,impulse 9 %ort br+s ) itself ! possibility b n ! assurance ( a /eady reorganization ( habits to meet new elem5ts 9 new situations4 ,! moral problem 9 *ild & adult alike z reg>ds impulse & in/9ct is to utilize !m = =mation ( new habits1 or :at is ! same ?+1 ! modification ( an old habit s t x may be adequately s]viceable "u novel conditions4 ,! place ( impulse 9 conduct z a pivot ( re-adju/m5t1 re-organization1 9 habits may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,on "o side1 x is m>k$ (f f ! t]ritory ( arre/$ & encru/$ habits4 ,on ! o!r side1 x is dem>cat$ f ! region 9 :i* impulse is a law unto itself4#e ,g5]aliz+ ^! di/9ctions1 a valid moral !ory contra/s ) all ^? !ories :i* set up /atic goals 7ev5 :5 !y are call$ p]fection71 & ) ^? !ories :i* idealize raw impulse & f9d 9 its spontaneities an adequate mode ( human fre$om4 ,impulse is a s\rce1 an indisp5sable s\rce1 ( lib]ation2 b only z x is employ$ 9 giv+ habits p]t95ce & fre%ness does x lib]ate p[]4 #e ,! use ( ! words in/9ct & impulse z practical equival5ts is int5tional1 ev5 ?\gh x may grieve critical read]s4 ,! ^w in/9ct tak5 alone is /ill too lad5 ) ! old] notion t an in/9ct is always def9itely organiz$ & adapt$--:i* = ! mo/ "p is j :at x is n 9 human be+s4 ,! ^w impulse sugge/s some?+ primitive1 yet loose1 undirect$1 initial4 ,man c progress z bea/s _c1 precisely because he has s _m 'in/9cts' t !y cut across "o ano!r1 s t mo/ s]viceable actions mu/ be le>n$4 ,9 le>n+ habits x is possible = man to le>n ! habit ( le>n+4 ,!n bett]m5t becomes a consci\s pr9ciple ( life4 ,,iii ,incid5tally we h t\*$ ^u a mo/ f>-rea*+ problem3 ,! alt]ability ( human nature4 ,e>ly re=m]s1 foll[+ ,john ,locke1 7 incl9$ to m9imize ! significance ( native activities1 & to emphasize ! possibilities inh]5t 9 practice & habit-acquisition4 ,!re 0 a political slant to ?is d5ial ( ! native & a priori1 ?is magnify+ ( ! accompli%m5ts ( acquir$ exp]i5ce4 ,x held out a prospect ( cont9u\s developm5t1 ( improvem5t )\t end4 ,?us writ]s l ,helvetius made ! idea ( ! complete malleability ( a human nature :i* orig9ally is :olly empty & passive1 ! basis = ass]t+ ! omnipot5ce ( education to %ape human society1 & ! gr\nd ( proclaim+ ! inf9ite p]fectibility ( mank9d4 ,w>y1 exp]i5c$ m5 ( ! _w h always be5 sceptical ( s*emes ( unlimit$ improvem5t4 ,!y t5d to reg>d plans = social *ange ) an eye ( suspicion4 ,!y f9d 9 !m evid5ces ( ! pron5ess ( y\? to illusion1 or ( incapacity on ! "p ( ^? :o h gr[n old to le>n any?+ f exp]i5ce4 ,?is type ( cons]vative has ?\ght to f9d 9 ! doctr9e ( native in/9cts a sci5tific support = ass]t+ ! practical unalt]ability ( human nature4 ,circum/ances may *ange1 b human nature rema9s f age to age ! same4 ,h]$ity is m pot5t ?an environm5t1 & human h]$ity is unt\*$ by human int5t4 ,ef=t = a s]i\s alt]ation ( human in/itutions is utopian4 ,z ?+s h be5 s !y w be4 ,! m !y *ange ! m !y rema9 ! same4 ,curi\sly en\gh bo? p>ties re/ _! case ^u j ! factor :i* :5 x is analyz$ weak5s _! respective conclusions4 ,t is to say1 ! radical re=m] re/s 8 cont5tion 9 behalf ( easy & rapid *ange ^u ! psy*ology ( habits1 ( in/itutions 9 %ap+ raw nature1 & ! cons]vative gr\nds 8 c\nt]-ass]tion ^u ! psy*ology ( in/9cts4 ,z matt] ( fact1 x is precisely cu/om :i* has greate/ in]tia1 :i* is lea/ susceptible ( alt]ation2 :ile in/9cts are mo/ readily modifiable ?r\gh use1 mo/ subject to educative direction4 ,! cons]vative :o begs sci5tific support f ! psy*ology ( in/9cts is ! victim ( an outgr[n psy*ology :i* d]iv$ its notion ( in/9ct f an exagg]ation ( ! fixity & c]ta9ty ( ! op]ation ( in/9cts among ! l[] animals4 ,he is a victim ( a popul> zoology ( ! bird1 bee & beav]1 :i* 0 l>gely fram$ to ! great] glory ( ,god4 ,he is ignorant t in/9cts 9 ! animals are less infallible & def9ite ?an is suppos$1 & also t ! human be+ diff]s f ! l[] animals 9 precisely ! fact t 8 native activities lack ! complex ready-made organization ( ! animals' orig9al abilities4 ,b ! %ort-cut revolutioni/ fails to realize ! full =ce ( ! ?+s ab\t :i* he talks mo/1 namely in/itutions z embodi$ habits4 ,any "o ) k ( ! /ability & =ce ( habit w hesitate to propose or prophesy rapid & sweep+ social *anges4 ,a social revolution may effect abrupt & deep alt]ations 9 ext]nal cu/oms1 9 legal & political in/itutions4 ,b ! habits t are beh9d ^! in/itutions & t h1 willy-nilly1 be5 %ap$ by objective conditions1 ! habits ( ?\ght & feel+1 are n s easily modifi$4 ,!y p]si/ & ins5sibly assimilate to !mselves ! out] innovations--mu* z ,am]ican judges nullify ! int5d$ *anges ( /atute law by int]pret+ legislation 9 ! light ( common law4 ,! =ce ( lag 9 human life is enorm\s4 ,actual social *ange is nev] s great z is app>5t *ange4 ,ways ( belief1 ( expectation1 ( judgm5t & att5dant emotional dispositions ( l & dislike1 are n easily modifi$ aft] !y h once tak5 %ape4 ,political & legal in/itutions may be alt]$1 ev5 aboli%$2 b ! bulk ( popul> ?\ght :i* has be5 %ap$ to _! patt]n p]si/s4 ,?is is :y gl[+ pr$ictions ( ! imm$iate com+ ( a social mill5nium t]m9ate s uni=mly 9 disappo9tm5t1 :i* gives po9t to ! /&+ suspicion ( ! cynical cons]vative ab\t radical *anges4 ,habits ( ?\ght outlive modifications 9 habits ( ov]t action4 ,! =m] are vital1 ! latt]1 )\t ! su/a9+ life ( ! =m]1 are muscul> tricks4 ,consequ5tly z a rule ! moral effects ( ev5 great political revolutions1 aft] a few ye>s ( outw>dly conspicu\s alt]ations1 d n %[ !mselves till aft] ! lapse ( ye>s4 ,a new g5]ation mu/ come ^u ! sc5e ^: habits ( m9d h be5 =m$ "u ! new conditions4 ,!re is pi? 9 ! say+ t important re=ms _c take real effect until aft] a numb] ( influ5tial p]sons h di$4 ,:]e g5]al & endur+ moral *anges d accompany an ext]nal revolution x is because appropriate habits ( ?\ght h previ\sly be5 ins5sibly matur$4 ,! ext]nal *ange m]ely regi/]s ! removal ( an ext]nal sup]ficial b>ri] to ! op]ation ( exi/+ intellectual t5d5cies4 ,^? :o argue t social & moral re=m is impossible on ! gr\nd t ! ,old ,adam ( human nature rema9s =ev] ! same1 attribute h[ev] to native activities ! p]man5ce & in]tia t 9 tru? belong only to acquir$ cu/oms4 ,to ,ari/otle slav]y 0 root$ 9 aborig9al human nature4 ,native di/9ctions ( quality exi/ su* t "s p]sons are by nature gift$ ) p[] to plan1 comm& & sup]vise1 & o!rs possess m]ely capacity to obey & execute4 ,h5ce slav]y is natural & inevitable4 ,!re is error 9 suppos+ t because dome/ic & *attel slav]y has be5 legally aboli%$1 !re=e slav]y z conceiv$ by ,ari/otle has disappe>$4 ,b matt]s h at lea/ progress$ to a po9t :]e x is cle> t slav]y is a social /ate n a psy*ological necessity4 ,nev]!less ! worldlywise ,ari/otles ( today ass]t t ! in/itutions ( w> & ! pres5t wage-sy/em are s gr\nd$ 9 immutable human nature t ef=t to *ange !m is fooli%4 ,l ,greek slav]y or feudal s]fdom1 w> & ! exi/+ economic regime are social patt]ns wov5 out ( ! /uff ( in/9ctive activities4 ,native human nature supplies ! raw mat]ials1 b cu/om furni%es ! ma*9]y & ! designs4 ,w> w\ld n be possible )\t ang]1 pugnacity1 rivalry1 self-display1 & su* l native t5d5cies4 ,activity inh]es 9 !m & w p]si/ "u e condition ( life4 ,to imag9e !y c be eradicat$ is l suppos+ t society c g on )\t eat+ & )\t union ( ! sexes4 ,b to fancy t !y mu/ ev5tuate 9 w> is z if a savage 7 to believe t because he uses fib]s hav+ fix$ natural prop]ties 9 ord] to weave baskets1 !re=e 8 immemorial tribal patt]ns are also natural necessities & immutable =ms4 ,f a humane /&po9t our /udy ( hi/ory is /ill all too primitive4 ,x is possible to /udy a multitude ( hi/ories1 & yet p]mit hi/ory1 ! record ( ! transitions & trans=mations ( human activities1 to escape u4 ,tak+ hi/ory 9 sep>ate doses ( ?is c\ntry & t1 we take x z a succession ( isolat$ f9alities1 ea* "o 9 due season giv+ way to ano!r1 z sup]num]>ies succe$ "o ano!r 9 a m>* across ! /age4 ,we ?us miss ! fact ( hi/ory & also its lesson2 ! div]sity ( in/itutional =ms & cu/oms :i* ! same human nature may produce & employ4 ,an infantile logic1 n[ happily expell$ f physical sci5ce1 taught t opium put m5 to sleep because ( its dormitive pot5cy4 ,we foll[ ! same logic 9 social matt]s :5 we believe t w> exi/s because ( bellicose in/9cts2 or t a p>ticul> economic regime is necess>y because ( acquisitive & competitive impulses :i* mu/ f9d expression4 ,pugnacity & fe> are no m native ?an are pity & sympa?y4 ,! important ?+ morally is ! way ^! native t5d5cies int]act1 = _! int]action may give a *emical trans=mation n a me*anical comb9ation4 ,simil>ly1 no social in/itution /&s alone z a product ( "o dom9ant =ce4 ,x is a ph5om5on or function ( a multitude ( social factors 9 _! mutual inhibitions & re9=cem5ts4 ,if we foll[ an infantile logic we %all r$uplicate ! unity ( result 9 an assumption ( unity ( =ce beh9d x--z m5 once did ) natural ev5ts employ+ teleology z an exhibition ( causal effici5cy4 ,we ?us take ! same social cu/om twice ov]3 once z an exi/+ fact & !n z an orig9al =ce :i* produc$ ! fact1 & utt] sage platitudes ab\t ! unalt]able work+s ( human nature or ( race4 ,z we acc\nt = w> by pugnacity1 = ! capitali/ic sy/em by ! necessity ( an inc5tive ( ga9 to /ir ambition & ef=t1 s we acc\nt = ,greece by p[] ( e/hetic obs]vation1 ,rome by adm9i/rative ability1 ! middle ages by int]e/ 9 religion & s on4 ,we h con/ruct$ an elaborate political zoology z my?ological & n ne>ly z poetic z ! o!r zoology ( pho5ixes1 griff9s & unicorns4 ,native racial _s1 ! _s ( ! p or ( ! "t1 national de/9y are famili> figures 9 ?is social zoo4 ,z names = effects1 = exi/+ cu/oms1 !y are sometimes useful4 ,z names = explanatory =ces !y "w havoc ) intellig5ce4 ,an imm5se debt is due ,william ,james = ! m]e title ( 8 essay3 ,! ,moral ,equival5ts ( ,w>4 ,x reveals ) a fla% ( light ! true psy*ology4 ,clans1 tribes1 races1 cities1 empires1 nations1 /ates h made w>4 ,! argum5t t ?is fact proves an in]adicable bellig]5t in/9ct :i* makes w> =ev] inevitable is mu* m respectable ?an _m argum5ts ab\t ! immutability ( ?is & t social tradition4 ,= x has ! weight ( a c]ta9 empirical g5]ality back ( x4 ,yet ! sugge/ion ( an equival5t = w> calls att5tion to ! m$ley ( impulses :i* are casually bun*$ toge!r "u ! caption ( bellig]5t impulse2 & x calls att5tion to ! fact t ! elem5ts ( ?is m$ley may be wov5 toge!r into _m diff]+ types ( activity1 "s ( :i* may function ! native impulses 9 mu* bett] ways ?an w> has ev] done4 ,pugnacity1 rivalry1 va+lory1 love ( booty1 fe>1 suspicion1 ang]1 desire = fre$om f ! conv5tions & re/rictions ( peace1 love ( p[] & hatr$ ( oppression1 opportunity = novel displays1 love ( home & soil1 atta*m5t to "o's p & to ! alt> & ! he>?1 c\rage1 loyalty1 opportunity to make a "n1 money or a c>e]1 affection1 piety to ance/ors & ance/ral gods--all ( ^! ?+s & _m m make up ! w>-l =ce4 ,to suppose !re is "s "o un*ang+ native =ce :i* g5]ates w> is z naive z ! usual assumption t our enemy is actuat$ solely by ! mean] ( ! t5d5cies nam$ & we only by ! nobl]4 ,9 e>li] days !re 0 some?+ m ?an a v]bal connection betwe5 pugnacity & fight+2 ang] & fe> mov$ promptly ?r\gh ! fi/s4 ,b betwe5 a loosely organiz$ pugilism & ! highly organiz$ w>f>e ( today !re int]v5es a long economic1 sci5tific & political hi/ory4 ,social conditions r ?an an old & un*angeable ,adam h g5]at$ w>s2 ! in]adicable impulses t are utiliz$ 9 !m are capable ( be+ draft$ into _m o!r *annels4 ,! c5tury t has witness$ ! triumph ( ! sci5tific doctr9e ( ! conv]tibility ( natural en]gies ought n to balk at ! less] miracle ( social equival5ces & sub/itutes4 ,x is likely t if ,mr4 ,james _h witness$ ! _w w>1 he w\ld h modifi$ 8 mode ( treatm5t4 ,s _m new trans=mations ent]$ into ! w>1 t ! w> seems to prove t ?\gh an equival5t has n be5 f\nd = w>1 ! psy*ological =ces traditionally associat$ ) x h already und]gone pr(\nd *anges4 ,we may take ! ,iliad z a classic expression ( w>'s traditional psy*ology z well z ! s\rce ( ! lit]>y tradition reg>d+ its motives & glories4 ,b :]e are ,hel51 ,hector & ,a*illes 9 mod]n w>f>e8 ,! activities t evoke & incorporate a w> are no long] p]sonal love1 love ( glory1 or ! soldi]'s love ( 8 own privately amass$ booty1 b are ( a collective1 prosaic political & economic nature4 ,univ]sal conscription1 ! g5]al mobilization ( all agricultural & indu/rial =ces ( ! folk n engag$ 9 ! tr5*es1 ! application ( e conceivable sci5tific & me*anical device1 ! mass movem5ts ( soldi]y regulat$ f a common c5t] by a dep]sonaliz$ g5]al /aff3 ^! factors relegate ! traditional psy*ological app>atus ( w> to a n[ remote antiquity4 ,! motives once appeal$ to are out ( date2 !y d n n[ induce w>4 ,!y simply are play$ ^u aft] w> has be5 br\ght into exi/5ce 9 ord] to keep ! common soldi]s key$ up to _! task4 ,! m horrible a dep]sonaliz$ sci5tific mass w> becomes1 ! m necess>y x is to f9d univ]sal ideal motives to ju/ify x4 ,love ( ,hel5 ( ,troy has become a burn+ love = all humanity1 & hatr$ ( ! foe symbolizes a hatr$ ( all ! unrighte\sness & inju/ice & oppression :i* he embodies4 ,! m prosaic ! actual causes1 ! m necess>y is x to f9d gl[+ly sublime motives4 ,su* consid]ations h>dly prove t w> is to be aboli%$ at "s future date4 ,b !y de/roy t argum5t = its necess>y cont9uance :i* is bas$ on ! immutability ( specifi$ =ces 9 orig9al human nature4 ,already ! =ces t once caus$ w>s h f\nd o!r outlets = !mselves2 :ile new provocations1 bas$ on new economic & political conditions1 h come into be+4 ,w> is ?us se5 to be a function ( social in/itutions1 n ( :at is natively fix$ 9 human con/itution4 ,! la/ great w> has n1 x mu/ be confess$1 made ! problem ( f9d+ social equival5ts simpl] & easi]4 ,x is n[ naive to attribute w> to specific isolable human impulses = :i* sep>ate *annels ( expression may be f\nd1 :ile ! re/ ( life is left to g on ab\t ! same4 ,a g5]al social re-organization is ne$$ :i* w r$i/ribute =ces1 immunize1 div]t & nullify4 ,h9ton 0 d\btless "r :5 he wrote t ! only way to aboli% w> 0 to make peace h]oic4 ,x n[ appe>s t ! h]oic emotions are n any?+ :i* may be specializ$ 9 a side-l9e1 s t ! w>-impulses may f9d a sublimation 9 special practices & occupations4 ,!y h to get an outlet 9 all ! tasks ( peace4 ,! argum5t = ! abid+ necessity ( w> turns out1 accord+ly1 to h ?is mu* value4 ,x makes u wisely suspici\s ( all *eap & easy equival5cies4 ,x conv9ces u ( ! folly ( /riv+ to elim9ate w> by ag5cies :i* leave o!r in/itutions ( society pretty mu* un*ang$4 ,hi/ory does n prove ! inevitability ( w>1 b x does prove t cu/oms & in/itutions :i* organize native p[]s into c]ta9 patt]ns 9 politics & economics w also g5]ate ! w>-patt]n4 ,! problem ( w> is difficult because x is s]i\s4 ,x is none o!r ?an ! wid] problem ( ! effective moraliz+ or humaniz+ ( native impulses 9 times ( peace4 ,! case ( economic in/itutions is z sugge/ive z t ( w>4 ,! pres5t sy/em is inde$ mu* m rec5t & m local ?an is ! in/itution ( w>4 ,b no sy/em has ev] z yet exi/$ :i* did n 9 "s =m involve ! exploitation ( "s human be+s = ! advantage ( o!rs4 ,& x is argu$ t ?is trait is unassailable because x fl[s f ! inh]5t1 immutable qualities ( human nature4 ,x is argu$1 = example1 t economic inf]iorities & disabilities are incid5ts ( an in/itution ( private prop]ty :i* fl[s f an orig9al propriet>y in/9ct2 x is cont5d$ !y spr+ f a competitive /ruggle = weal? :i* 9 turn fl[s f ! absolute ne$ ( pr(it z an inducem5t to indu/ry4 ,! pleas are wor? exam9ation = ! light !y ?r[ ^u ! place ( impulses 9 organiz$ conduct4 ,no unprejudic$ obs]v] w lightly d5y ! exi/5ce ( an orig9al t5d5cy to assimilate objects & ev5ts to ! self1 to make !m "p ( ! me4 ,we may ev5 admit t ! me _c exi/ )\t ! m9e4 ,! self gets solidity & =m ?r\gh an appropriation ( ?+s :i* id5tifies !m ) :atev] we call myself4 ,ev5 a workman 9 a mod]n factory :]e dep]sonalization is extreme gets to h 8 ma*9e & is p]turb$ at a *ange4 ,possession %apes & consolidates ! ,i ( philosoph]s4 ,i own1 !re=e ,i am expresses a tru] psy*ology ?an ! ,c>tesian ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,a man's de$s are imput$ to him z _! own]1 n m]ely z _! creator4 ,t he _c dis[n !m :5 ! mom5t ( _! occurr5ce passes is ! root ( responsibility1 moral z well z legal4 ,b ^! same consid]ations ev9ce ! v]satility ( possessive activity4 ,my worldly goods1 my good "n1 my fri5ds1 my honor & %ame all dep5d ^u a possessive t5d5cy4 ,! ne$ = appropriation has _h to be satisfi$2 b only a call\s$ imag9ation fancies t ! in/itution ( private prop]ty z x exi/s ,a4 ,d4 #aiba is ! sole or ! indisp5sable means ( its realization4 ,e gallant life is an exp]im5t 9 diff]5t ways ( fulfill+ x4 ,x exp5ds itself 9 pr$atory aggression1 9 =m+ fri5d%ips1 9 seek+ fame1 9 lit]>y creation1 9 sci5tific production4 ,9 ! face ( ?is ela/icity1 x requires an arrogant ignorance to take ! exi/+ complex sy/em ( /ocks & bonds1 ( wills & inh]itance1 a sy/em support$ at e po9t by manifold legal & political arrangem5ts1 & treat x z ! sole legitimate & baptiz$ *ild ( an in/9ct ( appropriation4 ,sometimes1 ev5 n[1 a man mo/ acc5tuates ! fact ( own]%ip :5 he gives some?+ away2 use1 consumption1 is ! normal end ( possession4 ,we c conceive a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! propriet>y impulse w\ld get full satisfaction by hold+ goods z m9e 9 j ! degree 9 :i* !y 7 visibly adm9i/]$ = a b5efit 9 :i* a corporate community %>$4 ,does ! case /& o!rwise ) ! o!r psy*ological pr9ciple appeal$ to1 namely1 ! ne$ ( an inc5tive ( p]sonal pr(it to keep m5 engag$ 9 useful "w8 ,we ne$ n cont5t ourselves ) po9t+ out ! ela/icity ( ! idea ( ga91 & possible equival5ces = pecuni>y ga91 & ! possibility ( a /ate ( affairs 9 :i* only ^? ?+s w\ld be c\nt$ p]sonal ga9s :i* pr(it a gr\p4 ,x w advance ! discussion if we in/ead subject to analysis ! :ole conception ( inc5tive & motive4 ,!re is d\btless "s s5se 9 say+ t e consci\s act has an inc5tive or motive4 ,b ?is s5se is z trui/ic z t ( ! n dissimil> say+ t e ev5t has a cause4 ,nei!r /atem5t ?r[s any light on any p>ticul> occurr5ce4 ,x is at mo/ a maxim :i* advises u to se>* = "s o!r fact ) :i* ! "o 9 "q may be correlat$4 ,^? :o attempt to def5d ! necessity ( exi/+ economic in/itutions z manife/ations ( human nature conv]t ?is sugge/ion ( a concrete inquiry into a g5]aliz$ tru? & h5ce into a def9itive falsity4 ,!y take ! say+ to mean t nobody w\ld d any?+1 or at lea/ any?+ ( use to o!rs1 )\t a prospect ( "s tangible rew>d4 ,& b5ea? ?is false proposition !re is ano!r assumption /ill m mon/r\s1 namely1 t man exi/s naturally 9 a /ate ( re/ s t he requires "s ext]nal =ce to set him into action4 ,! idea ( a ?+ intr9sically :olly in]t 9 ! s5se ( absolutely passive is expell$ f physics & has tak5 refuge 9 ! psy*ology ( curr5t economics4 ,9 tru? man acts anyway1 he c't help act+4 ,9 e fundam5tal s5se x is false t a man requires a motive to make him d some?+4 ,to a heal?y man inaction is ! greate/ ( woes4 ,any "o :o obs]ves *ildr5 kn[s t :ile p]iods ( re/ are natural1 laz9ess is an acquir$ vice--or virtue4 ,:ile a man is awake he w d some?+1 if only to build ca/les 9 ! air4 ,if we l ! =m ( words we may say t a man eats only because he is mov$ by hung]4 ,! /atem5t is nev]!less m]e tautology4 ,= :at does hung] mean except t "o ( ! ?+s :i* man does naturally1 in/9ctively1 is to se>* = food--t 8 activity naturally turns t way8 ,hung] prim>ily names an act or active process n a motive to an act4 ,x is an act if we take x grossly1 l a babe's bl9d hunt = ! "m's brea/2 x is an activity if we take x m9utely z a *emico-physiological occurr5ce4 ,! :ole concept ( motives is 9 tru? extra-psy*ological4 ,x is an outcome ( ! attempt ( m5 to influ5ce human action1 fir/ t ( o!rs1 !n ( a man to influ5ce 8 own behavior4 ,no s5sible p]son ?9ks ( attribut+ ! acts ( an animal or an idiot to a motive4 ,we call a bit+ dog ugly1 b we don't look = 8 motive 9 bit+4 ,if h[ev] we 7 able to direct ! dog's action by induc+ him to reflect ^u 8 acts1 we %\ld at once become int]e/$ 9 ! dog's motives = act+ z he does1 & %\ld endeavor to get him int]e/$ 9 ! same subject4 ,x is absurd to ask :at induces a man to activity g5]ally speak+4 ,he is an active be+ & t is all !re is to be said on t score4 ,b :5 we want to get him to act 9 ?is specific way r ?an 9 t1 :5 we want to direct 8 activity t is to say 9 a specifi$ *annel1 !n ! "q ( motive is p]t95t4 ,a motive is !n t elem5t 9 ! total complex ( a man's activity :i*1 if x c be suffici5tly /imulat$1 w result 9 an act hav+ specifi$ consequ5ces4 ,& "p ( ! process ( int5sify+ 7or r$uc+7 c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ! total activity & ?us regulat+ actual consequ5ce is to impute ^! elem5ts to a p]son z 8 actuat+ motives4 ,a *ild naturally grabs food4 ,b he does x 9 our pres5ce4 ,8 mann] is socially displeas+ & we attribute to 8 act1 up to ?is "t :olly innoc5t1 ! motive ( gre$ or selfi%ness4 ,gre$9ess simply means ! quality ( 8 act z socially obs]v$ & disapprov$4 ,b by attribut+ x to him z 8 motive = act+ 9 ! disapprov$ way1 we induce him to refra94 ,we analyze 8 total act & call 8 att5tion to an obnoxi\s elem5t 9 its outcome4 ,a *ild ) equal spontaneity1 or ?\ghtlessness1 gives way to o!rs4 ,we po9t out to him ) approval t he act$ consid]ately1 g5]\sly4 ,& ?is quality ( action :5 not$ & enc\rag$ becomes a re9=c+ /imulus ( t factor :i* w induce simil> acts 9 ! future4 ,an elem5t 9 an act view$ z a t5d5cy to produce su* & su* consequ5ces is a motive4 ,a motive does n exi/ prior to an act & produce x4 ,x is an act plus a judgm5t ^u "s elem5t ( x1 ! judgm5t be+ made 9 ! light ( ! consequ5ces ( ! act4 ,at fir/1 z 0 said1 o!rs *>act]ize an act ) favorable or condign qualities :i* !y impute to an ag5t's "*4 ,!y react 9 ?is fa%ion 9 ord] to enc\rage him 9 future acts ( ! same sort1 or 9 ord] to dissuade him--9 %ort to build or de/roy a habit4 ,?is *>act]ization is "p ( ! te*nique ( influ5c+ ! developm5t ( "* & conduct4 ,x is a ref9em5t ( ! ord9>y reactions ( praise & blame4 ,aft] a "t & to "s ext5t1 a p]son tea*es himself to ?9k ( ! results ( act+ 9 ?is way or t be=e he acts4 ,he recalls t if he acts ?is way or t "s obs]v]1 real or imag9>y1 w attribute to him noble or mean disposition1 virtu\s or vici\s motive4 ,?us he le>ns to influ5ce 8 own conduct4 ,an in*oate activity tak5 9 ?is =w>d-look+ ref]5ce to results1 especially results ( approbation & condemnation1 con/itutes a motive4 ,in/ead !n ( say+ t a man requires a motive 9 ord] to induce him to act1 we %\ld say t :5 a man is go+ to act he ne$s to "k :at he is go+ to d--:at ! quality ( 8 act is 9 t]ms ( consequ5ces to foll[4 ,9 ord] to act prop]ly he ne$s to view 8 act z o!rs view x2 namely1 z a manife/ation ( a "* or w :i* is good or bad accord+ z x is b5t ^u specific ?+s :i* are desirable or obnoxi\s4 ,!re is no call to furni% a man ) inc5tives to activity 9 g5]al4 ,b !re is e ne$ to induce him to guide 8 own action by an intellig5t p]ception ( its results4 ,= 9 ! long run ?is is ! mo/ effective way ( influ5c+ activity to take ?is desirable direction r ?an t objectionable "o4 ,a motive 9 %ort is simply an impulse view$ z a con/itu5t 9 a habit1 a factor 9 a disposition4 ,9 g5]al its mean+ is simple4 ,b 9 fact motives are z num]\s z are orig9al impulsive activities multipli$ by ! div]sifi$ consequ5ces !y produce z !y op]ate "u div]se conditions4 ,h[ !n does x come ab\t t curr5t economic psy*ology has s trem5d\sly ov]simplifi$ ! situation8 ,:y does x recognize b "o type ( motive1 t :i* conc]ns p]sonal ga94 ,( c\rse "p ( ! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! natural t5d5cy 9 all sci5ces t[>d a sub/itution ( artificial conceptual simplifications = ! tangles ( concrete empirical facts4 ,b ! significant "p ( ! answ] has to d ) ! social conditions "u :i* "w is done1 conditions :i* are su* z to put an unnatural emphasis ^u ! prospect ( rew>d4 ,x exemplifies aga9 our lead+ proposition t social cu/oms are n direct & necess>y consequ5ces ( specific impulses1 b t social in/itutions & expectations %ape & cry/allize impulses into dom9ant habits4 ,! social peculi>ity :i* expla9s ! emphasis put ^u pr(it z an inducem5t to productive s]viceable "w /&s out 9 high relief 9 ! id5tification ( "w ) labor4 ,= labor means 9 economic !ory some?+ pa9ful1 some?+ s on]\sly disagreeable or co/ly t e individual avoids x if he c1 & engages 9 x only because ( ! promise ( an ov]balanc+ ga94 ,?us ! "q we are invit$ to consid] is :at ! social condition is :i* makes productive "w un9t]e/+ & toilsome4 ,:y is ! psy*ology ( ! indu/riali/ s diff]5t f t ( inv5tor1 explor]1 arti/1 sportsman1 sci5tific inve/igator1 physician1 tea*]8 ,= ! latt] we d n ass]t t activity is su* a burd5some sacrifice t x is engag$ 9 only because m5 are brib$ to act by hope ( rew>d or are co]c$ by fe> ( loss4 ,! social conditions "u :i* labor is und]tak5 h become s uncong5ial to human nature t x is n und]tak5 because ( intr9sic mean+4 ,x is c>ri$ on "u conditions :i* r5d] x imm$iately irksome4 ,! alleg$ ne$ ( an inc5tive to /ir m5 out ( quiesc5t in]tness is ! ne$ ( an inc5tive p[]ful en\gh to ov]come contr>y /imuli :i* proce$ f ! social conditions4 ,circum/ances ( productive s]vice n[ %e> away direct satisfaction f ^? engag+ 9 x4 ,a real & important fact is ?us conta9$ 9 curr5t economic psy*ology1 b x is a fact ab\t exi/+ indu/rial conditions & n a fact ab\t native1 orig9al activity4 ,x is natural = activity to be agreeable4 ,x t5ds to f9d fulfilm5t1 & f9d+ an outlet is itself satisfactory1 = x m>ks p>tial accompli%m5t4 ,if productive activity has become s inh]5tly unsatisfactory t m5 h to be artificially induc$ to engage 9 x1 ?is fact is ample pro( t ! conditions "u :i* "w is c>ri$ on balk ! complex ( activities in/ead ( promot+ !m1 irritate & fru/rate natural t5d5cies in/ead ( c>ry+ !m =w>d to fruition4 ,"w !n becomes labor1 ! consequ5ce ( "s aborig9al curse :i* =ces man to d :at he w\ld n d if he c\ld help x1 ! outcome ( "s orig9al s9 :i* exclud$ man f a p>adise 9 :i* desire 0 satisfi$ )\t indu/ry1 compell+ him to pay = ! means ( livelihood ) ! sweat ( 8 br[4 ,f :i* x foll[s naturally t ,p>adise ,rega9$ means ! accumulation ( inve/m5ts su* t a man c live ^u _! return )\t labor4 ,!re is1 we repeat1 too mu* tru? 9 ?is picture4 ,b x is n a tru? conc]n+ orig9al human nature & activity4 ,x conc]ns ! =m human impulses h tak5 "u ! influ5ce ( a specific social environm5t4 ,if !re are difficulties 9 ! way ( social alt]ation--z !re c]ta9ly are--!y d n lie 9 an orig9al av]sion ( human nature to s]viceable action1 b 9 ! hi/oric conditions :i* h diff]5tiat$ ! "w ( ! labor] = wage f t ( ! arti/1 adv5tur]1 sportsman1 soldi]1 adm9i/rator & speculator4 ,,iv ,w> & ! exi/+ economic regime h n be5 discuss$ prim>ily on _! own acc\nt4 ,!y are crucial cases ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 orig9al impulse & acquir$ habit4 ,!y are s fraught ) evil consequ5ces t any "o :o is dispos$ c heap up criticisms )\t end4 ,nev]!less !y p]si/4 ,?is p]si/5ce con/itutes ! case = ! cons]vative :o argues t su* in/itutions are root$ 9 an unalt]able human nature4 ,a tru] psy*ology locates ! difficulty else:]e4 ,x %[s t ! tr\ble lies 9 ! in]tness ( e/abli%$ habit4 ,no matt] h[ accid5tal & irrational ! circum/ances ( its orig91 no matt] h[ diff]5t ! conditions :i* n[ exi/ to ^? "u :i* ! habit 0 =m$1 ! latt] p]si/s until ! environm5t ob/9ately rejects x4 ,habits once =m$ p]petuate !mselves1 by act+ unremitt+ly ^u ! native /ock ( activities4 ,!y /imulate1 inhibit1 int5sify1 weak51 select1 conc5trate & organize ! latt] into _! own lik5ess4 ,!y create out ( ! =mless void ( impulses a _w made 9 _! own image4 ,man is a creature ( habit1 n ( reason nor yet ( in/9ct4 ,recognition ( ! correct psy*ology locates ! problem b does n gu>antee its solution4 ,inde$1 at fir/ sight x seems to indicate t e attempt to solve ! problem & secure fundam5tal reorganizations is caught 9 a vici\s circle4 ,= ! direction ( native activity dep5ds ^u acquir$ habits1 & yet acquir$ habits c be modifi$ only by r$irection ( impulses4 ,exi/+ in/itutions impose _! /amp1 _! sup]scription1 ^u impulse & in/9ct4 ,!y embody ! modifications ! latt] h und]gone4 ,h[ !n c we get lev]age = *ang+ in/itutions8 ,h[ %all impulse ex]cise t re-adju/+ (fice :i* has be5 claim$ = x8 ,%all we n h to dep5d 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/ ^u upheaval & accid5t to dislocate cu/oms s z to release impulses to s]ve z po9ts ( dep>ture = new habits8 ,! exi/+ psy*ology ( ! indu/rial work] = example is slack1 irresponsible1 comb9+ a maximum ( me*anical r\t9e ) a maximum ( explosive1 unregulat$ impulsiv5ess4 ,^! ?+s h be5 br$ by ! exi/+ economic sy/em4 ,b !y exi/1 & are =midable ob/acles to social *ange4 ,we _c bre$ 9 m5 ! desire to get some?+ = z ne>ly no?+ z possible & 9 ! end n pay ! price4 ,we satisfy ourselves *eaply by prea*+ ! *>m ( productivity & by blam+ ! inh]5t selfi%ness ( human nature1 & urg+ "s great moral & religi\s revival4 ,! evils po9t 9 reality to ! necessity ( a *ange 9 economic in/itutions1 b meantime !y (f] s]i\s ob/acles to ! *ange4 ,at ! same "t1 ! exi/+ economic sy/em has enli/$ 9 behalf ( its own p]petuity ! manag]ial & ! te*nological abilities :i* mu/ s]ve ! cause ( ! labor] if he is to be emancipat$4 ,9 ! face ( ^! difficulties o!r p]sons seek an equally *eap satisfaction 9 ! ?\ght ( univ]sal civil w> & revolution4 ,is !re any way out ( ! vici\s circle8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are possibilities resid5t 9 ! education ( ! "y :i* h nev] yet be5 tak5 advantage (4 ,! idea ( univ]sal education is z yet h>dly a c5tury old1 & x is /ill mu* m ( an idea ?an a fact1 :5 we take into acc\nt ! e>ly age at :i* x t]m9ates = ! mass4 ,also1 ?us f> s*ool+ has be5 l>gely utiliz$ z a conv5i5t tool ( ! exi/+ nationali/ic & economic regimes4 ,h5ce x is easy to po9t out defects & p]v]sions 9 e exi/+ s*ool sy/em4 ,x is easy = a critic to ridicule ! religi\s devotion to education :i* has *>act]iz$ = example ! ,am]ican republic4 ,x is easy to repres5t x z zeal )\t k1 fanatical fai? ap>t f und]/&+4 ,& yet ! cold fact ( ! situation is t ! *ief means ( cont9u\s1 grad$1 economical improvem5t & social rectification lies 9 utiliz+ ! opportunities ( educat+ ! "y to modify prevail+ types ( ?\ght & desire4 ,! "y are n z yet z subject to ! full impact ( e/abli%$ cu/oms4 ,_! life ( impulsive activity is vivid1 flexible1 exp]im5t+1 curi\s4 ,adults h _! habits =m$1 fix$1 at lea/ comp>atively4 ,!y are ! subjects1 n to say victims1 ( an environm5t :i* !y c directly *ange only by a maximum ( ef=t & di/urbance4 ,!y may n be able to p]ceive cle>ly ! ne$$ *anges1 or be will+ to pay ! price ( effect+ !m4 ,yet !y wi% a diff]5t life = ! g5]ation to come4 ,9 ord] to realize t wi% !y may create a special environm5t ^: ma9 function is education4 ,9 ord] t education ( ! "y be efficaci\s 9 induc+ an improv$ society1 x is n necess>y = adults to h a =mulat$ def9ite ideal ( "s bett] /ate4 ,an educational ent]prise conduct$ 9 ?is _s w\ld probably end m]ely 9 sub/itut+ "o rigidity = ano!r4 ,:at is necess>y is t habits be =m$ :i* are m intellig5t1 m s5sitively p]cipi5t1 m in=m$ ) =esight1 m aw>e ( :at !y are ab\t1 m direct & s9c]e1 m flexibly responsive ?an ^? n[ curr5t4 ,!n !y w meet _! own problems & propose _! own improvem5ts4 ,educative developm5t ( ! "y is n ! only way 9 :i* ! life ( impulse may be employ$ to effect social ameliorations1 ?\gh x is ! lea/ exp5sive & mo/ ord]ly4 ,no adult environm5t is all ( "o piece4 ,! m complex a culture is1 ! m c]ta9 x is to include habits =m$ on diff]+1 ev5 conflict+ patt]ns4 ,ea* cu/om may be rigid1 un9tellig5t 9 itself1 & yet ?is rigidity may cause x to we> ^u o!rs4 ,! result+ attrition may release impulse = new adv5tures4 ,! pres5t "t is conspicu\sly a "t ( su* int]nal frictions & lib]ations4 ,social life seems *aotic1 unorganiz$1 r ?an too fix$ly regim5t$4 ,political & legal in/itutions are n[ inconsi/5t ) ! habits t dom9ate fri5dly int]c\rse1 sci5ce & art4 ,diff]5t in/itutions fo/] antagoni/ic impulses & =m contr>y dispositions4 ,if we _h to wait ^u exhortations & unembodi$ ideals to effect social alt]ations1 we %\ld inde$ wait long4 ,b ! conflict ( patt]ns involv$ 9 in/itutions :i* are inh>moni\s ) "o ano!r is already produc+ great *anges4 ,! significant po9t is n :e!r modifications %all cont9ue to occur1 b :e!r !y %all be *>act]iz$ *iefly by uneas9ess1 discont5t & bl9d antagoni/ic /ruggles1 or :e!r intellig5t direction may modulate ! h>%ness ( conflict1 & turn ! elem5ts ( dis9tegration into a con/ructive syn!sis4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! social situation 9 advanc$ c\ntries is su* z to imp>t an air ( absurdity to our insi/5ce ^u ! rigidity ( cu/oms4 ,!re are pl5ty ( p]sons to tell u t ! real tr\ble lies 9 lack ( fixity ( habit & pr9ciple2 9 dep>ture f immutable /&>ds & /ructures con/itut$ once = all4 ,we are told t we are suff]+ f an excess ( in/9ct1 & f laxity ( habit due to surr5d] to impulse z a law ( life4 ,! rem$y is said to be to return f contempor>y fluidity to ! /able & spaci\s patt]ns ( a classic antiquity t obs]v$ law & proportion3 = someh[ antiquity is always classic4 ,:5 in/ability1 unc]ta9ty1 erratic *ange are diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! situation1 :y dwell ^u ! evils ( fix$ habit & ! ne$ ( release ( impulse z an initiator ( reorganizations8 ,:y n r condemn impulse & exalt habits ( rev]5c+ ord] & fix$ tru?8 ,! "q is natural1 b ! rem$y sugge/$ is futile4 ,x is n easy to exagg]ate ! ext5t to :i* we n[ pass f "o k9d ( nurture to ano!r z we g f bus9ess to *ur*1 f sci5ce to ! newspap]1 f bus9ess to art1 f companion%ip to politics1 f home to s*ool4 ,an individual is n[ subject$ to _m conflict+ s*emes ( education4 ,h5ce habits are divid$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 p]sonality is disrupt$1 ! s*eme ( conduct is confus$ & dis9tegrat$4 ,b ! rem$y lies 9 ! developm5t ( a new morale :i* c be atta9$ only z releas$ impulses are intellig5tly employ$ to =m h>moni\s habits adapt$ to "o ano!r 9 a new situation4 ,a laxity due to decad5ce ( old habits _c be correct$ by exhortations to re/ore old habits 9 _! =m] rigidity4 ,ev5 ?\gh x 7 ab/ractly desirable x is impossible4 ,& x is n desirable because ! inflexibility ( old habits is precisely ! *ief cause ( _! decay & dis9tegration4 ,pla9tive lam5tations at ! preval5ce ( *ange & ab/ract appeals = re/oration ( s5ile au?ority are signs ( p]sonal feebl5ess1 ( inability to cope ) *ange4 ,x is a def5se reaction4 ,v ,we may sum up ! discussion 9 a few g5]aliz$ /atem5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is unsci5tific to try to re/rict orig9al activities to a def9ite numb] ( %>ply dem>cat$ classes ( in/9cts4 ,& ! practical result ( ?is attempt is injuri\s4 ,to classify is1 inde$1 z useful z x is natural4 ,! indef9ite multitude ( p>ticul> & *ang+ ev5ts is met by ! m9d ) acts ( def9+1 inv5tory+ & li/+1 r$uc+ to common heads & ty+ up 9 bun*es4 ,b ^! acts l o!r intellig5t acts are p]=m$ = a purpose1 & ! accompli%m5t ( purpose is _! only ju/ification4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! purpose is to facilitate our deal+s ) unique individuals & *ang+ ev5ts4 ,:5 we assume t our clefts & bun*es repres5t fix$ sep>ations & collections 9 r]um natura1 we ob/ruct r ?an aid our transactions ) ?+s4 ,we are guilty ( a presumption :i* nature promptly puni%es4 ,we are r5d]$ incompet5t to deal effectively ) ! delicacies & novelties ( nature & life4 ,our ?\ght is h>d :]e facts are mobile2 bun*$ & *unky :]e ev5ts are fluid1 dissolv+4 ,! t5d5cy to =get ! (fice ( di/9ctions & classifications1 & to take !m z m>k+ ?+s 9 !mselves1 is ! curr5t fallacy ( sci5tific specialism4 ,x is "o ( ! conspicu\s traits ( highbr[ism1 ! ess5ce ( false ab/ractionism4 ,?is attitude :i* once fl\ri%$ 9 physical sci5ce n[ gov]ns !oriz+ ab\t human nature4 ,man has be5 resolv$ into a def9ite collection ( prim>y in/9cts :i* may be numb]$1 catalogu$ & exhau/ively describ$ "o by "o4 ,!ori/s diff] only or *iefly z to _! numb] & rank+4 ,"s say "o1 self-love2 "s two1 egoism & altruism2 "s ?ree1 gre$1 fe> & glory2 :ile today writ]s ( a m empirical turn run ! numb] up to fifty & sixty4 ,b 9 fact !re are z _m specific reactions to diff]+ /imulat+ conditions z !re is "t =1 & our li/s are only classifications = a purpose4 ,"o ( ! great evils ( ?is artificial simplification is its influ5ce ^u social sci5ce4 ,complicat$ prov9ces ( life h be5 assign$ to ! jurisdiction ( "s special in/9ct or gr\p ( in/9cts1 :i* has reign$ despotically ) ! usual consequ5ces ( despotism4 ,politics has replac$ religion z ! set ( ph5om5a bas$ ^u fe>2 or aft] hav+ be5 ! fruit ( a special ,ari/otelian political faculty1 has become ! necess>y condition ( re/ra9+ man's self-seek+ impulse4 ,all sociological facts are dispos$ ( 9 a few fat volumes z products ( imitation & inv5tion1 or ( coop]ation & conflict4 ,e?ics re/ ^u sympa?y1 pity1 b5evol5ce4 ,economics is ! sci5ce ( ph5om5a due to "o love & "o av]sion--ga9 & labor4 ,x is surpris+ t m5 c engage 9 ^! ent]prises )\t be+ rem9d$ ( _! exact simil>ity to natural sci5ce be=e sci5tific me?od 0 discov]$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,j n[ ano!r simplification is curr5t4 ,all in/9cts g back to ! sexual1 s t *]*ez la femme 7"u multitud9\s symbolic disguises7 is ! la/ ^w ( sci5ce ) respect to ! analysis ( conduct4 ,"s sophi/icat$ simplifications :i* once _h great influ5ce are n[ *iefly matt]s ( hi/oric mom5t4 ,ev5 s !y are in/ructive4 ,!y %[ h[ social conditions put a heavy load on c]ta9 t5d5cies1 s t 9 ! end an acquir$ disposition is treat$ z if x 7 an orig9al1 & almo/ ! only orig9al activity4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! burd5 ( causal p[] plac$ by ,hobbes ^u ! reaction ( fe>4 ,to a man liv+ ) reasonable security & com=t today1 ,hobbes' p]vasive consci\sness ( fe> seems l ! idiosyncrasy ( an abnormally timid temp]am5t4 ,b a survey ( ! conditions ( 8 own "t1 ( ! disord]s :i* br$ g5]al di/ru/ & antagonism1 :i* l$ to brutal swa%buckl+ & dis9tegrat+ intrigue1 puts ! matt] on a diff]5t foot+4 ,! social situation conduc$ to fe>fulness4 ,z an acc\nt ( ! psy*ology ( ! natural man 8 !ory is uns\nd4 ,z a report ( contempor>y social conditions !re is mu* to be said = x4 ,some?+ ( ! same sort may be said reg>d+ ! emphasis ( eighte5? c5tury morali/s ^u b5evol5ce z ! inclusive moral spr+ to action1 an emphasis repres5t$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury by ,comte's exaltation ( altruism4 ,! load 0 excessive4 ,b x te/ifies to ! gr[? ( a new philan?ropic _s4 ,) ! break+ d[n ( feudal b>ri]s & a consequ5t m+l+ ( p]sons previ\sly divid$1 a s5se ( responsibility = ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 = ! mitigation ( mis]y1 grew up4 ,conditions 7 n ripe = its translation into political action4 ,h5ce ! importance atta*$ to ! private disposition ( volunt>y b5evol5ce4 ,if we v5ture into m anci5t hi/ory1 ,plato's ?reefold division ( ! human s\l into a rational elem5t1 a spirit$ active "o1 & an appetitive "o1 aim+ at increase or ga91 is imm5sely illum9at+4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,plato said t society is ! human s\l writ l>ge4 ,9 society he f\nd ?ree classes3 ! philosophic & sci5tific1 ! soldi]-citiz5ry1 & ! trad]s & artisans4 ,h5ce ! g5]alization z to ! ?ree dom9at+ =ces 9 human nature4 ,read ! o!r way ar\nd1 we p]ceive t trade 9 8 days appeal$ especially to concupisc5ce1 citiz5%ip to a g5]\s lan ( self-=gett+ loyalty1 & sci5tific /udy to a dis9t]e/$ love ( wisdom t seem$ to be monopoliz$ by a small isolat$ gr\p4 ,! di/9ctions 7 n 9 tru? project$ f ! brea/ ( ! natural individual into society1 b !y 7 cultivat$ 9 classes ( individuals by =ce ( social cu/om & expectation4 ,n[ ! pre/ige t once atta*$ to ! in/9ct ( self-love has n :olly vani%$4 ,! case is /ill wor? exam9ation4 ,9 its sci5tific =m1 />t 0 tak5 f an alleg$ in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 *>act]i/ic ( man z well z ( o!r animals4 ,f ?is seem+ly innocu\s assumption1 a my?ological psy*ology burgeon$4 ,animals1 includ+ man1 c]ta9ly p]=m _m acts ^: consequ5ce is to protect & pres]ve life4 ,if _! acts did n ^u ! :ole h ?is t5d5cy1 nei!r ! individual or ! species w\ld long endure4 ,! acts t spr+ f life also 9 ! ma9 cons]ve life4 ,su* is ! und\bt$ fact4 ,:at does ! /atem5t am\nt to8 ,simply ! truism t life is life1 t life is a cont9u+ activity z long z x is life at all4 ,b ! self-love s*ool conv]t$ ! fact t life t5ds to ma9ta9 life into a sep>ate & special =ce :i* someh[ lies back ( life & acc\nts = its v>i\s acts4 ,an animal exhibits 9 its life-activity a multitude ( acts ( brea?+1 dige/+1 secret+1 excret+1 attack1 def5se1 se>* = food1 etc41 a multitude ( specific responses to specific /imulations ( ! environm5t4 ,b my?ology comes 9 & attributes !m all to a nisus = self-pres]vation4 ,!nce x is b a /ep to ! idea t all consci\s acts are prompt$ by self-love4 ,?is premiss is !n elaborat$ 9 +5i\s s*emes1 (t5 amus+ :5 animat$ by a cynical k ( ! _w1 t$i\s :5 ( a w\ld-be logical nature1 to prove t e act ( man includ+ 8 app>5t g5]osities is a v>iation play$ on ! !me ( self-int]e/4 ,! fallacy is obvi\s4 ,because an animal _c live except z x is alive1 except t is z its acts h ! result ( su/a9+ life1 x is conclud$ t all its acts are in/igat$ by an impulse to self-pres]vation4 ,s9ce all acts affect ! well-be+ ( _! ag5t 9 "o way or ano!r1 & s9ce :5 a p]son becomes reflective he pref]s consequ5ces 9 ! way ( weal to ^? ( woe1 !re=e all 8 acts are due to self-love4 ,9 actual sub/ance1 "o /atem5t says t life is life2 & ! o!r says t a self is a self4 ,"o says t special acts are acts ( a liv+ creature & ! o!r t !y are acts ( a self4 ,9 ! biological /atem5t ! concrete div]sity betwe5 ! acts ( say a clam & ( a dog are cov]$ up by po9t+ out t ! acts ( ea* t5d to self-pres]vation1 ignor+ ! some:at important fact t 9 "o case x is ! life ( a clam & 9 ! o!r ! life ( a dog :i* is cont9u$4 ,9 morals1 ! concrete diff]5ces betwe5 a ,jesus1 a ,pet]1 a ,john & a ,judas are cov]$ up by ! wise rem>k t aft] all !y are all selves & all act z selves4 ,9 e case1 a result or end is treat$ z an actuat+ cause4 ,! fallacy consi/s 9 trans=m+ ! 7trui/ic7 fact ( act+ z a self into ! fiction ( act+ always = self4 ,e act1 trui/ically aga91 t5ds to a c]ta9 fulfilm5t or satisfaction ( "s habit :i* is an und\bt$ elem5t 9 ! /ructure ( "*4 ,ea* satisfaction is qualitatively :at x is because ( ! disposition fulfill$ 9 ! object atta9$1 trea*]y or loyalty1 m]cy or cruelty4 ,b !ory comes 9 & blankets ! trem5d\s div]sity 9 ! quality ( ! satisfactions :i* are exp]i5c$ by po9t+ out t !y are all satisfactions4 ,! h>m done is !n complet$ by trans=m+ ?is artificial unity ( result into an orig9al love ( satisfaction z ! =ce t g5]ates all acts alike4 ,because a ,n]o & a ,peabody bo? get satisfaction 9 act+ z !y d x is inf]r$ t ! satisfaction ( ea* is ! same 9 quality1 & t bo? 7 actuat$ by love ( ! same objective4 ,9 reality ! m we concretely dwell ^u ! common fact ( fulfilm5t1 ! m we realize ! diff]5ce 9 ! k9ds ( selves fulfill$4 ,9 po9t+ out t bo? ! nor? & ! s\? poles are poles we d n aboli% ! diff]5ce ( nor? f s\?2 we acc5tuate x4 ,! explanation ( ! fallacy is h[ev] too easy to be conv9c+4 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s mat]ial1 empirical reason :y intellig5t m5 7 s easily entrapp$ by a fairly obvi\s fallacy4 ,t mat]ial error 0 a belief 9 ! fixity & simplicity ( ! self1 a belief :i* _h be5 fo/]$ by a s*ool f> remov$ f ! "o 9 "q1 ! !ologians ) _! dogma ( ! unity & ready-made complet5ess ( ! s\l4 ,we arrive at true conceptions ( motivation & int]e/ only by ! recognition t selfhood 7except z x has encas$ itself 9 a %ell ( r\t9e7 is 9 process ( mak+1 & t any self is capable ( includ+ )9 itself a numb] ( inconsi/5t selves1 ( unh>moniz$ dispositions4 ,ev5 a ,n]o may be capable ^u occasion ( acts ( k9dness4 ,x is ev5 conceivable t "u c]ta9 circum/ances he may be appall$ by ! consequ5ces ( cruelty1 & turn to ! fo/]+ ( k9dli] impulses4 ,a sympa!tic p]son is n immune to h>% arrogances1 & he may f9d himself involv$ 9 s mu* tr\ble z a consequ5ce ( a k9dly act1 t he all[s 8 g5]\s impulses to %rivel & h5ce=? gov]ns 8 conduct by ! dictates ( ! /ricte/ worldly prud5ce4 ,inconsi/5cies & %ift+s 9 "* are ! commone/ ?+s 9 exp]i5ce4 ,only ! hold ( a traditional conception ( ! s+l5ess & simplicity ( s\l & self bl9ds u to p]ceiv+ :at !y mean3 ! relative fluidity & div]sity ( ! con/itu5ts ( selfhood4 ,!re is no "o ready-made self beh9d activities4 ,!re are complex1 un/able1 oppos+ attitudes1 habits1 impulses :i* gradually come to t]ms ) "o ano!r1 & assume a c]ta9 consi/5cy ( configuration1 ev5 ?\gh only by means ( a di/ribution ( inconsi/5cies :i* keeps !m 9 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 giv+ !m sep>ate turns or tricks 9 action4 ,_m good words get spoil$ :5 ! ^w self is prefix$ to !m3 ,words l pity1 confid5ce1 sacrifice1 control1 love4 ,! reason is n f> to seek4 ,! ^w self infects !m ) a fix$ introv]sion & isolation4 ,x implies t ! act ( love or tru/ or control is turn$ back ^u a self :i* already is 9 full exi/5ce & 9 ^: behalf ! act op]ates4 ,pity fulfils & creates a self :5 x is direct$ outw>d1 op5+ ! m9d to new contacts & receptions4 ,pity = self )draws ! m9d back into itself1 r5d]+ its subject unable to le>n f ! buffet+s ( =tune4 ,sacrifice may enl>ge a self by br++ ab\t surr5d] ( acquir$ possessions to requirem5ts ( new gr[?4 ,self-sacrifice means a self-maim+ :i* asks = comp5satory pay 9 "s lat] possession or indulg5ce4 ,confid5ce z an outgo+ act is directness & c\rage 9 meet+ ! facts ( life1 tru/+ !m to br+ in/ruction & support to a develop+ self4 ,confid5ce :i* t]m9ates 9 ! self means a smug complac5cy t r5d]s a p]son obtuse to in/ruction by ev5ts4 ,control means a comm& ( res\rces t enl>ges ! self2 self-control d5otes a self :i* is contract+1 conc5trat+ itself ^u its own a*ievem5ts1 hugg+ !m tight1 & !reby e/opp+ ! gr[? t comes :5 ! self is g5]\sly releas$2 a self-consci\s moral a?leticism t ends 9 a disproportionate enl>gem5t ( "s organ4 ,:at makes ! diff]5ce 9 ea* ( ^! cases is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a self tak5 z some?+ already made & a self /ill mak+ ?r\gh action4 ,9 ! =m] case1 action has to contribute pr(it or security or consolation to a self4 ,9 ! latt]1 impulsive action becomes an adv5ture 9 discov]y ( a self :i* is possible b z yet unrealiz$1 an exp]im5t 9 creat+ a self :i* %all be m inclusive ?an ! "o :i* exi/s4 ,! idea t only ^? impulses h moral validity :i* aim at ! welf>e ( o!rs1 or are altrui/ic1 is almo/ z "o-sid$ a doctr9e z ! dogma ( self-love4 ,yet altruism has "o m>k$ sup]iority2 x at lea/ sugge/s a g5]osity ( outgo+ action1 a lib]ation ( p[] z aga9/ ! close1 p5t 91 protect$ atmosph]e ( a ready-made ego4 ,! r$uction ( all impulses to =ms ( self-love is wor? inve/igation because x gives an opportunity to say some?+ ab\t self z an ongo+ process4 ,! doctr9e itself is fad$1 its advocates are belat$4 ,! notion is too tame to appeal to a g5]ation t has exp]i5c$ romanticism & has be5 intoxicat$ by imbib+ f ! /reams ( p[] releas$ by ! indu/rial revolution4 ,! fa%ionable unification ( today goes by ! "n ( ! w to p[]4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ?is is h>dly m ?an a "n = a quality ( all activity4 ,e fulfill$ activity t]m9ates 9 add$ control ( conditions1 9 an art ( adm9i/]+ objects4 ,execution1 satisfaction1 realization1 fulfilm5t are all names = ! fact t an activity implies an accompli%m5t :i* is possible only by subdu+ circum/ance to s]ve z an accomplice ( a*ievem5t4 ,ea* impulse or habit is ?us a w to its own p[]4 ,to say ?is is to clo! a truism 9 a figure4 ,x says t ang] or fe> or love or hate is successful :5 x effects "s *ange outside ! organism :i* measures its =ce & regi/]s its effici5cy4 ,! a*iev$ outcome m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 action & a coop$-up s5tim5t :i* is exp5d$ ^u itself4 ,! eye hung]s = light1 ! e> = s\nd1 ! h& = surfaces1 ! arm = ?+s to rea*1 ?r[ & lift1 ! leg = di/ance1 ang] = an enemy to de/roy1 curiosity = some?+ to %iv] & c[] be=e1 love = a mate4 ,ea* impulse is a dem& = an object :i* w enable x to function4 ,d5i$ an object 9 reality x t5ds to create "o 9 fancy1 z pa?ology %[s4 ,s f> we h no g5]aliz$ w to p[]1 b only ! inh]5t pressure ( e activity = an adequate manife/ation4 ,x is n s mu* a dem& = p[] z se>* = an opportunity to use a p[] already exi/+4 ,if opportunities correspond$ to ! ne$1 a desire = p[] w\ld h>dly arise3 p[] w\ld be us$ & satisfaction w\ld accrue4 ,b impulse is balk$4 ,if conditions are "r = an educative gr[?1 ! snubb$ impulse w be sublimat$4 ,t is1 x w become a contributory factor 9 "s m inclusive & complex activity1 9 :i* x is r$uc$ to a subord9ate yet effectual place4 ,sometimes h[ev] fru/ration dams activity up1 & int5sifies x4 ,a long+ = satisfaction at any co/ is eng5d]$4 ,& :5 social conditions are su* t ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance lies ?r\gh subjugation ( ! en]gies ( o!rs1 ! w to p[] bur/s into fl[]4 ,?is expla9s :y we attribute a w to p[] to o!rs b n to ourselves1 except 9 ! complim5t>y s5se t be+ /rong we naturally wi% to ex]cise our /r5g?4 ,o!rwise = ourselves we only want :at we want :5 we want x1 n be+ ov]scrupul\s ab\t ! means we take to get x4 ,?is psy*ology is naive b x is tru] to facts ?an ! supposition t !re exi/s by itself z a sep>ate & orig9al ?+ a w to p[]4 ,= x indicates t ! real fact is "s exi/+ p[] :i* dem&s outlet1 & :i* becomes self-consci\s only :5 x is too weak to ov]come ob/acles4 ,conv5tionally ! w to p[] is imput$ only to a comp>atively small numb] ( ambiti\s & ru?less m54 ,!y are probably ^u ! :ole q unconsci\s ( any su* w1 be+ ma/]$ by specific int5se impulses t f9d _! realization mo/ readily by b5d+ o!rs to s]ve z tools ( _! aims4 ,self-consci\s w to p[] is f\nd ma9ly 9 ^? :o h a s-call$ inf]iority complex1 & :o w\ld comp5sate = a s5se ( p]sonal disadvantage 7acquir$ e>ly 9 *ildhood7 by mak+ a /rik+ impression ^u o!rs1 9 ! reflex ( :i* !y feel _! /r5g? appreciat$4 ,! lit]ateur :o has to take 8 action out 9 imag9ation is mu* m likely to ev9ce a w to p[] ?an a ,napoleon :o sees def9ite objects ) extraord9>y cle>ness & :o makes directly = !m4 ,explosive irritations1 nagg+s1 ! ob/9acy ( weak p]sons1 dreams ( gr&eur1 ! viol5ce ( ^? usually submissive are ! ord9>y m>ks ( a w to p[]4 ,discussion ( ! false simplification involv$ 9 ?is doctr9e sugge/s ano!r unduly fix$ & limit$ classification4 ,critics ( ! exi/+ economic regime h divid$ in/9cts into ! creative & ! acquisitive1 & h condemn$ ! pres5t ord] because x embodies ! latt] at ! exp5se ( ! =m]4 ,! division is conv5i5t1 yet mi/ak54 ,conv5i5t because x sums up c]ta9 facts ( ! pres5t sy/em1 mi/ak5 because x takes social products = psy*ological orig9als4 ,speak+ r\ghly we may say t native activity is bo? creative & acquisitive1 creative z a process1 acquisitive 9 t x t]m9ates z a rule 9 "s tangible product :i* br+s ! process to consci\sness ( itself4 ,activity is creative 9 s f> z x moves to its own enri*m5t z activity1 t is1 br++ along ) itself a release ( fur!r activities4 ,sci5tific inquiry1 arti/ic production1 social companion%ip possess ?is trait to a m>k$ degree2 "s am\nt ( x is a normal accompanim5t ( all successfully coord9at$ action4 ,:ile f ! /&po9t ( :at prec$es x is a fulfilm5t1 x is a lib]ative expansion ) respect to :at comes aft]4 ,!re is "h no antagonism betwe5 creative expression & ! production ( results :i* endure & :i* give a s5se ( accompli%m5t4 ,ar*itecture at its be/1 = example1 w\ld probably appe> to mo/ p]sons to be m creative1 n less1 ?an danc+ at its be/4 ,!re is no?+ 9 indu/rial production :i* ( necessity excludes creative activity4 ,! fact t x t]m9ates 9 tangible utilities no m l[]s its /atus ?an ! uses ( a bridge exclude creative art f a %>e 9 its design & con/ruction4 ,:at requires explanation is :y process is s def9itely subs]vi5t to product 9 s mu* ( mod]n indu/ry3--t is1 :y lat] use r ?an pres5t a*iev+ is ! emphatic ?+4 ,! answ] seems to be tw(old4 ,an increas+ly l>ge portion ( economic "w is done ) ma*9es4 ,z a rule1 ^! ma*9es are n "u ! p]sonal control ( ^? :o op]ate !m4 ,! ma*9es are op]at$ = ends :i* ! work] has no %>e 9 =m+ & 9 :i* z su*1 or ap>t f 8 wage1 he has no int]e/4 ,he nei!r und]/&s ! ma*9es nor c>es = _! purpose4 ,he is engag$ 9 an activity 9 :i* means are cut (f f ends1 in/rum5ts f :at !y a*ieve4 ,highly me*aniz$ activity t5ds z ,em]son said to turn m5 into spid]s & ne$les4 ,b if m5 und]/& :at !y are ab\t1 if !y see ! :ole process ( :i* _! special "w is a necess>y "p1 & if !y h conc]n1 c>e1 = ! :ole1 !n ! me*aniz+ effect is c\nt]act$4 ,b :5 a man is only ! t5d] ( a ma*9e1 he c h no insight & no affection2 creative activity is out ( ! "q4 ,:at rema9s to ! workman is h[ev] n s mu* acquisitive desires z love ( security & a wi% = a good "t4 ,an excessive premium on security spr+s f ! prec>i\s conditions ( ! workman2 desire = a good "t1 s f> z x ne$s any explanation1 f dem& = relief f drudg]y1 due to ! abs5ce ( cultur+ factors 9 ! "w done4 ,in/ead ( acquisition be+ a prim>y end1 ! net effect ( ! process is r to de/roy sob] c>e = mat]ials & products2 to induce c>eless wa/efulness1 s f> z t c be indulg$ 9 )\t less5+ ! weekly wage4 ,f ! /&po9t ( or?odox economic !ory1 ! mo/ surpris+ ?+ ab\t mod]n indu/ry is ! small numb] ( p]sons :o h any effective int]e/ 9 acquisition ( weal?4 ,?is disreg>d = acquisition makes x easi] = a few :o d want to h ?+s _! own way1 & :o monopolize :at is amass$4 ,if an acquisitive impulse 7 only m ev5ly develop$1 m ( a real fact1 ?an x is1 x is q possible t ?+s w\ld be bett] ?an !y are4 ,ev5 ) respect to m5 :o succe$ 9 accumulat+ weal? x is a mi/ake to suppose t acquisitiv5ess plays ) mo/ ( !m a l>ge rle1 beyond gett+ control ( ! tools ( ! game4 ,acquisition is necess>y z an outcome1 b x arises n f love ( accumulation b f ! fact t )\t a l>ge /ock ( possessions "o _c engage effectively 9 mod]n bus9ess4 ,x is an incid5t ( love ( p[]1 ( desire to impress fell[s1 to obta9 pre/ige1 to secure influ5ce1 to manife/ ability1 to succe$ 9 %ort "u ! conditions ( ! giv5 regime4 ,& if we are to %ove a my?ological psy*ology ( in/9cts beh9d mod]n economics1 we %\ld d bett] to inv5t in/9cts = security1 a good "t1 p[] & success ?an to rely ^u an acquisitive in/9ct4 ,we %\ld h also to give mu* weight to a peculi> sport+ in/9ct4 ,n acquir+ doll>s1 b *as+ !m1 hunt+ !m is ! important ?+4 ,acquisition has its "p 9 ! big game1 = ev5 ! mo/ devot$ sportsman pref]s1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to br+ home ! fox's bru%4 ,a tangible result is ! m>k to "o's self & to o!rs ( success 9 sport4 ,in/ead ( divid+ %>ply an acquisitive impulse manife/$ 9 bus9ess & a creative in/9ct display$ 9 sci5ce1 art & social fell[%ip1 we %\ld r fir/ inquire :y x is t s mu* ( creative activity is 9 our day div]t$ into bus9ess1 & !n ask :y x is t opportunity = ex]cise ( ! creative capacity 9 bus9ess is n[ re/rict$ to su* a small class1 ^? :o h to d ) bank+1 f9d+ a m>ket1 & manipulat+ inve/m5ts2 & f9ally ask :y creative activity is p]v]t$ into an ov]-specializ$ & frequ5tly inhumane op]ation4 ,= aft] all x is n ! b>e fact ( creation b its quality :i* c\nts4 ,t capta9s ( indu/ry are creative arti/s ( a sort1 & t indu/ry absorbs an undue %>e ( ! creative activity ( ! pres5t "t _c be d5i$4 ,to impute to ! lead]s ( indu/ry & comm]ce simply an acquisitive motive is n m]ely to lack insight into _! conduct1 b x is to lose ! clew to bett]+ conditions4 ,= a m proportionate di/ribution ( creative p[] betwe5 bus9ess & o!r occupations1 & a m humane1 wid] use ( x 9 bus9ess dep5d ^u grasp+ aright ! =ces actually at "w4 ,indu/rial lead]s comb9e int]e/ 9 mak+ f>-rea*+ plans1 l>ge syn!ses ( conditions bas$ ^u /udy1 ma/]y ( ref9$ & complex te*nical skill1 control ov] natural =ces & ev5ts1 ) love ( adv5ture1 excitem5t & ma/]y ( fell[-m54 ,:5 ^! int]e/s are re9=c$ ) actual comm& ( all ! means ( luxury1 ( display & procur+ admiration f ! less =tunate1 x is n surpris+ t creative =ce is draft$ l>gely into bus9ess *annels1 & t competition = an opportunity to display p[] becomes brutal4 ,! /rategic "q1 z 0 said1 is to und]/& h[ & :y political1 legal1 sci5tific & educational conditions ( society = ! la/ c5turies h /imulat$ & n\ri%$ su* a "o-sid$ developm5t ( creative activities4 ,to approa* ! problem f ?is po9t ( view is mu* m hopeful1 ?\gh inf9itely m complex intellectually1 ?an ! approa* :i* sets out ) a fix$ dualism betwe5 acquisitive & creative impulses4 ,! latt] assumes a complete split ( high] & l[] 9 ! orig9al con/itution ( man4 ,7 ?is ! case1 !re w\ld be no organic rem$y4 ,! sole appeal w\ld be to s5tim5tal exhortation to m5 to wean !mselves f devotion to ! ?+s :i* are belov$ by _! l[] & mat]ial nature4 ,& if ! appeal 7 mod]ately successful ! social result w\ld be a fix$ class division4 ,!re w\ld rema9 a l[] class1 sup]cili\sly look$ d[n ^u by ! high]1 consi/+ ( ^? 9 :om ! acquisitive in/9ct rema9s /rong] & :o d ! necess>y "w ( life1 :ile ! high] creative class devotes itself to social int]c\rse1 sci5ce & art4 ,s9ce ! und]ly+ psy*ology is wrong1 ! problem & its solution assumes 9 fact a radically diff]5t =m4 ,!re are an indef9ite numb] ( orig9al or in/9ctive activities1 :i* are organiz$ into int]e/s & dispositions accord+ to ! situations to :i* !y respond4 ,to increase ! creative phase & ! humane quality ( ^! activities is an affair ( modify+ ! social conditions :i* /imulate1 select1 int5sify1 weak5 & coord9ate native activities4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 deal+ ) x is to increase our detail$ sci5tific k4 ,we ne$ to "k exactly ! selective & directive =ce ( ea* social situation2 exactly h[ ea* t5d5cy is promot$ & ret>d$4 ,comm& ( ! physical environm5t on a l>ge & delib]ate scale did n beg9 until belief 9 gross =ces & entities 0 ab&on$4 ,control ( physical en]gies is due to inquiry :i* e/abli%es specific correlations betwe5 m9ute elem5ts4 ,x w n be o!rwise ) social control & adju/m5t4 ,hav+ ! k we may set hopefully at "w ^u a c\rse ( social inv5tion & exp]im5tal eng9e]+4 ,a /udy ( ! educative effect1 ! influ5ce ^u habit1 ( ea* def9ite =m ( human int]c\rse1 is pr]equisite to effective re=m4 ,,vi ,9 spite ( :at has be5 said1 x w be ass]t$ t !re are def9ite1 indep5d5t1 orig9al in/9cts :i* manife/ !mselves 9 specific acts 9 a "o-to-"o correspond5ce4 ,fe>1 x w be said1 is a reality1 & s is ang]1 & rivalry1 & love ( ma/]y ( o!rs1 & self-abasem5t1 mat]nal love1 sexual desire1 greg>i\sness & envy1 & ea* has its own appropriate de$ z a result4 ,( c\rse !y are realities4 ,s are suction1 ru/+ ( metals1 ?und] & lightn+ & light]-?an-air fly+ ma*9es4 ,b sci5ce & inv5tion did n get on z long z m5 indulg$ 9 ! notion ( special =ces to acc\nt = su* ph5om5a4 ,m5 tri$ t road1 & x only l$ !m into le>n$ ignorance4 ,!y spoke ( nature's abhorr5ce ( a vacuum2 ( a =ce ( combu/ion2 ( intr9sic nisus t[>d ?is & t2 ( heav9ess & levity z =ces4 ,x turn$ out t ^! =ces 7 only ! ph5om5a ov] aga91 translat$ f a specific & concrete =m 79 :i* !y 7 at lea/ actual7 into a g5]aliz$ =m 9 :i* !y 7 v]bal4 ,!y conv]t$ a problem into a solution :i* af=d$ a simulat$ satisfaction4 ,advance 9 insight & control came only :5 ! m9d turn$ squ>ely ar\nd4 ,aft] x _h dawn$ ^u inquir]s t _! alleg$ causal =ces 7 only names :i* cond5s$ into a duplicate =m a v>iety ( complex occurr5ces1 !y set ab\t break+ up ph5om5a into m9ute detail & se>*+ = correlations1 t is1 = elem5ts 9 o!r gross ph5om5a :i* also v>i$4 ,correspond5ce ( v>iations ( elem5ts took ! place ( l>ge & impos+ =ces4 ,! psy*ology ( behavior is only beg9n+ to und]go simil> treatm5t4 ,x is probable t ! vogue ( s5sation-psy*ology 0 due to ! fact t x seem$ to promise a simil> detail$ treatm5t ( p]sonal ph5om5a4 ,b z yet we t5d to reg>d sex1 hung]1 fe>1 & ev5 mu* m complex active int]e/s z if !y 7 lump =ces1 l ! combu/ion or gravity ( old-fa%ion$ physical sci5ce4 ,x is n h>d to see h[ ! notion ( a s+le & sep>ate t5d5cy grew up 9 ! case ( simpl] acts l hung] & sex4 ,! pa?s ( motor outlet or dis*>ge are comp>atively few & are fairly well def9$4 ,specific bodily organs are conspicu\sly involv$4 ,h5ce !re is sugge/$ ! notion ( a correspond+ly sep>ate psy*ic =ce or impulse4 ,!re are two fallacies 9 ?is assumption4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 ignor+ ! fact t no activity 7ev5 "o t is limit$ by r\t9e habit7 is conf9$ to ! *annel :i* is mo/ flagrantly involv$ 9 its execution4 ,! :ole organism is conc]n$ 9 e act to "s ext5t & 9 "s fa%ion1 int]nal organs z well z muscul>1 ^? ( circulation1 secretion1 etc4 ,s9ce ! total /ate ( ! organism is nev] exactly twice alike1 9 s f> ! ph5om5a ( hung] & sex are nev] twice ! same 9 fact4 ,! diff]5ce may be negligible = "s purposes1 & yet give ! key = ! purposes ( a psy*ological analysis :i* %all t]m9ate 9 a correct judgm5t ( value4 ,ev5 physiologically ! context ( organic *anges accompany+ an act ( hung] or sex makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a normal & a morbid ph5om5on4 ,9 ! second place1 ! environm5t 9 :i* ! act takes place is nev] twice alike4 ,ev5 :5 ! ov]t organic dis*>ge is sub/antially ! same1 ! acts imp+e ^u a diff]5t environm5t & ?us h diff]5t consequ5ces4 ,x is impossible to reg>d ^! diff]5ces ( objective result z indiff]5t to ! quality ( ! acts4 ,!y are imm$iately s5s$ if n cle>ly p]ceiv$2 & !y are ! only compon5ts ( ! mean+ ( ! act4 ,:5 feel+s1 dwell+ antec$5tly 9 ! s\l1 7 suppos$ to be ! causes ( acts1 x 0 natural to suppose t ea* psy*ic elem5t _h its own inh]5t quality :i* might be directly read (f by introspection4 ,b :5 we surr5d] ?is notion1 x becomes evid5t t ! only way ( tell+ :at an organic act is l is by ! s5s$ or p]ceptible *anges :i* x occasions4 ,"s ( ^! w be intra-organic1 & 7z j indicat$7 !y w v>y ) e act4 ,o!rs w be ext]nal to ! organism1 & ^! consequ5ces are m important ?an ! intra-organic ones = det]m9+ ! quality ( ! act4 ,= !y are consequ5ces 9 :i* o!rs are conc]n$ & :i* evoke reactions ( favor & disfavor z well z coop]ative & resi/+ activities ( a m indirect sort4 ,mo/ s-call$ self-deception is due to employ+ imm$iate organic /ates z crit]ia ( ! value ( an act4 ,to say t x feels good or yields direct satisfaction is to say t x gives rise to a com=table int]nal /ate4 ,! judgm5t bas$ ^u ?is exp]i5ce may be entirely diff]5t f ! judgm5t pass$ by o!rs ^u ! basis ( its objective or social consequ5ces4 ,z a matt] ( ev5 ! mo/ rudim5t>y precaution1 !re=e1 e p]son le>ns to recognize to "s ext5t ! quality ( an act on ! basis ( its consequ5ces 9 ! acts ( o!rs4 ,b ev5 )\t ?is judgm5t1 ! ext]ior *anges produc$ by an act are imm$iately s5s$1 & be+ associat$ ) ! act become a "p ( its quality4 ,ev5 a "y *ild sees ! sma% ( ?+s occasionally by 8 ang]1 & ! sma% may compete ) 8 satisfi$ feel+ ( dis*>g$ en]gy z an index ( value4 ,a *ild gives way to :at1 grossly speak+1 we call ang]4 ,its felt or appreciat$ quality dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place ^u ! condition ( 8 organism at ! "t1 & ?is is nev] twice alike4 ,9 ! second place1 ! act is at once modifi$ by ! environm5t ^u :i* x imp+es s t diff]5t consequ5ces are imm$iately reflect$ back to ! do]4 ,9 "o case1 ang] is direct$ say at old] & /rong] playmates :o imm$iately av5ge !mselves ^u ! (f5d]1 p]haps cruelly4 ,9 ano!r case1 x takes effect ^u weak] & impot5t *ildr51 & ! reflect$ appreciat$ consequ5ce is "o ( a*ievem5t1 victory1 p[] & a k ( ! means ( hav+ "o's own way4 ,! notion t ang] /ill rema9s a s+le =ce is a lazy my?ology4 ,ev5 9 ! cases ( hung] & sex1 :]e ! *annels ( action are fairly dem>cat$ by antec$5t conditions 7or nature71 ! actual cont5t & feel ( hung] & sex1 are indef9itely v>i$ accord+ to _! social contexts4 ,only :5 a man is />v+1 is hung] an unqualifi$ natural impulse2 z x approa*es ?is limit1 x t5ds to lose1 moreov]1 its psy*ological di/9ctiv5ess & to become a rav5 ( ! entire organism4 ,! treatm5t ( sex by psy*o-analy/s is mo/ in/ructive1 = x flagrantly exhibits bo? ! consequ5ces ( artificial simplification & ! trans=mation ( social results into psy*ic causes4 ,writ]s1 usually male1 hold =? on ! psy*ology ( woman1 z if !y 7 deal+ ) a ,platonic univ]sal entity1 al?\gh !y habitually treat m5 z individuals1 v>y+ ) /ructure & environm5t4 ,!y treat ph5om5a :i* are peculi>ly symptoms ( ! civilization ( ! ,we/ at ! pres5t "t z if !y 7 ! necess>y effects ( fix$ native impulses ( human nature4 ,romantic love z x exi/s today1 ) all ! v>y+ p]turbations x occasions1 is z def9itely a sign ( specific hi/oric conditions z are big battle %ips ) turb9es1 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 & electrically driv5 ma*9es4 ,x w\ld be z s5sible to treat ! latt] z effects ( a s+le psy*ic cause z to attribute ! ph5om5a ( di/urbance & conflict :i* accompany pres5t sexual relations z manife/ations ( an orig9al s+le psy*ic =ce or ,libido4 ,^u ?is po9t at lea/ a ,m>xian simplification is ne>] ! tru? ?an t ( ,jung4 ,aga9 x is cu/om>y to suppose t !re is a s+le in/9ct ( fe>1 or at mo/ a few well-def9$ sub-species ( x4 ,9 reality1 :5 "o is afraid ! :ole be+ reacts1 & ?is entire respond+ organism is nev] twice ! same4 ,9 fact1 also1 e reaction takes place 9 a diff]5t environm5t1 & its mean+ is nev] twice alike1 s9ce ! diff]5ce 9 environm5t makes a diff]5ce 9 consequ5ces4 ,x is only my?ology :i* sets up a s+le1 id5tical psy*ic =ce :i* causes all ! reactions ( fe>1 a =ce beg9n+ & end+ 9 itself4 ,x is true en\gh t 9 all cases we are able to id5tify c]ta9 m or less sep>able *>act]i/ic acts--muscul> contractions1 )drawals1 evasions1 concealm5ts4 ,b 9 ! latt] words we h already br\ght 9 an environm5t4 ,su* t]ms z )drawal & concealm5t h no mean+ except z attitudes t[>d objects4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an environm5t 9 g5]al2 !re are specific *ang+ objects & ev5ts4 ,h5ce ! k9d ( evasion or runn+ away or %r9k+ up :i* takes place is directly correlat$ ) specific surr\nd+ conditions4 ,!re is no "o fe> hav+ div]se manife/ations2 !re are z _m qualitatively diff]5t fe>s z !re are objects respond$ to & diff]5t consequ5ces s5s$ & obs]v$4 ,fe> ( ! d>k is diff]5t f fe> ( publicity1 fe> ( ! d5ti/ f fe> ( gho/s1 fe> ( conspicu\s success f fe> ( humiliation1 fe> ( a bat f fe> ( a be>4 ,c[>dice1 emb>rassm5t1 caution & rev]5ce may all be reg>d$ z =ms ( fe>4 ,!y all h c]ta9 physical organic acts 9 common--^? ( organic %r9kage1 ge/ures ( hesitation & retreat4 ,b ea* is qualitatively unique4 ,ea* is :at x is 9 virtue ( its total int]actions or correlations ) o!r acts & ) ! environ+ m$ium1 ) consequ5ces4 ,high explosives & ! a]oplane h br\ght into be+ some?+ new 9 conduct4 ,!re is no error 9 call+ x fe>4 ,b !re is error1 ev5 f a limit$ cl9ical /&po9t1 9 p]mitt+ ! classify+ "n to blot f view ! diff]5ce betwe5 fe> ( bombs dropp$ f ! sky & ! fe>s :i* previ\sly exi/$4 ,! new fe> is j z mu* & j z little orig9al & native z a *ild's fe> ( a /rang]4 ,= any activity is orig9al :5 x fir/ occurs4 ,z conditions are cont9ually *ang+1 new & primitive activities are cont9ually occurr+4 ,! traditional psy*ology ( in/9cts obscures recognition ( ?is fact4 ,x sets up a h>d-&-fa/ preorda9$ class "u :i* specific acts are subsum$1 s t _! own quality & orig9ality are lo/ f view4 ,?is is :y ! noveli/ & dramati/ are s mu* m illum9at+ z well z m int]e/+ comm5tators on conduct ?an ! s*ematiz+ psy*ologi/4 ,! arti/ makes p]ceptible individual responses & ?us displays a new phase ( human nature evok$ 9 new situations4 ,9 putt+ ! case visibly & dramatically he reveals vital actualities4 ,! sci5tific sy/ematiz] treats ea* act z m]ely ano!r sample ( "s old pr9ciple1 or z a me*anical comb9ation ( elem5ts drawn f a ready-made inv5tory4 ,:5 we recognize ! div]sity ( native activities & ! v>i$ ways 9 :i* !y are modifi$ ?r\gh int]actions ) "o ano!r 9 response to diff]5t conditions1 we are able to und]/& moral ph5om5a o!rwise baffl+4 ,9 ! c>e] ( any impulse activity !re are speak+ g5]ally ?ree possibilities4 ,x may f9d a surg+1 explosive dis*>ge--bl9d1 un9tellig5t4 ,x may be sublimat$--t is1 become a factor coord9at$ intellig5tly ) o!rs 9 a cont9u+ c\rse ( action4 ,?us a gu/ ( ang] may1 because ( its dynamic incorporation into disposition1 be conv]t$ into an abid+ conviction ( social inju/ice to be rem$i$1 & furni% ! dynamic to c>ry ! conviction into execution4 ,or an excitation ( sexual attraction may reappe> 9 art or 9 tranquil dome/ic atta*m5ts & s]vices4 ,su* an outcome repres5ts ! normal or desirable function+ ( impulse2 9 :i*1 to use our previ\s language1 ! impulse op]ates z a pivot1 or reorganization ( habit4 ,or aga9 a releas$ impulsive activity may be nei!r imm$iately express$ 9 isolat$ spasmodic action1 nor indirectly employ$ 9 an endur+ int]e/4 ,x may be suppress$4 ,suppression is n annihilation4 ,psy*ic en]gy is no m capable ( be+ aboli%$ ?an ! =ms we recognize z physical4 ,if x is nei!r explod$ nor conv]t$1 x is turn$ inw>ds1 to lead a surreptiti\s1 subt]ranean life4 ,an isolat$ or spasmodic manife/ation is a sign ( immaturity1 crudity1 savag]y2 a suppress$ activity is ! cause ( all k9ds ( intellectual & moral pa?ology4 ,"o =m ( ! result+ pa?ology con/itutes reaction 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! hi/orian speaks ( reactions4 ,a conv5tionally famili> in/ance is ,/u>t lic5se aft] ,puritan re/ra9t4 ,a /rik+ mod]n in/ance is ! orgy ( extravagance foll[+ ^u ! en=c$ economies & h>d%ips ( w>1 ! moral let-d[n aft] its high/rung exalt$ idealisms1 ! delib]ate c>elessness aft] an att5tion too int5se & too n>r[4 ,outw>d manife/ation ( _m normal activities _h be5 suppress$4 ,b activities 7 n suppress$4 ,!y 7 m]ely damm$ up await+ _! *ance4 ,n[ su* reactions are simultane\s z well z successive4 ,resort to artificial /imulation1 to alcoholic excess1 sexual debau*]y1 opium & n>cotics are examples4 ,impulses & int]e/s t are n manife/$ 9 ! regul> c\rse ( s]viceable activity or 9 recreation dem& & secure a special manife/ation4 ,& x is int]e/+ to note t !re are two opposite =ms4 ,"s ph5om5a are *>act]i/ic ( p]sons engag$ 9 a r\t9e monoton\s life ( toil att5d$ ) fatigue & h>d%ip4 ,& o!rs are f\nd 9 p]sons :o are intellectual & executive1 m5 ^: activities are any?+ b monoton\s1 b are n>r[$ ?r\gh ov]-specialization4 ,su* m5 ?9k too mu*1 t is1 too mu* along a p>ticul> l9e4 ,!y c>ry too heavy responsibilities2 t is1 _! (fices ( s]vice are n adequately %>$ ) o!rs4 ,!y seek relief by escape into a m sociable & easy-go+ _w4 ,! imp]ative dem& = companion%ip n satisfi$ 9 ord9>y activity is met by convivial indulg5ce4 ,! o!r class has rec\rse to excess because its memb]s h 9 ord9>y occupations next to no opportunity = imag9ation4 ,!y make a =ay into a m highly color$ _w z a sub/itute = a normal ex]cise ( inv5tion1 plann+ & judgm5t4 ,hav+ no regul> responsibilities1 !y seek to recov] an illusion ( pot5cy & ( social recognition by an artificial exaltation ( _! subm]g$ & humiliat$ selves4 ,h5ce ! love ( pleasure aga9/ :i* morali/s issue s _m w>n+s4 ,n t love ( pleasures is 9 itself 9 any way demoraliz+4 ,love ( ! pleasures ( *e]fulness1 ( companion%ip is "o ( ! /eady+ influ5ces 9 conduct4 ,b pleasure has (t5 become id5tifi$ ) special ?rills1 excitations1 tickl+s ( s5se1 /irr+s ( appetite = ! express purpose ( enjoy+ ! imm$iate /imulation irrespective ( results4 ,su* pleasures are signs ( dissipation1 dissolut5ess1 9 ! lit]al s5se4 ,an activity :i* is depriv$ ( regul> /imulation & normal function is piqu$ into isolat$ activity1 & ! result is division1 disassociation4 ,a life ( r\t9e & ( ov]-specialization 9 non-r\t9e l9es seek occasions 9 :i* to ar\se by abnormal means a feel+ ( satisfaction )\t any accompany+ objective fulfilm5t4 ,h5ce1 z morali/s h po9t$ out1 ! insatiable "* ( su* appetites4 ,activities are n really satisfi$1 t is fulfill$ 9 objects4 ,!y cont9ue to seek = gratification 9 m int5sifi$ /imulations4 ,orgies ( pleasure-seek+1 v>y+ f saturnalia to mild sprees1 result4 ,x does n foll[ h[ev] t ! sole alt]native is satisfaction by means ( objectively s]viceable action1 t is by action :i* effects useful *anges 9 ! environm5t4 ,!re is an optimi/ic !ory ( nature accord+ to :i* :]ev] !re is natural law !re is also natural h>mony4 ,s9ce man z well z ! _w is includ$ 9 ! scope ( natural law1 x is inf]r$ t !re is natural h>mony betwe5 human activities & surr\nd+s1 a h>mony :i* is di/urb$ only :5 man indulges 9 artificial dep>tures f nature4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 all man has to d is to keep 8 occupations 9 balance ) ! en]gies ( ! environm5t & he w be bo? happy & effici5t4 ,re/1 recup]ation1 relief c be f\nd 9 a prop] alt]nation ( =ms ( useful "w4 ,d ! ?+s :i* surr\nd+s indicate ne$ do+1 & success1 cont5t1 re/oration ( p[]s w take c>e ( !mselves4 ,?is b5evol5t view ( nature falls 9 ) a ,puritanic devotion to "w = its own sake & creates di/ru/ ( amusem5t1 play & recreation4 ,!y are felt to be unnecess>y1 & worse1 dang]\s div]sions f ! pa? ( useful action :i* is also ! pa? ( duty4 ,social conditions c]ta9ly imp>t to occupations z !y are n[ c>ri$ on an undue elem5t ( fatigue1 /ra9 & drudg]y4 ,consequ5tly useful occupations :i* are s ord]$ socially z to engage ?\ght1 fe$ imag9ation & equalize ! impact ( /ress w\ld surely introduce a tranquillity & recreation :i* are n[ lack+4 ,b !re is good reason to ?9k t ev5 9 ! be/ conditions !re is en\gh maladju/m5t betwe5 ! necessities ( ! environm5t & ! activities natural to man1 s t con/ra9t & fatigue w\ld always accompany activity1 & special =ms ( action be ne$$--=ms t are significantly call$ re-creation4 ,h5ce ! imm5se moral importance ( play & ( f9e1 or make-believe1 art--( activity1 t is1 :i* is make-believe f ! /&po9t ( ! useful arts en=c$ by ! dem&s ( ! environm5t4 ,:5 morali/s h n reg>d$ play & art ) a c5sori\s eye1 !y (t5 h ?\ght !mselves c>ry+ matt]s to ! pit* ( g5]osity by conc$+ t !y may be morally indiff]5t or innoc5t4 ,b 9 tru? !y are moral necessities4 ,!y are requir$ to take c>e ( ! m>g9 t exi/s betwe5 ! total /ock ( impulses t dem& outlet & ! am\nt exp5d$ 9 regul> action4 ,!y keep ! balance :i* "w _c indef9itely ma9ta94 ,!y are requir$ to introduce v>iety1 flexibility & s5sitiv5ess into disposition4 ,yet ^u ! :ole ! humaniz+ capabilities ( sport 9 its v>i$ =ms1 drama1 fiction1 music1 poetry1 newspap]s h be5 neglect$4 ,!y h be5 left 9 a k9d ( a moral no-man's t]ritory4 ,!y h accompli%$ "p ( _! function b !y h n done :at !y are capable ( do+4 ,9 _m cases !y h op]at$ m]ely z reactions l ^? artificial & isolat$ /imulations already m5tion$4 ,! sugge/ion t play & art h an indisp5sable moral function :i* %\ld receive an att5tion n[ d5i$1 calls out an imm$iate & vehem5t prote/4 ,we omit ref]5ce to t :i* proce$s f pr(essional morali/s to :om art1 fun & sport are habitually "u suspicion4 ,= ^? int]e/$ 9 art1 pr(essional e/heticians1 w prote/ ev5 m /r5u\sly4 ,!y at once imag9e t "s k9d ( organiz$ sup]vision if n c5sor%ip ( play1 drama & fiction is contemplat$ :i* w conv]t !m into means ( moral edification4 ,if !y d n ?9k ( ,com/ockian int]f]5ce 9 ! alleg$ int]e/ ( public morals1 !y at lea/ ?9k t :at is int5d$ is ! elim9ation by p]sons ( a ,puritanic1 un>ti/ic temp]am5t ( ev]y?+ n f\nd suffici5tly e>ne/ & elevat+1 a fo/]+ ( art n = its own sake b z a means ( do+ good by some?+ to somebody4 ,!re is a natural fe> ( inject+ into art a _s ( e>ne/ uplift1 ( surr5d]+ art to ! re=m]s4 ,b some?+ q o!r ?an ?is is meant4 ,relief f cont9u\s moral activity--9 ! conv5tional s5se ( moral--is itself a moral necessity4 ,! s]vice ( art & play is to engage & release impulses 9 ways q diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* !y are occupi$ & employ$ 9 ord9>y activities4 ,_! function is to =e/all & rem$y ! usual exagg]ations & deficits ( activity1 ev5 ( moral activity & to prev5t a /]eotyp+ ( att5tion4 ,to say t society is altoge!r too c>eless ab\t ! moral wor? ( art is n to say t c>elessness ab\t useful occupations is n a necessity = art4 ,on ! contr>y1 :atev] deprives play & art ( _! own c>eless rapture !reby deprives !m ( _! moral function4 ,art !n becomes poor] z art z a matt] ( c\rse1 b x also becomes 9 ! same measure less effectual 9 its p]t95t moral (fice4 ,x tries to d :at o!r ?+s c d bett]1 & x fails to d :at no?+ b itself c d = human nature1 s(t5+ rigidities1 relax+ /ra9s1 allay+ bitt]ness1 dispell+ moros5ess1 & break+ d[n ! n>r[ness consequ5t ^u specializ$ tasks4 ,ev5 if ! matt] be put 9 ?is negative way1 ! moral value ( art _c be depreciat$4 ,b !re is a m positive function4 ,play & art add fre% & deep] mean+s to ! usual activities ( life4 ,9 contra/ ) a ,phili/9e relegation ( ! arts to a trivial by-play f s]i\s conc]ns1 x is tru] to say t mo/ ( ! significance n[ f\nd 9 s]i\s occupations orig9at$ 9 activities n imm$iately useful1 & gradually f\nd its way f !m into objectively s]viceable employm5ts4 ,= _! spontaneity & lib]ation f ext]nal necessities p]mits to !m an enhancem5t & vitality ( mean+ n possible 9 preoccupation ) imm$iate ne$s4 ,lat] ?is mean+ is transf]r$ to useful activities & becomes a "p ( _! ord9>y work+4 ,9 say+ !n t art & play h a moral (fice n adequately tak5 advantage ( x is ass]t$ t !y are responsible to life1 to ! enri*+ & free+ ( its mean+s1 n t !y are responsible to a moral code1 comm&m5t or special task4 ,to a co>se view--& pr(ess$ moral ref9em5t is (t5 giv5 to tak+ co>se views--!re is some?+ vulg> n only 9 rec\rse to abnormal artificial exig5ts & /imulations b also 9 int]e/ 9 useless games & arts4 ,negatively ! two ?+s h features :i* are alike4 ,!y bo? spr+ f failure ( regul> occupations to engage ! full scope ( impulses & in/9cts 9 an ela/ically balanc$ way4 ,!y bo? ev9ce a surplusage ( imag9ation ov] fact2 a dem& 9 imag9ative activity = an outlet :i* is d5i$ 9 ov]t activity4 ,!y bo? aim at r$uc+ ! dom9ation ( ! prosaic2 bo? are prote/s aga9/ ! l[]+ ( mean+s att5dant ^u ord9>y vocations4 ,z a consequ5ce no rule c be laid d[n = discrim9at+ by direct inspection betwe5 un:olesome /imulations & invaluable excursions into appreciative enhancem5ts ( life4 ,_! diff]5ce lies 9 ! way !y "w1 ! c>e]s to :i* !y commit u4 ,art releases en]gy & focuses & tranquilizes x4 ,x releases en]gy 9 con/ructive =ms4 ,ca/les 9 ! air l art h _! s\rce 9 a turn+ ( impulse away f useful production4 ,bo? are due to ! failure 9 "s "p ( man's con/itution to secure fulfilm5t 9 ord9>y ways4 ,b 9 "o case ! conv]sion ( direct en]gy into imag9ation is ! />t+ po9t ( an activity :i* %apes mat]ial2 fancy is f$ ^u a /uff ( life :i* assumes "u its influ5ce a rejuv5at$1 compos$ & enhanc$ =m4 ,9 ! o!r case1 fancy rema9s an end 9 itself4 ,x becomes an indulg+ 9 fantasies :i* br+ ab\t )drawal f all realities1 :ile wi%es impot5t 9 action build a _w :i* yields tempor>y excitem5t4 ,any imag9ation is a sign t impulse is imp$$ & is grop+ = utt]ance4 ,sometimes ! outcome is a refre%$ useful habit2 sometimes x is an articulation 9 creative art2 & sometimes x is a futile romanc+ :i* = "s natures does :at self-pity does = o!rs4 ,! am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy ( recon/ruction t is dissipat$ 9 unexpress$ fantasy supplies u ) a fair measure ( ! ext5t to :i* ! curr5t organization ( occupation balks & twi/s impulse1 &1 by ! same sign1 ) a measure ( ! function ( art :i* is n yet utiliz$4 ,! developm5t ( m5tal pa?ologies to ! po9t :]e !y ne$ cl9ical att5tion has ( late en=c$ a widespread consci\sness ( "s ( ! evils ( suppression ( impulse4 ,! /udies ( psy*iatri/s h made cle> t impulses driv5 into pockets di/il poison & produce fe/]+ sores4 ,an organization ( impulse into a work+ habit =ms an int]e/4 ,a surreptiti\s furtive organization :i* does n articulate 9 av[$ expression =ms a complex4 ,curr5t cl9ical psy*ology has und\bt$ly ov]work$ ! influ5ce ( sexual impulse 9 ?is connection1 refus+ at ! h&s ( "s writ]s to recognize ! op]ation ( any o!r modes ( di/urbance4 ,!re are explanations ( ?is onesid$ness4 ,! int5sity ( ! sexual in/9ct & its organic ramifications produce _m ( ! cases t are s noticeable z to dem& ! att5tion ( physicians4 ,& social taboos & ! tradition ( secrecy h put ?is impulse "u great] /ra9 ?an has be5 impos$ ^u o!rs4 ,if a society exi/$ 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( impulse t[>d food 7 socially disav[$ until x 0 compell$ to live an illicit1 cov]t life1 ali5i/s w\ld h pl5ty ( cases ( m5tal & moral di/urbance to relate 9 connection ) hung]4 ,! significant ?+ is t ! pa?ology aris+ f ! sex in/9ct af=ds a /rik+ case ( a univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,e impulse is1 z f> z x goes1 =ce1 urg5cy4 ,x mu/ ei!r be us$ 9 "s function1 direct or sublimat$1 or be driv5 into a conceal$1 hidd5 activity4 ,x has long be5 ass]t$ on empirical gr\nds t expression & enslavem5t result 9 corruption & p]v]sion4 ,we h at la/ discov]$ ! reason = ?is fact4 ,! :olesome & sav+ =ce ( intellectual fre$om1 op5 confrontation1 publicity1 n[ has ! /amp ( sci5tific sanction4 ,! evil ( *eck+ impulses is n t !y are *eck$4 ,)\t inhibition !re is no in/igation ( imag9ation1 no r$irection into m discrim9at$ & compreh5sive activities4 ,! evil resides 9 a refusal ( direct att5tion :i* =ces ! impulse into disguise & concealm5t1 until x enacts its own unav[$ uneasy private life subject to no inspection & no control4 ,a rebelli\s disposition is also a =m ( romanticism4 ,at lea/ rebels set out z romantics1 or1 9 popul> p>lance1 z ideali/s4 ,!re is no bitt]ness l t ( consci\s impot5cy1 ! s5se ( suffocat+ly complete suppression4 ,! _w is hopeless to "o )\t hope4 ,! rage ( total despair is a va9 ef=t at bl9d de/ructiv5ess4 ,p>tial suppression induces 9 "s natures a picture ( complete fre$om1 :ile x ar\ses a de/ructive prote/ aga9/ exi/+ in/itutions z enemies t /& 9 ! way ( fre$om4 ,rebellion has at lea/ "o advantage ov] rec\rse to artificial /imulation & to subconsci\s nurs+s ( fe/]+ sore spots4 ,x engages 9 action & !reby comes 9 contact ) realities4 ,x conta9s ! possibility ( le>n+ some?+4 ,yet le>n+ by ?is me?od is imm5sely exp5sive4 ,! co/s are incalculable4 ,z ,napoleon said1 e revolution moves 9 a vici\s circle4 ,x beg9s & ends 9 excess4 ,to view in/itutions z enemies ( fre$om1 & all conv5tions z slav]ies1 is to d5y ! only means by :i* positive fre$om 9 action c be secur$4 ,a g5]al lib]ation ( impulses may set ?+s go+ :5 !y h be5 /agnant1 b if ! releas$ =ces are on _! way to any?+ !y d n "k ! way nor :]e !y are go+4 ,inde$1 !y are b\nd to be mutually contradictory & h5ce de/ructive--de/ructive n only ( ! habits !y wi% to de/roy b ( !mselves1 ( _! own efficacy4 ,conv5tion & cu/om are necess>y to c>ry+ =w>d impulse to any happy conclusion4 ,a romantic return to nature & a fre$om s\ght )9 ! individual )\t reg>d to ! exi/+ environm5t f9ds its t]m9us 9 *aos4 ,e belief to ! contr>y comb9es pessimism reg>d+ ! actual ) an ev5 m optimi/ic fai? 9 "s natural h>mony or o!r--a fai? :i* is a survival ( "s ( ! traditional metaphysics & !ologies :i* pr(ess$ly are to be swept away4 ,n conv5tion b /upid & rigid conv5tion is ! foe4 ,&1 z we h not$1 a conv5tion c be reorganiz$ & made mobile only by us+ "s o!r cu/om = giv+ lev]age to an impulse4 ,yet x is too easy to utt] commonplaces ab\t ! sup]iority ( con/ructive action to de/ructive4 ,at all ev5ts ! pr(ess$ cons]vative & classici/ ( tradition seeks too *eap a victory ov] ! rebel4 ,= ! rebel is n self-g5]at$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ no "o is a revolutioni/ simply = ! fun ( x1 h[ev] x may be aft] ! furor ( de/ructive p[] gets "u way4 ,! rebel is ! product ( extreme fixation & un9tellig5t immobilities4 ,life is p]petuat$ only by r5ewal4 ,if conditions d n p]mit r5ewal to take place cont9u\sly x w take place explosively4 ,! co/ ( revolutions mu/ be *>g$ up to ^? :o h tak5 = _! aim arre/ ( cu/om in/ead ( its readju/m5t4 ,! only ones :o h ! "r to criticize radicals--adopt+ = ! mom5t t p]v]sion ( language :i* id5tifies ! radical ) ! de/ructive rebel--are ^? :o put z mu* ef=t into recon/ruction z ! rebels are putt+ into de/ruction4 ,! prim>y accusation aga9/ ! revolution>y mu/ be direct$ aga9/ ^? :o hav+ p[] refuse to use x = ameliorations4 ,!y are ! ones :o accumulate ! wra? t sweeps away cu/oms & in/itutions 9 an undiscrim9at+ avalan*e4 ,too (t5 ! man :o %\ld be criticiz+ in/itutions exp5ds 8 en]gy 9 criticiz+ ^? :o w\ld re-=m !m4 ,:at he really objects to is any di/urbance ( 8 own ve/$ securities1 com=ts & privileg$ p[]s4 ,,vii ,we return to ! orig9al proposition4 ,! position ( impulse 9 conduct is int]m$i>y4 ,morality is an endeavor to f9d = ! manife/ation ( impulse 9 special situations an (fice ( refre%m5t & r5ewal4 ,! endeavor is n easy ( accompli%m5t4 ,x is easi] to surr5d] ! ma9 & public *annels ( action & belief to ! sluggi%ness ( cu/om1 & idealize tradition by emotional atta*m5t to its ease1 com=ts & privileges in/ead ( idealiz+ x 9 practice by mak+ x m equably balanc$ ) pres5t ne$s4 ,aga91 impulses n us$ = ! "w ( rejuv5ation & vital recov]y are sidetrack$ to f9d _! own lawless b>b>ities or _! own s5tim5tal ref9em5ts4 ,or !y are p]v]t$ to pa?ological c>e]s--"s ( :i* h be5 m5tion$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t cu/om becomes intol]able because ( :at x suppresses & "s accid5t ( w> or inn] cata/rophe releases impulses = unre/ra9$ expression4 ,at su* times we h philosophies :i* id5tify progress ) motion1 bl9d spontaneity ) fre$om1 & :i* "u ! "n ( ! sacr$ness ( individuality or a return to ! norms ( nature make impulse a law unto itself4 ,! oscillation betwe5 impulse arre/$ & froz5 9 rigid cu/om & impulse isolat$ & undirect$ is se5 mo/ conspicu\sly :5 epo*s ( cons]vatism & revolution>y ardor alt]nate4 ,b ! same ph5om5on is repeat$ on a small] scale 9 individuals4 ,& 9 society ! two t5d5cies & philosophies exi/ simultane\sly2 !y wa/e 9 controv]sial /rife ! en]gy t is ne$$ = specific criticism & specific recon/ruction4 ,! release ( "s portion ( ! /ock ( impulses is an opportunity1 n an end4 ,9 its orig9 x is ! product ( *ance2 b x af=ds imag9ation & inv5tion _! *ance4 ,! moral correlate ( lib]at$ impulse is n imm$iate activity1 b reflection ^u ! way 9 :i* to use impulse to r5ew disposition & reorganize habit4 ,escape f ! clut* ( cu/om gives an opportunity to d old ?+s 9 new ways1 & ?us to con/ruct new ends & means4 ,brea* 9 ! cru/ ( ! cake ( cu/om releases impulses2 b x is ! "w ( intellig5ce to f9d ! ways ( us+ !m4 ,!re is an alt]native betwe5 an*or+ a boat 9 ! h>bor till x becomes a rott+ hulk & lett+ x loose to be ! sport ( e contr>y gu/4 ,to discov] & def9e ?is alt]native is ! bus9ess ( m9d1 ( obs]vant1 rememb]+1 contriv+ disposition4 ,habit z a vital art dep5ds ^u ! animation ( habit by impulse2 only ?is inspirit+ /&s betwe5 habit & /agnation4 ,b art1 little z well z great1 anonym\s z well z t di/+ui%$ by titles ( dignity1 _c be improvis$4 ,x is impossible )\t spontaneity1 b x is n spontaneity4 ,impulse is ne$$ to ar\se ?\ght1 incite reflection & enliv5 belief4 ,b only ?\ght notes ob/ructions1 inv5ts tools1 conceives aims1 directs te*nique1 & ?us conv]ts impulse into an art :i* lives 9 objects4 ,?\ght is born z ! tw9 ( impulse 9 e mom5t ( imp$$ habit4 ,b unless x is nurtur$1 x spe$ily dies1 & habit & in/9ct cont9ue _! civil w>f>e4 ,!re is in/9ctive wisdom 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! "y to ignore ! limitations ( ! environm5t4 ,only ?us c !y discov] _! own p[] & le>n ! diff]5ces 9 diff]5t k9ds ( environ+ limitations4 ,b ?is discov]y :5 once made m>ks ! bir? ( intellig5ce2 & ) its bir? comes ! responsibility ( ! mature to obs]ve1 to recall1 to =eca/4 ,e moral life has its radicalism2 b ?is radical factor does n f9d its full expression 9 direct action b 9 ! c\rage ( intellig5ce to g deep] ?an ei!r tradition or imm$iate impulse goes4 ,to ! /udy ( intellig5ce 9 action we n[ turn our att5tion4 ,,"p ,,?ree ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,9 ,,conduct ,i ,9 discuss+ habit & impulse we h repeat$ly met topics :]e ref]5ce to ! "w ( ?\ght 0 imp]ative4 ,explicit consid]ation ( ! place & (fice ( intellig5ce 9 conduct c h>dly beg9 o!rwise ?an by ga!r+ toge!r ^! incid5tal ref]5ces & reaffirm+ _! significance4 ,! /imulation ( reflective imag9ation by impulse1 its dep5d5ce ^u e/abli%$ habits1 & its effect 9 trans=m+ habit & regulat+ impulse =ms1 accord+ly1 our fir/ !me4 ,habits are conditions ( intellectual effici5cy4 ,!y op]ate 9 two ways ^u intellect4 ,obvi\sly1 !y re/rict its rea*1 !y fix its b\nd>ies4 ,!y are bl9d]s t conf9e ! eyes ( m9d to ! road ahead4 ,!y prev5t ?\ght f /ray+ away f its imm95t occupation to a l&scape m v>i$ & picturesque b irrelevant to practice4 ,outside ! scope ( habits1 ?\ght works grop+ly1 fumbl+ 9 confus$ unc]ta9ty2 & yet habit made complete 9 r\t9e %uts 9 ?\ght s effectually t x is no long] ne$$ or possible4 ,! r\t9e]'s road is a dit* out ( :i* he _c get1 ^: sides enclose him1 direct+ 8 c\rse s ?or\ghly t he no long] ?9ks ( 8 pa? or 8 de/9ation4 ,all habit-=m+ involves ! beg9n+ ( an intellectual specialization :i* if un*eck$ ends 9 ?\ghtless action4 ,significantly en\gh ?is fullbl[n result is call$ abs5tm9d$ness4 ,/imulus & response are me*anically l9k$ toge!r 9 an unbrok5 *a94 ,ea* successive act facilely evok$ by its pr$ecessor pu%es u automatically into ! next act ( a pr$et]m9$ s]ies4 ,only a signal flag ( di/ress recalls consci\sness to ! task ( c>ry+ on4 ,=tunately nature :i* beckons u to ?is pa? ( lea/ resi/ance also puts ob/acles 9 ! way ( our complete acceptance ( its invitation4 ,success 9 a*iev+ a ru?less & dull effici5cy ( action is ?w>t$ by unt[>d circum/ance4 ,! mo/ skilful aptitude bumps at times into ! unexpect$1 & s gets into tr\ble f :i* only obs]vation & inv5tion extricate x4 ,effici5cy 9 foll[+ a beat5 pa? has !n to be conv]t$ into break+ a new road ?r\gh /range l&s4 ,nev]!less :at 9 effect is love ( ease has masqu]ad$ morally z love ( p]fection4 ,a goal ( f9i%$ accompli%m5t has be5 set up :i* if x 7 atta9$ w\ld mean only m9dless action4 ,x has be5 call$ complete & free activity :5 9 tru? x is only a treadmill activity or m>*+ 9 "o place4 ,! practical impossibility ( rea*+1 9 an all ar\nd way & all at once su* a p]fection has be5 recogniz$4 ,b su* a goal has nev]!less be5 conceiv$ z ! ideal1 & progress has be5 def9$ z approximation to x4 ,"u div]se intellectual skies ! ideal has assum$ div]se =ms & colors4 ,b all ( !m h involv$ ! conception ( a complet$ activity1 a /atic p]fection4 ,desire & ne$ h be5 treat$ z signs ( defici5cy1 & endeavor z pro( n ( p[] b ( incompletion4 ,9 ,ari/otle ?is conception ( an end :i* exhau/s all realization & excludes all pot5tiality appe>s z a def9ition ( ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,x ( necessity excludes all want & /ruggle & all dep5d5cies4 ,x is nei!r practical nor social4 ,no?+ is left b a self-revolv+1 self-suffic+ ?\ght engag$ 9 contemplat+ its own suffici5cy4 ,"s =ms ( ,ori5tal morals h unit$ ?is logic ) a pr(\nd] psy*ology1 & h se5 t ! f9al t]m9us on ?is road is ,nirvana1 an oblit]ation ( all ?\ght & desire4 ,9 m$ieval sci5ce1 ! ideal reappe>$ z a def9ition ( heav5ly bliss accessible only to a r$eem$ immortal s\l4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is f> en\gh away f ,ari/otle1 m$ieval ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism2 b ! idea re-em]ges 9 8 conception ( a goal ( evolution 9 :i* adaptation ( organism to environm5t is complete & f9al4 ,9 popul> ?\ght1 ! conception lives 9 ! vague ?\ght ( a remote /ate ( atta9m5t 9 :i* we %all be beyond temptation1 & 9 :i* virtue by its own in]tia w p]si/ z a triumphant consummation4 ,ev5 ,kant :o beg9s ) a complete scorn = happ9ess ends ) an ideal ( ! et]nal & undi/urb$ union ( virtue & joy1 ?\gh 9 8 case no?+ b a symbolic approximation is admitt$ to be feasible4 ,! fallacy 9 ^! v]sions ( ! same idea is p]haps ! mo/ p]vasive ( all fallacies 9 philosophy4 ,s common is x t "o que/ions :e!r x might n be call$ ! philosophical fallacy4 ,x consi/s 9 ! supposition t :atev] is f\nd true "u c]ta9 conditions may =?) be ass]t$ univ]sally or )\t limits & conditions4 ,because a ?ir/y man gets satisfaction 9 dr9k+ wat]1 bliss consi/s 9 be+ dr[n$4 ,because ! success ( any p>ticul> /ruggle is measur$ by rea*+ a po9t ( frictionless action1 !re=e !re is su* a ?+ z an all-inclusive end ( ef=tless smoo? activity endlessly ma9ta9$4 ,x is =gott5 t success is success ( a specific ef=t1 & satisfaction ! fulfilm5t ( a specific dem&1 s t success & satisfaction become mean+less :5 sev]$ f ! wants & /ruggles ^: consummations !y are1 or :5 tak5 univ]sally4 ,! philosophy ( ,nirvana comes ! close/ to admission ( ?is fact1 b ev5 x holds ,nirvana to be desirable4 ,habit is h[ev] m ?an a re/riction ( ?\ght4 ,habits become negative limits because !y are fir/ positive ag5cies4 ,! m num]\s our habits ! wid] ! field ( possible obs]vation & =etell+4 ,! m flexible !y are1 ! m ref9$ is p]ception 9 its discrim9ation & ! m delicate ! pres5tation evok$ by imag9ation4 ,! sailor is intellectually at home on ! sea1 ! hunt] 9 ! =e/1 ! pa9t] 9 8 /udio1 ! man ( sci5ce 9 8 laboratory4 ,^! commonplaces are univ]sally recogniz$ 9 ! concrete2 b _! significance is obscur$ & _! tru? d5i$ 9 ! curr5t g5]al !ory ( m9d4 ,= !y mean no?+ m or less ?an t habits =m$ 9 process ( ex]cis+ biological aptitudes are ! sole ag5ts ( obs]vation1 recollection1 =esight & judgm5t3 a m9d or consci\sness or s\l 9 g5]al :i* p]=ms ^! op]ations is a my?4 ,! doctr9e ( a s+le1 simple & indissoluble s\l 0 ! cause & ! effect ( failure to recognize t concrete habits are ! means ( k & ?\ght4 ,_m :o ?9k !mselves sci5tifically emancipat$ & :o freely adv]tise ! s\l = a sup]/ition1 p]petuate a false notion ( :at kn[s1 t is1 ( a sep>ate kn[]4 ,n[adays !y usually fix ^u consci\sness 9 g5]al1 z a /ream or process or entity2 or else1 m specifically ^u s5sations & images z ! tools ( intellect4 ,or sometimes !y ?9k !y h scal$ ! la/ heights ( realism by adv]t+ gr&iosely to a =mal kn[] 9 g5]al :o s]ves z "o t]m 9 ! kn[+ relation2 by dismiss+ psy*ology z irrelevant to k & logic1 !y ?9k to conceal ! psy*ological mon/] !y h conjur$ up4 ,n[ x is dogmatically /at$ t no su* conceptions ( ! seat1 ag5t or vehicle w g psy*ologically at ! pres5t "t4 ,concrete habits d all ! p]ceiv+1 recogniz+1 imag9+1 recall+1 judg+1 conceiv+ & reason+ t is done4 ,consci\sness1 :e!r z a /ream or z special s5sations & images1 expresses functions ( habits1 ph5om5a ( _! =mation1 op]ation1 _! int]ruption & reorganization4 ,yet habit does n1 ( itself1 "k1 = x does n ( itself /op to ?9k1 obs]ve or rememb]4 ,nei!r does impulse ( itself engage 9 reflection or contemplation4 ,x j lets g4 ,habits by !mselves are too organiz$1 too insi/5t & det]m9ate to ne$ to indulge 9 inquiry or imag9ation4 ,& impulses are too *aotic1 tumultu\s & confus$ to be able to "k ev5 if !y want$ to4 ,habit z su* is too def9itely adapt$ to an environm5t to survey or analyze x1 & impulse is too indet]m9ately relat$ to ! environm5t to be capable ( report+ any?+ ab\t x4 ,habit incorporates1 enacts or ov]rides objects1 b x doesn't "k !m4 ,impulse scatt]s & oblit]ates !m ) its re/less /ir4 ,a c]ta9 delicate comb9ation ( habit & impulse is requisite = obs]vation1 memory & judgm5t4 ,k :i* is n project$ aga9/ ! black unkn[n lives 9 ! muscles1 n 9 consci\sness4 ,we may1 inde$1 be said to "k h[ by means ( our habits4 ,& a s5sible intimation ( ! practical function ( k has l$ m5 to id5tify all acquir$ practical skill1 or ev5 ! in/9ct ( animals1 ) k4 ,we walk & read al\d1 we get (f & on /reet c>s1 we dress & undress1 & d a ?\s& useful acts )\t ?9k+ ( !m4 ,we "k some?+1 namely1 h[ to d !m4 ,b]gson's philosophy ( intuition is h>dly m ?an an elaborately docum5t$ comm5t>y on ! popul> conception t by in/9ct a bird kn[s h[ to build a ne/ & a spid] to weave a web4 ,b aft] all1 ?is practical "w done by habit & in/9ct 9 secur+ prompt & exact adju/m5t to ! environm5t is n k1 except by c\rtesy4 ,or1 if we *oose to call x k--& no "o has ! "r to issue an ukase to ! contr>y--!n o!r ?+s also call$ k1 k ( & ab\t ?+s1 k t ?+s are ?us & s1 k t involves reflection & consci\s appreciation1 rema9s ( a diff]5t sort1 unacc\nt$ = & undescrib$4 ,= x is a commonplace t ! m suavely effici5t a habit ! m unconsci\sly x op]ates4 ,only a hit* 9 its work+s occasions emotion & provokes ?\ght4 ,c>lyle & ,r\sseau1 ho/ile 9 temp]am5t & outlook1 yet agree 9 look+ at consci\sness z a k9d ( disease1 s9ce we h no consci\sness ( bodily or m5tal organs z long z !y "w at ease 9 p]fect heal?4 ,! idea ( disease is1 h[ev]1 aside f ! po9t1 unless we are pessimi/ic en\gh to reg>d e slip 9 total adju/m5t ( a p]son to its surr\nd+s z some?+ abnormal--a po9t ( view :i* once m w\ld id5tify well-be+ ) p]fect automatism4 ,! tru? is t 9 e wak+ mom5t1 ! complete balance ( ! organism & its environm5t is con/antly int]f]$ ) & z con/antly re/or$4 ,h5ce ! /ream ( consci\sness 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> t phase ( x celebrat$ by ,william ,james z alt]nation ( flights & p]*+s4 ,life is int]ruptions & recov]ies4 ,cont9u\s int]ruption is n possible 9 ! activities ( an individual4 ,abs5ce ( p]fect equilibrium is n equival5t to a complete cru%+ ( organiz$ activity4 ,:5 ! di/urbance am\nts to su* a pit* z t1 ! self goes to pieces4 ,x is l %ell-%ock4 ,normally1 ! environm5t rema9s suffici5tly 9 h>mony ) ! body ( organiz$ activities to su/a9 mo/ ( !m 9 active function4 ,b a novel factor 9 ! surr\nd+s releases "s impulse :i* t5ds to initiate a diff]5t & incompatible activity1 to br+ ab\t a r$i/ribution ( ! elem5ts ( organiz$ activity betwe5 ^? h be5 respectively c5tral & subsidi>y4 ,?us ! h& guid$ by ! eye moves t[>d a surface4 ,visual quality is ! dom9ant elem5t4 ,! h& comes 9 contact ) an object4 ,! eye does n cease to op]ate b "s unexpect$ quality ( t\*1 a voluptu\s smoo?ness or annoy+ heat1 compels a readju/m5t 9 :i* ! t\*+1 h&l+ activity /rives to dom9ate ! action4 ,n[ at ^! mom5ts ( a %ift+ 9 activity consci\s feel+ & ?\ght arise & are acc5tuat$4 ,! di/urb$ adju/m5t ( organism & environm5t is reflect$ 9 a tempor>y /rife :i* concludes 9 a com+ to t]ms ( ! old habit & ! new impulse4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( r$i/ribution impulse det]m9es ! direction ( movem5t4 ,x furni%es ! focus ab\t :i* reorganization swirls4 ,our att5tion 9 %ort is always direct$ =w>d to br+ to notice some?+ :i* is imm95t b :i* z yet escapes u4 ,impulse def9es ! pe]+1 ! se>*1 ! inquiry4 ,x is1 9 logical language1 ! movem5t into ! unkn[n1 n into ! imm5se inane ( ! unkn[n at l>ge1 b into t special unkn[n :i* :5 x is hit ^u re/ores an ord]$1 unifi$ action4 ,dur+ ?is se>*1 old habit supplies cont5t1 fill+1 def9ite1 recognizable1 subject-matt]4 ,x beg9s z vague pres5tim5t ( :at we are go+ t[>ds4 ,z organiz$ habits are def9itely deploy$ & focus$1 ! confus$ situation takes on =m1 x is cle>$ up--! ess5tial function ( intellig5ce4 ,processes become objects4 ,)\t habit !re is only irritation & confus$ hesitation4 ,) habit alone !re is a ma*9e-l repetition1 a duplicat+ recurr5ce ( old acts4 ,) conflict ( habits & release ( impulse !re is consci\s se>*4 ,,ii ,we are go+ f> afield f any direct moral issue4 ,b ! problem ( ! place ( k & judgm5t 9 conduct dep5ds ^u gett+ ! fundam5tal psy*ology ( ?\ght /raight5$ out4 ,s ! excursion mu/ be cont9u$4 ,we comp>e life to a travel] f>+ =?4 ,we may consid] him fir/ at a mom5t :]e 8 activity is confid5t1 /raight=w>d1 organiz$4 ,he m>*es on giv+ no direct att5tion to 8 pa?1 nor ?9k+ ( 8 de/9ation4 ,abruptly he is pull$ up1 arre/$4 ,some?+ is go+ wrong 9 8 activity4 ,f ! /&po9t ( an onlook]1 he has met an ob/acle :i* mu/ be ov]come be=e 8 behavior c be unifi$ into a successful ongo+4 ,f 8 own /&po9t1 !re is %ock1 confusion1 p]turbation1 unc]ta9ty4 ,= ! mom5t he doesn't "k :at hit him1 z we say1 nor :]e he is go+4 ,b a new impulse is /irr$ :i* becomes ! />t+ po9t ( an inve/igation1 a look+ into ?+s1 a try+ to see !m1 to f9d out :at is go+ on4 ,habits :i* 7 int]f]$ ) beg9 to get a new direction z !y clu/] ab\t ! impulse to look & see4 ,! block$ habits ( locomotion give him a s5se ( :]e he 0 go+1 ( :at he _h set out to d1 & ( ! gr\nd already trav]s$4 ,z he looks1 he sees def9ite ?+s :i* are n j ?+s at l>ge b :i* are relat$ to 8 c\rse ( action4 ,! mom5tum ( ! activity ent]$ ^u p]si/s z a s5se ( direction1 ( aim2 x is an anticipatory project4 ,9 %ort1 he recollects1 obs]ves & plans4 ,! tr9ity ( ^! =eca/s1 p]ceptions & remembrances =m a subject-matt] ( discrim9at$ & id5tifi$ objects4 ,^! objects repres5t habits turn$ inside out4 ,!y exhibit bo? ! onw>d t5d5cy ( habit & ! objective conditions :i* h be5 incorporat$ )9 x4 ,s5sations 9 imm$iate consci\sness are elem5ts ( action dislocat$ ?r\gh ! %ock ( int]ruption4 ,!y nev]1 h[ev]1 completely monopolize ! sc5e2 = !re is a body ( residual undi/urb$ habits :i* is reflect$ 9 rememb]$ & p]ceiv$ objects hav+ a mean+4 ,?us out ( %ock & puzzlem5t !re gradually em]ges a figur$ framework ( objects1 pa/1 pres5t1 future4 ,^! %ade (f v>i\sly into a va/ p5umbra ( vague1 unfigur$ ?+s1 a sett+ :i* is tak5 = grant$ & n at all explicitly pres5t$4 ,! complexity ( ! figur$ sc5e 9 its scope & ref9em5t ( cont5ts dep5ds :olly ^u prior habits & _! organization4 ,! reason a baby c "k little & an exp]i5c$ adult "k mu* :5 confront+ ! same ?+s is n because ! latt] has a m9d :i* ! =m] has n1 b because "o has already =m$ habits :i* ! o!r has /ill to acquire4 ,! sci5tific man & ! philosoph] l ! c>p5t]1 ! physician & politician "k ) _! habits n ) _! consci\sness4 ,! latt] is ev5tual1 n a s\rce4 ,its occurr5ce m>ks a peculi>ly delicate connection betwe5 highly organiz$ habits & unorganiz$ impulses4 ,its cont5ts or objects1 obs]v$1 recollect$1 project$ & g5]aliz$ into pr9ciples1 repres5t ! incorporat$ mat]ial ( habits com+ to ! surface1 because habits are dis9tegrat+ at ! t\* ( conflict+ impulses4 ,b !y also ga!r !mselves toge!r to compreh5d impulse & make x effective4 ,?is acc\nt is m or less /range z psy*ology b c]ta9 aspects ( x are commonplaces 9 a /atic logical =mulation4 ,x is1 = example1 almo/ a truism t k is bo? syn!tic & analytic2 a set ( discrim9at$ elem5ts connect$ by relations4 ,?is comb9ation ( opposite factors ( unity & diff]5ce1 elem5ts & relations1 has be5 a /&+ p>adox & my/]y ( ! !ory ( k4 ,x w rema9 s until we connect ! !ory ( k ) an empirically v]ifiable !ory ( behavior4 ,! /eps ( ?is connection h be5 sket*$ & we may enum]ate !m4 ,we "k at su* times z habits are imp$$1 :5 a conflict is set up 9 :i* impulse is releas$4 ,s f> z ?is impulse sets up a def9ite =w>d t5d5cy x con/itutes ! =w>d1 prospective "* ( k4 ,9 ?is phase unity or syn!sis is f\nd4 ,we are /riv+ to unify our responses1 to a*ieve a consi/5t environm5t :i* w re/ore unity ( conduct4 ,unity1 relations1 are prospective2 !y m>k out l9es conv]g+ to a focus4 ,!y are ideal4 ,b :at we "k1 ! objects t pres5t !mselves ) def9it5ess & assurance1 are retrospective2 !y are ! conditions :i* h be5 ma/]$1 incorporat$ 9 ! pa/4 ,!y are elem5ts1 discrim9at$1 analytic j because old habits s f> z !y are *eck$ are also brok5 into objects :i* def9e ! ob/ruction ( ongo+ activity4 ,!y are real1 n ideal4 ,unity is some?+ s\ght2 split1 division is some?+ giv51 at h&4 ,7 we to c>ry ! same psy*ology into detail we %\ld come ^u ! explanation ( p]ceiv$ p>ticul>s & conceiv$ univ]sals1 ( ! relation ( discov]y & pro(1 induction & d$uction1 ! discrete & ! cont9u\s4 ,any?+ approa*+ an adequate discussion is too te*nical to be "h 9 place4 ,b ! ma9 po9t1 h[ev] te*nical & ab/ract x may be 9 /atem5t1 is ( f> rea*+ importance = ev]y?+ conc]n$ ) moral beliefs1 consci5ce & judgm5ts ( "r & wrong4 ,! mo/ g5]al1 if vague/ issue1 conc]ns ! nature ( ! organ ( moral k4 ,z long z k 9 g5]al is ?\ght to be ! "w ( a special ag5t1 :e!r s\l1 consci\sness1 intellect or a kn[] 9 g5]al1 !re is a logical propulsion t[>ds po/ulat+ a special ag5t = k ( moral di/9ctions4 ,consci\sness & consci5ce h m ?an a v]bal connection4 ,if ! =m] is some?+ 9 itself1 a seat or p[] :i* antec$es intellectual functions1 :y %\ld n ! latt] be also a unique faculty ) its own sep>ate jurisdiction8 ,if reason 9 g5]al is indep5d5t ( empirically v]ifiable realities ( human nature1 su* z in/9cts & organiz$ habits1 :y %\ld !re n also exi/ a moral or practical reason indep5d5t ( natural op]ations8 ,on ! o!r h& if x is recogniz$ t kn[+ is c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! m$ium ( natural factors1 ! assumption ( special ag5cies = moral kn[+ becomes outlaw$ & incr$ible4 ,n[ ! matt] ( ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( su* special ag5cies is no te*nically remote matt]4 ,! belief 9 a sep>ate organ involves belief 9 a sep>ate & indep5d5t subject-matt]4 ,! "q fundam5tally at issue is no?+ m or less ?an :e!r moral values1 regulations1 pr9ciples & objects =m a sep>ate & indep5d5t doma9 or :e!r !y are "p & p>cel ( a normal developm5t ( a life process4 ,^! consid]ations expla9 :y ! d5ial ( a sep>ate organ ( k1 ( a sep>ate in/9ct or impulse t[>d kn[+1 is n ! wilful phili/9ism x is sometimes alleg$ to be4 ,!re is ( c\rse a s5se 9 :i* !re is a di/9ctive impulse1 or r habitual disposition1 to "k4 ,b 9 ! same s5se !re is an impulse to aviate1 to run a typewrit] or write /ories = magaz9es4 ,"s activities result 9 k1 z o!rs result 9 ^! o!r ?+s4 ,! result may be s important z to induce di/9ctive att5tion to ! activities 9 ord] to fo/] !m4 ,f an incid5t1 almo/ a by-product1 atta9m5t ( tru?1 physical1 social1 moral1 may become ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( "s activities4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 !y become trans=m$4 ,kn[+ is !n a di/9ctive activity1 ) its own ends & its peculi>ly adapt$ processes4 ,all ?is is a matt] ( c\rse4 ,hav+ hit ^u k accid5tally1 z x 71 & ! product be+ lik$ & its importance not$1 k-gett+ becomes1 ^u occasion1 a def9ite occupation4 ,& education confirms ! disposition1 z x may confirm t ( a musician or c>p5t] or t5nis-play]4 ,b !re is no m an orig9al sep>ate impulse or p[] 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,e habit is impulsive1 t is projective1 urg5t1 & ! habit ( kn[+ is no exception4 ,! reason = insi/+ on ?is fact is n failure to appreciate ! di/9ctive value ( k :5 once x comes into exi/5ce4 ,?is value is s imm5se x may be call$ unique4 ,! aim ( ! discussion is n to subord9ate kn[+ to "s h>d1 prosaic utilit>ian end4 ,! reason = insi/5ce ^u ! d]ivative position ( kn[+ 9 activity1 roots 9 a s5se = fact1 & 9 a realization t ! doctr9e ( a sep>ate orig9al p[] & impulse ( k cuts k (f f o!r phases ( human nature1 & results 9 its non-natural treatm5t4 ,! isolation ( intellectual disposition f concrete empirical facts ( biological impulse & habit-=mation entails a d5ial ( ! cont9uity ( m9d ) nature4 ,ari/otle ass]t$ t ! faculty ( pure kn[+ ent]s a man f )\t z ?r\gh a door4 ,_m s9ce 8 day h ass]t$ t kn[+ & do+ h no intr9sic connection ) ea* o!r4 ,reason is ass]t$ to h no responsibility to exp]i5ce2 consci5ce is said to be a sublime oracle indep5d5t ( education & social influ5ces4 ,all ( ^! views foll[ naturally f a failure to recognize t all kn[+1 judgm5t1 belief repres5t an acquir$ result ( ! work+s ( natural impulses 9 connection ) environm5t4 ,^u ! e?ical side1 z has be5 intimat$1 ! matt] at issue conc]ns ! nature ( consci5ce4 ,consci5ce has be5 ass]t$ by or?odox morali/s to be unique 9 orig9 & subject-matt]4 ,! same view is embodi$ by implication 9 all ^? popul> me?ods ( moral tra9+ :i* attempt to fix rigid au?oritative notions ( "r & wrong by disconnect+ moral judgm5ts f ! aids & te/s :i* are us$ 9 o!r =ms ( k4 ,?us x has be5 ass]t$ t consci5ce is an orig9al faculty ( illum9ation :i* 7if x has n be5 dimm$ by indulg5ce 9 s97 %9es ^u moral tru?s & objects & reveals !m )\t ef=t = precisely :at !y are4 ,^? :o hold ?is view diff] enorm\sly among !mselves z to ! nature ( ! objects ( consci5ce4 ,"s hold !m to be g5]al pr9ciples1 o!rs individual acts1 o!rs ! ord] ( wor? among motives1 o!rs ! s5se ( duty 9 g5]al1 o!rs ! unqualifi$ au?ority ( "r4 ,/ill o!rs c>ry ! impli$ logic ( au?ority to conclusion1 & id5tify k ( moral tru?s ) a div9e sup]natural revelation ( a code ( comm&m5ts4 ,b among ^! div]sities !re is agreem5t ab\t "o fundam5tal4 ,!re mu/ be a sep>ate non-natural faculty ( moral k because ! ?+s to be kn[n1 ! matt]s ( "r & wrong1 good & evil1 obligation & responsibility1 =m a sep>ate doma91 sep>ate t is f t ( ord9>y action 9 its usual human & social significance4 ,! latt] activities may be prud5tial1 political1 sci5tific1 economic4 ,b1 f ! /&po9t ( ^! !ories1 !y h no moral mean+ until !y are br\ght "u ! purview ( ?is sep>ate unique dep>tm5t ( our nature4 ,x ?us turns out t ! s-call$ intuitional !ories ( moral k conc5trate 9 !mselves all ! ideas :i* are subject to criticism 9 ^! pages3 ,namely1 ! ass]tion t morality is di/9ct 9 orig91 work+ & de/9y f ! natural /ructure & c>e] ( human nature4 ,?is fact is ! excuse1 if excuse be desir$1 = a seem+ly te*nical excursion t l9ks intellectual activity ) ! conjo9t op]ation ( habit & impulse4 ,,iii ,s f> ! discussion has ignor$ ! fact t !re is an influ5tial s*ool ( morali/s 7be/ repres5t$ 9 contempor>y ?\ght by ! utilit>ians7 :i* also insi/s ^u ! natural1 empirical "* ( moral judgm5ts & beliefs4 ,b un=tunately ?is s*ool has foll[$ a false psy*ology2 & has t5d$1 by call+ out a reaction1 actually to /r5g!n ! h&s ( ^? :o p]si/ 9 assign+ to morals a sep>ate doma9 ( action & 9 dem&+ a sep>ate ag5t ( moral k4 ,! ess5tials ( ?is false psy*ology consi/ 9 two traits4 ,! fir/1 t k orig9ates f s5sations 7in/ead ( f habits & impulses72 & ! second1 t judgm5t ab\t good & evil 9 action consi/s 9 calculation ( agreeable & disagreeable consequ5ces1 ( pr(it & loss4 ,x is n surpris+ t ?is view seems to _m to degrade morals1 z well z to be false to facts4 ,if ! logical outcome ( an empirical view ( moral k is t all morality is conc]n$ ) calculat+ :at is exp$i5t1 politic1 prud5t1 measur$ by consequ5ces 9 ! ways ( pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations1 !n1 say morali/s ( ! or?odox s*ool1 we w h naught to d ) su* a sordid view3 ,x is a r$uction to ! absurd ( its premisses4 ,we w h a sep>ate dep>tm5t = morals & a sep>ate organ ( moral k4 ,our fir/ problem is !n to inve/igate ! nature ( ord9>y judgm5ts ^u :at x is be/ or wise to d1 or1 9 ord9>y language1 ! nature ( delib]ation4 ,we beg9 ) a summ>y ass]tion t delib]ation is a dramatic rehe>sal 79 imag9ation7 ( v>i\s compet+ possible l9es ( action4 ,x />ts f ! block+ ( effici5t ov]t action1 due to t conflict ( prior habit & newly releas$ impulse to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,!n ea* habit1 ea* impulse1 involv$ 9 ! tempor>y susp5se ( ov]t action takes its turn 9 be+ tri$ out4 ,delib]ation is an exp]im5t 9 f9d+ out :at ! v>i\s l9es ( possible action are really l4 ,x is an exp]im5t 9 mak+ v>i\s comb9ations ( select$ elem5ts ( habits & impulses1 to see :at ! resultant action w\ld be l if x 7 ent]$ ^u4 ,b ! trial is 9 imag9ation1 n 9 ov]t fact4 ,! exp]im5t is c>ri$ on by t5tative rehe>sals 9 ?\ght :i* d n affect physical facts outside ! body4 ,?\ght runs ahead & =esees outcomes1 & !reby avoids hav+ to await ! in/ruction ( actual failure & disa/]4 ,an act ov]tly tri$ out is irrevocable1 its consequ5ces _c be blott$ out4 ,an act tri$ out 9 imag9ation is n f9al or fatal4 ,x is retrievable4 ,ea* conflict+ habit & impulse takes its turn 9 project+ itself ^u ! scre5 ( imag9ation4 ,x unrolls a picture ( its future hi/ory1 ( ! c>e] x w\ld h if x 7 giv5 head4 ,al?\gh ov]t exhibition is *eck$ by ! pressure ( contr>y propulsive t5d5cies1 ?is v inhibition gives habit a *ance at manife/ation 9 ?\ght4 ,delib]ation means precisely t activity is dis9tegrat$1 & t its v>i\s elem5ts hold "o ano!r up4 ,:ile none has =ce en\gh to become ! c5t] ( a re-direct$ activity1 or to dom9ate a c\rse ( action1 ea* has en\gh p[] to *eck o!rs f ex]cis+ ma/]y4 ,activity does n cease 9 ord] to give way to reflection2 activity is turn$ f execution into intra-organic *annels1 result+ 9 dramatic rehe>sal4 ,if activity 7 directly exhibit$ x w\ld result 9 c]ta9 exp]i5ces1 contacts ) ! environm5t4 ,x w\ld succe$ by mak+ environ+ objects1 ?+s & p]sons1 co-p>tn]s 9 its =w>d movem5t2 or else x w\ld run aga9/ ob/acles & be tr\bl$1 possibly defeat$4 ,^! exp]i5ces ( contact ) objects & _! qualities give mean+1 "*1 to an o!rwise fluid1 unconsci\s activity4 ,we f9d out :at see+ means by ! objects :i* are se54 ,!y con/itute ! significance ( visual activity :i* w\ld o!rwise rema9 a blank4 ,pure activity is = consci\sness pure empt9ess4 ,x acquires a cont5t or fill+ ( mean+s only 9 /atic t]m9i1 :at x comes to re/ 91 or 9 ! ob/acles :i* *eck its onw>d movem5t & deflect x4 ,z has be5 rem>k$1 ! object is t :i* objects4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 a visible c\rse ( conduct & "o propos$ 9 delib]ation4 ,we h no direct consci\sness ( :at we purpose to d4 ,we c judge its nature1 assign its mean+1 only by foll[+ x into ! situations :i!r x leads1 not+ ! objects aga9/ :i* x runs & see+ h[ !y rebuff or unexpect$ly enc\rage x4 ,9 imag9ation z 9 fact we "k a road only by :at we see z we travel on x4 ,moreov] ! objects :i* prick out ! c\rse ( a propos$ act until we c see its design also s]ve to direct ev5tual ov]t activity4 ,e object hit ^u z ! habit trav]ses its imag9>y pa? has a direct effect ^u exi/+ activities4 ,x re9=ces1 inhibits1 r$irects habits already work+ or /irs up o!rs :i* _h n previ\sly actively ent]$ 94 ,9 ?\ght z well z 9 ov]t action1 ! objects exp]i5c$ 9 foll[+ out a c\rse ( action attract1 repel1 satisfy1 annoy1 promote & ret>d4 ,?us delib]ation proce$s4 ,to say t at la/ x ceases is to say t *oice1 decision1 takes place4 ,:at !n is *oice8 ,simply hitt+ 9 imag9ation ^u an object :i* furni%es an adequate /imulus to ! recov]y ( ov]t action4 ,*oice is made z soon z "s habit1 or "s comb9ation ( elem5ts ( habits & impulse1 f9ds a way fully op54 ,!n en]gy is releas$4 ,! m9d is made up1 compos$1 unifi$4 ,z long z delib]ation pictures %oals or rocks or tr\blesome gales z m>k+ ! r\te ( a contemplat$ voyage1 delib]ation goes on4 ,b :5 ! v>i\s factors 9 action fit h>moni\sly toge!r1 :5 imag9ation f9ds no annoy+ h9drance1 :5 !re is a picture ( op5 seas1 fill$ sails & favor+ w9ds1 ! voyage is def9itely ent]$ ^u4 ,?is decisive direction ( action con/itutes *oice4 ,x is a great error to suppose t we h no pref]5ces until !re is a *oice4 ,we are always bias$ be+s1 t5d+ 9 "o direction r ?an ano!r4 ,! occasion ( delib]ation is an excess ( pref]5ces1 n natural apa?y or an abs5ce ( lik+s4 ,we want ?+s t are incompatible ) "o ano!r2 !re=e we h to make a *oice ( :at we really want1 ( ! c\rse ( action1 t is1 :i* mo/ fully releases activities4 ,*oice is n ! em]g5ce ( pref]5ce out ( indiff]5ce4 ,x is ! em]g5ce ( a unifi$ pref]5ce out ( compet+ pref]5ces4 ,biases t _h held "o ano!r 9 *eck n[1 tempor>ily at lea/1 re9=ce "o ano!r1 & con/itute a unifi$ attitude4 ,! mom5t arrives :5 imag9ation pictures an objective consequ5ce ( action :i* supplies an adequate /imulus & releases def9itive action4 ,all delib]ation is a se>* = a way to act1 n = a f9al t]m9us4 ,its (fice is to facilitate /imulation4 ,h5ce !re is reasonable & unreasonable *oice4 ,! object ?\ght ( may simply /imulate "s impulse or habit to a pit* ( int5sity :]e x is tempor>ily irresi/ible4 ,x !n ov]rides all competitors & secures = itself ! sole "r ( way4 ,! object looms l>ge 9 imag9ation2 x swells to fill ! field4 ,x all[s no room = alt]natives2 x absorbs u1 enraptures u1 c>ries u away1 sweeps u (f our feet by its own attractive =ce4 ,!n *oice is arbitr>y1 unreasonable4 ,b ! object ?\ght ( may be "o :i* /imulates by unify+1 h>moniz+1 diff]5t compet+ t5d5cies4 ,x may release an activity 9 :i* all are fulfill$1 n inde$1 9 _! orig9al =m1 b 9 a sublimat$ fa%ion1 t is 9 a way :i* modifies ! orig9al direction ( ea* by r$uc+ x to a compon5t along ) o!rs 9 an action ( trans=m$ quality4 ,no?+ is m extraord9>y ?an ! delicacy1 promptness & +5uity ) :i* delib]ation is capable ( mak+ elim9ations & recomb9ations 9 project+ ! c\rse ( a possible activity4 ,to e %ade ( imag9$ circum/ance !re is a vibrat+ response2 & to e complex situation a s5sitiv5ess z to its integrity1 a feel+ ( :e!r x does ju/ice to all facts1 or ov]rides "s to ! advantage ( o!rs4 ,decision is reasonable :5 delib]ation is s conduct$4 ,!re may be error 9 ! result1 b x comes f lack ( data n f ineptitude 9 h&l+ !m4 ,^! facts give u ! key to ! old controv]sy z to ! respective places ( desire & reason 9 conduct4 ,x is notori\s t "s morali/s h deplor$ ! influ5ce ( desire2 !y h f\nd ! he>t ( /rife betwe5 good & evil 9 ! conflict ( desire ) reason1 9 :i* ! =m] has =ce on its side & ! latt] au?ority4 ,b reasonabl5ess is 9 fact a quality ( an effective relation%ip among desires r ?an a ?+ oppos$ to desire4 ,x signifies ! ord]1 p]spective1 proportion :i* is a*iev$1 dur+ delib]ation1 out ( a div]sity ( e>li] incompatible pref]5ces4 ,*oice is reasonable :5 x induces u to act reasonably2 t is1 ) reg>d to ! claims ( ea* ( ! compet+ habits & impulses4 ,?is implies1 ( c\rse1 ! pres5ce ( a compreh5sive object1 "o :i* coord9ates1 organizes & functions ea* factor ( ! situation :i* gave rise to conflict1 susp5se & delib]ation4 ,?is is z true :5 "s bad impulses & habits ent] 9 z :5 approv$ ones require unification4 ,we h already se5 ! effects ( *ok+ !m (f1 ( ef=ts at direct suppression4 ,bad habits c be subdu$ only by be+ utiliz$ z elem5ts 9 a new1 m g5]\s & compreh5sive s*eme ( action1 & good ones be pres]v$ f rot only by simil> use4 ,! nature ( ! /rife ( reason & passion is well /at$ by ,william ,james4 ,! cue ( passion1 he says 9 effect1 is to keep imag9ation dwell+ ^u ^? objects :i* are cong5ial to x1 :i* fe$ x1 & :i* by fe$+ x int5sify its =ce1 until x cr[ds out all ?\ght ( o!r objects4 ,an impulse or habit :i* is /rongly emotional magnifies all objects t are congru\s ) x & smo!rs ^? :i* are oppos$ :5ev] !y pres5t !mselves4 ,a passionate activity le>ns to "w itself up artificially--z ,oliv] ,cromwell indulg$ 9 fits ( ang] :5 he want$ to d ?+s t 8 consci5ce w\ld n ju/ify4 ,a pres5tim5t is felt t if ! ?\ght ( contr>y objects is all[$ to get a lodgm5t 9 imag9ation1 ^! objects w "w & "w to *ill & freeze out ! ard5t passion ( ! mom5t4 ,! conclusion is n t ! emotional1 passionate phase ( action c be or %\ld be elim9at$ 9 behalf ( a bloodless reason4 ,m passions1 n few]1 is ! answ]4 ,to *eck ! influ5ce ( hate !re mu/ be sympa?y1 :ile to rationalize sympa?y !re are ne$$ emotions ( curiosity1 caution1 respect = ! fre$om ( o!rs--dispositions :i* evoke objects :i* balance ^? call$ up by sympa?y1 & prev5t its deg5]ation into maudl9 s5tim5t & m$dl+ int]f]5ce4 ,rationality1 once m1 is n a =ce to evoke aga9/ impulse & habit4 ,x is ! atta9m5t ( a work+ h>mony among div]se desires4 ,reason z a n\n signifies ! happy coop]ation ( a multitude ( dispositions1 su* z sympa?y1 curiosity1 exploration1 exp]im5tation1 frankness1 pursuit--to foll[ ?+s ?r\gh--circumspection1 to look ab\t at ! context1 etc41 etc4 ,! elaborate sy/ems ( sci5ce are born n ( reason b ( impulses at fir/ slight & flick]+2 impulses to h&le1 move ab\t1 to hunt1 to uncov]1 to mix ?+s sep>at$ & divide ?+s comb9$1 to talk & to li/54 ,me?od is _! effectual organization into cont9u\s dispositions ( inquiry1 developm5t & te/+4 ,x occurs aft] ^! acts & because ( _! consequ5ces4 ,reason1 ! rational attitude1 is ! result+ disposition1 n a ready-made antec$5t :i* c be invok$ at w & set into movem5t4 ,! man :o w\ld intellig5tly cultivate intellig5ce w wid51 n n>r[1 8 life ( /rong impulses :ile aim+ at _! happy co9cid5ce 9 op]ation4 ,! clew ( impulse is1 z we say1 to />t some?+4 ,x is 9 a hurry4 ,x ru%es u (f our feet4 ,x leaves no "t = exam9ation1 memory & =esight4 ,b ! clew ( reason is1 z ! phrase also goes1 to /op & ?9k4 ,=ce1 h[ev]1 is requir$ to /op ! ongo+ ( a habit or impulse4 ,?is is suppli$ by ano!r habit4 ,! result+ p]iod ( delay1 ( susp5d$ & po/pon$ ov]t action1 is ! p]iod 9 :i* activities t are refus$ direct outlet project imag9ative c\nt]p>ts4 ,x signifies1 9 te*nical phrase1 ! m$iation ( impulse4 ,= an isolat$ impulse is imm$iate1 n>r[+ ! _w d[n to ! directly pres5t4 ,v>iety ( compet+ t5d5cies enl>ges ! _w4 ,x br+s a div]sity ( consid]ations be=e ! m9d1 & enables action to take place f9ally 9 view ( an object g5]\sly conceiv$ & delicately ref9$1 compos$ by a long process ( selections & comb9ations4 ,9 popul> phrase1 to be delib]ate is to be sl[1 unhurri$4 ,x takes "t to put objects 9 ord]4 ,!re are h[ev] vices ( reflection z well z ( impulse4 ,we may n look f> en\gh ahead because we are hurri$ into action by /ress ( impulse2 b we may also become ov]9t]e/$ 9 ! delights ( reflection2 we become afraid ( assum+ ! responsibilities ( decisive *oice & action1 & 9 g5]al be sickli$ ov] by a pale ca/ ( ?\ght4 ,we may become s curi\s ab\t remote & ab/ract matt]s t we give only a begrudg$1 impati5t att5tion to ! ?+s "r ab\t u4 ,we may fancy we are glorify+ ! love ( tru? = its own sake :5 we are only indulg+ a pet occupation & slight+ dem&s ( ! imm$iate situation4 ,m5 :o devote !mselves to ?9k+ are likely to be unusually un?9k+ 9 "s respects1 z = example 9 imm$iate p]sonal relation%ips4 ,a man to :om exact s*ol>%ip is an absorb+ pursuit may be m ?an ord9>ily vague 9 ord9>y matt]s4 ,humility & imp>tiality may be %[n 9 a specializ$ field1 & pett9ess & arrogance 9 deal+ ) o!r p]sons4 ,reason is n an antec$5t =ce :i* s]ves z a panacea4 ,x is a labori\s a*ievem5t ( habit ne$+ to be cont9ually work$ ov]4 ,a balanc$ arrangem5t ( propulsive activities manife/$ 9 delib]ation--namely1 reason--dep5ds ^u a s5sitive & proportionate emotional s5sitiv5ess4 ,only a "o-sid$1 ov]-specializ$ emotion leads to ?9k+ ( x z sep>ate f emotion4 ,! traditional association ( ju/ice & reason has good psy*ology back ( x4 ,bo? imply a balanc$ di/ribution ( ?\ght & en]gy4 ,delib]ation is irrational 9 ! degree 9 :i* an end is s fix$1 a passion or int]e/ s absorb+1 t ! =esight ( consequ5ces is w>p$ to include only :at fur!rs execution ( its pr$et]m9$ bias4 ,delib]ation is rational 9 ! degree 9 :i* =e?\ght flexibly remakes old aims & habits1 in/itutes p]ception & love ( new ends & acts4 ,,iv ,we n[ return to a consid]ation ( ! utilit>ian !ory accord+ to :i* delib]ation consi/s 9 calculation ( c\rses ( action on ! basis ( ! pr(it & loss to :i* !y lead4 ,! contra/ ( ?is notion ) fact is obvi\s4 ,! (fice ( delib]ation is n to supply an inducem5t to act by figur+ out :]e ! mo/ advantage is to be procur$4 ,x is to resolve entanglem5ts 9 exi/+ activity1 re/ore cont9uity1 recov] h>mony1 utilize loose impulse & r$irect habit4 ,to ?is end obs]vation ( pres5t conditions1 recollection ( previ\s situations are devot$4 ,delib]ation has its beg9n+ 9 tr\bl$ activity & its conclusion 9 *oice ( a c\rse ( action :i* /raight5s x out4 ,x no m resembles ! ca/+-up ( acc\nts ( pr(it & loss1 pleasures & pa9s1 ?an an actor engag$ 9 drama resembles a cl]k record+ debit & cr$it items 9 8 l$g]4 ,! prim>y fact is t man is a be+ :o responds 9 action to ! /imuli ( ! environm5t4 ,?is fact is complicat$ 9 delib]ation1 b x c]ta9ly is n aboli%$4 ,we cont9ue to react to an object pres5t$ 9 imag9ation z we react to objects pres5t$ 9 obs]vation4 ,! baby does n move to ! "m's brea/ because ( calculation ( ! advantages ( w>m? & food ov] aga9/ ! pa9s ( ef=t4 ,nor does ! mis] seek gold1 nor ! ar*itect /rive to make plans1 nor ! physician to heal1 because ( reckon+s ( comp>ative advantage & disadvantage4 ,habit1 occupation1 furni%es ! necessity ( =w>d action 9 "o case z in/9ct does 9 ! o!r4 ,we d n act f reason+2 b reason+ puts be=e u objects :i* are n directly or s5sibly pres5t1 s t we !n may react directly to ^! objects1 ) av]sion1 attraction1 indiff]5ce or atta*m5t1 precisely z we w\ld to ! same objects if !y 7 physically pres5t4 ,9 ! end x results 9 a case ( direct /imulus & response4 ,9 "o case ! /imulus is pres5t$ at once ?r\gh s5se2 9 ! o!r case1 x is indirectly rea*$ ?r\gh memory & con/ructive imag9ation4 ,b ! matt] ( directness & indirectness conc]ns ! way ! /imulus is rea*$1 n ! way 9 :i* x op]ates4 ,joy & suff]+1 pa9 & pleasure1 ! agreeable & disagreeable1 play _! consid]able rle 9 delib]ation4 ,n1 h[ev]1 by way ( a calculat$ e/imate ( future delights & mis]ies1 b by way ( exp]i5c+ pres5t ones4 ,! reaction ( joy & sorr[1 elation & depression1 is z natural a response to objects pres5t$ 9 imag9ation z to ^? pres5t$ 9 s5se4 ,complac5cy & annoyance foll[ h>d at ! heels ( any object pres5t$ 9 image z !y d ^u its s5su\s exp]i5ce4 ,"s objects :5 ?\ght ( are congru5t to our exi/+ /ate ( activity4 ,!y fit 91 !y are welcome4 ,!y agree1 or are agreeable1 n z matt] ( calculation b z matt] ( exp]i5c$ fact4 ,o!r objects rasp2 !y cut across activity2 !y are tiresome1 hateful1 unwelcome4 ,!y disagree ) ! exi/+ tr5d ( activity1 t is1 !y are disagreeable1 & 9 no o!r way ?an z a bore :o prolongs 8 visit1 a dun we c't pay1 or a pe/if]\s mosquito :o goes on buzz+4 ,we d n ?9k ( future losses & expansions4 ,we ?9k1 ?r\gh imag9ation1 ( objects into :i* 9 ! future "s c\rse ( action w run1 & we are n[ delight$ or depress$1 pleas$ or pa9$ at :at is pres5t$4 ,?is runn+ comm5t>y ( likes & dislikes1 attractions & disda9s1 joys & sorr[s1 reveals to any man :o is intellig5t en\gh to note !m & to /udy _! occasions 8 own "*4 ,x in/ructs him z to ! composition & direction ( ! activities t make him :at he is4 ,to "k :at j>s an activity & :at agrees ) x is to "k some?+ important ab\t t activity & ab\t ourselves4 ,"s "o may ask :at practical diff]5ce x makes :e!r we are influ5c$ by calculation ( future joys & annoyances or by exp]i5ce ( pres5t ones4 ,to su* a "q "o c h>dly reply except 9 ! words ,all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no diff]5ce c be m important ?an t :i* conc]ns ! nature ( ! subject-matt] ( delib]ation4 ,! calculative !ory w\ld h x t ?is subject-matt] is future feel+s1 s5sations1 & t actions & ?\ght are ext]nal means to get & avoid ^! s5sations4 ,if su* a !ory has any practical influ5ce1 x is to advise a p]son to conc5trate ^u 8 own mo/ subjective & private feel+s4 ,x gives him no *oice except betwe5 a sickly introspection & an intricate calculus ( remote1 inaccessible & indet]m9ate results4 ,9 fact1 delib]ation1 z a t5tative try+-out ( v>i\s c\rses ( action1 is outlook+4 ,x flies t[>d & settles ^u objective situations n ^u feel+s4 ,no d\bt we sometimes fall to delib]at+ ^u ! effect ( action ^u our future feel+s1 ?9k+ ( a situation ma9ly ) ref]5ce to ! com=ts & discom=ts x w excite 9 u4 ,b ^! mom5ts are precisely our s5tim5tal mom5ts ( self-pity or self-glorification4 ,!y conduce to morbidity1 sophi/ication1 isolation f o!rs2 :ile fac+ our acts 9 t]ms ( _! objective consequ5ces leads to enlight5m5t & to consid]ation ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ objection !re=e to delib]ation z a calculation ( future feel+s is t1 if x is consi/5tly adh]$ to1 x makes an abnormal case ! /&>d "o4 ,if h[ev] an objective e/imate is attempt$1 ?\ght gets spe$ily lo/ 9 a task impossible ( a*ievem5t4 ,future pleasures & pa9s are influ5c$ by two factors :i* are indep5d5t ( pres5t *oice & ef=t4 ,!y dep5d ^u our own /ate at "s future mom5t & ^u ! surr\nd+ circum/ances ( t mom5t4 ,bo? ( ^! are v>iables :i* *ange indep5d5tly ( pres5t resolve & action4 ,!y are mu* m important det]m9ants ( future s5sations ?an is any?+ :i* c n[ be calculat$4 ,?+s sweet 9 anticipation are bitt] 9 actual ta/e1 ?+s we n[ turn f 9 av]sion are welcome at ano!r mom5t 9 our c>e]4 ,indep5d5tly ( deep *anges 9 "*1 su* z f m]cifulness to call\sness1 f fretfulness to *e]fulness1 !re are unavoidable *anges 9 ! wax+ & wan+ ( activity4 ,a *ild pictures a future ( unlimit$ toys & unre/rict$ sweetmeats4 ,an adult pictures an object z giv+ pleasure :ile he is empty :ile ! ?+ arrives 9 a mom5t ( repletion4 ,a sympa!tic p]son reckons ^u ! utilit>ian basis ! pa9s ( o!rs z a debit item 9 8 calculations4 ,b :y n h>d5 himself s t o!rs' suff]+s won't c\nt8 ,:y n fo/] an arrogant cruelty s t ! suff]+ ( o!rs :i* w foll[ f "o's own action w fall on ! cr$it side ( ! reckon+1 be pleasurable1 all to ! good8 ,future pleasures & pa9s1 ev5 ( "o's own1 are among ! ?+s mo/ elusive ( calculation4 ,( all ?+s !y l5d !mselves lea/ readily to any?+ approa*+ a ma!matical calculus4 ,& ! fur!r into ! future we ext5d our view1 & ! m ! pleasures ( o!rs ent] into ! acc\nt1 ! m hopeless does ! problem ( e/imat+ future consequ5ces become4 ,all ( ! elem5ts become m & m indet]m9ate4 ,ev5 if "o c\ld =m a fairly accurate picture ( ! ?+s t give pleasure to mo/ p at ! pres5t mom5t--an exce$+ly difficult task--he _c =esee ! detail$ circum/ances :i* w give a decisive turn to enjoym5t at future times & remote places4 ,d pleasures due to defective education or unref9$ disposition1 to say no?+ ( ! pleasures ( s5suality & brutality1 rank ! same z ^? ( cultivat$ p]sons hav+ acute social s5sitiv5ess8 ,! only reason ! impossibility ( ! h$oni/ic calculus is n self-evid5t is t !ori/s 9 consid]+ x unconsci\sly sub/itute = calculation ( future pleasures an appreciation ( pres5t ones1 a pres5t realization 9 imag9ation ( future objective situations4 ,=1 9 tru?1 a man's judgm5t ( future joys & sorr[s is b a projection ( :at n[ satisfies & annoys him4 ,a man ( consid]ate disposition n[ feels hurt at ! ?\ght ( an act br++ h>m to o!rs1 & s he is on ! look\t = consequ5ces ( t sort1 rank+ !m z ( high importance4 ,he may ev5 be s abnormally s5sitive to su* consequ5ces t he is held back f ne$$ vigor\s action4 ,he fe>s to d ! ?+s :i* are = ! real welf>e ( o!rs because he %r9ks f ! ?\ght ( ! pa9 to be inflict$ ^u !m by ne$$ measures4 ,a man ( an executive type1 engross$ 9 c>ry+ ?r\gh a s*eme1 w react 9 pres5t emotion to ev]y?+ conc]n$ ) its ext]nal success2 ! pa9 its execution br+s to o!rs w n occur to him1 or if x does1 8 m9d w easily glide ov] x4 ,?is sort ( consequ5ce w seem to him ( slight importance 9 comp>ison ) ! comm]cial or political *anges :i* bulk 9 8 plans4 ,:at a man =esees & fails to =esee1 :at he appraises highly & at a l[ rate1 :at he deems important & trivial1 :at he dwells ^u & :at he slurs ov]1 :at he easily recalls & :at he naturally =gets--all ( ^! ?+s dep5d ^u 8 "*4 ,8 e/imate ( future consequ5ces ( ! agreeable & annoy+ is consequ5tly ( mu* great] value z an index ( :at he n[ is ?an z a pr$iction ( future results4 ,"o has only to read betwe5 ! l9es to see ! enorm\s diff]5ce t m>ks (f mod]n utilit>ianism f epicureanism1 9 spite ( simil>ities 9 pr(ess$ psy*ologies4 ,epicureanism is too worldly-wise to indulge 9 attempts to base pres5t action ^u prec>i\s e/imates ( future & univ]sal pleasures & pa9s4 ,on ! contr>y x says let ! future g1 = life is unc]ta94 ,:o kn[s :5 x w end1 or :at =tune ! morr[ w br+8 ,fo/]1 !n1 ) jeal\s c>e e gift ( pleasure n[ allott$ to y1 dwell ^u x ) l+]+ love1 prolong x z be/ y may4 ,utilit>ianism on ! contr>y 0 a "p ( a philan?ropic & re=m movem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,its comm5dation ( an elaborate & impossible calculus 0 9 reality "p ( a movem5t to develop a type ( "* :i* %\ld h a wide social outlook1 sympa?y ) ! exp]i5ces ( all s5ti5t creatures1 "o zeal\s ab\t ! social effects ( all propos$ acts1 especially ^? ( collective legislation & adm9i/ration4 ,x 0 conc]n$ n ) extract+ ! honey ( ! pass+ mom5t b ) bre$+ improv$ bees & con/ruct+ hives4 ,aft] all1 ! object ( =esight ( consequ5ces is n to pr$ict ! future4 ,x is to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( pres5t activities & to secure1 s f> z possible1 a pres5t activity ) a unifi$ mean+4 ,we are n ! creators ( heav5 & e>?2 we h no responsibility = _! op]ations save z _! motions are alt]$ by our movem5ts4 ,our conc]n is ) ! significance ( t slight fraction ( total activity :i* />ts f ourselves4 ,! be/ laid plans ( m5 z well ( mice gang aglee2 & = ! same reason3 inability to dom9ate ! future4 ,! p[] ( man & m\se is inf9itely con/rict$ 9 comp>ison ) ! p[] ( ev5ts4 ,m5 always build bett] or worse ?an !y "k1 = _! acts are tak5 up into ! broad sweep ( ev5ts4 ,h5ce ! problem ( delib]ation is n to calculate future happ5+s b to appraise pres5t propos$ actions4 ,we judge pres5t desires & habits by _! t5d5cy to produce c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,x is our bus9ess to wat* ! c\rse ( our action s z to see :at is ! significance1 ! import ( our habits & dispositions4 ,! future outcome is n c]ta94 ,b nei!r is x c]ta9 :at ! pres5t fire w d 9 ! future4 ,x may be unexpect$ly f$ or ext+ui%$4 ,b its t5d5cy is a kn[able matt]1 :at x w d "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,& s we "k :at is ! t5d5cy ( malice1 *>ity1 conceit1 pati5ce4 ,we "k by obs]v+ _! consequ5ces1 by recollect+ :at we h obs]v$1 by us+ t recollection 9 con/ructive imag9ative =eca/s ( ! future1 by us+ ! ?\ght ( future consequ5ce to tell ! quality ( ! act n[ propos$4 ,delib]ation is n calculation ( indet]m9ate future results4 ,! pres5t1 n ! future1 is ours4 ,no %rewdness1 no /ore ( in=mation w make x ours4 ,b by con/ant wat*fulness conc]n+ ! t5d5cy ( acts1 by not+ disp>ities betwe5 =m] judgm5ts & actual outcomes1 & trac+ t "p ( ! disp>ity t 0 due to defici5cy & excess 9 disposition1 we come to "k ! mean+ ( pres5t acts1 & to guide !m 9 ! light ( t mean+4 ,! moral is to develop consci5ti\sness1 ability to judge ! significance ( :at we are do+ & to use t judgm5t 9 direct+ :at we d1 n by means ( direct cultivation ( some?+ call$ consci5ce1 or reason1 or a faculty ( moral k1 b by fo/]+ ^? impulses & habits :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to make u s5sitive1 g5]\s1 imag9ative1 imp>tial 9 p]ceiv+ ! t5d5cy ( our in*oate dawn+ activities4 ,e attempt to =eca/ ! future is subject 9 ! end to ! audit+ ( pres5t concrete impulse & habit4 ,!re=e ! important ?+ is ! fo/]+ ( ^? habits & impulses :i* lead to a broad1 j1 sympa!tic survey ( situations4 ,! occasion ( delib]ation1 t is ( ! attempt to f9d a /imulus to complete ov]t action 9 ?\ght ( "s future object1 is confusion & unc]ta9ty 9 pres5t activities4 ,a simil> devision 9 activities & ne$ ( a l delib]ative activity = ! sake ( recov]y ( unity is sure to recur1 to recur aga9 & aga91 no matt] h[ wise ! decision4 ,ev5 ! mo/ compreh5sive delib]ation lead+ to ! mo/ mom5t\s *oice only fixes a disposition :i* has to be cont9u\sly appli$ 9 new & un=ese5 conditions1 re-adapt$ by future delib]ations4 ,always our old habits & dispositions c>ry u into new fields4 ,we h to be always le>n+ & rele>n+ ! mean+ ( our active t5d5cies4 ,does n ?is r$uce moral life to ! futile toil ( a ,sisyphus :o is =ev] roll+ a /one uphill only to h x roll back s t he has to repeat 8 old task8 ,yes1 judg$ f progress made 9 a control ( conditions :i* %all /ay put & :i* excludes ! necessity ( future delib]ations & reconsid]ations4 ,no1 because cont9ual se>* & exp]im5tation to discov] ! mean+ ( *ang+ activity1 keeps activity alive1 gr[+ 9 significance4 ,! future situation involv$ 9 delib]ation is ( necessity m>k$ by cont+5cy4 ,:at x w be 9 fact rema9s dep5d5t ^u conditions t escape our =esight & p[] ( regulation4 ,b =esight :i* draws lib]ally ^u ! lessons ( pa/ exp]i5ce reveals ! t5d5cy1 ! mean+1 ( pres5t action2 &1 once m1 x is ?is pres5t mean+ r ?an ! future outcome :i* c\nts4 ,imag9ative =e?\ght ( ! probable consequ5ces ( a propos$ act keeps t act f s9k+ bel[ consci\sness into r\t9e habit or :imsical brutality4 ,x pres]ves ! mean+ ( t act alive1 & keeps x gr[+ 9 dep? & ref9em5t ( mean+4 ,!re is no limit to ! am\nt ( mean+ :i* reflective & m$itative habit is capable ( import+ into ev5 simple acts1 j z ! mo/ spl5did successes ( ! skilful executive :o manipulates ev5ts may be accompani$ by an incr$ibly meag] & sup]ficial consci\sness4 ,v ,! reason = divid+ conduct into two di/9ct regions1 "o ( exp$i5cy & ! o!r ( morality1 disappe>s :5 ! psy*ology t id5tifies ord9>y delib]ation ) calculation is dispos$ (4 ,!re is se5 to be b "o issue involv$ 9 all reflection ^u conduct3 ,! rectify+ ( pres5t tr\bles1 ! h>moniz+ ( pres5t incompatibilities by project+ a c\rse ( action :i* ga!rs into itself ! mean+ ( !m all4 ,! recognition ( ! true psy*ology also reveals to u ! nature ( good or satisfaction4 ,good consi/s 9 ! mean+ t is exp]i5c$ to belong to an activity :5 conflict & entanglem5t ( v>i\s incompatible impulses & habits t]m9ate 9 a unifi$ ord]ly release 9 action4 ,?is human good1 be+ a fulfilm5t condition$ ^u ?\ght1 diff]s f ! pleasures :i* an animal nature--( c\rse we also rema9 animals s f> z we d n ?9k--hits ^u accid5tally4 ,moreov] !re is a g5u9e diff]5ce betwe5 a false good1 a spuri\s satisfaction1 & a true good1 & !re is an empirical te/ = discov]+ ! diff]5ce4 ,! unification :i* ends ?\ght 9 act may be only a sup]ficial compromise1 n a real decision b a po/ponem5t ( ! issue4 ,_m ( our s-call$ decisions are ( ?is nature4 ,or x may pres5t1 z we h se51 a victory ( a tempor>ily int5se impulse ov] its rivals1 a unity by oppression & suppression1 n by coord9ation4 ,^! seem+ unifications :i* are n unifications ( fact are reveal$ by ! ev5t1 by subsequ5t occurr5ces4 ,x is "o ( ! p5alties ( evil *oice1 p]haps ! *ief p5alty1 t ! wrong-do] becomes m & m incapable ( detect+ ^! objective revelations ( himself4 ,9 quality1 ! good is nev] twice alike4 ,x nev] copies itself4 ,x is new e morn+1 fre% e ev5+4 ,x is unique 9 its e pres5tation4 ,= x m>ks ! resolution ( a di/9ctive complication ( compet+ habits & impulses :i* c nev] repeat itself4 ,only ) a habit rigid to ! po9t ( immobility c\ld exactly ! same good recur twice4 ,& ) su* rigid r\t9es ! same good does n aft] all recur1 = x does n ev5 occur4 ,!re is no consci\sness at all1 ei!r ( good or bad4 ,rigid habits s9k bel[ ! level ( any mean+ at all4 ,& s9ce we live 9 a mov+ _w1 !y plunge u f9ally aga9/ conditions to :i* !y are n adapt$ & s t]m9ate 9 disa/]4 ,to utilit>ianism ) all its defects belongs ! di/9ction ( en=c+ 9 an un=gettable way ! fact t moral good1 l e good1 consi/s 9 a satisfaction ( ! =ces ( human nature1 9 welf>e1 happ9ess4 ,to ,b5?am rema9s1 9 spite ( all crudities & ecc5tricities1 ! imp]i%able r5[n ( =c+ home to ! popul> consci\sness t consci5ce1 intellig5ce appli$ to 9 moral matt]s1 is too (t5 n intellig5ce b is veil$ caprice1 dogmatic ipse dixitism1 ve/$ class int]e/4 ,x is truly consci5ce only z x contributes to relief ( mis]y & promotion ( happ9ess4 ,an exam9ation ( utilit>ianism br+s out h[ev] ! cata/rophe involv$ 9 ?9k+ ( ! good to :i* intellig5ce is p]t95t z consi/+ 9 future pleasures & pa9s1 & moral reflection z _! algebraic calculus4 ,x emphasizes ! contra/ betwe5 su* conceptions ( good & ( intellig5ce1 & ! facts ( human nature accord+ to :i* good1 happ9ess1 is f\nd 9 ! pres5t mean+ ( activity1 dep5d+ ^u ! proportion1 ord] & fre$om introduc$ into x by ?\ght z x discov]s objects :i* release & unify o!rwise cont5d+ elem5ts4 ,an adequate discussion ( :y utilit>ianism ) its j insight into ! c5tral place ( good1 & its ard5t devotion to r5d]+ morals m intellig5t & m equitably human took its onesid$ c\rse 7& !reby provok$ an int5sifi$ reaction to transc5d5tal & dogmatic morals7 w\ld take u f> afield into social conditions & ! antec$5t hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,we c deal ) only "o factor1 ! dom9ation ( intellectual int]e/ by economic consid]ations4 ,! indu/rial revolution 0 b\nd 9 any case to give a new direction to ?\ght4 ,x en=c$ lib]ation f o!r-worldly conc]ns by fix+ att5tion ^u ! possibility ( ! bett]m5t ( ?is _w ?r\gh control & utilization ( natural =ces2 x op5$ up m>vel\s possibilities 9 indu/ry & comm]ce1 & new social conditions conducive to inv5tion1 +5uity1 ent]prise1 con/ructive en]gy & an imp]sonal habit ( m9d deal+ ) me*anisms r ?an appe>ances4 ,b new movem5ts d n />t 9 a new & cle> field4 ,! context ( old in/itutions & correspond+ habits ( ?\ght p]si/$4 ,! new movem5t 0 p]v]t$ 9 !ory because prior e/abli%$ conditions deflect$ x 9 practice4 ,?us ! new indu/rialism 0 l>gely ! old feudalism1 liv+ 9 a bank in/ead ( a ca/le & br&i%+ ! *eck ( cr$it in/ead ( ! sword4 ,an old !ological doctr9e ( total depravity 0 cont9u$ & c>ri$ ov] 9 ! idea ( an inh]5t laz9ess ( human nature :i* r5d]$ x av]se to useful "w1 unless brib$ by expectations ( pleasure1 or driv5 by fe>s ( pa9s4 ,?is be+ ! inc5tive to action1 x foll[$ t ! (fice ( reason is only to enlight5 ! se>* = good or ga9 by in/itut+ a m exact calculus ( pr(it & loss4 ,happ9ess 0 ?us id5tifi$ ) a maximum net ga9 ( pleasures on ! basis ( analogy ) bus9ess conduct$ = pecuni>y pr(it1 & direct$ by means ( a sci5ce ( acc\nt+ deal+ ) quantities ( receipts & exp5ses express$ 9 def9ite monet>y units4#f ,= bus9ess 0 conduct$ z matt] ( fact ) prim>y ref]5ce to procur+ ga9 & av]t+ loss4 ,ga9 & loss 7 reckon$ 9 t]ms ( units ( money1 assum$ to be fix$ & equal1 exactly comp>able :e!r loss or ga9 occurr$1 :ile bus9ess =esight r$uc$ future prospects to def9itely measur$ =ms1 to doll>s & c5ts4 ,a doll> is a doll>1 pa/1 pres5t or future2 & e bus9ess transaction1 e exp5diture & consumption ( "t1 en]gy1 goods1 is1 9 !ory1 capable ( exact /atem5t 9 t]ms ( doll>s4 ,g5]alize ?is po9t ( view into ! notion t ga9 is ! object ( all action2 t ga9 takes ! =m ( pleasure2 t !re are def9ite1 comm5surable units ( pleasure1 :i* are exactly (fset by units ( pa9 7loss71 & ! work+ psy*ology ( ! ,b5?amite s*ool is at h&4 #f ,i owe ! sugge/ion ( ?is mode ( int]pret+ ! h$oni/ic calculus ( utilit>ianism to ,dr4 ,wesley ,mit*ell4 ,see 8 articles 9 ,j\rnal ( ,political ,economy1 vol4 #ah4 ,comp>e also 8 article 9 ,political ,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly1 vol4 #cc4 ,n[ admitt+ t ! device ( money acc\nt+ makes possible m exact e/imates ( ! consequ5ces ( _m acts ?an is o!rwise possible1 & t accord+ly ! use ( money & acc\nt+ may "w a triumph = ! application ( intellig5ce 9 daily affairs1 yet !re exi/s a diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 bus9ess calculation ( pr(it & loss & delib]ation ^u :at purposes to =m4 ,"s ( ^! diff]5ces are inh]5t & insup]able4 ,o!rs ( !m are due to ! nature ( pres5t bus9ess conduct$ = pecuni>y pr(it1 & w\ld disappe> if bus9ess 7 conduct$ prim>ily = s]vice ( ne$s4 ,b x is important to see h[ 9 ! latt] case ! assimilation ( bus9ess acc\nt+ & normal delib]ation w\ld occur4 ,= x w\ld n consi/ 9 mak+ delib]ation id5tical ) calculation ( loss & ga92 x w\ld proce$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x w\ld make acc\nt+ & audit+ a subord9ate factor 9 discov]+ ! mean+ ( pres5t activity4 ,calculation w\ld be a means ( /at+ future results m exactly & objectively & ?us ( mak+ action m humane4 ,its function w\ld be t ( /ati/ics 9 all social sci5ce4 ,b fir/ z to ! inh]5t diff]5ce betwe5 delib]ation reg>d+ bus9ess pr(it & loss & delib]ation ab\t ord9>y conduct4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 wide & n>r[ use ( reason has already be5 not$4 ,! latt] holds a fix$ end 9 view & delib]ates only ^u means ( rea*+ x4 ,! =m] reg>ds ! end-9-view 9 delib]ation z t5tative & p]mits1 nay enc\rages ! com+ into view ( consequ5ces :i* w trans=m x & create a new purpose & plan4 ,n[ bus9ess calculation is obvi\sly ( ! k9d :]e ! end is tak5 = grant$ & does n ent] into delib]ation4 ,x resembles ! case 9 :i* a man has already made 8 f9al decision1 say to take a walk1 & delib]ates only ^u :at walk to take4 ,8 end-9-view already exi/s2 x is n que/ion$4 ,! "q is z to comp>ative advantages ( ?is tramp or t4 ,delib]ation is n free b occurs )9 ! limits ( a decision rea*$ by "s prior delib]ation or else fix$ by un?9k+ r\t9e4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t a man's "q is n :i* pa? to walk ^u1 b :e!r to walk or to /ay ) a fri5d :om cont9u$ conf9em5t has r5d]$ peevi% & un9t]e/+ z a companion4 ,! utilit>ian !ory dem&s t 9 ! latt] case ! two alt]natives /ill be ( ! same k9d1 alike 9 quality1 t _! only diff]5ce be a quantitative "o1 ( plus or m9us 9 pleasure4 ,?is assumption t all desires & dispositions1 all habits & impulses1 are ! same 9 quality is equival5t to ! ass]tion t no real or significant conflict among !m is possible2 & h5ce !re is no ne$ ( discov]+ an object & an activity :i* w br+ !m into unity4 ,x ass]ts by implication t !re is no g5u9e d\bt or susp5se z to ! mean+ ( any impulse or habit4 ,_! mean+ is ready-made1 fix$3 pleasure4 ,! only problem or d\bt is z to ! am\nt ( pleasure 7or pa97 t is involv$4 ,?is assumption does viol5ce to fact4 ,! poignancy ( situations t evoke reflection lies 9 ! fact t we really d n "k ! mean+ ( ! t5d5cies t are press+ = action4 ,we h to se>*1 to exp]im5t4 ,delib]ation is a "w ( discov]y4 ,conflict is acute2 "o impulse c>ries u "o way into "o situation1 & ano!r impulse takes u ano!r way to a radically diff]5t objective result4 ,delib]ation is n an attempt to d away ) ?is opposition ( quality by r$uc+ x to "o ( am\nt4 ,x is an attempt to uncov] ! conflict 9 its full scope & be>+4 ,:at we want to f9d out is :at diff]5ce ea* impulse & habit imports1 to reveal qualitative incompatibilities by detect+ ! diff]5t c\rses to :i* !y commit u1 ! diff]5t dispositions !y =m & fo/]1 ! diff]5t situations into :i* !y plunge u4 ,9 %ort1 ! ?+ actually at /ake 9 any s]i\s delib]ation is n a diff]5ce ( quantity1 b :at k9d ( p]son "o is to become1 :at sort ( self is 9 ! mak+1 :at k9d ( a _w is mak+4 ,?is is pla9 en\gh 9 ^? crucial decisions :]e ! c\rse ( life is ?r[n into widely diff]5t *annels1 :]e ! patt]n ( life is r5d]$ diff]5t & div]sely dy$ accord+ z ?is alt]native or t is *os54 ,delib]ation z to :e!r to be a m]*ant or a s*ool tea*]1 a physician or a politician is n a *oice ( quantities4 ,x is j :at x appe>s to be1 a *oice ( c>e]s :i* are incompatible ) "o ano!r1 )9 ea* ( :i* def9itive inclusions & rejections are involv$4 ,) ! diff]5ce 9 c>e] belongs a diff]5ce 9 ! con/itution ( ! self1 ( habits ( ?\ght & feel+ z well z ( outw>d action4 ,) x comes pr(\nd diff]5ces 9 all future objective relation%ips4 ,our m9or decisions diff] 9 acut5ess & range1 b n 9 pr9ciple4 ,our _w does n s obvi\sly hang ^u any "o ( !m2 b put toge!r !y make ! _w :at x is 9 mean+ = ea* "o ( u4 ,crucial decisions c h>dly be m ?an a disclosure ( ! cumulative =ce ( trivial *oices4 ,a radical di/9ction ?us exi/s betwe5 delib]ation :]e ! only "q is :e!r to inve/ money 9 ?is bond or t /ock1 & delib]ation :]e ! prim>y decision is z to ! k9d ( activity :i* is to be engag$ 94 ,def9ite quantitative calculation is possible 9 ! =m] case because a decision z to k9d or direction ( action does n h to be made4 ,x has be5 decid$ already1 :e!r by p]si/5ce ( habit1 or prior delib]ation1 t ! man is to be an inve/or4 ,! significant ?+ 9 decisions prop]1 ! c\rse ( action1 ! k9d ( a self simply1 doesn't ent] 92 x isn't 9 "q4 ,to r$uce all cases ( judgm5t ( action to ?is simplifi$ & comp>atively unimportant case ( calculation ( quantities1 is to miss ! :ole po9t ( delib]ation4#g #g ,s f> z ,i am aw>e ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,/u>t 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ?is diff]5ce betwe5 economic & moral valuations 9 8 essay 9 ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory4 ,x is ano!r way ( say+ ! same ?+ to note t bus9ess calculations ab\t pecuni>y ga9 nev] conc]n direct use 9 exp]i5ce4 ,!y are1 z su*1 n delib]ations ab\t good or satisfaction at all4 ,! man :o decides to put bus9ess activity be=e all o!r claims :atsoev]1 be=e t ( family or c\ntry or art or sci5ce1 does make a *oice ab\t satisfaction or good4 ,b he makes x z a man1 n z a bus9ess man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at is to be done ) bus9ess pr(it :5 x accrues 7except to inve/ x 9 simil> und]tak+s7 does n ent] at all into a /rictly bus9ess delib]ation4 ,its use1 9 :i* alone good or satisfaction is f\nd1 is left indet]m9ate1 cont+5t ^u fur!r delib]ation1 or else is left matt] ( r\t9e habit4 ,we d n eat money1 or we> x1 or m>ry x1 or li/5 = musical /ra9s to issue f x4 ,if by any *ance a man pref]s a less am\nt ( money to a great] am\nt1 x is n = economic reasons4 ,pecuni>y pr(it 9 itself1 9 o!r words1 is always /rictly in/rum5tal1 & x is ( ! nature ( ?is in/rum5t to be effective 9 proportion to size4 ,9 *oos+ ) respect to x1 we are n mak+ a significant *oice1 a *oice ( ends4 ,we h already se51 h[ev]1 !re is some?+ abnormal & 9 ! /rict s5se impossible 9 m]e means1 91 t is1 in/rum5ts totally dissev]$ f ends4 ,we may view economic activity 9 ab/raction1 b x does n exi/ by itself4 ,bus9ess takes = grant$ non-bus9ess uses to :i* its results are to be put4 ,! /imuli = economic activity 79 ! s5se 9 :i* bus9ess means activity subject to monet>y reckon+7 are f\nd 9 non-pecuni>y1 non-economic activities4 ,tak5 by itself !n economic action ?r[s no light ^u ! nature ( satisfaction & ! relation ( intellig5ce to x1 because ! :ole "q ( satisfaction is ei!r tak5 = grant$ or else is ignor$ by x4 ,only :5 money-mak+ is itself tak5 z a good does x exhibit any?+ p]t95t to ! "q4 ,& :5 x is s tak51 !n ! "q is n "o ( future ga9 b ( pres5t activity & its mean+4 ,bus9ess !n becomes an activity c>ri$ on = its own sake4 ,x is !n a c>e]1 a cont9u\s occupation 9 :i* are develop$ d>+1 adv5ture1 p[]1 rivalry1 ov]com+ ( competitors1 conspicu\s a*ievem5t :i* attracts admiration1 play ( imag9ation1 te*nical k1 skill 9 =esight & mak+ comb9ations1 managem5t ( m5 & goods & s on4 ,9 ?is case1 x exemplifies :at has be5 said ab\t good or happ9ess z incorporat+ 9 itself at pres5t ! =ese5 future consequ5ces t result f intellig5t action4 ,! problem conc]ns ! quality ( su* a good4 ,9 %ort ! attempt to assimilate o!r activities to ! model ( economic activity 7def9$ z a calculat$ pursuit ( ga97 rev]ses ! /ate ( ! facts4 ,! economic man def9$ z a creature devot$ to an enlight5$ or calculat+ pursuit ( ga9 is morally objectionable because ! conception ( su* a be+ empirically falsifies empirical facts4 ,love ( pecuni>y ga9 is an und\bt$ & p[]ful fact4 ,b x & its importance are affairs ( social n ( psy*ological nature4 ,x is n a prim>y fact :i* c be us$ to acc\nt = o!r ph5om5a4 ,x dep5ds ^u o!r impulses & habits4 ,x expresses & organizes ! use to :i* !y are put4 ,x _c be us$ to def9e ! nature ( desire1 ef=t & satisfaction1 because x embodies a socially select$ type ( desire & satisfaction4 ,x af=ds1 l /eeple-*as+1 or collect+ po/age /amps1 seek+ political (fice1 a/ronomical obs]vation ( ! heav5s1 a special case ( desire1 ef=t1 & happ9ess4 ,& l !m x is subject to exam9ation1 criticism & valuation 9 ! light ( ! place x occupies 9 ! sy/em ( develop+ activities4 ,! reason t x is s easy & = specific purposes s useful to select economic activities & subject !m to sep>ate sci5tific treatm5t is because ! m5 :o engage 9 x are m5 :o are also m ?an bus9ess m51 ^: usual habits may be m or less safely guess$ at4 ,z human be+s !y h desires & occupations :i* are affect$ by social cu/om1 expectation & admiration4 ,! uses to :i* ga9s w be put1 t is ! curr5t s*eme ( activities into :i* !y ent] z factors1 are pass$ ov] only because !y are s inevitably pres5t4 ,support ( family1 ( *ur*1 philan?ropic b5efactions1 political influ5ce1 automobil+1 comm& ( luxuries1 fre$om ( movem5t1 respect f o!rs1 are 9 g5]al t]ms "s ( ! obvi\s activities into :i* economic activity fits4 ,?is context ( activities ent]s into ! real make-up & mean+ ( economic activity4 ,calculat$ pursuit ( ga9 is 9 fact nev] :at x is made out to be :5 economic action is sep>at$ f ! re/ ( life1 = 9 fact x is :at x is because ( a complex social environm5t involv+ sci5tific1 legal1 political & dome/ic conditions4 ,a c]ta9 tragic fate seems to att5d all intellectual movem5ts4 ,t ( utilit>ianism is sugge/$ 9 ! n infrequ5t criticism t x exagg]at$ ! rle ( rational ?\ght 9 human conduct1 t x assum$ t ev]ybody is mov$ by consci\s consid]ations & t all t is really necess>y is to make ! process ( consid]ation suffici5tly enlight5$4 ,!n x is object$ t a bett] psy*ology reveals t m5 are n mov$ by ?\ght b r by in/9ct & habit4 ,?us a p>tially s\nd criticism is employ$ to conceal ! "o factor 9 utilit>ianism f :i* we ought to le>n some?+2 is us$ to fo/] an obscuranti/ doctr9e ( tru/+ to impulse1 in/9ct or intuition4 ,nei!r ! utilit>ians nor any "o else c exagg]ate ! prop] (fice ( reflection1 ( intellig5ce1 9 conduct4 ,! mi/ake lay n "h b 9 a false conception ( :at con/itutes reflection1 delib]ation4 ,! tru? t m5 are n mov$ by consid]ation ( self-int]e/1 t m5 are n good judges ( :]e _! int]e/s lie & are n mov$ to act by ^! judgm5ts1 _c prop]ly be conv]t$ into ! belief t consid]ation ( consequ5ces is a negligible factor 9 conduct4 ,s f> z x is negligible 9 fact x ev9ces ! rudim5t>y "* ( civilization4 ,we may inde$ safely />t f ! assumption t impulse & habit1 n ?\ght1 are ! prim>y det]m9ants ( conduct4 ,b ! conclusion to be drawn f ^! facts is t ! ne$ is !re=e ! great] = cultivation ( ?\ght4 ,! error ( utilit>ianism is n at ?is po9t4 ,x is f\nd 9 its wrong conception ( :at ?\ght1 delib]ation1 is & does4 ,,vi ,our problem n[ conc]ns ! nature ( ends1 t is ends-9-view or aims4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! problem h already be5 /at$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! ends1 objectives1 ( conduct are ^? =ese5 consequ5ces :i* influ5ce pres5t delib]ation & :i* f9ally br+ x to re/ by furni%+ an adequate /imulus to ov]t action4 ,consequ5tly ends arise & function )9 action4 ,!y are n1 z curr5t !ories too (t5 imply1 ?+s ly+ beyond activity at :i* ! latt] is direct$4 ,!y are n /rictly speak+ ends or t]m9i ( action at all4 ,!y are t]m9als ( delib]ation1 & s turn+ po9ts 9 activity4 ,_m oppos$ moral !ories agree h[ev] 9 plac+ ends beyond action1 al?\gh !y diff] 9 _! notions ( :at ! ends are4 ,! utilit>ian sets up pleasure z su* an outside-&-beyond1 z some?+ necess>y to induce action & 9 :i* x t]m9ates4 ,_m h>% critics ( utilit>ianism h h[ev] agre$ t !re is "s end 9 :i* action t]m9ates1 a f9al goal4 ,!y h d5i$ t pleasure is su* an outside aim1 & put p]fection or self-realization 9 its place4 ,! entire popul> notion ( ideals is infect$ ) ?is conception ( "s fix$ end beyond activity at :i* we %\ld aim4 ,accord+ to ?is view ends-9-!mselves come be=e aims4 ,we h a moral aim only z our purpose co9cides ) "s end-9-itself4 ,we ought to aim at ! latt] :e!r we actually d or n4 ,:5 m5 believ$ t fix$ ends exi/$ = all normal *anges 9 nature1 ! conception ( simil> ends = m5 0 b a special case ( a g5]al belief4 ,if ! *anges 9 a tree f acorn to full-gr[n oak 7 regulat$ by an end :i* 0 someh[ imman5t or pot5tial 9 all ! less p]fect =ms1 & if *ange 0 simply ! ef=t to realize a p]fect or complete =m1 !n ! acceptance ( a l view = human conduct 0 consonant ) ! re/ ( :at pass$ = sci5ce4 ,su* a view1 consi/5t & sy/ematic1 0 foi/$ by ,ari/otle ^u we/]n culture & endur$ = two ?\s& ye>s4 ,:5 ! notion 0 expell$ f natural sci5ce by ! intellectual revolution ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 logically x %\ld also h disappe>$ f ! !ory ( human action4 ,b man is n logical & 8 intellectual hi/ory is a record ( m5tal res]ves & compromises4 ,he hangs on to :at he c 9 8 old beliefs ev5 :5 he is compell$ to surr5d] _! logical basis4 ,s ! doctr9e ( fix$ ends-9-!mselves at :i* human acts are--or %\ld be--direct$ & by :i* !y are regulat$ if !y are regulat$ at all p]si/$ 9 morals1 & 0 made ! corn]/one ( or?odox moral !ory4 ,! imm$iate effect 0 to dislocate moral f natural sci5ce1 to divide man's _w z x nev] _h be5 divid$ 9 prior culture4 ,"o po9t ( view1 "o me?od & _s animat$ inquiry into natural occurr5ces2 a radically opposite set ( ideas prevail$ ab\t man's affairs4 ,completion ( ! sci5tific *ange begun 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ?us dep5ds ^u a revision ( ! curr5t notion ( ends ( action z fix$ limits & conclusions4 ,9 fact1 ends are ends-9-view or aims4 ,!y arise out ( natural effects or consequ5ces :i* 9 ! beg9n+ are hit ^u1 /umbl$ ^u s f> z any purpose is conc]n$4 ,m5 l "s ( ! consequ5ces & dislike o!rs4 ,h5ce=? 7or till attraction & repulsion alt]7 atta9+ or av]t+ simil> consequ5ces are aims or ends4 ,^! consequ5ces con/itute ! mean+ & value ( an activity z x comes "u delib]ation4 ,meantime ( c\rse imag9ation is busy4 ,old consequ5ces are enhanc$1 recomb9$1 modifi$ 9 imag9ation4 ,inv5tion op]ates4 ,actual consequ5ces1 t is effects :i* h happ5$ 9 ! pa/1 become possible future consequ5ces ( acts /ill to be p]=m$4 ,?is op]ation ( imag9ative ?\ght complicates ! relation ( ends to activity1 b x does n alt] ! sub/antial fact3 ,ends are =ese5 consequ5ces :i* arise 9 ! c\rse ( activity & :i* are employ$ to give activity add$ mean+ & to direct its fur!r c\rse4 ,!y are 9 no s5se ends ( action4 ,9 be+ ends ( delib]ation !y are r$irect+ pivots 9 action4 ,m5 %oot & ?r[4 ,at fir/ ?is is done z an in/9ctive or natural reaction to "s situation4 ,! result :5 x is obs]v$ gives a new mean+ to ! activity4 ,h5ce=? m5 9 ?r[+ & %oot+ ?9k ( x 9 t]ms ( its outcome2 !y act intellig5tly or h an end4 ,lik+ ! activity 9 its acquir$ mean+1 !y n only take aim :5 !y ?r[ in/ead ( ?r[+ at r&om1 b !y f9d or make t>gets at :i* to aim4 ,?is is ! orig9 & nature ( goals ( action4 ,!y are ways ( def9+ & deep5+ ! mean+ ( activity4 ,hav+ an end or aim is ?us a *>act]i/ic ( pres5t activity4 ,x is ! means by :i* an activity becomes adapt$ :5 o!rwise x w\ld be bl9d & disord]ly1 or by :i* x gets mean+ :5 o!rwise x w\ld be me*anical4 ,9 a /rict s5se an end-9-view is a means 9 pres5t action2 pres5t action is n a means to a remote end4 ,m5 d n %oot because t>gets exi/1 b !y set up t>gets 9 ord] t ?r[+ & %oot+ may be m effective & significant4 ,a m>9] does n sail t[>ds ! />s1 b by not+ ! />s he is aid$ 9 conduct+ 8 pres5t activity ( sail+4 ,a port or h>bor is 8 objective1 b only 9 ! s5se ( rea*+ x n ( tak+ possession ( x4 ,! h>bor /&s 9 8 ?\ght z a significant po9t at :i* 8 activity w ne$ re-direction4 ,activity w n cease :5 ! port is atta9$1 b m]ely ! pres5t direction ( activity4 ,! port is z truly ! beg9n+ ( ano!r mode ( activity z x is ! t]m9ation ( ! pres5t "o4 ,! only reason we ignore ?is fact is because x is empirically tak5 = grant$4 ,we "k )\t ?9k+ t our ends are p]=ce beg9n+s4 ,b !ories ( ends & ideals h conv]t$ a !oretical ignor+ :i* is equival5t to practical ackn[l$gm5t into an intellectual d5ial1 & h !reby confus$ & p]v]t$ ! nature ( ends4 ,ev5 ! mo/ important among all ! consequ5ces ( an act is n necess>ily its aim4 ,results :i* are objectively mo/ important may n ev5 be ?\ght ( at all2 ord9>ily a man does n ?9k 9 connection ) ex]cise ( 8 pr(ession t x w su/a9 him & 8 family 9 exi/5ce4 ,! end-?\ght-( is uniquely important1 b x is indisp5sable to /ate ! respect 9 :i* x is important4 ,x gives ! decisive clew to ! act to be p]=m$ "u ! exi/+ circum/ances4 ,x is t p>ticul> =ese5 object t w /imulate ! act :i* relieves exi/+ tr\bles1 /raight5s out exi/+ entanglem5ts4 ,9 a tempor>y annoyance1 ev5 if only t caus$ by ! s++ ( a mosquito1 ! ?\ght ( t :i* gives relief may engross ! m9d 9 spite ( consequ5ces mu* m important1 objectively speak+4 ,morali/s h deplor$ su* facts z evid5ce ( levity4 ,b ! rem$y1 if a rem$y be ne$$1 is n f\nd 9 insi/+ ^u ! importance ( ends 9 g5]al4 ,x is f\nd 9 a *ange ( ! dispositions :i* make ?+s ei!r imm$iately tr\blesome or tol]able or agreeable4 ,:5 ends are reg>d$ z lit]ally ends to action r ?an z directive /imuli to pres5t *oice !y are froz5 & isolat$4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! end is natural good l heal? or a moral good l hone/y4 ,set up z complete & exclusive1 z dem&+ & ju/ify+ action z a means to itself1 x leads to n>r[ness2 9 extreme cases fanaticism1 inconsid]at5ess1 arrogance & hypocrisy4 ,jo%ua's reput$ success 9 gett+ ! sun to /& /ill to s]ve 8 desire is recogniz$ to h involv$ a miracle4 ,b moral !ori/s con/antly assume t ! cont9u\s c\rse ( ev5ts c be arre/$ at ! po9t ( a p>ticul> object2 t m5 c plunge ) _! own desires into ! unceas+ fl[ ( *anges1 & seize ^u "s object z _! end irrespective ( ev]y?+ else4 ,! use ( intellig5ce to discov] ! object t w be/ op]ate z a releas+ & unify+ /imulus 9 ! exi/+ situation is disc\nt$4 ,"o rem9ds "o's self t "o's end is ju/ice or *>ity or pr(essional a*ievem5t or putt+ ov] a deal = a ne$$ public improvem5t1 & fur!r que/ion+s & qualms are /ill$4 ,x is cu/om>y to suppose t su* me?ods m]ely ignore ! "q ( ! morality ( ! means :i* are us$ to secure ! end desir$4 ,common s5se revolts aga9/ ! maxim1 conv5i5tly laid (f ^u ,jesuits or o!r f>-away p1 t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,!re is no incorrectness 9 say+ t ! "q ( means employ$ is ov]look$ 9 su* cases4 ,b analysis w\ld g fur!r if x 7 also po9t$ out t ov]look+ means is only a device = fail+ to note ^? ends1 or consequ5ces1 :i*1 if !y 7 not$ w\ld be se5 to be s evil t action w\ld be e/opp$4 ,c]ta9ly no?+ c ju/ify or condemn means except ends1 results4 ,b we h to include consequ5ces imp>tially4 ,ev5 admitt+ t ly+ w save a man's s\l1 :atev] t may mean1 x w\ld /ill be true t ly+ w h o!r consequ5ces1 namely1 ! usual consequ5ces t foll[ f tamp]+ ) good fai? & t lead ly+ to be condemn$4 ,x is wilful folly to fa/5 ^u "s s+le end or consequ5ce :i* is lik$1 & p]mit ! view ( t to blot f p]ception all o!r undesir$ & undesirable consequ5ces4 ,x is l suppos+ t :5 a f+] held close to ! eye cov]s up a di/ant m\nta9 ! f+] is really l>g] ?an ! m\nta94 ,n ! end--9 ! s+ul>--ju/ifies ! means2 = !re is no su* ?+ z ! s+le all-important end4 ,to suppose t !re is su* an end is l work+ ov] aga91 9 behalf ( our private wi%es1 ! miracle ( ,jo%ua 9 arre/+ ! c\rse ( nature4 ,x is n possible adequately to *>act]ize ! presumption1 ! falsity & ! delib]ate p]v]sion ( intellig5ce involv$ 9 refusal to note ! plural effects t fl[ f any act1 a refusal adopt$ 9 ord] t we may ju/ify an act by pick+ out t "o consequ5ce :i* w enable u to d :at we wi% to d & = :i* we feel ! ne$ ( ju/ification4 ,yet ?is assumption is cont9ually made4 ,x is made by implication 9 ! curr5t view ( purposes or ends-9-view z objects 9 !mselves1 in/ead ( means to unification & lib]ation ( pres5t conflict+1 confus$ habits & impulses4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ s9i/] 9 ! desire to label ! doctr9e t ! end ju/ifies ! means ) ! "n ( "s "o obnoxi\s s*ool4 ,politicians1 especially if !y h to d ) ! =eign affairs ( a nation & are call$ /atesm51 almo/ uni=mly act ^u ! doctr9e t ! welf>e ( _! own c\ntry ju/ifies any measure irrespective ( all ! demoralization x works4 ,capta9s ( indu/ry1 great executives 9 all l9es1 usually "w ^u ?is plan4 ,b !y are n ! orig9al (f5d]s by any means4 ,e man works ^u x s f> z he p]mits himself to become s absorb$ 9 "o aspect ( :at he is do+ t he loses a view ( its v>i$ consequ5ces1 hypnotiz+ 8 att5tion by consid]ation ( j ^? consequ5ces :i* 9 ! ab/ract are desirable & slurr+ ov] o!r consequ5ces equally real4 ,e man works ^u ?is pr9ciple :o becomes ov]-int]e/$ 9 any cause or project1 & :o uses its desirability 9 ! ab/ract to ju/ify himself 9 employ+ any means t w assi/ him 9 arriv+1 ignor+ all ! collat]al ends ( 8 behavior4 ,x is frequ5tly po9t$ out t !re is a type ( executive-man ^: conduct seems to be z non-moral z ! action ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,we all t5d to relapse into ?is non-moral condition :5ev] we want any "o ?+ int5sely4 ,9 g5]al1 ! id5tification ( ! end prom95t 9 consci\s desire & ef=t ) ! end is "p ( ! te*nique ( avoid+ a reasonable survey ( consequ5ces4 ,! survey is avoid$ because ( a subconsci\s recognition t x w\ld reveal desire 9 its true wor? & ?us preclude action to satisfy x--or at all ev5ts give u an uneasy consci5ce 9 /riv+ to realize x4 ,?us ! doctr9e ( ! isolat$1 complete or fix$ end limits intellig5t exam9ation1 enc\rages ins9c]ity1 & puts a pseudo-/amp ( moral ju/ification ^u success at any price4 ,morali/ic p]sons are giv5 to escap+ ?is evil by fall+ into ano!r pit4 ,!y d5y t consequ5ces h any?+ at all to d ) ! morality ( acts4 ,n ends b motives !y say ju/ify or condemn acts4 ,! ?+ to d1 accord+ly1 is to cultivate c]ta9 motives or dispositions1 b5evol5ce1 purity1 love ( p]fection1 loyalty4 ,! d5ial ( consequ5ces ?us turns out =mal1 v]bal4 ,9 reality a consequ5ce is set up at :i* to aim1 only x is a subjective consequ5ce4 ,mean+ well is select$ z ! consequ5ce or end to be cultivat$ at all haz>ds1 an end :i* is all-ju/ify+ & to :i* ev]y?+ else is (f]$ up 9 sacrifice4 ,! result is a s5tim5tal futile complac5cy r ?an ! brutal effici5cy ( ! executive4 ,b ! root ( bo? evils is ! same4 ,"o man selects "s ext]nal consequ5ce1 ! o!r man a /ate ( int]nal feel+1 to s]ve z ! end4 ,! doctr9e ( mean+ well z ! end is if any?+ ! m contemptible ( ! two1 = x %r9ks f accept+ any responsibility = actual results4 ,x is negative1 self-protective & sloppy4 ,x l5ds itself to complete self-deception4 ,:y h m5 become s atta*$ to fix$1 ext]nal ends8 ,:y is x n univ]sally recogniz$ t an end is a device ( intellig5ce 9 guid+ action1 in/rum5tal to free+ & h>moniz+ tr\bl$ & divid$ t5d5cies8 ,! answ] is virtually conta9$ 9 :at 0 e>li] said ab\t rigid habits & _! effect ^u intellig5ce4 ,ends are1 9 fact1 lit]ally endless1 =ev] com+ into exi/5ce z new activities occasion new consequ5ces4 ,endless ends is a way ( say+ t !re are no ends--t is no fix$ self-enclos$ f9alities4 ,:ile h[ev] we _c actually prev5t *ange f occurr+ we c & d reg>d x z evil4 ,we /rive to reta9 action 9 dit*es already dug4 ,we reg>d novelties z dang]\s1 exp]im5ts z illicit & deviations z =bidd54 ,fix$ & sep>ate ends reflect a projection ( our own fix$ & non-int]act+ comp>tm5tal habits4 ,we see only consequ5ces :i* correspond to our habitual c\rses4 ,z we h said1 m5 did n beg9 to %oot because !re 7 ready-made t>gets to aim at4 ,!y made ?+s into t>gets by %oot+ at !m1 & !n made special t>gets to make %oot+ m significantly int]e/+4 ,b if g5]ation aft] g5]ation 7 %[n t>gets !y _h _h no "p 9 con/ruct+1 if b[s & arr[s 7 ?ru/ into _! h&s1 & pressure 7 br\ght to be> ^u !m to keep !m %oot+ 9 season & out1 "s we>i$ s\l w\ld soon prop\nd to will+ li/5]s ! !ory t %oot+ 0 unnatural1 t man 0 naturally :olly at re/1 & t t>gets exi/$ 9 ord] t m5 might be =c$ to be active2 t ! duty ( %oot+ & ! virtue ( hitt+ are ext]nally impos$ & fo/]$1 & t o!rwise !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z a %oot+-activity--t is1 morality4 ,! doctr9e ( fix$ ends n only div]ts att5tion f exam9ation ( consequ5ces & ! intellig5t creation ( purpose1 b1 s9ce means & ends are two ways ( reg>d+ ! same actuality1 x also r5d]s m5 c>eless 9 _! inspection ( exi/+ conditions4 ,an aim n fram$ on ! basis ( a survey ( ^? pres5t conditions :i* are to be employ$ z means ( its realization simply ?r[s u back ^u pa/ habits4 ,we !n d n d :at we int5d$ to d b :at we h got us$ to do+1 or else we ?ra% ab\t 9 a bl9d ineffectual way4 ,! result is failure4 ,disc\ragem5t foll[s1 assuag$ p]haps by ! ?\ght t 9 any case ! end is too ideal1 too noble & remote1 to be capable ( realization4 ,we fall back on ! consol+ ?\ght t our moral ideals are too good = ?is _w & t we mu/ accu/om ourselves to a gap betwe5 aim & execution4 ,actual life is !n ?\ght ( z a compromise ) ! be/1 an en=c$ second or ?ird be/1 a dre>y exile f our true home 9 ! ideal1 or a tempor>y p]iod ( tr\bl$ probation to be foll[$ by a p]iod ( un5d+ atta9m5t & peace4 ,at ! same "t1 z has be5 repeat$ly po9t$ out1 p]sons ( a m practical turn ( m9d accept ! _w z x is1 t is z pa/ cu/oms h made x to be1 & consid] :at advantages = !mselves may be extract$ f x4 ,!y =m aims on ! basis ( exi/+ habits ( life :i* may be turn$ to _! own private acc\nt4 ,!y employ intellig5ce 9 fram+ ends & select+ & arrang+ means4 ,b intellig5ce is conf9$ to manipulation2 x does n ext5d to con/ruction4 ,x is ! intellig5ce ( ! politician1 adm9i/rator & pr(essional executive--! k9d ( intellig5ce :i* has giv5 a bad mean+ to a ^w t ought to h a f9e mean+1 opportunism4 ,= ! highe/ task ( intellig5ce is to grasp & realize g5u9e opportunity1 possibility4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! c\rse ( =m+ aims is z foll[s4 ,! beg9n+ is ) a wi%1 an emotional reaction aga9/ ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s & a hope = some?+ diff]5t4 ,action fails to connect satisfactorily ) surr\nd+ conditions4 ,?r[n back ^u itself1 x projects itself 9 an imag9ation ( a sc5e :i* if x 7 pres5t w\ld af=d satisfaction4 ,?is picture is (t5 call$ an aim1 m (t5 an ideal4 ,b 9 itself x is a fancy :i* may be only a fantasy1 a dream1 a ca/le 9 ! air4 ,9 itself x is a romantic embelli%m5t ( ! pres5t2 at its be/ x is mat]ial = poetry or ! novel4 ,its natural home is n 9 ! future b 9 ! dim pa/ or 9 "s di/ant & suppos$ly bett] "p ( ! pres5t _w4 ,e su* idealiz$ object is sugge/$ by some?+ actually exp]i5c$1 z ! flight ( birds sugge/s ! lib]ation ( human be+s f ! re/rictions ( sl[ locomotion on dull e>?4 ,x becomes an aim or end only :5 x is work$ out 9 t]ms ( concrete conditions available = its realization1 t is 9 t]ms ( means4 ,?is trans=mation dep5ds ^u /udy ( ! conditions :i* g5]ate or make possible ! fact obs]v$ to exi/ already4 ,! fancy ( ! delight ( mov+ at w ?r\gh ! air became an actuality only aft] m5 c>efully /udi$ ! way 9 :i* a bird al?\gh heavi] ?an air actually su/a9s itself 9 air4 ,a fancy becomes an aim1 9 %ort1 :5 "s pa/ sequ5ce ( kn[n cause-&-effect is project$ into ! future1 & :5 by assembl+ its causal conditions we /rive to g5]ate a l result4 ,we h to fall back ^u :at has already happ5$ naturally )\t design1 & /udy x to see h[ x happ5$1 :i* is :at is meant by causation4 ,?is k jo9$ to wi% creates a purpose4 ,_m m5 h d\btless dream$ ( ability to h light 9 d>kness )\t ! tr\ble ( oil1 lamps & friction4 ,gl[-worms1 lightn+1 ! sp>ks ( cut electric conductors sugge/ su* a possibility4 ,b ! picture rema9$ a dream until an ,edison /udi$ all t c\ld be f\nd out ab\t su* casual ph5om5a ( light1 & !n set to "w to se>* out & ga!r toge!r ! means = reproduc+ _! op]ation4 ,! great tr\ble ) :at passes = moral ends & ideals is t !y d n get beyond ! /age ( fancy ( some?+ agreeable & desirable bas$ ^u an emotional wi%2 v (t51 at t1 n ev5 an orig9al wi%1 b ! wi% ( "s lead] :i* has be5 conv5tionaliz$ & transmitt$ ?r\gh *annels ( au?ority4 ,e ga9 9 natural sci5ce makes possible new aims4 ,t is1 ! discov]y ( h[ ?+s d occur makes x possible to conceive ( _! happ5+ at w1 & gives u a />t on select+ & comb9+ ! conditions1 ! means1 to comm& _! happ5+4 ,9 te*nical matt]s1 ?is lesson has be5 fairly well le>n$4 ,b 9 moral matt]s1 m5 /ill l>gely neglect ! ne$ ( /udy+ ! way 9 :i* results simil> to ^? :i* we desire actually happ54 ,me*anism is despis$ z ( importance only 9 l[ mat]ial ?+s4 ,! consequ5t divorce ( moral ends f sci5tific /udy ( natural ev5ts r5d]s ! =m] impot5t wi%es1 comp5satory dreams 9 consci\sness4 ,9 fact ends or consequ5ces are /ill det]m9$ by fix$ habit & ! =ce ( circum/ance4 ,! evils ( idle dream+ & ( r\t9e are exp]i5c$ 9 conjunction4 ,idealism mu/ inde$ come fir/--! imag9ation ( "s bett] /ate g5]at$ by desire4 ,b unless ideals are to be dreams & idealism a synonym = romanticism & fantasy-build+1 !re mu/ be a mo/ reali/ic /udy ( actual conditions & ( ! mode or law ( natural ev5ts1 9 ord] to give ! imag9$ or ideal object def9ite =m & solid sub/ance--to give x1 9 %ort1 practicality & con/itute x a work+ end4 ,! acceptance ( fix$ ends 9 !mselves is an aspect ( man's devotion to an ideal ( c]ta9ty4 ,?is affection 0 inevitably *]i%$ z long z m5 believ$ t ! highe/ ?+s 9 physical nature are at re/1 & t sci5ce is possible only by grasp+ immutable =ms & species3 9 o!r words1 = mu* ! great] "p ( ! intellectual hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,only reckless sceptics w\ld h d>$ ent]ta9 any idea ( ends except z fix$ 9 !mselves z long z ! :ole /ructure ( sci5ce 0 erect$ ^u ! immobile4 ,beh9d h[ev] ! conception ( fixity :e!r 9 sci5ce or morals lay adh]5ce to c]ta9ty ( tru?1 a cl++ to some?+ fix$1 born ( fe> ( ! new & ( atta*m5t to possessions4 ,:5 ! classici/ condemns concession to impulse & holds up to admiration ! patt]ns te/$ 9 tradition1 he little suspects h[ mu* he is himself affect$ by unav[$ impulses--timidity :i* makes him cl+ to au?ority1 conceit :i* moves him to be himself ! au?ority :o speaks 9 ! "n ( au?ority1 possessive impulse :i* fe>s to risk acquisition 9 new adv5tures4 ,love ( c]ta9ty is a dem& = gu>antees 9 advance ( action4 ,ignor+ ! fact t tru? c be b\ght only by ! adv5ture ( exp]im5t1 dogmatism turns tru? into an insurance company4 ,fix$ ends ^u "o side & fix$ pr9ciples--t is au?oritative rules--on ! o!r1 are props = a feel+ ( safety1 ! refuge ( ! timid & ! means by :i* ! bold prey ^u ! timid4 ,,vii ,intellig5ce is conc]n$ ) =esee+ ! future s t action may h ord] & direction4 ,x is also conc]n$ ) pr9ciples & crit]ia ( judgm5t4 ,! diffus$ or wide applicability ( habits is reflect$ 9 ! g5]al "* ( pr9ciples3 a pr9ciple is intellectually :at a habit is = direct action4 ,z habits set 9 grooves dom9ate activity & sw]ve x f conditions in/ead ( increas+ its adaptability1 s pr9ciples treat$ z fix$ rules in/ead ( z helpful me?ods take m5 away f exp]i5ce4 ,! m complicat$ ! situation1 & ! less we really "k ab\t x1 ! m insi/5t is ! or?odox type ( moral !ory ^u ! prior exi/5ce ( "s fix$ & univ]sal pr9ciple or law :i* is to be directly appli$ & foll[$4 ,ready-made rules available at a mom5t's notice = settl+ any k9d ( moral difficulty & resolv+ e species ( moral d\bt h be5 ! *ief object ( ! ambition ( morali/s4 ,9 ! mu* less complicat$ & less *ang+ matt]s ( bodily heal? su* pret5sions are kn[n z quack]y4 ,b 9 morals a hank]+ = c]ta9ty1 born ( timidity & n\ri%$ by love ( au?oritative pre/ige1 has l$ to ! idea t abs5ce ( immutably fix$ & univ]sally applicable ready-made pr9ciples is equival5t to moral *aos4 ,9 fact1 situations into :i* *ange & ! unexpect$ ent] are a *all5ge to intellig5ce to create new pr9ciples4 ,morals mu/ be a gr[+ sci5ce if x is to be a sci5ce at all1 n m]ely because all tru? has n yet be5 appropriat$ by ! m9d ( man1 b because life is a mov+ affair 9 :i* old moral tru? ceases to apply4 ,pr9ciples are me?ods ( inquiry & =eca/ :i* require v]ification by ! ev5t2 & ! "t honor$ ef=t to assimilate morals to ma!matics is only a way ( bol/]+ up an old dogmatic au?ority1 or putt+ a new "o ^u ! ?rone ( ! old4 ,b ! exp]im5tal "* ( moral judgm5ts does n mean complete unc]ta9ty & fluidity4 ,pr9ciples exi/ z hypo!ses ) :i* to exp]im5t4 ,human hi/ory is long4 ,!re is a long record ( pa/ exp]im5tation 9 conduct1 & !re are cumulative v]ifications :i* give _m pr9ciples a well e>n$ pre/ige4 ,lightly to disreg>d !m is ! height ( fooli%ness4 ,b social situations alt]2 & x is also fooli% n to obs]ve h[ old pr9ciples actually "w "u new conditions1 & n to modify !m s t !y w be m effectual in/rum5ts 9 judg+ new cases4 ,_m m5 are n[ aw>e ( ! h>m done 9 legal matt]s by assum+ ! antec$5t exi/5ce ( fix$ pr9ciples "u :i* e new case may be br\ght4 ,!y recognize t ?is assumption m]ely puts an artificial premium on ideas develop$ "u bygone conditions1 & t _! p]petuation 9 ! pres5t works inequity4 ,yet ! *oice is n betwe5 ?r[+ away rules previ\sly develop$ & /ick+ ob/9ately by !m4 ,! intellig5t alt]native is to revise1 adapt1 exp& & alt] !m4 ,! problem is "o ( cont9u\s1 vital readaptation4 ,! popul> objection to casui/ry is simil> to ! popul> objection to ! maxim t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,x is cr$itable to practical moral s5se1 b n to popul> logical consi/5cy4 ,= rec\rse to casui/ry is ! only conclusion :i* c be drawn f belief 9 fix$ univ]sal pr9ciples1 j z ! ,jesuit maxim is ! only conclusion prop] to be drawn f belief 9 fix$ ends4 ,e act1 e de$ is individual4 ,:at is ! s5se 9 hav+ fix$ g5]al rules1 comm&m5ts1 laws1 unless !y are su* z to conf] ^u individual cases ( action 7:]e alone in/ruction is f9ally ne$$7 some?+ ( _! own infallible c]ta9ty8 ,casui/ry1 s-call$1 is simply ! sy/ematic ef=t to secure = p>ticul> in/ances ( conduct ! advantage ( g5]al rules :i* are ass]t$ & believ$ 94 ,by ^? :o accept ! notion ( immutable regulat+ pr9ciples1 casui/ry ought to be laud$ = s9c]ity & helpfulness1 n disprais$ z x usually is4 ,or else m5 ought to c>ry back _! av]sion to manipulation ( p>ticul> cases1 until !y w fit into ! procru/ean b$s ( fix$ rules1 to ! po9t :]e x is cle> t all pr9ciples are empirical g5]alizations f ! ways 9 :i* previ\s judgm5ts ( conduct h practically work$ out4 ,:5 ?is fact is app>5t1 ^! g5]alizations w be se5 to be n fix$ rules = decid+ d\btful cases1 b in/rum5talities = _! inve/igation1 me?ods by :i* ! net value ( pa/ exp]i5ce is r5d]$ available = pres5t scrut9y ( new p]plexities4 ,!n x w also foll[ t !y are hypo!ses to be te/$ & revis$ by _! fur!r work+4#h #h ,among contempor>y morali/s1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore may be cit$ z almo/ alone 9 hav+ ! c\rage ( ! convictions %>$ by _m4 ,he insi/s t x is ! true bus9ess ( moral !ory to enable m5 to arrive at precise & sure judgm5ts 9 concrete cases ( moral p]plexity4 ,e su* /atem5t meets ) prompt objection4 ,we are told t 9 delib]ation rival goods pres5t !mselves4 ,we are fac$ by compet+ desires & ends :i* are incompatible ) "o ano!r4 ,!y are all attractive1 s$uctive4 ,h[ !n %all we *oose among !m8 ,we c *oose rationally among values1 ! argum5t cont9ues1 only if we h "s fix$ measure ( values1 j z we decide ! respective l5g?s ( physical ?+s by rec\rse to ! fix$ foot-rule4 ,"o might reply t aft] all !re is no fix$ foot-rule1 no fix$ foot 9 itself & t ! /&>d l5g? or weight ( measure is only ano!r special portion ( matt]1 subject to *ange f heat1 moi/ure & gravitational position1 def9$ only by conditions1 relations4 ,"o might reply t ! foot-rule is a tool :i* has be5 work$ out 9 actual prior comp>isons ( concrete ?+s = use 9 facilitat+ fur!r comp>isons4 ,b we cont5t ourselves ) rem>k+ t we f9d 9 ?is conception ( a fix$ antec$5t /&>d ano!r manife/ation ( ! desire to escape ! /ra9 ( ! actual moral situation1 its g5u9e unc]ta9ty ( possibilities & consequ5ces4 ,we are confront$ ) ano!r case ( ! all too human love ( c]ta9ty1 a case ( ! wi% = an intellectual pat5t issu$ by au?ority4 ,! issue aft] all is "o ( fact4 ,! critic is n entitl$ to en=ce aga9/ ! facts 8 private wi% = a ready-made /&>d :i* w relieve him f ! burd5 ( exam9ation1 obs]vation & cont9u+ g5]alization & te/4 ,! wor? ( ?is private wi% is moreov] op5 to "q 9 ! light ( ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( natural sci5ce4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 9 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry & biology m5 claim$ t judgm5t ( individual ph5om5a 0 possible only because ! m9d 0 already 9 possession ( fix$ tru?s1 univ]sal pr9ciples1 pre-orda9$ axioms4 ,only by _! means c\ld cont+5t1 v>y+ p>ticul> ev5ts be truly kn[n4 ,!re 01 x 0 argu$1 no way to judge ! tru? ( any p>ticul> /atem5t ab\t a p>ticul> plant1 heav5ly body1 or case ( combu/ion unless !re 0 a g5]al tru? already 9 h& ) :i* to comp>e a p>ticul> empirical occurr5ce4 ,! cont5tion 0 successful1 t is = a long "t x ma9ta9$ its hold ^u m5's m9ds4 ,b its effect 0 m]ely to enc\rage intellectual laz9ess1 reliance ^u au?ority & bl9d acceptance ( conceptions t _h someh[ become traditional4 ,! actual advance ( sci5ce did n beg9 till m5 broke away f ?is me?od4 ,:5 m5 insi/$ ^u judg+ a/ronomical ph5om5a by br++ !m directly "u e/abli%$ tru?s1 ^? ( geometry1 !y _h no a/ronomy1 b only a private e/hetic con/ruction4 ,a/ronomy began :5 m5 tru/$ !mselves to emb>k+ ^u ! unc]ta9 sea ( ev5ts & 7 will+ to be in/ruct$ by *anges 9 ! concrete4 ,!n antec$5t pr9ciples 7 t5tatively employ$ z me?ods = conduct+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 & = organiz+ special facts3 z hypo!ses4 ,9 morals n[1 z 9 physical sci5ce !n1 ! "w ( intellig5ce 9 rea*+ su* relative c]ta9ty1 or te/$ probability1 z is op5 to man is ret>d$ by ! false notion ( fix$ antec$5t tru?s4 ,prejudice is confirm$4 ,rules =m$ accid5tally or "u ! pressure ( conditions long pa/1 are protect$ f criticism & ?us p]petuat$4 ,e gr\p & p]son ve/$ ) au?ority /r5g!ns possess$ p[] by h>p+ ^u ! sacr$ness ( immutable pr9ciple4 ,moral facts1 t is ! concrete c>e]s ( special c\rses ( action1 are n /udi$4 ,!re is no c\nt]p>t to cl9ical m$ic9e4 ,rigid classifications =c$ ^u facts are reli$ ^u4 ,& all is done1 z x us$ to be done 9 natural sci5ce1 9 praise ( ,reason & 9 fe> ( ! v>iety & fluctuation ( actual happ5+s4 ,! hypo!sis t ea* moral situation is unique & t consequ5tly g5]al moral pr9ciples are in/rum5tal to develop+ ! individualiz$ mean+ ( situations is decl>$ to be an>*ic4 ,x is said to be e?ical atomism1 pulv]iz+ ! ord] & dignity ( morals4 ,! "q1 aga9 is n :at our inh]it$ habits lead u to pref]1 b :]e ! facts take u4 ,b 9 ?is in/ance ! facts d n take u into atomism & an>*y4 ,^! ?+s are spect]s se5 by ! critic :5 he is sudd5ly confus$ by ! loss ( cu/om>y spectacles4 ,he takes 8 own confusion due to loss ( artificial aids = an objective situation4 ,because situations 9 :i* delib]ation is evok$ are new1 & !re=e unique1 g5]al pr9ciples are ne$$4 ,only an uncritical vagu5ess w assume t ! sole alt]native to fix$ g5]ality is abs5ce ( cont9uity4 ,rigid habits insi/ ^u duplication1 repetition1 recurr5ce2 9 _! case !re is accord+ly fix$ pr9ciples4 ,only !re is no pr9ciple at all1 t is1 no consci\s intellectual rule1 = ?\ght is n ne$$4 ,b all habit has cont9uity1 & :ile a flexible habit does n secure 9 its op]ation b>e recurr5ce nor absolute assurance nei!r does x plunge u into ! hopeless confusion ( ! absolutely diff]5t4 ,to insi/ ^u *ange & ! new is to insi/ ^u alt]ation ( ! old4 ,9 d5y+ t ! mean+ ( any g5u9e case ( delib]ation c be exhau/$ by treat+ x z a m]e case ( an e/abli%$ classification ! value ( classification is n d5i$4 ,x is %[n :]e its value lies1 namely1 9 direct+ att5tion to resemblances & diff]5ces 9 ! new case1 9 economiz+ ef=t 9 =esight4 ,to call a g5]alization a tool is n to say x is useless2 ! contr>y is pat5tly ! case4 ,a tool is some?+ to use4 ,h5ce x is also some?+ to be improv$ by not+ h[ x works4 ,! ne$ ( su* not+ & improv+ is indisp5sable if1 z is ! case ) moral pr9ciples1 ! tool has to be us$ 9 unwont$ circum/ances4 ,cont9uity ( gr[? n atomism is ?us ! alt]native to fixity ( pr9ciples & aims4 ,?is is no ,b]gsonian plea = divid+ ! univ]se into two portions1 "o all ( fix$1 recurr5t habits1 & ! o!r all spontaneity ( flux4 ,only 9 su* a univ]se w\ld reason 9 morals h to take its *oice betwe5 absolute fixity & absolute loos5ess4 ,no?+ is m in/ructive ab\t ! g5u9e value ( g5]alization 9 conduct ?an ! errors ( ,kant4 ,he took ! doctr9e t ! ess5ce ( reason is complete univ]sality 7& h5ce necessity & immutability71 ) ! s]i\sness becom+ ! pr(essor ( logic4 ,apply+ ! doctr9e to morality he saw t ?is conception sev]$ morals f connection ) exp]i5ce4 ,o!r morali/s _h gone t f> be=e 8 day4 ,b none ( !m _h done :at ,kant proce$$ to d3 c>ry ?is sep>ation ( moral pr9ciples & ideals f exp]i5ce to its logical conclusion4 ,he saw t to exclude f pr9ciples all connection ) empirical details meant to exclude all ref]5ce ( any k9d to consequ5ces4 ,he !n saw ) a cle>ness :i* does 8 logic cr$it t ) su* exclusion1 reason becomes entirely empty3 no?+ is left except ! univ]sality ( ! univ]sal4 ,he 0 !n confront$ by ! seem+ly insoluble problem ( gett+ moral in/ruction reg>d+ special cases out ( a pr9ciple t hav+ =sworn int]c\rse ) exp]i5ce 0 b>r5 & empty4 ,8 +5i\s me?od 0 z foll[s4 ,=mal univ]sality means at lea/ logical id5tity2 x means self-consi/5cy or abs5ce ( contradiction4 ,h5ce foll[s ! me?od by :i* a w\ld-be truly moral ag5t w proce$ 9 judg+ ! rightness ( any propos$ act4 ,he w ask3 ,c its motive be made univ]sal = all cases8 ,h[ w\ld "o l x if by "o's act "o's motive 9 t act 7 to be erect$ into a univ]sal law ( actual nature8 ,w\ld "o !n be will+ to make ! same *oice8 ,surely a man w\ld hesitate to /eal if by 8 *oice to make /eal+ ! motive ( 8 act he 7 also to erect x into su* a fix$ law ( nature t h5ce=? he & ev]ybody else w\ld always /eal :5ev] prop]ty 0 9 "q4 ,no /eal+ )\t prop]ty1 & ) univ]sal /eal+ also no prop]ty2 a cle> self-contradiction4 ,look$ at 9 ! light ( reason e mean1 ins9c]e1 inconsid]ate motive ( action %rivels into a private exception :i* a p]son wants to take advantage ( 9 8 own favor1 & :i* he w\ld be horrifi$ to h o!rs act ^u4 ,x violates ! great pr9ciple ( logic t ,a is ,a4 ,k9dly1 dec5t acts1 on ! contr>y1 ext5d & multiply !mselves 9 a cont9u+ h>mony4 ,?is treatm5t by ,kant ev9ces deep insight into ! (fice ( intellig5ce & pr9ciple 9 conduct4 ,b x involves flat contradiction ( ,kant's own orig9al int5tion to exclude consid]ation ( concrete consequ5ces4 ,x turns out to be a me?od ( recomm5d+ a broad imp>tial view ( consequ5ces4 ,our =eca/ ( consequ5ces is always subject1 z we h not$1 to ! bias ( impulse & habit4 ,we see :at we want to see1 we obscure :at is unfavorable to a *]i%$1 probably unav[$1 wi%4 ,we dwell ^u favor+ circum/ances till !y become weight$ ) re9=c+ consid]ations4 ,we don't give oppos+ consequ5ces half a *ance to develop 9 ?\ght4 ,delib]ation ne$s e possible help x c get aga9/ ! twi/+1 exagg]at+ & slight+ t5d5cy ( passion & habit4 ,to =m ! habit ( ask+ h[ we %\ld be will+ to be treat$ 9 a simil> case--:i* is :at ,kant's maxim am\nts to--is to ga9 an ally = imp>tial & s9c]e delib]ation & judgm5t4 ,x is a safegu>d aga9/ our t5d5cy to reg>d our own case z exceptional 9 comp>ison ) ! case ( o!rs4 ,j ?is once1 a plea = isolation2 secrecy--a plea = non-inspection1 are =ces :i* op]ate 9 e passionate desire4 ,dem& = consi/5cy1 = univ]sality1 f> f imply+ a rejection ( all consequ5ces1 is a dem& to survey consequ5ces broadly1 to l9k effect to effect 9 a *a9 ( cont9uity4 ,:atev] =ce works to ?is end is reason4 ,= reason1 let x be repeat$ is an outcome1 a function1 n a primitive =ce4 ,:at we ne$ are ^? habits1 dispositions :i* lead to imp>tial & consi/5t =esight ( consequ5ces4 ,!n our judgm5ts are reasonable2 we are !n reasonable creatures4 ,,viii ,c]ta9 critics 9 sympa?y ) at lea/ ! negative cont5tion1 ! critical side1 ( su* a !ory z has be5 advanc$1 reg>d x z plac+ too mu* emphasis ^u intellig5ce4 ,!y f9d x intellectuali/ic1 cold-blood$4 ,!y say we mu/ *ange desire1 love1 aspiration1 admiration1 & !n action w be trans=m$4 ,a new affection1 a *ang$ appreciation1 br+s ) x a revaluation ( life & insi/s ^u its realization4 ,a ref9em5t ( intellect at mo/ only figures out bett] ways ( rea*+ old & accu/om$ ends4 ,9 fact we are lucky if intellect does n freeze ! ardor ( g5]\s desire & p>alyze creative endeavor4 ,intellect is critical1 unproductive :ile desire is g5]ative4 ,9 its dispassionat5ess intellect is alo( f humanity & its ne$s4 ,x fo/]s deta*m5t :]e sympa?y is ne$$4 ,x cultivates contemplation :5 salvation lies 9 lib]at+ desire4 ,intellect is analytic1 tak+ ?+s to pieces2 its devices are ! scalpel & te/-tube4 ,affection is syn!tic1 unify+4 ,?is argum5t af=ds an opportunity = mak+ m explicit ^? respective (fices ( wi% & ?\ght 9 =m+ ends :i* h already be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,fir/ we mu/ und]take an indep5d5t analysis ( desire4 ,x is cu/om>y to describe desires 9 t]ms ( _! objects1 mean+ by objects ! ?+s :i* figure z 9 imag9ation _! goals4 ,z ! object is noble or base1 s1 x is ?\ght1 is desire4 ,9 any case1 emotions rise & clu/] ab\t ! object4 ,?is /&s out s conspicu\sly 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce t x monopolizes ! c5tral position 9 ! traditional psy*ological !ory ( desire4 ,b>r+ gross self-deception or ! fru/ration ( ext]nal circum/ance1 ! outcome1 or end-result1 ( desire is reg>d$ by ?is !ory z simil> to ! end-9-view or object consci\sly desir$4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 z readily appe>s f ! analysis ( delib]ation4 ,9 say+ t ! actual outcome ( desire is diff]5t 9 k9d f ! object ^u :i* desire consci\sly fa/5s1 ,i d n mean to repeat ! old compla9t ab\t ! fallibility & feebl5ess ( mortals 9 virtue ( :i* man's hopes are fru/rat$ & twi/$ 9 realization4 ,! diff]5ce is "o ( div]se dim5sions1 n ( degree or am\nt4 ,! object desir$ & ! atta9m5t ( desire are no m alike ?an a signbo>d on ! road is l ! g>age to :i* x po9ts & :i* x recomm5ds to ! travel]4 ,desire is ! =w>d urge ( liv+ creatures4 ,:5 ! pu% & drive ( life meets no ob/acle1 !re is no?+ :i* we call desire4 ,!re is j life-activity4 ,b ob/ructions pres5t !mselves1 & activity is disp]s$ & divid$4 ,desire is ! outcome4 ,x is activity surg+ =w>d to break ?r\gh :at dams x up4 ,! object :i* !n pres5ts itself 9 ?\ght z ! goal ( desire is ! object ( ! environm5t :i*1 if x 7 pres5t1 w\ld secure a re-unification ( activity & ! re/oration ( its ongo+ unity4 ,! end-9-view ( desire is t object :i* 7 x pres5t w\ld l9k into an organiz$ :ole activities :i* are n[ p>tial & compet+4 ,x is no m l ! actual end ( desire1 or ! result+ /ate atta9$1 ?an ! c\pl+ ( c>s :i* h be5 sep>at$ is l an ongo+ s+le tra94 ,yet ! tra9 _c g on )\t ! c\pl+4 ,su* /atem5ts may seem contr>y to common s5se4 ,! p]t95cy ( ! illu/ration us$ w be d5i$4 ,no man desires ! signbo>d :i* he sees1 he desires ! g>age1 ! objective1 ! ult]ior ?+4 ,b does he8 ,or is ! g>age simply a means by :i* a divid$ body ( activities is r$9tegrat$ or coord9at$8 ,is x desir$ 9 any s5se = itself1 or only because x is ! means ( effective adju/m5t ( a :ole set ( und]ly+ habits8 ,:ile common s5se responds to ! ord9>y /atem5t ( ! end ( desire1 x also responds to a /atem5t t no "o desires ! object = its own sake1 b only = :at c be got out ( x4 ,"h is j ! po9t at :i* ! !ory t pleasure is ! real objective ( desire makes its appeal4 ,x po9ts out t n ! physical object nor ev5 its possession is really want$2 t !y are only means to some?+ p]sonal & exp]i5tial4 ,& h5ce x is argu$ t !y are means to pleasure4 ,! pres5t hypo!sis (f]s an alt]native3 x says t !y are means ( removal ( ob/ructions to an ongo+1 unifi$ sy/em ( activities4 ,x is easy to see :y an objective looms s l>ge & :y emotional surge & /ress ga!r ab\t x & lift x high above ! floor ( consci\sness4 ,! objective is 7or is tak5 to be7 ! key to ! situation4 ,if we c atta9 x1 lay hold ( x1 ! trick is turn$4 ,x is l ! piece ( pap] :i* c>ries ! reprieve a condemn$ man waits =4 ,issues ( life hang ^u x4 ,! desir$ object is 9 no s5se ! end or goal ( desire1 b x is ! s9e qua non ( t end4 ,a practical man w fix 8 att5tion ^u x1 & n dream ab\t ev5tualities :i* are only dreams if ! objective is n atta9$1 b :i* w foll[ 9 _! own natural c\rse if x is rea*$4 ,= !n x becomes a factor 9 ! sy/em ( activities4 ,h5ce ! tru? 9 ! v>i\s s-call$ p>adoxes ( desire4 ,if pleasure or p]fection 7 ! true end ( desire1 x w\ld /ill be true t ! way to atta9m5t is n to ?9k ( !m4 ,= object ?\ght ( & object a*iev$ exi/ 9 diff]5t dim5sions4 ,9 addition to ! popul> notions t ei!r ! object 9 view or else pleasure is ! end ( desire1 !re is a less popul> !ory t quiesc5ce is ! actual outcome or true t]m9al ( desire4 ,! !ory f9ds its mo/ complete practical /atem5t 9 ,buddhism4 ,x is ne>] ! psy*ological tru? ?an ei!r ( ! o!r notions4 ,b x views ! atta9$ outcome simply 9 its negative aspect4 ,! end rea*$ quiets ! cla% & removes ! discom=t att5dant ^u divid$ & ob/ruct$ activity4 ,! uneas9ess1 unre/1 *>act]i/ic ( desire is put to sleep4 ,= ?is reason1 "s p]sons resort to intoxicants & anodynes4 ,if quiesc5ce 7 ! end & x c\ld be p]petuat$1 ?is way ( remov+ disagreeable uneas9ess w\ld be z satisfactory a way out z ! way ( objective ef=t4 ,b 9 fact desire satisfi$ does n br+ quiesc5ce unqualifi$ly1 b t k9d ( quiesc5ce :i* m>ks ! recov]y ( unifi$ activity3 ! abs5ce ( int]nal /rife among habits & in/9cts4 ,equilibration ( activities r ?an quiesc5ce is ! actual result ( satisfi$ desire4 ,?is names ! outcome positively1 r ?an comp>atively & negatively4 ,?is disp>ity ( dim5sions 9 desire betwe5 ! object ?\ght ( & ! outcome rea*$ is ! explanation ( ^? self-deceptions :i* psy*o-analysis has br\ght home to u s =cibly1 b ( :i* x gives elaborately cumbr\s acc\nts4 ,! object ?\ght ( & ! outcome nev] agree4 ,!re is no self-deceit 9 ?is fact4 ,:at1 !n1 really happ5s :5 ! actual outcome ( satisfi$ rev5ge figures 9 ?\ght z virtu\s eag]ness = ju/ice8 ,or :5 ! tickl$ vanity ( social admiration is mask$ z pure love ( le>n+8 ,! tr\ble lies 9 ! refusal ( a p]son to note ! quality ( ! outcome1 n 9 ! unavoidable disp>ity ( desire's object & ! outcome4 ,! hone/ or integral m9d att5ds to ! result1 & sees :at x really is4 ,= no t]m9al condition is exclusively t]m9al4 ,s9ce x exi/s 9 "t x has consequ5ces z well z antec$5ts4 ,9 be+ a consummation x is also a =ce hav+ causal pot5tialities4 ,x is initial z well z t]m9al4 ,self-deception orig9ates 9 look+ at an outcome 9 "o direction only--z a satisfaction ( :at has gone be=e1 ignor+ ! fact t :at is atta9$ is a /ate ( habits :i* w cont9ue 9 action & :i* w det]m9e future results4 ,outcomes ( desire are also beg9n+s ( new acts & h5ce are port5t\s4 ,satisfi$ rev5ge may feel l ju/ice v9dicat$2 ! pre/ige ( le>n+ may feel l an enl>gem5t & rectification ( an objective outlook4 ,b s9ce diff]5t in/9cts & habits h ent]$ into !m1 !y are actually1 t is dynamically1 unlike4 ,! function ( moral judgm5t is to detect ?is unlik5ess4 ,"h1 aga91 ! belief t we c "k ourselves imm$iately is z disa/r\s to moral sci5ce z ! correspond+ idea reg>d+ k ( nature 0 to physical sci5ce4 ,obnoxi\s subjectivity ( moral judgm5t is due to ! fact t ! imm$iate or e/hetic quality swells & swells & displaces ! ?\ght ( ! active pot5cy :i* gives activity its moral quality4 ,we are all natural ,jack ,horn]s4 ,if ! plum comes :5 we put 9 & pull out our ?umb we attribute ! satisfactory result to p]sonal virtue4 ,! plum is obta9$1 & x is n easy to di/+ui% obta9+ f atta9+1 acquisition f a*iev+4 ,jack ,horn]1 ,esq41 put =? "s ef=t2 & results & ef=ts are always m or less incomm5surate4 ,= ! result is always dep5d5t to "s ext5t ^u ! favor or disfavor ( circum/ance4 ,:y !n %\ld n ! satisfactory plum %$ its halo retrospectively ^u :at prec$es & be tak5 z a sign ( virtue8 ,9 ?is way h]oes & lead]s are con/ruct$4 ,su* is ! wor%ip ( success4 ,& ! evil ( success-wor%ip is precisely ! evil ) :i* we h be5 deal+4 ,success is nev] m]ely f9al or t]m9al4 ,some?+ else succe$s x1 & its successors are influ5c$ by its nature1 t is by ! p]si/+ habits & impulses t ent] into x4 ,! _w does n /op :5 ! successful p]son pulls out 8 plum2 nor does he /op1 & ! k9d ( success he obta9s1 & 8 attitude t[>d x1 is a factor 9 :at comes aft]w>ds4 ,by a /range turn ( ! :eel1 ! success ( ! ultra-practical man is psy*ologically l ! ref9$ enjoym5t ( ! ultra-e/hetic p]son4 ,bo? ignore ! ev5tualities ) :i* e /ate ( exp]i5ce is *>g$4 ,!re is no reason = n enjoy+ ! pres5t1 b !re is e reason = exam9ation ( ! objective factors ( :at is enjoy$ be=e we translate enjoym5t into a belief 9 excell5ce4 ,!re is e reason 9 o!r words = cultivat+ ano!r enjoym5t1 t ( ! habit ( exam9+ ! productive pot5tialities ( ! objects enjoy$4 ,analysis ( desire ?us reveals ! falsity ( !ories :i* magnify x at ! exp5se ( intellig5ce4 ,impulse is prim>y & intellig5ce is second>y & 9 "s s5se d]ivative4 ,!re %\ld be no bl9k+ ( ?is fact4 ,b recognition ( x z a fact exalts intellig5ce4 ,= ?\ght is n ! slave ( impulse to d its bidd+4 ,impulse does n "k :at x is aft]2 x _c give ord]s1 n ev5 if x wants to4 ,x ru%es bl9dly into any op5+ x *ances to f9d4 ,any?+ t exp5ds x1 satisfies x4 ,"o outlet is l ano!r to x4 ,x is indiscrim9ate4 ,its vag>ies & excesses are ! /ock !me ( classical morali/s2 & :ile !y po9t ! wrong moral 9 urg+ ! abdication ( impulse 9 favor ( reason1 _! *>act]ization ( impulse is n :olly wrong4 ,:at intellig5ce has to d 9 ! s]vice ( impulse is to act n z its ob$i5t s]vant b z its cl>ifi] & lib]ator4 ,& ?is c be accompli%$ only by a /udy ( ! conditions & causes1 ! work+s & consequ5ces ( ! greate/ possible v>iety ( desires & comb9ations ( desire4 ,intellig5ce conv]ts desire into plans1 sy/ematic plans bas$ on assembl+ facts1 report+ ev5ts z !y happ51 keep+ tab on !m & analyz+ !m4 ,no?+ is s easy to fool z impulse & no "o is deceiv$ s readily z a p]son "u /rong emotion4 ,h5ce ! idealism ( man is easily br\ght to naught4 ,g5]\s impulses are ar\s$2 !re is a vague anticipation1 a burn+ hope1 ( a m>vel\s future4 ,old ?+s are to pass spe$ily away & a new heav5s & e>? are to come into exi/5ce4 ,b impulse burns itself up4 ,emotion _c be kept at its full tide4 ,ob/acles are enc\nt]$ ^u :i* action da%es itself into ineffectual spray4 ,or if x a*ieves1 by luck1 a transitory success1 x is intoxicat$1 & plumes itself on victory :ile x is on ! road to sudd5 defeat4 ,meantime1 o!r m51 n c>ri$ away by impulse1 use e/abli%$ habits & a %rewd cold intellect t manipulates !m4 ,! outcome is ! victory ( bas] desire direct$ by insight & cunn+ ov] g5]\s desire :i* does n "k its way4 ,! reali/ic man ( ! _w has evolv$ a regul> te*nique = deal+ ) ideali/ic outbur/s t ?reat5 8 supremacy4 ,8 aims are l[1 b he kn[s ! means by :i* !y are to be execut$4 ,8 k ( conditions is n>r[ b x is effective )9 its conf9es4 ,8 =esight is limit$ to results t conc]n p]sonal success1 b is %>p1 cle>cut4 ,he has no great difficulty 9 draft+ ! ideali/ic desire ( o!rs ) its vague en?usiasms & its cl\dy p]ceptions into canals :]e x w s]ve 8 own purposes4 ,! en]gies excit$ by emotional idealism run into ! mat]iali/ic res]voirs provid$ by ! contriv+ ?\ght ( ^? :o h n surr5d]$ _! m9ds to _! s5tim5t4 ,! glorification ( affection & aspiration at ! exp5se ( ?\ght is a survival ( romantic optimism4 ,x assumes a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 natural impulse & natural objects4 ,only su* a h>mony ju/ifies ! belief t g5]\s feel+ w f9d its way illum9at$ by ! %e] nobility ( its own quality4 ,p]sons ( a lit]>y turn ( m9d are z subject to ?is fallacy z intellectual speciali/s are apt to ! contr>y fallacy t !oriz+ ap>t f =ce ( impulse & habit w get affairs =w>d4 ,!y t5d to fancy t ?+s are z pliant to imag9ation z are words1 t an emotion c compose affairs z if !y 7 mat]ials = a lyric poem4 ,b if ! objects ( ! environm5t 7 only z pla/ic z ! mat]ials ( poetic art1 m5 w\ld nev] h be5 oblig$ to h rec\rse to creation 9 ! m$ium ( words4 ,we idealize 9 fancy because our idealizations 9 fact are balk$4 ,& :ile ! latt] mu/ />t ) imag9ative idealizations in/igat$ by release ( g5]\s impulse1 !y c be c>ri$ ?r\gh only :5 ! h>d labor ( obs]vation1 memory & =esight w$s ! vision ( imag9ation to ! organiz$ effici5cies ( habit4 ,sometimes desire means n b>e impulse b impulse :i* has s5se ( an objective4 ,9 ?is case desire & ?\ght _c be oppos$1 = desire includes ?\ght )9 itself4 ,! "q is n[ h[ f> ! "w ( ?\ght has be5 done1 h[ adequate is its p]ception ( its direct+ object4 ,= ! mov+ =ce may be a %ad[y pres5tim5t con/ruct$ by wi%ful hope r ?an by /udy ( conditions2 x may be an emotional indulg5ce r ?an a solid plan built ^u ! rocks ( actuality discov]$ by accurate inquiries4 ,!re is no ?\ght )\t ! imp$+ ( impulse4 ,b ! ob/ruction may m]ely int5sify its bl9d surge =w>d2 or x may div]t ! =ce ( =w>d impulse into obs]vation ( exi/+ conditions & =eca/ ( _! future consequ5ces4 ,?is long way ar\nd is ! %ort way home = desire4 ,no issue ( morals is m f>-rea*+ ?an ! "o h]e) sket*$4 ,hi/orically speak+1 !re is po9t 9 ! attacks ( ^? :o speak slight+ly ( sci5ce & intellect1 & :o w\ld limit _! moral significance to supply+ incid5tal help to execution ( purposes born ( affection4 ,?\ght too (t5 is specializ$ 9 a remote & sep>ate pursuit1 or employ$ 9 a h>d way to contrive ! in/rum5talities ( success4 ,intellect is too (t5 made a tool = a sy/ematiz$ apology = ?+s z !y are1 t is = cu/oms t b5efit ! class 9 p[]1 or else a road to an int]e/+ occupation :i* accumulates facts & ideas z o!r m5 ga!r doll>s1 :ile prid+ itself on its ideal quality4 ,no wond] t at times cata/rophes t affect m5 9 common are welcom$4 ,= ! mom5t !y turn sci5ce away f its ab/ract te*nicalities into a s]vant ( "s human aspiration2 ! h>d1 *illy calculations ( intellect are swept away by floods ( sympa?y & common loyalties4 ,b1 alas1 emotion )\t ?\ght is un/able4 ,x rises l ! tide & subsides l ! tide irrespective ( :at x has accompli%$4 ,x is easily div]t$ into any side *annel dug by old habits or provid$ by cool cunn+1 or x disp]ses itself aimlessly4 ,!n comes ! reaction ( disillusionm5t1 & m5 turn all ! m fi]cely to ! pursuit ( n>r[ ends :]e !y are habituat$ to use obs]vation & plann+ & :]e !y h acquir$ "s control ( conditions4 ,! sep>ation ( w>m emotion & cool intellig5ce is ! great moral trag$y4 ,?is division is p]petuat$ by ^? :o deprecate sci5ce & =esight 9 behalf ( affection z x is by ^? :o 9 ! "n ( an idol label$ reason w\ld qu5* passion4 ,! intellect is always inspir$ by "s impulse4 ,ev5 ! mo/ case-h>d5$ sci5tific speciali/1 ! mo/ ab/ract philosoph]1 is mov$ by "s passion4 ,b an actuat+ impulse easily h>d5s into isolat$ habit4 ,x is unav[$ & disconnect$4 ,! rem$y is n lapse ( ?\ght1 b its quick5+ & ext5sion to contemplate ! cont9uities ( exi/5ce1 & re/ore ! connection ( ! isolat$ desire to ! companion%ip ( its fell[s4 ,! glorification ( w ap>t f ?\ght turns out ei!r a commitm5t to bl9d action :i* s]ves ! purpose ( ^? :o guide _! de$s by n>r[ plans1 or else a s5tim5tal1 romantic fai? 9 ! h>monies ( nature lead+ /raight to disa/]4 ,9 words at lea/1 ! association ( idealism ) emotion & impulse has be5 repeat$ly impli$ 9 ! =ego+4 ,! connection is m ?an v]bal4 ,e end t man holds up1 e project he ent]ta9s is ideal4 ,x m>ks some?+ want$1 r ?an some?+ exi/+4 ,x is want$ because exi/5ce z x n[ is does n furni% x4 ,x c>ries ) itself1 !n1 a s5se ( contra/ to ! a*iev$1 to ! exi/5t4 ,x outruns ! se5 & t\*$4 ,x is ! "w ( fai? & hope ev5 :5 x is ! plan ( ! mo/ h>d-head$ practical man4 ,b ?\gh ideal 9 ?is s5se x is n an ideal4 ,common s5se revolts at call+ e project1 e design1 e contrivance ( cunn+1 ideal1 because common s5se includes above all 9 its conception ( ! ideal ! quality ( ! plan propos$4 ,ideali/ic revolt is bl9d & l e bl9d reaction sweeps u away4 ,! quality ( ! ideal is exalt$ till x is some?+ beyond all possibility ( def9ite plan & execution4 ,its sublimity r5d]s x inaccessibly remote4 ,an ideal becomes a synonym = :atev] is inspir+--& impossible4 ,!n1 s9ce intellig5ce _c be :olly suppress$1 ! ideal is h>d5$ by ?\ght into "s high1 f>-away object4 ,x is s elevat$ & s di/ant t x does n belong to ?is _w or to exp]i5ce4 ,x is 9 te*nical language1 transc5d5tal2 9 common spee*1 sup]natural1 ( heav5 n ( e>?4 ,! ideal is !n a goal ( f9al exhau/ive1 compreh5sive p]fection :i* c be def9$ only by complete contra/ ) ! actual4 ,al?\gh impossible ( realization & ( conception1 x is /ill reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( all g5]\s discont5t ) actualities & ( all inspiration to progress4 ,?is notion ( ! nature & (fice ( ideals comb9es 9 "o contradictory :ole all t is vici\s 9 ! sep>ation ( desire & ?\ght4 ,x /rives :ile reta9+ ! vagu5ess ( emotion to simulate ! objective def9it5ess ( ?\ght4 ,x foll[s ! natural c\rse ( intellig5ce 9 dem&+ an object :i* w unify & fulfil desire1 & !n cancels ! "w ( ?\ght by treat+ ! object z ineffable & unrelat$ to pres5t action & exp]i5ce4 ,x conv]ts ! surge ( pres5t impulse into a future end only to swamp ! endeavor to cl>ify ?is end 9 a gu% ( unconsid]$ feel+4 ,x is suppos$ t ! ?\ght ( ! ideal is necess>y to ar\se dissatisfaction ) ! pres5t & to ar\se ef=t to *ange x4 ,b 9 reality ! ideal is itself ! product ( discont5t ) conditions4 ,in/ead h[ev] ( s]v+ to organize & direct ef=t1 x op]ates z a comp5satory dream4 ,x becomes ano!r ready-made _w4 ,in/ead ( promot+ ef=t at concrete trans=mations ( :at exi/s1 x con/itutes ano!r k9d ( exi/5ce already some:]e 9 be+4 ,x is a refuge1 an asylum f ef=t4 ,?us ! en]gy t might be sp5t 9 trans=m+ pres5t ills goes into oscillat+ flights into a f> away p]fect _w & ! t$ium ( en=c$ returns into ! necessities ( ! pres5t evil _w4 ,we c recov] ! g5u9e import ( ideals & idealism only by dis5tangl+ ?is unreal mixture ( ?\ght & emotion4 ,! action ( delib]ation1 z we h se51 consi/s 9 select+ "s =ese5 consequ5ce to s]ve z a /imulus to pres5t action4 ,x br+s future possibilities into ! pres5t sc5e & !reby frees & exp&s pres5t t5d5cies4 ,b ! select$ consequ5ce is set 9 an indef9ite context ( o!r consequ5ces j z real z x is1 & _m ( !m mu* m c]ta9 9 fact4 ,! ends t are =ese5 & utiliz$ m>k out a little isl& 9 an inf9ite sea4 ,?is limitation w\ld be fatal 7 ! prop] function ( ends any?+ else ?an to lib]ate & guide pres5t action out ( its p]plexities & confusions4 ,b ?is s]vice con/itutes ! sole mean+ ( aims & purposes4 ,h5ce _! slight ext5t 9 comp>ison ) ignor$ & un=ese5 consequ5ces is ( no import 9 itself4 ,! ideal z x /&s 9 popul> ?\ght1 ! notion ( a complete & exhau/ive realization1 is remote f ! true functions ( ends1 & w\ld only emb>rass u if x c\ld be embrac$ 9 ?\ght in/ead ( be+1 z x is1 a comm5t by ! emotions4 ,= ! s5se ( an indef9ite context ( consequ5ces f among :i* ! aim is select$ ent]s into ! pres5t mean+ ( activity4 ,! end is ! figur$ patt]n at ! c5t] ( ! field ?r\gh :i* runs ! axis ( conduct4 ,ab\t ?is c5tral figuration ext5ds inf9itely a support+ backgr\nd 9 a vague :ole1 undef9$ & undiscrim9at$4 ,at mo/ intellig5ce b ?r[s a spotlight on t little "p ( ! :ole :i* m>ks out ! axis ( movem5t4 ,ev5 if ! light is flick]+ & ! illum9at$ portion /&s =? only dimly f ! %ad[y backgr\nd1 x suffices if we are %[n ! way to move4 ,to ! re/ ( ! consequ5ces1 collat]al & remote1 corresponds a backgr\nd ( feel+1 ( diffus$ emotion4 ,?is =ms ! /uff ( ! ideal4 ,f ! /&po9t ( its def9ite aim any act is petty 9 comp>ison ) ! totality ( natural ev5ts4 ,:at is accompli%$ directly z ! outcome ( a turn :i* our action gives ! c\rse ( ev5ts is inf9itesimal 9 comp>ison ) _! total sweep4 ,only an illusion ( conceit p]suades u t cosmic diff]5ce hangs ^u ev5 our wise/ & mo/ /r5u\s ef=t4 ,yet discont5t ) ?is limitation is z unreasonable z rely+ ^u an illusion ( ext]nal importance to keep ourselves go+4 ,9 a g5u9e s5se e act is already possess$ ( inf9ite import4 ,! little "p ( ! s*eme ( affairs :i* is modifiable by our ef=ts is cont9u\s ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! b\nd>ies ( our g>d5 plot jo9 x to ! _w ( our neighbors & our neighbors' neighbors4 ,t small ef=t :i* we c put =? is 9 turn connect$ ) an inf9ity ( ev5ts t su/a9 & support x4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is encompass+ inf9ity ( connections is ideal4 ,:5 a s5se ( ! inf9ite rea* ( an act physically occurr+ 9 a small po9t ( space & occupy+ a petty in/ant ( times comes home to u1 ! mean+ ( a pres5t act is se5 to be va/1 immeasurable1 un?9kable4 ,?is ideal is n a goal to be atta9$4 ,x is a significance to be felt1 appreciat$4 ,?\gh consci\sness ( x _c become intellectualiz$ 7id5tifi$ 9 objects ( a di/9ct "*7 yet emotional appreciation ( x is won only by ^? will+ to ?9k4 ,x is ! (fice ( art & religion to evoke su* appreciations & intimations2 to enhance & /eady !m till !y are wr\ght into ! texture ( our lives4 ,"s philosoph]s def9e religi\s consci\sness z beg9n+ :]e moral & intellectual consci\sness leave (f4 ,9 ! s5se t def9ite purposes & me?ods %ade (f ( necessity into a va/ :ole :i* is incapable ( objective pres5tation ?is view is correct4 ,b !y h falsifi$ ! conception by treat+ ! religi\s consci\sness z some?+ t comes aft] an exp]i5ce 9 :i* /riv+1 resolution & =esight are f\nd4 ,to !m morality & sci5ce are a /riv+2 :5 /riv+ ceases a moral holiday beg9s1 an excursion beyond ! utmo/ flight ( legitimate ?\ght & endeavor4 ,b !re is a po9t 9 e intellig5t activity :]e ef=t ceases2 :]e ?\ght & do+ fall back ^u a c\rse ( ev5ts :i* ef=t & reflection _c t\*4 ,!re is a po9t 9 delib]ate action :]e def9ite ?\ght fades into ! ineffable & undef9able--into emotion4 ,if ! s5se ( ?is ef=tless & unfa?omable :ole comes only 9 alt]nation ) ! s5se ( /ra9 9 action & labor 9 ?\ght1 !n we sp5d our lives 9 oscillat+ betwe5 :at is cramp$ & en=c$ & a brief transitory escape4 ,! function ( religion is !n c>icatur$ r ?an realiz$4 ,morals1 l w>1 is ?\ght ( z hell1 & religion1 l peace1 z a respite4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce is a reality 9 s f> z 9 ! mid/ ( ef=t to =esee & regulate future objects we are su/a9$ & exp&$ 9 feebl5ess & failure by ! s5se ( an envelop+ :ole4 ,peace 9 action n aft] x is ! contribution ( ! ideal to conduct4 ,,ix ,ov] & ov] aga91 "o po9t has recurr$ = criticism2--! subord9ation ( activity to a result outside itself4 ,:e!r t goal be ?\ght ( z pleasure1 z virtue1 z p]fection1 z f9al enjoym5t ( salvation1 is second>y to ! fact t ! morali/s :o h ass]t$ fix$ ends h 9 all _! diff]5ces f "o ano!r agre$ 9 ! basic idea t pres5t activity is b a means4 ,we h insi/$ t happ9ess1 reasonabl5ess1 virtue1 p]fect+1 are on ! contr>y p>ts ( ! pres5t significance ( pres5t action4 ,memory ( ! pa/1 obs]vation ( ! pres5t1 =esight ( ! future are indisp5sable4 ,b !y are indisp5sable to a pres5t lib]ation1 an enri*+ gr[? ( action4 ,happ9ess is fundam5tal 9 morals only because happ9ess is n some?+ to be s\ght =1 b is some?+ n[ atta9$1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( pa9 & tr\ble1 :5ev] recognition ( our ties ) nature & ) fell[-m5 releases & in=ms our action4 ,reasonabl5ess is a necessity because x is ! p]ception ( ! cont9uities t take action out ( its imm$iat5ess & isolation into connection ) ! pa/ & future4 ,p]haps ! criticism & insi/5ce h be5 too incessant4 ,!y may h provok$ ! read] to reaction4 ,he may readily conc$e t or?odox !ories h be5 onesid$ 9 sacrific+ ! pres5t to future good1 mak+ ( ! pres5t b an on]\s obligation or a sacrifice endur$ = future ga94 ,b :y1 he may prote/1 g to an opposite extreme & make ! future b a means to ! significance ( ! pres5t8 ,:y %\ld ! p[] ( =esight & ef=t to %ape ! future1 to regulate :at is to happ51 be slight$8 ,is n ! effect ( su* a doctr9e to weak5 putt+ =? ( endeavor 9 ord] to make ! future bett] ?an ! pres5t8 ,control ( ! future may be limit$ 9 ext5t1 b x is correspond+ly preci\s2 we %\ld jeal\sly *]i% :atev] enc\rages & su/a9s ef=t to t end4 ,to make little ( ?is possibility1 9 effect1 x w be argu$1 is to decrease ! c>e & endeavor ^u :i* progress dep5ds4 ,control ( ! future is inde$ preci\s 9 exact proportion to its difficulty1 its mod]ate degree ( atta9ability4 ,any?+ t actually t5ds to make t control less ?an x n[ is w\ld be a movem5t backw>d into slo? & triviality4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 future improvem5t z a result & z a direct aim4 ,to make x an aim is to ?r[ away ! sure/ means ( atta9+ x1 namely att5tion to ! full use ( pres5t res\rces 9 ! pres5t situation4 ,=eca/ ( future conditions1 sci5tific /udy ( pa/ & pres5t 9 ord] t ! =eca/ may be intellig5t1 are inde$ necessities4 ,conc5tration ( intellectual conc]n ^u ! future1 solicitude = scope & precision ( e/imate *>act]i/ic ( any well conduct$ affair1 naturally give ! impression t _! animat+ purpose is control ( ! future4 ,b ?\ght ab\t future happ5+s is ! only way we c judge ! pres5t2 x is ! only way to appraise its significance4 ,)\t su* projection1 !re c be no projects1 no plans = adm9i/]+ pres5t en]gies1 ov]com+ pres5t ob/acles4 ,delib]ately to subord9ate ! pres5t to ! future is to subject ! comp>atively secure to ! prec>i\s1 ex*ange res\rces = liabilities1 surr5d] :at is "u control to :at is1 relatively1 incapable ( control4 ,! am\nt ( control :i* w come into exi/5ce 9 ! future is n )9 control4 ,b su* an am\nt z turns out to be practicable accrues only 9 consequ5ce ( ! be/ possible managem5t ( pres5t means & ob/acles4 ,dom9at+ intellectual pre-occupation ) ! future is ! way by :i* effici5cy 9 deal+ ) ! pres5t is atta9$4 ,x is a way1 n a goal4 ,&1 ^u ! v mo/ hopeful outlook1 /udy & plann+ are m important 9 ! mean+1 ! enri*m5t ( cont5t1 :i* !y add to pres5t activity ?an is ! increase ( ext]nal control !y effect4 ,nor is ?is doctr9e passivi/ic 9 t5d5cy4 ,:at s5se is !re 9 increas$ ext]nal control except to increase ! intr9sic significance ( liv+8 ,! future t is =ese5 is a future t is sometime to be a pres5t4 ,is ! value ( t pres5t also to be po/pon$ to a future date1 & s on indef9itely8 ,or1 if ! good we are /ruggl+ to atta9 9 ! future is "o to be actually realiz$ :5 t future becomes pres5t1 :y %\ld n ! good ( ?is pres5t be equally preci\s8 ,& is !re1 aga91 any intellig5t way ( modify+ ! future except to att5d to ! full possibilities ( ! pres5t8 ,scamp+ ! pres5t 9 behalf ( ! future leads only to r5d]+ ! future less manageable4 ,x increases ! probability ( mole/ation by future ev5ts4 ,rem>ks ca/ 9 ?is =m probably seem too mu* l a logical manipulation ( ! concepts ( pres5t & future to be conv9c+4 ,build+ a h\se is a typical in/ance ( an intellig5t activity4 ,x is an activity direct$ by a plan1 a design4 ,! plan is itself bas$ ^u a =esight ( future uses4 ,?is =esight is 9 turn dep5d5t ^u an organiz$ survey ( pa/ exp]i5ces & ( pres5t conditions1 a recollection ( =m] exp]i5ces ( liv+ 9 h\ses & an acqua9tance ) pres5t mat]ials1 prices1 res\rces1 etc4 ,n[ if a legitimate case ( subord9ation ( pres5t to regulation ( ! future may any:]e be f\nd1 x is 9 su* a case z ?is4 ,= a man usually builds a h\se = ! sake ( ! com=t & security1 ! control1 !reby af=d$ to future liv+ r ?an j = ! fun--or ! tr\ble--( build+4 ,if 9 su* a case inspection %[s t1 aft] all1 intellectual conc]n ) ! pa/ & future is = ! sake ( direct+ pres5t activity & giv+ x mean+1 ! conclusion may be accept$ = o!r cases4 ,note t ! pres5t activity is ! only "o really "u control4 ,! man may die be=e ! h\se is built1 or 8 f9ancial conditions may *ange1 or he may ne$ to remove to ano!r place4 ,if he attempts to provide = all cont+5cies1 he w nev] d any?+2 if he all[s 8 att5tion to be mu* di/ract$ by !m1 he won't d well 8 pres5t plann+ & execution4 ,! m he consid]s ! future uses to :i* ! h\se w probably be put ! bett] he w d 8 pres5t job :i* is ! activity ( build+4 ,control ( future liv+1 su* z x may turn out to be1 is :olly dep5d5t ^u tak+ 8 pres5t activity1 s]i\sly & devot$ly1 z an end1 n a means4 ,& a man has 8 h&s full 9 do+ well :at n[ ne$s to be done4 ,until m5 h =m$ ! habit ( us+ intellig5ce fully z a guide to pres5t action !y w nev] f9d out h[ mu* control ( future cont+5cies is possible4 ,z ?+s are1 m5 s habitually scamp pres5t action 9 behalf ( future ends t ! facts = e/imat+ ! ext5t ( ! possibility ( r$uction ( future cont+5cies h n be5 disclos$4 ,:at a man is do+ limits bo? 8 direct control & 8 responsibility4 ,we mu/ n confuse ! act ( build+ ) ! h\se :5 built4 ,! latt] is a means1 n a fulfilm5t4 ,b x is su* only because x ent]s into a new activity :i* is pres5t n future4 ,life is cont9u\s4 ,! act ( build+ 9 "t gives way to ! acts connect$ ) a domicile4 ,b ev]y:]e ! good1 ! fulfilm5t1 ! mean+ ( activity1 resides 9 a pres5t made possible by judg+ exi/+ conditions 9 _! connections4 ,if we seek = an illu/ration on a l>g] scale1 education furni%es u ) a poignant example4 ,z traditionally conduct$1 x /rik+ly exhibits a subord9ation ( ! liv+ pres5t to a remote & prec>i\s future4 ,to prep>e1 to get ready1 is its key-note4 ,! actual outcome is lack ( adequate prep>ation1 ( intellig5t adaptation4 ,! pr(ess$ exaltation ( ! future turns out 9 practice a bl9d foll[+ ( tradition1 a rule ( ?umb muddl+ along f day to day2 or1 z 9 "s ( ! projects call$ indu/rial education1 a det]m9$ ef=t on ! "p ( "o class ( ! community to secure its future at ! exp5se ( ano!r class4 ,if education 7 conduct$ z a process ( fulle/ utilization ( pres5t res\rces1 lib]at+ & guid+ capacities t are n[ urg5t1 x goes )\t say+ t ! lives ( ! "y w\ld be mu* ri*] 9 mean+ ?an !y are n[4 ,x also foll[s t intellig5ce w\ld be kept busy 9 /udy+ all indications ( p[]1 all ob/acles & p]v]sions1 all products ( ! pa/ t ?r[ light ^u pres5t capacity1 & 9 =eca/+ ! future c>e] ( impulse & habit n[ active--n = ! sake ( subord9at+ ! latt] b 9 ord] to treat !m intellig5tly4 ,z a consequ5ce :atev] =tification & expansion ( ! future t is possible w be a*iev$--z x is n[ dismally unatta9$4 ,a m complicat$ in/ance is f\nd 9 ! dom9ant quality ( our indu/rial activity4 ,x may be dogmatically decl>$ t ! roots ( its evils are f\nd 9 ! sep>ation ( production f consumption--t is1 actual consummation1 fulfilm5t4 ,a normal case ( _! relation%ip is f\nd 9 ! tak+ ( food4 ,food is consum$ & vigor is produc$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is "o ( directions or dim5sions di/+ui%$ by intellect4 ,9 reality !re is simply conv]sion ( en]gy f "o =m to ano!r :]e9 x is m available--( great] significance4 ,! activity ( ! arti/1 ! sportsman1 ! sci5tific inquir] exemplifies ! same balance4 ,activity %\ld be productive4 ,?is is to say x %\ld h a be>+ on ! future1 %\ld effect control ( x4 ,b s f> z a productive action is intr9sically creative1 x has its own intr9sic value4 ,ref]5ce to future products & future enjoym5ts is b a way ( enhanc+ p]ception ( an imman5t mean+4 ,a skill$ artisan :o enjoys 8 "w is aw>e t :at he is mak+ is made = future use4 ,ext]nally 8 action is "o te*nically label$ production4 ,x seems to illu/rate ! subjection ( pres5t activity to remote ends4 ,b actually1 morally1 psy*ologically1 ! s5se ( ! utility ( ! article produc$ is a factor 9 ! pres5t significance ( action due to ! pres5t utilization ( abilities1 giv+ play to ta/e & skill1 accompli%+ some?+ n[4 ,! mom5t production is sev]$ f imm$iate satisfaction1 x becomes labor1 drudg]y1 a task reluctantly p]=m$4 ,yet ! :ole t5d5cy ( mod]n economic life has be5 to assume t consumption w take c>e ( itself provid$ only production is grossly & int5sely att5d$ to4 ,mak+ ?+s is frantically accel]at$2 & e me*anical device us$ to swell ! s5seless bulk4 ,z a result mo/ work]s f9d no repl5i%m5t1 no r5ewal & gr[? ( m9d1 no fulfilm5t 9 "w4 ,!y labor to get m]e means ( lat] satisfaction4 ,?is :5 procur$ is isolat$ 9 turn f production & is r$uc$ to a b>r5 physical affair or a s5su\s comp5sation = normal goods d5i$4 ,meantime ! fatuity ( sev]+ production f consumption1 f pres5t enri*+ ( life1 is made evid5t by economic crises1 by p]iods ( unemploym5t alt]nat+ ) p]iods ( ex]cise1 "w or ov]-production4 ,production ap>t f fulfilm5t becomes purely a matt] ( quantity2 = di/9ction1 quality1 is a matt] ( pres5t mean+4 ,e/hetic elem5ts be+ exclud$1 ! me*anical reign4 ,production lacks crit]ia2 "o ?+ is bett] ?an ano!r if x c be made fa/] or 9 great] mass4 ,leisure is n ! n\ri%m5t ( m9d 9 "w1 nor a recreation2 x is a fev]i% hurry = div]sion1 excitem5t1 display1 o!rwise !re is no leisure except a sodd5 torpor4 ,fatigue due = "s to monotony & = o!rs to ov]/ra9 9 ma9ta9+ ! pace is inevitable4 ,socially1 ! sep>ation ( production & consumption1 means & ends1 is ! root ( ! mo/ pr(\nd division ( classes4 ,^? :o fix ! ends = production are 9 control1 ^? :o engage 9 isolat$ productive activity are ! subject-class4 ,b if ! latt] are oppress$ ! =m] are n truly free4 ,_! consumptions are accid5tal o/5tation & extravagance1 n a normal consummation or fulfilm5t ( activity4 ,! rema9d] ( _! lives is sp5t 9 enslavem5t to keep+ ! ma*9]y go+ at an increas+ly rapid rate4 ,meantime class /ruggle gr[s betwe5 ^? ^: productive labor is en=c$ by necessity & ^? :o are privileg$ consum]s4 ,& ! exagg]ation ( production due to its isolation f ignor$ consumption s hypnotizes att5tion t ev5 w\ld-be re=m]s1 l ,m>xian sociali/s1 ass]t t ! entire social problem focuses at ! po9t ( production4 ,s9ce ?is sep>ation ( means f ends signifies an erection ( means into ends1 x is no wond] t a mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory em]ges4 ,x is n an inv5tion ( ,m>x2 x is a record ( fact s f> z ! sep>ation 9 "q obta9s4 ,= practicable idealism is f\nd only 9 a fulfilm5t1 a consumption :i* is a repl5i%+1 gr[?1 r5ewal ( m9d & body4 ,h>mony ( social int]e/s is f\nd 9 ! wide-spread %>+ ( activities significant 9 !mselves1 t is to say1 at ! po9t ( consumption4#i ,b ! =c+ ( production ap>t f consumption leads to ! mon/r\s belief t class-/ruggle civil w> is a means ( social progress1 in/ead ( a regi/] ( ! b>ri]s to its atta9m5t4 ,yet "h too ! ,m>xian reads aright ! "* ( mo/ curr5t economic activity4 #i ,ackn[l$gm5t is due ,! ,social ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory by ,maurice ,williams4 ,! hi/ory ( economic activity ?us exemplifies ! moral consequ5ces ( ! sep>ation ( pres5t activity & future ends f ea* o!r4 ,x also embodies ! difficulty ( ! problem--! tax plac$ by x ^u ?\ght & good w4 ,= ! pr(ess$ ideali/ & ! h>d-head$ mat]iali/ or practical man1 h conspir$ toge!r to su/a9 ?is situation4 ,! ideali/ sets up z ! ideal n fullness ( mean+ ( ! pres5t b a remote goal4 ,h5ce ! pres5t is evacuat$ ( mean+4 ,x is r$uc$ to be+ a m]e ext]nal in/rum5t1 an evil necessity due to ! di/ance betwe5 u & significant valid satisfaction4 ,appreciation1 joy1 peace 9 pres5t activity are suspect4 ,!y are reg>d$ z div]sions1 temptations1 unwor?y relaxations4 ,!n s9ce human nature mu/ h pres5t realization1 a s5tim5tal1 romantic enjoym5t ( ! ideal becomes a sub/itute = intellig5t & rew>d+ activity4 ,! utopia _c be realiz$ 9 fact b x may be appropriat$ 9 fantasy & s]ve z an anodyne to blunt ! s5se ( a mis]y :i* aft] all endures4 ,"s private key to a pres5t ent]+ ^u remote & sup]ior bliss is s\ght1 j z ! evangelical enjoys a complac5t & sup]ior s5se ( a salvation unobta9$ by fell[ mortals4 ,?us ! normal dem& = realization1 = satisfaction 9 ! pres5t1 is abnormally met4 ,meantime ! practical man wants some?+ def9ite1 tangible & presumably obta9able = :i* to "w4 ,he is look+ aft] a good ?+ z ! av]age man is look+ aft] a good "t1 t natural c>icature ( an intr9sically significant activity4 ,yet 8 activity is impractical4 ,he is look+ = satisfaction some:]e else ?an :]e x c be f\nd4 ,9 8 utopian se>* = a future good he neglects ! only place :]e good c be f\nd4 ,he empties pres5t activity ( mean+ by mak+ x a m]e in/rum5tality4 ,:5 ! future arrives x is only aft] all ano!r despis$ pres5t4 ,by habit z well z by def9ition x is /ill a means to some?+ :i* has yet to come4 ,aga9 human nature mu/ h its claims satisfi$1 & s5suality is ! inevitable rec\rse4 ,usually a compromise is work$ out1 by :i* a man = 8 work+-h\rs accepts ! philosophy ( activity = "s future result1 :ile at odd leisure times he ent]s by conv5tionally recogniz$ *annels ^u an enjoym5t ( spiritual bless+s & ideal ref9em5ts4 ,! problem ( s]v+ ,god & ,mammon is ?us solv$4 ,! situation exemplifies ! concrete mean+ ( ! sep>ation ( means f ends :i* is ! intellectual reflex ( ! divorce ( !ory & practice1 intellig5ce & habit1 =esight & pres5t impulse4 ,morali/s h sp5t "t & en]gy 9 %[+ :at happ5s :5 appetite1 impulse1 is indulg$ )\t ref]5ce to consequ5ces & reason4 ,b !y h mo/ly ignor$ ! c\nt]p>t evils ( an intellig5ce t conceives ideals & goods :i* d n ent] into pres5t impulse & habit4 ,! life ( reason has be5 specializ$1 romanticiz$1 or made a heavy burd54 ,?is situation embodies ! import ( ! problem ( actualiz+ ! place ( intellig5ce 9 conduct4 ,our :ole acc\nt ( ! place ( intellig5ce 9 conduct is expos$ h[ev] to ! *>ge ( be+ itself romantic1 a comp5satory idealization4 ,! hi/ory ( m9d is a record ( intellect :i* regi/]s1 ) m or less inaccuracy1 :at has happ5$ aft] x has happ5$4 ,! crisis 9 :i* ! int]v5tion ( =esee+ & direct+ m9d is ne$$ passes unnot$1 ) att5tion direct$ t[>d incid5tals & irrelevancies4 ,! "w ( intellect is po/ mortem4 ,! rise ( social sci5ce1 x w be po9t$ out1 has increas$ ! am\nt ( regi/]+ t occurs4 ,social po/ mortems occur mu* m frequ5tly ?an !y us$ to4 ,b "o ( ! ?+s :i* ! unbias$ m9d w regi/] is ! impot5cy ( discussion1 analysis & report+ 9 modify+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! latt] goes its way unhe$+4 ,! reply t ?is condition ( matt]s %[s n ! impot5cy ( intellig5ce b t :at passes = sci5ce is n sci5ce is too easy a retort to be satisfactory4 ,we mu/ h rec\rse to "s concrete facts or surr5d] our doctr9e j at ! mom5t :5 we h =mulat$ x4 ,te*nical affairs give evid5ce t ! "w ( inquiry1 report+ & analysis is n always ineffectual4 ,! developm5t ( a *a9 ( nation-wide tobacco %ops1 ( a well manag$ national telephone sy/em1 ( ! ext5sion ( ! s]vice ( an electric-light plant te/ify to ! fact t /udy1 reflection & ! =mation ( plans d 9 "s in/ances det]m9e a c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! effect is se5 9 bo? eng9e]+ managem5t & 9 national comm]cial expansion4 ,su* pot5cy h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is limit$ to j ^? matt]s t are call$ te*nical 9 contra/ ) ! l>g] affairs ( humanity4 ,b if we seek1 z we %\ld1 = a def9ition ( te*nical1 we c h>dly f9d any save "o t goes 9 a circle3 ,affairs are te*nical 9 :i* obs]vation1 analysis & intellectual organization are det]m9+ factors4 ,is ! conclusion to be drawn a conviction t our wid] social int]e/s are s diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* intellig5ce is a direct+ factor t 9 ! =m] sci5ce mu/ always rema9 a belat$ visitor com+ ^u ! sc5e aft] matt]s are settl$8 ,no1 ! logical conclusion is t z yet we h no te*nique 9 important economic1 political & int]national affairs4 ,complexity ( conditions r5d] ! difficulties 9 ! way ( ! developm5t ( a te*nique enorm\s4 ,x is imag9able !y w nev] be ov]come4 ,b our *oice is betwe5 ! developm5t ( a te*nique by :i* intellig5ce w become an int]v5+ p>tn] & a cont9uation ( a regime ( accid5t1 wa/e & di/ress4 ,,"p ,,f\r ,,conclusion ,conduct :5 di/ribut$ "u heads l habit1 impulse & intellig5ce gets artificially %r$d$4 ,9 discuss+ ea* ( ^! topics we h run into ! o!rs4 ,we conclude1 !n1 ) an attempt to ga!r toge!r "s out/&+ consid]ations ab\t conduct z a :ole4 ,i ,! =emo/ conclusion is t morals has to d ) all activity into :i* alt]native possibilities ent]4 ,= :]ev] !y ent] a diff]5ce betwe5 bett] & worse arises4 ,reflection ^u action means unc]ta9ty & consequ5t ne$ ( decision z to :i* c\rse is bett]4 ,! bett] is ! good2 ! be/ is n bett] ?an ! good b is simply ! discov]$ good4 ,comp>ative & sup]lative degrees are only pa?s to ! positive degree ( action4 ,! worse or evil is a reject$ good4 ,9 delib]ation & be=e *oice no evil pres5ts itself z evil4 ,until x is reject$1 x is a compet+ good4 ,aft] rejection1 x figures n z a less] good1 b z ! bad ( t situation4 ,actually !n only delib]ate action1 conduct into :i* reflective *oice ent]s1 is di/9ctively moral1 = only !n does !re ent] ! "q ( bett] & worse4 ,yet x is a p]il\s error to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 action into :i* delib]ation & *oice ent] & activity due to impulse & matt]-(-fact habit4 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( action is to involve u 9 pr$icam5ts :]e we h to reflect ^u ?+s =m]ly done z matt] ( c\rse4 ,"o ( ! *ief problems ( our deal+s ) o!rs is to induce !m to reflect ^u affairs :i* !y usually p]=m f unreflective habit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e reflective *oice t5ds to relegate "s consci\s issue into a de$ or habit h5ce=? tak5 = grant$ & n ?\ght ^u4 ,pot5tially !re=e e & any act is )9 ! scope ( morals1 be+ a c&idate = possible judgm5t ) respect to its bett]-or-worse quality4 ,x ?us becomes "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ problems ( reflection to discov] j h[ f> to c>ry x1 :at to br+ "u exam9ation & :at to leave to unscrut9iz$ habit4 ,because !re is no f9al recipe by :i* to decide ?is "q all moral judgm5t is exp]im5tal & subject to revision by its issue4 ,! recognition t conduct cov]s e act t is judg$ ) ref]5ce to bett] & worse & t ! ne$ ( ?is judgm5t is pot5tially coext5sive ) all portions ( conduct1 saves u f ! mi/ake :i* makes morality a sep>ate dep>tm5t ( life4 ,pot5tially conduct is "o hundr$ p] c5t ( our acts4 ,h5ce we mu/ decl9e to admit !ories :i* id5tify morals ) ! purification ( motives1 edify+ "*1 pursu+ remote & elusive p]fection1 obey+ sup]natural comm&1 ackn[l$g+ ! au?ority ( duty4 ,su* notions h a dual bad effect4 ,fir/ !y get 9 ! way ( obs]vation ( conditions & consequ5ces4 ,!y div]t ?\ght into side issues4 ,secondly1 :ile !y conf] a morbid exagg]at$ quality ^u ?+s :i* are view$ "u ! aspect ( morality1 !y release ! l>g] "p ( ! acts ( life f s]i\s1 t is moral1 survey4 ,anxi\s solicitude = ! few acts :i* are deem$ moral is accompani$ by edicts ( exemption & ba?s ( immunity = mo/ acts4 ,a moral moratorium prevails = ev]yday affairs4 ,:5 we obs]ve t morals is at home :]ev] consid]ations ( ! worse & bett] are involv$1 we are committ$ to not+ t morality is a cont9u+ process n a fix$ a*ievem5t4 ,morals means gr[? ( conduct 9 mean+2 at lea/ x means t k9d ( expansion 9 mean+ :i* is consequ5t ^u obs]vations ( ! conditions & outcome ( conduct4 ,x is all "o ) gr[+4 ,gr[+ & gr[? are ! same fact exp&$ 9 actuality or telescop$ 9 ?\ght4 ,9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! ^w1 morals is education4 ,x is le>n+ ! mean+ ( :at we are ab\t & employ+ t mean+ 9 action4 ,! good1 satisfaction1 end1 ( gr[? ( pres5t action 9 %ades & scope ( mean+ is ! only good )9 our control1 & ! only "o1 accord+ly1 = :i* responsibility exi/s4 ,! re/ is luck1 =tune4 ,& ! trag$y ( ! moral notions mo/ insi/$ ^u by ! morally self-consci\s is ! relegation ( ! only good :i* c fully engage ?\ght1 namely pres5t mean+ ( action1 to ! rank ( an incid5t ( a remote good1 :e!r t future good be def9$ z pleasure1 or p]fection1 or salvation1 or atta9m5t ( virtu\s "*4 ,pres5t activity is n a %>p n>r[ knife-blade 9 "t4 ,! pres5t is complex1 conta9+ )9 itself a multitude ( habits & impulses4 ,x is endur+1 a c\rse ( action1 a process includ+ memory1 obs]vation & =esight1 a pressure =w>d1 a glance backw>d & a look outw>d4 ,x is ( moral mom5t because x m>ks a transition 9 ! direction ( bread? & cl>ity ( action or 9 t ( triviality & confusion4 ,progress is pres5t recon/ruction add+ fullness & di/9ctness ( mean+1 & retrogression is a pres5t slipp+ away ( significance1 det]m9ations1 grasp4 ,^? :o hold t progress c be p]ceiv$ & measur$ only by ref]5ce to a remote goal1 fir/ confuse mean+ ) space1 & !n treat spatial position z absolute1 z limit+ movem5t in/ead ( be+ b\nd$ 9 & by movem5t4 ,!re are pl5ty ( negative elem5ts1 due to conflict1 entanglem5t & obscurity1 9 mo/ ( ! situations ( life1 & we d n require a revelation ( "s supreme p]fection to in=m u :e!r or no we are mak+ headway 9 pres5t rectification4 ,we move on f ! worse & into1 n j t[>ds1 ! bett]1 :i* is au!nticat$ n by comp>ison ) ! =eign b 9 :at is indig5\s4 ,unless progress is a pres5t recon/ruct+1 x is no?+2 if x _c be told by qualities belong+ to ! movem5t ( transition x c nev] be judg$4 ,m5 h con/ruct$ a /range dream-_w :5 !y h suppos$ t )\t a fix$ ideal ( a remote good to inspire !m1 !y h no inducem5t to get relief f pres5t tr\bles1 no desires = lib]ation f :at oppresses & = cle>+-up :at confuses pres5t action4 ,! _w 9 :i* we c\ld get enlight5m5t & in/ruction ab\t ! direction 9 :i* we are mov+ only f a vague conception ( an unatta9able p]fection w\ld be totally unlike our pres5t _w4 ,suffici5t unto ! day is ! evil !re(4 ,suffici5t x is to /imulate u to rem$ial action1 to endeavor 9 ord] to conv]t /rife into h>mony1 monotony into a v>iegat$ sc5e1 & limitation into expansion4 ,! conv]t+ is progress1 ! only progress conceivable or atta9able by man4 ,h5ce e situation has its own measure & quality ( progress1 & ! ne$ = progress is recurr5t1 con/ant4 ,if x is bett] to travel ?an to arrive1 x is because travel+ is a con/ant arriv+1 :ile arrival t precludes fur!r travel+ is mo/ easily atta9$ by go+ to sleep or dy+4 ,we f9d our clews to direction 9 ! project$ recollections ( def9ite exp]i5c$ goods n 9 vague anticipations1 ev5 :5 we label ! vagu5ess p]fection1 ! ,ideal1 & proce$ to manipulate its def9ition ) dry dialectic logic4 ,progress means increase ( pres5t mean+1 :i* involves multiplication ( s5s$ di/9ctions z well z h>mony1 unification4 ,?is /atem5t may1 p]haps1 be made g5]ally1 9 application to ! exp]i5ce ( humanity4 ,if hi/ory %[s progress x c h>dly be f\nd else:]e ?an 9 ?is complication & ext5sion ( ! significance f\nd )9 exp]i5ce4 ,x is cle> t su* progress br+s no surcease1 no immunity f p]plexity & tr\ble4 ,if we wi%$ to transmute ?is g5]alization into a categorical imp]ative we %\ld say3 ,s act z to increase ! mean+ ( pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,b ev5 !n 9 ord] to get in/ruction ab\t ! concrete quality ( su* increas$ mean+ we %\ld h to run away f ! law & /udy ! ne$s & alt]native possibilities ly+ )9 a unique & localiz$ situation4 ,! imp]ative1 l ev]y?+ absolute1 is /]ile4 ,till m5 give up ! se>* = a g5]al =mula ( progress !y w n "k :]e to look to f9d x4 ,a bus9ess man proce$s by comp>+ today's liabilities & assets ) ye/]day's1 & projects plans = tomorr[ by a /udy ( ! movem5t ?us indicat$ 9 conjunction ) /udy ( ! conditions ( ! environm5t n[ exi/+4 ,x is n o!rwise ) ! bus9ess ( liv+4 ,! future is a projection ( ! subject-matt] ( ! pres5t1 a projection :i* is n arbitr>y 9 ! ext5t 9 :i* x div9es ! movem5t ( ! mov+ pres5t4 ,! physician is lo/ :o w\ld guide 8 activities ( heal+ by build+ up a picture ( p]fect heal?1 ! same = all & 9 its nature complete & self-enclos$ once = all4 ,he employs :at he has discov]$ ab\t actual cases ( good heal? & ill heal? & _! causes to inve/igate ! pres5t ail+ individual1 s z to fur!r 8 recov]+2 recov]+1 an intr9sic & liv+ process r ?an recov]y1 :i* is comp>ative & /atic4 ,moral !ories1 :i* h[ev] h n rema9$ m]e !ories b :i* h f\nd _! way into ! op9ions ( ! common man1 h rev]s$ ! situation & made ! pres5t subs]vi5t to a rigid yet ab/ract future4 ,! e?ical import ( ! doctr9e ( evolution is enorm\s4 ,b its import has be5 miscon/ru$ because ! doctr9e has be5 appropriat$ by ! v traditional notions :i* 9 tru? x subv]ts4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! doctr9e ( evolution means ! complete subord9ation ( pres5t *ange to a future goal4 ,x has be5 con/ra9$ to tea* a futile dogma ( approximation1 in/ead ( a gospel ( pres5t gr[?4 ,! usufruct ( ! new sci5ce has be5 seiz$ ^u by ! old tradition ( fix$ & ext]nal ends4 ,9 fact evolution means cont9uity ( *ange2 & ! fact t *ange may take ! =m ( pres5t gr[? ( complexity & int]action4 ,significant /ages 9 *ange are f\nd n 9 access ( fixity ( atta9m5t b 9 ^? crises 9 :i* a seem+ fixity ( habits gives way to a release ( capacities t h n previ\sly function$3 9 times t is ( readju/m5t & r$irection4 ,no matt] :at ! pres5t success 9 /raight5+ out difficulties & h>moniz+ conflicts1 x is c]ta9 t problems w recur 9 ! future 9 a new =m or on a diff]5t plane4 ,inde$ e g5u9e accompli%m5t in/ead ( w9d+ up an affair & enclos+ x z a jewel 9 a casket = future contemplation1 complicates ! practical situation4 ,x effects a new di/ribution ( en]gies :i* h h5ce=? to be employ$ 9 ways = :i* pa/ exp]i5ce gives no exact in/ruction4 ,e important satisfaction ( an old want creates a new "o2 & ?is new "o has to ent] ^u an exp]im5tal adv5ture to f9d its satisfaction4 ,f ! side ( :at has gone be=e a*ievem5t settles some?+4 ,f ! side ( :at comes aft]1 x complicates1 introduc+ new problems1 unsettl+ factors4 ,!re is some?+ pitifully juv5ile 9 ! idea t evolution1 progress1 means a def9ite sum ( accompli%m5t :i* w =ev] /ay done1 & :i* by an exact am\nt less5s ! am\nt /ill to be done1 dispos+ once & = all ( j s _m p]plexities & advanc+ u j s f> on our road to a f9al /able & unp]plex$ goal4 ,yet ! typical n9ete5? c5tury1 mid-victorian conception ( evolution 0 precisely a =mulation ( su* a consummate juv5ilism4 ,if ! true ideal is t ( a /able condition free f conflict & di/urbance1 !n !re are a numb] ( !ories ^: claims are sup]ior to ^? ( ! popul> doctr9e ( evolution4 ,logic po9ts r 9 ! direction ( ,r\sseau & ,tol/oi :o w\ld recur to "s primitive simplicity1 :o w\ld return f complicat$ & tr\bl$ civilization to a /ate ( nature4 ,= c]ta9ly progress 9 civilization has n only meant increase 9 ! scope & intricacy ( problems to be dealt )1 b x entails increas+ in/ability4 ,= 9 multiply+ wants1 in/rum5ts & possibilities1 x increases ! v>iety ( =ces :i* ent] into relations ) "o ano!r & :i* h to be intellig5tly direct$4 ,or aga91 ,/oic indiff]5ce or ,buddhi/ calm h great] claims4 ,=1 x may be argu$1 s9ce all objective a*ievem5t only complicates ! situation1 ! victory ( a f9al /ability c be secur$ only by r5unciation ( desire4 ,s9ce e satisfaction ( desire increases =ce1 & ?is 9 turn creates new desires1 )drawal into an inn] passionless /ate1 indiff]5ce to action & atta9m5t1 is ! sole road to possession ( ! et]nal1 /able & f9al reality4 ,aga91 f ! /&po9t ( def9ite approximation to an ultimate goal1 ! balance falls heavily on ! side ( pessimism4 ,! m /riv+ ! m atta9m5ts1 p]haps2 b also assur$ly ! m ne$s & ! m disappo9tm5ts4 ,! m we d & ! m we accompli%1 ! m ! end is vanity & vexation4 ,f ! /&po9t ( atta9m5t ( good t /ays put1 t con/itutes a def9ite sum p]=m$ :i* less5s ! am\nt ( ef=t requir$ 9 ord] to rea* ! ultimate goal ( f9al good1 progress is an illusion4 ,b we are look+ = x 9 ! wrong place4 ,! _w w> is a bitt] comm5t>y on ! n9ete5? c5tury misconception ( moral a*ievem5t--a misconception h[ev] :i* x only inh]it$ f ! traditional !ory ( fix$ ends1 attempt+ to bol/] up t doctr9e ) aid f ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution4 ,! doctr9e ( progress is n yet bankrupt4 ,! bankruptcy ( ! notion ( fix$ goods to be atta9$ & /ably possess$ may possibly be ! means ( turn+ ! m9d ( man to a t5able !ory ( progress--to att5tion to pres5t tr\bles & possibilities4 ,adh]5ts ( ! idea t bett]m5t1 gr[? 9 goodness1 consi/s 9 approximation to an exhau/ive1 /able1 immutable end or good1 h be5 compell$ to recognize ! tru? t 9 fact we envisage ! good 9 specific t]ms t are relative to exi/+ ne$s1 & t ! atta9m5t ( e specific good m]ges ins5sibly into a new condition ( maladju/m5t ) its ne$ ( a new end & a r5ew$ ef=t4 ,b !y h elaborat$ an +5i\s dialectical !ory to acc\nt = ! facts :ile ma9ta9+ _! !ory intact4 ,! goal1 ! ideal1 is inf9ite2 man is f9ite1 subject to conditions impos$ by space & "t4 ,! specific "* ( ! ends :i* man ent]ta9s & ( ! satisfaction he a*ieves is due !re=e precisely to 8 empirical & f9ite nature 9 its contra/ ) ! inf9ite & complete "* ( ! true reality1 ! end4 ,consequ5tly :5 man rea*es :at he _h tak5 to be ! de/9ation ( 8 j\rney he f9ds t he has only gone a piece on ! road4 ,inf9ite vi/as /ill /ret* be=e him4 ,aga9 he sets 8 m>k a little way fur!r ahead1 & aga9 :5 he rea*es ! /ation set1 he f9ds ! road op5+ be=e him 9 unexpect$ ways1 & sees new di/ant objects beckon+ him =w>d4 ,su* is ! popul> doctr9e4 ,by "s /range p]v]sion ?is !ory passes = moral idealism4 ,an (fice ( inspiration & guidance is attribut$ to ! ?\ght ( ! goal ( ultimate complet5ess or p]fection4 ,z matt] ( fact1 ! idea s9c]ely held br+s disc\ragem5t & despair n inspiration or hopefulness4 ,!re is some?+ ei!r ludicr\s or tragic 9 ! notion t inspiration to cont9u$ progress is _h 9 tell+ man t no matt] :at he does or :at he a*ieves1 ! outcome is negligible 9 comp>ison ) :at he set out to a*ieve1 t e endeavor he makes is b\nd to turn out a failure comp>$ ) :at %\ld be done1 t e atta9$ satisfaction is only =ev] b\nd to be only a disappo9tm5t4 ,! hone/ conclusion is pessimism4 ,all is vexation1 & ! great] ! ef=t ! great] ! vexation4 ,b ! fact is t x is n ! negative aspect ( an outcome1 its failure to rea* inf9ity1 :i* r5ews c\rage & hope4 ,positive atta9m5t1 actual enri*m5t ( mean+ & p[]s op5s new vi/as & sets new tasks1 creates new aims & /imulates new ef=ts4 ,! facts are n su* z to yield un?9k+ optimism & consolation2 = !y r5d] x impossible to re/ ^u atta9$ goods4 ,new /ruggles & failures are inevitable4 ,! total sc5e ( action rema9s z be=e1 only = u m complex1 & m subtly un/able4 ,b ?is v situation is a consequ5ce ( expansion1 n ( failures ( p[]1 & :5 grasp$ & admitt$ x is a *all5ge to intellig5ce4 ,in/ruction 9 :at to d next c nev] come f an inf9ite goal1 :i* = u is b\nd to be empty4 ,x c be d]iv$ only f /udy ( ! defici5cies1 irregul>ities & possibilities ( ! actual situation4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 argum5ts ab\t pessimism & optimism bas$ ^u consid]ations reg>d+ fix$ atta9m5t ( good & evil are ma9ly lit]>y 9 quality4 ,man cont9ues to live because he is a liv+ creature n because reason conv9ces him ( ! c]ta9ty or probability ( future satisfactions & a*ievem5ts4 ,he is in/9ct ) activities t c>ry him on4 ,individuals "h & !re cave 91 & mo/ individuals sag1 )draw & seek refuge at ?is & t po9t4 ,b man z man /ill has ! dumb pluck ( ! animal4 ,he has endurance1 hope1 curiosity1 eag]ness1 love ( action4 ,^! traits belong to him by /ructure1 n by tak+ ?\ght4 ,memory ( pa/ & =esight ( future conv]t dumbness to "s degree ( articulat5ess4 ,!y illum9e curiosity & /eady c\rage4 ,!n :5 ! future arrives ) its inevitable disappo9tm5ts z well z fulfilm5ts1 & ) new s\rces ( tr\ble1 failure loses some?+ ( its fatality1 & suff]+ yields fruit ( in/ruction n ( bitt]ness4 ,humility is m dem&$ at our mom5ts ( triumph ?an at ^? ( failure4 ,= humility is n a caddi% self-depreciation4 ,x is ! s5se ( our slight inability ev5 ) our be/ intellig5ce & ef=t to comm& ev5ts2 a s5se ( our dep5d5ce ^u =ces t g _! way )\t our wi% & plan4 ,its purport is n to relax ef=t b to make u prize e opportunity ( pres5t gr[?4 ,9 morals1 ! inf9itive & ! imp]ative develop f ! p>ticiple1 pres5t t5se4 ,p]fection means p]fect+1 fulfilm5t1 fulfill+1 & ! good is n[ or nev]4 ,ideali/ic philosophies1 ^? ( ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,sp9oza1 l ! hypo!sis n[ (f]$1 h f\nd ! good 9 mean+s belong+ to a consci\s life1 a life ( reason1 n 9 ext]nal a*ievem5t4 ,l x1 !y h exalt$ ! place ( intellig5ce 9 secur+ fulfilm5t ( consci\s life4 ,^! !ories h at lea/ n subord9at$ consci\s life to ext]nal ob$i5ce1 n ?\ght ( virtue z some?+ diff]5t f excell5ce ( life4 ,b !y set up a transc5d5tal mean+ & reason1 remote f pres5t exp]i5ce & oppos$ to x2 or !y insi/ ^u a special =m ( mean+ & consci\sness to be atta9$ by peculi> modes ( k inaccessible to ! common man1 involv+ n cont9u\s recon/ruction ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1 b its :olesale rev]sal4 ,!y h treat$ reg5]ation1 *ange ( he>t1 z :olesale & self-enclos$1 n z cont9u\s4 ,! utilit>ians also made good & evil1 "r & wrong1 matt]s ( consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,9 addition !y br\ght !m d[n to e>?1 to ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,!y /rove to humanize o!r-worldly goods4 ,b !y reta9$ ! notion t ! good is future1 & h5ce outside ! mean+ ( pres5t activity4 ,9 s f> x is sporadic1 exceptional1 subject to accid5t1 passive1 an enjoym5t n a joy1 some?+ hit ^u1 n a fulfill+4 ,! future end is = !m n s remote f pres5t action z ! ,platonic realm ( ideals1 or z ! ,ari/otelian rational ?\ght1 or ! ,*ri/ian heav51 or ,sp9oza's conception ( ! univ]sal :ole4 ,b /ill x is sep>ate 9 pr9ciple & 9 fact f pres5t activity4 ,! next /ep is to id5tify ! s\ght = good ) ! mean+ ( our impulses & our habits1 & ! specific moral good or virtue ) le>n+ ?is mean+1 a le>n+ t takes u back n into an isolat$ self b out into ! op5-air _w ( objects & social ties1 t]m9at+ 9 an increm5t ( pres5t significance4 ,d\btless !re are ^? :o w ?9k t we ?us escape f remote & ext]nal ends only to fall into an ,epicureanism :i* tea*es u to subord9ate ev]y?+ else to pres5t satisfactions4 ,! hypo!sis pref]r$ may seem to "s to advise a subjective1 self-c5t]$ life ( int5sifi$ consci\sness1 an e/hetically dilettante type ( egoism4 ,= is n its lesson t we %\ld conc5trate att5tion1 ea* ^u ! consci\sness accompany+ 8 action s z to ref9e & develop x8 ,is n ?is1 l all subjective morals1 an anti-social doctr9e1 in/ruct+ u to subord9ate ! objective consequ5ces ( our acts1 ^? :i* promote ! welf>e ( o!rs1 to an enri*m5t ( our private consci\s lives8 ,x c h>dly be d5i$ t z comp>$ ) ! dogmas aga9/ :i* x react$ !re is an elem5t ( tru? 9 ,epicureanism4 ,x /rove to c5t] att5tion ^u :at is actually )9 control & to f9d ! good 9 ! pres5t in/ead ( 9 a cont+5t unc]ta9 future4 ,! tr\ble ) x lies 9 its acc\nt ( pres5t good4 ,x fail$ to connect ?is good ) ! full rea* ( activities4 ,x contemplat$ good ( )drawal r ?an ( active p>ticipation4 ,t is to say1 ! objection to ,epicureanism lies 9 its conception ( :at con/itutes pres5t good1 n 9 its emphasis ^u satisfaction z at pres5t4 ,! same rem>k may be made ab\t e !ory :i* recognizes ! individual self4 ,if any su* !ory is objectionable1 ! objection is aga9/ ! "* or quality assign$ to ! self4 ,( c\rse an individual is ! be>] or c>ri] ( exp]i5ce4 ,:at ( t8 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( exp]i5ce t c5t]s 9 him4 ,n ! resid5ce ( exp]i5ce c\nts1 b its cont5ts1 :at's 9 ! h\se4 ,! c5t] is n 9 ! ab/ract am5able to our control1 b :at ga!rs ab\t x is our affair4 ,we c't help be+ individual selves1 ea* "o ( u4 ,if selfhood z su* is a bad ?+1 ! blame lies n ) ! self b ) ! univ]se1 ) provid5ce4 ,b 9 fact ! di/9ction betwe5 a selfi%ness ) :i* we f9d fault & an unselfi%ness :i* we e/eem is f\nd 9 ! quality ( ! activities :i* proce$ f & ent] into ! self1 accord+ z !y are contractive1 exclusive1 or expansive1 outrea*+4 ,mean+ exi/s = "s self1 b ?is trui/ic fact doesn't fix ! quality ( any p>ticul> mean+4 ,x may be su* z to make ! self small1 or su* z to exalt & dignify ! self4 ,x is z imp]t95t to decry ! wor? ( exp]i5ce because x is connect$ ) a self z x is fanta/ic to idealize p]sonality j z p]sonality aside f ! "q :at sort ( a p]son "o is4 ,o!r p]sons are selves too4 ,if "o's own pres5t exp]i5ce is to be depreciat$ 9 its mean+ because x c5t]s 9 a self1 :y act = ! welf>e ( o!rs8 ,selfi%ness = selfi%ness1 "o is z good z ano!r2 our own is wor? z mu* z ano!r's4 ,b ! recognition t good is always f\nd 9 a pres5t gr[? ( significance 9 activity protects u f ?9k+ t welf>e c consi/ 9 a s\p-kit*5 happ9ess1 9 pleasures we c conf] ^u o!rs f )\t4 ,x %[s t good is ! same 9 quality :]ev] x is f\nd1 :e!r 9 "s o!r self or 9 "o's own4 ,an activity has mean+ 9 ! degree 9 :i* x e/abli%es & ackn[l$ges v>iety & intimacy ( connections4 ,z long z any social impulse endures1 s long an activity t %uts itself (f w br+ inw>d dissatisfaction & entail a /ruggle = comp5satory goods1 no matt] :at pleasures or ext]nal successes acclaim its c\rse4 ,to say t ! welf>e ( o!rs1 l our own1 consi/s 9 a wid5+ & deep5+ ( ! p]ceptions t give activity its mean+1 9 an educative gr[?1 is to set =? a proposition ( political import4 ,to make o!rs happy except ?r\gh lib]at+ _! p[]s & engag+ !m 9 activities t enl>ge ! mean+ ( life is to h>m !m & to indulge ourselves "u cov] ( ex]cis+ a special virtue4 ,our moral measure = e/imat+ any exi/+ arrangem5t or any propos$ re=m is its effect ^u impulse & habits4 ,does x lib]ate or suppress1 ossify or r5d] flexible1 divide or unify int]e/8 ,is p]ception quick5$ or dull$8 ,is memory made apt & ext5sive or n>r[ & diffusely irrelevant8 ,is imag9ation div]t$ to fantasy & comp5satory dreams1 or does x add f]tility to life8 ,is ?\ght creative or pu%$ "o side into p$antic specialisms8 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* to set up social welf>e z an end ( action only promotes an (f5sive condesc5sion1 a h>% int]f]5ce1 or an oleag9\s display ( complac5t k9dl9ess4 ,x always t5ds 9 ?is direction :5 x is aim$ at giv+ happ9ess to o!rs directly1 t is1 z we c h& a physical ?+ to ano!r4 ,to fo/] conditions t wid5 ! horizon ( o!rs & give !m comm& ( _! own p[]s1 s t !y c f9d _! own happ9ess 9 _! own fa%ion1 is ! way ( social action4 ,o!rwise ! pray] ( a freeman w\ld be to be left alone1 & to be deliv]$1 above all1 f re=m]s & k9d p4 ,,ii ,s9ce morals is conc]n$ ) conduct1 x gr[s out ( specific empirical facts4 ,almo/ all influ5tial moral !ories1 ) ! exception ( ! utilit>ian1 h refus$ to admit ?is idea4 ,= ,*ri/5dom z a :ole1 morality has be5 connect$ ) sup]natural comm&s1 rew>ds & p5alties4 ,^? :o h escap$ ?is sup]/ition h cont5t$ !mselves ) conv]t+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is _w & ! next into a di/9ction betwe5 ! actual & ! ideal1 :at is & :at %\ld be4 ,! actual _w has n be5 surr5d]$ to ! devil 9 "n1 b x is treat$ z a display ( physical =ces incapable ( g5]at+ moral values4 ,consequ5tly1 moral consid]ations mu/ be introduc$ f above4 ,human nature may n be (ficially decl>$ to be infect$ because ( "s aborig9al s91 b x is said to be s5su\s1 impulsive1 subject$ to necessity1 :ile natural intellig5ce is su* t x _c rise above a reckon+ ( private exp$i5cy4 ,b 9 fact morals is ! mo/ humane ( all subjects4 ,x is t :i* is close/ to human nature2 x is in]adicably empirical1 n !ological nor metaphysical nor ma!matical4 ,s9ce x directly conc]ns human nature1 ev]y?+ t c be kn[n ( ! human m9d & body 9 physiology1 m$ic9e1 an?ropology1 & psy*ology is p]t95t to moral inquiry4 ,human nature exi/s & op]ates 9 an environm5t4 ,& x is n 9 t environm5t z co9s are 9 a box1 b z a plant is 9 ! sunlight & soil4 ,x is ( !m1 cont9u\s ) _! en]gies1 dep5d5t ^u _! support1 capable ( increase only z x utilizes !m1 & z x gradually rebuilds f _! crude indiff]5ce an environm5t g5ially civiliz$4 ,h5ce physics1 *emi/ry1 hi/ory1 /ati/ics1 eng9e]+ sci5ce1 are a "p ( discipl9$ moral k s f> z !y enable u to und]/& ! conditions & ag5cies ?r\gh :i* man lives1 & on acc\nt ( :i* he =ms & executes 8 plans4 ,moral sci5ce is n some?+ ) a sep>ate prov9ce4 ,x is physical1 biological & hi/oric k plac$ 9 a human context :]e x w illum9ate & guide ! activities ( m54 ,! pa? ( tru? is n>r[ & /rait5$4 ,x is only too easy to w&] beyond ! c\rse f ?is side to t4 ,9 a reaction f t error :i* has made morals fanatic or fanta/ic1 s5tim5tal or au?oritative by sev]+ !m f actual facts & =ces1 !ori/s h gone to ! o!r extreme4 ,!y h insi/$ t natural laws are !mselves moral laws1 s t x rema9s1 aft] not+ !m1 only to con=m to !m4 ,?is doctr9e ( accord ) nature has usually m>k$ a transition p]iod4 ,:5 my?ology is dy+ 9 its op5 =ms1 & :5 social life is s di/urb$ t cu/om & tradition fail to supply _! wont$ control1 m5 resort to ,nature z a norm4 ,!y apply to ,nature all ! eulogi/ic pr$icates previ\sly associat$ ) div9e law2 or natural law is conceiv$ ( z ! only true div9e law4 ,?is happ5$ 9 "o =m 9 ,/oicism4 ,x happ5$ 9 ano!r =m 9 ! deism ( ! eighte5? c5tury ) its notion ( a b5evol5t1 h>moni\s1 :olly rational ord] ( ,nature4 ,9 our "t ?is notion has be5 p]petuat$ 9 connection ) a laissez-faire social philosophy & ! !ory ( evolution4 ,human intellig5ce is ?\ght to m>k an artificial int]f]5ce if x does m ?an regi/] fix$ natural laws z rules ( human action4 ,! process ( natural evolution is conceiv$ z ! exact model ( human endeavor4 ,! two ideas met 9 ,sp5c]4 ,to ! enlight5$ ( a =m] g5]ation1 ,sp5c]'s evolution>y philosophy seem$ to af=d a sci5tific sanction = ! necessity ( moral progress1 :ile x also prov$1 up to ! hilt1 ! futility ( delib]ate int]f]5ce ) ! b5evol5t op]ations ( nature4 ,! idea ( ju/ice 0 id5tifi$ ) ! law ( cause & effect4 ,transgression ( natural law wr\ght 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce its own p5alty ( elim9ation1 & con=mity ) x br\ght ! rew>d ( increas$ vitality & happ9ess4 ,by ?is process egoi/ic desire is gradually com+ into h>mony ) ! necessity ( ! environm5t1 till at la/ ! individual automatically f9ds happ9ess 9 do+ :at ! natural & social environm5t dem&s1 & s]ves himself 9 s]v+ o!rs4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 e>li] sci5tific philosoph]s made a mi/ake1 b only ! mi/ake ( anticipat+ ! date ( complete natural h>mony4 ,all t reason c d is to ackn[l$ge ! evolution>y =ces1 & !reby refra9 f ret>d+ ! arrival ( ! happy day ( p]fect h>mony4 ,meantime ju/ice dem&s t ! weak & ignorant suff] ! effect ( violation ( natural law1 :ile ! wise & able reap ! rew>ds ( _! sup]iority4 ,! fundam5tal defect ( su* views is t !y fail to see ! diff]5ce made 9 conditions & en]gies by p]ception ( !m4 ,x is ! fir/ bus9ess ( m9d to be reali/ic1 to see ?+s z !y are4 ,if1 = example1 biology c give u k ( ! causes ( compet5cy & incompet5cy1 /r5g? & weakness1 t k is all to ! good4 ,a non-s5tim5tal morals w seek = all ! in/ruction natural sci5ce c give conc]n+ ! biological conditions & consequ5ces ( inf]iority & sup]iority4 ,b k ( facts does n entail con=mity & acquiesc5ce4 ,! contr>y is ! case4 ,p]ception ( ?+s z !y are is b a /age 9 ! process ( mak+ !m diff]5t4 ,!y h already begun to be diff]5t 9 be+ kn[n1 = by t fact !y ent] into a diff]5t context1 a context ( =esight & judgm5t ( bett] & worse4 ,a false psy*ology ( a sep>ate realm ( consci\sness is ! only reason ?is fact is n g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,morality resides n 9 p]ception ( fact1 b 9 ! use made ( its p]ception4 ,x is a mon/r\s assumption t its sole use is to utt] b5$ictions ^u fact & its (fspr+4 ,x is ! "p ( intellig5ce to tell :5 to use ! fact to con=m & p]petuate1 & :5 to use x to v>y conditions & consequ5ces4 ,x is absurd to suppose t k ab\t ! connection betwe5 inf]iority & its consequ5ces prescribes adh]5ce to t connection4 ,x is l suppos+ t k ( ! connection betwe5 mal>ia & mosquitoes enjo9s bre$+ mosquitoes4 ,! fact :5 x is kn[n ent]s into a new environm5t4 ,)\t ceas+ to belong to ! physical environm5t x ent]s also into a m$ium ( human activities1 ( desires & av]sions1 habits & in/9cts4 ,x !reby ga9s new pot5cies1 new capacities4 ,gunp[d] 9 wat] does n act ! same z gunp[d] next a flame4 ,a fact kn[n does n op]ate ! same z a fact unp]ceiv$4 ,:5 x is kn[n x comes into contact ) ! flame ( desire & ! cold ba? ( antipa?y4 ,k ( ! conditions t bre$ incapacity may fit into "s desire to ma9ta9 o!rs 9 t /ate :ile av]t+ x = "o's self4 ,or x may fall 9 ) a "* :i* f9ds itself block$ by su* facts1 & !re=e /rives to use k ( causes to make a *ange 9 effects4 ,morality beg9s at ?is po9t ( use ( k ( natural law1 a use v>y+ ) ! active sy/em ( dispositions & desires4 ,intellig5t action is n conc]n$ ) ! b>e consequ5ces ( ! ?+ kn[n1 b ) consequ5ces to be br\ght into exi/5ce by action condition$ on ! k4 ,m5 may use _! k to induce con=mity or exagg]ation1 or to effect *ange & abolition ( conditions4 ,! quality ( ^! consequ5ces det]m9es ! "q ( bett] or worse4 ,! exagg]ation ( ! h>mony attribut$ to ,nature ar\s$ m5 to note its di%>monies4 ,an optimi/ic view ( natural b5evol5ce 0 foll[$ by a m hone/1 less romantic view ( /ruggle & conflict 9 nature4 ,aft] ,helvetius & ,b5?am came ,mal?us & ,d>w94 ,! problem ( morals is ! problem ( desire & intellig5ce4 ,:at is to be done ) ^! facts ( di%>mony & conflict8 ,aft] we h discov]$ ! place & consequ5ces ( conflict 9 nature1 we h /ill to discov] its place & work+ 9 human ne$ & ?\ght4 ,:at is its (fice1 its function1 its possibility1 or use8 ,9 g5]al1 ! answ] is simple4 ,conflict is ! gadfly ( ?\ght4 ,x /irs u to obs]vation & memory4 ,x in/igates to inv5tion4 ,x %ocks u out ( %eep-l passivity1 & sets u at not+ & contriv+4 ,n t x always effects ?is result2 b t conflict is a s9e qua non ( reflection & +5uity4 ,:5 ?is possibility ( mak+ use ( conflict has once be5 not$1 x is possible to utilize x sy/ematically to sub/itute ! arbitration ( m9d = t ( brutal attack & brute collapse4 ,b ! t5d5cy to take natural law = a norm ( action :i* ! suppos$ly sci5tific h inh]it$ f eighte5? c5tury rationalism leads to an idealization ( ! pr9ciple ( conflict itself4 ,its (fice 9 promot+ progress ?r\gh ar\s+ intellig5ce is ov]look$1 & x is erect$ into ! g5]ator ( progress4 ,k>l ,m>x borr[$ f ! dialectic ( ,hegel ! idea ( ! necessity ( a negative elem5t1 ( opposition1 = advance4 ,he project$ x into social affairs & rea*$ ! conclusion t all social developm5t comes f conflict betwe5 classes1 & t !re=e class-w>f>e is to be cultivat$4 ,h5ce a suppos$ly sci5tific =m ( ! doctr9e ( social evolution prea*es social ho/ility z ! road to social h>mony4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a m /rik+ in/ance ( :at happ5s :5 natural ev5ts are giv5 a social & practical sanctification4 ,d>w9ism has be5 simil>ly us$ to ju/ify w> & ! brutalities ( competition = weal? & p[]4 ,! excuse1 ! provocation1 ?\gh n ! ju/ification = su* a doctr9e is f\nd 9 ! actions ( ^? :o say peace1 peace1 :5 !re is no peace1 :o refuse to recognize facts z !y are1 :o proclaim a natural h>mony ( weal? & m]it1 ( capital & labor1 & ! natural ju/ice1 9 ! ma91 ( exi/+ conditions4 ,!re is some?+ horrible1 some?+ t makes "o fe> = civilization1 9 d5unciations ( class-diff]5ces & class /ruggles :i* proce$ f a class 9 p[]1 "o t is seiz+ e means1 ev5 to a monopoly ( moral ideals1 to c>ry on its /ruggle = class-p[]4 ,?is class adds hypocrisy to conflict & br+s all idealism into disrepute4 ,x does ev]y?+ :i* +5uity & pre/ige c d to give color to ! ass]tions ( ^? :o say t all moral consid]ations are irrelevant1 & t ! issue is "o ( brute trial ( =ces betwe5 ?is side & t4 ,! alt]native1 "h z else:]e1 is n betwe5 d5y+ facts 9 behalf ( some?+ t]m$ moral ideals & accept+ facts z f9al4 ,!re rema9s ! possibility ( recogniz+ facts & us+ !m z a *all5ge to intellig5ce to modify ! environm5t & *ange habits4 ,,iii ,! place ( natural fact & law 9 morals br+s u to ! problem ( fre$om4 ,we are told t s]i\sly to import empirical facts into morals is equival5t to an abrogation ( fre$om4 ,facts & laws mean necessity we are told4 ,! way to fre$om is to turn our back ^u !m & take flight to a sep>ate ideal realm4 ,ev5 if ! flight c\ld be successfully accompli%$1 ! efficacy ( ! prescription may be d\bt$4 ,= we ne$ fre$om 9 & among actual ev5ts1 n ap>t f !m4 ,x is to be hop$ !re=e t !re rema9s an alt]native2 t ! road to fre$om may be f\nd 9 t k ( facts :i* enables u to employ !m 9 connection ) desires & aims4 ,a physician or eng9e] is free 9 8 ?\ght & 8 action 9 ! degree 9 :i* he kn[s :at he deals )4 ,possibly we f9d "h ! key to any fre$om4 ,:at m5 h e/eem$ & f\ght = 9 ! "n ( lib]ty is v>i$ & complex--b c]ta9ly x has nev] be5 a metaphysical fre$om ( w4 ,x seems to conta9 ?ree elem5ts ( importance1 ?\gh on _! face n all ( !m are directly compatible ) "o ano!r4 7i7 ,x includes effici5cy 9 action1 ability to c>ry out plans1 ! abs5ce ( cramp+ & ?w>t+ ob/acles4 7ii7 ,x also includes capacity to v>y plans1 to *ange ! c\rse ( action1 to exp]i5ce novelties4 ,& aga9 7iii7 x signifies ! p[] ( desire & *oice to be factors 9 ev5ts4 ,few m5 w\ld pur*ase ev5 a high am\nt ( effici5t action along def9ite l9es at ! price ( monotony1 or if success 9 action 7 b\ght by all ab&onm5t ( p]sonal pref]5ce4 ,!y w\ld probably feel t a m preci\s fre$om 0 possess$ 9 a life ( ill-assur$ objective a*ievem5t t conta9$ und]tak+ ( risks1 adv5tur+ 9 new fields1 a pitt+ ( p]sonal *oice aga9/ ! odds ( ev5ts1 & a mixture ( success & failures1 provid$ *oice _h a c>e]4 ,! slave is a man :o executes ! wi% ( o!rs1 "o doom$ to act along l9es pr$et]m9$ to regul>ity4 ,^? :o h def9$ fre$om z ability to act h unconsci\sly assum$ t ?is ability is ex]cis$ 9 accord ) desire1 & t its op]ation introduces ! ag5t into fields previ\sly unexplor$4 ,h5ce ! conception ( fre$om z involv+ ?ree factors4 ,yet effici5cy 9 execution _c be ignor$4 ,to say t a man is free to *oose to walk :ile ! only walk he c take w lead him ov] a precipice is to /ra9 words z well z facts4 ,intellig5ce is ! key to fre$om 9 act4 ,we are likely to be able to g ahead prosp]\sly 9 ! degree 9 :i* we h consult$ conditions & =m$ a plan :i* enli/s _! cons5t+ coop]ation4 ,! gratuit\s help ( un=ese5 circum/ance we _c af=d to despise4 ,luck1 bad if n good1 w always be ) u4 ,b x has a way ( favor+ ! intellig5t & %[+ its back to ! /upid4 ,& ! gifts ( =tune :5 !y come are fleet+ except :5 !y are made taut by intellig5t adaptation ( conditions4 ,9 neutral & adv]se circum/ances1 /udy & =esight are ! only roads to unimp$$ action4 ,insi/5ce ^u a metaphysical fre$om ( w is g5]ally at its mo/ /rid5t pit* ) ^? :o despise k ( matt]s-(-fact4 ,!y pay = _! contempt by halt+ & conf9$ action4 ,glorification ( fre$om 9 g5]al at ! exp5se ( positive abilities 9 p>ticul> has (t5 *>act]iz$ ! (ficial cre$ ( hi/oric lib]alism4 ,its outw>d sign is ! sep>ation ( politics & law f economics4 ,mu* ( :at is call$ ! individualism ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury has 9 tru? little to d ) ! nature ( individuals4 ,x goes back to a metaphysics :i* held t h>mony betwe5 man & nature c be tak5 = grant$1 if once c]ta9 artificial re/rictions ^u man are remov$4 ,h5ce x neglect$ ! necessity ( /udy+ & regulat+ indu/rial conditions s t a nom9al fre$om c be made an actuality4 ,f9d a man :o believes t all m5 ne$ is fre$om f oppressive legal & political measures1 & y h f\nd a man :o1 unless he is m]ely ob/9ately ma9ta9+ 8 own private privileges1 c>ries at ! back ( 8 head "s h]itage ( ! metaphysical doctr9e ( free-w1 plus an optimi/ic confid5ce 9 natural h>mony4 ,he ne$s a philosophy t recognizes ! objective "* ( fre$om & its dep5d5ce ^u a congruity ( environm5t ) human wants1 an agreem5t :i* c be obta9$ only by pr(\nd ?\ght & unremitt+ application4 ,= fre$om z a fact dep5ds ^u conditions ( "w :i* are socially & sci5tifically buttress$4 ,s9ce indu/ry cov]s ! mo/ p]vasive relations ( man ) 8 environm5t1 fre$om is unreal :i* does n h z its basis an economic comm& ( environm5t4 ,i h no desire to add ano!r to ! *eap & easy solutions :i* exi/ ( ! seem+ conflict betwe5 fre$om & organization4 ,x is reasonably obvi\s t organization may become a h9drance to fre$om2 x does n take u f> to say t ! tr\ble lies n 9 organization b 9 ov]-organization4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is no effective or objective fre$om )\t organization4 ,x is easy to criticize ! contract !ory ( ! /ate :i* /ates t individuals surr5d] "s at lea/ ( _! natural lib]ties 9 ord] to make secure z civil lib]ties :at !y reta94 ,nev]!less !re is "s tru? 9 ! idea ( surr5d] & ex*ange4 ,a c]ta9 natural fre$om is possess$ by man4 ,t is to say1 9 "s respects h>mony exi/s betwe5 a man's en]gies & 8 surr\nd+s su* t ! latt] support & execute 8 purposes4 ,9 s f> he is free2 )\t su* a basic natural support1 consci\s contrivances ( legislation1 adm9i/ration & delib]ate human in/itution ( social arrangem5ts _c take place4 ,9 ?is s5se natural fre$om is prior to political fre$om & is its condition4 ,b we _c tru/ :olly to a fre$om ?us procur$4 ,x is at ! m]cy ( accid5t4 ,consci\s agreem5ts among m5 mu/ supplem5t & 9 "s degree supplant fre$om ( action :i* is ! gift ( nature4 ,9 ord] to arrive at ^! agreem5ts1 individuals h to make concessions4 ,!y mu/ cons5t to curtailm5t ( "s natural lib]ties 9 ord] t any ( !m may be r5d]$ secure & endur+4 ,!y mu/1 9 %ort1 ent] into an organization ) o!r human be+s s t ! activities ( o!rs may be p]man5tly c\nt$ ^u to assure regul>ity ( action & f>-rea*+ scope ( plans & c\rses ( action4 ,! proc$ure is n1 9 s f>1 unlike surr5d]+ a portion ( "o's income 9 ord] to buy insurance aga9/ future cont+5cies1 & ?us to r5d] ! future c\rse ( life m equably secure4 ,x w\ld be folly to ma9ta9 t !re is no sacrifice2 we c h[ev] cont5d t ! sacrifice is a reasonable "o1 ju/ifi$ by results4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ! relation ( individual fre$om to organization is se5 to be an exp]im5tal affair4 ,x is n capable ( be+ settl$ by ab/ract !ory4 ,take ! "q ( labor unions & ! clos$ or op5 %op4 ,x is folly to fancy t no re/rictions & surr5d]s ( prior fre$oms & possibilities ( future fre$oms are involv$ 9 ! ext5sion ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( organization4 ,b to condemn su* organization on ! !oretical gr\nd t a re/riction ( lib]ty is entail$ is to adopt a position :i* w\ld h be5 fatal to e advance /ep 9 civilization1 & to e net ga9 9 effective fre$om4 ,e su* "q is to be judg$ n on ! basis ( antec$5t !ory b on ! basis ( concrete consequ5ces4 ,! "q is to ! balance ( fre$om & security a*iev$1 z comp>$ ) practicable alt]natives4 ,ev5 ! "q ( ! po9t :]e memb]%ip 9 an organization ceases to be a volunt>y matt] & becomes co]cive or requir$1 is also an exp]im5tal matt]1 a ?+ to be decid$ by sci5tifically conduct$ /udy ( consequ5ces1 ( pros & cons4 ,x is def9itely an affair ( specific detail1 n ( :olesale !ory4 ,x is equally amus+ to see "o man d5\nc+ on gr\nds ( pure !ory ! co]cion ( work]s by a labor union :ile he avails himself ( ! increas$ p[] due to corporate action 9 bus9ess & praises ! co]cion ( ! political /ate2 & to see ano!r man d5\nc+ ! latt] z pure tyranny1 :ile laud+ ! p[] ( indu/rial labor organizations4 ,! position ( "o or ! o!r may be ju/ifi$ 9 p>ticul> cases1 b ju/ification is due to results 9 practice n to g5]al !ory4 ,organization t5ds1 h[ev]1 to become rigid & to limit fre$om4 ,9 addition to security & en]gy 9 action1 novelty1 risk1 *ange are +r$i5ts ( ! fre$om :i* m5 desire4 ,v>iety is m ?an ! spice ( life2 x is l>gely ( its ess5ce1 mak+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! free & ! enslav$4 ,inv>iant virtue appe>s to be z me*anical z un9t]rupt$ vice1 = true excell5ce *anges ) conditions4 ,unless "* rises to ov]come "s new difficulty or conqu] "s temptation f an unexpect$ qu>t] we suspect its gra9 is only a v5e]4 ,*oice is an elem5t 9 fre$om & !re c be no *oice )\t unrealiz$ & prec>i\s possibilities4 ,x is ?is dem& = g5u9e cont+5cy :i* is c>icatur$ 9 ! or?odox doctr9e ( a fre$om ( indiff]5ce1 a p[] to *oose ?is way or t ap>t f any habit or impulse1 )\t ev5 a desire on ! "p ( w to %[ (f4 ,su* an indet]m9ation ( *oice is n desir$ by ! lov] ( ei!r reason or excitem5t4 ,! !ory ( arbitr>y free *oice repres5ts indet]m9at5ess ( conditions grasp$ 9 a vague & lazy fa%ion & h>d5$ into a desirable attribute ( w4 ,"u ! title ( fre$om m5 prize su* unc]ta9ty ( conditions z give delib]ation & *oice an opportunity4 ,b unc]ta9ty ( volition :i* is m ?an a reflection ( unc]ta9ty ( conditions is ! m>k ( a p]son :o has acquir$ imbecility ( "* ?r\gh p]man5t weak5+ ( 8 spr+s ( action4 ,:e!r or n indet]m9at5ess1 unc]ta9ty1 actually exi/s 9 ! _w is a difficult "q4 ,x is easi] to ?9k ( ! _w z fix$1 settl$ once = all1 & man z accumulat+ all ! unc]ta9ty !re is 9 8 w & all ! d\bt !re is 9 8 intellect4 ,! rise ( natural sci5ce has facilitat$ ?is duali/ic p>tition+1 mak+ nature :olly fix$ & m9d :olly op5 & empty4 ,=tunately = u we d n h to settle ! "q4 ,a hypo!tical answ] is en\gh4 ,if ! _w is already done & done =1 if its "* is entirely a*iev$ s t its behavior is l t ( a man lo/ 9 r\t9e1 !n ! only fre$om = :i* man c hope is "o ( effici5cy 9 ov]t action4 ,b if *ange is g5u9e1 if acc\nts are /ill 9 process ( mak+1 & if objective unc]ta9ty is ! /imulus to reflection1 !n v>iation 9 action1 novelty & exp]im5t1 h a true mean+4 ,9 any case ! "q is an objective "o4 ,x conc]ns n man 9 isolation f ! _w b man 9 8 connection ) x4 ,a _w t is at po9ts & times indet]m9ate en\gh to call out delib]ation & to give play to *oice to %ape its future is a _w 9 :i* w is free1 n because x is inh]5tly vacillat+ & un/able1 b because delib]ation & *oice are det]m9+ & /abiliz+ factors4 ,^u an empirical view1 unc]ta9ty1 d\bt1 hesitation1 cont+5cy & novelty1 g5u9e *ange :i* is n m]e disguis$ repetition1 are facts4 ,only d$uctive reason+ f c]ta9 fix$ premisses creates a bias 9 favor ( complete det]m9ation & f9ality4 ,to say t ^! ?+s exi/ only 9 human exp]i5ce n 9 ! _w1 & exi/ !re only because ( our f9itude is dang]\sly l pay+ ourselves ) words4 ,empirically ! life ( man seems 9 ^! respects z 9 o!rs to express a culm9ation ( facts 9 nature4 ,to admit ignorance & unc]ta9ty 9 man :ile d5y+ !m to nature involves a curi\s dualism4 ,v>iability1 initiative1 innovation1 dep>ture f r\t9e1 exp]im5tation are empirically ! manife/ation ( a g5u9e nisus 9 ?+s4 ,at all ev5ts x is ^! ?+s t are preci\s to u "u ! "n ( fre$om4 ,x is _! elim9ation f ! life ( a slave :i* makes 8 life s]vile1 intol]able to ! freeman :o has once be5 on 8 own1 no matt] :at 8 animal com=t & security4 ,a free man w\ld r take 8 *ance 9 an op5 _w ?an be gu>ante$ 9 a clos$ _w4 ,^! consid]ations give po9t to ! ?ird factor 9 love ( fre$om3 ! desire to h desire c\nt z a factor1 a =ce4 ,ev5 if w *ooses unacc\ntably1 ev5 if x be a caprici\s impulse1 x does n foll[ t !re are real alt]natives1 g5u9e possibilities1 op5 9 ! future4 ,:at we want is possibilities op5 9 ! _w n 9 ! w1 except z w or delib]ate activity reflects ! _w4 ,to =esee future objective alt]natives & to be able by delib]ation to *oose "o ( !m & !reby weight its *ances 9 ! /ruggle = future exi/5ce1 measures our fre$om4 ,x is assum$ sometimes t if x c be %[n t delib]ation det]m9es *oice & delib]ation is det]m9$ by "* & conditions1 !re is no fre$om4 ,?is is l say+ t because a fl[] comes f root & /em x _c be> fruit4 ,! "q is n :at are ! antec$5ts ( delib]ation & *oice1 b :at are _! consequ5ces4 ,:at d !y d t is di/9ctive8 ,! answ] is t !y give u all ! control ( future possibilities :i* is op5 to u4 ,& ?is control is ! crux ( our fre$om4 ,)\t x1 we are pu%$ f beh9d4 ,) x we walk 9 ! light4 ,! doctr9e t k1 intellig5ce r ?an w1 con/itutes fre$om is n new4 ,x has be5 prea*$ by morali/s ( _m a s*ool4 ,all rationali/s h id5tifi$ fre$om ) action emancipat$ by insight into tru?4 ,b insight into necessity has by !m be5 sub/itut$ = =esight ( possibilities4 ,tol/oi = example express$ ! idea ( ,sp9oza & ,hegel :5 he said t ! ox is a slave z long z he refuses to recognize ! yoke & *afes "u x1 :ile if he id5tifies himself ) its necessity & draws will+ly in/ead ( rebelli\sly1 he is free4 ,b z long z ! yoke is a yoke x is impossible t volunt>y id5tification ) x %\ld occur4 ,consci\s submission is !n ei!r fatali/ic submissiv5ess or c[>dice4 ,! ox accepts 9 fact n ! yoke b ! /all & ! hay to :i* ! yoke is a necess>y incid5t4 ,b if ! ox =esees ! consequ5ces ( ! use ( ! yoke1 if he anticipates ! possibility ( h>ve/1 & id5tifies himself n ) ! yoke b ) ! realization ( its possibilities1 he acts freely1 volunt>ily4 ,he hasn't accept$ a necessity z unavoidable2 he has welcom$ a possibility z a desirability4 ,p]ception ( necess>y law plays1 inde$1 a "p4 ,b no am\nt ( insight into necessity br+s ) x1 z su*1 any?+ b a consci\sness ( necessity4 ,fre$om is ! tru? ( necessity only :5 we use "o necessity to alt] ano!r4 ,:5 we use ! law to =esee consequ5ces & to consid] h[ !y may be av]t$ or secur$1 !n fre$om beg9s4 ,employ+ k ( law to en=ce desire 9 execution gives p[] to ! eng9e]4 ,employ+ k ( law 9 ord] to submit to x )\t fur!r action con/itutes fatalism1 no matt] h[ x be dress$ up4 ,?us we recur to our ma9 cont5tion4 ,morality dep5ds ^u ev5ts1 n ^u comm&s & ideals ali5 to nature4 ,b intellig5ce treats ev5ts z mov+1 z fraught ) possibilities1 n z end$1 f9al4 ,9 =eca/+ _! possibilities1 ! di/9ction betwe5 bett] & worse arises4 ,human desire & ability coop]ates ) ?is or t natural =ce accord+ z ?is or t ev5tuality is judg$ bett]4 ,we d n use ! pres5t to control ! future4 ,we use ! =esight ( ! future to ref9e & exp& pres5t activity4 ,9 ?is use ( desire1 delib]ation & *oice1 fre$om is actualiz$4 ,,iv ,intellig5ce becomes ours 9 ! degree 9 :i* we use x & accept responsibility = consequ5ces4 ,x is n ours orig9ally or by production4 ,x ?9ks is a tru] psy*ological /atem5t ?an ,i ?9k4 ,?\ghts spr\t & vegetate2 ideas prolif]ate4 ,!y come f deep unconsci\s s\rces4 ,i ?9k is a /atem5t ab\t volunt>y action4 ,"s sugge/ion surges f ! unkn[n4 ,our active body ( habits appropriates x4 ,! sugge/ion !n becomes an ass]tion4 ,x no long] m]ely comes to u4 ,x is accept$ & utt]$ by u4 ,we act ^u x & !reby assume1 by implication1 its consequ5ces4 ,! /uff ( belief & proposition is n orig9at$ by u4 ,x comes to u f o!rs1 by education1 tradition & ! sugge/ion ( ! environm5t4 ,our intellig5ce is b\nd up1 s f> z its mat]ials are conc]n$1 ) ! community life ( :i* we are a "p4 ,we "k :at x communicates to u1 & "k accord+ to ! habits x =ms 9 u4 ,sci5ce is an affair ( civilization n ( individual intellect4 ,s ) consci5ce4 ,:5 a *ild acts1 ^? ab\t him re-act4 ,!y %[] enc\ragem5t ^u him1 visit him ) approval1 or !y be/[ fr[ns & rebuke4 ,:at o!rs d to u :5 we act is z natural a consequ5ce ( our action z :at ! fire does to u :5 we plunge our h&s 9 x4 ,! social environm5t may be z artificial z y please4 ,b its action 9 response to ours is natural n artificial4 ,9 language & imag9ation we rehe>se ! responses ( o!rs j z we dramatically enact o!r consequ5ces4 ,we =ekn[ h[ o!rs w act1 & ! =ekn[l$ge is ! beg9n+ ( judgm5t pass$ on action4 ,we "k ) !m2 !re is consci5ce4 ,an assembly is =m$ )9 our brea/ :i* discusses & appraises propos$ & p]=m$ acts4 ,! community )\t becomes a =um & tribunal )91 a judgm5t-seat ( *>ges1 assessm5ts & exculpations4 ,our ?\ghts ( our own actions are saturat$ ) ! ideas t o!rs ent]ta9 ab\t !m1 ideas :i* h be5 express$ n only 9 explicit in/ruction b /ill m effectively 9 reaction to our acts4 ,liability is ! beg9n+ ( responsibility4 ,we are held acc\ntable by o!rs = ! consequ5ces ( our acts4 ,!y visit _! l & dislike ( ^! consequ5ces ^u u4 ,9 va9 d we claim t ^! are n ours2 t !y are products ( ignorance n design1 or are incid5ts 9 ! execution ( a mo/ laudable s*eme4 ,_! au?or%ip is imput$ to u4 ,we are disapprov$1 & disapproval is n an inn] /ate ( m9d b a mo/ def9ite act4 ,o!rs say to u by _! de$s we d n c>e a fig :e!r y did ?is delib]ately or n4 ,we int5d t y %all delib]ate be=e y d x aga91 & t if possible y\r delib]ation %all prev5t a repetition ( ?is act we object to4 ,! ref]5ce 9 blame & e unfavorable judgm5t is prospective1 n retrospective4 ,!ories ab\t responsibility may become confus$1 b 9 practice no "o is /upid en\gh to try to *ange ! pa/4 ,approbation & disapprobation are ways ( influ5c+ ! =mation ( habits & aims2 t is1 ( influ5c+ future acts4 ,! individual is held acc\ntable = :at he has done 9 ord] t he may be responsive 9 :at he is go+ to d4 ,gradually p]sons le>n by dramatic imitation to hold !mselves acc\ntable1 & liability becomes a volunt>y delib]ate ackn[l$gm5t t de$s are our own1 t _! consequ5ces come f u4 ,^! two facts1 t moral judgm5t & moral responsibility are ! "w wr\ght 9 u by ! social environm5t1 signify t all morality is social2 n because we ought to take into acc\nt ! effect ( our acts ^u ! welf>e ( o!rs1 b because ( facts4 ,o!rs d take acc\nt ( :at we d1 & !y respond accord+ly to our acts4 ,_! responses actually d affect ! mean+ ( :at we d4 ,! significance ?us contribut$ is z inevitable z is ! effect ( int]action ) ! physical environm5t4 ,9 fact z civilization advances ! physical environm5t gets itself m & m humaniz$1 = ! mean+ ( physical en]gies & ev5ts becomes involv$ ) ! "p !y play 9 human activities4 ,our conduct is socially condition$ :e!r we p]ceive ! fact or n4 ,! effect ( cu/om on habit1 & ( habit ^u ?\ght is en\gh to prove ?is /atem5t4 ,:5 we beg9 to =eca/ consequ5ces1 ! consequ5ces t mo/ /& out are ^? :i* w proce$ f o!r p4 ,! resi/ance & ! coop]ation ( o!rs is ! c5tral fact 9 ! fur!rance or failure ( our s*emes4 ,connections ) our fell[s furni% bo? ! opportunities = action & ! in/rum5talities by :i* we take advantage ( opportunity4 ,all ( ! actions ( an individual be> ! /amp ( 8 community z assur$ly z does ! language he speaks4 ,difficulty 9 read+ ! /amp is due to v>iety ( impressions 9 consequ5ce ( memb]%ip 9 _m gr\ps4 ,?is social saturation is1 ,i repeat1 a matt] ( fact1 n ( :at %\ld be1 n ( :at is desirable or undesirable4 ,x does n gu>antee ! rightness ( goodness ( an act2 !re is no excuse = ?9k+ ( evil action z individuali/ic & "r action z social4 ,delib]ate unscrupul\s pursuit ( self-int]e/ is z mu* condition$ ^u social opportunities1 tra9+ & assi/ance z is ! c\rse ( action prompt$ by a beam+ b5evol5ce4 ,! diff]5ce lies 9 ! quality & degree ( ! p]ception ( ties & int]dep5d5cies2 9 ! use to :i* !y are put4 ,consid] ! =m commonly assum$ today by self-seek+2 namely comm& ( money & economic p[]4 ,money is a social in/itution2 prop]ty is a legal cu/om2 economic opportunities are dep5d5t ^u ! /ate ( society2 ! objects aim$ at1 ! rew>ds s\ght =1 are :at !y are because ( social admiration1 pre/ige1 competition & p[]4 ,if money-mak+ is morally obnoxi\s x is because ( ! way ^! social facts are h&l$1 n because a money-mak+ man has )drawn f society into an isolat$ selfhood or turn$ 8 back ^u society4 ,8 individualism is n f\nd 9 8 orig9al nature b 9 8 habits acquir$ "u social influ5ces4 ,x is f\nd 9 8 concrete aims1 & ^! are reflexes ( social conditions4 ,well-gr\nd$ moral objection to a mode ( conduct re/s ^u ! k9d ( social connections t figure1 n ^u lack ( social aim4 ,a man may attempt to utilize social relation%ips = 8 own advantage 9 an inequitable way2 he may int5tionally or unconsci\sly try to make !m fe$ "o ( 8 own appetites4 ,!n he is d5\nc$ z egoi/ic4 ,b bo? 8 c\rse ( action & ! disapproval he is subject to are facts )9 society4 ,!y are social ph5om5a4 ,he pursues 8 unju/ advantage z a social asset4 ,explicit recognition ( ?is fact is a pr]equisite ( improvem5t 9 moral education & ( an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! *ief ideas or categories ( morals4 ,morals is z mu* a matt] ( int]action ( a p]son ) 8 social environm5t z walk+ is an int]action ( legs ) a physical environm5t4 ,! "* ( walk+ dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? & compet5cy ( legs4 ,b x also dep5ds ^u :e!r a man is walk+ 9 a bog or on a pav$ /reet1 ^u :e!r !re is a safegu>d$ pa? set aside or :e!r he has to walk amid dang]\s vehicles4 ,if ! /&>d ( morals is l[ x is because ! education giv5 by ! int]action ( ! individual ) 8 social environm5t is defective4 ,( :at avail is x to prea* unassum+ simplicity & cont5tm5t ( life :5 communal admiration goes to ! man :o succe$s--:o makes himself conspicu\s & envi$ because ( comm& ( money & o!r =ms ( p[]8 ,if a *ild gets on by peevi%ness or intrigue1 !n o!rs are 8 accomplices :o assi/ 9 ! habits :i* are built up4 ,! notion t an ab/ract ready-made consci5ce exi/s 9 individuals & t x is only necess>y to make an occasional appeal to x & to indulge 9 occasional crude rebukes & puni%m5ts1 is associat$ ) ! causes ( lack ( def9itive & ord]ly moral advance4 ,= x is associat$ ) lack ( att5tion to social =ces4 ,!re is a peculi> inconsi/5cy 9 ! curr5t idea t morals ought to be social4 ,! introduction ( ! moral ought into ! idea conta9s an implicit ass]tion t morals dep5d ^u some?+ ap>t f social relations4 ,morals are social4 ,! "q ( ought1 %\ld be1 is a "q ( bett] & worse 9 social affairs4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! weight ( !ories has be5 ?r[n aga9/ ! p]ception ( ! place ( social ties & connections 9 moral activity is a fair measure ( ! ext5t to :i* social =ces "w bl9dly & develop an accid5tal morality4 ,! *ief ob/acle = example to recogniz+ ! tru? ( a proposition frequ5tly set =? 9 ^! pages to ! effect t all conduct is pot5tial1 if n actual1 matt] ( moral judgm5t is ! habit ( id5tify+ moral judgm5t ) praise & blame4 ,s great is ! influ5ce ( ?is habit t x is safe to say t e pr(ess$ morali/ :5 he leaves ! pages ( !ory & faces "s actual item ( 8 own or o!rs' behavior1 fir/ or in/9ctively ?9ks ( acts z moral or non-moral 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y are expos$ to condemnation or approval4 ,n[ ?is k9d ( judgm5t is c]ta9ly n "o :i* c\ld pr(itably be disp5s$ )4 ,its influ5ce is mu* ne$$4 ,b ! t5d5cy to equate x ) all moral judgm5t is l>gely responsible = ! curr5t idea t !re is a %>p l9e betwe5 moral conduct & a l>g] region ( non-moral conduct :i* is a matt] ( exp$i5cy1 %rewdness1 success or mann]s4 ,moreov] ?is t5d5cy is a *ief reason :y ! social =ces effective 9 %ap+ actual morality "w bl9dly & unsatisfactorily4 ,judgm5t 9 :i* ! emphasis falls ^u blame & approbation has m heat ?an light4 ,x is m emotional ?an intellectual4 ,x is guid$ by cu/om1 p]sonal conv5i5ce & res5tm5t r ?an by insight into causes & consequ5ces4 ,x makes t[>d r$uc+ moral in/ruction1 ! educative influ5ce ( social op9ion1 to an imm$iate p]sonal matt]1 t is to say1 to an adju/m5t ( p]sonal likes & dislikes4 ,fault-f9d+ creates res5tm5t 9 ! "o blam$1 & approval1 complac5cy1 r ?an a habit ( scrut9iz+ conduct objectively4 ,x puts ^? :o are s5sitive to ! judgm5ts ( o!rs 9 a /&+ def5sive attitude1 creat+ an apologetic1 self-accus+ & self-exculpat+ habit ( m9d :5 :at is ne$$ is an imp]sonal imp>tial habit ( obs]vation4 ,moral p]sons get s occupi$ ) def5d+ _! conduct f real & imag9$ criticism t !y h little "t left to see :at _! acts really am\nt to1 & ! habit ( self-blame inevitably ext5ds to include o!rs s9ce x is a habit4 ,n[ x is a :olesome ?+ = any "o to be made aw>e t ?\ghtless1 self-c5t]$ action on 8 "p exposes him to ! indignation & dislike ( o!rs4 ,!re is no "o :o c be safely tru/$ to be exempt f imm$iate reactions ( criticism1 & !re are few :o d n ne$ to be brac$ by occasional expressions ( approval4 ,b ^! influ5ces are imm5sely ov]done 9 comp>ison ) ! assi/ance t might be giv5 by ! influ5ce ( social judgm5ts :i* op]ate )\t accompanim5ts ( praise & blame2 :i* enable an individual to see = himself :at he is do+1 & :i* put him 9 comm& ( a me?od ( analyz+ ! obscure & usually unav[$ =ces :i* move him to act4 ,we ne$ a p]meation ( judgm5ts on conduct by ! me?od & mat]ials ( a sci5ce ( human nature4 ,)\t su* enlight5m5t ev5 ! be/-int5tion$ attempts at ! moral guidance & improvem5t ( o!rs (t5 ev5tuate 9 trag$ies ( misund]/&+ & division1 z is s (t5 se5 9 ! relations ( p>5ts & *ildr54 ,! developm5t !re=e ( a m adequate sci5ce ( human nature is a matt] ( fir/-rate importance4 ,! pres5t revolt aga9/ ! notion t psy*ology is a sci5ce ( consci\sness may well turn out 9 ! future to be ! beg9n+ ( a def9itive turn 9 ?\ght & action4 ,hi/orically !re are good reasons = ! isolation & exagg]ation ( ! consci\s phase ( human action1 an isolation :i* =got t consci\s is an adjective ( "s acts & :i* erect$ ! result+ ab/raction1 consci\sness1 into a n\n1 an exi/5ce sep>ate & complete4 ,^! reasons are int]e/+ n only to ! /ud5t ( te*nical philosophy b also to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( culture & ev5 ( politics4 ,!y h to d ) ! attempt to drag realities out ( occult ess5ces & hidd5 =ces & get !m into ! light ( day4 ,!y 7 "p ( ! g5]al movem5t call$ ph5om5alism1 & ( ! gr[+ importance ( individual life & private volunt>y conc]ns4 ,b ! effect 0 to isolate ! individual f 8 connections bo? ) 8 fell[s & ) nature1 & ?us to create an artificial human nature1 "o n capable ( be+ und]/ood & effectively direct$ on ! basis ( analytic und]/&+4 ,x %ut out f view1 n to say f sci5tific exam9ation1 ! =ces :i* really move human nature4 ,x took a few surface ph5om5a = ! :ole /ory ( significant human motive-=ces & acts4 ,z a consequ5ce physical sci5ce & its te*nological applications 7 highly develop$ :ile ! sci5ce ( man1 moral sci5ce1 is backw>d4 ,i believe t x is n possible to e/imate h[ mu* ( ! difficulties ( ! pres5t _w situation are due to ! disproportion & unbalance ?us introduc$ into affairs4 ,x w\ld h seem$ absurd to say 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury t 9 ! end ! alt]ation 9 me?ods ( physical inve/igation :i* 0 !n beg9n+ w\ld prove m important ?an ! religi\s w>s ( t c5tury4 ,yet ! w>s m>k$ ! end ( "o era2 ! dawn ( physical sci5ce ! beg9n+ ( a new "o4 ,& a tra9$ imag9ation may discov] t ! nationali/ic & economic w>s :i* are ! *ief outw>d m>k ( ! pres5t are 9 ! end to be less significant ?an ! developm5t ( a sci5ce ( human nature n[ in*oate4 ,x s\nds academic to say t sub/antial bett]+ ( social relations waits ^u ! gr[? ( a sci5tific social psy*ology4 ,= ! t]m sugge/s some?+ specializ$ & remote4 ,b ! =mation ( habits ( belief1 desire & judgm5t is go+ on at e in/ant "u ! influ5ce ( ! conditions set by m5's contact1 int]c\rse & associations ) "o ano!r4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal fact 9 social life & 9 p]sonal "*4 ,x is ! fact ab\t :i* traditional human sci5ce gives no enlight5m5t--a fact :i* ?is traditional sci5ce blurs & virtually d5ies4 ,! enorm\s rle play$ 9 popul> morals by appeal to ! sup]natural & quasi-magical is 9 effect a desp]ate admission ( ! futility ( our sci5ce4 ,consequ5tly ! :ole matt] ( ! =mation ( ! pr$ispositions :i* effectively control human relation%ips is left to accid5t1 to cu/om & imm$iate p]sonal lik+s1 res5tm5ts & ambitions4 ,x is a commonplace t mod]n indu/ry & comm]ce are condition$ ^u a control ( physical en]gies due to prop] me?ods ( physical inquiry & analysis4 ,we h no social arts :i* are comp>able because we h s ne>ly no?+ 9 ! way ( psy*ological sci5ce4 ,yet ?r\gh ! developm5t ( physical sci5ce1 & especially ( *emi/ry1 biology1 physiology1 m$ic9e & an?ropology we n[ h ! basis = ! developm5t ( su* a sci5ce ( man4 ,signs ( its com+ into exi/5ce are pres5t 9 ! movem5ts 9 cl9ical1 behaviori/ic & social 79 its n>r[] s5se7 psy*ology4 ,at pres5t we n only h no assur$ means ( =m+ "* except crude devices ( blame1 praise1 exhortation & puni%m5t1 b ! v mean+ ( ! g5]al notions ( moral inquiry is matt] ( d\bt & dispute4 ,! reason is t ^! notions are discuss$ 9 isolation f ! concrete facts ( ! int]actions ( human be+s ) "o ano!r--an ab/raction z fatal z 0 ! old discussion ( phlogi/on1 gravity & vital =ce ap>t f concrete correlations ( *ang+ ev5ts ) "o ano!r4 ,take = example su* a basic conception z t ( ,"r involv+ ! nature ( au?ority 9 conduct4 ,!re is no ne$ "h to rehe>se ! multitude ( cont5d+ views :i* give evid5ce t discussion ( ?is matt] is /ill 9 ! realm ( op9ion4 ,we cont5t ourselves ) po9t+ out t ?is notion is ! la/ resort ( ! anti-empirical s*ool 9 morals & t x proves ! effect ( neglect ( social conditions4 ,9 effect its adh]5ts argue z foll[s3 ,let u conc$e t concrete ideas ab\t "r & wrong & p>ticul> notions ( :at is obligatory h gr[n up )9 exp]i5ce4 ,b we _c admit ?is ab\t ! idea ( ,"r1 ( ,obligation itself4 ,:y does moral au?ority exi/ at all8 ,:y is ! claim ( ! ,"r recogniz$ 9 consci5ce ev5 by ^? :o violate x 9 de$8 ,our oppon5ts say t su* & su* a c\rse is wise1 exp$i5t1 bett]4 ,b :y act = ! wise1 or good1 or bett]8 ,:y n foll[ our own imm$iate devices if we are s incl9$8 ,!re is only "o answ]3 ,we h a moral nature1 a consci5ce1 call x :at y w4 ,& ?is nature responds directly 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! supreme au?ority ( ! ,"r ov] all claims ( incl9ation & habit4 ,we may n act 9 accordance ) ?is ackn[l$gm5t1 b we /ill "k t ! au?ority ( ! moral law1 al?\gh n its p[]1 is unque/ionable4 ,m5 may diff] indef9itely accord+ to :at _! exp]i5ce has be5 z to j :at is ,"r1 :at its cont5ts are4 ,b !y all spontane\sly agree 9 recogniz+ ! supremacy ( ! claims ( :atev] is ?\ght ( z ,"r4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z morality1 b m]ely calculations ( h[ to satisfy desire4 ,grant ! =ego+ argum5t1 & all ! app>atus ( ab/ract moralism foll[s 9 its wake4 ,a remote goal ( p]fection1 ideals t are contr>y 9 a :olesale way to :at is actual1 a free w ( arbitr>y *oice2 all ( ^! conceptions b& !mselves toge!r ) t ( a non-empirical au?ority ( ,"r & a non-empirical consci5ce :i* ackn[l$ges x4 ,!y con/itute its c]emonial or =mal tra94 ,:y1 inde$1 ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( ,"r8 ,t _m p]sons d n ackn[l$ge x 9 fact1 9 action1 & t all p]sons ignore x at times1 is assum$ by ! argum5t4 ,j :at is ! significance ( an alleg$ recognition ( a supremacy :i* is cont9ually d5i$ 9 fact8 ,h[ mu* w\ld be lo/ if x 7 dropp$ out1 & we 7 left face to face ) actual facts8 ,if a man liv$ alone 9 ! _w !re might be "s s5se 9 ! "q ,:y be moral8 7 x n = "o ?+3 ,no su* "q w\ld !n arise4 ,z x is1 we live 9 a _w :]e o!r p]sons live too4 ,our acts affect !m4 ,!y p]ceive ^! effects1 & react ^u u 9 consequ5ce4 ,because !y are liv+ be+s !y make dem&s ^u u = c]ta9 ?+s f u4 ,!y approve & condemn--n 9 ab/ract !ory b 9 :at !y d to u4 ,! answ] to ! "q ,:y n put y\r h& 9 ! fire8 is ! answ] ( fact4 ,if y d y\r h& w be burnt4 ,! answ] to ! "q :y ackn[l$ge ! "r is ( ! same sort4 ,= ,"r is only an ab/ract "n = ! multitude ( concrete dem&s 9 action :i* o!rs impress ^u u1 & ( :i* we are oblig$1 if we w\ld live1 to take "s acc\nt4 ,its au?ority is ! exig5cy ( _! dem&s1 ! efficacy ( _! insi/5cies4 ,!re may be good gr\nd = ! cont5tion t 9 !ory ! idea ( ! "r is subord9ate to t ( ! good1 be+ a /atem5t ( ! c\rse prop] to atta9 good4 ,b 9 fact x signifies ! totality ( social pressures ex]cis$ ^u u to induce u to ?9k & desire 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,h5ce ! "r c 9 fact become ! road to ! good only z ! elem5ts t compose ?is unremitt+ pressure are enlight5$1 only z social relation%ips become !mselves reasonable4 ,x w be retort$ t all pressure is a non-moral affair p>tak+ ( =ce1 n ( "r2 t "r mu/ be ideal4 ,?us we are invit$ to ent] aga9 ! circle 9 :i* ! ideal has no =ce & social actualities no ideal quality4 ,we refuse ! invitation because social pressure is involv$ 9 our own lives1 z mu* s z ! air we brea! & ! gr\nd we walk ^u4 ,if we _h desires1 judgm5ts1 plans1 9 %ort a m9d1 ap>t f social connections1 !n ! latt] w\ld be ext]nal & _! action might be reg>d$ z t ( a non-moral =ce4 ,b we live m5tally z physically only 9 & because ( our environm5t4 ,social pressure is b a "n = ! int]actions :i* are always go+ on & 9 :i* we p>ticipate1 liv+ s f> z we p>take & dy+ s f> z we d n4 ,! pressure is n ideal b empirical1 yet empirical "h means only actual4 ,x calls att5tion to ! fact t consid]ations ( "r are claims orig9at+ n outside ( life1 b )9 x4 ,!y are ideal 9 precisely ! degree 9 :i* we intellig5tly recognize & act ^u !m1 j z colors & canvas become ideal :5 us$ 9 ways t give an add$ mean+ to life4 ,accord+ly failure to recognize ! au?ority ( "r means defect 9 effective appreh5sion ( ! realities ( human association1 n an arbitr>y ex]cise ( free w4 ,?is defici5cy & p]v]sion 9 appreh5sion indicates a defect 9 education--t is to say1 9 ! op]ation ( actual conditions1 9 ! consequ5ces ^u desire & ?\ght ( exi/+ int]actions & int]dep5d5cies4 ,x is false t e p]son has a consci\sness ( ! supreme au?ority ( "r & !n misconceives x or ignores x 9 action4 ,"o has su* a s5se ( ! claims ( social relation%ips z ^? relation%ips en=ce 9 "o's desires & obs]vations4 ,! belief 9 a sep>ate1 ideal or transc5d5tal1 practically ineffectual ,"r is a reflex ( ! inadequacy ) :i* exi/+ in/itutions p]=m _! educative (fice--_! (fice 9 g5]at+ obs]vation ( social cont9uities4 ,x is an endeavor to rationalize ?is defect4 ,l all rationalizations1 x op]ates to div]t att5tion f ! real /ate ( affairs4 ,?us x helps ma9ta9 ! conditions :i* creat$ x1 /&+ 9 ! way ( ef=t to make our in/itutions m humane & equitable4 ,a !oretical ackn[l$gm5t ( ! supreme au?ority ( ,"r1 ( moral law1 gets twi/$ into an effectual sub/itute = acts :i* w\ld bett] ! cu/oms :i* n[ produce vague1 dull1 halt+ & evasive obs]vation ( actual social ties4 ,we are n caught 9 a circle2 we trav]se a spiral 9 :i* social cu/oms g5]ate "s consci\sness ( int]dep5d5cies1 & ?is consci\sness is embodi$ 9 acts :i* 9 improv+ ! environm5t g5]ate new p]ceptions ( social ties1 & s on =ev]4 ,! relation%ips1 ! int]actions are =ev] !re z fact1 b !y acquire mean+ only 9 ! desires1 judgm5ts & purposes !y awak54 ,we recur to our fundam5tal propositions4 ,morals is connect$ ) actualities ( exi/5ce1 n ) ideals1 ends & obligations indep5d5t ( concrete actualities4 ,! facts ^u :i* x dep5ds are ^? :i* arise out ( active connections ( human be+s ) "o ano!r1 ! consequ5ces ( _! mutually int]tw9$ activities 9 ! life ( desire1 belief1 judgm5t1 satisfaction & dissatisfaction4 ,9 ?is s5se conduct & h5ce morals are social3 !y are n j ?+s :i* ought to be social & :i* fail to come up to ! scrat*4 ,b !re are enorm\s diff]5ces ( bett] & worse 9 ! quality ( :at is social4 ,ideal morals beg9 ) ! p]ception ( ^! diff]5ces4 ,human int]action & ties are !re1 are op]ative 9 any case4 ,b !y c be regulat$1 employ$ 9 an ord]ly way = good only z we "k h[ to obs]ve !m4 ,& !y _c be obs]v$ aright1 !y _c be und]/ood & utiliz$1 :5 ! m9d is left to itself to "w )\t ! aid ( sci5ce4 ,= ! natural unaid$ m9d means precisely ! habits ( belief1 ?\ght & desire :i* h be5 accid5tally g5]at$ & confirm$ by social in/itutions or cu/oms4 ,b ) all _! admixture ( accid5t & reasonabl5ess we h at la/ rea*$ a po9t :]e social conditions create a m9d capable ( sci5tific outlook & inquiry4 ,to fo/] & develop ?is _s is ! social obligation ( ! pres5t because x is its urg5t ne$4 ,yet ! la/ ^w is n ) obligation nor ) ! future4 ,inf9ite relation%ips ( man ) 8 fell[s & ) nature already exi/4 ,! ideal means1 z we h se51 a s5se ( ^! encompass+ cont9uities ) _! inf9ite rea*4 ,?is mean+ ev5 n[ atta*es to pres5t activities because !y are set 9 a :ole to :i* !y belong & :i* belongs to !m4 ,ev5 9 ! mid/ ( conflict1 /ruggle & defeat a consci\sness is possible ( ! endur+ & compreh5d+ :ole4 ,to be grasp$ & held ?is consci\sness ne$s1 l e =m ( consci\sness1 objects1 symbols4 ,9 ! pa/ m5 h s\ght _m symbols :i* no long] s]ve1 especially s9ce m5 h be5 idolators wor%ip+ symbols z ?+s4 ,yet )9 ^! symbols :i* h s (t5 claim$ to be realities & :i* h impos$ !mselves z dogmas & intol]ances1 !re has r>ely be5 abs5t "s trace ( a vital & endur+ reality1 t ( a community ( life 9 :i* cont9uities ( exi/5ce are consummat$4 ,consci\sness ( ! :ole has be5 connect$ ) rev]5ces1 affections1 & loyalties :i* are communal4 ,b special ways ( express+ ! communal s5se h be5 e/abli%$4 ,!y h be5 limit$ to a select social gr\p2 !y h h>d5$ into obligatory rites & be5 impos$ z conditions ( salvation4 ,religion has lo/ itself 9 cults1 dogmas & my?s4 ,consequ5tly ! (fice ( religion z s5se ( community & "o's place 9 x has be5 lo/4 ,9 effect religion has be5 di/ort$ into a possession--or burd5--( a limit$ "p ( human nature1 ( a limit$ portion ( humanity :i* f9ds no way to univ]salize religion except by impos+ its own dogmas & c]emonies ^u o!rs2 ( a limit$ class )9 a p>tial gr\p2 prie/s1 sa9ts1 a *ur*4 ,?us o!r gods h be5 set up be=e ! "o ,god4 ,religion z a s5se ( ! :ole is ! mo/ individualiz$ ( all ?+s1 ! mo/ spontane\s1 undef9able & v>i$4 ,= individuality signifies unique connections 9 ! :ole4 ,yet x has be5 p]v]t$ into some?+ uni=m & immutable4 ,x has be5 =mulat$ into fix$ & def9$ beliefs express$ 9 requir$ acts & c]emonies4 ,in/ead ( m>k+ ! fre$om & peace ( ! individual z a memb] ( an inf9ite :ole1 x has be5 petrifi$ into a slav]y ( ?\ght & s5tim5t1 an intol]ant sup]iority on ! "p ( ! few & an intol]able burd5 on ! "p ( ! _m4 ,yet e act may c>ry )9 itself a consol+ & support+ consci\sness ( ! :ole to :i* x belongs & :i* 9 "s s5se belongs to x4 ,) responsibility = ! intellig5t det]m9ation ( p>ticul> acts may g a joyful emancipation f ! burd5 = responsibility = ! :ole :i* su/a9s !m1 giv+ !m _! f9al outcome & quality4 ,!re is a conceit fo/]$ by p]v]sion ( religion :i* assimilates ! univ]se to our p]sonal desires2 b !re is also a conceit ( c>ry+ ! load ( ! univ]se f :i* religion lib]ates u4 ,)9 ! flick]+ inconsequ5tial acts ( sep>ate selves dwells a s5se ( ! :ole :i* claims & dignifies !m4 ,9 its pres5ce we put (f mortality & live 9 ! univ]sal4 ,! life ( ! community 9 :i* we live & h our be+ is ! fit symbol ( ?is relation%ip4 ,! acts 9 :i* we express our p]ception ( ! ties :i* b9d u to o!rs are its only rites & c]emonies4 ,,index ,abs5tm9d$ness1 #agc ,accid5ts1 9 hi/ory1 #aja2 9 consequ5ces1 #di1 #ea1 #bjf-bjh1 #bda1 #bec1 #cjd1 #cji ,acquisition1 #aaf-aah1 #adc-adh ,activity is natural1 #aah-abc1 #afj1 #bbf1 #bic ,aims1 see ,consequ5ces1 ,ends ,alex&] ,m41 #bh1 #cf ,altruism1 #acc1 #bic ,analysis1 #ahc ,ang]1 #ij1 #aeb ,appetite1 #g1 #bge2 see ,impulse ,ari/otle1 #cc1 #aji1 #agd1 #bbd1 #bij ,arts1 #ae1 #bc1 #ga1 #aei-afd1 #bfc ,atomism moral1 #bdc ,attitude1 #da2 see ,habit ,au?ority1 #b1 #fe1 #gb1 #gi1 #ahg1 #cbd ,b5evol5ce1 #acc ,b]gson1 #gc1 #agh1 #bde ,blame1 #ah1 #aba1 #cbj ,causation1 #ah1 #dd ,calculation1 #ahi1 #aii-bji2 see ,delib]ation ,casui/ry1 #bdj ,c]ta9ty1 love (1 #bcf ,"*1 def9$1 #ch2 & consequ5ces1 #dg ,*ildhood1 #b1 #fd1 #hi1 #if1 #ii ,*oice1 #aib1 #cjd1 #caa ,classes1 #b1 #hb1 #bgj ,classification1 #aca1 #bdd ,codes1 #ajc ,comp5satory1 #h1 #cj1 #cc1 #beg1 #bge ,conduct1 see ,"*1 ,habit1 ,impulse1 ,intellig5ce ,confid5ce1 #aci ,conflict1 #ab1 #ci1 #ff1 #hb1 #aid1 #bjh1 #bag1 #cjj ,consci5ce1 #ahd-ahh1 #cad ,consci\sness1 #fb1 #agi1 #ahd1 #bjh ,consequ5ces1 & motives1 #de-dg2 & aims1 #bbe-bbi1 #bde-bdg ,cons]vatism1 #ff1 #ajf1 #afh ,cont9uity1 #ab1 #bcb1 #bci1 #bdd1 #bei ,control1 #ba1 #bc1 #cg1 #aja1 #aci1 #adh1 #bff-bgj2 see ,accid5t ,conv5tions1 #f1 #ig1 #aff ,cr[d psy*ology1 #fj ,creative & acquisitive1 #adc-adh ,cu/oms & habits1 #eh-fi2 & /&>ds1 #ge-hc2 rigidity1 #ajc-aje ,delib]ation1 #ahi-bji2 z discov]y1 #baf ,democracy1 #fan1 #ff1 #gb ,desire1 #bd1 #cc1 #aid1 #bcd1 #bii1 #cjd2 & intellig5ce1 #bdh-bfd2 object (1 #bdi-beb ,disposition1 #da2 see ,habit ,docility1 #fd1 #ig ,dualism1 #h1 #ab1 #dj1 #ee1 #fg1 #ga1 #adg1 #bge1 #cji ,economic man1 #bbj ,economics1 #i1 #ab1 #abj-abd1 #acb1 #adc-adh1 #bab-bba1 #bgj-bgc1 #cje ,education1 #fd1 #gb1 #ia1 #ajg1 #bgj1 #cbj ,egotism1 #g ,em]son1 #ajj1 #add ,emotion1 #ge1 #hc1 #bee1 #bfd ,end1 #bh1 #cd-cg2 k z1 #ahg1 #bae2 nature (1 #bbc-bcg2 ( desire1 #bej1 #bfa2 & means1 #bfi-bgb2 see ,consequ5ces1 ,means ,environm5ts1 #b1 #aj1 #ae1 #ah1 #ba1 #ea1 #aea1 #aei1 #agi1 #caf ,epicureanism1 #bje1 #bia ,equilibration1 #agi1 #beb ,evolution1 #bhd-bhg1 #big ,execution1 ( desires1 #cc-ce ,exp$i5cy1 #di1 #ahi1 #baj2 see ,delib]ation ,exp]i5ce1 #ca1 #bde ,exp]im5tation1 moral1 #ef1 #cjg ,fallacy1 philosophic1 #age ,fanaticism1 #bbh ,fantasies1 #aeh1 #afd1 #bcf ,fe>1 #aaa1 #acb-acc1 #aed-aee1 #bcg ,fiat ( w1 #bi ,=esight1 #bjd-bjf1 #bch1 #bfe-bgj2 see ,delib]ation1 ,ends ,fre$om1 #h1 #afe2 ?ree phases (1 #cjc-cac2 see ,w ,functions1 #ah ,ga91 #aag ,goal1 #bfj1 #bfe1 #bgd1 #bha1 #bhg-bhi2 see ,evolution1 ,p]fection ,good1 #b1 #dd1 #baj-bbb1 #bgd1 #bgh ,goodness1 #d-h1 #af1 #dc-de1 #dh1 #fg1 #bbg ,good-w1 #dd ,habits1 place 9 conduct1 #ad-hh2 & desire1 #bd2 z functions1 #ad2 z arts or abilities1 #ae1 #fd1 #ff1 #ga1 #agj2 & ?\ght1 #ca-cc1 #ff-fi1 #agb-ahj1 #ahb2 def9ition1 #da2 & impulses1 #ij-ih1 #ajg-aaa2 & pr9ciples1 #bch ,h>mony1 natural1 #aei1 #afg1 #bih ,h$oni/ic calculus1 #bjd ,hegel1 #cab ,helvetius1 #ajf1 #cjj ,h]d-in/9ct1 #d ,hi/ory1 #aja1 #aaj ,hobbes1 #acc ,human nature1 #a2 & morals1 #a-ac1 #bie2 alt]ability1 #ajf-abd ,humility1 #bhi ,hypocrisy1 #f ,hypo!sis1 moral1 #bci1 #bdc ,ideas1 see ,ends1 ,?\ght ,ideals & ,idealism1 #b1 #h1 #ej1 #fh1 #gg1 #ha1 #ii1 #aeg1 #aff1 #ahd1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bee1 #bei-bfd1 #bgd1 #bhb-bhh1 #cja1 #cca ,imag9ation1 #eb1 #afc1 #aij-aib1 #bjd1 #bbe1 #bcd ,imitation1 #ff1 #ig1 #acb ,impulse1 place 9 conduct1 #hi-aga2 second>y1 #hi2 int]m$i>y1 #afi-agj2 z means ( reorganization1 #ic1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #agi2 pla/ic1 #ie2 same z human in/9cts1 #ajen2 & habit1 #ajg-aaa2 false simplification1 #aca-adi2 & reason1 #aif1 #bed ,individualism1 #g1 #he1 #ic ,indu/ry1 #aa ,infantilisms1 #ih ,in/9ct1 n fix$1 #adi-afh2 & k1 #agh2 see ,impulse ,in/itutions1 #i1 #hj1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #aff ,intellig5ce1 #aj1 #ac1 #ea1 #bii1 #cab2 place (1 9 conduct1 #agb-bgg2 relation to habits1 #agb-ahj1 #bbh2 & desire1 #bdh-bfd1 #bgf ,int]p5etration ( habits1 #cg-ci ,intuitions1 #cc1 #ahh ,james1 ,wm41 #aab1 #agi1 #aie ,ju/ice1 #ah1 #eb1 #aih ,kant1 #dd1 #di1 #ee1 #bde ,k1 moral1 #aha-ahh2 see ,consci5ce1 ,intellig5ce ,labor1 #aba1 #add ,language1 #eh1 #gi1 #ie ,le ,bon1 #fa ,lib]alism1 #cje ,locke1 #ajf ,m>x1 #aed1 #bgc1 #cjj ,magic1 #bj1 #bf ,mean+1 #cg1 #ij1 #aea1 #bjg1 #bfb1 #bga1 #bhj ,means1 #bj2 relation to ends1 #be-cf1 #bah-bbj1 #bea2 see ,habit ,me*anization1 #bh1 #gj1 #if1 #add ,m$iation1 #aig ,m9d1 #fa1 #ie2 & habit1 #age-ahj ,m9d & body1 #cj1 #fg1 #ga ,mit*ell1 ,w4 ,c41 #bac ,moore1 ,g4 ,e41 #bdan ,morals1 introduction1 #dj2 conclusion1 z objective1 #eb2 ( art1 #afg2 scope1 #bgh-bha ,motives1 #dc-de1 #aah-abb1 #bac1 #bca1 #cbi ,natural law & morals1 #bif-cjj ,necessity1 #cab ,nirvana1 #age1 #bhf ,non-moral1 #h1 #bg1 #dj1 #ahh1 #bcj ,occult1 #aa ,olig>*y1 #b-c ,optimism1 #bhf-bhh ,organization1 #cjf ,passion1 #i1 #aic-aif ,pa?ology1 #d1 #ej ,p]fection1 #agc-age1 #bbc1 #bhb ,pessimism1 #bhf ,plato1 #ej1 #gh1 #acd1 #bij ,play1 #aei-afd ,pleasure1 #aeh1 #bjj-bje1 #bej ,po/ure1 #cb ,pot5tiality1 #cg ,p[]1 w to1 #adj-adb ,pragmatic kn[+1 #aha-ahh ,pr9ciples1 #b2 & t5d5cies1 #di2 nature (1 #bch-bdg ,private1 #i1 #af1 #dc1 #he ,process & product1 #adb-adc1 #bhj ,progress1 #aj1 #ba1 #ic1 #if1 #aja1 #ajen2 9 sci5ce1 #adi2 nature (1 #bha-bhh ,prop]ty1 #aaf-aah2 see ,economics ,psy*o-analysis1 #cd1 #hf1 #acc1 #aec1 #beb ,psy*ology & moral !ory1 #ab1 #df1 #ia2 social1 #fj-fc1 #hd-hh2 curr5t1 #aah1 #ace1 #adg1 #aee2 & sci5tific me?od1 #aej1 #cbb-cbd ,puni%m5t1 #ah ,puritanism1 #e1 #aeg ,purpose1 see ,ends ,radicalism1 #afh ,reactions1 #aeg ,realism1 #agf1 #bef1 #bih ,reason1 pure1 #ca2 reasonabl5ess1 #fg1 #gg1 #aic-aih1 #bae ,rebellion1 #aff ,recon/ruction1 #afd ,religion1 #e1 #bfc1 #ccj-ccb ,responsibility1 #cae ,revolution1 #aj1 #ajh ,"r1 #cbd-cbh ,romanticism1 #f1 #ajj1 #aff1 #bef ,r\t9e1 #db1 #ff1 #gj1 #ih1 #baa1 #bcb1 #bch ,satisfaction1 #adj1 #aeh1 #age1 #baj1 #bac1 #bfe1 #bhe ,savag]y1 #ic1 #aja1 #ajc ,sci5ce ( morals1 #c1 #aa-ab1 #ah1 #ef1 #bbd1 #bdc1 #bif1 #cba ,self1 #af1 #ee1 #he-hg1 #acf-aci1 #bag1 #bib1 #cad ,self-deception1 #aeb1 #beb ,self-love1 #acd-aci1 #bic ,s5sations1 #ah1 #ca1 #ahi ,s5tim5talism1 #ag ,sex1 #acc1 #aej1 #aec1 #afd-afe ,social1 see ,environm5ts ,social m9d1 #fj-fc ,socrates1 #ef ,s\l1 #he1 #id1 #ach1 #agf ,sp5c]1 #age1 #big ,/&>ds1 #ge-hb1 #bda ,/imulation1 #aeg ,/imulus & response1 #aii-bjg ,/u>t1 ,h4 ,w41 #bah ,subjective1 #af1 #bb1 #bg1 #eb1 #ed1 #he1 #bjb2 see ,dualism ,sublimation1 #ada1 #aef1 #afd1 #aid ,success1 #f1 #agc1 #bed ,sumn]1 #gg ,suppression1 #aef1 #aff ,syn!sis1 #ahc-ahd ,t5d5cy1 #di ,?\ght1 #cj1 #fg1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aga1 #aij1 #bjj1 #bbb1 #beh2 vices (1 #aig ,tol/oi1 #bhe1 #cab ,tools1 #be1 #cb2 intellectual1 #bdd ,transc5d5talism1 #ej-eb1 #ed1 #ha ,univ]sality1 #bde-bdg ,utilit>ianism1 #ej1 #ahi1 #aii-bji1 #baa1 #bba-bbb1 #bia ,virtues1 #d1 #af1 #bb2 see ,goodness ,w>1 #aaj-aae ,we/]m>ck1 #gf ,w1 & habits1 #be1 #bi1 #dj-dd1 #bei2 w to p[]1 #adj-adc2 fre$om (1 #i ,williams1 ,m41 #bgcn ,,corrections3 page orig9al correction v ,,functions #ac ,,functions #ad #c g back ( ! g back to ! #h by pleasureable excursions by pleasurable excursions #ag infliction ( retibutive infliction ( retributive #da "s-c\nt]act+ "s c\nt]act+ #gd an ungo+ splurge an ongo+ splurge #ij w9d on a mudpuddle w9d on a mud puddle #ib ! s\?sea isl&] ! ,s\?sea isl&] #abc to f9d fulfillm5t1 to f9d fulfilm5t1 l#de x x q possible x is q possible #afc artificial exit5ts artificial exig5ts #baa its e pres5tation its e pres5tation4 #bab ) only "o factor1 ) only "o factor1 #bcd only a phantasy only a fantasy1 #bcf & phantasy-build+1 & fantasy-build+1 #bfb is z unreasonble z is z unreasonable z #bgf report+ & analysis report+ & analysis #cbe h[ to satisfy desire4 h[ to satisfy desire4 #ccd ,phantasies1 #aeh1 ,fantasies1 #aeh1